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BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK,

AND THE

PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY.

ILLUSTRATED.

Uy 2 BY

J® H. SANDERS,

EDITOR OF “THE BREEDER’S GAZETTE,’? AUTHOR OF “BREEDERS’ TROTTING STUD BOOK,”
** PERCHERON STUD BOOK,” “ HORSE-BREEDING,’? HONORARY MEMBER OF THE
CHICAGO ECLECTIC MEDICAL SOCIETY, ILLINOIS VETERINARY
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, ETC.

CEG AG @O::
J. H. SANDERS PUBLISHING COMPANY.
1887.

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; 2 Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1886,
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In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
' ”

.0O Ne een:

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING:

General Laws of Heredity——Causes of Variation from Original Types — Modifications
from Changed Conditions of Life—Accidental Variations or Sports— Extent of
Hereditary Influence —The Formation of Breeds—Terms Used by Breeders — In-
Breeding and Crossing—Value of Pedigree—Relative Size of Sire and Dam—
Influence of First Impregnation— Effect of Imagination on the Color of Progeny

—Effect of Change of Climate on the Generative Organs—Controlling the Sex, .

BREEDS OF HORSES:

Thoroughbreds — Trotters — Orloffs — Cleveland Bays— French Coach Horses — Shire

Horses — Clydesdales — Percherons — Boulonnais — Suffolks — Ponies — Mustangs, etc.

BREEDS OF CATTLE:

Short - horns — Herefords — Aberdeen - Angus — Galloways — Devons — Sussex — Red
Polls — Holstein - Friesians — Jerseys — Guernseys — Alderneys — Ayrshires — Swiss —

Wiest, Eliohlangersi— Kermys——liexans, «3 5) ee el te

BREEDS OF SHEEP:

Merinos — Cotswolds — Leicesters— Lincolns—Oxfords—Southdowns—Hampshire Downs

— Shropshire Downs— Cheviots— Sheep Records, etc., .

BREEDS OF SWINE:

Berkshires — Poland-Chinas — Chester Whites —Yorkshires — Suffolks — Cheshires — Essex

— Neapolitans— Chinese and Siamese — Duroc-Jerseys—Swine Records, etc.,

77

201

425

451

hoe
7" vaus Wy

tetany

PREFACE.

A little over a year ago I published a volume entitled, ‘‘ Horse-
Breeding,” with which was incorporated a chapter devoted to a
general review of the laws which govern the transmission of charac-
teristics, both mental and _ physical, from parent to offspring,
especially as applied to our domesticated animals. This chapter
met with a much more favorable reception at the hands of educated,
practical thinking men than I had dared to hope, and many of my
personal friends have since then expressed a desire that I should
rewrite and republish it in connection with a work that would
be of more general interest to the public than that with which it
first appeared. Out of this request the present volume has grown.

In the descriptions of the various breeds of horses, cattle, sheep
and swine herewith given, no attempt has been made at minute
historical detail. On the contrary, it has been my purpose to be
as brief as was consistent with a clear statement of the charac-
teristics of each breed, giving only so much of the origin and course
of development in each case as was deemed essential to enable
the inexperienced reader to form a correct general idea upon the
subject, and to clearly set forth the purposes and uses to which
each of the several breeds is thought to be especially adapted.
In short, I have aimed to make it a volume of interest and value
to the ovice rather than to the professional stock-breeder ; and
with this in view I have, in connection with the description of the

various breeds, pointed out the works that may profitably be

6 PREFACE.

consulted by those in search of more specific and detailed
information concerning any particular breed. Realizing the value
of object lessons—the fact that the eye appeals more immediately
and forcibly than any other sense to the intellect—I have empha-
sized my descriptions by giving numerous. illustrations — sketches
from life of thoroughly typical animals of each breed—so that the
inexperienced reader may the more readily learn the points of
difference, and the peculiarities of form, color, etc., of each. ‘These
illustrations are in most cases faithful likenesses of the originals,
and with the descriptive matter given in connection with each,
will prove an invaluable aid to a correct understanding of the
subject. In nearly every case the sketches have been made from
life, and nearly all the noted animal artists of modern times are
represented in the volume. Among them may be mentioned Rosa
Bonheur, Williams, Steel, Burk, Palmer, Hills, Page, Dewey and
Corwine. The engravings have all been made under my own
direction, and with three exceptions are all the work of one man,
Mr. J. M. Irvin, who has for many years past been in the exclusive
employ of the publishers of this book upon work of a similar nature.
In this connection I desire also to make some sort of public
recognition of the valuable assistance I have derived from my son,
Alvin H. Sanders, in preparing the condensed descriptions and
histories of the various breeds, and the presentation of interesting
facts connected with the animals used as illustrations, and who
from his early boyhood has been my constant associate and helper
in all my editorial work.

That part of the book devoted to the general principles of

breeding is the result of much thought and long and careful study

PR ELPACL, 7
and observation, and I am confident may be read with profit not
only by the novice, but by the experienced stock-breeder as well,
and by all who are disposed to investigate the laws which govern
the transmission of hereditary qualities from parent to offspring,
whether it be in the human species or in the lower orders of
animal life. In the descriptions of breeds I have endeavored to be
judicially candid and fair, to “nothing extenuate nor set down
aught in malice;’’ and where controverted points have been touched
upon, while I have endeavored to state my views plainly, and to
sustain them by such arguments and facts as to my mind are
conclusive, yet I have tried to do so in a manner that will not
prove offensive to those whose opinions and conclusions may
differ from my own.

I have not attempted to include in this volume descriptions of
all the so-called breeds that are found in various parts of the world,
because in many portions of Europe almost every district, county
or province has its so-called breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and
swine, and an attempt at description of all of these would be of
no practical value to American farmers. On the contrary, I have
confined my descriptions and illustrations to such breeds as are
generally recognized, and have, at least to some extent, been
introduced in this country.

In the hope that this book will be found worthy of a place on
the table of every intelligent stock-breeder in the land—a _ book
that such men will take pleasure in showing to their friends, as
one through which they may readily learn the general principles of
stock-breeding, and the characteristics of the various breeds —it is

given to the public. While its preparation has involved much

8 PREFACE.

labor, yet it: has been “a labor of love,” and in it I have found
a keen enjoyment. If it shall meet with a kind and appreciative
reception at the hands of American stock-breeders, my fondest

anticipations in connection with the work will be realized.
Viele ded eS eIN EES
Cuicaco, December 25, 18386.

CHAR TER. ik

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING.

THE general principles which govern the transmission of hered-
itary qualities from parent to offspring are beyond question substan-
tially the same throughout all animal life. Through the practical
application of these laws to the business of breeding domestic ani-
mals, which for many years past has so largely occupied the atten-
tion of intelligent men in Europe and America, the great mass of
our agricultural population have become familiar with their inexor-
able power and force; and with a knowledge of the immutability of
these laws has come a realization of the stern fact that the human
species furnishes no exception to their operation. The passage in
the Decalogue, which declares that the iniquities of the fathers are
visited upon the children unto the third and fourth generation, is
clothed with a new and startling significance since it has come to
be generally understood that this declaration is a concise statement
of the operations of a physiological law, from which there is abso-
lutely no escape. That the physical as well as the mental and moral
infirmities and peculiarities of the father and mother are visited upon
their children, even beyond the third and fourth generations, is as
true when applied to the human family as it is of cattle, horses,
sheep, and swine.

It is not my purpose to attempt to controvert the great principle

that “all men are created equal,” which stands as the chief corner-

tp)

=

IO THE BREEDS OP FAVES TOCK

stone of our political system. Undoubtedly this is true when applied
to “rights before the law,” but that all men are born physically,
morally, and intellectually equal will scarcely be claimed by the most
ardent admirer of our democratic institutions. There is a_ solid
foundation in physiological fact for the admiration with which the
“first families of Virginia” have been regarded in some parts of
our country, and the same may be said of many of our old families
in New England and elsewhere in America. Dr. Oliver Wendell
Holmes makes his “ Autocrat of the Breakfast Table” give utter-
ance to his belief in this great truth and his faith in the value of
pedigree in the human family when he says: ‘I go always, other
things being equal, for the man who inherits family traditions and
the cumulative humanities of at least four or five generations.” To
know that a man or woman is descended from an old family whose
record has been honorable, beyond reproach and without taint, is
the very best possible evidence, next to his own individual record,
that he also is worthy of confidence and respect; and a taint in the
blood of an opposite character should certainly be regarded with as
much distrust as a similar taint in the blood of any of our domes-
tic animals, azd for the same reasons. What is “bred in the bone”
will be transmitted. Beauty of form and feature, strength and force
of intellect, elegance and grace of motion, integrity and honesty of
character, susceptibility of culture and refinement or boorish stupid-
ity, as well as all the virtues and vices, are as clearly transmissible
and inheritable qualities in man as is the color of the hair or the
shape of the body in horses or cattle.

A subject of such vast importance, involving as it does so much

or weal or woe to the human race, and which places in the hands

THE BREEDS (OF LAVE UST OCKs BE

of the intelligent stock-breeder such power over the animal king-
dom, may well command the attention of thinking men, aside from
its practical value as an aid to an intelligent reproduction of desir-
able forms and qualities in our domestic animals. It has been said
of Bakewell, one of the first great improvers of live stock in Great
Britain, that he regarded the animals upon his farm as wax in his
hands, out of which in good time he could mould any form that he
desired to create. In fact all our domestic animals have been, to
a great degree, moulded and fashioned by the hand of man. The
same uniformity that now characterizes the bison, the elk, and the
deer probably belonged to the horse, the cow, the sheep, and the
hog, in a state of nature. The ponderous English Cart horse, the
fleet courser and the diminutive Shetland pony, are all supposed to
have descended from originals that were as uniform in their charac-
teristics as are the members of a herd of bison upon our western
prairies. The Short-horn, the Hereford, the Devon, the Jersey, and
all of the various breeds into which our cattle are now divided,

are descended, it is believed, from the same original type.

CAUSES OF VARIATION FROM ORIGINAL TYPES.

That the changed conditions of life to which animals have been
subjected by domestication—the variety of uses to which they have
been put, the food upon which they have subsisted, the climate in
which they have been reared, and selection for especial uses—have
produced the variations which are now so apparent, is generally
admitted. Very much of this divergence is due to climatic influ-
ences, which alone are sufficiently powerful, in the changes of food

and of habit which necessarily follow, to account for nearly all the

12 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK.

varieties which have been produced. A warm climate and a bounti-
ful supply of nutritious food from birth to maturity promotes growth
and development, while a scanty supply of nutrition and a rigorous
climate have a positive tendency in the opposite direction. A knowl-
edge of the effect of heat and cold upon growth and development
has been taken advantage of by breeders for the purpose of pro-
ducing dwarf specimens. The breeder of Bantam fowls is careful
to have his chicks hatched late in the season, so that the early
approach of cold weather may arrest development. The bleak, bar-
ren and tempestuous islands—lying in the high latitude of 59 and
60 deg.—north of Scotland, with their scanty subsistence and long
winters, have dwarfed the horse of that country until he appears as
the diminutive Shetland pony, while, from probably the same orig-
inal, the rich herbage, nutritious grains and mild climate ten degrees
further south, on the European coast, have given us the immense
draft horses of ancient Normandy and Flanders.

But while climate and the necessarily accompanying influences
have done much to cause the divergence which now exists in races
that were once uniform, selection by the hand of man has also
been actively at work, in some cases co-operating with the influ-
ences of climate, thereby accelerating the transformation, and in
others counteracting its effect. We have an illustration of this in
the horses of Canada. It is quite evident that the causes that have
given us the tough, shaggy pony of Lower Canada, if continued
without interruption for a succession of generations, and accelerated
by the efforts of breeders in selecting animals for the purpose of
reproduction, with the same object constantly in view, would in

course of time give us a race as diminutive as the ponies of the

TIE BREEDS OF XLIV EL STOCK, 13

Shetland Islands. But this climatic influence has been retarded and
counteracted by Canadian breeders, who have rejected the smaller
specimens for breeding purposes, and have constantly drawn upon the
large draft breeds of Europe for fresh crosses. ‘To such an extent
has this infusion of fresh blood been carried for twenty-five years
past, especially in Upper Canada or Ontario, that the influences of
climate have been overpowered and the progression has been decid-
edly in the opposite direction. The efforts of Canadian breeders
in this direction have been materially aided by the improved con-
dition of agriculture in the Dominion, which has led to a more
liberal system of feeding and more thorough protection from the
rigor of the climate. And thus the forces and influences of Nature,
in some cases aided and in others counteracted by the efforts of
man, have constantly been at work breaking up the uniformity
which originally characterized all our domestic animals, until diver-
gence from the original type has become, in many instances, truly
wonderful.

The influence of selection, in creating: divergence from a type
singularly uniform, finds a most striking illustration in the case of
the domestic pigeon, of which there are now nearly three hundred
known varieties, more or less distinct, and all probably descended
from the common wild rock pigeon. Among these varieties the
divergence is remarkable, not only in the color of the plumage,
which in the original is uniform, but in the shape and markings of
the various parts. Who would imagine, at first thought, that the
pouters, the carriers, the runts, the barbs, the fantails, the owls, the
tumblers, the frill-backs, the jacobins, the trumpeters, etc., and all

their sub-varieties, with differences so very strongly marked, are

14 THE BREEDS ‘OF ELE STOCK:

descended from one common parent stock! Yet that this is true,
and that all the varieties from the original type have resulted from
changed conditions of life, climatic influences, and artificial selection
and crossing, is generally admitted by naturalists.

It is one of the principles of heredity, that when there is a
great uniformity in a species divergences from the usual type in
the offspring are slight and rare; but when this uniformity, from
no matter what cause, has been broken up, divergences in the off-
spring are frequent and great, although there is always present a
tendency, more or less powerful, to revert to the original type.
This tendency is most frequently manifested when breeds or races,
widely differing in their present forms, are crossed upon each other.
In such cases, or violent crosses as they are called, it frequently
happens that the progeny resembles neither parent, but shows strong
marks of the type from which both of its ancestors originally sprung.
Darwin gives numerous illustrations of this tendency to reversion
in his experiments with pigeons of various breéds and colors, one
of which I quote, as follows:

‘‘T paired a mongrel female barb-fantail with a mongrel male
barb-spot, neither of which mongrels had the least blue about them.
Let it be remembered that blue barbs are excessively rare; that
spots, as has been already stated, were perfectly characterized in
the year 1676, and breed perfectly true. This likewise is the case
with white fantails; so much so that I have never heard of white
fantails throwing any other color. Nevertheless, the offspring from
the above two mongrels were of exactly the same blue tint as that
of the wild rock pigeon, from the Shetland Islands, over the whole

back and wings; the double black wing bars were equally conspic-

THES DRE EDS OF El VE. STOCK. 15

uous; the tail was exactly alike in all its characters, and the croup
was pure white; the head, however, was tinted with a shade of red,
evidently derived from the spot, and was of a paler blue than in the
rock pigeon, as was the stomach. So that two black barbs, a red
spot, and a white fantail, as the four purely-bred grandparents, pro-
duced a bird of the same general blue color, together with every
characteristic mark, as in the wild Columba livia, or rock pigeon.”*

This tendency to reversion in different breeds of domestic ani-
mals when crossed accounts for many of the disappointments which
breeders experience in their efforts to improve their stock and

serves greatly to complicate the breeding problem.

MODIFICATIONS PRODUCED BY CHANGED CONDITIONS OF LIFE.

It is quite certain, from what we know of the effect of climate
‘and of changed habits upon animals in a state of domestication,
that if two branches of the same tribe or species, essentially alike
in every feature, should, by some chance, become separated and
compelled to subsist under widely differing conditions of life, being
left entirely to themselves and the operation of natural laws, in
course of time a very marked difference would occur in their
structure or habit. There is a tendency in all animal life to adapt
itself to the conditions under which it must exist; but a change

may be so abrupt and complete as to overcome this tendency; and

* Those who have a desire to investigate this subject, as illustrated by the
breeding of pigeons, will find a very full history of the various breeds, their
processes of formation, and the effects of selection and crossing of breeds, in
Darwin’s “ Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication,” Vol. I, pp.

163 to 272.

16 THE BREEDS OP LTUVE SL OCT:

under such a condition the race would speedily become extinct, or
gradually die out with a few generations of sickly and enfeebled
descendants; but under circumstances less abrupt and unfavorable
a few might survive, being those individuals that, from some pecu-
liarity of organization, suffered least from the change. ‘These ani- .
mals, in their turn, would reproduce the peculiarities of their race,
modified, to some extent, by the new conditions which environed
them; and these again would produce animals still better adapted |
to the new order, until in course of time we should have a race
widely differing from the original type, created or evolved by a
survival of those best fitted to exist under the new order of things,
and remoulded and refashioned by the changed conditions of life.

If we accept the commonly-received doctrine of the origin of
the human race—that is, that all mankind are descended from a
common parentage—we are driven to the conclusion that all the
differences which are so apparent in the human family at the pres-
ent day are the result of the operation of the law of adaptation to
changed conditions and of climatic influences, to which I have just
referred. And yet there is as great a divergence from a uniform
type in the human race as in any of the lower orders of animals
that are recognized as belonging to a single species.

In the practical business of breeding domestic animals it is im-
portant that due prominence be given to the operation of the laws
to which I have alluded; for it follows that a race or breed most
perfectly adapted to a certain locality, a certain mode of life, con-
ditions of climate, and character of subsistence, may in time, when
transported to a distant clime, or even when subjected to changed

conditions of life in the same locality, lose all its distinguishing

Re BREE DS OF BTV 2: S BOCK 17

characteristics and become practically worthless. On the other hand,
a race of but little value in its native state may be so modified
by a change in climatic conditions, or by the character, quality, and
quantity of the aliment furnished, as to become of the highest value
to the breeder; and these modifications, although frequently so slow
as to be almost imperceptible in a single generation, are acceler-
ated by the powers of inheritance under a continuation of the con-
ditions which inaugurated them. A high or low temperature, and
abundant or scanty nutrition, will, as before stated, affect physical
development either favorably or unfavorably. Elevated plains, low
marshes, and mountain ranges are each adapted to support a spe-
cies of animal life in some respects distinct from the others; and
hence a knowledge of the effect of the various climatic conditions,
and of the different kinds of food, becomes of the utmost impor-
tance to the breeder in determining the kinds of stock that he can
produce with profit.

There is perhaps no variety of animals that has been domesti-
cated by man in which the effects of climate and nutrition are
more apparent than in horses. ‘Temperate regions, grassy plains,
and, consequently, abundant nutrition, produce increased size and
strength; mountain ranges, with bleak, cold climate and scanty sub-
sistence, dwarf the frame and produce the hardy, diminutive pony.
The fertile plains of Normandy and Flanders, with their salubrious
climate and abundant herbage, have been the home, from the very
earliest period of history, of the ponderous draft horses which still
distinguish that region, and have been the source from which all
the countries of the world have drawn the foundation for their

draft breeds. The bleak and barren Shetland Islands, and the
3

18 THE BREEDS VOF LIME S17 OCR,

mountainous tract which lies between the plains of India and the
crest of the great Himalaya range, are the homes of races of dimin-
utive ponies, rough, shaggy, and hardy. The highest inhabited land

of Asia, which forms the source of the Ganges, the Indus, and the

Brahmapootra—a country as rugged and bleak as can well be con-
ceived — contains immense numbers of small sinewy and agile horses.
The extreme regions bounded by the mountains of Siberia on the
north, the Sea of Okhotsh on the east, and the Little Altaic Moun-

tains on the west——the home of the Kalmucks

abound in a tough
and hardy race of ponies.

I have not been able to find an exception to this law of Nature
in the history of the world. Wherever the horse has existed for
centuries on rich, fertile plains, and in a temperate climate, we find
him distinguished for size and strength; wherever he has been the
inhabitant of inhospitable, mountainous regions he becomes diminu-
tive and hardy. Of course these results have obtained where the
horse is left largely to take care of himself. Man may do much
by supplying warm stables and abundant food, and by selection, to
counteract the influence of climate, but in spite of his utmost care
the tendency will constantly be as Nature has pointed out. Moun-
tainous regions and a rigorous climate will produce the toughest,

hardiest horses

as we have seen in the New England Morgans
and the Canadian ponies of our own country—while our rich and
fertile prairies and luxuriant valleys are adapted by nature to be
the home of the ponderous draft horse.

Prof. Low, in his great work, “‘The Domesticated Animals of
the British Islands,” has a very interesting chapter on the effect of

climatic influences upon animal life, from which I quote the following:

TEES BRE EDS (OF BLVAS is LOCK 19

“The effect of heat is everywhere observed, as it modifies the
secretions which give color to the skin, and the degree of covering
provided for the protection of the body, whether wool or hair. In
the case of the human species the effects of temperature on the
color of the skin, and, with this, on the color of the eyes and hair,
are sufficiently known. We cannot pass from the colder parts of
Europe to the warmer without marking the progressive diversities
of color, from the light complexion of the northern nations to the
swarthy tinge of the Spaniards, Italians, and Greeks; and when we
have crossed the Mediterranean into Africa the dark color, which
is proper to all the warmer regions of the globe, everywhere meets
the eye. The Jews, naturally as fair as the other inhabitants of
Syria, become gradually darker as they have been for a longer or
shorter time acclimated in the warmer countries; and on the plains
of the Ganges they are as dark as Hindoos. ‘The Portuguese who
have been naturalized in the African colonies of their nation have
become entirely black. If we suppose, indeed, the great races of
mankind to have been called into existence in different regions we
must suppose that they were born with the color, as well as the
other attributes, suited to the climates of the countries which they
were to inhabit. It accords with this supposition that the Negro
remains always black, even in the highest latitudes to which he has
been carried, and that the black races of the eastern islands retain
the color proper to them in the mild temperature of Van Diemen’s
Land. The Mongolian, even in the coldest regions of Northern
Asia, retains the hue distinctive of his family, but with a continually
deepening shade as he approaches the intertropical countries. ‘The

native of China, of a dull yellow tint at Pekin, is at Canton nearly

20 THE BREEDS (OF LIVE STOCK.

as dark as a Lascar. The American Indian retains his distinctive
copper hue amid the snows of Labrador, but on the shores of the
Caribbean Sea becomes nearly as black as an African.

“Temperature likewise affects the size and form of the body.
The members of the Caucasian group toward the Arctic Circle are
of far inferior bulk of body to the natives of temperate countries.
The Central Asiatics, on elevated plains, are sturdy and short, the
result of an expansion of the chest; the Hindoos are of slender form
and low physical powers, so that they have almost always yielded to
the superior force of the northern nations from the first invasion of
the Macedonians to the ultimate establishment of European power
in the Peninsula. The Negro, on the other hand, in the hottest and
most pestilential regions of the habitable earth, where the Caucasian
either perishes or becomes as slender as a strippling, is of a strength
and stature which would be deemed great in any class of men—
affording a strong presumption in favor of the opinion of the dis-
tinctness of his race and its special adaptation to the region in which
it has been placed.

‘‘In quadrupeds the effects of temperature are everywhere observ-
able in the covering provided for their body, whether wool or hair,
and which in the same species is always more abundant in the colder
than in the warmer countries. In all quadrupeds there is a growth
of down or wool underneath the hair, and more or less mixed with
it. In warm countries this wool is little if at all developed; but in
the colder it frequently becomes the principal covering of the skin,
forming along with the hair a thick fur. In the warmest regions
the domestic sheep produces scarcely any wool; in temperate coun-

tries he has a fleece properly so called; and in the coldest of all his

LITLE BREEDS OF LAVA SAO GC fe. or

wool is mixed with long hair which covers it externally. The
wool, an imperfect conductor of heat, preserves the natural temper-
ature of the body, and thus protects the animal from cold, while
the long hair is fitted to throw off the water which falls upon the
body in rain or snow. But in the warm season the wool, which
would be incommodious, falls off, to be renewed before winter, while
the hair always remains. ‘The dog, too, has a coat of wool which
he loses in countries of great heat, but which in colder countries
grows so as to form along with the hair a thick fur, so that in
certain cold countries there have been formed breeds of dogs to
produce wool for clothing. ‘The dogs of Europe conveyed to warm
countries frequently lose even their hair and become as naked as
elephants, and in every country their fur is suited to the nature of
the “climate.

‘Similar to the effects of temperature is that of humidity, the hair
becoming longer and more oily in the moister countries. Even within
the limits of our own islands, the ox of the western coasts, exposed
to the humid vapors of the Atlantic, has longer hair than the ox of
the eastern districts. Even the effects of continued exposure to
winds and storms may modify parts of the animal form. ‘There are
certain breeds of gallinaceous fowls which are destitute of the rump,
so called. Most of the common fowls of the Isle of Arran, on the
coast of Scotland, have this peculiarity. This little island consists
of high hills, on which scarcely a bush exists to shelter the animals
which inhabit it from the continued gales of the Atlantic. The
feathers of a long tail might incommode the animals, and therefore,
we may suppose, they disappear; and were peacocks to be reared

under similar circumstances it is probable that, in the course of suc-

THE BREEDS OF LIVE GST OC

i)
i)

cessive generations, they would lose the beautiful appendage which
they bring from their native jungles.

“The effects, likewise, of altitude are to be numbered among
those which modify the characters of animals. In general the ani-
mals of mountains are smaller and more agile than those of the
same species inhabiting plains. In man the pulse increases in fre-
quency as he ascends into the atmosphere, so that, while at the level
of the sea the number of beats is 70 in a minute, at the hight of
4,000 feet the number exceeds 100. The air being rarer a greater
quantity of it must be drawn into the lungs to afford the oxygen
necessary to carry off the excess of carbon in the system. But
gradually, as man and other animals become naturalized in an ele-
vated country, the digestive and respiratory organs, and with these
the capacity of the chest and abdomen, become suited to their new
relations. Humboldt remarks on the extraordinary development of
the chest in the inhabitants of the Andes, producing even deformity;
and he justly observes that this is a consequence of the rarity of
the air, which demands an extension of the lungs.

‘The effects have been referred to of use or exercise in modify-
ing certain parts of the animal form. The limbs of many animals
inured or compelled to speed become extended in length, as of the
dogs employed in the chase of the swifter animals. The limbs of
an animal deprived of the means of motion become feeble and small,
as the wings of domesticated birds. In the natural state the cow
has a small udder, yet sufficient to contain the milk which her
young requires; in the domesticated state, by milking her, the organ
becomes enlarged so as to contain a quantity of milk beyond what

the wants of her own offspring demand. Nor are the characteristics

HE BREEDS OP EI VES LOCK, 23

thus acquired confined to the individuals on which they have been
impressed, but may be transmitted to their posterity.”

The lessons taught by these illustrations are obvious. None of
our improved breeds are adapted to a@l/ climates and all conditions
orice; To be at their best they must each) be kept; as’ nearly as
possible, under the same conditions of food and climate as those
under which they have attained their excellence. Any material
change in either of these conditions is liable ultimately to make a
material change in the character of the breed. These changes are
usually unfavorable ones, although not necessarily so. Change of
itself, when in the direction of better care, more generous feeding
and more genial climate, will tend to produce greater size, a more
graceful form and greater excellence. At the same time improvement
in these particulars is quite likely to be at the expense of what is

termed hardiness, or ability to withstand exposure and rough usage.
ACCIDENTAL VARIATIONS OR “SPORTS.”

When animals in a state of nature are not disturbed in the en-
joyment of the conditions under which they have existed for ages,
as the American bison or buffalo, the elk, the deer, the wolf, etc.,
the uniformity which prevails among all the individuals of the race
is remarkable; and all the peculiarities of structure, color, and char-
acter are transmitted from generation to generation with almost
unerring certainty; and here the maxim of the breeder, that ‘like
produces like,” scarcely ever meets with an exception. Such animals
are, in the truest sense of the word, thoroughbred, or purely bred.
There has been no commingling of blood or crossing of various

strains to give the race a composite character, and hence when we

24 THE BREEDS (OF) GIVES STOCK

~

have seen the sire and dam we can tell with certainty what the
progeny will be. Were any of our domesticated animals ¢horough-
breds, in the sense that the bison, the elk or deer are thoroughbreds,
the breeding problem would be a simple one, and like would invari-
ably produce like so long as the conditions of life remained the
same. The same principle holds true in the reproduction of vege-
table life. An absolutely pure seed reproduces its kind, but when
cross-fertilization has once taken place the result is uncertain. If
the flower of the Baldwin apple tree be fertilized by the pollen of a
Winesap the seed from this union will produce neither the one nor
the other. It will be an apple because both of its parents were
apples; but as they were of different varieties, or forms, or charac-
ters, so the produce will have a character of its own, differing from
both of its ancestors. And even if the stigma of the Baldwin be
fertilized by pollen of its own kind the result is uncertain, because
the parent is itself the result of cross-fertilization. The application
of this principle to the crossing of different races of domestic animals
is evident, and it will be referred to hereafter.

But, notwithstanding the uniformity of which I have spoken, in
the produce of absolutely pure or unmixed races there arises occa-
sionally what is termed an accidental variation from the established
type

deer is of a fixed type, and a departure from uniformity in this par-

a sport, as it is frequently called. The color of the American

ticular is very rare—yet a white deer is occasionally found—and
so of other animals in which the color is an equally well-established
characteristic. Man has five fingers on each hand and five toes on
each foot, and in this particular the race is uniform; yet a “sport” is

now and then found where the number of fingers or toes is increased

P4

LE IPREE DS OF LEVESS £ OC he 25

to six. When these accidental variations once occur they are liable,
under favorable conditions, to be transmitted by inheritance; but
under the ordinary operations of Nature’s laws, when the conditions
of life remain unchanged, these anomalies usually disappear within
one or two generations, and the normal and characteristic type of
the race is resumed. <A well-authenticated instance of the transmis-
sion of accidental variations is found in the oft-quoted case of Edward
Lambert, whose whole body, with the exception of the face, the
soles of the feet, and the palms of the hands, was covered with a
sort of horny excrescence, which was periodically molted. His six
sons all inherited the same peculiarity, and the only one of the six
that survived transmitted it, in turn, to all his sons. This abnormal
characteristic was transmitted through the male line for six genera-
tions, and then disappeared.—(‘‘ Philosophical Transactions,” Vol.
XVII,.p. 23.) It is a very striking illustration of the peculiarities
of heredity that the females of this family should have failed to
inherit this characteristic. Another remarkable case of this nature
that came under my own observation was that of a family residing
in Iowa, where the mother and three grown daughters were entirely
destitute of hair, but the sons all had quite as much as the average
of men. We have also several well-authenticated cases of the trans-
mission, for a few generations, of an abnormal number of fingers
or toes, as in the case of the Colburn family, where each of the
members had a supernumerary toe and finger, which anomaly was
transmitted, although irregularly, through four generations before it
entirely disappeared. The writer is personally cognizant of a case
in which the second and third toe of each foot were united, and

which anomaly has been transmitted for three generations to one
4

26 THE BREEDS OFZLTVE TS 110 Gk

only out of an average of eight descendants in each family. But,
as before remarked, when the conditions of life remain unchanged
these anomalies almost invariably disappear, and the descendants
ultimately resume the typical character of the race.

From the fact that these accidental variations have shown them-
selves to be, in a limited degree, transmissible by heredity, we may
infer that if selections were made with a view to their perpetuation
they might ultimately become fixed characteristics. Indeed, there
is a considerable weight of evidence tending to show that even vari-
ations produced by mutilation, or by other artificial means, are
sometimes transmitted, especially when the mutilation has been inti-
mately connected with the nervous system. Dr. Prosper Lucas gives
numerous well-authenticated instances of this character, and is decid-
edly of opinion that variations or mutilations that are the result of
disease are transmissible. ‘That eminent scientist, Dr. Brown-Sequard,
gives an interesting account of some experiments with guinea pigs.
By an operation upon a certain nerve he produced epileptic convul-
sions; and the produce of the animals upon which this operation was
performed manifested the same symptoms.—(‘‘ Proceedings of the
Royal Society of Great Britain,” Vol. X, p. 279.) But, notwithstand-
ing the numerous instances given by the eminent authorities above
quoted, I am of the opinion that the cases of the transmission of
these artificially produced variations are so rare as to be practically
of no account in the calculations of the breeder.

‘The law which governs the transmission of these accidental vari-
ations, whether they be the result of a “sport” or of external influ-
ences, appears to be that when such variations from the common

type are in antagonism to the conditions of life to which the indi-

=}

PE BREEDS OF | LIVES (SROCK 27

vidual is subjected the variations are not perpetuated; while, on the
other hand, if they are in conformity to the existing wants or con-
ditions, thereby better fitting the individual to succeed in the struggle
for existence, natural selection and a survival of the fittest will tend
to perpetuate them.

From the foregoing it is evident that the laws of heredity tend
to reproduce in the progeny the character of the ancestors, and that
when the ancestry is of a fixed and uniform type the maxim that
“like produces like” admits of few exceptions. Yet there are excep-

tions even here, as we have seen in the case of sports; and the mod-

ifications produced by changed conditions of life—adaptation to new
uses and new modes of subsistence—tend to vary what, under the
operation of the unrestricted laws of heredity, would fix a given
type and leave the breeder’s art powerless to effect change or
improvement.

Heredity, which makes of every individual the sum or essence of
that which has lived before him, is essentially a conservative force,
and opposes all change, all progress, all improvement; but evolution,
which compels heredity to give way to internal and external causes

and modifies both the physical and mental organism, places in the

breeder’s hands the means of effecting wonderful changes.
oO te)

EXTENT OF HEREDITARY INFLUENCE.

I have spoken of two forces that, in their effects, appear to be
diametrically opposed to each other — heredity, which makes of every
individual the sum or essence of that which has preceded it, and
evolution or spontaneity, which constantly tends to give to animal

life new forms and to each individual peculiarities which belong to

i)
CO

THE BREEDS (OF LIVES LOCK

it alone. Of these heredity is unquestionably the stronger force,
because, as I have before remarked, when uniformity has once been
established the general principle that like produces like very rarely
finds an exception. In fact the influence of heredity is always pres-
ent, and in the reproduction of animal life never fails to assert itself
in a greater or less degree. Every living thing brings forth. young
after its own kind—in some cases the exact counterpart of the parent,
and in others slightly modified; but always showing more or less of
the parent type. Men do not gather grapes of thorns nor figs of
thistles, neither do Short-horn cows bring forth buffalo calves nor
draft mares produce thoroughbred race horses. Hence, although we
may frequently meet with very apparent differences between the
parents and the progeny, yet a moment’s reflection will show us that
the points of resemblance are always very much greater than those
of difference. We are so accustomed to look at the operation of
this law in its detazls that we overlook the aggregate of results.
We mate a purely-bred Essex sow and boar, and look upon it as
a matter of course that the pigs produced will all be black and
possess the general characteristics of the Essex breed; but if, having
selected our breeding pair with a view to the transmission of a
peculiar form of the head or shape of the ear, we find in the produce
that few, and possibly none, possess the peculiarity we have sought
to perpetuate, we are apt to lose faith in the power of heredity.
And yet it would be an argument agaznst the uniform operation of
this law were the produce all to possess the peculiarity which dis-
tinguished the sire and dam, for this was in them an exceptional
feature; and the fact that the pigs possessed, in lieu of this peculiar

mark, the character that belonged to their ancestors in general is

PTE? BREEDS “OF* LIVE SLOCH 29

rather a testimony to the inherent power of heredity than otherwise.
Were our pair of pure Essex swine to produce Poland-China, or
Berkshire, or Yorkshire pigs there would be room for suspicion as
to the blood of the ancestry or for complaint that the laws of hered-
ity had been violated; but such a transgression of Nature’s law so
rarely occurs that when it does take place we may properly call the
result a “sport.” Hence, the failure of an individual to reproduce
features that are peculiar to itself, or of a pair of individuals distin-
guished for the same peculiarity to transmit it to their offspring,
snould excite no surprise in the mind of the breeder. Juet if be
remembered always that heredity transmits with certainty only what
has become a fixed characteristic in the race. Sports, accidental
variations and individual peculiarities only occur in opposition to this
law, and their transmission is at best uncertain. Heredity may be
depended on to govern the general characteristics which determine
the species and the less general ones which distinguish the breed,
but when we come to individual characteristics, which have never
acquired a fixed character in the ancestry, it frequently fails. In
short, the transmission of the greater share of all the characteristics
ts a thing of universal occurrence, but their transmission 77 fo/o is
an ideal conception that is never realized; and only in proportion as
the ancestry has assumed a fixed and unvarying type do we find
this ideal of the effect of heredity approximated.

That peculiarity called atavism, or reversion, so often noticed in
our domesticated animals, and which has so frequently set at naught
the calculations of the breeder, has often been quoted as an illus-
tration of the failure of the law of heredity; but it is in fact only

autribute to its power. . By selection, change of climate or nutrition,

30 THE BREEDS (OF | TINGE GS LOCK

or by crossing, or by all of these means combined, we may succeed
in obliterating certain well-defined characteristics, and in modifying
a given type, until the new form or character that we have created
will, in its turn, be transmitted with reasonable certainty; but sud-
denly the germ that has lain dormant for so many generations
asserts itself, and, greatly to our surprise, the characteristics of the
original stock reappear. As I have before remarked, these cases
of reversion most frequently occur when cross-breeding is resorted
to. The counter currents of hereditary influence, which are by this
means brought into contact, having a common origin, appear to
awaken into being the germ which has for generations been a silent
factor in each of the newly-created breeds, and enables it to again
assume control of the organism.

In addition to the general and well-defined operation of the laws
of heredity to which I have alluded, its operations in the transmis-
sion of individual characteristics, although not clearly defined, and
never to be depended upon, are often wonderful. ‘The son is fre-
quently, in some respects, the exact duplicate of the father, and the
daughter of the mother. Sometimes a peculiarity which belonged
to the grandsire lies dormant in the son, but crops out as strong
as ever in the second or third generation. Again, we find peculiari-
ties transmitted from father to daughter, and from mother to son,
and even special sexual characteristics transmitted by the father
through a daughter to a grandson, or by the mother through a
son to a granddaughter; but it is worthy of remark that in no case
are all the peculiarities of any one individual transmitted. Indeed,
it would be strange were it otherwise, because each individual is

the joint product of two other individuals, each endowed with

THE BREEDS OF LIVE SOCK 31

peculiarities of its own; and that each should transmit itself as an
entirety is absolutely impossible. Rarely do we find in the indi-

vidual so produced a blending of these peculiarities in exact propor-

tion

as one might theoretically argue would be the result were
the parents of equally well-established types—but rather that in
some respects the offspring resembles the father, in others the
mother, in some forming a partial or exact mean between the two;
and in still others we find the produce apparently unlike either, but
possessing an individuality or character peculiarly its own. I might
illustrate this by instances from the experience of many breeders,
but it is not necessary. ‘The effect has been observed by all who

have given any attention whatever to the subject of breeding.
THE FORMATION OF BREEDS.

I have spoken of the uniformity which characterizes animals of
a@civen species in a state of. nature, and of the various causes
that serve to disturb this uniformity in our domesticated animals
when subjected to changed conditions of climate or nutrition. I
have also treated of the effect of heredity, which makes of the
offspring the sum or essence of the qualities that existed in its
progenitors, and of the opposing law of evolution or spontaneity
which tends to give to each animal a character of its own. I now
propose to consider how these known laws and forces may be util-
ized in the formation of breeds; and, at the threshold of this division
of my subject, it is necessary that we should understand what is
meant by the terms used.

The animal kingdom is divided by naturalists into four great

branches —Padiata, Mollusca, Articulata, and Vertebrata. ‘These

32 THE BREEDS OF SAVE STOCK.

branches are again divided into classes. The Vertebrata, to which
branch all our domesticated animals belong, are divided into eight
classes, the last of which are the Wammalia, embracing all animals
that give suck to their young. These classes are divided into
genera, and these again into species. For example: we have the
genus Equus, of which the horse, the ass, the zebra, and the quagga
are species; and these different species are again divided, with ref-
erence to certain peculiarities, into breeds. A breed, therefore, is a
classification by which we distinguish a group of animals possessing
qualities which are not common to all animals of the same species,
and which peculiarities have become so firmly established that they
are uniformly transmitted by heredity. Thus, we have the Shetland
ponies, a breed of horses possessing all the general characteristics of
the species to which they belong, but especially distinguished from
other breeds by their size and form; and the Devons, a breed of
cattle uniformly of a deep red color, and possessing other distinc-
tive features that are not characteristic of any other breed of
cattle.

It will be observed that these divisions, from first to last, are
more or less arbitrary; and, as it is impossible to define exactly the
point where the mineral kingdom leaves off and the vegetable
kingdom begins, or to distinguish positively the line of demarcation
between vegetable and animal life, so throughout the entire animal
kingdom the various divisions or classes approach each other by
almost imperceptible gradations, until in many cases it is impossible
to locate the dividing line. This is especially true of breeds. We
may assume any standard that our fancy may dictate, as the color

or texture of the hair; the shape or size of any particular part of

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK 33

rome

the body, as the head or the ear; any particular function, as the
quantity or quality of the milk in cattle; peculiarities of locomotion,
as the trot or pace in the horse; of habit or instinct, as exemplified
in the Setter or in the Shepherd dog, etc.; and classifying with
reference to the possession of any of these assumed peculiarities we
may divide a species into breeds. Theoretically there is no limit to
the extent to which this division into breeds might be carried; but
practically it is confined to marked differences in appearance, Sfunc-
tion, use, disposition, or quality. And whenever we have, by any
means, produced a group or family of animals that possess and
transmit uniformity in any particular, in which there is a lack of
uniformity in the species to which they belong, they are fairly entitled
to be classed as a breed.

Taking advantage of the almost numberless shades of divergence
from the original type to be found among the different species of
domesticated animals, the laws of heredity and spontaneity enable
man to work wonderful transformations and improvements by select-
ing such individuals as most nearly approximate to his ideal and
which manifest a tendency to assume the desired form. By coupling
such individuals there is a probability that the quality for which
they were selected will be reproduced in the offspring, and that it
will be even more prominent than in the parents. I say there is a
probability that this will be the result, but it is by no means certain,
for it must be borne in mind that only the general and firmly-fixed
characteristics which distinguish the species are transmitted with
absolute certainty, and the transmission of accidental qualities or
especial excellence in any given particular, while always possible,

can never be depended upon with certainty. If, however, we select
5

34 THE BREEDS OPVLIVES TOCK

parents both distinguished for the same accidental variation or acci-
dental excellence the chances that it will be transmitted to the off-
spring are, theoretically, twice as great as when only one of the
parents is in possession of the desired quality; and if in the produce
from this coupling we see manifestations of the desired tendency we
may unite animals so bred with an increased probability that they,
in turn, will transmit it to their offspring. It is mainly by this
process of careful selection and coupling, with a view to the posses-
sion of certain desirable qualities, persevered in for many generations,
that all noted breeders have succeeded in moulding the forms or
establishing the breeds that have given them celebrity.

It must be borne in mind that the very processes of Nature
which make it possible for man to effect improvement in any spe-
cies of domesticated animals conspire to make the work of creat-
ing a new type from heterogeneous materials extremely difficult.
In making selections with a view to perpetuating any variation from
an established type we must always begin with such individuals as
have manifested a tendency to assume the desired form and _ trans-
mit it to their offspring. With a mixed and heterogeneous ancestry,
representing various shades of divergence from the original type of
the species, progress in any given direction by selection will, under
the most favorable circumstances, be slow, and the results will fre-
quently be anything but satisfactory. There is always a tendency
in the offspring of a mixed or improved race to revert to the
original form of the species from which it is derived. This I have
shown is most apparent where animals of a widely different char-
acter are coupled, as in the case of cross-breeding with distinct

varieties or breeds, which, although not without its compensating

DE BREEDS: OF LIVES LOG Ke 35

advantages in many cases, introduces new elements of divergence.
Hence the breeder will often find failure where he most expected
success. Ihe force of heredity is usually exerted to compel the
progeny to adhere to the character which has become fixed in the
species, rather than to follow variation from the established type
that was accidental or spontaneous in the immediate ancestry; but
when, through selection of both parents with reference to this par-
ticular for several generations, the influence of heredity has once
been enlisted in the transmission of an accidental variation it lends
its powerful aid in favor of the perpetuation of the improved form.
Spontaneity may occasionally interpose a new feature or atavism turn
us back toward the original, but by continuing to sglect from the
families which have been bred with reference to the desired form
we shall eventually succeed in fixing the new type so firmly that
its transmission will be the rule and failure the exception; and when
this point has been reached we have succeeded in forming what may

justly be called a breed.
TERMS USED BY BREEDERS OF LIVE STOCK.

The term thoroughbred is often applied in this country to ani-
mals belonging to any of the distinct breeds, but in Great Britain
it is seldom so applied. There it is used only as the name of a

and the

particular breed of horses—the race horse or blood horse
usage among intelligent horse-breeders in this country is the same
as that prevailing in England, no horse being spoken of as a thor-
oughbred unless he belongs to the breed especially designated by
that name. American cattle-breeders, however, frequently speak of

thoroughbred Short-horns, thoroughbred Devons, thoroughbred Here-

36 THE BREEDS (OF LIVE SS? OCH

fords, etc.; and the same usage obtains to a considerable degree
among the breeders of sheep and swine in this country. The terms
thoroughbred, full-blood, and purely bred, as generally used by
American breeders of cattle, sheep, and swine, are practically synon-
ymous, although some writers and some local agricultural societies
have dogmatically attempted to make a distinction in their use; but,
as commonly understood in this country, when an animal is said to
be a thoroughbred, or a full-blood, or as purely bred, the meaning
is that the animal spoken of is recognized as belonging to some
one of the distinct breeds, and entitled to registry as such in the
herd or stud book of that breed. Animals belonging to none of the
recognized or established breeds are usually referred to as common
stock, and the produce, when one parent belongs to an established
breed and the other is of common stock or of unknown breeding,
is called a grade, or half-blood. The produce of a purely-bred ani-
mal and a half-blood is also called a grade, and this process of
grading up may be carried on indefinitely until the number of
crosses of pure-blood is sufficient to entitle the animal to registry
in the stud or herd book of the given breed; although with some
of the herd books no number of pure crosses will entitle the prod-
uce to registration. An animal with one or more crosses of pure
Hereford, or Jersey, or Devon blood upon an unknown ancestry, is
spoken of as a grade Hereford, grade Jersey, grade Devon, etc.;
and when the number of pure crosses is considerable the animal is
called a high grade Hereford, Jersey, or Devon, as the case may
be. The produce of a sire and dam of different breeds is said to
be cross-bred, and this term is frequently applied to the produce of

a purely-bred animal of one breed and a high grade of another.

DHE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK 55y

IN-BREEDING AND CROSSING.

It has been claimed by many that success in establishing desired
forms or qualities may be obtained with the greatest certainty, and in
the least possible time, when selection is confined to the same fam-
ily. Thus, we find a certain male that manifests an unusual degree
of excellence in some particular, and which, it has been found, he
usually transmits to his offspring. We select a female manifesting
the same tendency, and the two are coupled. Possibly the offspring
may not show a trace of the unusual excellence we have sought
to perpetuate. We reject this, and couple the same sire and dam
a second time, and perhaps we are rewarded by offspring possess-
ing the desired quality. This produce, if a female, when of proper
age is coupled with her own sire, and this produce again, if a
female, is bred to the same male, that was her sire as well as her
grandsire. ‘This process is sometimes resorted to for three or four
successive generations, with a view to intensifying or perpetuating
a quality for which the sire is especially noted, and which it is
found he transmits with certainty; for it is a well-known, although
inexplicable fact, that of two animals bred precisely alike, and
manifesting the same spontaneous variation, one will transmit the
peculiarity with considerable certainty, while not a trace of it will
appear in the produce of the other. The same course of breeding
is often resorted to by coupling the son with his own dam, and
then, if the produce be a female, using upon her the same male, that
is both brother and sire. This process of coupling near relatives,
which is known as breeding in-and-in, is unquestionably very effect-

ual, and is frequently the only available source from which breed-

38 THE BREEDS (Of NLTIGE SO Che

ing stock can be obtained that possess and transmit the desired
quality. But there is always danger that such a course of breeding
will result in a loss of constitutional vigor and fertility in the prod-
uce, and it should be practiced with great caution. As soon as
any constitutional defect or weakness is noticed as the result of
breeding in-and-in an infusion of fresh blood must be obtained by
resorting to a male or female not closely related, but possessing as
nearly as may be the desired quality. It should be borne in mind
that defects are quite as liable to be transmitted as good qualities,
and while we are fixing a type of superior excellence in one par-
ticular we should be careful that we are not, with equal certainty,
perpetuating a serious defect.

It is believed by many that breeding in-and-in has a refining
tendency —that its effect is in the direction of fineness of texture,
lightness of bone, smoothness, evenness and polish, at the expense
of robustness, strength, vigor, and power; hence, it is one of the
most potent of agents in the production of dwarf breeds, and the
main reliance of breeders of Bantam fowls and other diminutive
races. It is certainly a powerful and invaluable agent in the hands
of an intelligent person in the formation or modification of a breed,
but can never be successfully followed by general farmers, who must
produce hardy, prolific, and vigorous animals.

The great number of intermarriages which took place in the
royal family of Egypt during the reign of the Ptolemys has occa-
sionally been referred to by the advocates of close in-breeding;
and the magnificent personal appearance of these rulers, their close
resemblance in form and feature, and especially the widely-famed

beauty of countenance and form, as well as the mental vigor dis-

DUDES BIEL DS OF TIVE STOCK 39

played by Cleopatra, the last of the line, have often been quoted
as a strong argument against the theory that breeding in-and-in
necessarily produces physical deterioration; but a close examination
of the line of descent leaves the balance of the argument rather on
the other side. Galton, in his “Hereditary Genius,” in speaking of
this family, says:

“This race of Ptolemys is at first sight exceedingly interesting,
on account of the extraordinary number of their close intermarriages.
They were matched in-and-in like prize cattle; but these near mar-
riages were unprolific—the inheritance mostly passed through other
wives. Indicating the Ptolemys by numbers, according to the order
of their succession, II married his niece, and afterward his sister;
IV his sister; VI and VII were brothers, and they both consecu-
tively married the same sister— VII also subsequently married his
niece; VIII married two of his own sisters consecutively; XII and
XIII were brothers, and both consecutively married their sister, the
famous Cleopatra. ‘Thus there are no less than nine cases of close
intermarriages distributed among the thirteen Ptolemys. However,
when we put them into the form of a genealogical tree we shall
clearly see that the main line of descent was untouched by these
intermarriages, except in the two cases of III and VIII. The per-
sonal beauty and vigor of Cleopatra, the last of the race, cannot
therefore be justly quoted in disproof of the evil effects of close
breeding. On the contrary, the result of Ptolemaic experience was
distinctly to show that intermarriages are followed by sterility.”

Galton then proceeds to show that nearly all of these incestuous
marriages were unfruitful, the only exceptions being that of Ptolemy

II with his niece, from which was produced Ptolemy HI, and Ptolemy

40 THE BREEDS JOR ELV E VSS OCR

VII with his niece, the produce being Ptolemy VIII, the grandfather
of Cleopatra, the descent in all other cases passing through wives
that were not nearly related to this family.—(‘‘ Hereditary Genius,”
by Francis Galton, p. 152.)

The testimony of experienced naturalists and of intelligent and
careful observers among practical breeders is uniformly in favor of
the proposition that a cross in the blood gives increased size and
vigor to the produce. -It is an equally well established fact that
cross-breeding, or the pairing of animals of distinct varieties, usually
results in increased fertility; but it is rather singular that, while this
result usually attends the pairing of distinct varieties of the same
species, yet if cross-breeding be carried so far as to unite distinct
species, although increased size and vigor are still attained, fertility
is almost entirely lost. A familiar illustration is seen in the prod-
uce of the horse and the ass. ‘The mule, resulting from such a union,
is often larger than either parent, and is noted for his hardiness
and powers of endurance, but the power of reproduction is totally
wanting. The same is true of most other hybrids. It is a singular
fact that a loss of fertility is also one among the very first bad
results manifested from long-continued breeding in-and-in—which is .
the converse or opposite of violent out-crossing; and yet all experience
proves this to be true.

The space that can be devoted to a discussion of this branch
of the subject will not admit of an elaborate investigation of the
principles of genesis by which this apparent contradiction is explained.
The majority of my readers are more concerned with facts and
results than with theories and philosophical abstractions. But, at

the risk of giving more of theory than will be relished, I will ven-

TE DREE DS -OF LIVE STOCK 4I

ture to state that, in order to produce a sexual union which shall
be fruitful, and call into life a new organism, according to the opinion
of most scientists, it is essential that the sperm-cell and the germ-
cell, which, united, form the source of life to the new being, shall
each proceed from a different organism; and that breeding in-and-in,
as usually practiced—being the selection of individuals of as nearly

as may be a similar organization, with the avowed purpose of creat-
oO y)

ing uniformity of character—will, in the course of time if not coun-
teracted by opposing influences, produce such a unity of organism
in the members of a given family as will result in a loss of that
differentiation which appears to be necessary to insure the fusion of
the sperm-cell of the one with the germ-cell of the other.

In commenting upon this aspect of genesis, Herbert Spencer says:

“Remembering the fact that among the higher classes of organ-
isms fertilization is always effected by combining the sperm-cell of
one individual with the germ-cell of another, and joining with it the
fact that among hermaphrodite organisms the germ-cells developed
in any individual are usually not fertilized by sperm-cells developed
in the same individual, we see reason for thinking that the essential
thing in fertilization is the union of specially fitted portions of d77-
ferent organisms. If fertilization depended on the peculiar properties
of sperm-cell and germ-cell, as such, then in hermaphrodite organ-
isms it would be a matter of indifference whether the united sperm-
cells and germ-cells were those of the same individual or those of
different individuals. But the circumstance that there exist in such
organisms elaborate appliances for mutual fertilization shows that

unlikeness of derivation in the united reproductive centers is the

desideratum.”— (‘Principles of Biology,” Vol. I, p. 279.)
6

42 THE BREEDS OF TIVE STOCK:

After explaining at some length the apparent contradiction of
this theory which is found in plants: that are self-fertilizing, Mr.
Spencer further remarks:

“There is reason to believe that self-fertilization, which at the
best is comparatively inefficient, loses all efficiency in course of time.
After giving an account of the provisions for an occasional, or a fre-
quent, or a constant crossing between flowers, and after quoting Prof.
Huxley to the effect that among hermaphrodite animals there is no
ease in which ‘the occasional influence of a distinct individual can
be shown to be physically impossible,’ Mr. Darwin writes: ‘From
these several considerations, and from the many special facts which
I have collected, but which I am not here able to give, | am
strongly inclined to suspect that, both in the vegetable and animal
kingdoms, an occasional intercross with a distinct individual is a law

ofaNatune.

In none, as I suspect, can self-fertilization go
on for perpetuity.’ This conclusion, based wholly on observed facts,
is just the conclusion to which the foregoing argument points. *
* * Tf, then, in a self-fertilizing organism, and its self-fertilizing
descendants, such contrasts as originally existed among the physio-
logical units are progressively obliterated—if, consequently, there can
no longer be a segregation of different physiological units in differ-
ent sperm-cells and germ-cells, self-fertilization will become impossi-
ble; step by step the fertility will diminish, and the series will finally
die out.”—(‘‘Principles of Biology,” Vol. I, pp. 281, 282.)

A similar view of this subject is presented by Mr. Darwin in a
letter published in the London Agricultural Gazette of May, 1878,

from which I extract the following:

“T will venture to add a few remarks on the general question

WT BREE OSS OF SDA Vis SL OCK 43

of close interbreeding. Sexual reproduction is so essentially the
same in plants and animals that I think we may fairly apply con-
clusions drawn from the one kingdom to the other. From a long
series of experiments on plants, given in my book ‘On the Effects
of Cross and Self-Fertilization,’ the conclusion seems clear that there
is no mysterious evil in the mere fact of the nearest relations breed-
ing together; but that evil follows (independently of inherited dis-
ease or weakness) from the circumstance of near relations generally
possessing a closely similar constitution. However little we may be
able to explain the cause, the facts detailed by me show that the
male and female sexual elements must be differentiated to a certain
degree in order to unite properly and to give birth to a vigorous
progeny. Such differentiation of the sexual elements follows from
the parents and their ancestors having lived during some genera-
tions under different conditions of life.

“The closest interbreeding does not seem to induce variability,
or a departure from the typical form of the race or family, but it
causes loss of size, of constitutional vigor in resisting unfavorable
influences, and often of fertility. On the other hand, a cross be-
tween plants of the same sub-variety, which have been grown during
some generations under different conditions, increases to an extra-
ordinary degree the size and vigor of the offspring.

‘Some kinds of plants bear self-fertilization much better than
others; nevertheless it has been proved that these profit greatly by
a cross with a fresh stock. So it appears to be with animals, for
Short-horn cattle—perhaps all cattlke—can withstand close inter-
breeding with very little injury; but if they could be crossed with

a distinct stock without any loss of their excellent qualities, it would

44 THE BREEDS OF VEIT VERS 1OGK:

be a most surprising fact if the offspring did not also profit in a
very high degree in constitutional vigor. If, therefore, any one
chose to risk breeding from an animal which suffered from some
inheritable disease or weakness, he would act wisely to look out not
merely for a perfectly sound animal of the other sex, but for one
belonging to another strain, which had been bred during several
generations at a distant place, under as different conditions, as to
soil, climate, etc., as possible, for in this case he might hope that
the offspring, by having gained in constitutional vigor, would be
enabled to throw off the taint in their blood.”

The view of the case presented by Darwin and Herbert Spencer
in the foregoing extracts affords an explanation of many apparent
contradictions which result from breeding in-and-in. The farmer
who fermits his stock to pair miscellaneously, without infusing fresh

as is the case with some — must neces-

blood for many ‘generations
sarily practice breeding in-and-in; but, as in such cases the stock is
almost invariably, at the beginning, of a heterogeneous character, it
will require a much greater period of time before breeding in-and-
in shall have produced a sufficient degree of unity of organism to
interfere with fertility or to cause a loss of vitality than in cases
where the stock, to begin with, is of a uniform type or “purely
bred.”” In such cases, also, there is no effort on the part of the
farmer to produce uniformity by selection of individuals for coupling.
If there be any selection at all the standard by which it is made is
a capricious one, changing from year to year; and it is a well-known
fact that in such hands uniformity of type is never reached, neither
have any bad effects usually been observed from in-breeding under

such circumstances.

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 45

If the theory above advanced be correct no bad effects will nec-
essarily result from breeding in-and-in until uniformity of type, which
implies unity of organism, is attained; and this, as we have seen
when breeding from a mixed stock, is a very slow process.

Upon this aspect of the case Herbert Spencer remarks:

‘Relations must, on the average of cases, be individuals whose
physiological units are more nearly alike than usual. Animals of
different varieties must be those whose physiological units are more
unlike than usual. In the one case the unlikeness of the units may
frequently be insufficient to produce fertilization; or if sufficient to
produce fertilization not sufficient to produce that active molecular
change required for vigorous development. In the other case both
fertilization and vigorous development will be made probable.

“Nor are we without a cause for the irregular manifestation of
these general tendencies. The mixed physiological units composing
any organism being, as we have seen, more or less segregated in
the reproductive centers it throws off, there may arise various re-
sults, according to the degrees of difference among the units and
the degrees in which the units are segregated. Of two cousins who
have married the common grandparents may have had either similar
or dissimilar constitutions; and if their constitutions were dissimilar
the probability that their married grandchildren will have offspring
will be greater than if their constitutions were similar. Or the
brothers and sisters from whom these cousins descended, instead of
severally inheriting the constitutions of their parents in tolerably
equal degrees, may have severally inherited them in very different
degrees; in which last case intermarriages among the grandchildren

will be less likely to prove infertile. Or the brothers and sisters

46 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK.

from whom these cousins descended may severally have married
persons very like or very unlike themselves, and from this cause
there may have resulted either an undue likeness or a due unlike-
ness between the married cousins. ‘These several causes, conspiring
and conflicting in endless ways and degrees, will work multiform
Sheers tyes Hence it may happen that among offspring of
nearly-related parents there may be some in which the want of vigor
is not marked, and others in which there is decided want of vigor.
So that we are alike shown why in-and-in breeding tends to dimin-
ish both fertility and vigor, and why the effect cannot be a uniform
effect, but only an average effect.”—(‘‘Principles of Biology,” Vol.
I pp. 283; 284.)

It follows, then, as a practical deduction from the foregoing, that
the more purely bred and uniform in type our stock becomes the
greater is the danger from breeding in-and-in. That while, as before
remarked, it is a powerful agent in the hands of a skillful and intel
ligent person in the formation of a breed, it must be used with the
greatest of caution with animals of a uniform type, and that with
miscellaneously-bred stock its evil effects are comparatively slow in
showing themselves.

Many who have given the subject of breeding as a scéence only
a casual investigation—who have studied only the methods of a
Bakewell, a Colling, a Booth, or a Bates, without taking into account
the czrcumstances under which these methods were practiced — have
hastily adopted the conclusion that what was successful in such
hands as theirs must still be correct in practice; that because Bake-
well and Colling bred in-and-in to fix a desired type, and by con-

tinuing that process for a time succeeded in effecting substantial

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 47

improvement in their cattle and sheep, it must necessarily follow
that the surest method of preserving the excellence attained by them
is to continue in precisely the same road. Or, to put it rather more
mildly, because in the formation of a breed these men experienced
little if any damage from the practice of breeding in-and-in to the
extent to which they carried it, modern breeders of pedigreed stock
can continue to breed in-and-in with impunity!

There is no one point upon which practical breeders, as well
as scientists, are more perfectly agreed than that the ultimate tend-
ency of breeding in-and-in is injurious—that when carried to excess
it will always result in a loss of constitutional vigor in the produce;
that while its tendency may be in the direction of fineness of text-
ure, lightness of bone, smoothness, evenness and polish, it is invariably
at the expense of robustness, strength, vigor, and power. On the
other hand, scientists as well as practical breeders, with perhaps
equal unanimity, concur in the belief that a cross in the blood
usually gives increased size and vigor to the produce, and that
cross-breeding, or the pairing of animals of distinct varieties, usually
results in increased fertility.

The belief has largely obtained among practical farmers and
feeders that all purely-bred races or breeds are lacking in hardiness
and stamina; and that when breeding for the dairy, the shambles,
or for practical use on the farm, the greatest measure of success is
attained through the medium of cross-breeding. The first of these
assumptions is not necessarily true. When the breeding and man-
agement of purely-bred races have been in accordance with Nature’s
laws there is no foundation for the assertion that they are deficient

in hardiness; and the wide-spread belief to the contrary has resulted

48 THE BREEDS (OF LLVET SOLO Cle

mainly from the bad effects which inevitably follow long-continued
incestuous or in-and-in breeding. ‘That with certain kinds of purely-
bred stock this course of breeding has been so extensively practiced
as to very greatly impair the vitality of the animals so bred no
intelligent, careful observer will deny; while in others, where selec-
tion has constantly been made with reference to hardiness, strength
and endurance— where close in-breeding has been avoided, and where
there has been no unnatural forcing and pampering, the pure races
or breeds have no peers in these valuable qualities. The lack of
hardiness complained of in purely-bred stock is an accident, due to
a peculiar course of breeding or treatment, not justly chargeable to
the simple fact that the animal is a purely-bred one, and not neces-
sarily following the course of breeding essential to the creation of
pedigreed stock. The thoroughbred race horse, or “blood horse,’
as he is often called, the purest and best established of all our
breeds of domesticated animals, is a pointed illustration of this fact,
and the reason is obvious. With the breeder of the race horse
vitality has always been a paramount consideration, as upon this
depends the ability of the horse to last in a long and closely-con-
tested race; hence a course of breeding that has a tendency to im-
pair the vital forces has never found favor with breeders of these
horses. None of the practices that have combined to impair the
strength and vigor of purely-bred cattle, sheep, or swine, have been
resorted to by them. In-breeding and pampering have both been
frowned upon. Selection of the stoutest and best specimens of the
breed has been the touchstone of their success. Once in and twice
out has been as near an approach to in-breeding as has ever found

favor here; hence we find the thoroughbred horse of today the

RHE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK 49

superior of all the other representatives of the equine race in speed
and endurance.

It appears evident that if the laws of heredity are as I have
here stated—that is: that the tendency of in-breeding with estab-
lished races or breeds is to weaken the vital forces, and that cross-
breeding gives increased vigor and vitality ——we have in this fact a
lucid explanation of why the general farmer finds it most profitable
to raise grade or cross-bred stock for the dairy or for feeding pur-
poses. The purely-bred races or breeds, as a rule, have been per-
fected to a wonderful degree in certain qualities; and when the
general farmer, desiring to improve his flocks and herds in any of
these particulars, procures a purely-bred male to use as a sire, even
though such animal may be suffering from some of the bad effects
of in-breeding himself, the excellence that characterizes the breed
to which he belongs, reinforced and reinvigorated by contact with
the current of fresh blood that he meets in the farmer’s mixed
stock, gives the produce a greatly increased value for everything
except the purposes of reproduction. All intelligent breeders agree
in condemning c/ose in-breeding; but they are not agreed as to what
constitutes close in-breeding. May we not, upon the theory herein
advanced, base a rule which will safely govern our practice? With
purely-bred stock, or well-established breeds, keep as far from in-
breeding as is compatible with uniformity of type and purity of
blood. In the formation of a breed from heterogeneous materials
use it as the most potent of all agents, without fear of bad results,
provided the parents are healthy, vigorous, and well formed, until
a considerable degree of uniformity has been reached; bearing in

mind the cardinal fact that in proportion as unity of form and
7

50 THE: BREEDS (OF LIVERS LOGIE.

organism is attained, constitutional vigor and fertility is endangered
by such a course of breeding. May we not, also, find in this theory
an explanation of the well-known fact that in-bred animals which,
when coupled with each other are barren, frequently prove fruitful

when united with individuals not related or of a different breed?

THE VALUE OF PEDIGREE.

A pedigree is the genealogy of an animal. As usually under-
stood, it consists of the names of the ancestors for a greater or less
number of generations. Its value consists not so much in the num-
ber of generations through which the ancestry can be traced to
some distinguished progenitor as in the guwality or character of the
ancestry; and in proportion as we approach the “top” of a pedigree
—that is, the immedidate progenitors of a given animal—the more
important does the character of the ancestry become.

As has been clearly shown in the preceding pages, it is a well-
settled fact in breeding that, as a rule, the longer the line of descent
in unbroken succession through ancestors uniformly distinguished for
unusual excellence the greater is the probability that that peculiar
excellence will be transmitted. Hence, it is evident that the true
test of the value of a pedigree is not so much in its length as in
the merits of the individuals that compose it. Four or five ‘‘top
crosses” with animals of rare individual merit make a pedigree of
much greater value to the practical breeder than ten, twenty or as
many more as you like of animals of no special excellence. The
farther back this genealogy of good animals extends, and the more

uniform the quality of the ancestry, the better; but the more im-

mediate the ancestry in any given case the more important does its

THe. BREEDS ‘OR LLVIE STOCK: Se!

quality become. Each immediate parent contributes one-half of the
blood or pedigree-inheritance of the individual, while each great-
grandam or sire, contributes one-eighth only; and the farther the
removal the more unimportant does any given factor or cross be-
come for good or evil in a pedigree. However desirable it may be
to have a record connecting our horses with Flying Childers, Eclipse
or Messenger, and our cattle with Hubback or Favorite, at a dis-
tance of ten to twenty generations, it is manifestly of far greater
importance to know that our own cattle and horses are good, and
that their ancestors for the last four or five generations were of
surpassing excellence. If our own animals are good, and the top
crosses have been uniformly of the same character, we may reason-
ably expect the progeny to be satisfactory; while, on the contrary,
if we have no special merit in the sire and dam, or their immediate
ancestors, we may show as many lines as we like to some great
ancestor ten or fifteen generations removed, but it will not wipe
out the stain of the defective recent crosses.

No pedigree can be a good one that does not usually produce
good animals; no pedigree should be prized above other pedigrees
unless it usually produces better animals. If, tried by this test, any
pedigree fails, no matter how much it may have been idolized, its
value is fictitious and its effect is hurtful rather than beneficial.
The only true aristocracy of blood is one that brings superior merit;
without this it is a delusion and a snare. No matter what it may
have been eight or ten generations ago, if from a wrong system of
breeding, if from a lack of care in selection, if from incestuous breed-
ing, or from any other cause, any particular strain has ceased to be

oO)

uniformly superior, in itself, it has lost its patent of nobility. Let

THE BREEDS tOF LTAVE vst OGL

in
i)

all young breeders, and old ones too, for that matter, try ‘“ pedigrees,”

and ‘‘families,”

and ‘‘strains” by this test, without being dazed by
some imaginary halo that attaches to a name handed down from
the misty traditions of the past, and it will be the better for them,

no matter what particular line of breeding they may be engaged in.
RELATIVE SIZE OF SIRE AND DAM.

The relative size of sire and dam is a subject upon which much
has been written, and upon which I am satisfied there has been
much wrong teaching. It is true that nearly all writers upon the
subject have laid down the rule that, in coupling, the male should
be smaller than the female; but it is also true that very many per-
sons write dogmatically upon subjects concerning which they know
but little; and it is further true that writers upon heredity, for years
and years past, have done but little more than to repeat each other,
accepting what has been said by others as true without question,
not knowing or caring to know anything about the. facts in the
case. I imbibed the doctrine that the male should be smaller than
the female from my early reading upon the subject rather than
from my own observation, and began writing from this standpoint;
but very early in my career as a writer upon stock-breeding my
esteemed friend Judge T. C. Jones, of Ohio, from whom I have
taken many valuable lessons, called my attention to the manifest
unsoundness of this theory, and said that he was fully convinced
that the teaching of the books upon this point was all wrong, and
that, while he did not advocate great disparity in the size of par-
ents, he was satisfied that when there was a difference it should

be the reverse of what the books taught—that the male should, as

LAE IB REEDS OF LELVE STOCK: 53

a rule, be larger than the female. It was a startling proposition
to me, but it set me to thinking and watching the subject closely;
and now, looking back over more than thirty years of experience,
I say emphatically that Nature’s plan, as exemplified in all mam-
malia, is that the male parent shall be the larger of the two. In
all animals, from the horse down to the pig, wild as well as tame,
the male, as a rule, is larger than the female of the same breed.
No observant man can have failed to notice this. What pure breed
or race of animals, in any country, can be named as an exception
to this rule? And is not this also true of the human race? How
many of my readers are there who can call to mind numerous
instances of handsome, well-formed and robust children the offspring
of a large father and a small mother! The same result has been
observed in hundreds of cases where large draft horses have been
coupled with small or medium-sized mares. In fact it is the almost
universal testimony of those who have watched closely the result of
the cross of the imported draft stallions brought to this country
from France and Great Britain, that the very best results have
been obtained, not from large, and loosely-made mares, as theorists
would have us suppose would be the case, but from those of medium
size, compactly made and highly bred.

The excellent results obtained by crossing bulls of the large

breeds upon our small, native cows also the health, vigor and fine

form of the lambs got by large Cotswold rams out of small ewes

of the Merino breed—all go to prove that this supposed law of
Nature is no law at all. In fact, if we study Nature we shall be
compelled to admit that her law is just the reverse of what has

been claimed; for, with scarcely an exception, through all the stages

54 THE BREEDS OF TIVE SS 10 CLG

of animal life, the males of any given species, race or breed are
larger than the females. It is, therefore, safe to assume that the
results are more likely to be satisfactory where large males and
small females are coupled for breeding purposes than where the
reverse is the method practiced.

I would not recommend, neither does it follow as a legitimate
deduction from this general law, that 9reat extremes of size should
be coupled. In fact, Nature has herself interposed many obstacles
to prevent such a course of breeding.

There is not, as has often been alleged, any increased danger
in parturition from the use of sires larger than the dams. It is the
dam that determines the size and growth of the foetus, and not the
sire. Wrong presentations, faulty construction of some parts of the
organs of generation or of the pelvic bones of the female, an ema-
ciated or too plethoric condition of the dam at the time of partu-
rition, an unnatural or deformed foetus, are the usual causes of
difficult parturition, and these conditions are brought about inde-
pendent of the relative size of sire and dam.

It goes for nothing to say that improvement in any breed has
resulted from the use of males of a smaller breed upon females of
a larger. If one desires to bring about improvement in any direc-
tion he must select with a view to that quality, independent of
other considerations. Were I desirous of improving the butter-
producing quality of the Holstein cow I should use a Jersey bull,
notwithstanding the male might be smaller than the female. I would
couple large, coarse-wooled ewes with a Merino ram if I desired to
increase the density of the fleece; and I would breed large draft

mares to thoroughbred or trotting sires if I desired to procure fine

Tt BILL DS Of LEVIES GOCR 55

style, better action and greater powers of endurance. But all of
this is independent of, and does not conflict with, the general law
of relative size, and does not disprove the proposition—that it. is

Nature’s plan that the male should be the larger of the two parents.
INFLUENCE OF FIRST IMPREGNATION.

One of the most interesting as well as one of the most stoutly-
disputed questions connected with the business of stock-breeding is
this: Does the first impregnation of a female have any influence
over the character of the produce from subsequent impregnations ?
Experienced practical breeders have been arrayed on opposing sides
in discussing this question, and each has been ready to maintain his
position by illustrations from his own observation. Prof. James Law,
of Cornell University, who is one of the most learned and eminent
of living veterinarians, and whose reputation as a patient, conscien-
tious, painstaking investigator of problems of this nature is second
to that of no man in the world, was requested by me some years
ago to prepare an exhaustive article upon this subject. He com-
plied with this request, and the article, which was published at the
time in a monthly journal which was then under my charge, I
herewith reproduce as the most thorough treatise upon this inter-
teresting subject I have yet seen:

‘Physiologists and breeders have long noticed that the influence
of the sire is not always confined to his immediate offspring, but
that the subsequent progeny of the same female by other males often
reproduce in a remarkable manner the personal traits of the first
sire and his produce. All quadrupeds show this tendency in a greater

or less degree.

56 THE BREEDS OF LT VE ist OGke

““We find the statement made by the immortal Haller: that where
a mare had borne a mule by an ass and afterward a foal by a horse,
the foal exhibited traces of the ass. The same thing has been
noticed by Becker, Haussman, Low, and others. Lord Moreton bred
a hybrid between a young chestnut mare (seven-eighths Arabian)
and a quagga. The hybrid had the bristly mane, striped body
and large head of its sire. One and two years later this mare was
covered by a black Arabian horse, and the resulting foals had the
erect, short, bristly mane, the dun color, and the stripes on neck,
body and limps of the quagga. A third foal, produced two years
later, got by the same. Arabian horse, still showed the same marks
of the quagga. This case is all the more striking that the mane of
the Arab is especially soft and silky and lies flat on the side of the
neck, and that the Arabian horse has never been known to show a
striped marking of the body. A case entirely similar is recorded
by Harvey. A mare of Sir Gore Ouseley’s was bred ‘to a zebra,
producing a hybrid, and in the two succeeding years was put to two
thoroughbred horses, but the foals in both cases were striped and
partook of the character of the zebra. In the Royal Stud at Hamp-
ton Court a number of mares were bred to the horse Colonel, and
the following year to the horse Actzon, but the progeny of the
last horse bore unequivocal marks of the horse Colonel, the sire of
their half-brothers and sisters. Again, a colt belonging to Earl of
Suffield, got by Laurel, strongly resembled the horse Camel by which
his dam had had a foal the preceding year.

‘McGillivray records the following cases: A polled Angus heifer
bore her first calf to a Short-horn bull, and was then served by a

black polled Angus bull; but the calf resulting from the last con-

BAE BREEDS OP LIVE SLOCK Si

nection approached the Short-horn bull in color and shape, and grew
horns. Another polled Angus cow was served by a cross-bred bull
(one-fourth polled Angus, three-fourths Short-horn) and bore a cross.
Next year, though served by a pure black polled Angus bull, the
result was still a cross, as shown by shape and color.

“Dr. Wells, of Grenada, put a flock of white ewes to a choco-
late-colored, hairy ram, and the following year to a white ram of
their own breed, and yet the lambs got by the last had the fleece
more or less of a chocolate hue and largely mixed with hair. Mr.
Shaw, of Leochel Cushnie, Aberdeen, divided his flock of black-
faced Highland ewes, and had one part served by a Leicester ram
and the other by a Southdown. The next year he had all served
by a ram of their own race, but the lambs showed the persistent
influence of the English rams in their hornless heads and brownish
faces. Again, in the following year, they were served by a pure
black-faced ram, and there still resulted two hornless lambs, two
dun-faced, with very small horns, and three white-faced, with horns
quite rudimentary.

“Mr. Giles put a black-and-white Essex sow to a wild boar of
a deep chestnut color, and obtained a crossed litter, with the color
of the wild boar predominating in several. After the wild boar
had been some time dead this sow was put to a black-and-white
boar of her own breed and produced a litter of pigs, some of which
were distinctly marked with chestnut. A second litter, by a boar
of her own breed, again showed the chestnut markings, which had
hitherto been unknown in the pure Essex.

“ Among dog-fanciers it is a matter of notoriety that an entire

litter of pure-bred puppies cannot be expected from a thoroughbred
8

58 THE BREEDS OF GIVES LOCK

bitch which has once been lined by a dog of another breed. This
was noted by the French poet Jacques Savery as early as the mid-
dle of the 17th century, and is confirmed by writers on dogs gen-
eal I will quote but one example from Harvey: A pure Skye
terrier, of a dark brown color, with red legs, bore two litters of
puppies to a mongrel cur, all of which were colored like the sire —
black, with red legs and white feet. On the third occasion she was
lined by a pure Skye terrier, of a gray color; and, to avoid acci-
dents, was locked up with this dog during the whole continuance
of the heat. The issue was two puppies closely resembling the
mongrel cur in color, shape, and general appearance. Instances of
the same kind have fallen under the observation of almost every
dog-fancier.

“Many have sought to explain the phenomenon as a simple
result of the strong impression made upon the mind of the dam by
the sire of her earlier offspring; and, doubtless, this may sometimes
co-operate, but is altogether inadequate to account for the frequency
of the occurrence. The imagination affects the progeny of a very

limited number of females, whereas the phenomenon we are consid-

ering—among the domestic quadrupeds—is the rule rather than the
exception; so that a more satisfactory cause must be sought for.
“McGillivray advances the theory that the elements from the
blood of the fcetus, absorbed into that of the mother, contfamznate
her blood, and reduce her to a cross, thus rendering her forever
after incapable of producing a pure-bred offspring. Not that he
supposes the blood of the fcetus, as such, to circulate within the

veins of the mother, but that fine particles from the blood of the

offspring pass through the intervening layers of cells, and thus reach

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 59

the maternal blood and reproduce themselves there. But the whole
theory is an assumption. We know that the placenta, or after-birth,
by which the foetus is connected with the mother, serves the pur-
poses of both stomach and lungs. From the glands in the wall
of the womb a milk-like liquid is constantly secreted, which, being
absorbed by the fcetal vessels branching in the placenta, is carried
into the blood of the young animal and serves to nourish it, just as
the milk from the udder does after birth. Again, from the blood
of the offspring circulating in the placenta carbonic acid is given
off and taken into the maternal blood, while oxygen supplied by the
blood of the dam is taken up by the blood of the foetus. So far
these membranes fulfill the functions of stomach and lungs to the
young animal. But we have no proof of living particles from the
blood of the foetus entering the circulation of the mother, unless we
accept as such the very phenomenon we are endeavoring to find an
explanation for; and this would only be admissible if no other or
more reasonable explanation could be found.

“A slight modification of McGillivray’s theory is that of Darwin,
advanced in his doctrine of pangenes?s. He teaches that through-
out the blood and system of every animal there are living particles,
infinitesimally minute, but with certain plastic or formative powers,
by virtue of which they can build up particular forms or produce
peculiar characteristics in the animal economy. ‘That such particles
may remain dormant for months or years, or even for a number of
successive generations of animals, being, meanwhile, transmitted from
parent to offspring through the microscopic ovum and spermatozoon,
and will only be aroused to activity and growth and build up the

forms and beings, like those from which they were derived, when

60 THE BREEDS [OP (LIVES TOCK.

there occurs a change of circumstances favorable to their develop-
ment. By this means he explains many cases of apparent ‘sports,’
or variations from the type of the known ancestors; many sudden
advances in excellence, and retrogressions.

“As applied to the phenomenon under consideration it is taught
that these infinitesimal particles (gemmules), passing through the
membranes from the blood of the foetus into that of the mother,
circulate with it, affecting the ovarium of the female, so that the
ovules and offspring subsequently produced by her when impreg-
nated by other males are plainly affected and hybridized by the first
male.

“Tt will be readily conceded that such particles circulating in
the blood of the mother will be much less likely to affect her own
system, already matured, insusceptible and undergoing the changes
of nutrition only, than the growing elements of the ovum or the
tissues of the embryo in active process of growth, and with a power
of development equal in some cases to the reproduction of an organ
accidentally lost. Much, indeed, might be said in favor of the
theory; yet, as in its less elaborate form propounded by McGillivray,
it is founded on*pure assumption and supported by no clear proof.
The gradual extinction of the influence of the first male in succes-
sive pregnancies by other males is what would scarcely be expected
if the blood was charged with gemmules from the first capable of
reproducing themselves and especially prone to rapid increase and
development in connection with the development of offspring. Again,
similar elements must be introduced into the maternal blood when
the vital fluid has been transfused into her veins from those of

another person or of a beast, and the ovules then in course of devel-

AE BREEDS (OF ELVES LOCK Or

opment in her ovaries must be ‘affected and hybridized’ if such
blood is not exactly identical in composition with her own. But
though transfusion of blood into the female system is not uncommon,
and though that blood has been repeatedly taken from a person of
a widely different race, no complaint has ever been made that the
children have been thereby affected.

‘“A more satisfactory explanation is that advanced by the present
writer, in a paper read in 1875, before the American Public Health
Association: ‘It is a well-known pathological fact that adjacent
cells tend to ingraft their plastic or formative powers upon each
other. I prick my skin with a needle; immediately the injured cells
and nuclei undergo a rapid increase in size and numbers. But the
effect does not end there; those adjacent take on a similar action,
and the extent of the resulting inflammation is only limited by that
of the injury and the susceptibility of the parts. Again, in placing
a slice of scarf skin in the middle of a raw sore we inoculate the
cells of the adjoining granulations and empower them to develop
scarf skin. How, then, can we avoid the conclusion that the im-
pregnated ovum impresses its own characters on the mass of the
decidua, and through this on the maternal mucous membrane, and
that this in its turn impresses its character on the membrane and
embryo of the next succeeding conception?’

“Tt has been opposed to the theory of contamdnation of the
mother’s blood, that in the case of woman the father of the first
child rarely affects the appearance of those by other fathers. Mr.
Allen has known instances in which white women had their first
children by negroes, and afterward marrying white men had children

as purely white as those of their neighbors. Instances in which an

62 THE BREEDS: OF (LIVESTOCK

opposite result has ensued he attributes to the effect of imagination.
Now, the theory I offer will perfectly explain the infrequency of the
occurrence in the human subject, as compared with the lower ani-
mals. In the mare the connection of the after-birth with the womb
takes place over the entire surface of the latter. The points of
intimate attachment, therefore, in successive pregnancies, are the
same. In the cow and ewe the womb is studded with button-like
processes, to the number of fifty or sixty, containing the uterine
gland, and forming the points of attachment for the foetal mem-
branes in all pregnancies alike. In the sow the foetal membranes
of each pig are attached to the whole adjacent uterine mucous
membrane, as in the mare. Lastly, in the bitch each foetal membrane
has a broad, circular, villous belt embracing almost its entire sur-
face, and connecting it with the mucous membrane of the womb.
In all of these animals the foetal membranes are connected with the
same parts of the uterus in each successive pregnancy, so that the
ingrafting or inoculation between membranes and womb, and between
womb and membranes and fetus, cannot fail to take place. It
must be borne in mind that these membranes are outgrowths from
the ovum or embryo, and thus, through the male and female gen-
erative elements, partake of the nature of both sire and dam. In
other words, like the young animal, the product of conceptions of
which they are a dependency, the membranes have been produced
by the union of the male and female elements; and where they lie
in direct contact with the womb, separated only by a thin layer of
cells in part produced by the womb and in part by the membrane,
an inoculating, ingrafting or modifying action is effected by the one

on the other. In woman the arrangement of the foetal membranes

RIEIBREEDS OF LIVE. STOCK 63

is altogether different. Their intimate connection with the walls of
the womb is confined to one circumscribed portion of the surface of
each; and as the point of attachment can hardly fail to be different
in successive pregnancies the chances of a former child influencing
the characters of the next are correspondingly reduced. Yet it is
evident that this may occur, and, as a matter of fact, we find cases
in which the bearing of a mulatto by a white woman has affected
the appearance of some of her later children by a white man. But
such a result is very exceptional in the human family, and this is
precisely what is to be expected if our explanation of its cause is
the right one.

‘“‘It has been objected that a similar phenomenon has been observed
in pigeons, and that in them this law of cell-inoculation could not
take place. But this is, manifestly, a mistake. ‘The eggs of birds
are impregnated even as high up as the ovary. Says Owen: ‘In
coitu spermatozoa enter the cloaca and penetrate the oviduct, ascend-
ing to the ovarium.’ The impregnated egg goes on enlarging by
subdivision of its cells in the ovary and upper end of the oviduct,
and, being as yet destitute of shell, its cellular structure is in direct
contact with the maternal tissues. There is, therefore, a similar
opportunity for cell-inoculation as in the mammal, although more
limited in duration.

“But our manner of viewing this subject is still further sup-
ported by a series of phenomena observed in hybridized flowers.
Darwin quotes instances from Wiegmann, Gartner, Berkley, and
others, to show that where the flowers of the white pea had been
fertilized by pollen of the blue pea the resulting pods contained a

mixture of blue and white peas. And this coloration was not con-

64 THE BREEDS OF) LIVE STOCK

fined to the cotyledons of the seed (the true embryo), but extended
to the skin as well. More remarkable still: Mr. Laxton, of Stam-
ford, ‘fertilized the tall sugar pea, which bears very thin, green
pods, becoming purplish-brown when dry, with pollen of the purple-
podded pea, which, as its name expresses, has dark, purple pods
with thick skin, becoming pale, reddish-purple when dry.’

“Mr. Laxton has ‘cultivated the tall sugar pea during twenty
years, and has never seen or heard of its producing a purple pod;
nevertheless, a flower fertilized by pollen from the purple pod yielded
a pod clouded with purplish-red, which Mr. Laxton kindly gave to
me. <A space of about two inches in length, near the extremity of
the pod, and a smaller space near the stalk were thus colored.
On comparing the color with that of the purple pod, both pods
having been first dried and then soaked with water, it was found
to be identically the same; and in both the color was confined to
the skin lying immediately beneath the outer skin of the pod.’

“Some of the peas were also clouded with purple, whereas the
tall sugar pea is a pale, greenish-brown—never purple. Darwin
collects a number of other instances in which the fruit or seed cap-
sule was affected by fertilization with strange pollen, in the cases of
stocks, palms, oranges, lemons, cucumbers, maize, daffodills, rho-
dodendrons, cress, and apples. Perhaps the latter furnish the most
important examples. The fruit here consists of the lower part of
the calyx and of the upper part of the flower peduncle in a meta-
morphosed condition, so that the effort of the foreign pollen has
extended even beyond the limits of the ovarium. Cases of apples
thus affected were recorded by Bradley in the early part of the

last century; and other cases are given in old volumes of the ‘ Philo-

DAE BREEDS, OF LIVE STOCK. 65

sophical Transactions.’ In one of these a russeting apple and an
adjoining kind mutually affected each other’s fruits; and in another
case a smooth apple affected a rough-coated kind. Another instance
has been given of two very different apple trees growing close to
each other which bore fruit resembling each other, but only on
the adjoining branches. It is, however, almost superfluous to adduce
these or other cases after that of the St. Valery apple, which, from
the abortion of the stamens, does not produce pollen, but, being
annually fertilized by the girls of the neighborhood with pollen of
many kinds, bears fruit differing from each other in size, flavor and
color, but resembling in character the hermaphrodite kinds by which
they have been fertilized.

“Mr. Darwin evidently sees that his system would demand that
the gemmules from the strange pollen should serve to fertilize or
modify other and distant flowers and buds then being formed on
Haeusaime tree, for he remarks: ‘There is not the least reason “to
believe that a branch which has borne seed or fruit directly modi-
fied by foreign pollen is itself affected so as subsequently to produce
modified buds; such an occurrence, from the temporary connection
of the flower with the stem, would be hardly possible.’

“Yet if the gemmules were given off by the pollen it would be
quite reasonable to expect such to be carried on with the descend-
ing sap, and to modify the buds then in process of formation, as
they are represented to do the ovules in the feraale ovary. But,
as in the case of the blood, so in that of the vegetable sap—we
have no evidence that it contains particles possessed of plastic
powers equal to the development of tissue. This is effected only

be the nuclei or cells present in the substance of the tissues them-
9

66 THE BREEDS OR (EIV EY STOCK

selves; and as these nuclei communicate or are continuous with
each other through minute branching processes, they easily affect
those immediately adjacent, but have comparatively no influence upon
those that are somewhat remote. The modification, therefore, of
the fruit capsule, pod, fleshy drupe, and fruit stalk surrounding the
seed, is only what is to be expected from the contact of the male
pollen with the cells of the female flower, and of these in their turn
with those adjacent, while all other parts of the plant are entirely
unaffected by the act. In the animal the process is identical in
every respect; the continuous cells—maternal and foetal—rendered
continuous or placed in direct opposition to each other through
their minute branching processes, mutually influence the vital pro-
cesses and formative powers of each other; and thus it comes that
the nuclei of the womb, but one step removed from its contained
embryo, acquire certain new characters from it, and in due time
transmit these to later progeny. The efficiency of this new inocu-
lating process will, of course, be greatest where the vascular con-
nection is the most intimate; and, as we have seen, the effect on
the progeny is most patent when these points of intimate vascular
connection between mother and offspring are the same in successive
pregnancies.

“A correct view of this subject is of more practical importance
than may at first sight appear, for although the animal modified
by the influence of the sire of an elder half-brother is necessarily a
cross, whatever the mode of exerting such influence, an important
question may arise regarding the purity of other offspring that bear
no evidence of having been subjected to such modifying cause. If

Mr. Darwin’s theory is correct, that the whole blood of the mother

PRE BREEDS OF LIVIl ST OGKs 67

is charged with gemmules from the embryo, which gemmules pass
into all future ova, then all future offspring are essentially crosses,
as will appear in their progeny, even if they themselves show no
sign of modification. But, on the other hand, if the result is only
due to the mutual influence of adjacent cells in the womb and feetal
membranes, as vegetable as well as animal physiology seems to
imply, then the general system of the dam is unaffected, and her
progeny, which have personally escaped such influence and show
none of the modified characters, may be held to be of pure lineage,
and may be bred from without fear of degraded offspring.”

While there are many instances in history which go to confirm
this theory, as presented .by Prof. Law, yet I am inclined to the ,
opinion, from long years of close observation, that the cases where
the first impregnation of mammals affects the subsequent progeny
are so rare as to make it practically of but little account in the
calculation of the breeder. Indeed the instances where such resem-
blances are noticed in horses, cattle, sheep, and swine are so few
and obscure as to lead me rather to the conclusion that they are
accidental, or owing to an inherited similarity in the remote ancestry,
rather than to some occult influence exercised by a first impregna-
tion. The case of Lord Moreton’s mare and the quagga foal has
been pressed into service by every man who has written upon this
subject within the last half century, and yet it proves nothing. The
black stripe is a distinguishing mark that belonged to the feral dun
horses in general, and which to this day occasionally crops out in
all breeds of horses. And if the influence were as potent as some
writers have claimed, especially when applied to the breeding of

horses, it is time some more modern case might be cited. Hundreds

68 THE BREEDS (OP GLI GE aoe Cre

upon hundreds of excellent mares, many of them Thoroughbreds, in
Kentucky and Tennessee, have produced their first foals to a jack
and have afterward produced beautiful offspring from highly-bred
sires. I can recall many illustrations upon this point that have come
under my own observation. In fact the whole theory of gestation,
the manner in which the foetus is attached to and nourished by the
womb of the female, seems to make the commingling of the blood
of the latter with that of the former an impossibility. In the case
of the bitch, however, there appears to be a marked difference from
all other domestic animals in the manner in which the placenta is

attached to the womb

as is very clearly shown by Prof. Law in

the foregoing article—and here alone, among domestic animals, do
we find any considerable number of results which tend to confirm
the theory that a first impregnation affects subsequent ones. It is
noticed so frequently, however, here, that dog-fanciers almost uni-
versally recognize it as a rule, and exercise the greatest possible
care lest a bitch should first be lined by a mongrel or a dog of
some other breed. But aside from this single exception I do not
think the cases are sufficiently well authenticated or sufficiently numer-
ous to justify the practical breeder in paying any special attention to
it, especially when to do so would require a departure from plans

that would otherwise be followed.

EFFECT OF IMAGINATION UPON THE COLOR OF PROGENY.

The question has frequently been asked, Does a sudden fright,
or any peculiarity of association in a pregnant animal, have any
effect upon the color or markings of the progeny? and the answer

given has sometimes been “yes” and sometimes “no.” In fact doth

Rie PRE E DS OF LIVE uSLOC Rh 69

sides of the question have been stoutly maintained by intelligent
gentlemen who have claimed to speak from extensive personal obser-
vation and experience. Ever since the day when Moses wrote the
account of the method employed by Jacob to over-reach his father-
in-law in the division of his cattle (see Genesis, chap. XXX), there
have been those who believed it possible, through a strong mental
impression, to affect the color and otherwise mark the offspring;
and ever since the day when I, then in my early boyhood, first read
the account of Jacob’s success in breeding cattle that were ‘“ring-
streaked, speckled, and spotted,” I have been on the lookout for
evidence bearing upon the old patriarch’s theory.

The result of these observations has been to confirm me in the
belief that while color, as well as all other peculiarities, wswa/ly fol-
lows the ordinary laws of heredity, it is nevertheless true that strong
mental impressions do somet7mes set aside the ordinary laws of Na-
ture and produce surprising results. One very clearly defined case
came under my observation when a lad on my father’s farm. A
flock of sheep had been bred upon this farm, without any infusion
of fresh blood, for many years. Not a black sheep, nor one with
a black spot or mottled face, had ever been known among them.
On one occasion, after most of the ewes had been bred, a black
ram was turned into a small lot with them. Had a strange dog, a
wolf, or any other wild animal, been suddenly let down among them
they could not have been more terribly frightened. They circled
round and round the lot, and made the most frantic efforts to escape
from the supposed monster, while he kept turning round and round
in the center of the circle, in vain trying to approach the ewes,

that seemed almost ready to die with fright. This was kept up

70 THE BREEDS OF LIVESTOCK,

until from sheer exhaustion the ewes began to slacken their pace;
but it was a long time before the flock became reconciled to the
presence of the stranger. The result was striking. very ewe that
was pregnant at the time of this fright dropped offspring more or
less marked with black, while some of those that were served by this
ram a few weeks later, after they had become accustomed to his
presence, dropped lambs that were pure white. ‘The case attracted
much attention at the time, and has often been referred to since as
a convincing illustration of color-marking from severe fright.

Other instances have come under my observation; none of them
so convincing as the one above narrated, but showing unmistakably
the effect of imagination or association. I once knew a gray mare
that was bred to the same gray Percheron horse for four years in
succession, and produced four foals. During her first impregnation
she had for a stable companion and working-mate a bay mare, and
the foal was a bay. The next year her mate was a chestnut and
the foal was a chestnut. Afterward she was worked and kept with
several different animals, of various colors, and her foals were all
grays, like herself and the sire.

These cases, with many others of a similar character that have
come under my own observation, as well as hundreds that have been
noted by others and reported to me, have confirmed me in the
belief that ‘“‘markings” do sometimes occur from strong mental im-
pressions; but the precise conditions under which this phenomenon
takes place are unknown. The effect is so uncertain that, practi-
cally, it may be entirely ignored by the breeder with impunity, until
some modern Jacob shall arise who can tell us just how and when

to muse the! “peeled rods/?

PAE SBREEDS OF LIVE. STOCK. 7!

EFFECT OF CHANGE OF CLIMATE ON THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

It has often been remarked that a change of climate appears at
times to have a serious effect upon the organs of reproduction,
especially those of the male. A well-informed writer in an English
journal not long since stated that experience had taught him that
no water-fowl will breed the same year that its home is changed,
referring, I presume by the context, to a material change as to
distance or climatic conditions. I have noticed the same result with
quadrupeds, more especially with horses imported to America from
France, England, and Scotland. Several horses that, within my
knowledge, have totally or partially failed to get foals for a year
or two after importation, have, after becoming thoroughly accli-
mated, proved themselves very sure foal-getters. I have also had
many cases of a similar nature reported to me concerning bulls of
the various breeds, and a still greater number, perhaps, of rams
and boars.

It is quite reasonable to suppose that a material change in cli-
mate, or even in the mode of feeding, may so derange the organs
of reproduction as to cause partial or total loss of sexual power.
We know that a change in climate, or even in food, or water, often
completely upsets a race horse; and that they are never considered
fit to do themselves credit upon the turf when taken from this
country to England, and vice versa, short of a year’s acclimatiza-
tion. It is not strange, therefore, that the effect should be equally
as marked upon the generative organs as upon the motor appara-
tus, and upon cattle, sheep, and swine as upon horses. Breeders,

therefore, should not be in too great haste to declare an animal a

72 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK.

~

non-breeder under such circumstances. Ample time should be given

for thorough acclimatization in all cases of this nature.

CONTROLLING THE SEX.

It has been said that there is nothing new under the sun, and
that each succeeding generation spends most of its time in shovel-
ing over the same earth that has been examined in vain by its
predecessors in search of hidden treasures. ‘Theories that have been
advanced, investigated and abandoned come up again year after
year to be discussed, investigated and again cast aside as unreliable.
They appear periodically; and the lapse of a decade is sufficient
to pass in review, through the agricultural press, the whole brood
upon any given subject bearing upon agriculture. That of control-
ling the sex of offspring has, ever since the days, of Aristotle, been
one of the most fruitful topics of discussion, and the various theo-
ries that have been advanced appear and reappear with perennial
vigor. These theories may be briefly summarized as follows:

1st. A strong mental impression on the part of the parents, but
especially of the mother, at the time of conception, will determine
the offspring.

2d. The concentration of the attention of the dam on her pecul-
iarly feminine qualities at the time of sexual union will secure
female progeny.

3d. If the amorous desires of the male are stronger than those
of the female the progeny will be a female, and vice versa.

4th. The development of the foetus in the right side (horn) of
the womb will secure a male, and in the left side a female.

5th. The point of origin of the artery of the testicle from the
main abdominal trunk (aorta) will determine the sex of the majority

Wie DREHE DS OF LIVE SPOCK 73

of the offspring, the male sex predominating in proportion as the
origin is more anterior.

6th. ‘The male germ is supplied by the right testicle or ovary,
and the female by the left.

wth. The excitation of one side or the other of the system of
the male at the time of coition will determine the sex of the young.

8th. The persistent selection for breeding purposes of females
which yield one sex mainly, and of males from females of the same
kind, will finally secure a race producing a great excess of the sex
in question.

oth. In uniparous animals every successive ovum that reaches
maturation is of the opposite sex from that which immediately
preceded it. Hence, by serving on the second occurrence of heat
Wwe may secure the same sex as in the last fcetus.

toth. The stage of development attained by the ovum at the
period of impregnation determines the sex of the product of fecun-
dation, the less developed proving females, the more mature males.

11th. The personal preponderance in strength and vigor of the
one parent will determine an excess of its own sex in the progeny.

t2th. The nature of the food of the parents, and particularly of
the mother before conception, will influence the production of the

different sexes.

The theory that just now appears to be more generally believed
in than any other is the gth in the foregoing list. ‘This is based
on the belief that, naturally, animals which usually bring forth but
one at a birth will produce the sexes alternately—that if the first
ovum produces a male, the next ovum, if impregnated, will produce
a female; consequently, if a cow or mare, after having produced a
female, is impregnated at the first period of heat thereafter, the

produce will be a male. If female produce only is desired, one
10

74 THE BREEDS. OF (LIVESTOCK

period of heat should elapse after the birth of a female before the
dam is again served by the male. ‘This is what has been known
as the Stuyvesant theory, and many cattle-breeders of my acquaint-
ance firmly believe that it can be relied upon in a majority of case.

Several other theories have been advanced, but the foregoing
includes the principal ones. It may be that several of these causes
have an influence in determining the sex, but it is quite certain that
some of them, notably the 4th, 6th, and 7th, can have no influence
whatever, and that none of them can be depended upon. Nature
seems to have wisely provided, in order to preserve an equilibrium
in the sexes, that their determination should be placed beyond the
control of any single cause. It is known that some males get a
large preponderance of one sex or the other, and some females will
produce one sex only; sometimes for a series of years the observa-
tion of one man will tend to confirm a certain theory of sex pro-
duction, while in other hands the same theory will utterly fail.
Taking up at random Part I of Vol. V of the English Short-horn
Herd Book I find recorded not less than thirteen cows that have
produced five calves or over, the entire produce being of one sex.
In two of these cases three different bulls were used, in eight cases
four different bulls, and in two instances six different bulls. Some
very remarkable instances are found: The cow Ann by Abraham
(2905) dropped nine bull calves in succession, the last two by Bel-
shazzar (1703), and then her tenth calf, also by Belshazzar, was a
heifer. Dorothy by Fisby (1040) dropped six bull calves in succes-
sion by four different sires, the fourth and sixth being by Roman
(2561), but the seventh, by the same bull, was a heifer. Her eighth

calf was also a heifer. Down Horn by Budget (1759) began with

HE BREE OS OF LIVE STOCK

—T
Tal

a heifer; her next was a bull by the same sire as the first, and she
then dropped five more bull calves in succession. by as many different
sires. Fair Helen by Young Albion (15) began with a bull calf,
and then went on with five cow calves in succession by four different
bulls. Florence by Lindrick (1170) began with a heifer, then a
bull, then six heifers by six different sires, and then two bulls, also
by different sires.

With mares the same law doubtless applies. Turning to the
Stud Book I find that the thoroughbred mare Rosemary produced
two males from two different sires; next she produced three females,
two of them by the same horse that got the males; then another
male, and then eleven females in succession from nine different
sires. Scythia produced six females, and no males, from three dif-
ferent sires. Another mare by Scythian, recorded on the same page,
produced four males in successive years from as many different
sires; and still another on that page, also by Scythian, produced
four females by as many sires. Hrolite produced six males to
successive covers of imp. Australian; while Dolly Carter, bred to
the same horse, produced nothing but females. Mary Lewis began
with two male foals, the second being by Glencoe; her next foal,
also by Glencoe, was a filly; and all her foals after that (six more),
by four other sires, were females. Olivia produced seven males in
succession from four different sires before she dropped her first
filly. Neither Jack Malone, Muggins, John Morgan, nor Bonnie
Scotland could get anything but fillies out of Lantana. Mollie
Hambleton produced six fillies in succession, three of them by Planet,
and then she faced about and threw two male foals to Planet. In

short the pages of the stud books and herd books furnish a com-

76 THE BREEDS (‘OP MEIVE STOCK

plete refutation to any rule that has yet been formulated upon this
subject.

It may be that we shall ultimately discover the circumstances
under which these various causes operate upon each other, so that
we shall be able, in many cases, to produce a given sex at will,
but at present we know but little if any more upon the subject

than was known to our grandfathers.

CriteP Tere I

i OrmOUG LLB RED ELOISE Ss:

The breed of horses generally known as the Thoroughbred is
the oldest and best established of all the breeds of horses of Europe
and America. The term Thoroughbred, often used in America, but
seldom in England, as a synonym for well-bred or purely-bred, was
originally used exclusively as the name by which this breed, other-
wise designated as the English race horse, was known. The same
horses are sometimes denominated ‘‘blood horses,” from the well-
established purity of their lineage.

The Thoroughbred horse is peculiarly a British production. At
a very early period the attention of the rulers of Great Britain
was earnestly directed to the work of improving the breeds of
horses of that kingdom. ‘These horses were notoriously deficient in
size, and the earliest efforts were directed toward improvement in
that particular by the importation of heavy horses from Normandy,
Flanders, and Germany. It would be interesting to trace, step by
step, these efforts, but our space will not admit of such detail.
The era of improvement commenced with the conquest of the
islands by the Saxons; but it was many years before there appears
to have been any clearly-defined or well-settled purpose, the object

at one time appearing to be an increase of size by large importa-

78 THE BREEDS (OF LIVESTOCK

tions of the heavy horses of Flanders, and again, to give graceful-
ness of motion and beauty of form by the introduction of what is
known as Oriental blood—that of the Arab, the Turk, and the
Barb. It is evident that from a very early period the blood of the
Barb and of the Turk was held in higher esteem than that of the
Arab, the latter being regarded as undersized, and to be esteemed
rather for beauty of form and gracefulness of action than on account
of any real superiority.

For several years preceding the reign of Charles II, horse-racing
appears to have been rapidly growing into favor as an amusement
and recreation among the English people; and from that time until
the present contests for supremacy upon the turf have stirred the
British heart as no other amusement has ever done. ‘To the con-
stant growth and great popularity of this sport, which for nearly
two hundred years has been regarded as the national amusement
of that country, are we indebted for persistence in a course of
breeding which has given us this race of horses so pre-eminently
distinguished throughout the world for speed and endurance upon
the race-course; and which, on account of the great care taken in
their breeding, and their consequent purity of lineage, were the first
race of animals to which the term thoroughbred was applied.

The foundation upon which this now well-established breed was
built was a promiscuous mingling of the native horses of the Island
of Great Britain——first with the larger races of Europe, especially
of Normandy, Flanders, and Germany, and subsequently with the
lighter, more agile and graceful horses of Spain, which were them-
selves almost identical with the Barbs on the other side of the

Mediterranean. Frequent importations were also made direct from

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 9

Egypt, Morocco, and Tunis, and likewise from Arabia and various
parts of Turkey, until this Oriental blood, to a considerable extent,
permeated all the horse stock of Great Britain, excepting those
bred especially for agricultural purposes. So thoroughly had the
passion for turf sports, or horse-racing, taken possession of the
English people as early as the reign of Charles II, that ability to
run and win in a race was even then regarded as the principal
test of merit in horses, and those most successful on the turf were
most highly prized for breeding purposes. From that time down
to the present, embracing a period of more than two hundred years,
the selection of breeding stock has been constantly made with this
as the primary object.

With the advent of Charles II, in the last half of the seven-
teenth century, breeding for speed and endurance upon the race-
course began to be conducted on something like a definite plan;
the records of turf performances were carefully kept, especial atten-
tion was paid to the pedigrees of horses designed for the turf; and
an aristocracy of blood came to be recognized in the horses of
England. This monarch sent his ‘‘master of the horse” to the
Levant for the purpose of procuring horses for breeding purposes,
with which he proposed to found a breeding stud. His purchase
comprised three very famous Turkish stallions and some mares
that, in the equine literature of the day, were called the ‘royal
mares,” and these royal mares are by many supposed to be the
foundation of the strict Thoroughbred. This origin is, however,
more mythical than real, as it was well known that several other
mares were, from time to time, introduced from the Orient, and

that the produce of many mares not descended from nor related to

80 THE BREEDS OLIVES TOC

these royal mares have been distinguished upon the turf and recog-
nized as Thoroughbreds.

About the middle of the eighteenth century the publication of
the English Racing Calendar was commenced. In this the names of
all the horses that participated in the regular races were published,
and in a very few years it became the custom to give also the name
of the sire in each case. This publication has been continued, with
very little change in form or matter, down to the present day, and
the records of performances and names of performers therein con
tained furnished the basis for the stud book. A collection embrac-
ing all the pedigrees of distinguished horses that could be obtained
was published as early as 1786. Subsequent to this several attempts
at a compilation of pedigrees from the Racing Calendar and other
sources was made, but it was not until 1791 that the English Stud
Book took its present form.

The standard of admission to the first volume of the Stud Book
appears to have been simply creditable performance upon the turf,
as shown by the Racing Calendar, it being taken for granted that
no horse could be a creditable performer that was not well bred —
an assumption that has never yet been found at fault. The first
volume compiled upon this basis has furnished the foundation for
all subsequent ones, and few names have been admited to registry
that do not trace, without admixture, on both sides, to an ancestry
that is recorded in the first volume, or to subsequent importations
of Oriental blood.

It is the general opinion of the best-informed English turfmen
that the Oriental stallions which contributed most largely to the

formation of the English Thoroughbred were Place’s White Turk,

Dae bREADS OF LIVES TOCK SI

the Byerly Turk, Lister’s, or the Straddling Turk, the Darley Ara-
bian, Curwen’s Barb, Lord Carlisle’s Turk, the Godolphin Arabian
(a Barb), the Leeds Arabian, Honeywood’s White Arabian, Combe’s
Gray Arabian, Bell’s Gray Arabian, D’Arcy’s Turk, Selaby Turk,
the Ancaster Turk, Compton’s Barb, the Toulouse Barb, Stanyan’s
Arabian, Lowther Barb, Taffolet Barb, Hutton’s Gray Barb, Honey-
wood’s Arab, Sedley Barb, and Wellesley’s Arabian. Of those above
mentioned Lister’s Turk got Brisk and Snake, Darley Arabian got
Flying Childers, Carlisle’s Turk got the Bald Galloway, and Godol-
phin Arabian got Blank, Regulus, and Cade. The ‘Royal Mares”
were imported Barbs.

Of these Oriental sires it is generally admitted that the Godol-
phin Arabian—imported .in the year 1728—is the last that has
proven of any special benefit to the English stock; and while this
blending of the blood of the Orient with the old races of England
furnished the foundation, there cannot be the slightest doubt that
the care and skill of English breeders in selecting and coupling with
the stoutest, best and fleetest for successive generations has been a
more potent agent in the formation of the breed, as it now exists,
than the Arabian and Barb blood, to which tradition has ascribed
its superiority. Many importations of the choicest blood of the
Orient have been made both to this country and England within
the last half century, and yet scarcely a name among them can be
found in the pedigree of a horse that has distinguished himself upon
the turf. The Arabian horses possess undoubted beauty of form
and grace of motion, but they are notoriously inferior in point of
size to the average Thoroughbred, being rarely over 14 hands high;

and their produce from the best of mares have been failures both
II

82 THE BREEDS. OF CLiVEes LOCK,

in the stud and on the race-course. In every instance in which the
speed and stoutness of our Thoroughbreds have been tested side by
side with the Arabian they have proven superior to their eastern
competitors. Hence, recent crosses of Oriental blood, while they do
not warrant exclusion from the stud book, are not looked upon with
favor by the best breeders of England or America. The Thorough-
bred of today is greatly superior to his Oriental ancestor in size,
speed, endurance, and every other useful quality, excepting, possibly,
that of docility.

The greater portion of Arabia is, in point of fact, illy adapted
to the rearing of horses, and prior to the days of Mahomet horses
were scarcely recognized as a part of the possessions of the Arab,
their riches consisting chiefly in camels, oxen, sheep, and goats.
But Mahomet was an enthusiastic lover of the horse, and while he
succeeded in ingrafting upon so large a proportion of the inhabitants
of the eastern world his own peculiar religious tenets he also im-
bued his followers with a great degree of his enthusiastic admiration
for the horse. Indeed, kindness to and love for this noble animal
was made a part of the religious duty of all true Mussulmans, and
from the days of Mahomet down to the present time the Arabian
has held his stud, and especially his mares, in a sort of superstitious
reverence. Mahomet selected for himself a magnificent stud, and his
followers to this day seek to trace the genealogy of their choicest
horses to the mares that were his favorites. But their pedigrees,
divested of all the high-sounding flourishes with which they are
accompanied, mean but little and are altogether unreliable. Arabia
was one of the latest of the Oriental countries to engage in rearing

horses; and there can be but little question that the enthusiasm of

EE Beet OS (OF, LIVE STOCK, 83

the followers of the Prophet had very nearly if not quite as much
to do in creating the great reputation that the Arabian horses soon
thereafter attained, and which they hold to this day, as the quality
of the animals themselves.

The Thoroughbred having been for so many generations bred
with especial reference to his capacity as a race horse, it is not sur-
prising that he should have acquired peculiarities of form and temper
that render him undesirable for the more sober and steady uses of
every-day life. He has been bred to rw, and the form best adapted
to speed and the mental qualities that most certainly insure the
pluck, and energy, and determination, so essential to success in a
hard-fought race, have been the qualities aimed at by breeders and
the standard by which selections have been made. Such a course
of breeding has made the Thoroughbred, as a racer, rather too lithe
and light in form, and too nervous and excitable in temper for ordi-
nary business uses; but in speed, endurance and resolution they
surpass all other breeds, and there is scarcely a race of horses in
existence but may be improved by a cross with them. This fact
is almost universally recognized, and nearly all countries upon the
civilized globe have for many years regarded the English ‘Thorough-
bred, or “blood horse,’ as the basis of all substantial equine im-
provement.

Our American horses are largely permeated with the blood of
the English Thoroughbred. Many of the best stallions and mares
of England have been imported to this country, and their influence
is seen on every hand. It enters largely into the ground-work of
all our trotting strains, and it is doubtful if a single great road horse

or trotter has been produced in this country that did not possess a

84 THE BREEDS OR SAVE. S FOCK.

large share of this royal blood as a foundation upon which the
trotting superstructure has been built.

There exists great ignorance, even among many who pass for
intelligent, well-informed horsemen, as to what constitutes a Thor-
oughbred horse. Nearly every agricultural society in the land has
a class in its premium list for Thoroughbred horses; and yet many
of the managers of these societies have a very indefinite idea as to
what is requisite to render a horse eligible in this class. Questions
of this nature are referred to me almost every year for a decision
as to eligibility; and many of these are of such a nature that a very
slight knowledge of the subject ought to enable the officers of these
societies to decide for themselves. On this account I beg pardon
of the well-informed reader while I briefly recapitulate.

In the first place, it should be understood that we derive the
term, as well as the breed of horses to which it applies, from our
British cousins across the water, as has been fully set forth in the
preceding pages; and that the word, when applied to horses, is
used to designate one particular breed, and that is the running
horse. All our American Thoroughbreds are, therefore, imported
from England, or are descendants of animals so imported. A recent
cross with an imported Arabian or Barb, while it does not vitiate
the blood nor render an animal ineligible as a Thoroughbred, is
not usually regarded as desirable, from the fact that the course of
selection which has been practiced by the breeders of Thoroughbred
horses in England and America for the last hundred years has
given us a race that is generally considered to be far superior to
the Oriental horse of today in speed, size and stoutness. The com-

piler of the stud book for Thoroughbred horses in this country has

He BREEDS OF MIVEN Ss LOCK. 85

relaxed the English rule somewhat, and admits to registry animals
that show an unmixed descent for five generations of pure blood;
and while, under this rule, many animals may be admitted that are
not, in the strict sense of the word, Thoroughbreds, yet if for five
generations nothing but Thoroughbred sires are to be found in the
pedigree, the quantity of alien blood remaining must necessarily be
infinitesimally small; and by usage the animal so bred is in this
country ranked as a Thoroughbred. The American Stud Book for
Thoroughbred horses, five volumes of which have been issued, is
edited and published by Col. S. D. Bruce, of the Zurf, Fueld and
Farm, New York.

THOROUGHBRED STALLION: LEONATUS:

Color, bay; foaled 1880; got by Longfellow, dam Semper Felix
by imp. Phaeton; 2d dam Crucifix by Lexington. Bred by J. H.
Millar, Lexington, Ky.; owned by Chinn & Morgan, Harrodsburg,
Ky. Engraved from a sketch from life by Cross, showing the horse
at six years old. At three years old Leonatus was confessedly the
greatest race horse of the year, and was never headed until he broke
down, as the result of an accident, near the close of the racing

season of 1883.

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THOROUGHBRED STALLION HYDER ALI.

Color, bay; foaled 1872; got by Leamington, dam Lady Duke
by Lexington; 2d dam Magdalen by Medoc. Bred by A. Welsh,
Philadelphia; owned by Gen. Richard Rowett, Carlinville, Ill. En-
graved from a sketch from life by Burk, showing the horse at
fourteen years old. The blood lines represented in this horse are
among the most desirable of the breed; the first two sires named,
Leamington and Lexington, being by common consent recognized
as among the most famous Thoroughbred horses ever owned in |

America.

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TROTTING AND ROADSTER HORSES,

We have as yet no really distinctive breed of driving horses or
roadsters. The horses used for light driving, fast trotting, ete., are
largely a conglomeration of all breeds and types. Some approxi-
mate the French Canadian pony in form and action, while others
possess most of the characteristics of the Thoroughbred; but so
popular have trotting races become in this country, and so univer-
sal is the fancy for fast driving horses, that at almost all our horse
shows and fairs the roadster class will be found more largely
represented than any other, and usually more largely than all others
combined. Indeed the roadster is more distinctly an American feat-
ure than any other in our equine product; and we are fast approaching
the time when the American trotting horse may properly be classed
as a distinct breed. It is the realization of an American fancy —
the result of a fashion that has demanded the fastest and stoutest
trotting horses in the world for driving on the road; and to this
end we have selected and bred until our horses surpass all others
in this particular. Among these horses we have several recognized
families of especial prominence, all more or less related, each pos-
sessing features that are to some extent peculiarly its own, but

none of them entitled to be separately classed as a breed.

92 THE BREEDS OP TIVES LOCH

Of these we may mention the HZambletontans, descended on the
paternal side from imp. Messenger (a Thoroughbred) through his
son Mambrino (also a Thoroughbred), and Mambrino’s son Abdal-
lah, out of a mare of unknown blood, who in turn got Rysdyk’s
Hambletonian, out of a mare by Bellfounder (an imported Norfolk
trotter), and his second dam probably having two crosses to imported
Messenger. Through Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, on the paternal side,
we have the Volunteers, the Edward Everetts, the Alexander's
Abdallahs, the Almonts, the Messenger Durocs, the Sentinels, the
Happy Mediums, the George Wilkeses, the Dictators, and all the
various so-called Hambletonians of the present day. This celebrated
horse was bred in Orange Co., N. Y., foaled in 1849, and was
kept in that county until his death, which occurred March 26, 1876.

Then we have the J/ambrinos, that take their name from Mam-
brino Chief, who was got by Mambrino Paymaster, a son of the
Mambrino above referred to as the grandsire of Rysdyk’s Hamble-
tonian.. The dam of Mambrino Chief, like the dam of Abdallah,
was a mare of unknown blood. He was bred in Orange Co.,
N. Y., foaled in 1844, and when ten years old was taken to Ken-
tucky, where he died in 1861. Upon the highly-bred and ‘Thorough-
bred mares of that region he was very successful as a sire of fast
trotters, and the mares got by him have been especially noted as
producers of great trotters when coupled with other trotting strains.

The Clays constitute another trotting family of note. The origi-
nal Henry Clay was a famous trotting stallion, foaled 1837, got by
Andrew Jackson (also a famous trotter), who was a grandson of
Bashaw (an imported Barb), and related to iraported Messenger

through the second dam of his sire, who was by that horse. The

THE BREEDS OF LIVE “STOCK. 93

dam of Henry Clay was a great trotting mare, of unknown blood.
From this horse we have the various families of Clays of the pres-
ent day, and also the Patchens—the trotting stallion George M.
Patchen, the greatest trotting stallion of his day, and the original
of the name, being a grandson of the original Henry Clay.

The Morgans are perhaps our oldest trotting family; and if
they have not produced our very fastest trotters, their produce
undoubtedly deserve to take the very highest rank as good-tempered,
hardy, and pleasant roadsters. They are descended, in the paternal
line, from a horse called Justin Morgan, who was bred in Vermont,
foaled 1793, and died 1821. His blood has never been positively
known, although it is pretty well established that tne Thoroughbred
predominated. From him we have the Morrills, the Fearnaughts,
the Ethan Allens, the Black Hawks (not including the descendants
of Long Island Black Hawk, who was by Andrew Jackson, grand-
son of Bashaw, above alluded to, and had none of the Morgan
blood in his veins), the Daniel Lamberts, the Knoxes, and the Gold-
dusts. The popularity of this family at one time was unbounded;
and no blood, excepting that of the Thoroughbred, has been so gen-
erally disseminated and so highly esteemed throughout the United
States. At present it is not so highly prized by those who place
speed above all other qualities; but go where you will among
livery-stable keepers or horse-railroad managers and ask what type
of horse they have found most profitable to use and wear out on the
road, and the almost invariable answer will be, ‘‘’The old-fashioned
Morgan.”

The Bashaws, another popular family of trotters, are very closely

related to the Clays and Patchens, having a common ancestry in

94 THE BREEDS OF TAVE ss LOCK,

Young Bashaw, who was the sire of the Andrew Jackson above
referred to. Young Bashaw was by the imported Bashaw, his dam
was by a Thoroughbred sire, and his grandam was by imp. Messen-
ger. The most celebrated of the Bashaw family proper come through
Long Island Black Hawk, who was by Andrew Jackson, out of a
mare by Mambrino, son of Messenger. Through him we have
Green’s Bashaw (so well known in the West), the Mohawks, and
many others of note.

The Plots: The blood of the old black pacer Pilot, who was of
French Canadian ancestry, has mingled kindly with our best trotting
strains, and many of our very best and fastest trotters trace to him,
mainly through his son, Pilot Jr. (a horse owned for many years by
the late R. A. Alexander, of Kentucky), out of a mare that was
nearly ‘Thoroughbred. Old Copperbottom, also a Canadian pacer;
Hiatoga, a horse bred in Virginia; Columbus, and Royal George,
both from Canada, have all been very popular sires, and no com-
pendium of the origin of the American trotting horse would be com-
plete without reference to them.

In no department of stock-breeding is the influence of heredity
and of patient selection with a view to the transmission and improve-
ment of a desired quality more apparent than in the breeding of the
trotting horse. Fifty years ago the American trotting horse, as a
breed, was unthought of; and one that could trot a mile in less than
three minutes was a wonderful animal! But the ability to trot fast
was a desirable quality, and breeders sought to perpetuate it. Ani-
mals that excelled the average of the species as trotters were selected
to breed from, with a view to perpetuating and intensifying this

quality; but as its possession was at that time an accident—a spon-

RAEN BREEDS OF LIVESTOCK. 95

taneous variation—it was found that but few of the immediate
descendants of the animals first chosen with a view to breeding fast
trotters could trot faster than their remote ancestors. But when
such of them as did show improvement in this direction were again
selected for breeding purposes and coupled together it was found that,
while there were still many failures, the proportion of the descend-
ants that showed improvement in the trotting gait beyond the average
of their ancestors was materially increased. And so by selecting
from generation to generation from such families as have shown a
tendency to improvement in this quality we have made considera-
ble progress toward founding a breed of trotting horses.

So generally is the attention of the breeders of trotting horses
directed to the “bright, particular stars” in the trotting firmament

each year that we lose sight of the immense number of horses that

trot a mile in 2:30 to 2:50—a gait that twenty-five, and even fifteen
years ago, was fast enough to entitle a horse to rank as a credit-
able performer on the turf; and in our admiration for these great
performers we have failed to note the extent to which the average
speed of the so-called trotting families has been improved. What
horseman who has reached the age of fifty years can not remem-
ber how very rare three-minute trotters were when he was a boy?
And yet what a large proportion of our Hambletonians, Clays,
Bashaws, and Mambrinos now trot faster than a mile in three min-
utes!

We have still much to do before we can claim to have estab-
lished a breed of trotting horses, and the more closely we confine

ourselves to judicious selections from the families that /rot and

produce trotters the more rapid will be our progress in the forma-

96 THE BREEDS, COP LIVE GST OGG

tion of a breed in which superiority at the trotting gait shall be
an inherent and transmissible quality. It may Josszbly become
necessary to resort to crosses outside of these trotting families for
improvement in some other quality; but there is no out-cross that
we can possibly make without danger to the transmission and
improvement of the trotting gait. ven those of our trotters that
belong to none of the recognized trotting families are almost invari-
ably the result of selection with a view to this faculty. In almost
every case of “breeding unknown” we have found that the dam
was ‘“‘a fast trotter.” In short, the more thoroughly we investigate
the course of breeding that has produced our trotting horses the
more completely does it confirm the theory of breeding from animals
that possess the quality we wish to perpetuate. The endurance,
and vim, and energy that make the great trotter undoubtedly come
from the Thoroughbred; and the form for speed at the trotting gait
comes from the same source; but we have selected, and trained,

and bred with an especial view to adaptation to this special pur-

pose, until we have a fixed characteristic—an inheritance of speed
at the trotting gait, and an inheritance of mental quality, adapting
the horse to this special use, in which the modern American trot-
ter is as much superior to the average Thoroughbred as is the best
race horse that ever struck hoof upon the Epsom Downs to the

average Arab of today.

ORLOFF TROTTERS.

Although the Orloff trotters of Russia have been but sparingly
introduced into this country, yet they are so frequently referred to

in discussions upon horse-breeding, and especially in those pertain-

THE BREEDS OF LIVE. ShOGK 94

ing to the breeding of trotting horses, that a brief reference to the
breed and a comparison of their merits with our own trotters can-
not fail to be interesting. The breed takes its name from Count
Alexis Orloff Tschismensky, an enthusiastic horseman of Russia,
who, in 1775, imported from Arabia a gray stallion named Sme-
tanxa, said to have been of unusual size and strength. A Danish
mare was bred to this imported Arabian stallion, and the produce
was a horse known as Polkan tst. From a union of this_half-
blood with a Dutch mare sprang a stallion known as Bars rst, which
is generally regarded as the progenitor of the Orloff race of trot-
ters. The fame of this quarter-blood, Bars 1st, was chiefly perpetu-
ated through his sons Lubeznay 1st, Lebed 1st, and Dobroy rst.
It is worthy of especial note that we have an almost exact
parallel of the course of breeding which laid the foundation for the
Orlot trotting horse in the case of the imported Barb, Grand
Bashaw, a gray stallion imported to the United States from Tripoli
by Mr. Joseph C. Morgan. This horse got Young Bashaw (also
gray), out of Pearl by First Consul, and he in turn got Andrew
Jackson, out of a mare of unknown blood. It will be observed that
the Russian trotter Bars 1st and Andrew ,Jackson were each three
removes from their Oriental ancestry, and that in this third remove
the trotting excellence first began to manifest itself. Bars 1st laid
the foundation for the Orloff trotting horse, and was himself a dis-
tinguished trotter; Andrew Jackson was the most noted trotting
stallion of his day, and from him are descended the Bashaw, Patchen
and Clay trotters of the present time. We have no positive knowl-
edge as to the breeding of the Danish mare, the dam of Polkan

tst, or of the Dutch mare that produced Bars rst, while Pearl, the
172

98 LHE BREEDSYOR ET VEAS Ti OCKs

dam of Young Bashaw, was a well-bred mare, she being by a
thoroughbred sire, out of Fancy by imported Messenger. As to
the blood of the dam of Andrew Jackson we are left to conjecture.
The similarity of the foundation of these two races of trotting
horses is therefore quite apparent.

Count Orloff and his successor, V. T. Shiskin, devoted them-
selves assiduously to the improvement of these horses, selecting their
stallions exclusively from the foundation above alluded to, but resort-
ing frequently to English and Dutch mares of known excellence; so
that the Orloff trotter, like the American, isof a mixed originy
and neither the Arab, the Barb, nor the English Thoroughbred can
claim exclusive paternity in either case. Selection and crossing,
with a view to adaptation for a specific use, has accomplished the
work of creating in both countries a race of trotting horses. Count
Orloff was an intelligent enthusiast in the business—as all success-
ful breeders have been—and he persistently refused to part with
any of his entire horses, preferring that he alone should dictate the
choice of sires to be used to perpetuate and improve the race.
After his death the stud was scattered; a considerable portion of it
passed into the possession of the crown, but several private studs
were founded, and a stud book was instituted to aid in the work
of keeping the race free from further admixture, although with the
Russians, as with us, the question is not very well settled as to
what constitutes the best trotting pedigree, and purity of blood is
a rather vague and indefinite term when applied to the Orloff
as well as to the American trotter. The Count had been an
enthusiastic patron of the race course as a means of developing

and testing the powers of his horses, and since his time the gov-

only ih establishing breeding studs, but by furnishing more than

“-

If of the prize-money that is contested for at these trotting i

which have been held regularly in that country for the last

TROTTING MAKE WLAUD ys:

Color, chestnut; foaled 1874; got by Harold, son of Rysdyk’s
Hambletonian; dam Miss Russell by Pilot Jr.; 2d dam Sally Russell
by Boston. Bred by A. J. Alexander, Spring Station, Ky.; owned
by Robert Bonner, New York city. Engraved after a sketch from
life by Cross, showing her at ten years old. Her record of a mile
in 2:0834 has never been equaled by any trotting horse in the
world; and she has been the recognized “ queen of the trotting turf”
ever since Sept. 18, 1880, when she made a record of 2:1034. “She
combines in her blood lines the Hambletonian and Pilot trotting
families (see pages 92 and 94) upon a Thoroughbred foundation, her
2d dam Sally Russell being a Thoroughbred mare. ‘The artist has
represented her as being groomed immediately after a race or other
violent exercise, the colored groom seated under her being in the
act of wrapping her legs in the flannel bandages commonly used by

trainers upon such occasions.

(100)

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TROTTING (HORSE PEA:

Color, bay; foaled 1877; got by Dictator, son of Rysdyk’s Ham-
bletonian; dam by Clark Chief, son of Mambrino Chief; 2d dam
by Ericsson, son of Mambrino Chief. Bred by H. C. McDowell,
Lexington, Ky.; owned by J. I. Case, Racine, Wis. Engraved after
a sketch from life by Cross, showing the horse at seven years old.
His trotting record, ‘of a/mile (in 270337, July 1401384, hasenewes
been beaten or equaled by a stallion but once, and then it was
beaten only by a quarter of a second. Phallas combines in his ped-
igree the blood of the Hambletonian and Mambrino Chief families,
being especially in-bred to the latter. His sire Dictator is one of
the most highly-prized sons of Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, and is full

brother to Dexter, the most famous trotting horse of his day.

(102)

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TROTTING, HORSE TER OD:

Color, black; foaled 1866; got by King Herod, son of Sherman
Black Hawk; dam by Green Mountain Boy, son of Vermont Black
Hawk; 2d dam by Gifford Morgan. Bred by James Brooks, Ossian,
Ia.; owned by M. T. Grattan, Preston, Minn. Engraved after a
sketch from life by Burk, taken when the horse was in his twentieth
year. This horse, when eighteen years old, made a public trotting
record of 2:24%, and is undoubtedly one of the best, if not the
very best, living representatives of the Morgan trotting family. As
the Sherman Morgan mentioned above was a son of Vermont Black
Hawk, the most famous Morgan stallion of his day, and Green
Mountain Boy was also by the same sire, and Herod’s second dam
by Gifford Morgan, it will be seen that he is strongly in-bred to
this popular and valuable family of trotting horses. Vermont Black
Hawk and Gifford Morgan were both grandsons of Justin Morgan,

the founder of the Morgan family of horses.

(104)

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TROTTING MARE TRINKET.

Color, bay; foaled 1875; got by Princeps, son of Woodford Mam-
brino; dam Ouida by Rysdyk’s Hambletonian; 2d dam Morning
Glory by imp. Consternation. Bred by R. S. Veech, Louisville, Ky.;
owned by J. W. Shaw, New York city. Engraved after a sketch
from life by Burk, showing the mare at seven years old. ‘Trinket
as a four-year-old made a trotting record of a mile in 2:1934, which

up to that time had never been equaled by a horse of her age.

(106)

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TROTTING HORSE DON COSSACK.

Color, bay; foaled 1876; got by August Belmont, son of Rysdyk’s
Hambletonian; dam Laytham Lass by Alexander’s Abdallah, son of
Rysdyk’s Hambletonian; 2d dam by Mambrino Chief. Bred by J.
C. McFerran & Son, Louisville, Ky.; owned by Arthur J. Caton,
Caton Stock Farm, Joliet, Ill. Don Cossack made a trotting record
of 2:28 at five years old, and since then has been kept exclusively
for service in the breeding stud at Caton Stock Farm, where his
merits as a sire have become so conspicuous that he has scarcely
ever been defeated in the show ring when exhibited with his get.
Engraved after a painting by Dewey, showing the horse at four

years old.

(108)

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TROTTING HORSE Pei Ging

Color, brown; foaled 1876; got by Hero of Thorndale, son of
Thorndale; dam Fairy Belle by Belmont, son of Alexander’s Abdal-
lah; 2d dam-Waterwitch by Pilot Jr;. Bred, by I’. P. Kinkead,
Woodford Co., Ky.; owned by A. G. Danforth, Washington, Ill.
Engraved after a sketch from life by Corwine, showing the horse
at eight years old. This horse is strongly in-bred to Rysdyk’s
Hambletonian through several lines, Thorndale also being by Alex-
ander’s Abdallah (sire of Goldsmith Maid), who was a son of
Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, and Thorndale’s dam was also by this
famous old sire. He also has the Mambrino Chief cross through
Belmont, and the Pilot cross through his second dam, Waterwitch, —
the famous old mother of trotters. Fairy Gift is used as the chief
breeding stallion in the trotting department of Melbourne Stock

Farm.

(110)

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TROTTING) HORSE DOCG, V AIL:

Color, brown; foaled 1880; got by Swigert, son of Alexander’s
Norman; dam Lady Gano by Stephen A. Douglas; 2d dam Guinea
Hen by Long Island Chief. Bred by W. T. Vail, now of Greeley,
Col.; owned by W. P. Higinbotham, Manhattan, Kan. Engraved
after a sketch from life by Burk, showing the horse at five years
old. Doc Vail’s sire, Swigert, had for his dam Blandina by Mam-
brino Chief, and his second dam was the famous Burch Mare by
Brown Pilot. In the maternal line the ancestry of Doc Vail have
long been distinguished for highly useful qualities as roadsters. This

horse is used at the head of the Blue Valley breeding stud.

(112)

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TROTTING HORSE WILKOMONT.

Color, chestnut; foaled 1881; got by Almont Pilot, son of Almont;
dam Wanita by George Wilkes; 2d dam Vienna by Berkley’s Edwin
Forrest. Bred and owned by E. A. Smith, Lawrence, Kan. En-
eraved after a sketch from life by Burk, showing the horse at four
years old. Wilkomont has the Hambletonian and Mambrino Chief
blood through his grandsire Almont, who was a grandson of Rys-
dyk’s Hambletonian, and whose dam was by Mambrino Chief. He
also has the Hambletonian and Clay blood through his dam (Wanita)

by George Wilkes, one of the most famous of Hambletonian sires.

(114)

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ENGLISH AND FRENCH COACH HORSES.

CLEVELAND BAYS.

Many years ago, before the advent of the railway, there was
recognized in England a breed of horses called Cleveland Bays; but
with the general application of steam to the uses of locomotion the
breed fell into disuse, and nearly all English authors with whom I
am conversant who have written within the past thirty years upon
the horses of Great Britain have treated the breed as extinct.
Within the past three or four years, however, there has been a
determined effort on the part of Yorkshire breeders to gather up
whatever may yet be remaining of this once popular blood and to
resuscitate the breed. To this end a society was organized about
two years ago, and Vol. I of the Cleveland Bay Stud Book has been
issued as a result of this effort.

Following modern English authors and the English agricultural
press, I have repeatedly within the past ten years expressed the
opinion that the Cleveland Bays were no longer regarded as a
distinct breed in that country, and for expressing such an opinion
I have been subjected to much ill-natured criticism. I certainly had

no reason to misrepresent the facts, and only aimed to give accurate,

118 THE BREEDSUNOFVIETYE USO Cis

reliable information, to those who asked for it, upon a subject that
interested all horse-breeders. Within a few years past the English
agricultural press have begun to again speak of the Cleveland Bay
as a breed, but as late as Nov. 18, 1881, I find the London Lzve-
Stock Fournal, the only distinctively live-stock serial publication in
Great Britain, stating that:

‘The Cleveland that some people write about is not a Cleve-
land; it is only the nearest approach to what the Cleveland was
like. If there is such a thing as a pure Cleveland the owner should
stick to him; the breed, it is possible, may be resuscitated.”

The Wark Lane Express, of about the same date, qualified a
reference of the same sort by the remark, “‘if there be such a breed”;
and Mr. Frederick Street, who as late as 1883 wrote ‘‘The History
of the Shire Horse” in England, speaking of the heavier classes of
horses, says: ‘The only distinct breeds now recognized are the Shire
horse or English Cart horse, the Clydesdale, and the Suffolk, the
Cleveland Bay being well-nigh extinct”; and the standard writers
upon the horse for many years past, such as Youatt & Burn, Youatt
& Spooner, Prof. Low and ‘Frank Forrester,” have all treated of
the Cleveland Bay as an extinct breed.

It must be conceded, therefore, that if I have been wrong in stating
that the Cleveland Bays were no longer recognized in England as
a distinct breed I was at least in good company.

About four years ‘ago’'I addressed a letter to, Mr. (Georgey im
Turner, editor of the Wark Lane Ewfress, of London, asking for
his opinion as to whether the Cleveland Bay still existed as a dis-
tinct breed in that country. He replied in substance that of late

a demand for the old sort of Cleveland Bays had sprung up, and

BE BREEDS OF LIVE SPOCK 119g

the breed was in a fair way to be resuscitated. He thought there
was material enough left to operate on, and stated, to quote his
exact words, that ‘‘the Cleveland is undoubtedly the produce of the
Thoroughbred horse (race horse or hunting stallion) on the North
country cart mares; this was the origin of the breed, and it was
created for coaching purposes. The coaches, toward the last, required
faster horses, and these were superseded by the railway. So the
Cleveland fell into desuetude. Now they are wanted again for fast,
heavy town work. If a stud book were started we should see that
material was in existence.” He added that he would agitate the
question in England.

A week or two later there appeared in his paper, the Mark
Lane Express, the following:

“In reply to a question from a correspondent in the United States
as to the present status of the Cleveland breed of horses in this
country, we are of opinion that there is material enough left, espe-
cially in Yorkshire, to form the basis of a herd book and a very
profitable breeder’s industry. ‘The railway locomotive drove the old
Cleveland Bay horse off the road, but the more modern type of
Cleveland horse, or at all events Yorkshire-bred horses of the Cleve-
land stamp, with rather more of the Thoroughbred stallion’s influ-
ence apparent, are precisely the cattle that are to be seen in the use
of railway companies for their lighter work, especially the newly-
appointed omnibuses which have been started by the railway com-
panies in London, and for which the cheaper French horses hitherto
used are neither strong enough nor fast enough. It is remarkable
that the railway companies, which took the old Cleveland horse’s

occupation away, should be among the first to give it back again

120 THE BREEDS OF LIVE 2S LOCK

in a different form; but it is plain enough to any one who will
give the necessary attention to the subject that the light van work
of the new heavy omnibus work of the metropolis is bringing to
London a lot of very superior and valuable horses from the north-
ern breeding districts, which to all appearances have the old Cleve-
land blood for their basis, and which obtain their speed and style
from the judicious use of the blood of the Thoroughbred stallion.”

This seems to leave no room for doubt that the so-called Cleve-
land Bay of today is being created, as was the breed when it was
formerly considered a breed, by a mingling of the blood of the Thor-
oughbred race horse with that of the large bay mares of Yorkshire;
hence, while I adhere to the opinion that, properly speaking, the old
Cleveland Bay has become extinct, as a breed, yet it is not at all
improbable that there are still remaining in that region horses pos-
sessing the old Cleveland Bay characteristics, and perhaps much of
the blood that formerly belonged to that breed; and it is evident that
the same course of breeding which originally formed the breed might
speedily restore it from the material now remaining in that country,
as well as in this, viz.: the use of stout, strong, and stylish Thorough-
bred sires upon large, active, and stylish bay mares. Whatever of
this material there may yet be in existence in Yorkshire and else-
where in England will no doubt be utilized for this purpose, and to
this end the new Cleveland Stud Book will certainly be of great

service.
FRENCH COACH HORSES.

As early as 1780 the French Government began a systematic effort
by / tes)

to improve the native horse stock of that country, especially for the

TEE I BRALE DS OF LIVE S LOCK: I21

cavalry service, by the introduction of Thoroughbred and Hunting
stallions from England, and offering their services to the farmers
at a merely nominal fee. From that time down to the present the
French. Government has continued its paternal supervision of the
horse-breeding interests of that country, introducing from year to
year Thoroughbred stallions in considerable numbers, and selecting
the best of the male produce resulting from the union of the im-
ported stallions and the French mares for use in the stud. Since
about 1840, however, the introduction of Thoroughbred stallions has
fallen off in that portion of France devoted especially to Coach-
horse breeding, while the number of native-bred horses selected
for use in the stud has proportionately increased. At times, under
the supervision of the Government, the introduction of Thorough-
bred sires has ceased almost entirely; and again, when those in
authority have been of the opinion that the blood of the Thorough-
bred could still be used to advantage, fresh importations have been
made. Some of these imported stallions left a marked impress upon
the horse stock of the country, notably among these being the horse
Young Rattler, imported about 1820, whose produce were especially
remarkable for their stylish, high-headed appearance, and high, proud-
stepping action. The get of this horse were largely selected by the
Government agents for breeding purposes, and to him more than to
any other one of these imported sires the present Inspector-General
of the Government Haras, the Vicomte de la Motte-Rouge, ascribes
the origin of the present so-called Coach horses of France. The
foundation had been previously laid by crossing and recrossing with
the Thoroughbred, but Young Rattler, and the stallions of his get,

gave the qualities which the French people especially fancied for
16

122 LAE BREEDS OE TIA SS ht o One

coaching uses. Since that period this coach-horse type has received
more largely than any other, perhaps, the fostering care and patron-
age of the Government; and certainly very marked improvement
has been effected, and a considerable degree of uniformity has been
secured. The prevailing color is bay, but there are many chestnuts
among them and blacks are occasionally seen.

When the system of breeding above alluded to was inaugurated
the produce of the union of the Thoroughbred sires with the French
mares were called dem?-sang (half-blood); and notwithstanding the
‘“‘breeding-up” process which has constantly been going on for over
one hundred years these horses are still called dem7-sang, and are
so classed in the prize lists for the horse shows of that country.
But they are frequently spoken of in France as Normans, from the
fact that they are chiefly bred in what was formerly known as Nor-
mandy.

It is only within a recent period that French Coach horses have
attracted attention at the hands of American importers and breeders;
the draft horses of that country having largely monopolized the
attention of American stock-raisers traveling in France. But within
the past two or three years the growing demand for stylish, high-
stepping coach horses in America has led to the importation of
French Coachers in considerable numbers. ‘The course of breeding
that has produced these horses in France is much the same as that
which has created the modern Cleveland Bay of England, the blood
of the Thoroughbred largely predominating in both, the only differ-
ence being in the mares that have constituted the basis.

It must not be understood from what has been said in the fore-

going that the breeding of Coach horses is carried on throughout

PHP BREEDS OF LIVE js TOC K 2

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all of France, nor that the use of Thoroughbred stallions is now dis-
couraged by the Government. It is only in the departments of Orne,
Calvados, Manche, Seine-Infeieure, and a part of Eure that the atten-
tion of the Government is especially directed to the production of
Coach horses. In the departments above named there are two Haras,
or Government stables, one at Pin and the other at St. Lo. In
other departments, as in Le Perche, attention is chiefly given to
the Percheron, while the Boulonnais, the Breton and the Thorough-
bred are encouraged elsewhere.

It may also be of interest to note in this connection that in
addition to the stallions owned by the Government there are two
classes of stallions of various breeds owned by private individuals
that may be mentioned as receiving Governmental recognition. First,
approved stallions, which, after inspection by the authorities, are
granted a subsidy for remaining in the country and serving mares
at prices fixed by their owners. This subsidy amounts in the case
of Thoroughbred stallions to from about S150 to $500 a year;
Coach horses (dem?-sang), $75 to $150 a year; and draft horses
from $50 to $100 a year. The second class are authorized upon
inspection to serve mares, but receive no subsidy. No stallions
excepting those belonging to the Government, and those that are

approved or authorized, are allowed to do stud duty.

CLEVELAND BAY HORSE (COMPETI OR:

Color, bay; foaled 1880; got by Young Candidate, son of Omar
Pacha; dam by Emperor, son of General Benefit. Bred by William
Taylor, of Yorkshire, England. Imported 1884, and owned by
George E. Brown & Co., Aurora, Ill. Engraved from a sketch by

Burk, taken when the horse was five years old.

(124)

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CLEVELAND BAY HORSE, DAT TSVAN: 2p:

Color, bay; foaled 1879; got by Lord Beaconsfield, son of Rose-
bury; dam by Paulinus; 2d dam by Rimphon. Bred by John Cook,
West Yorkshire, England; imported 1881 by the Door Prairie Live-
Stock Association, Door Village, Ind. Engraved after a sketch from

life by Burk.

(126)

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CLEVELAND BAY “HORSE ROYALTY. 6x.

Color, bay; foaled May, 1884; got by Prince of Wales, son of
Emperor; dam Modesty by Palestine; 2d dam Brisk by Ebor.
Bred in Yorkshire, England; imported :886 by his present owners,
Stericker Bros., Springfield, Il. Royalty won many prizes in En-
gland as a suckling and yearling, and his dam has also had a re-
markably successful show-yard career. He is a bay without a

white marking. Sketched from life by Burk.

(128)

FRENCH: COACH -H@RSE SUPERBE:

Color, bay; foaled 1881; got by the Government stallion Thuri-
feraire 10306; dam Opheline by Jambes d’ Argent; 2d dam by
Valide. Bred by M. Pacaud, of St. Gervais, La Vendee, France.
Imported in 1885, and owned by M. W. Dunham, Wayne, Ill. En-
graved from a sketch made by Palmer a few weeks after the horse
was imported. Superbe was winner of a first prize and gold medal

at the Universal Exposition at Antwerp, Belgium, 1885.

(130)

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ENGLISH SHIRE OR CART HORSES.

No point in equine history is better established than is the fact
that to the regions bordering on the western coast of Europe, once
known as Normandy and Flanders, the world is indebted for the
basis of its various breeds of draft horses. Flanders especially was
famed, away back in the middle ages, for its famous breed of Black
horses; and this race appears to have been the prevailing one through-
out the north of ancient Gaul and of Germany, from the mouth of
the Rhine eastward, and Prof. Low thinks ‘inhabited in the wild
state the vast region of marsh and forest which stretched all through
Europe eastward to the Euxine sea.” It was from this source that
the rulers of Great Britain drew in large numbers for the purpose
of increasing the size of the horses of the Island. How or when
this breed originated is a subject upon which history throws no light;
but as early as the eleventh century they were largely imported into
England, and royal edicts and regulations were repeatedly issued for
the purpose of encouraging the use of the large stallions of this breed.
King John imported at one time 100 choice stallions from Flanders,
Edward II followed in the same course, and it would seem that in
the time of Henry VIII these Flemish horses were inseparably asso-

ciated in the British mind with the idea of immense size and mas-

134 LHE BREEDS, OF PAVE SS TOC

sive proportions, for we are told that when King Henry first saw
the Princess Anne of Cleves, a remarkably large, coarsely-formed
woman, who was to be his fourth spouse, he expressed his opinion
of her by the ejaculation: ‘‘Egad, she is shaped like a great Flan-
ders, mare!”

It is not my purpose to follow up, step by step, the several
importations that were made, from time to time, of these heavy
horses from Germany, Holland, and Flanders, nor to recount the
various stages of development which resulted in the formation of
what 1s now known as the Shire horse or English Cart horse. One
of the early Earls of Huntingdon is mentioned by Prof. Low as
having been especially active in his efforts to improve the British
breeds of heavy horses; and Robert Bakewell, who first taught the
world the principles of good stock-breeding, brought his great genius
and skill to bear upon this branch of the business. He went him-
self to Holland, where he selected several mares which he brought
back with him to England; and by pursuing the same methods of

careful selection, mating

g, and feeding by which he had achieved

such distinguished success with other kinds of live stock, he showed
the English people how to form a breed of draft horses which has
since become famous the world over. Other breeders followed. his
example, and: as late as the beginning of the present century im-
portations of both stallions and mares from Flanders were by no
means uncommon.

At this time the black color was still a characteristic and dis-
tinguishing feature of the heavy horses of England, as it was of the
parent stock from across the Channel. ‘They were of immense size,

with great strength, but were heavy, dull, and sluggish in tempera-

THE BREEDS OF, LIVE SLOGK, P35

ment, and slow and awkward in motion. Prof. Low, writing of these
horses in his ‘Domesticated Animals of the British Islands,” says:

“The modern English Black horse retains the general charac-
teristics of the pre-existing race, but greatly modified. His color is
usually a sooty black, with frequently a white lozenge-shaped mark
on the forehead; and he has very generally one or more of the feet
and part of the legs, and not unfrequently the muzzle, white. His
body is massive, compact, and round; his limbs are stout, his chest
is enormously broad, and his neck and back are short. His mane
is thick and somewhat frizzled, and his legs below the knee and
hock are hairy down to the heels. His whole aspect conveys the
idea of great physical power without corresponding action. The
main defects of his conformation and temperament are his too great
bulk of body and want of action and mettle. For a pull with a
heavy weight he is admirable; but he steps out short, and is slow
in all his motions.”

In 1879 a society was organized in England for the purpose of
preparing and publishing a stud book of the Shire or Cart horse
of England, and in February, 1880, the first volume of the work,
which has since grown to seven volumes, was issued. In an introduc-
tion to the first volume of the Shire Stud Book by R. S. Reynolds,
Dewi. VS. it is stated that—

“The draft horse of the present day undoubtedly, and unfortu-
nately, is one of mixed and impure breed; there exist few, if any,
whose genealogy on both dam’s and sire’s side can be traced for
even four generations. ‘The assumption of an admixture of extrin-
sic blood is made more evident by comparison of the conformation

and color of the existing race with the Shire horse of seventy years

136 THE BREEDS (OF tEINae Se One

ago. Authorities upon horse-breeding forty or fifty years since were
ceaseless in their objections to the slow, ponderous movement of
the draft horses of their day, and strongly urged the necessity for
crossing them with animals of more slender build, in order to attain
increased activity and quicker pace.”

Mr. Reynolds, in the work above quoted, also says:

“Tt is perhaps worthy of observation that there were, and still
remain, some specimens of three apparently distinct types of draft
horses exemplified by differences in the local distribution of long
hair:

‘rst. Horses having the upper lip garnished with a long, thick
mustache, considered at one time a distinguishing characteristic of
the Lincolnshire horse. ‘The color of these appendages is always
black, white, or a mixture of the two, and invariably corresponds
with the hue of the skin from which they spring.

‘od. Horses having the lips, muzzle, and eyelids destitute of
hair. The skin in these situations, being either entirely bald or
covered with exceedingly fine down, is almost invariably flesh-
colored, sometimes marked with small dark spots and_ blotches.
Specimens of this type may possibly have originated the appella-
tions ‘bald horse’ and ‘balled-faced horse.’

“3d. Horses having a long tuft of hair growing from the front
of each knee, and rarer examples having also a similar growth (quite
distinct from the ordinary hair of the back of the cannons) from
the hind part of the hock, just below its point. Animals of this
type are now seldom seen. In my experience they are more fre-
quently met with in Wales than in the English shires, though no

reason can be assigned why that is so. It is found that these peculiar

RHE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK 137

hirsute growths invariably accompany a luxuriant development of
long hair in its ordinary situations, and generally a more than ordi-
nary strength of bone below the knees and hocks. Sex does not
appear to exert any influence in determining the special character-
istics of any of the three types, stallions, mares and geldings being
equally prone to inherit these peculiarities from progenitors similarly
possessed.”

These horses have long been extensively bred in Leicestershire,
Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Oxfordshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Chesh-
ire, Nottingham, Northampton, Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire;
the last two counties named perhaps producing the most thoroughly

characteristic and representative animals of the breed. ‘They are of

all colors—blacks, bays and browns predominating — and frequently
marked with more or less white in the face, and on the feet and
legs. ‘The legs are heavily haired, or ‘‘feathered,” as Shire-horse
breeders express it, and an abundance of fine silky hair from knee
or hock to fetlock is considered a mark of pure breeding.

The importation of this great breed of heavy horses to America
has not been pushed with as much energy, nor carried on to any-
thing like so great an extent, as the merits of the breed would have
justified. Occasional importations of one or two individual animals
have been made from time to time, but it is only within the past
five or six years that they have been imported in any considerable
numbers. They are growing rapidly in popularity, however, in the
great agricultural States of the Mississippi Valley, and steps have
been taken to secure the early publication of a stud book for the
breed in the United States, a society for that purpose having been

organized, with Charles Burgess, of Winona, IIl., as Secretary.
18

ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE: HONEST TOM (10s):

Color, bay with white markings, as shown in the engraving; foaled
1865; got by Thumper (2123), son of Thumper (2119); dam Beauty
by Emperor (688), son of Matchless (1509). Bred by William Wel-
cher, and owned for several years prior to his death, which occurred
Feb. 25, 1885, by Thomas Horrocks Miller, of Lancashire, England.
This was, without doubt, one of the most famous stallions of his
breed ever produced in England, he having been accorded first prize
at the Royal Agricultural Society’s Show six years in succession,
beginning when he was two years old. His weight in show condi-
tion is stated to have been about 2,200 lbs., and his hight was 17%
hands. Our engraving was made from a photograph kindly sent
us by Mr. G. M. Sexton, for several years editor of the English
Shire Horse Stud Book.

(138)

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ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE BEAU NASH (29/8).

Color, brown; foaled 1881; got by Beau Chief (116), son of
Devonshire Lad (595); dam Cardiff Lass by Britain (261). Bred
by Mr. George Street, of Bedford, England; imported 1885 by Gal-
braith Bros., of Janesville, Wis.; owned by M. Burke, Carlinville,
Ill. Beau Nash had an almost unbroken series of victories in the
show ring at the leading fairs of 1885, winning among other prizes
the highest honors at the Illinois State Fair of that year. Engraved

after a sketch by Burk taken when the horse was four years old.

(140)

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ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE MASHER (3218).

Color, bay; foaled 1882; got by Honest Tom (1105) [see page
138], dam Trimmer by Emperor (692), son of Emperor (688); 2d
dam by England’s Glory (733). Bred by T. H. Miller, Lancashire,
England; imported 1886, and owned by Burgess Bros., Wenona, III.
He was shown with great success at the leading Western fairs of
1886, and won among other honors the first prize in the four-year-
old class at the show of the American Shire-Horse Breeders’ Asso-
ciation in Chicago. Engraved after a sketch from life by Burk,

showing the horse as he appeared immediately after importation.
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(142)

ENGLISH. SHIRE HORSE HOLLAND: MAJOR. (arz5):

Color, bay; foaled 1882; got by Right Sort (2483), he by Wilson’s
Noble; dam Kingston Smart by Shakespeare (2000). Bred by the
Earl of Warwick, Warwickshire, England; imported and owned by
George E. Brown, Aurora, Il. Holland Major has been shown with
very great success at prominent Western fairs since his importa-
tion, and has won several very important sweepstakes prizes, among
his winnings being the Lreeder’s Gazette Gold Medal for best En-
glish Shire stallion four years old or over, at the American Horse
Show at Chicago, November, 1886, He is the premier sire in use

in the extensive breeding herd of his present owner.

(144)

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Color, gray; foaled 1883; got by Kempston (3163), son of Em
peror 2d (2769); dam by Thumper (2136), son of Waxwork (2298).
Bred by J. Osborn Daintree, Cambridgeshire, England; imported
1886, and owned by Galbraith Bros., Janesville, Wis. ‘This horse
was by long odds the most successful three-year-old Shire horse that
was shown in America for the year 1886. At the great Chicago
Show of that year he won three first prizes, among them being the
sweepstakes of the Shire-Horse Breeders’ Association for best stall-

ion of any age. Engraved from a sketch by Burk, showing the

horse at three years old.

(146)

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ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE BEN LOMOND.

Color, steel-gray; foaled 1881; got by Big Ben (Harrison’s), son
of Forshaw’s Ben Lomond; dam Shy Nottingham by Bold Lincoln
(231); 2d dam Flower by Brown Tom (343). Bred by George
Harrison, of Nottinghamshire, England; imported 1883 by Burgess
Bros., Winona, IIl., and owned by T. J. Patterson, Farm Ridge, Ill.
Engraved from a sketch made by Burk September, 1883. Among
other prizes Ben Lomond won first in the three-year-old ring for

Clydesdale and Shire horses at the Illinois State Fair of 1884.

(148)

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CLYDESDALE HORSES:

To recount the origin of the Clydesdale breed, now so popular
and so extensively diffused throughout the United States, would
simply be to recapitulate much of what has been written in the pre-
ceding pages concerning the origin of the draft breeds of England,
for they have been evolved from the same original stock and by
substantially the same course of selection and breeding. We have
the same origin for both breeds in the great Black horse breed of
Flanders. We hear of their introduction first in Lanarkshire, the
original home of the Clydesdale breed, when William, Earl of
Douglas (one of the ancestors of the Duke of Hamilton, who in later
years became so famous as a breeder of Clydesdales), obtained an
especial edict of ‘safe conduct” from King Edward I to take “ten
grooms and ten large horses from certain places in Scotland to
certain places in eviotdale in the King’s dominions.” This sate
conduct was issued July 1, 1352, and is the earliest positive mention
we have of great horses in Scotland. The editor of the Clydesdale
Stud Book, commenting on this document, says:

“Unfortunately it does not say where the horses came from; but
as Baliol held the Douglas estates it would appear as though they

were to be taken from Lanarkshire into Teviotdale, then in posses-

152 THE BREEDS: OF LLIVE MNS TIO GR

sion of the English. Douglas’ quarrel with his kinsman, William of
Douglas, the Knight of Liddesdale, whom he slew, taking possession
of his estates; his rupture with King Edward of England, and his
turning of Baliol out of the ancestral estates of the Douglas family
in Liddesdale, Annandale and Clydesdale, leave little room for doubt
that, if large horses did not exist in Lanarkshire previous to this
date, as the extensive trade done with Flanders by the Scottish mer-
chants leads us to believe they did, some, if not all, of the Black
stallions found their way to Douglas Castle, in the Upper Ward of
Lanarkshire.”—(Clydesdale Stud Book, Vol. II, p. xvi.)

Scotch authorities generally concur in naming the Upper Ward
of Lanarkshire as the place where the Clydesdale breed was first
brought to any considerable degree of perfection, and in the “ Retro-
spective Volume” (Vol. I) of the Clydesdale Stud Book it is stated
that:

‘Some time between 1715 and 1720 John Paterson, of Loch-
lyoch, on the estate and in the parish of Carmichael, grandson of
one John Paterson, who died at Lochlyoch in 1682, went to England
and brought from thence a Flemish stallion, which is said to have
so greatly improved the breed in the Upper Ward as to have made
them noted all over Scotland. The Lochlyoch mares were famous
in the Upper Ward during the latter half of the last and the first
two decades of the present century; and a Mrs. Paterson, of Loch-
lyoch, mother of the present tenant of Drumalbin, now ninety-seven
years of age, still has recollection of a noted black mare from which
many of the best stock in the Upper Ward are descended. The
family tradition is strongly supported by the fact that the Patersons

were in the habit of noting down important agricultural items from

DE BL TEED) SOF Ly Ta S| LOGIE 153

a very early period; and the present representative of the family,
Mr. Paterson, of Drumalbin, has in his possession a family tree of
all the descendants of that John Paterson who died in 1682. In*
the year 1836, in reference to a day’s plowing given to one of the
Patersons on leaving Lochlyoch for Drumalbin, the following remarks
appeared in an Edinburgh newspaper, from which it will be seen
that their claim to being the founders of the breed was then recog-
nized. After descanting on the merits of the family and kindred
topics, the writer proceeds: ‘And it may be here worthy of remark,
that it was a brother of Mr. Paterson’s grandfather who brought
the notable stallion from England to Lanarkshire—the sire of the
famous Clydesdale breed of horses of which the county has been so
long and justly proud.’

‘What were the distinguishing features of the native breed pre-
vious to the introduction of the Flemish horse, about 1715, cannot
now be definitely determined, but there can be little doubt that they
were mostly of English origin, and of a mixed character. The old
‘drove road” from Scotland to England crosses the Clyde at Hynd-
ford Bridge, and leads across the hills by Carmichael and Crawford-
john —the very center of the then horse-breeding district; and the
intercourse which the farmers would thus have with their neighbors
from the south, and the amount of traffic done by pack-horses, would
doubtless allow of many opportunities for selecting animals calculated
to improve the breed.

“‘Tochlyoch mares were generally browns and blacks, with white
faces and a little white on their legs; they had gray hairs in their
tails, occasional gray hairs over their bodies, and invariably a white

spot on their belly, this latter being recognized as a mark of dis-
20

154 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK.

tinct purity of blood. ‘The mares died out at Lochlyoch about thirty
years ago.

Dive Lochlyoch stock having been long noted in the Upper Ward
and largely drawn upon by breeders, there is no doubt that to them,
or, more correctly, to the black horse of 1715, the Clydesdale horse
owes its present distinctive character.”—(Clydesdale Stud Book, Vol.
ype vite)

There can be no question as to the fact that there has been an
almost constant mingling of the blood of the Shire or Cart horse
of England with that of the Clydesdale of Scotland, and that at the
present day the differences between the two breeds are so very slight
that many intelligent breeders of both England and Scotland have
urged, and continue to urge, that they should be classed as a sin-
gle breed, and that but one stud book should be maintained for
them. It is a well-known fact that the ‘ English cross”’ can be clearly
traced in the pedigrees of some of the most successful prize-winners
and sires of Scotland. In 1877 the Clydesdale Society of Great
Britain and Ireland was formed, and the compilation of the Clydes-
dale Stud Book was at once begun. The work has been vigorously
followed up until eight volumes have been issued. ‘This fact, taken
in connection with the organization of the English Cart-Horse Society
and the publication of its stud book, clearly indicates that the lines
are to be more closely drawn hereafter, and that henceforth cross-
ing between the heavy horses of England and Scotland will not be
regarded with favor.

Modern Clydesdales are of all colors, bays, browns and _ blacks
predominating, although there are some grays and chestnuts, while

white markings on face, feet and legs are quite common with all

DHE BREEDS OF FAVE STOCK 155

the colors; and, as with the Shire horse, the presence of a heavy
growth of long, silky hair from the knee and hock to fetlock is
regarded as a mark of quality and good blood. They have been
extensively imported into the United States and Canada, and have
exercised a very powerful influence upon the horse stock of our
country. No other breed of draft horses, saving the Percherons,
has been so extensively introduced, and between these two breeds
the contest for popular favor has been waged upon very nearly equal
terms for several years past. ‘The question of color has always been
a strong point in favor of the Clydesdales with American breeders
as against their French rivals, the latter being usually gray, while
with the former dark colors are the prevailing ones.

The Clydesdale Society of America was organized in 1879. The
first volume of the American Clydesdale Stud Book was issued in
1882, and Vol. II of the work followed early in 1885. Col. Charles
F. Mills, of Springfield, Ill., has been Secretary of the Society from
its organization, and has done a valuable service to the Clydesdale
interest in America by compiling the records of the early importa-
tions and preparing for publication the two volumes of the Stud
Book that have been issued. The rules governing entries require
that American-bred stallions and mares must trace to recorded sires
or dams, or have four or five recorded top crosses, respectively, and
in case of importation to be recorded in the Clydesdale Stud Book

of Great Britain and Ireland.

CLYDESDALE HORSE PRINCE GEORGE OF WALES 933,
AND CLYDESDALE MARE MUSIC (4622).

PRINCE GEORGE OF WALES.—Color, black; foaled 1876; got by
Prince of Wales (673), dam Jessie Brown. Bred by Lawrence Drew,
of Scotland; imported by Galbraith Bros., Janesville, Wis., August,
r882. Very few Clydesdale stallions have acquired equal celebrity
with Prince of Wales (673), and his son Prince George, as above,
was shown with great success at many of the leading fairs of 1883
and 1885.

Music.—Color, bay; foaled 1880; got by Lord Lyon (489); dam
Whitley’s Jess. Bred by Mr. Hunter, Stranraer, Scotland; imported
and still owned by Galbraith Bros., Janesville, Wis. Music gained
very high honors as a yearling before her importation, and has five
times carried off first honors at various Western State fairs since
1882. Engraved from a sketch by Burk, showing the horse at six

and the mare at two years old.

(156)

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CLYDESDALE HORSE (BIDE A WEE,

Color, bay; foaled 1881; got by Druid (1120), dam Nanny 2d
by Farmer (284); 2d dam Nanny by Lochfergus Champion (449).
Bred by James Milroy, Galdenoch, Stranraer, Scotland; imported and
owned by Robert Holloway, Alexis, Ill. Engraved after a sketch
from life by Burk, showing the horse at three years old. Most
American breeders of Clydesdales will remember the purchase of
the celebrated Clydesdale champion Druid, in August, 1881, and his
sudden and unexpected death in Chicago in September following,
before he had reached Col. Holloway’s stables. He was confess-
edly the grandest Clydesdale stallion of his day, ‘as his series of
victories at the Highland Society’s Show in 1878, 1879, and 1880,
and at the Royal in 1879, amply attest. Bide a Wee is particularly
rich in the Victor blood, which entered largely into the pedigree
of Druid, and has given to the Scotch show yards so great a pro-

portion of winners.

(158)

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CLYDESDALE HORSE -DARICING'S: PRINCE:

Color, bay; foaled 1882; got by Prince Imperial (1258), son of
Dandy Jim (221); dam Darling 2d 52 by Netherby (1496); 2d dam
Darling (500) by Young Clyde. Bred and owned by James I.
Davidson, Balsam, Ont. Engraved from a sketch by Burk taken
when the horse was only two years old. The Darling family, from
which this horse is descended, is very highly prized among Clydes-
dale breeders of this country, very few families of the breed having

attained equal celebrity, either in the United States or Canada.

(160)

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Color, bay; foaled 1880; got by Blantyre (1068), son of Time
o’? Day (875); dam Bet (2979) by Young Baronet (919); 2d dam
Betsy by Dainty Davie (211). Bred by John Loutar, Kirriemuir,
Scotland; imported and owned by John C. Huston, Blandinsville, Il.
Engraved after a sketch taken by Burk when the horse was four

years old.

(162)

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CLYDESDALE’ MARE ‘DARLING azTta AND FOAL:

Color, bay; foaled 1878; got by Lochleven (1186), son of Cham-
pion (1089); dam Darling 6th by Scotland’s Pride; 2d dam Darling
3d by Netherby (1494). Bred and owned by Moffat Bros., Paw

Paw, Ill. The foal is by Johnnie Lad 1445. Engraved after a sketch

from life by Burk, taken when the mare was four years and the foal

six months old. They belong to the same Darling family as Mr.

Davidson’s Darling Prince, on page 159—a family that justly stands

in very high favor among Clydesdale breeders.

(164)

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CLYDESDALE MARE LEOLINE (695).

Color, bay; foaled 1876; got by Paisley Jock (581), son of Con-
queror (196); dam Maggie by Young Garibaldi (972). Bred by
Donald McKinnon, Poteath, Scotland; imported and owned by the
Door Prairie Live-Stock Association, Door Village, Ind. Has repeat-
edly carried off the highest honors at leading shows on both sides
of the Atlantic, including Indiana State Fairs of 1882 and 1884,
Michigan and [Illinois State Fairs, and National Clydesdale Show of
1884. Engraved from a sketch by Burk taken when she was six

years old.

(166)

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CLYDESDALE’ MARE PRINCESS: 1569.

Color, bay; foaled 1882; got by Blue Ribbon (1961), son of Darn-
ley (222); dam Jean of Skaith (2624) by Abbey Prince (2); 2d dam
Bell of Skaith by Prince Charlie (625). Bred by Samuel McCulloch,
Skaith, Newton-Stewart, Scotland; imported and owned by Robert
Holloway, Alexis, Ill. Has been greatly distinguished as a prize-
winner at leading Western fairs. Engraved from a sketch by Burk,

taken September, 1884.

(168)

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Color, brown; foaled 1880; got by Young Blane 518, son of
Blane (76); dam Maggie by Largs Jock (444), son of Old Clyde
(574). Bred by Robert Barbour, South Kilruskin, West Kilbride,
Scotland; imported 1881, and owned by Galbraith Bros., Janesville,
Wis. Has been one of the most famous prize-winners of her class

ever owned in America. Engraved after a sketch from life by

Burk.

(170)

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CHAPTER. via

PERCH ERON SOR Sais:

The Percheron is an ancient French breed, originally famed for
its capacity for rapid locomotion with a heavy load, and especially
adapted to drawing the heavy diligences or post-coaches used in
France before the days of the railway and locomotive. ‘Tradition ~
has long attributed to the Percheron— confessedly among the most
active and powerful of the heavy breeds of the European Continent
—an Oriental origin; but it was not until the researches recently
made in the compilation of pedigrees for the first volume of the
Percheron Stud Book of France that the extent to which the blood
of the Orient had entered into the formation of the Percheron race
was fully realized. What the Darley Arabian was to the English
Thoroughbred, and the Gray Arabian Smetanxa to the Orloff, the
Gray Arabian Gallipoli appears to have been to the Percheron horse
of France. Diligent and persistent inquiry into the family records
and traditions of the best breeders of Le Perche has enabled the
compiler of the Percheron Stud Book of France to trace definitely
a large proportion of the most noted Percheron horses of modern
times to this Arabian sire, that was imported about 1820. In fact,
this Oriental blood wherever introduced, in all nations and all cli-

mates, has been a powerful factor in effecting improvement in the

174 LHE BREEDS (OPI VES LOG.

equine race. There is every reason to beliewe that the Percheron,
like the draft breeds of England and Scotland, derived its size origi-
nally from the large Black horse breed of Flanders; but from the
fact that gray has for many generations been the prevailing color
it is evident that some very powerful agency has been at work,
modifying the type until it has but little in common with this old
parent stock except size, and this agency has undoubtedly been the
large admixture of the blood of the Arab, and from this source the
prevailing gray color is derived.

Aside from the history and traditions of the country the Per-
cheron horse himself furnishes unmistakable evidence, in his form,
disposition, color and general chacacteristics, that he is closely allied
to the Arab. ‘These characteristics have been materially modified,
it is true, and the ‘size has ‘been “ereatly increased; but, ingae
hands of the excellent horsemen of Le Perche, and under the care-
ful and fostering supervision of the Government, which exercised a
direct control over the selection of sires, he seems to have retained
many of the excellent qualities of his Oriental ancestry; and this,
added to the greatly increased size which had been attained, made
the horses of Le Perche many years ago the wonder of the world
for their specialty of rapid draft—their ability to move a heavy
load at a rapid gait.

The Percheron is chiefly bred in the departments of Eure, Orne,
Eure et Loir, Loir et Cher, and Sarthe; and they have also found
their way further north and toward the sea coast in the departments
of Seine-Inferieure and Calvados, embracing almost the entire ancient
province of Normandy; but nowhere are they found so purely bred,

and so nearly allied to the original Percheron type, as in the five

PHE BREEDS OF LIVES LO Che 175

departments first above mentioned—their original home. In that
part of Normandy contiguous to the coast, especially north of the
Seine river, the Flemish element seems to have made its influence
more strongly felt, and there the horses possess more of the Flemish
and less of the Percheron characteristics than those bred farther
south, in the heart of Le Perche; which will account for the diver-
sity in the character of the horses brought to this country by our
importers. Those who have purchased near the coast, or north of
the river Seine, have usually obtained horses that leaned strongly
toward the Flemish type. They are larger, coarser and more slug-
gish, with less energy, endurance and action, than those bred in Eure
et Loir and the adjacent departments. ‘They are better adapted to
heavy draft purposes than their lighter, but more hardy, active and
stylish relatives of the interior, frequently weighing from 1,700 to
2,000 pounds in high flesh, and producing larger horses when crossed
upon our common stock.

Horses of this breed, as well as those of mixed and unknown
blood, and from different parts of France, have been extensively
imported into the United States, and have been variously known as
Percherons, Percheron-Normans, Norman-Percherons, Normans and
French horses; and this multiplicity of names, which is very per-
plexing to the uninitiated, has led to no small amount of controversy.
A society for the purpose of securing the publication of a stud book
for this breed was organized in February, 1876, and the first volume
of its stud book appeared in September of the same year. This
Society has the honor of being the oldest draft-horse breeders’ asso-
ciation in existence; and its stud book, of which three volumes have

been published, ante-dates all other draft-horse stud books. The com-

176 THE BREEDS ,OF: LIVE STOCK.

pound Percheron-Norman was adopted by this Society as a com-
promise name at its annual meeting in February, 1878.

But very few were satisfied with the unwieldy compound. Peo-
ple continued to call them Percherons, French horses, or Normans,
as habit dictated, and the confusion continued as great as ever, until
the organization of the Societe Hippique Percheronne in France, in
July, 1883, and the publication of a Percheron Stud Book in that
country furnished an easy solution of the difficulty; and the Ameri-
can Society at its next meeting thereafter, held in November, 1883,
wisely decided to adopt and adhere to the only name by which the
breed is recognized in its native country. At this meeting it was
also ordered that no animals imported after Jan. 1, 1884, should be
recorded in the Stud Book of the Society unless previously recorded
in the Percheron Stud Book of France. All draft horses imported
as Percherons or Normans prior to that date are eligible, and all
animals bred in this country showing five top crosses to recorded
stock may also be recorded. Foals from recorded dams, got by
recorded sires, are also eligible.

The organization of the Percheron Society of France and the
publication of a stud book for the breed in that country will doubt-
less do much toward preserving its purity; and if this book shall be
honestly and carefully managed, as I have every reason to think it
will be, it will afford a guarantee as to purity of lineage which has
hitherto been sadly lacking. Most of the horses bought by Ameri-
can importers from dealers in the large cities of France have doubt-
less possessed a good share of Percheron blood, but there has: hitherte
been no means of ascertaining the facts. Our importers have had

to rely solely upon their own eyes and the integrity of French horse-

THE BREEDS OF “Lisp Cie ey

dealers; and the dealers of Paris, Rouen, Dieppe, Havre and other
French cities are no more reliable and scrupulous than the average
horse-dealer in other parts of the world. Those who have gone
direct to the district which was once known as Le Perche, now
comprised in the Departments of Eure et Loir, Loir et Cher, and
Sarthe, where Percheron horses have for generations been bred in
their purity, and where the fame of the Percheron race is still
guarded as a priceless treasure, have always been reasonably sure
of obtaining Percheron horses. But the Societe Hippique Perche-
ronne, which is managed by able men of high reputation, and under
very strict rules, will hereafter furnish a directory of blood which
few honest importers will care to ignore, and the result cannot fail
to add to the popularity of the breed in both France and America.
Three volumes of the Percheron Stud Book of France have been
issued, the last volume containing about 5,o00 pedigrees. The
fourth volume of the American Percheron Stud Book is now being
compiled by the Secretary of the Association, S$. D. Thompson, of
Wayne, Ill.

PERCHERON HORSE BRILLIANT (4755).

Color, black; foaled 1876; got by Brilliant (756), son of Coco
2d (714); dam Ragout by Favori 1st (711), son of Vieux-Chaslin
(713); 2d dam Aline by Coco (712), son of Mignonne (715). Bred
by Ernest Pierriot, of Nogent-le-Rotrou, France. Imported and
owned by M. W. Dunham, Wayne, Ill. Engraved after a sketch
from life by Rosa Bonheur; redrawn on wood by Burk. This
horse has gained a high reputation as a sire on both sides of the
Atlantic, and is the chief breeding stallion in use (1886) in Mr.
Dunham’s well-known Oaklawn stables. He has been in constant
use in the stud from the time he was three years old, and conse-
quently has seldom been in the show ring; but at the great Per-
cheron Horse Show held in Chicago September, 1886, he was
awarded the highest honors for stallion with his get, and at the
American Horse Show at Chicago, November of the same year,
was awarded the Breeder's Gazette champion medal for best Per-

cheron stallion of any age.

(178)

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PERCHERON HORSE CHERI (2423).

Color, gray; foaled 1881; got by Bayard, son of Duke de Char-
tres (721); dam Mignonne by Coco 2d (714), son of Vieux-Chaslin
(713). Bred by M. Caget, Department of Orne, France. Imported
and owned by W. L. Ellwood, De Kalb, Ill. Cheri traces to Coco
2d, through both sire and dam, as Duke de Chartres was also by
that celebrated sire. He has been greatly distinguished as a prize-
winner, having been awarded among other honors the highest prize
at the Government Show at Chartres, France, in 1885, and three
first prizes at the Illinois State Fair of 1886. He is at this date
(1886) the premier sire in use at the extensive breeding establish-
ment ‘of Mr. Ellwood. Engraved after a sketch from life by Burk,

showing the horse at four years old.

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PERCHERON HORSE GLADIATEUR (2158).

Color, gray; foaled 1882; got by Cheri, son of Cheri, and he by
Count (736); dam Carabie by Selim (749). Bred by M. Fromentin
in the Department of Eure et Loir, France. Imported and owned
by Leonard Johnson, East Castle Rock, Minn. Engraved after a

sketch from life by Burk, taken February, 1886.

(182)

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PERCHERON MARE DOLPHEN(}1072° AND HERS POA:

Color, gray; foaled 1878; got by Favori (725), son of Favori 1st
(711); dam Pauline by Superior 454, son of Favori 1st (711); 2d
dam Robine by Vieux-Chaslin (713). Bred in Department of Orne,
France; imported 1880, and owned by Daniel Dunham, Wayne, III.
This mare is registered in the Percheron Stud Book of France as
Favorite (1356). The foal by her side in the engraving is Star
4026, and was got by Marquis (774). Engraved after a sketch
from life by Burk taken when the mare was eight years and the

foal six months old.

(184)

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Color, gray; foaled 1879; imported from France 1882 by Capt-
T. Slattery, of Onarga, IIl., and for several years kept at the head
of his breeding stud; owned (1886) by Stevens & Smith, Rossville, Ill.

(186)

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PERCHERON HORSE ‘CESAR (601).

Color, gray; foaled 1882; got by Vaillant (404), he by Prosper,
son of Decidi; dam the Percheron mare Julie (4887). Bred by M.
Durand, Department of Orne, France. Imported 1884 by M. W.
Dunhan, Wayne, Ill., and sold by him to Hitchcock & Collier, St.
Louis, Mo. This horse was a remarkably successful prize-winner
both in France and America, and was regarded by Mr. Dunham as
one of the very best Percheron horses ever imported by him. En-

graved after a sketch from life by Rosa Bonheur, made August, 1884.

(188)

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PERCHERON HORSE CHEER (1404).

Color, black; foaled 1878; got by Brilliant (756) [see page 179],
dam Robine by Coco 2 (714), son of Vieux-Chaslin (713). Bred in
Eure et Loir, France. Imported 1881 by L. Johnson, East Castle
Rock, Minn.; owned by W. N. Johnson, Aberdeen, Dak.

(190)

GROUP OF PERCHERONS.

The engraving on the opposite page represents a side view of
the Percheron horse Brilliant (see page 179), with the Percheron
mare Francina (1577) and two young foals. Francina (1577) is a
gray, foaled 1878; got by Philibert (760), son of Superior (730);
dam Margot (795) by Favori ist (711). The two foals are Black
Bart and Fortuna, both by Brilliant. The mare Francina was bred
near Nogent-le-Rotrou, France, and was imported by M. W. Dun-
ham, Wayne, Ill., who owns the: entire group. For pedigree of
Brilliant see page 176. Engraved after a sketch from life by Palmer

taken August, 1885.

(192)

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OTMER, (PREE DS, OF FrOR SES:

There are several other breeds in addition to those especially
mentioned in the preceding chapters that should be noticed in detail,
if it had been my purpose to include in this work a complete de-
scription of all the known breeds of the world, but I have chosen
rather to confine it to such as are recognized and known in our
own country. Among these I may mention briefly:

The Suffolk Punch, of England, especially distinguished as an
agricultural horse in that country, uniformly of a chestnut or sorrel
color, not so large as the Shire horses or Clydesdales, but com-
pactly built, round-bodied, short-legged horses, rather light-boned for
their weight, and with the general reputation of being rather defect-
ive in the feet, especially when used upon hard roads or stony streets,
but in this respect greatly improved of late years. ‘This is perhaps
the best established of all the so-called agricultural breeds of Great
Britain, but they are not so universally popular even there as the
Clydesdale and Shire horses. It is possible that the fact that other
countries (especially our own) have not appeared to demand horses
of the Suffolk type has had something to do with their popularity
in their own country. Very few of them have been brought to the
United States, and such as have been imported appear to have

attracted but little attention. A stud book has been instituted for

196 THE BREEDS OFG7E TVA SO Cie

this breed in England, and several volumes have been published
within the past six years.

The Loulonnats is a heavy draft breed, found principally north
of the river Seine, and near the sea coast in Northwestern France,
once the home of the old Flemish breed, and evidently possessing
much of the old. Flemish ‘character,; «Vhey.-are of ,all’ colors, but
frequently gray, like the Percherons, and are usually larger, coarser
and, less activethan. their relatives of) aiPerche: but athere isane
doubt of the fact that when the demands of commerce began to
call for greater size and heavier bone than was characteristic of the
ancient Percheron race, the Boulonnais blood was largely called upon
to furnish it. It is quite probable that many of the French horses
brought to this country and sold as Normans or Percheron-Nor-
mans more properly belong to this Boulonnais breed.

The Shetland Ponies, too well known to need any description
in a work of this nature, take their name from the Shetland Islands,
where they originated, doubtless through the effect of the bleak cli-
mate and scanty subsistence to which the original specimens of the
race have been for ages subjected upon these islands. -They are
also bred in considerable numbers in the north of Scotland. The
spotted or parti-colored characteristic so common among these ponies
would seem to indicate an origin common with the ponies which
inhabit the Himalaya Range, to which allusion is made on page 18
of this work. There are other comparatively diminutive races, as
the Welsh or Exmoor ponies, the Norwegian ponies, and others of
Europe and Asia, but a description of each and all of them would
be more interesting to the student of natural history than to the

practical American breeder.

Lite BRE EOS OF LIVE SLOCK. 197

The J/ustangs, or wild horses, that were found upon the plains
of Texas and New Mexico, and elsewhere on our own continent,
are a tough, hardy and usually ill-tempered race of small horses,
remarkably agile and sure-footed, and have descended from the origi-
nal Spanish stock brought to Mexico by the Spaniards in their early
efforts at the conquest of that country. The spotted or pie-bald
color, so often found among these horses, probably comes from a
cross with the horses of the mountain region north and east of Per-
sia, through the original Spanish stock. ‘The Indian ponies, so com-
mon in our western Territories, have undoubtedly the same origin,
and many of them, especially those that have been bred in the higher
latitudes, approximate very closely the form and size of the Shet-
land pony. The hardiness aud powers of endurance of many of
these horses are simply marvelous; but these valuable qualities are
largely neutralized by ill-temper and lack of size. When tamed and
broken they are especially adapted for use in herding cattle upon
the great ranches of our western plains, and for this purpose the
genuine Mustang is the chief reliance of the herdsman. ‘They are
bred, herded and branded in about the same manner as that prac-
ticed by our western ranchmen with their immense herds of cattle.
Thoroughbred sires, as well as stallions of the various draft breeds,
have been used upon Mustang mares with excellent results in most

Cases.

GROUP OF SHETLAND PONIES. _
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SHORT-HORN: (OR DURHAM) CATTLE.

The Short-horn (or Durham, as formerly called)’ is certainly
the most generally disseminated, and is probably the oldest of our
improved breeds of cattle. Its original home was in the valley of
the river. Tees, in the: County of Durham, in the north of England;
hence the name Durham has been frequently, and is still in many
places, used as the name of the breed. In the early history of the
breed they were also often called Teeswater cattle. While the exist-
ence of) this; breed is clearly traced back to the’ catly, part: of the
eighteenth century, its written history may be fairly said to begin
with the breeding operations of Charles and Robert Colling, about
1780; and from that time on it has had a recognized place in the
agricultural literature of Great Britain.

Mr. L. F. Allen, the American historian of the Short-horn breed,
after establishing the fact of its existence in the regions above men-
tioned as far back as 1720, and tracing it down to about the mid-
dle of the eighteenth century, says: ‘‘ This brings us forward to a
period at which some intelligent inkling is had of the existence of
Short-horn cattle in the hands of known breeders, and of an excel-
lence in style, weight and quality commanding the attention of agri-

cultural historians, and at about which date the lineage of the known

204 THE BREEDS: OF (LIVI) SPOCK,

ancestors of our later Short-horn tribes or families can, with a consid-
erable degree of certainty, be traced. It is possible that some errors,
both of fact and inference, may have crept into the various accounts
in those early days of Short-horn breeding; but we have sufficient
evidence of the antiquity of the race and the lines in which they
had descended down to the year 1750.

“The colors of thé cattle in ‘those days were red; ot. ditterent
shades, red-and-white, pure white, frequently white on the body with
roan necks and heads, and roan of red-and-white intermixed over
the body, or in patches, with either more of the white or of the
red prevailing as now. What was their exact quality, style or sym-
metry, as compared with the choice Short-horns of the present time,
it is difficult to say, as we have no accurate portraits of them; but
that they combined the main points of excellence belonging to the
race as now recognized, and in which still higher improvements
over them have been made in the cattle of late years, we can have
little doubt.”—(Allen’s “ History of Short-horns,” page 27.)

It appears that about the middle of the eighteenth century some
attention began to be paid to pedigree, and from that time on
many of the breeders kept some sort of a record of their breeding
operations. Indeed the Studley bull (626), bred by Mr. Sharter,
of Chilton, to which many of the old Short-horn pedigrees trace,
was calved in the year 1737, and Mr. Allen in his history gives the
names of some thirty bulls that are recorded in the Short-horn Herd
Book as having lived prior to 1780, the period when the written
history and record of the breed may be said to have begun. As
in almost if not quite all foundation records for the various breeds

of live stock, the information is meager as to the maternal ancestry

TPE BREEDS OF £LIVis STOCK. 205

of these early sires, but the inference is clear that they were mainly
cows belonging to the best established herds of the region in which
the bulls were bred.

It is not known from whence the original stock of cattle in the
valley of the Tees, which afterward developed into the Short-horn
breed, derived their superiority over other strains. It has been very
positively asserted that in the formative steps of the breed several
importations of Dutch cattle were made. Culley, writing in 1785,
says: ‘IT remember Mr. Michael Dobison, of the Isle, Sedgefield,
who went in the early part of his life into Holland in order to buy
bulls. Those he brought over, I have been told, did much service
in improving the breed; and this Mr. Dobison and his neighbors,
even in my day, were noted for having the best breeds of Short-
horned cattle, and sold their bulls and heifers for great prices.”
And Mr. Thornton, in his “‘Short-horn Circular” (Vol. I, page 163),
supplements the foregoing from Culley by stating that “Sir William
St. Quintin and Sir James Pennyman had stock of this Dutch blood.
Coates, in the fifth volume of the Herd Book, gives the final cross
of Bates’ Wild Eyes tribe thus: ‘Descended from Mr. Michael Dobi-
son’s stock, which he purchased in Holland above a century ago.’”

The Collings, Robert and Charles, began breeding Short-horns
with a definite purpose of improvement, and clear ideas of what
constituted bovine excellence, about 1780, and soon acquired such
wide reputation for the superiority of their stock that bulls of their
breeding were eagerly sought after by the farmers of the adjacent
country, and for these bulls they were able to command what was
then considered enormous prices. Their breeding operations were

carried on with rare good judgment, and in their hands the im-

206 THE BREEDS OF AAV STOCK,

provement of the breed and its growth in popular favor was rapid.
One of the earliest and most famous of the sires used by them was
a short-legged, yellowish red-and-white bull called Hubback (319),
calved 1777, bred by John Hunter, and descended from one of the
herds into which, it is alleged, the Dutch blood had been introduced.
So popular did the descendants of this bull become in later years,
and so great was supposed to have been his influence in creating
what was thought to be the highest type of the improved Short-
horn in the early part of the nineteenth century, that the eminent
Short-horn breeder Thomas Bates, who became prominent as a
breeder about the time the Collings were leaving the field, expressed
the opinion that no animal ought to be admitted to the Herd Book
as a Short-horn that did not trace to Hubback. Charles Colling,
however, bred a bull calved 1794, called Favorite (252), that was
a greater favorite than ever Hubback had been. He was used
indiscriminately upon his own offspring down to the third genera-
tion, and probably had a more potent influence in fixing the type
of the breed than any other single bull that has been produced.
He was larger than the average Short-horn of his day, was a light
roan color, possessed wonderful vigor and a strong constitution, and
was used as a breeding bull for some thirteen years. ‘The fact that
Mr. Chas. Colling at one time introduced the blood of the Scotch
Galloway into a portion of his herd has been the theme of consider-
able discussion in Short-horn breeding circles. This Galloway cross
was introduced through a bull known as Grandson of Bolingbroke
(280), who possessed one-fourth of the blood of the Scotch Galloway;
and this Galloway cross is commonly alluded to as the “alloy” intro-

duced by Mr. Colling. But the fraction of this “alloy”? blood which

Rae BEE DS OF LIVE SLOCK. 207

entered into the composition of this Grandson of Bolingbroke was
so small that it long ago ceased to be of any material importance
in estimating the value of Short-horn pedigrees, and is scarcely
worth alluding to now except as a matter of history.

Since the days of the Collings there have been many eminent
breeders who have devoted their energies to the work of effecting
improvement in the breed and who have left the impress of their
judgment upon the forms of the Short-horns as bred by them.
Among these may be mentioned the names of Thomas Bates and
Thomas Booth, Sr., both of whom came upon the stage of active
life as stock-breeders about the time the Collings left it, and who
each founded families or strains of Short-horns which to this day
bear their respective names.

But while the Kirklevington (Bates) Herd is known throughout
the Short-horn world by its Duchess, Oxford, Wild Eyes, Barring-
ton and other tribes, and while the Killerby, Studley, and Warlaby
(Booth) collections will ever be memorable as the nurseries of such
show-yard celebrities as Isabella, Bride Elect, Bracelet, Necklace,

Queen of the May, or Lady Fragrant, there are many other of the
older herds to which the breed as it exists today is very largely
indebted. But Thomas Bates and the Booths had the skill to so
manipulate the material afforded by contemporary herds as to pro-
duce a class of cattle possessing in each case a uniformity of type
that caused them to be much sought for as breeding stock; more
modern instances of success under similar methods being afforded
by the Sittyton Herd of Mr. Amos Cruickshank, of Aberdeenshire,
Scotland, and by the Rose of Sharons as bred by the late Abram
Iveniek, of Clark :)€o., Ky.

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20¢ THE BREEDS (OF LIVESTOCK

The breed was probably introduced into America almost imme-
diately after it came into prominence in Great Britain, but in the
absence of public record it is impossible to fix exact dates. It was
not until after the war of 1812 that they were brought over in
sufficient numbers to make much impression. ‘The Sanders impor-
tation of 1817 (popularly known as ‘the Seventeens”’), the Powel
and Whitaker importations from 1820 to 1837, the Ohio importa-
tions of 1834-36, and Dun & Smith of 1833 to 1836—the most
considerable within these dates—may be considered as having formed
the foundation of the breed in this country.

The literature of the Short-horn breed is voluminous, and to
works especially devoted to this subject the reader is referred for
further particulars. Among these we may mention Bell’s “ History
of Bates Cattle,” Carr’s “ Tiistory.ot Booth Cattle,” Rev. Wi Hoek
Beever’s ‘“Short-horn Tribes,” Allen’s ‘History of Short-horns,”’
William Warfield’s ‘‘ History of Imported Short-horns,’” George W.
Rust’s ‘History of Imported Short-horn Cows” (contributed to the
Breeder's Gazette), and the Short-horn Herd Books of Great Britain
and America. The former was founded in 1822, and since that time
thirty-one volumes have been issued. The first volume of the Amer-
ican Short-horn Herd Book was published in 1843, and has since
grown to thirty-one volumes.

The Short-horn breed was originally famed for a combination
of beef-producing and dairy qualities, making it, as its advocates
claimed, especially adapted to the wants of the general farmer; and
the qualities that originally distinguished it are still retained to a
large degree. In the hands of some breeders they have been made

to assume the lower, blockier form that is supposed to indicate the

Tae Vite EDS OF LIVE STOCK 209

highest degree of excellence in a beef-producing animal, while with
others the tendency has been to a higher. degree of excellence in
the dairy. But amid these slight modifications and variations the
breed still retains its distinctive, characteristic type, and in point of
size is probably the largest of our breeds of cattle. Its colors have
always been red and white, with various blendings of these two
colors. Many of the best among the early Short-horns were pure
white, but that color has lost caste of late, and red is especially fan-
cied in this country. In England, however, the roan color is much
more common than any other, and this peculiar blending of the red
and white, popularly called roan, is rarely if ever seen in any ani-

mal of the bovine race which does not possess some portion of the

Short-horn blood.

GROUP OF SHORT-HORWNS:

The toth Duchess of Geneva (a roan of May 15, 1867,) and
her famous son Earl Bective’s Duke of Underley (33745), shown on
the opposite page, serve to recall the world-famous public sale of
the Walcott-Campbell herd of Bates Duchesses at New York Mills,
Sept. 10, 1873, at which the highest prices ever attained by animals
of any breed of cattle were reached through extraordinary compe-
tition between English and American buyers. Six Duchesses fell
to English bidders at a total of $147,100, an average of $24,517
per head! and eight to American breeders for $115,300, an average
of $14,412.50; the total fetched by the fourteen lots (three of which
were bulls) being $262,400! The roth Duchess of Geneva (in calf
to 2d Duke of Oneida) went to Lord Bective, Underley Hall, West-
moreland, at $35,000 (the produce being the Duke of Underley).
Highland Flower (shown in the center background of our picture)
was a roan of August, 1868, got by Mountain Chief (20303), out of
Clarence Flower by Fitz-Clarence (14552). She was bred by Mr.
Torr, of Aylesby, who built up a very celebrated herd of Booth
extraction, and was sold at his sale of Sept. 2, 1875, to Rev. T. Stani-
forth, of Storrs, Windermere, England, ae $7,500. The engraving
is after reproductions by Burk from Williams’ “ Etchings of Cele-

brated Short-horns.”

(210)

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SHORT-HORN COW GOLDEN THISTLE.

Color, roan; calved Nov. 4, 1881; bred by Amos Cruickshank,
Sittyton, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; imported by James I. Davidson,
Balsam, Ont.; property of Col. W. A. Harris, Linwood, Leavenworth
Co., Kan.; got by Roan Gauntlet (35284), dam Golden Lady (of
Mr. Cruickshank’s Brawith Bud tribe) by Champion of England
(17526); 2d dam Golden Princess by Lord Raglan (13244). Re-
corded in American Short-horn Herd Book, Vol. XXVI. Engraved

after a sketch from life by Palmer.

(212)

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SHORT-HORN BULL BENVENUTO'S BOOTH) G327c;

Color, red; calved) ‘April 16/:18835, bred by B. P.& 5.) D, Gorm
Winchester, Ky.; got by Major Booth 30240, dam Benvenuto’s
Queen (A. H. B., Vol. XXIX) by Benvenuto 16275; 2d dam Queen
of the Realm by Star of the Realm 11021; 3d dam imp. Forest
Queen, a very noted Aylmer-Booth cow imported by the Hon. M.
H. Cochrane, sold at Abram Vanmeter’s sale of Aug. 2, 1873, for
$2,000, and the dam of the late Gen. Meredith’s famous show bull
Forest Napier 11973. Benvenuto’s Booth now stands at the head
of the Riverdale Herd of Mr. S. E. Prather, Springfield, Ill., the
engraving being from a painting from life by Burk, showing the

animal after he had just turned three years of age.

(214)

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GROUP OF SHORT-HORN CALVES.

Duke of Flat Creek, Duchess of Flat Creek, and Duchess of
Flat Creek 2d; bred by the Messrs. Hamilton, of Flat Creek, near
Mount Sterling, Ky. All three descend in the Bates Duchess line;
the bull calf being a son of the well-known Barrington Duke 37624,
having for dam the $7,525 heifer Airdrie Duchess roth. ‘The heifers
are from Airdrie Duchess 2d and Airdrie Duchess 5th (of the roth
Duchess of Airdrie’s family), and were sired by 23d Duke of Airdrie
(41350) [late the property of C. Hills & Son, Delaware, O.| and
imp. Grand Duke of Geneva (28756), so long in service at Flat
Creek. Group sketched from life by Burk in 1882.

(216)

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SHORT-HORN BULL 4TH |DUKE GF CLARENCE (32567).

Color, roan; calved Oct. 28, 1874; bred by Col. Gunter, Weth-
erby Grange, England; imported and used in the Bow Park Herd,
Brantford, Ont., Can., Thomas Nelson & Sons, proprietors; got
by 18th Duke of Oxford (25995), dam the Bates Duchess cow
Duchess togth by 2d Duke of Claro (21576); 2d dam Duchess
tooth by 3d Duke of Wharfdale (21619), etc. Engraved from a

painting by Cross.

(218)

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SHORT-HORN BULL: IMPieVON, TROMP 5416:

Color, red; calved Dec. '11,°128815 bred by Amos Cruickshanie
Sittyton, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; imported by James I. Davidson,
Balsam, Ont.; sold ‘by him to). FL. Potts)-& “Son, Jacksonville; ii;
by them to Shephard, Hill & Mathers, of same place, and at their
dispersion sale in June, 1886, purchased by Messrs. Wilcox & Liggett,
Benson, Minn.; got by Barmpton (37763), dam Victoria 45th by
Cesar Augustus (25704); 2d dam Victoria 42d by Forth (17866),
etc. Von Tromp was the sweepstakes Short-horn show bull of 1885.
Sketched by Burk from life.

(220)

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A SHORT-HORN SHOW HERD.

Exhibited with considerable success in the West during the
seasons of 1882 and 1883 by Mr. J. H. Croft, Jr., of Varna,
Engraving prepared from sketches from. lite by Burk. 7)

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SHORT-HORN, COW COUNTESS BICKERSTAFFE
ANDOVCGATRS

Color, red; calved March 4, 1881; bred by W. T. Hearne, Lee’s
Summit, Mo.; sold by him to-Col. T. S. Moberley, Richmond, Ky.;
got by Kirklevington Oxford 32983, dam Lady Bickerstaffe 4th (A.
H.B., Vol. XXVI) by Bell Duke 22107; 2d dam Lady Bickerstatfe
2d by Fulgens 23204; 3d dam imp. Lady Bickerstaffe by Duke of
Hillhurst (284or), ete., in the Bell-Bates Bickerstaffe line. Engraved
after a sketch from life by Burk.

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WOOD 50737.

Color, red; calved Oct. 8, 1882; bred by Thomas & Smith, of
North Middletown, Ky.; property of Messrs. C. C. Blish & Son,
Lee Side Herd, Kewanee, Ill.; got by Geneva Bates 39075 (he by
Royal Bates 36872 out of the Phyllis show cow Conquest 2d); dam
Beck Taylor 6th (Vol. XX) by Thorndale Duke 15592 (Bates-
topped Bloom); 2d dam Beck Taylor by the famous Vanmeter
Young Phyllis show bull Dick Taylor. <6508, ete. to imp. Young
Mary by Jupiter (2170). Dick Taylor of Glenwood was shown with
his get successfully at the fairs of 1886. Among his triumphs that
year being sweepstakes at Iowa State Fair for bulls with their get.
Our picture shows him in his two-year-old form, sketched from life
by Burk.

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Rose of Richland 61st, Rose of Richland 64th, and Rose of Rich-
land 6sth (the heifers shown on the opposite page) are reds, belong-
ing to a branch of the famous Rose of Sharon tribe, bred with great
success by the Hon. Mark S. Cockrill, of Nashville, Tenn., the owner
of the leading Short-horn herd of the States south of Kentucky.
(See A. H. B., Vol. XX VIL) othe firstnamed heifer (shown in the
foreground) was the last calf sired by Mr. Cockrill’s Duchess bull
sth Duke of Hillhurst 22805, and had for dam Rose of Richland
5th by Derby 7800. The 64th and 65th of same name are own
sisters in blood, both being sired by the Renick Rose of Sharon
bull Poppy’s Airdrie 40316, out of Rose of Richland cows by the
sth Duke of Hillhurst. Sketched from life by Burk (1884).

(228)

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SHORT-HORN: BULL. BARON. VICTOR: 42824:

Color, red; calved Nov. 9, 1880; bred by Amos Cruickshank,
Sittyton, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; imported by James I. Davidson,
Balsam, Ontario, Can.; property of Col. W. A. Harris, Linwood,
Leavenworth Co., Kan.; got by Barmpton (37763), dam Victoria
58th by Pride of the Isles (35072); 2d dam Victoria 43d by Cham-
pion of England (17526), etc., through the Cruickshank-Victoria line
to the famous Lady Maynard. Shown with his get at prominent
Western fairs with success, and the chief stock bull at Linwood.

Sketched from life by Palmer.

(230)

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SHORT-HORN BULL 33p DUKE OF AIRDRIE 50833.

Color, red; calved Sept. 24, 1880; bred by A. J. Alexander,
Woodburn Farm, Spring Station, Ky.; purchased at his sale June
24, 1882, by T. W. Harvey, Turlington, Neb., for $2,650; bought
at public sale at Dexter Park, Chicago, November, 1884, for $3,100,
by Mr. Martin Flynn, of Walnut Grove, Des Moines, Ia.; got by
2d Duke of Barrington 50877 (Duke-topped Bates-Barrington), dam
21st Duchess of Airdrie (Vol. XXV) by exported 24th Duke of
Airdrie (36460), [sold to Mr. Geo. Fox, of Elmhurst Hall, England,
at a long price]; 2d dam 17th Duchess of Airdrie by toth Duke
of Thorndale (28458), etc., through Mr. Alexander’s Airdrie branch
of the Bates-Duchess tribe. Sketched from life by Palmer.

(232)

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SHORT-HORN BULL DOUBLE GLOSTER 55406 WITH
THREE OF HIS GET.

Imp. Double Gloster 55406 (49383) is a red of Feb. 11, 1883;
bred by Amos Cruickshank, Sittyton, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; im-
ported as a calf by James I. Davidson, Balsam, Ont.; selected by
Col. W. A. Harris, of Linwood, Kan., for use in his herd, but trans-
ferred to the Blue Valley ranch of Wm. P. Higinbotham, Manhattan,
Kan., at a cost of $1,000; got by Barmpton (37763), dam 24th
Duchess of Gloster by Lord of the Isles (40218); 2d dam 2ist
Duchess of Gloster by Barmpton Prince (32995), etc., through Cham-
pion of England, Lord Raglan, The Baron, imp. Duke of Gloster,
and Usurer to Earl Ducie’s Chaff, a lineal descendant of the famous
old-time cow Robert Colling’s Magdalena by the $5,000 Comet
(155). The young bull on the left is Grand Duke of Gloster, and
the heifers on the right 6th and roth Grand Duchesses of Gloster;
all sired by the imported bull from cows in the Blue Valley Herd.
Sketched from life by Burk, summer of 1886.

(234)

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SHORT-HORN,) BULL ‘11TH (DUKE, OF ATHOE (35282.

Color, red; calved Nov. 1, 1880; bred by J. N. Brown’s Sons,
Grove Park, Berlin, Sangamon: \Co:,) II; property ‘of (Col Wi.
Fulkerson, Jerseyville, Ill.; got by Atlantic 31658 (of the Grove Park
Illustrious show family), dam Lady of Athol 11th (Vol. XVIII) by
Knightley Wiley 26989; 2d dam Lady of Athol 9th by Oxford Bates
24210, etc., to the imported Bates-Barrington cow Lady of Athol

by Duke of Athol (1o150). Sketched from life by Burk.

(236)

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SHORT-HORN COW, WATER SPRITE:

Color, roan; calved Jan. 25,2894; bred by Charles 2. Comm
Muirkirk, Md.; sold by him to A. B. Conger, Haverstraw, N. Y.;
by him to Albert Crane, Durham Park, Kan., and by him to Messrs.
Bill & Burnham, Manhattan, Kan.; got by the imported Booth bull
Lord Abraham (29056), dam Water Nymph (Vol. XII) by imp.
Royal Briton (2735:); 2d dam Water Lily (bred by W. Torr, of
Aylesby Manor, England, and imported by Walcott & Campbell, of
New York Mills) by the famous Breastplate (19337). Vhe= fanaiiy
to which this cow belongs is one of the most distinguished in Booth
Short-horn history, the foundation being the Bates-bred Waterloos,
which Mr. Torr topped out (with great success) by the best Booth
sires. No less than forty females of this family were entered in
Mr. Torr’s catalogue of 1868, and at the Aylesby sale in 1875 twenty-
one head of this sort sold for over $25,000, an average of about

$1,200 each.) 'Sketched from) lite, by Burky 16e3.

(238)

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PURE-BRED SHORT-HORN BULLOCK SCHOOLER:

Color, roan; calved Dec: '16,' 1881; bred /by «Mir>1B:4P> Schooler
of Bourbon Co., Ky.; fed and ‘exhibited at the Kansas City and
Chicago Fat-Stock Shows of 1883, 1884, and 1885, by Messrs. Mor-
row & Renick, Clintonville, Ky.; got by the Renick Rose of Sharon
bull 10346 Poppy’s Airdrie, dam the Young Mary cow Miss Byron
by Frank Hunt 5650; 2d dam Alice Byron by Princeton 2d 6072,
etc. <A prize-taker; one of the most noted steers of the Short-horn
breed ever exhibited at these shows, and, while not so successful a
winner as the remarkable white Bow Park bullock Clarence Kirk-
levington, in the opinion of nearly all good judges entitled to rank
as one of the best bullocks ever seen at these shows. His weight
at 1,425 days (three years) was 2,210 lbs. Sketched from life by
Burk, 1885.

(240)

PURE-BRED YEARLING SHORT-HORN BULLOCK
CLEVELAND.

Color, roan; bred and shown at the American Fat-Stock Show
of 1885 by Messrs. Elbert & Fall, Albia, Ia.; got by the roan Wood-
burn-bred Mazurka bull Duke of Hazelhurst 45854, dam the red
Josephine cow Red Daisy (A. H. B., Vol. XX). Cleveland was
one of the sensational steers at the Show of 1885, gaining first prize
in his class and winning the Short-horn championship of the hall
against all ages. He was shown at 497 days old at a weight of
1,290 lbs., an average gain per day from birth of 2.59 lbs. Sketch

from life by Palmer.

(242)

GRADE SHORT-HORN BULLOCK TOM BROWN.

Color, red, with white marks; -bred, fed, and exhibited at the
American Fat-Stock Show by the Hon. D. M. Moninger, Galvin, Ia.,
winner of the three-year-old championship of the show of 1882,
against all breeds and crosses. He was shown as a member of Mr.
Moninger’s famous “Crimson” herd of Short-horn bullocks at the
show of that year, with a weight of 1,945 lbs. at 1,174 days old,
and was slaughtered by Messrs. Eastland & Duddleston, of Chicago,
who certify that he netted 70.71 per cent dressed meat to live
weight. (See the Breeder’s Gazette, April 5, 1883.) Sketched from
life by Burk.

(244)

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GRADE SHORT-HORN BULLOCK McMULLIN.

Color, red; fed and exhibited at the American Fat-Stock Show
by Mr. John D. Gillette, Elkhart, IIl.; bred from a stock of Short-
horns maintained many years by Mr. Gillette, and champion of the
show for the years 1881 and 1882. Only one other beast has had
the honor of winning this trophy twice, and he a Kentucky Short-
horn bullock (Nichols). McMullin was a remarkably fine-loined
steer, his chief strength lying) im) iis.“ top.” His wereht yapgere
show of 1881 was 2,095 lbs., and in 1882, 2,565 lbs. Sketched from
life by Burk, 1882.

(246)

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CHAPTER X.

eR POR DC A. ide.

For full one hundred years the rivalry between the Hereford
breed and the Short-horn or Durham has been hot and unrelenting;
and in the history of the origin and early improvement of the two
breeds there is a striking similarity, the methods of the first great
improvers of both breeds having been substantially the same. The
remote origin is obscure in both cases, but use of the best mate-
rial at command, with an ideal standard of excellence constantly
kept in view and adhered to with dogged pertinacity by men of
rare good judgment, was the touchstone of success in both cases.
The rivalry between the partisans of the two breeds appears to
have been peculiarly active and energetic in the early part of the
present century, especially between those acknowledged champions
of either breed, Thomas Bates and John Price; and challenges for
competitive shows of equal numbers of cattle were frequent.

From some cause or other, however, for nearly fifty years after
the first quarter of the present century the Hereford breeders appear
to have ceased to be the aggressive champions of their favorites
that their predecessors had been; and aside from the limited area
of Herefordshire and a few of the immediately adjoining counties

the Short-horns appear to have largely monopolized the attention
32

250 THE BREEDS (OF AGA Viz. SOCK:

of the outside world so far as bovine improvement was concerned.
Whether this was due, as is alleged by Hereford breeders, largely
to the fact that the nobility of England set the fashion in favor of
Short-horns which was blindly followed by outsiders, or to a real
superiority in the latter breed as the two then existed, as is claimed
by the latter, I shall not attempt to decide. But certain it is that
after the Short-horn breed had apparently conquered the field and
its partisans felt secure in their possessions, some fifteen years ago
Hereford breeders suddenly again assumed the aggressive, and since
then the progress of the breed in popular favor throughout the
world has been surprisingly rapid, especially in this country.

It is claimed by some well-informed and careful observers that
this period of comparative inaction among Hereford breeders—say
from about 1835 to 1870, when there was but little demand on the
part of the outside world for Hereford breeding stock—vwas pecul-
iarly favorable for constant improvement in the breed, the limited
demand leaving no incentive to the use of any but the choicest
specimens of the breed for the purposes of reproduction, while
during the same period the great and constantly increasing popu-
larity of the Short-horns led to the use of nearly all the males of
that breed, whether good, bad or indifferent, for breeding purposes;
and thus the very popularity of the one, it is claimed, brought
about deterioration, while the lack of it afforded the opportunity for
marked improvement in the other. So that when the attention of
outsiders who were not prejudiced for or against either breed was
again directed to the merits of the Herefords they found them won-
derfully improved over the form they had when they apparently

abandoned the field to the ‘red, white, and roan,” about 1825, while

TED TBE IES (OR TT VAL STOCK. 251

a corresponding tip of the beam in the opposite direction, it is alleged,
had befallen the Short-horns. But while the great improvement of
the Hereford during the past fifty years is generally admitted, par-
tisans of the Short-horn are not willing to concede that there has
been any falling off in the merits of their favorites.

The Hereford breed takes its name from the County of Here-
ford, where it originated, and in the recently published “ History
of Hereford Cattle,” by Macdonald and Sinclair, the authors, after
giving in considerable detail the various theories and traditions
touching the origin and history of the breed, sum up as follows:

“There is a certain degree of unanimity among the authors who
have been quoted in thinking that the Herefords were originally a
self-colored race of cattle like the Devons and Sussex, and that
they were derived from the same source. But the earliest writer
who went into the subject in detail, namely, Marshall—who saw
the breed on its native pastures in 1788—described the color as
‘a middle red with a bald face, the last being esteemed character-
istic OL the true, Plerefordshire breed.’ “This. “statement points “to
the establishment of ‘bald’ or white faces at a period considerably
antecedent to the close of the eighteenth century, when Marshall
made his survey, and the peculiar markings were not confined to
one or two select herds, but had become, although not universal,
so widely diffused as to be characteristic even of the oxen of ‘the
true breed’ sold to the Gloucestershire graziers. us

“One of the first efforts to assign to a specific cause the supe-
rior quality and characteristic color of the Hereford breed was
made by Mr. Thomas A. Knight, to whose testimony, as we have

already endeavored to show, high importance is attached. ‘That, as

%

252 LHE BREEDS VOR UL Vs 1. OCKk

Mr. Knight asserts, Lord Scudamore, who died in 1671, introduced
into the County of Hereford from Flanders a number of red cattle
with white faces is, we think, unquestionable, and it was to this
importation that Mr. Knight attributed the superior qualities of the
breed. But, as has already been remarked, it should be clearly
understood that Mr. Knight does not assign the origin of the breed
itself to this importation, but merely traces the development of
certain merits in the Hereford cattle to the influence of the animals
that came from Flanders.”

It is also pointed out that a portion of the present County of
Hereford formerly lay within the boundaries of Wales, and it is
thought more than probable that the blood of the White Welsh
breed became diffused to a greater or less extent among the cattle
stock of Herefordshire even before the Flemish importation, and
this of itself would have created a natural predisposition to white
markings before the introduction of white-faced cattle from the con-
tinent by Lord Scudamore.

Mr. Benjamin Tompkins, who was born in 1745, has frequently
been referred to by writers upon cattle as the founder of the Here-
ford breed; but there is abundant evidence showing that his grand-
father before him, who died in 1723, was a famous breeder of cattle
of superior excellence, and in his will, executed 1720, he especially
devised a cow called Silver, with her calf, to his son Benjamin, who
is spoken of in “*Notes of the History of the Tompkins family,”
by Mr. Galliers, as (“the first#ereat cattlée-breeder”; but ‘contem-
poraneous with him, and perhaps equally noted, was Mr. William
Galliers, and in the ‘‘ Notes” above referred to it is stated that about

1760 both Benjamin Tompkins and William Galliers, who were fast

BE BREEDS OF LIVE. “STOCK. 253

friends, ‘teach possessed herds of noted cattle, the result of years of
thought and labor. They seem to have bred from each other’s
stocks, and it is understood that conjointly and separately they made
excursions to different parts of England in search of blood to improve
them.” ‘The Mr. Benjamin Tompkins first mentioned (as having
been born in 1745) was a son of this Benjamin Tompkins, the coad-
jutor of Mr. William Galliers. We thus have three generations of
the ‘Tompkins family all working upon the same stock to effect
improvement in the breed of Hereford cattle, the second of the line
having been relatively quite as prominent in his day as his son Ben-
jamin ‘Tompkins, the younger, afterward became.

But contemporaneous with the second Tompkins were other noted
breeders, such as Tully, Skyrme, Haywood, Yeomans, and Galliers,
the latter perhaps equally as distinguished as was Mr. Tompkins
himself; and of Mr. Tully it is recorded that he bred the ox that
won the first prize at the Smithfield Show of 1799. In commenting
upon the work of these early breeders the editors of the Hereford

history before, referred to tell us that: “The main object: of these

old breeders seems to have been—at least at the beginning of their
operations—to rear large, heavy cattle, that after having been worked
in the plow, and having ‘taken an equal share in the labors of the
harvest,’ would fetch a good price from the graziers of the Midland
counties, who assembled in large numbers at the Hereford October
Fair. By them they were purchased with the view of being fat-
tenea tor: the ‘butcher: or, as» Duncumb- puts it, “perfected: for the
London markets.’ There does not seem to have been much uni-

formity about their cattle, either in respect of form or color. As

to the latter point Marshall, it is true, says a bald face was charac-

254 THE BREEDS "OF | VES LOGE

J

teristic of the true Herefordshire breed, while Duncumb remarks

that the ‘prevailing’ color was a reddish brown with white faces.
Within these descriptions there was, of course, room for much diver-
sity, which doubtless existed. The leading breeders would appear
to have had their favorite sorts, and these varieties had warm
admirers and keen partisans. At a very early period the system of
in-and-in breeding was to some extent adopted, and a separate
character was established for the various ‘breeds,’ as they were
called; the ‘trade-mark’ chosen for each being the color markings.
Thus there were the Tompkins, Tully, Skyrme, Galliers, and Hay-
wood ‘breeds.’ The selection of a uniform type was not for many
years accomplished, and the struggle for supremacy, begun during
the last century, was continued until a comparatively recent date.”
——(""Eistory Jol Henetord 'Cattle,/qpace “o))

While to rear oxen which should be profitable beasts of labor
appears to have been one of the chief points aimed at by these
early breeders, Benjamin Tompkins, the younger, gave special atten-
tion to the beef-producing and grazing qualities of his cattle, and
to effect improvement in these particulars he ignored uniformity in
color entirely, selecting good cows wherever he could find them,
but using only bulls of his own breeding. Commenting on the
influence of Mr. ‘Tompkins’ selections it is stated in the history so
often referred to that ‘‘ What ‘Tompkins did for the Herefords was
to develop their early-maturing properties, shorten their legs, refine
their bone, improve their beef points and the quality of their flesh,
and impart to them more thoroughbred character and impressive-
ness. His disregard of color, in the opinion of some people, was a

mistake, and it is almost certain that if he had aimed at producing

“He BRALDS OF LIVE STOCK. 255

uniformity in this particular the consolidation of the breed would
have been much more rapidly accomplished, and the waste of energy
entailed by the struggle between the admirers of the white-faced,
the mottle-faced, and other varieties, which subsequently occurred,
would have been avoided.”

Following after Benj. Tompkins, the younger, who died in 1815,
came another breeder of great eminence, Mr. John Price, who had
the cows for his foundation stock from Mr. ‘Tompkins in 1804, and
who followed that gentleman’s methods of breeding, but with much
greater attention to pedigree. There were many other breeders of
note contemporaneous with Mr. Price, but space forbids further
details, and those desiring further particulars are referred to the
valuable “History of Hereford Cattle,” by Macdonald and Sinclair,
from which I have so freely quoted.

It will be seen from. the foregoing that the Hereford from its
earliest history has been distinguished as a grazing breed, and that
the efforts of its first great improvers were to perfect it in fatten-
ing qualities and to secure earlier maturity, the latter especially
having been a point to which but little attention had been paid up
to the time of Tompkins, the younger. And while it is recorded
that many of the cows in the earlier days possessed superior dairy
qualities, their milk being especially rich in cream, yet this point
appears to have been entirely ignored in the efforts for improve-
ment in the breed; so that while the partisans of the Hereford of
today claim for their favorites unsurpassed excellence as a _ beef-
producing breed and unequaled quality as grazers they do not lay
claim to any special adaptation to the uses of the dairy. The

white face, with more or less of white on the top line, especially

256 THE BREEDS JOP CELE STO

from the shoulders forward and also on the belly, the balance of
the body covered with a heavy growth of red hair, varying from
a pale to deep red and frequently quite curly, remains today as it
was a hundred years ago, a characteristic of the breed.

The first importation of this breed to America of which we have
any account was made by Henry Clay, of Kentucky, in 1817, and
consisted of two bulls and two cows, one of the former dying before
he reached his destination in Kentucky. It is interesting to note
that these Herefords: came over in’ the; same ship with. the first
recorded importation of Short-horns, that of the Sanders importa-
tion of 1817, referred to on page 208 of this volume; but the prog-
eny of these Herefords were soon lost sight of. In 1824 a Hereford
bull and heifer were presented to the Massachusetts Society for the
Promotion of Agriculture by Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, but the
progeny of these, like the Kentucky importation of 1817, have like-
wise passed out of view. ‘The first importation of cattle of this
breed which attracted much attention was made in 1840 by Messrs.
Erastus Corning and W. H. Sotham, and consisted of five bulls and
seventeen cows and heifers, brought to the State of New York; and
this importation, it may be said, constituted the foundation stock for
the Hereford breed in this country.

Their progress in popular favor, however, was for a long time
very slow, and it was not until the great demand sprung up for
bulls of the improved breeds to cross upon the so-called native stock
of our Western plains that the attention of American breeders began
to be largely turned to the especial merits of the Hereford breed
for grazing purposes. Since that time, dating from about the year

1875, the breed has rapidly advanced in public favor, and immense

Me QehehDS OF LIVE STOCK, 257

numbers of the very best specimens that could be found in England
have been imported to this country; and now, as in the days of John
Price and Thomas Bates, they are again warmly contesting the
ground for popular favor with the Short-horns.

There was no herd book for this breed until 1846, at which
time Mr. T. C. Eyton began the work of gathering up pedigrees,
and he issued the first volume of the Hereford Herd Book in July
of that year. ‘This volume contained the pedigrees of 551 bulls,
no cows being included; and its editor remarks that prior to that
time Mr. Price, of Ryall, ‘‘was about the only breeder who had
kept a systematic record of his breeding operations.” The pedigrees
in this volume were divided into four classes— mottle face, white
face, gray, and light gray—which give some idea of the divisions
upon the color line that existed in the Hereford camp even at that
late day. Vol. II of this work was not issued until six years later,
and the work was then abandoned by its original projector. Mr.
W. Styles Powell then took it up and issued the first part of Vol.
III, but died soon afterward, and finally Mr. Thomas Duckham, to
whom the Hereford breeders of the world are largely indebted for
much valuable service, took up the work and carried it on for
several years thereafter. Up to this date (October, 1886) sixteen
volumes have been issued. The American Hereford Herd Book
was instituted in 1881 by Mr. T. L. Miller, but it has since been
turned over to the American Hereford Breeders’ Association; Mr.
Chas. Gudgell, of Independence, Mo., being Secretary of the Society
and editor of its Herd Book. Five volumes of this work have been

issued.

HEREFORD BULL THE GROVE 3p (5051).

Calved Nov. 5,'1874; bred by Mr? B. Rogers, The Grove, Pema.
bridge, Herefordshire, England; sold by him to Mr. P. Turner, of
The Leen, and purchased at his sale of 1883 by Mr. C. M. Culbert-
son, Newman, Douglas Co., Ill, for $4,150, who used him in his
herd until the spring of 1886, when he was purchased by Mr.
Adams, Earl, Shadeland Farm,-ua ayette; Ind: for) $7,000, mie
highest price ever actually paid for a Hereford. His sire was the
famous Horace (3877), a bull that was rescued from the block by
Mr. John Price and freely used in his herd, making a reputation
as one of the most successful sires known in Hereford history. ‘The
Grove 3d’s dam was Blossom by Sir Thomas (2228), a cow sent by
Mr. Rogers to be served by Horace after the fine fleshing character
of the old bull’s get had become apparent in his offspring. The
Grove 3d is the sire of many of the most noted show animals of
the breed, and while breeding with great uniformity all round has
made a special success when crossed with cows sired by Spartan
(5009); as witness Rudolph (6660), Cassio (6849), Royal Grove
21500, Hesiod (6481), and other well-known animals. Sketched

from life by Palmer, showing the bull at eleven years old.

(258)

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HEREFORD BULL ARCHIBALD (6290).

Calved May 3, 1880; bred by Mr. A. Rogers, The Rodd, King-
ton, Herefordshire, England; imported by George Leigh & Co.,
Aurora, Ill.; ‘sold’ by them to. J2)\O) (Curry; ot same™ place. andeaay
him to his present owner, Mr. C. K. Parmelee, Desplaines, Cook-
Co., Ill., for about $6,000; got by Dolley (5875), [bred by Aaron
Rogers and sired by Marquis of Waterford (5454), out of Lydia
Lass 2d by Bismarck (3689), etc.|; dam Miss Chance 3d by the
prize bull Grateful (4622), son of Sir Thomas (2228). Archibald
is admittedly one of the best individual animals of the breed ever
imported to America, and was a distinguished winner in England
before brought to the United States. His development forward is
most extraordinary, as will be seen by reference to drawing on

‘opposite page. Sketched from life by Burk.

(260)

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HEREFORD BULL WASHINGTON (8152).

Calved May 15, 1882; bred by Mr. A. E. Hughes, Wintercott,
Leominster, England; property of the Iowa Hereford Cattle Com-
pany, Indianola, Ia.; got by Rudolph (6660) [a very famous prize-
winning son of The Grove 3d, imported to America at a cost of
$3,500], dam Plum 3d by Commander (4452). Washington was
the “crack” two-year-old of the English show yards in 1884, has
been exhibited with great success at many prominent American
fairs, and his get are also winning ribbons in Western show yards.
Engraving prepared from a lithographic drawing by A. M. Gauci,

of England.

(262)

HEREFORD BULL SIR BARTIE: PRERE °(6632).

Calved July 4, 1880; bred by Mr. T. J. Carwardine, Stockton-
bury, Leominster, England; imported August, 1882, and still owned
by Mr. Adams Earl, of Shadeland Farm, La Fayette, Ind.; got by
the celebrated Lord Wilton (4740), dam Tiny (a Carwardine cow
owned by Mr. Earl, and dam also of the well-known sire of prize
stock Tom Clark’s Anxiety 3d) by Longhorns (4711); 2d dam Rose-
bud by De Cote (3060), etc... Sir Bartle’ Mrere made a, brillant
record at the English shows of 1881 (including first at the Royal),
and was put in active service at Shadeland immediately after his
importation. Three steers of his get won first, second, and third
prizes in the ring for yearling grades at the American Fat-Stock
Show of 1885, and at the fairs of 1886 the bull, with several of
his get from pure-bred cows, was a leading feature at prominent

Western shows. Sketched from life by Palmer.

(264)

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HEREFORD BULL ANXIETY 3p 4466.

Calved July 3, 1879; bred by Mr. T. J. Carwardine, Stockton-
bury, Leominster, England; property of Thomas Clark, Evergreen
Stock Farm, Beecher, Ill.; got by Anxiety (5188), [one of the most
famous sires of the breed ever imported to America], dam Tiny
(the dam of Mr. Earl’s Sir Bartle Frere, see page 264) by Long-
horns (4711); 2d dam Rosebud by De Cote (3060); 3d dam Stately
by Heart of Oak (2035), etc), Anxiety 3d sired ‘several of the miose
successful prize-winning heifers at the Illinois State Fairs of 1885
and 1886. Sketched from life by Burk.

(266)

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HEREFORD BULL HESIOD. (6481).

Calved Aug. 7, 1880; bred by Mr. Philip Turner, of ‘The Leen,
Pembridge, Herefordshire, England; imported by Messrs. Yeld &
Griffiths and sold (1886) to his present owner, Mr. John Borland,
Elkhorn Farm, Stanton, Neb.; got.\by The Grove 3d (5051) [ste
page 258], dam Belle by Spartan (5009); 2d dam Exquisite by
Provost (4067). Bears a striking resemblance to his illustrious sire,
and is own brother in blood to the famous Rudolph (6660), Royal

Grove, page 272, and Cassio, page 270. Sketched from life by Burk.

(268)

HEREFORD BULL CASSIO (6849).

Calved Aug. 8, 1881; bred by Mr. Philip Turner, of The Leen,
Pembridge, Herefordshire, England; imported and owned by the
Elon. .M..H1. Cochrane, Hillhurst; P.7@., (\Can:;) ot by- The Growe
3d (5051) [see page 258], dam Duchess 2d by Spartan (5009); 2d
dam Duchess by Provost (4067), etc. Own brother to Royal Grove,
page 272, and chief stock bull at Hillhurst. Sketched from life by
Burk.

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HEREFORD. BULL’ ROYAL’ GROVE (21500:

Calved Sept."30;.'1882;. bred’) by, in |P. |) Turners ot Whe mitecm
Pembridge, England; imported and owned by Mr. J. O. Curry,
of Aurora, Ill.; got by The Grove 3d (5051), dam Duchess 2d (the
dam of Cassio, see page 270) by Spartan (5009); 2d dam Duchess
by Provost (4067). Royal Grove, it will be noticed, is an own
brother to the Hon. M. Hy Cochrane/s*chiet stock bull) Cassiowana
is full brother in blood to Mr. Borland’s Hesiod, page 268. He was
successfully shown at prominent fairs of 1886, and succeeds Archi-
bald (see page 260) at head of Mr. Curry’s herd. Sketched from
life by Burk.

(272)

HEREFORD BULL BEAU REAL 11055.

Calved Sept. 22, 1883; bred by Messrs. Gudgell & Simpson,
Independence, Mo.; property of Messrs. Shockey & Gibb, Early
Dawn Stock Farm, Lawrence, Kan.; got by Anxiety 4th 9904
{he by the famous old Anxiety (5188), and sire also of the well-
known Beau Monde 9903]; dam imp. Beau Ideal 8th 9949 by Aber-

deen 5248, etc. Shown with success at leading fairs west of the

Mississippi in 1886. Sketched from life by Palmer.

(274)

——— a

HEREFORD BULL PRINCE EDWARD Foor:

Calved Dec. 8, 1880; bred by Mr. T. J. Carwardine, Stockton-
bury, Leominster, England; imported by Earl & Stuart, La Fayette,
Ind., and sold by them to his present owner, Mr. G. W. Henry,
Chicago, Ill.; got by the renowned Lord Wilton (4740), dam Lilac
by De Cote (3060), etc. A winner at leading fairs in 1882. Sketched

from life by Palmer.

(276)

HEREFORD BULL LORD DE VERE 14904.

Calved May 6, 1882; bred by Mr. T. J. Carwardine, Stockton-
bury, Leominster, England; imported and owned by Messrs. C. W.
Cook & Son, Brookmont Farm, Odebolt, la.; got by Lord Wilton
(4740), dam Cora 14905 by Rodney (4907); 2d dam Cobweb by
De Cote (3060); 3d dam Spider“ by THeart ot “Oak” (2035) meme

The chief stud bull in service at Brookmont.
by Burk.

Sketched from life

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HEREFORD: COW:LOV ELY \-2d (21977

Calved March 17, 1883; bred by Mr. R. W. Hall, Ashton, Leo-
minster, England; imported February, 1885, by Mr. J. O. Curry,
Aurora, Ill., and sold by him to her present (1886) owners, Messrs.
Merrill & Fifield, Bay City, Mich.; got by Chancellor (5246), [he
by the famous old Horace (3877), and first-prize winner at the
Hereford meeting of the Bath and West of England Society in
1877]; dam Violet by Adrian (5713); 2d dam Lovely by Preceptor
(4030), etc. She has been shown at a number of prominent Mich-
igan fairs and has never been beaten. Weight, 1,545 lbs. Sketched
from life by Burk.

(280)

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Emerald 2d 9820, Lady Love 15249, and Henrietta 3d 15247;
the former calved May 3, 1880, and bred by Mr. Philip Turner, of
The Leen, Pembridge, Herefordshire, England; got by Chicago
(5814), dam Emerald 8294 by Provost (4067); the two latter calved
1882, bred by Mr. T. J. Carwardine, Stocktonbury, Leominster, En-
gland; both got by Lord Wilton (4740), one (Lady Love) out of
a Rodney cow and the other (Henrietta 3d) out of Rosetta by Sir
Frank (2762); property of Clough ee Elyria, O. Sketehed
from life by John W. Hills.

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HEREFORD: COW. ‘GRACE,

Calved June 20, 1881; exhibited at the American Fat - Stock
Show of November, 1885, at a weight of 1,875 lbs., by Messrs.
Swan Brothers, Indianola, Ia. One of the most remarkably fleshed

cows ever seen at this show. Sketched from life by Palmer.

(254)

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GRADE HEREFORD BULLOCK REGULUS.

Calved April 14, 1882; bred by Messrs. J. R. Price & Son, Will-
iamsville, Ill.; fed and exhibited at the American Fat-Stock Show
by Messrs. Fowler & Vannatta, Fowler, Benton Co., Ind., and cham-
pion over all breeds and crosses of any age at the exhibition of
1885; got by Regulus 2d 6089 (a bull bred by Mr. John Price, of
Court House, Pembridge, England, and imported by Mr. C. M. Cul-
bertson, Chicago, Ill.); he by the famous Regulus (4076), that beat
his half-brother, the afterward celebrated Lord Wilton, when shown
against each other as calves by their breeder, Mr. Tudge, at the
Herefordshire County Show. ‘This bullock, like Roan Boy, Mr.
Culbertson’s champion of the show of 1883, was out of a half-blood
Short-horn cow, and weighed 2,345 lbs. upon entering the show of
1885. He was a steer of fine length, with great breadth and thick-
ness of ‘‘top” from chine to rump, showing well-proportioned quar-

ters and extra loin. Sketched from life by Palmer.

(286)

==

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GRADE HEREFORD; BULLOCK DYSART:

Calved July 15, 1882; bred, fed and exhibited at the American
Fat-Stock Show by C. M. Culbertson, Chicago, Ill. (farm Newman,
Douglas Co., Ill.); winner of the Lreeder’s Gazette Gold Challenge
Shield for best beast in the show bred and fed by the exhibitor, at
the show of 1885, and a prominent candidate in the judging at same
show for other high honors. He was shown at a weight of 1,890
Ibs., and was specially distinguished for neatness and fine quality

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of flesh, being regarded by butchers as an extra ‘killing’ steer.

Sketched from life by Palmer.

(288)

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According to the best authorities the polled or hornless breeds of
cattle now known as Aberdeen-Angus and Galloways are descended
from the native cattle of the Island of Great Britain. The original
home of the Aberdeen-Angus, of which it is proposed to treat in
this chapter, is in the county of Aberdeen and in the district of
Angus in the Northeastern part of Scotland; and from these places
the breed takes its now generally accepted name. The existence
of a race of hornless cattle for more than a hundred years back in
the region above mentioned is clearly established, but with this as
with all other breeds of our domesticated animals, except the Thor-
oughbred horse, everything back of the first half of the eighteenth
century is vague and uncertain. Youatt, in “Cattle, their Breeds
and Management,” published in 1835, says: ‘‘There have always
been some polled cattle in Angus; the country people calling
them hornless or dodded cattle. Their origin is so remote that no
account of their introduction into this country can be obtained from
the oldest farmers or breeders.”” But while the early existence of
this breed is clearly established, and its evolution from the native
race of Scotland generally admitted, yet there is no trace as to

when the hornless quality first became a recognized characteristic,

392 THE BREEDS (OR (LIVE. (STOCK

and certainly the original specimens of the genus os that inhab-
ited the island were horned.

The efforts for improvement in this breed do not appear to
have commenced until many years after the more enlightened and
progressive farmers of the valley of the Tees and of Herefordshire
had brought their favorite breeds into prominence; and it seems
to be a well-established fact that it was not until 1848 that the
Highland Agricultural Society, the leading organization of the kind
in Scotland, recognized any distinction between the polled cattle of
Galloway and those of the Northeastern counties. It is also doubt-
less true that in the early part of the present century the popularity
of Short-horn cattle had become so great, and the breed so gener-
ally disseminated throughout Scotland, that all other breeds in that
region were neglected and well-nigh displaced.

It was at this period in the history of the breed that its first
great improver, Mr. Hugh Watson, came upon the stage. He was
born in 1789 and became the tenant of the Keillor farm in 1808,
commencing with six cows and a bull, which he received from his
father as the nucleus of.a.herd:../dIn the ‘History of- Polled Aber
deen or Angus Cattle,” by Macdonald and Sinclair, it is said of Mr.
Watson that “In his wide circle of intimate friends he included the
late Mr. John Booth, Mr. Wetherell, Mr. Anthony Maynard, Mr.
William Torr, and other noted breeders of Short-horns; and there
is good reason to believe that in many points connected with the
building up of his herd of improved polled cattle he was guided to
some extent by the experience of these great patrons of the rival
breed... Mr. H. Hi: Dixon, in ‘Field and Fern, says7' Mr. Wateem

was purely catholic in his taste. Bracelet, Charity, and one or two

GA NBREEDS OF LIVE “STOCK. 293

more of the pure Booths were the models he kept in his eye in
building up his blacks; and even in a shire so strongly wedded
to its own breed he did not shrink from saying so.’ His motto
would seem to have been ‘Put the best to the best, regardless of
affinity or blood.’ He bred from none but the choicest specimens
at his command and did not hesitate to follow the examples of the
Collings, the Booths, Thos. Bates and other celebrated Short-horn
breeders in mating animals closely related to each other. It is evi-
dent that they practiced in-and-in breeding to a considerable extent.
It is also clear that he aimed at building up particular lines or
families, and that to some extent he bred each of these families
within itself. He did not pursue persistently that intricate system
of in-and-in breeding adopted by most of the noted early improvers
of Short-horns; but in this point he so far followed their example.
Perhaps the truest description that could be given of his method of
breeding is that he bred from none but the best —those that came

nearest to his ideal—and that he did not care whether these were

closely related or not.”

One of the most remarkable cows of any breed ever produced
was the famous Prima cow, afterward known as ‘‘Old Grannie,”
bred by Mr. Hugh Watson. She lived to the wonderful age of
thirty-five years and six months, and produced calves up to her
twenty-ninth year, being, as is stated in the Polled Herd Book, the
dam of twenty-five calves in all; but Mr. William Watson, son of
Hugh Watson, says that to his certain knowledge she produced
twenty-nine calves—five males and twenty-four females—the last
one when she was in her thirty-second year. |Lreeder’s Gazette,

Aug. 3, 1882.] From this wonderful cow are descended the Jilts

/

294 THE BREED SOF UVAVILSS TOGCKE

Ruths, Favorites, Princesses, and other popular families of the breed.
And that her wonderful constitution and strong vitality was perpet-
uated to a marked degree in her progeny is attested by the fact
that Princess of Kinnochtry, one of her descendants, was exhibited
at the Highland Society’s Show in 1881, although she was then in
her twenty-first year and was the dam of seventeen calves, and is
mentioned as being, even at that great age, ‘‘deep in flesh and per-
fect in outline.”—( Breeder's Gazette, Vol. Il, page 170.)

Another man whose name will always be held in the highest
esteem by Aberdeen-Angus breeders was William McCombie, of
Tillyfour, whose career as a breeder began in 1829. In the history
above quoted from, after recounting the great rage for Short-horn
blood which had taken possession of Scotch breeders, and the mania
for crossing which had well-nigh rendered the polled breed extinct
in that region, Mr. McCombie is mentioned as “the great deliverer
of the polled race,” and the authors go on to say: ‘“‘He was among
the first to discover its threatened extinction; and knowing full well
its value for the country he resolved to do what in him lay to
protect it from the danger to which it had become exposed. It is
doubtful, we think, whether any other single individual has ever
done more to improve and popularize any breed of live stock than
the late Mr. McCombie did to improve and make known his pet
race of cattle. ‘Taking up the good work so systematically com-
menced by Mr. Hugh Watson he carried it on with a skill and
success that have few equals, and that will hand down his name to
posterity as that of the chief improver of the polled Aberdeen or
Angus breed. It has been said that what the Collings did for

Short-horns Mr. Hugh Watson did for the polled breed. It might

ies tile EDS OF LIVES STOCK. 295

be said with equal truth that what the Booths have been to the
‘red, white, and roan’ Mr. McCombie was to the ‘glossy blacks.’
Than that higher credit could be paid to no breeder of live stock.
= * * Mr. McCombie’s success in the show yard has few paral-
lels in the history of farm stock. In the third edition of his volume
entitled ‘Cattle and Cattle-Breeders’ no fewer than seventeen pages
are occupied by a mere record of the premiums won by animals
belonging to the herd prior to 1875. Not content with a large
share of Scotch and English honors, he several times entered inter-
national contests in France, and on all occasions returned with new
laurels and fresh fame for his favorite blacks. Probably the crown-
ing victory of his life was achieved at the great International Exhi-
bition held in Paris in 1878. On that occasion, in addition to several
class honors, he carried off with a group of beautiful young polled
eziue.all bred at lillyfour, not. only the £100 -prize-for the: “best
group of cattle bred by the exhibitor’ in the division foreign to
France, but also the £100 prize for the ‘best group of beef-produc-
ing animals bred by the exhibitor.’ In fat-stock as well as breeding
shows Mr. McCombie has often proved invincible; and altogether
it may safely enough be said that the high reputation which the
breed has deservedly gained beyond the bounds of the British Empire
has to a large extent been fostered by the remarkable show-yard
achievements of the Tillyfour Herd.”—(“ History of Polled Aberdeen
or Angus Cattle,” pages 62-64.)

Space cannot be spared in this volume to mention in detail other
meritorious breeders who were prominent in the work of effecting
improvement in this breed. A herd book for the polled cattle of

Scotland first appeared in 1862, but the movement languished, and it

296 THE BREEDS OF LIVES LOCK

was not until ten years afterward that the second volume appeared.
Since then the publication has been carried on with regularity, and
a total of nine volumes have been issued. In the first four volumes
both Aberdeen-Angus and Galloway cattle were registered, but after
the fourth volume was issued the Galloway Society commenced the
publication of a herd book of its own, and since that time Gallo-
ways have not been admitted to the Aberdeen-Angus record.

Within the past ten years this breed has made rapid advances
in popular favor in the United States, both in the Mississippi Valley
and in the grazing regions of the far West, where they appear to
have given good satisfaction, but prior to about 1875 they were
scarcely known in this country. A herd book has been established
under the auspices of the American Aberdeen-Angus Association and
two volumes of the work have been issued. Mr. Charles Gudgell,
of Independence, Mo., is Secretary of the Association and has charge
of its herd book.

In color the Aberdeen-Angus cattle are almost invariably black,
although white markings on the belly and especially on the udder
are not regarded as evidences of impure breeding. ‘There is also
an occasional instance of reversion to dark red and brindle, colors
which in the early history of the breed were by no means uncom-
mon, and the Hon. M. H.. Cochrane, of Hillhurst, P: Q., (Canvas
several pure-bred specimens of the breed that are wholly red in
color. The hornless feature is always insisted on as a mark of
purity of blood, but even here ‘‘scurs,” or loosely attached rudimen-
tary horns, are sometimes found upon the males of the breed. ‘Their
partisans do not claim for the Aberdeen-Angus any superior excel-

lence as dairy cattle, the specialty for which they have long been

Ls

THE IBREBEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 207

bred being the economical production of the highest quality of beef;
but notable instances of great excellence at the pail are on record,
as for example the fine dairy qualities of some of the late Lord
Airlie’s stock at Cortachy Castle. The “History of Polled Aber-
deen or Angus Cattle,” by Macdonald and Sinclair; McCombie’s
“Cattle and Cattle-Breeders,” and a recently published work entitled
“The Breed that Beats the Record,” may profitably be consulted

by those in search of further information concerning this breed.

GROUP OF ABERDEEN-ANGUS CATTLE.

The engraving on the opposite page represents a group of
Aberdeen-Angus cattle of the very popular Erica tribe, descended
from the celebrated cow of that name bred by Lord Southesk and
purchased by Sir George Macpherson Grant, of Castle Ballindalloch,
when she was four years old. The family descended from this cow
has long been regarded as one of the very best of the breed, and
its reputation has added greatly to the renown of the Ballindalloch
Herd, which is probably the oldest one of this breed now in exist-
ence in the world. In the center of the group is shown Young
Viscount (736), for years the premier stock bull at Ballindalloch;
and the cows —naming them in order, beginning with the calf lying
down at upper left-hand corner of the engraving—are as follows:
Eila (3794), Edelweis (5605), Eugenia (4170), Electra (4186), Equity
(4671), and Equinox (8616). Engraved from a photograph copy of

a painting by Steel made in 1884.

(298)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULL) JUDGE (i150).

Calved Feb. 47, 1875; bred by Sir George Macpherson Grant,
The Castle, Ballindalloch, Scotland; imported to Canada by Mr.
Geo. Whitfield, Rougemont, P. Q., from whom he was purchased by
J. S. & W. R. Goodwin, Beloit, Kan., and died their property in
1884; got by Scotsman (474) [bred by Mr. McCombie at Tillyfour,
and the first-prize bull at the Highland Society’s Show at Kelso in
1872], dam the celebrated Jilt (973) [also bred by Mr. McCombie,
a prize-winner as a heifer at the Royal English and Highland Soci-
eties’ Shows and the dam of that famous trio of Ballindalloch bulls
Judge (1150), Juryman (404), and Justice (1462)] by Black Prince
of Tillyfour (366) [a famous Queen Mother bull bred at Tillyfour];
2d dam Beauty of Tillyfour 2d (1180) [dam also of Ruth of Tilly-
four (1169)| by Young Jock (4), etc. Judge was the second-prize
yearling at the Highland Show of 1876 at Aberdeen, and gained
the gold medal at the Paris International Exposition in 1878.
Sketched from life by Burk.

(300)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULL GUIDO (2135).

Calved Jan 24, 1881; bred by James Fowlie, Bruce Hill, New
Deer, Scotland; property of T. W. Harvey, Turlington, Otoe Co.,
Neb.; got by Young Captain (1712), dam Beauty of Bruce Hill
(3684) by Major of Bognie (444) [bred by Col. Fraser, of Castle
Fraser, and got by Jamie of Easter Skene (367), out of Lily of
Castle Fraser (1114) by Black Jock of Tillyfour (365); winner of
first prize at United Banffshire Society’s Show at Cornhill in 1875];
2d dam Beauty of Kinnochtry (1884) by Crathie 2d (342); 3d dam
Blue Belle of Kinnochtry (918) by Young Hugh (131), ete. Guido
has been shown at leading State Fairs in the West with success.

Engraved from a painting by Cross.

(302)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS COW COQUETTE 47H (3497).

Calved March 7, 1877, bred by Robert Walker, Montbletton,
Banffshire, Scotland; imported and owned by Messrs. Anderson &
Findlay, Lake Forest, Ill.; got by Rory O’More (844) [a Mont-
bletton Lady Ida or Mayflower bull that gained several prizes at
the Highland, Turriff and United Banffshire Shows], dam Coquette
3d (1402) by Kildonan (405), etc. Coquette 4th has been a prize-
winner since two years old, having gained high honors at the Royal
Northern, Turriff, Banffshire, and other Scottish shows, and her
daughter Coquette 11th was awarded the silver cup at the great
Smithfield (London) Fat-Stock Show in 1885, as a yearling, in a
class of eighty-six for best cow or heifer, open to all classes. She
has also been a successful show cow at Illinois, lowa, and Wiscon-
sin State Fairs since her importation. ‘The family from which she

descends is of Ballindalloch origin. Sketched from life by Burk.

(304)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS COW BEAUTY: (OF “HILLAURS®
(7140) AND “CALF.

Calved Dec. 10, 1881; bred by the Earl of Strathmore, Glamis
Castle, Scotland; imported by Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Hillhurst, P.
Q., Can.; property of Mr. T. W. Harvey, Turlington, Otoe Co.,
Neb.; got by Bismarck 2d (1860) | bred at Tillyfour and sold to the
Earl of Strathmore], dam Beauty 2d of Glamis (4800) by Elcho
(595) [Sir George Macpherson Grant’s famous son of Juryman and
Erica]; 2d dam Beauty of Glamis (3515) by Elchies (563),. etc.
The calf shown in the picture, Beauty of Turlington 2d, was sired
by one of the Turlington show bulls, Marquis of Huntley, of the
popular Sybil tribe. Beauty of Hillhurst has had a very successful
show-yard career at St. Louis, Chicago, Des Moines, Lincoln, and
other leading fairs, and her calf has also been a winner. Engraved

after a painting by Cross.

(306)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULL PARIS 3p (2276).

_ Calved March 4, 1880; bred by Mr. Wm. McCombie, of Easter
Skene; imported and owned by Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Hillhurst,
P. Q., Can.; got by Paris (1473) [Mr. McCombie’s first-prize young
bull at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1878], dam the prize cow
Prosperine (3807) by Bachelor (690); 2d dam Black Bess of Easter
Skene (1811) by Baronet of Drumin (637), etc. Paris 3d was the
first-prize yearling at the Royal Northern and Highland Shows,
and was purchased by Mr. Cochrane as stock bull to head the Hill-

hurst Herd. (See, page 316:))) sketched from (lite by Bunk.

(305)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULL MODEL PRINCE (407s).

Calved Dec. 13, 1881; bred by A. O. Stephenson, Blairshinnoch,
Banff, Scotland; property of Joseph H. Rea, Carrollton, Mo.; got
by Edgar Erica (1693) [he by Editor (1460) out of Ella (1205), a
daughter of Erica (843) |]; dam Model 2d (4307) by Nubian (1294);
2d dam Model of Blairshinnoch (3423) by Bon Accord (446).
Model Prince has had a successful career in the show yard, among
his triumphs in 1886 having been first in his class for Aberdeen-
Angus bull three years old and over at the Kansas City Inter-State
Fair. He was imported by his present owner and is used as the
premier breeding bull in his ‘‘Moss Creek” herd. Sketched from
life by Burk.

(310)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS COW ELIZABETH (1830) AND
HEIP ER CAL

Calved March 5, 1882; bred by the) Hon. J.o1t. Pope, Eastview:
Can.; property of Messrs. R. B. Hudson & Sons, Carrollton, Mo.;
got by Heather Bred Lad 1568 | he by Lowther (1388), out of Bloom-
ing Heather (1484)], dam Canada Lass (5920) by Gamrie Mhor
(1240); 2d dam Dandy of Glenbarry (1075) by the prize bull Clans-
man (398); 3d dam Lucy 2d (1186) by Marshall (399), etc. This
cow belongs to the well-known Drumin Lucy tribe, and her calf has
for sire the Pride of Aberdeen’ bull; Kabul 1r§37.. sketched trommine
by Burk.

(312)

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GROUP OF ABERDEEN-ANGUS HEIFERS.

Lady Anne of Hillhurst and Damsel of Hillhurst on the left,
Queen Mary of Hillhurst in center, and Moonlight of Hillhurst and
Iuady Hillhurst of Forbes: on: the right; all bred by the Hens
H. Cochrane, Hillhurst, B:'Q.,Can.; and’ all sired by- his chielstock
bull, Paris 3d (2276). [See page, 210.) #Sketched irom liteqpy
Burk.

(314)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS COW BRUCE’S QUEEN (5312).

Calved March 2, 1879; bred by Mr. David A. Pearson, Johnston
Lodge, Lawrencekirk, Scotland; purchased by Mr. Geo. Bruce, of
Aberdeen, and. sold to her present owners, Messrs. Gudgell & Simp-
son, Independence, Mo.; got by M. P. (1250), [a richly-bred Pride
of Aberdeen bull got by the prize-taking Queen Mother bull Mou-
diewart (686), out of Pride of Aberdeen 3d (1168) by Black Prince
of Tillyfour (366)|, dam Annie of Johnston (1212), bred by James
Leslie, of The Thorn, and’ sired by:a. bull from Tillyfour. Bruges
Queen was first in her class and won a special cup at the Kincar-
dine Show in Scotland in 1881, and since her importation, in the
hands of Messrs. Gudgell & Simpson, at the great fairs of 1882 and
1883 was a frequent winner of class and sweepstakes prizes. Sketched
from life by Burk.

(316)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS COW IMP. BLACKBIRD OF
CORSKIE’ 2p. (3024).

Calved April 18, 1875; bred -by the Harlot Fife, K? 53mm
House, Scotland; imported by the Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Hillhurst,
P. Q., Can., and purchased at his sale at Kansas City, Mo., April
26, 1883, by her present owners, the Indiana Blooded Stock Com-
pany of Indianapolis, Ind., for $2,050, the highest price ever made
by an animal of the breed on this side the Atlantic; got by John
Bright (642), [a famous prize bull in Scotland early in ‘‘the Seven-
ties,” gaining among other honors the male championship of the
yard at the Highland Society’s Show at Turriff in 1872], dam
Blackbird of Corskie (1704) [a prize cow at various Highland and
Royal Northern Shows | by Squire (436) [bred at Tillyfour and first-
prize bull at the United Banffshire Show of 1871]; 2d dam Lady
Ida (1021) |prize-taker at Highland, Banffshire, Cornhill, and other
shows from 1867 to 1873] by Black Diamond (464); 3d dam May-
flower 2d by The Earl (291), etc. Blackbird of Corskie 2d stood
first in the class for cows at the Highland Society’s Show at Perth
in 1879, and descends from the celebrated Montbletton Lady Ida or
Mayflower family, representatives of which made such extraordinary
prices at the dispersion sale of the herd in 1882. Sketched from

life by Burk.

(318)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULL ERRANT KNIGHT (3714).

Calved July 11, 1883; bred by Owen C. Wallis, Bradley Hall,
Wylam-on-Tyne; property of Mr. T. W. Harvey, Turlington, Otoe
Co., Neb.; got by Sea King (2334) [a Ballindalloch Sybil got by
Justice (1462), out of a cow by Judge (1150), and she outvoma
daughter of Juryman (404)|, dam Errantine (4546) by Challenger
(1260) [a Pride bull bred by the Earl of Fife and illustrated im
Vol. V of the Polled Herd Book of Scotland]; 2d dam Erica 6th
(3023) by Major of Bognie (444), etc., to Erica (843) by Cupbearer
(59), the ancestress of the celebrated tribe that bears her name.

See page 200. Engraved from a painting by Cross.
i page 3 S p Spy.

(320)

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ABERDEEN-ANGUS “BULLOCK BLACK PRINCE,

Calved Feb. 20, 1880; bred by Mr. Maitland, of Balhaggarty,
Inverurie, Scotland; selected by Mr. Robt. Bruce, Great Smeaton, for
the Messrs. Geary, of Bli Bro: Stock Farm, London, Ont., Can., and
exhibited by them at the Kansas City and Chicago Fat-Stock Shows
of 1883 and 1884. He had stood second in a strong ring of two-
year-olds at the Smithfield Show in London before his importation,
and was not only a prize-winner at the American shows (among his
winnings being the three-year-old championship of the Chicago exhi-
bition of 1883, judged by butchers), but probably contributed as much
(if not more) than any other one animal ever shown in the West
toward popularizing the Aberdeen-Angus breed. He was thickly and
smoothly covered with a fine quality of flesh well distributed through-
out the most valuable parts of the carcass; showed a _ beautifully-
filled neck-vein, extra thighs and quarters, and netted upon the block
7I per cent of net to live weight, pulling down the scales before

slaughter at 2,400 lbs. Sketched from life by Burk.

(322)

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GALLOWAY, CATER:

The Galloways were doubtless closely allied originally to their
black polled neighbors of Aberdeenshire and Angus; and there is
every reason to believe that until a comparatively recent period no
special effort was made to prevent their intermixture, although the
circumstances of location and the currents of trade were not such
as to promote the same to any great extent. Intentional crossing or
mixture of breeds is born of a desire to effect improvement, although
such a course of breeding is frequently ill-advised, and there does not
appear to have been much effort to improve the quality of Galloway
cattle until within a comparatively recent period. From this and
other known facts it is argued that there is no breed of cattle that
can lay such claim to the title “pure bred” as the Galloways. It
is claimed by the partisans of the Galloway breed that while the
great improvers of the Hereford and Short-horn races made use of
all the material they could lay their hands on for the purpose of
improving and building up their own favorite breeds, and while, as
they allege, the blood of the Short-horn was largely used as a factor
in improving the polled blacks of their Northeastern neighbors, the
polled cattle of Galloway and the Western coast of Scotland have
been left to themselves, and whatever of improvement has taken

place has been the result of selection within the breed itself. The

326 THE “BREEDS (OFLA E eS 16, Cle,

historian of the breed, Rev. John Gillespie, says that “‘no man stands
out conspicuously among his fellows as having been the chief instru-
ment in improving the Galloways at any particular period of their
history.” The breed has not had its Collings or its Bates, its Tomp-
kins or its Price, its Watson or its McCombie; and while it is
doubtless identical in its remote origin with the other recognized
polled breeds of Scotland and its hardy, shaggy, horned neighbor,
the West Highlander, Mr. Gillespie heartily seconds the assertion
of an earlier writer than himself to the effect that ‘the breed was
brought to its present improved state by the unremitting attention
of the inhabitants in breeding from the best and handsomest of both
sexes, and by feeding and management,” and most of this work has
been done within the past fifty years.

As stated in the preceding chapter, no distinction was recognized
between the polled breeds of Scotland by the leading agricultural
society of that country (the Highland Society) until 1848; and up to
1877 both breeds were recorded in the same herd book, which book
had no existence until as late as 1862. But in June, 1877, the Gal-
loway Cattle Society of Scotland was organized, and a separate herd
book for Galloways was then established.

The breed was sparingly introduced into Canada as early as
1853, but they attracted very little attention there or in the United
States until the beginning of the great ‘‘boom” in the cattle busi-
ness upon our Western plains some twelve years ago. A herd book
for the breed was established in Canada as early as 1872, but it was
very lightly patronized until in November, 1882, when the Galloway
Cattle Association of North America was organized at Chicago, and

since then two volumes of the Galloway Herd Book have appeared.

LEP REE DS OP MELIVE STOCK.

The Galloways are not a large breed, neither have they as yet
developed so great a tendency to lay on fat as characterizes many
of the beef-producing breeds, but their partisans claim for them won-
derful hardiness and the production of beef of surpassing excellence.
In color they are very similar to the Aberdeen-Angus described in
the preceding chapter, with the same occasional outcropping or
reversion to red, the same occasional presence of white markings on
the belly and especially about the udder, and the same entire absence
of horns, excepting the rare presence of ‘‘scurs,”’ or loose rudiment-
ary horns on the males. Formerly there were some animals of the
breed that were belted— marked with a broad band of white around
the body—but this mark is no longer allowable in a pure-bred
Galloway.

The most notable points of difference between the Galloways
and the polled breed of Aberdeen and Angus are that the Gallo-
ways have a more rugged appearance; while somewhat smaller in
size they are coarser in bone, a point that is especially noticeable in
the size of the legs and the tail, and they invariably have a much
heavier coating of hair, which is usually soft and wavy. In short,
in general form, quality of bone, and heavy covering of hair they
bear a close and striking resemblance to the shaggy, picturesque

West Highlanders, minus the horns.

GALLOWAY ‘BUEE. CRUSADER.

Calved March 6, 1883; bred and owned by Thomas Biggar &
Sons, Chapelton, Dalbeattie, Scotland; got by Scottish Borderer
(669), son of Sir William of Drumlanrig (1039); dam Clara 4th of
Dalbeattie (3963) by Earl of Nithsdale (1035); Clara 3d of Dal-
beattie (3057) by Stanley of Dalbeattie, etc. Crusader has been a
remarkably successful prize-winner, he having among other high
honors won the champion cup for best bull of any age at the
Highland Society’s Show at Edinburgh in 1884, when he was only
about sixteen months old, and was first in his class at the same
Society’s Show at Aberdeen in 1885. Engraved from a photograph
of an oil painting, showing the animal at two years and nine

months old.

(328)

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GROUP OF GALLOWAY COWS.

The engraving on the opposite page is a thoroughly character-
istic representation of the Galloway breed. Sketched from life by
Burk, from the large herd of this breed owned by the Inter-State
Galloway Cattle Company, Kansas City, Mo. The names of the
animals represented in the engraving have not been furnished, but
the artist who made the sketch pronounces them among the very

best specimens of the breed he has seen.

(330)

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DEN. .ONT AND SUSSEX, CAP LEE:
DEVONS.

The Devon is one of the most ancient and purest of the English
breeds and takes its name from the county in which it is chiefly
bred——the north part of Devonshire—which has been the home of
a hardy, active race of red cattle from the earliest periods of reli-
able history touching any of the English breeds of cattle. It is
generally believed that, like the Galloway and the West Highlanders
of Scotland, the Devon has been developed, without the aid of out-
crosses, from the aboriginal race of cattle that was found upon
the island of Great Britain; and in many respects, especially in
form, size, and muscular activity, there is a very striking similarity
between the Devon and the Scotch breeds above mentioned. The
literature of the breed is meager, and but little has been placed
upon record touching the development of the breed or those who
have been prominent in its improvement that would be of interest
to the general reader. The muscular activity and hardiness of the
Devon have from their earliest history made them famous as work-
oxen, while their uniformity in form, disposition and color, with their
beautifully tapering horns, has always caused them to be regarded

as the most attractive of all breeds when in the yoke.

334 THE BREEDS. OF HAVES HOCK

The true Devon color has always been red; varying, as Mr. J.
T. Davy, the editor of the Devon Herd Book, expresses it, “from
a dark to a lighter or almost chestnut shade, which in summer
often becomes beautifully mottled with darker spots.” White mark-
ings are always regarded as objectionable unless it be on the udder
and the brush of the tail.’ The breed= is) mot’ reckoned’ as among
the larger ones, certainly not so large as the Short-horn, the Here-
ford, or the Aberdeen-Angus; but comparing favorably in point of
size with the Galloways, and somewhat larger than the West High-
landers, but, as bred in more recent years, with perhaps a greater
tendency to lay on outside fat than the Scotch breeds, which it so
closely resembles.

The publication of a Devon Herd Book in England was com-
menced in 1851 by Capt. Davy, by whom it is still kept up, and
to the introductory matter in the various volumes of this work the
reader is referred for particulars concerning the early Devon herds
of that country.

The breed was doubtless introduced into this country, especially
into New England, at a very early date, as cattle possessing all
the characteristics of the pure Devon have been numerous in the
New England States from the beginning of the present century.
Mr. James Buckingham, editor of the American Devon Herd Book,
gives an account of an importation by Messrs. Winthrop and Daven-
port about the year 1800, and the same author tell us that Gen.
Eaton imported some Devons into Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1805. The
first important early importation of which any record has been made
was that of Mr. Robert Patterson, of Baltimore, in June, 1817, and

from this most of the recognized purely-bred American Devon herds

rhe) Baie LS) OR TLL VEN SL OC K 335

are descended. [It is a singular coincidence that the first historical
importation of Short-horns and of Herefords should also have been
made the same year and landed at the same port. See pages 206
and 258.| The American Devon Herd Book was established in
1880, and has since then been conducted by Mr. James Bucking-
ham, of Zanesville, O., under the direction of the American Devon
Association. |

SUSSEX.

The origin, history and character of the Sussex breed is so simi-
lar to that of the Devon that they may well be treated of in the
same chapter. ‘Taking their name from the County of Sussex, in
England, where they were originally bred, they have undoubtedly
sprung from the same stock. Rich pastures, a more plentiful sup-
ply of food, and a climate somewhat more genial, has probably
brought about all the differences that now exist between the two
breeds. Give to the average specimen of the Devon breed some-
what greater size, with heavier bone, thicker horns, rather less of
muscular activity, and perhaps rather inferior dairy qualities, but with-
out changing the color in the least, and we have the Sussex. The
breed has been but sparingly and quite recently introduced into the
United States, but they have certainly made a very favorable im-
pression, and the fact that a yearling steer of this breed exhibited
by Mr. Overton Lea, of Tennessee, at the Chicago Fat-Stock Show
of 1885, was awarded the first prize for the best yearling carcass of
dressed beef and received one vote for sweepstakes as best dressed
carcass of any age, has served to attract marked attention to the

breed within the past year.

DEVON BUBE CARLOS | 2003:

Calved Aug. 9, 1881; bred by) B) F. Peck, “Hast ‘bethany, Noa.
got by Flitton 7th 1490, son of Duke Flitton 9th 66; dam Cow-
slip (3303), a cow bred by Walter Farthing, of Somerset, England,
and imported in 1873 by J. Carter Brown, of East Greenwich, R. I.
She was by Master Alic (881), and her dam was Curley (1888) by
Leopold (447). Carlos is now owned (1886) by J. W. Morse &
Son, Verona, Wis., and has had an almost unbroken career of show-
yard successes in the Devon classes at leading Western fairs since
passing into his present owners’ hands. Sketched from life by Burk

in 1885.

(336)

DEVON: ‘COW. WISCONSIN - BELED >23o7 7 AINI) (CAIe re

Calved April 7, 1878; bred and owned by George Baker & Son,
Hustisford, Wis.; got by Buckeye 352, son of Dan Baker 444; dam
Fanny 2d 1238 by Rowley 2d 1079; 2d dam Fanny 1237 by Row-
ley 1078. The calf, only a few months old when the sketch was
made, is O. K. Boy 2872, got by Clannaboro 1967, a bull bred by
R. Stranger, of Devonshire, England, and imported by H. C. Bur-
leigh, of Vassalboro, Me., expressly as a stock bull for the Messrs.
Baker. He was by Corydon 2d 1966. Wisconsin Belle is said to
possess unusual excellence as a dairy cow, having averaged 48 lbs.
of milk per day on grass alone during the month of June, 1884.

Sketched from life by Burk in June, 1884.

(338)

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(340)

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The engraving on the opposite page represents a group of Sus-
sex cattle imported and owned by Mr. Overton Lea, of Nashville,
Tenn., whose success at the Chicago Fat-Stock Show of 1885, with
a yearling steer of this breed, is referred to on page 335. ‘The bull
shown in the engraving is General Roberts (500), calved March
13, 1882, bred by Mr. Alfred Agate, of Sussex County, England,
and was first-prize winner in his class as a two-year-old at the
“Royal” of 1884. He has also proved himself a very successful
sire. His weight is stated to be over 2,200 lbs. at four years old.
The cow on the right is Milk Maid 3d, four years old, bred by
E. & A. Standford, of Sussex, England; and the heifer, two years
old, is Rosedew 15th, bred by Mr. Geo. Whitfield, of Rougemont,

P. Q., Can., from imported sire and dam.

(342)

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RED EOLLED "CATE:

An acquaintance with the Scotch breeds of polled or hornless
cattle on the part of American cattle-breeders within the past
fifteen years, coupled with the fancy for the red color which so
generally prevails in this country, has served to direct attention in
a marked degree to a breed hitherto but little known among us,
viz.: the Red Polled cattle of Norfolk and Suffolk Counties in En-
gland. Like the Devon, the Sussex, and the Galloway, but little
is known of its origin; and although the existence of polled cattle
of various colors, the red predominating, and possessing dairy qual-
ities of a high order, is clearly established as far back as 1780 in
these counties, yet the effort for its preservation in an unmixed state
is of comparatively recent origin. Formerly the breeds of Norfolk
and Suffolk were not regarded as the same. While both were red
and hornless, yet the red polled cattle of Suffolk were unquestion-
ably somewhat larger and coarser than were those of Norfolk, but
under the system of breeding followed for many years past and the
fact that they are now all classed as one breed under the name of
Red Polled cattle, and all recorded in one herd book, this difference
is fast disappearing. A herd book for this breed was established

by Mr. Henry F. Euren, of Norwich, in 1874, and since that time
44

346 THE BREEDS (OF-TTVE STOCK

stimulated largely by the demand for polled or hornless cattle in
America, they have advanced rapidly in popularity, especially in this
country.

In the Red Polled Herd Book above. referred to the editor,
alluding to the fact that formerly the cattle of Norfolk and Suffolk
were of various colors, such as red-and-white, brindle, and yellowish-
cream color, says: ‘‘The fashion has during the last forty years
set steadily in one direction. ‘The red, which is now recognized as
the mark of excellence, is a deep, rich blood-red, and the spot of
white on the udder, which Mr. George held to be a sign of good
breeding, has been crossed out. ‘The predominance of the deep red
shows plainly the degree in which the old Norfolk breed has affected
the polls; and, on the contrary, the freedom from horns and from
white on the udder and face is evidence of the persistence of the
Suffolk Polled character. The amalgamation of the two varieties
—Norfolk Polled and Suffolk Polled— may with certainty be traced
from the year 1846. Both counties henceforth met in an honorable
competition in the show yard. Purchase of the handsomest and
truest bred red stock became the desire of all the breeders. ‘The
result of this zeal was soon made evident, not only at county shows,
but also at the Royal Agricultural Society meetings. The breed,
however, continued to be without a name until the Royal, at the
Battersea meeting in 1862, opened classes for ‘Norfolk and Suffolk
Polled’ cattle. This cognomen was thereupon adopted by Norfolk,

but it was never accepted by the Suffolk Society, whose practice it

has been either to provide classes for ‘ Suffolks,’ or—and this very

for ‘Suffolk and Norfolk Polled.’ This breed now hav-

ing its herd book, and being distributed far beyond the boundaries

recently

THE PREEDS OF LIVE. STOCK. 347

of the two counties, is henceforth to be known as the ‘Red Polled,’
and the resister as the ‘Red Polled Herd Book.’”

A Red Polled Cattle Society was organized in this country in
November, 1883, and an American Red Polled Herd Book is now
carried on, one volume of which has been issued. Mr. J. C. Mur-
ray, of Maquoketa, Ia., is Secretary of the Society and has charge
of its Herd Book. ‘Those in search of such particulars as are known
concerning the history of the breed are referred to the introductory
matter contained in the above-mentioned Herd Books.

In general appearance the Red Polled cattle are very similar to
the Devon, barring the horns. They were originally celebrated
more for dairy qualities than as a beef-producing breed, but the
efforts of breeders of later years appear to have been largely de-
voted toward effecting improvement in the latter quality, and in
this they appear to have met with a large measure of success.
The uniform red color and the absence of horns are firmly fixed
characteristics, and their partisans claim for them a combination of
beef-producing and dairy qualities that are not equaled by any

other hornless breed.

RED POLLED COW DUCHESS OF IOWA (2772):

Calved: April 2, '1883;: bred -by“G.. FP. Taber: Patterson” Nae
and calved the property of Gen. L. F. Ross, Iowa City, Ia.; got
by imp. Mason (698), dam Jilt by Handsome Prince (317); 2d dam
Rosebud by Baron Handsome (254). Also her yearling bull calf
Slasher 2d (1076) by Prospero (732), and sucking calf Hawkeye
by Prime Minister (545). [See page 450.] The sketch of the group
was made when the calf was only twenty-four hours old. ‘The
cow Duchess of Iowa was the first pure Red Polled heifer calved
in the State of Iowa; at three years old her weight was 1,110 Ibs.
‘ Slasher at one year old weighed 720 lbs. Sketched from life by
Hills.

(348)

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RED POLLED: BULLY (PRIME UMINTSM RoC GHcy:

Calved Jan. 11, 1881; bred by Nicholas Powell, Norfolk, England;
imported June, 1883, by Geldard & Busk and now (1886) owned by
Gen. L. F. Ross, lowa City, Ia.; got by Norfolk John 2d (5e7),
dam Primrose 3d by Norfolk John (131); 2d dam Polly (416).
Sketched from life by Palmer.

(350)

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nOLeo. EIN-FREESPA NS CALA EE:

To write the history of the origin of this breed is simply impos-
sible, for the breed itself is older than the written history of the
country of its nativity, North Holland and the Netherlands. As
early as 1350 a French historian states that Holland had for five
hundred years previously been famous for its dairy products, and it
is believed that in the early efforts at improvement in the breeds of
cattle for dairy purposes nearly all other countries drew upon this
fountain-head to aid in accomplishing their object.

Prof. Hengerveld, in a history of the breed prepared for the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural Society in 18472, says that ‘‘The genealogy of
the Netherland cattle is pure and unadulterated, and it is at least
2,000 years old;” and in speaking of its influence upon the cattle of
the adjacent counties it is stated in the introduction to the third
volume of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book that:

“lt nas been! a: race, stock, sending out ‘branches over all the
lowlands of Northern Europe. The Oldenburgh breed, the Breiten-
burg breed, the Ditmarshers, the two varieties of Groningen cattle,
the Zeeland cattle, and the black-and-white cattle of Flanders, all
have sprung from it. As a central stock, mainly bred in Friesland

and North Holland, it has always maintained its pre-eminence, and
45

354 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK.

from it is continually drawn the elements for the improvement of
the other breeds. Probably there is no other breed or race of cattle
that has received less admixture of other blood during the long
period over which this sketch extends. Yet it cannot be denied
that admixture from other races has taken place. ‘The ravages of
war and disease have sometimes compelled importation to replenish
the depleted herds. At such times resort has been made to French
and German breeds. English breeds have also been introduced to
a limited extent. Red-and-white offspring, from black-and-white an-
cestry of several generations, are sometimes produced. ‘These have
come to be considered, in the Netherlands, as of the same original
breed, although the evidence of reversion is unmistakable.
‘Within the last ten years a degree of interest has been awak-
ened in several parts of the Netherlands with a view to the form-
ation of an improved breed. ‘Two associations of breeders have
been established and a class of superior cattle selected and regis-
tered as foundation stock. At the present time this class numbers
about four thousand animals, about equally divided between the Neth-
erlands and the Friesian Associations. In the beginning neither
Association made any distinction in the colors, regarding all as
equally pure, and worthy of entering into the formation of the im-
proved breed. The Friesian Association has advanced to the classi-
fication of the colors and to the breeding of the variegated black-
and-white as a distinct and separate class. This class very largely
predominates. At the present time at least nine-tenths of the regis-
try of both herd books are of these black-and-white variegated cattle.
Several volumes of the Friesian Herd Book are exclusively of this

class, and it requires but little foresight to discover that the time

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 358

will shortly come when the other colors will be entirely dropped.
This class of cattle are of very nearly uniform build, size, and quality.
Full-grown cows will weigh from 1,000 to 1,500 lbs. in moderate
flesh. The great majority would, however, be included in a range
from 1,100 to 1,300 lbs., and the mean of 1,200 lbs. may be regarded
as the live weight of the average Holstein-Friesian cow.”

But while a general uniformity in breed characteristics has pre-
vailed among the cattle of North Holland and the Netherlands for
hundreds of years, yet there have been minor differences in the
cattle of the various districts; and especially in the matter of color
there has been a lack of uniformity, as shown in the above extract,
although the piebald black-and-white has long been the prevailing
one throughout the entire region above mentioned. In recent years
the tide has set strongly in favor of this as against all other colors,
but the black-and-white characteristic has not been established so
long and so thoroughly as to prevent an occasional reversion to red
instead of black spots, and in some cases to the pure white, which
was once not at all uncommon. Indeed, it is only within a very
recent period that the Dutch breeders appear to have given any
special attention to the matter of color, that being a point that has
been left largely to take care of itself, selections having apparently
been made solely with a view to dairy qualities, regardless of the
color of the hair. And in the matter of herd books and records of
pedigrees Americans appear to have led the way, and set an exam-
ple which has wisely been followed in the old country —an example
that will doubtless lead to still further improvement and the produc-
tion of a greater degree of uniformity in the breed in its original

home.

356 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK.

Cattle of this famous race were introduced into this country
at an early date—certainly as early as 1625—by the Dutch West
India Company, and it is said that many other importations were
made by the early Dutch settlers of the State of New York, but
no effort was made to maintain them as a separate breed or to pre-
serve any records of their descendants. They were crossed and
recrossed upon the other breeds and races of the country, and while
their identity as a distinct breed was lost they undoubtedly exercised
a powerful influence upon the general dairy stock of that region, and
subsequently upon the cattle of nearly all the Middle States. But
notwithstanding this early introduction of Dutch cattle into America
and the unquestioned influence of the blood on the general dairy
stock as above stated, it was not until about 1852, when Mr. W. W.
Chenery, of Massachusetts, made his first importation, that attention
was especially called to their merits as a distinct and desirable breed.
Since that time, however, their growth in popular favor has been un-
precedented in the history of the improved breeds of this country.

Various names have been applied to cattle of this breed in the
United States, and the diversity of usage on this point, as well as
on the restrictions and regulations essential to registration, led to no
small degree of controversy, and finally to the organization of two
separate societies and the publication of two herd books, one known
as the Holstein, of which nine volumes were issued, and the other
the Dutch-Friesian, which reached its fourth volume. Early in 1885,
however, a union of these two associations was effected, and the
compound Holstein-Friesian was agreed upon as a compromise name
to be recognized from that time onward. Since then the original

herd books of both societies have been discontinued, and Vol. I of

Hae pie EDS OLF LIVE STOCK. 357

a new herd book, the Holstein-Friesian, has been issued. ‘Thomas
B. Wales, Jr., of Iowa City, Ia., is Secretary of the consolidated
organization, and has charge of.its Herd Book.

That these cattle possess almost unequaled capacity for the pro-
duction of milk and cheese will scarcely be questioned; but they have
not been particularly famed as butter-producers, although there have
been instances of remarkable capacity in this direction as well. The
cow Mercedes, illustrated in this volume on page 365, was awarded
the Challenge Cup offered by the Lreeder’s Gazette for the greatest
butter yield for thirty consecutive days for the year ending July 1,
1883, open to all breeds; her yield, thoroughly well authenticated,
having been 99 lbs. 6% oz. of unsalted butter. And in the matter
of butter production it is doubtless true that the general quality of
the Holstein-Friesian breed has been greatly improved within the
past decade. Some remarkable yields of both milk and butter are
mentioned in connection with the illustrations of the breed which are
to be found on the following pages. It is also claimed by the par-
tisans of the breed that they possess a considerable degree of merit
as beef producers, and certainly some branches of the family, notably
the Oldenburgers, are among the very best cattle of continental
Europe for that purpose; but it is mainly as a dairy breed that the
Holstein-Friesian has gained its way to popular favor in America.
They possess large frames, as a breed they have unusually good
digestive powers, and the young animals make a rapid growth. No
colors other than the piebald black-and-white are recognized among

pure-bred Holstein-Friesians in this country.

GROUP OF .HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN - CATTLE OF THE
AAGGIE FAMILY.

The group of select animals seen on the opposite page is made
up of representatives of the famous Aaggie tribe, renowned for their
wonderful milk records in the Lakeside Herd of Messrs. Smiths,
Powell & Lamb, of Syracuse, N. Y.; the animals represented being
Aaggie, her son Neptune, Aaggie Rosa, Aaggie Beauty, Aaggie
Beauty 2d, Aaggie Kathleen, Aaggie May and calf (Horace) by Nep-
tune. The family was first brought prominently into notice through
the performances of Aaggie gor and Lady Clifden 159 (daughters
of the North Holland bull Rooker), one of these (Lady Clifden)
having been the first cow of the breed known to have produced
16,275 lbs. of milk in twelve months, while the other (Aaggie) sup-
plemented this with a test of 18,004 lbs. in a year. ‘These were the
largest tests on record at the time they were made, but later on
Aaggie 2d (double granddaughter of old Rooker) gave 17,746 Ibs.
2 oz. of milk in a year as a two-year-old heifer with her first calf,
which record was subsequently raised as the heifer matured to 20,736
lbs. Aaggie Rosa gave 16,156 Ibs: 10 oz.the first year atremeaies
importation... Aaggie Beauty yielded 13,573 lbs. 15 oz. in twelve
months when just out of quarantine, and numerous other cows and
heifers of the sort have performed almost equally astounding work

at the pail. Sketched from life by Palmer.

(358)

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GROUP OF HOLSTEIN-FPRIESIAN, CATTEE OF THE
VIOLET FAMILY.

Another very celebrated tribe of Holstein-Friesians are the Vio-
lets, a group of which, the property of Mr. Edgar Huidekoper, of
Meadville, Pa., are shown in the beautiful engraving appearing upon
the opposite page. The fine aged bull on the right is Violet Prince
4209, got by the prize bull Anton 462, out of old~ Violet 743}
seen in left center of the cut. This cow has given 86 lbs. 12 oz.
of milk in a day, and completed her six-year-old record with the
remarkable yield of 18,677 lbs. 4 oz. in twelve months. . While
averaging 76 lbs. of milk per day she made 19 lbs. 9 oz. of butter
in seven days. Violet Verbena 9388, the handsome cow in left
foreground, is own sister to Violet Prince, and gave with her second
calf 69% lbs. of milk per day, making 12 lbs. 5 oz. of butter in seven
days. Violet 2d 3526 (lying down in background) is a daughter
of Mr. Huidekoper’s well-known prize bull Billy Boelyn 189, dam
Violet. Violet Belladonna 9389 by Wouter 460, out of Violet
(immediately behind her) has a four-year-old record of 70% Ibs. of
milk in a day and 14,504 lbs..in*.a year. )/Within ten days) ‘ater
calving, and then giving 4o lbs. per day, she made 15 Ibs. 2 oz. of
butter in seven days. The younger bull in left background, Violet
King 4210, is an own brother to the cow just named, having for
sire Wouter 460, he by Wouter 2d, a prize bull and sire of prize
stock in Holland. ‘The heifer in foreground is Violetta 7396, Violet’s
calf of 1884 by Billy Boelyn 189. Sketched from life by Palmer.

(360)

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GROUP OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN °CAT TEE OR strin
NETHERLAND FAMILY.

The animals shown in the group appearing upon the opposite
page represent a quartette of cows, a young bull, and two calves,
descending from the famous deep-milking Netherland tribe, and be-
longing to the Reliance Stock Farm Herd, property of Jere Allis,
of Isinours, Minn. The young bull in the right foreground is the
choice “‘butter-bred”’ animal Netherland Carl 3279, bred by Messrs.
Smiths, Powell & Lamb, got by Netherland Prince (716), out of
Carlotta (1266), and stands at the head of Mr. Allis’ herd. The
cow lying on the left is Aaggie Beatrice 2d 5243, imported by
Messrs. Smiths & Powell in 1883 as a calf, the heifer calf near her
being her daughter Netherland Beatrice. In the middle background
is the imported heifer Netherland Maid 6737, and in central fore-
ground is seen Aaggie Lotta 4405 (imported from North Holland
June, 1883) and calf Netherland Czar. The heifer on the right is
Netherland Jewel 2d 3492, imported in dam, Netherland Jewel
(2642), in September, 1882. Sketched from life by Burk.

(362)

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HOLSTEIN-FRIBSIAN COW MERCEDES 723.

Calved March 28, 1878; bred by K. N. Kuperus, Friesland; im-
ported September, 1879, by Thomas B. Wales, Jr., lowa City, Ia.
This cow has the distinguished honor of having won the champion
cup offered by the Breeder's Gazette for greatest butter yield for
thirty consecutive days for the year ending July 1, 1883, open to
all breeds; her well-authenticated record for the thirty days com-
mencing with May 13 and ending June 11 being 99 Ibs. 6% oz. of
unsalted butter, the average yield per day being 3 lbs. 5 oz. Sketched

from life by Burk, September, 1883.

(364)

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HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW. PRINCESS OF WAYNE 3p

We fine

Calved January, 1881; bred and owned by T. G. Yeomans &
Sons, Walworth, N. Y.; got by Burly 394, dam Princess of Wayne
954. This cow inher three-year-old form made 18) 1bs. 12ozs7a.
unsalted butter in seven consecutive days, and 76 lbs. 12% oz. in
thirty days; and her dam, Princess of Wayne, at five years old,
made 22 lbs. 9 oz. of butter: im: seven days, and 91 lbs), "eam
thirty days, and the same year gave 20,469 lbs. 9 oz. of milk.
Her weight at the end of this test was 1,475 lbs. Sketched toma
life by Burk.

(366)

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HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW IMOGENE 333.

Calved 1875; bred by A. De Goede, North Holland; imported
1877 by George E. Brown, of Aurora, Ill., and soon afterward sold
by him to his present owners, 5S. S. Mann & Son, of Elgin, Ill., in
whose hands she has won an enviable reputation in the show ring,
she having been a sweepstakes prize-winner at several prominent
State Fairs in 1884, the only year, we believe, that she was shown.
She has a milk record of 86 lbs. in one day. Sketched from life

by Burk, showing her at nine years old.

(368)

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Calved May 14, 1871; bred by J. Man, North Holland; imported
February, 1879, by her present owner, Gerrit 5S. Miller, Peterboro,
N. Y., who selected her in person on account of her great milking
capacity, it being represented to him that she had a record of 108
lbs. in one day. In her thirteenth year she gave 19,714 lbs. 4 oz.
of milk in 365 consecutive days, the test ending April 16, 1884.
Sketched from life by Page.

370)

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HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW LADY FAY 4470.

Calved March;.1879; “bred: by ‘Mr. A.C.’ Melchour,. of GNogeh
Holland; imported 1883 by her present owners, Messrs. Smiths,
Powell & Lamb, Syracuse, N. Y. Lady Fay has a milk record of
97 lbs. 5 oz. in one’ day, and! 20.412 tbs.2 oz. in ‘one-year, anda
butter record of 19 Ibs. 2% oz. in seven days, making a pound of
butter to 20.28 lbs. of milk. She has had an eminently successful
show-yard career, among her triumphs being the first prize in the
dairy department at the Chicago Fat-Stock Show of November,
1885. Sketched from life by Palmer.

(372)

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HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN BULL ROYAL AAGGIE 3463.

Calved April 27, 1882; ‘bred ‘by J. Wit, of North Hollands
imported October, 1883, by his present owners, T. G. Yeomans &
Sons, Walworth, N. Y.; got by De Reuiter (89), dam De Schot
(573). The dam of this bull has ‘a‘imilk ‘record of 62% Ibs tnga
day, and he is strongly in-bred, in both the paternal and maternal
lines, to Rooker, one of the most celebrated sires of this breed.

Sketched by Burk from life, showing the bull at three years old.

(374)

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HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN GOW ‘SUSIE. CLAY 1590:

Calved May 7, 1881; bred by W. A. Russell, Lawrence, Mass.;
got by Sligo 621, a bull bred by H. Swaan, of North Holland, and
imported by Mr. Russell; dam Jenny Clay 341 by Dictator 82; 2d
dam Lady Clay 158; imported by W. A. Russell in 1874; owned
by George E. Brown & Co., Aurora, Ill. Sketched from life by
Burk.

(376)

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HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN BULL MOOITE 3p 250.

Calved Aug. 28, 1883; bred by Unadilla Valley Stock-Breeders’
Association, West Edmeston, N. Y.; got by Mooie 26, dam Jantine
2d 3521; owned by the Northwestern Breeders’ Association, Benson,
Minn., and used by them as stud bull at the head of their herd.
Sketched from life by Burk.

(378)

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IMPORTED HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW LADY OF
JELSUM 1627.

Calved March, 1877; bred by Mr. E. Bonnema, of Friesland;
imported May, 1881, by her owner, Thomas B. Wales, Jr., Iowa
City, Ia. This cow has a milk record of 78 lbs. in one day and of

2,227 lbs. in thirty consecutive days. Sketched from life by Burk.

(380)

GROUP OF -HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN (CAT Tier:

The engraving which appears on the opposite page represents a
group of Holstein-Friesian cattle owned by Dr. W. A. Pratt, of
Elgin, Ill. The bull is Cyclone’ 392, bred ‘by J. Doets, of (North
Holland, and imported by Gerrit S. Miller, of Peterboro, N. Y. His
dam, Coronet 544, it is said, had a very large milk record in Hol-
land. ‘The cow in the center is Duchess of York 120, calved March,
1874; bred in North Holland and imported by J. H. Comer, of
Goshen, N. Y. She was a very prominent feature in the Holstein
rings at the leading Western shows of 1883, winning first prizes
that year at the State Fairs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois.
She has a milk record of 841 lbs. in ten days, and 87% lbs. in one
day. The other cow is Galaxy 2d 310, calved August, 1877; got
by Bleecker 3, out of Texelaar 12th 59. The calf is by Cyclone
392, out of Countess of Flanders. Engraved after a sketch from life

by Corwine.

(382)

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JERSEY, (GUERNSEY, AND ALDERNEY “CATTLE:

Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney are the names of three islands
situated in the English Channel off the coast of France, and which,
with a few smaller ones, form the group known as the Channel
Islands. ‘The cattle on these islands are similar in most respects,
and have been known under the general appellation of Channel
Islands cattle, although when first introduced into this country they
were all called Alderneys. In fact by this generic name all the
Channel Islands cattle were designated until within a comparatively
recent period, both in this country and in England. They are all
more or less distinguished for their dairy product. But while this
is their general characteristic, the cattle of each of the islands named
are kept distinct, and no crossing is permitted. Neither are live
cattle from any other country permitted to be brought into any of
these islands, the local authorities having as early as 1763 passed
very severe laws against the importation of cattle other than for
immediate slaughter for beef. The cattle of the Island of Jersey
and those of Alderney resemble each other more closely perhaps
than those of Jersey and Guernsey, but in fact the points of differ-
ence between the cattle of all these islands are so slight that they

might with great propriety all be classed as a single breed. As
49

286 THE BREEDS (OP (ELT Vio iT Ove.

with all others of the more ancient and well-established breeds of
cattle the remote origin of the Channel Islands cattle is unknown;
but there can be no question that they are all descended from
substantially the same stock—that of the adjacent French provinces
of Normandy and Brittany in France. Having been bred without
intermixture from outside sources, and constantly with reference
to the quantity and quality of their butter product for at least one
hundred and fifty years, it is no wonder that they have come to be
generally regarded as the butter cow far excellence of the world
—certainly greatly superior to the French breeds from which they
are believed to have descended. It is not so much for the quantity
of the milk yield that these cattle are famed as for its peculiar
richness in cream and in the quantity of rich, finely-flavored, golden-
colored butter that it produces.

The Jerseys are the most numerous, as Jersey is much the larg-
est island of the group—larger, indeed, than all the others com-
bined. The Guernsey cattle are larger, and perhaps coarser than
the Jerseys; and it is claimed that while they are equally as desir-
able as the latter with regard to the quantity and quality of the
cream and milk, they fatten off more readily and are more valua-
ble for beef.’ On this: account itis) urged ‘that they “are Weuen
than the cattle of Jersey and Alderney for the general farmer for
dairy purposes or for crossing upon other stock. On the other
hand, the breeders of Jersey cattle claim superiority for this breed
over all others in the quality of the milk and cream, and in the
purity of the breed. ‘The cattle of Alderney are, as a class, smaller
and more delicate than those of Jersey and Guernsey, and but very

few of them have been brought to America.

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 387

Mr. James P. Swain says: “I consider the cows on the Island
of Jersey, Norman mixed with another distinct breed, the main
characteristics of each being still plainly visible, though growing
less so yearly. The original, or highest type, I call the wild Jersey;
the other type I consider Norman or Guernsey. The wild Jersey
has a black nose, black tongue, and mealy muzzle; the other a buff
nose. The wild Jersey’s horns are black, pointed, firm, with single
curve, forming nearly a semicircle, deeply fluted inside when taken
off. The other has weak horns, shelly, yellow, waxy near the head,
inclined downward, with double curve, compacted, smooth inside
when taken off. The color of the female wild Jersey is chocolate,
or mink color, no white spots, and the males nearly black. The
others are yellowish, brown-and-white, star in forehead. The wild
Jersey’s skin is olive brown; the other, skin very yellow, even to
thew end) of the tails. In= the wild Jersey the tail terminates: ima
small tuft of long hairs, the skin near the end scaly with the accu-
mulation of coloring matter. ‘The other, skin on tail very yellow,
even to the end, where there is an accumulation of coloring matter,
which the Guernsey men call ‘a lump of butter’; the long hair on
the tail starts higher up.”

The importation of cattle from these islands (mainly from the
Island of Jersey) to the United States began about thirty-five years
ago, and the demand which followed their early importation has
grown constantly and rapidly until it is believed that a majority of
the most desirable representatives of the breed have been brought
to this country. But it is also true that this demand has had a
powerful effect upon Jersey breeders on the island and has stimu-

lated them to an earnest effort for improvement in the breed at

388 THE: BREEDS VOT EVES oO One

home, and a herd book was started on the island in 1866. Two
years later the American Jersey Cattle Club was organized at
Philadelphia with about forty members, and this Club has since
grown to be perhaps the most active, influential and wealthy organ-
ization of the kind in the world. It has guarded the purity of the
breed with the greatest care, has surrounded the registration of
cattle in its Herd Book with every safeguard that ingenuity and
experience could suggest to prevent fraud and imposition upon the
public, and has been from its organization a powerful factor in
popularizing the breed in America. ‘Twenty-one volumes of its
Herd Book have been issued. Mr. T. J. Hand, of New York city,
is Secretary ‘of the Club. Neither, Guernsey nor Alderney cattle
are admitted to registry by this Club.

Jerseys may be classed as among the small breeds, but the
tendency of American breeders is toward greater size than that
usually found on the island. The bone is fine, and they usually
carry but little flesh. In color there is some variation, but the
Jersey calf is almost always light or dark fawn colored, sometimes
with white markings; but solid color is preferred by Jersey breeders
generally. The fawn color of the calf frequently changes with its
second growth of hair, so that the “body color” varies in different
animals from a light fawn to a squirrel gray and light and dark
brown. Black tongues, noses and switches are preferred by Jersey
fanciers generally. The illustrations which follow show the variations
in color very clearly, and the descriptive matter in connection there-
with sets forth the wonderful capacity of the best specimens of the
breed as butter producers in such a striking manner as to almost

stagger belief; but all the tests given in connection with the illustra-

RHE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 389

tions are thoroughly well authenticated. A book entitled “Butter
Tests of Jersey Cows,” compiled and published by Major Campbell
Brown, Thomas H. Malone, and M. M. Gardner, of Tennessee, and
issued early in 1884, contains the names of nearly four hundred and
fifty Jersey cows owned in the United States and Canada that had
what were considered well-authenticated tests of 14 lbs. of butter or
over. in seven consecutive days; and to this work, as well as to the
introductory matter in the early volumes of the Jersey Herd Register,
the reader is referred for further information concerning the breed.

Guernsey cattle have not been anything like so extensively intro-
duced into this country as the Jerseys, and those who have imported
and bred them have been rather modest in placing their merits
before the public. As previously stated, they are usually rather
larger than the Jerseys, are coarser boned, less angular in outline,
carry rather more flesh, and are not so dark colored, the light fawn
and yellowish shades predominating, instead of the darker tints as
in the Jerseys. In common with the Jersey, however, the butter-
producing quality is wonderfully developed, and it is claimed by
their partisans that the natural yellow coloring matter is more
abundant in the cream of the Guernsey cow than in that of any
other of the Channel Islands cattle. A herd book has been in ex-
istence on the island for several years; and the American Guernsey
Cattle Club, of which Mr. Edward Norton, of Farmington, Conn.,
is Secretary, although of recent origin, numbered at its last annual
meeting (December, 1885) eighty-nine members, and reported a total

registration of 3,887 purely-bred Guernsey cattle.

JERSEY COW, PRINCESS 2p 8046.

The record of 44 lbs. 1% oz. of unsalted butter within seven
consecutive days made by Princess 2d, beginning Feb. 22 and end-
ing with March 1, 1885, is so much beyond what had previously
been supposed to be the highest capacity of even the very best
Jersey cows that the statement would scarcely be credited anywhere
were it not that the test was conducted under such circumstances
and is so well attested in every particular as to leave no room to
doubt its correctness: Mr... J. "Henry \Gest, of Cincinnati, “Ol savas
appointed by the Jersey Cattle Club to supervise the test in all its
details, and his official report was published in the Breeder’s Gazette
of March 19, 1885, page 428, giving the exact weight of milk and
of butter produced for each day of the test, together with a detailed
statement of the food consumed. ‘The total yield of milk during this
period of seven days was 299% lbs., the highest yield per day being
44% lbs. and the lowest 40 lbs., the average during the test being
1 lb. of butter to 6.4 Ibs. of milk. This wonderful cow was calved
Feb. 22,.1877; bred by A. Le Gallais on the Island of Jerseyeaae
imported in 1879; owned at the time of test by Mrs. S. M. Shoe-
maker, Baltimore, Md. She was got by Khedive (P. S. 103), out
of Princess (F. S. 1294), making her what is known in Jersey
breeding circles as a Coomassie-Welcome cow. Color, light fawn
with some white on the belly; weight in very moderate flesh, 1,125

Ibs. Engraved from a photograph from life.

(390)

JERSEY COW OXFORD'S KATE 13646.

Next in rank to Princess 2d (illustrated on the preceding page),
by virtue of the seven days’ butter record, is Oxford’s Kate, shown
on the page facing herewith. Her great test, conducted with the
strictest care and accuracy by Mr. Andrew Banks, acting under
official orders from the Jersey Cattle Club, commencing April 1 and
ending April 8, 1885, showed a total yield of 248% lbs. of milk,
which produced 38 Ibs. 2 oz. of unsalted butter. The official report
of this test, showing the exact amount and kinds of food consumed,
with the weights of milk and butter for each day, and the methods
employed to insure accuracy and prevent fraud, will be found on
page 589 of the Breeder's Gazette for April 16, 1885. This cow
was bred on the Island of Jersey; calved Feb. 20, 1879; got by
Pilot (P. S. 183) out of ‘Werelut! (F. 8.1846); color, light’ prema
with white markings. Owned at time of test by Mrs. S. M. Shoe-

maker, Baltimore, Md. Engraved from a photograph from life.

(392)

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JERSEY COW MARY ANNE OF ST. LAMBERT 9770.

Third in rank, by virtue of the seven days’ butter test, and for
a long time at the head of the list, is Mary Anne of St. Lambert,
calved March 26, 1879; bred by ‘Ric. Stephens; sot) by trae
Pogis 3d 2238, dam Dolly of St. Lambert 5480. Solid color; weight,
in light flesh, 1,050 Ibs. Tested Sept. 23 to 30, 1884, seven days,
under the supervision of a committee appointed by the American
Jersey Cattle Club, and showed a yield of 245 lbs. of milk, from
which was made 35 lbs. 834 oz. of unsalted butter, being about 1
lb. of butter to 7 lbs. of milk. The official report of this test, with
very full details as to feeding, etc., was published in the Breeder's
Gazette of Oct. 16, 1884, page 570. This cow was the principal
competitor with the Holstein cow Mercedes in the contest for the
challenge cup in 1883 |see page 364], her test for this cup for thirty
days, commencing May 29, 1883, having resulted in a total yield of
1,138 lbs. of milk and 97 lbs. 8% oz. of unsalted butter. In a test
of 248 consecutive. days, ending Jan. 31, 1884, her total yield of
butter, salted one ounce to the pound and thoroughly worked, was
720 Ibs. 34 0z., verified by affidavits of reliable parties. ‘This remark-
able cow was owned by Valancey E. Fuller, of Hamilton, Ont., in
whose hands several other members of the St. Lambert family of
Jerseys have made remarkable records. Engraving made from a

photograph from life.

(394)

JERSEY COW NANCY LEE 7ors°- AND :CALER NANCG®
iE am:

Calved April 17, 1876; bred by John Le Mottee, Island of Jersey;
imported September, 1878, by E. P. P. Fowler; solid color, black
switch; got by Claimant (P. S. 84), dam Nonpareil (F. S. 1248);
owned by C. Easthope, Niles, O. This cow has a milk record of
2,816 quarts in nine months as a two-year-old, and tested by Mr.
Easthope, her yield, as verified by affidavit, was for thirty-one
consecutive days 1,430 lbs. 3 oz., from which 95 lbs. 3% oz. of
unsalted butter was made. Her highest daily yield during this test
was 53 lbs. 8 oz., from which 4 lbs. 2% oz. of unsalted butter was
made; and in seven consecutive days of this period she gave 360
Ibs. 12 oz. of milk, which made 26 lbs. 8% oz. of unsalted butter.
Her food during this test was two quarts of corn-meal and three

quarts of bran twice daily. Sketched from life by Burk.

(396)

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JERSEY COW BELMEDA 62209.

Calved March 30, 1877; bred by S. W. Sterrett, Carlisle, Pa.;
got by Superb 1956, son of Pierrot 2d 1669, dam Orphean 4636
by Hurd’s Ivanhoe 1522. This cow was tested seven days, April
3 to 9, 1883, and, yielded 202: Ibs. 12, oz. of milk, from -whichens
Ibs. 12 oz. of butter was made, salted one ounce to the pound and
worked dry. Solid color, with black switch. Owned at time of
test by G. R. Dykeman, Shippensburg, Pa. Sketched from life by

Corwine.

(398)

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JERSEY BULL ROYALIST 3p 4500. .

Calved Dec. 13,1878; bred by Samuel Stratton; got by Royalist
2906 [son of Duke (76), out of Regina 32, seven days’ test of 20%
Ibs.|; his dam, Nelly 6456, a cow with a test of 21 lbs. of butter
in seven days. Solid color; owned by Col. Charles F. Mills, Spring-

field, Ill. Engraved after a sketch from life by Dewey.

(400)

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JERSEY BULL CALE KING: OF ASHANTEE, 6677,

Calved Feb. 15, 1882; bred by S. M. Burnham, Saugatuck, Conn.;
got by Fairfield 4733 (a bull tracing to old Noble), and his dam
was the famous old Jersey matron Coomassie 11874, the maternal
ancestress of so many great butter cows. Solid color, with black
points; owned by C. Easthope, Niles, O., and used by him as his
principal breeding bull. Sketched by Burk, showing him at a little

over one year old.

(402)

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JERSEY BULL PEORIA CHIEF 4984.

Calved Feb. 6, 1880; got by Colonel Butler 1561 (son of Excel-
sior of Jersey, out of Grace Darling 2d), dam Pomare 6003, a
granddaughter of Mercury 432. Solid color, black switch. Owned
and kept at the head of the breeding ‘herd ‘of 1D. H. 1s) 5. Tange
Peoria, Ill. This bull was very successful in the show rings at the
Hlinois State Fair in 1882, when he was awarded four first prizes.
Sketched from life by Burk.

(404)

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GROUP: OF JERSEY (CAT TER,

The group on the opposite page is made up of selections from
the Jersey herd of C. S. Dole, Esq., of Crystal Lake, Tix “Viking
fawn-colored cow on the left, as we look at the picture, is Belle of
Collingwood 5565. This cow is especially rich in the blood of Albert
44. Her sire, Simon Peter 1848, was by Pansy’s Albert 1008, son
of Albert 44, and Simon Peter’s dam was also by Albert 44; his
2d dam by McClellan 25. Belle of Collingwood’s dam was Flora
3d 4369, and she by Albert 44; 2d dam Flora 420 (by McClellan )
25), a granddaughter of imp. Pansy 8. The other cow is Quaker
Girl 4551, a nearly solid-colored dark fawn, and is a full sister to
Belle of Collingwood. Neither of these cows have been tested for
butter. The bull calf, which forms the center of the group, is out
of Quaker Girl, and was got by Daisy’s Champion, a bull that traces
twice in three removes to Champion of America 1567, and whose

dam is a daughter of Rex 1330. Sketched from life by Burk.

(406)

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GUERNSEY COW:ROSEBUD OF LES VAUXBELETS 4TH.

Calved July 19, 1879; bred by James James, Island of Guernsey,
and imported 1882 by her present owner, I. J. Clapp, of Kenosha,
Wis. Color, fawn with some white. ‘Tested at four years old, in
midsummer, running on grass with other cows and fed same as Mr.
Clapp’s other dairy stock, showing a yield of 17 Ibs. 10 oz. of butter

in seven days. Sketched from life by Burk.

(408)

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GUERNSEY BULL SIR: CHAMPION 19m 2920:

Bred by Thomas M. Harvey, of Pennsylvania; got by imp. Sir
Champion 30, dam Worthy Beauty 295. This bull is regarded as
one among the best representatives of the breed in America. He is
owned by I. J. Clapp, of Kenosha, and N. K. Fairbank, of Chicago,
and is used jointly by both of these gentlemen at the head of their
breeding herds. His weight at a little short of sixteen months old

was 944 lbs. Sketched from life by Burk.

(410)

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WY Romine, CA TTEE:

No better epitome of the history of the origin of the breed can
be given than the following from that most excellent work ‘The
Domesticated Animals of Great Britain” by Prof. Low:

“Authentic records are wanting to show by what progressive
steps the dairy breed of Ayrshire has been molded into its present
form. That it was late in arriving at the estimation in which it
is now held is well known. ‘The old breed of the country seems to
have been one of those varieties of coarse cattle, with horns of a
medium length, which formerly occupied all the central mountains
south of the Forth, and extended into the plains. Mr. Ayton, who
published a treatise on the dairy husbandry of Ayrshire in 1825,
describes them, from recollection, as having been a puny, unshapely
race, not superior to those yet met with in many of the higher dis-
tricts. They were mostly, he tells us, of a black color, marked
with white on the face, the back and the flanks, and few of the
cows yielded more than from one and a half to two gallons of milk
in the day, at the hight of the season, or weighed, when fat, more
than twenty stones. But previous to the period referred to cattle
of other races had been mingled in blood with the native Ayrshire.

It is stated, on competent authority, that, even so early as the mid-

414 THE BRE LDS SOT, IGl VANS TOC Me

dle of the century, the Earl of Marchmont had brought from his
estates in Berwickshire a bull and several cows which he had pro-
cured from the Bishop of Durham, of the Teeswater breed, then
known by the name of the Holstein or Dutch breed; and mention
is made of other proprietors who brought to their parks foreign
cows apparently of the same race. To what degree these casual
importations affected the native breed of Ayrshire is not certainly
known; but tradition refers likewise to an early importation of indi-
viduals of the Alderney breed to the parish of Dunlop, which became
first distinguished for its cows and the produce of its dairy. This
tradition is almost confirmed by the similarity existing between the
Alderney breed and the modern Ayrshire, which is so great as to
lead us, independently of tradition, to the conclusion that the blood
of the one has been largely mixed with that of the other. There
is the same peculiar character of the horns and color of the skin,
and the general resemblance of the form is so great that in many
cases a Jersey cow might be mistaken for an Ayrshire one. We
may assume, then, from all the evidence which in the absence of
authentic documents the case admits of, that the dairy breed of
Ayrshire owes the characters which distinguish it from the older
race to a mixture with the blood of races of the continent, and of
the dairy breed of Alderney.

“The modern Ayrshire may stand in the fourth or fifth class of
British breeds with respect to size. The horns are small and curv-
ing inward at the extremity after the manner of the Alderneys.
The shoulders are light, and the loins very broad and deep, which
is a conformation almost always accompanying the property of yield-

ing abundant milk. The skin is moderately soft to the touch, and

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. APG

of an orange-yellow tinge, which appears about the eyes and on
the mamme. ‘The prevailing color is a reddish-brown, mixed more
or less with white. The muzzle is usually dark, though often it is
flesh-colored. ‘The limbs are slender, the neck is small,.and the
head is free from coarseness. ‘The muscles of the inner side of the
thigh, technically called the twist, are thin; and the haunch frequently
droops much to the rump, a character which exists likewise in the
Alderney breed, and which, although it impairs the symmetry of
the animal, is not regarded as inconsistent with the faculty of secret-
ing milk. The udders are moderately large, without being flaccid.
The cows are very docile and gentle, and hardy to the degree of
bearing to subsist on ordinary food. They give a large quantity
of milk in proportion to their size and the food consumed, and this
milk is of excellent quality.”

The importation of Ayrshire cattle into the United States began
about 1830, but notwithstanding the fact that they possess general
dairy qualities of a high order, and a considerable aptitude to lay on
flesh when it is desired to make beef of them, they have not become
generally popular even in dairy districts. In the New England States
they are quite common, but they have made very little headway
in the Western States. The general form of the Ayrshire cow is
the typical ‘‘wedge shape” so often spoken of as characteristic of a
good dairy cow—small head and neck, light fore quarters broaden-
ing out into a comparatively large trunk, with large, wide hind
quarters. The color, all the various shades of red from light red
to brown, and frequently flecked with fine white spots, as shown in
our illustrations. The Ayrshire Herd Book of America is under

the management of C. M. Winslow, Brandon, Vt.

AYRSHIRE COW ALICE DOUGLAS 4308.

The engraving on the opposite page is regarded as an unusually
faithful likeness of the Ayrshire cow Alice Douglas 4398, owned
Mr. George A. Fletcher, of Milton, Mass. This cow has been
frequently tested by her owner, and has a record of 40734 Ibs. of
milk in seven days, 1,695 lbs. in thirty days, and 4,031 Ibs. in eighty
days. From Feb. 10 to Aug. 6, 1886—181 days—she gave 8,250
lbs.. of mailk, an) average per ‘day of 45.56 lbs., or 21.19. quate
When four months in milk she made a butter record of ro lbs. 12
oz. in seven days. Sketch made by Hills from a photograph from

life.

(416)

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AYRSHIRE COW) GURTA gna 1180.

Calved 1879; bred by Thomas Guy, of Canada. This cow is a
deep milker, having a record of 50 lbs. of milk per day, and she
weighs nearly 1,200 lbs. She has been among the most prominent
of the representatives of her breed at many of the leading live-
stock shows of Canada and the United States. Owned by Messrs.
Coldren & Lee, Iowa City, Ia. Sketched from life by Palmer.

(418)

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WEST HIGHLANDERS.

This shaggy, picturesque breed, so popular in the West High-
lands of Scotland, has been but sparingly introduced into the United
States. Their probable relationship to the polled breeds. of .Scot-
land, especially the Galloway, is referred to on page 328 of this
volume. They are undoubtedly descended from the native cattle
of that country, and are among the most hardy of all known breeds
of the bovine race. They are small, with long horns, and covered

with a heavy, shaggy growth of long, fine hair, giving them a most

S8y §

picturesque appearance. ‘The beef produced by this breed is of
unusual excellence. They are of various colors, dun, brown and
black predominating.

KERRY CATTLE.

The Kerry cattle of Ireland, a few of which have been brought
to this country,’ are found chiefly in the mountainous County of
Kerry, the most westerly land of Europe, and are described by Low
as being generally black, with a white ridge along the spine, a char-
acter agreeing with the account which older writers have given of
the Uri of the woods of Poland. They have often also a white

streak upon the belly, but they are of various colors, as black, brown,

422 THE BREEDS (OF LT Yas tS TOK

and mixed black and white, or black and brown. ‘They are, as
might be expected from the place of their nativity, remarkably
hardy, but of small size, and are especially valuable as a dairy

breed.
SWISS CATTLE.

The Swiss cattle that have been brought to this country, most
of them within the past ten years, have given very good satisfac-
tion. ‘They possess superior dairy qualities, are of medium size, and
fatten readily. ‘They are of various colors in their native country,
but those that have been imported into the United States have

been of a dun or ‘“‘mouse color.”

TEXAN CATTLE.

The cattle that for centuries have grazed on the plains of Texas
and the adjacent countries, and more recently been used exten-
sively as nuclec of breeding herds in more northern regions, are
believed to be descendants of cattle brought over by the original
Spanish settlers. ‘They are a large, coarse, raw-boned breed; active,
hardy, slow in coming to maturity, take on fat sparingly, and are
especially remarkable for their immense horns. Their colors vary
from a light dun or pale yellowish red to black, with various mark-
ings of white. ‘The illustration on the opposite page is a thoroughly

representative picture of the typical Texan steer.

CE AN Bore lee.

Tt BREEDS* OF sHiir.

Sheep are commonly classified according to the characteristics
of fleece. Thus results the terms fine wool, long wool, middle wool,
so familiar in breeding and exhibition circles. Each of these grand
divisions is subdivided into varieties more commonly designated
by their peculiar habitat, the name of the breeder most intimately
identified with their development, etc. ‘The typical animals of these
divisions are so unlike in size and general appearance as to leave
upon the mind of the novice an impression that they belong to an
entirely different race; while between certain of their numerous sub-
divisions.the resemblance is so striking as to require the critical

eye of the expert for determining their proper designation.

MERINOS.

The origin of the fine-wool sheep—the Merino in its several
varieties—so far antedates any known history as to preclude the
possibility of enlightenment upon that point beyond what is furnished
by conjecture. -However interesting authentic information might be
to the student of history, all that the practical breeder could real-
ize from such information is a knowledge of the fact that the descend-

ants of admirable fine-wool sheep have been carefully bred and reared
54

426 THE BREEDS NOP VIVES 3 LOCKE

in Spain and pure-bred descendants from these in other countries
for nearly or quite two thousand years; and from these Spanish
flocks, attaining their highest excellence during the latter half of
the eighteenth century, have sprung all the fine-wool varieties of
sheep, however widely divergent their present types may seem. In
1765 a number of fine-wool sheep—supposed to be about three hun-
dred—were taken from Spain into Saxony, where, owned and con-
trolled by the royal families, they assumed certain peculiarities of
form and fleece materially differing from the parental stock. Some
twenty years later (1786) the first importation of importance—some
three hundred in number—was made into France. ‘These also be-
came the objects of royal care, and, through a system of care and
breeding, assumed a changed type and became the source of the
French Merino.

Though a very few animals had been brought here previously,
the shipment of Spanish Merinos to the United States really began
in 1801-2, between which date and the year 1812 large numbers,
probably as many as twenty thousand, were landed and «scattered
chiefly through the New Engiand and Atlantic States. Conspic-
uous in these importations were David Humphreys, Minister to
Spain; Chancellor Livingston, Minister to France, and Wm. Jarvis,
Consul to Portugal. A large proportion of the Merino flocks of
the United States, descendants of the importations from Spain, were
subsequently interbred with the Saxon and French varieties, until
many of the characteristics of these were engrafted upon American
flocks. ‘Through the exceptions to this rule, however, a sufficient
number of flocks have been found tracing with reasonable proof of

purity direct to their Spanish ancestry to warrant the claim that

Hits BREEDS. OF LLViEEX S LOCK: 427

the present highest type of American Merino is the direct descend-
ant, without admixture of other blood, of animals included in some
of the several importations from Spain made prior to the year 1812.
Full-grown rams of this breed will weigh from 120 to 18o Ilbs., and
the ewes some forty pounds lighter. The wool is fine and dense,
and is characterized by heavy folds in the skin. The general
appearance of sheep of this breed is clearly indicated by the typical
illustration on page 439.

The French Merinos have perhaps a larger carcass than the aver-
age American, and the French breeders were the first to produce
a Merino combing wool, from which have developed some of the
most interesting and profitable branches of the wool manufacture;
though they have subsequently found rivals among the breeders of
fine-wool sheep in America, Germany, and Australia.

The Saxon Merinos have been but sparingly introduced into this
country, the course of breeding in Saxony (fineness of fleece hav-
ing been the one absorbing object sought) having rendered them
too tender for our methods of sheep husbandry. Among such as
have been brought over, however, it may be said that the sheep, as
well as the fleece, have been materially modified; the fiber, though
fine, is lengthened and the weight greatly increased, while the car-
cass is equally improved. This animal commends itself to breeders

who aspire to the production of a superfine wool.
COTSWOLDS.

As early and as fast as the increase of population, and the con-
sequent enhanced value of lands, required a larger return from their

holdings, English farmers wisely sought, and were remarkably suc-

428 THE BREEDS OF VEIVE STOCK.

cessful in securing, such precocity and symmetry in their meat-
producing animals as would make animal husbandry possible under
the changed condition of their agriculture; and the sheep was early
seized upon as offering the readiest solution of the perplexing prob-
lem. With a climate unsuited to the profitable production of fine
wool, and facing a demand for a meat supply that would not be
ignored, the mutton production that is so conspicuous a feature of
the sheep husbandry of the United Kingdom is by no means the
result of accident. The English long-wool sheep, symmetrical in
outlines, and in every detail of carcass so well calculated to give a
profitable return for what it consumes, has found admirers in every
country where economical meat and wool production has been
attempted.

Among Americans the best known and most popular variety of
long-wool sheep is the Cotswold. Its origin, like that of many
other popular types of domestic animals, is enveloped in obscurity.
The original Cotswold was a much coarser animal than its improved
successor, of the; present ‘day. ‘It)has, been refined. im-its) senenem
anatomy, its carcass has been improved in outline and detail, its
fleece has been greatly ameliorated, its precocity increased —in short,
its development has kept pace with the rapid strides in other branches
of live-stock development until the typical Cotswold has become an
admirable specimen of physical development. A well-poised head,
with its characteristic foretop, made to appear small by reason of
the massiveness of the body when in full fleece; back broad and
straight; body well rounded over a deep flank and full brisket —
the whole draped by a fleece of spotless white, averaging eight to

ten inches in length, and weighing from eight to sixteen pounds —

Pile Bite LS (OF LITViZ® SOCK, 429

furnish a fowt ensemble well calculated to “fill the eye” of the most
fastidious connoisseur.

Just the kind and number of ‘‘ out-crosses”’ that have been resorted
to by those who have brought the Cotswold to its present standard
will never be known. The Leicester has been credited with con-
tributing in no small degree to this end, and it is probably entitled
to such honor.

LEICESTERS.

Though for more than a hundred years a popular sheep in
England, the Leicester has not secured a high place in the estima-
tion of American breeders. An animal of conspicuous merits, inten-
sified by a century and a quarter of careful and intelligent breeding,
it combines many excellencies that would seem to commend it to
the farmer who seeks to bring to a higher mutton-producing standard
his flock of native or low-grade animals.

Youatt’s description of the typical Leicester may be condensed
as follows: ‘The head hornless; ears thin, long, and directed back-
ward; neck full and broad at base, gradually tapering to the head;
breast full and broad; shoulders broad and round; arm fleshy, even
down to the knee; bones of the leg small, standing wide apart, and
comparatively bare of wool; quarters long and full; thighs wide and
full; pelt thin and covered with a good quality of white wool, not
so long as in some breeds, but finer.”

This description applies to the improved Leicester, as distin-
guished from the Leicester type before its amelioration under the
manipulation of Robert Bakewell, of England, who began, about the
middle of the last century, that series of efforts at improving the

proclivities for cheaper mutton production of the sheep in his vicinity

430 THE BRE EDS HOP LIVE i SatO Cris

which has resulted in transmitting to the present one of its highest
types of meat-yielding animals.

Mr. Bakewell was so reticent as to his system of improvement
that little concerning it is positively known. Certainly he converted
a coarse-boned, slab-sided, slow-maturing animal into one symmet-
rical, precocious and capable of being profitably employed on lands
devoted to the production of improved crops. That he did not
scruple to go outside the original Leicesters for fresh blood is highly
probable, and liberal feeding, even to forcing, was his invariable rule.
A knowledge of its history, and the steps by which its improve-
ment was secured, clearly indicate the Leicester as the sheep for
close farming. It will not thrive under conditions that are well
suited for the profitable employment of some other types of long-
wool sheep. It requires extra nutritious food and shelter from
extreme temperatures for the successful breeding of the Leicester,
and to this fact is to be ascribed the lack of popularity of the breed
with American farmers.

LINCOLNS.

This heaviest of the English sheep has found but few admirers
in the United States, most of its desirable characteristics being
presumably combined with those of the Cotswold and Leicester.
The original type of the Lincoln, as it existed a century ago on the
low. rich lands of the locality from which its name is derived, was
that of a coarse, large sheep, presenting for the eyes of modern
breeders few desirable features. The fleece was long and open,
carrying more oil than some of its congeners. When highly fed it
furnished good mutton, with less fat on the outside and more inter-

nally than most of its rivals for popular favor. The coarse frames

DHE BREEDS OF ET Vas STOCK: 431

of the Lincolns, with their comparatively slow-maturing propensity,
doubtless early suggested an employment of the better-outlined and
more precocious Leicesters, then developing under the supervision
of Robert Bakewell; and thus the ‘‘ Bakewell” blood, as well as
the stimulus of the success of Bakewell’s labors, undoubtedly con-
tributed to advance the standard of mutton production throughout
England more generally than some breeders of the present will
readily admit. Though long in-bred, and probably as purely as its
rival varieties, it was not until within the past twenty years that
the Lincoln has been recognized as a distinct variety by the manage-
ment of stock shows.

Quite remarkable yields of flesh and fleece have been secured,
in this respect placing this sheep well up on the list of English
favorites. Requiring for its successful employment the richest past-
urage and ‘‘high feed” under all circumstances there has not been
found the same encouragement for its distribution that has contrib-
uted to popularize many other varieties. From 1835 to the present
time occasional importations have been made into the United States,

though the number of animals, in any instance, has never been large.

OXFORDS.

The Oxfords, recognized as a distinct variety for little more than
twenty years, is less known in this country than either of its long-
wool contemporaries of English flocks. It was originally produced
by the cross of a Cotswold ram with Hampshire (and, it is, said,
occasionally Southdown) ewes and the subsequent coupling of the
progeny from these. ‘These animals, for some years classed as cross-

bred sheep under the designation of Down-Cotswolds, were given a

432 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK.

definite title by a meeting of breeders in 1857, and have since been
known as Oxfordshire Downs. As an analysis of their breeding will
disclose, and as indicated by the appearance of the animals, they are
more properly classified with the long-wool than the Down breeds.
In the Hampshire Down, the acknowledged foundation on the one
side of the Oxford, there was unquestionably a predominance of long-
wool blood. ‘The Oxford has many characteristics commending it
to: ‘the, favor’ of} American };breeders!, It .has size “of, Gancass samaue
prolificacy that insures lambs for an early market. It has a length
of fleece that insures for the wool clip the attention of buyers who
require long wool. The body is well rounded; legs short; and in
its native locality evinces a hardiness and adaptation for profitable
feeding unsurpassed by any of the English types. The weight of
full-grown ewes is 80 to too lbs., and of rams, in working order,
160 to 200 lbs. ‘The mutton is of superior quality and commands
a high price.
SOUTHDOWNS.

The middle-wool breed, in its several varieties, undoubtedly
includes the most generally popular sheep. Bred and fed through
many years with especial reference to improvement in quantity and
flavor of flesh, the best types of middle-wool sheep stand today very
near the ideal of a perfect meat-producing animal. To the flocks
of “the Downs,” in their varied types, the epicurean Englishman
looks for the savory flesh that has already lessened the demand for
his traditional roast beef. The black foot, invariably left when dress-
ing the carcass, insures for the “quarter,” for which it is the insig-
nia of merit, a ready sale at a price ‘‘the top of the market.” ‘The

middle-wool sheep are not heavy shearers; their wool is coarse,

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 433

inclined to be dry, and though often of sufficient length to be easily
combed, is not classed as combing wool.

The Southdown stands confessedly at the head of the several
varieties of middle-wool sheep. While some might question its pri-
ority in the matter of individual merit, none will gainsay the claim
that to the Southdown most other types of middle wools are indebted
for their “best blood.” On the chalky hills of Sussex and adjoining
shires through several centuries there has existed a variety of sheep
taking its name from the locality——the sloping lands to the south —
Southdowns. ‘These animals have long been conspicuous for the qual-
ity of their mutton, as well as their peculiar adaptability to thrive
on a comparatively scanty herbage. ‘They were probably horned in
their earlier history, though this tendency has been overcome by
breeding, and even the smallest horns on the male animal of today
are not tolerated.

The description of a typical Southdown, as given by Mr. Ellman,
the most noted improver of the breed, may be condensed as follows:
‘‘Hlead small and hornless; face speckled or gray; space between
the nose and the eyes narrow; ears tolerably wide and covered with
wool, and the forehead also; and the whole space between the ears
well protected by it; breast wide, deep, and projecting forward
between the fore legs; ribs coming out horizontally from the spine
and extending far backward, and the last rib projecting more than
others; the ribs generally presenting a circular form like a barrel;
the belly as straight as the back; legs neither long nor short; the
fore legs straight from the breast to the foot, and standing far apart
both before and behind; the bones fine and of a speckled or dark

color; the belly well defended with wool, and the wool coming down
55

434 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK.

before and behind to the knee and to the hock; the wool short, close,
curled and fine, and free from spiry projecting fibers.”

The Southdowns are not conspicuous shearers. Their fleeces are
dry, coarse, and light, in comparison with the weight of carcass;
but the fiber is strong, and insures good service in the fabrics for
which it is adapted. The prominent characteristics of the South-
downs — vigor, precocity, fecundity, and propensity to develop well-
marbled flesh at the most desirable points— especially commend

them for crosses where mutton production is chiefly sought.

HAMPSHIRE DOWNS.

The breeders of Hampshire and Wiltshire in England, among
whom had long been cultivated a large-sized, hardy sheep, white-
faced and with horns, early in the present century secured and used
Southdown rams, and by subsequent in-breeding and occasional use
of other blood succeeded in establishing a variety now recognized as
Hampshire Downs, with the prominent Down characteristics — dark
face and legs, hornless head—thoroughly fixed. Referring to the
origin of these sheep Mr. Spooner, in 1859, said:

“If we were asked, What original blood predominated in the
Hampshire sheep? we would unquestionably say the Southdown; but
if the further question were put: Is the present breed derived from
the Southdown and the original Hampshire alone? we should express
a doubt as to such a conclusion, as there is good reason to consider
that some improved Cotswold blood has been infused. * * * *
Although after dipping once or twice into this breed they then ceased
to do so, yet they have continued breeding from the descendants of

the cross.”’

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 435

As would be inferred from its foundation the Hampshire is larger
than the Southdown and bears a fleece—though classed as a middle
wool— exceeding the latter in length, but not so fine. The mutton
is good. The breed has not been largely imported into the United
States, though possessing many characteristics that seem to commend
it to breeders so ready to see an advantage in every type of animal
promising flock advancement. ‘The probable reason is to be found
in the fact of its close resemblance to the Southdown (which it excels
only in size), which has been found to so admirably fill the require-
ments of American flock managers in producing a first-class mutton
sheep.

SHROPSHIRE DOWNS.

Though but recently recognized as a distinct variety, none of
the English types have advanced more rapidly into public notice
and favor than the Shropshires. Their size, rotundity and general
carriage commend them to the notice of the casual observer, while
they “fill the eye” of the critical judge and experienced breeder so
completely as to make themselves favorites wherever they may be
shown.

The history of the Shropshires, when traced back toward their
origin, becomes enveloped in a maze of uncertainty. While all
authorities agree that the foundation was a so-called native sheep of

Shropshire, and perhaps Staffordshire, described as black or brown,

or spotted-faced—and conspicuous for the flavor of their mutton —
there is not the same agreement as to the crosses and lines of breed-
ing resorted to. It seems certain, however, that the Southdown and
Leicester were both heavily drawn upon, and the merits thus secured

afterward intensified by interbreeding from selected animals. The

436 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK.

Shropshire of today retains the black face and legs of its ancestors,
as also the well-flavored mutton, while in respect to size, maturity
and fleece bearing it has been as thoroughly modernized as any of

the meat-producing animals of the present century.

THE CHEVIOT.

This popular sheep, taking name from the hills bordering on Scot-
land and England, are described by Spooner as a hardy race, thriv-
ing well on poor keep. They have white faces without horns; ears
large, with much space between the ears and eyes; carcass long, back
straight, shoulders rather light, ribs circular, and quarters good; legs
small in the bone and covered with wool. As will be inferred from
this description the Cheviot is admirably adapted to the mountainous
region from which it derives its name. ‘There is no doubt that the
Cheviot of today has been considerably modified by crossing with the
more improved types, notably the Lincoln and Leicester, to which it
is indebted for the white face now so prevalent, as the earlier descrip-
tions give the prevailing color of the face as black. ‘The wool of
the Cheviot is always in demand, being especially adapted to certain
manufactures, notably the line of goods bearing its name. ‘The fleeces

average in weight four to six pounds.

RECORDS, REGISTERS, AND HERD BOOKS.

The following is a list of the various records published for the
different breeds of sheep in the United States, with the name and
address of the officer in control of each. In addition to these the
reader is referred to Stewart’s ‘‘Shepherd’s Manual,” Randall’s “ Prac-

tical Shepherd,” and a series of articles'on ‘The Breeds of Sheep,”

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 437

by A. M. Garland, published in Vols. I, II and III of the Breeder's
Gazette for information, more in detail, touching the various breeds:
Cotswolds—American Cotswold Record, George Harding, Wau-
kesha, Wis.
Shropshires.
La. Fayette, Ind.

American Shropshire Record, Mortimer Levering,

Southdowns.—American Southdown Record, 8. E. Prather, Spring-
fields II.

Oxford Downs.—American Oxford Down Record, T. W. W.
Sunman, Spades, Ind.

Merinos.—United States Merino Sheep Register, S. C. Gist,
Wellsburg, W. Va. Register of the Vermont Merino Sheep-Breeders’
Association, Albert Chapman, Middlebury, Vt. Register of the New
York State American Merino Sheep-Breeders’ Association, John P.
Ray, Hemlock Lake, N. Y. Michigan Merino Sheep Register, W.
J. G. Dean, Hanover, Mich. Ohio Spanish Merino Sheep Register,
J. G. Blue, Cardington, O. Wisconsin Merino Sheep Register, H. J.
Wilkinson, Whitewater, Wis. Missouri Merino Sheep Association
Register, H. V. Pugsley, Plattsburg, Mo. American Merino Sheep
Register, Asa H. Craig, Caldwell, Wis. National Improved Saxony
Sheep-Breeders’ Association Register, J. H. Clark, Toledo, Pa. De-
laine Merino Register, J. C. McNary, Houstonville, Pa. Vermont
Atwood Club Register, George Hammond, Middlebury, Vt.

GROUP OF -MERINO\ SELME.

The engraving facing this page, showing a ram and two ewes,
is a thoroughly typical illustration of the American Merino. The
sketch was made from life by Burk, from the flock of C. M. Clark,
of Whitewater, Wis. The ram shown in the picture was three years
old at the time the sketch was made and was awarded first prize
at the annual Wisconsin shearing of 1883, his first clip having weighed
10 lbs. 8 oz.; second, 20 lbs. oz; and thind, 20 lbs.3\0z.) > Wine
ewe in center of group is a two-year-old, full sister to the ram; first
fléece,.14 Ibs: 8 0z:; ‘second, flecve,/zo/lbs: yyoz. - Theseweyon the
right has sheared in five consecutive years as follows: 17 Ibs. 3 02.,

£8 lbs. \4-0z.,:17) Ibs: 8 jozs, 16, lbs. jn2oz. pander Sips:

(438)

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COTSWOLD, ‘LEICESTER; AND LINCOLN: SHEED:

The engraving presented herewith is intended to show a typical
animal of each of the three breeds above named; the one on the
left with the long foretop is a Cotswold, on the right background a
Lincoln, and in the foreground a Leicester. In general appearance
these three breeds are quite similar. The Lincoln is the largest of
the long-wool breeds, the head is free from wool, the bones are
large, the fleece is long and lustrous and at full length usually part-
ing along the back. The Cotswold fleece is denser than either of
the others and is shorter than that of the Lincoln, although cover-
ing the body more completely, and the long tuft of wool on the
foretop is one of its marked peculiarities. The Leicester fleece. is
similar to that of the Cotswold but not so dense, and is from seven
to nine inches in length. It has a tuft of wool on the forehead,
but not so long as that on the Cotswold. The face is sometimes
slightly colored. For fuller particulars as to the characteristics of

and differences between these breeds see pages 427 to 431.

(440)

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GROUP OF OXTORD SHEEP:

A very full description of this breed may be found on page 431
of this volume. The sketch on the opposite page was made from
life by Burk and is a faithful portrayal of representative animals of

the breed.

(442)

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SOUTHDOWN RAM AND EWE LAMBS.

The illustration on the opposite page represents specimens from
one of the leading flocks of Southdowns in the country —that of
the Hon. D. W. Smith, of Bates, Ill. The trio consists of the ram
imp. Baron Thetford (21 American Southdown Record), bred by
Lord Walsingham, Merton, Thetford, England, and imported in 1880,
He was sweepstakes winner at the St. Louis and Philadelphia Fairs
of that year, and was bought for use in Mr. Smith’s flock in the
autumn following, and has not been shown since. The two ewe
lambs shown are Penelope 4th 27 and Belle of Boskymead 23; both
tracing through Pickrell and Wentworth rams to importation of 1857,
from the flocks of Jonas Webb, England. See page 432 for particu-

lars touching this breed.

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GROUP OF HAMPSHIRE DOWNS.

As will be seen by reference to the descriptive matter on pages
434 and 435, and a comparison of the illustration on the page fac-
ing this with the preceding one, the Hampshire Down and South-
down breeds are quite similar in many respects. Our illustration
of Hampshire Downs was sketched from life by Burk from the
flock of C. S. Dole, of Crystal Lake, Ill., who holds the Hampshire

breed in very heh esteem.

(446)

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GROUP OF SHROPSHIRE DOWNS.

The Shropshire Down breed is fully described on page 435 of
this volume. The illustration given herewith was sketched from life
by John W. Hills from the large flock of this breed owned by his
father, C. Flills,Misq:, of Delaware,

(448)

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PLE BREEDS OF. SW TNE

The breeds of swine known in this country have with rare ex-
ceptions come to us from Great Britain or have been formed by
American breeders from the intermingling of the British breeds, ,
modified in a very few instances by a direct cross with the Chinese
and Neapolitan strains. But while these latter-named varieties have
unquestionably exercised, some influence upon the types of swine as
they have come to us from our English cousins, yet they have in
no case been retained as distinctive breeds by practical farmers in
the great pork-producing regions of the United States, as has been
the case with most of the British breeds imported to this country,
especially the

BERKSHIRES.

Undoubtedly the most universally popular and widely dissem1-
nated among all the breeds of swine is the Berkshire, a breed that
takes its name—as so many others of our improved breeds of live
stock have done—from the county in England where it originated;
and like all others of our now popular breeds it has been greatly
modified and improved since our earliest knowledge of its history.

Originally they were described as a large, coarse breed, covered with

452 THE BREEDS OP LIVE VS LOCK.

sandy or reddish-brown hair spotted with black, and Prof. Low, in
his ‘*Domesticated Animals of Great Britain,” gives among his
colored plates a typical Berkshire of that day (about 1840) showing
the color as above described. Tradition gives, as the principal
element which laid the foundation for the symmetrical, tinely-formed
Berkshires of today, a cross with the Siamese and China swine
with the original Berkshire, by means of which cross and_ subse-
quent selections the breed has been refined and the color changed
to the characteristic black, with pure white markings, as shown in
our illustrations on pages 465 and 467.

The breed has been widely disseminated throughout the United
States, and in the great corn and pork-producing regions fairly
divides the honors with that purely American breed the Poland-
China. The characteristics and markings of Berkshires, as agreed
upon by the National Swine-Breeders’ Convention, are as follows:
‘Color black, with white on face, tip of tail and an occasional splash
of white on the arm. While a small spot of white on some other
part of the body does not argue an impurity of blood, it is to be
discouraged. White upon one ear, or a bronze spot upon some part
of the body, argues no impurity, but rather a reappearance of orig-
inal colors. Markings of white other than those named are objec-
tionable. Face short, fine and well dished, broad between the eyes;
ears generally almost erect, but sometimes inclining forward with
advancing age, small, thin, soft, and showing veins; jowl full; neck
short and thick; back broad and straight, or a very little arched;
ribs long and well sprung; hams thick, round and deep, holding
their thickness well back and down to hocks; tail fine and small,

set on high up; legs short and fine, but straight and very strong,

Lit phe LDS: Ol LIVE STOCK, A532

with hoofs erect, legs set wide apart; size medium; length medium;

bone fine and compact; hair fine and compact.”

POLAND-CHINAS.

This widely popular breed of swine is essentially an American
creation, having for its starting point the fertile Miami Valley in
the State of Ohio. The swine of that region in the early settle-
ment of the county were of various types, but were all large, coarse-
boned, and slow in coming to maturity, and were variously desig-
nated as Russians, Bedfords, and Byfields. In 1816 John Wallace
brought from Philadelphia to Miami County a boar and three sows
called “‘ Big Chinas,” that were said to have been imported from
China or bred from imported stock. Two of the sows and the boar
were entirely white and the other sow was white with some sandy
spots within which appeared smaller black spots. The character-
istics of these swine that specially commended them were compact
forms, early maturity, and the remarkable ease with which they
were made fat. These were so highly appreciated that they and
their progeny were crossed on the best stock of that region during
the subsequent twenty years, the product becoming known as the
Warren County hogs. About 1836 the Berkshires, that had been
well known in New York for some years, were introduced into War-
ren County by Munson Beach. Between 1838 and 1840 William
Neff, of Cincinnati, sent into the same locality from England some
swine called “Irish Graziers,” which were white with the exception
of an occasional sandy spot about the eyes. These two breeds were
crossed extensively with the descendants and crosses of the ‘“ Big

Chinas”’ on other breeds, and the stock thus produced constituted the
) p

454 THE BREEDS. OF LIVESTOCK

basis of what is now known as the Poland-China. From the most
authentic accounts obtainable it appears there has been no admix-
ture of other blood with this breed since about 1840, and from that
time to the present men with great experience and good judgment
have bred them with a view to correcting defective points and giv-
ing them the very highest quality. There has been much discussion
as to an alleged Poland or Polish cross in the formation of this
breed, but it is now generally conceded that no such blood was ever
introduced.

In the great pork-producing regions of the Western States the
Poland-China alone contests the palm for supremacy with the Berk-
shire, and between these two breeds the honors are about equally
divided. They have been very greatly improved within the recol-
lection of the the writer hereof. Formerly they were of larger size
and coarser-boned; the ears were much larger; they were slower in
coming to maturity, and the white and black spots were more com-
mon than now, the two colors being in most cases very nearly equally
blended. As now bred they are very similar in color to the Berk-
shires, but with rather more of white and the white markings not
so regular in character. They are well haired, have good length,
with short legs; broad, straight backs; deep sides, flanked well down
on the leg; broad, square hams and shoulders; deep chests; short,
full, high-crested neck; heavy quarters, short heads; fine muzzles and
moderately fine and drooping ears. Although they have been greatly
improved in the matter of fineness of bone, early maturity, and
tendency to fatten at an early age, yet they still retain enough of
their original character to entitle them to rank among the very

largest known breeds of swine. Their popularity is not confined to

Dit BREE OS OF TAYE STOCK. 455

the United States, as they have been exported in considerable num-
bers to various foreign countries, where they appear to have given

good satisfaction.
JERSEY REDS OR DUROCS.

This is a breed (at least it has come to be generally recognized
as a breed in this country) concerning the origin of which but little
is really known. It is claimed by many that it is derived from the
original Berkshire, which half a century or more ago was frequently
colored very much like our Jersey Reds—red or “sandy” with

black spots

and Prof. Low’s typical Berkshire, in his book on the
“Domesticated Animals of Great Britain,” is in almost every respect,
color as well as form, a very fair picture of our modern Jersey
Reds or Durocs. ‘They have long been extensively bred in Salem,
Binghamton, and the adjoining counties of New Jersey, where they
have been called Jersey Reds. In other sections they have been vari-
ously known as Durocs, Saratoga Reds, and Red Berkshires. The
Hon. Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky, thinks they are of Spanish
origin, and says: ‘When in Mexico I saw the ‘Spanish’ red hogs
everywhere, and was much pleased with them. James B. Clay,
Esq., son of Henry Clay, when Minister resident in Portugal (about
1848) imported some, calling them Spanish hogs, and gave me a
pair. I distributed the progeny far and wide. ‘The Spanish hogs
had no doubt spread into the neighboring kingdom of Portugal and
were carried into Mexico by the conquerors. The Berkshire Reds
and Jersey Reds are no doubt the same, and the name ought to be
“Spanish” it they are so, but there may be. other reds.’ In color

they vary from a pale yellowish to a darker, brighter shade of red,

456 THE BREEDS OF LIVES SST OCH

with irregular markings or spots of black; the ear is rather large
and pendulous; snout of moderate length; head short; body long;
legs long; hair thick and coarse; tail large, and bone rather coarse.
It is claimed that they are much hardier than the more refined or
finer-boned breeds. ‘The compound Jersey-Duroc has been agreed

upon as a common designation for the breed.

YORKSHIRES.

It is unquestionably true that throughout Europe the white breeds
of swine are more popular than any other. In England they are
classed simply as Large White, Middle White, and Small White
breeds, without the distinctive appellations that are applied to the same
swine when brought to this country. The original of all these vari-
eties of white swine is believed to be the large, coarse white breed
of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, and the adjacent counties, which
has been modified and broken up by selection and by the introduc-
tion of Chinese crosses until we have the Large York, the Middle
York, the Cheshire, and what is known in this country as the Suf-
folk, all from substantially the same origin. The Large White breed,
as now bred in England and extensively on the continent, is character-
ized by immense size—certainly one of the largest of breeds, if not
the very largest —and it is believed that it is from this source that
our own Chester Whites have obtained their great size. The best
specimens of this breed, even when of immense size, are not the
coarse animals one would expect to see; on the contrary the bone is
no heavier than would appear to be essential to carrying such great
weight, and the general appearance is rather fine than otherwise.

The ears are of good size, pointing forward, but not drooping; the

THE BRE EOS OF bi Vl SLOCK. 457

snout is decidedly curved upward or “dished,” and is not particularly
fine; the skin is of a pinkish color, with an occasional bluish spot,
but the hair is always white and moderately thick. The Middle
White breed is well represented by our so-called Suffolks and
Cheshires, and the Small White breed by our Small Yorkshires.
The Small Yorkshires are the smallest and finest of our white
breeds, and are remarkable for their short heads; short, ‘dished ”’
faces or snouts; short, thick jowls; long, heavy, deep bodies; short
legs and remarkably fine bone. No breed matures earlier, is more
docile, or fattens more quickly than the Small Yorkshire. The
hair is always white, and rather thin; the skin a beautiful pink with
the same tendency to an occasional bluish spot as is noticed in the

other varieties of the Yorkshire. See illustration on page 475.
SUFFOLKS.

The so-called Suffolk of this country is a small white breed that
originated in England, and is unquestionably only a variety of the
Yorkshire, which has long been the leading white breed of swine
in Great Britain. They are undoubtedly identical with what has
frequently been called, in that country, the Middle-Yorkshire or
York-Cumberland; in fact the varieties of swine which are or have
been known in England as the Middlesex, the Coleshill, and the
Prince Alberts or Windsors, as well as the Suffolks, are all clearly
from the same stock. The Suffolks, as bred at Windsor Castle by
the late Prince Albert, were great favorites in that country for
many years, and were sometimes spoken of simply as the Windsor
breed. ‘They were first brought into prominent notice in this coun-

try by the importations of Messrs. Isaac and Josiah Stickney, of
58

458 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK.

Massachusetts; and although they are still bred to some extent in
many portions of the United States, and are prized on account of
their delicacy and early-fattening qualities, yet they have shared the
unpopularity that attaches to all the white-haired breeds in the great
pork-producing regions.

The characteristic markings of the Suffolk are as follows: Head
small and very short; cheeks prominent; face dished; snout small
and very short; ears short, thin, and upright; neck very short and
thick, the head appearing almost as if set on front of shoulders;
ribs well arched out from back; good length between shoulders and
hams; flank well filled out and coming well down at ham; back
broad, level, and straight from crest to tail; hams wide and full;
legs small and very short, standing wide apart; bone fine; skin
thin, of a pinkish shade; hair fine and silky; color of hair white,
free from any spots or other color; size small to medium.

It may be well to mention that none of the white breeds are
now known as Suffolks in England, the English Suffolk pig being

uniformly black and very like the Essex.
CHESHIRES.

This is clearly another derivation from the famous old White
Yorkshire of England. They have been extensively bred in Jeffer-
son Co., N. Y., and from thence disseminated into various States,
but in the hands of American breeders have not attained any great
degree of uniformity. Many of them are of immense size, while
others from the same stock are as small as the Suffolk, and much
like the latter. They are usually very long in the body, with small

but rather long heads; thin hair, pinkish skin; sometimes with blu-

Lie BIEL IIS (OF LLVA SS LOCK: 459

ish spots in the skin, but hair always white; rather long legs, but

bone always fine in proportion to weight of body.

CHESTER WHITES.

Mr. F. D. Coburn, in a series of articles on ‘‘The Breeds of
Swine” published in Vol. I of the Breeder's Gazette, says: ‘The
improvement of the common stock of Eastern Pennsylvania, especi-
ally in Chester County, which gave to the country the breed of
swine known to all Americans as Chester Whites, or Chester
County Whites, was begun nearly sixty-five years ago. A most
prominent incentive to its beginning was the bringing to his farm,
near West Chester, in 1818, by James Jeffries (who was a sea cap-
tain), of a pair of superior white pigs from Bedfordshire, Eng. The
better class of farmers in the vicinity desiring something superior in
the way of swine to what they were then raising, secured crosses of
the Jeffries stock on their own. The former seems to have increased
and multiplied to some extent, and the progeny continued to be
bred on and with the original stock of the county until, in the
course of years, its swine had much more than a local reputation
for both size and quality, and wherever mentioned were spoken of
as the Chester County stock. In Pennsylvania, where best known,
they have always been held in the highest esteem, notwithstanding
the fact that» various other breeds have from :time to time been
introduced there, notably the Berkshires, some forty years since;
and later, the Suffolks, which, in turn, were followed by the Essex;
but none of them became favorites to the extent of seriously dis-
placing the home breed. In form, size, and general characteristics,

except color, they are very similar to the Poland-Chinas; but for

460 THE BREEDS: (OF LIVESTOCK

some cause they have not retained the popularity of a dozen years
ago among the pork-producers of the corn-growing States, where
the dark-haired hogs are generally preferred. ‘They are among the
largest breeds known; individuals having attained the enormous
weight of 1,300 lbs. The following is a description of their char-
acteristics: Head short, and broad between the eyes; ears thin,
projecting forward and drooping at the point; neck short and thick;
jowl large; body long and deep, broad on the back; hams full and
deep; legs short and well set under; hair thin, white, and if a little

wavy not objectionable.”

ESSEX.

The Essex is one of the English breeds. Youatt describes them
as a “parti-colored animal; black, with white shoulders, nose, and legs
—Jin fact, a sort of sheeted pig; large, upright, and coarse in bone.”

The first determined effort at improvement in the breed is cred-
ited to Lord Western, who introduced Neapolitan swine that were
said to have possessed ‘‘very peculiar and valuable qualities, the
flavor of the meat being excellent, and the disposition to fatten on
the smallest quantity of food unrivaled.” This pair and their off-
spring were bred together to such an extent that there was danger
of their becoming extinct, when they were crossed on the Essex
on Lord Western’s estate with the effect of obliterating the white
and producing a progeny with the appearance and many character-
istics of the pure Neapolitans. This crossing and the subsequent
selection and breeding which formed the type of the modern Essex
was mainly the work of Fisher Hobbs, who was a tenant on the

Western estate, and as bred by him they have been regarded as a

THE BREEDS OF: FIVE STOCK. 401

fixed breed in England since 1840. They are classed with the small
breeds, but frequently attain weights that would entitle them to be
considered among the larger ones, often weighing 400 to 600 Ibs.
at maturity, though usually most profitable when slaughtered young
for breakfast-bacon or family use, for which they are highly esteemed. |

The standard agreed upon is as follows: Color black, without
any white whatever; face short and dishing; ears small, soft, and
standing erect while young, but drooping slightly with increasing age;
carcass long, broad, straight, and deep; ham heavy and well let
down; bone fine; hair ordinarily rather thin; fattening qualities very
superior.

The breed has not become generally popular in the United States,
but has been highly esteemed as a cross with the coarser-boned and

more slowly-maturing varieties.

NEAPOLITANS.

It is believed that this breed was first introduced into this coun-
try about the year 1840 by Mr. James G. King, who made an im-
portation from Naples to Hudson County, N. J.; and ten years
later by Mr. Chamberlain, of Dutchess County, N. Y., who made
an importation from Sorrento. About the same time, or perhaps
about 1848, quite a number of swine of this breed were taken
into Union County, O., by Samuel Long, where the writer hereof
often saw them. ‘They may be described as follows: Head small
but rather long; forehead bony and flat; face slightly dishing; snout
rather long and very slender; ears small, thin, standing forward
nearly horizontally, and quite lively; jowls very full; neck short, broad

and heavy above; trunk long and round; back flat, and ribs arching,

462 LHE BREEDS NOL DIV es sTOCK.

even in low flesh; belly horizontal on the lower line; hind quarters
decidedly higher and heavier than the fore; legs very fine, the
bones and joints being smaller than those of any other breed; tail
fine, curled and fringed with hair on each side; general color slaty
or bluish plum color, with a cast of coppery red; skin soft and fine,
nearly free from hair, which when found upon the sides of the head

and behind the fore legs is a reddish black, soft and rather long.

CHINESE SWINE.

The swine frequently spoken of among breeders in this country
and Great Britain as the Siamese breed is also often alluded to
as the Chinese. In fact, although there are several breeds of swine
in the eastern part of Asia, especially in the kingdom of Siam and
the Chinese Empire, yet there is a great similarity among them,
and those that have been imported to the United States and Great
Britain—sometimes called Chinese and again Siamese swine —have
been substantially of the same breed. They are distinguished by
their small size, round bodies, somewhat hollow in the back, with
the belly trailing near the ground in consequence of the extreme
shortness of their legs. They vary in color from pure black to pure
white, with various mixtures of the two colors. The ears are short,
small and erect; the bone is fine, legs very short, body long, and they
fatten rapidly on a very small quantity of food, maturing at a very
early age. They are less hardy and prolific than the English breeds,
and have been valuable to us only as a cross for the coarser types.
In fact it is doubtless true that the great improvement that has
been made in the swine of Great Britain during. the past hundred

years has been more largely due to the introduction of this Asiatic

THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 463

blood than to any other one cause. Certainly, in the matter of
early maturity and fineness of bone, this Asiatic cross has exerted

a most powerful influence upon all the English breeds.
RECORDS AND HERD BOOKS.

Coburn’s “Swine Husbandry,” “Harris on the Pig,” and Long’s
“Book of the Pig” may be profitably consulted for more specific
and detailed information touching the breeds of swine. The follow-
ing is a list of the records for the various breeds that are published,
with the name and address of the party in control of each:

Berkshires. — American Berkshire Record, Phil M. Springer,
Springfield, Il.

Poland-Chinas—American Poland-China Record, John Gilmore,
Vinton, Ia. Central Poland-China Record, W. H. Morris, Indian-
apolis, Ind. Ohio Poland-China Record, Carl Freigau, Dayton, O.

Yorkshires—American Yorkshire Record, George W. Harris, Sta-
tion R, New York city.

Chester Whites.— National Chester White Record, E. R. Moody,
Eminence, Ky.

Duroc-Ferseys. —Duroc-Jersey Swine Register, C. H. Holmes,

Grinnell, Ja.

GROUP OF BERKSHIRE SWINE.

The illustration on the opposite page shows a boar and two
sows of the Berkshire breed, sketched from life by Burk from the
herd of George W. Penny, a well-known swine-breeder of Newark,
O. The boar is Royal Gloster 1o1g5, of the American Berkshire
Record, by King Biot 4o11, out of Chloe 9434. The sow in the
background is Juliette 10193 by Exor 3891, out of Lady Kingscote
3d ro1g2; and the other sow is Queen Mab torg4 by Exor 3891,
out of Lady Kingscote 2d 8034. They were all bred by the execu-
tor of the estate of Arthur Stewart, of England, and were imported
by their present owner, as above mentioned. In form and marking
they may be fairly considered thorougly typical Berkshires. See

page 451 for description and history of the breed.

(464)

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BERKSHIRE BOAR AND SOW.

The engraving facing herewith is a masterly reproduction of the
Berkshire boar Sovereign Duke 3819, and a fairly good picture of
the sow Manhattan Pride 3d 8586, owned by A. W. Rollins, an
extensive and well-known breeder of Manhattan, Kan.; and the
engraving was so highly thought of among Berkshire breeders that
it was used as the frontispiece to Vol. VI of the American Berk-
shire Record. The boar was bred by N. H. Gentry, of Sedalia,
Mo.; got by his famous stock boar Sovereign 2d 1757, out of Rival
Duchess 6706. The sow was bred by Mr. Rollins, as above, and
was by his boar The Prophet 2663, out of Manhattan Pride 6940.
Both have been greatly distinguished as prize-winners at leading
Western fairs. See page 451 for history and description of the

breed.

(466)

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GROUP OF POLAND-CHINA SWINE.

The peculiar characteristics of the Poland-China breed of swine
are faithfully portrayed in the engraving shown herewith. The
group consists of the boar Joe Richland 2163, the sow Helen’s
Beauty 10652 (in front), and Fannie Harkrader 3d 10352, sketched
by Burk after an original drawing by Freigau from the well-known
herd of Messrs. H. M. & W. P. Sisson, Galesburg, Ill., to whose good
judgment and rare skill in breeding a great measure of the improve-
ment that has been wrought in this popular breed during the past
thirty years is due. Their Beauty family has been especially famed
for the success of its representatives in the show ring for the past
twenty years. See page 453 for a full description of the breed and

history of its origin.

(468)

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GROUP OF YOUNG POLAND-CHINA SWINE.

To those who have been frequenters of the leading fairs and
stock shows of the great pork-producing States during the last
twenty years there has been no more familiar sight in connection
with the swine exhibits than the collection of Poland-China swine
shown by A. C. Moore, of Canton, Ill. While not one of the very
earliest among the improvers of this breed, yet Mr. Moore’s expe-
rience dates far back toward its beginning, and it is doubtful if any
man now living has been more thoroughly identified with the inter-
ests of this breed from its earlier stages, or has done equally as
much to make its merits known to the public. Our engraving shows
a boar and two sows at about six months old, sketched by Burk,
from the herd of A. C. Moore & Son, at the Illinois State Fair,
in Peoria, September, 1882. For particulars concerning this breed

see page 453.

(470)

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ESSEX BOAR AND SOW.

This engraving, sketched by Burk from the herd of W. J. Neely,
Ottawa, IIl., who has maintained for many years a herd of purely-
bred Essex swine, is a good illustration of typical animals of the

breed. For description and history see page 460.

(472)

SUFFOLK, CHESTER WHITE, AND SMALL ‘YORKSHIRE
SWINE.

The white breeds are very fairly typified in the engraving on the
opposite page. In the center are shown a pair of Chester Whites,
the largest of our white breeds; on the left is a pair of Suffolks,
which in everything except color might well pass for typical Berk-
shires; and on the right are a pair of Small Yorkshires. The char-
acteristics of these several breeds are described on pages 456, 457

and 459 of this volume.

(474)

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GENERAL INDEX.

PAGE
Aberdeen-Angus cattle ...........+-- 295, 325
WecidentalvatlationSrr. t= 102 citebdietsre)<! a cele 23
Miransmiissilyl enw ra ciel) erties beers) = = = 26
Adaptation to changed conditions.......... 15
Mo locallittyaayereyewisi ore bel eee feiekel- sie ie) 16
Aldermey Cattle. 0). eee ete oo 385
Altitudesettectobmn as ose tetris s = << + 22
PASC AVASITIe Seoeieaeaehewe oie veka, chs tokere seationenemenes ag: ss 14, 29
Ayrshire -Cattletona..).. 21 aie e apne eines 413, 419
Bakewelltas avbreeden.-\.pcor eae cs so -)- - II
BerkshirelswinGers - tie se hek ltr = 451, 465, 4607
Rowlonnats MOTSES! = akiccte oe eveisele sie svee osc 194
Breed, Getnitioniof ase... ce... -- OS ee
Breeding fOr Sexy. lojcjaretole 1-12) 0 lene ef=i aye (= «sl 72.
General! principles'of. 2.2... 52.2. == 9
tnsandoinerspaaccn o ietecols were were veers) eyesr= 37
Contradictions of explained......... 44
DV AMAWWATANO Miseaeciecs ie cs take cc) osereg wen sia ste cine 42
Effectiof-on nardine@ss:45 40.4. 6.116 1.62 47
(Galltomtom eye eters sh ete aes oh eee heals 39
Herbert Spencer’s views on.......... 41, 45
How far may be practiced...........-- 49
Mendency Olesen teers or s/t <0" B30
When notsdangerouss 2. 4: -\.- 45,46
Breeds formed by selection.............. BR 34.
Low; LOnUNe Geers) eleva fetish eteuser= =) 22533
Modified byalocality iva -seretsctetes)<)-leleile = 16
Modified by temperature ..........-.- 17
Breedsoft Cattle an e.c2 Sastre e+. 203, 424
Ailberde ens Am ouSin ars «terse steerer yn) =i 291
INGE ANG Sr Ao BOO bub DANEDOU OOLn 385
PAG TST ES trctspet esse che ehel ons lefevaepeietel t=) fe tor = 413
IDE OINS, eG HIS Geran iola Did c.cu Ouko HrOsigis bran 333
GAMOWAYS teenies lcetiedes saw =e 4 “A: 32
GUeLOSEYS hea sinecall tyes. ats bate, stoge ohele wales 385
iene fondsts ctoepontamroirsis clocetusnsteeen tic ence: 249
alsteimebriesians). Qc. fei er eue cera 353
ERSOVE Ss SGAR ORs pooeo och coo caso ker 385
GOTH iene Taio by. 2 0.5 2 Shela =) ops sete «eset 421
Red PROM ede yes a te ace teanete alet areas ren he 345,
SS OMts OTM Seperate yey aici'c) cholo) cuehetella pe ielioks! = uelish> 203
SUSSEX eevee epeicie cdce siatehe cionsheleneyele) reiciey« 335
SS Siete ea ore ep a ouay dsc vee enue ee aeeP wita ie tnels 422
NMEA Signet Waters) ore. aratienceteise eelie mn a- skaters 422
WVieStavltio land ersyrer sche cps cis) yy ©) deh 421
LBieciels: Gn |slonss 7 oo Sig nedun oc combeeoe 77, 199
LBS WKOINIENS) a eee ccd eecaOo oO Soo 8 HOS
Clevehanclmsaiy Sty sper evel oereass/s us (= =e 117
Sly desdalles pacctateice-ts eke este terns ese I51
GATS lS NIM ee eane tere, stetatels tore Kolcysy = «feel 133
IPieesvel NAGCEKENY G Godido. woo. Ceololbn aaanrol 117
(One Sia, aero Biekd owe sr ie dio ean rae 96

PAGE

Percherons ......-..eeeeeee scree eee 173
Thoroughbreds. ......-+--..2-+ e000 77
MrotterSie. sinvaces vale afeteeke te) staus: teeemteogsls gl
Mustangs... ....+--22ssseese rece cece 197
Ponies ooo csiet ave oie eeevere sewet- tek et 196
Suffolk Puc haig oc ste cre er-fe ai lols tiie! le) eke 195
Breeds of Sheep.....-.---2+--ee++:> 425, 450
Cheviots... oceans ce teleleteletanek > leeagarie 436
Cotswolds) ce ctor wi creisete tains 427
Hampshire Downs.......--+++-+++++:> 434
IVS NTR qomenedo doo cuada coon doc 429
Teimeolinsy. cs nue cine chptokeale eicuacs hee 430
Merinosd secs cence vertices siehete nek 425
Oxfords 2 zinc see isto Setsketene ce eee 431
Shropshire Downs ........+++++-+ +0: 435
Southdown: 2.1 2... steie ocs)-trane ore se enalohe 432
Records and Registers of .......---++- 436
Breed srofis SG willens sielec eo slerenelat-welat= .-451, 474
Berleshiresi: sc cst cottons corel sieveiotene eisPerenone 451
Ghester. Whites aera siarte ines erate enhnertel tae 459
C@hteshires: ec sso etetetele we oie l-)e iets stented 458
(Glabin(ac(o ae Mey I am AG rin EG Oc crcice 462
IDihdolsSa nick Sn mC UIO OU CION: 455

1 SS ee ron Rie Westies ee idacr ies coo COOLS 460
Jersey Reds, .cecc0ces cess eee ee ye ecine 455
Neapolitans, o! 20.25 0. ees soe eee neleea 461
Poland=G@hinasyewieacc cae ce etenel etait tans 453
SiaMeS@ete 5 seme orc eie ae sia skein vice anaes tee 462
Surttollilic haze everett Cie erek cholic) © ehetal st tesedeis els 457
Wao Annies 5 6 coos OpbodUm obo OmU DD OCS 456
Records and Registers of .......-+-+--- 463
Canadian) HOTSESi\e)<)ere 2 2,210 oh ino) -tnef~ > elo aim) 18
Cattle; the breeds (of, > 52 s..1-2- hen) 203, 424
Changed conditions, adaptation to ........ 15
I fieChiol. -remiisielteleosheteiele sree PE, 15,22
Change of climate, effect of...........-- ea pike)
On the generative organs ..........+-- 71
@heshinerSwanels oes. cveher cr veistoneipere tone st tien 458
Chester Wihite/swintey ye secre les eer 459, 475
Clay family of trotters ......4.-+++--.+--- g2
Cleopatra, in-breeding illustrated by........ 35
@hinesesswime menisci. bayer. oe = seine ore 462
Climate, effect of on the generative organs.. 71
Iintiwencel Off)... tis icity sere eee ei Fuipatris, Likes
Cleveland Bay horses.........-.-+--- C0727
Clydesdale horses...........-++-++2+-+-- I51
@oachwhorsess = seme s eee ss stra cen: L739 £20
Color influenced by imagination........... 68
Markings from fright................. 69
Controlling the sex ......--226+ ee eeeeee 2
Cotswold sheep.... 2222-3256 - oe oo 427, 441
Grosspertilizationajertectere eket-lcrs cieloshenensrste > 24

478 INDEX.

PAGE
Crosses, top most important .............. 50
Violent; eftection mice nae cote enon 40
Crossing and"insbreeding es ee he 37
Damviandisire;relativersize of senescent 52
DAEWiMiOnen- breedin oy yee tna eaee ener 42
Onmeversionte. ey ie chveiereteate enka I5
Detinitionjof terms. 4.46 Sei 39, 36
Development affected by food and climate... 12
Devoneeattl esc kyre ratte horse seroise ieee ciel Bee
TUT OCIS WANE its! Foe omveten cece ciel ete teat 455
Dwarf breeds produced by climate........ 12
Relish shine) MOYSeSiyeccts)-(-pshe\oirinie iis peste 133
ESSE XPS VATS ES ye eke rote teelay aia ene chet 460, 472
Evolution, effect of on heredity..........- 27
Harmulliyasvalt erotic ntagertyctetonelsticisia se chevercie rela ee 10
Fertility affected by in-breeding.......... 39, 43
Atiected| by violent crossesi, ays). 00/4. 39, 43
First impregnation, influence of.......... 55, 59
Proftielbaiw On Aiyae- eres wae ee eer 55
iHonmationvobbreedsmui-creierin mia ar
ihrenchicoachshorses eye ee serestaryee sro 120
Gallomayicattler tr At otter tetra ace 325
Galtonzoneim-breediniguy, . 6) seeeane ree 39
General principles of breeding............ 9
Generative organs, effect of change of climate
JMIDIOWITS lomo cd ogee os boo Dore acainiod 71
Good pedigree, what isa....... Fs ai tot 51
Cuenmseyicaillen ra. scm, acta ery eee 385
Hambletonian family of trotters........... g2
Hampshire: Downisheeper oe. ctene ier 444, 447
iEleretondccattles., 3.5, sett con enseieaeloce: tne aie 249
ilereditarysintinences extent ote semrn ts. 27
How far may be depended on ......... 30
Hereditary qualities, transmission of........ 9
Euehlandicattle 22 fe ec cesses eenneee 421
EXolsteime binresiamicattleeyy -ersjislelere eis nies 353
Tliorsesyithe! breed soft, mera. so aiaisjei orate ciel 77, 199
Islommtshign ise Olid ooAGe cod oeooRo ema. 18
Imagination, iettect/ of on colores)... -1)- 10a 68
Impregnation, influence of first ........... 55
INSbrGEGin ele siac ccc Nee a eet 27 tA,
Individual quality, transmission of......... 30
Inheritance in the human family .......... 10
Influence of first impregnation............ 55
Jerseypacaltiier ya yet asuNe ae rere nek ent, footed 385
JerseyalRediswineinia. sous cutee es oeiset 455
Werry icattle sta mastetnu esi euyeas cet eere ge 421
Isevcester Sheepineis tee Scie eran 429, 441
Thm colnysheepe haw amrreee rey ser ore eae 430, 441
Mambrino family of trotters.............. 492

Markings from imagination............... 58

PAGE

Menimorsheep st) si... svelacieeien ataeieiare ant 425, 439
Morgamihorsesiercysci-0.0 5 seltesier ie te relate 93
Mita Stamerset rane casueny Siete lie alae tay deters 195
Neapolitan swine seri. cei sre cys © 461
Onlofiwhorsesy try). id= tases siarsietey scsnee sister scielopere 96
Oxfordmskeepaueaansel(ac steer 431, 443
Pedigree in the human family............. 10
WeStS eof bodes Baie sae ole coat ketenes 51
Valle Oty. 25.5.0 istatsrqeiuiare care arte aeons 50
Rereheromshorsesi: ste scien tse oeiete tee eee 173
Eilotrannilyiof trotters yacierre ees eee 94
Roland-Chinaswine crise -. te 453,469, 471
ROMPR SN te rich sycic Giiatorelo oh oieorens Peters ene bitten 194.
mmerplesioimbneed ine ee elctelarastysteteleiee 9
Red/Polledveattle..~ -: - REPL e men Bea rneo 8 345
Relative size of sire and dam.............. 52
Reversionmtoronemal ty pels as nus tetas rere 13
IRAUISSIAMMETOLEETS etc i).e') sisitcneeue estes oe ele ole 96
Sheep wbreeds-Of sees). seperate 425, 449
IRecondsyandiereeistersion me ler eer 436
SiaineSe SWile miercuuersrterccosie iste sceneries 462
NOULLG OWAUSMCE Piavetemere vielen tteleraeice ol tele 432, 445
Shropshire Dowmsheepierane ts eee) 435, 449
SUSSEXACALELE SS Fhe ccikc. oie haus wecorans etaParoae 335
Swilem need Sy@farae. ces colours ee 451, 473, 475
Reecords/and!herd books) 4-2-0 eee 463
Siwissecattleryererscra'ct ss .srcere set ee Acree 422
Sex, controlling, the is: elimi eerie eee 52
Shetlanmdipomies\ ay. 1.4) eeketsiete ex ciatrenyere oietele 196
STE WOTSESins 2-52, «cio adetstopeacya nl Seniors 133
Shontehopnycattles ymca else eee 203
Size of sire and) dam, relative: see4-— lars 52
SPOUSE ecec crn sys! celle wie ceme ie adres Oley rae pte 28
SUMOlksiswilMe:.. .!r.s7 wheter oeteleameers a lier 457, 465
Suttolkeemnch Norses! Mya vege srs ase eraenens 195
eniperatunevenech Ole mmr rte eee Lippy Xe:
Mboroush bred WMOrsesis prsers ree era eet 77
Transmission of accidental qualities........ 25
Individualichanracter- eee ee ean are 30
HLrothin ANOTSESeices.c islets oye emer atare gI
exaniGattlescis Bu. ccceseare ce trataeiereie mao wore cmsiere 422
Unifonmityot type tase seer Benet rte) ict II
Mransmitted sce SS arm csiseresscieceo a te Pees:
Variations acetdentalleyran se uni einer 23
‘Dransmnissible: i rejsc eos. niece eee 26
Prommpunitonmity-tcatsel one meee II
WVioléntccrosses, erect Oleer-. aie ieee 40
NVesteldioiland cattle tian 1. cir meriersye 421
Wornkshine mes wilh, -:se paises eee ert 456, 475

Dibner: TLLUSTRALION s

HORSES.
CLEVELAND Bays: PAGE
Competitor yyrire aster <t<(e! teicletrs 1s «1216 125
ID Meson Ail os 38 Se saca odes oOee bao 127
Royalltiysagreyemrerertotshs =: tele (<teate ayenaks ot sxe =v 129
CLYDESDALES :
IBIGlo EE NGEa ceca pooodenso cogSsdoeoed 159
Denies Iai SG Go goss soooo geonTouT 161
IDEN beer WAIN as Gepbe sooo coccusuacs 165
IOUS c pa cca wonkel opuceooo oo deo 167
Miusi@ap erst isha e rag Sete ner iso sty ete er aie 157
Brince|GeorzevOl Walesmaciieraiele e+ = 157
eT MNSEOS 6 Mes Garcance os Ou eo acme 169
AMbupMyo? MWe retreperers oe sersc, are: sieleseichel sce 163
Ieadiys ofstheslbakesSararscs:-/c1 sate <u e 171
ENGLISH SHIRES:
IBGaubINaS hee iat ialsizre cies s: sels eleva SraR mie 6 139
BEN PIG OMOMG 4 ee ease a ele Art eecelie rons 147
[KAM TIEN Soy damooon aaoneeeopoeaac 145
Ttollandip Mayor sees ertacdetsics ots ei cette 143
leloparccia Osis seo oa cis ga COO CUO EE OCOD OC 137
FRENCH COACH:
SuUperber Cire pris tsetse et else 131
PERCHERONS:
Brillant acrayereetae cas she obaaeiepaars ope shaces 179
Cesar tet eeeteds 5 cis cte:d sjeorersekotern seeictay oF 189
Gheen tctiatites Calas cemiebetere = ieee 1g!
GEL Ps okt o qrossteetlh aeons esse ce. ISI
Conde’ 27a, sattcanl ss ete maeteeya a at etwas 187
Gladiateuegs® 45 ut sscametrettaee ore eiae = 183
Group istic at Oe caus, Teach eemieelsas 183
Dol phinvandtoal Rec ee seteepetee toe 185
SHETLAND PONIES:
Group (Wilcox & Liggett’s) ........... 201
Greoynpey (HINGIS) se aasoe cocagacuus 199
MMTOROUGHBRED Sta. cjs\seei-/s eroeberereiel tet stets 77
Reliy. dl ere AU ieee faa ots o1- a clcloeet state ake tavels 89
IG COMATIS eee cucienc ithe hopsiaw etecueneie oserseers 87
TROTTERS :
Woes Viailis.s 5a sraye te: cto casein axe sens se 0: <ealohs 113
DomuGossack: Pe iseie.c 3 scveleeeus clue: sceee 109
A eirayl (Git y wees oueyencyede. store caeyeue seats ays avert III
EeK@ Cam enay ays ca Secs feiss: se cietsieretitrens pect 105
aI Speech ecravenc sic) c,sfatierersveycisice sre 3-0 ahaha IOI
itallas Wrest tacts cts a she ia cui e's) 3 oe 103
Bist GEE e artes os os ate pst oe eiopaestinae so Siete 107

CAGE:
ABERDEEN-ANGUS:
Beauty of Hillhurst and calf ..........
Blackbindvof\Corskie diy. renee
BlackyPrincemmeeretirscesee nie
BIGNESS (OWASN Sonecteacudsasaves 2008
Coquettes 4they tec nerice Scie hierar

S © we \o\e:.0)\0) BL Spale. otein weilelien esas (s, @ leuets

IMG Wiliie aE REED Ooo ee ade Gauboae -.9605,-
Jdapolner Go geeaseanos opaas apo oOGe Cd
Errantekenie bitin sepaeciee arcane
SUC C NAR -1stalata caresesleseictegneieie or nets Senee
Groupofi calves) -ti-leeieiiea se ere

(GUUM OM yey ays, ots ears s suck oaser= cuehstets raiet sete
UGE DOs og spanod sean edocs Gone S65

PATS CMS tei aia eee craven a taveialiossicy aye svete Meee tee
Moun’ Viscount isin se sn cis cys tin skacset:

AYRSHIRES:

ANNES IDYIHUMES S555 soaooasbObS SC ono:
GertarAthee ccc qave storie cece ae oer

DEVONS:

Carlos hes ciavatae eis orale: Ota o Sena telens masters
OWKG BOYS -ercteretotete tte orsicwiane Gis) ee eeels eas

(GUERNSEYS :

Rosebud of Les Vauxbelets 4th and calf. .
Sim Championmnsthies crores citation

HEREFORDS:

AMX Eby SCs ate bis sete s ca tem see es
Anchrilbball dig. tors = ot stocain scttevatte ooretnetsnater ste

GaSsiol Nee raetere ote Biers, «Oia eae ee
Dy Santini cs: feria savers stents: cele starslers ae eens

Ferme tions die 1. ols icyesaie loves ousious lel si-retetansteys
FE STOW 7 (aiahsh a harareushaerene piove wishstedetene vel ore
ILayehy IUCN eiseo boo SUnnO BOOOO 6 elma
Word evere sc. civcce hoses spss eo uate erate te
lLoxalhy al pe opos 66 commoOs dae a DonceHe
PrinCeslGward)o.¢. ci. a eistereieraisie ave ohepete

480

RGR NTS oo gna co SH OOD sa BON acs lt
Rone CHOVOS E uid Wo ado oo ooo. oro
Sip Bantlepenereneremterchaterste sre esejatel hal orem
ADlne Catenion Sale Wank pee Qn.00 wb J6H0

Wasim Gomis cian rate <tctetsferstofones tercratee

HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANS :

Aaggie family (group)............----
Duchessiof York (group). <2... 2.55 +5
INNES — KE Spade aoouodoMo Roos ced
INCRE Soagecuehonod wom ees acs eaneo
IUgiohy INEh% — pin Gisiekames racic ACO ORno cod eC
Lach Ot Mths Geiogs ceuoc
MIGICEUES )A Bes cea og booU oan cmc
IMIG OTS alee See ai ep ted erate a tensor thane
Netherland family (group) ............
Wrncess ot WayDeusGe. eerie seers
IRGW AIL A\RKAsIe. clo dhinaaohvacdunoon0OnE
Susted Glavin aces tet sareceve ete ciekereeaone ees
Violet fanaily (enoup) <:. iets vayeslere! veteran

JERSEYS:

BellevoftCollmpwoodiere 1. niseee or
Bulllicaltiee etvac nae sis cea ncieesiaacts
1SYanVeTEn SS Gye Gia Gamo ded oe 6 Clos Halo
Ikohape (oft AVSIM Ses oo psadAeocoous
Mary Anne of St. Lambert............
INETMO~ ICES. sfooosocopdcdd suemoooes
Innes WARS Aly culo oolu boo wes ou One
Ossionels: IMEI SCAB ad cose es Naa oo aoe
Reonia Chiefs ens... verse
Prin CeSS22 dies ek aoe aires ofertas es Atos
QuakerGinlee aac wticirss se eieer- ae
Royalist 3d

ee)

RED POLLED:

Wiaehesssol= Towa ny.cc wis. eiassans elses erer ens
JER Re oG ced cola bidnaUco ceo abies tecloe
PeMeEVMIMISKCEA aie cychereis peewee ieee
Slasher2a eyes yp geeracds ce ictecissareiere aretane

Dick Taylor of Glenwood ............
Wowbley Gloster eypeysstche to op stee eeepade tee

eee ee eee

Grand Duchess of Gloster 6th and roth. .
Grand) Duke‘ofi Glosterse: hee aeee:

Golden Thistle
Highland Plower. ci -< oleae recor ee
We Mira ara 25 458 ae oo teatotel Reseaes eeetomentts
Rose of Richland 61st, 64th, and 65th .

SCHOOLER a. ecto asas oie tie tesetetee a oie ee
Show, weterd: (Crotis) ie. os wietnis emt a seen
senth Diuchess'of Geneva i .s..425 500
Thirty third Duke of Airdrie ..........
Nom BPOwWal 21's epercine 0 eae eter sy iencnetetenst ave
Woneiinom prs) Setcacitene -icisueda rey teaaet
Water }Spriteca. OS cecmie ciate ilanticnare
Group of calves (Hamilton’s)..........

Wi wile die = ¢. 0.0 hee, je «6 eee

SUSSEX:
(General sRoberts 28 ae ene see ote
MieONavd 3 dita d). ee Oath a ced oe A
PROSE TE WAT SEM ot 5 soley sete p fats teteie ie ener
Sussex oul pA) cco Gt ererecccdeciene aie

TEXANS:
(Gr Up en seretepetetans ts) lavas latlenyeCienetarenetele

Wotswoldimannteete testator eiclatiehairen renter
Hampshire Dowmsists 2c). o.:sseio siete
IDSGEHIS IA eho Soa moon OE Camo O00Os
iH ON ENON are) A OIE SiricioisS oa b.0Rcs5 Cob
NETATTOS (AW) GAY tepesoo to e.cooDcscocos
Oxford se(Group) ites. <-l-pe tio
Shropshire Downs (graup)'.. 25. Ji. 0.2.4.
Southdown ram Baron Thetford ......... 5
Southdown ewe Penelope 4th
Southdown ewe Belle of Boskymead

SWINE.

Berkshire group (Penny’s)
Berkshire group (Rollims’) ...:...........
Chester White boar and sow .............
[Disien< Faidorthoy (INS) BE So coe a vob 6 coane
Poland-China group (Moore’s)...........-.
Poland-China group (Sisson’s) ...........-
Suffolk boar and sow
Small Yorkshire boar and sow............

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