S—^A -^rdijo HARVARD UNIVERSITY Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology :d ■(Qh P MUS. COMP. ZOOC LIBRARY MAR 4 1974 HARVARD UNIVERSITY Brigham Young University Science Bulletin NEW SPECIES OF AMERICAN BARK BEETLES (SCOLYTIDAE: COLEOPTERA) by Stephen L. Wood BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME XIX, NUMBER 1 JANUARY 1974 /ISSN 0068-1024 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN BIOLOGICAL SERIES Editor: Stanley L. Welsh, Department of Botany, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Members of the Editorial Board: Vernon J. Tipton, Zoology Ferron L. Andersen, Zoology Joseph R. Murdock, Botany Wilmer W. Tanner, Zoology Ex officio Members: A. Lester Allen, Dean, College of Biological and Agricultural Sciences Ernest L. Olson, Chairman, University Publications The Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, publishes acceptable papers, particularly large manuscripts, on all phases of biology. 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Wood BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME XIX, NUMBER 1 JANUARY 1974 /ISSN 0068-1024 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 SYSTEMATIC SECTION , 2 Cnesimis reticulum, n. sp 2 Cnesinus licairri. ii. sp. 2 Cnesinus terctis, n. sp 3 Cnesinus alienti.^, n. sp 3 Cnesinus depcrditus, n. sp 4 Cnesinus fulf^ens, n. sp 4 Cnesiiiiw fulgidus, n. sp 5 Cn^iim/s lucaris, n. sp 5 Cnesinus triangularis, n. sp 5 Cnesinus hrigliti, n. sp 6 Cnesinus coracinus, n. sp 6 Bothrosternus lucidus, n. sp. . 6 Hylastes niger, n. sp 7 Xi/lechinus mexicanus, n. sp 7 Phloeotrihus nanus, n. sp 8 Chramesus coruiger, n. sp 8 Chramesus disparilis, n. sp 9 Chramesus variabilis, n. sp 9 Chramesus microporosus, n. sp 10 Chramesus aipiiliis. n. sp. 10 Chramesus uisteriae, n. sp 1 1 Chramesus ma'ginatus, n. sp 11 Carphohorus piceae, n. sp 11 Carphohius cupressi, n. sp 12 Cladoctonus atrocis, n. sp 12 Seoh/todes eanalis, n. sp 13 ScoUjtodes cosiabilis, n. sp 13 Pseudothi/sciniies contrarius, n. sp 14 Pseudolhi/saniH's recaius, n. sp 14 Thijsanues granulifer, ii. sp 15 Micracisella mimetica, ii. sp. 15 Micracisella oeellata, n. sp 16 Htjloeurus riialis, n. sp 16 Jli/loeurus hinodatus, n. sp 17 Cn/phalomorpJius panalis, ii. sp 17 Cryphalomorphus sclifer, n. sp 18 Cn/phalomorphus hirtus, n. sp 18 C rt/ plwlomarphus rustieus. n. sp 18 Criiphuli)morphus trueis, n. sp 19 Hypothenemus apiealis, n. sp 19 Hypotlienemus indigens, n. sp .' 20 Hypothenemus trivialis, n. sp 20 Iltipothencnius dolosus, n. sp 21 Ht/putlicnemus solocis, n. sp 21 Hi/pothenernus veseulus, n. sp 21 Hypothenemus suspectus, n. sp 22 Periocrijphahis sohrinus, n. sp 22 Dendrocranidus limatus. n. sp 22 Dendrocranuhis red it us, n. sp , 23 Dendrocraiudus eonditus, n. sp 23 Dendrocranulus consimihs, n. sp 23 Dendrocranuhis vinralis, n. sp 24 Dendrocranulus vicinalis, n. sp 24 Dendrocranulus securus, n. sp 25 Dendrocranulus fulgidus, n. sp 25 Dendrocranulus vicinus, n. sp 25 Dendrocranulus rudis, n. sp , 26 Dendrocranulus conjinis, n. sp 26 Ips borealis lanieri, n. subsp 27 Gnathophthorus art us, n. sp 27 Dryocoetoides Hopkins 28 Dryocoetoides monachus ( Blandf ord ) , n. comb 28 Dryocoetoides verrucosus, n. sp 28 Dryocoetoides pileatus, n. sp 29 Dryocoetoides velutinus, n. sp 29 Dryocoetoides rusticus, n. sp 29 Dryocoetoides severus, n. sp 30 Dryocoetoides insculptis, n. sp 30 Dryocoetoides indolatus, n. sp 31 Sampsonius expulsus, n. sp 31 Sampsonius detract us, n. sp 31 Sampsonius usurpatus, n. sp 32 Xyleborus pristis, n. sp 32 Xyleborus micarius, n. sp 33 Xyleborus bicornutus, n. sp 33 Xyleborus carinitulus, n. sp 34 Xyleborus pandulus, n. sp 34 Xyleborus varulus, n. sp 35 Xylehonts sharpi lenis, n. subsp 35 Xyleborus palatus, ii. sp 35 Xyleborus exutus 36 Xyleborus rusticus, n. sp 36 Xyleborus ocellatus, n. sp 37 Xyleborus opimus, n. sp 37 Xylebo.us lacunatus, n. sp 37 Xyleborus merit us, n. sp 38 Xyleborus aclinis, n. sp 38 Xyleborus dissimulatus, n. sp 38 Xyleborus concentus, n. sp 39 Xyleborus tribulatus, n. sp 39 Xyleborus vismiae, n. sp 39 Xyleborus demissus, n. sp 40 Xyleborus meritus, n. sp 40 Xyleborus prolatus, n. sp 41 Xyleborus dissidens, n. sp 41 Xyleborinus dirus, n. sp 41 Xyleborinus tribulosus, n. sp 42 Xyleborinus protinus, n. sp 42 Xyleborinus celatus, n. sp 43 Araptus insinuatus, n. sp 43 Araptus interjectus, n. sp 44 Araptus accinctus, n. sp 44 Araptus delicatus, n. sp 44 Araptui genialis, n. sp 45 Araptus dentifrom, n. sp 45 Araptus facetus, n. sp 46 Araptus cuspidis, n. sp 46 Araptus placatus, n. sp 46 Araptus decorus, n. sp 47 Araptus blanditus, n. sp 47 Araptus mediatis 48 Araptun comlilus, n. sp 48 Araptus fnigalis, n. sp 49 Araptti.1 laudutus, n. sp 49 Araptus vesculus, n. sp 50 Araptus exigialis, n. sp 50 Araptus refertus, n. sp 51 Araptus trcpidus, n. sp 51 Araptus frontalis, n. sp 52 Araptus nigrellus, n. sp 52 Araptus vinnulus, n. sp 53 Araptus furvus, n. sp 53 Araptus funesccns, n. sp 53 Araptus Icpidus, n. sp 54 Araptus nwudicus, n. sp 54 Araptus uauulus. n. sp 54 Pseudopiti/ophthorus festivus, n. sp 55 Giiallidtrichus obscurus, n. sp 55 C'.nalliDtricltus omissus, ii. sp 56 Gnathotrupes dilutus, n. sp 56 Gnathotrupes crcccntus, n. sp 56 iricolus simplicis, n. sp ST Tricolus inornatus, n. sp 57 Tricolus inaffectus, n. sp 57 Tricolus cecrojiii, n. sp 58 Tricolus intrustis, n. sp 58 Tricolus ardis, n. sp 58 Tricolus parsus 59 Tricolus rufithorax, n. sp 59 Tricolus hadius, n. sp 60 Tricolus partilis, n. sp 60 Tricolus fcnoris, n. sp 60 Tricolus frontalis, n. sp 61 Tricolus capitalis, n. sp 61 Tricolus nacvus, n. sp 61 Tricolus scitulus. n. sp 62 Tricolus peltatus. n. sp 62 Tricolus aciculatus. n. sp 62 Tricolus hicolor, ii. sp 63 Tricolus amplus, n. sp 63 Atnphicrantts inirandus, u. sp 63 Autphicranus lornatilis, ii. sp 64 Amphicranus macellus, n. sp 64 Amphicranus spinescens, n. sp 65 Amphicranus spinosus, n. sp 65 Amphicranus mucronatus, n. sp 66 Amphicranus acus, n. sp 66 Paracorthi/lus mutilus, n. sp 66 Paracorthi/lus concisus, n. sp 67 NEW SPECIES OF AMERICAN BARK BEETLES (SCOLYTIDAE: COLEOPTERA)^ by Stephen L. Wood= ABSTRACT The following 156 species of American Scolv- tidae are described as new to science: Cnesinus reticiihts (Venezuela), C. beaveri (Brazil), C. teretis (Venezuela), C. aUentis (\'enezuela), C. (leperditus (Colombia), C. fulgcns (Vene- zuela), C. fiilgidus (Colombia), C. lucaris (Venezuela), C. triangularis (Colombia), C. brighti (Mexico), C. coracimis (Mexico), Botli- Tostcrnus lucidtts (Brazil), Ilylastcs niger (Mex- ico), Xylcchimis mexicanus (Mexico), Pidocotri- hiis nanus (Brazil), Chramesus corniger (Mex- ico), Ch. dispardis (Mexico), CIi. variabilis (Mexico), Cli. inicroi)()rosus (Mexico), f7(. aq udus (Mexico), Ch. uistcriae (Mississippi), Cdi. marginatus (Mexico), Carphoborus piceae (Ore- gon), Carphobius cupressi (Guatemala), Cda- doctonus atrocis (Brazil), Scohjtodes canalis (Mexico), S. costabilis (Mexico), P.scudothijsa- iwes contrarius (Mexico), P. recavus (Mexico), Thijsanoes gramdifer (Mexico), Micracisella mi- metica (Mexico), M. ocellata (Mexico), Ihjlo- curus rivalis (Mexico), H. binodatus (Missis- sippi), Cnjphalonwr pints parvatus (Honduras, Costa Rica), Cr. setifer (Guatemala), Cr. hirtus (Mexico), Cr. rusticus (Mexico), Cr. trucis (Mexico), Ht/pothcncmus apicaUs (Mexico), Htj. indigens (Mexico), //i/. trivialis (Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela), Ily. dolosus (Costa Rica), IIij. solocis (Mexico), Ily. vesculus (Mexico), Hy. .ntspcctus (Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela), Periocrypludus sobrinus (Brazil), Dcndrocranu- lus limatus (Venezuela), D. reditus (Venezue- la), D. conditus (Venezuela), D cotmmilis (Mexico), D. vinealis (Honduras), D. vicinalis (Costa Rica), D. securus (Costa Rica), D. ful- gidus (Panama), D. vicinus (Honduras), D. rudis (Mexico), D. confinis (Panama), Gna- thopthorus artus (Brazil), Dryocoetoides verru- cosus (Venezuela), Dr. pileatus (Venezuela), Dr. velutinus (Venezuela), Dr. ru.sticus (Vene- zuela). Dr. sevenis ( X'enezuela), Dr. insculptus (Colombia), Dr. indolatus (Venezuela), Samp- ■sonius expulsus (Colombia), Sam. detractus *Mosl of the field work that led to the discovery of these insects -Department of Zoology. Brigham Young University. Provo, t'tah (Panama), Sam. usurpatus (Costa Rica), Xy- leborus pristis (Costa Rica), X. micarius (Costa Rica), X. bicornutus (Venezuela), X. crinitulus (Venezuela), X. panduhts (Costa Rica, Pana- ma), X. varidus (Venezuela), X. palatus (Mex- ico), X. extitus (Costa Rica), X. rusticus (Mex- ico), X. ocellatus (Colombia), X. opimus (Flor- ida), X. lacunatus (Costa Rica), X. meridcnsis (Venezuela), X. aclinis (Panama), X. dissimu- latus (Costa Rica), X. concentus (Costa Rica, Venezuela), X. tribulatus (Costa Rica), X. vis- miae (Costa Rica), X. demissus (Costa Rica), X. meritus (Costa Rica), X. prolatus (Costa Rica), X. dissidens (Mexico), Xyleborinus dirus (Costa Rica), Xy. tribulosus (Panama), Xy. pro- tinus (Costa Rica), Xy. celatus (Colombia), Araptus insinuatus (Guatemala), A. inter jectus (Guatemala), A. accinctus (Mexico), A. dcli- catus (Mexico), A. geiiialis (Guatemala), A. dentifrons (Mexico), A. facetus (Costa Rica), A. cuspidus (Mexico), A. placatus (Mexico), A. decorus (Costa Rica), A. bkinditus (Mexico), A. medialis (Costa Rica), A. conditus (Costa Rica), A. frugalis (Costa Rica), A. laudatus (Costa Rica), A. vesculus (Costa Rica), A. ex- igialis (Panama), A. refertus (Guatemala), A. trepidus (Guatemala), A. frontalis (Guatemala), A. nigrcllus (Costa Rica), A. vitimdus (Costa Rica), A. furvus (Panama), A. furvescens (Gua- temala), A. lepidus (Costa Rica), A. mendicus (Costa Rica), A. nanulus (Mexico), A. festivus (Mexico), Pseudopiti/ophthorus fc.itivus (Mex- ico), Gnathotrichus obscurus (Mexico), G. omis- sus (Costa Rica), Gnathotrupes dilutus (Costa Rica). Gp. concentus (Costa Rica), Tricolus simplicis (Guatemala), T. inornatus (Costa Rica), T. inaf jectus (Costa Rica), T. cecropii (Costa Rica), T. intrusus (Venezuela), T. ardis (Costa Rica, Panama), T. parsus (Costa Rica), T. rufithorax (Costa Rica), T. badius (Costa Rica, Panama ) , T. partilis ( Costa Rica ) , T. fenoris (Costa Rica), T. frontalis (Mexico), T. capitalis (Panama), T. naevus (Costa Rica), T. was sponsored by the National Si lenie Foundation S4lin2. Scolytidae contribution no 4.S. Bricham Young University Science Bulletin scituhis (Costa Rica, Panama), T. peltatits (Pan- ama, Costa Rica), 7'. dcicuhitu.'i (Mexico), T. hi- color (Costa Rica), T. amplus (Mexico), Amphi- cranus iniranclus (Costa Rica), Am. tornatUis (Costa Rica), Am. mcicellu.s (Costa Rica), Am. spinescens (Costa Rica), Am. .spinosus (Costa Rica), Am. mucromittis (Panama), Am. acus (Venezuela), Paracortlujhi.i mtitihi.'i (Panama), and Par. concisus ( Costa Rica ) . New subspecies include Ips borealis lanieri ( Colorado, South Da- k(jta), and X. shcirpi lenis (Mexico). INTRODUCTION A large number of species new to science were discovered during the preparation of a monograph of the Scolytidae of North and Cen- tral America. Since it will be several years be- fore the monograph is concluded, the new names are being published in order to stabilizi- no- menclature and to facilitate identification. On the following pages 157 species and 2 subspecies are described as new to science. The new spe- cies represent the following genera: Cnesinus (11), Bothrosternus (1), Hijlastes (1), Xtjlcchi- mts (1), Phloeotribtis (I), Chrame.su.'i (7), Car- p])ohorus (1), CarpJwhius (1), Clacloctomis (1), Scohjtodes (2), Pseudot}njsanoes (2), Thijsanoe.s (1), Micracisella (2), Hi/locuriis (2), CTijpJi- aJoimirpims (5), Ihipotlwmnmis (7), Pcrio- cniphalus (1), Dindrocranulu.s (11), Gnatlwpli- thorus (1), Dryocoetokles (7), Samp.sonius (3), Xyleborus (22), Xtjleborimis (4), ATaptus (28), P.seu(h)f>itij(>])hthoius (1), Gmitliotrichus (2), Gnutliotrupes (2), Tricolus (19), Amphicriimis (7), and Paracorthijlus (2). One new subspe- cies in Ips and one in Xijlcborus are also named. The new species are from the following areas: United States (4), Mexico (42), Guatemala (10), Honduras (2), Costa Rica (45), Panama (10), Colombia (7), Venezuela (20), and Brazil (6). In addition, one species each also occurred in the following combinations of countries: Hon- duras/Costa Rica, Costa Rica/Venezuela. Two species are from Costa Rica Panama/Venezuela; four are from Costa Rica/Panama. Illustrations, ke\s, and supplemental taxo- nomic notes useful in identif\ing these species will be presented in the monograph. SYSTEMATIC SECTION Cnesimis reticidus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the \-ery closeK' related rctifcr Wood b\ the slightlv largiT size, b\ the much more coarsel\- punctured pro- notal disc, and bv the slightK' shorter declivital setae. Female.— Length 2.0 mm (paratype 1.9 mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in retifer except punctures on posterior third of pronotum at k'ast twice as wide, inter- spaces between punctures less than half as wide as a puncture, punctures reduced in size an- teriorly but in all areas much larger than in retifer. Interstrial setae on declivity slightly finer and shorter than in retifer. Type Locality.— Thirty km E Palmar. Boli- var, Venezuela. Type Material.— The female holotxpe and one female parat\pe were collected at the t\pe locality on 12-VI-70, 200 m, No. 529, from Vi.wua caijennensis, by S. L. Wood. The liolotypt' and paratype are in m\' col- lection. Cncsimts beaveri, n. sp. This spi'cies is distinguished from the allied blackmani Schedl b\' the smaller size, by the more widely separated eves and more broadly convex frons, by the much more elongate, stri- gose pronotal punctures, and by the finer, more widely spaced elytral vestiture. Female.— Length 1.4 mm (paratypes 1.35- 1.45 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons evenh' convex above shallow, trans- verse impression at level of antennal bases; sur- face strongly reticulate, with veiy fine, moder- ately sparse, somewhat obscure punctures; -vesti- ture of sparse, short hair; eyes separated b\ 2.0 times width of an eye. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; outline as in blackmani; surface smooth, shining, punc- tures fine and longitudinally striate, striations Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles about 2-S or more times a.s long as wide, often longitudinalK- confluent. Vistiture confined to anterior third, of course, short, rather sparse setae. Elytra l.S times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightK less than basal three-fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind; anterior mar- gins narrowly elevated, crest shallowly marked into separate crenulations, no submarginal cren- ulations; striae 1 moderatelv, others weakly im- pressed, punctures rather coarse, distincth- im- pressed; interstriae distinctly wider than striae, shining, almost smooth, but with short, obscure, subtransverse lines indicated, punctures fine, shallow, uniseriate, close. Declivity steep, con- vex; strial punctures slightK' smaller and deeper than on disc, narrowly impressed, impression narrower than punctures; interstriae 1 distinctly, others weakh' convex. Vestiture largely confined to declivity; consisting of slender interstrial bris- tles, each with its apical third apparently flat- tened; bristles two-thirds as long as distance between rows, spaced within a row b\ length of a bristle. Type LoC'Vlity.— About 260 km N Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil ( 12 M9' .S .5r 46" W). Type Material.— The female holotvpe and three female parat\pes wen- taken at the type locality on l-XII-68, No. F40, by R. A. Beaver; one female paratype bears the same data except 13-X-68, No. B105; and one female paratype the same data except 26-XI-6S, No. D71G.' The holotype and one paratype are in the British Museum (Natural Histor\), two para- types are in the Museu de Zoologia, Universi- dade de Sao Paulo, and two paratypes are in mv collection. Cnesinus teretis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the allied l)Iackmani Schedl by the smaller size, b\- the larger eyes, by the different frontal sculpture in both sexes, and by the less strongly impressed striae with smaller strial punctures. Female.— Length 1.5 mm (paratypes 1.3-1.5 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown, pronotum almost black. Frons very narrow, weakly convex from ver- tex to epistoma, median two-thirds on lower half a slightly elevated plateau, this area to vertex smooth, polished and entireK devoid of punc- tures or setae; lateral areas below obscureK' reticulate, with moderately abundant, coarse, short setae, a row of setae continued along me- dian margin of eye almost to narrowest point between eyes; eyes separated by less than half greatest width of eye, eyes ver)' large, coarsely faceted. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; as in hiackmani except sides more strongK' constricted on basal half, punctures slightly smaller and more elongate. X'cstiture confined to anterior third, of fine, short, recumbent hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in hkickniani; striae 1 moderately, others feebly impressed, punctures small, shallow; interstriae twice as wide as striae, almost flat, smooth, shining, punctures minute, unisi-riate. those bearing setae usualh' miinitel\- granulate. Declivity steep, con- vex; striae 1 impressed; interstriae 1 narrowl)- convex; interstrial punctures replaced by small, rounded, setiferous granules. Vestiture confined to declivity, discal interstriae and posterior half of 3, 5, and 7; consisting of coarse bristles up to slightly less than twice as long as distance be- tween rows, only slightl\- longer than distance between bristles within a row. Male.— Similar to female except frons weak- 1\', transverseK- impressed on lower lialf more strongly convex on upper half, surface reticu- late and finely, sparsely punctured, vestiture more generally distributed; disc with rows of very small, fine interstrial setae. Type Locality.— Seven km NW Socopo, Ba- rinas, Venezuela. Type Materl\l.— The female holotype, male allot\pe, and 35 parat\pes were taken at the type locality on 13-11-70, 200 m. No. 322, from Nectandra twigs, b\ S. L. Wood. The liolot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are in mv collection. Cnesinus alienus, n. sp. TlTis species is distinguislied from the distant- ly allied nitidus Eggers by the very differently sculptured frons, by the larger, shallow pronotal punctures, by the very shallow, smaller strial punctures, and by the much more deeply sul- cate el\ tral declivity. Male.— Length 2.3 mm (allot\'pe 2.5 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown, al- most black. Frons basically convex with central third rather deepK' concave, lower margin of concav- ity at level just abo\e antennal insertion armed by a pair of small, pointed, rather wideh sepa- rated denticles; upper margin of concavity with a median prominence; surface reticulate, almost Brigham Young University Science Bulletin rugose, a few small granules in lateral and lower areas, punctures minute, obscure; vestiture of fine, sparse hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; outline as in iiitidus- surface mostU' dull, obscurely re- ticulate to niiuutcK , longitudinalK etched, punc- tures rather small, two to three times as long as wide, larger than in nitidtis. Glabrous except for a very few setae on anterior fourth. Elvtra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in nitidiis; striae feeblv impressed, punctures sm;dl, shallow; in- terstriae about three times as wide as striae, al- most smooth, subshining, punctures obsolete. Declivity steep, r;ither broad]\ sulcate; strial punctures minute, distinct; sutural interstriae moderately elevated, 2 strongly, broadly im- pressed, 3 abruptly, moderately elevated on me- dian side, devoid of granules, fine, uniseriate punctures distinct except on 2. Vestiture con- fined to decli\'it\ consisting of inti'rstrial rows of rather short bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frontal de- pression less well developed, callus at upper margin of concavity not evident; minute, con- fused interstrial punctures indicated on disc. Tyi'k Loc.^Lirv.— Forty km SE Socopo, Ba- rinas, Wnezuela. Tyi'e Matehial.— The male holot\ pe and fe- male allotype were taken ;it the t\ pe localitN on 25-1-70, 150 m. No. 27.3, from a li;ina known localK' as bejuco bianco, by S. L. Wood. The holot\ pe and allotype are in my col- lection. Cnesinus deperdittis. n. sp. This species is distinguislud from the allied reticiihittis Chapuis In the smaller size, by the different frontal sculpture, b\ the very much more finely, obscurely pimctured discal inter- striae, and b\- the- shorter, nuich less strongly im- pressed elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.7 mm (paratype 2.5 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color ver\- dark red- dish brown. Frons as in rcticulatus except upper half much more strongly comcx; transverse elevation just above epistoma unarmed, triangular patch of erect setae rather large, extending to deepest point in impression; lateral margins of frons abrupt but not acutely elevated. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides rather strongly arcu- ate, rather narrowly rounded in front; surface subshining, sculpture similar to but slightly finer than in reticulatus, punctures rather shal- low, moderately coarse, manv or most at least parth , longitudinally confluent. Vestiture of moderately abundant, coarse, short setae. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slighth- less than basal three-fourths, rather broadl\ rounded behind; striae deeply, ;ibruptly impressed, punctures rather obscurely indicated; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, I'vidently finely rugose, punctures fine, ob- scure, confused, rather abundant. Declivity steep, con\('x; striae narrower and less strongly impressed than on ilisc except 1 on right side wider, interstriae 1 on right side flattened; inter- strial punctures largely replaced by fine granules. Type Locality.— Piedras Blancas, 10 km E Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia. Type Matehial.- Tlie female holotype and one female parat\pi- were taken at the type lo- calit\ on 15-VII-70, 2500 m. No. PS5, Qricrcus humlwldti. S. L. Wood. The holot\pe and paratype are in m\ col- lection. Cnesinus fulgen.s, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the very closely ri'lated ni<^er Wood by the larger size, 1)\ the slighth' wider male epistomal elevation with nuich shorter setae, by the more finely punctured pronotum, b\' the slightly smaller, less deepK impressed strial punctures, and by the more deeply impressed declivital striae. Mali:.— Length 2.7 mm (paratypes 2.6-2.9 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color d;irk red- dish brown. Frons as in niiier except epistomal elevation wider, nonpiibescent area distinctly wider, setae on its upper portion about half as lout;. Pronotum as in Ji/i,'er except punctures iniich smaller, more numerous, less strigose. EKtra as in (i/f,'cr except strial punctures smaller, not as deep; interstriae more than twice as wide as striae, punctures confused; declivital interstriiie 2 and 3 more strongly convi'x. Female —Similar to male except epistomal ('le\ation reduci'd to a transverse callus with one row of finer, lontjer setae on its upper mar- KiJi- Type Locality.— I^a Carbonera I'lxperimen- tal Forest, 50 km (airline) NW Merida, Merida, Venezuela. Type Matehial.— The male holot\pe, female allotype, and 25 paratypes were collected at the Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Specie.s of Amehic.\n B.\hk Beetles type locality on 14-XI-69, 2500 m. No. 136, from Rubus sp., by S. L. Wood. Thirty-two paratypes are from La Miiciiy Expcrimontal Forest, 20 km NE Merida, Mcrida, Venezuela, 22-.\II-69, 2500 m. No. 205, from Ruhus ,sp., by S. L. \Vood. The holotype, allotype, and paratype.s are in mv collectioiL Cnesinus fulgidus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from tlu' closely allied juJohUii twigs, bv S. L. Wood. The holotvpe, allotype, and paratypes are in m\' collection. Cnesinus hicaris, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the closely allied perplexus \\'ood by the nnich less exten- sive male epistomal elevation and smaller brush of epistomal setae, by the less coarsely sculptured pronotum, and by the much more slender elytral vestiture. Male.— Length 2.3 mm (paratypes 2.2-2.5 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown, elytra sometimes reddish brown, prono- tum often abiiost black. Frons essentially as in perplexus except epis- tomal elevation much smaller, occupying slightly more than median third, its longitudinal axis about etjual in length to width of pedicel, its up- per slope ornamented by about three rows of compressed bristles, these bristles covering a smaller area and finer than in perplexus. Pronotum as in perplexus except grooves slightly narrower and longer, ridges not as strongly convex, finer. Vestiture finer than in /)c'r/)/t'.v(/.v. EKtra as in perplexus except both ground cover and erect bristles much more slender, slightly longer on declivity. Female.— Similar to male except epistomal elevation smaller, its bristles finer, reduced to one row. Type Locality.— Merida, Merida, Venezuela. Type Matehial.— The male holotype and five parat\pes witc taken at the type locality on 29- \II-69, 1700 m. No. 210, from a small liana, by S. L. Wood. The female allotype and 14 para- types bear the same data except 22-XI-69, and either No. 7 from a twig, or No. 6 from Vismia; one parat\pe bears the sanu' data I'xcept 8-.\I-69, No. 119 from Ruhus. The holotvpe, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Cnesinus triangularis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the closely related gihhulus Wood by the smaller average size, by the smaller female epistomal elexation with its setae less numerous and longer, by the less deeply impressed striae, by the much smal- ler interstrial punctures, and by the shorter, stouter decli\ital pubescence. FEMALE.-Length 2.2 mm (paratypes 2.1-2.4 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in gihhulus except epistomal eleva- tion smaller, triangular, epistomal margin of tri- angle almost straight, median angle of triangle about 60 degrees, bristles more slender, much longer; frons sparsely pubescent, particularly in lateral areas. Pronotum as in gihhulus. Ehtra 1.9 times as long as wide; as in gih- hulus except striae very weakly impressed, punc- tures small, deep; interstriae three times as wide as striae, shining, with a few very shallow, ob- Bricham Young University Scien< e Bulletin scuR", transverse lines, punctures very fine, inocl- eratelv confused on 2 and 3, almost uniseriate on others. Vestiture confined to declivity, con- sisting of stout bristles, each bristle very slightly longer than distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except frontal ele- vation replaced by a small, low, transxersc, cpis- tonial callus, specialized bristles absent. Type Locality.— Piedras Blancas, 10 km E Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia. Type Materl\l.— The female holotNpe, male allotype, and 12 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 15-VII-70,' 2500 m. No. 656, from a twig of a shrub known locallv as Uvo de Monte, by S. L. Wood. Eighty-eiglit paratopes bear the same data except \o. 65S, taken from a twig of a small tree known locally as Graptero, bv S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Cnesinus l)ii'Jiti. n. sp. This species is distinguished from cl('i:,(intis Wood bv the smaller size, bv the smaller female epistomal tubercles, by the coarser frontal x'esti- ture, by the coarser pronotal striations, b\ the fine hair covering the pronotum, b\- the less strongly impressed striae, and b\' tiie discal pu- bescence. Feniale.— Length 2.5 mm (paratvpes 2.2-2.6 mm), 2.7 times as long as widi"; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons as in ele^antis but with epistomal den- ticles much smaller and basally contiguous, \'es- titure stouter and slightly more abundant. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; stria- tions coarser and wider than either e/eganfi.s or coracinus, punctures not evidi'ut. X'estiture of rather abundant, fine, short hair on disc, longer and coarser anteriorh'. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; as in cleii'in- tis except vestiture extends to base of disc, con- sisting of rather abundant, short, coarse, con- fused setae of about uniform length, not longer on declivitv, each seta about equal in length to width of an interstriat'. Male.— Similar to female exci'pt epistomal tubercles absent. Type Locality.— Nine miles (14 km) SE Teopisca on highway 24, Chiapas, Mexico. Type Material.- The female holotype, male allotype and 65 paratypes were taken at the t\ pe locality on 14-\'-69, by D. E. Bright. Three para- types have identical data except thev are .30-V- 69; three paratypes are from Lagos des Colores, 17-V-69, D. E. Bright. The holotype, allotype, and most paratypes are in thi' Canadian National Collection, some paratypes are in my collection. Cnesinus coracinus. n. sp. This species is distinguished from elc^antis Wood by the smaller size, bv the stouter body, by the finer, closer female epistomal tubercles, by the finer frontal \'estiture, b\- the sliglitly coarser pronotal striation, bv the coarser strial punctures, and by the shorter, stouter deelivital setae. Female.— Length 2.2 mm (paratvpes 2.1-2.3 mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in elefiantis except epistomal tuber- cles smaller, much closer, concavity not quite as deep, extending slightly nearer upper level of frons, surface obscureh' punctured, vestiture finer, less abundant. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; much as in elef^antis but with striations more distinctly punctured and wider. Elytra 1.6 tinii'S as long as wide; strial punc- tures slighth' larger and deeper than in clcL!,(intis. interstriae feel)ly convex; declixity less strongly impressed, interstriae each with a row of gran- ules. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of sparse, short, ground \'estiture of rather fine hair, and rows of interstrial bristles; each bristle about as long as distance between rows, more closely spaced within a row. Type Locality.— Five miles ( 8 km ) S Simo- liovc'l, Chiapas, Mexico. Type Material.- The female holotype and four female paratvpes were taken at the type locality on 4-\'II-69, by D. E. Bright. The holotype and two parat\pes are in the Canadian National Collection; two paratvpes are in my collection. Bothrost emits lucidus, n. sp. The eh tral decli\itv of this species has moderatily long, uniseriate interstrial setae as described for truncatus Eichhoff; it differs, how- ever, bv the absence of a median frontal tubercle, bv the pronotum being wider than long, bv the smoother, more regularly puncturid pronotum, and probabh' bv other characters. Male.— Length 2.3 mm (paratvpes 2.3-2.5 mm), 2.2 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Americ.\n Bark Beetles Frons as in male brevis Eggers except upper area slightly more strongK' convex, lower area less strongly, less extensively impressed, with no indication of a transverse calhis, punctures smaller, less conspicuous; vestiture similar hut coarser. Pronotum 0.92 times as long as wide; outline as in brevis except more distinctly constricted on basal third; surface almost smooth, shining, feebly reticulate at base and in lateral areas; punctures small, close, moderately deep, round to oval; lateral margin with a fine, acutely ele- vated line. Glabrous. Lower three-fourths of anterior propleural area excavated and filled by a dense brush of white hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and par- allel on basal three-fourths, al)ruptl\- rounded, somewhat narrowly rounded at apex; basal mar- gins almost smooth, more distinctly elevated than in brevis; striae narrowlv, distinctlv impressed, punctures clearh', shallowh' indicated; inter- striae twice as wide as striae, almost flat, smooth except a few wrinkles on basal half, punctures fine, distinct, confused. Declivity steep, broadlv convex; striae reticulate, distinctlv wider than on disc, punctures larger, deeper; interstriae as wide as striae, reticulate, punctures replaced b\' small, shining, uniseriate granules. X'estiture abraded on disc; on declivitv consisting of uni- seriate inti'istrial rows of moderatelv long, rather stout bristles, each bristle as long as distance bet\\een rows, very slightly closer within a row. Female.— Similar to male except frontal im- pression not quite as deep or as extensive, a feeble, transverse, elevated line indicated on one specimen. Type Locality.— About 260 km N Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil ( 12 49' S SIMfi' W). Type Material.— The male holot\pe, female allotype, and six parat\pes were taken at the t\pe locality, in 196S, by R. A. Beaver; the holo- type and five paratvpes were taken 18-XI-68, No. D06, the allotvpe on 24-L\-68, No. 17.3, and one paratype on 36-XI-68, No. D98. The holotype, allot) pe, and one paratype are in the British Museum (Natural Historv), two paratvpes are in the Museu dv Zoologia, Unixer- sidade de Siio Paulo, and tliree parat\ p;'s are in my collection. Htjlastes niger, n. sp. This species is distinguislied from mcxicanus Wood by the narrow Iv impressed decli\'ital striae with the punctures much smaller, and by the much more closely spaced granules on the decli- vital interstriae. Male.— Length 4.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons and pronotum as in mcxicanus except frons less distincth' rt'ticulate, pronotum with punctures distinctly smaller. Elytra as in mexicanus except strial punc- tures much smaller, interstriai' twice as wide as striae on disc, almost three times as wide on declivity; decli\itv not as steep; interstriai gran- ules on declivity much more closely spaced, spaced by distances equal to less than half width of an interstriae. Female.— Similar to male except frons more finch' punctured; anterior discal area of prono- tum with punctures retluci'd to almost obsolete. Type Locality.— Thirty-one km (19 mi) E Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico. Type Materl\l.— The male holotype and fe- male allotype (damaged) were taken at the type locality on 10-\'II-67^ 2100 m. No. 185, from 'the same tunnel in a Finns log 60 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood. The holot\pe and allotype are in my collec- tion. Xijlechinus nwxicantis. n. sp. This species is distinguished from marmora- tus Blandford by the more slender, more irregu- larly sculptured pronotum which lacks scalelike setae, by the slightly coarser strial punctures, and by the much more slender interstriai bristles. Male.— Length 1.9 mm (paratypi's 1.6-1.9 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color brown, vestiture pale. Frons as in marnioratus but broader, vesti- ture finer, without scales. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; about as in marmoratus but anterior constriction not as strong; surface shining, irregular throughout, punctures fine, shallow, most subvulcanate. Ves- titure of short, coarse hair of moderate abun- dance; scales absent. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; as in mar- moratus except bases of interstriae 2-.5 each bearing 1-4 submarginal crenulations, strial punctures very slightlv larger. Ground vestiture shorter than in marmoratus, apparently less abundant, much more slender on sutural inter- striae than elsewhere; erect bristles slender, blunt or pointed, their length and spacing as in marmoratus. Brigiiam Y'oung University Scienc:e Bulletin Female.— Similar to male cxctpt siihmai- ginal crenulations at hasvs of cK tia mosth- al)- sent. Type Locality.— Yt-rha Biicna, 20 mi (32 km) N Bochil, Chiapas, Mexico. Type Mateiual.— The male holot\'pe, female allotype and nine paratypes were taken at the type locality on 21-V-69, ratelv confused on 2 and 3 on disc, each bristle two-thirds as long as distance be- tween rows, spaced within a row by length of a bristle, each about eight times as long as wide, ef|ual in width to scales in ground cover. Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of Americ-^n B.\hic Beetle.s 11 Female.— Similar to male except frons weak- ly convex, lateral margin.s rounded; pronotal granules absent, entire surface with shallow, .sparse punctures of moderate size. Type Locality.— Eight miles ( 1.3 km ) N Ocasingo, Chiapas, Mexico. Type Materl\l.— The male holotype, female allotype, and 19 paratypes were taken at the type' locality on 2-\a-69, by D. E. Bright. The holotype, allotype, and ten parat\pes are in the Canadian National Collection; nine paratypes are in my collection. Chramcsus uisteriae, n. sp. Tliis species is distinguished from acacico- lens Wood by the more coarsely, more deeplv punctured pronotum, by the more deeply im- pressed striae and smaller strial punctures, and by the slightly more slender, erect interstrial bristles. Male.— Lengtli 1.8 mm (paratypi's 1.6-l.S mm), 1.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, vestiture pale. Frons as in acacicolens except surface with sparse, minutely granulate, small, obscure punc- tures. Pronotum as in acacicolens except gran- ules eyidenth smaller, less conspicuous, punc- tures much larger, deeper, closer, punctures dis- cernible from base to anterior fourth; \estiture siiglitly more abundant. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; as in acacicolens except striae weakly impressed, punctures larger, more distinctly impressed; in- terstriae slightly less than twice as wide as striae; erect interstrial bristles \'er\- slighth shorter and more slender than in acacicolens, each bristle six to eight times as long as wide, half as long as distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons weak- ly convex, lateral margins not elevated or armed, foveate at center; pronotal asperities in lateral areas larger; interstrial tubercles distinct- ly larger. Type Locality —Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allot^qie, and three parat\pes were tak(-n at the type locality on 12-V-45, in dead Wisteria stems, No. 45-9773, presumably by W. 11. Anderson. The holotype, allotype, and one paratype are in the U.S. National Museum; two para- types are in mv collection. Chramesus mar^inatus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from setosus Wood b\' the larger size, by the much more finely sculptured pronotum, and by the more nearly hairlike elytral setae. Male.— Length 2.5 mm (paratype 2.5 mm), 1.65 times as long as wide; color dark brown, vestiture pale. Frons similar to setosus but not as deeply concave on upper half, punctures on upper half slightly larger. Pronotum outline as in setosus; surface reticulate, a few asperities in lateral areas, a few minute granules on median part of anterior third, punctures small, moderately close, very shallow on anterior half, somewhat deeper in posterior area. Vestiture of short, slender bristles of moderate abimdance. lillvtra outline and basal ann;iture as in setosus; striae distinctly impressed, punctures \'ery small, moderately deep; interstriae at least four times as wide as striae, weakh- convex, smooth, with a central row of fine granules and a row of minute punctures on each margin. Decliyit\' rather steep, broadly convex; sculp- ture as on disc. \'estiture of sparse, short, erect, slender, liristlelike ground cover in iipproxi- niate rows on margins of interstriae, and rows of interstrial bristles arising from granules, each bristle twice as long as ground cover, two-thirds as long as distance between rows, as long as distance between setae within ;i row. Type Locality.— Mexico. Tyi'e Material.— The male h()lot\pe, female allotxpe, and one male par;itvpe were inter- cepted at Brownsville, Texas, on 26-1-49, No. 67.3.33, in dead wood 49-2948, by D. J. Smith, in material coming from Mexico. The holotvpe and allotype are in the U.S. National Museum; the paratype is in my collection. Carphohorus piceae, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the closely allied perplexus Wood by the absence of gran- ules on discal interstriae 3, by the less strongly elexated, more finch' dentate alternate decli\'ital interstriae, and by the smaller, flattened area on the female frons. Male.— Length 1.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons as in perplexus. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide. Pronotum and elytral disc as in perplexus except discal interstriae 3 devoid of granules; elvtral declivity as in per- 12 Bnic.HAM Young University Science Bulletin plexus except alternate intersthae less strongh elevated and more finely dentate, interstriae 2 wider. Female.— Similar to male except frons flat- tened on little more than median half from epistoma to very sliglitly above eyes, epistomal margin distinctly elevated. Type Locality.— Dixie Pass, Malheur Na- tional Forest, Oregon. Type Matehlal.— The male h()lot\pe, dam- aged female allotype, and one damaged female paratype were taken at the type localit\ on 23-\T-61, from an unthriftv branch of a recently fallen Picea enp^clnuinni. hv S. L. NN'ood. The elytral decli\it\' is missing from both females. The holot\pe, allot\pe, and paratype are in my collection. C,(ir])}Hil>'nts niprcssi. n. sp. This is tlie second species assigned to this genus. It is distinguished from arizonicus Black- man bv the larger size, by the more finely punctured frons, I)\ the convex elvtral declixity, by the absence of denticles on the decli\ity, by the brightlv polished appearance, bv the finer \i'stitiire, and 1)\' man\' otlii'r cliaracters. Male.— Length 2.8 mm ( parat\pes 2.2-.3.2 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color ver\ dark brown, almost black, e]\lra dark reddisli brown. Frons strongh', tiansxciseh- impressed just below middle, impression extending to upper level of eyes, epistonia strongly raised and bear- ing a broad premandibular lobe, a small median tubercle at base of lobe; surface of impressed area ver\ smooth, l)rightly shining, \ crN fincK punctured on lower third, punctures slightK larger above; \ertex reticulate, dull. Eye shal- lowly emarginate, finch' granulate. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 6-segmented. longer than scape; club as long as scape, L5 times as long as wide, witli tluee straight, transverse sutures. Pronotuin 0.90 times as long as wide; wid("st near base, sides rather weaklv arcuate and con- verging slightly on basal half, rather strongly constricted laterally just before broadlv rounded anterior margin; surface smooth, brightly shin- ing, punctures coarse, deep, close. Vestiture of fine, moderately long, rather abundant hair. l']lytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotiun; scutellum not exposed; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two- thirds, ratlier narrowly loimded behind; cacli b.asal margin strongly arcuate and armed b\ about 16 crenulations, submarginal crenulations poorly developed; striae not impressed, punc- tures coarse, deep; intiTstriai' smooth, shining, as wide as striae, punctures fine, deep, con- fused, rather numerous. Declivity rather steep, convex; sculpture about as on declivity except strial punctures slightlv smaller; interstrial punctures de\'oid of granules. Vestiture of fine, rather short, abundant strial and interstrial hair, and interstrial rows of similar but slightly longer hair. Third tarsal segments broad, bilobed. Female.- Similar to male except fions con- vex, with a slight central impression. Type Locality.— Ele\'en km N San Marcos, San Marcos, Guatemala. Type Matehial.— Tiie male liolotspe, female allotype, and 17 par;it\pes were taken on 23- 11-72, from Ctiprcssus Uicitonka branches, by F. \V. Clark. The holot\pe, aIlot\pe, and parat\pes arc in my collection. Cf'uloclonus afrocis. n. sp. This species is distinguished from th:' ratlier closeK allied scnttis (Wood) b\ the smaller size, b\ till' stouter bod\' form, bv the coarser, more irrcgul u' pronotal and strial punctures, bv the irr(".iular interstriae, and by the presence of denticles on (lecli\ital interstriae 6 and S. Male.— Length 1.6 mm ( parat\pes 1..5-1.S mm), 2.1 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in senilis except slightly narrower, piuictures larger, less numerous; impression on lower area slightlv stronger; eye larger, more eoarseh' faceted. Pronotum 0.84 times as long as wide; out- line as in senftis; surface smooth, shining, punc- ttni's aN'eraging larger than in senilis, of irregu- lar size and shape. X'estiture consisting of a verv few, vvrx widely spaced bristles. Flvtra L4 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotniri; essentialh' as in senilis except strial puncturt'S averaging larger, sub- quadrate; interstriae narrower than striae, punc- tures fine, uniseriate, surface strongly undulat- ing, particularly near declivit\. Declivity very steep, coinev; punctures smaller than on disc, confused, positions of interstriae determined from positions of tubercles, each interstriae with up to 10 tubercles, except 2 entirelv un- armed, largest tubercles near base. 9 acutely, not stronglv elevated, its crest cur\'ed toward Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species ok Amebican Bahk Beetles 13 and joininp; lateral margin at position in lini' with intcrstriac 3 (as in sentus). X'ostiturc con- fined to dt'clivital area, consisting of rather widely spaced interstrial bristles, each slightly longer and stouter than in sentus. Female.— Similar to male except frons Ijroadly convex, with large central area (two- thirds of area between eyes) smooth, shining, impunctate, remaining areas bearing several long hairlike setae; pronotum less deeply punc- tured, interstriae less irregular, decli\ital tuber- cles slightly smaller. Type Locality.— About 260 km N Xaxantia, Mato Cro.s.so, Brazil, at 12'49" Soutli 51 46' West. Type Mateiual.— The male holot\pi', ft'male allotvpe, and two paratypes were taken at the type' localit)- on 19-X-68, No. B47/S, by H. A. Beaver. One paratype bears identical data ex- cept 18-X-6S, No. B38c; four paratvpes bear the same data except 25-X-6S, No. B94/3; and one parat\pe bears the sanu- data except 24-XI-6S. D51/1. The holot\pe, allotvpe, and two paratvpes are in the British Museum (Natural Ilistorv), two parat\pes are in the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, and four paratvpes are in m\ collection. Scoliitodes ccinalis. n. sp. This species is not eloselv related to anv described species, although it is placed in the genus near chisiae Wood and parvuhis Wood. Distinguishing characters include the slighth protuberant, lower female frons wliich has a narrow, shallow, median sulcus, with the frf)ntal vestiturc confined to the upper margins; the discal interstrial punctures are obsolete; and the pronotal and strial punctures are moderatelv coarse. Female.— Length L7 mm (paratvpes L4-1.7 mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons rather bn^adly convex, slightlv pro- tuberant on lower half, median fourth iust below- upper level of eyes shallowly concave, impres- sion continued on median sixth as a shallow sulcus to epistoma; surface of upper half almost smooth, rather fineh', deeph' punctru'ed, becom- ing finelv granulate on lower half I'xcept reti- culate in impressed area; \estiture apparenth- restricted to margins of upper half, tips of some long, \cllow, hairlike setae arising on ver- tex reaching to epistoma. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide: sides almost straight on more than basal two-thirds. converging slightly to anterolateral angles, broadly rounded in front; anterior third weakly decli\ous; surface reticulate, subshining, pimc- tures on posterior half moderately coarse, deep, not close, decreasing in size on anterior half, most of them replaced by minute granules on anterior sixth or obsolete. Glabrous. Elvtra 1.6 times as long as wide; sides straight on basal two-thirds, very slightly wider at base of tlecli\'itv, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures mod- erately deep; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures obsolete, some with one to three minute granules. Declivitv steep, con\'e\; strial punctures smaller than on disc; a few minute interstrial punctures usualh' pres- ent. V'estiture of fine sparse, erect, interstrial liair of moderate length on odd-numbered in- terstriae, much shorter to obsolete on even- numbered interstriae. Mali:.— Similar to female except frons even- Iv, more strongK con\ex, surface reticulate, with scattered punctures, subglabrous. Type Localiti.— Mt. Tzontehult/,, Chiapas, Mexico. Type Material.— The female holotvpe, male allotype, and 20 paratvpes were taken at the t\pe' locality on 26 and 29-V-69 and 12-VI-69, 9500 ft (3100 m) elevation, by D. E. Bright. The holotN'pe, allotype, and 14 paratypes are in the Canadian National Collection; six p;iratvpes are in n\\ collection. Scoli/tpcles costal)iUs. n. sp. This species is distinguished from melano- cephahis Blandford by the different female frontal sculpture, b\ the \erv fine punctures on the p.onotal disc, and In- the \t'r\- small strial punctures. Female.— Length 1.8 mm (paratypes 1.8-2.0 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons rather broadh' flattened from epi- stoma to \t'rtex; a pair of low. subparallel. longi- tudinal carinae from Ie\'el of antennal insertion to epistomal margin; surface smooth and shin- ing aboN'e le\el of antennal insertion, a row of punctures around margin; feebly bisulcate be- tween carinae, finely reticulate-punctate in sulci, smooth and shining between; vestiture of long, yellow hair on margins above, tips of longest setae reach level of antennal insertion, sulci on lower third with fine, short hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides straight on basal two-thirds, converging very slightlv to anterolateral angles, broadlv rounded 14 in front; surface reticulate, anterior fourth rather strongly declivous and finely asperate, fine, almost obsolete punctures behind each as- perity; punctures on posterior areas \er\ small, shallow, moderately close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins not carinate, abrupt; striae not impressed, punctures very fine, distinctly impressed, spaced within a ro\\ by about twice diameter of a puncture; inter- striae smooth, shining, punctures \er\- fine, three or more times as wide as striae, uniseriate except moderately confused in some specimens. Declivity steep, convex: sculpture essentially as on disc. Type Locality.— Lago Catemaco, X'eracruz, Mexico. Type Material.— The female holotvpe and four female paratxpes were taken at the t\pe localitN on 16-20-\'l-69 (holot)pe) and l-.3-\'-69 ( paratypcs ) by D. E. Bright. The holotype and two paratypes are in the Canadian National Collection: the other two paratxpes are in mv collection. Psctidotluisnnocs conlrarius, n. sp. This species is distinguished from havloni Bruck by the more slender, recurved spines on the male deelivital interstriae 2, .3, 5, and 7. by the coarser strial punctures, by the broader interstrial scales, and by the more broadly roimded anterior margin of the pronotiwn. Male.— Length 1.0 nun (paratypes 1.0-1.2 mm), 2.1 times as long as wide: color black. Frons convex, a weak transverse impression on lower half, subfoveate at centtT; surface rugose-reticulate, punctures not evident: vesti- ture confined to epistomal brush. Pronotum 0.89 times as long as wide: widest near base, sides moderately arcuate, conxcrning toward rather broadly rounded anterior margin: anterior margin armed by ten small denticles. Vestiture of sparse, short, stout bristles, a few- small scales in lateral area. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly roimded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, with uniseriati' rows of small granules. Declivity convex, grad- ual, beginning at middle of elytra; strial punc- tures gradually reduced in size until minute near apex; granules on interstriae 1 smaller tlum Bricham Young University Science Bulletin on disc, obsolete on 2 except one or two near base enlarged into slender, sharply pointed, re- curved spines, 3 with seven to nine similar spines, 5 with three, and 7 with about five spines; spines on 3 slightly recurved, longest spines equal in length to width of an interstriae, slightly shorter than interstrial scales. Vestiture of rows of minute, fine, interstrial hair, and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale about two-thirds as long as distance between rows, about three to four times as long as wide, those arising from posterior surface of spines often slightly larger. Type Locality.— Lagos des Colores, Chia- pas, Mexico. Type NLvteiual.- The male holotype and three m:»le paratxpes were taken at the t\pe locality on 14-\'i-69, from Acacia, b\ D.' E. Bright. The holotype and two paratypes are in the C-'an;idian National Collection: one paratype is in m\ collection. Pseudathi/.mtuH's rrcavtis, n. sp. This species is closely allied to dimorphtis (Schedl), but it is distinguished bv the larger, deeper, strial punctures, by the more deeply ex- ca\ated female frons, with the impri'ssion ex- tending only slightly above the e)es, by the presence of a dense fringe of short setae on the upper margin of the female frontal concav- ity, and by the stouter elytral scales. Female.— Length 1.3 mm (paratypes: males 1.2 mm; females 1.2-1.4 mm), 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons deeply, rather broadly concave from epistoma to slightly above eves; premandibular epistomal lobe rather well de\eloped; surface of eoncayitv reticulate on upper two-thirds, smooth below; upper margin of concavity bear- ing a dense fringe scalelike setae on median two-thirds; epistoma with a few long, sub- plumose setae in lateral areas. Antennal scape strongly triangular, two and one-half times as wide as long, bearing a dense brush of long hair somewhat more elaborate than in dimor- phu.s; club moderateh' large, elongate-oval, minutely pubescent, entirely devoid of sutures. Pronotum 0.91 times as long as wide; as in dimorphtis except posterior areas more finely reticulate, and granules between summit and basal margin slightly larger. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; outline as in diinoipluis: striae not impressed, punctures rather fine, distinctly impressed: interstriae Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Amehican Bahk Beetles 15 rather smooth, shining, almost twice as wide as striae, punctures very fine, uniseriate. Declivity steep, convex; interstrial punctures replaced bv rounded granules of similar size and appear- ance to those of dimorphus, but more widely spaced. \'estiture of rows of minute, fine, re- cumbent, strial hair, and rows of erect, inter- strial scales; each white scale about five times as long as wide, almost as long as distance be- tween rows, slightly longer than distance be- tween scales within a row. Male.— Similar to female except i)od\ 1.9 times as long as wide; frons rather weakly con- vex, rugose-reticulate, vestiture sparse, less con- spicuous; anterior margin of pronotum anued by eight small teeth; interstrial pimeturi'S on disc fineh' granulate; interstrial scales less than one and one-half times as long as wide. Type Locality.— Five miles (8 km) S Simo jo\el, Chiapas, Mexico. Type Matehial.— The female holot)pe, male allotype, and 62 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 4-\TI-69, by D. E. Bright. The holotype, allotype, and most of the paratvpes are in the Canadian National Collec- tion; the remaining paratvpes are in my collection. Thi/sanoes grannhfer. n. sp. This species is distinguished from hersche- iniae Blackman b\' the larger size, by the smaller diseal intiTstrial tubercles, b\' the mucli larger declivital interstrial tubercles, and by the much larger declivital scales. Male.— Length 2.2 mm, 2.9 times as lonsj as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons largely concealed bv pronotum, e\i- dently as in I>erschcmiiic. Pronotiuu as in herschemiae. Elytra LS times as long as wide; outline as in herschemiae; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, deep; interstriae smooth, shining, slighth' narrower than striae, punctures fine, slightly granulate, uniseriate, granules coarse near declivity. Declivit\' steep, con\ex; strial punctures slightl\' smaller than on disc, deep; interstrial tubercles as wide as diameter of a strial puncture, as high as wide, on inter- striae 1-7, very slightly smaller on lower half of j declivit\'. Vestiture of rows of minute, fine strial hair, and rows of erect interstrial scales; scales on disc about three times as long as wide, shorter than distance between rows, on decli\itv four to eight times as long as wide, one to one and one-half times as long as distance between rows. Type Locality.— San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. Type Materl\l.— The unique male holotype was taken at the type locality on 7-\'-69, by J. E. H. Martin. The holotype is in the Canadian National Collection. Micracisella mimetica, n. sp. This species is distinguished from kimlh Blackman by the larger size, b\' the frontal granules, bv the shorter, broader elytral scales, and bv the smaller denticles on the ele\ated dt'cli\ital interstriae 3. Male.— Length 2. .3 mm (paratypes 2.3-2.4 mm), 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons moderately convex except rather abruptly, strongK', trans\'ersely impressed on lower fourth; surface rugose-reticulate in mar- ginal areas, more finely, rather obscureh' ru- gose-reticulate in central area; upper two-thirds with about 30 small, high, isolated granules, two near center much larger; \'estiture of uni- fonnlv distributed, short, coarse setae of mod- erate abundance. Eye oval, shallowly emargin- ate; twice as long as wide. Antennal club 1.0 times as long as wide; suture 1 reaching middle of club. Pronotum 11 times as long as wide; outline and ;isperities as in kmilU; anterior margin amied bv six teeth, lateral pair much smaller; posterior areas rugose-reticulate, dull, with small, low, shining granules of moderate abun- dance. \'estiture on disc of recumbent scales, each scale ;ibout four times as long as wide; a few bristles in asperate area. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; outline as in kntilli, disc as hniilli except surface irregular, with numerous transverse lines or wrinkles. De- clivity as in kintUi except interstriae 1 and 9 slightly more strongly convex but with denticles on summit much smaller. Vestiture recumbent, of interstrial scales except declivital interstriae 2, 4, and 8 glabrous; scales evidently slightly confused on odd-numbered interstriae, uniser- iate on even-numbered interstriae; each scale two to three times as long as wide. Female —Similar to male in all respects; distinguished externally only by terminal terga of abdomen. Type Locality.— Three miles (5 km) N Suchixtepec on Highway 175, Oaxaca, Mexico. 16 Bhigham Young University Science Bulletin Type Material.— The male holotypc, female allotype, and three paratypes were taken at the type locality on 4-VI-71, 9500 ft elevation, in mistletoe on oak, by D. E. Bright. The holotype, allotype, and one paratype are in the Canadian National Collection; two paratypes are in my collection. Micracisella oceUata, n. sp. This species is remotely allied to nitidula Wood, but it is distinguished by the very deeply impressed declivital striae and by the moder- ately large pimcturcs on the discal striae, each of which has a small, elevated, central point giving the appearance of an eye. Male.— Length 2.2 mm (paratypes 1.9-2. .3 mm), 3.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown, pronotum iisualh' darker. Frons broadlv convex, a slight, transverse impression immediately above epistoma; surface finely rugose-reticulate, a few fine punctures in lateral areas, a few small granules in median area of upper half; vestiture of very short, stout, subplumose setae laterally and on upper half, a few longer setae along epistoma. Eve feebly emarginate; twice as long as wide. An- tennal club as in allied species. Pronotum LIS times as long as wide; es- sentially as in nitidula except scales on disc dis- tinctly wider. Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide; outline about as in nitidula; striae not impressed, punc- tures large, distincth- impressed, each with a small, central, cle\atcd granule giving appear- ance of an eye; interstriae as wide as striae, shining, almost smooth, punctures fine, uni- seriate, rather close. Declivit\' rather steep, con- vex, with apex slightly produced; striae deeply impressed, pimctures small, obscure; interstriae 1, 2, and .3 equally convex, almost half as high as wide, each bearing a row of low, rounded nodules on its lateral half, granules more ob- scure and smaller on 3; surface on lower half somewhat rugose-reticulate. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and interstrial rows of recumbent scales; each scale on disc eight or more times as long as wide, about four times as long as wide on declivity. Female.— Similar in all respects to male; presumably those specimens with a few more setae on scape are females. Type LocALiTi'.— Three miles (5 km) N Suchixtepec on Highwa\- 175, Oaxaca, Mexico. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotype, and 34 paratypes were taken on A-W- 71, 9500 ft elevation, from Arbutus, by D. E. Bright. Two paratypes bear identical data to the type but were taken from mistletoe on oak. Nine paratypes are from 20.5 km N Oaxaca, 31- V-71, 9000 ft, Arbutus, D. E. Bright. Eighteen paratypes are from .37 miles (59 km) S Valle Nacional, 24-V-71, 8500 ft, from Arbutus, by D. E. Bright; one paratype is from 15 mi S (24 km) Valle Nacional, 20-V-7L 4000 ft, from Arbutus, by D. E. Bright. The holotype, allot\pi', and most of the paratypes are in the Canadian National Collec- tion; the remaining paratypes are in m\' col- lection. llt/lucurus ricalis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from sclncarzi Hlackman b\' the serrate male decli\ital inter- striae 9, with the nodules on all interstriae higher and slightly closer, b\- the numerous, strong, irregularly transverse, interstrial lines, and b\ the more strongly rugose-reticulate pro- notal disc. It is probabK' more closely related to effeminatus Wood. Male.— Length 2.6 mm (paratypes 2.1-2.7 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown, some specimens almost l)lack. Frons as in cffcuiinalus. including transverse elevation. .Antenna! clul) distinctly larger than in effeminatus. Pronotinn as in effeminatus. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; outline similar to effeminatus, striae not impressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, shining, with numer- ous, irregular, coarse, transverse lines giving in- terstriae a subcrenulate appearance, some of low, trans\erse ridges continuing across striae; moderatelx high, roundi'd nodules near decliv- it\ on all interstriae. Declivity steep, convex, contours about as in schuarzi; striae 1 and 2 continuing to base of mucro; base of each inter- striae with three to five rounded nodules, largest as high as wide, 1, 3, and 7 with small, pointed tubercles to middle of declivity, tuber- cles on 2 and 4 extending to upper third, those on 5, 6, and 8 ending on upper fourth, 9 mod- erately ele\ated about as in sclmarzi but with small nodules to apex of elevation. N'estiture more abundant than in schicarzi, of rows of minute strial hair, and rows of delicate, coarse, pointed bristles of same texture as schuarzi; Ijristles longest near base of declivity, each of longest bristles longer than distance between rows, more closelv spaced within a row. Female.— Similar to male except frons de- void of transverse ele\ation; transverse lines Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles 17 and subcrenulate ridges on elytral disc poorly developed; interstrial nodules much less than half as high, extending almost to middle of disc; declivital tubercles smaller; vestiture finer. Type Locality.— Three miles (5 km) N Suchixtepec on Highway 175, Oaxaca, Mexico. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotype, and 52 paratypes were taken at the type localit)' on 4-\T-71, 9500 ft ele\ation, from Pinus, presuinabK- by D. E. Bright. The holot\pe, allotype, and most of the paratypes are in the Canadian National Collec- tion; the remaining paratypes are in my col- lection. Hylocurus hinodatus, n. sp. This species has the impressed frontal area with a pair of raised spongy patches somewhat reminiscent of the rttdis group of species, but with the elytral declivity similar to female harncdi Blackman. FEMALE.-Length 2.1 mm (paratypes 1.8-2.0 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color verv dark brown, almost black. Frons with a large, transversely reniform concavity from halfway between epistoma and upper level of eyes to vertex, widest point at upper level of eyes, occup\ing three-fourths of area between eyes; concavitv rather abruptlv impressed, moderately deep; central area of each half of concavity occupied bv a protu- berant, oval, spongy area, occupying about half of concave area; spongy areas rather narrowly separated from one another; general sculpturt' as in rudis: subglabrous. Pronotum as in rudis except granules on disc smaller. Elytral disc as in rudis. Declivity as in nidis except tubercles distincth- larger; inter- striae 1 with a moderately large protuberance at middle of declivity, slightly displaced from suture, almost as high as wide, similar to but smaller than female harnedi: interstriae 9 not more strongly elevated than in rridis. \'estiture as in rudis. Type Locality.- Nicholson, Mississippi. Type Material.— The female holotvpe and one female paratope were taken at the type locality on 15-1-45, No. 45-2357, under hickory bark, apparently by W. H. Anderson. One fe- male piiratype is from Algiers, Louisiana, 18- IV-45, No. 45-8751, on pecan, by Ran. Slide mounts of genitalic parts designated bv Ander- son Scolytidae Slide No. .367 (holotvpe) and No. 453 (Algiers parat\pe) are in the U.S. National Museum. The holotype and one paratypc are in the U.S. National Museum; the other paratype is in my collection. Crijphalomorphus parvatis, n. sp. This unique species is characterized by the small size, by the unarmed anterior margin of the pronotum, and by the uniseriate rows of strial hair and interstrial scales. It is much more likely to be confused with species of Uijpo- thenemus than with other Crijphalomorphus species. pEMALE.-Length 0.8 mm (paratypes 0.8 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color ver\ dark brown with pale scales. Frons moderatel\- convex, almost smooth, with rather abundant, very small punctures; vestiture inconspicuous. Eye elongate, \'ery shallowly, broadly emarginate. Antennal scape short; club subcircular, septum poorly devel- oped, almost transverse. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest slightly behind middle, sides moderately arcuate but con\'erging onh- slightly to anterolateral angles then rather abrupth' converging to form subangulate, broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin unarmed; summit distinct, in front of middle; anterior slope rather finely as- perate; posterior areas obscureh- subreticulate, with rather fine, isolated granules of moderate abundance in lateral and dorsal areas. X'estiture of equall\- abundant short hair and scales in posterior areas, hair only on anterior half. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures uniseriate, small, rather shallow; interstriae as wide as striae, rather smooth, punctures slightly smaller than those of striae, not clearly defined. Declivity narrowly convex, rather steep; punc- tures slightly smaller than on disc. \'estiture of uniseriate rows of fine, short, recumbent strial hair, and uniseriate rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale about four times as long as wide, widest at its apex, spaced within a row and between rows by distances slightly shorter than length of a scale. Type Locality.— La Lima, Cortez, Honduras. Type Material.— The female holotype and one damaged female paratype were taken at the t\pe locality on 5-V-64, at 100 m elevation. No. 581, from Oestrum scandens. by S. L. Wood. One female paratype is from Cuapiles, Limon, Costa Rica, 22-Vni-66, 100 m. No. 103, leguminose vine, S. L. Wood. 18 BllIGHAM VOUNG UNIVERSITY SciENCE BULLETIN The holotype and paratypes are in my col- lection. Cnjphalomorphtis setifer, n. sp. This species is distinguished from hirtiis Wood by the smaller size, by the presence of four to eight teeth on the anterior margin of the pronotuni, by the less strongly impressed striae, and by the more slender interstrial scales. Female.— Length 1.7 mm (paratypes 1.4-1.7 mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color vers dark brown, with pale vestiture. Frons broadly convex above, somewhat flat- tened below, a weak transverse impression just above epistoma; surface strongly reticulate, punctures fine, rather obscure, moderately close; vestiture inconspicuous. Eye entire, not at all sinuate. Antennal scape elongate; club rather large, ovate, suture 1 septate on lateral half, its procurved groove extending to mi'dian margin. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weaklv arcuate on posterior two-thirds, broadh' rounded in front; anterior margin armed by four to eight small teeth; summit very slightly in front of middle; posterior areas coarsely, very closely punctured. Vestiture of short, stout, abundant hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in parvatus; striae very feeblv impressed, punctures rather coarse, moderately deep; interstriae very slight- ly wider than striae, smooth, punctures fine, deep, close, strongly confused. Declivity rather narrowly convex, steep; strial punctures slightly smaller, deeper; interstriae each with a imi- seriate row of very fine granules. X'estiture of abundant, short ground cover, setae hairlike at base becoming scalelike on declivity, and rows of erect interstrial bristles; each erect bristle as long as distance between rows and between scales within a row, those on declivity, stouter, almost scalelike, about eight times as long as wide. Type Localitv.— Volcan Pacaya, Esquintla, Guatemala. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allotype, and 24 parat\pes were taken at the type locality on l-VI-64, 1300 m ele\ation. No. 665, from a cut liana, by S. L. Wood. Thirty- seven additional paratypes are from Guatemala City, ;30-V-64, 1300 m,' No. 641, cut liana, S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Cnjphalomorphtis hirtus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from setifer Wood by the larger size, by the presence of only two teeth on the anterior margin of the pronotum, by the more strongly impressed in- terstriae, and by the stouter interstrial scales. Female.— Length 1.8 mm (paratypes 1.7-1.9 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown, almost black. Frons as in setifer except transverse impres- sion on lower half much stronger, and punc- tures much coarser but shallow. Antennal club as in setifer but slightly wider. Pronotum as in setifer but anterior margin armed by only two teeth and punctures in posterior area not as deep; a few scales sometimes present on margin in front of scutelhmi. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded behind; striae moderately im- pressed on posterior half of disc, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae slightly uider than striae, moderately convex towaid declivity, punctures on disc small, close, confused, armed near declivity b\' median rows of small gran- ules. Declivity very broadly convex, steep; sculpture as on posterior part of disc except interstriae slightly narrower, granules much larger. Vestiture of abundant ground cover of short scales and median interstrial rows of erect scales; erect scales little longer than ground cover on basal half of disc, more than twice as long on decli\itv, each scale almost as long as distance between rows and between scales within a rcw, each about lour to fi\'e times as long as wide. Mali: —Similar to female I'xcept transverse frontal impression slightly deeper. Type Localitv.— Sixteen km (10 mi) south of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico. Type Matehial.— The female holotype, male allotype, and five parat\pes were taken at the type locality on 6-\'II-.53, by S. L. Wood. One paratype is from 6 km S Atlixco, Puebla, Mex- ico, i4-\'I-67, 2300 m, S. L. Wood. All speci- mens were taken from cut branches of a small tree having a looseh' layered structure of woody tissues, rather than uniformly hard wood. The holot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Crt/phalomorpfius rusticus, n. sp. Distinguished from kriahi Hopkins by the two teeth iuming the anterior margin of the pro- Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of American B.vhk Beetles 19 notiini, h\' the much wick'r, stalflike ground \i's- titure on the anterior half of the elytral disc, and by the absence of interstiial granules on the disc. Female.— Length 1.5 mm (paratypes 1.2-1.5 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown, almost black. Frons as in kna]>i except transverse impres- sion much less strongly de\eloped, punctures coarser, deeper. Eye, antenna, and pronotum as in knabi except anterior margin of pronotum armed by two coarse teeth and puncturt's on pronotal disc distinctb' larger. Elytra as in kmibi except discal interstriae larger, deeper; declivital striae greatly reduced; interstrial ground vestiture at base of elytra of slender scales, each scale as wide as those in erect rows, on decli\'it\ each scale as wide as long; erect scales on declivity slightly longer than in knabi. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Type Locality. -Thirty-three km (21 mi) north of Juchitlan, Jalisco, Mexico. Type Material.— The female holot)pe, male allotype, and 19 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 3-\TI-65, 1300 m, No. 184, by S. L. \\'ood, from the same iiost as hirtus Wood (described above). Six paratypes were labeled Lagos, Guanajuato, Mexico, 'll-\T-65, 2000 m. No. 44, S. L. Wood, from the same host. A series not included in the t\pe series is from 11 km SE Tuxpan, Mielioacan, Mexico, 16-\'n- 53, 2000 m, S. L. Wood, also from the same host. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in mv collection. CniphaJotnoiphus Iritcis. n. sp. This species is distinguished from nisticus Wood b\' the coarser, strial punctures on the elvtral declivitv, Iiy the more slender discal interstrial ground xcstiture, and by the different armature on the anterior margin of the prono- tum. Female.— Length 1.6 mm (paratypes 1.3-1.5 mm), 2 6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black, \ cstiture pale. Frons, eye, and antenna as in rusticus ex- cept frontal punctures larger, deeper. Pronotum as in rusticits except posterior areas reticulate, and anterior margin armed by about four to eight irregularl) placed teeth. Elytra as in mstkus except strial punctures slightly larger, deeper, interstrial punctures minute but evident; discal ground vestiture near base of elytra proportionately much nar- rower than adjacent erect scales; strial punc- tures on declivity average much larger. Male.— Similar to female. Type Locality.— Sixteen km (10 mi) S Oax- aca, Oaxaca, Mexico. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allotype, and two paratypes were taken at the t\pe localitN on 6-\II-53, 1700 m elevation, S. L. Wood. Seventeen parat\pes are from 11 km (7 mi) S Atlixco, 13-VII-53, S. L. \\'ood; eiglit paratypes are from 6 km (4 mi) S Atlixco, 14-\I-67, 2.300 m. No. 31, S. L. Wood; and eight paratypes are from 19 km (12 mi) SE Mata- moros, Puebla, 3-\TI-53, S. L. ^^'ood. All are from the same host as hirtus Wood (above). The holotvpe, allot) pe, and paratypes are in m\' collection. Hijpothenemus (//)/<■«/«, n. sp. This species is distinguished from rotumli- collis Eichhoff and erectus LeConte by the much more slender, erect, interstrial bristles and by the stronglv elev;ited interstriae 9 at the elytral apex. Female.— Length l.S mm ( paratypes 1.6-2.0 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown, vestiture pale. Frons essentiallv as in iDlundicoUis. Prono- tum as in wtundicoUis, with 10 to 14 asperities on anterior slope, posterior area more strongly reticulate, anterior margin armed b\' four teeth, lateral pair usually smaller. Elytra as in wtiiiulicollis except declivity not as steep, its outline with a distinct lateral constriction near middle; declivital striae more strongb- impri'ssed, punctures shallow, larger, interstriae 1-3 distinctly convex, 9 distinctly convex to junction with 3 then strongly elevat- ed from there to apex. Vestiture of short, con- fused ground setae, almost hairlike on disc, be- coming scalelike on declivity, and rows of erect interstrial bristles; each bristle longer on de- clivitv, on declivity each as long as distance i^etween rows or between bristles within a row, each about eight times as long as wide. Type LocALiTY.-Three km (2 mi) E Ar- meria, Colima, Mexico. Type MATERiAL.-Thi' female holotype and seven f(>inale paratvpes were taken at the type locality on 2S-\T-65, 70 m elevation. No. 130, and on 21-\T-67, 100 m elevation. No. 72, from an unidentified liana, bv S. L. Wood. 20 Bmc.HAM Young University Science Bulletin The holotypo and parat\pi'.s arc in iii\ col- lection. Htjpothencnius indi<^ens. n. sp. This species is distinguished from rotundi- coUis Eichhoff by tlie ininiitel\' granulose cK tral surface and by the niucli more slender, more wideK' spaced, erect, intcrstrial bristles. Female.— Length 1.7 mm (paratvpes 1.4-1.7 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Head and pronotum as in rotundicollis ex- cept pronotal asperities sliglitly smaller, nar- rower, posterior areas more strongly reticulate. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, as in rotun- dicollis, except surface minutely granulate, bristle-bearing intcrstrial punctures on disc granulate, decli\ital ground xcstiture more near- ly scalelike, and erect intcrstrial bristles mucli luore slender and more widely spaced within a row; each bristle about eight times as long as wide; spaced within ;» row b\- distances sliglith greater than length of a liristle. Male.— Similar to female except 1.2 mm long; eye reduced in size; antennal club more slender; most characters less sharpK formed; vestiturc longer. Type Locality.— Nine km (6 mi) S ITuajua- pan, Oaxaca, Mexico. Type NL\teiual.— The female holotxpe, male allotype, and one male parat\pe were t;iken at the type locality on 16-\ 1-67, No. 45, from Serjanid, by S. L. Wood. Two paratypes arc from 17 km (11 mi) N Iluajuapan, i.5-\T-67, No. 4-3, Psitltutinfhtis: 4 paratypes from 1.3 km (8 mi) SE Cameron, 21-VL67, No. 76, shrub; 3 paratypes from 5 km (3 mi) S Matamoros, Puebla, 14-VI-67, 2000 m. No. 33, Toxicoden- dron: 6 paratypes from \'olcan Ceboruco. Naya- rit, 5-\TI-6,5, 1000 m. No. 189, Serjania; and oni' parat\pe from \'olcan Colima, Jalisco, 23-\'L 65, 500 m. No. 103, shrub; all by S. L. W'nod. The holotypc, allot\pe, and paratypes are in mv collection. Ilt/pofhcncmtts trivicdis. u. sp. This species is distinuuished from holivitiniis Eggers by the smooth, shining clytral disc and smoother pronotal disc, by the more slender, slightly longer intcrstrial bristles, and by the much more strongly confused pmictures and bristles on interstriae 2 and 3 on the liasal half of the disc. Fentale. —Length l.S mm (paratypes 1.5-l.S mm) 2.2 times as long as wide; color black. Frons conyex; a small median impression at upper leyel of eyes; surface rather finely rugose- reticulate, except smooth and shining in median area from epistoma to impression. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides rather strongly, arcuately conyerging to rather narrowly roundi'd anterior margin; anterior margin armed by four teeth, lateral pair smaller; anterior slope armed by more than 35 moderately large asperities; pos- terior areas subreticulate, shining, granulate be- iiind summit, granules sparse and intermixed with fine, shallow pimctures laterally. \'estiture of hair, intermixed in posterior areas with slen- der scales. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; outline as in related species; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately large, shallow, their inner sur- faces reticulate-granulate; interstriae smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate on 1 and 4-10, confused on 2 and 3 except near declivity. Decliyity commencing near middle of ehtra, rather gradual, convex; striae weakly impressed, punctures smaller, deeper; interstriae weakly convex, punctures uniseriate, finely granulate. Vestiture of rows of minute, fine, strial hair and rows of erect intcrstrial bristles; each bristle slightly longer than distance between rows or between bristles within a row; each bristle on disc slightly flat- tened, usvialK not flattened on declivity. Tyte LocALrry.— Santa Ana, San Jose, Costa Rica. Type Mati-:hial.— The female holotype and four female paratypes were taken at the type locality on l-\'III-63, 1.300 m elevation. No. 92, from Cnparia more widclv spaced, uniseriate, decli\'ital interstriae. Female.— Length 1.25 mm (paratvpe 1.2 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color black. Frons and pronotmu as in piilhis except pro- notal disc much more strongly reticulate. Elytra as in pulhis except apical margin slightlv more stronglv, more narrowlv produced; minute strial hair, in rows, indicate positions of obsolete strial punctures (similar setae present on pulltts but supplemented by a few similar interstrial setae); erect interstrial scales in uni- seriate rows, each slightlv sliorter than in ptilltis and much more widely spaced, spacing within a row slightly greater than length of scale on both disc and declivity (scales on declivital in- terstriae 2 in ptillus confused, almost forming a double row ). Type Locality.— About 260 km N Xavantina, Mato Crosso, Brazil. Type Mateiual.— The female holotvpe was taken at the t\pe locality on 13-.\-68, No. B07, by R. A. Bea\'er. One female paratype bears the same data except 7-XI-68, No. F03. The holotvpe is in the British Museum ( Nat- ural History); the paratvpe is in mv collection. Dciulrocranithi.s limatus, n. sp. This species is \-erv closely related to limns Wood, but it is distinguished by the smaller size, bv the more strongh granulate pronotal disc, and bv the more denseU' pubescent female frons. Male— Length 1.6 mm (paratypes 1.5-1.8 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in liimts except more coarsely, close- ly granulate-punctate, not at all reticulate; vesti- Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bahk Beetles 23 ture less abundant, shorter. Pronotuin as in limus except declivital striae witli punctures slightly larger, interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 weakly depressed; vestiture slightly stouter. Female.— Similar to male except frons slight- ly flattened, rather finely, closely punctured, in- cluding central area, ornamented by abundant, long, yellow hair uniformly distributed from epistoma to well above upper level of eyes. Type Locality.— Bumbuin Forest Station, Barinas, Venezuela. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotype, and 75 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 29-1-70, 150 m elevation, No. 276, cucurbit vine, by S. L. Wood. The holotvpe, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Dendrocranulus reditus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from vincuUs Wood by the slightly larger size, by the much stronger frontal impression of the male, with the tubercle on the summit much more strong- ly developed, by the finer declivital punctures, and by the more slender interstrial setae. Male.— Length 1.5 mm (paratypes 1.3-1.7 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in vinealis except more extensively, slightly more deeply impressed, median summit on vertex much more strongly developed, fomi- ing a rather narrowly rounded elevation. Prono- tum as in vinealis except granules in median area of disc much smaller, almost obsolete, ob- scure reticulation present in some specimens. Elytra as in vinealis except declivital punctures smaller, interstriae 2 not as strongly impressed; interstrial bristles more slender, very slightly longer. Female.— Similar to male except frons con- vex, feebly impressed on lower half, summit on vertex feebh' elevated, surface more coarsel)', more unifonnly punctured, vestiture sparse; pro- notal reticulation more commonly present. Type Locality.— Nine km S Barrancas, Ba- rinas, Venezuela. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allot\pe, and 42 paratypes were taken at the type locality on l-X-69, 150 m elevation, No. 34 (some paratypes No. 35), cucurbit vine, S. L. Wood. Other paratvpes were taken in Venezuela as follows: 12 from 8 km SW Bumbum, Barinas, 11-11-70, 150 m. No. 311; 20 from 20 km SW El Vigia, Merida, lO-XII-69, 50 m. No. 185; and 24 from 5 km W El Pino ( near shore of Lake Mari- caibo), Merida, 20-XI-69, 10 m. No. 142; all from the same host and collector. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Dendrocranulus conditus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the verv closelv allied consimilis \\'ood by the more finely punctured, subreticulate frons, by the much less strongly granulate, reticulate pronotal disc, by the larger strial punctures, and by the slightly depressed declivital interstriae 2 which is en- tirely without granules. Male.— Length 1.4 mm (allotype 1.3 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in consimilis except surface obscure- ly reticulate, punctures slightly smaller and less granulate. Pronotum as in consimilis except sur- face of disc reticulate, distinctly, rather coarsely punctured, each puncture with a small, trans- \'ersely elongate granule lateral to each punc- ture. Elytra as in consimilis except strial punc- turc^s larger; interstriae as wide as striae, im- punctate; declivity with interstriae 2 slighth' de- pressed, interstriae with uniseriate, fine punc- tures, devoid of granules; acute ventrolateral margin of declivity less well developed. Female.— Similar to male except elytral de- cli\'ity very slightly more convex. Type Locality.— Bumbum Forest Station, Barinas, \'enezuela. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotype, and one callow, male parat)pc with collapsed frons were taken at the type locality on 29-1-70, 150 m. No. 276, from a cucurbit vine, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratype are in my collection. Dendrocranulus consimilis, n. sp. This species is allied to lirribus Wood, but it is distinguished by the smaller size, by the more slender form and by the shorter setae on the declivity. Male.— Length 1.4 mm (paratypes 1.2-1.5 mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish l)rown. Frons convex, with a slight transverse im- pression on lower half; surface shining, closely, deeply, rather coarsely punctured at sides and above, becoming almost impunctate on median 24 BniGHAM Young Univebsity Science Bulletin fourth of lower half; vestiturc of fine, sparse, long hair uniformly distributed. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide, sides on more than posterior two-thirds subparallel, feebly arcuate, anterior margin broadly rounded; anterior third moderately declivous, fine asperate, asperities decreasing in size but attaining base in lateral areas; disc shining, rather coarsely punctured, most punctures part- ly granulate; surface on posterior half very slightly subreticulate. Vestiture of sparse hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, abruptly, very broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures rather small; interstriae al- most smootli, twice as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, almost as large as those of striae. Declivity very steep, transversely flattened be- tween interstriae .3, longitudinally slightly con- vex; posterolateral margin from suture to a])out interstriae 3 subacutely elevated; striae 1 and 2 distinctly impressed; interstriae 1 weakly ele- vated, 2 very slightly depressed, punctures of 2 and 3 finely granulate, obscurely granulate in lateral areas. V^cstiture of rows of minute, obscure, recumbent, strial hair and rows of erect interstrial bristles; each bristle about one and one-third times as long as distance between rows or within a row, except shorter, slightly more than half as long on declivital interstriae 1 and 2. Female.— Similar to male except frons more broadly, evenly convex, with frontal pubescence about twice as abundant. Type Locality.— Los Corchos, Navarit, Mex- ico. Type Material.- The male holotype, female allot)pe, and 40 paratypes were taken at the type locality on lO-VII-65, 7 m elevation. No. 207, from an unidentified, climbing cucurbi- taceous vine, hv S. L. Wood. Other specimens, not included in the type series, are from Honduras. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Dendrocranulus vinealis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the closely allied pumilus Wood by the shining pronotal disc, by the subcrenulate granules accompan\- ing each puncture on the pronotal disc, and by the much more strongly impressed male frons. Male.— Length 1.3 mm (paratype 1.2 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex above upper level of eyes, strongly, transversely impressed below that level; surface smooth and shining, with mod- erately fine, siibgranulate punctures in convex area, almost impunctate in impressed area, ves- titure of sparse hair. Pronotum outline as in pumilis, anterior area more coarsely asperate; surface shining, punc- tures moderately coarse, deep, rather close, each with a low, lateral, subcrenulate, transverse granule. Vestiture confined to margins, sparse, hairlike. Elytra! outline about as in ptimilus; striae not impressed, punctures small, moderately deep; interstriae smooth, twice as wide as striae, punctures slightK' smaller than those of striae, rathi-r widely spaced. Decli\'ity steep, rather broadly flattened; strial punctures deeper, slightly larger than on disc; interstriae 1 weakly ele\ated, 2 weakly depressed, punc- tures not at all granulate; \entrolateral margin rounded. Vestiture of interstrial rows of flat- tened bristles, each bristle slightly longer than distance between rows or within a row. Type Locality.— La Lima, Cortez, Honduras. Type Material.— The male holotype and one male parat\pe were taken at the type local- ity on 5-\'-64,' 200 m elevation. No. 579, in Caijaponia niicrodonta, by S. L. Wood. The holotype and paratxpe are in mv col- lection. Dendrocranulus vuinalis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from vinealis Wood by the much smaller strial and interstrial punctures, by the more gradual elytral declivity, and by the interstrial granules on the declivity. Male.— Length 1.5 mm (paratypes 1.6-1.7 mm), 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons as in vinealis except impression not as abrupt, impunctate area much smaller, small granules more conspicuous in lateral areas. Pro- notum as in vinealis except discal punctures slightly smaller, granules not as slender. Elytra as in vinealis except strial and interstrial punc- tures smaller, very shallow; punctures " on de- clivital interstriae 1-3 replaced by small gran- ules. Female.— Similar to male except frontal im- pression not as strong, sculpture finer, vestiture finer, more abundant but not conspicuous. Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American B.\hk Beetles 25 Type Localiti.— Rio Damitas in the Dota Mountains, San Jose, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotype, and one male paratype were taken at the type locality on 18-11-64, 250 m elevation. No. 441 (paratype 440), in an unidentified climbing vine, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratype are in my collection. Dendrocranulus securus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from rnaurus ( Blandford ) by the partly reticulate postero- lateral areas of the pronotum, by the reticulate, more finelv punctured frons, and by the shorter, stout setae on declivital intcrstriac 1 and 2. Male.— Length 1.8 mm (paratypes 1.7-2.1 mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons convex, a shallow, transverse impres- sion from epistoma to upper level of eyes; sur- face reticulate, punctures moderately fine, deep, close, not at all granulate, less abundant near median line on lower half; vestiturc sparse, hairlike. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest well behind middle, sides moderatelv arcuate on posterior half, feebly constricted one-third length from anterior margin, anterior margin rather narrowly rounded; asperities small, abundant; surface of disc and lateral areas sub- reticulate, punctures rather small, deep, a low, transverse, rounded granule lateral to each puncture. Vestiture fine, sparse, hairlike. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on less than basal two-thirds, posterior margin straight on median half; striae not im- pressed, punctures rather small, deep, close; in- terstriae almost smooth, twice as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, rather widelv regu- larly spaced. Declivity steep; striae 1 weakly impressed; interstriae 1 weaklv elevated; inter- stri;\l punctures minutely granulate; central half flattened, broadly convex in all marginal areas as in niaurus. Vestiture of rows of minute, re- cumbent strial hair, and rows of erect, inter- strial bristles; each bristle almost as long as distance between rows and between bristles within a row, slightly shorter and coarser than in rnaurus. Female.— Similar to male except frontal im- pression less distinct, vestiture very slightly more abundant. Type Locality.— Rio Damitas in the Dota Mountains, San Jose, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotype, and 19 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 18-11-64, 250 m elevation. No. 446, from an unidentified climbing vine, by S. L. Wood. Four paratypes are from Playon, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 22-11-64, 50 m, Nos. 454 and 455, and three paratvpes are from Tur- rialba, Cartago, 9-III-64, 700 m, Nos. 460, 458, same host and collector. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in niv collection. Dendrocrcmtilus fiilgidus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the closely allied rnaurus (Blandford) by the discal gran- ules on the pronotum, by the narrower elytral declivity, by the more strongly impressed male frons, and by the more coarsely punctured fe- male frons, with less abundant vestiture. Male.— Length 2.0 mm (paratypes 1.8-2.3 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown, elytra lighter. Frons as in rnaurus except transverse im- pression distinctly deeper, median summit on vertex slightly higher. Pronotum as in rnaurus except granules extend to impunctate median line; posterolateral areas reticulate. Elytra as in rnaurus except more slender, declivity narrower, strial punctures much smaller, not as deep, in- terstriae 2 more distinctK' impressed, surface brightU' shining; granules as in maurus; de- clivital setae on interstriae 1 and 2 very short, less than half as long as on 3 or on disc. Female.— Similar to male except frons plano- convex, more coarsely punctured on lateral thirds than in female rnaurus, vestiture fine, long, slightly less abundant than in female maurus. Type Locality.— Volcan de Chiriqui, near Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotype, and 97 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 11-1-64, 1800 m elevation, Nos. 378 (holotype and allotype), 408, and 418, from a cucurbit vine, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Dendrocranulus vicinus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the very closely related schedli Wood by the less strong- ly impressed male frons, by the more coarsely 26 Brigham Young University Science Bulletin punctured, nongranulate female fions, witli a tuft of abundant, fine, long, yellow hair, and by the larger granules in the median area of the pronotal disc. Male (allotype).— Length 1.5 mm (para- types 1.4-1.7 mm). 3.0 times as long a.s wide; color yellowish to reddish brown. Frons as in female schecUi. Pronotum as in schedli except granules in median area of disc slightly larger and evidently never associated with punctures. Elytra as in schedli except striae 1 and 2 and interstriae 2 usualh less strongly impressed. Female (holotype).— Similar to male except frons more broadly convex, more closely punc- tured, punctures not at all granulate, orna- mented by a tuft of long, fine, abundant, )ellow hair. Type Locality.— La Lima, Cortez, Hondu- ras. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allotype, and 20 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 5-\'-64, 200 m elevation. No. 579, from Cayaponia microdonta, by S. L. Wood. Four parat\pes are from La Ceiba, At- lantida, Honduras,' 20, 29-V-49, at light, E. C. Becker. The holot\'pe, allotype, and parat\pis are in my collection. Dendrocranitlits rudis, n. sp. This species is allied to cucurhitae (Le- Conte), but it is distinguished by the slightly larger rugae on the pronotal disc, with the punctures obscure to obsolete, and by the less deeply excavated male frons with the median elevation on the vertex less well de\eloped. Male.— Length 1.8 mm (paratypes 1.6-1.9 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color ver\' dark brown. Frons somewhat flattened, transversely im- pressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, weakly ascending above; median elevation on summit rather well developed, highest at its dorsal extremity, descending below; surface smooth with an occasional fine puncture or minute granule; vestiturc sparse, hairlike. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides rather strongly arcu- ate on posterior two-thirds, rather narrowU- rounded in front; anterior third rather coarsely asperate, low, transverse crenulations continu- ing to base, some crenulations in median area associated with obscure punctures. X'estiture fine, long, moderately abundant. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times ;is long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, moderately impressed, spaced by about two diameters of a puncture; interstriae smooth, twice as wide as striae, equal ia size and spacing to those of striae. Declivity steep, broadly flattened; striae 1 and 2 feebly im- pressed; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 weakly impressed, lateral areas about as high as suture; intcrstrial punctures not granulate. X'estiture of rows of fine, short, recumbent, strial h;iir, and rows of erect intcrstrial bristles; each bristle rather slender, about one and one-fourth times as long as distance between rows, slightly siiorter on declixital interstriae 1 and 2. Female.— Similar to male except frons rather coarsely punctate-granulate, granules mostly ar- ranged in rugae, \'ertex devoid of median ele- vation; declivity more nearly convex, impressions and elevations obscure. Type Locality.— Nineteen km E Carapan, Michoacan, Mexico. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotype, and 50 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 18-\I-65, 2300 m elevation, No. 75, in cucurbit vine, by S. L. Wood. One para- type is from 5 km W El Salto, Durango, Mex- ico, 7-\'L65, No. 32, cucurbit vine, S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Dendrocramdus confinis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the very closel)' related cucurhitae (LeConte) by the subreticulate pronotal surface between crenu- lations on the disc and by the slightly shallower, more extensive frontal excavation of the male. Male.— Length 2.0 mm (paratypes 1.5-2.0 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color ver\' dark reddish brown, pronotum black in some speci- mens. Frons as in cucurhitae but very slightly less strongly excavated, impression extending higher in lateral areas, median projection on vertex ecjual in size. Pronotum as in cucurhitae except discal punctures slightly larger, surface subreti- culate, evidently less irregular. Elytra as in cucurJntae except discal punctures \erA' slightlv larger. Female.— Similar to male except frons broadly convex, a slight transverse impression Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Amehic.'vn B.-vrk Beetles 27 just above epistoina; surface subreticulate, punctures rather small, shallow, vestiture sparse; decli\itv more evenh' convex, interstriae 2 not as strongly impressed. Tyi'e Locality.— Volcan dc Chiriqiii, near Cerro Punta, Chiri(jiii, Panama. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotype, and 38 paratypes were taken at the type' locality on 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 378, from a cucurbit vine, by S. L. Wood. The hoIot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Ips liorealis Janieri, subsp. n. This subspecies is distinguished from hore- alis borealis Swaine by the almost evenly con- vex female frons, which is sparseh' granulate and fineh' punctured below the upper le\el of the eyes, and by the transverse row of epistomal granules. It is much more similar to b. thomasi Hopping, but it is distinguished bv the shorter, finer, less abundant \estiture of the female frons, which is also less stronglv inflated, and the granules average much smaller in size. Female.— Length 3.5 mm (paratypes 3.0-3.8 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color v(tv dark brown to almost black. As in />. borealis except for sculpture and ornamentation of female frons as cited in the above diagnosis; entire frons with small, dis- tinct punctures, on lower half intermixed with several small granules. Male.— Similar to female except frontal punctures and granules much larger, more numerous. Type Locality.- One mile south of Browns- ville, Lawrence County, South Dakota. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allotype, and 61 parat\pes were taken at the type localitN' on lS-\T-68, No. 47, Picea pe were taken at the type locality on 12-\T-70, 200 m, No. 579, from a tree known locally as Rosada (Moraceae), by S. L. Wood. One female parat\ pe is from 3 km NE Creele, Barinas, Venezuela, 18-XII-69, 150 m. No. 203, Inga, S. L. Wood. The holotype and parat\pes are in m\- col- lection. Dnjocoetoides pileatu.s, n. sp. This species is distinguished from the closeh' allied capucinus (Eichhoff) by the much larger size, by the much shorter clytral disc, by the more gradual elytral decli\'it\, and by the ab- sence of strial punctures on the declivity. Female.— Length 3.2 mm (paratypes 3.2- 3.3 mm), 2.1 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons and pronotum as in capucinus except surface of disc less strongly reticulate, punc- tures deeper. Elvtra LI times as long as wide, L3 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying 30 percent of elytral length, transition from disc to decliv- ity rather abrupt; striae not e\ident, surface smooth, shining, punctures varialile, small to very small, close, confused. Decli\'ity gradual, convex; surface minuteh' rugulose, dull; striae and strial punctures entirelv obsolete, numer- ous small, roimded, confused, setiferous gran- ules; subapieal posterolateral margin acutely, subcrenulately elevated from suture to position of interstriae 8. Vestiture confined to decli\it\', consisting of moderately abundant, short hair. Type Locality.— Fortv km SE Socopo, Bar- inas, Venezuela. Type Material.— The female holotype and one female parat^■pe were taken at the t\'pe locality on 25-L70, L50 m elevation, No. 263, in Inga limb, bv S. L. Wood; four female para- types are from 10 km SE Miri, Barinas, Wne- zuela, 8-II-70, 150 m elevation, No. 295, in Inga limbs, bv S. L. Wood; one female paratvpe is from 17 km SE Miri, Barinas, Venezuela, 17- .\II-69, 150 m elevation. No. 197, from a palm bole 15 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood. The holotype and paratypes are in my col- lection. Drijocoetoides vehttinus, n. sp. This species is placed in a species group with pseudosolitarius. although the relationship is not close. It is distinguished by the larger size, by the stouter body form, and b)' the steeper elvtral declivity that has different sculp- ture. Fe.male.— Length 2.8 mm (paratypes 2.7- 2.9 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color red- dish brown. Frons and pronotum as in j)sctidosolitorius; pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal two- thirds of elytra; striae not impressed except 1 slightlv near decli\'itv. punctures very small, shallow, spaced witliin row bv three diameters of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, about six times as wide as striae, punctures minute, half as large as those of striae, confused; de- clivital sculpture commencing on posterior third of disc. Declivity steep, broadly convex; sur- face minuteh- rugulose; strial punctures small but larger and deeper than on disc; interstriae with abundant, rather coarse, pointed, confused tubercles; lower half of sutural interstriae mod- eratelv protuberant; subapieal posterolateral margin subacutelv subcrenulate from suture to interstriae 8. \'estiture of fine, abundant, mod- eratelv long hair on disc and declivity. Male— Length 2.8 mm; essentially as in female, but \\ ith all characters less perfectly formed except pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide, excavated as in male perebeae ( Ferrari ) except median tubercle on anterior margin \erv broad. Type Locality.— Thirtv km E Palmar, Boli- var, \'enezucla. Type M.^terial.- The female holotype, male allot\pe, and 21 female paratypes were taken at the type locality on 12-\T'-70, 200 m. No. 538, from the bole 30 cm in diameter of a tree localK- named Pandanga, by S. L. Wood. The holotvpe, allotvpe, and paratypes are in mv collection. Dniocoetoides rusticus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from velutinus U'ood bv the larger size, bv the confused punc- 30 BmcuAM VouNc University Science Bulletin turcs on the discal interstriae, by the more gradual elytral declivity, with much finer inter- strial tubercles, and bv the much coarser ves- titure. Female— Length 3.5 mm (estimated, elvtra spread), about 2.4 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in vehitinus but much narrower due to enlarged eyes. Pronotum as in veltitiwis except punctures on disc closer. Elytra about 1.4 times as long as wide; elytral disc as in vehitinus except all punctures deeper, interstrial punctures more numerous, confused, minute, irregular surface lines pres- ent. Declivity much as in vehitintis, surface rugulose, more ex'enlv, more gradually coincx; strial punctures larger than in vehttinus, inter- strial tubercles more numerous, much smaller, weakly protubrant toward apex of suture; sub- apical ventrolateral margin acutely ele\ated from suture toward but becoming obsolete on interstriae S, not connected to but continuing toward base of declivity as a row of subcrenu- late tubercles. Vestiture confined to decli\it\ and sides; consisting of \'erv stout, short bristles on central and lower parts of declivity, some setae on lateral and upper parts of de- clivity at least twice as long and tapered. Type Locality.— Thirty km E Palmar, Boli- var, Venezuela. Type Material.— The unique female holo- type was taken at the type localit\ on 12-\I-70, 100 m ele\ation, \o. 5S2, from an unidentified tree limb, b\- S. L. Wood. The holotvpe is in my collection. Dn/ococtoich's scvcnis. n. sp. Among known forms this species is allied to rusfictis Wood, ])ut it is distinguished b\' the large size, by the subijuadrate pronotum, and by the very different sculpture of the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 5.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown; head and pio- thorax detached and mounted separately on the same paper point as boch . Frons as in rustictis but narrower, 1.8 times as wide as width of eve. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; subquadrate; sculpture essentially as in rustictis. Ehtra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, obtusely subangulate be- hind; disc occupying basal three-fourths; b;isal half of disc as in rusticus: posterior half of disc with surface smooth, shining, punctures re- placed by rounded granules. Declivity steep, broadly eonx'ex; a large, low, conspicuous, rounded prominence at basal margin on inter- striae 2; decli\ital surface smooth, almost shin- ing; sutural interstriae slightly elevated on lower half, impressed toward base; area of striae 1 impressed to middle, are;i lateral to striae 1 on upper half gradualh- elexated toward prom- inence at base on interstriae 2; interstriae 1 with small confused tubercles to apex, others with a few tubercles on basal half only; strial punctures much larger and slighth' dei'per tlian on disc; subapical \entroIateral margin acutely. su])crenulately elevated from apex to apex of interstriae S. \'<\stiture confined to posterior half of ehtra; consisting of fine long hair ex- et"pt mueli slioiter on lower luilf of di'cli\itv. Type Locality.— Thirt\ km \ar, \'enezuela. Boli Type Material.— Thi' unicjue female holo- typ(> was taken at the type loealit\- on 12-\'I-70, 200 m. No. 54S, from Esclincilcra suliislandu- losa. bv S. L. \\'ood. rile ]iol()t\pe is in m\' collection. Dnjocoetoides insculptis, u. sp. This species is distinguislied from tlie rather remotely related iclulintis Wood b\' the larger size, b\' tlie strongK impressed deeli\ital striae, by the much less abundant elvtral \'estiture, and b\' other charactcTS. P'emale— Length 4.2 nun ( parat\pes 4.0- 4.2 mm). 2.6 times as long as wide; color red- dish brown. Frons esseutial!\' as vehitinus except not as wide due to enlarged e)es. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; about ;is in vehitinus except sides almost straight and pai;illel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; antt'rior margin anned bv 14 low serra- tions; disc shining, lateral areas reticulate, punc- tures very small, deep, moderately abundant. Elvtra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal three-fourtlis; sides straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae feeblv impressed on basal half, punctures small, rather deep; interstriae on basal half of disc smooth, sliining, al)out three times 'as wide as striae, punctures \-ery small, confused; de- clivital sculpture commencing just behind middle of disc. Decli\it\- confined to posterior fourth of elytra, steep, conxex; strongly reticu- late, dull; striae ver\' deeply impressed, punc- Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species ok A.\ieiuc.\n Bahk Beetles 31 tures slightly larger tliaii on disc, shalluw; inter- .striae rather strongly convex, nniscriately rather coarsely serrate, tubercles much smaller on lower half of declivity; sutural interstriae mod- erately protuberant on lower half of declivity. Vestiture confined to reticulate area; consisting of fine, short, strial hair and an occasional simi- lar interstrial hair, and rows of coarse, erect bristles arising from posterior margins of ser- rations, each bristle about as long as distance between rows. Type Locality.— Eight km S Colonia ( near Buenaventura), Valle de Cauca, Colombia. Type Material.— The female holotype and eight female paratypes were taken at the type locality on 9-VII-70, 30 m elevation. No. 605, in limbs of Htimirisfnivi excehum, b)' S. L. Wood. The holotype and paratypes are in my col- lection. Dnjocoetoidcs iiulolatus, n. sp. This species is distinguislied from the allied insctilpttis Wood by the slightly smaller size, by the more nearly suhquadrate pronotum, by the unimpressed d('cli\ital striae, b\- the finer interstrial tubercles, and b\' tlie vestiture. Female.— Length 3.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; col(;r reddisli l)rown. Frons as in insculptus but narrower. Pro- notum subquadrate, serrations on anterior mar- gin poorly developed; sculpture essentially as in irisciilptiis. Elytra L5 times as long as wide, L4 times as long as pronotum; disc occup\ing basal half of elytral length; striae not impressed, punc- tures very small, spaced within a row by one or two diameters of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, with shallow, irregular lines, punctures about equal in size to those of striae, confused. Declivity very gradual on its basal half, steep and convex on its posterior half; entire surface closely, finely rugose, dull; striae not impressed, punctures twice as large as on disc, very shallow; interstrial punctures replaced by fine, confused tubercles, slightly larger on basal half of convex area; sutural interstriae weakly protuberant toward apex; subapical pos- terolateral margin acutely costate near suture, becoming subcrenulate toward interstriae 8. Vestiture confined to sides and decli\it\', con- sisting of fine, long, moderately al^undant, con- fused, interstrial hair; minute strial hair also present on declivity. Type Locality.— Thirty km E Palmar, Boli- var, Venezuela. Type Material.— The unique female holo- type was taken at the type locality on 12-\'I-70, 200 111, No. 578, from Parinari cxcelsa, by S. L. Wood. The holotype is in iii\- collection. Sdinpsonitis expuhtis. n. sp. This species apparently is more closely allied to detnictus Wood than to other described spe- cies, but it is readily distinguished by the longi- tudinally concave elytral declivity and by the absence of declivital spines. Female.— Length 5.1 mm, 3.4 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons, pronotum and elytral disc as in de- tractus. Elytral dechvity slightly longer than disc, its surface reticulate; base of declivity rather abruptly impressed, basal and lateral margins continuously, finely serrate from inter- striae 2 to near sutural apex; face of declivity longitudinally concave, broadly flattened to ser- rate margins, suture rather strongK' ele\ated particularly on lower half; interstriae 3 weakly ele\ated on lower half. W'stiture of fine, mod- erateh' long, rather al)und;mt liair; onl\' slightly longer on declivity. Type Locality.— Eight km S Colonia (near Buenaventura), \'alle de Cauca, Colombia. Type Material.— The female holotype was taken at the type locality on 9-\'II-70, at 30 m ele\ation. No. 619, from a Poutcria branch, bv S. L. Wood. The holotype is in mv collection. ^anipsonius dctravtus. n. sp. The large size and the presence of one pair of long slender spines near the apex of declivi- tal interstriae 3 distinguish this species from other representatives of the genus. Female.— Length 5.6 mm (paratype 5.8 mm), 3.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons narrow, broadly convex; siuface reti- cuhite, \\ ith small, low, rather abundant, shining granules; vestiture of sparse, fine, long hair. E\e large, emarginate, very coarsely faceted, 1.9 times as long as wide. Antennal club subcir- eular, rather strongly flattened, sutures 1 and 2 rather strongh' procur\ed, 2 reaching slightb beyond middle; one strongly procurved suture near apex on posterior surface. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; sides feebly arcuate and subparallel on posterior two- thirds, narrowly produced on anterior third to 32 BnicnAM Young Univkbsiiv .Sf:iENf:E Bulletin two very coarse, close serrations arming an- terior margin, two pairs of small serrations lat- eral to major ones; summit indefinite, about one-third length from anterior margin; anterior third moderately asperate; posterior areas smooth, shining, minutely, rather sparsely punc- tured; lateral margins abrupt. Vestiture of sparse, fine hair, slightly coarser and longer on asperate area. Elytra 2.1 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, slightly nar- rowed, then truncate on median two-tliirds; discal striae not impressed, punctures ver\' small, distinct; interstriae smooth, shining, about four times as wide as striae, punctures almost uniseriate, minute. Declivity occupying poste- rior 46 percent of ehtral length, gradual basal margin abruptly impressed and irregularly, finely serrate from interstriae 1 to posterolateral apical angle; surface reticulate; sutural inter- striae not elevated or armed; interstriae .3 pos- terior to middle broadly elevated and slightK' higher than suture, decending to moderate im- pression just mcsad of serrate lateral margin; armed just before apex of interstriae .3 by a pair of very large, subcvlindrical spines, each four times as high as wide, equal in length to discal distance from suture to striae 4. N^estiture of fine, moderately long hair on disc and sides, very much longer and slighth- more abundant on declivit\'. Type Locality.— Madden Forest, Canal Zone, Panama. Tyi'e Material.— The female holotvpe and one female paratype were taken at the type locality on 2-T-64, 70 m elevation. No. ,367, from a tree limb, hv S. L. \\'()od. The holotype and paratype are in my cf)l- lection. Sampsonius usuri)afus. n. sp. This species is distinguished from tlie closeK allied dampfi Schedl b\' the larger size, bv the longer elytral dt'clivity, l)y the declivital suture being lower than the lateral convexities, and by the much smaller, contiguous spines near the sutural apex on the el\ tral declivit\'. Female.— Length 4.1 mm (paratypes: fe- males 4.0-4.4 mm; males 2.S-3.3 mm), 3.8 times as long as wide; color reddish l^rown. Frons as in detractus Wood except slightly narrower. Pronotum as in detractus. Elytra 2.2 times as long as wide; outline as in dectacttts except tapered posteriorly, subtnm- cate on less than median half; disc and general contour of declivity as in detractus except basal margin gradual, di'nticles smaller, mori' scattered; apex of interstriae 3 entirely un- armed; sutural interstriae anned by contiguous, subapical, pointed processes about as high as their longitudinal base, height about equal to width of discal interstriae, positioned as in dampfi but much smaller. Vestiture as in de- tractus. Male.— Dwarfed, head concealed by pro- longation of pronotum; pronotum longer than cKtra, 1.7 times ;ls long as wide, its anterior three-fifths broadly, rather deeply concave, an- terior margin narrowly biemarginate gi\ing ap- pearance of a median and two lateral denta- tions; elytra similar to female but characters poorly formed, more convex, devoid of subapi- cal spine. Type Locality.— Turrialba, Caitago, Costa Rica. Type Material —Tlu' female hoIot\pe, male allotype, and 23 paratypes were collected at the type locality on 9-111-64, at 700 in elevation, No. 460B, from a cut tree seedling, by S. L. Wood. Other paratypes were taken in Costa Rica as follows: two from San Ignacio de Acosta, 5-\'II-6.3, 1500 m. No. .38, tree seedling, S. L. Wood; three from Finca Cromaco on Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-V1I-63, 500 m. No. 76, tree seedling, S. L. Wood; one from Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VHI-66, 30 m. No. 6S. tree branch. S. L. ^\'ood. One paratype is from El Hato del N'olean, Cliirif(iii, Panama, 11-1-64, 2800 m. No. 374, tree- branch, S. L. Wood. The holotype, allot\pe, and paratopes are in uw eolleetiou. Xi/Ichonis (Thcohonis) pristis. n. sp. The antennal club of tliis species clearly is as in theohromae Hopkins, but tiie relationship is nf)t close. It differs from theohromae by the more slender form, by the less strongly serrate antiTior margin of the pronotum, bv the more broadly convex elytral declivity, and by the different sculpture of the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.8 mm (femak' paratypes 1.7-2.0 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a weak, narrow, transverse impression just above epistonla; sur- face strongK reticulate, punctures sparse, ob- scure, coarse; \'estiture of sparse, fine, incon- spicuous, long hair. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in theohromae except surface more Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Amehic.\n Bahk Beetles 33 .strongh' reticulate, including in anterior area between asperities, and anterior margin weakly serrate. Vestiture of fine, rather short hair on sides and asperate area, disc almost glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind, ser- rate near weakly, narrowly emarginate suture; striae not impressed, punctures minute, shallow, distinct, spaced within a row by three to four diameters of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, about eight times as wide as striae, punctures uniscriate, almost indistinguishable from those of striae. Declivity confined to pos- terior fourth, steep, broadlv convex; stri;ie 1 weakly, others feebly impressed, punctures slightly larger, deeper and much closer than on disc; interstriae with punctures closer and uni- seriately granulate, granules often oljsolete near apex; sutlue narrowh' emarginate, margin witli a row of two to four coarse cusps near suture, this row continued along margin as four to eight somewhat smaller granules, margin rather nar- rowly rounded to interstriae S. Vestiture con- fined to sides and declivity; on declivity con- sisting of rows of fine hair; strial hair short; interstrial hair two to two and one-half times as long as distance between rows. Male.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm; essentially as in female, but with characters more poorlv formed, and pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide and essentially as in male theohromae. Type Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Hica. Type Material.— The female holotvpe and tliree female paratypes wxtc taken at the tvpe locality- on 2-\TI-63, 1300 m. No. 9. from Miconia, by S. L. Wood; three paratypes are from the same locality, 17-1X-63, No. 184, from Miconia caudata 10 cm in diameter. Four fe- male paratypes were taken at \'olcan, Punta- renas, Costa Rica, ll-XIl-63, 1000 m. No. 305 in "huarumo" and No. 308 in a tree limb, bv S. L. ^^'ood; six additional paratvpes bear this same data c^xcept they arc No. 308, from a tree limb. The male allotvpe and 44 paratypes were taken 6 km S San \'ito, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 13-21-III-67, from a dead, standing tree. The holotype, allotvpe, and paratypes are in my collection. Xylehorus (Theohorus) micarius. n. sp. This species is closely related to pristis Wood, but it is distinguished by the slightly larger, more closely spaced strial punctures, by the more gradual, more broadh' arched elvtral declivity, by the smaller cusps near the suture on the ventrolateral margin of the declivitv, and bv the very stout, short, declivital setae. Female.— Length 1.8 mm (female paratypes 1.8-2.0 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color ver>' dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in pristis except pro- notum outline somewhat more subquadratc and 1.1 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; outline es- sentially as in pristis, disc as in pristis except strial punctures slightlv larger, spaced within a row by two to three times diameter of a punc- ture; interstriae about five to six times as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, distinctly smaller than those of striae. Declivity occup\ing 50 per- cent of strial length, more gradual and more broadly convex than in pristis; sculpture as in pristis except posterolateral margin subacute, its summit rather weaklv crenulatc from weak sutural emargination to interstriae 7. Vestiture of rows of strial and interstrial setae, finer and shorter on disc; declivital strial iiair verv fine and short, interstrial setae coarse, blunt, each about one to one and one-half times as long as distance between rows. Type Locality.— Cuapiles, Limon, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The female holot\pe and seven female paratypes were taken at the tvpe locality on 22-\TI-66, 100 m elevation. No. 120. from a branch of Cordia sp. 5 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood; three female paratypes bear the same data except No. 117 from a palm log. One female parat\pe was taken at Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica, i7-I.\-63, 1.300 m elevation. No. 182, from a tree branch, by S. L. Wood. The holotvpe and paratypes are in my col- lection. Xtilcl>orus hicornitttis. n. sp. This species is \er\ closely related to ehenus Wood, but it is distinguished by the larger aver- age size, bv the more strongly impressed upper half of the declivitv. bv the different arrange- ment of minor elvtral denticles, and by the larger, longer major declivital spine. Female.— Length 3.8 mm (paratypes 3.6-4.0 mm), 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons and pronotum as in ehenus. Elytra as in ehemis except upper third of decli\'ity more strongly impressed; denticles on interstriae 3 at base of declivity larger, 2-6 in number ( 2 in 34 Brigham Young Uni\ ersity Sc:iENf:E Bulletin ehenus), extending posterior to level of spine of interstriae 2; major spine slightly larger, its basal area less extensive; punctures on declivital face more sharply defined, slightly larger, en- tire surface smooth, shining (some impressed points at base and extreme lateral areas in ehenus). Male.— Similar to male ehenus except lateral margin of declivity aimed by four spines of almost equal size on left side, six spines ( ab- nonnal?) on right side. Type Locality.— Seventeen km SK Miri, Bar- inas, Venezuela. Tyi'k Material.— The ftniale holot\pe and three female paratypes were taken at the type locality on 17-XII-69, 150 m elevation, \o. 195. in Protium sp., by S. L. Wood; the male allo- type, one male and 23 female paratypes are from 30 km N Canon Zancudo, Zulia, Vene- zuela, 4-IV-70, 10 111, No. 515, from a tree sap- ling, by S. L. Wood. Other paratypes were taken in Venezuela as follows: 7 from 40 km E Canton, Barinas, S-III-70, 70 m, tree seed- lings; 13 from 40 km SE and 7 km NW of Socopo, Barinas, 25-1-70, 13-11-70, from hiLia. Hirtolla friandru, Rheedia madruno, Nerlandra sp., and Protium; 3 from 20 km SW El \'igia, Merida, 21-XI-69, 12-VI-70, lO-XII-69, from var- ious hosts; and 1 from Haneho CIrande, Aragua, 9- IV-70, 1100 m, tree sapling. Tliree parat\pes are from Campo Capote, 27 km NE Mont()\a, Santander, Colombia, 2-VII-70, 150 m, tree sapling. One paratype is from .30 km E Palmar, Bolivar, 12-\T-70, 200 m, Bronnia sp. All were taken by me. The liolot\pe, all()t\pe, and parat\pes are in my collection. Xi/leI)orus crinilulus. n. sp. Although not closely related, this species is distinguished from the allied inicariu.1 ^^'ood by the larger size, by the more closely, more deeply punctured pronotal disc, by the confused discal interstrial pimctures, and b\' the steeper elytral declivity that has different sculpture. Female.— Length 2.2 mm (paratypes 1.9-2.3 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons as in micarius except with moderately numerous, small, rounded granules. Pronotum as in micarius except serrations on anterior margin larger and punctures on disc more numerous and deeper. Elytra 1..3 times as long as \\ide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, rather shallow, spaced within a row by one or two times diameter of a puncture; interstriae four to five times as wide as striae, shining, with irregular lines, punctures fine, moderately deep, confused ou basal two-thirds, uniseriate toward declivity. Declivity steep, broadly con\ex, occupying 42 percent of elytral length; strial punctures almost twice as large as on disc; interstriae imiseriately tuberculate, tubercles rather widely spaced, pointed, mod- erateb fine except rather coarse on lower half of 1; suture slightly produced just before apex; subapical posterolateral margin acutely, sub- crenulatelv elevated from suture to interstriae 8. W'stiture hairlike, rather abundant, of vari- able length, mostly rather short. Type Locality.— Forty km SE Socopo, Bar- inas, Venezuela. Type Matehial.— The female holotspe and 17 female paratypes were collected at the type locality on 2.5-1-70, 150 m elevation, No. 280, from a dead branch of llirtella friandra 3-5 cm in diameter, b\' S. L. Wood, One paratype was taken at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama, 27X11-63, 70 in. No. .345, from a tree liranch, by S. L. Wood; and two paratypes are labeled Fort Chnton, Canal Zone, Panama, 22- XII-63, .30 m. No'. 317, tree branch, S. L. Wood. The holot\'pe and paratypes are in my col- lection. Xi/lclionis pcinduhis, n. sp. This rather common species has been incor- rectly identified by Sclicdl and others as var- ians (Fabricius). It differs from various by the smaller average size, by tlie steeper elytral de- clivity, by the flatter lower half of the declivity with its ventrolateral margin subacutely ele- vated and its face irregular and closely, coarsely punctured. Female.— Length 2.7 mm (paratypes 2.7-3.0 mm), 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown, almost black. Frons and pronotum as in pereheae ( Fer- rari) except each minute puncture on pronotal disc with a minute, smooth, shining spot on its posterior margin. Elytral 1.0 times as long as wide, 1.06 times as long as pronotum; disc limited to basal half; disc as in pereheae except strial punctures slightK- smaller. Decli\ity abruptly impressed at base, steep, rather broadly, deepK excavated on upper half; lower half more broadly flattened and with its abrupt lateral margin weakly ele- vated; basal margin abrupt, aimed by about 4-8 small, pointed denticles scattered from inter- Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles 35 .striae 1-3; margin at interstriae 3 bearing large, stout, pointed conical spine one-fourth declivi- tal length from basal margin, a large setiferous pore just below its ape.x; interstriae 4 with four to six small, pointed denticles on and just before declivital margin, 5 with similar denticles extending along margin to or near sutural apex; declivital face closely, deeply, rather coarsely punctured, surface subshining, somewhat irregular. Vestiture limited to stout, scalelike bristles on margin and sides of de- clivity. Type Locality.— Fort Clayton, Canal Zone, Panama. Ty'I'E Material.— The female hol()t\pe and nine female paratypes were taken at the tvpe locality on 22-XII-63, 30 m elevation, No. 320. from a broken tree limb, by S. L. Wood. Other female parat\pes were taken as follows: 3 at Madden Forest, Canal Zone, Panama, 2-1-64, 70 m, Nos. 364, 367, tree limb, S. L. Wood; 1 at Limon Ba\-, Canal Zone. .30-XII-63, 5 m. No. 354. tree branch, S. L. Wood; 2 at Dominical, Punta- renas, Costa Rica, 9-XII-63, 3 m. No. 301, tree branch, S. L. Wood; 3 at Boston, Limon, Costa Rica, LX-64, Theohroma cacao, J. L. Saunders; and 1 at Finca La Lola, Limon, Costa Rica, \Tn-63, Theohroma cacao, J. L. Saunders. The holotype, allotype, and paratopes are in my collection. Xijlchonis vaiuhis, n. sp. This species is almost identical to pandulus Wood, but it may be distinguished by the denselv placed minute, impressed points on the elytral declivity on the surfaces between the usual punctures, by the larger average size, by die slighth' smaller declivital denticles (the major spine is usualh' more slender), and by the shorter scales on the margins and sides of the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 3.2 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; exactly as in pandulus Wood except as noted in the above diagnosis. Type Locality.— Thirteen km SW El X'igia, Merida, Venezuela. Type Material.— The female holotype and five female paratypes were taken at the type locality on 22-X-69, 100 m elevation. No. 76, from /(iga branches, by S. L. Wood. Other fe- male paratypes were taken as follows: 4 at 20 km SW El'Vigia, lO-XII-69, 50 m, various hosts, S. L. Wood; and 1 at 8 km S Colonia (near Buenaventura), \'alle de Cauca, Colombia, 9- Vn-70, 30 m. No. 636, Pwtium nervosum, S. L. Wood; 2 at 27 km NE Montoya (Campo Ca- pote), Santander, Colombia, 2'-Vn-70, 150 m. No. 583, tree sapling, S. L. Wood. It is entirely possible that this form repre- sents only a subspecies of pandulus; insufficient material is available to make an evaluation at this time. The holot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are in m\' collection. Xi/leborus sJiarpi Icnis, sub.sp. n. This subspecies i.s distinguislu'd from s. sharpi Blandford bv the al)sence of the abun- dant, minute, impressed points on the elytral deeli\ity, and bv the more northern distribu- tion. Female.— Length 3.5 mm, 2.0 times as long ;is wide; color dark brown. Essentially as in s. sJiarpi except declivital surface almost smooth, punctures very fine, impressed points essentially absent. Entire decli\ity in s. sharpi densely cov- ered bv minute impressi'd points. Tyi>e Locality.— Twent\ -nine km or 18 miles E Coatzoeoalcos, \'eracruz, Mexico. Type Material —The female holotype was taken at the type locality on 26-\T-67, 30 m, No. 104, from a tree limb, by S. L. Wood. The holot\pe is in my collection. Xyleborus palatus, n. sp. This species is remotely allied to squamula- tus Eichhoff, but is distinguished by the slightly stouter bodv form, by the much steeper, flat (•1\ tral declix it\-, and b\ the arrangement ol de- cli\ital tiibi'reles. Female —Length 1.9 mm (paratypes 1.8-2.1 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black. Frons broadlv concave, a slight, transverse impression above epistoma; surface strongly reticulate, punctures small, shallow, sparse. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides feeblv arcuate, almost parallel on basal two- thirds, rather broadlv rounded in front; anterior margin anned by six to ten serrations, median one or two pairs distinctly larger; summit at middle; anterior area rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas mostly reticulate with some shin- ing areas, punctures rather small, shallow, mod- erately close. Vestiture of moderately abundant, fine, short hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more dian basal two-thirds. 36 Bhigham Young UNivEnsrrv Science Bulletin rather narrowly rounded behind; disc occupy- ing basal 60 percent of elytral length; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, moderately deep, spaced within a row by one to two diam- eters of a puncture; interstriae almost smooth, shining, about three to four times as wide as striae, punctures very fine, slightly confused on basal two-thirds of disc, uniseriate toward de- clivity. Declivity rather steep, flat on median half from rounded base to near apex; surface shagreened, striae as on disc, apices of 2 and 3 converge toward suture; interstriae 1-3 flat; all interstriae with rows of small, pointed granules, those near base on all interstriae larger, those on 1 and 2 on face of declivity and on lower half of 5, 7, and 8 minute, others sligiitly larger; posterolateral margin rounded, marked by a row of small tubercles from apex to inter- striae 9. Vestiture of minute strial iiair on and near declivity, and interstrial bristles each as long as distance between rows on and near de- clivity, confused on anterior areas of disc. Type Locality.— Twent\-fc)ur km (1.5 mi) W Armeria, Colima, Mexico. Type: Material.— The female holotype and one female parat\pe were taken at the type localitN' on .30-\'I-65, .30 m. No. 147, in flight. by S. L. Wood; 13 female parat\pes bear iden- tical (lata to the t\pe except Nos. 153, 154, frnin an unidentified broken tree 1)raneh. Otlier fe- male paratxpes were taken in Mexico as follows: one from 53 km (33 mi) S Colima. C'olima, 27- VI-65, 700 m. Nos, 125. 127, in flight: one from 6 km (4 mi) ,S Cihuatlan, .30-VI-a5, 70 in. No. 157, from a liana; one from \'ole.:ui C^olima, |alis- co, 23-VI-65, 2.500 m. No. 124. from a shrub limb: four from Lagima Santa Maria, P.-YU-^r,. 1000 m. No. 19.3, from a liana; and one from 8 km (5 mi) E San Bias, Nayarit, 12-Vn-65, 70 m. No. 2.32, from a leguminose tree; all were taken by me. The holotype and parat\pes are in m\' col- lection. Xr/lebortts cxiitiifi. n. sp. This species is distinguished from the allied tolimanus Eggers by the complete absence of denticles on the elytral declivitv. Female.— Length 1.9 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown, pronotum more yellowish brown. Frons about as in catuhis Blandford but surface finely granulate to well above eyes. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; basically as in catulus except anterior margin rather nar- rowly rounded and more coarselv serrate. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, acutely converging to one-fifth greatest elytral width at narrowly, shallowly emarginate apex; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, distinct, spaced within a row by twice diameter of a puncture; inter- striae smooth, shining, three to four times as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, rather widely spaced. Declivitv gradual, narrowlv con- vex; striae feeblv impressed, punctures slightly larger than on disc; all interstriae equally sculp- tured, punctines distinct, regularly, rather close- ly spaced, anterior margin of each rather broadly, weakly granulate; interstriae 1 weakly elevated near acuminate apex; posterolateral margin weakh' elevated and rather narrowly rounded near apex, becoming more broadly numded anteriorly, entirely devoid of granules and denticles. \'estiture entirely abraded except for a few hairlike setae on sides. Type Locality.— Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica. Type Matehial.— The unique female holo- type was taken at the t\'pe locality on 9-III-64, 700 m elevation. No. 468, from a new fence post, by S. L. Wood. The hoIot\pe is in m\' collection. Xylchorus rusticus. n. sp. This species is distinguished from rubricoUis Eichhoff by the larger size, by the proportion- ately smaller punctures on the declivital striae, and by the unifomily con\ex elytral striae. Female.— Length 3.3 mm (paratype 3.5 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, irregularly convex; surface reticulate, shining, punctures rather coarse, close, moderately deep above, obscure below; \estiture sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.98 times as long as wide; sub- circular, all margins about equally arcuate, widi'st slightly behind middle; summit distinctly behind middle, entire surface closely, rather coarsely asperate to base, slightly finer on pos- terior third; surface between asperities reticu- late, dull. X'estiture of fine, rather long, mod- erately abundant hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, L6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight on basal two-thirds, slightly wider at base of declivity, broadly rounded behind; disc occupying basal two-thirds; striae 1 feebly, others not im- pressed, punctures rather small, moderately Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of Ameh[C.\n B.mik Beetles 37 deep, spaced within row by one to two diam- eters of a puncture; iiiterstriae about four times as wide as striae, almost smooth, sliining, punc- tures small, moderately confused, their anterior margins finelv granulate. Declivity steep, evenly, broadly convex; strial punctures slightly wider than on disc; interstriae tliree times as wide as striae, granules (jn all interstriae dis- tinctly larger, pointed. Vestiture of short strial hair and fine, long, abundant hair; interstrial setae in almost uniseriate rows on declivital in- terstriae 1 and 2, confused elsewhere. Type Locality.— Ten km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico. Type Material.— The female holotype was taken at the type locality on 2-VII-67,'l600 m. No. 150, from an unidentified log by S. L. Wood. One female parat\pe is from the same locality and collector, taken 27-\T-.53, No. 49. The holot)pe and paratype are in my col- lection. Xijlehonis occUatus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from nistictis Wood by the coarser strial punctures, by the more deeply impressed declivital striae, bv the strial punctures on tlie decli\itv, each with a granule occupying its central half thereby giv- ing the superficial appearance of an eye, and by the larger interstrial granules on the de- clivity. Female.— Length .3..5 mm (parat\pes .3..'3-.'3.5 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide, color black. Frons and pronotum as in nisfictts except asperities on basal half of pronotum distincth larger. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, L5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in rusticus; striae 1 feebh', others not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, rather sliallow; interstriae three times as wide as striae, almost smooth, punctures rather fine, finelv granulate on their anterior margins, confused on 2 and 3. Decli\- ity convex, steep; striae 1 distincth-, 2 feeblv impressed, punctures sliglitlv larger than on disc, each puncture with its central half occu- pied by a rounded granide; interstriae feeblv convex, each amied by a uniseriate row of moderately coarse, pointed tubercules, 7 sub- acutely elevated and tuberculate. \'estiture as in ntsticits. Type Locality.— Picdras Blancas, 10 km E Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia. Type Material.— The female holotvpe and two female parat\'pes were taken at the type locality on 15-Vn-70, 2500 m, No. 675, from an unidentified log, by S. L. Wood. Two other female paratypes bear identical data except one is from No. 684 in Chtsia, and one is No. 677 taken in flight. The holotype and p;iratypes are in my col- lection. Xijlehonts opinuts. n. sp. This species is distinguished from Iccontei (Hopkins) by the slightly smaller size, by the more strongly rounded anterior and lateral mar- gins of the pronotum, b\' the finer, less numer- ous asperities on the pronotal disc, by the con- \'ex el)'tral declivity, and by the different ar- rangement of declivital tubercles. Female.— Length 2.4 mm, 2.2 times as long ;is wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in leconfei. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide, as in Iccontei except antcTior ;uid lateral margins more strongly ;ucuate, summit slightly higher, and asperities behind summit slightly smaller and evidently less numerous. Elvtra 1..36 times as long as wide; outline and disc as in Iccontei except strial punctures not larger near disc, interstrial punctures near declivity granulate. Decli\itv rather broadly, evenly convex, steep; strial punctures as large as on disc, deep, smaller than in Iccontei; inter- striae 1 bearing a row of granules on basal half, those near base rather coarse, 2 with several pointed tubercles on basal half, one or two at or sliglitlv below middle distincth larger, 3 with three to five smaller tubercles; all tubercles smaller than major tubercles of Iccontei. X'esti- ture as in Iccontei. Type Locality.— Sebring, Florida. Type Materl\l.— The female holotvpe was taken at the t\pe locality on 20-\T-51,'at light, by S. L. \Vood. The holotype is in mv collection. Xi/Iehorus lacunatus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from commi.xtii.'i Blandford hv details in sculpture of the elvtral decli\itv as indicated in the description. Female.— Length 4.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as w ide; color dark brown. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in com- mixtits. Elvtral declivity essentially as in com- mixtus except rather strongly, transxerseh' im- pressed on lower third; suture distinctly concave on lower two-thirds; strial punctures larger; in- terstriae about twice as wide as striae; postero- 38 Bnic.HAM Young 1'ni\ersitv Science Bulletin lateral margin much more strongly, aciitch- ele- vated than in comiiiixtus, rather strongly concave from its crest to suture on lower third of decliv- ity. \'cstiture as in commixtus. Type Locality.— Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The female holotype was taken at the type Iocalit\ on 18-IV-6.3, from Theohroma cacao, by J. L. Saunders. One female paratype is from Peralta, Cartago, Costa Rica, 10-III-64, flight, S. L. Wood. The holotype and parat\pe are in mv collec- tion. Xtjlehonis iiwridemis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from caraihicus Eggers by the slight!)' larger size, by the larger, less deeply impressed punctures on the striae, by the more gradual declivity with the lower me- dian half almost flat, and b\- the rounded postero- lateral margin of the decli\ity. Female.— Length 4.1 mm (paratypes .3.7-4..3 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in caraihicus except posterior areas of pronotum more distinctlv re- ticulate. Elytra L7 times as long as wide, L7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, slightl\- tapered then rather narroulv rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures moder- ately coarse, shallow; interstriae twice as wide as striae, smooth, punctures fine, uniseriate. De- clivity moderately steep, rather narrow, feebly impiessed on median area partictilarl\- on central half; suture on lower two-thirds straight; striae not impressed, punctures on middle half larger than on disc, interstriae one and one-half times as wide as striae; interstriae smooth, shining, each armed by about five small, pointed tuber- cles; posterolateral margin rather narrowly rounded (not carinatc), amied by a series of rather widely spaced, small, pointed granules. Male.— Length 3.4 mm; head and elytra es- sentially as in female. Pronotum L2 times as long as wide, 0.86 times as long as elytra; cjuad- ratc, anterior third broadly, concavely excavated, anterolateral margins abruptly angulate, acutely elevated; anterior margin acutely elevated, slight- ly produced into an obtuse, median point; sub- glabrous. Tyi'e Locality.— I^a Carbonera experimental forest, about 50 km (airline) NE Merida, Meri- da, \'enezuela. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allotype, and four paratypes were taken at the type loeaiitx- on 23-IV-70, 2.500 m, Nos. 450, 45L from an unidentified log b\' S. L. Wood. Other paratypes were taken at the same l()c;i!itv as fol- lows: 5 on 16-L\-69, No. 21 in Pniniis spluiero- carpa\ 1 on 16-L\-69, No. 20 on Ficiis. 1 on 14-X- 69, No. 66; 2 on 27-.\-69, No. 92; 6 on 9-.\n-69, No. 171; 8 on 2S-I\'-70. Nos. 450, 451, and 457, from unidentified logs; all by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allot\pe, and paratypes arc in mv collection. Xijleborus aclinis. n. sp. This species is distinguished from incridensis Wood by the much smaller size, by the more strongly convex deelixitv, and by the presence of only one tubercle on decli\'ital interstriae 2. Female.— Li'ngth .3.1-3.3 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in incridensis except pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in meriden- sis except interstrial punctures more widely spaced. Decli\itv moderately steep, convex; longitudinal axis of suture feebly convex on lower half; striae not impressed, punctures little if any larger than on disc; interstriae smooth, shining, 1 and 3 each amied by about three to six pointed granules of variable size, 2 armed by one moderateh' coarse di'uticle one-third de- clivital length from apex, a few small granules in lateral areas; posterolateral margin as in meri- densis. narrowly rounded, its crest amied by se\('ral small, isolated granules. \'estiture eon- fined to decli\'ity, sparse, one short bristle aris- ing from posterior basal margin of each granule, each about half as long as width of an inter- striae. Type Locality.— Cerro Punta near Volcan de Chiriqui (Barn), Chiriqui, Panama. Type Material.— The female holotype and three female paratypes were taken at the type locality on 11-1-64. 1800 m. No. 386, from a stump 15 cm in diameter, by S. L. \\'ood. The holotvpe and paratypes are in my collec- tion. Xijlehonis dissimidatus, n. sp. - This species is distinguished from mcridensis Wood by the much smaller size, by the smaller strial punctures, by the much smaller granules on declivital interstriae 2, and bv the more sub- angulate, subserrate posterolateral margin of Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American B.\hk Beetles 39 the declivity. It is distinguished, with difficulty, from posticus Eichhoff by the shining, more gradual decHvity, and by the shorter, sparse dechvital bristles. Female.— Length 2.2 mm (paratypes 2.2-2.3 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in posti- cus. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal 60 per- cent of elytral length. Declivity moderately steep, rather broadly convex; strial punctures much larger than on disc, very shallow; inter- striae smooth, shining, as wide as striae, each with a sparse row of minute granules, 1 and 3 each with about two distinctly larger granules; posterolati'ial margin subacute, more continu- ously subserrate than in posticus. Vestituri' largely confined to declivity, of very short, stout and fine, interstrial bristles, each bristle about one-third as long as distance between rows. Type Locality.— Tapanti. Cartago, Costa Rica. Type Material.- The female holotype and three female paratypes were taken at the type locality on 17-IX-63, No. 184, from Miconin caudata, by S. L. Wood. One female paratNpe bears identical data except No. 178 from a liana. One paratype is from the same locality and col- lector taken 2-\'II-63, No. 9, Miconia sp. The holotype and paratypes are in my col- lection. XijIe])orus concentus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from parollclo- collis Eggers by the more narrowly con\ex declivity on the transverse axis, by the serrate posterolateral margin of the declivitv, and by tlu' shorter interstrial bristles on thi' declivit). Female.— Length 2.5 mm (parat\pes 2.5-2.7 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in caraihicus Eggers except pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, tapered, then narrowh' rounded behind; .striae not impressed, punctures rather small, distinctlv impressed; interstriae twice as wide as striae, punctures very fine, uniseriate. Declivity grad- ual, transversely con\ex, suture very feebly con- vex on lower half; surface rather dull in most specimens; striae not impressed, punctures larger than on disc; interstriae flat, slightlv ^^'ider than striae, granules small, of uniform size, spaced by distances less than width of an interstriae; posterolateral margin abrupt, subacute, finely serrate. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, consisting of short, stout, interstrial bristles, each bristle equal in length to one-third width of an interstriae; a few similar, much longer bristles on disc. Type Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica. Type Mateklal.— The female holotype and two female paratypes were taken at the type localitN' on 26-Xl'-63, 1.300 m. No. 265, from Phoebe mexicana, b\' S. L. Wood. Other female paratypes were taken as follows: 1 at Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, ll-\'Ill-66, 30 m, No. 90, liana; 1 at \'olcan, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, ll-Xll-63, 1000 ni, No. 308, tree limb; 1 at Cuapiles, Limon, Costa Rica, 22-\'II-66, 100 m. No. 101, tree limb; and 6 at 30 km E Palmar, Bolivar, X'enezuela, 12-VT-70, 200 m, No. 556, Alexii imperatricis; all by S. L. \\'ood. The holotype and paratypes are in n\\ col- li'ction. Xyleborus trihulattis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from .seniipunc- tatus Eggers except as noted in the following de- scription. Female.— Length 3.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in semipunctatus ex- cept punctures on posterior half of pronotum distinctlv larger, closer. Elvtra as in semipunctatus except discal striae 2 distinctly sinuate; interstriae 2 and 3 on disc distinctlv confused; strial punctures on disc and dcclixity distinctly larger, interstriae on disc three times as wide as striae ( four times as wide in .semipunctatus). Declivitv as in .semipuncta- tus except as noted. Type Locality.— Rio Damitas in the Dota Mountains, San Jose, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The unique female holotype was taken at the type locality on 22-\'III-63, 250 m. No. 126, from a liana 10 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood. The holotype is in my collection. Xyleborus vismiae, n. sp. This species is distinguished from costaricen- sis Blandford by the shorter, steeper declivity which is strongly, transversely impressed on the lower half, b\' the smooth, shining declivital sur- face, and by the larger declivital granules. The 40 Brigham Young I'niveiisity Science Bili.etin costaricensis group of species is characterized by the shghtly protuberant, smooth, peculiarly retic- ulate frons that is desoicl of punctures, bv the tapered posterior half of the elytra, and b)' the long, rather narrow declivity. pEAfALE.— Length 3.5 mm (paratypes 3..'3-3.7 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons shallowly, transversely impressed be- tween eyes, \\eakly inflated below; surface smooth with very fine reticulation below, more coarsely reticulate toward vertex, punctures rather small, sparse, mostly confined to lateral areas, none on lower third; vestiture very sparse, hairlike, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly roimded in front; smnmit at middle; anterior half ratlier fineh' asperate; posterior areas very finc'ly subreticulate; punctures minute, distinct, rather sparse. Elytra l.S times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides ;ilmost straight and parallel on basal half, then rather strongly ta- pered, rather nanowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, distinct, spaced within a row by one to two diameters: interstriae smooth, moderately shining punctures \ery mi- nute, distinct, uniseriate. Declivity occupying slightly more than posterior third, strongly, transversely impressed on lower half; transverseh- flat; longitudinalh' conca\e; striae curved toward suture near apex, punctures almost twice as large as on disc; interstriae shining, anned bv rows of small granules, altematt- granules slight- ly larger; posterolateral margin narrowly round- ed, its crest with ;i ivw feeble granules. Type Localitv,— Rio Dainitas in the Dota Mountains, San Jose, Costa Rica. Type Material.— Th(> female holotype and three female paratypes were taken at the t\pe locality on 22-\'Ili-63, 250 m. No. 126, from Vismia gtiai/dnemis. by S. L. Wood. Eight fe- male paratypes are from Rancho Grande, Pittier National Park, Aragua, \'enezuela, 9-n'-70, 1100 m. No. 433, from a species of Guttiferae near but probably not Vismia, by S. L. Wood, ex- cept one of these is No. 441 from an unidenti- fied tree limb. The holot\pe and paratypes are in mv collec- tion. Xylehonis demissiis. n. sp. This species is distinguished from dvplanatns Eggers by the more slender body form, b\- the shorter declivity, by the two sizes of intirstrial tubercles on the declivity, and by the less strongly serrate posterolateral margin of the declivity. Female.— Length 2.0 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum ;is in cleplanafus except pronotum 1.21 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal half, then slighth' tapered, narrowK round- ed behind, weakly emarginate at suture; disc occupying slightly more than basal half; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, distinct; interstriae smooth, shining, three times as wide as striae, puncturi's unisiTiate, slightly smaller than those of striae, their anterior margins feebly granulate at base, becoming more distinctly gran- ulate posteriorly. Declivity rather gradual, mod- erateK' coincx on both axes; stri;ie not im- pressed, punctures slightly larger than on disc, lateral margins of punctures on 2 and 3 weakly granulate; interstriae shining, about twice as wide a.s striae, each anned b\- a row of granules, granules mostly small except on 2 and 3 dis- tincth' larger granules alternate with small ones. X'estiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and interstrial rows of short, almost scalelike bristles, eacli bristle one-third to one-half as long as dis- tance between rows, slighth' closer within a row, each three to fi\e times as long as wide. Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Type Material.- The imique female holo- type was taken at the type locality on 11-\'II1- 66, 30 m. No. 70, from a log 20 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood. The holotvpe is in my collection. Xylehonis mcritits, n. sp. This spi'cies is distinguished from vismiae by the slightly larger sizt\ by the more gradual, more nearly flattened elytral declivit\', and b\ the much finer interstrial granules on the decliv- ity. Female.— Length 3.0 mm (parat\'pes 2.8-3.4 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color yer\' dark brown. Frons, pronotum (1.15 times as long as wide), and ehtral disc as in vismiae Wood. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in vismiae. Decliv- ity occupying slightly less than posterior half of elytral length, its lower half very shallowK concave; striae not impressed, cur\ing toward suture near apex, punctures almost twice as Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species ok Americ.vn B.-^hk Beetles 41 large as on disc; intcrstriae smooth, shining, with widch' spaced fine grannies, those on lower half of 2 and 3 smaller, sometimes almost obsolete. Vestitnre sparse, of fine hair, length on declivit)' equal to about half width of an interstriae. Type Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Uica. Type Material.— The female holotype and one female paratype were taken at the type lo- calit\ on 17-IX-6:3, 1:300 m. No. 178, liana, S. L. Wood. Thirteen female paratvpes were taken at the same locality (2) 2-\TI-63, No. 7, liana, (1) 3-VII-63, No. 17, Conostegia oerstedkina. (2) 17-IX-63, No. 182. Miconia caudato. (1) 24-X- 63, No. 184, Miconia caudata. (6) 26-XI-63, No. 265, Phochcd mexicana. Ten female paratvpes are from 14 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Ri- ca, 1800 m, (1) 3-\TI-63, No. 17, Conostegia oerstediana, (8) 24-IX-63, No. 204, Miconia ghhidiflora, and (1) 24-IX-63, No. 200, Myrica ptd)escens: all by S. L. Wood. The holotvpe and paratvpes are in mv collec- tion. Xiilel>onis prolatns. n. sp. This species is distinguished from costari- cen.iis Blandford b\' the larger size, b\ the longer, more strongly impressed declivity, and by the near absence of granules on declivital in- terstriae 1 and 2. Female.— Length 4.2 mm (paratypes 4.0-4.4 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotuni as in costariccnsis. Elvtra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in costari- censis except more strongly tapered on posterior half, more narrowly rounded behind; disc con- fined to basal third, as in costaricensis. Decli\ity verv gradual, shallowlv, broadly bisulcate; sur- face dull; strial punctures twice as large as on disc; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, smooth, 1 distinctly elevated toward suture, 2 broadlv, subconca\el\' impressed, 3 distincth-, gradually ele\ated toward broad summit at striae 4, 3 and 4 each with a ro\\- of widely spaced, moderately large granules, 1 and 2 sometimes with one or two smaller granules near apex ( one paratype with five granules on 2 on left side). V'estiture as in costaricensis except almost en- tirelv absent on declivital interstriae 1 and 2. Type Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Ri- ca. Type Material.— The female holotype and eight female paratvpes were taken at the tvpe locality on 24-X-63, 1300 m. No. 265, from a re- cently cut limb of Phoehea mexicana 10 cm in diameter, bv S. L. \\'ood. The holotvpe and parat\pcs are in my col- lection. Xijlehorus dissidcns. n. sp. This species is placed near sparsipilosus Eg- gers because of the slender pronotum and steep elytral declivity; however, it probably is more closely related to species placed in the sub- genus Euicallacca. In ;uldition to the slender pronotum with its procurxcd ;mterior margin, this species has the eKtral decli\it\' steep, con- vex, and interstriae 1-3 eciuallv armed b\' pointed granules. Female.— Length 3.1 mm (paratypes 3.0-3.2 mm), 3.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in costaricensis Blandford but with lower area less strongly inflated. Pronotum 1.22 times as long as wide; as in sparsipilosus except posterior areas subreticulate. Elvtra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on slightly more than basal two-thirds, rather broad- lv rounded behind; disc occupying slightly more than basal two-thirds; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, distinct, spaced within a row by diameter of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, punc- tures uniseriate, minute, distinct, almost ob- solete. Declivitv steep, rather broadly convex: striae about as on disc; interstriae 1-3 each I'cjuallv armed by six to ten pointed granules of slightly irregular size; posterolateral margin obtuse, ;ibrupt. Wstiture confined to decli\ity, of rows of rather coarse, interstrial setae, each seta about one and one-half times as long as distance between rows, more widely spaced within a row. Type Locality.— Nine km NE Tezuitlan, I'uebla, Mexico. Type Material.— The female holotype and thri'e female parat\pes were taken at the type locality on 2-\TI-67, 1500 m. No. 141, from Alnits cordwood, by S. L. Wood. Two female paratypes liear identical data except one is No. 147, from an unidentified log, and one is No. 141, taken in flight. The holotvpe and paratypes arc in my col- lection. Xtflehorinu.s dints, n. sp. Superficiallv this species might be confused with Xi/lehortis ferox Blandford, but the conical 42 Bhigham Young University Science Bulletin scutellum and emarginate elytral base show the true relationships to be very different. Female.— Lcngtli 3.5 mm (paratypes: fe- males 3.4-3.6 mm, males 2.5-2.7 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; mature color black. Frons convex, opistoma slightlv elevated; sur- face reticulate, punctures rather large, im- pressed, indefinite; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide, widest a third of its length from base; sides rather weakly arcuate on basal two-thirds, con\'i'rging very slightly, then rather strongly rounded in front, median area rather narrowly produced but unarmed ( in manv paratypes anterior mar- gin rather broadly rounded); summit very slightl)' in front of middle; posterior area reticu- late, indistinctly so near base, punctures small, distinct, rather close; vestiture rather long and abundant on sides and in asperate area. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then arcuatelv converging to apex of \entrolateral spine, rather broadlv U-shaped between spines; striae 1 weaklv, others not impressed, punctures moderatelv large, deep, somewhat confused on 1; interstriae mostly twice as wide as striae, punctures similar to those of striae but deeper, imiseriate except paith con- fused on 1 and 2. Declivitv moderately steep, broadly, shallowly excavated, lateral margins armed by three pairs of major spines; spine 1 at upper margin in line with striae 2, spine 2 on lateral margin two-thirds declivital lengtli from upper margin, spine 3 at posterolateral margin; spine 1 slighth' more than half as long as 3, 2 slightlv smaller than 3, 2 ef(ual in length to width of antennal club; one minor tooth in front of spine 1, two others between 1 and 2; decli\'ifal face with confused punctures similar to those on disc. Vestiture consisting of rather long, slender hair arising from interstrial pimctures on disc and sides, setae minute on excavated area. Male.— Length 2. .5-2. 7 mm; similar to fi'inale except smaller, eye reduced, pronotum not strongly arched, with asperities somewhat re- duced; elytral declivity much longer, more gradual, with spine 1 greatly reduced, minor teeth mostly absent. Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allotype, and 34 paratypes were collected at the type locality on H-VIII-66, at about 30 m eleva- tion, from cut limbs 10-20 cm in diameter in the primary forest. Nineteen additional para- types were taken at Rio Damitas in the Dota Mountains, San Jose, Costa Rica, 22-\'1 11-63. 250 m, from a stump 25 cm in diameter in the pri- mary forest; all specimens were collected by my- self. The tunnels were of a branching type that included several enlarged cavities. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. XtjIeI)onnris tril)tilosiis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from dints Wood by the smaller size, by the more slender body form, by the smaller, uniseriate strial and inter- strial punctures on disc and declivity, and by the different elytral declivitv. Female.— Length 2.5 mm (paratype 2.4 mm), 2.S times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in dims except pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; pronotal disc glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide (spines ex- cluded), 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline essentially as in dims; striae not impressed, punctures small, uniseriate, close; interstriae smooth, shining, slightly more than twice as wide as striae, punctures half as large as those of striae, uniseriate. Declivitv occupying two- thirds of elytral length; broadly flattened to feebly impressed, its margin amied hv about 24 rather co;irse, pointed denticles on interstriae 1-6 from base to near sutural apex; interstriae 3 armed at middle and near apex by two pairs of very large spines, each spine one and one-half times as long as its basal width, about ec(ual in length to discal distance from suture to striae 3; face of declivity with strial punctures in rows, slightly larger than on disc; interstrial punctures largely obsolete. Vestiture of rows of rather coarse inteistrial setae, on disc each seta about as long as distance between rows, distinctly closer within a row, on declivity distinctly longer and less regularly placed. Type Locality.— Madden Forest, Canal Zone, Panama. Type Material.— The female holotype and one female paratvpe were taken at the type lo- calitv on 2-1-64, 70 m. No. .367, from a tree limb by S. L. Wood. The holotvpe and paratype are in mv col- lection. Xt/leborinus protinus, n. sp. This odd species is not closely related to any American species knowii to me. Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Amehic:.\n B.\rk Beetles 43 Female.— Length 1.7 mm (paratypes 1.6-1.7 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color rather light brown, prothora.x distinctly lighter. Frons very weakly convex from upper level of eyes to epistomal margin; surface reticulate, rather coarsely, obscureK punctured; \estiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base, sides weakly arcuate, basal and anterior angles more strongly rounded, rather naiTowly rounded in front; asperities fine, largely isolated; summit indefinite, in front of middle; surface reticulate in front of summit, niosth' smooth and brightly shining behind, punctures small, deep, not close; vestiture largely confined to sides and asperate area. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1..3 times as long as pronotum; sides essentially straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, then rather abruptly rounded, shallowlv emarginate on me- dian third behind; scutellum conical; striae not impressed, punctures small, deep; interstriae twice as wide as striae, punctures small, indefi- nite; elytra arched from base to apex. Declivity beginning on basal third of ehtra, gradual; lateral margins on lower half gradualh' ele\'atcd and continuing almost to apex, elevation rather high, not at all acute, evidently entireK un- armed; lower half transversely concave; striae 1 and 2 with punctures larger than on disc, strong- ly impressed; interstriae 2 wider than 1; inter- strial punctures obscure. Vestiture consisting of stout, hairlike setae, more abundant on declivitv, particularlv on inner slope of lateral elevation. Type Locality.— Finca La Lola, Limon, Cos- ta Rica. Type Materl\l.— The female holotype and four female paratypes were collected at the t\pe localitv on 7-II-63, from Thcohroma cacao. h\ J. L. Saunders. The holotype and paratypes are in in\ collec- tion. Xylehorimis celatu.s. n. sp. This species differs from rcconditus Schedl by the much finer punctures on the pronotal disc and by the reduction of the denticles on declivital interstriae 2. Female.— Length 1.7 mm (parat\pes 1.6-l.S mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown, almost black. Frons and pronotum as in recouditus except posterior areas of pronotum with punctures much finer, less numerous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times ;is long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, then rather abruptly rounded, straight on median half be- hind; disc confined to basal third of elytral length; striae not impressed, punctures minute; interstriae almost smooth, subshining, at least six times as wide as striae, punctures slightly smaller than those of striae. Declivity gradual, longitudinallv flat and trans\ersely very weakly conv(>x on its basal half, slightlv steeper and broadlv, shallow Iv sulcate on its lower half; base commencing much more abruptly than in rccon- ditus; lower half of declivity with contours as in rccondiltis but strial punctures smaller and interstriae 3 armed b\- onlv two denticles, one just behind middle of declivity and one on its apical fourth; interstriae on basal half armed by row's of fine granules. \'estiture confined to declivitv, consisting of minute strial hair and interstrial rows of stout bristles; each bristle as long as distance between rows. Type Locality.— Eight km S Colonia (near Buenaventura), \'alle de Cauca, Colombia. Type Matehial.— The female holotype and fi\'e female parat\pes were taken at the type lo- cality on 9-\TI-76, 30 m. No. 646, from Zngrt sp.. In S. L. \\'ood. Nine female parat\pes bear identical data except they are No. 628 from Idea (dfisiiiHi or Xo. 631 from Protitim nervosum. The holotype and paratypes are in my col- lection. Araptus insinuatus. n. sp. Tliis species is distinguished from the very closelv related fovcifrons Schedl bv the strong- ly impri'ssed decli\ital interstriae 2, by the longer ehtral \estiture, and by the more finely, more closely punctured pronotal disc. Male.— Length 1.6-2.1 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in fovcifrons except punctures on pronotal disc distinctly smaller, closer. Elytra as in fovcifrons except discal punctures a\eraging slightly longer, finer than in fovcifrons. Female.— Similar to male except frons (con- cealed) apparentlv as in female fovcifrons. Type Locality.— Guatemala. Type Material— The male holotype, female allotype, and two male paratypes were inter- cepted from Guatemalan seeds at San Pedro, California, 7-III-63. One male paratype is from 44 La Ceiba, Atlantida, Honduras, 17-VI-49, at light, by E. C. Becker. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Araptits interjectus, n. sp. Thi.s species is distinguished from foveifrom Schedl by the larger size, by the more elongate form, by the near absence of interstrial punc- tures, and by the different frons in both sexes. MALE.-Length 2.4 mm (paratypes 2.4-2.7 mm), 2.9 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons strongly, transversely impressed from eye to eye from middle to well above upper level of eyes, its margins obtuse, its lower lateral angles anned b)' a pair of rather coarse tuber- cles and with a' large, pointed, median tubercle at same level; lower third of area below upper level of eyes subaciculate; all surfaces shining; vestiture sparse except along epistomal margin. Antennal club as in foveifwns. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; widest behind middle, sides moderately arcuate on more than posterior half, weakly constricted on anterior third, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about eight irregular serrations; indefinite summit one-third of prono- tum length from ;mterior m;irgin; asperities fine, confused; posterior areas obscurely reticulate in some areas, numerous minute, impressed points present, punctures rather small, deep, moder- ately close. Glabrous except for a few setae on asperate area and lateral margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 near decli\'ity, punctures moderately coarse, spaced by diam- eter of a puncture; interstriae twice as wide as striae, shining, with rather numerous minute points and moderately abundant, subtrans\erse impressed lines, punctures obsolete except for an occasional puncture on some specimens. De- clivitx' steep, broadly convex; sutural interstriae distinctlv, rather ;ibruptK- ele\ated, 2 slightly wider than 1 or 3 and impunctate, 1 and 3 each with a few small punctures. Vestiture largely abraded, a few short interstrial bristles on de- clivity. pEXJALE.-Similar to male except frons broadlv flattened, weakly impressed near median line, median line with a conspicuous, blunt carina from epistoma to well above eyes; frontal vestiture of moderately abundant, fine. BH1GH.\M VOUNC. UnIVERSITV SCIENCE BULLETIN uniformly distributed long hair, distinctly longer at margins. Type Locality-. -N'olcan de Agua, Guate- mala. Type MATERtAL.-The male holotype, female allotype, and 12 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 19-V-64, 1000 m, Nos. 609 and 612, from pith tunnels in a cut vine, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in mv collection. Araptus dcrincftis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from foveifwns Schedl by the more slender body form, by the sparse discal interstrial punctures, and b\ the very different frons in both sexes. MALE.-Length 2.2 mm (paratypes 2.1-2.5 mm), 2.S times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons excavated as in foveifrom but with lateral cusps longer, extending ventrad to upper level of eves, a sharply ele\ated median carina extending from deepest point of excavation end- ing on epistomal margin in a small tooth, lateral margins of lower half of excavation amied by one or more pairs of small tubercles. Antennal club as in foveifwns. Pronotum and elytra as in interjectus Wood except odd-numbered discal interstriae punc- tured, even-numbered interstriae very sparsely pimctured, and declivity as in foveifrons except more n;ui()\\l\ eoincx, punctures smaller. FEMALE.-Similar to male except frons shallowlv concave from e\'e to eye from epi- stoma to vertex, surface shining, finely punc- tmed, subaciculate, a distinctly elevated median carina extending from center of exca\ation to denticulate epistomal margin; margins of frontal excavation ornameiitt'd by a rather dense fringe of fine, long hair. Type Locality. -Three km (2 miles) SE Acatlan, Puebla, Mexico. Type MAXERiAL.-The male holotype, female allotvpe, and five parat\pes were taken at the type' locality on 15-\'-67, 1500 m. No. 38, from pith tunnels in a cut vine, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in mv collection. Araptus delicatus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from p,enialis Wood bv the smaller size, by the more slender form, and bv the \ery different sculpture of the frons. Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Americ.'\n B.-mik Beetles 45 Male.— Length 1.9 nun (paratype.s 1.7-2.5 mm ), 2.S times as long as wide; color dark hro\\n except ba.sal half of elytra light brown. Frons dcepl\' impressed on triangular area from epistoma to vertex, upper angle of tri- angle on vertex an inverted U-shaped area hav- ing its margins acutely costate, floor of im- pressed area obscurely aciculate and with a low, long, acute carina; vestiture fine, short, moderately abundant, with a conspicuous cpi- stomal brush. Antennal club as in foveifrons. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides on basal half almost straight and parallel, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 low serrations; indefinite summit one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; ;isperities small, confused; posterior areas shining with numerous impressed points, punctures moderately coarse, deep, close. Ves- titure of moderately abundant, fine, very short hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and par- allel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 weakly, punctures rather small, deep, spaced by diameter of a puncture; interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, shining, marked by irregular lines, punctures almost as large as those of striae, irregularly placed. Decli\it\ steep, broadly convex, strial and interstrial punctures smaller than on disc; sutural inter- striae feebly elevated, area from striae 1 to 3 flat on middle half. \'estiture of rows of short strial and slightly longer interstrial hair, longest interstrial setae slightly shorter than distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons more extensively, subcircularly impressed, U-shaped carina as in male, vestiture on margins ;ibiin- dant and \erv long. Type Localitv.— Eight km S La Huerta. Jalisco, Mexico. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotype, and 62 parat)pes were taken at the type locality on l-VII-65, 500 m. No. 161. from axial pith tunnels in stems of a vine, by S. L. Wood. The holot\pe, allotype, and parat\pes are in my collection. Araptus genialis. n. sp. Tin's species is distinguished from delicatus Wood by the larger size, by the stouter body form, and bv the sculpture of the frons. Male.— Length 3.0 mm (paratypes 2.8-3.4 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons deeply, triangularly impressed on median three-fourths from epistoma to vertex, upper angle more strongly impressed, its mar- gins armed by one median and two lateral acutely elevated cusps; floor of impression punctate to obscurely aciculate, with a broad, strongh' ele\ated carina from emarginate epis- toma to deepest part of concavity, both upper and lower ends tenninate abruptlv. .\ntennal club ;vs in foveifrons. Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide; as in delicatits except discal punctures smaller, not as deep. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; as in delicatus except discal interstriae three to four times as wide as striae and decli\ital interstriae 3 feebly ele- vated. Female.— Similar to male exci'pt frontal im- pression more extensive, its margins ornamented b\' a dense fringe of long, yellow hair. Type Locality— X'olean de Agua, Cuate- m;ila. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allotspe, and 18 parat\pes were taken at the t\ pe localitN' on 19-\'-64, 1000 m. No. 609 ( two ;ue 608), from axial pith tunnels in a cut vine, b\' S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in m\' collection. Araptus dentifrons, n. sp. This species is distinguished from confinis ( Blandford ) bv the impressed male frons, with the carina much stronger, and with a series of small tubercles arming the lateral and dorsal margins of the impressed area, bv the different female frons, and by the coarser elvtral punc- tiues. Male.— Length 1.8 mm (paratypes 1.6-1.9 mm), 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons subconcavely impressed to upper le\el of eyes with median area on lower half very strongly produced into a short, dentate, median carina, upper and lateral margins of impressed area anned b\' a row of about nine tubercles; surface shining, subaciculate near epistoma; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous except on epistoma. Pronotum as in confinis except posterior areas with numerous impressed points ( obscure- 46 Uiiic.HAM Young University Science Bulletin ly reticulate in some specimens), punctures coarse, deep. Elytra as in confinis except discal surface smooth, shining, with impressed points, strial punctures larger, interstriae less than twice as wide as striae, dccli\ital punctures strongly reduced in size, almost obsolete. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened, very shallowlv concave on median third, with an obscure median impressed line below, a weak carina above, marginal areas subgranulate, not tuberculate, vestiture rather uniformly distributed but more abundant and longer on margins. Type Locality.— Three km (2 miles) SE Acatlan, Puebla, Mexico. Type Materl\l.— The male holotype, female allotvpe, and 21 paratvpes were taken on 15- VI-6'7, 1500 m. No. 38,' from axial pith tunnels of a cut vine, hv S. L. Wood; nine paratypes are from \'olcan Cf)]ima, Jalisco, Mexico, 2'3-\T- 65, No. 104. S. L. W ood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in mv collection. Aroptits facetus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from cxfitiisitus Blackman bv the smaller size, bv the sliorter or obsolete clvtral vestiture, and b\ the ornamen- tation of the female frons. Female.— Length 1..3 mm (paratvpes 1.2-1.4 mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons shallowlv concave from eye to eve from epistoma to vertex, its surface smooth, impunctate on lower fourth, finely, closely punctured above, vestiture confined to area above eyes, consisting of a dense brush of long yellow hair. Pronotum and elvtra as in r.\Y/t/(.vi7(;.$ except elytra glal)rous. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male exquisitus. Type Locality.— Rio Teiiipisc(ue, Cuana- caste, Costa Rica. Type Material— The female holotype, male allotvpe, and two paratvpes were taken at the type locality on 25-III-64, 15 m. No. 501, from Fictis twigs, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and parat\pes are in my collection. Arapttis ciispidis, n. sp. This species and cnulitus conspicuous median process (Sdiedl) liavc a at the posterior margin of abdominal sternum 5 that distin- guishes them from all other species in the genus. This species is distinguislud from cnulitus by the convex, unarmed eKtral declivity and by the different female frons. Female.— Length 1.3 mm (paratypes 1.2-1.4 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons shining. con\-ex, slightly flattened on median half jjelow upper level of eyes, this area punctured on its lateral and upper margins, smooth and shining in central area, punctured area with moderately abundant, short, incon- spicuous hair. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides moderately arcuate, con- verging toward rather narrowly rounded ante- rior margin; anterior margin anned by about 12 low serrations; summit definite, very slightly in frf)nt of middle; asperities moderately coarse, confused; posterior areas strongly reticulate, punctures small, obscure. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowl)' rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, distinct; interstriae three times as wide as striae, almost smooth, impri'ssed points rather ob- scure, impunctate. Declivit\- steep, convex; sutural interstriae feebly ele\ated, 2 indistinctly impressed; strial and interstrial punctures minute, almost obsolete. \'estiture largely con- fined to decli\itv, of interstrial rows of slender bristles, each slightly longer than distance be- tween rows, similarb' spaced within a row. Sternum 5 with a conspicuoirs median eleva- tion on posterior margin. Mali;.— Similar to female except frons con- vex, shining, surface obscurely, rather coarsely punctured. Antennal club rather small, subcir- cular, sutures rather strongly procurved, 1 ex- tending one-third, 2 two-thirds club length from base, 1 finely septate. Type Locality.— Eight km (5 miles) E San Bias, Na\arit, Mexico. Type Material.- The female holotype, male allotype, and 14 paraty^jes were taken at the t\pe locality on 12- VI 1-65, 70 m. No. 2.33, from ;i broken tree branch, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotvpe, and paratypes are in my collection. Araptus placatus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from obsoletus ( Blandford ) by the larger size, by the more Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles 47 Strongly impressed, more finely punctured male frons, by the short, sparse female frontal vesti- ture, by the elytral vestiture, and by other characters. Male.— Length 1.7 mm (paratypes 1.5-1.8 mm), 2.S times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly impressed from epistoma to upper le\el of eyes, upper limits attaining a dis- tinct summit on median half; surface shining, rather finely, deeply, closely punctured; an ob- scure, median carina sometimes present; \esti- ture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club as in ohsoletits. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weaklv arcuate, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10-12 low serrations; indefinite summit one-third pronotum length from an- terior margin; asperities small, confused; pos- terior areas smooth to obscurely reticulate, punctures rather fine, moderately close. Glab- rous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, rather broadi}' rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity, punctures small, spaced within row by twice diameter of a puncture; interstriae almost smooth, subshining, about four times as wide as striae, impunctate. Declivity steep, rather broadly conxex; striae 1 distinctlv im- pressed, interstriae 1 distinctly ele\ated, 2 weakly impressed, interstrial punctures minute. Vestiture confined to declivity, of rows of stout, blunt interstrial bristles, each slightly shorter than distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Female.— Similar to male except planocon- vex, a median callus on lower half, area at upper level of eyes not eknated; surface shin- ing, rather finely, closely punctured, \estiture very fine, moderateh- abundant, rather short. Type Locality.— Five km (3 miles) W Jal- tipan, X'eraciTiz, Mexico. Type Material —The male holotype, female allotype, and 27 paratypes were taken at the type' locality on 25-\T-67, 50 m, Nos. 117, 100, from the hollow central axis of a cut \'ine, by S. L. Wood; two paratypes are from 37 km or 23 miles N Matias Romero, \'eracruz, 29-VI-67, No. 126, S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Araptus decorus, n. sp. This unique species is distinguished by the shallow declivital impression, confused elytral punctures, slender fonu, and fine sculpture, and by the very different female frons. Male.— Length 1.9 mm (paratypes 1.8-1.9 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, except weakly flattened on central half below upper level of eyes, a small callus near upper margin of flattened area, a pair of calluses in ventrolateral parts of this area; surface shining, rather finely punctured except impunctate in median area on lower half; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. An- tennal club oval, sutures moderately proeurved, suture 1 weakly septate. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; about as in placatus \\'ood except median serrations on anterior margin distinctlv larger, and poste- rior area reticulate, dull, moderately fine, deep, rather widely separated. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline ;is in placatus; surface shining, with minute points, punctures confused, ratiier small, moderately close. De- clivity moderately steep, shallowh- impressed, almost flat on median half; strial punctures in rows; interstriae 1 weakh- ele\'ated, 2 distinctly impressed; interstrial pimctures fine. N'estiture eimfined lo decli\it\', ciHisisting of rows of sparse, stout bristles except absent on 2, bristles spaced in all directions by distances slightly greater than length of a bristle. Female.— Similar to male except frons flat- tened almost from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, with an elevated, transverse, obtuse summit just below upper level of eves, area from summit to epistoma on median third smooth, shining, impunctate, remaining area punctured and ornamented by rather abundant, long, yellow hair. Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Type Material —The male holotype, female ;illotype. and seven parat\pes were taken at the tvpe locality on ll-\Til-66, 30 m. No. 64, from the phloem of a recently cut log 20 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood. The holot)pe, allotype, and paratypes are in mv collection. Araptus blandittts, n. sp. This species is distinguished from deijroUci (Blandford) and schicarzi (Blackman) bv the 48 BlUGHAM VOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BlLIETIN smaller size, bv the impunctate inteistriae, and by the more deeply concave, more finely punc- tured female frons, with longer, more abundant frontal vestiture. Female.— Length l.S mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color veiy dark reddish brown. Frons moderately conca\e on central two- thirds from distinctly ele\atcd epistoma to slightly above eyes; surface smooth, shining, very finely, closely, uniformly granulate-punc- tate; vestiture of unifonnlv distributed, lather abundant, fine, long hair, marginal setae dis- tinctly longer. Antennal club oval, external sutures obsolete, internal septum of anterior half of suture 1 conspicuous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides on basal half moderatel) arcuate, distinctly constricted on anterior half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior mar- gin aniied by aljout 12 low serrations; broad summit near middle; asperities r;ither small, confused; posterior areas smooth, shining, im- pressed points very small, moderately abundant, punctmes rather coarse, deep, moderately close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.55 times as long as wide, 1.65 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on l)asal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 moderately, others not impressed, punctures moderately large, deep, very close, rows slightly irregular; interstriae smooth, shining, points obscure to absent, im- punctate. Declivity moderately steep convex, shallowlv suleate; sutural striae narrowly im- pressed, interstriae 2 moderately impressed, as- cending laterally, 3 higher than suture; strial punctures slightly smaller than on disc; inter- strial punctures small, obsolete on 2. Vestiture largelx' confined to deeli\it\ . of interstri;d rows, except on 2, of moderatel)' stout bristles, each as long as distance between rows, similarly spaced witliin a row. Type Locality.— Fortin de las Flores, X'era- cruz, Mexico. Type Materl^l.- The female holotype was taken at the type locality on 22-\'-65, 'at light, bv D. Rabago. The holotype is in mv collection. Arapfus mcdialis. n. sp. This species is distinguished by the im- pressed elytral declivity, by the confused punc- tures on the elvtral disc, and by the \ery dif- ferent female frons. Female.— Length 1.5 mm (paratypes 1.4-1.6 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons flattened almost from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, area below eyes dull, densely, fineU' punctured, central area above eyes smooth, shining, impunctate, entire lower area and marginal areas above bearing abun- dant, long, yellow hair, longest on upper mar- gin. Antennal club small, oval, suture 1 weakly procurved, septate throughout, 2 very obscure. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on posterior half, sides feebly arcuate on pos- terior half, then distinctly constricted, rather narrowlv rounded in front; anterior margin arnu'd 1)V 10 coarse serrations, summit rather Inroad, at middle; asperities rather coarse, con- fused; posterior areas shining, almost smooth to subreticulatc, impressed points rather ob- scure, punctures fine, not sharjoly impressed, rather sparse. Clabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed; punctures rather small, confused on more than basal half of disc, in rows posteriorly; surface shining, with numerous impressed points. Declix'itv rather steep, strongly suleate; strial punctures in rows, small, rather obscure; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 impressed, rather abruptly, moderately elevated laterally, lateral margins rounded, distinct!)- higher than suture, interstriae 1 and 3 each bearing a row of small granules. \'estiture confined to de- eli\itv, consisting of rows of rather long, slender bristles except absent on interstriae 2. Male— Similar to female except 2.5 times as long as w ide; frons convex, shining, a small median callus at upper level of eyes, punctures small, shallow, rather close, \'estiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous; decli\ital bristles stout, blunt, shorter, each distinctly longer than dis- tance between rows, similarh' spaced within a row. Type Locality.— San Isidro del Ceneral, San Jose, Costa Rica. Tyi'e Matkiual— The female holotype, male allotype, and 21 paratypes were taken at the t\pe locality on 5-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 288, from a tree branch by S. L. Wood. The h()lot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Araptus condittis. n. sp. This species is distinguished from medialis Wood bv the larger size, by the absence of the Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Babk Beetles 49 lateral half of the septiini of suture 1 of the antennal club, bv the eoar.ser punctures on the pronotum and elytra, and l)y the \ery different frons in both sexes. Female.— Length 2.0 mm ( paratopes 1.9-2.2 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons shallowly, evenly concave from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, denselv, finely, uniformly punctured, co\ered bv abundant erect, short, )elIow hair of uniform lengtii ex- cept slightly longer at margins. Antennal club moderatelv large, subcircular, suture 1 strongly subangulate, its median lialf septate, suture 2 almost obsolete. Pronotum 1.12 times as long as wide; sides feebly arcuate and almost parallel on basal half, slightly constricted anterioiK', rather nar- rowly rounded in front; anterior margin acute, subserrate; summit indefinite, at middle; as- perities fine, confused, covering anterior two- thirds; posterior areas shining, obscureh' reticu- late, punctures moderatelx coarse, close, deep. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.26 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in medialis except striae 1 impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep. Declivity sti'ep, bisuleate; interstriae 1 moderately ele\'ated, 2 rather stronglv impressed, narrowly abo\'e, broadlv be- low, lateral areas rather strongh- ele\ated, rounded, higlier than suture, 1 and .3 each \\ ith a sparse row of granules; punctures in rows, rather small, shallow. \'estiture largely confined to decli\itv, of interstrial rows (absent on 2) of short, coarse bristles, each almost as long as distance between rows, similarh' spaced within a row. Male.— Similar to female except frons broad- ly, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper le\-el of eyes, a rounded median summit at its upper limits; surface smooth, finelv, \er\- closely, uniformlv punctured; \'estiture of rather abundant, fine, short, semirecumbent hair. Type LocALiTi\— Puerto X'iejo, Heredia, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The female holot\pe, male allotype, and 14 paratypes were taken at the type' locality on 12-111-64, 70 m. No. 478 (except one is No. 481), from radiate tunnels in the cambium of a cut woody \'ine, bv S. L. Wood. One paratype is labeled Turrialba, Costa Rica, 1970, R. I. Gara. The holotype, allotvpe, and paratypes are in my collection. Araptus frugalis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from conditiis Wood by the minute pronotal and elvtral punc- tures, by the much more abundant elvtral ves- titure, bv the glabrous female frons, and b\ the antennal club. Female.— Length 2.1 mm (paratypes 1.9-2.2 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color vellowish brown. Frons essentially as in male condifu.s except more brightlv polished, less closeh' punctured, subglabrous, with a definite median tubercle at upper level of e^■es. Antennal club elongate- oval, anterior half of suture 1 represented bv a longitudinal septum extending one-third of club length from base, 2 indicated exteniall)', profouiidh prociu\'ed, extending three-fourths of club length from base. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; about as in conditus except summit distinetlv anterior to middle, anterior margin armed h\ 18 rather coarse serrations, posterior ar(>as with punetiu'es much smaller. \'estiture of moderatcK- abundant fine, short hair. l']lytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.'3 times as long as pronotmii; outline as in conilitiis; striae not impressed, punctures verv fine, mostly in rows; interstriae four or more times as wide as striae, shining, with impressed points and \erv fine, irregular lines, punctures as small or smaller than those of striae, in rows. Deeli\itv steep; sulcate; essentially as in conditris except punctures on striae 1 and 2 obsolete, others minute. Wstiture of rows of minute strial hair, and longer, rather fine, interstrial bristles on disc and declivity, l^ristles about as long as dis- tance between rows, similarly spaced within a row, absent on declivital interstriae 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons con- vex, rather coarsely, closely punctured, median area weakly elevated and impunctate; ehtral bristles slightly longer, stouter. Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allotype, and .36 paratypes were taken at the tvpe locality on ll-Vni-66, 30 m. No. 80, from a cut vine 2 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotvpe, and paratvpes are in my collection. Araptus laudatus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from frugalis Wood by the narrow, convex frons in both sexes, with a distinct impression just above 50 Bhigham Voung University Science Bulletin the epistoma in the female, by the more nar- rowly, deeply silicate elytral declivity, and by the subtriangular antennal club. Female.— Length 2.0 mm (paratypcs 1.7-2.1 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons convex except kjwer third rather strongly, transversely impressed; epistoma with median area distinctly elevated; surface dull, reticulate, rather coarsely, somewhat obscurelv punctured; glabrous. Antennal club subtriangu- lar, apex somewhat pointed; mesal half of suture 1 septate, sutures not indicated externally. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 10-12 low serrations; summit rather indefinite, one-third pronotum length from an- terior margin; asperities rather fine, confused; posterior areas smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, punctures rather small, mod- erately close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel, then slightly tapered, bisinuateh truncate on median half behind; striae not im- pressed; all punctures rather small, confused; surface smooth, shining, with minute impressed points. Declivity narrow, steep, broadly, rather deeph' sulcate; inti'rstriae 1 distinctly elevated, 2 impressed, lateral areas abmpth', strongh' elevated, rounded, armed on inner margin bv a series of two to six small denticles, 1 usuallv with one or more small granules on basal half; punctures on striae 1 and 2 obscure to obsolete. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, consist- ing of a few, short, interstrial bristles. Male.— Similar to female except frons moix* evenly convex, transverse impression almost ob- solete, punctures coarser, deeper; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum larger; decli\'ital sulcus deeper, more abrupt, sutural interstriae more regularly gramdate. Type Locality.— San Isidro del General, San Jose, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The female holotvpe, male allotype, and 48 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 1.3-Xl'l-6:3, 1000 m. No. .31.3, from a broken tree branch, by S. L. Wood. The holotvpe, allotype, and paratvpes are in mv collection. Arapttts vesctilus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from exiiiioUs Wood bv the smoother elvtral surface and bv the very different frons, particularly in the female. Female.— Length 1.2 mm (parat\pes 1.1-1.3 mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color \erv dark reddish brown. Frons almost flat, median line above eves weakly elevated, epistonial margin rather weakly elevated medially; surface reticulate, punctures rather coarse, close, .sparsely punc- tured toward center; vestiture of rather sparse, very long hair. Antennal club subcircular, suture 1 moderatelv proeurxi-d, weakly septate, 2 ob- scure. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in eruditus ( Schedl ) except posterior areas shining, weaklv reticulate, punctures fine, shallow, rather widely spaced. Almost glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in eruditus; striae not impressed, punctures fine, deep; inter- striae almost smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, impressed points almost obsolete, im- punetate. Declivity steep, sulcate; essentially as in eruditus. Vestiture as in eruditus except less abundant. Male -Similar to female except frons more distincth', more evenlv convex, punctures coarser, more evenly distributed, almost gla- brous. Type Locality.— Guapiles, Limon. Costa Hiea. Type Mateiual.— The female holotype, male allotype, and two paratvpes were taken at the type' locality on 22-Vn-66, 100 m. No. 121, from a cut x'ine, by S. L. Wood. The holotvpe, allotype, and paratypes are in in\' collection. Araptus exigialis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from vesculus Wood by the more abundant, more conspic- uously impressed lines on the elvtral disc, by the more slender form, and b\' the different frons in both sexes. Female.— Length 1.3 mm (paratypes 1.3-1.4 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons shallouK, liroadK concave from epis- toma to ab<)\(' upper level of eves; surface shining, minutely, densely, uniformly "punc- tured; vestiture of fine, very short, abundant hair, very slightly longer on margins. Antennal club as vesculus. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in vesculus except posterior areas very finely. Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 Np:w Species of American Bahk Beetles 51 rather strongly reticulate, punctures very fine, shallow, rather sparse. Glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; as in vescultts except discal surface with points and fine, irregular lines. Male.— Similar to female except frons strongly convex, weakly impressed along upper margin of epistoma; surface reticulate, punc- tures rather coarse, close, shallow, vestiture fine, short, sparse, inconspicuous. Type Locality.— Fort Clayton, Canal Zone, Panama. Tyi'e Material.— The female holot\pe, male allotype, and 10 paratvpes were taken at the type localit)- on 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. 31S, from a cut woody vine, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Ar(ii)tus refertus. n. sp. This species is distinguished from the pre- ceding members of this genus by the much coarser strial punctures, with impunctate discal interstriae, by the rather strongly bisulcatc ely- tral declivity, and by the frons in both sexes. Female.— Length 2.0 mm (paratypes 1.9-2.3 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color light brown (mature color probabK dark brown). Frons broadly, weakly convex; surface shin- ing, smooth and impunctate on triangular area on lower, median half, finely, closely, rather deeply punctured on lateral and upper areas; vestiture of rather abundant, moderately long, fine hair. Antennal club oval, suture 1 mod- erately procurved, septate, not reaching middle of club, suture 2 \irtuallv obsolete, near apical margin. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; as in vesculus Wood except posterior area smooth shining, with numerous impressed points, punc- tures moderately coarse, deep, close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 timi's as long as pronotum; sides straight and par- allel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures coarse, deep, close; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, with moderately numerous impressed points, impunctate. Declivity steep, broadh', rather strongh' blsulcate; strial punctures im- pressed, slightly smaller than on disc; inter- striae 1 moderately, gradually elevated, 2 rather strongh- impressed, flat, narrow at base, rather broadly expanded on middle half, 3 rather abruptly, moderately elevated, 1 and 3 each armed on basal half bv about three very small. pointed, semirecumbent denticles, a few punc- tures on lower half. \'estiture sparse, hairlike, mostly on or near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons strongly, evenly convex; surface shining, rather coarsely, deeply, closely punctured, subglabrous except on and near epistoma; elvtral declivity more strongly impressed, denticles slightly larger. Type Locality.— \'olcan Zunil, Quezalten- ango, Guatemala. Type Material.— The female holot\pe, male ;illotvpe, and 16 paratypes were taken at the t>T3e locality on 27-\'-64, 1000 m. No. 625, from a composite shrub, by S. L. \\'ood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in in\ collection. Araptus trepidus. n. sp. This species is distinguished from the closely allied poricoUis (Blandford) by the absence of declivital denticles, and by the almost con- tinuous trans\erse epistom;d rle\ation in the male. Female.— Length l.S mm (paratypes 1.6- 1.8 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to vertex, median third of lower half smooth, shin- ing, distinctly ele\'ated, remaining area densely, finely, deeply punctured; vestiture on punctured area abundant, fine, rather long, unifomily distributed. Pronotiun 1.15 times as long as wide; as in refertus Wood except median line of posterior area impunctate. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in refertus except impressed points obscure to ob- solete. Decli\it\- steep, bisuleati'; interstriae 1 abruptly, distinctly elevated, 2 rather strongly impressed, flat, wider than 1 or 3, 3 abruptly, moderately ele\'ated, 1 and 3 finely punctured, not granulate; strial punctures small, rather ob- scure. \'estiture of rows of very minute strial hair, and longer, slender interstrial bristles on disc and declivity, each slightly longer than dis- tance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Male.— Similar to female except frons strongly convex on upper half, strongly, trans- versely impressed just below middle, lower mar- gins of impressed area elevated laterally, ele- vations continue to a weak median subcarinate elevation dividing impression; upper area of 52 BlllCHAM "loUNG Un|V|:HS1TY ScIENCK Bui.l-ETIN frons coarsely, deeply punctured, \estiture sparse except for cpistomal brusli. Type Locality.— X'olcan de Agua, I'^sfiuiTitla, Guatemala. Type Mateiual.— The fi'iiiale holotspe, male allotype, and 56 paratypcs were taken at the type locality on 19-\'-64, 1000 m, Nos. 608 (type), 609, 612, from Mcnis))criua sp., bv S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratspcs arc in my collection. Araplus fioiilalis. n. sp. This species is distiuiimshcd troni trcpidus Wood hv the larger size, bv the punctured de- clivital intersfriae 2, and by the different fions in both sexes. Female.— Length 2.7 nun (paratypes 2.4-2.7 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to vertex, weakly concave on small median area above eyes, weakly convex on small, median, impimctate area on lower half; surface shining, finely, closely, deeply pmictured; \-estiture of moderately abundant, fine, long hair. .Antenna as in trcpidus. Pnjnotum LI times as long as wide; essen- tially as in trcpidus. Elytral outline and disc as in Ircpidu.'; ex- cept interstriae near declivity witli pimctures. Declivity about as in trcpidus and refertus ex- cept interstriae 2 with a row of punctures as coarse as those of striae; lateral margins without granules, ^'estiture confined to decli\itv, of fine, sparse hair. Male.— Similar to female except frons deep- ly, transversely conca\i' on upper half of area below \ipper level of e\ es on median three- fourths, lateral and lower margins of concavity strongly, acuteb' carinate except carina inter- rupted at median line, vestiture inconspicuous except on epistoma; anterior margin of prono- tuni rather coarsely serrate; declivitx' more strongly impressed. Type Locality.— N'olcan Zunil, Quezalten ango, Guatemala. Type Material.— The female hcjlotype, male allotvpe, and five paratypes were taken at the type locality on 27-\'-fi4; 1000 m, Nos. 625, 626. from a composite shrub, by S. I^. ^Vood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes ari' in my collection. :\raplus niij^rcllu.s, n. sp. This and the following three form a dis- tincti\e transitional group between species pre- \iously placed in Ncodrt/acoetcs Eggers and SpJicroceros Schedl. The\ have the antennal club large, with finely marked, strongly pro- curved sutures, the costal apex of the elytra as- cends slighth', the declivity is convex, and the elytral \'estiture tends to be confined to the de- clivity, closely spaced and more or less scale- like. This species is distinguished from others in the group b\' the more slender body, bv the slender interstrial l)rist]es, and by the subgla- brous female frons. I'^kmalk. —Length 1.9 mm (paratypes 1.7-2.0 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex, a weak, transxcrse impression above epistoma; surface strongly reticulate-sub- granulate above eyes, almost smooth and with ;i few small punctures below. Antennal club rather large, oval, sutures strongly arcuate, 1 septate. I'ronotuTH 1.1 limes as long as wide; widest on basal third, siiles moderately arcuate, con- verging to\\;u(l nanowb' rounded serrate an- terior margin; summit at middle; asperities moderately coarse, confused; posterior areas shining, partly sul)reticulate, with low, longi- tudinal subasperate crenulations continiu'ng al- most to base, pimctures obscure, associated with erenu];itions. Cllabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sid(\s straight and par- allel on slightly less than basal two-thirds; tapered, then ratlier broadly rounded; striae not impressed except 1 wi'akly, punctiues small, deep, spaced within row by diameter of a punc- ture; interstriae four times as wide as striae, almost smooth, with obscme, minute points, impunetate. Decli\it\ moderately steep, con\'e\; striae obsciu'elv impressed, punctures smaller and less distinct than on disc; interstriae each with a row of very fine granules. X'estiture con- fined to ilecli\it\', of rows of narrowly spatu- late interstrial bristles, each bristle as long as distance betwcH'ii rows, more closely spaced within a row. Male— Similar to female in all respects. Type Locality— Ten km SE Cartago, Car- tago, Costa Rica. Type Material. —The female holotype, male allot\pe, and 67 parat\pes were taken at the type locality on 24-L\-63, No. 205 (type), and .3-VII-6:3, Nos. L3 and 15, 1800 m, from Mtjrica ptdjcscens. by S. L. Wood, Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles 53 The liolotype, allotype, and paratypcs are in my collection. Araptus vinnulus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from nigrclhis Wood by the smaller size, b\' the stouter form, by the more widely spaced, stouter interstrial bristles, by the almost obsolete strial punctures, and bv the frons. Female.— Length 1.3 mm (paratypes 1.2-1.5 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons broadly convex, lower third with broad, smooth, shining, median line; surface densely, coarsely, deeply punctured; upper two- thirds on median two-thirds with moderatel)' abundant, fine, long hair. Antenna essentially as in ninrellus. Pronotum 1.0.3 times as long as wide; as in nite; inter- striae shining, with many very minute im- pressed points and shallow, irregular lines, im- punctate. Declivity rather steep, convex; as on disc except interstriae each with a row of small, rounded granules. Vestiture confined to de- clivity, of rather stout, spatulate bristles, each slightly shorter than distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly convex, surface strongh' reticulate, sul)- glabrous. Type Locality.— San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, Costa Rica. Type Materl^l.- The female holotvpe, male allotype, and 18 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 5-VII-63, 1500 m, No. 31, from small branches of Roupala complicafo, bv S. L. Wood. Araptus ftiivus. n. sp. This species is distinguished from vinntihis Wood by the larger size, bv the more closeh spaced interstrial setae, by the presence of stiial hair, and by the longer more abundant setae on the female frons. Female.— Length 2.1 mm (paratypes 1.7-2.2 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons convex, strongly reticulate, punctures rather small, sparse; upper two-thirds with rather dense marginal fringe of long hair, longest setae on vertex extend aliout two-thirds dis- tance to upper level of eyes. Antenna as in vinnulus. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; as in vinnulus except more distinctly constricted on anterior half. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; as in vinnulus except strial punctures on basal half of disc more dis- tinct; decli\ital strial punctures obsolete. \'es- titure confined to decli\'it\', of rows of minute, fine, strial hair, and rows of longer, spatulate, interstrial bristles, each bristle slightly shorter than distance between rows, more closely spaced within a row, each bristle very slender on its basal half, flattened on its apical half. Male.— Similar to female except frons bioad- Iv convex, glabrous. Type Locality.— Corro Punta (labeled \'ol- cau Chiritjui), Chiritjui, Panama. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allotype, and 45 paratypes were taken at the typt>' locality- on 11-L64, 1800 m, No. 422, from broken Roupala sp. limbs, by S. L. \\'ood. The h()lot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are in m\' collection. Araptus furvescens. n. sp. This species is distinguished from furvus Wood b\ the smaller average size, by the feebly impressed declivital striae, with minute strial punctures indicated, and by the longer female frontal pubescence, with pubescent area ex- tending higher on the vertex. Female.— Length 1.9 mm (paratypes 1.5-1.9 mm); as in furvus Wood except female frontal pubescent area extending higher on \ertex, dis- tance from upper level of eyes to upper limits of puliescent area 1.5 times distance from epis- toma to iipprr level of e\es, longest setae on vertex almost reach epistomal margin, pubescent area extending \'entrad in lateral areas almost to epistoma; declivital striae weaklv impressed, punctures very small but usually visible; de- clivital interstrial bristles more nearly scalelikc, each flattened on two-thirds or more of its length. Male.— Similar to female except frons more broadly convex, glabrous. 54 BhIOUAM VoUNC. UNIVtJlMTY SCIENCE Bui.LETIN Type Locality.— Volcan Pacaya, Estjuintla, Guatemala. Type Material.— Tlie female holot)pe, male allotype, and 40 paratvpes were taken at the type locality on l-\'I-'64, 1300 m, Nos. f.52, 657, 658, and cut Roupahi limbs, bv S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Arapfus lepidus, n. ,sp. This species is distinguished from the above three .species in this group by the presence of discal interstrial punctures and by the stouter bodv form. It is distinguished from aztccus Wood b)' the narrowly rounded, serrate anterior margin of the female pronotum and by the very different female frons. Female.— Length LS mm (paratypes L7-2.0 mm), 2.26 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons con\e.\, median arini strongly im- pressed from slightly above upper level of eyes to just abo\e epistoma, lower lateral margins of impressed area moderately elevated; surface shining, smooth, punctures rather fine, deep, sparse; glabrous except near epistoma. Antennal club very large, about as in nigreUus Wood, onl\' median half of suture 1 septate. Pronotum L05 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in vinnuhis Wood except crenula- tions or ridges on posterior half almost obso- lete, posterior areas smooth, sliining, punctures very small, shallow, rather sparse. Glabrous. Elytra L.3 times as long as wide, L2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, ratlier broadh' rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, rows irregular on anterior two-thirds; interstriae smooth, shining, about four times as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, similar to those of striae. Declivity steep, convex, sculp- ture essentially as on disc except punctures slightly smaller, deeper. Vestiture largely con- fined to posterior half, consisting of interstrial rows of slender sealelike bristles, each slightly shorter than distance bc^twcen rows, similarly spaced within a row. Type Locality.— \'olcan, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The female holotype and three female paratvpes were taken at the type locality on ll-Xn-63, 1000 m. No. 304, from a broken branch, by S. L. Wood. The holotype and paratypes are in my col- lection. Araptus mcndictis. n. sp. This species is distinguished from medialis \\'ood bv the smooth, polished male frons, with much finer, less abundant punctures, by the finely reticulate, much more distinctly punc- tured female frons, with the pubescence slight- ly less abundant, finer, and shorter, and by the larger size. Female.— Length l.S mm (paratypes L7-L9 mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons broadh', evenly convex, reticulate and finch', distinctly, closely punctured on lower two-thirds, almost smooth and shining in small area above eyes; vestiture fine, moderately long, rather abundant, distinctly longer on margins, particularly abo\e, shining area above eyes sub- glabrous. Antennal club about as in medialis except slightly wider. Pronotum and elytra as in medialis. Male.— Similar to male medialis except frons glabrous, smooth, polished, shagreened, punc- tures much smaller, less abundant. Type Locality.— Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica. Type Material.- Tiie female holotype, male allotype, and 22 paratypes were taken at the t\pe loe;ility XII-1965, from Avocado (Persea amcricana ) branches, by N. L. H. Krauss. Tlie holotype, ;illot\pc, and paratypes are in m\' collection. Arapliis n'tnulus, n. sp. This species evidently is not closely allied to an\' known species. It is distinguished by the small size, by the simpli', unadorned frons in both sexes, by the greatly reduced, almost obso- lete strial punctures, by the regular, almost scalelike interstrial bristles, and bv other char- acters. Female.— Length 1.2 mm (paratypes 1.1-1.3 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons convex, feebly impressed just above epistoma in lateral areas; surface shining, rather coarsely, sparsely punctured and with more numerous minute points; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club oval, as long as scape, sutures almost straight, suture 1 finely septate. Pronotmn 1.06 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides weakly arcuate on basal half, Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of Americ-^n B.\rk Beetles 55 feebly constricted on anterior half, rather nar- rowly ronnded in front; anterior margin serrate, about 12 indistinct serrations; summit indistinct; Granulations on anterior slope rather coarse, continued as low, irregular transverse costae to well behind summit; posterior areas shining, with numerous impressed points, appearing al- most subgranulate in lateral areas. Vestiture erect, moderately abundant, somewhat similar to elytral setae. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; striae not impressed, mi- nute punctures almost obsolete; interstriae shin- ing, setiferous punctures confused with numer- ous impressed points of almost equal size. De- clivity rather narrowly con\'e.\; interstriae 1 shallowly impressed; surface sculpture as on disc. N'estiture of interstrial rows of suberect apically flattened bristles; each bristle about as long as distince between rows, somewhat more closely spaced witliin a row. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Type Locality.— Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mex- ico. Type Material.- The female holotype, male allotype, and 12 paratypes were taken at the type locality on 14-\TII-72, from Disholcapsis galls on Quercits vir^inkina, by G. F. Frankie. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Pseudopitijophthonis festivus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from pulvereus Blackman by the planoconcave male frons, by the more strongly impressed elytral declivitv, by the more coarsely punctured elytral surface, and by the very different ehtral vestiture. Male.— Length 1.8 mm (paratvpes 1.6-1.8 mm), 2.8 times as long as \\ide; color dark brown. Frons broadly planoconca\'e from epistoma to vertex; surface smooth, shining in central area, marginal are;is finely punctured and bear- ing a dense tuft of long, \ellow hair. .Antenna as in pulvereus. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in pulvereus. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in pulvereus; sur- face smooth, shining, punctures moderately coarse, shallow, confused, very close, width of interspaces about equal to diameter of punc- tures. Declivity steep flattened; moderately ele- vated at suture, a moderately strong sulcus in area of interstriae 2, lateral convexities rounded; punctures minute. Ground vestiture of fine, short, stout, reclining setae; erect scales in in- terstrial rows except obsolete on lower half of 2 on declivity, each scale about as long as dis- tance between rows, similarly spaced within a row, each about four to eight times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frons plano- convex, pubescence sparse, fine, much shorter. Type Locality.— Eleven km or 7 miles NE Copala, Sinaloa, Mexico. Type Material.— The male holotype, female allot\pe, and two parat>pes were taken ;it the t\'pe locality on 22-VII-53, from a {hiercus branch, by S. L. Wood. The liolotype, allotype, and paratypes are in mv collection. Gnathotrichus ohsctirus, n. sp. This and primus (Bright) are the only spe- cies in the genus ha\ing confused punctures on the eltyral disc. It is distinguished from primus by the minutely reticulate el\ tral surface, by the smaller size, by the steeper declivity, and by other features. Female.— Length 2.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broad, broadh' convex; surface shining, finely, convergently aciculate on lower two- thirds, rather finely, sparsely punctured above, a strongly developed rather low median carina from middle to upper level of eyes ( concealed by pronotum above e\es). Vestiture of fine, rather sparse hair. Pronotum 1.24 times as long as wide; as in dentatus Wood except posterior areas reticulate, finch', closely, rather deeply punctured. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, narrow- ly rounded behind; striae obsolete; surface mi- nutely reticulate, punctures minute, obscure, confused, a few granules on interstriae 3 near de- elixitw Deeli\it\' steep, broadly eonxex; \'ery feebly sulcate on upper half, strial punctures not e\'ident, interstriae marked by rows of very small granules, slightly larger on 3; costal mar- gin at apex rather strongly elevated. Vestiture of fine hair, on disc of short, moderately abundant hair and interstrial rows of very long fine hair; all hair on declivity long, moderately abundant. Type Locality.— Nine km NE Tezuitlan, Puebla, Mexico. Type Material.— The female holotype was taken at the type localit\ on 2-VII-fi7.' IPOO m. m Bnic;iiA.\i VouNc Univehsitv Science Bulletin No. 152, from a (^tienits log 15 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood. The holotype i.s in mv collection. Gnathotrichus omissus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from sulcafti.s (LeConte) by the minute to obsolete strial punctures on the disc, by the confused punctures on the elytral declivity, by the feebh' impressed elytral declivity, by the much less stronijly acicu- late female frons, and by the hosts. Female.— Length 3.5 mm (paratvpes 3.3-3.6 mm), 3.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown, usualiv witli pale areas on anterior pro- notum and basal and dccli\'ital areas of elytra. Frons convex, median line obscurely ele- vated, surface smootli, shining, sparselv, finely punctured, median third below upper li'\el of eyes finelv acicniate; \estiture fine, sparse, in- conspicuous. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; essen- tiallv as in matcriaritis (Fitch) except serra- tions on anterior margin coarse. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in matcriaritis: striae not impressed, punctiues small, in slighth" irregular rows; interstriae smooth, shining, im- pressed lines and points moderateh abundant. Declivity rather steep, convex; weakly, ratluM narrowlv sulcate; strial punctures obsok'te or nearly so, e\identlv confused; lateral con\exities distinctly higher than suture, summit armed by two or three small granules. X'estiture confined to declivity, consisting of sparse hair. Male.— Similar to fcMiKile I'xcept frontal acic- ulation much stronger and distributed almost from eve to oyc to well abo\'e eyes; antenna without long hair; anterolateral angles of prono- tum bearing a small tuft of hair. Type Locality.— Volcan Irazu, Cartago, Cos- ta Rica. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allotype, and 38 paratvpes \\ere taken at the t)pe'locality on 26-1X-63, 2300 m elexation. No. 207, from a broken limb of Orcopanax mihirichis; interstriae 1 at base with a niiniitc tubercle, 2 with a slender si)ine about three times as long as its basal width; lateral margin following same course as in Jii/hridus but only weakly elevated and not serrate; lateral pro- cesses about as long as their bas;il widths, separated by slightly gre;iter distance than deptli of emargination between them; mesal margin of terminal processes bearing a strongly elevated, laterally compressed, longitudinal pro- cess, its upper margin horizontal, its posterior margin subx'ertieal. Disc glabrous, rather sparse, fine hair on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, epistomal area normal; ante- rior margin of pronotum vertical, appearing shallowly, broadly emarginate from above; de- elivital spines and lateral processes distinctly longer; lateral decli\ital processes with margins directed mesad (not dorsad) thereby forming a pronounced constriction in area of emargina- tion just anterior to its middle; face of decli\'it\' glabrous. Tyi'e Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas. Costa Rica. Type Materlal.— The female holotvpe, male allotype, and 30 parat\'pes were taken at the type locality on ll-\ 111-66, at 30 in. No, 85. from a tree limb 5-15 cm in diameter, bv S. L. Wood. The holotype, allot\ pe, and paratypes are in my collection. Auiphicrtiuus lurnatilis, n. sp. This species is distinguished from specta- hilis (Wood) by the larger size, by the color, by the coarsely serrate, more narrowly rounded anterior margin of the pronotum, and b\- the more gradual, more strongly explanate elytral declivity. FrNrALE.-Length 2.7 mm (paratypes 2.5-2.8 mm), 3.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown with head, anterior half of pronotum, and posterior half of elvtra black. Frons as in spcctahilis. Pronotum 1.6 times as long as wide; as in spcctahilis except anterior margin more nar- rowly rounded and armed by nine coarse serra- tions, median one prominent, and posterior areas less strongly reticulate, more shining. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; ;is in spcctahilis except disc very smooth, brightly sliining, declivity not as steep, posterior margin more strongK' explan- ate, and upper slope of lower major proimnence on margin of declivity horizontal (as in specio- siis Schedl), not ascending. Glabrous. Type Locality.— Six km S San \'ito, Punta- renas, Costa Rica. Type Material.- The female holotype and seven paratypes, apparently all females, were taken at tlie type locality (in 19-21-111-67, from a dead tree, bv D. D. Sliwa. The holotype and paratvpes are in my collection. Amphicranus macclltis. n. sp. This species is distinguished from halteattts Blandford bv the much smaller size, bv the color, by the absence of a granular area on the frons, bv details of the declixital sculpture, and by other characters. Male.— Length 1.9 mm (parat\pes 1.8-1.9 mm), 4.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons uniformlv convex; surface evidently minuteh' rugose-reticulate. Antennal funicle 3- segmented; club 1.3 times as long as wide, Iiroadlv oval, sutures rather weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.8 times as long as wide; .sides straight and almost parallel on basal three- fourths, rather narrowly rounded in front; an- terior margin acuteh' ele\ated, siibserrate ex- cept median serration slightly larger and basallv separate from marginal eosta; indistinct summit Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles 65 on anterior fourth; anterior slope steep, conve.x. most conspicuous asperities arranged in a sub- transverse row; surface sul)reticulate, punctiues small, very shallow. Glabrous. Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in bciltcdtus except apical emargination wider, l^-shaped; disc smooth, strial punctures fine, shallow, in rows. Declivity broadly, deeply excavated much as in balteatus except steeper and somewhat less strongly explanate; basal margin with spines on interstriae 1 and 2 minute, spine on 3 moderately large, pointed, lateral margin acutely, strongly elevated to small denticle on mesal side at level of sutural apex, margin oblicjueh' descending from denticle to apex of lateral process on a straight line; sutural emar- gination narrowly U-shaped, 1.5 times as deep as wide; declivital face reticulate, shining, punctures very obscureb indicated. Glabrous. Female.— Similar to male except decli\it) less strongb' explanate, its lateral margins less stronglv elevated; sutural emargination as long as wide. Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Tyi'e Material.— The male holotvpe, female allotype, and two male parat\'pes were taken at the type locality on ll-\'III-66, at 30 m. No. 85, from a tree limb, bv S. L. W'ood. The holot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. Amphicranus spinescens. n. sp. This species is distinguished b\ the absence of a fine, raised line on the lateral margins of the pronotum, by the very coarse, slender ser- rations on the anterior margin of the pronotum. and by the different annature on tlie elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.4 mm (paratypes 2.0-2.4 mm), 4.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, anterior half of pronotum and posterior third of elytra a darker brown. Frons trans\'erselv concave, lower third weakly, transversely impressed, surface rugose- reticulate except subgranular on oval area on median half at upper level of eyes; vestiture confined to epistomal margin. Antennal funicle 3-segmented; club o\al 1.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.8 times as long as wide; sides straight and paralk'l on basal two-thirds, nar- rowly, strongly produced in front; anterior mar- gin armed b\' 10-12 \'eiy coarse, basally sepa- rate serrations, median ones slender; summit on anterior third; anterior slope moderately steep, convex, anterior asperities coarse, smaller toward summit; posterior areas finely reticulate, punctures minute, almost obsolete. Glabrous. Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel to declivity, broadly emarginate behind, pos- terolateral angles produced into long forceps- like processes; disc smooth, subshining, strial punctures almost obsolete. Declivity steep, ex- cavated; basal margin subacutely elevated, armed by three small, pointed denticles one each at fnterstriae 1, 2, and 3; lateral margin subacutelv elevated, bearing just below middle of declivity a yery large, cylindrical, blunt spine 3.5 times as long as its basal width, directed caudad, below this spine lateral margin con- tinues to apex of ventrolateral process; \entro- lateral process subcylindrical, curving slightly mesad, its length measured from apex of suture equal to more than half width of el\tra; posterior emargination \ery broad, deep, broadly U-shaped, very slightly deeper than wide. Male.— Similar to female except declivital spines slightly longer. Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allot\pe, and 18 paratypes were taken at the tj^pe locality on ll-MII-66, at 30 m. No. 85, tree limb, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allot\pe, and parat\pcs are in my collection. Ainphicramis spinosus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from spinescens Wood by the larger size, by the finely punc- tured pronotal disc, and by the more brightly shining elytra. Female.— Length 2.7 mm (male paratypes 2.8-3.0 mm), 4.0 times as long as wide; color brown. As in spitiescens except posterior areas of pronotal disc reticulate, with moderately abun- dant, fine, distinctly impressed punctures in both discal and lateral areas and elytra much more brightly shining. Male.— Similar to female except declivital spines shghtlv longer. Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Type Material.— The female holotype, male allotype, and two male paratypes were taken 66 BiiiGiiAM ^OuNG Univehsiiv Sciknce Bulletin at the type locality on ll-VIII-66, at 30 m. No. 85, from a tree limb, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in mv collection. Amphicianus mucronaltis, n. sp. This .species is distinguished from /«,sf/L;/«?(/.s Blandford by the smaller size, liy the \'ery dif- ferent female frons, and by the narrower pos- terolateral elytral processes of the male on which the spine at the level of the sutural ape.x is positioned ('((uidistant from the lateral and mesal margins (not on tlie lateral margin as in fastigiatiis). Female.— Length 2.7 mm, 4.0 times as long as wide; color light brown, pronotuni and elytral declivity darker. Frons con\e,\, reticulate ])eIow upper le\el of eves, shining abo\e, punctures fine, moder- ately abundant, obscure (.)n reticulate area: me- dian fourth from epistoma more tlian half dis- tance to upper level of eves with a shaiph' elevated, low, oval, granulate area; \estiture inconspicuous. Antennal club transverselv o\al. slightly wider than long. Pronotum 1.7 times as long as wide; as in fastiiiiatiis except submarginal groo\i's and callus on anterior slope mueli more poorh' developed. Elytra as in fastiiiiatus except discal punc- tures slightly smaller. Male.— Length .3.0-.3..'3 mm; similar to male fastigiatiis except antennal club slightly more broadly o\al; anterior margin of pronotum more strongly, narrowly acuminate, process on its ventral surface almost obsolete; elytral declivity slightly less strongly explanate, lateral margins much less strongly elevated, denticles on basal margin much smaller, denticle at le\el of sutural apex in center of floor of lateral process ( not on inner surface of lateral margin as in fastii^ialus). Type Locality.— Cerro Ptmta near \olcan Chiriqin', Panama. Type Material— The female holotype, male allotype, and one male paratvpe were taken at the type locality on 11-L64, at 1800 m, from a tree branch, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and parat\pe are in my collection. Amphicianus aciis. n. sp. This species is distinguished from fastifiiafns Blandford by the smaller size, bv the different female frons, by the more slender male pronotal process, and b\' the male elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.5 mm (female paratype 2.5 mm), 4.0 times as long as widt'; color light reddish brown, anterior parts of pronotum and elytral declivity sometimes darker. Frons about as in female fastiiiiattis except reticulate to vertex, median area on lower half rather strongly elevated but not shaiply defined, its summit nanowly flattened and granular. An- tennal club obscureh' snbtriangular, 1.3 times as wide as long. Pionotum 1.8 times as long as wide; as in fasti'fi,iotits except grooves and submarginal ridges on anterior slope more pronounced. Elytra as in mucronatus Wood. Male— Length 2.5-2.8 mm; as in male mucronatus except granular area on frons nar- rower, exti-nding to upper le\-el of eyes; lower surface of pronotal mucronate process with a rather strongly developed, conical tubercle di- rected ventrad; lateral margin of declivity slightly higher, a coarse denticle displaced just mesad of lateral margin at level of sutural apex, posterodorsal angle rounded and cntireh' devoid of a tubercle, sutural emargination much nar- rower. Type Locality.— El Laurel Experiment Sta- tion, 12 km SW Caracas, Venezuela. Type NLvtehial.— The female holotype, male allotype, and three paratypes were taken at the type' locality on l-\'-70, 1800 m, Nos. 457, 458, from a tree bole 13 em in diameter. No. 513 in flight, bv S. L. Wood. One broken male paratype is from Merida, Merida, Venezuela, ll-IX'-69, 2000 m. No. 4, Croton bole, S. L. Wood. The liolot\pe, allot\pe, and paratvp(>s are in my collection. Paracorthi/Ius mtitilus. n. sp. Tiiis species is distinguished from concisus Wood b\- the smaller size, by the shallowly divaricate sutural ;ipex of the elytra, and b\' the distinctive eh tral declivity. Female.— Length 2.0 mm (parat\pes 1.9-2.0 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in velutimis Wood except surface reticulate abo\e shining epistomal margin." An- tennal club 1.4 times as long as wide, apical segment only slightly modified. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in velutimis except sinface reticulate, punctures very fine, much less closeh- spaced. Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bahk Beetles 67 Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; as in veltitituis except de- clivity. Declivity subvertical, suljtriincate, shal- lovvlv concave; lateral margiiLS distinctl\ c]e\at- ed, rounded, armed on middle third on median margin by two pointed tubercles, upper one slightly larger; sutural interstriae weakly elevat- ed; posterolateral margin subacute at apex, suture weakly emarginate; surface rugose-retic- ulate; punctures obscure. \'er\' minute setae moderately abundant on declivity, similar but less abundant on disc. Male.— Similar to female except apical seg- ment of antennal club slightlv shorter and more broadly rounded; anterior margin amied by eight serrations of moderate size; decli\it\- more evenly concave, its margins weakh', sub- acutely elex'ated on more than lower three- fourths, upper margin armed b\' three pairs of small teeth on interstriae 1-3, lateral pair conspicuouslv larger, sutural apex more dis- tinctly emarginate, sutural interstriae more dis- tinctly elevated. Type Locality.— Fort Shennan, Canal Zone, Panama. Type Material.- The female holotype, male allotype, and two female paratvpes were taken at the type locality on lO-XI-57, at light. The holotype, allotype, and paratvpes are in my collection. Paracorthi/lus concisus, n. sp. This species is distinguished from vehitinus Wood by the larger size, by the subconcave elytral declivity, with different armature in the female, by the sparse pubescence, and by other characters. Female.— Length 2.6 mm (paratvpes 2..3-2.6 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in velutimts except obscurely reticu- late, shining, median carina extending from epistomal margin to median callus on lower third. Antennal club 1.9 times as long as wide, aliout intermediate in shape between velutinus and mutilus. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in mtitilus. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; as in mutilus- except tubercles slightly larger and apex of suture entire. Male.— Similar to female except antennal club less elongate, its apex more broadly rounded; anterior margin of pronotum armed by eight serrations; declivity much more broadly, evenlv impressed, margins on lower half more distinctly, more narrowly elevated but not angulate, sutural apex entire and bent slightly dorsad, two pair of tubercles on inter- striae 3 displaced mesad from lateral margin, lower one at middle, upper one on basal fourth. Type Locality.— Moravia, Cartago, Costa Rica. Type Materl\l.— The female holotype, male allotype, and 14 paratypes were taken at the type' locality on 11-III-64, 500 m. No. 473, from a cut tree 35 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood. The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in my collection. S'/U/?- FJrpya Brigham Young University *'''^ubrTry°°'" Science Bulletin MAY271P74 HARVARD UNIVERSI TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS CHLORIS (GRAMINEAE) by Dennis E. Anderson BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME XIX, NUMBER 2 MARCH 1974 /ISSN 0068-1024 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN BIOLOGICAL SERIES Editor: Stanley L. Welsh, Department of Botany, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Acting Editor: Vernon J. Tipton, Zoology Members of the Editorial Board: Ferron L. Andersen, Zoology Joseph R. Murdock, Botany WiLMER W. Tanner, Zoology Ex officio Members: A. Lester Allen, Dean, College of Biological and Agricultural Sciences Ernest L. Olson, Director, Brigham Young University Press The Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, publishes acceptable papers, particularly large manuscripts, on all phases of biology. Separate numbers and back volumes can be purchased from University Press Marketing, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602. All remittances should be made payable to Brigham Young University. Orders and materials for library exchange should be directed to the Division of Gifts and Exchange, Brigham Young University Library, Provo, Utah 84602. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS CHLORIS (GRAMINEAE) by Dennis E. Anderson BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME XIX, NUMBER 2 MARCH 1974 / ISSN 0068-1024 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY OF THE GENUS 2 TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS OF CHLORIS 2 Cytology 3 Leaf Epidermis 5 Anatomy, Embryology, and Seedling Morphology 6 Relationships of Chloris and Other Genera 9 Relationships within Chloris 13 Chloris Swartz 15 Key to the species of Chloris 16 1. Chloris roxlmrghiana Schultes 22 2. Chloris puniculata Scribner in Robinson 24 3. Chloris herroi Arechavaleta 25 4. Chloris ciliata Swartz 27 5. Chloris lamproparia Stapf in Chevalier 30 6a. Chloris canterai Arechavaleta var. canterai 30 6b. Chloris canterai Arechavaleta var. grandiflora ( Rosengurtt & Izaguirre de Artucio) Anderson 32 7. Chloris dantUjiina C. D. Adams 34 8. Chloris cruciata (Linnaeus) Swartz 37 9. Chloris filiformis (Vahl) Poiret in Lamarck 39 10. Chloris suringari Hitchcock in Urban 39 11. Chloris scariosa F. von Mueller 40 12. Chloris prieurii Kunth 42 13. Chloris rohusta Stapf in Chevalier 43 14. Chloris mollis (Nees) Swallen 45 15. Chloris longiaristata Napper 46 16. Chloris quinque.sctica Bhide 48 17. Chloris wightiana Nees ex Steudel 48 18. Chloris montana Roxburgh 51 19. Chloris bournci Rangachariar & Tadulingam 53 20. Chloris inflata Link 53 21. Chloris formosana (Honda) Keng 57 22. Chloris pilosa Schumacher 58 23. Chloris virgata Swartz 60 24. Chloris gai/aiu/ Kiuith 65 25. Chloris castilloniatui Lillo & Parodi 69 26. Chloris orthonoton Doell in Martins 69 27. Chloris aristata (Cervantes) Swallen 70 28. Chloris hrandegei (Vasey) Swallen 72 29. Chloris chloridca ( Presl) Hitchcock 74 30. Chloris ventricosa R. Brown 76 31. Chloris truncate R. Brown 78 32. Chloris pumilio R. Brown 80 33. Chloris lobata Lazarides 82 34. Chloris divaricata R. Brown 83 35. Chloris pcctinata Bentham 86 36. Chloris crinita Lagasca 87 37. Chloris pluriflora (Foumier) Cla)'ton 89 38. Chloris cticullata Bischoff 91 39. Chloris verticillata Nuttall 93 40. Chloris andropogonoidcs Foumier 95 41. Chloris texensis Nash 103 42. Chloris sesqiiiflora Burkart 104 43. Chloris humhcrtiana A. Camus 104 44. Chloris amethi/stca Hoclistt-tter 106 45. Chloris subniutica Humboldt, Bonplantl. Kunth 106 46. Chloris somalewis Rendle 109 47. Chloris cleimntis Merrill 109 48. Chloris radiata (Linnaeus) Swartz 110 49. Chloris pycnotlirix Trinius 114 50. Chloris halophila Parodi 1 17 .51. Chloris ekmanii Hitchcock 119 52. Chloris arcmiria Hitchcock & Ekman in Hitchcock 119 53. Chloris sagnwuna Achille Richard in .Sagra 121 54. Chloris cubensis Hitchcock & Ekman in Hitchcock 123 55. Chloris mossambicensis Schumann 123 56. Chloris hurrnetuis Ander.son 125 UNIDENTIFIED, REJECTED, OR REASSIGNED NAMES 126 LITERATURE CITED 131 TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS CHLORIS (GRAMINEAE) by Dennis E. Anderson' ABSTRACT This study is a worldwide taxononiic treat- ment utilizing endomorpliic characters such as cytology, histology, and ciiihrNology, in addition to the traditional cxoniorphic features. New chromosome numbers and histological informa- tion are reported. Relationships between Chloris and other genera in the Chlorideae are dis- cussed. A total of r6 species is recognized in the genus; each is described and illustrated. Com- plete synonymies are included as well as a list of unidentified or rejected names. Distributions and maps are given for each species, along with lists of specimens examined dining studies at various iu-rbaria. Reports of field studies in- volving introgression among certain species are also included. A new species, Chloris hurmen- sis, is described from Bumia, and a new com- bination, Chloris canterai Arech. var. graiuliflora ( Rosengurtt & Izaguirre de Artucio ) Anderson, is also proposed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS These studies were begun in the summers of 1963 and 1964 as part of a National Science Foundation program in l\esearch Participation for College Teachers sponsored b\' the Depart- ment of Botan\-, University of Texas. Additional financial support was provided b\' this program through grants ( NSF GY-3002, NSF GE-69:8). The assistance of Dr. Harold Bold, director of the summer program, is also gratefully acknowl- edged. Initialh', Dr. Walter V. Bro\\'n pointed out to me many of the biosystematie problems of Chloris in Texas, and I am grateful to him for his continued encouragement. .additional direct assistance was received from the National Science Foundation in 1969 (NSF GB-7235), enabling me to visit a number of major overseas herbaria and to do additional field work. The curators were most helpful and allowed me to borrow man\- specimens. Their cooperation is much appreciated. A special debt is owed to Dr. W. D. Clayton of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, who provided advice, cooperation and friend- ship, and thus made my stay at Kew most pro- ductive. California State University, Humboldt, has generously provided released time and leaves in support of these studies, and the continued as- sistance of President Cornelius Siemens is ac- knowledged with many thanks. I would also like to thank Mr. Rupert C. Barneb\- for his aid in the preparation of the Latin description of Chloris btirmsiisis. Michael Lazarides kindly let me examine his manuscript treatment of Chloris in Queensland, prior to its publication. I am grateful to my wife, Nancy, for the end- less hours she contributed in filing and organiza- tion, in establishing and verifying geographical locations, and, finally, in cartography. INTRODUCTION With its delicate, digitate clusters of spikes, Chloris must certainly be among the most strik- ing of grass genera. The distribution spans the warmer regions of most of the continents, from the pampas of Argentina to the sandhills of Nebraska, from the Cape of Good Hope to the sands of the Sahara, from Afghanistan to the island archipelagoes of the South Pacific, and from the subcontinental islands of Ne.v Guinea and Borneo through the continent of ^Department of Biology, Humboldt State College, Areata, California 95521. Bricham Young University' Science Bulletin Australia. Thus, it is likely that taxonomists in these areas have seen (me or more of the taxa in the genus. Though these attributes would seem to insiue popularity among agrostologists, Chloris nevertheless has not been subjected to any systematic review for nearly a centuiy. This has been an era characterized by extensive ex- ploration and collection of hitherto unknown areas, as well as the development of revolu- tionary systematic thought. My interest in Chloris began with studies in hybridizing species in Texas; this interest spread later to similar studies in the Southeast; and ulti- mately it encompassed more classical investiga- tions in manv of the major herbaria of the United States, Great Britain, and Europe. Ini- tially, my interests centered in experimental studies but the continuing frustration of not being able to name species with confidence led me to conclude that a classical studv was needed and that experimental studies could then be made on a sounder foundation. Well over 15,000 herbarium specimens and many mass collections from hybridizing popula- tions were studied. The numbers of specimens available van' widely. Some taxa are repre- sented only by the holot\'pe. Others are known from such large numbers of specimens that population descriptions may be advanced with confidence. Still others ha\'e been collected so thoroughly that the enormous complexit)' of the population has revealed the necessity for further intensive investigation. This study, then, attempts to bring the tax- onomv of the genus CliJoris up to date. It is largely morpho-geographical in nature, with oc- casional incursions into biosystematics as the nature and availability of materials allow. NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY OF THE GENUS Swartz first described Chloris in 1788, in- cluding two new species, C. ciliata and C. pc- traea, and transferred into the genus three Lin- naean species: Agrostis criiciafa, Agrostis radiata, and Andropogon poh/dactylon. With the description of the genus Eitstachijs by Desvaux (1810) and the transfer to it of Chloris petraea Swartz, the basic nomenclatural pattern at the generic level was established, though many authors now consider Eustachijs as a subgenus of Chloris. Other genera, based on various species of Chloris, have been proposed: Rabdochloa Beau- vois (1812), including C. cruciata and several species from other genera; Schtdtesia Sprengel (1815) containing C. petraea only; and Phacel- laria Willdenow ex Steudel ( 1840), including C. suhmutica. None of these genera have been ac- cepted by recent authors. More recently, Camus proposed the subgen- era Monanthochloris, including within it C. per- rieri (1949), and Pterochloris, which contains C. hitmhertiana (1950). Subsequently, Camus (1957) elevated the latter subgenus to the ge- neric level. Generic conspeeti of Chloris have been writ- ten spor;idicallv, Iiut all are of the nature of catalogs rather than re\isions or monographs. Of these, the treatment by Steudel ( 1854) is the most complete. In it he recognized 69 taxa and included a s\noptic key as well as an enumera- tion of species, each with a short description. Later listings by Regel ( 1862, 1863), based upon the specimens at Leningrad, included a total of only 21 taxa. Regional revisionary studies restricted to Chloris are few, the most notable being those of the North American species by Nash (1898), the treatment by Swallen (1939) in l^orth American Flora, and the publications bv Everist ( 1935a,b, 19.37, 1938) on the Queensland species. SubsequentK , Lazarides (1972) treated Chloris in his stud\' of the tribe Chlorideae in Austra- lia. TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS OF CHLORIS Most recent classifications of the Gramineae are based heavily upon cytological and ana- tomical characteristics; in contrast, the older sys- tems were constructed primarily on the basis of spikelet morphology. The higher categories rec- ognized in the older classifications (especially subfamilies) may be quite artificial. This is reflected most strikingly in the modern systems b\- the redefinition of the subfamily Festucoi- deae, which has had many of its genera distrib- uted to other subfamilies. All recent treatments have placed Chloris and most of the rest of the genera in the tribe Chlorideae in a separate subfamily, which is usualh' called the Eragrostoidcae or Chlori- doideae. Tlie number of tribes included in this Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chi.obis (GnAMiNEAE) subfamily has varied considerably; for example, Gould ( 196Sa ) recognized seven. Throughout the development of the more modem classifications, the group of genera fonn- ing the Chlorideae has remained relatively stable, including such familiar genera as Bou- telotia. Biichlol'. Ctcnium. Cijnodon, Entcropo- gon, Eustacliys, Gynmopogon, and Tetrapogon, among others. The taxonomic parameters of these genera have been widel)' accepted; yet intensive study of certain complexes immediately reveals the artificialit\' of man\' of the genera. Most inves- tigations of generic relationships have been con- fined to the study of Narious species of selected genera; seldom have attempts been made to ex- amine the majorit\' of species from a number of viewpoints, especially for endomorphic char- acters. A report of such an attempt for ChJoris fol- lows. The limited a\'ailabilit\' of material for manv taxa has frustrated certain phases of stud\', most notabh' those requiring living materials. Areas and species deserving further investiga- tion will be immediateK' apparent. The discussion is divided into three areas: cvtological, histological, and morphological evi- dence. An attempt to s\nthesize these lines of evidence as a basis of classification of the spe- cies in the genus follows. Cytology No single, extensive attempt to determine chromosome numbers in Chloris has been made, and the counts reported in Table 1 are largely taken from incidental reports of chromosome numbers of a variety of grasses. In some cases I have been able to verify the identification of the plant b\' examining the voucher specimen; for these, the herbarium containing the voucher is indicated in parentheses after the counter's name. Chromosome numbers followed by my name are reported for the first time. Vouchers for these are deposited in the California State University Herbarium at Humboldt. From Table 1 it can be seen that chromo- some numbers have been listed for fewer than half of the species in Chloris, and thus, only limited conclusions can be drawn. Most spe- cies have a base number of x=10 and onl\- in- frequently have other numbers been noted. Rel- atively few diploids have been identified; most species are at various polyploid levels, with the decaploid number of 2n = 100 being the highest known in the genus. Several species have vary- ing chromosome numbers. Cltloris gatjana is noteworthy in this respect, with 2n = 20, .30, and 40. There are few studies of reproductive mecha- nisms. .Again, the best-known species is Chloris gaijana. Moffett (1944) suggested that the spe- Table 1. Cliromosome numbers in the genus Chloris. Species Geographic origin Counted by Chlom andropogonoides C. aristata C. Iicrroi C. bournei C. canterai C. chloridea C. ciliata 40 100 40 40 50 72 40 80 40 C. crinita 40 Te.vas (without precise locality) Texas: Nueces Co. (TAESI); San Patricio Co. (TAES!); Starr Co. (TAES! TEX! UC!) Texas: Hays Co. Mexico: Oaxaca (USI) Me.xico: Hidalgo (UC! US!) Mexico: Queretaro Mexico: Chiapas Texas : Brazos Co. ( as a weed in a grass nursery) India ( without precise locality ) Without locahty Texas: Milam Co. (TAES! UC! US!) Mexico: Chiapas Mexico: San Luis Potosi (US!) Texas: Wharton Co. (TEX!) Texas: Walker Co. Botanical Garden, Lyon (cultivated) Dominican Republic: Santiago Texas: Bee Co. (TAESI) Texas: Cameron Co. Texas (without precise locality) Argentina : Cafayate Brown (1950) Gould (1960) Anderson 3,282 (HSC) Tateoka (1962a) (as C. rufescens) Gould (1965) (as C. rufescens) Gould ( 1966) (as C. rtifescens) Gould & Soderstrom (1970) (as C. rufescens ) Gould (1960) Janaki-Ammal in Darlington & Janaki- Amma! (1945) Krishnaswamy ( 1940 ) Gould (1958) (as C. pohjdactyla) Gould & Soderstrom (1970) Gould (1965) Brown (1950) Gould (1958) Singh & Godward ( 1960) Gould & Soderstrom (1967) Gould (1968b) Anderson 4,546 ( HSC ) Brown (1951) Bowden & Senn (1962) Bricham Young University Science Bulletin Table 1. (continued) C. cucullata 40 C. gaijana C. halophila C. injlata C. vilosa C. plurifhra C. pyciwthrix 40 20 30 40 80 20 40 ca 50 20 30 80 30 36 40 C. radiata 40 C. Toxburghiana 20 C. scariosa 40 C. submutica ca 65 80 Without locality Texas: WiUacy Co. (TEX!) Mexico: Coahuila Texas: Brooks Co. (TAES!); Kerr Co. (TAES!); Kimble Co. (TAESI); Maverick Co. (TAES!); Terrell Co. (TAES! TEX! UC!); Val Verde Co. (TAES!) Texas: Hays Co. Texas: Travis Co. (3 locations) England (cultivated) Ethiopa; Kenya (Nzoia); South Afri- ca; Southern Rhodesia ( Katambora ) ; Sudan; Uganda Southern Rhodesia Texas ( without precise locality ) central Africa Kenya: Kitale Kenya ( cultivated ) Te.xas: Brazos Co. (as a weed in a grass nursery) (TAES!); Kenedy Co. Kenya ( cultivated ) Africa Southern Rhodesia central Africa Congo: Kenya (Alengo); Southern Rhodesia; Tanzania; Uganda Kenya: Kitale Tanzania: Kisarawe Kenya: Sierra Leone (cultivated) Bolivia: Cochabamba Without locality Without locality Without locality Taiwan Dominican Republic: Santiago Mexico: Yucatan Texas: Cameron Co. Pakistan: Karachi, Nazimabad Nigeria (seed from USPI, .386) Sudan no. 212- Texas: San Patricio Co. (TAESI); Willacy Co. (TAES!) (Label on voucher indicates that n = 42) South Africa tropical Africa ( without precise lo- cality ) Transvaal: Irene Kenya: Nairobi Botanical Garden, Lyon ( cultivated ) Kenya Australia: Queensland (K!) Without locality Mexico (without precise locality) Mexico: Durango Botanical Garden, Berlin (cultivated) Mexico: Michoacan ( UC! ) Mexico: Chihuahua Mexico: (seed from USPI, no. 216-386) Avdulov (1928) Brown (1950) Gould (1966) Gould (1968b) Anderson 3,279 Amlcrwii 2,609; 2,612; 2,614; 2,654; 3,274; 3,347; 3,356 (all HSC) Hunter ( 1934 ) Moffett (1944) Moffett & Hurcombe ( 1949) Brown (1950) Brown & Emery ( 1958 ) Singh & Godward (1963) Pritchard & Gould ( 1964 ) Gould (1968) Pritchard & Gould (1964) Moffett (1944) Moffett & Hurcombe ( 1949) Brown & Emery ( 1958 ) Hutton (1961) Singh & Godward (1963) Tateoka (1965a) Pritchard & Gould (1964) Bowden & Senn (1962) Avdulov (1928) (as C. barbata) Krishnaswamy (1940) Janaki-Ammal in Darlington & Janaki-Animal (1945) (as C. barbata) Chen & Hsu (1962) (as C. barbata) Gould & Soderstrom (1967) (as C. barbata ) Gould & Soderstrom ( 1970) Anderson 4,545 (HSC) Baquar and Saeed (1969) (as C barbata ) Anderson 3,435 (HSC) Thomas in Darlington & Wylie (1955) Gould (1968b) de Wet (1954) Thomas in Darlington & Wylie ( 1955) Moffett & Hurcombe ( 1949) Tateoka (1965a) Singh & Godward ( 1960) Pritchard & Gould (1964) Singh & Godward ( 1960) Krishnaswamy ( 1940 ) Avdulov (1931) Gould (1960) Singh & Godward ( 1960) Gould (1965) Reeder (1971) Anderson (HSC) Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gr.\mineae) Table 1. (continued) C. tnincata 40 Australia ( without precise locality ) Without locality Australia (seed from USPI, no. 212-389) Avdulov (1928) Krishnaswamy (1940) Anderson (HSC) C. verticillata n = = ca 28 Texas, Mason Co. Gould (1960) 2n = 40 Texas: Gray Co. Texas: Archer Co.; Bosque Brazos Co.; Eastland Co.; Jack Wise Co. Co.; Co.; Brown (1950) Gould (1968b) ca 40 Kansas: Shawnee Co. Anderson 2,768; 2,769 ( HSC ) 40 Nebraska; Dundy Co. Texas: Sterling Co. Texas: Travis Co. Anderson 2,774; 2,776 (HSC) Anderson 3,002 (HSC) Anderson 3,338; 3,347; 3,356; 3,361; (HSC) 63 Texas: Montague Co. Gould (1968b) C. vir'^ata 20 South Africa: Cape Provinces, Mafe- king (K!) Moffett & Hurcombe (1949) Te.\as ( without precise locality ) Brown (1950, 1951) Botanical Garden, Bedin (cultiva ited) Singh & Godward (1960) Mexico: Baja California Sur; Coahuila; Qucrctaro Gould (1966) Australia (without precise locality) Pritchard & Gould (1964) Texas: Castro Co. (TAES!) Gould (1968b) India: Gorakhpur Gupta (1969) Texas: Brewster Co. Anderson 2,579 (HSC) Madagascar (seed from USPI. no. 219-956) Anderson (HSC) 26 Without locality Thomas in Darlington & Wylie ( 1955) 30 Without locality Krishnaswamy (1940) 40 Without locality Krishnaswamy (1940) (as C. caudata) C/iZarts-probable hybrids n = = ca 20 Texas: Brazos Co. (TAES!) Gould (1960) (as C. subdolicho- stachya ) n = = ca 20 Texas: San Patricio Co. Gould (1960) (as C. hitisifutimea) n = = ca 31 Texas: Willacy Co. (TAES!) Gould (1960) (as C. latisquamea) n = = ca 32 Texas: Brazos Co. (TAES! ) Gould (1958) (as C. latisquamea) n = = ca 33 Texas: Llano Co. (TAES!) Gould (1960) (as C. suhdolicho- stachija ) n = = ca 36 Te.\as: Lampasas Co. (TAES!) Gould (1958) (as C. latisquamea) n=42 Texas: Llano Co. Gould (1958) (as C. latisquamea) 2n = = ca 56 Te.\as: Mason Co. Gould (1968b) (as C. latisquamea) 2n = = ca 68 Texas: Williamson Co. Gould (1968b) (as C. latisquamea) 'Tlie n number is fjiven vvlieie the roimt uiisinally reported is not logically convertible to the '2n number. cies was an aponiict. Brown and Emery ( 1958) reported the occurrence of four-nucleate enibrvo sacs, a character associated witli apomicts. Hut- ton (1961), working with different material, re- ported eight-nucleate, apparently normal, em- bryo sacs that also showed delayed embryo and endosperm formation (an unusual feature). These studies were carried out primarily on tetraploids. Bogdan (1961) reported both dip- loid and tetraploid forms to be sexual. This same conclusion was borne out by circumstantial evidence in the study bv Pritchard and Gould (1964), My own field observations in the Chloris andropogonoides-C . cucuUata-C. verticillata hy- brid complex show high seedset in plants with low pollen stainability, circumstantially suggest- ing apomixis in this group. Leaf Epidermis The epidermal studies in Chloris which are reported here were initiated by Rogers ( 1967 ) , who examined 36 species in this and allied gen- era. These studies were later expanded by my- self, and a total of .55 species has now been ex- amined. Rogers studied man)' epidermal features of a large number of specimens of the wide-rang- ing species, Chloris virgata, in order to estab- lish a basis for the selection of epidermal char- acters, to detemiine the spectrum of variation, and to assess the relationship of geographic ori- gin to character expression. Table 2 gives the origin ot these sjiecimt'ns and the epidermal characters surveyed. Rogers's study indicated that the density of prickles varied randomly with respect to geog- Brigham Young Univehsity Science Bulletin Oo o OoOopgoOO 80888SRRSSOO 0,0,0,8,^,^,0,0,0, 0,0.0, 8§Mf 9 99" #tii ogggo 88g§ooq 8919998 8 @99 0 n n '^ ^ ( — in C-J d — ©eeoo 0 V OQ 0 R 0 Qf^ On n 9 Q Sy vv O 0 0 8 Oo WW XX n^-^ZZ AAA^BI Fig. 1. Microhairs (upper figure of each set) and costal silica cells (lower figure) of Austrochlom, Chloric, Enleropogon, Eustachi/s, and Tetrapogon. (A) Austrochloris dichanthioides (Everist) Laza- rides; (B) Chloris brandegei (Vasey) Swallen; (C) C. divaricata R. Brown; (D) C. submutica Humboldt-Bonpland-Kunth; ( E ) Eustachys petraea Swartz; (F) Chloris bournei Rangaehariar and Tadulingam; (G) Euatachijs distichnplujUa La- gasca; ( H ) Chloris scariosa F. von Mueller; ( I ) Eustachys retusa Lagasca; (J) Chloris halophila Parodi; (K) C. ventricosa R. Brown; (L) C. mos.^- flni/;iVt'ti.siv Schumann; (M) Tetrapogon macrnnlhns (Jaubert and Spach) Bentham; (N) Chloris pec- tinaia Bentham; (O) C. robusta Stapf in Chevalier; (P) C paniculata Scribner in Robinson; (Q) C. roxburghiana Schultes; (R) Tetrapogon spathaccus ( Hochstetter) Hackel ex Durand and Schinz; (S) Chlorii ciliata Swartz; (T) C. prieurii Kunth; (U) C sagracana A. Richard; (V) C. suriiigari Hitch- cock in Urban; (W) Tetrapogon tcncllus (Rox- burgh) Chiovenda; (X) Chloris chloridea (Presl) Hitchcock; (Y) C. somalensis Rendle; (Z) Entero- pogon dolichostachya ( Lagasca ) Lazarides; ( AA ) Chloris dementis Merrill; (BB) C. radiata (Lin- naeus) Swartz; (CC) C. texensii Nash; (DD) C. mollis (Nees) Swallen; ( EE ) Tetrapogon villosus Desfontaines; (FF) Eustachys paspaloidet (Vahl) Lanza and Mattei; (GG) E. glauca Chapman; (HH) Chloris ekmanii Hitchcock; (U) C. pumilio R. Brown; (JJ) C cuhensii Hitchcock and Ekman; ( KK ) C. ilandi/ana C. D. Adams; ( LL ) Eiitero- pogon acicularls (Lindley) Lazarides; (MM) Eustachys neglecla Nash; ( NN ) Chloris truncata R. Brown; ( OO ) C andropogonoides Fournier; (FF) C. berroi Arechavaleta; (QQ) C. cruciate (Linnaeus) Swartz; (RR) C canterai Arechava- leta; (SS) C. amethystea Hoclistetter; (TT) C. lobata Lazarides; (UU) Eustachys tenera (Presl) A. Camus; (VV) Chloris pycnothrix Trinius; (WW) C. aristata (Cervantes) Swallen; (XX) C. virgata Swartz; (YY) C. pilosa Schumacher; (ZZ) C. gay- ana Kunth; (AAA) C. inflata Link; (BBB) C. or- thonoton Doell in Martins. Arrangement is by over- all similarity of microhairs. X 475. raphy, from ab.sont to moderately abundant. Because of this random variabilit)', prickles were not emphasized as a taxonomic character. Of the otlier epidemial characters studied, Rogers concluded that the most stable were shape, size, and type of microhair and the shape of the costal silica cells. Typical microhairs and costal silica cells are illustrated ( Fig. 1 ) for 40 species of Cliloris and for 14 other species which were formerly placed in Chloris, but which are now placed in other genera. Two types of microhairs, unicellular and bi- cellular, were observed in the taxa studied. Table 3 lists the species showing these two microhair t)'pes. One species complex (consist- ing of C. aristata, C. gaijana, C. inflata, C. ortho- noton, C. pilosa. C. jx/rnothrix, and C. virgata) possesses vmieelliilar microhairs. The spikelets and inflorescences of these species are similar to one another, yet they are not unique in the genus, and several strongly resemble particular species with bicellular liairs. The remaining species all have bicellular microhairs. While several different shapes and sizes of hairs are recognizable, these cannot be correlated with an\' macroscopic features. \'irtuall\' all of the taxa examined have costal silica cells var\ing from cuboidal to saddle shaped (Fig. 1; Table 3). Only one spe- cies differs from this pattern: C cruciata has costal silica cells which tend to be more elon- gated and to ha\'e more deeply indented end walls than the remaining species. Anatomy. Embryology, and Seedling Morphology Anatomical, embr\ological, and seedling studies on a selected group of 28 taxa in Chloris and a]Ii(>d genera were completed by Jensen ( 1969 ) . The species were selected to be repre- sentati\'e of as man\' different sections of the genus as possible in terms of spikelet morphol- og\'. Characteristics studied included leaf anat- omy, embryo stnicture, root-hair position and aspect, shape of the first seedling leaf, and t\'pe of starch grains. Individual discussions of these features follow. Jensen examined several anatomical features of leaf cross sections, including the shape of the Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Ta.xonomy of the Genus Chloris (Ghamineae) 00 CO .9^ S nr o « u -w "■a < c ■s -a H p to CJ P c 6 -.^ l-H (U =5 t'i 3:5 o U ■5 c •C a. so s 3 2 1— 1 1-H 4 ei i-H 1—1 in CO 1 1 1 i-H 1 ■^ -"T « CO CO .—I CO o ol rH ■— ( 3 ^H ■^ oi d> g g 8 3 o CD § 05 Tf g g i d> i i ^ O Tt* "^ ■*j* Tj< CO d ■*** '^ ome dome dome dome 1 o -t3 1 i 0 -high d -triang. -triang. -triang. bi) C a ■c -triang. -triang. dome dome -triang. Tj -0 -a -a tu 0) 0) 0; e S E E 1 -0 IS -0 dj OJ 1; E S E -0 TJ E 1 21-25 14-24 19-22 20-22 OI ^ CO — « Cvl Ol Ol d> i ^ rt fM — ( 1 1 f-H I-H c-1 (M 3-15 21-27 .5-18 6-20 05 3 CO r- lo CD CD ^H ^H ^H ^H ^H ■4< -3" O ■"t ■* oj a> oj u t« l-< Ui Im c4 c4 c4 cd 3 3 3 3 cr tr cr IT o o c o X !< X X rt « ctf rt CO TT in CD 3 3^4 3 5- 3 CO VI _g 2 o rt cu rt c3 rt ?3 M" CO -^ c-l O Tt I I I J I T -H rt — I O 00 " t~ in in -^ 4 4 in oi oi oi o oi -H -H o c3> 00 d> 4-» ■•H o —I m 7o^ o U •3 & feo c « 1 Z 3 Q 3 Q o >h3 n-.S C5 c o CJ o c <; C/1 X 1> ■%& 53 > D s .^ s -H c c .2 'T3 O tS S - .C e X t: ^ o -< Z Table .3. Epideniud characteristics of selected species of Austrochloris, Chloris, Enteropogon, Eustachys, and Tetrapogon. Costal silica Figure 1 Species cell shape reference Chloris species with hicellular microhairs C. amethystea cuboidal SS C. andropogonoides saddle oo C. herroi cuboid-saddle pp C. hournei cuboid-saddle F C. hrandegei short saddle B C. canterai cuboidal RR C. eld or idea saddle X C. ciliata cuboidal s C. dementis cuboid-saddle AA C. cruciata very short saddle to cross shaped QQ C. cuhcusis short saddle JJ C. dandyana saddle KK C. divaricatd narrow saddle c C. ekmanii cuboidal HH C. halophila cuboid-saddle J C. lohata cuboidal TT C. mollis saddle DD C. mossamhicensis cuboid-saddle L C. paniculata round-cuboid P C. pcctinata sho t saddle N C. pricurii saddle T C. pumilio cuboid-saddle II C. radiata cuboid-saddle BB C. robtista saddle O C. roxhurghiana short saddle Q C. sagraeana short saddle U C. scariosa cuboid-saddle H C. somalensis cuboid-saddle Y C. sidimtitica short saddle D C. suringari saddle V C. texensUi short saddle CC C. truncata cuboid-saddle NN C. ventricosa cuboid-saddle K Chloris species tfif/i unicellular microha irs C. aristata cuboid-saddle WW C. gai/ana cuboid-saddle zz C. inflata cuboid-saddle AAA C. orthonoton cuboid-saddle BBB C. pilosa cuboid-saddle YY C. pycnothrix saddle VV C. virgata short saddle XX Species formerly i» Chloris, now excluded and placed in related genera, all with hicellular microhairs AtLiirochloris dichanthioid es culxjid-saddle A Enteropogon acicularis short saddle LL E. dolichostaclnjs culx>idal Z Eustachys distichophylla culx)id-saddle G E. glauca cuboid-saddle GG E. neglecta .short-saddle MM E. paspaloides cuboidal FF E. petraea culx)idal E E. retusa saddle I E. tenera cuboidal UU Tetrapogon macranthus cuboidal M T. spathaceus cuboid-saddle R T. tenellus saddle W T. villosus cuboidal EE Brigham Young University Science Bulletin keel, the disposition of vascular bundles, the tex- ture of the adaxial surface (ribbed or smooth), the extent of the sclerenchyma girder, the dis- tribution of bullifomi cells, and the nature of the vascular bundle sheath. While individual species may show stable and recognizable pat- terns, few correlations between leaf anatomy and spikelet morphology could be made. Like- wise, there were no consistent correlations of anatomical features with either microhair or costal silica cell types. The classical study of Rceder (1957) in comparing anatomical features of embryos of various genera of grasses is well known. Reeder separated the grass genera studied into essential- ly two groups, panicoid and festucoid, on the basis of four embiTO characteristics: ( 1) whether the lower portion of the scutellum is separate from the rest of the embr)'0 (panicoid) or fused (festucoid); (2) the presence of an epiblast (festucoid) or its absence (panicoid): (3) whether both vascular traces diverge from about the same point (festucoid) or are separated by an elongated area of vascular tissue between points of divergence (panicoid); and (4) wheth- er the margins of the embrvonic leaf overlap (panicoid) or just meet (festucoid). Jensen (1969) studied three of these charac- teristics for 25 selected species in C^'Inris and certain related segregate genera (Table 4). Typically, all species studied had the scutellum separate from the rest of embryo (panicoid), an epiblast present (festucoid), and vascular traces separated by an elongated area of vascular tis- sue (panicoid). Tlie fourth feature, whether or not the mar- gins of the embr\'onie leaf overlap, was studied on 19 of Jensen's 2S taxa (Table 5). While both festucoid and panicoid types are repre- sented among these species, consistent correla- tions with other anatomical features or with Table 4. Ta.xa in CMoris and related segregate genera having panicoid scutellum type, an epiblast present (festucoid), and a panicoid arrangement of vascu- lar tissue. CMoris aristata C. herroi C. hournei C. prieurii C. ptjcnothrix C. radiata C. canterai C. rohii.tta C. cMoridea C. sidfmutica C. cruciata C. truncata C. dandyana C. divaricata C. virgata Enteropogon acicularis C. gaijana C. halopMla C. inflata C. mollis C. ortlionoton Eustachys distichopliylla E. glauca E. neglecta E. petraea Table 5. Comparison of embryonic leaf types in se- lected species of CMoris and related genera. Species with panicoid embryonic leaves Chloris herroi C. prieurii C. chloridea Species v\ith festucoid embryonic leaves Chloris artktata C. polydactyhi C. hournei C. pycnothrix C. canterai C. radiata C. cruciata C. rohusta C. divaricata C. virgata C. halophila Eusiachys distichophylla C. mollis E. glauca C. ortlionoton E. neglecta gross spikelet morphology are absent. Those species with festucoid embryonic leaves, for ex- ample, represent diverse forms with respect to microhairs and costal silica cells, as well as spikelet characteristics. Tateoka ( 1962b) recognized four starch-grain types— simple, compound, or some variation of each— as being characteristic of various groups of grasses. Jensen reported that compound starch grains were widespread in the species studied, with one notable exception, Enteropo- gon acicularis, which had simple starch grains. This species had been placed in Chloris until re- centh', wlien it was removed b\' Lazarides (1972). Jensen found that the following species all have compound starch grains: Chloris aristata, C. herroi, C. hournei, C. canterai, C. chloridea, C. cruciata. C. dandijana, C. divaricata, C. gay- ana, C. haIo])hihi, C. inflata, C. mollis, C. ortho- noton, C. prieurii. C. ptjcnothrix, C. radiata, C. rohttsta, C. suhmutica, C. truncata, C. vir- gata, Eustachi/s distichopht/Ua, E. glauca, E. ne- glecta. and E. petraea. I ha\e examined the starch grains of C. crinita. C. pluriflora, and C. scariosa; they are all compound. Differences in root hair development in grasses were first shown b\' Sinnott ( 19.39 ) and Sinnott and Bloch ( 1939). Later, the taxonomic significance was pointed out bv Reeder and von Maltzalin (19.53) and Row and Reeder (1957). These authors described one type in which the root hair piojeets forward at about a 45" angle from the smaller of two epidermal cells. A second kind has the root hair developing near the middle of either sister epidermal cell and projecting outuard at an angle of about 90°. A third t\'pe has sister cells of the epidennis slightly different in size, with the root hair pro- jecting at an angle of about 60° near one end of the cell, though Row and Reeder suggest that tlie variability' in size of the sister cells is more reliable than the angle of projection. Because Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Cramineae) of the limited availability of viable seeds, Jensen was able to examine onh' ten species for this characteristic, all of which had the root hair pro- jecting at an angle of about 60° near one end of the cell. The species examined were: Chloris canterai, C. gayana, C. inflata, C. pilosa, C. pijcnothrix. C. stil)mutica. C. truncata, Eiistaclnjs caribaca, E. distichopluiUa. E. petraca, and E. rettisa. The first seedling leaf in panicoid grasses is relatively wide and curled; that of festucoids is long and narrow ( Stebbins, 1956 ) . The species listed above all had panicoid seedling leaves, ac- cording to Jensen. Relationships of Chloris and Other Genera As with manv genera in the Gramineae, generic delimitations in the Chlorideae may be difficult to assess; and they, of necessity, may be somewhat arbitrar\' and artificial. The com- plex that includes Chloris is no exception. While most of the species have long been included within the genus and most of the characteristics recognized, some species have been placed in adjacent genera in the past, a few more recentK' so. A graphical conspectus of Cliloris and re- lated genera is presented in Fig. 2. The number of taxa commonly accepted in each is indicated by the relative size of the circle. Also given arc those species in ClUoris that resemble the satellite genera, as well as those in the satellite genera that have been included in Chloris. There is little infonnation, aside from spike- let moiphology, that is useful in generic delimi- tation within this group. Chromosome counts are mostly of the same basic number; leaf epi- dermal and anatomical characteristics do not appear uniciue to particular genera; genetic in- fonnation is \irtuall\- nonexistent. Consequently, speculation on relationships, both intergeneric and interspecific, rests heavilv upon infomiation gleaned primarily from the structure of the in- florescence and spikelet and, secondarily, upon data concerning vegetative features. However, the genera in this complex have been long recognized and have remained relatively un- changed. The description of each of these, as commonly accepted toda}-, is given in Table 6, and their relationships to Chloris follow. Eustachi/s. This genus was first described in 1810 by Desvaux, but it has been treated subsequently as a subgenus of Chloris bv the EOSTAPFIELLA NEGLECTA PASPALOIDES PETRAEA EU ST ACHYS RETUSA ) A U S T R 0 C H L 0 R I S TENERA ULIGINOSA DISTICHOPHYLLA / FLORIDANA y iSLAUCA DELICATULA G YMNOPOGO UNISPICEUS E N T E R 0 P 0 G 0 N ACICULARIS DOLICHOSTACHYA ; D A K N 0 P H 0 L I S X'CYNOCHLOR I S Fig. 2. Relationships of Chloris and allied genera. 10 Brigham Young University Science Bulletin Table 6. Comparison of various characteristics of Chloris and related genera. Genus Vegetative characteristics Inflorescence type Glumes Number Chloris Cyrtodon Daknopholis Enteropogon tufted, rhizomatous or sto- loniferous; sheaths usually overlapping at the base, blades narrow to broad, not distichous rhizomatous to stoloniferous; sheaths usually overlapping at the base, blades generally narrow, acute, distichous prostrate, repent to stolonif- erous; leaves basal, sheaths overlapping, blades small, subelliptic, obtuse erect, tufted, sheaths usual- ly not markedly overlapping at the base, blades narrow, flat or convolute usually a single radiate se- ries of 4-10 spikes, occasion- ally 2-more approximate or only slightly separated series of 10-20 spikes; rarely an indefinite number of termi- nal spikes or as few as 1-2 spikes a single radiate series of 4-9 spikes a single radiate series of 2-4 spikes usually a single terminal spike, sometimes several to many in a radiate or sub- verticillate series both glumes simi- lar, narrowly ovate to lanceolate; acute to acuminate; awn- usually 1, rarely 2 and then in the same inflor- less or only awn- tipped escence as spikelets with 1 both glumes nar- rowly lanceolate to ovate 1 first glume ovate; second glume tnm- cate, apex marked- ly truncate and 1 erose both glumes nar- rowly lanceolate to ovate 1 Eustachys Gymnopogon tufted, rhizomatous or sto- loniferous; sheaths strongly overlapping, largely basal, equitant; blades generally broad, obtuse, occasionally acute tufted, sheaths strongly over- lapping, largely basal; blades markedly distichous, stiff, acute to acuminate usually a single radiate sc- ries of 4-30 spikes, rarely only 1-2 a single series of 6-20 spikes, generally borne sing- ly at a node first glume ovate- lanceolate, acute, awn-tipped or awnless; second glume linear to linear - lanceolate, retuse, short awned between the lobes both glumes nar- rowly lanceolate, acuminate usually 1, sometimes 2 Neostapfiella erect, tufted; sheaths some- what overlapping; blades narrow Tetrapogon tufted to short stoloniferous or rhizomatous; sheaths usu- ally overlapping at the base, blades narrow to broad, not distichous 2-3 spikes both glumes nar- rowly lanceolate, acuminate 1 or 2 a single radiate 1-4 spikes series of both glumes simi- lar, ovate to lance- olate usually 2 or 3 majority of authors, the most notable exception being Nash (1898). EttstacJnjs is obviously closely related to Chloris, though distinct in several features. Vegetatively, the strongly flat- tened, folded, equitant leaf sheaths set Eu- stachys apart from most species in Chloris. In addition, the second glume in Eustachys is bi- lobed at the apex, with a short awn arising be- tween the lobes; in Chloris the second glume is acute to acuminate and is rarely awned. The fertile and sterile florets of Eustachys are com- monly pale to dark brown to almost black and are awnless or short-awned. Florets in Chloris are usually pale to tawny, seldom darker, and Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy OF THE Genus Ciilohis ( Gramineae) 11 Spikelet characters Fertile floret(s) Sterile Awn Pubescence : floret(s) Shape and color Keel Margins Callus Number Size and shape elliptic to hinceo- usually well glabrous to usually bearded usually 1 — usually markedly late to ovate; often developed. jilose to ciliate or sometimes dissimilar from fer- acute, sometimes rarely ab- ong-ciliate appressed 2 — more tile floret; usually obtuse or acumi- sent pubescent rarely well developed, nate, rarely bifid; several rarely reduced usually laterally compressed; tawny to light brown. rarely black or dark brown ovate to lanceo- awnless short short short- 0 to 1, absent, or, if pres- late; prominently ciUate cUiate pubescent highly ent, reduced and laterally compres- reduced forming only a knob sed; tawny at ape.x of rachilla joint lanceolate to ellip- short awned scabrous scabrous bearded obsolete tic; prominently to nnicronate laterally compress- ed; tawny dorsally compress- usually well scabrous scabrous bearded 1 similar to fertile ed to nearly latte- developed floret, but much rete, but not lat- smaller erally compressed. linear in side view. elliptic to lanceo- late in dorsal view; tawny to greenish elliptic, lanceolate short or ab- usuallv glab- conimonlv bearded usually 1, markedly dissimilar or ovate, acute to sent rous, some- appressed sometimes 2 from fertile floret; shortly acuminate; times pilose pubescent usually well devel- strongly laterally oped, rarely re- compressed; often duced dark brown or black, rarely light brown usually narrowly usualh' well glabrous. sparsely to bearded 1-2 highly reduced to elliptic; nearlv te- de\eloped scabrous, or densely obsolete rete to slightly dor- pilose ciliate sally or laterally compressed; tau ny. brown or purplish ovate to lanceo- well devel- glabrous to glabrous densely 1 similar to fertile late; laterally com- oped pilose to sparsely long floret but slightly pressed; tawny ciliate bearded smaller elliptic to broadly usually well densely densely densely usually 2-4, similar to fertile lanceolate; lateral- developed pubescent pubescent bearded sometimes 1 floret but smaller; ly compressed; us- lower well devel- ually tawny oped, upper small- er are usualh' prominenth' awned. Cliloris sub- mutica is perhaps most similar to Ettstacliys, pri- maril\ because of the lack of prominent awns. Sanchez ( 1971 ) enumerated several anatomi- cal features bv which the leaves of Cliloris and Eustaclii/s differ. Sanchez reported that Eu- staclujs has, for the most part, relatively thick- walled, uniformh- sized bulliform cells; a promi- nent epidemial band of these lies adaxial to the midrib. By contrast, Chloris has unequally sized, thin-walled bulliform cells and lacks a concen- tration of these in the midrib region. While none of these characters appear to be exclusive to either genus, the trend shown clearly re- 12 Bricham Young University Science Bulletin inforces the exomoiphic differences between them. Tetrapogon. This Old World genus is best separated from Chloris on the basis of having two ( occasionally three ) fertile florets per spike- let. Chloris regularly has a single fertile floret, though very occasionally individuals of certain species may produce a spikelet with two or more fertile florets. In addition, both glumes in Tetra- pogon are thin, papery, or parchmentlike and (like the spikelets) are relatively large. The glumes in species of Clihris are not thin and papery, but are finner and relatively smaller. Several species in Chloris strongly resemble Tetrapogon. Chloris inossamhicetisis, an African species, is similar in many respects, but the bulk of material which this author has examined has spikelets with one fertile floret; only a few plants have spikelets with two or more florets. Chloris bournei, C. tcightiana, and, to a lesser extent, C. quinquesetica—aW from India— are similar to several Tetrapogon species, primarily in size of spikelets. However, they have just a single fer- tile floret and are best retained in Chloris. The strikingly different Chloris scariosa from Australia could easily be given generic status, for its spikelets (with their several flabellate sterile florets) arc unlike any other species in Chloris. Chloris scariosa has relatively large, papery glumes, in this respect strongly resem- bling Tetrapogon. I am maintaining this spe- cies in Chloris largely because of its single fer- tile floret. If Chloris scariosa were to be given generic rank, then a number of other somewhat unusual species are also deser\ing of such con- sideration—a process that could hopelessly frag- mentize the genera in this complex. Gymnopogon. The most striking difference between this genus and Cliloris is vegetative. Qymnopogon is characterized by thick, sharp- pointed, distichous blades, the sheaths of which are more or less cquitant and basal. Further- more, many species of Gymnopogon have the spikes well separated and spreading, making the inflorescence quite open. Chloris generally has broader, more lax blades and sheaths that only partly overlap. While a few species have distant spikes, they are mostly borne in one or more radiating series. Most species of Gymnopogon either lack sterile florets or they are very greatly reduced. In Chloris the sterile floret is generally well developed. Overall, Chloris mollis is probably most simi- lar to Gymnopogon, a fact reflected in its no- menclatural histoiy. While the leaf blades of C. mollis are relatively short and sharp pointed. the sheaths are not as strongly overlapping. The spikes are somewhat distant, but not as markedly so as in Gymnopogon. Sterile florets in C. mollis are well developed; in this respect they are un- like those in Gymnopogon. Chloris dementis, C. ekmanii, C. pycno- thrix, and C. radiata all have mucli reduced sterile florets; but in all other respects they fit Chloris well. Cynodon. Clifford and Everist (1964) de- scribed a sterile intcrgeneric h\brid, which they named Cynochloris macivorii, which was found growing with Cynodon dactylon and Chloris divaricata on a lawn bowling rink at Ipswich, Queensland. The identification of this plant rests upon its intermediacv between the two putati\e parents with respect to a number of spikelet, habit, and behavioral characteristics, since experimental recreation of the hybrid has not been attempted. On the basis of the data, there is little doubt as to the correctness of Clif- ford and Everist's inteipretation, however. The existence of this bigeneric hybrid at- tests to the genetic proximity of these two gen- era; \et the two can ordinarily be separated readily by morphological features. Most species of Cynodon have obsolete or verv poorly de- veloped sterile florets, while in Chloris they are usually well developed. Likewise, in Chloris the callus is prominentK' short bearded, whereas in Cynodon it is less obviously pubescent. Daknopholis. Described in 1967 by Clayton, this genus was erected to contain several anom- alous species of Chloris: C. hoivinii, C. perrieri, and C. ramosissima. Two features will separate the new genus from Chloris: ( 1 ) the lack of a well-defined sterile floret and (2) the presence of a truncate and erose second glume. In over- all appearance Daknopholis is more suggestive of Cynodon than Chloris. The relationships were discussed in some detail by Clayton (1967). Entcropogon. Tliese Old World trooical pe- rennials (as treated b\' Clayton [19 17], for ex- ample) are easily separated from Chloris in hav- ing a single spike or, rarely, two; most Chloris species have three or more .spikes. In addition, the fertile lemmas of Entcropogon are strongly, dorsally compressed and have a raised midnerve. I do not believe that this difference in num- ber of spikes accurately reflects the relationships. Two species with many spikes that are often treated in Chloris— C. acicularis from Australia and C. dolichostachya from southeastern Asia- have strongly dorsally compressed spikelets with a raised midnerve on the lemma. The similarity to Enteropogon is such that one would be hard Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 T.\.\onomv of the Genus Chloris (Cramineae) 13 pressed to separate these two taxa of Chloris and various species of Enteropogon on the basis of spikelets alone. They could, of course, be separated readily on the number of spikes. But the differences do not end here. Tateoka ( 1962b ) reported that starch grains were simple and an- gular in Enteropogon, while Chloris has only compound grains. Both CJdoris acicularis and C. dolichostaduja have Enteropogon-ty^e starch grains, further reinforcing the removal of these species from Chloris. Accordingly, I have fol- lowed Lazarides (1972) in removing these two species from Chloris and referring them to En- teropogon. Trichloris. This genus has been character- ized as having three prominent awns on the fertile and sterile lemmas: one is an extension of the midnerve and the other two are of lateral nerves. The relative length of these awns varies between species. The prominently threc-awned lemmas of Trichloris will distinguish it readily from virtual- ly all species of Chloris in the Western Hemis- phere. Chloris chloridca and C. halophila have somewhat bilobed lemma apices, but these are mucronate, at most. This same awn difference serves also for the Eastern Hemisphere, except in Australia. There are several Australian species, too, that have lateral nerves extended into awns (prominently so in C. lohata and C. punulio; less obvious in C. ilivaricata and C. pectinata.) In all likelihood, of course, this resemblance is a result of parallel evolution and docs not reflect a close genetic relationship. Nevertheless, it is ambiguous to continue to recognize Trichloris in the New World, while maintaining the three-awned spe- cies from Australia in Chloris. Clayton (1967) recognized this ambiguity and treated the two species of Trichloris as members of Chloris. More recently, Sanchez (1971) resurrected Trichloris on the basis of anatomical studies of leaves. According to Sanchez, the bulliform cells of most Argentine species of Chloris have achloroph\llous cells hing immediatelv below them in the mesophyll. Such achlorophvllous cells are onlv rarely found in Trichloris. While there are recognizable tendencies in the patterns of variation in these anatomical features, there is no reinforcement from spike- let morphology. Consequently, I am following the lead of Clayton ( 1967 ) in treating the two species of Trichloris as members of Chloris. Neostapfiella. This genus from Madagascar is relatively poorly represented in most herbaria. The limited material available, however, shows the spikelets with either two basal fertile florets or with the single terminal sterile floret identical to, or strongly resembling, the basal fertile floret. Additionally, the number of spikes (one to three) is fewer than that generally found in Chloris. Neostapfiella is probably more closely related to Tetrapogon than to any species in Chloris. Relationships within Chloris This synthesis is based primarily upon the gross morphologv of the inflorescence and spike- let; but studies of the leaf epidermis, already discussed, provided important additional infor- mation. Chromosome number and structure have contributed virtually nothing, for the genus is essentially monobasic and the chromosomes very similar. Some species complexes are well defined; i.e., there is a strong correlation of morphology, an- atomv, and geographv. Other species may re- semble one another, but they are geographically isolated in such a wav as to preclude a direct cvolutionarv- connection. In still other complexes there may be little or no outward resemblance; vet the formation of hybrid swarms recombines those highly divergent characters and indicates strong cvolutionan' ties. Still other taxa are isolated entities, displaying no obvious relation- ships with any other species or complexes. Tlie formal recognition of a series of sub- genera would be folly, not that some complexes are unworthy of it, but because the naming of these as subgenera will necessarily create a resi- due of species that cannot be grouped. The in- dividual species in this remnant cannot be treated as a single subgenus, for such would be blatantly artificial and misleading. The other extreme would be to treat each as the single member of its own subgenus, a practice leading to rather hopeless fragmentation. I have tried to compromise in the following discussion. Those groups containing obviously closely related spe- cies—whether the basis is morphological, geo- graphical, genetic, or all three— are treated as species complexes and discussed as such. The isolated species are discussed individually wher- ever this author feels that they have importance. In addition, discussions of relationships, espe- cially within the various complexes, follow the descriptions provided later. A graphical synop- sis of relationships within the genus is provided in Fig. 3. The Chloris inflate complex. Members of this complex are characterized by single-celled microhairs, by typical Chloris- type silica cells, and, in most, by a prominent 14 Brigham Young Univebsity Science Bulletin burmensts scavvosa robusta anethystea mossambicensis somalensis filiformis Qubmutica paniaulata Fig. 3. Relationships of species and species complexes in the genus Chloris. tuft of hairs on the upper margins of the fer- tile lemma. Included here arc five very widely distributed species {Chloris gmjana, C. inflata, C. pilosa, C. pi/cnothrix, and C. virgata), as well as several more restricted species (C. aristata, C. castilloniana, C. jormosana, and C. orthono- ton). Of these, Chloris jn/cnothrix is the most aberrant; if it were not for possession of unicel- lular microhairs, it would be placed confidently in the following complex. The Chloris radiata complex. Six similar species (C. arenaria, C. ctibensis, C. ekmanii, C. halophila, C. radiata, and C. sa- graeana) make up this complex. All have com- paratively narrow spikelets and reduced sterile florets; relatively long awns are also a common feature. The cpidennal pattern includes bicel- lular microhairs and cuboidal silica cells. While most of the species have inconspicuously ciliate upper lemma margins, C cuhcnsis may approach the C inflata complex in having more prominent pubescence. Though Chloris cruciata is not in- cluded here because of its somewhat unique short cells, it is similar in overall spikelet struc- ture. The Chloris ciliata complex. While this group presents more interspecific taxonomic problems than any other group, it is well defined as a whole. All species (Chloris berroi, C. canterai, C. ciliata, C. dandijana, and C lamproparia, are characterized bv having rel- atively short-awned, elliptic fertile lemmas that are prominently spreading-ciliate along most of the margin. Epidermal patterns are typical of Chloris. Chloris sesquiflora is similar, but the marginal pubescence is strongly appressed. The Clitoris verticillata complex. Were it not for the extensive introgression between Chloris andropogonoides, C. cucullata, and C. verticillata, they would probably not be included in a single complex. Moi-phologically, there is considerable divergence, especially in C. cucullata, in which the broad fertile and sterile lemmas are distinctive in the genus. While in- trogression involving the very rare C. texensis has not been demonstrated, in spikelet and in- florescence morphology it is obviousl)' similar to C. andropogonoides. In Chloris chloridea and C hrandegei there is a strong tendency toward dorsal compression of the spikelet. In other respects the plants are similar to C. halophila, though considerably more robust. The development of underground spikelets in Chloris chloridea is unique in the genus. Four Australian species have bilobed fertile Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chlouis (Ghamineae) 15 and sterile lemmas. In Chloris pumilio and C. lohata, this lobing is very prominent; the other two, C. pectinata and C. cUvaricata, are less so. The outward similaritv' to C. plurifhra and C. crinita, both formerly in Trichloris, an American genus, is probabK- the result of parallel evolu- tion. Another pair of Australian species, Chloris triincata and C. ventricosa, is notable for having ver\' truncate or ventricose fertile lemmas. Chlo- ris triincata is strikingK similar to the North American C. verticillata; again, the similarity seems best explained by parallel evolution. Chloris h>ngiaristata and C. prieurii, both primariK- African in distribution, have several sterile florets and relati\ely narrow, long-aw ned lemmas. Tlie glandular strip along the side of the lemma in C. prieurii is unusual in Chloris. Clitoris hournei. C. (piincptcsetica, and C. wightiana all have relatively large spikelets with obtuse lemmas, coarsely pubescent lemma mar- gins, and several sterile florets. Thev bear a strong resemblance to species in Tetrapogon but ha\e just a single ferHlc floret, whereas Tetrapogon has more than one. The above discussion leaves unmentioned a rather large number of species which are quite isolated moiphologicalh' ( Fig. 3 ) . Unquestion- ably, these are best retained as a part of Chloris, for thev have all of the features characteristic of the genus; and yet, the elaboration of some in- di\idual structural feature causes them to stand alone. None is trulv widelv distributed, and several are narrow endemics; this suggests adap- tation to a particular climatic or edaphic regime. Chloris Swartz Chloris Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Rabclochloa Beauvois, Ess. Agrost. 84, 158, 176. 1812. Phacellaria Willdenow ex Steudel, Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1:353. 1840. Herbarium name, given as a svnonym. Heterolepis Ehrenberg ex Boissier, Flora Orientalis 5:554. 1884. Herbarium name, given as a synonym of Chloris. Trichloris Fournier, Mex. PI. 2:142. 1886. Chloropsis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:771. 1891. Leptochloris Munro ex Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:771. 1891. Pterochloris Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris). Ser. 2. 29:349. 1957. Fibrous-rooted annuals or rhizomatous, stoloniferous, or cespitose perennials, ranging in ^The inflorescence branches of the various species bear spikelets that range from virtually sessile to obviously pedicellate, and thus may be called fpikes or racemes, depending upon emphasis. In this study the main inflorescence branch is arbitrarily called a spike. size from only a few cm to over 2 m tall; epi- dermal cells of root tips slightly different in size, giving rise to root hairs which project forward at about 60°; sheaths glabrous, scab- rous, or villous; hgule often a ciliate crown, sometimes absent; blades narrow to wide, flat or rolled, deeply keeled and V-shaped, or with rounded keels and with several furrows, scleren- chyma girders complete or only on abaxial side, bulliform cells generally large and penetraring the mesophvll, bundle sheaths complete or in- complete; costal silica cells usually cuboidal- saddle- or axehead-shaped, very rarely some- what cruciate, stomatal apparatus medium- to triangular-dome shaped, bicellular microhairs usually present, with relatively broad and short terminal cells, or, less commonly, single-celled; spikes' usually 5 to 25 (occasionally as few as 1 or 2, rareb' more than 25), frequentlv digi- tateh arranged, occasionally in several verticils, sometimes with a few isolated single spikes; spikelets borne in two staggered rows on one side of the rachis, sessile to pedicellate, com- monly rather densely imbricate and appressed, sometimes sparsely so; glumes usually unequal, lanceolate, often glabrous with scabrous nerves, mostly acute, rarely acuminate, shorter than the florets; fertile lemmas one (very rarely two), lanceolate, occasionally elliptic, three- nerved, callus bearded, margins shortly to prominently pubescent, intemerves usually glabrous, sometimes scabrous, rarely pilose, midnerv'cs scabrous or glabrous, rarely long- pubescent, midnerve usually extended as an awn, either from the tip or from betv\'een two teeth, rarely only mucronate; palea shorter than the fertile lemma, with two scabrous nerves, otherwise glabrous; stamens three, anthers rela- tively small; pistil one, with two stigmas; lodi- cules two; sterile floret usually one (rarely two or three, mostly barren, very rarely staminate or perfect, varying widely in size and shape from highly reduced to well developed and similar to the fertile floret, rudimentary to cylindrical to obovoid, acute to truncate, awned or unawned; caryopsis ovoid, elliptic to obo- void, round to trigonous in cross section, the embryo relatively small, lower portions of scutellum separate from the rest of the embryo, epiblast present, vascular traces separated by an elongated area of vascular tissue, embryonic leaf margins usually not overlapping, very rarely overlapping; starch grains of endosperm compound; basic chromosome number x^9 (rarely), 10 (usually), the chromosomes rela- tively small. 16 Brigham Young University Science Bulletin Widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, spheres, both north and south of the equator or warm temperate regions of both hcmi- (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Worldwide distribution of the genus Chloris. { This map is a composite of the distribution maps of all of the species.) Key to the species of Chloris 1. Inflorescence of many (30 or more) short spikes (6 cm or less) arranged along a cen- tral axis which is at least 1 cm in length, the spikes not in verticils 2 Inflorescence of less than 30 spikes, the spikes arranged in one or more verticils 3 2. Sterile florets two or more; widely distributed in Africa, occasional in India C. rox])urimitica, p. 106 Fertile lemma margin and keel appressed-pubescent for most of length 51 51. Sterile floret elliptical, flattened, about 1 mm long; fertile lemma prominently spread- ing-pilose on margins and keel; South America C. sesquiflora, p. 104 Sterile floret cylindrical to naiTowlv turbinate, inflated, ca 2 mm long; fertile lemma margins and keel appressed-pubescent; Africa C. ametht/stca, p. 106 52. Fertile lemma broadly elliptic, prominently long-ciliate along most of the mar- gin, the cilia spreading at nearly right angles 53 Fertile lemma margins glabrous or with appressed to widely spreading hairs near the apex, but never along the lower margins 54 53. Fertile lemma more than 3.5 mm long, gibbous; awn definitely subapical; Ar- gentina C. castilloniana. p. 69 Fertile lemma less than 3 mm long, elliptic, not gibbous; arising only slightly subapi- cally; Florida, Bahama Islands, Jamaica, South America . C. chmdyana, p. .34 54. Plants producing cleistogamous underground spikelets at the ends of thin rhi- zomes; southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and V'cne- zuela C. chloridea, p. 74 Plants not producing cleistogamous underground spikelets 55 55. Spikes naked 2 to 5 cm from the liase; endemic to eastern Texas; rare, possi- bly extinct C. texemis, p. 103 Spikes floriferous to near the base 56 56. Spikes borne in two or more verticils, these usually well separated. (See also C. virgata which may have two verticils, closely inserted.) 57 Spikes borne in a single terminal whorl 61 57. Sterile floret greatly reduced, usually less than 1 mm long; annuals; widely distributed in American tropics; Hawaii C. racliata, p. 110 Sterile floret longer than 1 mm, well developed; perennials, tufted or stoloniferous 58 58. Upper margins of fertile lemma with a prominent tuft of spreading white hairs, these usually longer than 1 mm; side of fertile lemma grooved, the groove usually with many glandular hairs ( though these may be somewhat obscure or, rarely, absent); Brazil Ascension Island C. orthonoton, p. 69 Upper margin of fertile lemma scabrous or appressed short-pilose; side of fertile lemma without a groove or glandular hairs 59 59. Fertile lemma 2.0 to 3.5 mm long; widely distributed in central and southcentral United States C. verticiUuta, p. 93 (NOTE: Various introgressants of Chloris verticillata, C. cticuUata, and C. ondropof^o- noides may key to this point. See full discussion of this problem in the text.) Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gramineae) 21 Fertile lemma longer than 3.8 mm 60 60. A\\'n of fertile lemma longer than 9 mm long; South America C. halophila, p. 117 Awn of fertile lemma shorter than 5 mm long; Baja California, Mex- ico C. hrandeiiei, p. 72 61. Fertile lemma with a dense tuft of spreading hairs on the upper margins, the longest usually more than 1.5 mm long (see also C. aristata and C. cubensis, which occasion- ally have rather long hairs near the fertile lemma apex) ^ 62 Fertile lemma without a dense tuft of long spreading hairs on the upper margins, though often with shorter (generall)' less than 1 mm), appressed hairs, occasionally scabrous or glabrous 64 62. Fertile lemma with a shallow lateral groove 63 Fertile lemma without a lateral groove; southern Africa C. mossamhicensis, p. 123 63. Annual plants; fertile lemma usually prominently carinate, gibbous; lateral groove of fertile lemma glabrous or appressed-pilose, not glandular; widely distribu- ted C. virgata, p. 60 Perennial, stoloniferous plants; fertile lemm.x rounded on the back, neither carinate nor gibbous; lateral groove of fertile lemma usually with many glandular hairs (though these are sometimes obscure, or, rarely, absent); Brazil, Ascension Island C. orthonoton, p. 69 64. Spikelets bright green to olive green; Ethiopia, Somali Republic -. C. soinalensis, p. 109 Spikelets pale brown, tawny to black, but not greenish, at least at maturity 65 65. Fertile lemma usually less than 2 mm long; Phillippini' Islands C. dementis, p. 109 Fertile lemma more than 2 mm long 66 66. Spikes naked 2 to 5 cm from the base; endemic to eastern Texas; rare, possibly extinct C. texensis, p. 103 Spikes floriferous to near the base 67 67. Sterile floret more than 0.6 mm wide, often nearly 1 mm wide 68 Sterile floret less than 0.6 mm wide 70 68. Upper fertile lemma margins densely ciliate or spreading-pilose, the margins not inroUed; Central America . C. aristata, p. 70 Upper fertile lemma margins glabrous, scabrous, or appressed-pilose, the margins inrolled, especially below 69 69. Margins of fertile lemma glabrous or sparsely pilose; fertile lemma apex generally acute, occasionally somewhat rounded; fertile lemma tawny to purple tinged, seldom dark brown or black; Australia C. ventricosa. p. 76 Margins of fertile lemma appressed-pilose; fertile lemma apex broadly obtuse to rounded; fertile lemma dark bro\vn to black at maturity. Australia C. truncata, p. 78 70. Awn of fertile floret usually less than 5.5 mm long; southern Texas, northeastern Mexico C. andropogonoides, p. 95 Awn of fertile floret usually more than 6 mm long 71 71. Sterile floret less than 1 mm long 72 Sterile floret more than 1 mm long ; 74 72. Culms slender, wiry; blades filiform or narrow, less than 1 mm wide (frequently less than 0.5 mm wide); Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola C. ekmanii, p. 119 Culms stout, not wiry; blades (at least the wider) 5 to 10 mm wide 73 22 Bricham Young University Science Bulletin 73. Awn of fertile lemma 6 to 13 mm long; fertile lemma margins sparsely pilose; leaf blade apex acute to subacute; widely distributed in American tropics; Hawaii C. racliata, p. 110 Awn of fertile lemma 10 to 45 mm long; fertile lemma margin scabrous, rarely sparsely pilose; leaf blade apex obtuse, rarely acute; South America, Africa C. pipiothrix, p. 114 74. Culms slender, wiry; blades filiform or very narrow, usually less than 1 mm wide, frequently less than 0.5 mm wide; Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica C. ekmanii, p. 119 Culms stout, not wiry; blades, at least the larger, generally broader than 1.5 mm .-. 75 75. Blades usually densely pubescent on both upper and lower surfaces; awn of fertile lemma 20 to 24 mm long; sterile floret narrowly cylindrical, 1.6 to 1.9 mm long, 0.2 to 0.3 mm wide; Cuba C. arenaria, p. 119 Blades usually glabrous or scabrous, occasionally sparsely pilose near the base; awn of fertile lemma less than 13 mm long; sterile floret comparatively broader, 0.3 to 0.6 mm wide, 0.7 to 1.9 mm long 76 76. Spikes strongly divergent from the vertical axis, becoming horizontally spreading or even somewhat reflexed at maturity; keel of fertile lemma glabrous, occa- sionally very sparsely appressed-pubescent; longest callus hairs 0.3 to 0.8 mm long; marginal hairs of fertile lemma strongly appressed, shorter than 0.5 mm long; Caribbean Islands, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica C. sagracaiui, p. 121 Spikes not divergent more than 45° from the vertical axis; keel of fertile lemma usually prominently appressed-pubescent, occasionally sparsely so, rarely gla- brous; longest hairs of the callus I.O to 1.2 mm long; marginal hairs of the lemma somewhat spreading, especially toward the apex, the longest usually 1 mm or longer; Caribbean Islands, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica .C. cuhemis, p. 123 I. CHLORIS ROXBURGHIANA Schultes, spikelets densely imbricate, ca 17 per cm of the Mantissa 2:3.39. 1824. (Based on Chloris rachis length; glumes narrowly lanceolate, gla- pohjstachija Roxburgh. See explanatory note brous except for the slightly scabrous midrib; in text.) Fig. 5, A-E. first glume 0.9 to 1.0 mm long, ca 0.1 mm wide; ^, , . , , _, , , -- second glume 1.9 to 2.2 mm long, ca 0.2 mm Chlons pohjstochya Roxburgh Hortus ^^j^^. ^^^j,^. ,^^^,^^^^ ^^ ^^ 2.I mm long, ca 0.4 Bengalensis 82. 1814. Nomen nudum. Non ^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^.^ ^,^^„^^ ,,^,.^^^f^^, ^^,^^_ Lagasca, IHlb. ^^^^ glabrous to sparsely ciliate, especially Chloris pohjstacluja Roxburgh, Flora In- above; sides sparsely appressed-pilose to gla- dica 1:332. 1820. Non Lagasca, 1816. (See b^ous, apex acute, awn 10 to 15 mm long; sterile explanatory note in text. ) florets usually two (occasionally three) gla- Chloris myriostachija Hochstetter, Flora brous, shaped much like the fertile lemma, lower 38:204. 1855. sterile floret 0.7 to 1.0 mm long, 0.2 to 0.3 mm (HOLOTYPE: "Hb. abyss. Buch. nr. 1416," wide, upper floret(s) progressively smaller, awn not seen, but description is of this taxon. ) of lower sterile floret ca 10 mm long; caryopsis Chloris myriostachija viu. minor Chiovenda ca 1.1 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, ellipsoidal, trigo- in Pirotta, Annuario Reale 1st. Bot. Roma nous; chromosome number 2n = 20. 8:54. 1903. (Description is of a small var- Only C/i/on* paniculafa \ms as large a num- iant of the species ) ^^^ °^ spikes as C. roxburghiana. These two are most easily differentiated by the number of Perennial to 125 cm tall, arising from a sterile florets, C. roxburghiana always having at strongly stoloniferous, woody base; sheaths least two, while C. paniculata always has one. glabrous below, often pilose above; ligules Chh)ris roxburghiana is a stoloniferous perennial pilose; blades up to 30 cm long, 5 to 6 mm found in Africa and India. Chloris paniculata wide, glabrous or scabrous; spikes many (usu- has a unique growth habit, with well-developed, ally 50 or more) attached along a short axis at short, vertical rhizomes bearing the frayed rem- the culm apex and fonning a dense inflores- nants of previous years' growth as well as many eence up to 15 cm long and 4 to 6 cm wide; long, arching, basal leaves; it is endemic to Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gramineae) 23 Fig. 5. C/iforis roxhurghiana and C. paniculata. (A-E) C. roxburghiana. (A) habit, x 1/5; (B) spikelet, partly dissected, x 15; (C,D) lower and middle sterile florets, respectively, x 10; (E) caryopsis, x 10. (F,G) C. paniculata. (F) habit, x 1/5; (G) spikelet, partly dissected, x 15. 24 Bricham Young University Science Bulletin Cocos Island, which is off the western coast of Panama. Chloris mijriostachya has been used as a name for this species for many years, especially in African floras. Part of this erroneous usage can be traced to the difficulty of typifying the Roxburgh names. William Roxburgh first used C. pohjstachija in 1814 (Hortus Bengalensis 82.), publishing it without a description. Iden- tification of this name rests with its subsequent publication by Roxburgh (Flora Indica 1:332. 1820.), who included a fairly complete descrip- tion. By that date, however, Lagasca y Segura (1816) had published the same name for a Mexican species (sec under C. suhimiticu). Shortly afterward, Schultes (Mantissa 2:. 3.39. 1824.) published a new name, C. roxhurghkina. based upon C pohjstaclu/a Roxburgh. No plant specimen that mav be connected positively with Roxburgh's name can be located; however, im- portant clues may be obtained from the Rox- burgh drawings at Kew and from the descrip- tions given b>' Roxburgh, both those of the published Flora Indica as well as the copy of the manuscript of that work in the Kew Li- brary. The drawings, labelled "C. pohjstachija," show an inflorescence of sixteen spikes arranged along a short common axis, and a series of dis- sected spikelets showing broadly ovate-elliptic fertile lemmas and two similar sterile florets. While the inflorescence drawing does not portray accurately the more t\pieal specimens of this taxon from Africa ( though Indian col- lections bearing a strong resemblance are com- mon) the spikelet drawings leave no question as to the identity of Roxburgh's Chloris pohj- stachija and thus, indirectly, C. roxhurghiana Schultes. Chloris roxburghiana is common (sometimes dominant) in grasslands, brush, and disturbed areas, often on sandy loams from low to me- dium elevations (Fig. 6). Associates include Cenchrus sp., Pennisettim sp., Sporobohis sp.. Acacia mellifera, Blepharis sp.. Commiphora sp., and Euphorbia spinescetu. Representative specimens examined: AN- GOLA: Mossamedes Dtr., Camucuio, Azancot de Menezes 363 (K). BOTSWANA: Maklautsi- Shashi Rivers, Palapye, de Beer, s.n., 9 May 1957 (K). ETHIOPIA: Harrar Prov., 40° 39' E, 10° 10' N, Burger 2,899 (K); Sidamo Prov., 20 mi N of Moyale (Kenya), Moonei/ 7,421 (K). INDIA: Nilgiri Dtr., ' Kitagin Ghat, Fischer 2,086 (K). KENYA: Kibwezi Plains, Balhj 1,329, 8,090 (K); 25 mi SSW of Kitui, Bogdan AB 5,126 (K,US); Lugard's Falls Road, Tsavo Na- tional Park, Greenwatj and Kanuri 12,636 (K); Fig. 6. Distribution of Cliloris mxl>urnhiana. Inset A: India. Wei Wei 50 mi N of Kapenguria, Trelawnij AB 4,325 (K,UC). MALAGASY REPUBLIC: Mom- bas, anon. (K). MALAWI: Lilongwe Dtr., Salu- beni 428 (K). MOZAMBIQUE: Louren^o Marques Dtr., between Moambas and Sabie, Torre 2,237 (K). REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Plaine du Lac Edouard, Pare Nation- ale Albert, Louis 4,787 (K, US). SOMALI RE- PUBLIC: Boundaiy Pillar 93, 8°37'N, 45°9'E, Gillett 4.197 (K, US). SOUTHERN RHODE- SIA: 30-60 mi S of Ft. Victoria, Rodin 4,251 (K, UC, US); Sabi River Valley, Melsetter, Whellan 1,021 (K). SUDAN: Equatoria Prov., Kidepo resthouse, Mijers 11,236 (K). TANZANIA: Tanga Dtr., Kange Estate, Faulkner 832 (K); SW of Umba River, Kivingo, Greenuaij 1,996 (BM, K); Lake Manyara National Park, Green- wai/ and Kirrika 11,089 (K, US). UGANDA: K;inamugit, Eggeling E 2.946 ( K, US ) ; Turkana Dtr., Oropoi Valley, Liebenberg 1,776 (K). UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: Kruger Natiimal Park, between Punda Maria and Pafuri (Mo- zamljique), Godfrey SH-1.729 ( K, US); be- tween Beauty and Ellisras, Werdemann and Oberdicck 1,801 (K). 2. CHLORIS PANICULATA Scribncr in Rob- inson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 38:262. 1902. (HOLOTYPE: "Nuez Isl . . . an islet near Cocos Isl.: Snodgrass and Heller, no. 968;" in GH. Not seen, but description is clear.) Fig. 5, F and G. Perennial to 70 cm tall, arising from an upright, stout, underground stem bearing many rootlets and shreds of leaf sheaths; sheaths Biological Seiiies, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chlohis (Gramineae) 25 glabrous; ligule lacking; blades very long and narrow, up to 50 cm long and 5 mm wide, arch- ing, glabrous except for the scabrous margins; inflorescence paniclelike, made up of at least 50 spikes racemosely arranged on the upper 10 to 12 cm of the culm; spikes about 5 cm long at lower part of inflorescence, becoming pro- gressively shorter near the tip; glumes narrow to broadly lanceolate, glabrous except for the scabrous midnerve; first glume ca 1.2 mm long, 0.2 mm wide; second glume ca .3 mm long, 0.4 mm wide; fertile lemma ca 2.6 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, broadly lanceolate, glabrous except for the prominently bearded callus and scab- rous keel, apex ± obtuse, awn 2.5 to 2.8 mm long; sterile floret one, ca 1.5 mm long, 0.3 mm wide, glabrous, awn 1.5 to 1.8 mm long. Only Chloris roxhurghiana has as many spikes as C. panicithta. Differences between these two species have been discussed under C roxlmrghiana. Chloris paniculata is an endemic known only from Cocos Island and its associated islets —an archipelago lying about 300 miles south- west of Costa Rica, to whom it belongs. Rob- inson (1902) and Stewart (1912) both reported it as being abundant on rocky cliffs near the coast, both on the main island and on the islets. Most of the vegetation of the island area is made up of common Central American species or pantropical weeds. Only eight endemics in a total of about a hundred species were re- ported by Stewart. Fosberg and Klawe (1966) also report C. paniculata from Cocos Island. I cannot suggest a species in Chloris. nor for that matter anv other genus in the Chlori- deae, that might be said to be closely related to C paniculata. The previously discussed re- semblance to C. roxhurghiana is superficial, for there are manv spikelet details in which they differ. Certain species of Leptochloa have a similar aspect because of the large number of spikes. Leptochloa, however, has spikelets which unifonnh' have a larger number of fertile flor- ets, and the sterile floret is not as elaborated in structure and size as is generally the case in Chloris. Specimens examined: COCOS ISLAND: ex- posed rocky cliffs near the ocean, Stewart 260 (F,MO,NY,US). 3. CHLORIS BERROI Arechavaleta, Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 5:388. 1896. (HOLOTYPE: "Berro, Uruguay, Estancia de Soriano, Estancia de Vera." This speci- men was not seen, though specimens at K! and US! are labeled essentiallv the same and are the species as commonlv under- stood. The description and illustration ac- companying the original description leave no (juestion as to the identity of the taxon, however. ) Fig. 7, A-D. Chloris accumbens Hackel ex Arechavaleta, Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 5:391. 1896. Nomen nudum, pro sijn. C. berroi. Perennial from a fibrous root system, tufted, 15 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; ligule ciliate; blades narrow, 3 to 15 cm long, 1.5 to 2.0 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely pilose near the base; spikes two to four, 3 to 12 cm long, tightly appressed, adherent, and forming a narrow, cylindrical, spikelike inflorescence; spikelets densely imbricate, 9 to 12 per cm of the scab- rous-hispid rachis; glumes glabrous, lanceolate; first ghnne 1.5 to 1.6 mm long, ca 0.3 mm wide; second glume 2.1 to 2.6 mm long, 0.3 to 0.6 mm wide; fertile lemma ovate, 2.7 to 3.5 mm long, 0.8 to 1.2 mm wide, margins and keel ciliate with hairs up to 2 mm long, awn 2.7 to 3.4 mm long; sterile florets usually three, up to 1.9 mm long, lowennost awned, upper unawned, gla- brous; caryopsis 1.2 to 1.8 mm long, 0.5 to 0.7 mm wide, obovoid, trigonous; chromosome number 2n^40. Chloris berroi can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by its cylindrical inflorescence; this results from the interweaving of the spikelets on adjacent spikes and, more especially, from the hispid hairs of the rachises. The spikes remain interconnected past maturity, except for the very tips, and may be separated from one another only by actually tearing them apart. Individual spikelets of Chloris berroi are very similar to the other species in which the lemnias have ciliate margins, especially those of C. ciliata and C. clanchjana. Other than the inflorescrnce differences previously mentioned, there seem to be no other characteristics sepa- rating them. Chloris berroi is restricted to the Rio de la Plata region of Argentina and Uruguay (Fig. 8), where Parodi ( 1919) reported it to be abun- dant in the campo. Specimens examined: ARGENTINA: Prov. Buenos Aires; La Plata, Spegarrini 1,433 (NY); Pergamino, Niedfeld 38 (US). Prov. Entre Rios: camino de Puerto Constanza a Gualeguaychu, Burkart 10,529 (US); Dep. Federacion: Estan- cia "Buena Esperanza," Pedersen 6,254 (US). URUGUAY: Dep. Canelones: Montevideo, Sello s.n. (MO). Dep. Florida: Arroyo Mansa- viUagra, Gallinal 5,790 (MO). Dep. Soriano, 26 Bricham Young UNivERSiTi' Science Bulletin Fig. 7, Chloris berroi and C. ciliata. (A-D) C. benoi. (A) h;ibit.. x 1/5; (B) spikelet, x 10; (C) lower sterile floret, X 15; (D) upper sterile floret, x 15. (E-I) C. ciliata. (E) habit, x 1/4; (F) spikelet, x 10; (G) sterile florets, x 15; (H) upper sterile floret, x 15; (I) caryopsis, x 10. Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gbamineae) 27 Fig. 8. DistribuKon of Chloric herroi (southern South America ) . Berw 6,385 (US). Dtp. Tacuarembo, Herter 587a (MO). 4. CHLORIS CILIATA Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 17S8. (HOLOTYPE: Not seen. Swartz's original description in 1788 is clear; his amplification in 1797 leaves no doubt.) Fig. 7, E-I. Anchopoiion ptihescens Aiton, Hortns Ke- wensis 3:423. 1789. (Based on Chloris cil- iata Swartz.) Ctinodon ciliatus (Swartz) Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. (Paris) 5:303. 1825. (Based on Chloris ciliata Swartz. ) Chloris propinqua Steudel, Syn. PI. Glum. 1:204. 1854. (HOLOTYPE: "Duchai.ssing legit in Guadeloupe." A fragment in US!, from the Steudel specimen in P, is badly shattered but would appear to be Chloris ciliata. The description seems to fit Chloris ciliata Swartz.) Chloris ciliata var. texana Vasev, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 121. pi. 30. 1890. (HOLOTYPE: "Near Brownsville" US!) Chloris texana (Vasey) Nash, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 25:441. 1898. Based on Chloris ciliata var. texana Vasey.) Chloris nashii Heller, Muhlenbergia 5:120. 1909. (Based on Chloris ciliata var. texana Vasey. ) Perennial 25 to 60 cm tall, tufted, erect; sheaths glabrous, hgule absent or reduced to a short ciliate crown (Northern Hemisphere) or densely and conspicuously pilose (Southern Hemisphere); blades 10 to 20 cm long, ca 5 mm wide, long-acuminate, glabrous or scabrous; spikes three to five (rarely si.x or seven), 3.5 to 6.0 cm long (occasionally up to 8 cm) some- what flexuous and spreading, glumes narrowly lanceolate, glabrous except for the scabrous midrib, becoming hyaline near the margins; first glume 1.3 to 1.7 mm long, 0.2 to 0.4 mm wide; second glume 2.0 to 2.5 mm long, 0.2 to 0.4 mm wide; fertile lemma 1.8 to 2.8 mm long, 0.8 to 1.1 mm wide, strongly flattened, elliptic, margins and keel strongly ciliate, the cilia 0.5 to 1.5 mm long, awn 0.9 to 2.7 mm long; sterile florets two, lowermost enclosing the upper; lower sterile floret 1.3 to 1.8 mm long, 0.8 to 1.8 mm wide, truncate, glabrous, awn 0.9 to 1.4 mm long, upper floret similar but smaller, 0.8 to 1.1 mm long, 0.9 to 1.2 mm wide, membranous, awnless; caryopsis ca 1.4 mm long, ca 0.7 mm wide, obovoid to ellipsoid; chromosome number 2n=40. The species in this complex (Chloris herroi, C. canterai, C. ciliata, C. dandijana, and C. lamproparia) are characterized by elliptic to lanceolate lemmas, the margins of which are densely ciliate, usually along the entire length. Chloris herroi is easily distinguished, for it has spikes so interconnected by hispid hairs on the rachises that it appears to have but a single spike. The remaining species, however, present a more complex pattern. While most collections will fit a given species quite well, certain geo- graphic areas (most often in South America) may have individuals which are somewhat inter- mediate with respect to the characteristics. Fig- ure 9 illustrates selected features of a large number of specimens chosen at random from throughout the ranges of the species. While this diagram reveals no distinct sub- populations, certain variation trends may be discerned. One trend is characterized by indi- viduals with relatively short lemmas, short marginal cilia on the lemmas, short awns, and' few spikes (six or less). These are the plants commonly called C. ciliata and are repre- sented bv the open circles situated roughly in the lower left quadrant of the diagram. A sec- ond trend, represented mostly by open circles with an upward line, is shown in the upper left quadrant. These collections had longer 28 Bricham Young University Science Bulletin CO < n: < LlI en < Ll O n I— CD z UJ 3.5- 3.0- 2.5- 2.0 1.5 1.0- 0.5- 46 A 6 4 44 4 4 44 44 4 4 o 4 o 4 44 44444 po 44 oo i 444444 A ^ o4 444 44 A ooo A A 4444 44 4 o o A 44444 44 4 4 4 44AA44o 4 4 4 4 44o44 44 44 44o4444 4 o o 4 44 4 o 44 44oA4 4 o o o o 4 o 4 o o o oo o oooooo o ooo o ooo oo o o o oooo ooo o oo o o o ooo o oo o o ooo o oooo t 9 f t O NEW WORLD • OLD WORLD 6 4 SPIKES 7 OR MORE O • SPIKES 6 OR LESS COMBINED LENGTHS OF AWNS OF STERILE AND FERTILE FLORETS: O • MORE THAN 7.5 MM O •LESS THAN 7.4 MM 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 LEMMA LENGTH IN MM. 4.5 Fig. 9. Comparison of various morphological and geographical characteristics of Clitoris canterai var. canterai and var. grandiflora, C. ciliata, C. dandyana, and C. lamproparia. lemmas and marginal hairs, a larger number of spikes (often more than 20), but short awns; these are representative of plants commonly called C. damhjana. Extremes of these popula- tions are easily separated, though individual plants may diverge considerably from the "average" member of each trend. The third and fourth trends overlap more with respect to the morphological characteris- tics analyzed and are most easily separated geographically. These two groups are inter- mingled in the upper right quadrant and differ from both of the pre\ious trends in length of the lemma and of its marginal cilia. Within this group, the New World collections are perennials with relatively short lemmas, marginal cilia, and awns. These are the plants commonlv named C. canterai. The remaining specimens are Old World annuals and have, generally, longer lemmas, marginal cilia, and awns; these are commonly called C lamproparia. Well-defined discontinuities between the various populations have not been demon- strated, at least on the basis of the characteris- tics employed. However, it does not seem that merging all of these into a single species is justified, for discernible variation trends are evident. Thus four species are recognized, each centering in one of the four trends discussed above. Certain other characteristics were of value in differentiating elements within these taxa, but did not clarify the relationships between them; these are discussed individually under the ap- propriate species. All populations are deserving of further study, especially in areas of sympatry. Mass collections as well as cytological exam- ination and genetic analysis ^\■ill be especially valuable. Tabic 7 compares all of the species in this complex witli respect to a variety of characters. Figures 7, 11, 1.3, and 15 should also be used for comparison. There aie two recognizable geographic vari- ants within Chloris ciliata: (1) a North Ameri- can population with nonciliate ligules and (2) a South American group with prominently cil- iate ligules. No other differences could be Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (CfRamineae) 29 Table 7. Comparison of Chloris berroi, C. canterai, C. ciliata, C. dandyana, and C. lamproparia. Annual or Species perennial C. berroi C. canterai perennial perennial C. ciliata perennial C. dandyana perennial Fertile lemma Spike Culm type Number Length ( in cm ) Length ( in mm) Marginal hair length ( in mm ) Awn length ( in mm ) C lamproparia annual erect, 15-80 cm tall erect, to 1 in tall (ex- cept shorter and ces- pitose in var grandi- flora) erect, tufted, 25-60 cm tall erect, usually tufted, rarely stoloniferous, up to 1.35 cm tall erect to decumbent, 10-60 cm tall 2-4 2-9, often 3-6 3-5, rarely 6-7 4-28, u.sual- ly more than 8 1^, often 2 3-12 2.7-3.5 4-14 2.7-3.7 3.5-6 1.8-2.8 7-20 1.6-2.8 ca 4 3.2^4.2 up to 2.0 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 1.0-3.0 2.0-3.0 2.7-3.4 2.4-5.5 0.9^2.7 1.4^.8 3.5-6.0 found, and the two are not givt>n taxononiic statu.s. Chloris ciliata is widely distributed in open grasslands in the south central United States, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean region, and in southern South America (Fig. 10). Representative specimens examined: BA- HAMA ISLANDS: Na,ssau, Curtiss 72 ( F, MO, NY, US). ARGENTINA: Prov. Cordoba: Bell Ville, Paradi 3,055 (US); Prov. Entre Rios: Dep. Federacion, Estancia "Buena Esperanza," Pedersen 6,197 (US); Prov. Formosa: ]or