p> maaan N Ay FNS ara Zi EPA \\ Yt Sa) Ms: AS Me: AM se William Healey Dall Division of Mollusks Sectional Library gry ine ‘. my rt / z = & hod ae) Mi A ii) as, Amt This day is published, A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH HYDROID ZOOPHYTES. BY THE Rev. THOMAS HINCKS, B.A. 2 vols. 8vo, with 67 Plates and 45 Woodcuts. £2 2s. AR “Tr is one of the finest and most charming British natural-history books which have for a long time been issued from the general press.” — Scientific Opinion, April 28, 1869. LL LLL LLL LL LLL LOL LLLP be JOHN VAN “VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW. This day is published, A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SESSILE-EYED CRUSTACEA. ope C. SPENCE BATE, F.R.S., F.LS., AND J.O. WESTWOOD, M.A., F.L.S. HOPE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, ETC. 2 vols. 8vo, illustrated by 384 woodcuts—comprising figures of the 260 Species, and 124 miscellaneous vignettes and details. £3. “Tunis most valuable work * * * in completeness, in careful elabo- ration, and the beauty of its illustrations, leaves little or nothing to be desired.” —Annals of Nat. Hist. May 1869. SPILL PDPDLAA OPIS EPL EOLBPL LLL LLL LLL A © JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW. +3 N i it h ry"! , \ y ~ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. OR AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOLLUSCA WHICH NOW INHABIT THE BRITISH ISLES AND THE SURROUNDING SEAS. VOLUME V. MARINE SHELLS AND NAKED MOLLUSCA TO THE END OF THE GASTROPODA, THE PTEROPODA, AND CEPHALOPODA ; WITH A-SUPPLEMENT AND OTHER MATTER, CONCLUDING THE WORK. By JOHN GWYN JEFFREYS, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXIX. The right of Translation is reserved. } PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. ¢ v career ‘Family II. APLYSY'ID&, (Aplyside) D'Orbigny. Bopy slug-like, semioval when at rest, but capable of con- siderable extension, of a fleshy substance: mantle enveloping the upper portion of the body, and covering the greater part of the shell in those genera which have one: head snout- shaped, prominent: mouth vertical, armed with large and strong jaws: odontophore having in the middle a single row of rhachidal teeth and on each side a row of numerous uncinate or hook-like teeth: tentacles apparently 4, separate; the front or false pair resemble lips, and the hinder or true pair are semitubular and not unlike the ears of a quadruped: eyes small, sessile, in front of the hinder or true tentacles: foot large, attached to the body throughout its whole length; it expands on each side, so as to form two lobes, which interfold over the back and are in many genera used for swimming : gills placed in a particular cavity or receptacle towards the posterior part of the back, and protected by the mantle: gizzard composed of several cartilaginous plates: vent placed behind the branchial cavity. Each individual is of both sexes; the organs of generation are separated and situate at the op- posite extremities of the body. SHELL present in some genera only, usually internal and for the most part concealed by the mantle; it is shield-shaped, thin, and slightly convolute at the smaller end, which is thick- ened and furnished inside with a small tubercle or projection : spire extremely short and terminal, coated over and concealed in the adult, but heterostrophe in the fry: mouth extending the whole length of the shell. The type of the present family is the famous sea-hare, about which I will say something in its proper place. Several genera have been described; we have Aplysia only. Although these animals resemble great slugs in their general aspect, they have properly but a single pair of tentacles, which are placed behind the eyes and are not unlike the ears of a hare; the two processes in front, usually considered tentacles, are expansions of the VOL. V. B 2 APLYSIIDA. snout as in Jeffreysia. Their food mainly consists of seaweeds; but they eat also other Mollusca, as well as small Crustacea and Annelids; they probably imhabit only the laminarian zone. No member of this or the next two families appears to be known on the other side of the Atlantic. While copulating, the individual which performs the functions of the male is partly enveloped in the side folds of the other’s foot on its back. They are, like rabbits, salacious and prolific. The spawn has been aptly called by Delle Chiaje “ vermicelli di mare,” from its resemblance to the popular eatable of the Nea- politans. The gills are supplied with water through the oval aperture of the mantle where the shell is uncovered. The varied colour which ornaments most of this family is quite superficial and is easily removed by even a sight degree of friction. Rang’s ‘ Histoire naturelle des Aplysiens’ is elaborate and beautifully illustrated, but it is now forty years old. Another monograph, suited to the present state of science, is much wanted. The family name has been spelt in many different ways (besides those which I have given) by Lamarck, De Blaimville, Deshayes, Gray, and Agassiz. Genus APLY'SIA*, (Laplysia) Linné. PI. I. f. 1. Bopy smooth and lubricous. SHELL triangular or squarish; it is composed of two layers, the outer one being horny or membranous, and the inner one semicalcareous, Apparently unknown to Aristotle. The Greeks after- wards called this animal Xaywos Garxacctos, the Romans lepus marinus, the English ‘“sea-hare,’ the French * Perhaps by mistake for a kind of sponge described by Aristotle, and called by him azAvoia from the impossibility of cleansing it. Ds) APLYSIA. 3 ‘‘lievre de mer,” “imbriago,” ‘‘téte d’ane,” “ chat de mer,” “limace de mer,” “ pichevin,” “ pisse de mer,” and “ pisse-vinaigre,” the Italians “ lepre maria” and “ cesto del mare,” the Spaniards “ liebre de la mar,” and the inhabitants’ of Martinique “ baril de vin.” From time immemorial sailors and fishermen of all countries have given the names of land animals to those of the sea. Wonderful tales used to be told of the more than poisonous qualities of the Aplysia. Pliny, Athan, and especially Aldrovandi collected all these absurd notions. One was that if the animal were touched, even with a walking-stick, the danger would be not less than from the look of a basilisk; another was that it caused bald- ness; anda third that pregnant women miscarried at the sight of this horrid creature. In those days the science of Natural History consisted rather of such idle gossip than of patient investigation. Zoology, indeed, was not always a safe pursuit. Apuleius was about to marry a rich widow, named Pudentilla, when her rela- tions (in order to keep her money in the family) accused him before the Proconsul Claudius Maximus on a charge of sorcery and poisoning; the chief proof consisted in his having employed fishermen to procure for him an Aplysia. He had considerable difficulty in establishing his mnocence. Cuvier has satisfactorily shown that the Aplysia is quite harmless, and that it did not deserve the bad character given to it by the ancients; he says truly that fishermen have always had a fancy to attribute mischievous properties to those marine animals which are of no use as the food of man. I would remark, however, by way of parenthesis, that the Aplysia is not quite inoffensive, as any one may be convinced by han- dling it; the smell is insufferably nauseous. This and its slabby appearance are certainly enough to take away B2 4 APLYSIID &. the appetite of any civilized being; but M. Lesson states that one kind is eaten raw and esteemed a delicacy by the natives of the Society or Friendly Isles. The Aply- si@ secrete occasionally a whitish slime; and many of them emit also a copious and beautiful purple fluid. The former issues from the whole surface of the body, and the latter from glands or nucleated cells in the edge and inner surface of the mantle. Cuvier suggested the connexion between this purple fluid and the kidney; if it be of a urinary nature, some of the vernacular names quoted by French naturalists are not inappropriate. Apuleius noticed the cartilaginous gizzard. According to Fischer ‘‘on rencontre quelquefois au large des Aplysies nageant avec rapidité;” and I have observed their ac- tivity in creeping. Although often living between tide- marks, their soft and delicate bodies confronting the cutting blasts of wintry storms, they seem to be hardy ** creatures, Whose naked natures live in all the spite Of wreakful heaven; whose bare unhoused trunks, To the conflicting elements exposed, Answer mere nature.” The colour of the animal is a variable character, and can seldom be relied on for specific distinction. Risso made at least four species out of our common JA. punctata. The rudimentary shell serves, like that of the land-slugs, to protect the vital organs. It has been found, although rarely, in some of the upper tertiaries. Linné at first placed it in the parasitic genus Lernea, and afterwards in Tethys; but, on Bohadsch pointing out the incongruity of both these allocations, he pro- posed for its reception the genus Laplysia. This last name was altered by Gmelin to Aplysia, which is now in general use. APLYSIA. oO 1, Aptysra puncta’Ta*, Cuvier. A, punctata, Cuv. Annales du Muséum (1803), ii. p. 295, pl. i. f. 2-5. A. hybrida, F. & H. iii. p. 554, pl. exiv. rf. 4, and (animal) pl. YY. f. 1. Bopy extremely flexible, brown of various shades, with a tinge of purple, usually marked with black and white round spots (some of which are arranged in star-like clusters, or the spots become minute specks), and finely marbled or tessellated by dark lines: mantle folded inwards on the back to admit water into the gills: head extensile, having a tentacle-shaped flap at each corner, which hangs downwards: mouth capacious, with large lips: tentacles cylindrical, rather long and thin, resembling the ears of a hare, of a darker colour towards their tips: eyes small, partly imbedded in the skin, so as to give the appearance of their being encircled with a white iris: foot very large; the lower part is narrow, rounded in front and bluntly pointed behind; dorsal lobes sometimes raised into a hump, with their edges of a paler hue; sole light yellowish-brown : male organ curved, on right-hand side. L. 4-6. SHELL triangular, with a small apex and a broad base, convex and sometimes gibbous, horny, rather thin, opaque and glossy: inner layer firmly united with the outer layer and containing but little calcareous matter except in aged specimens: sculp- ture, several slight and irregular lines, which radiate from the apex to the outer edge; there are also numerous microscopic and seratch-like longitudinal lines and very minute and close- set concentric striz, besides the usual marks of growth: colour yellowish-brown or tawny, sometimes dark reddish-brown : spire exceedingly small, concealed by a thick deposit from the hinder lobe of the mantle, representing an obliquely recurved or inyolute apex: mouth occupying the whole of the under- side; dorsal margin gently curved and sometimes forming a shoulder on a level with the apex or raised above it: inner margin, on the opposite side, short and more or less incurved ; front margin dilated and rounded; all the edges are mem- branous and fold back in the dried shell. L.1:15. B. 0-85. Hasrrar: Laminarian zone, among seaweeds, on every part of the British and Irish coasts; occasionally between tide-marks. Itis generally distributed through * Spotted like dice. 6 APLYSIIDA. the European seas, from Upper Norway (Sars) to the Canaries (M‘Andrew), as well as in the Mediterranean and Adriatic. Our common Aplysia is gregarious, apparently for the principal reason that keeps herds and flocks together— food, not mutual protection, and still less society. Dr. Johnston fed it on Fucus palmatus and Chrondrus crispus. I observed one individual voiding spines of an Aphrodita. This mollusk is very tenacious of life. I tried to pre- serve one in glycerine; and for the sake of economy I half filled the vessel with fresh water. It was smothered by the glycerine, and seemed dead; but on falling into the lower stratum of water, it revived and lived there for several minutes. It swims, in a reversed position, on the under surface of the water. The purple dye is emitted during life only. Spawn-case gelatinous, of a pinkish hue, thread-like, and irregularly convoluted ; ova white and very numerous, lying in the middle. The embryonic shell is globular ; it becomes the apex in after- growth, being persistent, as in Teredo. Truncatulina lobatula occurs sometimes on the back of shells taken from living individuals, proving that this part 1s exposed. Unfortunately there is no typical specimen of 4. punctata in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes. Montagu, Fleming, and Alder recognized the name given by Cuvier. That of hybrida, proposed by the late Mr. James Sowerby, is subsequent by three years to punc- tata, and is besides clearly erroneous. Rathke’s species (A. rosea), described as about an inch long, from deep water off Christiansund, was published before either of the above; but the peculiar colour, rose-red, has not been noticed in any other European Aplysia, and makes the specific agreement doubtful. At all events the last- mentioned name may be regarded as obsolete. Among APLYSIA. i names of later date are mustelina of Davies, in the 2nd edition of Pennant, Cuviert of Delle Chiaje, vulgaris of De Blainville, and varians of Leach; the young is his - Esmia Griffithsiana and the A. newa of Thompson. 2. A. pepPi/Lans*, Linné. Laplysia depilans, Linn. 8. N. p. 1082. Bopy tumid, reddish-brown or liver-coloured, with irregular and variable greyish blotches or spots: head gibbous, with a long and thick neck resembling that of an elephant; labial processes or false tentacles large, broad, and fringed, placed horizontally : tentacles nearly cylindrical, convolute and erect: eyes very small and indistinct, pale blue, placed on each side of the head in front of the tentacles: foot somewhat broader than the rest of the body, forming an enormous fiap on each side, squarish in front and bluntly pointed behind: gills slightly protruding beyond the margin of the pallial orifice. L. 10-12. SHELL broadly triangular, depressed, thin, opaque, and glossy ; the outer layer is skin-like and easily separated from the inner layer, which being calcareous often cracks and peels off: sculpture, several slight lines radiating from the apex to the outer edge, and intermediate close-set, very fine and microscopic longitudinal strie, besides equally numerous and irregular concentric marks of growth: colowr pale brownish- yellow: spire and mouth as in the other species; but the dor- sal margin is more rounded. L. 2. B.1°5. Hapirat: Guernsey in a few fathoms, outside the new harbour, among Zostera marina. I received a specimen from the late Mr. Gallienne; but it was then dead and distended with water, and all the parts were much contracted. The contents of its stomach were comminuted seaweeds. From his account, it measured 12 inches in length when crawling, and weighed 29 oz. The liquid dye was pale blue, owing probably to the * So named from its reputation of causing baldness. 8 APLYSIID. animal being in a very sickly state. Mr. Cooper in- forms me that he knows of several specimens which have been found at Guernsey during the last two years. There is a shell of this species in the British Museum, presented by Mr. Gosse, with a memorandum that it was from an Aplysia, about 8 inches long, taken at Torquay. A. depilans is common on the Atlantic coast of France from Morbihan southwards, and throughout the Mediterranean and Adriatic. I met with great numbers of it at alow tide near Rochelle in 1830. Mr. Jabez Hogg, in a valuable and beautifully illustrated paper on the lingual membrane of Mollusca (Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc. xvi.), has shown the difference be- tween the dentition of this and the last species. A. punctata has 70 rows of divergent teeth, the median and laterals being conical and unicuspid; in A. depilans there are but 40 rows, and the teeth are broad and tri- cuspid; the laterals in each are numerous and similar. It does not appear that Linné knew this species, ex- cept from the accounts of older writers. The first authority cited by him is Rondelet, who described his Lepus marinus from the coast of Languedoc. The Ler- nea of Bohadsch, from Naples, is evidently the same kind. The specific name depilans was derived from the celebrated treatise of Dioscorides on the materia medica, in which he says (lib. ii. c. 20) that the AXaywos Oadraccuos, when either pounded byitself or smeared with anaxaridn (Medusa), removes hairs. It is the Doladella lepus of Risso, A. leporina of Delle Chiaje, and A. Petersoni of Gray. PLEUROBRANCHID. g Family III. PLEUROBRAN’'CHID, Forbes and Hanley. Bopy tortoise-shaped or semioval, fleshy: mantle enveloping the upper part of the body, and forming a veil in front: head proboscidiform, retractile, not prominent, but partly concealed by the pallial veil: tentacles 2, close together, folded so as to appear tubular and slit down the middle: eyes sessile, at the base of the tentacles: foot large, expanded at the sides: gills composing a long plume with a double row of leaflets; it is free towards the point, and more or less protruded ; its stalk is attached between the junction of the mouth and foot on the right-hand side. Sexes united, the organs of generation being nearly contiguous. SHELL when present wholly external or internal, oval or conical: spire visible, minute, dextrorsal: mouth very large and open. A small but peculiar family, and widely distributed. It was included by Lamarck in his ‘ Phyllidiens,’ along with Chiton and Patella. Genus PLEUROBRANCHUS%, Cuvier. PI. I. f. 2. Bopy more or less depressed. SHELL internal, oval or ear-shaped: spire nearly terminal. This genus was founded by Cuvier in the ‘ Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle’ for 1805, his type being P. Peronit, an inhabitant of the Indian Ocean. In 1815 Montagu proposed another generic name, Lamellaria, which is now applied to mollusca belonging to the Velutina family. In my account of the genns Lamellaria (vol. iv. p. 234) I stated that Pleurobranchus was “‘ afterwards” established by Cuvier. Such is the case with regard to the date of pubhcation of his cele- * From its gills or branchiz being placed at the sides. BO 10 PLEUROBRANCHID®. brated ‘Mémoires,’ which was in 1817; Montagu’s paper appeared two years previously. Dr. Woodward detected spicula in the mantle; this confirms the gene- rally received opinion that Pleurobranchus is allied to the Nudibranchs. It resembles Doris in shape. The nature of its food is not known. Its alimentary system is complicated, and said to consist of no less than four stomachs. De Blainville called it Berthella, Gray Pleurobranchia, and Leach Cleantus and Oscanius. 1. PLEUROBRANCHUS MEMBRANA'CEUS*, Montagu. 3 Lamellaria membranacea, Mont. in Trans. Linn. Soe. xi. p. 184, t. 12. f. 3,4. P. membranaceus, F. & H. iii. p. 558, pl. exiv. F. f. 5, and (ani- mal) pl. XX. f. 3. Bopy tortoise-shaped or roundish-oval, thick, forming two disks, one above and the other below—usually pale yellow, with reddish-brown streaks or blotches; but the shades of colour are variable: mantle notched in front and behind, studded with yellow papille or tubercles of different sizes, ‘and in their interstices a red-brown colour meanders in various breadths and irregular blotches, interspersed with cloudings of pale yellow flakes ;” the groove or space between the mantle and foot is large and deep: head a thick muzzle, springing from the centre of the pallial membrane, which is strongly auricled, pale blue on the under surface, and sprinkled on the upper with flake-white and red points: tentacles short, cloven though apparently tubular, “ united at their origins, but diverging to their points, marked with close-set lines and snow-white dots: ” eyes indistinct, imbedded in the centre of the bases of the ten- tacles, and therefore nearly contiguous: foot extremely flexible, and probably serving for natation as well as for crawling: sole pale yellow, marked with a multitude of irregular ana- stomosing deeper-yellow lines: gill-plume ‘“ splendid,” some- what like an ostrich-feather, nearly half the length of the body, floating free for about a quarter of an inch; the leaves are finely ciliated. L.4. (Clark.) * Membranous. PLEUROBRANCHUS. 1H! SHELL ear-shaped, membranous, semitransparent, glossy and iridescent; it is composed (as in Aplysia) of two layers, the outer being skin-like, and the inner semicalcareous and sepa- rable: sculpture, numerous fine concentric or transverse plaits or folds, and microscopic scratch-like lines in every direc- tion; there are also a few irregular longitudinal wrinkles, caused by an unequal contraction of the shell in drying: colour pale reddish-brown or tawny: spre extremely small and ob- scure, placed on the lower side near the narrower end; it is composed of two whorls, and coated over with a shelly enamel in large specimens: mouth occupying nearly the whole of the lower surface ; dorsal margin rounded and somewhat thickened ; inner margin almost straight ; outer or ventral margin dilated. 2.) B. 1-25. Hasitat: Coralline zone, on the Devon coast (Mon- tagu and others); Falmouth and Helford (Hockin); Cork Harbour (Humphreys); Arran and Birterbuy, co. Galway (Barlee). It seems to be equally local beyond our seas. I am not aware of any extra-British habitat except the north of France (Daniel, Reynaud, and Taslé), Naples (Costa), and Trieste (Stossich). Specimens from the last mentioned place are much smaller than ours. It may, however, be the P. testudinarius of Cantraine, P. mamillatus of Schultz, as well as P. Forskali and P. tuberculatus of Delle Chiaje, although the shell is described by Philippi as “minima.” Possibly the spiral portion only was extracted from the animal. Leach named our species Oscanius argentatus. 2. P. ptu/muLa*, Montagu. Bulla plumula, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 214, t. 15. f. 9, and vign. 2. f. 5. e plumula, F. & H. iii. p. 559, pl. exiv. r. f. 6, 7, and (animal) pl. XX. ut es Bopy semioval, gelatinous, lemoncolour, or whitish with a slight tinge of yellow, marked with flake-white spots, minutely * A little feather; from the gill-plume. 12 PLEUROBRANCHID&. tessellated all over with faint lines, and cevered with a few scattered pustules: mantle extending on every side beyond the foot, of a reticulated and apparently porous texture, and occasionally puckered or raised in folds; it is rather thin on the back and thickened at its edges, which are often wavy and wrinkled ; and it has a small notch on the nght-hand side, as in Lamellaria ; the edges of the mantle are irregularly studded with microscopic tubercles: head-veil or hood semicircular, forming a bluntly pointed flap at each side; it is carried in advance of the foot: head short: mouth round and open: ten- tacles proportionally large, but rather short, diverging at an angle of about 45°, and projecting outwards; they are half open down the middle; tips obliquely truncated: eyes black, partly imbedded in the outer integument and not always visible, placed close together on the neck between the tentacles, at their base: foot oblong, expanded towards the sides, and sinuous or wavy at the edges, occupying about half the space of the mouth ; it is squarish or gently curved and double-edged in front, and tapers to a rounded point behind: gill-plume placed in the divisional groove between the mantle and foot, not always protruded, and never beyond the edge of the mantle, composed of about 20 sloping strands or pectinations; it is in some in- dividuals reddish-brown, and in others of the same colour as the rest of the body: liver brown: ovary creamcolour. L. 1. SHELL oval with a squarish outline, sometimes oblong, more solid and compact than the last species, glossy and partially iridescent: sculpture, microscopic and close-set longitudinal striae, which are more conspicuous near the spire, and are in- terrupted by the lines of growth, so as to form a series of short rows; the lines of growth are irregular and rather numerous, and many specimens have also a slight furrow which runs obliquely from back to front: colour pale reddish-brown or tawny, rarely milk-white: spzre extremely small but distinct, twisted sideways, and placed at a short distance from the inner margin at the posterior or smaller nd; it consists of two whorls, the first of which is tubercular and somewhat promi- nent: mouth open throughout; dorsal margin gently curved, flat, shghtly reflected, and thickened; inner margin short ; ventral margin long and nearly straight. L. 0-6. B. 0-325. Hasirat: Mostly under stones at low-water mark, but occasionally im the laminarian and coralline zones, PLEUROBRANCHUS. ts on many parts of our eastern and western coasts from Berwick and the Hebrides to Guernsey; Dublin Bay (Kinahan); Bantry (Norman); Malbay, co. Clare (Har- vey): local and not common. It appears to have an extensive range mm the European Seas, from Bohuslan in Sweden (Lovén), along the northern and western shores of France, and on both sides of the Mediterranean, as well as in the Adriatic, to the Augean (Forbes), at depths varying from 27 to 40 f. “When first taken, the animal creeps quickly and with great vivacity” (Clark). ‘Like the land-slug, it progresses by obscure undulatory motions of the foot ; but it justly claims the ‘bad preeminence’ of being superior in sluggishness and tardiness ” (Johnston). According to Lacaze-Duthiers it does not shun the hight when placed in captivity, and it often comes to the surface of the water; if disturbed it contracts and rolls itself into a ball, or closely and strongly adheres by the foot; it approaches the shore to deposit its spawn, which is formed in ribbon-like and spirally arranged masses (resembling those of Doris), several of these masses being deposited by the same individual. He supposes the tentacles are olfactory organs, as Han- cock believed is the case with the Bullide. In the mantle, foot, and gill-plume of P. plumula Dr. Johnston detected “ many small crystalline spicules of carbonate of lime: these are colourless, short, cylindrical, and rounded at both ends ;” and they are irregularly dis- posed, as in the Doris family. He says the present species feeds on seaweeds. The buccal or maxillar plates are large and regularly reticulated, like the com- pound eyes of certain insects. Mr. Jabez Hogg likens the odontophore to that of some Pulmoniferous mol- lusks, and he describes the dentition thus :—~‘ Median 14 RUNCINIDZ. small, slightly hooked ; uncini numerous simple hooked teeth, arranged in divergent rows throughout.” The mandible is horny and has “numerous rows of teeth, armed with five or more finely pomted spines: viewed in section, it presents a beautiful tessellated arrange- ment.” Synonyms :—P. aurantiacus, Risso, Berthella porosa, De Blainville, P. perforatus, Philippi, and probably P. elongatus, Cantraine. VP. stellatus of Risso appears to be the young; and this state I also consider the P. si- deralis of Lovén, judging from an examination of his typical specimen. forbes very briefly described as figean P. limacoides, P. calyptreoides, P. scutatus, and P. sordidus, some of which may also be P. plumula; but his descriptions are too much alike to distinguish the species, and he did not mention the shells. The characters of the order Pleurobranchiata, given in the 8rd volume, p. 200, require amendment. In- stead of the gills invariably forming a single row, as in the Bullide, the following family has no less than three rows ; and in the succeeding family there are two rows of branchial leaflets, placed one on each side of the body. Family IV. RUNCI'NIDA, (Runcinade) Gray. Bopy minute, slug-like, depressed: mantle separated from the foot by a deep groove: tentacles none: eyes sessile, placed far apart towards the sides of the anterior part of the mantle: foot elongated: gills consisting of three small plumes, which lie under the mantle near its hinder margin: gizzard testa- ceous. SHELL none. RUNCINA. 15 Genus RUNCI'NA*, Forbes. Pl. I. f. 3. This genus being the only one known, it is unneces- sary to repeat the description of the family. Runeina Hancocxit, Forbes. Pelta or Limapontia? sp., Alder & Hancock in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xviii. p. 289, pl. iv. f.1-3. &. Hancocki, F. & H. iii. p. 612, pl. CCC. f. 2. Bopy smooth, more or less clothed with microscopic vibra- tile cilia: mantle a little indented in front, nearly straight at the sides, and slightly rounded behind : colour black, sprinkled with minute points of brown, except at the front and rear, which are buff and fawncoloured: «eyes rather large, each surrounded by a pale ring; behind the eyes is a curved line of small white specks: foot yellowish, tinged with brown or black, and marked with a few flake-white spots; it 1s rounded in front, the sides are almost parallel and broader than the mantle, towards which they are usually folded up; tail or extremity of the foot extended one-fourth of the length of the body behind the vent: gill-plumes 3, small, slightly pin- nate, near the vent, and generally projecting a little beyond the mantle: vent beneath the posterior margin of the mantle (Alder and Hancock). L. 0-2. B. O-l. Hasitat: On Conferve, in pools near high-water mark, at Torquay (Alder and Hancock); Belmont Bay near Weymouth (Thompson and Gray). Mr. W. Thompson informs me that it is very abundant in rock- pools at low-water of spring tides, among Confervee (Ceramium strictum, C. rubrum, and C. Deslongchampit) , apparently feedimg on the Diatoms which swarm on these delicate seaweeds. Clyde district, in rock-pools, with Limapontia nigra (Norman). * A rural goddess. + Commemorative of Mr. Albany Hancock, whose labours on the Nudibranchs, in conjunction with Mr. Alder, are especially famous. 16 PLEUROPHYLLIDIID#. Specimens which Mr. Thompson kindly sent me from Weymouth in a bottle of sea-water with Conferve, were dark purplish-brown with minute round spots of yellow and a streak of the former colour on the tail; the sides of the front portion of the mantle, as well as the hinder portion and the sides of the tail, were buff; the eyes were indistinct, deeply sunk in the outer skin, and not encircled by rings; the mouth was furnished with a pair of large triangular lips or lobes; the branchial plumes lay on the right-hand side of the vent, which was placed in the middle of the hinder edge of the mantle; and the whole substance of the body was -parenchymatous. They were extensile and exceedingly active. The figures given by Messrs. Adams and those in the ‘ British Mollusca’ are not satisfactory. The dis- coverers of this singular little mollusk suspected that Pelta of Quatrefages may be the young before the branchial apparatus is developed. If that be the case, why was Runcina substituted for the older name ? Family V. PLEUROPHYLLIDI'ID, H. & A. Adams. Bopy oblong, depressed, fleshy: mantle of a somewhat coriaceous texture, covering the upper part of the body and notched in front: head short, broad, and forming a triangular lobe in front of the mantle ; it is mostly furnished with plaited lips and a pair of very strong horny jaws: odontophore broad ; teeth numerous, arranged in cross rows: tentacles 2, very small, conical or club-shaped, close together, retractile, each in a socket within the pallial notch: foot elongated, somewhat narrower than the mantle, slightly indented in front and abruptly pointed behind: gills placed under the edges of the mantle on the hinder two-thirds of the body, and arranged in PLEUROPHYLLIDIA. LT an oblique row of very numerous leaflets or lamine on each side: vent lateral, posterior: generative organs on the same side, but near the front. Hermaphrodite. SHELL none, either external or internal. For further particulars of this curious family see an admirable monograph by Dr. Bergh of Copenhagen, published in the ‘ Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift’ for 1866 and 1867. Philippi placed it in the “ Phyllidiens” of Lamarck, together with Chiton, Patella, and Gadinia. Forbes and Hanley called it Phyllidide, Bergh Pleuro- phyllidide. Genus PLEUROPHYLLI'DIA*, Meckel. Pl. I. f. 4. Mantle uninterrupted in front, and marked with longitu- dinal lines or warty: tentacles close together and contiguous, concealable within a distinct fleshy sheath. Diphyllidia of Cuvier, but published one year subse- quently to the above generic name, which has been adopted by Messrs. Adams, Woodward, and Bergh. De Blainville proposed another name, Linguella; and he supposed that Armina of Rafinesque was identical with Diphyllidia. Prevropuyiuia Love'nit, Bergh. P, Loveni, Bergh in Foren. vidensk. Meddel. for 1860, p. 3828. Diphy- lidia lineata, F. & H. iv. (App.) p. 290, pl. KKK. f. 1-3. Bopy slug-like, and rather slender, much narrower and pinched up towards the tail or extremity: mantle pale red- dish-brown, interspersed with numerous minute black specks, * From its leaf-like gills on the sides. + Named after Professor Lovén, the eminent Swedish zoologist. 18 NUDIBRANCHIATA. and marked with about 30 raised white lines or stripes, which are irregularly nodulous and alternately larger; at the sides they are broken up into small tubercles and crowded: tenta- cles and gills yellowish : foot whitish, with the sole of a paler hue than the rest of the body. L.1. B. 0-4. Haxnitat: My friend the late Mr. Barlee dredged on the coast of Shetland a single specimen, which I ex- hibited at the Birmingham Meeting of the British Association in 1849. The Rev. R. C. Abbes procured another specimen from a fishing-boat at Whitburn, co. Durham. South-western coasts of Sweden (Lovén and Liljjeborg); Christianiafiord (Asbjérnsen) ; Hornbek in Zealand (Horring, fide Bergh) ; depths 7-40 f. Diphyllidia undulata of Meckel (D. lineata, Otto), to which these specimens were at first considered to belong, is not uncommon in the Mediterranean. It differs from the present species in being of a larger size and proportionally very much broader, as well as in its colour, which varies from whitish to the darkest black ; and the stripes in that species are more numerous, nearly regular, and equal im size. Bergh has also pointed out a distinction as regards the masticatory apparatus. Order V. NUDIBRANCHIATA, Cuvier. Bopy slug-like, soft: mantle very large, covering the back and sides: tentacles consisting of one pair or two, which are placed on the front portion of the mantle: eyes sessile, im- bedded in the skin behind the tentacles, at their base; they are conspicuous in the young, but not always discernible in the adult: foot extensile: gills or branchial processes, when present, always external, placed upon the back or sides, sym- metrical, and arranged in plumes, tufts, or papille; in the NUDIBRANCHIATA. 19 Doridide they form a circle on the central line, and in other families they are disposed in rows along the back or sides; in one section or suborder (Pellibranchiata) the entire surface or skin is the sole respiratory organ. Sexes united in each individual, which is strictly hermaphrodite, but with distinct organs of generation. SHELL present only in the fry or embryonic state, and fur- nished with an operculum ; it is rudimentary and resembles in shape a miniature Nautilus or Helv, having scarcely more than a single spire, which is reversed or sinistrorsal, as in the larval shell of Aplysia. Until the present century all these mollusca were placed in two or three genera and consisted of about 20 species. Now the British Nudibranchs alone repre- sent 12 families, 25 genera, and 111 species. Linné, Forskal, and Miller confined their observations to the external form. Bohadsch paved the way to a more complete investigation, which was systematically carried out by Cuvier in his admirable ‘Mémoires.’ During this century a succession of other zoologists, including Rapp, Ehrenberg, Risso, D’Orbigny, De Blainville, Milne-Edwards, Delle Chiaje, Couthouy, Leuckart, Quoy and Gaimard, Philippi, Cantraine, Verany, Sars, Lovén, Cavolini, Quatrefages, Nordmann, Alexander Stuart, especially Bergh, Meyer and Mobius, and, among our own countrymen, Montagu, Fleming, Forbes, Johnston, Allman, Reid, Leach, Dalyell, Collingwood, and M‘Intosh, have greatly extended our knowledge of this peculiar group. But above all these must be ranked My. Joshua Alder and Mr. Albany Hancock, the authors of the most complete monograph that has yet appeared in the history of the Mollusca. It is one of the many valuable works of the Ray Society, and took ten years (1845-1855) m the publication. This monograph is so excellent, that I cannot do better than give their 20 NUDIBRANCHIATA. introductory remarks in a condensed form. I have very little to say in addition. “The Nudibranchiate Mollusca are all marine, and, with the exception of a few species, are of small size. To some they are known by the familiar name of sea- slugs—a name, however, not exclusively applied to them, as it is given to several other naked mollusks, which, like them, have a resemblance to the land-slugs in the general form of their body. The term, as applied to these animals, is far from complimentary. The land-slugs are generally sombre in colour, and plain and uninviting in form, while these little inhabitants of the deep are often adorned with the most brillant colours, and of forms the most varied and graceful. Their body is usually elongated, soft, and attached through its whole length to the foot or disk upon which they crawl. It is not unfrequently covered with a cloak ; and in the family Doridide the skin is strengthened with calcareous spicula. The head is anterior, and fre- quently indistinct, bearing one or two pairs of tentacles, the upper pair of which are placed on the cloak when it is present; and behind them the eyes are situated. But the characteristic peculiarity of these mollusks is the appendages that constitute the breathing-organs.” These last I have described in the systematic characters of the order. | Omitting anatomical details, I will continue the account of their life-history. “The spawn of the Nudibranchiate Mollusca is de- posited in the shape of a gelatinous band, always ar- ranged in a more or less spiral form, and fastened to corallines and the underside of stones by one of its edges. The ova are minute and very numerous, amount- ing iN some species to several thousands. Before the NUDIBRANCHIATA. 2) period of exclusion, the young may be seen revolving on their own axis by means of vibratile cilia; and on escaping from the egg, they swim about freely in the water by the same means. The larva is, extremely minute, and has more the appearance of a rotiferous animaleule than a mollusk. It is enclosed in a trans- parent, calcareous, nautiloid shell, with an operculum. Its structure is very simple, showing no signs of the external organs that distinguish the future adult. The principal portion visible outside the shell is composed of two flat disks or lobes, fringed with long cilia, by the motion of which it swims freely through the water. These are often withdrawn into the shell ; and the oper- culum is closed upon them when the animal is at rest. We have not been able to trace the animal further than the first stage of its development, and are therefore unable to say by what process it assumes the very diffe- rent form of the adult state. We have succeeded in bringing out the larve of Doris, Tritonia, Melibwa, and Eolis, between all of which there is a very great resemblance.” Nordmann gave, in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles’ for 1846, some particulars of their development, and showed how the metamorphosis is effected. In their adult state the senses are very imperfect. For instance we are told that “the sole object of vision appears to be that of ascertaining the presence of light, and thus directing the animal in its search for shelter in dark and concealed places.” The dorsal tentacles are the organs of smell; but “ olfaction in these animals probably is not so much to assist in the discovery of alimentary matters, as to give warning of the unhealthy state of the surrounding medium, arising from putres- cence or other causes.” The skin of the Doris family 22 *NUDIBRANCHIATA. is always stiffened by imbedded calcareous spicula of various forms; and its outer surface, in all the Nudi- branchs, is provided with vibratile cilia. Their habits are very interesting. Some kinds are nocturnal; others may be observed in a state of activity during the day- time, in tide-pools left among the rocks and in shallow water, apparently enjoying the warm rays of the sun; the greater number avoid the light, concealing them- selves under stones and shelving rocks. They range from a little below high-water mark to nearly one hun- dred fathoms on our northern coasts. They are usually sluggish in their movements, some remaining for hours fixed to a spot; a few, however, are very active and lively. Crawling is the ordmary mode of progression. “This is effected, in the manner of the snail, by a series of minute undulations of the under surface of the foot, arising from the alternate relaxation and contraction of the pedal muscles.” ‘They also float slowly along the surface of the water, in an inverted position, probably by an action similar to that of crawling, aided by the shme which continually exudes from the body, and on which it appears to creep. While thus floating, “‘the Nudibranchs occasionally drop suddenly down, suspending themselves from the surface by a thread of mucus, which is fixed to the tail or posterior extremity of the foot. In this way they will let themselves gradually down to the bottom, or remain some time pendent in the water without apparent support; for the thread of mucus is so transparent that it can scarcely be seen.” It is said that some kinds (e. g. Tethys) swim freely through the water in any direction; these have a large head-veil and crested tail, which serve as fins. The Rev. R. T. Lowe, in his graphic description of the genus Peplidia, found on the shores of Madeira, says (Ann. & Mag, NUDIBRANCHIATA. ae N. H. iu. p. 311), “ At night, especially when thus in motion, it appeared most brilliantly phosphorescent ; the light flashing progressively but very rapidly along the body, especially from all the branchial tufts and the edges of the veilyand crest.” The Nudibranchs are very sensitive to external influences, shrinking quickly from contact, and withdrawing their organs on the slightest apprehension of danger. When crawling on seaweeds or corallines, they often detach themselves on being disturbed, and drop to the bottom of the water. The Eolides, when alarmed or irritated, erect their papille, and sometimes agitate them im a convulsive manner, directing the points to any source of annoyance, each papilla being endowed with a motion independently of the rest. On such occasions urticating filaments are probably ejected from the tips of these organs. Alder and Hancock once observed minute streams of a milk- white fluid (which they believed to be of a stinging nature) emitted from the papille of Holis picta. The papillae of Holts and several allied genera are very slightly attached to the back ; and the animal seems to have the power of casting them off voluntarily, in the same way that a crab throws off its claws or a starfish its arms. The papillae, when cast off, swim through the water, like worms, propelled by the vibratile cilia, and occasionally by a spasmodic action of the muscles. They are quickly reproduced, if the animal is in a healthy state; and in the meantime it does not appear to suffer any inconvenience from the want of these organs, crawling about in perfect unconcern. For this reason Mr. Couthouy conjectured that the so-called branchial processes are not true respiratory organs, but that this function was chiefly performed by the skin in all the Nudibranchs. The separation of Holis anda 24 NUDIBRANCHIATA. few other genera as a distinct group, under the name of ‘‘ Phlébentérés,” proposed by Prof. Quatrefages, was based on similar grounds, and gave rise to a noted and warm discussion. When kept in confinement, Nudi- branchs enjoy a considerable tenacity of life, although any impurity of the water or an extreme change of temperature affects them very sensibly. This should be borne in mind by all amateur naturalists who wish to preserve these pretty creatures In an aquarium. The littoral species can support a greater variation of temperature than those from deep water; indeed the former will live for a considerable time out of water in a moist saline atmosphere. Their power of enduring abstinence is remarkable. ‘‘ We have kept them for weeks, and even months, without food, and have ob- served but little diminution of thei vital energy.” They are, however, very voracious, and are animal- eaters; their food consists of other mollusks, sea-ane- mones, zoophytes, and sponges, the Eolides sometimes devouring weaker individuals of their own kind. Nearly all possess an odontophore or “tongue” armed with recurved spines. In some species the whole of the lin- gual processes do not amount to 112; in Tritonia Hom- bergi there are upwards of 36,000. Tethys has neither jaws uor a tongue. This apparatus is rather a prehen- sile than rasping instrument. “In Eolis the protruded jaws lay hold of its prey, cutting out lump after lump, which the tongue, advancing, seizes by the aid of its recurved spines, and with a backward motion carries to the entrance of the cesophagus.” It is supposed that most of them are very short-lived, which may account for the periodical appearance of certain species within tide-marks in particular places, and for their usually disappearing soon after the breeding-season. Mr. a NUDIBRANCHIATA, 25 Peach informs me that many species come inshore at Wick every spring, for the purpose of spawning. Their fecundity is very great. One of their functions is thus fulfilled by these and P “all kind of natures, That labour on the bosom of this sphere, To propagate their states.” In a day or two after copulation the spawn is depo- sited. This is enveloped in a perfectly transparent mucus, which at first is tenacious and adheres to what- ever it comes in contact with. While shedding the spawn the animal slowly and gradually moves backward in a spiral direction, beginning in the centre; thus the spawn assumes the form of a coil. The fry generally emerges from its gelatinous covering in about ten days or a fortnight after the spawn has been deposited. “That a minute creature, scarcely visible to the naked eye, enclosed in an operculated shell, and swimming freely through the water by means of ciliated lobes, should turn into the large and sluggish Doris tubercu- lata or Tritonia Homéergii, is one of nature’s romances, only to be learnt by a careful study of her works.” The Nudibranchs are frequently infested with parasitic Entomostraca; these are most commonly buried beneath the skin, but in some cases inhabit the abdominal cavity, or adhere to the branchial processes and other parts of the surface of the body. The mollusks of the present order are widely distributed, from the arctie ocean to the tropics; a few are oceanic wanderers, and crawl on the stalks and leaves of floating seaweeds. “They require to be watched and drawn whilst living and active, since after immersion in spirits they lose both their form and colour” (Woodward). With re- spect to the urticating filaments of the Kolides, Huxley, VOL. V. c 26 NUDIBRANCHIATA. Gosse, and Strethill Wright supposed that they are adventitious, being fsecal and derived from the hydroid polyps and Actinie on which the Eolides subsist. Alder and Bergh, on the contrary, believed that the filaments are really the product of the EHolides, and used by them as weapons of defence. In some genera of this family they are altogether wanting. According to Dr. Baur, that abnormal and puzzling mollusk Hnto- concha mirabilis of the late J. Muller (which is an internal parasite of Synapta digitata) is a Nudibranch. Although most of this Order are zoophagous, Lima- pontia and others of a simpler kind feed on seaweeds, and are preyed on by Crustacea and small fishes. It seems as if one of the principal uses of all animals were to eat or to be eaten. Let us apply this idea to our own case. What a gloomy prospect would he before us, if there were no hereafter, and we could only say of our physical destiny, Every organic thing we see, that springs To sentient life, by the Creator's will, Its individual office to fulfil, To us a sad and warning message brings. *Twixt fear and hope, in war or doubtful peace, Each for its own existence ever strives : Until at last the fatal hour arrives, When fear and hope, and life itself, shall cease. The leading genera have been well characterized by Dr. Johnston im the following terms :—‘“ The Doris has its branchie, sometimes feathered like an ostrich-plume, placed near the posterior extremity; and the creature has the power of concealing them when in danger. The Tritonia is more slug-like than the Doris; but its branchie form a curled fringe, interrupted at inter- vals, along each side of the back. The Tethys has, besides, a largely expanded veil over the mantle, im- =a NUDIBRANCHIATA. hs parting a very peculiar character to the genus. In the Glaucus the branchiz are moulded into fingered fan-like fins; while in Kolis and Tergipes they form conical or cylindrical papille, disposed in series along the back and sides.” Dendronotus must surely have been one of the “things that are forked and horned and soft,” which Tennyson’s mermaid expected would wait upon her minstrelsy. The following descriptive catalogue of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca was most kindly prepared for me by my lamented friend Mr. Alder; and it was, I believe, his last scientific work. Being nearly twelve years later than the Monograph, this catalogue is of course more perfect. I have made only a few alterations and additions, the latter being within brackets. In adopting the merger or inclusion of Pellibranchiata as a suborder, I may remark that it is questionable whether, in a physiological poimt of view, the Nudibranchs ought not to be united with the Pulmonobranchs. The divi- sions founded on the respiratory system are, like many other methods of classification, incomplete and unsatis- factory. An illustration of each family will be given in the plates of genera for this volume. Some of them are taken from the recent work of Meyer and Mobius (‘Fauna der Kieler Bucht’), which ought to be consulted by all who study this group. Suborder I. PELLIBRANCHIATA. Without special gills: skin without spicula. This group was first described as a distinct order by Alder and Hancock in the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for June 1848; it is now proposed to consider it a suborder of Wu- dibranchiata. It forms, however, an aberrant member of that order, the animals being of very simple structure, and possess- ing none of the variety and beauty of form, and little of the briliancy of colouring, that are usually found in the Nudi- branchs. M. de Quatrefages united these animals with the Eolodide in his order of Phlebenterata; but the relationship between them is not so close, nor the organization of either group so low, as was supposed to be the case by that distin- guished naturalist. Family I. LIMAPONTIID, Alder and Hancock. Without mantle or appendages: tentacles 2 or wanting: vent posterior: odontophore denticulated ; no jaws. Genus I. LIMAPON'TIA%, Johnston. [Pl 6.) Bopy limaciform, simple, without tentacles: vent dorsal and posterior: odontophore narrow, with a single row of spines. Chalidis of Quatrefages is probably synonymous with this genus. [ Pontolimax, Creplin. | 1. Limapontia NiGRA, Johnston. L. nigra, Johnst.in Loudon’s Mag. N. H.ix. p.79; A. & H.in Ann.N. H. 2nd ser. i. p. 402, pl. 19. f. 4-8. Bopy smooth, rather depressed, nearly linear when extended, * From lJimax, a slug, and pontus, the sea. _ LIMAPONTIA. 29 but very contractile; the sides slightly overhanging the foot : head truncated in front and flat at the sides, except where it is elevated into twocrest-like ridges, arched from behind forwards; on the sides of which posteriorly the eyes are placed in a pale circular space, which is prolonged into the crest: vent sub- posterior. The general colour is black, but sometimes indi- viduals are found transparent and nearly colourless, showing the greenish biliary organ through the skin. L. 0°14. Haxirat: On Conferve [and small seaweeds] in rock-pools [and among Zostera marina] between tide-marks; Berwick Bay (Johnston); Cullercoats (A. Hancock); Whitburn, Dur- ham (Howse); Torbay (Alder); Falmouth (Cocks). [Shetland (J. G. J.); Scandinavian coasts (Miller and others); Heligo- land (Frey and Leuckart); Brittany (Taslé). | This curious little animal is probably pretty generally dif- fused, but on account of its minute size it may readily be overlooked. It is gregarious; and, wherever met with, it has usually been found in abundance, appearing when contracted like little black dots scattered over the Conferva on which it feeds. When bruised it has a peculiar sweetish smell, which seems to be derived from the seaweed. [It swims in a reversed position, and when disturbed rolls itself into a ball; sometimes, while floating, it turns itself round in a short coil. This tiny sea-slug has a quaint and “ auld warld” aspect. ] [Fasciola capitata, Mull. Verm. Helm. p. 79: this specific name ought to be used. Also Planaria limacina, Fabricius. | 2. L. pepressa, Alder and Hancock. LL. depressa, A. & H.in Ann. N. H. 3rd ser. x. p. 264; Hancock in Tynes. Club Trans. v. p. 315, pl. 17. Bovy oblong-ovate, depressed, swelling behind the centre and terminating in a blunt point posteriorly ; black, generally with minute yellowish-white spots or freckles: head rounded in front and slightly angulated at the sides; the lateral crests less elevated than in Z. nigra, with the eyes situated in a white oblong area at the side of each: vent placed in a depres- sion at the posterior extremity of the body, L. 0-4. Hasrrat: On a Conferya( Vaucheria submarina?) in brackish 30 LIMAPONTIID2. water, Hylton Dene, near Sunderland (A. Hancock); Loughor Marsh, near Swansea (Bate, Jeffreys, and Moggridge). This species is distinguished from the last by its much greater size, more depressed form, and wider lateral expansion, as well as by the more backward position of the vent. The LIimapontia figured by Mr. Spence Bate in his ‘ Notes on the Fauna of Swansea and the Neighbourhood’ (1849) evidently belongs to this species, not only from its size and form, but also from the more branched character of the hepatic organ, as shown in figures 5 and 6, Genus II. ACTEO'NIA*, Quatrefages. Bopy limaciform, with a slight ridge on each side of the back: head subangulated : tentacles 2, more or less developed, rising from a carina on each side of the head: vent dorsal, situated two-thirds down the back: odontophore haying a single row of spines. 1. Acrronra corrvuGa'ta, Alder and Hancock. A. corrugata, A. & H.in Ann. N. H. 2nd ser, i. p. 403, pl. 19. f. 2, 3. Bopy nearly linear, rather short and stout, regularly wrinkled in a longitudinal direction; black, excepting the carina and tail, which are whitish: head carinated at the sides, each carina being produced into a short, flat, whitish, tentacular process: eyes placed in circular white spots behind the carine : there is a slightly raised ridge on each side of the back in the region of the vent. L. 0°12. Hasirat: Rare; found by Mr. Cocks at Falmouth feeding upon Conferva glaucescens in company with Limapontia nigra. 2. A. Cocxsi1, Alder and Hancock. Cenia Cocksii, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. i. p. 404, pl. 19. f. 1. Bopy robust, smooth, considerably elevated on the back ; black above, fading into fawn colour at the sides: head slightly * From Actgon, a synonym of Elysia. ~ ELYSIIDE. 31 angulated, with a central black stripe, the sides of which, as well as the tentacles and the area round the eyes, are yellow or fawncoloured: tentacles of moderate length, linear and cylin- drical ; on each side of the back near the vent is a slight ridge with three or four pale tubercular spots. L. 0-2. Hasirat: In rock-pools between tide-marks, on Chorda tomentaria and Dumontia filiformis, Falmouth (Cocks). [Burg- head, Moray Firth (Gordon). | Family HI. ELYSIIDA, (Elystadw) Alder and Hancock. Without eloak or gills: sides of the body produced into foliaceous lobes: tentacles 2 or 4, generally folded longitu- dinally: vent dorsal or latero- dorsal : odontophore denticulated ; no jaws. Though the mollusks of this family have no specialized gills, the expanded lobes of the body, on the internal surface of which the blood-vessels are ramified, make a nearer approach to spe- cialization than in other members of the group. Several handsome species of the family are found in the seas of warm climates ; with us it is represented by a single species only. Genus ELY'SIA*, Risso. be be: diode tae Bopy limaciform, with eo sides expanded into lobes folding | over the back: tentacles 2, longitudinally folded: gastro- hepatic system much branched : vent latero-dorsal, in front of the heart: odontophore having a single row of spines. This genus is the Acteon of Oken but not of De Montfort : Aplysiopterus of Delle Chiaje is also a synonym. Exysta vi'ripis, M ontagu. Laplysia viridis, Mont. in Linn. Trans. vii. p. 76, pl. 7. f.1. E. viridis, F. & H. iii. p. 614, pl. CCC. f. 3. Bopy ovate-oblong, depressed, grass-green, with bright * [Possibly from é\dw, to fold inwards. ] 52 HERMEIDA. azure or bluish-green spots of a metallic lustre: tentacles ear- shaped, obtuse, dark green, frequently reflecting a purplish hue ; the darker colour is frequently continued over the head and on the upper and outer side of the lateral lobes of the body, which are margined with white; a whitish space surrounds each eye, and the elevated region of the heart is also pale: the lateral expansions rise up in a curved line towards the middle of the back, and diminish gradually to the tail; their inside is paler than the out, and beautifully veined with green from the he- patic vessels appearing through. L, 0°75. [ Var. olivacea. Dark greenish- or purplish-brown, spotted with blue and red dots, the edges of the mantle and tips of the tentacles being white. | Hasitat: On Codium tomentosum, Zostera marina, and other green seaweeds, in tide-pools, or occasionally in shallow water, especially on the south and west coasts. [The variety inhabits Lochmaddy (M‘Intosh) and Kiel Bay (Meyer and Mobius). It does not appear to have been met with yet on the east coast of England, though it has a wide range in European seas, extending from Norway to the Mediterranean, [Syn. Acton minutum, Sars. | Suborder II. POLYBRANCHIATA. Gills, or, rather, branchial processes, arranged along the sides of the body ; skin without spicula. Family 1. HERMA"TD, Alder and Hancock. Without mantle: branchial processes linear or papillose : tentacles 2, dorsal: vent dorsal: no jaws: hepatic system with two longitudinal dorsal vessels. Genus I. ALDE/RIA*, Allman. Bopy ovate: tentacles rudimentary or none: branchial pro- cesses papillose, set in transverse rows on the sides of the back: vent postero-dorsal, nipple-shaped : odontophore with a single series of plates bearing a large central spine. * [Named in compliment to the author of this Synopsis. ] > HERMAA. 33 ALDERIA MopESTA, Lovén. A, modesta, Allm. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvii. p. 4; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 41. f. 1-5. Bopy ovate-oblong, subeconvex, yellowish or greenish, gene- rally more or less variegated and spotted with brownish grey: head small, slightly notched in front, and produced at the sides into obtuse lobes: branchial processes elliptic-oblong, obtuse, coloured like the body, and arranged in 6 or 7 diagonal rows on the sides of the back, increasing in size posteriorly; foot large and broad, rounded in front and reflected upwards at the sides. L. 0:5. Hasrrat: Gregarious on Conferve in shallow brackish water, in a salt-marsh at Skibbereen, county Cork (Allman); Loughor Marsh, near Swansea (Bate, Jeffreys, and Moggridge); in a salt-marsh at Hylton Dene, Durham (G.8. Brady). [Escaut, below Antwerp (Nyst, as A. scaldiana). | This curious animal is almost amphibious, being only found in very shallow brackish water in marshes, barely within the reach of the tide, and occasionally crawling on the moist weed beyond. It is a rare [or local] species, but generally plentiful where it does occur. It was first met with in Sweden by Professor Lovén, who published it under the name of Stiliger modestus in the Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy : but he afterwards adopted the generic appellation here given in his ‘ Index Molluscorum Scandinavie.’ Genus IT. HERM AA%*, Lovén. Es Pa a Bony elongated, tapering posteriorly: tentacles 2, ear-shaped or longitudinally folded: branchial processes linear-oblong, tapering, placed along the sides of the back: vent antero-dorsal: odontophore with a single series of plates bearing a broad spine. 1. Herma#a Bi/ripa, Montagu. Doris bifida, Mont. in Linn. Trans. xi. p. 198, pl. 14, f.3. ZH. bifida, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 39. Bopy linear, very slender, tapering to a fine point behind. * [Mercurial or agile. ] ~ Cov 34: FIONID®. pellucid white, with 2 red lines along the back: head small : tentacles rather short, longitudinally folded, truncated, rising into a point behind: branchial processes elliptic-oblong, pointed, slightly tuberculated, with a ramified rosecoloured gland in the centre of each, giving them a leaf-like appearance; they are arranged in numerous transverse rows of two or three abreast on each side of the back. L. 0:9. Hasrrat: Among small seaweeds within tide-marks or in shallow water; rare. Devonshire coast (Montagu); Belfast Bay (Getty and Hyndman); Black Rock, Leith (Landsborough). [Shetland (J. G. J.).] This elegant little Nudibranch has been very seldom met with on our coast; but the localities in which it occurs show it to be pretty widely dispersed. Its range extends to Sweden. 2. H. penpri'tica, Alder and Hancock. Calliopea dendritica, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Istser. xii. p. 233. H. den- dritica, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 40. Bopy ovate, rather bulging out in the centre, and tapering to a fine point behind; greenish-white, with dendritic green or olive veinings : tentacles oblong ear-shaped, with a rounded apex, their margin forming a continuous outline with the sides of the head: branchial processes elliptic-linear, with an internal ramified greenish gland, and spotted with white ex- ternally ; they are set in 8 transverse rows of 3 or 4 each on the sides of the back. L. 0°35. Hasitat: On green seaweeds, especially Codium tomentosum, in rock-pools or in shallow water ; gregarious. Torbay (Mrs. Wyatt); Whitley, Northumberland, rare (Miss Dickinson). _W. Sweden (Lovén). | Family Il. FLO NIDA, Alder and Hancock. Mantle rudimentary: branchial processes linear or papillose : tentacles 4, simple: vent latero-dorsal: mouth with large cor- neous jaws: hepatic system with two longitudinal vessels. This family differs from the Holidide in the presence of a EOLIDIDA. 30 subpallial margin or rudimentary mantle, in having two gastro-hepatic vessels running down the back, and in the dorsal position of the vent. In the last two characters it ap- proaches more nearly to the Hermaide. Genus FIO'NA*, Alder and Hancock. pel tht 2s] Bopy elliptic-oblong: tentacles 4, subdorsal: branchial pro- cesses conical, with a membranous expansion on one side, and set on a subpallial margin: odontophore with a single series of arched plates bearing a stout central spine and lateral denticles. Fiona no/siztis, Alder and Hancock. Oithona nobilis, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. viii. p. 291, pl. 9, 10. F, nobilis, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 38 a. Bopy stout, limaciform, of a pale buffeolour: tentacles linear, smooth, broad at the base and tapering to a point above; the anterior pair placed considerably behind the margin of the head: branchial processes numerous, linear-conical, rather compressed, with the inner margin expanded into a membra- nous frill; the central gland is of a rich brown, the external surface buffcoloured, the apices opaque bluish-white, with a brilliant metallic lustre, which is observable also on the back: the branchial processes or papillz are crowded without ap- parent order on the sides of the back and pallial ridge, which is considerably produced behind. L. 2. Hasirat: Two specimens of this splendid mollusk were found by Mr. Cocks under a stone at Bar Point, Falmouth, during a low spring-tide in 1849. It has not since been met with. [Finistére (Fischer). ] Family Il]. EOLUDID, D’Orbigny. Branchial processes linear or fusiform, set along the sides of the back; without mantle: tentacles 4 or 2, non-retractile : vent lateral: gastro-hepatic system with a posterior central vessel. * A proper name from Ossian. 36 EOLIDIDA. Genus I. EMBLETO'NIA%*, Alder and Hancock. Bopy slender: tentacles 2, dorsal, linear; the place of the oval pair occupied by 2 flattened lateral lobes: branchial pro- cesses fusiform or clavate, set usually in single series on each side of the back, occasionally in double [or triple] series or clusters: odontophore linear, with a single series of plates, each bearing a central spine and lateral denticles ; jaws corneous. 1. EmBieronts putcnra, Alder and Hancock. Pterochilus pulcher, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xiv. p.329. E. pul- chra, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 38. Bopy fleshcoloured, spotted with white: tentacles short, set wide apart: head-lobes rounded: branchial processes stout, elliptical, orange-red spotted with white, 5 or 6 in single series on each side: dorsal vessel red, undulating, appearing through the skin. L. 0-2. Hasrrat: Within tide-marks at Rothesay, Isle of Bute (Alder); Ardrossan, Ayrshire (Rev. D. Landsborough, jun.). 2. E. minuta, Forbes and Goodsir. Eclidia minuta, Forb. & Goods. in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1839. Lmbletonia minuta, F, & H. iii. p. 607, pl. BBB. f. 5. Bopy pinkish-yellow, linear: tentacles rather longer than the last, wrinkled: head-lobes produced: branchial processes nearly linear, pinkish, tipped with white, 7 in single series on each side of the back. LL. 0°12. Hasrrar: Dredged in 7 fathoms among Laminarie at Ler- wick (Forbes). 3. E. patuipa, Alder and Hancock. E. pallida, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 52, and Appendix, p. xii. Bopy yellowish-white with a few black spots on the back: tentacles approximating: head-lobes indistinct, forming a semi- circular veil which is a little produced at the sides: branchial processes nearly linear, very pale orange, set in a double longi- tudinal row of 4 or 5 each on each side of the back. L. 0-1. * Named in compliment to Dr. Embleton, of Newcastle. EOLIS. 37 Hazsitat: Among seaweeds on the shore at Birkenhead (Price); Mouth of the Dee (Collingwood). [W. Sweden (Lo- ven); Kiel Bay (Meyer and Mobius). | [Mr. W. 8. Kent has lately described, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ a new species (Z. Grayi), allied to E. pallida, from the Victoria Docks, which has a triple row of branchial processes on each side of the back, and in which the head-lobes are highly developed. | Genus IJ. E/OLIS*, Cuvier. peru: £3. Bopy limaciform, more or less elongated and tapering be- hind, without mantle: tentacles 4 (2 dorsal and 2 oral), linear, non-retractile : branchial processes papillose, linear or fusi- form, arranged in transverse rows, sometimes clustered, on the sides of the back: foot with the anterior angle often much produced: odontophore narrow, consisting generally of a single row of spinous plates; with large corneous jaws. A. Body broad: branchial processes or papille in numerous transverse rows: lingual plates pectinated. (Holis proper.) 1. Eos paprtiosa, Linné. Limaxz papillosus, Linn. 8. N. p. 1082. £. papillosa, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 9. Bopy rather broadly ovate, somewhat depressed; brown, grey, or orange, spotted with brown or purple and white: | dorsal tentacles shortish, subconical, brown, with white tips : head broad, with generally a triangular mark of opaque white, extending into the oral tentacles, which are longer than the dorsal pair: branchial processes stout, conical, and rather flat- tened, strongly freckled with brown or lilac and white, with white tips ; set in 18-24 close transverse rows: foot having its anterior angles short and pointed. L. 1-5-3. Hasirat: Under stones between tide-marks, on most parts of our coasts ; not uncommon. This is the largest of the British species, and is pretty gene- * A mythological name [properly olis]. 38 EOLIDID ®. rally diffused in the seas of northern Europe. On account of its variation in colour and markings, several species have been made out of it. H. Zetlandica of Forbes, E. Lesliana and E. Murrayana of Macgillivray, #. rosea and LE. obtusalis of Alder and Hancock, are all now considered to be varieties of H. pa- pilosa. Its spawn may be seen on the underside of stones in the spring and summer months, consisting of a gelatinous pinkish-white cord, much convoluted, and having a beautiful festooned appearance when viewed under water. [Mr. Peach found at Wick a unicorn monstrosity; it had only a single dorsal tentacle and sheath placed in the middle. | 2. E. euauca, Alder and Hancock. E. glauca, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xvi. p. 314; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 11. Bopy elongated, rather depressed, brick-red: dorsal tentacles moderately long, red, tipped with white: oval tentacles shghtly longer than the dorsal, white, with a line of red: branchial processes conical, vermicular, subdepressed, and tapering a good deal towards the tip, glaucous or olivaceous, freckled with brown and white, set in about 14 rows: foot with the anterior angles a little produced. L. 1-75. Hasrtat: Dredged in deepish water in Torbay, and in Menai Straits near Beaumaris (Alder); Falmouth (Cocks). E. glauca is readily distinguished from 4. papillosa by its more slender form and the vermicular character of the bran- chial processes. The plates of the tongue of this species form a double arch, those of £. papillosa only a single arch. 8. E. Aupe’r1, Cocks. | E. Alderi, Cocks in the ‘ Naturalist,’ ii. p. 1, pl. 1. f. 1.; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 10. f. 5, 6. Bopy elongated, white or greyish: dorsal tentacles mode- rately long, bright yellow: oral tentacles slightly longer than the dorsal-pair, white, tipped with yellow: branchial processes slightly conical, set in 12 to-14 dense rows nearly covering the back; the first two or three rows opaque white, the re- mainder greyish with a pale brownish freckling, and yellow EOLIS. 39 or orange near the tip: foot with the anterior angles a little produced. L. 0:7 Hasirat: In tide-pools at Gwyllyn Vase, Falmouth (Cocks), Mr. Cocks met with this species in considerable numbers in the summer of 1848; it was scarce in 1849, and we have no record of its having since been found. JL. Alderi bears some resemblance to the last, but differs in size and colour. The lingual plates have a similar character. B. Branchial processes clustered: dorsal tentacles laminated ; angles of the foot produced: odontophore with a central spine and lateral denticulations. (Facelina, A. & H.) 4, E. conona’'ta, Forbes. E. coronata, Forb. in ‘Atheneum’ for 1839, No. 618, p. 647; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 12. Bopy slender, white tinged with fleshcolour: dorsal ten- tacles yellowish, strongly annulated (with 7 or 8 rings): oral tentacles long and tapering: branchial processes rather long, nearly linear, crimson, with a metallic lustre of blue on the upper surface, and an ‘opaque-white ring near the apex; set in 6 or 7 clusters on each side of the back: foot having its anterior angles produced. L. 1. Hasirat: On most parts of the British coast within tide- marks and in the Laminarian zone; not uncommon. This is one of the most beautiful species of a beautiful genus [‘‘the tiger of its tribe,” Gordon]. The Doris longi- corms of Montagu and Holida plumosa of Fleming are pro- bably varieties of it. It does not appear to have been recog- nized out of Britain. [W. Sweden (Lovén); North of France (Bouchard-Chantereaux and Fischer); Rochelle (Aucapitaine). | 5. E. Drummonp1, Thompson. E. Drummondi, Thomps. in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1843, p. 250; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 13. Bopy rather broad, especially towards the head, tapering abruptly behind, fleshcoloured: dorsal tentacles longish, fawn- coloured; densely laminated (with 20 to 30 rings): oral ten- 40 EOLIDID#. tacles very long, stout and tapering: branchial processes long, nearly linear, dull red or brownish, sometimes inclined to olive, with white tips, set in 4 to 6 clusters on each side of the back: foot with the anterior angles much produced. L. 1-5. Hasirat: Near low-water mark and in shallow water; abundant on some parts of the west coast of. England and Scotland, as also in Ireland, but more rare on the south and east. [Kiel Bay, and Samsoe in Jutland (Meyer and Mobius); Arcachon (Fischer). | This species is shorter and stouter than the last, with the head rather larger. The colour of the branchial papille is very variable, but generally partakes more or less of a reddish hue. 6. E. puncrata, Alder and Hancock. E. punctata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xvi. p.315; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 15. Bopy yellowish-fleshcoloured, covered with opaque white spots: dorsal tentacles yellowish, very obliquely laminated : oral tentacles long, white: branchial processes oblong, tapering to a rather acute point, reddish-brown, spotted with white ; set in 5 or 6 clusters on each side of the back: foot with the anterior angles much produced. L.1. ° Hasirat: Dredged in deepish water off Berry Head, Tor- bay (Alder), 7. E. rtecans, Alder and Hancock. E. elegans, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 315; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 17. f. 2, 3, 4. Bopy rather slender, yellowish-white : dorsal tentacles stout- ish, buff or fawncoloured, with white tips; strongly wrinkled transversely: oral tentacles nearly twice the length of the dor- sal pair, white: branchial processes rosy-fleshcoloured, deepen- ing into blackish-purple at the top and bottom, with a ring of opaque white at the apex; set in about 7 clusters on each side : foot having its anterior angles very much produced. L. 0°5. Hazrrat; Dredged in about 15 fathoms off Berry Head (Alder). EOLIS. 4.) C. Branchial processes clustered: dorsal tentacles smooth: angles of the foot produced: odontophore as in the last see- tion, with the addition of 2 separate lateral spines. (Cory- phella, Graz.) 7 8. E. RUFIBRANCHIALIs, Johnston. E. rufibranchialis, Johnst. in Loud. Mag. N. H. v. p. 428; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 14. Bopy very slender, tapering to an elongated and finely pointed tail, white: dorsal tentacles linear, of moderate length, slightly corrugated : oral tentacles a very little shorter than the dorsal pair: branchial processes linear, rosecoloured, with white tips; set in 6 or 7 clusters on each side of the back : foot with the anterior angles rather short. L. 1. Hasitat: Near low-water mark, on most parts of our coast, but more especially in the east; not rare. It is difficult to give exact localities, as other species have occasionally been taken for it. [Kiel Bay and Little Belt (Meyer and Mobius). ] 9. E. ringa’ta, Lovén. E. lineata, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 8; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 16. Bopy rather slender, pellucid white, with 3 longitudinal opaque-white lines on the body, the central one bifurcating on the head into the oral tentacles: dorsal tentacles longish, with an opaque-white line down the back of each: oral ten- tacles rather longer than the dorsal: branchial processes nearly linear, rosecoloured, with an opaque-white line in front and white rings at the tip; set in 4 or 5 clusters on the sides of the back: foot with the anterior angles produced. L. 1. Hasitat: Between tide-marks and in shallow water. Saltcoats, Ayrshire (Landsborough); Douglas, Isle of Man (Alder); Morecambe, Lancashire (Moser). It was found on the Swedish coast by Professor Lovén. [Nice (Verany, as Afolis Demartini). | 4.2 EOLIDID. 10. E. era/crnis, Alder and Hancock. E. gracilis, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 166; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 18. Bopy slender, white: dorsal tentacles long, linear, white: oral tentacles shightly longer than the dorsal pair: Aead rather long: branchial processes elliptic-oblong, orange, with a narrow ring of opaque white at the apex: foot with the anterior angles produced and arched. L. 0°5. Hasirar: Within tide-marks ; ratherrare. Whitley, Cul- lercoats, and Newbiggin, Northumberland (A. & H.); Menai Straits (Alder). [Cumbrae, N.B. (Robertson). | ! 1]. E. smarac’p1na, Alder and Hancock. E. smaragdina, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 17. Bopy slender, white: dorsal and oral tentacles long, of nearly equal length, white: head short: branchial processes elliptic-oblong, green, with white tips; set in 5 clusters: foot with the anterior angles produced. L. 0:5. Hasirat: Among seaweeds; very rare. Whitley, Nor- thumberland (Hancock); Burghead (Murray). [W. Sweden (Loven). ] This species bears great resemblance to the last, from which it differs principally in the colour of the branchial processes and in the length of the head. 12. E. pextxuu'crpa, Alder and Hancock. E. pellucida, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xii. p. 234; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 19. Bopy slender, white, pellucid: dorsal and oral tentacles long, equal in length, white: branchial processes nearly linear, scarlet, with white tips; set in 5 or 6 clusters: foot having its anterior angles much produced. L. 0°8. Hasrrat: On a Tubularia from the fishing-boats, Culler- coats (Hancock); Ilfracombe (Broderick). [Shetland (Nor- man). | EOLIS. 43 13. E. Lanpsspurat, (Landsburgit) Alder and Hancock. E. Landsburgit, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xvii. p. 294; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 20. Bony slender, violetcoloured: dorsal tentacles longish, slen- der, and slightly wrinkled, violetcoloured, with white tips: oral tentacles rather longer than the dorsal pair, and of the same colour: head rather narrow: branchial processes elliptical linear, orange-red, with white tips; set in 5 or 6 clusters: foot with the anterior angles shortish. L. 0:5. Hasirat: Within tide-marks and in shallow water on the western shores of England, Wales, and Scotland ; also at Burg- head (Murray); [Weymouth (Gosse)]; Exmouth (Hincks) ; Channel Isles (Ansted). [Arcachon (Fischer).] This may possibly be the Doris pedata found on the Devonshire coast by Montagu. D. Branchial processes clustered: dorsal tentacles with a bul- bous swelling: odontophore with a single smooth spine. (Favorinus, Gray.) 14. E. ausa, Alder and Hancock. E. alba, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xiii. p. 164; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 21. Bopy very slender, white: dorsal tentacles of a blackish- brown colour for abont two-thirds up, above which they are white, with a bulbous swelling at a little distance from the apex: oral tentacles long, white, gracefully curved: branchial pro- cesses linear oblong, rather depressed, white, sometimes spotted or ringed with brown, with white tips; setin 5 or 6 clusters: foot with the anterior angles very long. L. 0°75. Hasrrat: On sponges and zoophytes in shallow water and between tide-marks, pretty generally diffused, but not common. This elegant species is subject to great variety of colour and markings. The gills are sometimes of a brownish colour, with brown markings on the body; this variety, which is very rare in Britain, seems to be more plentiful in northern Europe, 4A, EOLIDIDE. where it has been found on the shores of Sweden and Den- mark [and in Kiel Bay]. 15. E. carnea, Alder and Hancock. E. carnea, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. App. (24) p. ix. Bony fleshcoloured, slender: dorsal tentacles rather long, dark olive-brown: oral tentacles white, about the length of the dorsal pair: branchial processes linear conical, rosecoloured, set in 7 clusters: foot with the anterior angles much produced. L. 0:5. Hasirat: Dredged in Salcombe Bay (Mrs. Wyatt). This obscure species is nearly related to Z. alba, but differs in colour and in the apparent absence of the bulbous swelling on the dorsal tentacles. The tongue is of the same peculiar smooth and slender form. E. Branchial processes grouped on footstalks : tentacles smooth : odontophore with a single row of small spines. (Calma, A. §& H.) 16. E. cuaucoipres, Alder and Hancock. E. glaucoides, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 22. Bopy depressed, white: head small: tentacles small, smooth: branchial processes nearly linear, white, with yellowish tips and a pale fulvous central gland; set in 11 clusters, each cluster rising from a common pedicle: foot broad, with the anterior angles short and acute. L. 0°5. Hasrrar: Under a stone at low-water mark, Herm Island (Alder). Of this very curious animal a single individual has only yet been found. It partakes somewhat of the characters of the genus Glaucus, especially in the small size of the head and tentacles, and in the branchial processes being clustered on footstalks. EOLIS. 45 F. Branchial processes in close-set rows: odontophore with a central spine and lateral denticulations. (Cuthona, A. & H.) 17. KE. Pea'cuit, Alder and Hancock. E. Peachii, A. & H. im Ann. N, H. 2nd ser. i. p. 19; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 10. Bopy broadly oblong, tapering behind, yellowish or flesh- coloured: dorsal tentacles long, linear, smooth: oral tentacles one-third shorter, and set rather wide apart on the head, which is broad and semicircular or lunate in outline: bran- chial processes numerous, subclavate, rather obtuse, yellowish- brown, or fawncoloured, with white tips arranged in about 20 close-set rows, commencing on the sides of the head and extending nearly to the tail: jfoot broadish in front, and tapering to a blunt point behind ; the anterior angles obtuse. L. 0°75. Hasrrat: In deepish water, Fowey Harbour (Peach), Nor- thumberland Coast (Alder). [Cumbrae (Robertson). | 18. E. nana, Alder and Hancock. E. nana, A.& H.in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p.36; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam 3, pl. 25. Bopy rather broad, ovate oblong, yellowish-white: dorsal tentacles rather long, smooth, white: oral tentacles a little shorter than the dorsal pair, set rather far on the head, which is broad and shows a semicircular margin beyond them: bran- chial processes subclavate, rosecoloured, with white tips; set in 8 or 10 rather close rows, extending nearly to the tail, which is short and rather blunt: foot broad, transparent white, with the anterior angles rounded. L. 0-4. Hasirat: Under stones between tide-marks: Cullercoats and Whitley, Northumberland (A. & H.); Burghead (Murray), [W. Sweden (Loven). | This species comes very near to the last in some of its cha- racters, especially in the broad form of the head, and in the obtuse angles of the foot. It is nevertheless very distinct. 46 EOLIDIDA. 19. E. strea'ta, Alder and Hancock. E. stipata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xii. p. 283; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 22. Bopy rather broad, ovate-oblong, subdepressed, bright yel- lowish green: dorsal tentacles smooth, rather short and blunt: oral tentacles short and set wide apart on the head, which is rounded: branchial processes rather short and stout, ovate- oblong, bright bluish-green, paler and yellowish towards the apex ; arranged in 9 or 10 close-set rows, nearly covering the back: foot rather broad, transparent white, with the anterior angles obtuse. LL. 0°25. Hasirat: On a Sertularia from deep water, Torbay (Alder). A single individual of this pretty and well-marked Lolis was got in the above locality in 1842, since which time it does not appear to have been met with. 20. E. ancuta’ta, Alder and Hancock. E. angulata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xiii. p. 165; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 23. Bopy rather broad, subangulated, depressed, pale orange: dorsal tentacles short, slightly wrinkled, orangecoloured, with white tips: oral tentacles rather longer, whitish: branchial processes cylindrical, orangecoloured, spotted with white and having whitish tips; set in 10 or 12 rather close rows: foot broad, especially in the anterior portion, where the angles are a good deal produced and pointed ; it tapers abruptly to a point behind. L. 0-4. Hasirat: On a stone brought in by the fishing-boats at Cullercoats (A. Hancock). [Moray Firth (Macdonald); W. Sweden (Lovén) ; Normandy (Quatrefages, as Holidina para- doxa). | 21. E. 1norna'ta, Alder and Hancock. E. inornata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xvi. p. 315; Brit. Nud. Moll. Append. (25) p. ix. Bopy ovate, flattish, pale fawncoloured: dorsal tentacles short, slightly wrinkled: oral tentacles scarcely longer than the dorsal pair: branchial processes elliptic cylindrical, reddish- . EOLIS. 4.7 fawncoloured, spotted with brown and white; set in 9 rows: foot with the anterior angles a little produced and pointed. L. 0:5. Hapirat: Under astone at low-water mark, Torbay (Alder). [? W. Sweden (Loven). ] This obscure species, of which one specimen was got in 1845, requires further investigation. There is a possibility of its being either a variety of EL. angulata, or the young of one of the many varieties of L. papillosa. 22. E. concinna, Alder and Hancock. E. coneinna, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xii. p. 234; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 24. Bony oblong, pellucid white, tinged with buff or yellow: dorsal tentacles rather long, smooth, white: oral tentacles one- third shorter than the dorsal pair, arising from the upper sur- face of the lips: branchial processes oblong, nearly linear, purplish-brown and granulated internally; the outer surface pellucid, with a tinge of blue, giving them a metallic lustre ; set in 9 or 10 rows: foot linear, pellucid; the anterior angles broad, and produced into blunt points. L. 0°5. ~ Hasrrat: On Sertularia argentea at low-water mark, Whitley, Northumberland (Hancock); Egremont, near Liver- pool [on Laomedea gelatinosa] (Collingwood); [Cumbrae (Robertson). W. Sweden (Lovén); Christianiafiord (Asb- jornsen). | A pretty species, though rather sober in colour. The glan- cing of the light on the papille when in motion gives them a silvery appearance. 23. HK. oxiva’cea, Alder and Hancock. E. olivacea, A. & H.in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p. 35; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 26. Bopy rather stout, yellowish-white, with opaque-white spots; a rosecoloured streak on each side of the head: dorsal tentacles linear, smooth, rather short, yellowish-white, with a band of rosecolour: oral tentacles rather shorter than the 48 EOLIDIDZ. dorsal pair, set on the upper surface of the lips: branchial processes few, stout, cylindrical, of a yellowish olivecolour, with transverse bars of a darker shade, sometimes indistinct ; tips pale; they are set in 6 or 8 rows of 3 or 4 each: foot with the anterior angles obtuse. LL. 0°5. Hasrrat: Under stones between tide-marks, Whitley and Cullercoats, not rare (A. & H.); Ardrossan, Saltcoats, Rothesay, and Lamlash (Alder); Burghead (Murray); Pen- zance (Alder). [Dee estuary, Cheshire (Collingwood); Fal- mouth (Cocks); Shetland (Norman). | This Holts is subject to a little variation in colour; the olive sometimes assumes a reddish or greenish tinge. It may, however, generally be recognized by the red lines on the head and tentacles. The localities quoted will show that it is pretty generally diffused, though it is nowhere abundant. 94, EK. auranti'aca, Alder and Hancock. E. aurantiaca, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p. 34; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 27. Bopy rather robust, buffcoloured: dorsal tentacles of mode- rate length, rosy-orangecoloured: oral tentacles shorter, whitish: branchial processes linear oblong, rather stout, pur- ple-orange below, with a white ring above, and bright orange tips; set in 10 or 11 rather close rows, commencing at the sides of the head: foot pellucid white, tapering to a fine point behind ; the anterior angles very obtusely rounded. L. 0-5. Hasrrat: Between tide-marks and in shallow water, Cul- lercoats and Whitley, Northumberland (Hancock). Ardrossan, Ayrshire ; Fowey Harbour, Cornwall; not uncommon (Alder), Liverpool (Collingwood). [Lamlash (Landsborough) ; Shet- land (Norman). W. Sweden (Lovén). | E. aurantiaca has a considerable range. The south-coun- try specimens are generally brighter-coloured than those in the north, the colour of the papille sometimes approaching scarlet in the under part. There is also occasionally a diffe- rence in the proportional colouring of the parts, the orange of the tips, however, being generally conspicuous. EOLIS. 49 25. E. pustuna'’ta, Alder and Hancock. E. pustulata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 46. f. 4, 5. Bopy rather slender, white, pellucid: dorsal tentacles shortish, linear, rather obtuse, blotched with opaque white at the tips: oral tentacles rather shorter than the dorsal pair, also tipped with opaque white: branchial processes long, linear, obtuse, pale orangecoloured, spotted with minute granules of opaque white; arranged in 9 or 10 close-set rows, extending close to the tail and with the posterior papille projecting beyond it: foot having its anterior angles rounded. L. 0°25. Hasitat: On zoophytes from the deep-water fishing-boats at Cullercoats, rare (Alder). Of this species only two individuals have yet been met with. It is distinguished from the other British Holides by the pus- tulated character of the branchial papille, which are capable of great extension. The animal has the peculiar power of bending them at right angles. From the great transparency of the skin, the jaws appear through like two brown bands across the front of the head. G. Branchial processes in rather distant rows: odontophore denticulated, with the central spine a little prominent. (Ca- volina, Cuvier [not Abildgaard].) 26. E. Covu'cuit, Cocks. E. Couchii, Cocks in Naturalist, ii. p. 1, pl. 1.f.2; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. Append. p. x. Bopy rather stout, bluish-black, with opaque-white spots : anterior parts and tail white: dorsal tentacles rather long, filiform: oral tentacles rather short ; both pairs having opaque- white spots: branchial processes oval-oblong, transparent white, with opaque-white spots ; set in 4 distant rows of 3 papille each: foot much attenuated posteriorly. L. 1°75, Hasirat: Under a stone at extreme low-water mark at Gwyllyn Vase, Falmouth (Cocks). VOL. V. n 50 EOLIDIDZ. 27. E. amawna, Alder and Hancock. E, amena, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xvi. p. 316; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 20. Bopy greenish-white, with brown markings and white spots : dorsal tentacles long, transparent, greenish-white, with white spots: oral tentacles about half the length of the dorsal pair, and similarly banded: branchial processes yellowish-green or olive, spotted with yellowish-white, often having a brownish base and two or three bands of brown spots above; tips transparent; they are set in 8 distant rows, the anterior close together, the others more distant: foot rather narrow, the anterior angles very little produced and slightly rounded. L. 0:3. Hasrrat: Dredged in Torbay and Fowey Harbour; not uncommon in the latter place (Alder). [Cumbrae, rare (Robertson). ] This pretty little species may be known from its congeners, E. viridis and E. Northumbrica, by its brown markings, and especially by the brown rings on the tentacles; the green is also more or less yellowish or olive. 28. E. Norruvum’srica, Alder and Hancock. E. Northumbrica, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xiii. p. 165; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 31. f. 2, 3. Bopy rather slender, of a delicate greenish white: dorsal tentacles moderately long, white and strongly wrinkled above, with the apices truncated: oral tentacles nearly as long as the dorsal pair, white and obtuse at the tips: branchial processes stout and subclavate, of a cold bluish green, with white tips, set in 9 rather distant rows: foot with the anterior angles blunt and a little produced. L. 0°25. Hasitat: On a Coralline from the fishing-boats, Culler- coats (Hancock); rocks at the same place (Norman and Mennell). a EOLIS. 5] 29. E. ARENI'coua, Forbes. E. arenicola (Forbes, MS.), A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 31. f. 1. Bopy white, rather long and slender: dorsal tentacles yel- lowish-white, long, smooth, and tapering: oral tentacles nearly as long as the dorsal pair, slender, tapering, set on the upper edge of the lip, which is margined with yellow: branchial processes rather long, linear, and tapering above, of a dark bottle-green colour for two-thirds up, above which they are pale yellow, with colourless tips; they are set in about 15 rows, the papilla becoming very small towards the sides: foot with the anterior angles obtuse. L. 0°75. Hasrrat: Dredged in 10 fathoms on weedy ground, Menai Straits (Forbes). 30. E. Guotrensis, Alder and Hancock. E. Glottensis, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xviii. p. 293; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 29. Bopy greenish-white: dorsal tentacles rather long and ob- tuse, of the same colour as the body: oral tentacles about two- thirds the length of the dorsal pair, obtuse, set on the upper- side of the lip: branchial processes stout, blackish-green, with golden-yellow tips, a little inclining to orange; set in 8 or 9 rows, the first 3 rather close together, the others more distant: foot notched in front, with the angles slightly pro- duced and rounded. L, 0-4, Hasirat: Dredged on Pecten opercularis in Lamlash Bay (Alder). 31. E. c#ru'tea, Montagu. Doris cerulea, Mont. in Linn. Trans. vii. p. 78, pl. 7.f.4,5. 2. cerulea, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 51. Bopy slender, pale pellucid-green: dorsal tentacles long, slightly tapering, greenish-white, with opaque-yellow spots : oral tentacles very short, greenish: branchial processes linear- fusiform, stoutish, green below and blue above, with a rim of pale yellow, and bright orange-red tips; set in 10 rows, the D2 52 EOLIDIDZ. 4 anterior ones rather close together, the rest more distant : foot slender, with the anterior angles produced and rather obtuse. L. 0°5. Haxirat: Devonshire (Montagu); Weymouth [in 6 f.] (Thompson) ; Saleombe Bay (Hincks). This beautiful Holis had not been met with since it was first described by Montagu, until Mr. Wm. Thompson fortunately dredged it in Weymouth Harbour in 1858. The Rev. T. Hincks met with it at Salcombe in the following year. 32. E. vi'ripis, Forbes. Montagua viridis, Forb.in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. v. p. 106, pl. 2. f.12. £. viridis, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 32. Bopy slender, white, slightly tinged with green: dorsal ten- tacles rather long, smooth, greenish-white: oral tentacles nearly as long as the dorsal pair, set on the upper surface of the lip: branchial processes nearly linear, rather stout, bright bluish- green varying to grass-green, with darker granules and opaque- white spots; tips opaque-white; they are set in 10 rather distant rows, the first 4 being rather closer than the rest: foot with the anterior angles a little produced and obtuse. L. 0:3. Hasitat: Isle of Man and Cornwall (Forbes); Saltcoats and Portincross, Ayrshire (D. Landsborough, jun.); Burg- head (Murray). 33. E. puRPURASCENS, Fleming. Eolida purpurascens, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. p. 470, pl. 4. f. 2. Eolis pur- purascens, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 51 and App. p. xi. Bopy slender, pink: dorsal tentacles linear: oral tentacles very short: branchial processes subclavate or filiform ; set in 5 rows of 3 papille each. L. 1. Hasirat: Firth of Tay (Fleming). The above description contains all we know of this species, which has not been met with since its discovery by Dr. Fleming. EOLIS. 53 H. Branchial processes inflated: odontophore with large denticles and a stout central spine; two separate lateral spines. 34. E. crncuna'ta, Alder and Hancock. E. hystrix, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p. 35. £. cingulata, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 28. Bopy slender, tapering to a fine point behind, white, with olive-brown spots and blotches: dorsal tentacles long and slender, white, with an orange-brown band: oral tentacles short, also banded with orange-brown: branchial processes elliptic-oblong or fusiform, yellowish-white, with three olive- brown bands; set in 8 or 9 rows and diverging at the tips: foot with the anterior angles slightly produced and rounded. L. 0°4. Hasitat: Among the rocks at low-water mark, Culler- coats, rare (Alder). [Cumbrae (Robertson); W. Sweden (Loven). | 385. E. virra'ta, Alder and Hancock. E. vittata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p. 35; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 29. f. 1-4. Bony buff or fawncoloured, with ferruginous markings: dor- sal tentacles long, linear, buff below, with a faint ferruginous band, and white above: oral tentacles rather shorter than the dorsal pair, and similarly banded: branchial processes subcla- vate or nearly linear, buffcoloured, with two or three ferrugi- nous bands, more or less distinct, and pale yellow tips; they are set in 6 or 7 rather distant rows: foot with the anterior angles obtuse and not much produced. L. 0:3. Hasitat: On Zoophytes from deep water, Cullercoats, rare (Hancock). This species has considerable resemblance to the last, but differs from it in colour, as well asin the form of the branchial papille. The latter have sometimes a pinkish tinge. 5A. EOLIDIDA. 36. E. prora, Alder and Hancock. E. pallida, A. & H.in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p. 35. . picta, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 33. Bopy rather stout, yellowish-white, more or less spotted and blotched with rich orange-brown : dorsal tentacles long, slightly tapering, white, with a central band of orange-brown: oral tentacles shorter than the dorsal pair, also with a brown band: branchial processes much inflated, ovate, tapering to a fine point above, spotted with orange-brown and opaque white, and frequently having a minute ring of orange near the tip; the central gland is yellowish; the papille are set in 7 or 8 rows, large on the back and small towards the sides: foot with the anterior angles rounded. L, 0-5. Hasitat: On most of our coasts, but not common. A pale variety occurs, which was described under the name of pallida ; the normal form, however, is generally brightly coloured. 37. E. rri'coLor, Forbes. Eubranchus tricolor, Forb. Mal. Mon. p. 5. ols tricolor, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moli. fam. 3, pl. 34. Bopy ovate-oblong, rather broad, of a pale buffish yellow, inclining to fawncolour on the head and back: dorsal tentacles inoderately long, stoutish, fawncoloured : oral tentacles about half the length of the dorsal pair, and rather paler in colour: branchial processes large, stout, ovate, abruptly tapering to a point above, where they are encircled with a ring of bright golden yellow; they are transparent white, with a linear eentral gland of a violetcolour, fading to yellowish-brown below ; set in 13 or 14 rows: foot rather broad, with the anterior angles rounded. L. 1. Hasirat: Ballaugh, in the Isle of Man, and Anglesea (Forbes) ; Belfast Lough (Thompson); Cullercoats and Fal- mouth (Alder); Burghead, common (Murray). [W. Sweden (Lovén). ‘ Rolls itself up into a ball, when teased,” Gordon. | This beautiful species is the £. purpurea of Alder and Han- cock in the ‘ Annals of Natural History ;’ and probably their E. amethystina may prove to be a variety of the same. EOLIS. 55 38. E. Farra’n1, Alder and Hancock. E. Farrani, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xiii. p. 164; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 35. Bopy yellowish-white or purplish, with orange spots: dor- sal tentacles rather long, white below and orange above: oral tentacles shortish, pale orange: branchial processes ovate-oblong, inflated, yellowish-white, or occasionally lilac on the surface, with the central gland of a pale strawcolour; the tips have a ring of bright orange; they are set in 9 or 10 rows: foot nearly linear, with the front angles rounded. L. 0:5. Hasitat: Malahide, near Dublin (Alder); Burghead (Mur- ray); St. Andrews (M‘Intosh). [North of France (Quatre- fages, as Amphorina Albertz). | This is rather a rare species. A single individual only was dredged at Malahide, which was nearly colourless, excepting the orange spots and rings; but several specimens have since been found at Burghead by Mr. Murray with more or less of a purple or lilac hue on the surface. This variety appears to be what is described under the name of LZ. Andreapolis by Dr. M‘Intosh. 39. E. Apria‘ips%, Thompson. E. Adelaide, Thomps. in Ann. N. H. 3rd ser. v. p. 49. E. Robertiane, M‘Intosh in Proc. R. S. Edinb. Bopy rather slender, pellucid orange-red: dorsal tentacles rather long, smooth, orange-red, with yellow tips, having a pale space on each side of the back behind, on which the eyes are placed: oral tentacles a little shorter than the dorsal pair and of the same colour: branchial processes elliptical, inflated, of the same colour as the body, but deeper towards the tips; the central gland is yellowish; they are set in 12 or 13 transverse rows: foot tinged with orange-red, truncated in front, with the angles rounded. L. 0-5. Hasitat: Dredged in Weymouth Bay [in 6 f., feeding on Plumuluria| by Mr. Wm. Thompson. The species varies in intensity of colour, the first observed being nearly white. £. Robertiane of Dr. M‘Intosh, St. Andrews, is a variety of this. 56 EOLIDID. 40. E. exi’cua, Alder and Hancock. FE. exigua, A. & H. in Ann. N, H. 2nd ser. i. p. 292; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 37. Bopy yellowish-white, marbled with brown or olive: dorsal tentacles longish, white, with one or sometimes two bands of brown: oral tentacles short, with a brown band: branchial processes ovate, abruptly pointed, white, with 2 or 3 bands of brown, reddish at the tips; set in 5 rows of one or two each: foot nearly linear, and scarcely produced at the sides in front. G.0-2. Hasirat: On Laminarie and Fuci in shallow water, espe- cially on those fronds that bear the Laomedea geniculata [and L. gelatinosa|; probably not uncommon, but seldom observed on account of its small size. Fowey Harbour; Bangor, North Wales; Bamburgh and Cullercoats, Northumberland (Alder and Hancock); Burghead (Murray); St. Andrews (M‘Intosh), and Liverpool (Collingwood). [Falmouth (Cocks); W. Sweden (Lovén); Kiel Bay and Little Belt (Meyer and Mobius). According to the last-named authors this is possibly Limax tergipes of Forskal, Doris lacinulata of Gmelin, and Tergipes bullifer of Loven. ] I. Branchial processes in a single row on each side: odonto- phore denticulated, without lateral spines. (Tergipes, Cuv.) 41. E. prspecta, Johnston. Eolidia despecta, Johnst. in Loud. Mag. N. H. viii. p. 378, f. 35. Holis despecta, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 37. Bopy slender, white, with an undulating olivaceous line in the middle of the back from the gastrohepatic vessel appearing through: dorsal tentacles long, reddish at the sides towards _ the base: oral tentacles very short: branchial processes fusi- form, expanding a little upwards, and ending in obtuse tips ; white, marbled with olive or greenish, in the centre, and often having a fulvous ring near the tip, which is white ; they are set singly, and alternate, 4 on each side: foot narrow, rounded in front. L. 0:25. PROCTONOTID®. 57 Hasirat: On Corallines and Laminarie in shallow water, sometimes in company with the last; pretty generally diffused on our coasts, but not common, Family IV. PROCTONO'TID, Alder and Hancock. Mantle more or less distinct: dorsal tentacles non-retractile, without sheaths: oral tentacles small or none: branchial pro- cesses fusiform, linear, arranged round the mantle and in front of the head: vent generally dorsal: mouth armed with corne- ous jaws. Genus I. PROCTONO’TUS [*], Alder and Hancock. Bopy depressed: dorsal tentacles simple, linear, without uniting crest: oral tentacles originating in a veil: branchial processes fusiform, arranged along a ridge of the mantle on the sides of the back and in front of the head: vent posterior, dorsal: mouth with corneous jaws and a broad denticulated odontophore. This genus was characterized in the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for March 1844 under the name of Venilia; but the authors, subsequently finding that name preoccupied, changed it in the following number of the same work to Proctonotus. Procronotus MucRoNI'rerus, Alder and Hancock. Venilia mucronifera, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xviii. p. 161. Proc- tonotus mucroniferus, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 42. Bopy ovate-oblong, depressed, fawncoloured, marbled with brown: dorsal tentacles simple, corrugated, fawncoloured : oral tentacles short, originating in a subbilobed veil: branchial processes inflated, ovate or inversely pear-shaped, tapering to a blunt point above, and strongly mucronated over the surface ; [ * From the vent being dorsal. ] DD 58 PROCTONOTID. they are hyaline-white, with a thin yellowish central gland extending about halfway up, set rather irregularly on the sides, about 3 abreast, those next the back large, the outer ones small; 4 large papille are in front of the head: foot broad, slightly bilobed in front, without anterior angles, and tapering to a point behind. L. 0°5. Hasirat: Dredged in shallow water in Malahide Bay, near Dublin (Alder). Genus II. ANTI/OPA [*], Alder and Hancock. (PI. IL. f. 4.] Bopy ovate-oblong, depressed: dorsal tentacles laminated, and united together below by an arched crest: oral tentacles short, with or without a slight veil: branchial processes ar- ranged upon a pallial ridge along the sides of the back and round the head in front: vent posterior, dorsal: mouth with large corneous jaws and a denticulated tongue, containing numerous smooth lateral spines and a single central one. This genus was named Janus by Verany in 1844, and An- ttopa by Alder and Hancock in 1848; but the name Janus, having been previously occupied for a genus of insects, is in- admissible according to the rules of nomenclature now gene- rally followed, and which it is desirable should in all cases be complied with, where it does not interfere with long-established use. 1. Antiopa crista’ta, Delle Chiaje. Eolis cristata, Delle Chiaje, Desc. Stor. An. Nap. pl. 88. 4. cristata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 44. f. 1-7. Bopy ovate, rather depressed, buffcoloured or whitish: dor- sal tentacles conical, obliquely laminated, truncated at top, yellow with white tips, united at the base for about a quarter of their height by an arched crest, of a lobated or radiated structure: oral tentacles short, linear, set at the sides of the head on a kind of conical hood: branchial processes very nu- [ * A mythological name.] DOTONIDZ. 59 merous, large, inflated, smooth, transparent, showing a narrow brown central gland, which is bifurcated above; the tips are of an opaque bluish white, with a brilliant metallic lustre ; the papill are thickly set on the sides and round the head in front without apparent order, meeting behind near the tuber- cular vent, beyond which an opaque-white line extends to the tail: foot rather broad, deeply grooved in front, and extending to a pointed tail behind. L. 1°65. Hasrrat: On most parts of our coast, especially towards the south and west ; not common. 2. A. uya’Lina, Alder and Hancock. A, hyalina, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 44. f. 8-12. Bopy elliptical, pellucid yellowish-white, with reddish-brown markings: dorsal tentacles rather short, stout, and obtuse, fawn- coloured, spotted with brown and white; they are obliquely laminated, and united at the base by a semicircular crest of the same colour: oral tentacles short, proceeding from a semicircular veil: branchial processes numerous, elliptic-oblong, tapering to a blunt point, and strongly mucronated on the upper por- tion; they are pellucid, sprinkled with brown and opaque- white, and showing a stout, central, fawncoloured gland, which extends about two-thirds up; they are densely and irregularly arranged on a ridge round the back and head: foot strongly grooved in front, with the lateral angles rounded. L. O-4. Hasirat: Hilbro’ Island, mouth of the Dee, Cheshire (By- erley [and Collingwood ]). This species comes very near to Proctonotus mucroniferus, from which it principally differs in the characters of the dorsal tentacles and crest, peculiar to the genus Antiopa. Family V. DOTO'NID# [*]. Mantle wanting: tentacles 2, dorsal, with sheaths: branchial processes ovate, muricated, set in a single series on each side: mouth without jaws. [* A purist would say, “ Dotoide.’’ 60 DOTONID. Genus DOTO [*], Oken. (Pl. IL. f. 5.] Bopy nearly linear: tentacles linear, smooth, retractile within plain sheaths: branchial processes elliptical, strongly muricated, set in a single series on each side of the back: head with a slight veil: vent latero-dorsal: odontophore narrow, consisting of a single denticulated plate with a central spine: no jaws. 1. Doro rra’eixis, Forbes. Melibea (Doto) fragilis, Forb. Mal. Mon. p. 4, pl. 1.£.4. D. fragilis, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 5. Bopy oblong, of a uniform yellowish-brown or olive, with occasionally a few tubercular spots on the back and sides: tentacles slender, tapering above, issuing from shortish expanded sheaths : head with a short veil, produced a little at the sides: branchial processes stout, conical, with about 10 rows of tuber- cles and pointed tips ; there are about 9 close-set papille on each side, reaching nearly to the tail: foot linear and slightly notched in front. L. 1. Hasirar: Not uncommon in the [Laminarian as well as the] Coralline zone on nearly all parts of our coast. [W. Sweden, (Loven). | This is the Melibea pinnatifida of Johnston. 2. D. pinnati’rrpa, Montagu. Doris pinnatifida, Mont. in Linn. Trans. vii. p. 78, pl. 7. f. 2,3. Doto pinnatifida, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 45. f. 1-3. Bopy elongated, nearly linear, yellowish or olive, spotted with brown and black: tentacles moderately long, plain, issuing from sheaths which are a little expanded at the top, and surrounded by a row of black spots: head with an arched veil: branchial processes ovate-conical, shghtly pedunculated, with about 6 whorls of slender papillose tubercles, and a terminal one at the apex, each tipped with black; there are from 7 to 9 pa- pille on each side of the back, extending nearly to the tail ; [ * A sea-nymph. ] DOTO. 61 ‘a line of tubercles with black tips runs along each side of the body: foot narrow, a little arched in front, with the lateral angles rounded. L. 0-4. Hasirat; Devonshire (Montagu); Guernsey (Alder); rare. 8. D. corona’ta, Gmelin. P 4 Doris coronata, Gm. ed. Linn. 8. N. p. 3105. Doto coronata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 6. Bopy rather slender, linear, yellowish-white, spotted with rosecolour or purple on the back and sides: tentacles mode- rately long, issuing from longish trumpet-shaped sheaths : head with a slight veil, straight in front and produced at the sides: branchial processes elliptical, pedunculated, with 4 or 5 irregular rows of tubercles and a terminal one, each with a purple spot at the tip; the papille are transparent, with a pinkish centre inclining to brownish or yellowish; there are from 5 to 7 papillz on each side: foot linear, white, without anterior angles. L. 0-5. Haxitat: On small zoophytes from low-water mark to deep water ; common on most parts of the British coast. [I ob- served it feeding on the polyparies of Tubularia indivisa, J.G.J.] It is also found on the Scandinavian, Dutch. and French coasts. [Nice (Verany). | This pretty and well-known species has been referred to many genera by different authors. Included first in Doris, it was transferred to Tritonia by Lamarck, to Tergipes by D’Or- bigny, to Scyllea by Bouchard-Chantereaux, and to Melibwa by Johnston. 4, D. cusprpa’ta, Alder and Hancock. D. cuspidata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 3rd ser. x. p. 264, Bopy slender, white or yellowish, spotted with pink or purple: head with an arched veil, produced into recurved points at the sides: tentacles slender, tapering a little upwards; the sheaths trumpet-shaped, with scalloped margins : branchial processes ovate-conical,’ with four rows of strongly pointed 62 DENDRONOTID ®. conical tubercles, and a terminal one at the apex; the tips are without spots; papille 6 en each side: foot narrow, a little expanded in front. L. 0°5. Hasrtat: In 75-80 f. on the “ Outer haaf,” off the Whalsey Skerries, Shetland (Jeffreys and Waller). This species, of which a single specimen was obtained during the Shetland dredging-expedition in 1861, comes very near to D. coronata, from which it differs in the papille having much more pointed tubercles, without the terminal spot. The ten- tacular sheaths also have scalloped margins, and the veil is more arched than in D. coronata. Family VI. DENDRONO'TID. Mantle wanting : tentacles 2, dorsal, with or without sheaths : branchial processes branched or papillary, set in single series down each side: mouth with jaws. Genus I. DENDRONO'TUS [*], Alder and Hancock. EL: Blea: | Bopy limaciform: fentacles laminated, retractile within branched sheaths: head with a branched veil: branchial pro- cesses branched, set in single series on the sides of the back: vent lateral: odontophore rather narrow, with a large central spine and several smaller lateral ones increasing centrally ; all the spines are minutely denticulated. DENDRONOTUS ARBORESCENS, Miller. Doris arborescens, Mill. Prod. p. 229. Dendronotus arborescens, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 3. Bopy elongated, rather compressed laterally, reddish- or yellowish-brown, marbled with darker brown and spotted with white: tentacles laminated, yellowish, retractile within long narrow sheaths, branched at the top: head-veil with from 4 to 6 branched processes: branchial processes with a nearly [* Back having a tree-like appearance. | HERO. 63 cylindrical stem, giving off numerous branches; there are 6 or 7 in single series on each side: foot narrow, rounded in front, with the sides thin and formed for clasping. L. 1-2. Hasitat: On most parts of our coasts, from low-water mark to deep water, not uncommon. Its range extends northwards to the Scandinavian and Greenland seas; and it is also met with on the Atlantic coast of North America. [North of France, as Scyllaea pelagica (Bouchard-Chantereaux, fide Fischer) ; Brittany (Cailliaud). | This beautiful mollusk varies a good deal in size as well as in colour. A white variety is the 7'ritonia lactea of Thompson ; and a small variety of a delicate pink colour is the 7. pul- chella of Alder and Hancock. Genus IT. HERO [*], Lovén. Bony limaciform: tentacles linear, smooth, without sheaths ; head with a plain veil: branchial processes branched or um- bellated, set in single series on the sides of the back: odonto- phore with a large denticulated central spine, and 2 simple lateral ones. This genus was first described by Professor Lovén under the name of Clelia; but finding that that name had been before used to designate more than one genus in zoology, he subsequently changed it to Hero. Hero Frormo’sa, Lovén. Clelia formosa, Lovén in Ofy. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1844; Index Moll. Scand. p. 7. Bopy rather slender, transparent white or of a pale rosy hue, with three lines of opaque white (one on the back and one along each side): head-veil expanded, arched, notched in front, and produced and curved at the sides: tentacles linear, slender, smooth: branchial processes pedunculated, and branch- ing laterally at the top in an umbellated form, with truncated [* A mythological name. | 64 DENDRONOTID. tips, set in single series, 6 on each side; the first pair are in front of the tentacles: foot rather broad, rounded in front and slightly produced at the sides. L. 1. Hasirat: Dredged on the coast of Northumberland by Mr. G. 8. Brady, and in the Frith of Clyde by Mr. A. Robertson. [The Minch, off Loch Ewe, in 60 f. (J. G. J.).] This rare and interesting species is a recent acquisition to the British fauna. It was discovered on the Swedish coast by Professor Lovén. Genus III. LOMANO'TUS [*], Verany. Bopy limaciform, subquadrilateral: head with a short veil : tentacles laminated, with sheaths: branchial processes papillose, or foliaceous, arranged in a nearly continuous line on a slight pallial ridge or rudimentary mantle: foot linear: odontophore broad, with numerous denticulated spines, which decrease centrally ; no central spine. Verany described this genus in the ‘ Revue Zoologique’ for 1844. His name is consequently prior to that of Humenis given to the same genus by Alder and Hancock in the follow- ing year. 1. Lomanorus MARMoRA'TUs, Alder and Hancock. Bopy a good deal angulated, olivaceous or fawncoloured, marbled with dark brown and white: head with a small tu- berculated veil: tentacles subclavate, strongly laminated, issu- ing from short, rather tight sheaths with smooth margins: branchial processes running in a continuous undulating line of papille down each side of the back to the tail; they are fawncoloured, with white edges: a line of dark brown mark- ings runs down the centre of the back on a white ground, and the sides of the body are marbled with longitudinal streaks of dark brown and white: foot narrow, with the front angles produced into longish processes. LL. 0°5. | * From the fringes on its back. } LOMANOTUS. 65 Hasitat: Dredged in deepish water, Torbay (Alder). Only one specimen was found. [In 80 f., Outer haaf, Whalsey Skerries, Shetland (Jeffreys and Peach). | 2. L. rLa’'vipus, Alder and Hancock. Eumenis flavida, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. xviii. p. 293. L. flavidus, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pl. 41. Bovy lemoncoloured above, white below: veil small, with four tubercular points: tentacles subclavate or fusiform, pale yellowish-white, issuing from shortish sheaths, tuberculated round the margin: branchial processes papillose, set on a waved pallial ridge down each side of the back ; the papille are short, with the exception of 3 on each side, which are longer than the rest and nearly linear; each papilla is encircled by a band of fawncolour: foot linear, with the anterior angles produced into tentacular points. L. 0°25. , Hasrrat: A single individual was dredged in 3 or 4 fathoms water in Lamlash Bay (Alder). 3. L. Portian'picus, Thompson. L. Portlandicus, Thomps. in Ann. N. H. 3rd ser. v. p. 50. Bopy depressed, quadrilateral, pellucid white, tinged with brownish yellow on the back, and pale orange-red in front : veil with two longish tentacular processes on each side: ten- tacles elliptical, closely laminated, issuing from tall narrow sheaths of an orange-red colour above, the margin divided into 6 finely pointed filaments: branchial processes consisting of an expanded and undulated pallial ridge on each side of the back, fringed with short orange papille which are tipped with white : foot linear, with the anterior angles much produced and recurved. L. 1:75. Hasirat: Two examples of this fine species were dredged at different times by Mr. Wm. Thompson in Weymouth Bay. 66 SCYLLEIDA. Family VII. SCYLLA’ID AL. Bopy compressed: mantle produced into lateral lobes, which bear the branchial processes: tentacles with sheaths: mouth armed with corneous jaws. Genus SCYLL#’A [*], Linné. Uy Fig i leg a Bopy strongly compressed laterally and produced into large erect lobes on each side of the back, on the inner surface of which the plumose or tufted branchial processes are scattered : head-veil rudimentary: tentacles laminated, with large sheaths: vent lateral: odontophore broad, with numerous lateral spines and a broad central one; all the spines are denticulated. ScyLu#a PELA’GIcA, Linné. S. pelagica, Linn. 8. N. p. 1094; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 47. Bopy higher than broad, creamcoloured, transparent: ten- tacles rather small, laminated, issuing from large, compressed, trumpet-shaped sheaths, frilled posteriorly: branchial pro- cesses consisting of two lobes on each side of the back (which are large, flattened, and rather irregularly shaped, each bearing tufts of branchial filaments over their inner surface), and of a central posterior, crest-shaped lobe (also bearing filaments) towards the tail: foot linear, the sides thin and capable of being drawn together for clasping. L. 1:5. Hasirat: Three living specimens were met with by Mr. Cocks in 1847, adhering to a weather-beaten Laminaria bul- bosa cast on shore at Falmouth. This is a pelagic species, and is usually found on the floating gulf-weed of the Atlantic; but this instance of its occurrence on a Laminaria shows that it may occasionally be an inhabi- tant of our coast. [/Mgean, 4 f. (Forbes). | [* Belonging to the classical rock Scylla.] TRITONIIDZ. 67 Family VIII. TRITONTIDA [H. & A. Adams]. Bopy with a small or rudimentary mantle, bearing on its margin the branchial processes, which are plumose or lamellated : head with a veil: wnouth with corneous jaws: tentacles 2, dor- sal: vent lateral. Genus TRITO'NIA [*], Cuvier. fPE PRE tS 2. | Bopy limaciform, subquadrate, with a rudimentary mantle or distinct pallial margin: head-veil large, fringed or papillose: tentacles fasciculated, retractile within sheaths: branchial pro- cesses plumose or lamellated, arranged along the pallial ridge on the sides of the back: odontophore broad, with numerous lateral spines, a tricuspid central spine, and a broad plate on each side of it: jaws very large. 1. Trrronta Homseret, (Hombergii) Cuvier. T. Hombergit, Cuv. Mém. du Mus. i. p. 483, pl. 31.f. 1,2; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 2, pl. 2. Bopy broadly oblong, subconvex, varying in colour from dark purple-brown to light brown, fleshcolour, and yellowish-white ; it is covered on the back with large, unequal, soft, warty tubercles: head-veil large, strongly bilobed and fringed on the edge: tentacles stout, bearing a fasciculus of branched filaments, and a stout, truncated process behind; they are retractile within widish sheaths, which are everted and a little undulated at the top: branchial processes laminated or leaf-like, set along the pallial margin on each side of the baek, and extending nearly to the tail, forming nearly continuous irregular-sized tufts, the larger ones turned upwards on the back: foot rather broad, rounded in front. L. 4-6. Hasirat: In deep water on all parts of the British coast, but not very common. . This is the largest of our Nudibranchs, sometimes reaching 7 or 8 inches in length. Its range appears to extend along the whole of the eastern shores of Europe. [W. Sweden [* A surname of Minerva. ] 68 TRITONIIDE. (Lovén).] It is the Z'ritonia atrofusca of Macgillivray ; and his genus Spherostoma was founded on an imperfect specimen of the present species. 2. T. aupa, Alder and Hancock. T. alba, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 46, and App. p. vi. Bopy rather depressed, transparent-white, with opaque-white transverse markings, smooth or very slightly tuberculated : head-veil bilobed, with irregular digitations: tentacles with slightly branched filaments, retractile within rather wide sheaths with smooth edges: branchial processes imperfectly bipinnate, on each side 4 or 5, with intermediate smaller ones, set on an expanded and waved pallial margin: foot moderately broad. L. 0°75. Hasirat: From the fishing-boats at Cullercoats; rare (Alder). 3. T. PLEBEIA, Johnston. T. plebeia, Johnst. in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. v. p. 77; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 2, pl. 3. Bopy subquadrate, yellowish (or rarely greenish), with brown markings on the sides of the back, which are interrupted oppo- site to each branchial tuft; sides of the body generally marbled with purple-brown: head-veil nearly entire, with from 6 to 8 digitations: tentacles smooth and transparent below, above fasciculated with slender branched filaments; they issue from small sheaths with smooth margins: branchial processes small, bipinnate, about 5 or 6 on each side, with sometimes smaller intermediate ones, set on a very slight pallial ridge: foot narrow, rounded in front. L. 1. Hasirat: On Alcyoniwm digitatum and other zoophytes in the laminarian zone; frequent, especially on the east coast. [W. Sweden (Lovén) ; Adgean, 25 f. (Forbes). ] 4, T. rrneata, Alder and Hancock. T. lineata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. i. p. 191; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 2, pl. 4. Bopy very slender, subquadrate, transparent-white, with a POLYCERIDA. 69 line of opaque white along each side of the back, which bend to- wards each branchial tuft: head-veil with four longish linear digitations: tentacles with a fasciculus of laminated or slightly branched filaments, issuing from longish and narrow sheaths: margins undulated and slightly mucronated: branchial pro- cesses small, pinnate, 5 or 6 on each side, set on a slight pallial margin: foot narrow, rounded in front. L. 0-7. Hasitat: Under large stones between tide-marks, Scar- borough (Alder); Ilfracombe (Broderick); Channel Isles (Ansted). Suborder ITI. ACANTHOBRANCHIATA. Gills plumose, surrounding the vent on the medio-dorsal line. Family I. POLYCE’RIDA. Mantle small or obsolete, spiculose, generally with marginal appendages: dorsal tentacles variable: oral tentacles variable, sometimes wanting: mouth with a denticulated prehensile tongue or odontophore, and generally a spinous collar or horny jaws. The Polyceride, though resembling each other in general form, are very variable in their other characters ; so that it has been found necessary to constitute out of them several genera, some of which contain only a small number of species. * Dorsal tentacles retractile within sheaths. Genus I. AAGI/RUS*, Lovén. Bopy stout, convex, tapering behind, covered with large tubercles : mantle indistinct, forming a veil over the head, and a tuberculated ridge on each side: dorsal tentacles linear, smooth, without lamine, retractile within lobated sheaths: * From Aigir, the god of the ocean in Scandinavian mythology. 70 POLYCERIDA. oral tentacles indistinct: gills plumose, partially surrounding the vent (which is on the median line), non-retractile: mouth with a broad spinous tongue and an upper corneous jaw. This genus contains only one known species. JEGIRUS PUNCTILU'cENS, D’Orbigny. Polycera punctilucens, D’Orb. in Mag. de Zool. vii. p. 7, pl. 106. #. punctilucens, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 21. Bopy stout, rather elevated in the centre of the back, and tapering behind, purple-brown, sprinkled with white and darker brown spots, and covered with large, obtuse, cylindrical or subclavate tubercles ; interspersed between these are several circular velvety-brown areas containing each a central bril- liant greenish-blue gem-like spot, with a circle of dark brown spots surrounding the area: dorsal tentacles linear, smooth, and obtuse, with two or three reddish-brown bands; they issue from sheaths surmounted by five large conical lobes: oral tentacles indistinct: gills or branchial plumes 3, large, tripinnate, whitish, in front of which are 3 large, branched, tubercular processes. LL. 0°75. Hasrtat: Under stones among rocks near low-water mark ; rare, but pretty generally diffused. It was first obtained on our coasts near Campbeltown, in Argyleshire, by Professor E. Forbes, who published it under the name of Doris Maura, unaware that it had been previously described by D’Orbigny. Other localities are, Courtmasheny Harbour, Ireland (Allman) ; Ardrossan and Lamlash (Alder); Burghead (Murray); near Fowey, Cornwall (Peach), [Falmouth (Cocks)]; and Culler- coats, Northumberland (Norman). Abroad it has been got by D’Orbigny in the harbour of Brest, [by Aucapitaine and others in the west of France, ] and on the Swedish coast by Professor Loven. This very curious mollusk appears at first sight rather unat- tractive; but on nearer inspection the brilliant gem-like spots give it a very elegant and peculiar appearance. TRIOPA, ZI Genus II. TRI’'OPA *, Johnston. Bopy limaciform, subdepressed: mantle small, extended over the head in front, and surrounded with linear or subclavate marginal appendages: dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile within small sheaths: oral tentacles cylindrical: gills plumose, non-retractile: oddntophore rather broad, with numerous lateral plates, two on each side near the centre bearing spines. Dr. Johnston established this genus for the Doris clavigera of Miiller. The D. lacera of the same author also belongs to it. Noothermembers of the genus are known. It approaches, however, very near to the Euplocamus of Philippi, one or two species of which inhabit the Mediterranean. Triopa cLa'vicER, Miiller. T. claviger, Johnst. in Ann. N, H. Ist ser. i. p. 124; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 20. Bopy elongated, white: mantle small, produced and rounded in front, and ending in a point behind; white, with a few orange or red tubercles on the back, and having the margin surrounded with linear or subclavate processes, the upper por- tions of which are of a golden yellow frequently approaching to orange, but sometimes paler; those over the head are a little smaller than the others, more closely set, and somewhat papillated; the side ones are smooth and nearly linear or sub- clavate: dorsal tentacles subclavate, thickly laminated, yellow, issuing from very short sheaths with smooth margins: oral tentacles cylindrical and truncated, folded into a tube open above: gills 3, tripinnate, white, tipped with yellow. L. 0-75. Hasrrat: This pretty species is found from low-water mark to the depth of several fathoms, in the littoral and laminarian zones, on nearly all parts of the British coast, but especial on the south and west. It is rather rare on the north-east coast of England; and specimens got in that district are smaller, broader, and more brilliantly coloured than usual. * The name of a sonof Neptune. [Properly Triopas, a king of Thes- saly. | 72 POLYCERIDA. The gills, too, are less developed. Dr. Johnston first described this variety under the name of Tergipes pulcher, which he afterwards changed to Zriopa claviger, recognizing it as the Doris clavigera of Miller. It is the Huplocamus plumosus of Mr. Thompson, of Belfast, from the north coast of Ireland. Its range extends to the Scandinavian shores. Genus III. THECA'CERA [*], Fleming. Bopy limaciform, smooth: mantle indistinct, occasionally having a frontal veil: dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile within variously formed sheaths: oral tentacles none: gills plumose, non-retractile ; they surround the vent in the elevated part of the back, and have lateral appendages: odontophore with several lateral plates, two on each side next the centre denticulated : jaws small, lateral, and corneous. Thecacera differs from Polycera chiefly in having sheathed tentacles; the head-veil is also less distinct or entirely wanting, and the appendages less numerous. All the species are rare. 1. THECACERA PENNI’GERA, Montacu. 3 to) Doris pennigera, Mont. in Linn. Trans. xi. p. 17, pl. 4.f.5. TZ. pennigera, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 21 a. Bopy nearly linear, with the back elevated, and tapering to a point behind,smooth, white, nearly covered with irregular bright orange blotches with numerous velvety-black spots interspersed: dorsal tentacles rather stout, the laminated portion yellow, with black spots; they issue from wide sheaths which are open on the inner side, a little elevated in front, and rise into a blunt lobe behind: head narrow, without veil: gills 3, tripinnate, rather small, white, with black spots and orange blotches; the gills project from a peduncle on the centre of the back; there is a large lobate appendage on each side set considerably behind the gills. L. 0:5. Hasirat: 7". pennigera appears, as far as we know at pre- sent, to be confined to the south coast of England, where it [ * Having sheathed tentacles. ] CRIMORA. 73 was first found by Montagu near low-water mark, at Milton, Deyon. It has since been met with on the Cornish coast by Mr. Richard Couch [and Mr. Cocks]; at Weymouth by Mr. Thompson, and in Salcombe Bay by the Rev. T. Hincks. [Brest (Fischer). ] 2. T. virescens, Alder and Hancock. T. virescens, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 44, and App. p. ili. Bopy rather convex, of a pale peach-blossom tint, blotched with green before and behind: dorsal tentacles broadly lami- nated, green, with small simple sheaths: head with a plain margin in front: gills 5, green, margined with white ; a single row of obtuse tubercles encircles the branchial region. L. 0°38. Hasrrat: Two specimens were found by Mr. Cocks on an oyster-bed at Bar point, Falmouth, in March 1849. 3. T. capita'ta, Alder and Hancock. T. capitata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 44, and App. p. iv. Bopy white, freckled with greenish-brown: mantle very indistinct, forming a veil over the head and a faint pallial ridge on the sides of the body, disappearing before reaching the gills: the head-veil has four or five orange tubercles on each side, and a row of the same between the tentacles; there is also a row of tubercled orange spots on each side of the body below the veil, and a central and two lateral rows of obscure yellowish tubercles reach from the gills to the tail : dorsal tentacles with small simple or plain sheaths: gills 7, pinnate, tipped with orange: there is a stout branchial lobe on each side, also tipped with orange. L. 0-25. Hasitat: Dredged in 20 fathoms water off St. Ives, Corn- wall, by Mr. Barlee in 1853. Genus IV. CRIM’ORA®*, Alder and Hancock. Bopy limaciform: mantle very indistinct, forming a veil with branched appendages over the head, and a pallial ridge * A proper name from Ossian. VOL. V. E 74 POLYCERID&. on the sides of the back: dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile within sheaths: oral tentacles tubercular: gills plumose, non- retractile; odontophore broad, with lateral spines of three kinds ; the first next the centre large and bicuspid, the next five or six short and squarish, the remainder very long, curved, and slender. This genus agrees with the Plocamophorus of Riippell in having a branched veil in front, but differs in the absence of the fin-like tail. It has also a considerable resemblance to Thecacera, in which genus, however, the veil is either absent or imperfectly developed. The tongue differs from that of any other genus of the family. Crimora PAPILLA TA, Alder and Hancock. C. papillata, A. & H. in Ann. N, H., 3rd ser. x. p. 263. Bopy ovate-oblong, tapering posteriorly, white, with the processes tipped with yellow: dorsal tentacles subclavate, yellow, retractile within short sheaths: oral tentacles short, tubercular: head-veil bilobed, each lobe furnished with five more or less branched appendages: a slight pallial ridge, bearing numerous yellow filamentous papillee, runs down each side of the back, terminating in a small bifid process behind ; similar small papille are dispersed over the body: gills 3, tri- pinnate. L. 0°6. Hasirat: A single specimen of this interesting Nudibranch was dredged by the Rev. A. M. Norman among Zostere in shallow water, in Moulin Huet Bay, Guernsey, in 1858; and another specimen was obtained by the same gentleman on again visiting the island in 1865. ** Dorsal tentacles without sheaths, non-retractile. Genus V. POLY’'CERA*, Cuvier. Bopy limaciform, smooth or tuberculated : mantle indistinct, forming a digitated veil in front, and a tubercnlated ridge on * Many-horned. = POLYCERA. 75 each side of the back: dorsal tentacles laminated, non-retractile, without sheaths: oral tentacles obsolete or indistinct: gills plumose, non-retractile, with lateral appendages : odontophore rather narrow, with 6 or more plates on each side, the two next the centre large and bicuspid : jaws lateral and corneous. This genus is not numerous in species, most of those known inhabiting the coasts of Europe; one is found in North Ame- rica, and one in Brazil. It is the T’hemisto of Oken. 1. PoLycERA QUADRILINEA TA, Miller. Doris quadrilineata, Mull. Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 229; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 22. Bopy nearly linear, tapering behind, smooth, white, occa- sionally freckled with black, with several rows of yellow or orange tubercles, four of which (two at the margin of the cloak and two at the sides below) are most prominent: mantle expanded into a veil in front with four (or sometimes six) stout, linear, pointed filaments, tipped with yellow, and con- tinued into a faint pallial ridge on each side of the back : dor- sal tentacles subclavate, with the laminated portion yellow : gills 7-9, simply pinnate, with a linear lateral appendage on each side: all the processes are tipped with yellow or orange. L. 0°75. Var. a. With 4 black bands uniting the principal rows of yellow tubercles. Var. 6. With alternate stripes of black and scarlet-orange covering the whole of the body. Hasitat: On small seaweeds in rock-pools, between tide- marks and in shallow water on all parts of the British coast ; not uncommon. Variety b was found in Salcombe Bay (Alder). The species ranges from Norway to the Mediterranean. The variety a is that originally described and figured by Miller under the name of Doris quadrilineata, and perhaps ought to be considered the type of the species ; but it is less common than the bandless form, to which Abildgaard subsequently gave the name of D. cornuta, supposing it to be a distinct species. They are, however, undoubtedly the same. This beautiful species is rather lively in its habits, and is H2 76 POLYCERIDZ. fond of swimming on the surface of the water in the usual inverted position. It is the Doris flava of Montagu, Polycera ornata of D’Orbigny, P. lineata of Risso, and P. typica of Thompson. 2. P. ocetua’ta, Alder and Hancock. P. ocellata, A.& H.in Ann. N, H. Istser. ix. p.35; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 23. Bopy rather stout, greenish-black, with large tubercular whitish spots: mantle with a whitish free margin, tuberculated or scalloped, forming a bilobed veil, interrupted in front, and continued along the sides of the back to the branchial appen- dages, which are lobated and slightly branched: dorsal tenta- cles rather long, conical, broad and smooth below ; the lami- nated portion rather short, greenish, tinged with reddish- brown: head semicircular: gills 5, bipmnate, greenish-white tinged with brown. L, 0°5. Hasirar: Under stones in pools between tide-marks ; pretty generally distributed, but not common. [Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Samsoe, and Heligoland (Meyer and Mobius.) | 3. P. Lesso'n1, D’Orbigny. P. Lessonii, D’Orb. in Mag. de Zool. vii. p.5, pl. 105; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 24. Bopy stout, green or yellowish, with yellow tubercles : mantle with a narrow free margin, set with strong yellow tubercles, and forming a bilobed veil, interrupted in front, and continued along the sides of the back to the lobated and clustered branchial appendages: dorsal tentacles short, clavate, and laminated for two-thirds of their length : head angulated : gills 3, bipinnate. LL. 0°5. Hasirat: In deepish water in the coralline zone ; generally found feeding upon Gemellaria loricata. More local than the last. Cullercoats, not uncommon; Dublin Bay, rare (Alder) ; mouth of the Dee, Cheshire (Byerley). [Moray Firth (Gor- don). | P. Lessoni was first found on the French coast by D’Orbigny, ANCULA. it and has been got in Sweden by Professor Lovén. The Doris iluminata of Gould’s ‘ Invertebrata of Massachusetts’ is also probably this species. It is the P. modesta of Lovén; and the young is the P. cttrina of Alder. Genus VI. AN’'CULA [*], Lovén. PPLE 35] Bopy limaciform, smooth: mantle indistinct or obsolete, represented by a row of filaments on each side of the gills on the middle of the back: dorsal tentacles laminated, non-retrac- tile, with styliform basal appendages: oral tentacles consisting of two tubercular processes on the sides of the head: odonto- phore narrow, with four spines in each transverse row: there is a spinous buccal collar. Ancula differs from Polycera in having basal filaments on the tentacles, as well as in the absence of a veil and mantle or dorsal area. The same characters serve to distinguish it from Idaha. It is founded on a single species. ANCULA cRisTa’TA, Alder. Polycera cristata, Alder in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. vi. P. 340, pl. 9. f. 10-12. A, cristata, A. ‘& EL Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. Le pk Zo. Bopy nearly linear, a little swollen in the centre, and ter- minating in a slender tail; white, with the processes tipped with golden-yellow or orange: dorsal tentacles long, clavate, and broadly laminated, the basal portion of each bearing two styliform appendages: oral tentacles small, tubercular: gills or branchial plumes 3, tripinnate, on each side of which is a row of 5 linear appendages, tipped with yellow or orange. E.. Oe5, Hasrrat: This elegant species is found within tide-marks and in shallow water on nearly all parts of the British coast. In Ireland the only locality recorded is near Dublin (Alder) ; but it will probably be found more common in that country [* A ministering goddess. | 78 POLYCERID#. also when properly looked for. Its range extends northward to Norway and Sweden. [Heligoland (Frey and Leuckart) ; Kiel Bay (Meyer and Mobius). | Genus VII. IDA’LIA%*, Leuckart. Bopy ovate, thick, rather convex, with a small indistinet mantle occupying an elevated dorsal area, and margined with filaments, which are longest in front of the tentacles: dorsal tentacles linear, laminated, non-retraetile, without sheaths : head broad, produced in front, without oral tentacles: gills simply pinnate, non-retractile: foot large: odontophore narrow, with four spines in each transverse row: there is a spinous buccal collar. The aspect of Jdalia is rather heavy and massive compared with other members of the family ; but it is generally attrac- tive on account of the beauty and variety of its colours, the prevailing one of which is red. Members of the genus are found throughout most of the European Seas. A. Centre of the back furnished with filaments. 1. Inara ELEGANS, Leuckart. I. elegans, Leuck. Brey. An. Desc. p. 15, f. 2; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 27. f. 14. Bopy ovate, a good deal elevated on the back, white, thickly freckled with rosecolour, the processes of a brilliant orange- yellow : mantle small, the margin with two long filaments in front of the tentacles; filaments round the sides numerous and rather short, the posterior ones on each side obtusely lobated ; dorsal filaments five, three down the centre and one on each side in front of the gills; they are all bright orange with yellow tips: dorsal tentacles long, linear, finely laminated behind for about two-thirds down, rosecoloured, with a central pale band and yellow tips: Acad broad, sloping downwards from the tentacles: gills or branchial plumes 18, raised on a * A name of Venus. [Properly Idalie.] IDALIA. 79 stout peduncular base, diminishing posteriorly, rosecoloured, tipped with yellow: foot large, having an undulating margin, bordered with orange-yellow. L. 1:5. Hasrrat: Two specimens were dredged in 15 f., near Castle Cornet, Guernsey (Alder). Mr. Barlee also met with it in Birterbuy Bay, Connemara. [Devon and Cornwall (Spence Bate).| It inhabits the Mediterranean, where it was first met with by Leuckart. It is the J. laciniosa of Philippi. This briliant and very beautiful Nudibranch has the curious habit of taking up its abode in the test of an Ascidian. Both the individuals dredged in Guernsey were so located. 2. I. Lea'cui1, Alder and Hancock. I. Leachii, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 27. f. 5. Bopy elevated, white: mantle small, with four very long and stout filaments in front of the tentacles, and seven others (also rather long) on each side of the pallial margin, the last bifid; the dorsal area contains from three to five rows of fila- ments of two to four each: dorsal tentacles long, rather stout and tapering, finely laminated behind nearly to the base: gills 11, set on an elevated part of the back, diminishing posteriorly : foot broad and fleshy. L. 1. Haxsirat: In rather deepish water. Torbay (Mrs. Griffiths) ; Whitburn, Durham (Abbes); the Hebrides, and Birterbuy Bay (Barlee). [Shetland (Norman). ] B. Centre of the back without filaments. 3. I. aspersa, Alder and Hancock. I, aspersa, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 26, and App. p. iv. Bopy ovate, reddish or yellowish, freckled with orange and reddish-brown: mantle inconspicuous, forming a rather nar- row dorsal area, with four very large and stout filaments in front (two at the base of each tentacle); lateral filaments short, two or three on each side near the gills: dorsal tentacles long and tapering, finely laminated behind nearly to their 80 POLYCERIDA. base: gills 10, short, equal in length, forming a circle: foot broad. L. 0°5. Hasirat: In deepish water, Cullercoats (Alder); Bray, Ireland (Ball); Birterbuy Bay, not uncommon (Barlee). [W. Sweden (Lovén). | 4. I. 1Inmqua’Lis, Forbes. I. inequalis, F. & H. iii. p. 579, pl. YY. f. 4; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 46, and App. p. v. Bopy grey, speckled with yellow and brown: mantle incon- spicuous, with four unequal filaments in front, the exterior ones longest ; lateral filaments short, four or five on each side near the gills: dorsal tentacles linear, stout: gills 9 (the ante- rior one bifid), slender, diminishing posteriorly. LL. 0-6. Hasrrat: Dredged by Forbes and others on the eastern and western coasts of Shetland, in 35-80 f. It comes very near to the last. 5. I. putcuetia, Alder and Hancock. ' I, pulchella, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 19, and App. p. v. Bopy ovate, freckled with pale lilac: mantle small, produced in front, with four filaments set on an expanded pallial or velar ridge ; lateral filaments five or six on each side, the last large and bifid: dorsal tentacles clavate, laminated for three-fourths their length: gills 11 (the anterior one bifid), rather small, diminishing posteriorly. L. 0-4. Hasitat: A single specimen was dredged by Mr. Barlee at St. Ives, Cornwall, in 1853. [W. Sweden (Lovén). | 6. I. quapricornis, Montagu. Doris quadricornis, Mont. in Linn. Trans. xi. p. 17, pl. 4. f. 4. LZ gua- dricornis, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 46, and App. p. v. Bopy ovate, depressed, mottled with brown and white: mantle indistinct, with two long filaments in front (one at the base of each tentacle); lateral filaments small, tubercular: dorsal tentacles very long, linear: gills 8 or 9, small. L. 0:4, GONIODORIS. 81 Hazrat: South coast of England; rare (Montagu). This species is only known through Montagu’s description and figure. Genus VIII. GONIODO'RIS [*], Forbes. Bopy elongate or squarish: mantle rather small and short, having a waved or scalloped margin, without appendages, exposing the head and foot: dorsal tentacles laminated, non- retractile : oral tentacles flattened and angular: gills plumose, surrounding the vent on the medio-dorsal line, non-retractile : odontophore narrow: there is a spinous buccal collar. This genus, as now restricted, contains very few species ; the two here described are the only ones known as European. Two others have been found in the Indian Seas. 1. Gonioporis nopo'sa, Montagu. Doris nodosa, Mont. in Linn. Trans. ix. p. 107, pl. 7. f. 2. G@. nodosa, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 18. Bopy limaciform, subangulated, tapering a little posteriorly, transparent white, tinged with yellow or pink, with opaque- white spots: mantle with a scalloped margin, reflected up- wards, and a keel down the back, on each side of which are one or two rows of prominent tubercles: dorsal tentacles cla- vate, yellowish: oral tentacles flattened, and produced into blunt points: gz//s 13, simply pinnate, non-retractile. L. 1. Hasrrat: Not uncommon between tide-marks on most of our rocky shores, especially in the months of May and June, at which time it is spawning. Professor Lovén records it as Swedish; but we have no account of it as yet from other foreign localities, though it will probably be found on the neighbouring coasts of France and Holland. The species is rather variable. Varieties of it have been named Doris Barvi- censis by Johnston, G. emarginata by Forbes, and G. elongata by Thompson. [ * An angulated Doris, ] 82 DORIDIDE. 2. G. casta’nEA, Alder and Hancock. G. castanea, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xvi. p. 314; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 19. Bopy ovate, tapering obtusely behind, reddish-brown spotted with white, the sides strongly tuberculated: mantle very small, somewhat tuberculated, with a waved and reflected margin, and a strong pale ridge down the centre: dorsal ten- tacles stout, broadly laminated: oral tentacles broad, flat, and angulated, each terminating in a rather pointed apex: gills 6 or 7, tripinnate, large and spreading, rather darker-coloured than the body: foot large and broad. L. 1. Hasirat: Under stones near low-water mark; rare. Sal- combe Bay (Alder); Falmouth (Cocks) ; Saltcoats, Ayrshire (D. Landsborough, jun.). The Doris Paretii of Verany, found by him [at Nice] near Genoa, is synonymous with this species [?]. Mediterranean specimens are of larger size, reaching nearly an inch and a half in length. Family If. DORTDIDAi. Mantle large, spiculose, entire, without marginal appendages: dorsal tentacles retractile within cavities : mouth with a denti- culated prehensile tongue or odontophore. Genus DORIS [*], Linné. [Pi die] Bopy ovate or elliptical, generally more or less depressed : mantle covering the head and foot: dorsal tentacles clavate or conical, laminated, and retractile within cavities, sometimes slightly sheathed: oral tentacles variable, sometimes replaced by a veil: gills plumose, placed posteriorly on the median line of the mantle and partially or completely surrounding the vent. The genus Doris is very generally diffused over the globe, and contains numerous species; those of tropical climates grow to a large size, and are often of very brilliant colours. The British species comprise three sections. x [Daughter of Oceanus and wife of Nereus. | DORIS. 83 A. Gills united at the base and retractile within a cavity: odontophore broad, with numerous spines. (Doris proper.) 1. Doris rupercusa'ta, Cuvier. D. tuberculata, Cuy.,in Ann. du Mus, v. p. 469, pl. 74. f. 21; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 3. Bopy elliptical, subdepressed, orange or yellow, sometimes nearly white, usually blotched with brown or olive: mantle thickly covered with moderate-sized, unequal, flattish tuber- cles: dorsal tentacles conical: oral tentacles tubercular: gills or branchial plumes 9, tripinnate, recurved, large and spread- ing, forming a circle slightly open behind, transparent white, tipped with violet. L. 2-3. Hasrtar: Under stones and in crevices of rocks within tide- marks; common on all parts of the British coast. Its range of depth does not extend much beyond low-water mark. This is the largest of our British Dorides: specimens have been found reaching 4, or sometimes 5, inches in length; but these are extremely rare. It is a very sluggish animal. [Sometimes used in Shetland as a bait for rock-cod. The fishermen there call it “peer.”| The spawn may often be seen in rock-pools in the spring and early summer, forming a conspicuous convoluted cup, of a buffcolour, with slightly waved margins. D. tuberculata is found on the northern and western coasts of France, and is recorded as occurring on the Swedish and Norwegian coasts as well as in the Mediterranean; but as | more than one species have been described under this name by continental authors, the latter habitat at least requires con- firmation. [Heligoland (Frey and Leuckart). ] This is the D. argo of Pennant, Fleming, and several of our earlier writers. The true D. argo is a Mediterranean species. 2. D. ruam’mea, Alder and Hancock. D. flammea, A. & H.in Ann. N. H. xiv. p. 330; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 4. Bopy ovate or elliptical, scarlet, rarely with slight blotches 84: DORIDID®. of purple: mantle covered with rather small, unequal, flattish tubereles : dorsal tentacles conical: oral tentacles tubercular : gills 9, tripinnate, not spreading, of a scarlet colour, rather paler than the body. L. 1. Hasirat: On the shells of Pecten opercularis and on stones in shallow water in Lamlash and Rothesay Bays; rather rare. [Falmouth (Cocks); Clyde district (Landsborough and Nor- man). | This appears to be the scarlet Doris dredged by Professor E. Forbes in the Isle of Man (Ann. N. H. Ist ser. v. p. 102), and referred by him to D. argo. 3. D. Zettanpica, Alder and Hancock. D. Zetlandica, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 42, and App. p. i. Bopy oval, white or yellowish: mantle with rather large, conical, pointed tubercles: dorsal tentacles linear, finely lami- nated: oral tentacles tubercular: gulls 6, bipinnate. LL. 0°75. Hasrrat: Inner haaf, near Lerwick, Shetland; very rare. A specimen was obtained in that locality by Mr. Barlee in 1849 ; and another has since been got off the Whalsey Skerries on the same coast, in 40 f., by the Rev. A. M. Norman. The most striking peculiarity in this species is in the spines of the tongue, which differ from those of any other known Doris; they are very long, slender, subclavate, and denticulated on the inner margin. 4. D. mitteGRa’NA, Alder and Hancock. D. millegrana, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 42, and App. p. i. Bony oval, depressed, yellow or orange: mantle large, covered with minute, close-set, granular tubercles: dorsal tentacles conical: oral tentacles linear: gills 6, bipinnate. 1, 4°25. Hasrrat: Torbay. The only evidence we have of this spe- cies consists of two specimens in Dr. Leach’s collection at the DORIS. 85 British Museum, sent from Torbay by Mrs. Griffiths. The species comes nearest to D. Johnstoni, but is sufficiently dis- tinguished from it by the form»of the tubercles, and by the number and character of the branchial plumes, which le over on the back and are interrupted behind, while those of D. Johnston form a complete erect circle. 5. D. restuprna’ria, Risso. D. testudinaria, Risso, Hist. Nat. de Eur. Méy. iv. p. 33, £15. D. pla- nata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 8. (young). Bopy ovate, or broadly elliptical, rather flat: mantle large, expanded, variegated with chestnut-brown and pale yellow, and covered with very unequal, soft, warty tubercles ; under- side lemoncoloured, spotted with brown: dorsal tentacles cla- vate, stout, yellowish: oval tentacles linear: gills 8, tripinnate, mottled with brown and white, forming an incomplete circle behind, and retractile within a large cavity. L. 2. Hasrrat: Within tide-marks, Isle of Herm (G. 8. Brady and Hodge); in shallow water, Lamlash Bay (Alder); and near Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde (Robertson). [Falmouth (Cocks) ; Nice (Risso and Verany)’; Adriatic (Grube); Aigean (Forbes). | The examination of further specimens of different sizes from the Clyde district proves that D. planata, of the ‘ British Nudibranchiate Mollusca,’ is the young of D. testudinaria. In its young state it is extremely flat, and the gills imperfectly developed. 6. D. Jounsto’n1, Alder and Hancock. D. obvelata, Johnst. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. i. p. 52 (non Miller). VD. Johnstoni, A. & H, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 5. Bony ovate-oblong, yellowish-white or yellow, sometimes approaching to orange, with a few minute brown spots: mantle covered with minute, close-set, pilose tubercles : dorsal tentacles clavate, rather short and stout, brownish, with the margin of the cavities a little raised and serrated: oral tentacles linear : gills 15, tripinnate, forming a complete cup. L. 1°75. 86 DORIDID&. Haxsirat: On rocky shores and in shallow water, on nearly all parts of the English and Scottish coasts, but nowhere common. Skerries near Dublin (Hyndman). We have no account of its occurrence out of Britain; but it will probably be found on the neighbouring shores of the continent. [Nor- way (M‘Andrew and Barrett); Sweden (Lovén). ] 7. D. coccinea (Forbes), Alder and Hancock. D. coccinea, Forb. Rep. AZgean Invert. B. A. 1843?; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 7. Bopy elliptical, bright scarlet, with a few minute black spots: mantle closely covered with minute pilose tubercles: dorsal tentacles short, clavate, with the lamine open in front, yellowish, spotted with red; a row of largish yellow tubercles surrounds the base of each: oral tentacles linear: gills 10, small, simply pinnate, erect, poimted, forming a circle. LL. 0:5. Hasirar: Under stones between tide-marks, on the coasts of Cornwall and Devon; rather rare. [Faroe (Morch); Brit- tany (Taslé) ; Rochelle (Fischer). ] This pretty species was first found on the Devonshire coast by Montagu, who named it D. coccinea in manuscript, as we are informed by Dr. Leach. Professor KE. Forbes considered it to be identical with the Doris so named by him (but not described) in his AZgean Report. Of this, however, there may be some doubt. The species comes very near to D. Johnstoni, but differs from it essentially in the form and number of the branchial plumes. The armature of the tongue, too, is very distinct in the two species. 8. D. repanpa, Alder and Hancock. D. repanda, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. ix. p. 32; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 6. Bopy ovate-oblong, depressed, waxy-white: mantle large, spreading, with small, rather distant, soft tubercles; a row of sulphur-yellow or opaque-white spots runs down each side ; DORIS. 87 underside of the mantle veined: dorsal tentacles clavate, white or yellowish, finely laminated: oral tentacles flattened and broadly angulated: gzlls 5, small, tripinnate. L. 1. Hasirat: Not uncommon among the rocks between tide- marks, on the north-east coasts of England and Scotland; also found in Shetland and on the west coast of Scotland; but it does not appear to extend to the south of England. [Falmouth (Cocks).] Roundstone, Connemara (W. Thompson). It is found on the Swedish and Norwegian coasts, and is considered by Professor Lovén to be the D. obvelata of Miller. It is the D. levis of Fleming. [Calvados, France (Fischer). | B. Gills simply pinnate, non-retractile: no oral tentacles, their place being supplied by a veil: odontophore narrow, with few spines. (Lamellidoris, A. & H.) 9. D. aspera, Alder and Hancock. D. aspera, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p.32; and Brit, Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 9. f. 1-9. Bopy elliptical, semitransparent, white, sometimes with a tinge of yellow: mantle with stout, flattish, clavate tubercles : dorsal tentacles subconical, laminated on the upper half: head- veil rather broad, but not much produced: gills 11, small, erect: liver of a pinkish hue, apparent through the skin. EO. Hasirat: Under stones between tide-marks, on the north- eastern coasts of England and Scotland, not uncommon ; less common on the western coast of Scotland. Malahide, near Dublin (Alder). [W. Sweden (Lovén). | D. aspera is rather more active than most of its congeners. When kept in a vase it is apt to creep out of the water and die upon the sides of the vessel for want of moisture. This habit 1s common to several of the littoral Dorides, 88 DORIDID#. 10. D. prox’ima, Alder and Hancock. D. proxima, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 9. f. 10-16. Bopy elliptical, orange-yellow: mantle with stout, conical tubercles: dorsal tentacles linear or subclavate, laminated nearly throughout: head-veil rather large, semicircular: gills 11, not quite closely surrounding the vent: liver large, ap- pearing through the skin of a purplish-brown colour. L. 0:5. Hasrrat: Among rocks and seaweeds at Birkenhead, where it was found by Mr. Price; but it has been now nearly extir- pated by the alterations on that shore. Mersey and Dee (Col- lingwood). It has not yet been found in any other locality. | Bornholm Isle, in the Baltic (Meyer and Mobius). | D. proxima may be best distinguished from D. aspera by the conical form of the tubercles. A good anatomical dis- tinction is found in the tongue, which has 11 lateral plates on each side: in D. aspera there are only 3; a satisfactory character, confirming the small differences in the external form. 11. D. murica’ta, Muller. D. muricata, Mill. Zool. Dan. iii. p. 7, pl. 85. f. 2-4; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 42, and App. p. iii. Bopy oval or roundish, yellowish-white: mantle with rather large, close-set, rounded or clavate tubercles: gills? L. 0-3. Hanirat: Belfast and Strangford Lough. The only know- ledge we have of this as a British species we owe to Mr. Wm. Thompson, of Belfast, who took it in the above lo- ealities. [Scandinavian coasts (Miller and others); Faroe Isles (Morch). ] 12. D. Love’ni, Alder and Hancock. D. muricata, Lovén, Index Moll. Scand. p. 5. no. 18. D. Lovéni, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 3rd ser. x. p. 262. Bopy ovate, rather convex, yellowish-white : mantle with DORIS. 89 very large, rather distant, clavate tubercles, interspersed with smaller ones: dorsal tentacles robust, yellowish: head-veil large, undulating: gills 11, set in a small incomplete circle or ellipse. LL. 0-5. | Hasirat: Among stones between tide-marks, Bantry Bay, where a single specimen was found by Mr. Norman in 1858. It occurs on the coasts of Norway and Sweden. 13. D. Unrpia’na, Thompson. D, Ulidiana, Thomps. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xv. p. 312; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 42, and App. p. ii. Bopy oblong, pale yellow : mantle with rather large, unequal, depressed tubercles: dorsal tentacles long, slender, whitish : head-veil large, semicircular: gills 11, beautifully white, set in a semicircle: liver appearing of a dark colour through the skin. L. 0-5. Hasrrat: Three individuals of this species were obtained by the late Mr. W. Thompson, of Belfast, on oysters brought to Belfast Market from the coast of Down or Antrim. It does not appear to have been since met with. 14, D. pra’pHana, Alder and Hancock. D. diaphana, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 313; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 10. Bopy elliptical, very transparent, white: mantle with equal, rather distant, clavate tubercles: dorsal tentacles linear, stout, yellowish: head-veil undulating: gills 11, stout, yellowish, set in an open incomplete circle: liver extending much for- ward and appearing very large and black through the foot. L. 0:5. Hasitat: Meadfoot sands, Torbay, where two specimens were obtained in 1845 (Alder). [Falmouth (Cocks). | The last six species approach each other very closely, and can only be distinguished by critical examination. 90 DORIDID®. 15. D. optonea, Alder and Hancock. D. oblonga, A. & H. in Ann. N, H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 314; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 16. f. 4, 5. Bopy oblong, tapering behind: manile yellowish, with brown spots, covered with stout conical tubercles: dorsal tentacles subelavate, stout, with short sheaths: head-veil semicircular, produced in front: gills 7, rather large and close-set, sur- rounded by a circle of tubercles. L. 0:5. Hasirat: A single specimen dredged off Berry Head (Alder). 16. D. prnaMELLA TA, Linné. D. bilamellata, Linn. 8. N. p. 1083; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pls Bopy elliptical: mantle dull white, mottled and blotched with brown in a longitudinal direction, forming a faint band down the centre of the back, and two brighter but much in- terrupted bands down the sides; covered with large, unequal, clavate tubercles: dorsal tentacles linear, brownish: head-veil broad, undulating: gills 20-29, small, brown, placed at a little distance round the vent in a transversely elliptical or horseshoe form, with the posterior ends curved inwards. L, 0°5-1°5. : Hasirat: This is one of the most common of our British Dorides, often appearing in considerable numbers on the rocky parts of the coast, especially in the north. Most plen- tiful in the early spring, at which time they are spawning. Two varieties occur, one so much larger than the other as to have been frequently considered a distinct species. The smaller variety is D. vulgaris of Leach, and the larger D. Elfortiana and D. Leachii of De Blainyille; this latter variety is also the D. affinis of Thompson. JD. bilamellata is the D. verrucosa of Pennant and Fleming, but not of Linné or Cuvier. It is the D. liturata of Moller, and D. obvelata of Bouchard- Chantereaux. The range of this species appears to extend from the English Channel to Greenland. DORIS. 91 17. D. perressa, Alder and Hancock. DB. depressa, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p. 32; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 12. f. 1-8. Bopy broadly oval, very much depressed : mantle pale sandy- coloured, spotted with reddish-brown, and set with rather long, linear, pointed papille; it is transparent, showing the large imbedded spicula arranged transversely across the back and diagonally at the sides: dorsal tentacles linear, rather tapering, closely laminated: head-veil semicircular: gills 11, very small, set in an open circle. L. 0°3. Haxrrat: Under stones between tide-marks and in shallow water;.rare, but pretty generally diffused on the British coast. Whitley and Cullercoats, Northumberland (A. Han- cock); Scarborough and Torbay (Alder); mouth of the Dee (Byerley). [Mersey (Collingwood).] Burghead (Murray). {Falmouth (Cocks); Brittany (Taslé); Rochelle (Fischer). ] From the transparency of the mantle, the eyes in D. de- pressa are visible behind the dorsal tentacles. In most other species of Doris they can only be seen in very young indivi- duals, being afterwards obscured by the thickening of the skin, so as to be scarcely available for the purpose of sight. The spawn in this and the following two species is deposited in a thin spiral thread of many coils, like that of some of the Kolides. [It is the Villersia scutigera of D’Orbigny, according to Fischer. | 18. D. 1nconspr'cua, Alder and Hancock. D. inconspicua, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 12. f. 9-16. Bopy elliptical, rather depressed: mantle white, with a shade of purple, slightly sprinkled with minute brown spots, and set with small, blunt tubercles: dorsal tentacles subela- vate, stout, closely laminated : head-veil rather broad; gills 10, dull white, stout, set in an open circle. L. 0-3. Hasirat: Two specimens of this little Doris were got by 92 DORIDID&. Mr. Howse upon Cellepora pumicosa, from the deep-water fishing-boats, Northumberland. [Arcachon (Fischer). ] 19. D. pustzua, Alder and Hancock. D. pusilla, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 313; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 13. Bopy broadly ovate, depressed: mantle fulvous, thickly covered with dark-brown spots and numerous conical tuber- cles: dorsal tentacles slender, tapering, white, with strong distant lamine : head-veil undulating, slightly bilobed: gills 9, snow-white, stout and obtuse, set in a rather open circle. L. 0:3. Hasrrat: Under stones at extreme low-water mark in the *“‘ Gentlemen’s Cove,” Torquay, rare (Alder); Burghead (Mur- ray). [Falmouth (Cocks). ] 20. D. sparsa, Alder and Hancock. D. sparsa, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xviii. p. 294; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 14. Bopy oval, yellowish-white, depressed: mantle spotted with fulyous-brown, and with distant, roundish, obtuse tubercles : dorsal tentacles tapering, white, blotched with brown, thinly laminated, and with three or four large tubercles surrounding the base of each: head-veil broad, arched: gills 9, small, dull white, set in a rather open circle. L. 0°25. Haxitat: On Céellepora pumicosa from the fishing-boats, Cullercoats (A. Hancock). A single specimen only of this rare species was obtained. In form and markings it comes near to D. depressa ; but it is at once distinguished from it by the character of the tubercles. In the latter respect it comes nearer to D. inconspicua, from which it differs in the shape and less numerous lamine of the tentacles, and in the large tubercles at their base, as well as in the colour and markings of the cloak. [Faroe ( Morch). ] DORIS. 938 C. Gills united at the base, non-retractile: body convex: oral tentacles indistinct, united into a veil: odontophore narrow. (Acanthodoris, Gray.) #21. D. prto’sa, Miiller. D. pilosa, Mill. Zool. Dan. iii. p. 85, f. 5-8; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 15. Bopy ovate, very convex, subpellucid; colour various, white, yellow, brown, freckled or blackish: mantle with slender pointed papillz: dorsal tentacles long, shghtly bent backwards, retractile within small denticulated sheaths : oral tentacles in- distinct, expanded into a veil at the sides: galls 7-9, large and spreading, transparent white.or greyish, generally with opaque-white midribs, which form a star in the centre. L. 0:5-1°25. Hasirat: Within tide-marks or in shallow water; com- mon on nearly all parts of the British coast. It occurs on the northern and western shores of France, as well as in Holland, [ Denmark, ] Sweden, and Norway. [Faroe (Morch); /Kgean, 13 f. (Forbes). | Doris pilosa is extremely variable both in size and colour ; in consequence of which several species haye been made out of it. The small white and blackish varieties are most com- mon within tide-marks. The fine large white and canary- yellow varieties are more local, and inhabit rather deeper water in the laminarian zone; but they are generally abun- dant where they occur. The black variety is the D. nigra of Fleming and D. Flemingii of Forbes. Other synonyms for this species are D. stellata, Gmelin; D. sublevis, Thompson ; D. fusca, Lovén; and D. rosinela, Leach. 22. D. quaprancuLta Ta, Alder and Hancock. D. quadrangulata, A. & H.in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 313; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pl. 16. f. 1-3. Bopy white, subpellucid, rather elevated: mantle small, sub- 94. ONCIDIIDZ. quadrangular, scarcely covering the head and foot, set with small conical papille: dorsal tentacles subclavate, stout, with smooth, slightly elevated sheaths: head-veil broad, undulating: guls 7, large, spreading transversely: foot large and thick. i Fa Hasirar: A single specimen was dredged near Berry Head in 1845 (Alder); and another has since been got at Hilbro Island, mouth of the Dee, Cheshire, by Mr. Byerley. Order VI. PULMONOBRANCHIATA, Sowerby. (See Vol. I. p. 76, and Vol. III. p. 200.) Bibliopolical reasons caused an interruption of the natural classification or arrangement of the British Mollusea in the present work. ‘The students of land and freshwater shells are so numerous compared with those who collect marine shells, owing chiefly to the want of opportunities, that the publisher considered it expedient to divide the subject and have separate volumes for each branch. But it is evident that this is an artificial barrier, and that the Mollusca ought to be studied without regard to the nature of their habitat. The air-breathing Mollusca which inhabit the sea- shore and tidal estuaries are few in number. They may be called amphibious, inasmuch as they live partly in water and partly on land. None have been discovered in latitudes more northern than our own. Family I. ONCIDIIDA, (Onchidiide) H. & A. Adams. Bony slug-like, coriaceous: tentacles 2, conical or cylindri- cal: eyes placed near the extremities or tips of the tentacles : ONCIDIUM. 95 foot much narrower than the mantle: respiratory orifice under the hinder edge of the mantle: vent near the respiratory orifice. Hermaphrodite, with mutual congression, the reproductive or- gans being separate. SHELL none, Genus ONCI’DIUM™%, (Onchidium) Buchanan. PISTEDSE a. Bopy oblong, convex, usually tuberculous: head covered by the mantle when the animal contracts itself; it is furnished with a veil, which is formed of two triangular and compressed lobes: mouth destitute of jaws: gizzard muscular. Established by Dr. Buchanan in the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society, and adopted by Cuvier and Lamarck. ‘The type on which it was founded is a spe- cies discovered by Péron on rocks in the Isle of France. Audouin believed that the tubercles on the hinder part of the mantle in the typical species are true gills, which exist independently of the pulmonary apparatus; but other species are quite smooth. It is not improbable, however, that the skin or outer integument of the body may serve the purpose of respiration while the animal remains under water. It is the genus Peronia of De Blainville; at least, no character has been given by him or the Messrs. Adams by which that genus can be distinguished from Oncidium. Oncip1um Cet’'ticumyt, Cuvier. Onchidium Celticum, Cuy. Régne An. iii. p. 46, footnote (indicated but not described); F. & H. iv. p. 3, pl. FFF. f. 6. Bopy thick, somewhat extensile, greyish-olive ; it is closely * Diminutive, from dy«os, a tumour or swelling. + Inhabiting the Celtic region. 96 ONCIDIIDA. but irregularly studded with wart-lke tubercles of different sizes, some of which have jagged edges; the underside is closely and minutely tuberculous: mantle rather thin, lining the underside, and lying close above the foot; it is greyish- white, and covered with minute white specks: head broad, flanked by two large semicircular lobes or lips, which are on a level with the sole of the foot: mouth forming a narrow slit in the middle of the underpart of the head, and placed length- wise : tentacles very short and conical, with bulbous tips; they are contractile, as in the Limneide: eyes bluish-black, nearly on the tips of the tentacles: foot rather narrow, squarish in front, and bluntly pointed behind ; its action is the same as that of a land-slug, viz. by a series of wave-like movements : respiratory orifice circular, at the hinder extremity of the body, between the mantle and the foot: vent tubular, placed below the respiratory orifice. L.0°5. B.0°375. Hasrrat: Crevices of the rocks, a little above high- water mark, apparently feeding on Lichina pygmea, in Lantivet Bay, Cornwall (Couch and Laughrin) ; Whit- sand Bay, near Plymouth (Spence Bate). In the former locality it is associated with Lasea rubra, Rissoa cingillus var. rupestris, Melampus bidentatus, and Otina otis. Mr. Laughrin informs me that the Oncidium comes out in warm weather and crawls about on the rocks, but that it is seldom seen in the winter; and he adds that they sometimes congregate in groups consist- ing of as many as twenty individuals. I observed that the Oncidium, on being touched or disturbed, rolls up like a Chiton by bringing both extremities together. When crawling, the hinder extremity is occasionally notched or hollowed out. They cannot bear long im- mersion in water. Audouin and Milne-Edwards (Rech. pour servir & l Hist. Nat. du Litt. de la France) noticed O. Celticum as abundant at Port de Solidor, near St. Servan. Philippi was inclined to consider this identical with a species which he described and figured as O. nanum, from ASSIMINEA, 97 Palermo. He represents the tubercles as whitish, which is not the case in O. Celticum ; otherwise his description and figure suit our species. .His specimens were only 3 millimétres long, and might have been immature. Family IJ. ASSIMINEID, (Asstminiide) H. & A. Adams. Bopy spiral, enclosed in a turbinated shell: head furnished with a broad snout: tentacles 2, cylindrical or club-shaped, thick, and contractile: eyes placed at or near the tips of the tentacles: foot oval: respiratory orifice on the right-hand or outer side of the mouth of the shell. Suet conical and strong: spire short: mouth roundish- oval, more or less angulated or expanded at the base: pzllar- lip thick: inner lip united to the periphery, but not forming a distinct peristome: outer lip sharp: operculum horny, pauci- spiral ; nucleus on the inner side of the mouth. Genus ASSIMI’'NEA*, Leach. Pl. IV. f. 1. As this appears to be the only representative of the family (Paludinella of L. Pfeiffer and Optediceros of Dr. Leith being mere synonyms) it would be superfluous to repeat the description given above. The careful observations of Mr. Berkeley, in the 5th volume of the ‘ Zoological Journal,’ on the anatomy of A. Grayana, left very little doubt of this being a true Pulmonibranch. He could detect nothing like gills, but found that “the vault of the cavity of respiration was traversed by a multitude of minute vessels, all tending one way towards a large vessel running down in the direction of the heart; which is exactly the struc- ture in pulmoniferous Mollusca.” Neither did Mr. * A ridiculous name. VOL. V. F 98 ASSIMINEIDZ. Clark succeed in detecting any branchize, although he has given us the number of strands in the gill-plume of Aclis unica, which in bulk is only one-tenth of A. Grayana. According to Mr. Blanford, Dr. Leith de- scribed some species of the present genus, under the name of Optediceros, in the ‘Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society’ for 1853, one of his generic characters being as follows :—‘“ The respira- tory opening is a round perforation in the mantle, be- hind the right tentacle.” I have observed the air-pouch of A. Grayana and A. littorina; in the latter it is very conspicuous and unmistakable. The shell of A. Gray- ana is not unlike that of a young Limnea palustris, especially of its variety conica; and as both belong to the same order, and I was not then aware that Assiminea has an operculum, my error in following Dr. Fleming, who placed 4. Grayana in the genus Limnea, was per- haps not so heinous as Dr. Gray made it out to be. Against this criticism of the last-named author may be set off a remark that there is no foundation for his statement that the eyes in A. Grayana “are placed on a peduncle as long as the tentacula, and the peduncle and tentacula are soldered together.” The eyes are imbedded in the tissue of the tentacles; and there is no peduncle or stalk. The dental apparatus is somewhat complicated, each row consisting of a central tooth flanked on either side by three uncini of different shapes. This genus bears also Gray’s MS. name of Nerita Syncera, and has been called Assiminia and Assaminia. With respect to the present name the author ought to have borne in mind one of Linné’s laws of scientific nomenclature, “ Idiotee imposuere nomina absurda.” Woodward was clearly mistaken in considering it a ASSIMINEA. 99 subgenus of Rissoa. Nor can I agree with Prof. E. von Martens in referring to Assiminea the Melania Charreyi of Morelet, which seems to me scarcely a variety of Hydrobia ulve. The A. gallica of Dr. Paladilhe is likewise H. ulve, and will be noticed in the Supplement. It is to be regretted that this writer did not ascertain the genus, as well as that he changed the specific name without any reason. 1. AsstmInrA Graya’nA*, Leach. 3 Assiminea Grayana, Flem. Brit. An. p. 275. . eaten Northumbrica..... 5 BPEnicOlA «sss «ss | Gicttensis: ? Vi 3) «i= 7 7-49. SOwert! U margarititen 1. Anodonta cygnea. 2. A. anatina. 5S. Dreissena polymorpha B Sowerby. PLN I Neritina fluviatilis. 2. Patudina contecta. 3. P. vivipara 4.Bythinia tentaculata.5.B.Leachii 6. Hydrobia sunilis *.Hventrosa 8 Valvata piscinalis. 9 V cristata mp seek GB Lo wert} EUV. b—~—— rmnmeewremnd 5o Resor" vee x= Pe Ta ef tee — 1 Ploanorbis lineatus. 2P nitidus. 3.Pnautileus. 4 P albus. 5.P glaber 6.P. spirorbis.7P vortex. GB. Sowerby PU. VE (fics — Ho aN a 58 | | : Ko) le 6 Planorbis carinatus. 2 P complanatis. 3_P corneus iP contortas. 5.Physa hypnorum. 6.P. fontinalis._— 4 7p. GB. Sowerby ri: Vi urea glutvosa. 21. volute. 3L peregra. 41, auricularta, stagnalis. 6.L. palustris. 7. lL. truncatulw. 8. Ll. glabra. D. G.B. Sowerby PL. Vit — Ancylus fluviatilis. 2. A.lucustris. 3.Testacela Haliotidea. Succinea putris 5.S. elegans. 6.5. oblonga. 7 Virina pellucida. mp. ; GB. Sowerby. o 9 Zonites cellarius. 2 Z. alliarius. 3.2. nitidalaus. 4 Z. purus. 5.Z.radiatalais. G B. Sowerby EU Le @ ? 20 | 4 ———— 1° go Zonites nitidus. 2 Z excavatius. 3.Z. erystallinus Pe tulvus. 5. Helio layneoita. CA Gemlegtas G.B Sowerby. Bag a 0 liz pomatia. 2 Haspersa. 3.1 nemoralis.-3° var hortensis 4H arbustorum. 5H Ca rntiana 6H €artustang Fee GB Sowerby. Pl. XT. Be = ae fel rufescens. 2.H concinna. 3 H hispida 4 H. sericea. 3.f revelata. 6.77. fis.cay. (.B. Sowerby - = ia ’ a - oe - - a % J ul 7 ’ . . = % ‘ . . - | | ——e} 7 — elie Pisana .?.H. virgaLa .3.H caperata 4 H ericetorum. 5. H retundata b. H rupestris 7. 1. PV JIRA | Yo. GB Sowerby PL. XIV. 36 elie pitchela (1c. var coslata) 2 ff lapictda 3 H obvoluta 4.Bulimus acutus. 5B rrontanis 6B. obscurus mp GB Sowerb, j PUR - a a ‘ 2 | | 16 if | o 4b a a qo | [ l 5b | | 3 7% _Pupa secale 2 Pringens. 3.Pumbilicata .4 P rrourg uate 2. Vertigo ontivertigo. 6 V Moulinsiana 7 V pygmawa. mp. GB Sewerby PUXVE 7 { i - T i 1b '. 2 Sy b L T | | 5t Jo alpestris. 2.V substriata.. 3 V pustlia ngustior 5 V minutissima .6.V edentata. PU XVIE _ }--—--—---4 Igy) a OO OF a Bb IS 1 a ia. ia : i$ Say , jee ‘Gs 4° ridS ‘ 4 2 l= af z LS 5 = Rb J. alia perversa. 2. Clausilia rugosa (2% 2°var dubia-) BOholphi. 4. C. bylicata. 5. C. laminata. PL XVI Alicopa tridens 2.C. lubrica.3Achatina actcul Ov. ychium muoumum. 5 Cyclostoma elegané.o Acme fusca. G.B. Sowerby PU_XIX | erebratula, cranium 2.7 caput-serpentis.3.Arquope decollatoa..4.A.cisteUula. 5.A. capsule 6.Cramta anomala. G.B. Sowerby. i PUA Anomuc ephippium 1? formed ona Peeten. 1© var leata.%* foramen closed by shelly plaits./ 2, pling 2° A. patelliformis. 2° var striata. 2° plug. GB. Sowerby. | EUG 7 Ostrea edulis. vw var deforms . b vap. parasuLear GB. Sowerby - PU. XX. iE | 2 ay = 9 : ‘ 7 Fecten pust layoung. 2.P variws.2a. var.nivea. es operailaris.de.var lineata.. p- GR. Sowerby PU XXUT Lectern septemradiatis. 14 var Dumas 2 Pagrus. 22 nar.costata 3P Teste. 4. P striatus.5.P similis Unp GB. Sewerby Ube TIL.AXCURELS . Pecten B. Sowerby: A (x PU. XXV. SP 7 ak See tt kh 2 Lima Sarsit 2. [,. eliptica 3. L. subauriculata 4. L.Loscombt 5.L hians.6 Aviada hirundo Sowerby LU. XXVE GB. Sowerby Oaanp Pl. XXVIT. u ‘es WF; AS {Mytilus eiulis. 2°. M modiolus. 3 M. barbatus. 4M Adriaticus. 5 M phaseolinus. un GB Sowerby PU. XXVITL. L Modiolaria marmorata. 2M. cosaulata. 3.M. discors. 4. M nigra, 5. Grenella rhombea. 6. C decussata. Mp. Gabe rwerby wale.0.00.@ Meda sulcata.2N nucleus. 2var radiata.3 Nnitida 3° streatced varie. 4 N tenuis. 5. Leda Ppygmaa.6. li minak a. 4) G.B So werby PL. XXX. apy 3. ae _Limopsis curita.2 Fectunculus glyqumeris. 3. Arca pectunculotdes 44 obugua. 5 A. lactea. 6,6%A tetragono. | Limp GB.So verby PU, La s . - aleomma Turtoni, ?. Lenton squarnmosum. 3.1L. nibrdiane leatuium.dl Claricia.6 Montaciuta subsriala 7M Dawserni . 6. M bidentata.9M ferruginos a. GB. Sowerh “— Pb. XXXL Lascea, rubra. 2. Kelliw suborbicularis. 3.1H§ cycladin.. *Loripes lacteus. 51. dwaricatus. 6. Lucuia spuuterce. imp. 7. boreatis. G.B. Sowerby. Axinus flecuosus. 2.4 Croulinensis 3.A ferruginosus. 44° Diplodonta rotundata. 5°" Garam minum. G B. Sowerby. PU XAXAW. C.tuberculatum. 2 ov. achinatam. C. 1'* Cardium aculeatum. 2. F : - A.B. Sowerby. Vest. % C2 imp. F) * \ : Pl, XXXV. ae SES pe Bd es ak SES iS Cordium papillosum. 2.C. extgnum. 3.C. tascratiam. 4_C.nodosum. 5.C. edule. 6.C. minimum. 7.C. Norvogieum. ; GB. Sowerb SteC? Lap Pee 1y RT ASS WE 1! Isocardia, cor. 2.Cyprina Islandica. West & C° rep GB Sowerby 3 OQ Sees?” ; 5 a l Astarte sulcata 4dovar striatu. 5A marquee 2 4 j7 j&. AO. VAR. CUAPULee 6. Circe mazuma A. P 1 Venus exoleta. 2.V lincta. 38.V chione. 4.V fasciata. 5 V casina 6 verrucosa. Pl. XXXVHT G@ B Sowerby. PU. XXXIX. Venius ovata. 2.1’ galand. 3 ao. var. gibba .4. Taws aureus OT virgineus. 6. T pullastrw. 7.T. decussatus z: G.B Sowerby Le dap. 7 Lucmmopsis undata. 2. Gastrana frags. 3. Telina balaustina 2 T crassa. 5.7. balthica. GB Sowerby bs Pb, TEE 1 Teluna tenuis. 2.7! fabula. 3. T squalida. 4.T’ donacina. 5.T pusilla. & B Sowerby | Pl. XL. : Fsammobra tellinella. af costilata. 3: PF Perrikinsis vesperiina. 5. Donax vittatus. 7 D. rancutis. 6D. politus . @ B. So werhy Pius ae mplidesma castaneun. 2@Macra soda ¢%do var elliptico. SIM subtruncata. 4.M. stultorum $M. Glauce . G.B. Sowerby. Pl. XEW. 1 Lutrarca ellintica: 2. 1, oblonga yp G. B. Sowerby PL. XLV. 1 Scrobicularia prismatca £. Snitida.3 S. albu. 4..5.tenuts. 5.5. piperaty, Uri. G. B. Sciverby Pl. XLVE > 7 » ¢ a . oucurius candidus. 2. S antiqguaius. 3 Ceratisoler® /egumen 4. Solen pellucidus. up a ‘ov ray PU. XLVIT. 1 Solen ensis. 2. S suigua. 3. S. VAQUO. shan GB Sowerby. | Pb. XLVHT. Fandora ineguivalyis. 1% do. var obtusa. £Lyonsva Norveguew. Thracia. proetenuis 4.T papyracea 4°00 var vullosmsada, 4! pubescens. 6.7 convexa. 7T dastorta. imp. ; GB. Sowerby PL SET 7° ONY OL Gramaarn, 2. Neerw abbreviata. 3 N. costellata 4.N. rostrata. 5. N.cuspidata. 6 Corbula gibbu p. G.B. Sowerh / M ya np Aren ALOU 2. M truncata MM Bingham. ' (a / >. Sowerby } j - lurnopea plica cn “we z tee Lor CORCERLIX TIL c v. Se er Br CELEPTALIES AVIS > 5 = Se / a) Ct JOS CO etrochivena Abia Ry W pa Qy P parva La ae QAINLOAAUA y lis A act Pholas LIT DY] ] —_ , vy 5. A young. POPYPacean. L. Pholadider crispatoa. . ; ‘Lophaga dorsalis y? ra sf < fi PEE, ee Sees ——j He pedicellata a a e navarss. te edo Norvegiva De i mreegotara:, ~ G.B. Sowerby PLY. entaluum entalis. 2.D.Tarentinum 38. Chitown fascicularis 4 C.discrepans 5.C. Hanley 7D, . GB. Sowerby. haton cancellatus. 2.0 cinereus. 3.C. albus. 4.0 ruber ? re v . t, TUATrHI 1: SILAS. 6. 7 Lavis. Pe rb TRLOTINOT CUS i B. Sowerby. PE UVE. atella vu Lgata. 2. do.vanr (rdermeaia. 3. do. var A2piessit 4. do.var. cerulea Tp GB. Sowerby PU. LVI 5 on pellucidum. 2. do. var levis. 3. Tectura testudinalis. 4 Tvrginen .T fiulva. 6 Lepeta cuca. 7 Propiidiam ancyloides 12Hp (7 1s Sowerby Pl. LIX. ee TONY 3. £7. rosea ered ; ‘4a £44 “rerrrre ; i “AEG ES sete pokeee v 0 Binarguula tissura . ‘ x uncturella Noachina G B Sowerby 6. Capu lus Hun Jarwcus. Groeca . 5 Fissurella _CPOSSA. PiALe. 1, Calyptrea Chinensis. ~.Haliohe tabercudata 3. Scussurella crispata t, tmp. G.B. Sowerby » Ply ar 5 yelostrema (ullerianum. 2.C. nitens. 3. C. serpulotdes thus helicinus. 4% do. male. 5.T breenlandicus. 6. T amabctlis p. G. B. Sowerby Pi LAT LOG NISBET T c y, . q 17? ] 3 2 rochus magus. 2.'1' taumidus. 3.7) cunerarius . 4 4 unrblt ca tits 4%do9 var. Agathensts. 5.17’ Dumainy .6 T' lineanues . + B: Sowerby L, mp ; Pe LOE Mochus Montacuu 2.T striatus. 3.1 exasperatus 4 T rrallegran us -7 = f %; aif ; z, T granulatius 6 T eizvphinus 7 T occidentalis. mip BA a | | | | 3 6 1 Phasianella pula 2? fiacuna crassvor 3 1, divaricala @ 1. puteolus. 5.1. pallidula 5% do var nerttovdeu uy) G@.B Sowervy Pt LXV fina obtusata. 1” do. var ornatu. 2 L.neritoides. 3.L.rudis. Or JUGOsSa 3 ody var tenebrasda , 4 Me litorea 4% do.var SMS GOS Om «i. RB Sowerby ~p FU LEAVE ssoa striatula 2 R.lactea 3 R.cancellata. J. R.. catlathus. reuiculata.6 R.cimicotdes. 7. R.Jeftreyst. 8 R. punctara "1p. IR. abyssiwolo GB Sowerby. PL. LXVIL. LRissoa Zetlandica ?.R.costata. 3.R. parva. 4 do. var wterrupta R inconspicia 6. albello.. 7. do.var Sarstz.. 8. BR. membranacea.9. R..veolaxen. V. West ump G. B. Sowerby. PU.LXVHT. Rissow cosulata. %.R. striata. 3. f2. proswiuma 4.PR. vitrea. pulcherrima.6.R. fulgidan. 7 PR. soluta. 8.R semistriata.9. R.cingulas. est, ump G@. B. Sowerby PU. LXIX. ze 1. Hydrobia ulve. 2. do. var. Barleer 3. do. var. actona, Barleeia rubra 5 Jelreysia diaphana. 6.J. opalina. 7S globutaris. W. West, imp GB. Sowerby 3 * oe ieee Hoge). 6 et” tery B « 3 z - s i? | Skenea planorbis. 2.Homalogyra atomus. 3H rota 4. Cecum trachea 5. C.glabrum. 5a, do. young. 6.1 urriella terebrac . W. West. inp G@ B Sowerby ‘ ‘ “= . —- eh ~<— S ~ PLAX 1 Truncatella truncatida. 2. Scalariaturtone. 3. S. communis. 4.5 Vreveiyana. 5.S§. clathratula. West, ump. GB. Sowerby PUTO. 8 1 Aclis unica. 2.A ascaris. 3.A. supranitida. 4.A. Wallerc. A. Gulsone 6. Odostomia minima. 7. 0. nivosa. 8.0. truncatula. V. West imp. _ G.B. Sowerby PU LIOE. moans MOdostomia clavule. 2.Olukisi. 3.0.albellw.4.0.rissoides. O pallida. 6.0. conwidea. 7. 0.umbuicaris. 8.0. acuta.d. 0. conspicua. st imp G.B_ Sowerby pO arts + i. 4 a ie) iy PU: Gee Postomia unidentata 2. 0. burrita. 3. 0.plicata.4 0 msaulpta diaphana.6.0.obligua. 7. 0. dolioliformis. 6. O. decussata. - 9. O. clathroasta. G.B Sowerby Po. LA 7 7 if = UrtTity i255 L Udostumia indistincla. 2.0.intersltincta. 3.0. spiralis. 40 eximia 5.0. fenestrata.6 0. exctavata. 7. 0. scataris. orp S do var riuescens. G@ RB. Sowerny ~ . x PL. LXXV. —— 4 Ddostomia ruta. <.0.do.var. filvocancta. 3.0. lactea SG) pusilla 50 Saile.6.C.acaulw. 7. de-var ventriaosa . BO. nitidissimn. (rt. B.Sewerhy PU. LXXVIL + ¥ anthina rotundala.r StikderTurtone: ulima polita 4 uwlermedra. 5 FE distorta. 6E. stenestoma. 7 EH. subulata.&8 FE bulineata-. si LILO ' x. B. Sawerby PU. LXXVH. 4 Natico Istandica , 2.N. EEOC foec cap SOPOLAL . ZN eatera 5. N.Aloerv. GN. Montacartti . G B. Sowerby ~ West urnp ates Pu LXXIX sorbis subcarinatus. 2. Lamellaria perspreum 2. a0! var: planata. 3 Velutina plicatilis. 4 V levigata. 5. Torelli yestitar. 6. Trichotropis borealss. GB. Sowerby. PU. LXXX 2.4. Macandrece. ih: Aporrhaws pes —peleeansia: . 3. Certthium metula. 4. C. reticautatum 5.C. perversurm. st ump. G.B. Sowerby. Pu. LXXXT o + S) t 1 Certthiopsis lubercularis. 2. C. Barleew.3.C pulchella . 4.0. Metaxas. 5.C.costalate: West, unp G.B. Sowerby vo Pl. LXXXIL. 1. Purpura lapillus. «. Buceuuur undaturrr 3.d” monstr. sunistrorsum Z Aa? monstr. acuminaln. 5. d’ var. Zetlandica West ump. GB. Sowerby PL. LXXXH. 1 Buccinum Humphreysianum. 2. Buccirrgpses Da lei 3. Tritore nod iter. QT cutaceus TY. Wesé temp (. B. Sowerby PULXXXIV. 1 Murex. erinaceus 2. M. acu wiatus. 3. Lachests TL SULIILOL- 4 Trophon muricatus. 5. T Barvicerusts. 6.7. truncaars. West imp. GB. Sowerby F : - - i r £ ol j . he ‘ ‘ ~ “ter . * . ; ' ; Xn : e, = ~ be J nas , 1“ ~ ’ : H “ « hd aes ey - ‘ a - f., i i , on : al 4 . Mi ; ' % i= ‘ ~ {- A ; ae | ‘ , ’ , ‘ “s r ~< mod ; § PL LXXXV. oat eV 5): 2 df monstr conlraririe / Fusus antiguas . 4. f' Turtone 3. F Nor Veg lus. . G.B. Sowerby eee ump. PU TERA. 1 Fisue Islandicus 2.F gracuss. 3& F propwrgaats. 4. F bucematus West, unp. G.B. Sowerby PL LXXXVIL 1 Hususg Bernicrenses. 2 FF fenestratus. 3 Nassa reticulata. 4 N nitda V West, unp a B. Sowerby. Pl. LXXXVHT. + ! i 3 3 : | A 4 4 Nasso wmerassata 2 N pygmaa, 3. Co lumbella halra@etr 4 Cnonw. 5Defrancia teres. 6. 1B) gracias. Vest ump. G B. Sowerby ' ,, ‘ ; PU LAKAI. No 1 Defrancvia: Leutioy.. 21D. linearis. 3. D retical ata. 4. D° var formosa. 5.1. purpuren. 6.D° vor oblonga esl, UND. GB. Sowerby. Pia: —-4 i Pleurotoma striolata. 2.P attenuata: 3.P costata. 4.Prugulosa 4.P. brachystoma. West, ump G B. Sowerby Ni Se) _———— | a g 1 Plenrotoma nebula. 2. D° var elongata, 3.P levigata, 4.P nivalis. 5 P septangularis 6P rut. 7 P turrvcuha- West ump 8.P. Trevelyana GB Sawerby Pee F- 1. Marginella levis 2. Cypreea Europea. 3 Ovuta patala W West. ernpr. GB Suwerby PL XCII AA , f a L | zZ i | / / t Cylichna: acandnada. 2C mtdule: 3 Cumbia ie cylindrocea 5D? var linearis. 6 C alba. West. ump GB Sowerby FUXCIV. 4 Utricalus mammillatus 2 U truncotalius. 3.U obtusus 4 D° var Lajonkairianas. 5 U ventrosus 6. expansus. West tmp. 7. U. hyalinus. G B. Sowerby i fs 1 Acera bullata. 2.Acteweon tornadilis. 3. Bulla hydate. 4B. utriculus.5 Scaphander ugnarus. G.B Sowerby PL ACY. 1 Philine scabra’.2 P catena 3 Pangulata.4 P qguadrata-. 5 P punctata 6. P pruinosa 7.2 nitida. 8. P aperta. Wesk vmp. G.B. Sowerby LU ACV 1 Aplysia punctata. 2, A.depiluns. 5, Pleurobranchus. membranaceus. 4, P plamiula. 5,Assunimen Grayanw, 6. A. litorinw. W. West ump. G.B. Sowerby a - ie at ; 5 i . ~ ‘ws - ‘ 2 ® 4s ' i / _ ¥ . , . . \ i] c 4 & ‘ { ? } . y ‘ - . “ * ; 7 ae , « ‘ : _* 7 ie . . , ve * ’ . i » . 1 | Ps . 7 > Fi . g x rl ‘ aa. jool * 2 a . ~ . Py . } e * Pb. XCVIHL. () 34 7, Melampus bidentatus. 2.M. myosotus. 2% do. var. ringens. 3, Oana otas. 4. Spirialis retroversus. 5, do. var, Macandrew. 6. Cao pyramidata. W. West ump. G.B. Sowerby PL ACIL. 1,Clausilia parvala. 2.C. soda. 3. Terebratela Spuxbergensts. 4., Rhynchonela psttacen. 5, Pecten aratus. 6.P vitreus. W. West ump. GB. Sowerby Pe Leda lucida. 2.Arca nodulosa.3.Limopsis borealis. 4.Montacuta donacina.5.M. tamidula.6.Woodia digitarw. 7. Opricardia Uthophagella . 8. Grbula Mediterranea. “West unp. G.B. Sowerby PURE 2 —s Lae ay ie BS ae eas 8 1 Dentalium abyssorum. 2. Siphonodentalium Lofotense. — 3.Cadulus subfusiformis. 4. Emarguula cancellata . 4 Fissurella gubba..6'Trochus glaucus. 7 Lacuna tenella. &§. Lutorina cesta. G.B Soiverby West imp. Fg be C0 |. Scalarta pseudoscalaris .2.0dostomia Warren. 3,Natica attinis, 4,Cerithium vulgatum . 3, Purpura hemastoma.. 6 Pleurotoma. galeria. 7,P carvrata. 8, Utriculas globosus. 9. Scaphander librarius. West imp G.B. Sowerby) . vee) ae bn vee: 7" me We! oa j Se Wage Ye SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES wii 348 6709