UBRARv UNIVERSITY OF c^uPmmA DAVIS This day is published, A HISTORY OP THE BEITISH HYDEOID ZOOPHYTES. BY THE Rev. THOMAS HINCKS, B.A. 2 Tols. 8vo, with 67 Plates and 45 Woodcuts. £2 2s. " It is one of the finest and most charming British natural-history books which have for a long time been issued from the general press." — Scientific Opinion, April 28, 1869. JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW. This day is published, A HISTORY OE THE BEITISH SESSILE-EYED CEUSTACEA. BY C. SPENCE BATE, F.R.S., F.L.S., AND J. O. WESTWOOD, M.A., F.L.S. HOPE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OP OXFORD, ETC. 2 vols. 8vo, illustrated by 384 woodcuts — comprising figures of the 26C Species, and 124 miscellaneous vignettes and details. £3. " This most valuable work * * * in completeness, in careful elabo- ration, and the beauty of its illustrations, leaves little or nothing to b€ desired." — Annals of Nat. Hist. May 1869. JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW. Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2007 witii' funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.arcliive.org/details/britisliconcholog05jeffrich BRITISH CONCHOLOGY, OR AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOLLUSCA WHICH NOW INHABIT THE BEITISH ISLES AND THE SUEEOUNDING SEAS. VOLUME V. MARINE SHELLS AND NAKED MOLLUSCA TO THE END OF THE GASTROPODA, THE PTEROPODA, AND CEPHALOPODA WITH A SUPPLEMENT AND OTHER MATTER, CONCLUDING THE WORK. By JOHN GWYN JEFFREYS, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXIX. The right of Translation it reserved.] LIBRARY XJNTVERSITY OF CALIFORNTX DAVIS PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLKBT STREET. Family II. A-PLYSVlI)JE,(Apli/sidce) D'Orbigny. Body slug-like, semioval when at rest, but capable of con- siderable extension, of a fleshy substance : mantle enveloping the upper portion of the body, and covering the greater part of the shell in those genera which have one: head snout- shaped, prominent : mouth vertical, armed with large and strong jaws: odontophore having in the middle a single row of rhachidal teeth and on each side a row of numerous uncinate or hook-like teeth : tentacles apparently 4, separate ; the front or false pair resemble lips, and the hinder or true pair are semitubular and not unlike the ears of a quadruped: eyes small, sessile, in front of the hinder or true tentacles : foot large, attached to the body throughout its whole length ; it expands on each side, so as to form two lobes, which interfold over the back and are in many genera used for swimming : gills placed in a particular cavity or receptacle towards the posterior part of the back, and protected by the mantle: gizzard composed of several cartilaginous plates : vent placed behind the branchial cavity. Each individual is of both sexes; the organs of generation are separated and situate at the op- posite extremities of the body. Shell present in some genera only, usually internal and for the most part concealed by the mantle ; it is shield- shaped, thin, and slightly convolute at the smaller end, which is thick- ened and furnished inside with a small tubercle or projection : spire extremely short and terminal, coated over and concealed in the adult, but heterostrophe in the fry : mouth extending the whole length of the shell. The type of the present family is the famous sea-hare^ about which I will say something in its proper place. Several genera have been described ; we have Aplysia only. Although these animals resemble great slugs in their general aspect^ they have properly but a single pair of tentacles^ which are placed behind the eyes and are not unlike the ears of a hare ; the two processes in front, usually considered tentacles, are expansions of the TOL. V. B Z APLYSIID^. snout as in Jeffrey sia, Tlieir food mainly consists of seaweeds ; bnt they eat also other MoUusca^ as well as small Crustacea and Annelids; they probably inhabit only the laminarian zone. No member of this or the next two families appears to be known on the other side of the Atlantic. While copulating, the individual which performs the functions of the male is partly enveloped in the side folds of the other^s foot on its back. They are, like rabbits, salacious and prolific. The spawn has been aptly called by Delle Chiaje " vermicelli di mare/' from its resemblance to the popular eatable of the Nea- politans. The gills are supplied with water through the oval aperture of the mantle where the shell is uncovered. The varied colour which ornaments most of this family is quite superficial and is easily removed by even a slight degree of friction. Ranges ' Histoire naturelle des Aplysiens ' is elaborate and beautifully illustrated, but it is now forty years old. Another monograph, suited to the present state of science, is much wanted. The family name has been spelt in many different ways (besides those which I have given) by Lamarck, De Blainville, Deshayes, Gray, and Agassiz. Genus APLY'SIA^ [Laplysia) Linne. PL I. f. 1. Body smooth and lubricous. Shell triangular or squarish ; it is composed of two layers, the outer one being homy or membranous, and the inner one semicalcareous. Apparently unknown to Aristotle. The Greeks after- wards called this animal Xayoybf} daXdaaio^i, the Komans lepus marinus, the English " sea-hare," ~ the French * Perhaps by mistake for a kind of sponge described by Aristotle, and called by him anXvaia from the impossibility of cleansing it. APLYSIA. 3 ^'lievre de mer/' "imbriago/' '^tete d'kne/' '' chat de mer/' "limace de mer/' "pichevin/' "pisse de mer/-' and " pisse-vinaigre/' the Italians "lepre marina'' and '' cesto del mare/' the Spaniards " liebre de la mar/' and the inhabitants of Martinique '' baril de vin." From time immemorial sailors and fishermen of all countries have given the names of land animals to those of the sea. Wonderful tales used to be told of the more than poisonous qualities of the Aplysia. Pliny, ^lian, and especially Aldrovandi collected all these absurd notions. One was that if the animal were touched, even mth a walking-stick, the danger would be not less than from the look of a basilisk ; another was that it caused bald- ness ; and a third that pregnant women miscarried at the sight of this horrid creature. In those days the science of Natural History consisted rather of such idle gossip than of patient investigation. Zoology, indeed, was not always a safe pursuit. Apuleius was about to marry a rich widow, named Pudentilla, when her rela- tions (in order to keep her money in the family) accused him before the Proconsul Claudius Maximus on a charge of sorcery and poisoning ; the chief proof consisted in his having employed fishermen to procure for him an Aplysia. He had considerable difficulty in establishing his innocence. Cuvier has satisfactorily shown that the Aplysia is quite harmless, and that it did not deserve the bad character given to it by the ancients ; he says truly that fishermen have always had a fancy to attribute mischievous properties to those marine animals which are of no use as the food of man. I would remark, however, by way of parenthesis, that the Aplysia is not quite inoffensive, as any one may be convinced by han- dling it; the smell is insufferably nauseous. This and its slabby appearance are certainly enough to take away b2 4 APLYSIID^. the appetite of any civilized being ; but M. Lesson states that one kind is eaten raw and esteemed a delicacy by the natives of the Society or Friendly Isles. The Aply- si(B secrete occasionally a whitish slime ; and many of them emit also a copious and beautiful purple fluid. The former issues from the whole surface of the body, and the latter from glands or nucleated cells in the edge and inner surface of the mantle. Cuvier suggested the connexion between this purple fluid and the kidney ; if it be of a urinary nature, some of the vernacular names quoted by French naturalists are not inappropriate. Apuleius noticed the cartilaginous gizzard. According to Fischer '^ on rencontre quelquefois au large des Aplysies nageant avec rapidite ; '^ and I have observed their ac- tivity in creeping. Although often living between tide- marks, their soft and delicate bodies confronting the cutting blasts of wintry storms, they seem to be hardy " creatvires, Whose naked natures live in all the spite Of wreakful heaven ; whose bare unhoused trunks, To the conflicting elements exposed, Answer mere nature." The colour of the animal is a variable character, and can seldom be relied on for specific distinction. Risso made at least four species out of our common A. punctata. The rudimentary shell serves, like that of the land-slugs, to protect the vital organs. It has been found, although rarely, in some of the upper tertiaries. Linne at first placed it in the parasitic genus LerrKBa, and afterwards in Tethys-, but, on Bohadsch pointing out the incongruity of both these allocations, he pro- posed for its reception the genus Laplysia, This last name was altered by Gmelin to Aplysia, which is now in general use. APLYSIA. O 1. Aplysia puncta'ta^, Cuvier. A. punctata, Cuv. Annales du Museum (1803), ii. p. 295, pi. i. f. 2-5. A. hybrida, F. & H. iii. p. 554, pi. cxiv. f. f. 4, and (animal) pi. YY. f. 1 . Body extremely flexible, brown of various shades, with a tinge of purple, usually marked with black and white round spots (some of which are arranged in star-like clusters, or the spots become minute specks), and finely marbled or tessellated by dark lines : mantle folded inwards on the back to admit water into the gills : head extensile, having a tentacle-shaped flap at each corner, which hangs downwards : mouth capacious, with large lips: tentacles cylindrical, rather long and thin, resembling the ears of a hare, of a darker colour towards their tips : eyes small, partly imbedded in the skin, so as to give the appearance of their being encircled with a white iris : foot very large ; the lower part is narrow, rounded in front and bluntly pointed behind; dorsal lobes sometimes raised into a hump, with their edges of a paler hue ; sole light yellowish-brown : male organ curved, on right-hand side. L. 4-6. Shell triangular, with a small apex and a broad base, convex and sometimes gibbous, homy, rather thin, opaque and glossy : inner layer firmly united with the outer layer and containing but little calcareous matter except in aged specimens : sculp- ture, several slight and irregular lines, which radiate from the apex to the outer edge ; there are also numerous microscopic and scratch-like longitudinal lines and very minute and close- set concentric striae, besides the usual marks of growth : colour yellowish-brown or tawny, sometimes dark reddish-brown : spire exceedingly small, concealed by a thick deposit from the hinder lobe of the mantle, representing an obliquely recurved or involute apex : mouth occupying the whole of the under- side ; dorsal margin gently curved and sometimes forming a shoulder on a level with the apex or raised above it : inner margin, on the opposite side, short and more or less incurved ; front margin dilated and rounded ; all the edges are mem- branous and fold back in the dried shell. L. 1-15. B. 0*85. Habitat : Laminarian zone, among seaweeds, on every part of the British and Irish coasts ; occasionally between tide-marks. It is generally distributed through *• Spotted like dice. 6 APLYSIIU^. the European seas, from Upper Norway (Sars) to the Canaries (M^Andrew) , as well as in the Mediterranean and Adriatic. Our common Aplysia is gregarious, apparently for the principal reason that keeps herds and flocks together — food, not mutual protection, and still less society. Dr. Johnston fed it on Fucus palmatus and Chrondrus crispus. I observed one individual voiding spines of an Aphrodita, This mollusk is very tenacious of life. I tried to pre- serve one in glycerine ; and for the sake of economy I half filled the vessel with fresh water. It was smothered by the glycerine, and seemed dead ; but on falling into the lower stratum of water, it revived and lived there for several minutes. It swims, in a reversed position, on the under surface of the water. The purple dye is emitted during life only. Spawn-case gelatinous, of a pinkish hue, thread-like, and irregularly convoluted; ova white and very numerous, lying in the middle. The embryonic shell is globular ; it becomes the apex in after- growth, being persistent, as in Teredo. Truncatulina lobatula occurs sometimes on the back of shells taken from living individuals, proving that this part is exposed. Unfortunately there is no typical specimen oi A. punctata in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes. Montagu, Fleming, and Alder recognized the name given by Cuvier. That of hybrida, proposed by the late Mr. James Sowerby, is subsequent by three years to punc- tata, and is besides clearly erroneous. Rathke's species {A, rosea), described as about an inch long, from deep water off Christiansund, was published before either of the above ; but the peculiar colour, rose-red, has not been noticed in any other European Aplysia, and makes the specific agreement doubtful. At all events the last- mentioned name may be regarded as obsolete. Among APLYSIA. 7 names of later date are mustelina of Davies^ in the 2nd edition of Pennant, Cuvieri of Delle Chiaje, vulgaris of De Blainville, and varians of Leach ; the yonng is his Esmia Griffithsiana and the A. neooa of Thompson. 2. A. DEPi^LANs"^, Linne. Laplyda depilans, Linn. S. N. p. 1082. Body tumid, reddish-brown or Hver-coloured, with irregular and variable greyish blotches or spots : head gibbous, with a long and thick neck resembling that of an elephant ; labial processes or false tentacles large, broad, and fringed, placed horizontally : tentacles nearly cylindrical, convolute and erect : eyes yqtj small and indistinct, pale blue, placed on each side of the head in front of the tentacles : foot somewhat broader than the rest of the body, forming an enormous flap on each side, squarish in front and bluntly pointed behind : gills slightly protruding beyond the margin of the pallial orifice. L. 10-12. Shell broadly triangular, depressed, thin, opaque, and glossy ; the outer layer is skin-like and easily separated from the inner layer, which being calcareous often cracks and peels off: sculpture, several slight lines radiating from the apex to the outer edge, and intermediate close- set, very fine and microscopic longitudinal striae, besides equally numerous and irregular concentric marks of growth : colour pale brownish- yellow : spire and mouth as in the other species ; but the dor- sal margin is more rounded. L. 2. B. 1*5. Habitat : Guernsey in a few fathoms, outside the new harbour, among Zostera marina. I received a specimen from the late Mr. Gallienne ; but it was then dead and distended with water, and all the parts were much contracted. The contents of its stomach were comminuted seaweeds. From his account, it measured 12 inches in length when crawling, and weighed 29 oz. The liquid dye was pale blue, owing probably to the *■ So named from its reputation of causing baldness. d APLYSIID^. animal being in a very sickly state. Mr. Cooper in- forms me that lie knows of several specimens which have been found at Gruernsey dui'ing the last two years. There is a shell of this species in the British Museum, presented by Mr. Gosse_, ^vith a memorandum that it was from an Aplysia, about 8 inches long, taken at Torquay. A. depilans is common on the Atlantic coast of France from Morbihan southwards, and throughout the Mediterranean and Adriatic. I met with great numbers of it at alow tide near Rochelle in 1830. Mr. Jabez Hogg, in a valuable and beautifully illustrated paper on the lingual membrane of Mollusca (Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc. x\d.), has shown the difference be- tween the dentition of this and the last species. A. punctata has 70 rows of divergent teeth, the median and laterals being conical and unicuspid; in A. depilans there are but 40 rows, and the teeth are broad and tri- cuspid ; the laterals in each are numerous and similar. It does not appear that Linne knew this species^ ex- cept from the accounts of older wi'iters. The first authority cited by him is Rondelet, who described his Lepibs marinus from the coast of Languedoc. The Let*- mea of Bohadsch, from Naples, is evidently the same kind. The specific name depilans was derived from the celebrated treatise of Dioscorides on the materia medica, in which he says (lib. ii. c. 20) that the Xaycoo^; OaXdaa-io^, when either pounded by itself or smeared with unaKaXvcjiT} {Medusa), removes hairs. It is the Dolabella lepus of Risso, A. leporina of DeUe Chiaje, and A. Peter soni of Gray. PLEUROBRANCHID^. 9 Family III. PLEUROBRAN'CHID^, Forbes and Hanley. Body tortoise-shaped or semioval, fleshy: maji^Z^ enveloping the upper part of the body, and forming a veil in front : head proboscidiform, retractile, not prominent, but partly concealed by the pallial veil : tentacles 2, close together, folded so as to appear tubular and slit down the middle : eyes sessile, at the base of the tentacles : foot large, expanded at the sides : gills composing a long plume with a double row of leaflets ; it is free towards the point, and more or less protruded ; its stalk is attached between the junction of the mouth and foot on the right-hand side. Sexes united, the organs of generation being nearly contiguous. Shell when present wholly external or internal, oval or conical: sjji7'e visible, minute, dextrorsal: mouth very large and open. A small but peculiar family, and widely distributed. It was included by Lamarck in his ' Phyllidiens/ along with Chiton and Patella. Genus PLEUROBRANCHUS^ Cuvier. PI. I. f. 2. Body more or less depressed. Shell internal, oval or ear-shaped : S2>ire nearly terminal. This 'genus was founded by Cuvier in the ^Annales du Museum d^Histoire Naturelle^ for 1805, his type being P. Peronii, an inhabitant of the Indian Ocean. In 1815 Montagu proposed another generic name, Lamellaria, which is now applied to moUusca belonging to the Velutina family. In my account of the genns Lamellaria (vol. iv. p. 234) I stated that Pleurobranchus was ^^ afterwards '' established by Cuvier. Such is the case with regard to the date of publication of his cele- * From its gills or branchiiB being placed at the sides. b5 10 PLEUROBRANCHID^. brated 'Memoires/ whicli was in 1817; Montagues paper appeared two years previously. Dr. Woodward detected spicula in the mantle ; this confirms the gene- rally received opinion that Pleurobranchus is allied to the Nudibranchs. It resembles Doris in shape. The nature of its food is not known. Its alimentary system is complicated, and said to consist of no less than four stomachs. De Blainville called it Berthella, Gray Pleurobranchiaj and Leach Cleantus and Oscanim. 1. Pleurobranchus membrana'ceus*_, Montagu. Lamellaria mertibranacea, Mont, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 184, t. 12. f. 3, 4. P. membranaceus, P. & H. iii. p. 558, pi. cxiv. p. f. 5, and (ani- mal) pi. XX. f. 3. Body tortoise -shaped or roundish-oval, thick, forming two disks, one above and the other below — usually pale yellow, with reddish-brown streaks or blotches ; but the shades of colour are variable : mantle notched in front and behind, studded with yellow papillse or tubercles of different sizes, '^ and in their interstices a red-brown colour meanders in various breadths and irregular blotches, interspersed with cloudings of pale yellow flakes ; " the groove or space between the mantle and foot is large and deep : head a thick muzzle, springing from the centre of the pallial membrane, which is strongly auricled, pale blue on the under surface, and sprinkled on the upper with flake -white and red points : tentacles short, cloven though apparently tubular, " united at their origins, but diverging to their points, marked with close-set lines and snow-white dots: " eyes indistinct, imbedded in the centre of the bases of the ten- tacles, and therefore nearly contiguous : foot extremely flexible, and probably serving for natation as well as for crawhng: sole pale yellow, marked with a multitude of irregular ana- stomosing deeper-yellow lines : gill-pliime " splendid," some- what like an ostrich-feather, nearly half the length of the body, floating free for about a quarter of an inch ; the leaves are finely cdiated. L. 4. (Clark.) * Membranous. PLEUROBRANCHtrS. 11 Shell ear-shaped, membranous, semitransparent, glossy and iridescent; it is composed (as in Aplysia) of two layers, the outer being skin-like, and the inner semicalcareous and sepa- rable : sculpture, numerous fine concentric or transverse plaits or folds, and microscopic scratch-lilie lines in every direc- tion ; there are also a few irregular longitudinal wrinkles, caused by an unequal contraction of the shell in drying : colour pale reddish-brown or tawny : spire extremely small and ob- scure, placed on the lower side near the narrower end ; it is composed of two whorls, and coated over with a shelly enamel in large specimens : mouth occupying nearly the whole of the lower surface ; dorsal margin rounded and somewhat thickened ; inner margin almost straight ; outer or ventral margin dilated. L. 2. B. 1-25. Habitat : Coralline zone, on the Devon coast (Mon- tagu and others); Falmouth and Helford (Hockin); Cork Harbour (Humphreys); Arran and Birterbuy_, co. Galway (Barlee) . It seems to be equally local beyond our seas. I am not aware of any extra-British habitat except the north of France (Daniel, Reynaud, and Tasl^)^ Naples (Costa) , and Trieste (Stossich) . Specimens from the last mentioned place are much smaller than ours. It may, however, be the P. testudinarius of Cantraine, P. mamillatus of Schultz, as well as P. Forskalii and P. tuber culatus of DeUe Chiaje, although the shell is described by Philippi as '^ minima.^^ Possibly the spiral portion only was extracted from the animal. Leach named our species Oscanius argentatus. 2. P. plu'mula"^, Montagu. Bulla plumula, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 214, t. 15. f. 9, and rign. 2. f. 5. P. plumula, R & H, iii. p. 559, pi. cxiv. f. f. 6, 7, and (animal) pi. XX. f. 1, 2. Body semioval, gelatinous, lemoncolour, or whitish with a slight tinge of yellow, marked vsdth jlake-white spots, minutely * A little feather ; from the gill-plume. 12 PLEUROBRANCHlDJi:. tessellated all oyer with faint lines, and covered with a few scattered pustules : mantle extending on every side beyond the foot, of a reticulated and apparently porous texture, and occasionally puckered or raised in folds ; it is rather thin on the back and thickened at its edges, which are often wavy and wrinkled ; and it has a small notch on the right-hand side, as in Lamellaria ; the edges of the mantle are irregularly studded with microscopic tubercles : head-veil or hood semicircular, forming a bluntly pointed flap at each side ; it is carried in advance of the foot : Jiead short : mouth round and open : ten- tacles proportionally large, but rather short, diverging at an angle of about 45°, and projecting outwards; they are half open down the middle ; tips obliquely truncated : eyes black, partly imbedded in the outer integument and not always visible, placed close together on the neck between the tentacles, at their base : foot oblong, expanded towards the sides, and sinuous or wavy at the edges, occupying about half the space of the mouth ; it is squarish or gently curved and double-edged in front, and tapers to a rounded point behind : gill-plume placed in the divisional groove between the mantle and foot, not always protruded, and never beyond the edge of the mantle, composed of about 20 sloping strands or pectinations ; it is in some in- dividuals reddish-brown, and in others of the same colour as the rest of the body : liver brown : ovary creamcolour. L. 1. Shell oval with a squarish outline, sometimes oblong, more soHd and compact than the last species, glossy and partially iridescent: sculpture, microscopic and close-set longitudinal stria3, which are more conspicuous near the spire, and are in- terrupted by the lines of growth, so as to form a series of short rows ; the lines of growth are irregular and rather numerous, and many specimens have also a slight furrow which runs obliquely from back to front: colour pale reddish-brown or tawny, rarely milk-white : spire extremely small but distinct, twisted sideways, and placed at a short distance from the inner margin at the posterior or smaller end; it consists of two whorls, the first of which is tubercular and somewhat promi- nent : mouth open throughout ; dorsal margin gently curved, flat, slightly reflected, and thickened ; inner margin short ; ventral margin long and nearly straight. L. 0*6. B. 0-325. Habitat : Mostly under stones at low-wat^r mark, but occasionally in the laminarian and coralline zones, PLEUROBRANCHUS. 13 on many parts of our eastern and western coasts from Berwick and the Hebrides to Guernsey ; Dublin Bay (Kinahan); Bantry (Norman); Malbay^ co. Clare (Har- vey): local and not common. It appears to have an extensive range in the European Seas, from Bohuslan in Sweden (Loven), along the northern and western shores of France, and on both sides of the Mediterranean, as well as in the Adriatic, to the ^gean (Forbes), at depths varying from 27 to 40 f. " When first taken, the animal creeps quickly and . with great vivacity'"' (Clark). "Like the land-slug, it progresses by obscure undulatory motions of the foot ; but it justly claims the ^bad preeminence' of being superior in sluggishness and tardiness " (Johnston). According to Lacaze-Duthiers it does not shun the light when placed in captivity, and it often comes to the surface of the water ; if disturbed it contracts and rolls itself into a ball, or closely and strongly adheres by the foot ; it approaches the shore to deposit its spawn, which is formed in ribbon-like and spirally arranged masses (resembling those of Doris), several of these masses being deposited by the same individual. He supposes the tentacles are olfactory organs, as Han- cock believed is the case with the Bullida. In the mantle, foot, and gill-plume of P. plumula Dr. Johnston detected " many small crystalline spicules of carbonate of lime : these are colourless, short, cylindrical, and rounded at both ends ; '' and they are irregularly dis- posed, as in the Doris family. He says the present species feeds on seaweeds. The buccal or maxillar plates are large and regularly reticulated, like the com- pound eyes of certain insects. Mr. Jabez Hogg likens the odontophore to that of some Pulmoniferous mol- lusks, and he describes the dentition thus : — " Median r 14 runcinidtE. small^ slightly hooked ; uncini numerous simple hooked teeth, arranged in divergent rows throughout/^ The mandible is horny and has ^^ numerous rows of teeth, armed with five or more finely pointed spines : viewed in section, it presents a beautiful tessellated arrange- ment/' Synonyms: — P. aurantiacus, Risso, Bertliella porosa, De Blainville, P. perforatm, Philippi, and probably P. ehngatus, Cantraine. P. stellatus of Risso appears to be the young ; and this state I also consider the P. si- deralis of Loven, judging from an examination of his typical specimen. Forbes very briefly described as ^gean P. limacoides, P. calyptrcEoides, P. scutatm, and P. sordidus, some of which may also be P. plumula ; but his descriptions are too much alike to distinguish the species, and he did not mention the shells. The characters of the order Pleurobranchiata, given in the 3rd volume, p. 200, require amendment. In- stead of the gills invariably forming a single row, as in the Bullidce, the following family has no less than three rows ; and in the succeeding family there are two rows of branchial leaflets, placed one on each side of the body. Family IV. EUNCI'NID^, {Eundnadoe) Gray. Body minute, slug-like, depressed: mantle separated from the foot by a deep groove : tentacles none : eyes sessile, placed far apart towards the sides of the anterior part of the mantle : foot elongated : gills consisting of three small plumes, which lie under the mantle near its hinder margin : gizzard testa- ceous. Shell none. RUNCINA. 15 Genus RUNCI'NA*, Forbes. PL I. f. 3. TMs genus being the only one known, it is unneces- sary to repeat the description of the family. RuNciNA HANCocKit^ Forbcs. JPelta or Limapontia? sp., Alder & Hancock in Ann.& Mag. N. H. xviii. p. 289, pi. iv. f. 1-3. B. Hancocki, F. & H. iii. p. 612, pi. CCC. f. 2. Body smooth, more or less clothed with microscopic vibra- tile cilia : mantle a little indented in front, nearly straight at the sides, and slightly rounded behind : colour black, sprinkled with minute points of brown, except at the front and rear, which are biiif and fawncoloured : eyes rather large, each surrounded by a pale ring ; behind the eyes is a curved line of small white specks : foot yellowish, tinged with brown or black, and marked with a few flake-white spots ; it is rounded in front, the sides are almost parallel and broader than the mantle, towards which they are usually folded up ; tail or extremity of the foot extended one-fourth of the length of the body behind the vent : ^ill-plumes 3, small, slightly pin- nate, near the vent, and generally projecting a little beyond the mantle : vent beneath the posterior margin of the mantle (Alder and Hancock). L. 0-2. B. 04. Habitat : On Confervse, in pools near high- water mark, at Torquay (Alder and Hancock) ; Belmont Bay near Weymouth (Thompson and Gray). Mr. W. Thompson informs me that it is very abundant in rock- pools at low-water of spring tides, among Confervse [Ceramium strict mn, C. rubrum, and C. Deslongchampii) ^ apparently feeding on the Diatoms which swarm on these delicate seaweeds. Clyde district_, in rock-pools^ with Limapontia nigra (Norman) . * A rural goddess. t Commemorative of Mr. Albany Hancock, whose labours on the Nudibranchs, in conjunction with Mr. Alder, are especially famous. 16 PLEUROPHYLLIDIIDiE. Specimens which Mr. Thompson kindly sent me from Weymouth in a bottle of sea- water with Confervse^ were dark purplish-brown with minute round spots of yellow and a streak of the former colour on the tail ; the sides of the front portion of the mantle^ as well as the hinder portion and the sides of the tail, were buiF; the eyes were indistinct, deeply sunk in the outer skin, and not encircled by rings; the mouth was furnished with a pair of large triangular lips or lobes; the branchial plumes lay on the right-hand side of the vent, which was placed in the middle of the hinder edge of the mantle ; and the whole substance of the body was parenchymatous. They were extensile and exceedingly active. The figures given by Messrs. Adams and those in the ' British MoUusca ' are not satisfactory. The dis- coverers of this singular little mollusk suspected that Pelta of Quatrefages may be the young before the branchial apparatus is developed. If that be the case, why was Runcina substituted for the older name ? Family V. PLEUEOPHYLLlDl'IDiE, H. & A. Adams. Body oblong, depressed, jleshy : mantle of a somewhat coriaceous texture, covering the upper part of the body and notched in front : head short, broad, and forming a triangular lobe in front of the mantle ; it is mostly furnished with plaited lips and a pair of very strong horny jaws : odontopliore broad ; teeth numerous, arranged in cross rows : tentacles 2, very small, conical or club-shaped, close together, retractile, each in a socket within the pallial notch : foot elongated, somewhat narrower than the mantle, slightly indented in front and abruptly pointed behind : gills placed under the edges of the mantle on the hinder two-thirds of the body, and ai'ranged in PLEUROPHYLLIDIA. 17 an oblique row of very numerous leaflets or laminae on each side : vent lateral, posterior : generative organs on the same side, but near the front. Hermaphrodite. Shell none, either external or internal. For further particulars of this curious family see an admirable monograph by Dr. Bergh of Copenhagen, published in the ^ Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift' for 1866 and 1867. Philippi placed it in the ^^Phyllidiens'' of Lamarck, together with Chiton, Patella, and Gadinia. Forbes and Hanley called it PhyllididoSj Bergh Pleuro- phyllidid(B. Genus PLEUROPHYLLI'DIA*, Meckel. PL I. f. 4. Mantle uninterrupted in front, and marked with longitu- dinal lines or warty : tentacles close together and contiguous, concealable within a distinct fleshy sheath. Diphyllidia of Cuvier, but published one year subse- quently to the above generic name, which has been adopted by Messrs. Adams, Woodward, and Bergh. De Blainville proposed another name, Linguella; and he supposed that Armina of Rafinesque was identical with Diphyllidia. Pleurophyllidia LovE^Nif, Bergh. P. Loveni, Bergh in Foren. vidensk. Meddel. for 1860, p. 328. Diphyl- lidia lineata, F. & H. iv. (App.) p. 290, pi. KKK. f. 1-3. Body slug-like, and rather slender, much narrower and pinched up towards the tail or extremity : mantle pale red- dish-brown, interspersed with numerous minute black specks, * From its leaf-like gills on the sides. t Named after Professor Loven, the eminent Swedish aoologist. 18 NUDIBRANCHIATA. and marked with about 30 raised white lines or stripes, which are irreguLirly nodulous and alternately larger ; at the sides they are broken up into small tubercles and crowded : tenta- des and gills yellowish : foot whitish, with the sole of a paler hue than the rest of the body. L. 1. B. 0-4. Habitat : My friend the late Mr. Barlee dredged on the coast of Shetland a single specimen, which I ex- hibited at the Birmingham Meeting of the British Association in 1849. The Bev. R. C. Abbes procured another specimen from a fishing-boat at Whitburn_, co. Durham. Sonth- western coasts of Sweden (Loven and Lilljeborg); Christianiafiord (Asbjornsen) ; Hornbsek in Zealand (Horring, fide Bergh) ; depths 7-40 f. Diphyllidia undulata of Meckel (i). lineata, Otto) , to which these specimens were at first considered to belong, is not uncommon in the Mediterranean. It differs from the present species in being of a larger size and proportionally very much broader, as well as in its colour, which varies from whitish to the darkest black ; and the stripes in that species are more numerous, nearly regular, and equal in size. Bergh has also pointed out a distinction as regards the masticatory apparatus. Order V. NUDIBEANCHIA'TA, Cuvier. Body slug-like, soft : mantle very large, covering the back and sides : tentacles consisting of one pair or two, which are placed on the front portion of the mantle : eyes sessile, im- bedded in the skin behind the tentacles, at their base ; they are conspicuous in the young, but not always discernible in the adult : foot extensile : gills or branchial processes, when present, always external, placed upon the back or sides, sym- metrical, and arranged in plumes, tufts, or papiUae; in the NUDIBRANCHIATA. 19 JDorididcB they form a circle on the central line, and in other families they are disposed in rows along the back or sides ; in one section or suborder (Pellibranchiata) the entire surface or skin is the sole respiratory organ. Sexes united in each individual, which is strictly hermaphrodite, but with distinct organs of generation. Shell present only in the fry or embryonic state, and fur- nished with an operculum ; it is rudimentary and resembles in shape a miniature Nautilus or Helix, having scarcely more than a single spire, which is reversed or sinistrorsal, as in the larval shell of Aplysia. Until the present century all these moUusca were placed in two or three genera and consisted of about 20 species. Now the British Nudibranchs alone repre- sent 12 families, 25 genera, and 111 species. Linne, Forskal, and Miiller confined their observations to the external form. Bohadsch paved the way to a more complete investigation, which was systematically carried out by Cuvier in his admirable 'Memoires.^ During this century a succession of other zoologists, including Rapp, Ehrenberg, Bisso, D^Orbigny, De Blainville, Milne-Edwards, Delle Chiaje, Couthouy, Leuckart, Quoy and Gaimard, Philippi, Cantraine, Verany, Sars, Loven, Cavolini, Quatrefages, Nordmann, Alexander Stuart, especially Bergh, Meyer and Mobius, and, among our own countrymen, Montagu, Fleming, Forbes, Johnston, Allman, Beid, Leach, Dalyell, CoUingwood, and M'Intosh, have greatly extended our knowledge of this peculiar group. But above all these must be ranked Mr. Joshua Alder and Mr. Albany Hancock, the authors of the most complete monograph that has yet appeared in the history of the Mollusca. It is one of the many valuable works of the Bay Society, and took ten years (1845-1855) in the publication. This monograph is 80 excellent, that I cannot do better than give their 20 NUDIBRANCHIATA. introductory remarks in a condensed form. I liave very little to say in addition. ^' The Nudibranchiate Mollusca are all marine, and, with the exception of a few species, are of small size. To some they are known by the familiar name of sea- slugs — a name, however, not exclusively applied to them, as it is given to several other naked mollusks, which, like them, have a resemblance to the land-slugs in the general form of their body. The term, as applied to these animals, is far from complimentary. The land-slugs are generally sombre in colour, and plain and uninviting in form, while these little inhabitants of the deep are often adorned with the most brilliant colours, and of forms the most varied and graceful. Their body is usually elongated, soft, and attached through its whole length to the foot or disk upon which they crawl. It is not unfrequently covered with a cloak ; and in the family Dorididce the skin is strengthened with calcareous spicula. The head is anterior, and fre- quently indistinct, bearing one or two pairs of tentacles, the upper pair of which are placed on the cloak when it is present ; and behind them the eyes are situated. But the characteristic peculiarity of these mollusks is the appendages that constitute the breathing-organs.^' These last I have described in the systematic characters of the order. Omitting anatomical details, I will continue the account of their life-history. ^' The spawn of the Nudibranchiate Mollusca is de- posited in the shape of a gelatinous band, always ar- ranged in a more or less spiral form, and fastened to corallines and the underside of stones by one of its edges. The ova are minute and very numerous, amount- ing in some species to several thousands. Before the NUDIBRANCHIATA. 21 period of exclusion, the young may be seen revolving on their own axis by means of vibratile cilia ; and on escaping from the egg, they swim about freely in the water by the same means. The larva is extremely minute, and has more the appearance of a rotiferous animalcule than a mollusk. It is enclosed in a trans- parent, calcareous, nautiloid shell, with an operculum. Its structure is very simple, showing no signs of the external organs that distinguish the future adult. The principal portion visible outside the shell is composed of two flat disks or lobes, fringed with long cilia, by the motion of which it swims freely through the water. These are often withdrawn into the shell ; and the oper- culum is closed upon them when the animal is at rest. We have not been able to trace the animal further than the first stage of its development, and are therefore unable to say by what process it assumes the very diffe- rent form of the adult state. We have succeeded in bringing out the larvae of Doris , Tritonia, Melibcea, and Eolis, between all of which there is a very great resemblance/' Nordmann gave, in the 'Annales des Sciences Naturelles' for 1846, some particulars of their development, and showed how the metamorphosis is efi*ected. In their adult state the senses are very imperfect. For instance we are told that '^the sole object of vision appears to be that of ascertaining the presence of light, and thus directing the animal in its search for shelter in dark and concealed places." The dorsal tentacles are the organs of smell ; but " olfaction in these animals probably is not so much to assist in the discovery of alimentary matters, as to give warning of the unhealthy state of the surrounding medium, arising from putres- cence or other causes." The skin of the Doris family 22 NUDIBRANCHIATA. is always stiffened by imbedded calcareous spicula of various forms ; and its outer surface, in all the Nudi- brancbs, is provided with vibratile cilia. Their habits are very interesting. Some kinds are nocturnal ; others may be observed in a state of activity during the day- time, in tide-pools left among the rocks and in shallow water, apparently enjoying the warm rays of the sun; the greater number avoid the light, concealing them- selves under stones and shelving rocks. They range from a little below high-water mark to nearly one hun- dred fathoms on our northern coasts. They are usually sluggish in their movements, some remaining for hours fixed to a spot ; a few, however, are very active and lively. Crawling is the ordinary mode of progression. " This is effected, in the manner of the snail, by a series of minute undulations of the under surface of the foot, arising from the alternate relaxation and contraction of the pedal muscles.-'^ They also float slowly along the surface of the water, in an inverted position, probably by an action similar to that of crawling, aided by the slime which continually exudes from the body, and on which it appears to creep. While thus floating, " the Nudibranchs occasionally drop suddenly down, suspending themselves from the surface by a thread of mucus, which is fixed to the tail or posterior extremity of the foot. In this way they will let themselves gradually down to the bottom, or remain some time pendent in the water without apparent support ; for the thread of mucus is so transparent that it can scarcely be seen.^^ It is said that some kinds (e. g. Tethys) swim freely through the water in any direction; these have a large head-veil and crested tail, which serve as fins. The Rev. R. T. Lowe, in his graphic description of the genus Peplidia, found on the shores of Madeira, says (Ann. & Mag. NUDIBRANCHIATA. 23 N. H. ii. p. 311), ''At night, especially when thus in motion, it appeared most brilliantly phosphorescent ; the light flashing progressively but very rapidly along the body, especially from all the branchial tufts and the edges of the veil and crest/"' The Nudibranchs are very sensitive to external influences, shrinking quickly from contact, and withdrawing their organs on the slightest apprehension of danger. When crawling on seaweeds or corallines, they often detach themselves on being disturbed, and drop to the bottom of the water. The EolideSj when alarmed or irritated, erect their papillae, and sometimes agitate them in a convulsive manner, directing the points to any source of annoyance, each papilla being endowed with a motion independently of the rest. On such occasions urticating filaments are probably ejected from the tips of these organs. Alder and Hancock once observed minute streams of a milk- white fl-uid (which they believed to be of a stinging nature) emitted from the papillae of Eolis picta. The papillae of Eolis and several allied genera are very slightly attached to the back ; and the animal seems to have the power of casting them off voluntarily, in the same way that a crab throws off its claws or a starfish its arms. The papillae, when cast off, swim through the water, like worms, propelled by the vibratile cilia, and occasionally by a spasmodic action of the muscles. They are quickly reproduced, if the animal is in a healthy state ; and in the meantime it does not appear to suffer any inconvenience from the want of these organs, crawling about in perfect unconcern. For this reason Mr. Couthouy conjectured that the so-called branchial processes are not true respiratory organs, but that this function was chiefly performed by the skin in all the Nudibranchs. The separation of Eolis and a 24 NUDIBRANCHIATA. few otlier genera as a distinct group, under the name of '^ Phlebenteres," proposed by Prof. Quatrefages, was based on similar grounds, and gave rise to a noted and warm discussion. When kept in confinement, Nudi- branchs enjoy a considerable tenacity of life, although any impurity of the water or an extreme change of temperature affects them very sensibly. This should be borne in mind by all amateur naturalists who wish to preserve these pretty creatures in an aquarium. The littoral species can support a greater variation of temperature than those from deep water ; indeed the former will live for a considerable time out of water in a moist saline atmosphere. Their power of enduring abstinence is remarkable. ''We have kept them for weeks, and even months, without food, and have ob- served but little diminution of their vital energy/' They are, however, very voracious, and are animal- eaters; their food consists of other moUusks, sea-ane- mones, zoophytes, and sponges, the Bolides sometimes devouring weaker individuals of their own kind. Nearly all possess an odontophore or '' tongue '^ armed with recurved spines. In some species the whole of the lin- gual processes do not amount to 112 ; in Tritonia Horn- bergi there are upwards of 36,000. Tethys has neither jaws nor a tongue. This apparatus is rather a prehen- sile than rasping instrument. " In Eolis the protruded jaws lay hold of its prey, cutting out lump after lump, which the tongue, advancing, seizes by the aid of its recurved spines, and with a backward motion carries to the entrance of the oesophagus. '^ It is supposed that most of them are very short-lived, which may account for the periodical appearance of certain species within tide-marks in particular places, and for their usually disappearing soon after the breeding-season. Mr. NUDIBRANCHIATA. 25 Peach informs me that many species come inshore at Wick every spring, for the purpose of spawning. Their fecundity is very great. One of their functions is thus fulfilled by these and " all kind of natures, That labour on the bosom of this sphere, To propagate their states." In a day or two after copulation the spawn is depo- sited. This is enveloped in a perfectly transparent mucus, which at first is tenacious and adheres to what- ever it comes in contact with. While shedding the spawn the animal slowly and gradually moves backward in a spiral direction, beginning in the centre ; thus the spawn assumes the form of a coil. The fry generally emerges from its gelatinous covering in about ten days or a fortnight after the spawn has been deposited. '^ That a minute creature, scarcely visible to the naked eye, enclosed in an operculated shell, and swimming freely through the water by means of ciliated lobes, should turn into the large and sluggish Doris tuhercu- lata or Tritonia Hombergiiy is one of nature^s romances, only to be learnt by a careful study of her works. '^ The Nudibranchs are frequently infested with parasitic Entomostraca; these are most commonly buried beneath the skin, but in some cases inhabit the abdominal cavity, or adhere to the branchial processes and other parts of the surface of the body. The mollusks of the present order are widely distributed, from the arctic ocean to the tropics ; a few are oceanic wanderers, and crawl on the stalks and leaves of floating seaweeds. " They require to be watched and drawn whilst living and active, since after immersion in spirits they lose both their form and colour '^ (Woodward) . With re- spect to the urticating filaments of the Bolides , Huxley, VOL. V. c 26 NUDIBRANCHIATA. Gosse, and Strethill Wright supposed that they are adventitious, being faecal and derived from the hydroid polyps and Actinia on which the Eolides subsist. Alder and Bergh, on the contrary, believed that the filaments are really the product of the Eolides, and used by them as weapons of defence. In some genera of this family they are altogether wanting. According to Dr. Baur, that abnormal and puzzling mollusk Ento- concha mirabilis of the late J. Miiller (which is an internal parasite of Synapta digitatd) is a Nudibranch. Although most of this Order are zoophagous, Lima- pontia and others of a simpler kind feed on seaweeds, and are preyed on by Crustacea and small fishes. It seems as if one of the principal uses of all animals were to eat or to be eaten. Let us apply this idea to our own case. What a gloomy prospect would lie before us, if there were no hereafter, and we could only say of our physical destiny. Every organic thing we see, that springs To sentient life, by the Creators will, Its individual office to fulfil, To us a sad and warning message brings. 'Twixt fear and hope, in war or doubtful peace, Each for its own existence ever strives : Until at last the fatal hour arrives, When fear and hope, and life itself, shall cease. The leading genera have been well characterized by Dr. Johnston in the following terms : — " The Doris has its branchise, sometimes feathered like an ostrich-plume, placed near the posterior extremity; and the creature has the power of concealing them when in danger. The Tritonia is more slug-like than the Doris-, but its branchise form a curled fringe, interrupted at inter- vals, along each side of the back. The Tethys has, besides, a largely expanded veil over the mantle, im- NUDIBRANCHIATA. 27 parting a very peculiar character to the genus. In the Glaucus the branchiae are moulded into fingered fan-like fins ; while in Eolis and Tergipes they form conical or cylindrical papillse, disposed in series along the back and sides/^ Dendronotus must surely have been one of the " things that are forked and homed and soft," which Tennyson's mermaid expected would wait upon her minstrelsy. The following descriptive catalogue of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca was most kindly prepared for me by my lamented friend Mr. Alder ; and it was, I believe, his last scientific work. Being nearly twelve years later than the Monograph, this catalogue is of course more perfect. I have made only a few alterations and additions, the latter being within brackets. In adopting the merger or inclusion of Pellibranchiata as a suborder, I may remark that it is questionable whether, in a physiological point of view, the Nudibranchs ought not to be united with the Pulmonobranchs. The divi- sions founded on the respiratory system are, like many other methods of classification, incomplete and unsatis- factory. An illustration of each family wiU be given in the plates of genera for this volume. Some of them are taken from the recent work of Meyer and Mobius {'Fauna der Kieler Bucht^), which ought to be consulted by all who study this group. c2 Suborder I. PELLIBRANCHIATA. "Without special gills : skin without spicula. This group was first described as a distinct order by Alder and Hancock in the ' Annals of Natural History ' for June 1848 ; it is now proposed to consider it a suborder of Nu- dibranchiata. It forms, however, an aberrant member of that order, the animals being of very simple structure, and possess- ing none of the variety and beauty of form, and little of the brilliancy of colouring, that are usually found in the Nudi- branchs. M. de Quatrefages united these animals with the Eolodidce in his order of Fhlebenterata ; but the relationship between them is not so close, nor the organization of either group so low, as was supposed to be the case by that distin- guished naturahst. Family I. LIMAPONTI'ID^, Alder and Hancock. "Without mantle or appendages : tentacles 2 or wanting : vent posterior : odontophore denticulated ; no jaws. Genus I. LIMAPON'TIA^ Johnston. [PL I. f. 5.] Body hmaciform, simple, without tentacles : vent dorsal and posterior : odontophore narrow, with a single row of spines. Chalidis of Quatrefages is probably synonymous with this genus. \_Pontolimaa^, Creplin.] 1. LiMAPONTiA NiGRAj Johnston. L. nigra, Johnst. in Loudon's Mag. N. H. ix. p. 79 ; A. & H. in Ann. N, H. 2nd ser. i. p. 402, pi. 19. f. 4-8. Body smooth, rather depressed, nearly linear when extended, * From limax, a slug, and pontus, the sea. LIMA.PONTIA. 29 but very contractile ; the sides slightly overhanging the foot : head truncated in front and flat at the sides, except where it is elevated into two crest-like ridges, arched from behind forwards ; on the sides of which posteriorly the eyes are placed in a pale circular space, which is prolonged into the crest : vent sub- posterior. The general colour is black, but sometimes indi- viduals are found transparent and nearly colourless, showing the greenish biliary organ through the skin. L. 0-14. Habitat : On Confervae [and small seaweeds] in rock-pools [and among Zostera marina] between tide-marks ; Berwick Bay (Johnston) ; Cullercoats (A. Hancock) ; Whitburn, Dur- ham (Ho wse); Torbay (Alder); Falmouth (Cocks). [Shetland (J. G. J.); Scandinavian coasts (MiiUer and others) ; Heligo- land (Frey and Leuckart) ; Brittany (Tasle).] This curious little animal is probably pretty generally dif- fused, but on account of its minute size it may readily be overlooked. It is gregarious ; and, wherever met with, it has usually been found in abundance, appearing when contracted like little black dots scattered over the Conferva on which it feeds. When bruised it has a peculiar sweetish smell, which seems to be derived from the seaweed. [It swims in a reversed position, and when disturbed rolls itself into a ball ; sometimes, while floating, it turns itself round in a short coil. This tiny sea-slug has a quaint and " auld warld " aspect.] [Fasciola carpitata, Miill. Yerm. Helm. p. 79 : this specific name ought to be used. Also Planaria limacina, Fabricius.] 2. L. DEPRESSA, Alder and Hancock. L. depressa, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 3rd ser. x. p. 264 ; Hancock in Tynes. Club Trans, v. p. 315, pi. 17. Body oblong-ovate, depressed, swelling behind the centre and terminating in a blunt point posteriorly ; black, generally with minute yellowish-white spots or freckles : head rounded in front and slightly angulated at the sides ; the lateral crests less elevated than in L. nigra, with the eyes situated in a white oblong area at the side of each : vent placed in a depres- sion at the posterior extremity of the body. L. 0*4. Habitat : On a Conferva ( Vaucheriu submarina^) in brackish 30 LIMAPONTIIDiE. water, Hylton Dene, near Sunderland (A. Hancock) ; Loughor Marsh, near Swansea (Bate, Jeffreys, and Moggridge). This species is distinguished from the last by its much greater size, more depressed form, and wider lateral expansion, as well as by the more backward position of the vent. The Limapontia figured by Mr. Spence Bate in his ' Notes on the Fauna of Swansea and the ^Neighbourhood ' (1849) evidently belongs to this species, not only from its size and form, but also from the more branched character of the hepatic organ, as shown in figures 5 and 6. Genus II. ACTEO'NIA^ Quatrefages. Body limaciform, with a slight ridge on each side of the back : head subangulated : tentacles 2, more or less developed, rising from a carina on each side of the head : vent dorsal, situated two-thirds down the back: odontophore having a single row of spines. 1. AcTEONiA corruga'ta,, Alder and Hancock. A. corrugata, A. & H.in Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. i. p. 403, pi. 19. f. 2, 3. Body nearly linear, rather short and stout, regularly wrinkled in a longitudinal direction ; black, excepting the carina and tail, which are whitish: head carinated at the sides, each carina being produced into a short, flat, whitish, tentacular process : eyes placed in circular white spots behind the carinae : there is a slightly raised ridge on each side of the back in the region of the vent. L. 0-12. Habitat : Rare ; found by Mr. Cocks at Falmouth feeding upon Conferva glaucescens in company with Limapontia nigra. 2. A. CocKsiij Alder and Hancock. Cenia CocJcsii, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. i. p. 404, pi. 19. f. 1. Body robust, smooth, considerably elevated on the back ; black above, fading into fawn colour at the sides : head slightly * From Actaon, a synonym of Elysia. ELYSIID.^. SI angulated, with a central black stripe, the sides of which, as well as the tentacles and the area round the eyes, are yellow or fawncoloured : tentacles of moderate length, linear and cylin- drical ; on each side of the back near the vent is a slight ridge with three or four pale tubercular spots. L. 0*2. Habitat : In rock-pools between tide -marks, on Chorda tomeyitaria and Dimiontia filiformis, Falmouth (Cocks). [Burg- head, Moray Firth (Gordon).] Family II. ELYSI'IDiE, {Elysiadce) Alder and Hancock. Without cloak or gills: sides of the body produced into foliaceous lobes: tentacles 2 or 4, generally folded longitu- dinally: vent dorsal or latero-dorsal : odontophore denticulated ; no jaws. Though the moUusks of this family have no specialized gills, the expanded lobes of the body, on the internal surface of which the blood-vessels are ramified, make a nearer approach to spe- cialization than in other members of the group. Several handsome species of the family are found in the seas of warm climates ; with us it is represented by a single species only. Genus ELY'SIA*, Risso. [PI. I. f. 6.] Body limaciform, with the sides expanded into lobes folding over the back : tentacles 2, longitudinally folded : gastro- hepatic system much branched : vent latero-dorsal, in front of the heart : odontophore having a single row of spines. This genus is the Actceon of Oken but not of De Montfort ; Aplys'wpterus of Delle Chiaje is also a synonym. Elysia vi'ridis, Montagu. Lajplysia viridis, Mont, in Linn. Trans, vii. p. 76, pi. 7. f. 1. E. viridis, F. & H. iii. p. 614, pi. CCC. f. 3. Body ovate-oblong, depressed, grass-green, with bright * [Possibly from eXvio, to fold inwards,] 82 HERM^IDiE. azure or bluish-green spots of a metallic lustre : tentacles ear- shaped, obtuse, dark green, frequently reflecting a purplish hue ; the darker colour is frequently continued over the head and on the upper and outer side of the lateral lobes of the body, which are margined with white ; a whitish space surrounds each eye, and the elevated region of the heart is also pale : the lateral expansions rise up in a curved line towards the middle of the back, and diminish gradually to the tail ; their inside is paler than the out, and beautifully veined with green from the he- patic vessels appearing through. L. 0'75. [Yar. olivacea. Dark greenish- or purplish-brown, spotted with blue and red dots, the edges of the mantle and tips of the tentacles being white.] Habitat : On Codium tomentosum, Zostera marina, and other green seaweeds, in tide-pools, or occasionally in shallow water, especially on the south and west coasts. [The variety inhabits Lochmaddy (M'Intosh) and Kiel Bay (Meyer and Mbbius). It does not appear to have been met with yet on the east coast of England, though it has a vdde range in European seas, extending from Norway to the Mediterranean. [Syn. Act<^on minutum, Sars.] Suborder II. POLYBRANCHIATA. Gills, or, rather, branchial processes, arranged along the sides of the body ; skin without spicula. Family I. HERM^'ID^, Alder and Hancock. Without mantle : branchial processes linear or papillose : tentacles 2, dorsal : vent dorsal : no jaws : hepatic system with two longitudinal dorsal vessels. Genus I. ALDE'RIA^ AUman. Body ovate : fentocZes rudimentary or none : branchial pro- cesses papillose, set in transverse rows on the sides of the back : vent postero-dorsal, nipple-shaped : odontophore with a single series of plates bearing a large central spine. * [Named in comphment to the author of this Synopsis.] HERM.EA. * 33 Alderia modesta, Loven. A. rmdesta, Allm. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvii. p. 4 ; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 41. f. 1-5. Body ovate-oblong, subconvex, yellowish or greenish, gene- rally more or less variegated and spotted with brownish grey: head small, slightly notched in front, and produced at the sides into obtuse lobes : branchial processes eUiptic-oblong, obtuse, coloured like the body, and arranged in 6 or 7 diagonal rows on the sides of the back, increasing in size posteriorly : foot large and broad, rounded in front and reflected upwards at the sides. L. 0*5. Habitat : Gregarious on Confervse in shallow brackish water, in a salt-marsh at Skibbereen, county Cork (AUman); Loughor Marsh, near Swansea (Bate, Jeffreys, and Moggridge); in a salt-marsh at Hylton Dene, Durham (G. S. Brady). [Escaut, below Antwerp (Nyst, as A. scaldiana).] This curious animal is almost amphibious, being only found in very shallow brackish water in marshes, barely within the reach of the tide, and occasionally crawling on the moist weed beyond. It is a rare [or local] species, but generally plentiful where it does occur. It was first met vdth in Sweden by Professor Loven, who published it under the name of Stiliger modestus in the Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy ; but he afterwards adopted the generic appellation here given in his * Index Molluscorum Scandinavise.' Genus II. HERMiEA^ Loven. [PL II. f. 1.] Body elongated, tapering posteriorly : tentacles 2, ear-shaped or longitudinally folded: branchial processes linear-oblong, tapering, placed along the sides of the back: vent antero-dorsal: odotitophore with a single series of plates bearing a broad spine. I. Herm^a bi'fida, Montagu. Boris bifida, Mont, in Linn. Trans, xi. p. 198, pi. 14. f. 3. H. bifida, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 39. Body linear, very slender, tapering to a fine point behind, * [Mercurial or agile.] c5 34 FIONIDiE. pellucid white, with 2 red lines along the back : Jiead small : tentacles rather short, longitudinally folded, truncated, rising into a point behind : hranchial processes elliptic-oblong, pointed, slightly tuberculated, with a ramified rosecoloured gland in the centre of each, giving them a leaf-like appearance ; they are arranged in numerous transverse rows of two or three abreast on each side of the back. L. 0-9. Habitat : Among small seaweeds within tide-marks or in shallow water ; rare. Devonshire coast (Montagu) ; Belfast Bay (Getty and Hyndman); Black Hock, Leith (Landsborough). [Shetland (J. G. J.).] This elegant little Nudibranch has been very seldom met with on our coast ; but the localities in which it occurs show it to be pretty widely dispersed. Its range extends to Sweden. 2. H. dendri'tica, Alder and Hancock. Calliopcsa dendritica, A, & H. in Ann. N. H. Istser. xii. p. 233. H. den- dritica, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 40. Body ovate, rather bulging out in the centre, and tapering to a fine point behind ; greenish-white, with dendritic green or olive veinings : tentacles oblong ear- shaped, with a rounded apex, their margin forming a continuous outline with the sides of the head : hranchial processes elliptic-linear, with an internal ramified greenish gland, and spotted with white ex- ternally ; they are set in 8 transverse rows of 3 or 4 each on the sides of the back. L. 0*35. Habitat : On green seaweeds, especially Codium tomentosum, in rock-pools or in shallow water ; gregarious. Torbay (Mrs. Wyatt); Whitley, Northumberland, rare (Miss Dickinson). [W. Sweden (Loven).] Family II. FIO NID^, Alder and Hancock. Mantle rudimentary : branchial processes linear or papillose : tentacles 4, simple ; vent latero-dorsal : mouth with large cor- neous jaws : hepatic system with two longitudinal vessels. This family differs from the Eolididce in the presence of a EOLlDIDiE. 35 subpallial margin or rudimentary mantle, in having two gastro-hepatic vessels running down the back, and in the dorsal position of the vent. In the last two characters it ap- proaches more nearly to the Hermceidce. Genus FIO'NA''^, Alder and Hancock. [PL II. f. 2.] Body elliptic-oblong : tentacles 4, subdorsal : branchial 'pro- cesses conical, with a membranous expansion on one side, and set on a subpallial margin : odontophore with a single series of arched plates bearing a stout central spine and lateral denticles. Fiona no'bilis, Alder and Hancock. Oithona nohilis, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. viii. p. 291, pi. 9, 10. F. nohilis, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 38 a. Body stout, limaciform, of a pale buffcolour : tentacles linear, smooth, broad at the base and tapering to a point above ; the anterior pair placed considerably behind the margin of the head: branchial processes numerous, linear-conical, rather compressed, with the inner margin expanded into a membra- nous frill ; the central gland is of a rich brown, the external surface buffcoloured, the apices opaque bluish-white, with a brilliant metallic lustre, which is observable also on the back : the branchial processes or papillae are crowded without ap- parent order on the sides of the back and pallial ridge, which is considerably produced behind. L. 2. Habitat: Two specimens of this splendid mollusk were found by Mr. Cocks under a stone at Bar Point, Falmouth, during a low spring- tide in 1849. It has not since been met with. [Finistere (Fischer).] Family III. EOLI'DID^, D'Orbigny. Branchial processes linear or fusiform, set along the sides of the back ; without mantle : tentacles 4 or 2, non-retractile : vent lateral : gastro-hepatic system with a posterior central vessel. * A proper name from Ossian. 36 EOLIDID^. Genus I. EMBLETO'NIA^ Alder and Hancock. BoDr slender : tentacles 2, dorsal, linear ; the place of the oval pair occupied by 2 flattened lateral lobes : branchial pro- cesses fusiform or clavate, set usually in single series on each side of the back, occasionally in double [or triple] series or clusters : odontojphore linear, with a single series of plates, each bearing a central spine and lateral denticles ; jaws corneous. 1. Embletonia pulchra, Alder and Hancock. PterocMlus pulcher, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xiv. p. 329. E. vul- chra, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 38. Body fleshcoloured, spotted with white : tentacles short, set wide apart : head-lobes rounded : branchial processes stout, elliptical, orange-red spotted with white, 5 or 6 in single series on each side : dorsal vessel red, undulating, appearing through the skin. L. 0-2. Habitat: Within tide-marks at Eothesay, Isle of Bute (Alder); Ardrossan, Ayrshire (Eev. D. Landsborough, jun.). 2. E. MiNUTAj Forbes and Goodsir. Eolidia minuta, Forb. & Goods, in Eep. Brit. Assoc. 1839. Embletonia F. & H. iii. p. 607, pi. BBB. f 5. Body pinkish-yellow, linear : tentacles rather longer than the last, wrinkled : head-lobes produced : branchial processes nearly linear, pinkish, tipped with white, 7 in single series on each side of the back. L. 0-12. Habitat : Dredged in 7 fathoms among Laminarice at Ler- wick (Forbes). 3. E. PALLIDA, Alder and Hancock. E. pallida^ A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 52, and Appendix, p. xii. Body yellowish-white vdth a few black spots on the back : tentacles approximating : head-lobes indistinct, forming a semi- circular veil which is a little produced at the sides : branchial processes nearly linear, very pale orange, set in a double longi- tudinal row of 4 or 5 each on each side of the back. L. 0-1. * Named in compliment to Dr. Embleton, of Newcastle. EOLIS. 87 Habitat: Among seaweeds on the shore at Birkenhead (Price); Mouth of the Dee (CoUingwood). [W. Sweden (Lo- ven) ; Kiel Bay (Meyer and Mobius).] [Mr. W. S. Kent has lately described, in the * Proceedings of the Zoological Society/ a new species {E. Grayi), allied to E. pallida, from the Victoria Docks, which has a triple row of branchial processes on each side of the back, and in which the head-lobes are highly developed.] Genus II. E'OLIS*, Cuvier. [PI. II. f. 3.] Body limaciform, more or less elongated and tapering be- hind, without mantle : tentacles 4 (2 dorsal and 2 oral), linear, non-retractile : hrancliial processes papillose, linear or fusi- form, arranged in transverse rows, sometimes clustered, on the sides of the back : foot with the anterior angle often much produced : odontophore narrow, consisting generally of a single row of spinous plates ; with large corneous jaws. A. Body hroad : hrancMal processes or papillce in numerous transverse rows : lingual plates pectinated, (l^olis proper.) 1. EoLis PAPiLLosA, Linne. Limax papillosus, Linn. S. N. p. 1082. E. papillosa, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 9. Body rather broadly ovate, somewhat depressed; brown, grey, or orange, spotted with brown or purple and white : dorsal tentacles shortish, subconical, brown, with white tips : head broad, with generally a triangular mark of opaque white, extending into the oral tentacles, which are longer than the dorsal pair : branchial processes stout, conical, and rather flat- tened, strongly freckled with brown or lilac and white, with white tips : set in 18-24 close transverse rows : foot having its anterior angles short and pointed. L. 1-5-3. Habitat : Under stones between tide -marks, on most parts of our coasts ; not uncommon. This is the largest of the British species, and is pretty gene- * A mythological name [properly jEoUs]. S8 EOLIDIDiE. rally diffused in the seas of northern Europe. On account of its variation in colour and markings, several species have been made out of it. E. Zetlandica of Forbes, E. Lesliana and E. Murrayana of Macgillivray, E. rosea and E. ohtusalis of Alder and Hancock, are all now considered to be varieties of E. pa- pulosa. Its spawn may be seen on the underside of stones in the spring and summer months, consisting of a gelatinous pinkish- white cord, much convoluted, and having a beautiful festooned appearance when viewed under water. [Mr. Peach found at Wick a unicorn monstrosity; it had only a single dorsal tentacle and sheath placed in the middle.] 2. E. GLAUCA, Alder and Hancock. E. glauca, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 314 ; Brit. Nud, Moll, fam. 3, pi. 11. Body elongated, rather depressed, brick-red : dorsal tentacles moderately long, red, tipped with white : oral tentacles slightly longer than the dorsal, white, with a line of red : hrayichial processes conical, vermicular, subdepressed, and tapering a good deal towards the tip, glaucous or olivaceous, freckled with brown and white, set in about 14 rows : foot with the anterior angles a little produced. L. 1*75. Habitat: Dredged in deepish water in Torbay, and in Menai Straits near Beaumaris (Alder); Falmouth (Cocks). E. glauca is readily distinguished from E. papillosa by its more slender form and the vermicular character of the bran- chial processes. The plates of the tongue of this species form a double arch, those of E. papulosa only a single arch. 3. E. Alde'ri, Cocks. E. Alderi, Cocks in the ' Naturalist,' ii. p. 1, pi. 1. f. 1. ; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 10. f. 5, 6. Body elongated, white or greyish : dorsal tentacles mode- rately long, bright yellow : oral tentacles slightly longer than the dorsal pair, white, tipped with yellow : branchial processes slightly conical, set in 12 to 14 dense rows nearly covering the back ; the first two or three rows opaque white, the re- mainder greyish with a pale brownish freckling, and yellow EoLis. oy or orange near the tip : foot with the anterior angles a little produced. L. 0-7. Habitat : In tide-pools at Gwyllyn Yase, Ealmouth (Cocks). Mr. Cocks met with this species in considerable numbers in the summer of 1848 ; it was scarce in 1849, and we have no record of its having since been found. E. Alderi bears some resemblance to the last, but differs in size and colour. The lingual plates have a similar character. B. Branchial processes clustered: dorsal tentacles laminated ; angles of the foot produced: odontophore with a central spine and lateral dentlculations. (Facehna, A. Sf H.) 4. E. corona'ta, Forbes.. E. coronata, Forb. in ' Athenaum ' for 1839, No. G18, p. 647; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 12. Body slender, white tinged with fleshcolour: dorsal ten- tacles yellowish, strongly annulated (with 7 or 8 rings) : oral tentacles long and tapering: branchial processes rather long, nearly linear, crimson, with a metallic lustre of blue on the upper surface, and an opaque-white ring near the apex; set in 6 or 7 clusters on each side of the back : foot having its anterior angles produced. L. 1. Habitat : On most parts of the British coast within tide- marks and in the Laminarian zone ; not uncommon. This is one of the most beautiful species of a beautiful genus [" the tiger of its tribe," Gordon]. The Doris longi- cornis of Montagu and Eolida plumosa of Fleming are pro- bably varieties of it. It does not appear to have been recog- nized out of Britain. [W. Sweden (Loven) ; North of France (Bouchard-Chantereaux and Fischer) ; Rochelle ( Aucapitaine).] 5. E. Drummondi, Thompson. E. Drummondi, Thomps. in Eep. Brit. Assoc, for 1843, p. 250; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 13. Body rather broad, especially towards the head, tapering abruptly behind, fleshcoloured : dorsal tentacles longish, fawn- coloured ; densely laminated (with 20 to 30 rings) : oral ten- 40 EOLIDID^. tacles very long, stout and tapering : hrancJiidl processes long, nearly linear, dull red or brownish, sometimes inclined to olive, with white tips, set in 4 to 6 clusters on each side of the back : foot with the anterior angles much produced. L. 1*5. Habitat : Near low -water mark and in shallow water ; abundant on some parts of the west coast of England and Scotland, as also in Ireland, but more rare on the south and east. [Kiel Bay, and Samsoe in Jutland (Meyer and Mobius) ; Arcachon (Fischer).] This species is shorter and stouter than the last, with the head rather larger. The colour of the branchial papilla) is very variable, but generally partakes more or less of a reddish hue. 6. E. PUNCTATA, Alder and Hancock. E. punctata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 315 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 3, pi. 15. Body yellowish-fleshcoloured, covered with opaque white spots : dorsal tentacles yellowish, very obliquely laminated : oral tentacles long, white : branchial processes oblong, tapering to a rather acute point, reddish-brown, spotted with white ; set in 5 or 6 clusters on each side of the back : foot with the anterior angles much produced. L. 1. Habitat : Dredged in deepish water off Berry Head, Tor- bay (Alder). 7. E. ELEGANs, Alder and Hancock. E. elegans, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 315 ; Brit. Nud. MoU. fam. 3, pi. 17. f. 2, 3, 4. Body rather slender, yellowish-white : dorsal tentacles stout- ish, buff or fawncoloured, with white tips ; strongly wrinkled transversely : oral tentacles nearly twice the length of the dor- sal pair, white : branchial processes rosy-fleshcoloured, deepen- ing into blackish-purple at the top and bottom, with a ring of opaque white at the apex ; set in about 7 clustei's on each side : Joot having its anterior angles very much produced. L. 0*5u Habitat: Dredged in about 15 fathoms off Berry Head (Alder). EOLIS. 41 C. Branchial processes clustered : dorsal tentacles smooth : angles of the foot produced : odontophore as in the last sec- tion, with the addition of 2 separate lateral spines. (Cory- phella, Gray.) 8. E. RUFiBRANCHiALis, Johnston. E. rufihranchialis, Johnst. in Loud. Mag. N. H. v. p. 428 ; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 14. Body very slender, tapering to an elongated and finely pointed tail, white : dorsal tentacles linear, of moderate length, slightly corrugated : oral tentacles a very little shorter than the dorsal pair : branchial processes linear, rosecoloured, with white tips ; set in 6 or 7 clusters on each side of the back : foot with the anterior angles rather short. L. 1. Habitat : Near low- water mark, on most parts of our coast, but more especially in the east; not rare. It is difficult to give exact localities, as other species have occasionally been taken for it. [Kiel Bay and Little Belt (Meyer and Mobius).] 9. E. linea'ta, Loven. E. lineata, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 8 ; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 16. Body rather slender, pellucid white, with 3 longitudinal opaque-white lines on the body, the central one bifurcating on the head into the oral tentacles : dorsal tentacles longish, with an opaque-white line down the back of each : oral ten- tacles rather longer than the dorsal : branchial processes nearly linear, rosecoloured, with an opaque-white line in front and white rings at the tip ; set in 4 or 5 clusters on the sides of the back : foot with the anterior angles produced. L. 1. Habitat : Between tide-marks and in shallow water. Saltcoats, Ayrshire (Landsborough) ; Douglas, Isle of Man (Alder) ; Morecambe, Lancashire (Moser). It was found on the Swedish coast by Professor Loven. [Nice (Yerany, as j^lis Demartinii).'] 42 EOLIDIDiE. 10. E. gra'cilis. Alder and Hancock. E. gracilis, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 166; Brit. N"ud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 18. Body slender, white : dorsal tentacles long, linear, white : oral tentacles slightly longer than the dorsal pair : head rather long : branchial processes elliptic-oblong, orange, with a narrow ring of opaque white at the apex: foot with the anterior angles produced and arched. L. 0*5. Habitat : Within tide-marks ; rather rare. Whitley, Cul- lercoats, and Newbiggin, Northumberland (A. & H.) ; Menai Straits (Alder). [Cumbrae, N.B. (Robertson).] 11. E. smarag'dina, Alder and Hancock. E. smaragdina, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 17. Body slender, white: dorsal and oral tentacles long, of nearly equal length, white : head short : branchial processes elliptic-oblong, green, with white tips ; set in 5 clusters : foot with the anterior angles produced. L. 0*5. Habitat: Among seaweeds; very rare. Whitley, Nor- thumberland (Hancock) ; Burghead (Murray). [W. Sweden (Loven).] This species bears great resemblance to the last, from which it differs principally in the colour of the branchial processes and in the length of the head. 12. E. PELLu'ciDA, Alder and Hancock. E. pellucida, A. & H. in Ann. IS". H. 1st .ser. xii. p. 234 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 3, pi. 19. Body slender, white, pellucid : dorsal and oral tentacles long, equal in length, white : branchial processes nearly linear, scarlet, with white tips ; set in 5 or 6 clusters : foot having its anterior angles much produced. L. 0*8. Habitat : On a Tubularia from the fishing-boats. Culler- coats (Hancock); Ilfracombe (Broderick). [Shetland (Nor- man).] EOLIS. 43 13. E. Landsburgi, {Landsburgii) Alder and Hancock. E. Landshurgii, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xviii. p. 294 ; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 20. Body slender, violetcoloured : dorsal tentacles longish, slen- der, and slightly wrinkled, violetcoloured, with white tijis: oral tentacles rather longer than the dorsal pair, and of the same colour : head rather narrow : branchial processes elliptical linear, orange-red, with white tips; set in 5 or 6 clusters: foot with the anterior angles shortish. L. 0*5. Habitat : Within tide-marks and in shallow water on the western shores of England, Wales, and Scotland ; also at Burg- head (Murray) ; [Weymouth (Gosse)] ; Exmouth (Hincks) ; Channel Isles (Ansted). [Arcachon (Eischer).] This may possibly be the Doris pedata found on the Devonshire coast by Montagu. D. Branchial processes clustered: dorsal tentacles with a bul- bous swelling : odontojphore with a single smooth spine. (Eavorinus, Gray.) 14. E. ALBA, Alder and Hancock. E. alba, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xiii. p. 164; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 3, pi. 21. Body very slender, white : dorsal tentacles of a blackish- brown colour for about two-thirds up, above which they are white, with a bulbous swelling at a little distance from the apex: oral tentacles long, white, gracefully curved : branchial pro- cesses linear oblong, rather depressed, white, sometimes spotted or ringed with brown, with white tips; set in 5 or 6 clusters: foot with the anterior angles very long. L. 0-75. Habitat : On sponges and zoophytes in shallow water and between tide-marks, pretty generally diffused, but not common. This elegant species is subject to great variety of colour and markings. The gills are sometimes of a brownish colour, with brown markings on the body ; this variety, which is very rare in Britain, seems to be more plentiful in northern Europe, 44 EOLIDIDiE. where it has been found on the shores of Sweden and Den- mark [and in Eael Bay], 15. E. CARNEA_, Alder and Hancock. E. carnea, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. App. (24) p. ix. Body fleshcolonred, slender: dorsal tentacles rather long, dark olive-brown: oral tentacles white, about the length of the dorsal pair : branchial processes linear conical, rosecoloured, set in 7 clusters : foot with the anterior angles much produced. L. 0-5. Habitat: Dredged in Salcombe Bay (Mrs. Wyatt). This obscure species is nearly related to E. alba, but differs in colour and in the apparent absence of the bulbous swelling on the dorsal tentacles. The tongue is of the same peculiar smooth and slender form. E. Branchial processes grouped on footstalhs: tentacles smooth : odontophore with a single row of small spines. (Calma, A. 4- H.) 16. E. GLAUcoiDESj Aider and Hancock. E. glaucoides, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 22. Body depressed, white: head small: tentacles EmsM, smooth; branchial processes nearly linear, white, with yellowish tips and a pale fulvous central gland; set in 11 clusters, each cluster rising from a common pedicle: foot broad, with the anterior angles short and acute. L. 0*5. Habitat : Under a stone at low- water mark, Herm Island (Alder). Of this very curious animal a single individual has only yet been found. It partakes somewhat of the characters of the genus Glaucus, especially in the small size of the head and tentacles, and in the branchial processes being clustered on footstalks. EOLIS. 45 p. Branchial processes in close-set rows : odontophore with a central spine and lateral denticulations. (Cuthona, A. ^ H.) 17. E. Pea'chiIj Alder and Hancock. E. Peachii, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. i. p. 19 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 3, pi. 10. Body broadly oblong, tapering behind, yeUowish or flesh- coloured : dorsal tentacles long, linear, smooth : oral tentacles one-third shorter, and set rather wide apart on the head, which is broad and semicircular or lunate in outline : bran- chial processes numerous, subclavate, rather obtuse, yellowish- brown, or fawncoloured, with white tips arranged in about 20 close-set rows, commencing on the sides of the head and extending nearly to the tail: foot broadish in front, and tapering to a blunt point behind ; the anterior angles obtuse. L. 0-75. Habitat : In deepish water, Fowey Harbour (Peach), N"or- thumberland Coast (Alder). [Cumbrae (Robertson).] 18. E. NANA, Alder and Hancock. E. nana, A. & H. in Ann. N. H, 1st ser. ix. p. 36 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam 3, pi. 25. Body rather broad, ovate oblong, yellowish-white : dorsal tentacles rather long, smooth, white : oral tentacles a little shorter than the dorsal pair, set rather far on the head, which is broad and shows a semicircular margin beyond them : bran- chial processes subclavate, rosecoloured, with white tips ; set in 8 or 10 rather close rows, extending nearly to the tail, which is short and rather blunt : foot broad, transparent white, with the anterior angles rounded. L. 0-4. Habitat : Under stones between tide-marks : Cullercoats and Whitley, Northumberland (A. & H.); Burghead (Murray). [W. Sweden (Loven).] This species comes very near to the last in some of its cha- racters, especially in the broad form of the head, and in the obtuse angles of the foot. It is nevertheless very distinct. 4sD EOLIDIDiE. 19. E. stipa'ta, Alder and Hancock. E. stipata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xii. p. 233 ; Brit. Niid. Moll, fam. 3, pL 22. Body rather broad, ovate-oblong, subdepressed, bright yel- lowish green : dorsal tentacles smooth, rather short and blunt : oral tentacles short and set wide apart on the head, which is rounded : branchial processes rather short and stout, ovate- oblong, bright bluish-green, paler and yellowish towards the apex ; arranged in 9 or 10 close-set rows, nearly covering the back : foot rather broad, transparent white, with the anterior angles obtuse. L. 0*25. Habitat: On a Sertularia from deep water, Torbay (Alder). A single individual of this pretty and well-marked Eolis was got in the above locality in 1842, since which time it does not appear to have been met with. 20. E. angula'ta, Alder and Hancock. E. angulata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser.xiii. p. 165 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 3, pi. 23. Body rather broad, subangulated, depressed, pale orange : dorsal tentacles short, slightly wrinkled, orangecoloured, with white tips : oi-al tentacles rather longer, whitish : branchial processes cylindrical, orangecoloured, spotted with white and having whitish tips ; set in 10 or 12 rather close rows : foot broad, especially in the anterior portion, where the angles are a good deal produced and pointed ; it tapers abiniptly to a point behind. L. 0-4. Habitat: On a stone brought in by the fishing-boats at Cullercoats (A. Hancock). [Moray Firth (Macdonald); W. Sweden (Loven) ; Normandy (Quatrefages, as Eolidina para- doxa).'] 21. E. inorna'ta, Alder and Hancock. E. inornafa, A. &H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 315 ; Brit. Nud. Moll. Append. (25) p. ix. Body ovate, flattish, pale fawncoloured : dorsal tentacles short, slightly wrinkled : oral tentacles scarcely longer than the dorsal pair : branchial processes elliptic cylindrical, reddish- EOLIS. 47 fawncoloiired, spotted with brown and white ; set in 9 rows : foot with the anterior angles a Httle produced and pointed. L. 0-5. Habitat : Under a stone at low-water mark, Torbay (Alder). [?W. Sweden (Loven).] This obscure species, of which one specimen was got in 1845, requires further investigation. There is a possibihty of its being either a variety of E. angulata, or the young of one of the many varieties of E. papillosa. 22. E. coNciNNA, Alder and Hancock. E. concinna, A. & H, in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xii. p. 234 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 3, pi. 24. Body oblong, pellucid white, tinged with buff or yellow : dorsal tentacles rather long, smooth, white : oral tentacles one- third shorter than the dorsal pair, arising from the upper sur- face of the lips : hrayicTiial processes oblong, nearly linear, purplish-brown and granulated internally ; the outer surface pellucid, with a tinge of blue, giving them a metallic lustre ; set in 9 or 10 rows : foot linear, peUucid ; the anterior angles broad, and produced into blunt points. L. 0*5. Habitat : On Sertidaria argentea at low-water mark, Whitley, Northumberland (Hancock); Egremont, near Liver- pool [on Laomedea gelatinosa'] (Collingwood) ; [Cumbrae (Eobertson). W. Sweden (Loven); Christianiafiord (Asb- jornsen).] A pretty species, though rather sober in colour. The glan- cing of the light on the papillae when in motion gives them a silvery appearance. 23. E. oliva'cea, Alder and Hancock. E. olivacea, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. ix. p. 35 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 3, pi. 26. Body rather stout, yeUowish-white, with opaque-white spots ; a rosecoloured streak on each side of the head : dorsal tentacles linear, smooth, rather short, yellowish-white, with a band of rosecolour: oral tentacles rather shorter than the 48 EOLIDID^. dorsal pair, set on the upper surface of the lips : branchial processes few, stout, cylindrical, of a yellowish olivecolour, with transverse bars of a darker shade, sometimes indistinct ; tips pale ; they are set in 6 or 8 rows of 3 or 4 each : foot with the anterior angles obtuse. L. 0*5. Habitat : Under stones between tide-marks, "Whitley and Cullercoats, not rare (A. & H.) ; Ardrossan, Saltcoats, Rothesay, and Lamlash (Alder); Burghead (Murray); Pen- zance (Alder). [Dee estuary, Cheshire (Collingwood) ; Fal- mouth (Cocks) ; Shetland (Norman).] This Eolis is subject to a little variation in colour; the olive sometimes assumes a reddish or greenish tinge. It may, however, generally be recognized by the red lines on the head and tentacles. The localities quoted will show that it is pretty generally diffused, though it is nowhere abundant. 24. E. auranti'aca, Alder and Hancock. E, aurantiaca, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p. 34 ; Brit. Nud, Moll, fam. 3, pi. 27. Body rather robust, buffcoloured : dorsal tentacles of mode- rate length, rosy-orangecoloured : oral tentacles shorter, whitish : branchial processes linear oblong, rather stout, pur- ple-orange below, with a white ring above, and bright orange tips ; set in 10 or 11 rather close rows, commencing at the sides of the head : foot pellucid white, tapering to a fine point behind ; the anterior angles very obtusely rounded. L. 0-5. Habitat : Between tide-marks and in shallow water, Cul- lercoats and Whitley, Northumberland (Hancock) . Ardrossan, Ayrshire ; Powey Harbour, Cornwall ; not uncommon (Alder). Liverpool (Collingwood). [Lamlash (Landsborough) ; Shet- land (Norman). W. Sweden (Loven).] E. aurantiaca has a considerable range. The south-coun- try specimens are generally brighter- coloured than those in the north, the colour of the papiJlsD sometimes approaching scarlet in the under part. There is also occasionally a diffe- rence in the proportional colouring of the parts, the orange of the tips, however, being generally conspicuous. EOLIS. 49 25. E. pustula'ta, Alder and Hancock. E. pustuiata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 46. f. 4, 5. Body rather slender, white, pellucid: dorsal tentacles shortish, linear, rather obtuse, blotched with opaque white at the tips : oral tentacles rather shorter than the dorsal pair, also tipped with opaque white : branchial processes long, linear, obtuse, pale orangecoloured, spotted with minute granules of opaque white ; arranged in 9 or 10 close-set rows, extending close to the tail and with the posterior papillae projecting beyond it : foot having its anterior angles rounded. L. 0-25. Habitat : On zoophytes from the deep-water fishing-boats at CuUercoats, rare (Alder). Of this species only two individuals have yet been met with. It is distinguished from the other British Eolides by the pus- tulated character of the branchial papiUse, which are capable of great extension. The animal has the peculiar power of bending them at right angles. From the great transparency of the skin, the jaws appear through like two brown bands across the front of the head. G. Branchial processes in rather distant rows: odontophore denticulated, with the central spine a little prominent. (Ca- volina, Cuvier [not Ahildgaard'].) 26. E. Cou'cHii, Cocks. E. Couchii, Cocks in NaturaUst, ii. p. 1, pi. 1. f. 2; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. Append, p. x. Body rather stout, bluish-black, with opaque-white spots ; anterior parts and tail white: dorsal tentacles rather long, filiform : oral tentacles rather short ; both pairs having opaque - white spots : branchial processes oval-obl ong, transparent white, with opaque-white spots ; set in 4 distant rows of 3 papillse each : foot much attenuated posteriorly. L. 1'75. Habitat: Under a stone at extreme low-water mark at GwyUyn Yase, Falmouth (Cocks). VOL. V. D 50 EOLIDID^. • 27. E. AMCENAj Alder and Hancock. E, arrmna, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st eer. xvi. p. 316 ; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 20. Body greenish- white, with brown markings and white spots : dorsal tentacles long, transparent, greenish- white, with white spots : oral tentacles about half the length of the dorsal pair, and similarly banded : hrancliial processes yeUo wish-green or olive, spotted with yeUowish-white, often having a brownish base and two or three bands of brown spots above; tips transparent ; they are set in 8 distant rows, the anterior close together, the others more distant: foot rather narrow, the anterior angles very little produced and slightly rounded. L. 0-3. Habitat: Dredged in Torbay and Fowey Harbour; not uncommon in the latter place (Alder). [Cumbrae, rare (Robertson).] This pretty little species may be known from its congeners, E. viridis and E. Norihumhrica, by its brown markings, and especially by the brown rings on the tentacles ; the green is also more or less yellowish or olive. 28. E. North um'b RICA, Alder and Hancock. E. Northumbrica, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xiii. p. 165 ; Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 31. f. 2, 3. Body rather slender, of a delicate greenish white : dorsal tentarles moderately long, white and strongly wrinkled above, with the apices truncated : oral tentacles nearly as long as the dorsal pair, white and obtuse at the tips: branchial processes stout and subclavate, of a cold bluish green, with white tips, set in 9 rather distant rows: foot with the anterior angles blunt and a little produced. L. 0-25. Habitat: On a Coralline from the fishing-boats, Culler- coats (Hancock); rocks at the same place (Norman and Mennell). ^ EOLIS, 51 29. E. ARENi'coLA^ Forbes. E. arenicola (Forbes, MS.), A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 31. f. 1. Body white, rather long and slender : dorsal tentacles yel- lowish-white, long, smooth, and tapering: oral tentacles nearly as long as the dorsal pair, slender, tapering, set on the upper edge of the lip, which is margined with yellow: branchial processes rather long, linear, and tapering above, of a dark bottle-green colour for two-thirds up, above which they are pale yellow, with colourless tips ; they are set in about 15 rows, the papillae becoming very small towards the sides : foot with the anterior angles obtuse. L. 0-75. Habitat: Dredged in 10 fathoms on weedy ground, Menai Straits (Forbes). 30. E. Glottensis, Alder and Hancock. E. Glottenm, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xviii. p. 293 ; Brit. Nud, MoU. fam. 3, pi. 29. Body greenish-white : dorsal tentacles rather long and ob- tuse, of the same colour as the body : oral tentacles about two- thirds the length of the dorsal pair, obtuse, set on the upper- side of the lip : branchial processes stout, blackish-green, with golden-yellow tips, a little inclining to orange ; set in 8 or 9 rows, the first 3 rather close together, the others more distant : foot notched in front, with the angles slightly pro- duced and rounded. L. 0-4. Habitat: Dredged on Pecten opercularis in Lamlash Bay (Alder). 31. E. CiERu'LEA, Montagu. Doris cesrulea, Mont, in Linn. Trans, vii. p. 78, pi. 7. f. 4, 6. E. asrulea, A. & H. Brit. Nud. MoU. p. 51. Body slender, pale pellucid-green: dorsal tentacles long, slightly tapering, greenish-white, with opaque-yellow spots : oral tentacles very short, greenish : braTichial processes linear- fusiform, stoutish, green below and blue above, with a rim of pale yellow, and bright orange-red tips ; set in 10 rows, the s2 52 EOLIDID^. 4 anterior ones rather close together, the rest more distant : foot slender, with the anterior angles produced and rather obtuse. L. 0*5. Habitat: Devonshire (Montagu); Weymouth [in 6 f.] (Thompson) ; Salcombe Bay (Hincks). This beautiful Eolis had not been met with since it was first described by Montagu, until Mr. Wm. Thompson fortunately dredged it in Weymouth Harbour in 1858. The Eev. T. Hincks met with it at Salcombe in the following year. 32. E. vi'ridis, Forbes. Montagua viridis, Forb. in Ann, N. H. Ist ser. v. p. 106, pi. 2. f. 12. E. viridis, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. farn. 3, pi. 32. Body slender, white, slightly tinged with green ; dorsal ten- tacles rather long, smooth, greenish-white : oral tentacles nearly as long as the dorsal pair, set on the upper surface of the lip : branchial processes nearly linear, rather stout, bright bluish - green varying to grass-green, with darker granules and opaque- white spots ; tips opaque-white ; they are set in 10 rather distant rows, the first 4 being rather closer than the rest: foot with the anterior angles a Kttle produced and obtuse. L. 0-3. Habitat : Isle of Man and Cornwall (Forbes) ; Saltcoats and Portincross, Ayrshire (D. Landsborough, jun.); Burg- head (Murray). 33. E. PURPURAscENs, Fleming. Eolida purpurascens, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. p. 470, pi. 4. f. 2. Eolis pur- purascens, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 51 and App. p. xi. Body slender, pink : dorsal tentacles linear : oral tentacles very short : branchial processes subclavate or filiform ; set in 5 rows of 3 papiUae each. L. 1. Habitat : Firth of Tay (Fleming). The above description contains all we know of this species, which has not been met with since its discovery by Dr. Fleming. EOLIS. 53 H. Branchial processes inflated: odontophore with large denticles and a stout central spine; two separate lateral spines. 34. E. cingula'ta, Alder and Hancock. E. hystrix, A. &H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p. 35. E. cingulata, BriL Nud. MoU. fam. 3, pi. 28. Body slender, tapering to a fine point behind, wMte, with olive-brown spots and blotches : dorsal tentacles long and slender, white, with an orange-brown band: oral tentacles short, also banded with orange-brown : branchial processes elhptic- oblong or fusiform, yellowish-white, with three olive- brown bands ; set in 8 or 9 rows and diverging at the tips : foot with the anterior angles slightly produced and rounded. L. 0-4. Habitat: Among the rocks at low- water mark, Culler- coats, rare (Alder). [Cumbrae (Robertson); W. Sweden (Loven).] 35. E. vitta'ta. Alder and Hancock. E. viUata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. ix. p. 35 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 3, pi. 29. f. 1-4. Body buff or fawncoloured, with ferruginous markings : dor- sal tentacles long, linear, buff below, with a faint ferruginous band, and white above : oral tentacles rather shorter than the dorsal pair, and similarly banded : branchial processes subcla- vate or nearly linear, buffcoloured, with two or three ferrugi- nous bands, more or less distinct, and pale yellow tips ; they are set in 6 or 7 rather distant rows : foot with the anterior angles obtuse and not much produced. L. 0*3. Habitat : On Zoophytes from deep water, CuUercoats, rare (Hancock). This species has considerable resemblance to the last, but differs from it in colour, as well as in the form of the branchial papillaB. The latter have sometimes a pinkish tinge. 54 EOLIDID^. 36. E. picTA, Alder and Hancock. E. pallida, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. ix. p. 35. E. picta, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 33. Body rather stout, yellowish-wliite, more or less spotted and blotched with rich orange-brown : dorsal tentacles long, slightly tapering, white, with a central band of orange-brown : oral tentacles shorter than the dorsal pair, also with a brown band : branchial processes much inflated, ovate, tapering to a fine point above, spotted with orange-brown and opaque white, and frequently having a minute ring of orange near the tip ; the central gland is yellowish ; the papillae are set in 7 or 8 rows, large on the back and small towards the sides : foot with the anterior angles rounded. L. 0-5. Habitat : On most of our coasts, but not common. A pale variety occurs, which was described under the name oi pallida ; the normal form, however, is generally brightly coloured. 37. E. TRi'coLOR, Forbes. Eubranchits tricolor, Forb. Mai. Men. p. 5. Eolis tricolor, A. & H. Brit. Nud. MoU. fam. 3, pi. 34. Body ovate-oblong, rather broad, of a pale huffish yellow, inclining to fawncolour on the head and back : dorsal tentacles moderately long, stoutish, fawncoloured : oral tentacles about half the length of the dorsal pair, and rather paler in colour : branchial processes large, stout, ovate, abruptly tapering to a point above, where they are encircled with a ring of bright golden yellow; tliey are transparent white, with a linear central gland of a violetcolour, fading to yellowish-brown below ; set in 13 or 14 rows : foot rather broad, with the anterior angles rounded. L. 1. Habitat: BaUaugh, in the Isle of Man, and Anglesea (Forbes) ; Belfast Lough (Thompson) ; CuUercoats and Fal- mouth (Alder) ; Burghead, common (Murray). [W. Sweden (Loven). " Kolls itself up into a ball, when teased," Gordon.] This beautiful species is the E. purpurea of Alder and Han- cock in the * Annals of iS'atural History ; ' and probably their E. amethystina may prove to be a variety of the same. EOLIS. 55 38. E. Farra'ni, Alder and Hancock. E. Farrani, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xiii. p. 164 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fiam. 3, pi. 35. Body yeUo wish-white or purplish, with orange spots : dor- sal tentacles rather long, white below and orange above : oral ^n^acZes shortish, pale orange: branchial processes ovate-oblong, inflated, yellowish-white, or occasionally lilac on the surface, with the central gland of a pale strawcolour ; the tips have a ring of bright orange ; they are set in 9 or 10 rows : foot nearly linear, with the front angles rounded. L. 0-5. Habitat : Malahide, near Dublin (Alder) ; Burghead (Mur- ray) ; St. Andrews (M'Intosh). [North of France (Quatre- fages, as Amphorina Alberti).'] This is rather a rare species. A single individual only was dredged at Malahide, which was nearly colourless, excepting the orange spots and rings ; but several specimens have since been found at Burghead by Mr. Murray with more or less of a purple or lilac hue on the surface. This variety appears to be what is described under the name of E. Andreapolis by Dr. M'Intosh. 39. E. ADELA'iDiE, Thompson. E. Adelaide, Thomps. in Ann. N. H. 3rd ser. v. p. 49. E. Eobertiana, M'Intosh in Proc. E. S. Bdinb. Body rather slender, pellucid orange-red : dorsal tentacles rather long, smooth, orange-red, with yellow tips, having a pale space on each side of the back behind, on which the eyes are placed : oral tentacles a little shorter than the dorsal pair and of the same colour : branchial processes elliptical, inflated, of the same colour as the body, but deeper towards the tips ; the central gland is yellowish ; they are set in 12 or 13 transverse rows : foot tinged with orange-red, truncated in front, with the angles rounded. L. 0-5. Habitat : Dredged in "Weymouth Bay [in 6 f., feeding on Plumuluria'] by Mr. Wm. Thompson. The species varies in intensity of colour, the first observed being nearly white. E. Bobertiance of Dr. M'Intosh, St. Andrews, is a variety of this. 5^ EOLIDID^. 40. E. exi'gua, Alder and Hancock. E. exigua, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. i. p. 292 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 3, pi. 37. Body yellowish- white, marbled with brown or olive : dorsal tentacles longish, white, with one or sometimes two bands of brown: oral tentacles short, with a brown band: branchial processes ovate, abruptly pointed, white, with 2 or 3 bands of brown, reddish at the tips ; set in 5 rows of one or two each : foot nearly linear, and scarcely produced at the sides in front. L. 0-2. Habitat : On Laminarice and Fuci in shallow water, espe- cially on those fronds that bear the Laomedea geniculata [and L. gelatinosa'] ; probably not uncommon, but seldom observed on account of its small size. Fowey Harbour ; Bangor, North Wales; Bamburgh and CuUercoats, Northumberland (Alder and Hancock); Burghead (Murray); St. Andrews (M'Intosh) ; and Liverpool (CoUingwood). [Falmouth (Cocks); W. Sweden (Loven); Kiel Bay and Little Belt (Meyer and Mobius). According to the last-named authors this is possibly Limacc tergipes of Forskal, Doris lacinulata of Gmelin, and Tergipes hidlifer of Loven.] I. Branchial processes in a single row on each side: odonto- phore denticulated, without lateral spines. (Tergipes, Cuv.) 41. E. DESPECTA, Johnston. Eolidia despecta, Johnst. in Loud. Mag. N. H. viii. p. 378, f. 35. Eolis despecta, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 37. Body slender, white, with an undulating olivaceous line in the middle of the back from the gastrohepatic vessel appearing through: dorsal tentacles long, reddish at the sides towards the base : oral tentacles very short : branchial processes fusi- form, expanding a little upwards, and ending in obtuse tips ; white, marbled with oUve or greenish, in the centre, and often having a fulvous ring near the tip, which is white ; they are set singly, and alternate, 4 on each side : foot narrow, rounded in front. L. 0-25. PROCTONOTID^. 57 Habitat : On Corallines and Laminarice in shallow water, sometimes in company with the last ; pretty generally diffused on our coasts, but not common. Family IV. PKOCTONO'TIDiE, Alder and Hancock. Mantle more or less distinct : dorsal tentacles non-retractile, without sheaths : oral tentacles small or none : branchial pro- cesses fusiform, linear, arranged round the mantle and in front of the head : vent generally dorsal : mouth armed with corne- ous jaws. Genus I. PROCTONO'TUS [^], Alder and Hancock. Body depressed: dorsal tentacles simple, linear, without uniting crest : oral tentacles originating in a veil : branchial jjrocesses fusiform, arranged along a ridge of the mantle on the sides of the back and in front of the head : vent posterior, dorsal : mouth with corneous jaws and a broad denticulated odontophore. This genus was characterized in the * Annals of Natural History ' for March 1844 under the name of Venilia ; but the authors, subsequently finding that name preoccupied, changed it in the following number of the same work to Froctonotus, Proctonotus mucroni'ferus, Alder and Hancock. Venilia mticronifera, A. & H. in Ann, N. H. Ist ser. xviii. p. 161. Proc- tonotus mucroniferus, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 42. Body ovate-oblong, depressed, fawncoloured, marbled with brown : dorsal tentacles simple, corrugated, fawncoloured : oral tentacles short, originating in a subbilobed veil : branchial processes inflated, ovate or inversely pear-shaped, tapering to a blunt point above, and strongly mucronated over the surface ; [ * From the vent being dorsal.] D 5 58 PROCTONOTID^. they are hyaline- white, with a thin yellowish central gland extending about halfway up, set rather irregularly on the sides, about 3 abreast, those next the back large, the outer ones small; 4 large papillae are in front of the head: foot broad, slightly bilobed in front, without anterior angles, and tapering to a point behind. L. 0-5. Habitat : Dredged in shallow water in Malahide Bay, near Dublin (Alder). Genus II. ANTFOPA [^], Alder and Hancock. [PL II. f. 4.] Body ovate-oblong, depressed : dorsal tentacles laminated, and united together below by an arched crest ; oral tentacles short, with or without a shght veil : branchial processes ar- ranged upon a pallial ridge along the sides of the back and round the head in front: vent posterior, dorsal : mouth with large corneous jaws and a denticulated tongue, containing numerous smooth lateral spines and a single central one. This genus was named Janus by Yerany in 1844, and An- tiopa by Alder and Hancock in 1848 ; but the name Janus, having been previously occupied for a genus of insects, is in- admissible according to the rules of nomenclature now gene- rally followed, and which it is desirable should in aU cases be complied with, where it does not interfere with long-established use. 1, Antiopa crista'ta, DeUe Chiaje. Eolis cristata, Delle Chiaje, Desc. Stor. An. Nap. pi. 88. A. cristata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 44. f. 1-7. Body ovate, rather depressed, buifcoloured or whitish : dor- sal tentacles conical, obliquely laminated, truncated at top, yellow with white tips, united at the base for about a quarter of their height by an arched crest, of a lobated pr radiated structure : oral tentacles short, linear, set at the sides of the head on a kind of conical hood : branchial processes very nu- [ * A mythological name.] DOTONID^. 59 merous, large, inflated, smooth, transparent, showing a narrow brown central gland, which is bifurcated above ; the tips are of an opaque bluish white, with a brilhant metallic lustre ; the papillae are thickly eet on the sides and round the Jiead in front without apparent order, meeting behind near the tuber- cular vent, beyond which an opaque-white line extends to the tail : foot rather broad, deeply grooved in front, and extending to a pointed tail behind. L. 1-5. Habitat : On most parts of our coast, especially towards the south and west ; not common. 2. A. hya'lina, Alder and Hancock. A. hyalina, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 44. f. 8-12. Body elliptical, pellucid yellowish-white, with reddish-brown markings : dorsal tentacles rather short, stout, and obtuse, fawn- coloured, spotted with brown and white ; they are obliquely laminated, and united at the base by a semicircular crest of the same colour: oral tentacles short, proceeding from a semicircular veil : branchial processes numerous, elliptic- oblong, tapering to a blunt point, and strongly mucronated on the upper por- tion ; they are pellucid, sprinkled with brown and opaque- white, and showing a stout, central, fawncoloured gland, which extends about two-thirds up ; they are densely and irregularly arranged on a ridge round the back and head : foot strongly grooved in front, with the lateral angles rounded. L. 0-4. Habitat : Hilbro' Island, mouth of the Dee, Cheshire (By- erley [and Collingwood]). This species comes very near to Proctonotus mucroniferus, from which it principally differs in the characters of the dorsal tentacles and crest, peculiar to the genus Antiojoa, Family V. DOTO'NID^ [*]. Mantle wanting : tentacles 2, dorsal, with sheaths : branchial processes ovate, muricated, set in a single series on each side : mouth without jaws. [ * A purist would say, " Dotoidcs**] 60 DOTONID^. Genus DOTOpj.Oken. [PI. II. f. 5.] Body nearly linear: tentacles linear, smooth, retractile within plain sheaths: branchial processes elliptical, strongly muricated, set in a single series on each side of the back : head with a slight veil : vent latero-dorsal : odontophore narrow, consisting of a single denticulated plate with a central spine : no jaws. 1. DoTO fra'gilis^ Forbes. MelihcBa {Doto) fragtlis, Forb. Mai, Mon. p. 4, pi. 1. f. 4. B.fragilis, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 5. Body oblong, of a uniform yellowish-brown or olive, with occasionally a few tubercular spots on the back and sides : tentacles slender, tapering above, issuing from shortish expanded sheaths : head with a short veil, produced a little at the sides : branchial processes stout, conical, with about 10 rows of tuber- cles and pointed tips ; there are about 9 close- set papillae on each side, reaching nearly to the tail : foot linear and slightly notched in front. L. 1. Habitat : Not uncommon in the [Laminarian as well as the] Coralline zone on nearly all parts of our coast. [W. Sweden, (Loven).] This is the Melibcea pinnatijida of Johnston. 2, D. pinnati'fida, Montagu. Doris pinnatijida, Mont, in Linn. Trans, vii. p. 78, pi. 7. f. 2, 3. Doto pinnatijida, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 45. f. 1-3. Body elongated, nearly linear, yellowish or olive, spotted with brown and black : tentacles moderately long, plain, issuing from sheaths which are a little expanded at the top, and surrounded by a row of black spots : head with an arched veil : branchial processes ovate-conical, slightly pedunculated, with about 6 whorls of ^slender papillose tubercles, and a terminal one at the apex, each tipped with black ; there are from 7 to 9 pa- pillae on each side of the back, extending nearly to the tail ; [ * A sea-nymph.] DOTO. 61 a line of tubercles with black tips runs along each side of the body : foot narrow, a little arched in front, with the lateral angles rounded. L. 0-4. Habitat: Devonshire (Montagu) ; Guernsey (Alder); rare. 3. D. corona'ta^ Gmelin. Doris coronata, Gm. ed. Linn. S. N. p. 3105. Doto coronata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 6. Body rather slender, linear, yellowish -white, spotted with rosecolour or purple on the back and sides : tentacles mode- rately long, issuing from longish trumpet-shaped sheaths : head with a slight veil, straight in front and produced at the sides : branchial processes elliptical, pedunculated, with 4 or 5 irregular rows of tubercles and a terminal one, each with a purple spot at the tip ; the papillae are transparent, with a pinkish centre inclining to brownish or yellowish ; there are from 5 to 7 papillae on each side : foot linear, white, without anterior angles. L. 0*5. Habitat : On small zoophytes from low-water mark to deep water ; common on most parts of the British coast. [I ob- served it feeding on the polyparies of Tuhularia indivisa, J. G. J.] It is also found on the Scandinavian, Dutch., and French coasts. [Nice (Verany).] This pretty and well-known species has been referred to many genera by different authors. Included first in Dorisy it was transferred to Tritonia by Lamarck, to Tergipes by D'Or- bigny, to Scyllcea by Bouchard-Chantereaux, and to Melibcea by Johnston. 4. D. cuspida'ta, Alder and Hancock. D. cuspidate, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 3rd ser. i. p. 264. Body slender, white or yellowish, spotted with pink or purple : head with an arched veil, produced into recurved points at the sides: tentacles slender, tapering a little upwards; the sheaths trumpet-shaped, with scalloped margins : branchial prQGesse& ovate -conical, with four rows of strongly pointed 62 DENDRONOTID^. conical tubercles, and a terminal one at the apex ; the tips are without spots ; papillae 6 on each side ; foot narrow, a little expanded in front. L. 0*5. Habitat : In 75-80 f. on the '' Outer haaf/' off the Whalsey Skerries, Shetland (Jeffreys and Waller). This species, of which a single specimen was obtained during the Shetland dredging-expedition in 1861, comes very near to D. coronata, from which it differs in the papillae having much more pointed tubercles, without the terminal spot. The ten- tacular sheaths also have scalloped margins, and the veil is more arched than in B. coronata. Family VI. DENDRONO'TID^. Mantle wanting : tentacles 2, dorsal, with or without sheaths : • branchial processes branched or papillary, set in single series down each side : mouth with jaws. Genus I. DENDRONO'TUS P], Alder and Hancock. [PI. II. f. 6.] Body limaciform: tentacles laminated, retractile within branched sheaths : head with a branched veil : branchial pro- cesses branched, set in single series on the sides of the back : vent lateral : odontophore rather narrow, with a large central spine and several smaller lateral ones increasing centrally ; all the spines are minutely denticulated. Dendronotus arborescens, MiiUer. Darts arborescens, Miill. Prod. p. 229. Detidronotus arborescens, A. «t H. Brit Nud. Moll. fam. 3, pi. 3. Body elongated, rather compressed laterally, reddish- or yellowish-brown, marbled with darker brown and spotted with white: tentacles laminated, yellowish, retractile within long narrow sheaths, branched at the top : head-veil with from 4 to 6 branched processes : branchial processes with a nearly [* Back having a tree-like appearance.] HEKO. 63 Cylindrical stem, giving off numerous branches; there are 6 or 7 in single series on each side : foot narrow, rounded in front, with the sides thin and formed for clasping. L. 1-2. Habitat: On most parts of our coasts, from low-water mark to deep water, not uncommon. Its range extends northwards to the Scandinavian and Greenland seas ; and it is also met with on the Atlantic coast of North America. [North of France, as Scyllcea pelagica (Bouchard-Chan tereaux, fide Fischer) ; Brittany (Cailliaud).] This beautiful mollusk varies a good deal in size as well as in colour. A white variety is the Tritonla lactea of Thompson ; and a small variety of a delicate pink colour is the T. pul- cheUa of Alder and Hancock. Genus II. HERO [*], Loven. Body limacfiform : tentacles linear, smooth, without sheaths : 7iead with a plain veil : branchial processes branched or um- bellated, set in single series on the sides of the back : odonto- phore with a large denticulated central spine, and 2 simple lateral ones. This genus was first described by Professor Loven under the name of Clcelia ; but finding that that name had been before used to designate more than one genus in zoology, he subsequently changed it to Hero. Hero formo'sa, Loven. Clcelia formosa, Lov6n in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1844 ; Index Moll. Scand. p. 7. Body rather slender, transparent white or of a pale rosy hue, with three lines of opaque white (one on the back and one along each side) : head-veil expanded, arched, notched in front, and produced and curved at the sides : tentacles linear, slender, smooth : branchial processes pedunculated, and branch- ing laterally at the top in an umbellated form, with truncated [* A mythological name.] 64 DEXDRONOTID^. tips, set in single series, 6 on each side ; the first pair are in front of the tentacles : foot rather broad, rounded in front and slightly produced at the sides. L. 1. Habitat : Dredged on the coast of Northumberland by Mr. G. S. Brady, and in the Frith of Clyde by Mr. A. llobertson. [The Minch, off Loch Ewe, in 60 f. (J. G. J.).] This rare and interesting species is a recent acquisition to the British fauna. It was discovered on the Swedish coast by Professor Loven. Genus III. LOMANO'TUS [^], Verany. Body limaciform, subquadrilateral : head with a short veil : tentacles laminated, with sheaths : branchial processes papillose, or foliaceous, arranged in a nearly continuous Hne on a slight pallial ridge or rudimentary mantle : foot linear : odontophore broad, with numerous denticulated spines, which decrease centrally ; no central spine. Yerany described this genus in the * Revue Zoologique ' for 1844. His name is consequently prior to that of Eumenis given to the same genus by Alder and Hancock in the follow- ing year. 1. LoMANOTUs marmora'tus. Alder and Hancock. Body a good deal angulated, olivaceous or fawncoloured, marbled with dark brown and white : head with a small tu- berculated veil : tentacles subclavate, strongly laminated, issu- ing from short, rather tight sheaths with smooth margins : branchial processes running in a continuous undulating line of papillae down each side of the back to the tail ; they are fawncoloured, with white edges : a line of dark brown mark- ings runs down the centre of the back on a white ground, and the sides of the body are marbled with longitudinal streaks of dark brown and white : foot narrow, with the front angles produced into longish processes. L. 0'5. [ * From the fringes on its back.] LOMANOTUS. 65 Habitat : Dredged in deepish water, Torbay (Alder). Only- one specimen was found. j[In 80 f., Outer haaf, Whalsey Skerries, Shetland (Jeffreys and Peach).] 2. L. fla'vidus, Alder and Hancock. Eumenis flavida, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. xviii. p. 293. L.Jlavidus, Brit. Nud. MoU. fam. 3, pi. 41. Body lemoncoloured above, white below : veil small, with four tubercular points : tentacles subclavate or fusiform, pale yellowish-white, issuing from shortish sheaths, tuberculated round the margin : branchial processes papillose, set on a waved pallial ridge down each side of the back ; the papillae are short, with the exception of 3 on each side, which are longer than the rest and nearly linear ; each papilla is encircled by a band of fawncolour : foot linear, with the anterior angles produced into tentacular points. L. 0*25. Habitat : A single individual was dredged in 3 or 4 fathoms water in Lamlash Bay (Alder). 3. L. Portlan'dicus, Thompson. L. Portlandicus, Thomps. in Ann. N. H. 3rd ser. v. p. 50. Body depressed, quadrilateral, pellucid white, tinged with brownish yeUow on the back, and pale orange -red in front : veil with two longish tentacular processes on each side : ten- tacles elliptical, closely laminated, issuing from tall narrow sheaths of an orange-red colour above, the margin divided into 6 finely pointed filaments : branchial processes consisting of an expanded and undulated palKal ridge on each side of the back, fringed with short orange papillsB which are tipped with white : foot linear, with the anterior angles much produced and recurved. L. 1-75. Habitat : Two examples of this fine species were dredged at different times by Mr. Wm. Thompson in "Weymouth Bay. 66 SCYIA.M1DM, Family VII. SCYLLiE'ID^. BoDT compressed : mantle produced into lateral lobes, which bear the branchial processes: tentacles with sheaths: mouth armed with corneous jaws. Genus SCYLL^'A P], Linne. [PL III. f. 1.] Body strongly compressed laterally and produced into large erect lobes on each side of the back, on the inner surface of which the plumose or tufted branchial processes are scattered : head-veil rudimentary: tentacles laminated, with large sheaths: vent lateral : odontophore broad, with numerous lateral spines and a broad central one ; all the spines are denticulated. ScYLL^A pela'gica, Linne. S.pelagica, Linn. S. N. p. 1094; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 47. Body higher than broad, creamcoloured, transparent : ten- tacles rather small, laminated, issuing from large, compressed, trumpet- shaped sheaths, frilled posteriorly : branchial pro- cesses consisting of two lobes on each side of the back (which are large, flattened, and rather irregularly shaped, each bearing tufts of branchial filaments over their inner surface), and of a central posterior, crest- shaped lobe (also bearing filaments) towards the tail : foot linear, the sides thin and capable of being drawn together for clasping. L. 1-5. Habitat : Three living specimens were met with by Mr. Cocks in 1847, adhering to a weather-beaten Laminaria hul- hosa cast on shore at Falmouth. This is a pelagic species, and is usually found on the floating gulf-weed of the Atlantic ; but this instance of its occurrence on a Laminaria shows that it may occasionally -be an inhabi- tant of our coast. [JEgean, 4 f. (Forbes).] [* Belonging to the classical rock ScyllaJ] TRITONIID^. 67 Family VIII. TRITONI'IDJE [H. & A. Adams]. Body with a small or rudimentary mantle, bearing on its margin the branchial processes, which are plumose or lamellated : liead with a veil : mouth with corneous jaws : tentacles 2, dor- sal : vent lateral. Genus TRITO'NIA P], Cuvier. [PL III. f. 2.] Body limaciform, subquadrate, with a rudimentary mantle or distinct pallial margin : head-veil large, fringed or papiUose : tentacles fasciculated, retractile within sheaths : branchial pro- cesses plumose or lamellated, arranged along the pallial ridge on the sides of the back : odontophore broad, with numerous lateral spines, a tricuspid central spine, and a broad plate on each side of it : jaws very large. 1. Tritonia Hombergi, {Hombergii) Cuvier. T. Hombergii, Cuv. Mem. du Mus. i. p. 483, pi. 31. f. 1, 2 ; A. & H.Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 2, pi. 2. Body broadly oblong, subconvex, varying in colour from dark purple-brown to light brown, fleshcolour, and yellowish-white ; it is covered on the back with large, unequal, soft, warty tubercles : head-veil large, strongly bilobed and fringed on the edge : tentacles stout, bearing a fasciculus of branched filaments, and a stout, truncated process behind; they are retractile within widish sheaths, which are everted and a little undulated at the top : branchial processes laminated or leaf-like, set along the pallial margin on each side of the back, and extending nearly to the tail, forming nearly continuous irregular-sized tufts, the larger ones turned upwards on the back : foot rather broad, rounded in front. L. 4-6. Habitat : In deep water on all parts of the British coast, but not very common. This is the largest of our Nudibranchs, sometimes reaching 7 or 8 inches in length. Its range appears to extend along the whole of the eastern shores of Europe. [W. Sweden [* A surname of Minerva.] 68 TRITONIIDiE. (Loven).] It is the Tritonia atrofusca of Macgillivray ; and his genus Sphcerostoma was founded on an imperfect specimen of the present species. 2. T. ALBA, Alder and Hancock. T. alba, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 46, and App. p. vi. Body rather depressed, transparent- white, with opaque-white transverse markings, smooth or very slightly tuberculated : head-veil bilobed, with irregular digitations: tentacles with slightly branched filaments, retractile within rather wide sheaths with smooth edges : branchial processes imperfectly bipinnate, on each side 4 or 5, with intermediate smaller ones, set on an expanded and waved pallial margin : foot moderately broad. L. 0-75. Habitat : Prom the fishing-boats at Cullercoats ; rare (Alder). 3. T. PLEBEiA, Johnston. T. plebeia, Johnst. in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. v. p. 77 ; A. & H, Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 2, pi. 3. Body subquadrate, yellowish (or rarely greenish), with brown markings on the sides of the back, which are interrupted oppo- site to each branchial tuft; sides of the body generally marbled with purple-brown : head-veil nearly entire, with from 6 to 8 digitations: tentacles smooth and transparent below, above fasciculated with slender branched filaments ; they issue from small sheaths with smooth margins : branchial processes small, bipinnate^ about 5 or 6 on each side, with sometimes smaller intermediate ones, set on a very slight pallial ridge: foot narrow, rounded in front. L. 1. Habitat : On Alcyonium digitatum and other zoophytes in the laminarian zone ; frequent, especially on the east coast. [W. Sweden (Loven) ; .^gean, 25 f. (Forbes).] 4. T. LiNEATA, Alder and Hancock. T. lineata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. i. p. 191 ; Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 2, pi. 4. Body very slender, subquadrate, transparent- white, with a POLYCERID^. 69 line of opaque white along each side of the hack, which hend to- wards each branchial tuft : head-veil with four longish linear digitations : tentacles with a fasciculus of laminated or slightly branched filaments, issuing from longish and narrow sheaths : margins undulated and slightly mucronated : branchial jpro- cesses small, pinnate, 5 or 6 on each side, set on a sHght pallial margin : foot narrow, rounded in front. L. 0*7. Habitat: Under large stones between tide-marks, Scar- borough (Alder); IKracombe (Broderick)j Channel Islea (Ansted). Suborder III. ACANTHOBRANCHIATA. Gills plumose, surrounding the vent on the medio-dorsal line. FamUy I. POLYCE'RIDiE. Mantle small or obsolete, spiculose, generally with marginal appendages : dorsal tentacles variable : oral tentacles variable, sometimes wanting: mouth with a denticulated prehensile tongue or odontophore, and generally a spinous collar or homy jaws. The Polyceridce, though resembling each other in general form, are very variable in their other characters ; so that it has been found necessary to constitute out of them several genera, some of which contain only a small number of species. * Dorsal tentacles retractile within sheaths. Genus I. ^GI'RUS * Loven. Body stout, convex, tapering behind, covered with large tubercles : mantle indistinct, forming a veil over the head, and a tuberculated ridge on each side: dorsal tentacles linear, smooth, without laminae, retractile within lobated sheaths: * From ^gir, the god of the ocean in Scandinavian mythology. 70 POLYCERIDiE, oral tentacles indistinct : gills plumose, partially surrounding the vent (which is on the median line), non-retractile : mouth with a broad spinous tongue and an upper corneous jaw. This genus contains only one known species. ^GiRus PUNCTiLu'cENS, D'Orbigny. Polycera punctilucens, D'Orb. in Mag. de Zool. vii. p. 7, pi. 106. M. punctilucens, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 21. Body stout, rather elevated in the centre of the back, and tapering behind, purple-brown, sprinkled with white and darker brown spots, and covered with large, obtuse, cylindrical or subclavate tubercles ; interspersed between these are several circular velvety-brown areas containing each a central bril- liant greenish-blue gem-like spot, with a circle of dark brown spots surrounding the area : dorsal tentacles linear, smooth, and obtuse, with two or three reddish-brown bands; they issue from sheaths surmounted by five large conical lobes: oral tentacles indistinct: gills or branchial plumes 3, large, tripinnate, whitish, in front of which are 3 large, branched, tubercular processes. L. 0*75. Habitat : Under stones among rocks near low- water mark ; rare, but pretty generally diffused. It was first obtained on our coasts near Campbeltown, in Argyleshire, by Professor E. Forbes, who published it under the name of Doris Maura, unaware that it had been previously described by D'Orbigny. Other localities are, Courtmasheny Harbour, Ireland ( Allman) ; Ardrossan and Lamlash (Alder) ; Burghead (Murray) ; near Fowey, Cornwall (Peach), [Falmouth (Cocks)]; and CuUer- coats, Northumberland (Norman). Abroad it has been got by D'Orbigny in the harbour of Brest, [by Aucapitaine and others in the west of France,] and on the Swedish coast by Professor Loven. This very curious moUusk appears at first sight rather unat- tractive ; but on nearer inspection the brilliant gem-like spots give it a very elegant and peculiar appearance. TRIOPA. 71 Genus II. TRI'OPA * Johnston. Body limaciform, subdepressed : mantle small, extended over the head in front, and surrounded with hnear or subclavate marginal appendages : dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile within small sheaths : oral tentacles cylindrical : gills plumose, non-retractile : odontophore rather broad, with numerous lateral plates, two on each side near the centre bearing spines. Dr. Johnston established this genus for the Doris clavigera of Miiller. The D. lacera of the same author also belongs to it. No other members of the genus are known. It approaches, however, very near to the Euplocamus of Philippi, one or two species of which inhabit the Mediterranean. Triopa cla'viger, Miiller. T. claviger, Johnst. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. i. p. 124; A. & H.Brit. Nud. MoU. fam. 1, pi. 20. Body elongated, white : mantle small, produced and roimded in front, and ending in a point behind ; white, with a few orange or red tubercles on the back, and having the margin surrounded with linear or subclavate processes, the upper por- tions of which are of a golden yellow frequently approaching to orange, but sometimes paler ; those over the head are a little smaller than the others, more closely set, and somewhat papillated ; the side ones are smooth and nearly linear or sub- clavate : dorsal tentacles subclavate, thickly laminated, yellow, issuing from very short sheaths with smooth margins : oral tentacles cyhndrical and truncated, folded into a tube open above : gills 3, tripinnate, white, tipped with yellow. L. 0*76. Habitat : This pretty species is found from low-water mark to the depth of several fathoms, in the littoral and laminarian iones, on nearly all parts of the British coast, but especial on the south and west. It is rather rare on the north-east coast of England; and specimens got in that district are smaller, broader, and more brilliantly coloured than usual. • The name of a son of Neptune. [Properly Triopae, a king of Thee- saly.] 73 POLYCERIDiE. The gills, too, are less developed. Dr. Johnston first described this variety under the name of Tergipes pulcher, which he afterwards changed to Triopa claviyer, recognizing it as the Doris clavigera of Miiller. It is the Euplocamus plumosus of Mr. Thompson, of Belfast, from the north coast of Ireland. Its range extends to the Scandinavian shores. Genus III. THECA'CERA [*], Meming. Body limaciform, smooth : mantle indistinct, occasionally- having a frontal veil : dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile within variously formed sheaths : oral tentacles none : gills plumose, non-retractile ; they surround the vent in the elevated part of the back, and have lateral appendages : odontophore with several lateral plates, two on each side next the centre denticulated : jaws small, lateral, and corneous. Thecacera differs from Polycera chiefly in having sheathed tentacles; the head-veil is also less distinct or entirely wanting, and the appendages less numerous. AU the species are rare. 1. Thecacera penni'gera, Montagu. Boris pennigera, Mont, in Linn. Trans, xi. p. 17, pi. 4. f. 5. T.pennigera, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 21 a. Body nearly linear, with the back elevated, and tapering to a point behind, smooth, white, nearly covered with irregular bright orange blotches with numerous velvety-black spots interspersed: dorsal tentacles rather stout, the laminated portion yellow, with black spots ; they issue from wide sheaths which are open on the inner side, a little elevated in front, and rise into a blunt lobe behind : head narrow, without veil : gills 3, tripinnate, rather small, white, with black spots and orange blotches ; the gills project from a peduncle on the centre of the back ; there is a large lobate appendage on each side set considerably behind the gills. L. 0*5. Habitat : T. pennigera appears, as far as we know at pre- sent, to be confined to the south coast of England, where it [ * Having sheathed tentacles.] CRIMORA. 73 was first found by Montagu near low-water mark, at Milton, Devon. It has since been met with on the Cornish coast by- Mr. Richard Couch [and Mr. Cocks] ; at Weymouth by Mr. Thompson, and in Salcombe Bay by the Rev. T. Hincks. [Rrest (Fischer).] 2. T. viREscENs, Alder and Hancock. T. virescens, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 44, and App. p. iii. Body rather convex, of a pale peach-blossom tint, blotched with green before and behind : dorsal tentacles broadly lami- nated, green, with small simple sheaths : head with a plain margin in front : gills 5, green, margined with white ; a single row of obtuse tubercles encircles the branchial region. L. 0*3. Habitat : Two specimens were found by Mr. Cocks on an oyster-bed at Bar point, Falmouth, in March 1849. 3. T. capita'ta, Alder and Hancock. T, capitata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 44, and App. p. iv. Body white, freckled with greenish-brown : mantU very indistinct, forming a veil over the head and a faint pallial ridge on the sides of the body, disappearing before reaching the gills : the head-veil has four or five orange tubercles on each side, and a row of the same between the tentacles ; there is also a row of tubercled orange spots on each side of the body below the veil, and a central and two lateral rows of obscure yellowish tubercles reach from the gills to the tail : dorsal tentacles with small simple or plain sheaths : gills 7, pinnate, tipped with orange : there is a stout branchial lobe on each side, also tipped with orange. L. 0-25. Habitat : Dredged in 20 fathoms water off St. Ives, Corn- wall, by Mr. Barlee in 1853. Genus IV. CRIM'ORA^ Alder and Hancock. Body limaciform : mantle very indistinct, forming a veil with branched appendages over the head, and a paUial ridge * A proper name from Ossian. VOL. V. E 74 POLYCERIDiE. on the sides of the back : dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile within sheaths : oral tentacles tubercular : gills plumose, non- retractile; odontopTiore broad, with lateral spines of three kinds ; the first next the centre large and bicuspid, the next five or six short and squarish, the remainder very long, curved, and slender. This genus agrees with the Plocamophorus of EUppell in having a branched veil in front, but dift'ers in the absence of the fin-like tail. It has also a considerable resemblance to Thecacera^ in which genus, however, the veil is either absent or imperfectly developed. The tongue differs from that of any other genus of the family. Crimora. papilla'ta,, Alder and Hancock. C. 'pa^illata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 3rd ser. x. p. 263. Body ovate-oblong, tapering posteriorly, white, with the processes tipped with yellow : dorsal tentacles subclavate, yellow, retractile within short sheaths : oral tentacles short, tubercular: head-veil bilobed, each lobe furnished with five more or less branched appendages: a slight pallial ridge, bearing numerous yellow filamentous papillae, runs down each side of the back, terminating in a small bifid process behind ; similar small papillae are dispersed over the body : gills 3, tri- pinnate. L. 0-6. Habitat : A single specimen of this interesting ^N'udibranch was dredged by the Rev. A. M. Norman among Zosterce in shallow water, in Moulin Huet Bay, Guernsey, in 1858 ; and another specimen was obtained by the same gentleman on again visiting the island in 1865. ** Dorsal tentacles without sheaths, non-retractile. Genus V. POLY'CERA^ Cuvier. Body limaciform, smooth or tuberculated : mantle indistinct, forming a digitated veil in front, and a tuberculated ridge on * Many-horned. POLYCERA. / O each side of the back: dorsal tentacles laminated, non-retractile, -without sheaths : oral tentacles obsolete or indistinct : gills plumose, non-retractile, with lateral appendages : odontophore rather narrow, with 6 or more plates on each side, the two next the centre large and bicuspid : jaws lateral and corneous. This genus is not numerous in species, most of those known inhabiting the coasts of Europe ; one is found in North Ame- rica, and one in Brazil. It is the Themisto of Oken. 1. PoLYCERA quadrilinea'ta, MiiUer. Doris quadrilineata, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 229 ; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 22. Body nearly linear, tapering behind, smooth, white, occa- sionally freckled with black, with several rows of yellow or orange tubercles, four of which (two at the margin of the cloak and two at the sides below) are most prominent : mantle expanded into a veil in front with four (or sometimes six) stout, linear, pointed filaments, tipped "with yellow, and con- tinued into a faint paUial ridge on each side of the back : dor- sal tentacles subclavate, with the laminated portion yellow : gills 7-9, simply pinnate, with a linear lateral appendage on each side : all the processes are tipped with yellow or orange. L. 0-75. Yar. a. With 4 black bands uniting the principal rows of yellow tubercles. Yar. h. With alternate stripes of black and scarlet-orange covering the whole of the body. Habitat : On small seaweeds in rock-pools, between tide- marks and in shallow water on all parts of the British coast ; not uncommon. Yariety h was found in Salcombe Bay (Alder). The species ranges from Norway to the Mediterranean. The variety a is that originally described and figured by MiiUer under the name of Doris quadrilineata, and perhaps ought to be considered the type of the species ; but it is less common than the bandless form, to which Abildgaard subsequently gave the name of D. comuta, supposing it to be a distinct species. They are, however, undoubtedly the same. This beautiful species is rather lively in its habits, and is e2 76. POLYCERIDiE. fond of swimming on the surface of the water in the usual inverted position. It is the Doris jlava of Montagu, Polycera ornata of D'Orbigny, P. lineata of Eisso, and P. fyjpica of Thompson. 2. P. ocella'ta, Alder and Hancock. P. ocellata, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. ix. p. 33 : and Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 1, pi, 23. Body rather stout, greenish-black, with large tubercular whitish spots : mantle with a whitish free margin, tuberculated or scalloped, forming a bilobed veil, interrupted in front, and continued along the sides of the back to the branchial appen- dages, which are lobated and slightly branched : dorsal tenta- cles rather long, conical, broad and smooth below ; the lami- nated portion rather short, greenish, tinged with reddish- brown : head semicircular : gills 5, bipinnate, greenish-white tinged with brown. L. 0-5. Habitat : Under stones in pools between tide-marks ; pretty generally distributed, but not common. [Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Samsoe, and Heligoland (Meyer and Mobius.)] 3. P. Lesso'ni, D^Orbigny. P. Lessonii, D'Orb. in Mag. de Zool. vii. p. 5, pi. 105 ; A. & H. Brit. Is'ud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 24. Body stout, green or yellowish, with yellow tubercles : mantle with a narrow free margin, set with strong yellow tubercles, and forming a bilobed veil, interrupted in front, and continued along the sides of the back to the lobated and clustered branchial appendages : dorsal tentacles short, clavate, and laminated for two-thirds of their length : head angulated : gills 3, bipinnate. L. 0-5. Habitat : In deepish water in the coralline zone ; generally found feeding upon Gemellaria loricata. More local than the last. Cullercoats, not uncommon ; Dublin Bay, rare (Alder) ; mouth of the Dee, Cheshire (Byerley). [Moray Pirth (Gor- don).] P. Lessoni was first found on the French coast by D'Orbigny, ANCULA. '^1 and has been got in Sweden by Professor Loven. The Boris illuminata of Gould's ' Invertebrata of Massachusetts ' is also probably this species. It is the P. modesta of Loven ; and the young is the P. citrina of Alder. Genus VI. AN'CULA[^], Loven. [PL III. f. 3.] Body limaciform, smooth : mantle indistinct or obsolete, represented by a row of filaments on each side of the gills on the middle of the back : dorsal tentacles laminated, non-retrac- tile, with styliform basal appendages : oral tentacles consisting of two tubercular processes on the sides of the head : odonto- phore narrow, with four spines in each transverse row : there is a spinous buccal coUar. Ancula differs from Polycera in having basal filaments on the tentacles, as well as in the absence of a veil and mantle or dorsal area. The same characters serve to distinguish it from Idalia. It is founded on a single species. Ancula crista'ta, Alder. Polycera cristata, Alder in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. vi. p. 340, pi. 9. f. 10-12. A. cristata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. ], pi. 25. Body nearly linear, a little swoUen in the centre, and ter- minating in a slender tail ; white, with the processes tipped with golden-yellow or orange : dorsal tentacles long, clavate, and broadly laminated, the basal portion of each bearing two styliform appendages : oral tentacles small, tubercular : gills or branchial plumes 3, tripinnate, on each side of which is a row of 5 linear appendages, tipped with yellow or orange. L. 0-5. Habitat : This elegant species is found within tide-marks and in shallow water on nearly all parts of the British coast. In Ireland the only locality recorded is near Dublin (Alder) ; but it will probably be found more common in that country [* A ministering goddess.] 78 POLYCERID^. also when properly looked for. Its range extends northward to Norway and Sweden. [Heligoland (Frey and Leuckart) ; Kiel Bay (Meyer and Mobius).] Genus VII. IDA'LIA-^^, Leuckart. Body ovate, thick, rather convex, with a small indistinct mantle occupying an elevated dorsal area, and margined with filaments, which are longest in front of the tentacles : dorsal tentacles linear, laminated, non-retractile, without sheaths : head broad, produced in front, without oral tentacles : gills simply pinnate, non-retractile : foot large : odontopliore narrow, with four spines in each transverse row : there is a spinous buccal collar. The aspect of Idalia is rather heavy and massive compared with other members of the family ; but it is generally attrac- tive on account of the beauty and variety of its colours, the prevailing one of which is red. Members of the genus are found throughout most of the European Seas. A. Centre of the hack furnished with filaments. 1. Idalia e'legans, Leuckart. /. elegans, Leuck. Brev. An. Desc, p. 15, f. 2j A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 1, pi. 27. f. 1-4. Body ovate, a good deal elevated on the back, white, tliickly freckled with rosecolour, the processes of a brilliant orange- yellow : mantle small, the margin with two long filaments in front of the tentacles ; filaments round the sides numerous and rather short, the posterior ones on each side obtusely lobated ; dorsal filaments five, three down the centre and one on each side in front of the gills ; they are aU bright orange with yellow tips : dorsal tentacles long, linear, finely laminated behind for about two-thirds down, rosecoloured, with a central pale band and yellow tips : head broad, sloping downwards from the tentacles : gills or branchial plumes 18, raised on a * A name of Venus. [Properly Idalie.] IDALIA. 79 stout peduncular base, diminishing posteriorly, rosecoloured, tipped with yellow : foot large, having an undulating margin, bordered with orange -yellow. L. 1-5. Habitat : Two specimens were dredged in 15 f., near Castle Cornet, Guernsey (Alder). Mr. Barlee also met with it in Birterbuy Bay, Connemara. [Devon and Cornwall (Spence Bate).] It inhabits the Mediterranean, where it was first met with by Leuckart. It is the /. laciniosa of Philippi. This brilliant and very beautiful Nudibranch has the curious habit of taking up its abode in the test of an Ascidian. Both the individuals dredged in Guernsey were so located. 2. I. Lea'chii^ Alder and. Hancock. /. Leachii, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 27. f. 5. Body elevated, white : mantle small, with four very long and stout filaments in front of the tentacles, and seven others (also rather long) on each side of the pallial margin, the last bifid ; the dorsal area contains from three to five rows of fila- ments of two to four each : dorsal tentacles long, rather stout and tapering, finely laminated behind nearly to the base : gills 11, set on an elevated part of the back, diminishing posteriorly : foot broad and fleshy. L. 1. Habitat : In rather deepish water. Torbay (Mrs. Griffiths) ; Whitburn, Durham (Abbes); the Hebrides, and Birterbuy Bay (Barlee). [Shetland (Norman).] B. Centre of the hack without filaments. 3. I. aspersa. Alder and Hancock. /. aspersa, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 26, and App. p. iv. Body ovate, reddish or yellowish, freckled with orange and reddish-brown : mantle inconspicuous, forming a rather nar- row dorsal area, with four very large and stout filaments in front (two at the base of each tentacle) ; lateral filaments short, two or three on each side near the gills : dorsal tentacles long and tapering, finely laminated behind nearly to their 80 POLYCERID^. base : gills 10> short, equal in length, forming a circle : foot broad. L. 0-5. Habitat: In deepish water, Cullercoats (Alder); Bray, Ireland (Ball) ; Birterbuy Bay, not uncommon (Barlee). [W. Sweden (Loven).] 4. I. iNiEQUA'Lis, Forbes, /. iTusqualis, R & H. iii. p. 579, pi. YY. f . 4 ; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 46, and App. p. v. Body grey, speckled with yellow and brown : mantle incon- spicuous, with four unequal filaments in front, the exterior ones longest ; lateral filaments short, four or five on each side near the gills : dorsal tentacles linear, stout : gills 9 (the ante- rior one bifid), slender, diminishing posteriorly. L. 0-6. Habitat : Dredged by Forbes and others on the eastern and western coasts of Shetland, in 35-80 f. It comes very near to the last. 5. I. PULCHELLA, Alder and Hancock. /. pulchella, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 19, and App. p. v. Body ovate, freckled with pale lilac : mantle small, produced in front, with four filaments set on an expanded paUial or velar ridge ; lateral filaments five or six on each side, the last large and bifid : dorsal tentacles clavate, laminated for three-fourths their length : gills 11 (the anterior one bifid), rather small, diminishing posteriorly. L. 0*4. Habitat : A single specimen was dredged by Mr. Barlee at St. Ives, Cornwall, in 1853. [W. Sweden (Loven).] 6. I. quadricornis, Montagu. Doris quadricornis, Mont, in Linn. Trans, xi, p. 17, pi. 4. f. 4. /. qua- dricornis, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 46, and App. p. v. Body ovate, depressed, mottled with brown and white : mantle indistinct, with two long filaments in front (one at the base of each tentacle) ; lateral filaments small, tubercular : dorsal tentacles very long, linear : gills 8 or 9, small. L. 0-4. GONIODORIS. 81 Habitat : Sonth coast of England ; rare (Montagu). This species is only known through Montagu's description and figure. Genus VIII. GONIODORIS [*], Forbes. Body elongate or squarish : mantle rather small and short, having a waved or scalloped margin, without appendages, exposing the head and foot : dorsal tentacles laminated, non- retractile : oral tentacles flattened and angular : gills plumose, surrounding the vent on the medio-dorsal line, non-retractile : odontophore narrow : there is a spinous buccal collar. This genus, as now restricted, contains very few species ; the two here described are the only ones known as European. Two others have been found in the Indian Seas. 1. GONIODORIS NODO'SA, MoiltagU. Doris nodosa, Mont, in Linn. Trans, ix. p. 107, pi. 7. f. 2. G. nodosa, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 18. Body limaciform, subangulated, tapering a little posteriorly, transparent white, tinged with yeUow or pink, with opaque- white spots : mantle with a scalloped margin, reflected up- wards, and a keel down the back, on each side of which are one or two rows of prominent tubercles : dorsal tentacles cla- vate, yellowish : oral tentacles flattened, and produced into blunt points : gills 13, simply pinnate, non -retractile. L. 1. Habitat : Not uncommon between tide-marks on most of our rocky shores, especially in the months of May and June, at which time it is spawning. Professor Loven records it as Swedish ; but we have no account of it as yet from other foreign localities, though it will probably be found on the neighbouring coasts of France and Holland. The species is rather variable. Varieties of it have been named Boris Barvi- censis by Johnston, G. emarginata by Forbes, and G. elongafa by Thompson. [ * An angulated Doris."] £ 5 82 DORIDID/E. 3. G. casta'nea, Alder and Hancock. G. castanea, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xvi. p. 314 ; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 19. Body ovate, tapering obtusely behind, reddish-brown spotted with white, the sides strongly tuberculated : mantle very small, somewhat tuberculated, with a waved and reflected margin, and a strong pale ridge down the centre : dorsal ten- tacles stout, broadly laminated : oral tentacles broad, flat, and angulated, each terminating in a rather pointed apex : gills 6 or 7, tripinnate, large and spreading, rather darker-coloured than the body : foot large and broad. L, 1. Habitat : Under stones near low- water mark ; rare. Sal- combe Bay (Alder) ; Falmouth (Cocks) ; Saltcoats, Ayrshire (D. Landsborough, jun.). The Doiis Paretii of Verany, found by him [at Nice] near Genoa, is synonymous with this species [?]. Mediterranean specimens are of larger size, reaching nearly an inch and a half in length. Family II. DORI'DIDiE. Mantle large, spiculose, entire, without marginal appendages: dorsal tentacles retractile within cavities : mouth with a denti- culated prehensile tongue or odontophore. Genus DORIS [*], Linne. [PL III. f. 4.] Body ovate or elliptical, generally more or less depressed : mantle covering the head and foot : dorsal tentacles clavate or conical, laminated, and retractile within cavities, sometimes slightly sheathed : oral tentacles variable, sometimes replaced by a veil : gills plumose, placed posteriorly on the median line of the mantle and partially or completely surrounding the vent. The genus Doris is very generally difl'used over the globe, and contains numerous species; those of tropical climates grow to a large size, and are often of very briDiant colours. The British species comprise three sections. * [Daughter of Oceanus and wife of Nereus.] DORIS. 83 A. Gills united at the base and retractile within a cavity: odontophore hroad, with numerous seines. (Doiis projper.) 1. Doris tubercula'ta, Cuvier. D. tuberculata, Cuv. in Ann. du Mus. v. p. 469, pi. 74. f. 21 ; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 3. BoDr elliptical, subdepressed, orange or yellow, sometimes nearly white, usually blotched with brown or olive : mantle thickly covered with moderate-sized, unequal, flattish tuber- cles : dorsal tentacles conical : oral tentacles tubercular : gills or branchial plumes 9, tripinnate, recurved, large and spread- ing, forming a circle slightly open behind, transparent white, tipped with violet. L. 2-3. Habitat : Under stones and in crevices of rocks within tide- marks ; common on all parts of the British coast. Its range of depth does not extend much beyond low-water mark. This is the largest of our British Dorides : specimens have been found reaching 4, or sometimes 5, inches in length ; but these are extremely rare. It is a veiy sluggish animal. [Sometimes used in Shetland as a bait for rock-cod. The fishermen there call it "peer."] The spawn may often be seen in rock-pools in the spring and early summer, forming a conspicuous convoluted cup, of a buffcolour, with slightly waved margins. D. tuberculata is found on the northern and western coasts of France, and is recorded as occurring on the Swedish and Norwegian coasts as well as in the Mediterranean; but as more than one species have been described under this name by continental authors, the latter habitat at least requires con- firmation. [Heligoland (Frey and Leuckart).] This is the D. argo of Pennant, Fleming, and several of our earlier writers. The true D. argo is a Mediterranean species. 2. D. flam'mea, Alder and Hancock. , A. & H. in Ann. N. H. xiv. p. 330; and Brit. 1.4. Body ovate or elliptical, scarlet, rarely with slight blotches D. flammea, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. xiv. p. 330 ; and Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 1, pi. 4. 84 DOB.IDIDJE. of purple : mantle covered with rather small, unequal, flattish tubercles : dorsal tentacles conical : oral tentacles tubercular : [fills 9, tripinnate, not spreading, of a scarlet colour, rather paler than the body. L. 1. Habitat : On the shells of Pecten opercularis and on stones in shallow water in Lamlash and Kothesay Bays ; rather rare. [Falmouth (Cocks); Clyde district (Landsborough and Nor- man).] This appears to be the scarlet Doris dredged by Professor E. Forbes in the Isle of Man (Ann. N. H. 1st ser. v. p. 102), and referred by him to D. argo. 3. D. Zetlandica, Alder and Hancock. D. Zetlandica, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 42, and App. p. 1. Body oval, white or yellowish : mantle with rather large, conical, pointed tubercles : dorsal tentacles linear, finely lami- nated : oral tentacles tubercular : gills 6, bipinnate. L. 0*75. Habitat : Inner haaf, near Lerwick, Shetland ; very rare. A specimen was obtained in that locality by Mr. Barlee in 1849 ; and another has since been got off the Whalsey Skerries on the same coast, in 40 f., by the Eev. A. M. Norman. The most striking peculiarity in this species is in the spines of the tongue, which differ from those of any other known Doris ; they are very long, slender, subclavate, and denticulated on the inner margin. 4. D. millegra'na, Alder and Hancock. J), mille^rana, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll, p. 42, and App. p. i. Body oval, depressed, yellow or orange: mantle large, covered with minute, close-set, granular tubercles : dorsal tentacles conical : oral tentacles linear : gills 6, bipinnate. L. 1-25. Habitat : Torbay. The only evidence we have of this spe- cies consists of two specimens in Dr. Leach's collection at the DORIS. 85 British Museum, sent from Torbay by Mrs. Griffiths. The species comes nearest to D. Johnstoni, but is sufficiently dis- tinguished from it by the form of the tubercles, and by the number and character of the branchial plumes, which lie over on the back and are interrupted behind, while those of D. Johnstoni form a complete erect circle. 5. D. testudina'ria, Risso. D. testudinaria, Risso, Hist. Nat. de I'Eur. Mer. iv. p. 33, f. 15. D. pla- nata, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 8. (young). Body ovate, or broadly elliptical, rather flat : mantle large, expanded, variegated with chestnut-brown and pale yellow, and covered with very unequal, soft, warty tubercles ; under- side lemoncoloured, spotted mth brown : dorsal tentacles cla- vate, stout, yellowish : oral tentacles linear : gills 8, tripinnate, mottled with brown and white, forming an incomplete circle behind, and retractile within a large cavity. L. 2. Habitat : Within tide-marks. Isle of Herm (G. S. Brady and Hodge) ; in shallow water, Lamlash Bay (Alder) ; and near Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde (Eobertson). [Falmouth (Cocks); Nice (Risso and Yerany)'; Adriatic (Grube); -^gean (Forbes).] The examination of further specimens of different sizes from the Clyde district proves that D. planata, of the ' British Nudibranchiate Mollusca,' is the young of D. testudinaria. In its young state it is extremely flat, and the gills imperfectly developed. 6. D. Johnsto'ni, Alder and Hancock. D. obvelata, Johnst. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. i. p. 52 (non Miiller). B. Johnstoni, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 5. ^ Body ovate-oblong, yellowish-white or yellow, sometimes approaching to orange, with a few minute brown spots : mantle covered with minute, close-set, pilose tubercles : dorsal tentacles clavate, rather short and stout, brownish, with the margin of the cavities a little raised and serrated : oral tentacles linear : (Jills 15, tripinnate, forming a complete cup. L. 1*75. 86 DORIDID^. Habitat : On rocky shores and in shallow water, on nearly- all parts of the English and Scottish coasts, but nowhere common. Skerries near Dublin (Hyndman). We have no account of its occurrence out of Britain ; but it will probably be found on the neighbouring shores of the continent. [Nor- way (M* Andrew and Barrett) ; Sweden (Loven).] 7. D. cocci'nea (Forbes), Alder and Hancock. B. coccinea, Forb. Eep. ^gean Invert. B. A. 1843? ; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 7. Bonr elliptical, bright scarlet, with a few minute black spots : mantle closely covered with minute pilose tubercles : dorsal tentacles short, clavate, with the laminse open in front, yellowish, spotted with red ; a row of largish yellow tubercles surrounds the base of each : oral tentacles linear : gills 10, small, simply pinnate, erect, pointed, forming a circle. L. 0*5. Habitat : Under stones between tide-marks, on the coasts of Cornwall and Devon ; rather rare. [Faroe (Morch) ; Brit- tany (Tasle) ; Eochelle (Fischer).] This pretty species was first found on the Devonshire coast by Montagu, who named it D. coccinea in manuscript, as we are informed by Dr. Leach. Professor E. Forbes considered it to be identical with the Doris so named by him (but not described) in his jEgean Eeport. Of this, however, there may be some doubt. The species comes very near to D. Johnstoni, but differs from it essentially in the form and number of the branchial plumes. The armature of the tongue, too, is very distinct in the two species. 8. D. REPANDA, Alder and Hancock. D. repanda, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. ix. p. 32 ; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 6. Body ovate-oblong, depressed, waxy-white: mantle large, spreading, with small, rather distant, soft tubercles ; a row of sulphur-yellow or opaque-white spots runs down each side ; DORIS. 87 underside of the mantle veined : dorsal tentacles clavate, white or yellowish, finely laminated: oral tentacles flattened and broadly angulated : gills 5, small, tripinnate. L. 1. Habitat : Not uncommon among the rocks between tide- marks, on the north-east coasts of England and Scotland ; also found in Shetland and on the west coast of Scotland ; but it does not appear to extend to the south of England. [Falmouth (Cocks).] Roundstone, Connemara (W. Thompson). It is found on the Swedish and Norwegian coasts, and is considered by Professor Loven to be the D. ohvelata of Miiller. It is the D. Icevis of Fleming. [Calvados, France (Fischer).] B. Gills simply pinnate, non-retractile: no oral tentacles, their place being supplied hy a veil: odontophore narrow, with few spines. (Lamellidoris, A. Sf H.) 9. D. As'pERA, Alder and Hancock. D. aspera, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. ix. p. 32; and Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 1, pi. 9. f. 1-9. Body elliptical, semitransparent, white, sometimes with a tinge of yellow : mantle with stout, flattish, clavate tubercles : dorsal tentacles subconical, laminated on the upper half : head- veil rather broad, but not much produced: gills 11, small, erect : liver of a pinkish hue, apparent through the skin. L. 0-3. Habitat : Under stones between tide-marks, on the north- eastern coasts of England and Scotland, not uncommon ; less common on the western coast of Scotland. Malahide, near Dublin (Alder). [W. Sweden (Loven).] D. aspera is rather more active than most of its congeners. When kept in a vase it is apt to creep out of the water and die upon the sides of the vessel for want of moisture. This habit is common to several of the littoral JDorides. 88 DORIDIDyE. 10. D. pRox IMA, Alder and Hancock. D. proxima, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 9. f. 10-16, Body elliptical, orange -yellow : mantle with stout, conical tubercles : dorsal tentacles linear or subclavate, laminated nearly throughout : head-veil rather large, semicircular : gills 11, not quite closely surrounding the vent: liver large, ap- pearing through the skin of a purplish-brown colour. L. 0-5. Habitat : Among rocks and seaweeds at Birkenhead, where it was found by Mr. Price ; but it has been now nearly extir- pated by the alterations on that shore. Mersey and Dee (Col- lingwood). It has not yet been found in any other locahty. [Bomholm Isle, in the Baltic (Meyer and Mobius).] D, 'proxima may be best distinguished from D. asjoera by the conical form of the tubercles. A good anatomical dis- tinction is found in the tongue, which has 11 lateral plates on each side : in D. aspera there are only 3 ; a satisfactory character, confirming the small differences in the external form. 11. D. murica'ta, Miiller. D. muricata, Miill. Zool. Dan. iii. p. 7, pi. 85. f. 2-4 ; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. p. 42, and App. p. iii. Body oval or roundish, yellowish -white : mantle with rather large, close-set, rounded or clavate tubercles : gills'^ L. 0-3. Habitat : Belfast and Strangford Lough. The only know- ledge we have of this as a British species we owe to Mr. Wm. Thompson, of Belfast, who took it in the above lo- calities. [Scandinavian coasts (Miiller and others); Paroe Isles (Morch).] 12. D. Love'ni, Alder and Hancock. Loven, Index Moll. Scand. p. 6. no. 18. D, Lov . IL 3rd ser. x. p. 262. Body ovate, rather convex, yellowish -white : mantle with B. muricata, Loven, Index Moll. Scand.p. 6. no. 18. J). Loveni, A. & H in Ann. N. IL 3rd ser. x. p. 262. DORIS. 89 very large, rather distant, clavate tubercles, interspersed with smaller ones : dorsal tentacles robust, yellowish : head-veil large, undulating : gills 11, set in a small incomplete circle or ellipse. L. 0*5. Habitat : Among stones between tide-marks, Bantry Bay, where a single specimen was found by Mr. Norman in 1858. It occurs on the coasts of Norway and Sweden. 13. D. Ulidia'nAj Thompson. D. Ulidiana, Thomps. in Ann. N. H. Ist ser. xt. p. 312 ; A. & H. Brit^ Nud. Moll. p. 42, and App. p. ii. Body oblong, pale yeUow : mantle with rather large, unequal, depressed tubercles : dorsal tentacles long, slender, whitish : head-veil large, semicircular: gills 11, beautifully white, set in a semicircle : liver appearing of a dark colour through the skin. L. 0-5. Habitat: Three individuals of this species were obtained by the late Mr. W. Thompson, of Belfast, on oysters brought to Belfast Market from the coast of Down or Antrim. It does not appear to have been since met with. 14. D. dia'phana. Alder and Hancock. D. diaphana, A. & H. in Ann. N. H, 1st ser. xvi. p. 313 ; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 10. Body elliptical, very transparent, white : mantle with equal, rather distant, clavate tubercles : dorsal tentacles linear, stout, yellowish: head-veil undulating: gills 11, stout, yellowish, set in an open incomplete circle : liver extending much for- ward and appearing very large and black through the foot. L. 0-5. Habitat: Meadfoot sands, Torbay, where two specimens were obtained in 1845 (Alder). [Falmouth (Cocks).] The last six species approach each other very closely, and can only be distinguished by critical examination. 90 dorididtE. 15. D. OBLONGA^ Alder and Hancock. D. oblonga, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 314 ; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 16. f. 4, 5. Body oblong, tapering behind : onantle yellowish, with brown spots, covered with stout conical tubercles: dorsal tentacles subclavate, stout, with short sheaths: head-veil semicircular, produced in front : gills 7, rather large and close-set, sur- rounded by a circle of tubercles. L. 0-5. Habitat : A single specimen dredged off Berry Head (Alder). 16. D. btlamella'tAj Linne. X>. bilamellata, Linn. S. N. p. 1083; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 11. Body elliptical : mantle dull white, mottled and blotched with brown in a longitudinal direction, forming a faint band down the centre of the back, and two brighter but much in- terrupted bands down the sides ; covered with large, unequal, clavate tubercles : dorsal tentacles linear, brownish : head-veil broad, undulating : gills 20-29, small, brown, placed at a little distance round the vent in a transversely elliptical or horseshoe form, with the posterior ends curved inwards. L. 0-5-1-5. Habitat : This is one of the most common of our British Dorides, often appearing in considerable numbers on the rocky parts of the coast, especially in the north. Most plen- tiful in the early spring, at which time they are spawning. Two varieties occur, one so much larger than the other as to have been frequently considered a distinct species. The smaller variety is D. vulgaris of Leach, and the larger D. Elfortiana and D. Leachii of De Blainville ; this latter variety is also the D. affinis of Thompson. D. hilamellata is the I). verrucosa of Pennant and Fleming, but not of Linne or Cuvier. It is the D. liturata of Moller, and D. ohvelata of Bouchard- Chantereaux. The range of this species appears to extend from the English Channel to Greenland. DORIS. 91 17. D. DEPREssA, Alder and Hancock. D. depressa, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. ix. p. 32 ; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 12. f. 1-8. Boj)Y broadly oval, very much depressed : mantle pale sandy- coloured, spotted with reddish-brown, and set with rather long, linear, pointed papillae ; it is transparent, showing the large imbedded spicula arranged transversely across the back and diagonally at the sides: dorsal tentacles linear, rather tapering, closely laminated : head-veil semicircular : gills 11, very small, set in an open circle. L. 0*3. Habitat : Under stones between tide-marks and in shallow water; rare, but pretty generally diffused on the British coast. Whitley and Cullercoats, Northumberland (A. Han- cock) ; Scarborough and Torbay (Alder) ; mouth of the Dee (Byerley). [Mersey (Collingwood).] Burghead (Murray). [Falmouth (Cocks) ; Brittany (Tasle) ; Rochelle (Fischer).] From the transparency of the mantle, the eyes in D. de- pressa are visible behind the dorsal tentacles. In most other species of Doris they can only be seen in very young indivi- duals, being afterwards obscured by the thickening of the skin, so as to be scarcely available for the purpose of sight. The spawn in this and the following two species is deposited in a thin spiral thread of many coils, like that of some of the Eolides, [It is the ViUersia scutigera of D'Orbigny, according to Fischer.] 18. D. iNCONSPi'cuA, Alder and Hancock. B. inconspicua, A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 12. f. 9-16. Body elliptical, rather depressed: mantle white, with a shade of purple, slightly sprinkled with minute brown spots, and set with small, blunt tubercles : dorsal tentacles subcla- vate, stout, closely laminated : head-veil rather broad : gills 10, dull white, stout, set in an open circle. L. 0-3. Habitat : Two specimens of this little Doris were got by 92 DORIDID.^. Mr. Howse upon Cellepora jpumicosa, from the deep-water fishing-boats, Northumberland. [Arcachon (Fischer).] 19. D. pusiLLA, Alder and Hancock. D. pusilla, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xvi. p. 313; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 13. Body broadly ovate, dei)ressed : mantle fulvous, thickly covered with dark-brown spots and numerous conical tuber- cles : doraal tentacles slender, tapering, white, with strong distant laminae : head-veil undulating, slightly bilobed : gills 9, snow-white, stout and obtuse, set in a rather open circle. L. 0-3. Habitat : Under stones at extreme low-water mark in the " Gentlemen's Cove," Torquay, rare (Alder); Burghead (Mur- ray). [Falmouth (Cocks).] 20. D. SPARSA, Alder and Hancock. D. sparsa, A. & H. in Ann. N. H. 1st ser. xviii. p. 294 ; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 14. Body oval, yellowish-white, depressed : mantle spotted with fulvous-brown, and with distant, roundish, obtuse tubercles : dorsal tentacles tapering, white, blotched with brown, thinly laminated, and with three or four large tubercles surrounding the base of each ; head-veil broad, arched : gills 9, small, dull white, set in a rather open circle. L. 0*25. Habitat: On Cellepora pumicosa from the fishing-boats, Cullercoats (A. Hancock). A single specimen only of this rare species was obtained. In form and markings it comes near to D. depressa ; but it is at once distinguished from it by the character of the tubercles. In the latter respect it comes nearer to D. inconspicua, from which it differs in the shape and less numerous laminae of the tentacles, and in the large tubercles at their base, as well as in the colour and markings of the cloak. [Faroe (Morch).] DORIS. 93 C. Crills united at the base, non-retractile : body convex : oral tentacles indistinct, united into a veil : odontophore narrow. (Acanthodoris, Gray.) 21. D. piLo'sA, Muller. D. pilosa, Miill. Zool. Dan. iii. p. 85, f. 5-8 ; A. & H. Brit. Nud. Moll, fam. 1, pi. 15. Body ovate, very convex, subpellucid ; colour various, white, yellow, brown, freckled or blackish: mantle with slender pointed papillae : dorsal tentacles long, slightly bent backwards, retractile within small denticulated sheaths : oral tentacles in- distinct, expanded into a veil at the sides : gills 7-9, large and spreading, transparent white or greyish, generally with opaque-white midribs, which form a star in the centre. L. 0-5-1-25. Habitat : Within tide-marks or in shallow water ; com- mon on nearly all parts of the British coast. It occurs on the northern and western shores of Erance, as well as in Holland, [Denmark,] Sweden, and Norway. [Faroe (Morch);^ ^gean, 13 f. (Forbes).] Doris pilosa is extremely variable both in size and colour ; in consequence of which several species have been made out of it. The small white and blackish varieties are most com- mon within tide-marks. The fine large white and canary- yellow varieties are more local, and inhabit rather deeper water in the laminarian zone ; but they are generally abun- dant where they occur. The black variety is the D. nigra of Fleming and D. Flemingii of Forbes. Other synonyms for this species are D. stellata, Gmelin ; D. subloevis, Thompson ; D. fusca, Loven ; and D. rosinela, Leach. 22. p. quadrangula'ta, Alder and Hancock. D. quadrangulata, A. & H. in Ann. N, H. Ist ser. xvi. p. 313 ; and Brit. Nud. Moll. fam. 1, pi. 16. f. 1-3. Body white, subpellucid, rather elevated : mantle small, sub- 94 ONCIDIID^. quadrangular, scarcely covering the head and foot, set with small conical papillae : dorsal tentacles subclavate, stout, with smooth, slightly elevated sheaths : head-veil broad, undulating : gills 7, large, spreading transversely: foot large and thick. L. 1. Habitat : A single specimen was dredged near Berry Head in 1845 (Alder) ; and another has since been got at Hilbro Island, mouth of the Dee, Cheshire, by Mr. Byerley. Order VI. PULMONOBEANCHIATA, Sowerby. (See Vol. I. p. 76, and Vol. III. p. 200.) Bibliopolical reasons caused an interruption of the natural classification or arrangement of the British MoUusca in the present work. The students of land and freshwater shells are so numerous compared with those who collect marine shells, owing chiefly to the want of opportunities, that the publisher considered it expedient to divide the subject and have separate volumes for each branch. But it is evident that this is an artificial barrier, and that the Mollusca ought to be studied without regard to the nature of their habitat. The air-breathing Mollusca which inhabit the sea- shore and tidal estuaries are few in number. They may be called amphibious, inasmuch as they live partly in water and partly on land. None have been discovered in latitudes more northern than our own. Family I. ONCIDriD^, (Onchidiidce) H. & A. Adams. Body slug-like, coriaceous : tentacles 2, conical or cylindri- cal : eyes placed near the extremities or tips of the tentacles : ONCIDIUM. 95 foot much narrower than the mantle : respiratory orifice under the hinder edge of the mantle : vent near the respiratory orifice. Hermaphrodite, with mutual congression, the reproductive or- gans being separate. Shell none. Genus ONCrDIUM^, (Onchidium) Buchanan* PL III. f. 5. Body ohlong, convex, usually tuberculous : Jiead covered by the mantle when the animal contracts itself; it is furnished with a veil, which is formed of two triangular and compressed lobes : mouth destitute of jaws: gizzard muscular. Established by Dr. Buchanan in the ^Transactions of the Linnean Society/ and adopted by Cuvier and Lamarck. The type on which it was founded is a spe- cies discovered by Peron on rocks in the Isle of France. Audouin believed that the tubercles on the hinder part of the mantle in the typical species are true gills, which exist independently of the pulmonary apparatus ; but other species are quite smooth. It is not improbable, however, that the skin or outer integument of the body may serve the purpose of respiration while the animal remains under water. It is the genus Peronia of De Blainville; at least, no character has been given by him or the Messrs. Adams by which that genus can be distinguished from Oncidium, Oncidium CELTicuMf, Cuvicr. Onchidium Celticum, Cuv. Eegne An. iii. p. 46, footnote (indicated but not described) ; F. & H. iv. p. 3, pi. FFF. f. 6. Body thick, somewhat extensile, greyish-olive ; it is closely * Diminutive, from oyKos, a tumour or swelling, t Inhabiting the Celtic region. 96 ONCIDIID^. but irregularly studded with wart-like tubercles of different sizes, some of which have jagged edges; the underside is closely and minutely tuberculous : mantle rather thin, lining the underside, and lying close above the foot ; it is greyish- white, and covered with minute white specks : head broad, flanked by two large semicircular lobes or lips, which are on a level with the sole of the foot : mouth forming a narrow slit in the middle of the underpart of the head, and placed length- wise : tentacles very short and conical, with bulbous tips ; they are contractile, as in the Limnceidce : eyes bluish-black, nearly on the tips of the tentacles : foot rather narrow, squarish in front, and bluntly pointed behind ; its action is the same as that of a land-slug, viz. by a series of wave-like movements : respiratory orifice circular, at the hinder extremity of the body, between the mantle and the foot : vent tubular, placed below the respiratory orifice. L. 0-5. B. 0-375. Habitat : Crevices of the rocks, a little above high- water mark, apparently feeding on Lichina pygmaa, in Lantivet Bay, Cornwall (Couch and Laughrin) ; Whit- sand Bay, near Plymouth (S pence Bate). In the former locality it is associated with Lascea rubra, Rissoa cingillus var. rupestris, Melampus bidentatus, and Otina otis. Mr. Laughrin informs me that the Oncidium comes out in warm weather and crawls about on the rocks, but that it is seldom seen in the winter ; and he adds that they sometimes congregate in groups consist- ing of as many as twenty individuals. I observed that the Oncidium, on being touched or disturbed, rolls up like a Chiton by bringing both extremities together. When crawling, the hinder extremity is occasionally notched or hollowed out. They cannot bear long im- mersion in water. Audouin and Milne-Edwards (Rech. pour servir h FHist. Nat. du Litt. de la France) noticed O. Celticum as abundant at Port de Solidor, near St. Servan. Philippi was inclined to consider this identical with a species which he described and figured as 0. nanum, from ASSIMINEA, 97 Palermo. He represents the tubercles as whitish, which is not the case in O. Celticum ; otherwise his description and figure suit our species. His specimens were only 3 millimetres long, and might have been immature. Family II. ASSIMINEID^, (Assiminiidce) H. & A. Adams. Body spiral, enclosed in a turbinated shell : head furnished with a broad snout: tentacles 2, cylindrical or club-shaped, thick, and contractile : eyes placed at or near the tips of the tentacles : foot oval : respiratory orifice on the right-hand or outer side of the mouth of the shell. Shell conical and strong : spire short : mouth roundish- oval, more or less angulated or expanded at the base : pillar- lip thick : inmr lip united to the periphery, but not forming a distinct peristome : outer lip sharp : operculum horny, pauci- spiral ; nucleus on the inner side of the mouth. Genus ASSIMrNEA*, Leach. PL IV. f. 1. As this appears to be the only representative of the family [Paludinella of L. Pfeiffer and Optediceros of Dr. Leith being mere synonyms) it would be superfluous to repeat the description given above. The careful observations of Mr. Berkeley, in the 5th volume of the ^ Zoological Journal/ on the anatomy of A. Gray ana, left very little doubt of this being a true Pulmonibranch. He could detect nothing like gills, but found that " the vault of the cavity of respiration was traversed by a multitude of minute vessels, all tending one way towards a large vessel running down in the direction of the heart ; which is exactly the struc- ture in pulmoniferous Mollusca" Neither did Mr. * A ridiculous name. VOL. V. F 98 ASSIMINEID^. Clark succeed in detecting any branchiae, although he has given us the number of strands in the gill-plume of Aclis umcttj which in bulk is only one-tenth of A. Grayana. According to Mr. Blanford, Dr. Leith de- scribed some species of the present genus, under the name of Optediceros, in the *^ Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society^ for 1853, one of his generic characters being as follows : — " The respira- tory opening is a round perforation in the mantle, be- hind the right tentacle.^^ I have observed the air-pouch of A. Grayana and A. littorina ; in the latter it is very conspicuous and unmistakable. The shell of A. Gray- ana is not unlike that of a young Limnma palustrisj especially of its variety conica ; and as both belong to the same order, and I was not then aware that Assiminea has an operculum, my error in following Dr. Fleming, who placed A. Grayana in the genus Limnaa, was per- haps not so heinous as Dr. Gray made it out to be. Against this criticism of the last-named author may be set off a remark that there is no foundation for his statement that the eyes in A. Grayana ^^ are placed on a peduncle as long as the tentacula, and the peduncle and tentacula are soldered together.^^ The eyes are imbedded in the tissue of the tentacles ; and there is no peduncle or stalk. The dental apparatus is somewhat complicated, each row consisting of a central tooth flanked on either side by three uncini of different shapes. This genus bears also Gray's MS. name of Nerita Syncera, and has been called Assiminia and Assaminia. With respect to the present name the author ought to have borne in mind one of Linnets laws of scientific nomenclature, '^^Idiotse imposuere nomina absurda.^' Woodward was clearly mistaken in considering it a ASSIMINEA. 99 subgenus of Rissoa, Nor can I agree with Prof. E. von Martens in referring to Assiminea the Melania Charreyi of Morelet, which seems to me scarcely a variety of Hydrobia ulva. The A. gallica of Dr. Paladilhe is likewise H, ulvcB, and will be noticed in the Supplement. It is to be regretted that this writer did not ascertain the genus^ as well as that he changed the specific name without any reason. 1. Assiminea Graya'na^, Leach. Assiminea Grayana, Flem. Brit. An. p. 275. Assiminia Grayana, F. & H. iii. p. 70, pi. Ixxi. f. 3, 4, and (animal) pi. HH. f. 6. Body dark grey, with close transverse streaks of a purplish hue : mantle open behind : snout broad and thick, corrugated or wrinkled across, more or less cloven in front : mouth forming a perpendicular slit intersected below by a narrower trans- verse slit : tentacles cylindrical, thick, rather short, divergent ; they are not double, nor are any eye-stalks united with them : eyes large, black, and lustrous, placed at the extremities or tips of the tentacles : foot yellowish-white, or sometimes nearly white, forming a short oval, squarish and broader in front (this part being plain or single-edged), and rounded behind; sole light grey, minutely speckled with white : respiratory orifice oblong, large, on the right-hand or outer side of the animal ; the pouch is distinctly visible through it, lined with reticulated vascular tissue ; there is no gill or branchial plume [foeces elHptical, as in Cyclostoma (Berkeley)]. Shell forming a short cone, rather soHd, when adult nearly opaque, glossy: sculpture, slight and indistinct but close-set spiral striae, the periphery (especially in immature specimens) being more or less angulated : colour brownish-yellow, with now and then a broad rufous band encircHng the periphery : spire bluntly pointed : whorls 7, compressed and almost flat, gradually enlarging ; the last occupies one-half of the shell : suture shght, although well- defined and narrowly excavated : mouth representing a short oval, and rather small ; its length is two -fifths of that of the whole shell : outer lip contracted and somewhat incurved above, expanded and bluntly angular * Named in honour of the distinguished naturalist Dr. J. E. Gray. f2 100 ASSIMINEID^. at the base : inner lip broad, spread on the pillar, which is thickened, but has no umbilicus or chink : operculum thin, distinctly but irregularly striated in the Hne of growth ; spire small, sunken, having two or three obscure whorls. L. 0*2. B. 0-15. Habitat : Banks of the Thames, between Greenwich and a little below Gravesend (making altogether a dis- tance of about twenty miles), mostly above ordinary high-water mark; abundant. It appears to take the place of Hydrobia ulva, which lives in the upper reaches or brackish water of the Thames. Many years ago I noticed in the collection of the late Mr. T. W. Warren, at Dublin, a specimen of A. Gray ana, which he assured me he had found on the salt-marshes at Portmarnock. Still more doubtful is the only foreign locality, which has been lately given by M. de Malzine, in his ' Essai sur la Faune Malacologique de Belgique/ viz. " La plage, pres de la frontiere fran9aise, rejetee par les vagues.^* This writer having also enumerated as Belgian Tellina calcaria, T. similis, Natica Groenlandicaj Velutina pli- catilis, and other shells of a character equally suspicious as regards geographical distribution, I cannot venture to use his catalogue. This little moUusk, which is not only so restricted in its range, but has such a peculiar organization, is tolerably active, and crawls like a Lit' torina. Mr. Jordan compares its movements, which are very graceful, to the gentle pitching of a vessel. I kept one alive upwards of three weeks, and in fresh water more than twelve hours at a time. It evidently prefers air to water. While immersed it adhered firmly by its foot to the side of the glass vessel in which it was confined. On two occasions I observed the respi- ratory orifice contracted, and a bubble of air expelled from it. ASSIMINEA, 101 The Nerita Syncera Hepatica of Gray, so named but not described in vol. xv. of tbe ' London Medical Re- pository/ The reason which he gave for proposing a trinomial system is rather curious, i. e, " because I think that it is easier to recollect Umax avion hortensis than avion hovtensis alone, as genera are now become so numerous, that naturalists really want something to let them know to what part of natural history they belong." Dr. Gray afterwards published the specific name as Grayiana ; but that may have been a misprint. 2. A. littori'na*, Delle Chiaje. Helb: littorina, D. Ch. Mem. An. s. Vert. Nap. iii. p. 215, t. 49. f. 36- 38. Rissoa littorea, P. & H. iii. p. 132, pi. Ixxxi. f. 6, 7, and iv. (App.) p. 265, and (animal) pi. MM. f. 3. Body white, with a faint tinge of yellow, and of a frosty or reticulated texture : mantle rather thick, lining the mouth of the shell : snout broad, thin, and wedge-shaped, slightly bi- lobed or nicked in front : tentacles very short, bat-shaped and flattened at the sides: eyes comparatively large and black; viewed sideways they seem placed near the tips of the tentacles, but not quite at the extremities ; viewed from above they ap- pear terminal : foot broadly oval, squarish in front, and rounded behind ; it is somewhat constricted in the middle ; and when the animal is crawling, it is divided into two parts, each of which advances in turn by a wave-like motion : respiratory orifice round and large, on the right-hand side. In one in- dividual which I examined the heart beat with 90 pulsations in a minute ; the pulsations were not continuous, but occasion- ally interrupted. Shell globosely conical, solid for its size, semitransparent, and glossy: sculpture, indistinct and microscopic, close-set, spiral striae, besides equally minute and numerous lines of growth : colour brownish-yellow or amber, sometimes yellowish- white or whitish : spire short, and having a very blunt point : whorls 4, rather convex, rapidly enlarging ; the last occupies three-fourths of the shell ; the first is mammillar ; suture deepish, * Derived from littus or litus, the shore. 102 ASSIMINEID^. apparently margined underneath by a darkish line, which re- presents the periphery of the preceding whorl seen through the semitransparent outer shell : mouth shaped as in the last species, but not so smaU in comparison ; its length equals that of one-half of the shell : outer lip incurved at the upper corner and expanded below : inner lip very broad, and reflected over the pillar, which is thickened and has a small umbilicus be- hind it : operculum rather thin, slightly and closely striated ; spire very small and sunken, with two obscure whorls. L. 0-075. B. 0-0625. Habitat: Under stoues and clods of earth among mud, and in caves and rocks ** Upon the beached verge of the salt-flood," inside the Chesil Bank at Weymouth^ and in the island of Sark; Whitecliff Bay, Isle of Wight (Forbes); Ex- mouth (Clark) ; Lands End (Hockin). It lives with Truncatella truncatulaj Melampus bidentatus, M, myoso- tis, var. ring ens, and Otina otis. A. littorina is widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean and Adriatic; the Baron de Paiva and Rev. B. B. Watson have found it at Madeira, and Mr. M^Andrew at TeneriflPe. Southern specimens are more deeply coloured than ours, but similar in all other respects. Philippi placed this species in the genus Truncatella ; and in the plate illustrative of his paper (Arch. f. Naturg. 1841, t. V. f. 7) it is represented as having the eyes placed on the inner base of the tentacles. This mistake as to the position of the eyes was, to a certain extent, pointed out by L. Pfeiffer, who proposed a new genus [Paludinella] for the reception of the present species. The Baron de Ryckholt (Journ. de Conch, viii. 187) assigned it to the genus Menestho of Miiller ; but he gave no reason for such a strange allocation. In Thorpe's ^British Marine Conchology^ it bears Mr. Metcalfe^s MS. name of Cingulal globularis. CARYCHTID^. 103 Family III. CARYCHI'ID^. (See Vol. I. p. 299.) In the upper part of the shell the internal convolutions of the spire are wanting, although sometimes repre- sented by slight ledges or the remains of the septa. This may be seen in the typical genus Carychium as well as in Melampus. The division of the penultimate from the last whorl is complete^ however, in every state of growth. The only way in which I can account for the disappearance of the septa, which must therefore have been originally formed in each of the upper whorls in succession, is that the mantle in that part has an absorbent power. If the agent were an acid, the lining or inner coat of the shell would be affected ; and such is not the case. Carychium (Vol. I. p. 300) is the first named genus of this family. Genus II. MELAM'PUS^ De Montfort. PI. IV. f. 2. Body enclosed in a spiral shell: mantle thickened at its outer edge : head furnished with an extensile snout : tentacles club-shaped, contractile : eyes sessile, on the inner side of the tentacles, at their base : foot elongated : respiratory orijlce and air-pouch on the right-hand side. Shell oval or spindle-shaped: epidermis thin, sometimes raised so as to form a row of short bristles on each side of the upper whorls : spire conical, incomplete : mouth oblong, narrow: outer lip more or less thickened within, mostly toothed or fluted: 'pillar furnished with folds, two or three of which are stronger and always present ; there is no umbi- Ucus, nor operculum. This genus has been much, and in my opinion unne- cessarily, subdivided; and the only two species living * A classical name. 104 CARYCHIIDiE. on our coasts, which are closely allied, have been placed by some conchologists in different genera and removed from Melampm. The classification of all objects of Natural History is to a great extent artificial ; and the larger groups are more difficult to define than species. I prefer reducing the number of these divisions, and thus simplifying the nomenclature, unless characters of sufficient importance can be found to distinguish them. Lamarck^s name Auricula has precedence of Me- lampus by many years ; but the former name has been appropriated to shells, mostly tropical, of which the Valuta auris-Midce of Linne is the type. The outer lip in Auricula has a thick and somewhat expanded edge. Conovulus of Lamarck is two years later than Melampus^ and is a mere synonym. Phytia and Alexia have been proposed by Gray and Leach for M. myosotis ; and Ovatella, laminia, and Leuconia of Bivona, Leach,, and Gray have M. bidentattts for their type. 1. Melampus bidenta'tus^, Montagu. Voluta hidentata, Mont. Test. Br. Suppl. p. 100, t. 30. f. 2. Conovulus bidentatus, F. & H. iv. p. 191, pi. cxxv. f. 1, 2. Body white, of a frosty or reticulated texture: mantle having its edge sometimes slightly protruded beyond the mouth of the shell : head furnished with a curved lobe on each side : snout narrow, cloven in front : tentacles very short, compressed, variable in shape : eyes proportionally large, but dull, placed a little behind the tentacles, at their base : foot oblong, squa- rish in front and rounded behind ; when in action it is divided across at about one-third of its length, so as to form two creeping disks and to produce a wave-like or alternate motion : respiratory orifice oblong and large. Shell spindle-shaped, usually rather solid, nearly opaque, glossy : sculpture, none except just below the suture, where there are slight and close-set longitudinal striae, scarcely visible to the naked eye : colour ivory-white : epidermis thin * Two-toothed ; properly bidens. MELAMPUS. 105 and varnish -like, pale yellowish : spire short, although rather slender, ending in a blunt and obliquely twisted apex : whorls 6-7, rounded and slightly convex, compressed towards the suture, and partly overlapping one another or imbricated; the last occupies about three-fourths of the shell : suture slight but distinct, sometimes eroded and irregularly defined: mouth contracted towards the top, and expanding below ; it equals in length that of the remaining portion of the shell : outer lip having a thin edge, somewhat flexuous at the upper end, thickened and smooth inside, and bevelled outwards: inner lip filmy, broad, and reflected below : pillar thick, with two strong white folds, the smaller one twisted and near the base, and the larger one placed a little above it. L. 0*225. B. 0-1. Var. alba. Smaller, narrower, and thinner. Voluta alba, Turt. Conch. Diet. p. 250 (not F. alba of Montagu, which is a tropical species of Marginella), Habitat : Under stones that lie close to the ground, between tide-marks, on many parts of our coast from Shetland to Sark, as well as round Ireland. The variety is equally diffused. ilf. bidentatus has been found in the north and west of France, the Mediterranean, and Adriatic ; and Mr. Watson sent it to me from Ma- deira. It probably feeds on decaying seaweeds. When crawling under water the tentacles are withdrawn, as in the land-snails and slugs. Its locomotion is very slow, in consequence of its using alternately the front and hinder lobes into which the foot is divided. Mr. Clark for this reason considered it a Pedipes ; but from Adanson^s account the mode of progression in that mol- lusk must resemble the " looping '' action of some cater- pillars, the middle portion of the foot being hollow and widely separating the lobes. The shell of Pedipes is generically different from that of Melampus. I counted in a minute no less than 132 pulsations of the heart in a specimen of M. bidentatus, p5 106 CARYCHIIDvE. Synonyms : Ovatella bidentata of Bivona^ Auricula dubia of Cantraine, A. Mitchell of Mittre, and A. Bi- voncs of Philippi. My A. erosa is hardly a variety. M. bidentatus of Say must take the specific name of corneus given to it by Deshayes. 2. M. myoso'tis"^, Draparnaud. Auricula myosotis, Drap, Tabl. Moll. Fr. p. 53. Conovulus denticulatus, F. & H. iv. p. 194, pi. cxxv. f. 4, 5 (as var. myosotis). Body whitish or pale grey, sometimes brindled, with a faint tinge of purple, minutely reticulated or having a frosty appear- ance ; it is slightly shagreened at the sides : mantle fleshy : snout elongated, of a darker colour, and wrinkled, expanding into a leaf-like lobe on each side and a rounded lobe of a smaller size in front: tentacles thick, proportionally longer than in M. bidentatus, somewhat flattened above, annulated in the middle, tipped and streaked with purple, and scalloped at the edges ; tips bulbous : eyes oblong, placed on the inner base of the tentacles, a little to the rear : foot oblong, thick, rather narrow, rounded at each end ; the sole is usually not divided across or lobed: respiratory orifice rather small [fceces cylindrical, as in Limncea (Berkeley)]. Shell spindle-shaped, rather thin, almost semitransparent, glossy: sculpture, minute slight and close-set longitudinal - striae, which are more distinct just below the suture : cohur rufous, chocolate, or yellowish- brown, purple towards the tip ; in some specimens yellow is predominant, but often fades or becomes pale : epidermis filmy, in immature specimens raised into numerous dehcate longitudinal ridges or folds, some of which form near the top of each whorl a row or coronet of hort bristles : spire mostly short, gradually tapering ; apex blunt and obliquely twisted : whorls 7-8, rounded and mode- rately convex, partly overlapping one another ; the last occu- pies about five-eighths of the shell : suture slight but distinct, nearly horizontal: mouth contracted above and expanded below ; it somewhat exceeds in length the rest of the shell : outer lip thin, reflected outwards, especially on the lower part of the mouth ; it is strengthened within by a ridge or callosity, which is often furnished with an obscure tubercle near the * Mouse-ear. MELAMPUS. 107 middle : inner lijp thin, broad, folded back on the base : j)illar thick, having two strong white folds, as in M. hidentatus, besides often a small tubercle above them. L. 0'325. B. 0*15. Var. ringens. Body yellowish-white, slightly tinged with violet. Shell yellowish-white or creamcolour, sometimes milk-white ; the thickened ridge of the outer lip is furnished with several tubercles or teeth, which now and then form transverse plaits and give a fluted appearance, as in tropical species of Melampus; the pillar has never less than three folds, and has sometimes additional tubercles on the upper part. Valuta ringens, Turt. Conch. Diet. p. 250. Habitat : Abundantly on mud-flats and salt-marshes in all estuaries. The variety frequents the open sea- coast, and lives in crevices of rocks and piers, as well as on shingly beaches, near high-water mark. Marcel de Serres (Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1814, vol. i. p. 17) noticed the occurrence of this species as fossil in a bluish marl which was cut through in making a canal from the Rhone to Marseilles, 5 or 6 feet deep, near Boisveil, in the Departement of the Bouches-du- Rhone. Conovulus myosotis (?) of Searles Wood, from the Red and Norwich Crag, is (as he suspected) a different species ; it is un- known to me as recent. The typical form is widely dif- fused along the European shores of the Atlantic between Nordeney (Menke) and Faro in Algarve (Morelet), on both sides of the Mediterranean, and in the Adriatic ; Madeira (Watson) ; Jamaica (Barrett) ; United States (Gould, Stimpson, and others) . The variety has been found in the north of France and at Naples ; it is the Carychium personatum of Michaud. There has been a considerable diversity of opinion among conchologists as to the proper habitat of this species, reminding one of the story of the chameleon. Montagu and Ferussac considered it marine, and Dupuy as quasi-marine, while Draparnaud, Lamarck, and others 108 CARYCHIIDiE. included it with the land-snails. Bouchard-Chante- reaux has given a good account of its habits. Ac- cording to him the animal is rather timid ; when you hold it by the shelly it stretches itself out and seeks a point d^appui ; it feeds on the debris of seaweeds, and loves moistj dark, and saltish places ; it can live a long time in sea- water, but soon dies on immersion in fresh water. I may, however, remark that I kept several living specimens in pure spring-water for two hours, and that, soon after they were taken out of the water, all of them revived and crawled about. The French naturalist goes on to say that when the animal crawls on a piece of glass, only a slight undulation can be seen at a time, being caused by the muscular action of the foot ; this movement proceeds from the hinder part of the foot, and terminates at the anterior end before another undulation begins. [Gould describes the foot as '^ transversely divided at the anterior third.^^] It lays from 13 to 30 eggs in the summer; these are agglutinated by a viscous matter, so as to form a small group, which is attached to the underside of moist stones. The eggs are globular, yellowish, and quite trans- parent, about one-third of a millimetre in diameter. They are hatched in about 15 days after being laid; and the young do not attain full maturity till the end of the second year. It does not hibernate. In de- scribing the animal he mentions two round and reddish spots on that part of the head where in most of the Helicida the lower pair of tentacles are placed. This I have not observed in English specimens. The shell of the variety ringens often exhibits the remains of two or three disused outer lips with their successive rows of teeth or plaits. Its surface is occasionally eroded, pro- bably by some solvent action of the sea-water. This OTINID^. 109 Species differs from M, bidentatus in its colour and larger size, its plicated and bristly epidermis, and having the outer lip more or less reflected. The finest specimens I have seen were collected by Mr. Gibbs at Swanage. It varies not only in dimensions, but in the comparative length of the spire, which is sometimes as conical and short in proportion to the rest of the shell as in typical species of Melampus. The earliest knowledge we have of M. myosotis is derived from Walker^s figure 50. It is the Valuta den- ticulata of Montagu, and in its younger state the Auri- cula ciliata of Morelet. The variety is not only Valuta ringens but V. reflexa of Turton, Auricula tenella of Menke, and laminia quinquedentata of Brown. Valuta bullao'ides of Montagu, from the Portland Cabinet (my Auricula multivolvis) is a rather common West-Indian species. Baron Ferussac gave me a speci- men which Mr. Bean had sent him as found at Scar- borough ; and M. Cailliaud has lately recorded it from Croisic in the Loire-Inferieure. M. pusillusj Gmelin {Valuta triplicata, Donovan) is also West-Indian. Montagu received it from Guern- sey; and Turton^s locality is ^^Paington sands, Torquay. ^^ Family IV. OTI'NIDiE. Body fleshy, rather large for the shell, within which the animal can scarcely withdraw itself: mantle thick: head pro- boscidiform : tentacles very short, lobular : eyes sessile, one on the centre of each tentacle : foot oval, more or less divided across the middle: respiratory orifice forming a narrow slit on the inner or pillar side of the shell. Shell ear-shaped: epidermis thin, closely investing the surface : spire complete, extremely short, lateral, apex intro- verted : mouth very large and open : outer lip plain ; opercu- lum none. 110 OTINIDyE. Some of the above characters are anomalous, al- though they seem to connect this family with Melampus on one side and Succinea on the other. The shell resembles that of Velutina in shape ; but in that genus the epidermis is thick and velvety, and the apex of the spire is twisted outwards instead of inwards, and is closely striated in a spiral direction. Lithotis rupicola of Blanford, from Bombay Harbour, probably belongs to the only genus of the present family, viz. the Genus OTI'NA^ Gray. PI. IV. f. 3. The natural position of this genus was first pointed out by L. PfeifFer, who included it in the Auriculacea. It had been previously placed by Gray, Woodward, and other writers with Velutina^ and by Forbes and Hanley in the Pyramidellida. Dr. Turton made a better guess when he called it a Helix. Otina OTisf, Turton. Helix Otis, Turt. Conch. Diet. p. 70. 0. otis, F. & H. iii. p. 321, pi. xcix. f. 2, 3, and (animal) pi. 00. f. 4. Body almost clear white ; when active it is not contain- able within the shell, but when at rest it shrinks up : mantle lining the inner edges of the shell : head furnished with an expanded veil or hood, which is hilobed or divided in front and broader than the anterior part of the foot ; it assists the foot in crawling : mouth forming a narrow perpendicular sHt, through which the short and spinous odontophore is seen in action : tentacles ear-shaped or triangular under watei", bulbous or tubercular in the air : eyes black and distinct, each seated on the middle of a tentacle : foot truncated in front, and rounded behind, slightly constricted in the middle, where sometimes a crease appears : respiratory ovijice small, placed about halfway between the head and the extremity of the foot. * Derived from the name of the species on which this genus is founded, t From ovs, wros, an ear. OTINA. Ill Shell shaped like a miniature Haliotis or Velutina, rather thin, semitransparent, of a somewhat dull and dusky hue: sculpture, microscopic, slight, wavy, and close- set longitudinal striae, covering the surface with the exception of the apex, which is quite smooth and glossy: colour reddish-brown of different shades, with a purplish tinge : epidermis indistinct : spire minute, conspicuous although not prominent; apex obliquely twisted inwards: whorls 2 only, convex; the last occupies nearly all the shell, and is expanded in front ; apical whorl bulbous : mouth forming a short oval, and exceeding in size two-thirds of the under surface ; it does not expose the interior of the spire ; inside polished : outer lip sharp-edged : inner lip consisting of a narrow rim behind the pillar, and continuous with the outer lip: pillar broad, flattened, and excavated. L. 0-1. B. 0-075. Var. Candida. Pure white. Habitat : Rocks between tide-marks, on Lichina pygmcEa and other small seaweeds, as well as inside the empty walls of Balanus crenatus, and among dwarf Mytilus edulis, on the northern and southern coasts of England, South Wales, Channel Isles, and west of Ireland; Sandwich and Reculver (Walker); Isle of Man (Forbes); Arran, N.B. (Norman). It is not uncommon; and if properly searched for, it would doubtless be found in every suitable locality. The variety occurs in a cave at Sark. The known foreign range of this species is at present limited, viz. E tret at, Normandy (J. G. J.); Brest (Daniel, fide Baudon); Quiberon and Piriac, Loire-Inferieure (Tasle and Cail- liaud) . It is a restless little creature, and when put into sea- water crawls directly out of it. Walker^ s figure 17 is not a bad representation of this remarkable shell. Brown described it as Galericulum ovatum and G. otis. 112 PTEROPODA. Class PTERO'PODA*, (PTERO- PODES) Cuvier. Body gelatinous, spiral, oval, or conical : head less distinct in those kinds which have shells than in the naked kinds : mouth placed at the bottom of a cavity between the foot-lobes, and armed with a spinous tongue or odontophore : tentacles in the naked kinds only, in some species of which they are fur- nished with cup-shaped suckers: eyes in Clio, Clioney and Cymhvlia (De Blainville), in Clione (Leach), wanting in all the Pteropods (Eang and Souleyet): foot expanded into two wing-like lobes, one on each side, which are used chiefly for swimming or floating: gills internal in the testaceous, and external in the shelless kinds. Hermaphrodite. Shell (in those kinds that possess one) univalve, thin, vitreous or membranous, forming a reversed coil, a nearly glo- bular and often tricusped case, a sheath, or a slipper. These 'are small gregarious mollusca, inhabiting the wide ocean_, where they swim or rather float in a reversed position^ by flapping the wing-like lobes of the foot. They are strictly pelagic, and never of their own accord come near the land. Indeed their power of locomotion is very limited, and consists of a jerking action, by which they move up and down in the water, either in a straight line or obliquely ; this appears to be eflfected by opening and closing their foot-lobes. It has been stated that their habits are nocturnal or crepuscular; and for this reason they have been called Neptune's moths instead of butterflies, and accused of leading a gay and dissipated life, like midnight roisterers. D'Or- * Foot wing-like. PTEROPODA. 113 bigny imagined that each kind occupies a different bathy metrical zone. Souleyet and other naturalists, however, dispute these assumptions; and there is no doubt that every known species has been found on the surface, and by day as well as by night — as any obser- vant traveller, who has crossed the Equator, can testify, their capture, with a towing-net or ship^s bucket, being an agreeable diversion, and relieving the tedious mono- tony of a long sea-voyage. Their food consists of minute Entomostraca and other animals. Considerable attention has been paid of late years to the physiology and development of the Pteropods. According to Yogt, Gegenbaur, and Krohn (all first-rate zootomists), the larva has a circle or crown of strongly marked vibratile cilia, which are absorbed or fall off in a subsequent period of growth. They swarm within the tropics, but are scarce in northern seas, whither some exotic kinds are now and then wafted by the south-west winds and consequent drift, arising from the Gulf-stream. Their occasional appearance on our own coasts, and their claims to be indigenous, rest on the same grounds as the case of lanthinae ; and naturalists must please them- selves as to considering such accidental wanderers British or foreign. Two kinds at least have been found alive in our seas. It is very doubtful whether this group, although pecu- liar, ought to constitute a distinct class, or be included in the Gastropoda, to which it is certainly related, as regards the foot-lobes, through Bulla and Aplysia, Nevertheless its connexion with the Cephalopoda can- not be remote, because two genera {Pneumodermon and Spongiobranchia) have arms furnished with sessile cup- shaped disks or suckers. It may be better, on the whole, to retain the classification of Cuvier. The order 114 LIMACINID^. of arrangement for the Mollusca in an ascending series will thus stand : Class 1. Brachiopoda. 2. Conchifera. 3. Solenoconchia. 4. Gasteropoda. 5. Pteropoda. 6. Cephalopoda. Order I. THECOSO'MATA, De Blainville. Body enclosed in a shell : Tiead more or less indistinct : gills internal. Family I. LIMACI'NID^, Gray. Body small, spiral. Shell heliciform and sinistral : mouth oval, with an angu- lated base: operculum solid, glassy, ear-shaped, and few- whorled. Genus SPIRIA'LIS^ Eydoux and Souleyet. PI. IV. f. 4. So little is known of the genus Limacina (the only other recorded member of the family as distinguished from Spirialis), that I must refer to the general descrip- tion for the characters of the present genus. Perhaps Spirialis does not difter from Limacina^ in which case Limacina J being older, should be the generic name. S. rostralis of Souleyet, which has a discoidal shell, with a curved and prominent beak, may be the type of a new genus, to be called Embolus. Gray, H. & A. Adams, and Morch have lately adopted Heterofusus as the generic name, on Fleming^s autho- rity. But this name (which is prior to Spirialis, and subsequent to Limacina) was unaccompanied by any * Having a spire : a barbarism. SPIRIALIS. 115 description, and was suggested by Dr. Fleming under a misapprehension that the type was '^ a reversed species of Fusus" and allied to " Murex contrarius of Sowerby^s 'Mineral Conchology/" Five years after the publica- tion of Heterofusus in^the ' Memoirs of the Wernerian Society/ the author retained the only species of which he seems to have been aware in Fusus. Forbes called the genus Peracle, and Philippi Sccea. Spirialis retro ver'sus"^, Fleming. Fusus retroversus, Flem, in Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. iv. p. 498, t.xv. f. 2. 8. Flemingii, F. & H. ii. p. 384, pi. Ivii. f. 4, 5, and (animal) pi. MM. f. 1. Body more or less tinged with purple : foot-lohes or wings " shaped something like the petals of a catch-fly, rather trun- cated at the extremity, furnished with a small lobe halfway down their undersides, and another small rounded lobe at their lower bases " (Forbes), extremely long (Rang and Sou- leyet). Shell resembling that of Physa in shape, but more rounded at the base, very thin and fragile, almost transparent, glossy, and having a prismatic lustre : sculpture none : colour clear- white, with a faint tinge of yellow in living specimens : spire variable in length, but usually short, regularly elevated ; apex mammillar : whorls 5, swollen, each slightly turreted at the top ; the last exceeds in size half the shell : suture narrow, excavated : mouth trapezoidal, contracted in front, somewhat expanded below, and forming a sharp angle at the basal point ; its comparative length is in proportion to that of the spire : outer lip gently curved, abruptly inflected towards the peri- phery : inner lip wanting on the periphery, and reflected on the pillar, which is straight : umbilicus small, but distinct and deep in full-grown specimens. L. 0-075. B. 0-0625. Var. 1. Macandrece. Spire longer. S. MacAndrei, F. & H. ii. p. 385, pi. Ivii. f. 6, 7. Yar. 2. Jeffreysi. Spire shorter. S. Jeffreysii, F. & H. ii. p. 386, pi. ivii. f. 8. * Turned backwards. 116 LIMACINIDiE. Habitat: Everywhere along our coasts, in drifted and dredged sand, particularly the latter. The two varieties insensibly diverge from the typical form ; but it is impossible to make out any specific diflPerence, if a sufficient number of specimens ^are compared. That from which Forbes and Hanley's description of S. Jef- freysii was taken is a very young shell. Pliocene and quaternary strata in Calabria and Sicily (Philippi and Seguenza, as Sccea stenogyra of the former, and Spina- lis globulosa of the latter, corresponding with the varieties Macandreoe and Jeffreysi) ; newer or post- glacial deposits in the Christiania district (Sars, Cross- key and Robertson). North Atlantic, 170-550 f. (Dr. W. B. Carpenter and Prof. Wyville Thomson); Scandi- navian coasts (Loven and others) ; mid- Atlantic (Wal- lich); Gulf of Naples (Tiberi) ; Canaries (M 'Andrew) ; New England (Stimpson, as S, Gouldii) ; Nahant, U. S. (A. Agassiz) ; " toutes les mers^' (Rang and Souleyet, as Limacina naticoides of Rang, and S. trochiformis of Souleyet). My supposed specimen from Piedmont is the embryonic shell of a Nudibranch. This common and widely distributed species has not often been taken alive in our seas. Prof. E. Forbes observed it on the north-west coast of Skye in 1850 ; and the Rev. A. M. Norman, during our Shetland dredging-cruises in 1861 and 1867, caught great num- bers, of different ages from the fry to the adult, in the towing-net, as well as in his hand-net close to the shore. The animal, when placed in a bottle of sea-water, did jiot flutter like a butterfly, but rose straight upwards to the surface in regular jerks, and then dropped gently to the bottom, as if exhausted by the exertion. This alternate action was repeated several times. Mr. A. Agassiz says (Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 1865) that "they SPIRIALIS. 117 can creep about by means of their wing-like appendages, and remain suspended in the water for hours simply by spreading, and suddenly drop to the bottom by folding them." I have failed to detect an operculum, although Dr. Carpenter kindly assisted me in the examination, and many specimens were sacrificed at the altar of science. S. retroversus ought not to have been mistaken by the discoverer for a miniature FusuSj which has a chan- nelled mouth. I must likewise protest against the practice of changing specific names on the pretext that they are inappropriate— and especially in the present case, where Flemingii has been substituted for retroversus. Although all the species of Spirialis are sinistrorsal, this is the original type, and rightly characterized by the name. Balia perversa is in the same category ; and the specific name of Cyprcea Europ(Ba is not less correct because there are other European species of the same genus. Names, after all, are mere symbols of distinc- tion ; and it is quite immaterial whether they are ap- propriate or not. Two specimens of a microscopic shell, somewhat re- sembling S. bulimoides of Souleyet, were found by Dr. Alcock in Roundstone Bay, Connemara. The spire is more slender, and the whorls fewer than in S, retrover- sus. I will not venture to propose a new species for objects so minute, as they may possibly turn out to be the fry of some Nudibranch. A specimen of Cavolina trispinosa, Lesueur, was washed ashore at Youghal, with Spirula australis, a tropical Cephalopod ; they must have been carried by the Gulf-stream to the Bay of Biscay, and afterwards brought by the prevalent south-westerly winds and tidal currents to their destination. 118 CLIID^. Family II. CLI'ID^. Body forming an elongated cone. Shell pyramidal or lanceolate : operculum none. Woodward^s family of this name is founded on the genus Clione, which he called Clio. Genus CLIO*, Browne. PL IV. f. 5. Body triangular, and ending in a long spike. Shell pyramidal, compressed at the sides, and ridged length- wise, or spinous : mouth wide and angular. Clio is perhaps the only phosphorescent kind of Pte- ropod. Eschscholtz, in his figures of Pleuropus, which does not appear to difi'er from the present genus, and of Cresis or Styliola (Zool. Atl. p. iii, t. 15), represents the animal as having two eyes ; and De Blainville says the same. The doubt as to the existence and position of these organs ought to be set at rest. But with re- spect to the shell, there can be no question : it is "Brighter than glass f, and yet, as glass is, brittle." I need scarcely tell my readers that most of the poetical quotations in this work are (except where otherwise stated) also from Shakespeare. It is the genus Cleodora of Peron and Lesueur. Linne described aU his species of Clio (viz. caudata, pyramidata, and retusa) from Browne^s ' History of Jamaica;^ and his reference to Marten^s *^ Voyage to * A daughter of Oceanus. t •' Splendidior vitro " (Hor. C. iii. 13). CLIO. 119 Spitzbergen and Greenland/ after the description of C. caudata, was merely incidental. He does not seem to have himself known any Pteropod. Clione papilio- nacea of Pallas [Clio borealis, Bmguiere) was described by Miiller and Fabricius under the name of Clio retusa, erroneously supposing it to be Linnets species. The genus Clione was established by Pallas in 1774, before the name Clio was misapplied by Miiller and other writers. Clio pyramida'ta*, Browne. Clio pi/ramidata, Browne, Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 386, pi. 43. f. 1. Body opaque, slender, and pointed at the bottom, capable of protruding beyond the shell or sheath: head small and round, '^ adorned with a little sharp bill : " eyes beautiful green : foot forming two transparent membranous expansions, by which the animal moves with great celerity on or under the surface of the water. (Browne.) Shell triangular, convex in front and slightly concave on the back, abruptly sloping to a fine point, extremely thin and fragile, quite transparent, and lustrous : sculpture, 5 ridges in front and 1 at the back ; the former are symmetrical, the outermost two being the largest, and the central one inter- mediate in size between those and the other two ridges ; dead shells exhibit also numerous transverse and flexuous striae, especially on the back : colour clear-white : apex spearhead- shaped or sharply ovate, separated by a very narrow line from the rest of the shell : mouth arched in the middle, and sloping with a gentle curve to each side. L. 0-5. B. 0-3. Habitat : Muddy sand, in 60-84 i., on the north- eastern aiid north-western coasts of Shetland; rare. One specimen only contained the animal ; and that was in a collapsed state ; the others were more or less im- perfect. Carpenter and Thomson^ s dredgings in the * Pyramidal. ]20 CLIID^. North Atlantic, at depths of from 189 to 650 f., also yielded dead shells and fragments. Fossil: Asti (Rang); Sicily (Scacchi and Philippi); older and newer pliocene near Messina, and quaternary formation at Milazzo and Gravitelli (Seguenza); Arctic Sea (Walker and Barrett); Drontheim (M'Andrew) ; Faroe I. (Olrik and others, fide Morch); Mediterranean (Cantraine, Scacchi, and others) ; ^gean (Forbes) ; Atlantic Ocean and Guinea (Rang); Florida side of the Gulf-stream, and Havannah (Count L. F. Pourtales) . According to Aucapitaine it is common on the coast of Algiers, especially on fine nights in the month of October. One living specimen, on being put into fresh water, ejected a bluish liquid, with a strong smell of varnish. I have observed a similar colouring-matter in the dried animal of Spirialis balea. It is strange, and by no means creditable, that we are obliged to have recourse to the unsatisfactory account of the animal given by Browne in 1789. The Hyalcea lanceolata of Lesueur, and Cleodora Brownii of De Blainville. Our Shetland dredgings in 1864 produced three or four fragments of a shell which evidently belongs to another species of Clio, The apex is globular, and the terminal portion is compressed and keeled on each side. In the latter respect it agrees with Cleodora in- fundibulum of S carles Wood (Crag Moll. Un. p. 191, t. xxi. f. 14, a, b), which was described and figured from imperfect specimens ; this species occurred in the Coralline Crag at Sutton. It is probably Clio caudata of Linne ("vagina compressa, caudata,'^ Browne), and Cleodora compressa of Souleyet. GYMNOSOMATA. 121 Order II. GYMNOSO'MATA, De BlainviUe. Body naked or not having a shell: head distinct: gills external. The only member of this order which seems to have been observed on the British coasts is Clione papilio- nacea of Pallas [Clio borealis, Bruguiere =CZio retusa, Miiller and Fabricius), a native of the Arctic Seas, and partly the reputed food of the true whale. Dr. Leach says that during a tour to the Orkneys (query He- brides?) in 1811 he found several mutilated speci- mens on the rocks, and succeeded in capturing one alive while rowing along the coast of Mull. Dr. Morch reminds me that in the 'Isis^ for 1823 (ii. p. 459) Oken mentions a specimen in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes from Falmouth, and that Faber noticed this mollusk as found in the Cattegat at Lesso. This latter statement may have been the authority for the locality given by Loven in his ' Index.^ Class CEPHALO'PODA*, (CEPHALO- PODES) CuTier. Body cylindrical or oval, fleshy, covered with pigment-spots (chromatophores) : mantle pouch-like, in some kinds expanded on each side into a fin or lobe, and in every kind forming above in the middle of the ventral area a pipe or inverted fun- nel, analogous to the fold in the Siphonobranchiate Gastropods : tentacles, in the Decapods, 2, long, flexible, contractile, and armed with cup-shaped suckers (acetabula) on the inner side, and usually only on that part, of their club-shaped extremities ; in Nautilus they are numerous, short, and unarmed : head large and distinct : mouth circular, with a muscular lip : jaws * From the head being surrounded by feet. VOL. V. G 122 CEPHALOPODA. resembling a parrot's beak, and consisting of two homy pieces that overlap one another : eyes sessile (except in Nautilus, where they are pedunculated), very large and prominent, and of a complicated structure : foot divided into 8 lobes called arms, which in the Dibranchiata are closely studded on the inner side with cup-shaped suckers, like those of the tentacles ; these arms serve for catching and retaining the prey, as well as for crawling : gills internal, 2 or 4, symmetrical, pyramidal, and laminar. Sexes separate. Shell, when present, in the Dibranchiata mostly internal and supporting the back, and consisting of a cartilaginous or cellular plate ; but in Argonauta it is external, and forms a single nautiloid chamber ; and in Spirula it is partly external, and forms a spiral of several chambers, the last of which is occupied by part of the body ; in the Tetrabranchiata it is invariably external, nautiloid in shape, and formed of nume- rous chambers, the last of which contains the whole body. The Cephalopoda, including the '' Squids '' and "Cuttlefishes^^ (which are the only British kinds), are the highest class of the MoUusca, having a more spe- cialized organization than any other class; and they are in many respects allied to the true fishes. Their history also is more ancient, the Octopus vulgaris {tto- XuTTou?) with its suckers being used as a simile in the Odyssey. Aristotle seems to have been intimately acquainted with all the principal kinds living in the eastern archipelago of the Mediterranean, as well as with their anatomy, habits, embryology, and sexual conditions, including the hectocotylus, or that strange terminal process of one of the arms of the male Argo- nauta which is developed at the proper season, and serves for propagation. This last remarkable fact was not rediscovered until 1841, when Delle Chiaje, and afterwards Verany, noticed it. The inky fluid which all Cephalopods emit, from fear or in order to escape detec- tion, was compared to urine by the celebrated Greek CEPHALOPODA. 123 naturalist and philosopher, who considered its recep- tacle an analogue of the bladder in Vertebrate animals. The purple fluid of Aplysia is probably of the same nature. Some of his successors dealt more in fabulous tales than in such accurate and careful investigations. I will content myself with giving a sample of these stories. According to Oppian the Polypus is so vora- cious that when it keeps its den in winter as a shelter from storms, and can procure no food, it eats its own arms, which soon grow again, so as to be always ready to appease its hunger ; and sometimes in the summer it climbs olive-trees to get at the jfruit. ^lian tells us that a Polypus, which had grown to the size of a whale, crept up a sewer into the house of a merchant at Puteoli, and devoured his stock of salt fish. Not less credulous in modern times was Denys de Montfort, whose "poulpe colossal,^' in the act of scuttling a three-master, is represented in the woodcut (copied from Sonnini's edition of Buffbn) at the end of this sub- ject. Victor Hugo^s fanciful account of the " pieuvre '^ {Octopus vulgaris), in his '^ Travailleurs de la mer,^ is more excusable, because he does not pretend to be a naturalist. But the real men of science, from Swam- merdam and Lister to Cuvier, Owen, and Steenstrup, who have studied the Cephalopods in every aspect, are very numerous ; and I regret that want of space pre- vents my doing justice to their researches. Two or three points yet remain to be cleared up. Loven re- gards the fannel as the homologue of a foot (^'pes in tubum propulsorium efibrmatus ") ; but Mecznikow disputes this; and I am inclined to agree with the Russian zoologist, for the reason inferentially assigned in my description of the class. Aristotle says that when the female Sepia has laid its eggs, the male swims g2 124 CEPHALOPODA. about and sprinkles them over with its milt^ a mode of fertilization supposed to be peculiar to certain fishes ; and that the Octopus incubates or broods, taking no nourishment during that period, and consequently be- coming weak and much reduced in size. He gives about two years as the dxiration of life for all the Cephalopods. None of the above observations have been confirmed. There can be no doubt that this class comprises the giants of the Mollusca, bearing the same relation as whales to other Mammalia and sharks among the Fishes. The kraken, even, may not be an absolute myth, but one of the endless wonders 'E^ akbs, old re TroXXa rpe^e.i kXvtos 'Afi^iTpirt]. Prof. Steenstrup has collected several trustworthy ac- counts of such monsters, which he refers to a species of Architeuthis , his A. monachus. One of these, described in Paulsen^s MS., was cast ashore on the Danish coast ; its body measured 3| fathoms, and the tentacles 3 fathoms, a total length of 39 feet. Dr. Morch in- forms me that another was found in 1854 at the Skag, in Jutland, which filled a large cart ; its beak was 9 in- ches long. The mutilated carcase of a huge Cephalo- pod, perhaps belonging to Steenstrup^s species, was stranded in 1860 or 1861 between Hillswick and Scalloway, on the west of Shetland. From a com- munication received by Prof. Allman it appears that the tentacles were 16 feet long, the pedal arms about half that length, and the mantle-sac 7 feet ; the mantle was terminated by fins ; one of the suckers examined by Prof. Allman was | inch in diameter. Dr. Johnston, after showing that the adhesion of the suckers in some Cephalopods is strengthened by a horny ring round the edge of each, which is often armed with sharp incurved CEPHALOPODA. 125 teeth, remarks : — " It must, then, be a fearful thing for any living creature to come within their compass ; for, entangled in the slimy serpentine grasp of eight or ten arms, and held by the pressure of some hundreds of exhausted cups, escape is hopeless ; and the struggles of the hapless victim, by bringing its body into more rapid contact with the suckers not yet applied, only accelerate its fate/^ The Cephalopods subsist on fishes, moUusca, and Crustacea. Although they are mostly zoophagous, as well as ferocious, Johnston observed that Ommatostrephes todarus was phytophagous also. They are a favourite food of fishes, and make the best bait ; gulls and other sea-fowl prey on them; and in the Mediterranean, from Homeric times, man has esteemed them as delicacies. Aristotle states that when in spawn they are better eating. They usually swim backwards by the action of the ventral muscles, the water taken in at the open part of the mantle-sac being ejected through the funnel in a continuous stream, and causing a repel- lent motion. The members of the Loligo family, how- ever, use their fins and swim forwards. Sailors have given some of them the name of " flying squids,^' from their habit of leaping out of the water, often to such a height as to fall on the decks of vessels ; whether their fins serve the purpose of wings may be doubted. They crawl by means of the foot-lobes or arms, and seize their prey with the tentacles, by which they also moor them- selves when at rest. Barbut compares the noise made by a cuttlefish, on being dragged out of the water, to the grunting of a hog. The sudden changes of colour and the pigment -spots or chromatophores (which latter were at one time supposed to shift their places, but are now known to be merely extensile and com- pressible at the wiU of the animal) were first noticed by 126 CEPHALOPODA. Cuvier^ and subsequently more fully investigated by De la Fresnaye, the title of wbose paper*, ^^ Sur la mobilite des taches que Ton remarque sur la peau des Calmars subule et sepiole (de Lamarck) , et sur la coloration spon- tanee dont les sepiaires paraissent susceptibles/^ will speak for itself. He inferred that this characteristic phenomenon was similar to that of the chameleon. All Cuttlefishes are more or less phosphorescent. The eyes have a microscopic property, and may almost serve as magnifying-glasses. " China ink '^ or " Indian ink " was formerly supposed to be prepared from the fluid of some kind of Cuttlefish ; but it has now been ascertained that the base of this paint is soot from the smoke of oil-lamps. ^' Sepia/' however, has a more legitimate origin. Cuvier used the colouring-matter of S. offici- nalis to illustrate the plates in his famous ' Memoires.' The odontophore of the Cephalopods somewhat re- sembles that of the Pteropods (Woodward) . The derivation of the word '^ cuttle " is given in the ' Imperial Dictionary ' as from the Saxon verb " cudele/' in Welsh "cuziaw/^ and in Armorican '^cutafi*''' or "cuddyo/^ all signifying the sense of withdrawing or hiding ; hence our pet word '^ cuddle.''^ This class is the Cryptodibranchiata of De BlainviUe. Order DIBBANCHIATA, Owen. Body naked : gills 2. Mr. Hyatt (Mem. Bost. N. H. Soc. n. s. i. pt. 2. p. 208) calls these the " polar '' forms of the Pteropoda, and observes that " the general aspect, the arrangement * M6m. Soc. Linn, du Calvados, 1824, pp. 73-84. TEUTHIDiE. 127 and position of the oral region, and the disposition of the internal organs are the same in both/' A. DECA'CERA, De Blainville. Decapoda, Fer. and D'Orb. Mantle expanded on each side : tentacles 2, elongated, en- larged and club-shaped at the extremity: arms 8; each sucker supported by a short stalk, and encircled by a horny ring : gills partly attached. Shell consisting of a cartilaginous or cellular plate. Family I. TEU'THID^, Owen. Mantle furnished on each side with a fin or wing-like lobe. Shell cartilaginous or laminar, and pen-like. t Body elongated and cylindrical : Jlns triangular, coalescing at the base of the mantle, so as to form a rhomb : sucker- cups having their edges spinous. Commonly known as '^ Squids/' They often swim in shoals. The larger kinds, as well as the Sepice, are in great request by the fishermen on our southern coasts for bait. They are caught by trawling, and also close to the land with a seine net, or from a boat with a rod and long line. In the last case, when the squid or cuttlefish is hooked, it is drawn in slowly, and, then, being gaffed in the tail, it is held at a short distance from the boat to allow it to discharge its ink. It is said that they fre- quent the shore in pursuit of the fry of pilchards and other fishes, and that the young squids take shelter in the mantle-pouch of their parent. 128 TEUTHIDiE. Genus I. OMMATO'STREPHES^ (Ommastrephes) D^Orbigny. PI. V. f. 1. Eyes naked, and provided with a deep lachrymal sinus. Shell terminating at its lower extremity in a small open pouch. The difference between this genus and Loligo is Tery slight. 1. Ommatostrephes TODA^RUsf^, Dellc Chiaje. Loligo todarus, D. Ch. Mem. An. s. Vert. Nap. iv. t. Ix. Ommastrejphes todarus, F. & H. iv. p. 233, pi. EEE. f. 2. Body tapering to a blunt point : fins flanking the lower part i\~i) ^^ ^^ mantle : tentacles almost as long as the body ; their under surfaces are covered with suckers nearly to the base ; at first the suckers are very small, but they become suddenly larger towards the extremities ; small suckers on longer stalks are intermingled with the larger ones ; each sucker is encircled by a homy denticulated ring : mouth having its lip studded with suctorial papillae : arms stout, unequal in size and length, the two lateral pairs being the longest ; every arm has 2 rows of suckers ; the arms are united at their base by a webbed membrane. L. (exc. tent.) 12-15. B. (exc. fins) 3-3-5 Shell straight, ribbed in the middle and at each side, di- lated above, contracted below into an oblong blade, and ter- minating in a small pouch. L. 10-12. B. 0*5. Habitat : Berwick Bay (Johnston) ; Northumberland and Durham (Alder, as Loligo sagittata); Moray Firth (S tables,, ^c^e Gordon) ; Scottish seas, common (Fleming, 2iS L. sagittata) ; Firth of Forth (Forbes); Youghal (Ball); Cork (AUman); Norway (Sars); Boh.-Finm. (Loven); * Turning its eyes ; properly Ommatostrophus. t Possibly from todi, a kind of small birds. OMMATOSTREPHES. 129 Faroe I. (Landt^ as Sepia loligo, and Steenstrup); Me- diterranean (Verany)j Naples and Sicily (Philippi). Feeds occasionally on seaweeds,, especially Alaria es- culent a. '^ Ink of a blackish-brown colour or dark olive-green^^ (Johnston). 2. O. sagitta'tus*, Lamarck. Loligo sagiUata, Lam. Mem. Soc. H. N. p. 13. Ommastrephes sagittatus, F. & H. iv. p. 231, pi. ERR. f. 1. Body pinkish or fleshcolour, covered all over with nume- rous red and brown spots, all of them small and some minute : fins resembhng a broad arrow-head, from J to nearly | the length of the mantle : tentacles nearly two inches longer than the mantle ; their stalks are cylindrical, quite smooth, and free from suckers ; the clubs are narrow, and represent about ^ of the total length ; the largest suckers are in the middle, and the smallest at each end of the club : arms having the suckers arranged alternately in two rows, one on each side, the middle being smooth ; those on the outer and inner extremities are very minute and crowded ; the two lateral pairs of arms are the longest, as in 0. todarus; aU the arms are crested on 'the back and webbed at the base ; there are no suckers near the mouth. L. 14. B. 4. Shell resembling a very long oar with a broad handle, the blade occupying not much more than i of the whole length : sculpture, a microscopic granulation in some parts ; besides the midrib, which extends all the way, the haft has from 2 to 4 slighter ribs on each side, and the blade is closely but irregu- larly striated lengthwise. L. 11. B. 0*4. Habitat : Brighton (Dowager Marchioness of Hast- ings, fide Forbes and Hanley); Folkestone (Mackie, on same authority); Guernsey (Gallienne and Cooper); Falmouth (Cocks) ; Polperro (Laughrin). L^'Orient (Gand, ^c?e Tasle) ; Arcachon (Lafont); Mediterranean, from Nice to Sicily (Risso, PhiKppi, and others) ; Venice (Nardo). * Provided with arrows. g5 130 TEUTHIDiE. Verany says it is migratory. De Blainville named it Loligo sagittata ; and Cantraine erroneously considered it the younger state of O. todarus. The Loligo EblancB of Ball (Proc. R. Ir. Ac. i. p. 362, pis. 1-7), from Dublin Bay and Lough Strangford, ap- pears to be the female of O. sagittatm. He evidently did not know the latter species, for which he mistook O. todarus. Through the kindness of Prof. Wyville Thomson I have examined the late Mr. Wm. Thompson's specimen of 0. Eblance referred to by Forbes and Hanley . Genus II. LOLI'GO^ Schneider. PL V. f. 3. Eyes covered with a membrane, which has a small opening ; no lachrymal sinus. Shell terminating in an open point. Gould says as to L. illecebrosa, which is the most common species on the Massachusetts coast, that " they devour immense numbers of small fish, and it is amusing to watch their movements and see how, at a distance of several feet, they will poise themselves, and in an in- stant, with the rapidity of lightning, the prey is seized in their long arms, and instantaneously swallowed.^' 1. Loligo vuLGA'Risf, Lamarck. L. vulgaris, Lam. Mem. Soc. H. N. p. 11 ; F. & H. iv. p. 226, pi. LLL. Body pale fleshcolour or yellowish-white, closely speckled with purplish-brown ; it is rather slender : Jlns broad and obtuse-angled, extending about f the length of the mantle, and coalescing at its base : tentacles vermiform, as long as the head and mantle together, smooth for ^ of ^their length ; club armed with numerous and crowded suckers, which are * The ancient name of this kind of Cephalopod. t Common. LOLIGO. 131 irregularly arranged in 4 rows ; the suckers are largest in the middle, diminishing in size towards the base, and minute at the extremity : funnel or pipe large and conical : head long : arms rather short and thick, curled when in a state of con- traction; the largest pair is the second, on the ventral or lower side ; suckers arranged in 2 irregularly alternate rows ; web small and thin. L. (exc. tent.) 18-24. Shell not unlike the sheath of an ear of maize ; haft occu- pying about I of the total length ; extremity tapering to a fine point ; midrib strong and quill-Hke on the haft, and gra- dually lessening in size towards the other extremity or point. L. 15-18. B. 1-25-1-5. Habitat : Aberdeenshire to Cornwall. Its foreign distribution appears to be very extensive, although it is possible that other species may have been confounded with it, under the names of Sepia loligo and L. vulgaris, Fabricius gives Greenland, Mohr Iceland, Linne Swe- den, Waardenburg Holland, Tasle Brittany, Aucapitaine the Bay of Biscay, Bisso and others the Mediterranean, and Stossich Trieste. Steenstrup has renamed our species L. Forbesii, distinguishing it from the Mediter- ranean species by the comparative size of the suckers on the tentacles and arms, these being equal in L. For- besii, and very unequal in L. vulgaris. But Krohn has shown that the female of Rossia dispar has equal-sized suckers, while in the male they are unequal ; and it is therefore unsafe to depend on this character. Lister described the anatomy of our species with his usual care. "Ink jet-black ^^ (Johnston, who also mentions a cannibal habit). In the ^ Speculum Mundi ' it has the name of " Sea-clerk," from its having a knife, pen, and ink; the Hartlepool fishermen, according to Mr. Hogg, call it "ten-tails." The spawn-clusters have been estimated to contain nearly 40,000 eggs. This was in all probability the revOo^; of Aristotle, and undoubtedly the Loligo magna of Bondelet. 133 TEUTHIDiE. 2. L. me'dia"^, Linne. Sepia rmdia, Linn. S. N. p. 1095. i. media, F. & H. iv. p. 228, pi. QQQ. f. 1. Body tapering below to a point, silvery-grej, almost trans- parent, with a tint of fleshcolour, and closely speckled with purplish-brown : fins rather narrow, inclined to a semicircular shape, placed at a distance varying between \ and | from the tail or extremity : tentacles slender, sometimes longer than the rest of the body, but usually | of its length ; club lan- ceolate, occuppng about \ of each tentacle ; suckers longest in the middle, minute and crowded at the top : Jiead short : eyes prominent : arms unequal in size, the ventral or lowest pair being the largest ; suckers irregularly biserial. L. (exc. tent.) 4-5. B. (exc. fins) 0-75. Shell resembling a willow-leaf; midrib strong. L. 3'25. B. 0-275. Habitat : English, Bristol, St. George's, and North Channels, as well as the German Ocean ; Clyde district (Smith and Norman) ; Peterhead (Peach) . Norway to Corunnaj Mediterranean and Adriatic. Usually considered the revdU of Aristotle. It is the L. parva of Rondelet and Leach, and L. subulata of Lamarck. The squid described and figured by Forbes and Han- ley (iv. p. 230, pi. QQQ. f. 2), from the Irish coasts, as L. Marmorce of Verany appears to be the female of L. media. The body is said to be stouter, and the fins to meet at the extremity of the mantle. Verany doubt- fully refers this so-called species to L. media and L. subulata. Dr. Rose, in the ^Zoologist' for 1853 (p. 3864), has recorded the occurrence of Onychoteuthis Banksii at Banff". This genus has the tentacular club armed with hook-like cups, besides suckers at their base. The * Intermediate in size, viz. between L. vulgaris and Sepiola Eondeleti. ROSSIA. 133 species being a native of the Indian Ocean, judgment must be reserved as to its British habitat. ft Body short : fins semicircular, widely separated, and wing- hke : sucker-cups having the edges of their rings smooth. Genus III. RO'SSIA^ Owen. PL VI. f. 1. Body oval : mantle more or less globular ; its edges are free all round, and not united with the head by a Hgament : fins small, placed behind on the middle of the sides : eyes covered by a tegumentary hd, with a small opening : arms in unequal pairs. Shell lanceolate, shorter than the mantle. Woodward made this a subgenus of Sepiola. The difference consists in that genus having its mantle united with the head by a ligament on the back. 1. BossiA MACROso^MAf, Dellc Chiaje. Sepiola macrosoma, D. Ch. Mem. iv. t. Ixxi. i?. macrosoma, F. & H. iv. p. 222, pi. NNN. f. 1. Body smooth, fleshcolour, irregularly covered with minute purple specks : mantle semioblong : fins attached throughout at the base : tentacles worm-hke and slender, as long as the head and mantle together; club crested on each side, and bearing extremely numerous and crowded minute suckers on the inner or lower surface : head short and broad : eyes large and prominent : arms lanceolate, the two lower pairs being the largest ; all except the ventral pair are interwebbed at their bases ; suckers globular, on long stalks, diminishing in size towards the tips of the arms, and irregularly disposed in 3 or 4 rows. L. (exc. tent.) 2-5-3. B. (exc. fins) 1. Shell slightly expanding towards the point. L. 1*5. B. 0-4. Habitat : Dublin Bay (Ball and Kinahan); estuaries * After Sir John Ross, the arctic navigator, t Having a large body. 134 TEUTHIDiE. of the Dee and Mersey (Colling wood); Isle of Wight (Saxby, fide F. & H.); Aberdeenshire (coll. Macgilli- vray); Hebrides and Shetland, in 40-75 f. (J. G. J.). It is rare or not often met with. Bohuslan (Loven, as R. Owenii), Mediterranean (D. Chiaje, Risso, Philippic and Verany). Steenstrup, who is one of the greatest authorities on the Cephalopods, considers R. Owenii of Ball the male, and his R. Jacobii the female of R. macrosoma. Ball described R. Owenii as having the arm-suckers very large and distinct, and like *' pearls in a diadem ; '''' they are ranged in 3 rows (oblique rows of 3 or 4, F. & H.), those in the centre row being not more than half the diameter of those on each side; on the first pair of arms the suckers are more numerous, more equal in size, and smaller than on the other arms. He described R. Jacobii as much larger, its suckers smaller, and its arms proportionally shorter. A small Cephalopod of this genus, which I dredged in Shetland, having longer and more slender tentacles^ with the club at the extremity only, and the arm- suckers symmetrically arranged in a double row. Prof. Loven says ^' may very possibly be the young of my Rossia glaucopis." This species was discovered by him in Finmark, and has since been found by Sars on the same coast in 20 f. 2. R. papilli'fera^, Jeffreys. BoBT stout, and of a more solid consistence than that of the foregoing species ; the back of the mantle, head, and arms is covered with small whitish pimples, which are mostly placed on the chromatophores, and irregularly scattered over the surface ; these pimples are more numerous and smaller on the upper part of the body ; colour pinkish-grey, with the usual * Covered with pimples. SEPIOLA. 135 purple spots, which on the back of the mantle or sac are some- what elongated and inclined to be linear ; the ventral or under side and the outer edges of the fins are of a much paler tint : mantle roundish-oval, truncated above : fins proportionally small, attached throughout at the base : tentacles rather thick, not extending below the middle of the mantle ; club terminal and small, crested on each side, and furnished with small and numerous but not crowded suckers : funnel short, very broad at the base : head large and broad : eyes not very prominent, having a thick and wrinkled lid : arms stout ; the second pair, on the ventral side, the largest ; all except the ventral pair are connected below by a strong web ; suckers bead-like, each supported by a short pedicle ; they are larger on the lower part and in the middle of each arm, and become very small at the tips ; the mode of arrangement is biserial, each row occu- pying one side only of the under part, the middle being smooth. L. 1-75. B. 0-875. Habitat : North of Shetland ; an apparently adult specimen from 90-100 f., and another very young one from 60-80 f. I have not described the shell, from a dislike to mutilate the typical specimen. Notwithstanding the extremely active habits of this class,, my largest specimen bears a colony of a minute species of Tubularia (probably new, or at least unde- scribed by Mr. Hincks), with a smooth and simple stalk, which had deeply implanted itself in the head, near the right eye and at the base of the other. Genus IV. SEPI'OLA^ Rondelet. PI. VI. f. 2. Body oval: mantle globose; its dorsal or hinder edge is connected in the middle with the head by a broad ligament : fins small, placed as in Rossia, but thinner : eyes partly covered by a cuticle or lid : arms in unequal pairs. Shell small, bat-shaped. These pretty little cuttlefishes frequent shallower water than their cousins the Rossice. * Diminutive of Sepia. 136 TEUTHID.E. Sepiola Rondele'ti"^, (Rondeletii) Leach. 8. Bondeletii, Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. p. 140 ; F. & H. iv. p. 220, pi. MMM. f. 2 (as 8. Atlantica) and f. 3. Body smooth, fleshcolour, with irregular blotches and spots of dark purple ; underside of a paler hue ; the reflected edges of the mantle, as well as the fannel, outer part of the fins, and the inner sides of the tentacles and arms are yellowish- white : mantle semioval or bell-shaped : fins leaf-like, proportionally- large, somewhat angulated at the top: tentacles vermiform, in the male nearly twice as long as the head and mantle together ; in the female not above ^ of that length ; club crested outside, and closely studded underneath with very minute equal-sized suckers : funnel small : head large : eyes prominent ; " iris black, conjunctiva white " (Johnston): arms short, the second ventral pair largest; suckers regularly arranged in 2 rows, the largest in the middle ; in the female they are crowded and 4-ranked on the tips of the lowest or ventral pair of arms. L. l'25-l-5. B. 0-625-0-75. Shell thin. Habitat : Every part of the British coasts, from Shetland (Maclaurin) to Cornwall (Cocks and Langh- rin). It is not unfrequently caught in shrimp-nets; Forbes and Hanley give a depth of from 7 to 20 f. among the Hebrides. Grreenland [VLoWoWj fide Steen- strup) to the jEgean (Forbes) . Mr. Alder^s account is amusing : — " This is an odd fish, crouching generally at the bottom like a toad, with its great goggle eyes half-closed, and sometimes crawling along by means of its suckers, pufiing the water through the funnel all the time. When it does take to swim- ming, it darts very quickly through the water, and is difiBcult to catch. When taken out of the water and placed on the hand, it had recourse to an odd mode of progression, turning two or three somersets in tumbler- * From Eondelet, a French physician and naturalist. SEPIOLA. 137 fashion^ first laying hold with its arms, turning over, and laying hold again until it managed to get back into the water /^ According to Mr. Gosse {' Zoologist ' for 1853), it burrows in the sand by blowing through its funnel and using its arms with their sucking-disks to remove small stones and gravel. He also saw it eject several times in succession a jet of inky fluid; but apparently not for the purpose of concealment, because the matter did not difiiise itself in the water, but re- mained in a coagulated state, and when moved with a stick was drawn into slimy strings. I am informed by Mr. Laughrin that some spawn which he hatched rose to the surface as they came out, and continued there for some time before they went to the bottom. This reminds one of the observations of Gr. O. Sars as to the fry of the codfish. Bouchard- Chantereaux has given some particulars of the spawn of S. Rondeleti. It is deposited towards the end of May and beginning of June, in the form of a bluish gelatinous mass, in the centre of which the eggs are arranged as if around an axis. Each mass contains from 40 to 130 eggs. The female produces from 15 to 36 spawn-masses; and these are united at their base by an amorphous glutinous stalk which is attached to submarine bodies. The fry is hatched in from 22 to 25 days. Mr. Alder noticed the instantaneous change of colour in newly hatched individuals, " becoming red or white alternately several times during the day^^; and Forbes mentions a Skye specimen being always pale when put in a dark place. The " calamaretto " and " seppietta '' of the Italians, and one of the most esteemed "frutti di mare^^ in the Mediterranean and Adriatic. It is the Sepia sepiola of Linne, and Sepiola vulgaris of Grant. The male is Sepiola Atlantica of D^Orbigny. 138 SEPIIDiE. Family II. SEPI'IDiE, {Be^idm) D'Orbigny. Body oval, compressed: mantle shield-like, edged nearly throughout its length on each side by a narrow fin: head united behind to the mantle by a triangular muscle : eyes pro- vided with a lid. Shell (sometimes called "bone") elliptical, solid, formed of numerous horizontal layers, which are interconnected by innumerable minute perpendicular laminae, making the struc- ture cellular or honeycomb -like ; it is margined by a cartila- ginous membrane, and armed at the lower end with a spike or crest. The only known genus is SE'PIA*, Pliny. PL VI. f. 3. 1. Sepia officina Lisf; Linne. 8. officinalis, Linn. S. N. p. 1095 ; F. & H. iv. p. 238, pi. 000, and (shell) pi. PPP. f. 1. Body broad, smooth or slightly tubercled on the back, of beautiful and various colours, usually brown striped across with white in a bifurcating fashion, like a zebra, and covered with irregular purplish chromatophores and white specks ; the ventral area is paler, and the chromatophores are larger and more distinct : fins thin, nearly equal in breadth ; they are interrupted near the base : tentacles very long ; club expanded at the sides into a plaited flounce, and bearing underneath several rows of unequal-sized suckers, those in the centre being large and few, and the terminal ones minute and nume- rous : head comparatively narrow : eyes prominent and black : arms rather short, stout, lanceolate, and subcarinated ; their edges are fringed by a membrane, and the fourth (or ventral) pair is crested; suckers in 4 rows, equal and regular, but rather small, globular, stalked, and having simple hoops (F. &H.). L. 12. B. 6. * ^rjiria, Aristotle. f Used for medicinal and other purposes. SEPIA. 139 Shell oblong (broadly lanceolate without the cartilaginous fringe), white except on the back or outer side, which is faintly tinted with fleshcolour ; it is hard and closely corru- gated like sealskin on the back, where it is divided down the middle by an indistinct ridge, which widens towards the front and has a slight furrow on each side ; under or inner side soft, raised in the centre, from which there is a gradual slope to- wards the front, and excavated towards the other end, so as to expose the successive layers of growth ; the surface of the raised portion is microscopically fretted ; that of the excavated portion is marked with a few shght and irregular longitudinal lines, and is of a silvery and somewhat iridescent hue : cartila- ginoxis fringe or margin glossy, narrow and nearly equal in width in front and on each side, but gradually becoming wider and expanding towards the other end, where it is very broad and raised like a ledge : apophysis spike-shaped and short, connected with the main fabric by a series of close-set fibrous lines ; it is proportionally more prominent in young than in adult specimens. L. 8-9. B. 3-4. Habitat : Aberdeenshire to Cornwall ; generally distributed. Norway (MUUer and others) to the ^gean (Forbes). Pierius, in his ^ Hieroglyphica/ gives the Sepia a bad character, representing it as the symbol of lying, wickedness, letters, the slippery love of woman, and weather. Its pigment is said by Persius to have been used as ink ; and its shell (the arjinov of Aristotle) was formerly in great vogue for medicinal and various other purposes. When pounded it makes a tolerable denti- frice ; and pieces are sometimes put into the cages of singing-birds to sharpen their beaks. Cantraine states that this cuttlefish was shot with arrows in the summer at Messina. I have a shell of S, Filliouxi, Lafont., in Mr. Clark^s Exmouth collection. It is proportionally shorter, and broader (especially towards the base), than the shell of S. officinalis J and is much flatter on the underside ; the 140 SEPIIDiE. excavated portion extends over § of that side, and the layers are more remote ; the cartilaginous hood at the base is larger and deeper,, and the spike is smaller and less conspicuous. This species inhabits the northern and western coasts of France. 2. S. e'legans"^, De Blainville. 8. elegans, De Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat. t. Ixviii. p. 44, and Faune Franc. Hvr. 18. p. 19, pi. 3A. f. 2. Body bluish-brown, with small transverse white lines and a marginal row of white dots on the back ; underside dirty white speckled with red : mantle oval, depressed, terminating at the base in a small point in the middle, which represents the beak of the shell : fins or swimming- organs narrow in front and enlarging towards the base, where they are disunited : tentacles ^ longer than the ventral portion of the body and the head taken together : arms having 4 rows of pedunculated suckers ; ventral or lowest pair the largest (De Blainville). Shell boat-shaped; it is much smaller, narrower, and more slender than in the first species; the back is deeply tinged with fleshcolour, the cartilaginous margin on the upper- side being tinted with yellow ; the corrugation is more dehcate and not so distinct; instead of the medial ridge there are several slight furrows, of which 2 or 3 are more conspicuous than the rest ; the underside is scarcely raised in the centre, and the excavated portion is more strongly lineated ; the car- tilaginous fringe is not so disproportionately broad at the base ; apophysis or beak longer, more prominent, and triangular instead of rounded. L. 4. B. 1-25. Habitat : Oxwich Bay, near Swansea (J. G. J.), and Guernsey (F. C. Lukis) ; one entire shell and the greater part of another. North and North-west of France (De Blainville and others); Genoa (Verany); Algiers (Au- capitaine) . S. Orbignyana of Ferussac. * Elegant. SEPIA. 141 3. S. biseria'lis*^ (bisserialis) De Montfort. S. bisserialis, (De Montfort) Yerany, Moll. M6d. i. p. 75, pi. 26 ; F. & H. iv. p. 241, (shell) pi. PPP. f. 2. Body oblong, of a delicate greyish-pink colour, closely covered with minute purplish-brown chromatophores or pig- ment-spots of various shapes and sizes ; those on the underside or belly are larger and more scattered, the spots on the upper- side or back being smaller and very crowded : mantle tough, with a membranous outer skin : Jlns equal in width, extending from a little below the upper edge of the mantle to near the base : tentacles exceeding in length the mantle and head to- gether ; stalks slender and smooth ; club very small, marked obliquely on the outer side with rows of purplish-brown specks, and irregularly studded underneath with small suckers, besides 2 or 3 much larger ones at the base of the club ; the pedicles of the suckers are long : funnel conical and wide : head large, broadly triangular : eyes prominent, resembling those of a fish : arms short and thick, the ventral or lowest pair by far the largest ; arm- suckers irregularly arranged, some of the arms (especially in certain specimens) having 2 either symmetrical or alternate rows, while other arms in the same specimens have 3 of such rows ; these suckers are nearly equal in size from the base until they approach the tips, where they become minute and crowded; all the arms, except the ventral pair, are slightly webbed at the base. L. (exc. tent.) 3. B. 1-5. Shell narrowly lanceolate and very slender ; back or upper- side firm, of a delicate rosy fleshcolour, its margin being covered with a broad and thin yellowish epidermis ; this side is slightly shagreen ed, and exhibits all the layers of growth, of which more than 100 may be counted ; the medial ridge is distinct and narrow throughout ; underside soft, white, raised at about i of the distance from the front, to which it slopes ; the excavated part occupies the remaining |; this part is of a silvery hue, and is marked down the middle by a distinct furrow, besides several slight longitudinal lines ; the excavated part is furnished at the sides with a slender rib, which forms a curve at the base ; the whole surface of the underside is microscopically fretted : cartilaginous fringe narrow and thin on the upper part, much broader and raised like the sides of a * In two rows ; from the arrangement of the arm-suckers. 142 OCTOPIDiE. boat on the lower part, and forming an abruptly defined and regular hood at the base : apopTiysis crest-shaped, not project- ing beyond the base, consisting of a slight and sharp ridge for about a quarter of an inch at the back, and elevated at the base into an irregular and jagged prominence, which in some specimens extends to the top of the cartilaginous hood. L. 2*5. B. 0-9. Habitat : Polperro (Laughrin) ; shells only on sandy beaches at Mawgan Forth in Cornwall^ and Oxwich Bay near Swansea (J. G. J.), Guernsey (F. C. Lukis), Northumberland (Alder), and Magilligan in Derry county (Hyndman). It has consequently a rather extensive range. North-west of France (D^Orbigny pere and others); Mediterranean and Adriatic (Philippi and Verany) . It appears to be the S. elegans of Ferussac and D'Or- bigny (but not of De Blainville)^ and perhaps also their S. rupellaria, as well as the S. rubens of Philippi. B. OCTO'CERA, De Blainville. Octopoda, Leach. Mantle globular or oval, symmetrical, and usually not ex- panded on either side : the ventral portion is small in compa- rison with the rest of the body : arms 8, webbed at the base ; suckers sessile, not pedunculated, nor having a horny ring : gills attached by the stalk only. Shell none, except in the genus Argonauta, where (in the female only) it is external and forms a single involute chamber. Family III. OCTO'PIDtE, D'Orbigny. Mantle attached to the neck, without fins or lateral expan- sions. OCTOPUS. 143 Genus I. OCTO'PUS*, Lamarck. PL VII. f. 1. Arm-suckers arranged in two rows. The famous TioXvirov^ or Polypus of classical writers ; its suckers [KOTvXTjhove^] are even mentioned in the Odyssey. According to ancient moralists it typified a flatterer, an avaricious man, a miser, the devil, a lecher, a bad woman, a cheat, and an obstinate person. Nume- rous proverbs, epigrams, and epithets were illustrated by its well-known ways and habits ; and it was represented in coins of Syracuse and Tarentum. Swan, in his ^Speculum Mundi^ (1643), says, ^^ Polypus is a fish with many feet and a round head unto them ; it is a great enemy to the Lobster : and (as ^lian and other authors write) they can often change their colour, and by that project devoure other fishes. Their use and custome is to lie lurking closely by the sides and roots of rocks changing themselves into the colour of the same thing unto which they cleave : insomuch that they seem as a parcel of the rock : whither when the foolish fish swim, they fall into danger : for whilst they dread nothing, these Polypodes suddenly prey upon them and devoure them. And indeed this is the constancie of unfeared treacherie, which is often found in many men, who will be anything for their own ends, and nothing without them : sparing none for their own purposes nor loving any but to eficct them. Their heads indeed may well be near their feet : for they prize the trash we trample on farre above the joyes of heaven j else would they never work their fond purposes by deceitful means, and damage others to help themselves.^^ The genus Polypus of Schneider ; but Leach seems to * Having eight feet. 144 OCTOPIDiE. be the only modern naturalist who has adopted that name. . Octopus vulga'ris^, Lamarck. 0. vulgaris, Lam. M6m. Soc. H. N. p. 18 ; F. & H. iv. p. 209, pi. NNN. f.2. Body of a dusky hue, purplish-brown, reddish-yellow, or grey variegated with white ; the back is covered with orange and brown spots or chromatophores, and the whole surface with countless minute purplish specks ; the back is also more or less tuberculous or warty : funnel wide : head not large in proportion to the rest of the body : eyes globular and promi- nent : arms stout, very long, gradually tapering to a fine point, equidistant, but unequal, the dorsal pair being the smallest : suckers extending the whole of the underside, diminishing in size to the extremities of the arms ; I counted 2112 in one specimen ; the intermediate web is thick, and forms a crest on one side of each arm. L. (exc. brach.) 6 ; br. 24. B. 2. Habitat : Laminarian zone on the southern coasts of England; Liverpool (Collingwood); dredged in Lam- lash Bay, N. B. (Wyville Thomson); Firth of Forth (Grrant); Irish coasts, '^not uncommon ^^ (Templeton, fide Thompson). But Eledone cirrosa may have been in many cases mistaken for this species. O. vulgaris occurs all along the northern and north-western coasts of France, and in the Mediterranean and Adriatic; Canaries (Yerany); ? Haiti, Cuba, Bahia, Mauritius, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea (D^Orbigny). I have represented it in the frontispiece of this volume as the " pieuvre '' of the French, patiently watching for its prey, with its cold grey merciless eyes and its almost fiendish expression. Its anatomy was given by Cuvier in his usual felicitous style. Mr. J. F. Marshall fully confirms the observation made by Aristotle that it feeds chiefly on bivalves. The heaps of shells round their * Common. ELEDONE. 145 dens, which are uncovered during the recess of spring tides at Herm, is enormous ; in one of these heaps he counted more than 2000 shells, half of which were Tapes pullastrtty and the other half T. virgineus, with a few T. aureus and Psammobia vespertina. The pieuvres are used in France as a bait for conger eels ; and, according to Bouchard- Chantereaux, they are caught at neap tides with a piece of dogfish, and dragged out of their holes at low water of spring tides with a pole-hook. Cantraine says the Octopus is dreaded by the Italian divers and bathers. The water is admitted freely to the gills through a large opening between the mantle and the head on the underside, and is expelled through the funnel. When this creature is at rest, the respiration is regular and resembles the action of a pair of bellows. It is the Sepia octopodia of Linne, and Polypus anti- quorum of Leach. O. tuberculatus of De Blainville is apparently a mere variety. Genus II. ELEDO'NE^ Leach. PL VII. f. 2. Arm-suckers arranged in a single row. Aristotle, in his History of Animals (A. yS. 15), dis- tinguished this kind from Octopus (iroXvTrov^) by the above character. The difiference between them is, per- haps, not less than that which separates Ommatostrephes from Loligo. Menke, Steenstrup, and Morch have spelt the name HeledonCj supposing that the first letter was aspirated ; Gaza and Clark give Eledona. * 'EXe^wvq, Aristotle. VOL. V. H 146 OCTOPID^. Eledone cikro'sa^, Lamarck. Octopus cirrhosus, Lam. Mem. Soc. H. N. p. 2 1 , pi. 1 . f . 2 a, 5. E. cirrhoms F. & H. iv. p. 211, pi. KKK. f. 4, and pi. MMM. f. 1. Body oval, contracted below the eyes, and rounded at the base ; it is smooth or minutely granulated on the back, which is slightly convex; colouring clouded, and closely sprinkled over with small reddish-brown dots ; sides rounded, of a lighter colour, and dotted; belly flattened, bluish-white, and also sprinkled with dots, which, however, are larger, more distant, and arranged in almost regular lines : eyes rather small, of a beautiful orangecolour, resembling those of the toad, often concealed by the skin being drawn over them ; eyelids white and silvery, profusely dotted : arms fully one half longer than the rest of the body, finely tapered, connected together at their base by a membrane, which runs up the outer edge, giving each arm a winged appearance ; suckers uniserial, large, saucer-shaped, with a central hole annulated on the rim, the rim being plaited in a radiating manner ; towards the base of the arm they are longer and not in contact ; but they soon become approximate, and (gradually lessening in size) are very minute at the tips ; there are about 100 on each arm. (John- ston). L. (exc. brach.) 4-6 ; br. 10-12. B. 3-4. Habitat : Not uncommon on the coasts of Scotland, Ireland, and the north of England, in rather deep water ; Shetland (Maclaurin) ; Cheshire (Collingwood) ; Devon (Montagu) j Falmouth (Cocks). Norway and Sweden (Miiller, Strom, and Loven) ; Faroe Isles (Sys- selman Miiller,^c?e Steenstrup). Strom says it was called " Suar '^ by the Bergen folk, and that it sticks so fast to fishes as to be often taken with them. " When at rest, this Octopod lies prone on the belly, the arms spread out in front, with their extre- mities disposed in spirals on the sides. It has in this position a considerable likeness to a toad; and, often raising the back and head, its aspect is really repulsive and threatening. The changes of colour from reddish- * Curled. ELEDONE. 147 brown to a dull greyish-white^ frequently clouded or spotted with different shades, are made with remarkable velocity, and without any obvious cause. -^^^ -5^ -^ ^ It moves quickly, and always retrograde, playing its arms in a regulated graceful manner, which no one can contem- plate without wonder in a body so grotesque and appa- rently so inapt for locomotion. When it swims, the arms are all drawn together and lanced straight out from the head in a column, the body being thus by suc- cessive strokes driven backwards." (Johnston, in Proc. Berw. N. H. Club, i. p. 198.) This graphic description of its appearance and habits will serve for all the family. The specific name appears to have originated in the arms being curled. It is the Sepia octopodia of Pen- nant (but not of Linne), Octopus ventricosus of Grant, and E. Pennantii of Forbes ; E. Aldrovandi of Macgil- livray (not of Delle Chiaje) is probably the male. The only exotic species of this group which has been observed in our seas is the Spirula australis of Bru- guiere or S, Peronii of Lamarck. Empty shells have been found on nearly every part of the British coasts, from Shetland to the Land^s End, as well as in the Faroe Isles and in the north-west of France, and at Gibraltar, Malaga, Algiers, the Canaries, Azores, and Nantucket. Its home is the Caribbean Sea and more southern latitudes, whence the Gulf-stream or Equa- torial current transports this with other floating inter- tropical products to the Bay of Biscay ; and from that point they are drifted northwards by the prevalent winds. h2 Le poulpe colossal. SUPPLEMENT. So many new treatises in different languages and such a mass of fresh observations have incessantly poured in upon me since the first volume of this work appeared (now seven years ago), that another volume would scarcely suffice for the additions, corrections, and expla- natory remarks which I have noted in my interleaved set of the volumes already published. I must therefore endeavour to compress these notes into the smallest possible compass ; and I hope my numerous correspon- dents will pardon me if I do not give all the valuable information which they have kindly contributed. My critics will perhaps not be offended by my silence. But as to two of them — and I say it in the most friendly spirit — I would recommend Professor Romer to compare a sufficient number of specimens from the Atlantic and Mediterranean before he again asserts positively that Tapes geograpMcus and T. pullastra are not the same species ; and if Herr Weinkauff would consult the ori- ginal work of Da Costa, he would find that Donax vit- tatus and other species were really described by him in the strict Linnean method. In order to save space, the letter E will denote exotic or extra-British habitats, and F the localities for upper tertiary or quaternary fossils. Vol. I. Introduction, p. xxv, line 6 from bottom, for " three millions " read " one million." P. xxxii, 1. 17 from top, for " foot " r. " rood. P. xxxvi, Aplysia is not a Nudibranch. 150 SUPPLEMENT. P. xxxix, 1. 14 from bottom, after "chalk" add " and gneiss." P. xlii, 1. 3 from top, for " marble " r. " bronze." P. Ixxxii, last 1., for *' ehenus " r. " lutescens.^^ P. cii, 1. 6 from top, for "LiUjeborg" r. "Loven"; and 1. 7, for "Denmark" r. " Sweden." P. cxi, 1. 10 from bottom, for '' nodiferus" r. '^nodifer"; and add " Lepton sulcatulum and Bissoa lacteal P. 1. — SPHiEKiiD^. The cylinder is placed at the shorter end, and not on the same side as the ligament — this being contrary to the usual position of the tubes in the Conchifera. P. 5. — Sph^rium coenexjm. E. Siberia (Gerstfeldt). Yar. Scaldiuna. Many places. E. Wisby, Sweden (Lindstrom, as Gydas lacustris of Nilsson). C.flavescens, Macgillivray. Var. ^isidioides. A form approaching this variety has been taken by Mr. Jordan near Bath, and by Mr. Nelson near Birming- ham. Mr. Rich found a monstrosity of the variety, having the lower tube divided or forked. P. 7. — S. KivicoLA. Near Bath (Daniel). E. Russia (Jelski); Denmark (Poulsen). P. 8. — S. OVALE. Wakefield (Lumb, j^c^e Harting). P. 10. — S. LAcrsTEE. Near Glasgow (Purdie). F. Barn- well, Cambridgeshire (A. BeU). p. 20. — PisiDiuM AMNicuM. F. Forost Bed, Norfolk (Lyell and others). Syn. Cyclas palustris, Drap., and C. obliqua, Lam. p. 20. — P. FONTiNALE. E. Algeria (Bourguignat). Var. Herislowana. F. Marine glacial deposit near Christiania (Crosskey and Robertson). P. 23. — P. PUSiLLUM. E. Greenland (MoUer, as Cyclas SteenhucMi); Sicily (Benoit); Algeria (Bourguignat). P. 25.— P. NiTiDUM. F. Forest Bed (A. BeU). E. South- ern range as in last. P. 32. — XJnio tumidus. E. Russia (Jelski). P. 34. — IJ. picTOEUM. E. Siberia (Gerstfeldt and others); Algeria (Bourguignat). P. 37. — U. MARGAEiTiPER. E. Amoorland (Schrenck) ; Spain (Graells) ; probably also North -American, as Alasmo- donta arcuata of Barnes. A modem concordance of the Mol- SUPPLEMENT. 151 lusca inhabiting the two continents would be very useful and interesting. It might tend to reduce the excessive number of species in this family made by our Transatlantic cousins. P. 41.— Anodonta crGNEA. E. Naples (Poli). P. 43. — A. AKATiNA. E. Turkey (Bourguignat). P. 47. — Dreissen^a polymorpha. E. Denmark (Poulsen) ; S. France (Moitessier and others); Scutari (Walderdorif). It is the Mytilus Wolgce, Chemn., and has several other syno- nyms. P. 53. — Neeitina fluviatilis. Kussia (Jelski). P. 56. — Paludika contecta. E. Eorest Bed (A. Bell). E. Spain {K&so,fide GraeUs). Yar. virescens. Bandless and of a pale greenish colour. Brigg, Lincolnshire (Mr. Thos. Ball). The fry are easily distinguishable from those of P. vivipara. P. 58. — P. viviPARA. E. Mewe, near Konigsberg (Beh- rendt). E. Caspian Sea ; probably brought down the Volga (Dunker). P. 59. — Btthinia. Qu. Bithynia, a province of Asia Minor. '- Z P. 60. — B. TENTAcuLATA. E. Ycsuvius (Guiscardi). E. Greenland (E. v. Martens). Animal in winter of a yellowish chestnut-colour (Daniel). P. 61. — B. Leachii. Siberia (Middendorff, as Paludina KicJcadi of Westendorp) ; Amoorland (Schrenck). P. 63. — Hydrobia. The name of the genus of Coleoptera is Hyclrohius. Paludinella of L. Pfeiffer is a synonym of Assiminea. P. 64. — H. siMiLis. Eoot double-edged in front. Yar. Candida. Shell white. Woolwich (A. BeU). E. Denmark (Morch) to Madeira (Watson and others); Algeria (Morelet); Malta (Issel). Bythinia Baudoniarui, Gassies. P. 66. — H. VENTROSA. Orkneys (Thomas). E. Norwich Crag at Braraerton (coU. Wood); Pisa (Manzoni); ?Yienna basin (Homes). E. Denmark, Germany, Spain, Italy, Cor- sica, and Dalmatia. Synonyms endless. Turho stagnalis of Baster is H. uIvcb ; Gmeliu misquoted him and changed the specific name to stagnorum. 152 SUPPLEMENT. P. 72. — Valvata piscinalis. E. Epirus (Mousson). Var. depressa. Sicily (Pirajno). V. antiqua lives in Jutland and Sweden. P. 74. — V. CKisTATA. F. Monte Mario (Rigaeci). E. Sicily (Pirajno). P. 76, 1. 5 from bottom, before " Melampus^' insert ^' Assi- minea." P. 79. — Planorbis lineatus. E. Siberia and Amoorland (Gerstfeldt); Eriuli (Pirona). P. 81. — P. KiTiDTJs. In MuUer's own collection at Copen- hagen specimens of this and the last species are intermixed, and are named in his handwriting " P. nitidus" I am now inclined to consider this the Helix complanata of Linne ; but it may be more convenient to continue the error than to make so many resulting changes. It is the II. fontana of Lightfoot. P. riparius of Westerlund is a small variety. P. 82. — P. NAUTiLEUs. E. Sicily (Pirajno). Nautilus crista, Linne (Syst. Nat. ed. 10), and P. imbricatus, Miiller. P. 83. — P. ALBUS, var. Draparnaldi. Birmingham (Nelson). E. Sweden (Westerlund, as a distinct species). P. Crosseanus Bourguignat. Middendorff considers this species identical with P. hirsutus of Gould from North America. P. liispidus, Schroter and Draparnaud. P. 85. — P. GLABEE. E. Greenland (MoUer, as P. arcticus); and probably Siberia (Dunker, as P. sihiricus). P. 89. — P. CAEiNATus. E. Amoorland (Gerstfeldt); Epirus (Mousson) . P. 91.— P. coMPLANATFS. E. Forcst Bed (A. Bell). Var. alhina. Clevedon (Miss Jellie). E. N.E. and N.W. France (Barbie and others). P. 96. — Phtsa hypnorum. E. Pisa (Gentiluomo). Pierces the shells of other individuals, and feeds on them (Dixon). P. 98. — P. eontinalis. E. Amoorland to Madeira and the Canaries. Yar. curta=Planorhis gelatinus, Miill. P. 102. — LiMN-^A GLUTiNOSA. E. Lapland — Beyrout. P. 103.— L. INVOLUTA. Dr. W. HiU Evans (^ NaturaHst,' Nov. 1864) says that he " never could discover any portion of the mantle expanded over the shell." SUPPLEMENT. 153 P. 104. — L. PEREGRA. Var. Burnetii. In the stomach of a gillaroo trout caught in a lake in co. Tipperary (W^alker). Var. sinistrorsa. Pond near Balta ; a single specimen (Waller). P. 108. — L. ATjRictJLAEiA. E. Sicily (Calcara). Var. acuta. E. Agenais (Gassies, as L. Trencaleonis). P. 111. — L. sTAGKALis. E. Ljcia (Forbcs) ; N.E.America (Bell and others). P. 113.— L. PALUSTRis. E. Greenland (Moller); U.S. (Haldeman); Vancouver I. (P. Carpenter). P. 115. — L. TRiJNCATULA. E. Lapland (Wallenberg and Nylander) to Greece (Roth); Madeira (R. T. Lowe and others). P. 117. — L. GLABRA. Westmoreland and Sussex. E. Si- beria (Middendorif) to Algeria (Terver). P. 127. — Arion ater. Omit Jan Mayen's Isle. Var. rufa. Naples (Costa). P. 127. — A. FLAVFS, MUUer (Limax Jlavus, Miill. Verm. Hist. p. 10). Body slender and capable of being considerably elongated : colour grey, with occasionally a yellow or orange tinge on the shield and sides ; the head, tentacles, and neck are purplish or dark grey, and the mantle and shield are minutely speckled with white: shield proportionally large, finely granulated: tentacles short, nearly smooth ; the lower pair are mere tuber- cles : eyes small, placed on the upperside of the bulbs which terminate the larger or upper tentacles : mantle wrinkled lengthwise when the slug is crawling, and tuberculous when it is at rest and bunched up : respiratory opening on the right side of the shield, about halfway between its front and hinder edges : tail angulated : gland large : slime orange-red. L. 0-3. B. 0-2. Habitat : Under leaves and in damp places ; widely distri- buted. E. Denmark (MuUer); Sweden (Westerlund). Active and crawls under water. In captivity feeds greedily on the slime of its companions for want of its usual nourish- ment, which consists of lichens, fungi, and decaying vegetable matter. As my friend Mr. E. J. Lowe well observed, this is more tender than A. hortensis^ which is remarkably tough and difficult to crush. h5 154 SUPPLEMENT. P. 128. — A. HOKTENsis. E. Lapland (Nylander, as A.fas- ciatus\; U.S. (Binney and others). P. 129. — Geomalacus, Allman. It is not keeled on the back ; I was misled by Porbes and Hanley's description. P. 129. — G. MAcuLOsus. Through the kindness of Dr. Battersby, I have had an opportunity of examining several living specimens of this remarkable slug, which I will now describe. Body very extensile, glossy, brown of various shades from dark to olive (occasionally of a whitish colour with black spots), beautifully but irregularly marked on the upper part with numerous spots of pale yellow or sometimes white, the whole surface being covered with extremely minute black and white specks, as if powdered over or of a "pepper-and-salt" mixture ; the back is wrinkled lengthwise by close-set rows of oblong tubercles : shield finely granulated, like seal-skin : head dark grey : tentacles short ; upper pair conical at the base, minutely granular; bulbs lustrous, truncated at the tips; lower pair very small and button- shaped ; both pairs are retractile or reversible and equally sensitive to touch ; but neither of them seems to apprehend the presence of external objects, however closely placed, if not in actual contact : eyes, none that I could detect, although I carefully examined several individuals by the aid of a Coddington as well as an ordinary magnifying- glass ; at first indeed I thought there were eyes, placed on the upper part of the tentacular bulbs ; but this appearance was an optical illusion, caused by the convergence of the solar rays through the lens on that part of the bulb, and the same ap- pearance shifted to other parts (1868, Oct. 4. Eeexamined for eyes, but could not find any) : respiratory orifice large, circular, placed on the right-hand side of the animal about halfway between the front of the shield and that part of it where it bends inwards to the rear: foot thick and large, brownish-yellow, and striped across at the sides, which some- what project or shelve outwards ; it is squarish in front, and rounded or bluntly pointed behind; sole pale yellowish or light grey, and having for its entire length a rather broad and clear band which runs down the middle : caudal gland large : slime gelatinous, whitish. L. 2. B. 0*4. Shell resembling that of a Limax, but of a granular struc- ture, oval or shield-shaped, rather solid, slightly convex above and equally concave underneath, showing concentric and irre- SUPPLEMENT. 155 gular lines of growth : boss or nucleus indistinct, placed near the front. Habitat: Eocks along the shores of Lough Caragh near Killarney, confined to an area of about twenty miles by six. Active. Its mode of creeping is peculiar, being effected by a series of movements hke those of the paddles of a water-wheel in a mill, which are perceptible in the slug through the trans- parent band of the sole ; these movements or steps exhibited at any one time are about 15 in number. It withdraws its tentacles separately on each being touched. At first rejected, after at least a week's fasting, some fresh turnip -tops ; after- wards a little was eaten. One individual fed on some shreds of raw beef, the others apparently not caring for it. When handled, it rolls itself up hke a leech, which it much resembles in appearance. It comes out in the summer and autumn. G. Andrewsi of M. Mabille is scarcely a variety. P. 131. — LiMAx GAGATEs. E. Spain (Graells) ; Malta (Mamo) ; Madeira (R. T. Lowe and others). The front part of the body is very broad and thick. The shield is actually divided into two lobes ; the upper lobe is defined by a narrow dark line, of an oval shape, and appears carved out of the hinder part of the shield. This slug, like many of its conge- ners, is infested by the little mite (Philodromus limacum), which feeds on the exudation of the body. The shell has a more square outline than that of the following species; it varies in solidity according to the age of the individual. P. 132. — L. MAEGiNATUS, Drap. (not MuUer). If it is con- sidered indispensable to insist on the strict law of priority, this specific name must be replaced by carinatus, and arhorum by marginatus. Perussac did not describe his L. Sowerbii. E. Russia ( Jelski) ; Germany (Gysser, v. Strobel, and others) ; Pisa (Issel). P. 133. — L. FLAVus. E. Sicily (Calcara) ; Madeira (Baron de Paiva); U.S., in towns, "very probably introduced from Europe" (Tryon); Buenos Ayres (v. Strobel). According to Heynemann, the Limacus Breckworthianus of New Zealand. P. 134. — L. AGRESTis. E. Greenland (Morch); Mauritius (Ferussac); U.S., as L. tunicata of Gould. 156 SUPPLEMENT. P. 135. — L. AEBORUM. E. Sweden (Lindstrom) ; Iceland (Steenstnip); Lombardy (v. Strobel). It has several syno- nyms, and is the type of the genus Lehmannia of Heynemann. P. 137.— L. MAxiMFS. E. Naples (Costa); U.S. (Tryon). P. 139, for L. brunneus substitute L. l^vis, Miiller (Yerm. Hist. p. 1). Body slender, glossy, and smooth except the shield, which is corrugated : colour uniform, brown of different shades : shield large : tentacles short : tail pinched up : slime clear white or colourless, very thin and transparent. L. 0*5. B. 0*1. Shell resembling that of L. agrestis, but comparatively larger and arched instead of flat : boss terminal. Habitat : Everywhere in wet places, under stones or pieces of wood and among moss. E. Erom Denmark to Mont Blanc, Savoy, and the Pyrenees. It is more active and hardy than L. agrestis, with which I have found it. When at rest, the posterior half is contracted into a cylindrical form, and might be taken for part of a worm. P. 139.— L. TENELLus, MuU. (Verm. Hist. p. 11). Body smooth, glossy, and almost transparent : colour green- ish-white, the shield yellowish, and the tentacles and head black; occasionally marked on each side with an obscure whitish band: shield concentrically wrinkled: slime viscid, yeUowish. L. 0-75. B. 0-25. Shell irregularly oval or oblong, of a moderate consistence, somewhat arched, partially tuberculous or beaded, microscopi- cally and closely striated lengthwise: boss indistinct, nearly terminal: margin rather broad, thin and membranous. L. 0-15. B. 0-1. Habitat : North Mavine, Shetland, on stones in a water- course of a mountain-mill. E. Scandinavia and Erance. P. 145. — Testacella haliotidea. E. Heidelberg (Hamil- ton, /. Gysser) ; Belgium (Colbeau) ; Des Cleons and Yannes, Brittany (Cailliaud and Tasle); Dalmatia (v. Schrockinger). In some of these cases perhaps introduced. P. 147. — T. Maitgei. Eields near Devizes (Cunningham, f. Woodward). E. Des Cleons (Cailliaud); Morbihan (Tasle). P. 151. — Succinea putris. Circumpolar and universal. P. 153. — S. elegans. E. Lapland (Nylander); Lower SUPPLEMENT. 157 Egypt (Henglin, fide E. v. Martens). Yar. ochracea—S. ochracea, Betta. L. PfeifFer, in his great monument of labour (the * Monographia Heliceorum viventium '), gives S. elegans, S. Pfeifferi, and S. ochracea as different species. P. 154. — S. OBLONGA. E. Greenland (MoUer, as S. green- landica) ; Russia ( Jelski). S. humilis of Drouet and S. stag- nalis of Gassies appear to be dwarf varieties. P. 156. — YiTRTNA PELLUciDA. E. Greenland (Moller, as V. aiigeUcce); Lapland (Wallenberg); Algeria (J. W. Flower); Epirus (Mousson); Canada (Bell); U.S. (Say and others). Helix domestica, Strom. P. 158. — ZoNiTES. Syn. Helicarion, Beck ; Hyalina, Gray. P. 159. — Z. CELLARiTJS. E. Azorcs (Hartung,^c^6 Drouct) ; U.S. (Morse and others). Zoophagous, Spinelli. Not Helix liicida of Pulteney, which is more probably Z. nitidulus, var. nitens. P. 161. — Z. ALLiARius. E. Bergen — Bayonne. Probably Helix Hammonis of Strom. Pulsation variable, from 48 to 56 beats per minute. P. 163. — Z. NITIDULUS. E. Italy and Dalmatia. P. 164. — Z, PURUS. E. Eussia and Italy. P. 166. — Z. RADiATULus. E. Russia — Tuscany. Yar. Aber- deen (J. G. J.). P. 167. — Z. NiTiDus. E. Palermo (Calcara); Dalmatia (Brusina). P. 168. — Z. ExcAVATUs. Perth (Buchanan White); Tun- bridge Wells and Aberdeen (J. G. J.). Body slender, greyish-white, with 3 or 4 raised lines along the neck: mantle closely covered with milk-white specks: tentacles divergent; upper pair rather long and cylindrical, coarsely granulated; lower pair short: foot thick, obtusely rounded in front, and gradually narrowing behind to an angu- lar or keeled point : slime rather copious and iridescent. P. 170. — L. CRYSTALLiNus. Caithness (Peach). E. Siberia (Gerstfeldt); Malta (Issel). P. 171. — Z. FULvus. E. Greenland (MoUer, as Helix Fa- bricii); Lapland (Nylander) ; N. Japan (Schrenck) ; Michigan, U.S. (Currier). 158 SUPPLEMENT. P. 172. — Helix. Erequent mention of the snail will be found in the writings of the ancients. At one of the suppers recorded by Athenaeus the following riddle was proposed, and may be answered by any " Schneckenfreund " : — 'YXoyej//)s, dvaKavQos, dvaifiaros, vypoK6\ev9os. The snail is one of the creeping things that was in Leviticus reckoned unclean, and forbidden as an article of food. We keep this law better than our continental friends. P. 174. — H. RUDERATA. Kamptschatka, N. Japan, S. Russia, and Austria. P. 174. — H. iNCARNATA. Belgium, Spain, Italy, and Dal- matia. P. 174. — H. ERUTicuM. F. Barnwell, Cambridgeshire (A. Bell). E. Spain (Graells). P. 175. — Helix lamellata. Dingwall (Buchanan White); Bennington, Lanark (J. G. J.). Body light grey, darker on the head : tentacles, upper pair club-shaped. Very shy. P. 176. — H. ACULEATA. Moray Eirth district (Martin). E. Lapland (Nylander). P. 177. — H. POMATIA. E. Dalmatia (Brusina); Sicily (Cal- cara). P.181. — H.ASPERSA. E. Malta(Issel); Smyrna (M' Andrew). Acclimatized at Santiago and in Chili. Yar. tenuis. Agenais (Gassies); Corsica (Susini). P. 184, 1. 13 from bottom. The shells were not given by Pennant in his 'British Zoology' until the 4th edition, in 1777. P. 185. — H. NEMORALis and var. hortensis. I have found the two forms living together, but passing one into another. E. Canada (Bell). P. 192.— H. Cartusiaka. E. Butley, Suffolk (A. BeU). E. Asia Minor (Gerstfeldt). P. 195. — H. RUEESCENS. E. Siberia (Krynicki and others) ; Burgundy (Barbie, as H. glabella) ; Switzerland (Am Stein, as same); N. Germany (v. Alton, as H. sylvestris); Austria (v. Schrockinger) ; Sicily (Calcara, as H. glabella) , SUPPLEMENT. 159 p. 196. — H. coNciNXA. E. Denmark (Morch); Nova Scotia (WiUis). P. 198. — H. HispiBA. Mr. Dewick found a sinistrorsal specimen in a quaternary deposit near Cambridge. E. Crimea (Krynicki) ; Azores (Gerstfeldt) ; U.S., introduced (Tryon). P. 201. — H. SERICEA. E. Spain (Graells); Yenetia (Betta and Martinati); Epirus (Mousson). P. 202.— H. EETELAXA. E. Lowcr Tyrol (v. Strobel) ; Boghar, Algeria (Debeaux). P. 205. — H. FUSCA. Counties of Lanark and Eoss (J. G. J.) ; near Glasgow (Purdie); Kincardine and Aberdeen (coll. Mac- gillivray). E. Transylvania (Bielz). p. 207.— H. PisANA. E. Brittany and Kochelle (Mabille) ; Alexandria (Ehrenberg and others). P. 210. — H. viRGATA. E. Madeira (Watson). Yar. sinis- trorsa. New HoUand, Lincolnshire (Ball); Llandudno (R. R. Thomas). P. 216. — H. ERicETOEUM. F. Cambridge (Dewick). Mis- son's species is different from this, and allied to H. caperata. P. 218. — H. ROTTJNDATA. Yar. alha. Clevedon near Bristol (Norman); Leeds (Nelson); Perthshire (Buchanan White). This species may be the long- lost H. gotJiica of Linne. P. 220. — H. RUPESTRis. — Durness, Sutherland (Peach). Erroneously stated to be Madeiran ; nor was the variety found at Clevedon. P. 223. — H. PYGM^A. Banff (Edward); Eosshire (Bucha- nan White). F. Cambridge (Dewick). E. Lapland (Ny- lander); Madeira (Watson and De Paiva). P. 224. — H. PULCHELLA. E. Sicily (Pirajno); Algeria (Morelet); Caucasus (Krynicki); Bermuda (Bruce Hutton); Canada (Bell). IT. minuta, Say. P. 227. — H. LAPiciDA, var. albina. Went Yale, Yorkshire (Hebden); Eeigate (Saunders). E. Typ. Spain (GraeUs); Madeira (WoUaston and others). P. 229. — H. OBVOLUTA. Up Park, Sussex (Harting). E. Denmark (Poulsen) ; Spain (Graells) ; Sicily (Calcara). P. 231. — BuLiMTJs. Le Bulin {Bulinus) of Adanson was clearly a species of Physa. He derived the name from the 160 SUPPLEMENT. resemblance of the shell, when, floating on the surface of the water, to " une petite bulle d'air transparente." P. 233. — B. AcuTTJs. E. Near Nykjobing, Jutland; pro- bably introduced (Morch); Malta (Issel); Alexandria (E. v. Martens). P. 235. — B. MONTANTJS. E. Ural Mountains (Middendorif); Sweden (Zetterstedt) ; Belgium (Colbeau) ; S. Prance (De Brebisson) ; Catalonia (Graells) ; Tuscany (Pecchioli, /. Gen- tiluomo). P. 237. — B. OBSCUEUS. E. Algeria (Bourguignat). P. 243.— Pfpa SECALE. E. Capril.(Philippi); Sicily (Cal- cara) ; Madeira (Watson). P. 245. — P. KTNGENS. Banff (Edward); Dingwall (Bucha- nan White); Cheshire (Webster). L. Pfeiffer does not seem to have known the synonymy of this species. P. 246. — P. TJMsiLicATA. E. Madeira (E. T. Lowe and others) ; S. Abyssinia (Henglin, /. E. v. Martens). P. mi- conostoma, Lowe. P. 249.— P. EMAEGiNATA. E. U.S., as P. hadia of Prof. Adams. P. 253. — Veetigo antiveetigo. E. Kiev, Eussia (Jelski) ; Sicily (Calcara and others). P. 255. — y. MouLiNsiANA. P. Cambridge (Dewick). E. Eonneby, Sweden (Westerlund, as V. modesta afterwards V. Lilleborgi); Lake Puurso, Denmark (Morch) ; Erankfort (Hey- nemann, as V. ventrosa); Berne (Lischke); Tirol (Gredler); Sicily (Benoit). P. 257. — V. PYGM^A. E. Lapland (Nylander). P. 259. — V. ALPESTEis. E. Amoorland (Schrenck) ; Swe- den (Lindstrom and others) ; Bonn (Lischke) Tirol (Gredler). P. 261.— y. SUBSTEIATA. Banff (Edward) ; Perth (Bucha- nan White) ; Went y ale, Yorkshire (Ashford). E. Denmark (Eeddersen and others), and various parts of Germany. P. 263.— y. pusiLLA. E. Lapland— Sicily. P. 265. — y. ANGusTioE. Milford, Yorkshire (Blackhouse). E. Eussia, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, N. Italy, Transyl- vania, and Dalmatia. V. vertigo, Issel. P. 268. — y. EDENTULA. E. Dalmatia (Brusina) ; Madeira SUPPLEMENT. 161 (R. T. Lowe and others, as Pupa microspora). Yar. minor. S. Abyssinia (Henglin, /. E. v. Martens). P. 270. — V. MiNTJTissiMA. E. Sicily (Calcara and others) ; Dalmatia (Brusina). I regard Pupa costulata of Msson a» the toothed variety ; it has also a thicker lip. Yar. minor. Madeira (Watson, as Pupa linearis of Lowe). P. 273. — Balia perversa. Perthshire spe'cimens, which Dr. Buchanan White kindly sent me, are rather larger than English. He is of opinion that Scotch land shells are on an average larger than English. Yiviparous, Rich. P. 278. — Clattsilia. According to Middendorff and Gerst- feldt no species has been found in Siberia. P. 280. — C. RTJGOSA. E. Dalmatia (Brusina). Turho hl- dentatus, Strom. The young is Balia Sarsii of Bourguignat. Yar. duhia. Body greyish-brown with a slight tinge of violet, covered with irregularly shaped tubercles, which are arranged in rows on the back and sides : head snout-like : tentacles, upper pair light grey, tuberculous, club-shaped and arched, with oval smooth and brownish tips ; lower pair very short and conical, dark brown or sootcolour : eyes small, black : foot long and slender ; sole light grey. Near Ingleborough, Yorkshire ; not with the typical form (Dixon). Its foreign distribution is coextensive with that of the latter. Perhaps they may be as distinct as Bulimus mon- tanus and B. ohscurus ; but C. rugosa and C. duhia are con- nected through several other forms, especially Ziegler's variety compar of C. duhia. Schmidt has endeavoured (I think, un- successfully) to separate C. nigricans from C. rugosa ; his re- mark as to the variety anceps of C. rugosa seems to " put him out of court." Yiviparous, Rich. P. 280. — C. PARvuLA. Kinver, near Stourbridge; several specimens (Grant Allen). E. Denmark (Morch). P. 281.— C. RoLPHii. E. Widely distributed over the Continent, from Norway to the Abruzzi. Yiviparous, Rich. P. 283.— C. BiPLiCATA. F. Cambridge (Dewick). E. St. Petersburg (Gerstfeldt) ; Norway (Sars); Sweden (Wester- lund); Denmark (Morch and J. G. J.). Yiviparous, Rich. P. 284. — C. LAMiNATA. Perth (Buchanan White). 162 SUPPLEMENT. P. 286. — C. soLiDA. Mr. Rich found a single specimen, with C. laminata, at Stapleton, near Bristol ; I have figured this as well as a Kinver specimen of C.joarvula. E. S. Swe- den (Walmstedt, /. Westerlund) ; Mont Blanc (Payot) ; Tus- cany (Gentiluomo) ; S. France (Draparnaud and others). P. 287. — CocHLicoPA. L. Pfeiffer has unaccountably ig- nored this long-established generic name, and adopted Eisso's other name Ferusacia. But Eisso gave Helix luhrica of Miil- ler as the type of Cochlicopa ; and that name is much older than Ferusacia or Ferussacia. P. 290.— C. TRiDENS. Llandudno (E. E. Thomas). E. Belgium (Colbeau) ; Mont Blanc (Payot). P. 292. — C. LUBRicA. E. Persia (Marquis James Doria, /. Issel); Lapland (Wallenberg) ; Canada (D'Urban and Bell). Achatina maderensis of E. T. Lowe. P. 297. — AcHATiKA AcicuLA. E. Cattaro (Waldersdorff). P. 300. — Carychium minimum. M. Baudon has observed that it is very fond of decaying animal matter. P. 302, 1. 2 and 3 from top. — The upper part of the spire is incomplete ; and the inner convolutions in that part are represented by mere ledges. P. 304. — Ctclostoma elegans. E. In a tufaceous deposit between PwU Gwyn and Caerws, Flintshire (Maw). E. Jut- land, probably introduced (Morch) ; Belgium (Colbeau) ; II- lyria, Istria, and Dalmatia (v. Schrockinger). P. 308. — Acme lii^eata. E. Kiev, Eussia (jelski) ; Den- mark (Poulsen and Morch) ; Sicily (Calcara) ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ; Algeria (J. W. Flower, as A. Lallemanti of Bour- guignat). Acicula polita, Hartmann. P. 312. — Southey mentions the snail in a very uncompli- mentary way : — " And through the shining ray was seen the track Of slimy snail obscene." ( Vision of the Maid of Orleans.) P. 315, 1. 20 from top, for "in" r. " through." P. 316.— The table of geographical and geological distribu- tion requires a few alterations in consequence of the foregoing notices ; these alterations can easily be made in the proper columns. SUPPLEMENT. 163 Vol. II. p. 11. — Terebrattjla ceanitjm. North of Hebrides, 170-650 f. (W. B. Carpenter and WyviUe Thomson). I have examined aU the Mollusca procured in this important expe- dition. F. Certainly T. euthyra of Philippi, judging from a comparison of one of his typical specimens in the Vienna Mu- seum ; Messina (Seguenza) ; glacial and postglacial deposits in Norway (Sars and others) ; UddevaUa (Crosskey and Robert- son). E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; coasts of Northern Asia and Japan (A. Adams) ; outside Vigo Bay, in about 60 f., two small dead specimens (M' Andrew) ! I frequently observed this Brachiopod turn round on its stalk (like a vessel swinging at anchor with the tide), apparently in order to improve its position for the purpose of feeding. Does this stalk or byssal plug represent the foot of most Conchifera ? The valves, on being touched, close with a snap. The brachial cirri resemble those of T. caput-serpentis in shape and flexibility. I could not detect any fringe of tentacles on the edge of the valves in T. cranium. It has a loop, although of a peculiar structure. With the able and kind assistance of my friend Dr. W. B. Carpenter, I have lately examined more thoroughly the skele- ton or sheUy framework. It is formed on the same general plan as that of Waldheimia australis ; but the loop in T. cranium can only be seen when the animal is in its natural place, because the upper portion of the skeleton (which is not unlike a horseshoe in outline) is connected with the lower portion on each side by a slight suture that is easily ruptured. When the animal matter is removed by careful boiling in potash-water, the upper portion of the skeleton becomes sepa- rated from the lower portion at or near the bend of the loop on each side where the sutures connect them ; and the fixed or permanent part of the framework consists of two scythe- shaped processes or blades, which are attached by their hafts to the hinge-plate. The terminal points in front of the horseshoe piece are furnished near the sutures with a few unequal-sized and irregularly arranged spikes or projecting teeth. The position of the sutures is not constant, the turn of the loop sometimes remaining with the horseshoe piece, sometimes with the longitudinal processes, and being occasion- 164 SUPPLEMENT. ally divided between them; and this difference is now and then exhibited in the two sides of the same specimen. I would remark that the byssal orifice in Waldheimia (to which T. cranium has been referred by some authors) is circular and entire ; in the present species it is semioval and incomplete. Anomia terebratula of Linne, and T. plicata of Philippson. P. 14. — T. CAPUT-SERPENTis. P. Scaudiuavia (Sars and others); Sicily (Seguenza). E. Norway, 20-300 f. (Sars); Dalmatia (Brusina) ; Jamaica (Barret, fide Davidson) ; Aus- tralia (J. W. Plower) ! T, marginata and T. quadrata of Bisso,/. Davidson. P. 17. — Add Terebeatella Spitzbergensis, Davidson (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 78). I dredged a fresh and perfect spe- cimen in 90-100 f., about 35 miles N'.N.W. of Unst. It is a native of high northern latitudes, and occurs in a fossil state at Uddevalla and Christiania. My specimen was not living ; and it may possibly also be a relic of the glacial epoch. P. 18. — Argiope decollata. E. S.E. Erance (Eischer); Rhodes (Mus. Jardin des Plantes) ! E. Guetaria, on the At- lantic coasts of Spain, in 80 f. (Hidalgo, as Terebratula aperta). T. UTiguIa, Philippson, T. pectiniformis and perhaps T. dimi- diata, Costa ; not T. Soldaniana of Risso. P. 19. — A. ciSTELLULA should be A. lunifera, Philippi (Terebratula, afterwards Ortliis, lunifera, Phil. Moll. Sic. i. p. 97, t. vi. f. 16, a-f). Orkneys, 35-40 f. (Thomas) ! E. Mediterranean, from Corsica (Requien) to Malta (Mamo), and iEgean, 95 f. (Eorbes) ! P. 21. — A. CAPSULA. Guernsey, 8-20 f. E. Kirkoen, near Christiania (Sars). p. 22. — Megerlia (not Terebratella) trtjncata. E. Croix in Morbihan (Preux, /. Tasle) ; He de N'oirmoutier in Vendee (Pict,/. Eischer); Guetaria, N. Spain (Hidalgo). P. 23. — Rhtnchonella psittacea. In 1867 I dredged two perfect specimens (one full-grown and the other young) off Unst ; but they were dead. It is impossible to say whether they are fossil or recent. According to Sars this species lives in Einmark, as far south as Tromso, in 20-80 f.; " Drontheim" was written by me in mistake for " Tromso." SUPPLEMENT. 165 P. 24. — Crania, Philippson (not Ketz). P. 24.— C. ANOMALA. N. of Hobr., 170-530 f. (C. & T.). Var. alha. Shetland (Barlee); N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. & T.). Anomia turbinata, Poll. P. 30. — Anomia ephippifm and var. aculeata. E. Labrador (Packard) ; Canada (Bell) ; State of Maine (Mighels). P. 34. — A. PATELLiFORMis. E. Norway, shore — 50 f. (Sars). P. 38. — OsTREA EDULis. In England " oyster " (formerly " oister " and in Cornwall " estren "), Germany *' Auster," France " huitre," Holland " oester," Spain '' ostia," Italy *' os- trega " or " ostrica." E. Many postglacial deposits in Great Britain besides those mentioned in p. 39. Its variability of shape has long made the common oyster a favourite subject for species-making. Dr. Turton, in his * British Eauna' (1807), described the " rock-oyster " from South "Wales as 0. saxatilis ; and Sir Gardner Wilkinson has lately done the same in the ' Zoologist,' and called it 0. Virginica, imagining it to be the North-American species. The following notes which I took in 1865 on examining an oyster-fishery in the river Eoach, Essex, may be useful. " The fry resembles in shape the seeds of the Shepherd's purse. The front only is fringed with cilia. The body can be seen through the transparent case ; part of it dark, almost black, and crossing diagonally from one side to the other — perhaps the liver. Oysters of aU ages from the second year in spawn. Some of the breeding oysters more forward than others in different parts of the river — " black sick " in some places, " white sick " in others. The most forward, or " black sick," easily opened, and have evidently lost much of their muscular power ; these would probably fall an easy prey to Starfishes and Annelids. The fry flit about, but not to any distance ; sometimes head down- wards, or whirling round as if in sport. Eyes black, one on each side of the head or front of the body. Cases filmy, and iridescent or nearly opaline. Eggs white, like miniature grains of pearl-barley." In some verses of Epicharmus (quoted by Athenaeus), commemorative of Hebe's marriage, the oyster, of course, is not wanting at the nuptial feast ; and it is described as difiicult to open but easy to eat. Seneca appears to have 166 SUPPLEMENT. been the only writer among the ancients who did not praise oysters. In his 95th Letter he asks his friend Lucilius whether this very sluggish and dirt-fattened food does not produce in the eater its own muddy dulness. P. 45. — In 1867 the annual consumption of oysters at Paris was calculated at 288 millions. They are sold in London all the year round. Why have we not a " close time," as for Salmon, instead of allowing a million of fry to be gulped at one mouthful? P. 47, 1. 4 from top, for " Sannazarius " r. " Sannazzaro." P. 51.— Pecten pusio. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. & T.). F. Portrush (Portlock and A. Bell). E. Cape of Good Hope (Dunker) ! P. 53. — P. vAKius. F. England and Ireland. E. Chris- tiansund southwards (Sars). P. 58.— P. IsLANDicus. F. Gulf of Naples, in 50 f. ; a single valve in a semifossil state, like those dredged in Shet- land, and covered with the same arctic species of JSpirorhis ; with it was a valve of P. opercularis, in the same condition, and as large as northern specimens ! E. Finmark to Bergen, where it becomes dwindled, in 5-50 f. (Sars). p. 59.— P. oPERCULARis. N. of Hcbr., 530 f. (C. & T.). F. England, Ireland, Scandinavia, and Italy. P. 62. P. SEPTEMEADIATrS. Body whitish, tinged with fleshcolour, and minutely speckled with flake-white ; the colour is also diversified by blotches and streaks of dark brown, orange, yellow, or greenish: mantle thick, folded inwards on each side ; the margin is fringed with numerous cirri or tentacles, which are closely and finely ciliated ; they are of different sizes, encircled by flake-white rings, and arranged in 2 or 3 rows on each side ; the outermost row con- tains some of the largest size, which curl at their tips and are mostly of a yellow colour ; under this row are placed the " eyes " or ocelli, about 50 on each side ; these are of different sizes, not arranged symmetrically, and black, with a bright silvery pupil or nucleus in the centre. F. Ireland and Italy. E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). Var. Dumasii. Body greyish, irregularly streaked length- wise with dark brown and red, and closely speckled with yel- lowish-white : mantle thick and folded inwards ; edges marked SUPPLEMENT. 167 with a dark line, and thickly covered with pointed cirri of various lengths and sizes, which are finely ciliated ; the longer ones are very extensile, and sometimes cnrl and unfold to a length equal to half that of the shell : ocelli numerous, placed more close together at the sides than in front, where they are alternately large and small ; they look like globules of quick- silver, or ghstening pearls, or white coral beads set in rings of dark bronze : foot finger-shaped, byssiferous, issuing from the notch on the posterior side below the large ears of the shell ; it is of a pale orangecolour. The animal occasionally uses its foot for crawling. This variety is connected with the type by several inter- mediate forms, as regards both the shell and soft parts. Dr. Hidalgo ought to compare specimens from different localities and depths. p. 64.— P. ARATTJS. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. & T.). It is the P. Bruei of Payraudeau, a Mediterranean and Adriatic species. P. 65. — P. suLCATTis. Mr. Hanley showed me a single valve, said to have been trawled near the Eunnelstone Light- house off the Land's End. P. 65.— P. TiGRiNus. N. of Hebr., 170-189 f. (C. & T.). F. Norway (Sars and others) ; Messina (Seguenza) ! E. Holland (Herklots); Brittany (Recluz and others) ; Arcachon (Lafont) ! p. 67.— P. Test^. Body pale yellowish white faintly tinged with pink, mottled with dark brown, speckled with flake-white, and barred trans- versely with 8 or 10 irregular streaks of dark brovm : mantle fringed with fine tentacles of different sizes, which are deli- cately cihated and curl about in every direction ; they are ar- ranged in two rows, the outer tentacles being much larger than those forming the inner row ; the front edges of the mantle are folded inwards, and appear to be microscopioaUy striated in the line of the opening : ocelli half as many only as in P. striatus, and consisting of 2 rows ; those in the outer row are unequal in size and irregularly distributed, one being in many cases (but not invariably) placed at the base of each pallial cirrus in that row ; those in the inner row are more numerous, much smaller, and not always observable: foot cylindrical : gills in 2 pairs, fan-shaped and exquisitely pec- tinated, sometimes brownish or pencilled in the middle. It flits or jerks about actively, like its congeners, and oc- 168 SUPPLEMENT. casionally moors itself by a byssus. The colour of the soft parts is not less variable than that of the shell. When it is at rest, the mantle forms a thick semicircular cushion, striped across with yellow, brown, red, pink, and every intermediate hue. Cornwall (Hockin). F. Monte Mario (Rigacci). E. Mediterranean electric-telegraph cable, at a depth of over 1000 f. (Milne-Edwards). P. 69. — P. STEiATUs. Plymouth (Jordan) ! F. Scandinavia and Italy ! E. Med. and Adr. I P. 71.— P. smiLis. Shetland, 95 f. F. N.W. Germany and Italy. E. LoiFodenI.,300f. (Sars); Arcachon (Lafont) ! ; Jamaica (Barrett) I P. squama, Scacchi, and P. jpullus, Can- traine. Not P. Actoni, which is the P. concentricus and P. fenestratus of Forbes, P. Philippii of Acton, and P. incequi- sculptus of Tiberi. P. 73. — Add P. vi'teeus*, Chemnitz (Pallium vitreum, Chemn. Conch. Cab. vii. p. 335, t. 67. f. 637, a). Shell circular, except at the top, where the outline is square, equilateral, equivalve, rather tumid, extremely thin and fragile, scarcely glossy : sculpture, microscopic and very numerous hair-like striae, which radiate from the beak to the margins, those on the larger ear being horizontal, stronger, and more remote ; there are also much less numerous slight concentric lines, which are closely but irregularly studded with minute vaulted scales ; these scales are not present on every part of the shell, and are sometimes almost wanting ; the an- terior ear of the lower valve is marked with about half a dozen horizontal and crenellated riblets, some being also observable on the anterior or byssal slope in that valve, and the upper margin of the same ear, as well as the edge of the anterior slope, are serrated or toothed : colour white : beaks minute, calyciform : ears, all except that on the anterior side of the lower valve broadly triangular, and not distinctly defined; the anterior ear of the lower valve is of a more irregular shape in consequence of the byssal excavation or notch at the base : byssal notch large : Jiinge-line straight, f of the breadth of the shell : cartilage small : hinge-plate broad and smooth : inside nacreous, minutely striated lengthwise in the middle : muscular scars conspicuous. L. 0*4. B. 0*35. * Glassy. SUPPLEMENT. 169 Habitat : Shetland ; a small valve in a mass of Lophohelia proUfera (Dr. Edmondston) ; N. of Hebr,, 189 and 650 f. (G. andT.). F. Messina (Seguenza) ! E. Norway and Sweden, 30-300 f. (Spengler and others); Naples and Sicily (Acton and Aradas) ! F. Gemellcirii-Jilii, Biondi, MS., /. Bernardi. Chemnitz seems to have included P. striatus in his description and figures b, c. P. ahyssorum, Loven, MS., is a smooth variety. P. 73. — P. MAxiMus. F. Sweden and Italy. E. Spain, from 4 f. downwards (Hidalgo). P. 78. — Lima Sarsit. W. coast of Shetland, a single valve; N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Sicily and Rhodes ! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). Probably X, {Limatula) erassa of Forbes, from the ^gean, 105-230 f. ; but his description is too short, and he does not notice the transverse or concentric strise. P, 81. L. ELLIPTICA. Body whitish, with a faint tinge of orange : mantle fringed with several tentacles of different lengths ; these are cylindrical when fully extended, but conical and thick when contracted, and are closely ringed ; in the young they are white, and in the adult tipped with lemoncolour or pale yeUo wish-brown ; the tentacles are arranged in three rows, of which those on the outside are the smallest and shortest, the innermost being the longest : foot dibble-shaped and pointed, the inner portion or core being pale orange and enclosed in a clear gelatinous case ; it is folded inwards, so as to make a groove ; the heel or bys- siferous part of this organ is rather prominent : gills horn- colour, in 2 nearly equal-sized pairs. One of my largest specimens moored itself to the side of a glass vessel in which it was kept, by two threads as fine as any that spiders spin ; and it was thus held suspended in the water. It afterwards warped itself up by applying the point of its foot to the glass, and step by step repeating the process. N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Coralline Crag, Antwerp, Norway, Italy, and Ehodes! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars); Med., Adr., and-^g. ! The young may be L. {Lima- tula) cuneata of Forbes. P. 82. L. STJBAURICULATA. Body pale lemoncolour : tentacles about 40, thick, of different VOL. V. I 170 SUPPLEMENT. lengths and sizes, exquisitely ringed ; thej form a sort of chevaux de frise: foot finger-shaped, extensile, with a brownish nucleus : liver scarlet-red. F. Norway, Vienna basin, Italy, and Ehodes! E. Atlantic coasts of France, and both sides of N. America. Arctic spe^ cimens are more than twice the size of ours. L. nivea (if Kenier's species) has no furrow ; it occurs with L. suhauricu-' lata in the Coralline Crag at Sutton (as L. ovata, S. Wood), the Vienna basin, and at Monte Mario and Ancona ! Kenier (not Eenieri, as erroneously spelt by some writers) did not de- scribe his Ostrea nivea ; he merely added to the name the fol- lowing note : — " Prossima all' Ostrea injlata di GmeHn e all' Ostrea bullata di Bom." It appears to be the 0. nivea of Brocchi, judging from his description and figure ; although he perhaps united L. suhauriculata with it, and referred to L, elliptica as a living species and half an inch long. P. 85. — L. LoscoMsn. F. Norway, Italy, and Ehodes ! P. 87. — L. HiAjfs. F. Glacial bed, Errol (Crosskey) ! ; Monte Mario and Messina ! P. 89, 1. 4 and 5 from bottom. The filaments or tentacles are not prehensile ; and the lAmce feed on animalcula. Prof. Lacaze-Duthiers described the "nest" or "gite" in the * An- nales des Sciences Naturelles' for December 1865; he evidently was not aware that this had been previously done. P. 96. — AvicrLA HiRUNDO. Falmouth (Hockin). F. Italy. E. Atlantic coasts of France and Spain. The fry, scarcely half a line in length, is even more inequivalve than the adult ; the wing-like process at the broader end is not developed in the earlier stages of growth, and the beak or umbo is very promi- nent. P. 99. — PiNN^A RUDis. The animal is marvellously small in bulk or weight in proportion to the shell, and when dead does not occupy the twentieth part of it. The anterior or front muscle forms a huge bundle, of the thickness of a man's thumb, and holds the valves in position. It is by this muscle that the long-line fisherman hooks the Pinna, and detaching it from the byssus drags it up from its bed. Poli, Costa, and many other authorities regarded our species as the rudis of Linne, SUPPLEMENT. 171 who gave the Mediterranean as well as the Indian Ocean as a habitat. It certainly is not his pectinata. *' Confusion's cure lives not In these confusions." P. 104. — Mytilus edulis. Sea of Okhotsk (Middendorff) ; N. Japan (Schrenck). Dr. Edmondston informs me that in the north of Shetland large quantities of the stunted form are scraped off the rocks and " sown " in the voes to produce a crop of mussels of the usual size for fish-bait. P. 111. — M. MODIOLUS. P. Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! ; Reggio in Sicily (Acton) ! E. N. Japan (Schrenck and Lischke) ! ; Greenland and Spitzbergen (Baer and Middendorff) ; Brittany (Cailliaud and Tasle) ! ; W. coast of N. America (P. Carpenter). Schrenck has identified this species with MocUola Philippina- rum of Hanley, and with Modiola australis of Gray from New Holland. P. 116. — M.BAEBATUS. The spccics SO uamcd in the 'Pauna Suecica ' is most probably M. modiolus. P. 116. — M. Adeiaticus. P. Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! E. Adriatic, 10-30 f.! M. Cavolini, Scacchi. Yar. ovcdis. Brit- tany (Cailliaud and Tasle) ! P. 118. — M. PHASEOLiNTJS. P. Norway and Italy ! E. Atlantic coasts of Prance, Med., and Adr. ! P. 122. — MoDioLAEiA MAEMOEATA. Of a smaUcr size, in Diazona Hebridka and other compound Tunicata. P. Monte Mario (Rigacci)! E. Vancouver's I. and W. coast of N". Ame- rica (P. Carpenter). P. 125. — M. cosTULATA. P. Italy. Mr. A. Bell has lately found in the Red Crag a perfect specimen of M, Petagnce, Scacchi ; it inhabits the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean. P. 126.— M. DiscoES. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.). P. Scandinavia and Canada. E. Wellington Channel (Bel- cher)!; Canada (Bell). Mr. Barlee's collection contains a specimen | inch in breadth. P. 128.— M. NIGEA. Body whitish, with a tinge of yellowish-brown : mantle widely open on the anterior side and in front, thickened at the i2 172 SUPPLEMENT. edges, which are plain : tubes almost sessile, obliquely trun- cated towards the front of the shell; upper one much the smaller ; lower one not well defined, and scarcely separated from the folds of the mantle on the postico-ventral side; orifices thickly studded with flake-white tubercles or papillae : foot vermicular, and pointed at the end : gills consisting of 2 pairs, the outer of which is much larger than the other and enwraps it. F. Errol (Crosskey) ! ; Labrador, Canada, and Maine. E. Holland (Herklots) ; Sea of Okhotsk, Wellington Channel, and Labrador. M. striatula, Beck. P. 131. — Ceenellarhombea. Cornwall (Hockin); Bundoran (Waller) ! F. Antwerp Crag (Nyst) ! E. IS'aples (Stefanis) ! P. 133. — C. DECUSSATA. Ligament wholly internal, elon- gated, and covering a great part of the hinge-plate. N. of Hebr., 189 and 530 f. (C. and T.). F. Norway. E. Lof- foden L, 300 f. (Sars); Gaspe Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Whiteaves) ! P. 135. — Modiola cuprea is the fry of C, faha. P. 141. — Ntjcul A SULCATA. F. Caithness (Pcach) ! ; N.W. Germany, and Italy. E. Atlantic coasts of France ! P. 143.— N. NUCLEUS. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.). F. Scandinavia, Belgium, and N.W. Germany. P. 149.— N. NITIDA. Body whitish : mantle slightly extending beyond the valves ; margin closely fringed with short cilia : tubes inconspicuous : foot tongue-shaped ; when protruded, it unfolds like the leaf of a fan-palm, and displays a beautiful comb-like fringe at its edges ; the sole then assumes an oval shape, and the pectina- tions diminish in size towards its point or extremity, and are larger at its sides. E. Atlantic coasts of France, and throughout the Mediter- ranean P. 151.— N. TEifuis. N. of Hebr., 189-650 f. (C. and T.). F. Scandinavia, S. Italy, and Canada. E. Brittany (Cailliaud and Tasle) ; Algeria (coll. M' Andrew) ! ; Corsica and Naples (Tiberi and others) !; jJEgean (Forbes) ; N. Asia and W. coast of N. America (P. Carpenter). N. oegeensis, Forbes, and N. Macandrcei, Hanley, from the types. SUPPLEMENT. 1 73 P. 154. — Leda pygm^a. F. Scandinavia and Maine. E. LofFoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; Gnlf of Gascony, 40-80 f. (Marquis de Folin, /. Fischer, as L. tenuis) ! ; Gulf of Naples and Sicily, 50-60 f. (Acton and Stefanis) ! The recent discovery of this and other species hitherto considered northern in the Bay of Biscay, as well as in the Mediterranean, confirms the suggestion which I threw out in my last Report to the British Association on Shetland dredgings, that at some former period there existed a communication between the North Atlantic and the Mediter- ranean, by which the submarine fauna became diffused. The only objection to the hypothesis seemed to be the want of proof that these species had been found in any intermediate locality. I have given the size as too great; it should be 1 line in length by 1^ in breadth. P. 155. — L. Lr'ciDA*, Loven (Yoldia lucida, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand, p. 34). Shell more than twice the size of L. pygmcea, thinner, rather depressed instead of tumid or gibbous, and less equila- teral ; the dorsal margin on the anterior side slopes very gra- dually (and not abruptly as in that species) ; and the corre- sponding margin on the posterior side is more inchned to be straight, and in some specimens is a little raised and pinched in near the beak ; the posterior side is depressed, broad, angular, and obliquely truncated. L. 0*15. B. 0-2. Habitat: N. of Hebr., 189-650 f. (C. and T.). Some of these localities may be considered British, being much nearer to Scotland than to the Faroe Isles. F. Clyde Beds (Crosskey and Robertson) ! ; Norway (Sars) ; Calabria (Philippi, as Nu- cula xjellmidd). E. Boh. — Finm. (Loven) ! ; Upper Norway, 10-160 f. (M' Andrew and Barrett) ! It may be the Nucida navimlaris of Couthouy, from the Massachusetts coast. Yoldia nana of Sars, from 300 f. in the Loffoden Isles, appears to be a small variety. P. 155. — L. MLNTUTA. F. Scandinavia, Labrador, and Ca- nada ; not our Crag. E. W. coast of N. America (P. Car- penter). P. 158. — L. PEENULA. Loch Duich in Rosshire, and St. * Shining. 174 SUPPLEMENT. Magnus Bay on the west coast of Shetland ; not living, and mostly single valves. F. Scotch and Irish glacial beds, Scan- dinavia, and Canada. E. Spitzbergen — Bohuslan, 20-150 f. P. 158.— 1. 16 from top, for " Lamarck" r. « Philippi." P. 159, 1. 4 from top, for "Sassi" r. <*Sasso." I am in- debted to the Marquis James Doria for a copy of the Journal which contains Sasso's paper. P. 161.— LiMOPSis AUKiTA. N. of Hobr., 189 f. (C. and T.). F. N.W.Germany (Philippi). E. WeUington Channel ; single valves of a large size, with a more oblique outline (Belcher) ! One of my Shetland specimens is half an inch long. P. 164. — L. BOEEALis *, Woodward, MS. Shell trapezoidal, with the broader end more or less obliquely extended, depressed, rather thin, opaque, and lustre- less : sculpture as in L, aurita, but without the beaded or gra- nulated character ; the surface is slightly cancellated by lon- gitudinal and concentric striae, which are comparatively fewer and therefore more distant than in that species : colour whitish : epidermis light yellowish-brown, forming a series of ciliated or fringed rows on the longitudinal striae : the outermost fringe projects considerably beyond the edge of the shell : margins rounded in front and at the narrower end, and sloping with a gentle curve from the beak to the broader end : healcs small, blunt, scarcely prominent, incurved : hinge-area long, reddish- brown, striated transversely : cartilage and hinge-line as in L. aurita : hinge-plate rather narrow, occupying about ^ of the cir- cumference of the shell : teeth small, 5 or 6 curved ones on the narrower side, and 4 oblique ones on the other side : inside of a dull and chalky appearance, indistinctly striated length- wise, with a row of numerous and small tubercles a little within the edge, which is plain and sharp ; these tubercles encircle the inner rim, and are the terminations of the longi- tudinal striae : pallial and muscular scars distinct. L. 0'325. B. 0-325. Habitat ; A small single valve, with L. aurita, in 189 f. about 50 miles north of the Hebrides (C. and T.). E. Nordland, 70-100 f. (M'Andrew and Barrett)!; Upper Norway, at depths reaching to 450 f. (Sars) ! This species * Northern. SUPPLEMENT. 175 was referred by M* Andrew and Barrett to Pectuneulus jyygmceus of Philippi, and by Sars to his P. minutus. But the last named species (of which L, pygmcea is probably the younger state or a variety) is very much smaller than L. horealis, although stronger and more solid; it has a less ob- lique outline, more numerous striae (which present the same beaded or granulated appearance as in L. aurita), and fewer teeth ; and the inside edge is closely crenellated, instead of having a row of tubercles placed within the edge, which is plain and sharp. L. ahyssicola of A. Adams, from 136 f. oiF the Cape of Good Hope, is allied to the present species, but is more closely cancellated, and the marginal notches are finer and more numerous. I have a small living speci- men of L. pygmmci from Corsica. P. 165, 1. 4 from top, " beaks " should be in italics. P. 166. — Pectunculus glycymesis. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). Var. glohosa. Shell smaller, and more tumid ; colour of a deeper brown and nearly uniform; cardinal area or space below the beak in each valve denticulated. Guernsey. E. Algeria (Weinkauff) ! P. 169. — Area pilosa of Linne is not our species, but a much larger and heavier shell. P. 171. A. PECTUNCULoiDES. Mantle plain-edged : tubes pale yellowish-brown, irregularly speckled at the extremities with flake-white : foot white : liver bright orange. Orkneys (Thomas) !; N. of Hebr., 170-650 f. (C. and T.). F, Postglacial deposits in Norway. Nyst's specimens, from the " sable noir," have a notched margin, and probably belong to a different species. E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; Gulf of Naples, 60 f. (Acton and Stefanis) ! P. 173, 1. 10 from top, for " Pomatoceros arietinus " r. " Di- trypa arietina ". P. 175. — A. OBLiQUA. N. of Hebr., 189 f. ; a single valve (C. and T.). E. Sicily (Seguenza) ! E. Corsica (Susini) ! ; Naples (Stefanis) ! P. 177.— A. LACTEA. E. Macclesfield, 500-600 ft. (Dar- 176 SUPPLEMENT. bishire)!; Belfast, 106 ft. (Bryce and Hyndman). E. Atlantic coasts of France and Spain. P. 180. — ^A. NODULOSA. Orkneys ; a single valve (Thomas) ! ; N. of Hebr., 170-530 f. (C. and T.). F. Norway and Calabria! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; Med. and Adr. ! A. scabra, Poli, and A. aspersa, Philippi. P. 180.— A. TETRAGONA. F. Portrusli (A. BeU)!; Italy (Scacchi and others). E. Madeira (Watson) ! P. 183. — A. BARBATA. E. Atlantic coasts of France, from Quimper to Rochelle. P. 188. — Galeomma Tuetoni. It has no pallial tube. The mantle is folded on both sides in front, so as to form a rather wide incurrent opening, through which food and aerated water are introduced. Innutritions matter and perhaps the exhausted water are occasionally ejected through this opening by a kind of spasmodic jerk. At the opposite or posterior end there is a round hole in the mantle, which has an excretal function; its margin is mi- nutely scalloped. This latter orifice is sometimes closed. Above each of these orifices is a remarkable short club-shaped process, like a small tentacle; these processes are not protruded, but are capable of a slight degree of extension. They may serve as feelers or tentacles to warn the molluskof any enemy approaching it from behind. The posterior process has the end thicker than the anterior one ; otherwise they appear to be equal in size. The mantle is spread outside over the shell, so as to make the latter internal, as is partially the case in Gyprcea. Its surface is covered with tubercles of diiferent sizes ; and around the edges of the valves on each side is a row of 4 tubercles of a larger size than the rest, and resembling eye-specks. I could not detect any " cord" or mark to sepa- rate the outer and inner layers of the mantle ; the edges of the valves showed the only line of division. The foot is tongue- shaped, and extremely flexible. It is thrust out in front to a considerable distance when the animal is on the march. The valves then lie open with the beaks upwards. "When the Galeomma is at rest, it adheres by the inner and expanded flaps of the mantle. The faecal pellets are oval and light yel- lowish-brown. Clark has well described the byssus. The substance of the body is gelatinous and almost transparent. The gills and palps (2 pairs of each) are distinct ; the latter are pale brown. SUPPLEMENT. 177 West of Ireland (Battersby) ; southern entrance of St. George's Channel (M'Andrew) ! This pretty creature evidently loves the cool shade. Specimens which I put on a hunch of CJiondrus crispus soon crept away and got on the underside. M. Mittre's notion that it lives on seaweeds must he erroneous. It has no oral apparatus for taking such food. The indraught through the open fold of the mantle is precisely similar to what I have also observed in other bivalves which subsist by absorbing minute organisms into the stomach. The repro- duction and embryogeny of Galeomma are unknown. P. 194. — Lepton squamosum. F. L. nitidum of S. Wood appears to be the young of the present species ; Monte Mario (Conti)! E. Cherbourg (Recluz, MS.). P. 198.— L. NITIDUM. F. Clyde Beds ! E. G. Gascony, 40-80 f. (de FoUn) ; Naples, 60 f. (Acton) ! P. 201. — L. suLCATULUM, E. Sicily (Stefanis) ! P. 202.— L. Claeki^. Falmouth (Hockin)!; Jersey (Dodd) ! F. Coralline Crag, Sutton (coU. Wood)! P. 205.^ — MoNTACUTA suBSTRiATA. Shetland, 170 f., on Spatangus meridionalis. F. Norway (Sars) ; Monte Mario (Rigacci, as Elizia orhiculata of Conti) ! E. Norway, 10- 250 f. (Sars) ; Arcachon (Lafont) ! ; Dalmatia (Brusina, as Kellia spantangi) ! The fry are nearly globular, like KeUia suhorhicularis, with the beak in the middle of the dorsal area. Sphenia costulata, Macgillivray. P. 208. — M. BiDENTATA. F. Fairlic, near Glasgow (A. Bell) ! ; Bohuslan(Thuden) ; Monte Mario (Conti and Rigacci) ! E. As far north as Oxfjord in Finmark, shore to 50 f. (Sars) ; Adriatic (Brusina)!; Madeira (Johnson) ! P. 210. — Add M. tumi'dula*, Jeffreys. Shell rhombic-oval, resembhng in shape a young Tapes virgineus, rather gibbous, thin, semitransparent, glossy, and prismatic : sculpture, numerous and close-set delicate, micro- scopic concentric striae : colour pale yeUowish-brown : epider- mis fine and silky : margins, on the posterior side extremely short and abruptly sloping downwards, without any of the angularity which characterizes M. bidentata ; in front gently * Somewhat swollen. i5 178 SUPPLEMENT. curved; on the anterior side considerably expanding and rounded ; on the back rising towards the anterior end : beahs small, calyciform, blunt, prominent, incurved, but not having any indentation below them; they are placed close to the posterior side, which is shorter than the other side, and not ^ of its size : hinge-line rectangular, occupying about -J of the circumference : cartilage as in M. bidentata : hinge-plate nar- row and strong, thicker in the middle, not excavated so deeply as in the last-named species, and scarcely at all in the right valve : teeth, in the right valve short, triangular, slightly in- clining inwards, not widely separated ; in the left valve long, erect, laminar, and parallel with the hinge-line ; the anterior teeth are the largest in both valves : inside iridescent and polished, very finely marked (more distinctly on the anterior side) with slight lines which radiate from the beaks : scars irregularly oblong, and conspicuous. L. 0-075. B. 0*1 . HA.BITAT: Hebrides and Shetland, 40-80 f., in muddy ground; rare. E. Bohusliin (Lilljeborg) ! Smaller than M, bidentata, and distinguishable by being narrower, not de- pressed, but convex, having a glossy surface, and by the pos- terior side being disproportionately small and abruptly trun- cated ; that side in M. bidentata is invariably squarish, and more or less angulated. The teeth in the right valve of M, tumidula are much smaller than in the same valve of M. bi- dentata, and are not so widely separated by the cartilage -pit ; they are triangular and not leaf-like, and slightly incline in- wards instead of being erect. P. 210. — M. FERKiJGiNOSA. F. Portrush (Portlock) ; Nor- way and Monte Mario ! E. Norway, 5-50 f., and Greenland (Sars) ; Arcachon (Lafont) ! ; Mediterranean (M'Andrew and others) ! ; Adriatic (Brusina) ! ; Maderia (Watson) ! P. 216. — M. Dawsoni. Mr. Dawson has since dredged off Cruden in the Moray Pirth two or three perfect specimens and many single valves of this curious little shell. When quite fresh they have a light yellowish green epidermis. In shape and size this species resembles Kellia pumila of S. Wood from the Coralline Crag ; but the hinge is essentially different. P. 216. — M. DONACiNA. I last year dredged another valve (the left) in St. Magnus Bay, Shetland. Both valves figured. SUPPLEMENT, 179 P. 217. — LASiEA. Lassea, a Town in Crete, mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. This generic name was republished by Brown in 1844. P. 219.— L. RUBRA. F. Portrush (A.BeU) ! ; S. Italy (Cal- cara and Conti). E. Japan (P. Carpenter) ; Straits of Ma- gellan (Philippi, /. Dunker). P. 225. — KJELLiA srBORBicuLARis. P. Portrush (Portlock); Monte Mario (Conti) ! E. Mazatlan, and Aracan in the In- dian Ocean (Hanley) ! Cyclas pustula and Cycladina clan- destina, Costa. P. 228. — K. CYCLADIA. A few living specimens and single valves have been lately dredged off Shetland, in 60-90 f. E. Gulf of Naples, 60 f. (Acton) ! K. orbicularis of S. Wood is the same species. P. 233. — LoRiPES LACTETJS. F. South-Europcan tertiaries. Most savoury for making sauces (Poli) ; I have eaten it plain- boiled, and found it delicious. P. 235. — L. DivARicATUS. Hayle sands ; single valves (Miss Hockin) ! F. Killiney, near DubHn (Walpole) ! ; Italy (Scacchi and others). E. Atlantic coasts of France and Spain. P. 238. — WooDiA DiGiTARiA. F. Killiucy (Walpole) ! E. Atlantic coasts of Spain (M' Andrew and Fischer) ! P. 240. LUCINA SPINIFERA. Body whitish : mantle thick, protruding occasionally beyond the valves ; edges plain : tubes sessile, and not visible outside : foot vermicular, flexible, and pointed, F. Italy (Scacchi and others). P. 242.— L. BOREALis. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.), E. W. coast of N. America ; recent and fossil (P. Carpenter and Cooper) ; Philippines (Cuming, Jide P. Carpenter), P. 247. AXINUS FLEXUOSUS. Body clear white: mantle slightly protruding beyond the valves ; edges plain : tuhes inconspicuous : foot issuing from a slit in the mantle, vermicular, very long (capable of being extended nearly three times the length of the shell) and slender, with a point shaped like a spear-head, which is wider than the rest of the foot ; this process is not unlike the creeping- disk of Crenella, except that the latter is oval. F. Monte Mario (Conti) ! ; Canada (BeU) ; miocene [?] for- 180 SUPPLEMENT. mation in Belgium, Germany, France, and Italy (Bronn). E. Loffoden I., 450 f. (Sars); W. eosLst of N. America (P. Car23enter and Cooper). Yar. polygona. Off Unst, 95 f. Yar. Gouldii. N. of Hebr., 550 f. ; " cold area," temperature of bottom 32°-5 (C. and T.). F. Helensburgh, N. B. (Robert- son) ! ; Maine (Packard). E. Labrador, 15-50 f. (Packard) ; Maine (Mighels). P. 250. — A. Cbottlinensis. Bonr clear white : mantle having its edges puckered : in- current tube forming a wide slit, which scarcely protrudes be- yond the valves : foot placed as in A. flexuosus, assuming various shapes, and often bulbous at the point. Off Unst, 90-140 f. (J. G. J.) ; N. of Hebr., 189 and 650 f. (C. and T.). E. Loffoden I., 450 f. (Sars, as A. pusillus) ! ; Naples (Acton and Stefanis) ! ; Madeira (coll. M'Andrew) ! It crawls, like Crenella decussata, by extending its foot and at- taching itseK by the point. P. 251. A. FEREUGINOSrS. Body pale greyish- white : mantle having thick and expan- sile edges, which protrude when the animal is feeding; it forms a long and narrow (but not tubular) slit or fold on the ventral side : foot cylindrical, very extensile. Hebrides in soft and tenacious mud, 133 f. (J. G. J.). F. Christiania (Crosskey and Robertson) ! E. Loffoden I., 250 f. (Sars) : Naples (Tiberi and Acton) ! P. 254. — DiPLODONTA EOTtJNDATA. Bclgravc Bay, Guernsey, living in sand at low water of spring tides (GaUienne). F. Antwerp Crag (Nyst); Italy (Brocchi and others); Rhodes (Mus. J. d. PI.) ! E. Atlantic coasts of France, Mediterranean, and Adriatic. Venus lupinus, Brocchi. p,260. — Cyamiijm MiNUTUM. F. Norway (Sars). E. Brit- tany (Cailliaud); G. Gascony (Fischer) ; Behring's Straits, 20- 40 f. (Gould). Romer placed this species in the genus Venus ! P. 263. Cypeicabdia lithophagella. Mr. "Waller has also found a small single valve in dredged sand from Guernsey. E. Loire-Inferieure (Cailliaud) ! C. Benieri, Nardo, and Byssomia fragilis, Costa. P. 268. — Carditjm actjleatum. F. Italy. E. Holland SUPPLEMENT. 181 (Herklots); Atlantic coasts of France and Spain (Tasle, Fischer, and M' Andrew). P. 270. — C. ECHiNATUM. F. Scandinavia and Italy. C. mucronatum, Poli. P. 273.— C. TUBEEcuLATtrM. F. Macclesj&eld, 500-1200 ft. (Darbishire) !; Hope's Nose, Torquay (Godwin- Austen) ; Kil- liney (Walpole) ! ; Italy (Sasso and others). P. 275, 1. 17 from bottom, for *' ii." r. " i." P. 275. C. PAPILLOSUM. Body lemoncolour: mantle thick, with open or pouting lips ; it is irregularly fringed with cirri or tentacles, which on the anterior side are short, few, and bush-like, but on the posterior side are longer, more numerous, and filiform, or sometimes curled ; these cirri are microscopically pustulated, and evidently very sensitive : incurrent tube transversely oval, set round with spike-shaped cirri which encircle it like chevaux de frise ; it is mottled with reddish-brown : excurrent tube smaller and plain, with reflexed edges ; anal valve bell- shaped and hyaline : foot pale orange, of a lighter colour to- wards the point. Dredged off St. Martin's Point on the south coast of Guernsey. F. N.W. Germany (Philippi) ; Italy (Fonsega and others). E. Brittany (Cailliaud and Tasle) ! ; Arcachon (Lafont) ! ; Co- runna (M'Andrew and H. Woodward) ! P. 278.— C. ExiGXJUM. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.). F. Killiney (Walpole) ! ; Caithness (Peach) ! ; Norway and Italy. Var. subquadrata. Guernsey and Jersey (Jordan)! In Balta Sound this species lives attached by the byssus to Laminarice; Mamo says that Maltese specimens also are byssiferous. P. 281.— C. FAsciATTJM. F. Red Crag at Toft Monks, Nor- folk (Rose) I; Portrush (A. Bell)!; Norway and Italy! E. Brittany (Cailliaud and Tasle)!; Dalmatia (Brusina)! Hael- lebaek is the name of a place in Zealand, and not of a person. C. ambiguum, Costa, and C. Hdleri, Brusina. P. 283. — C. NODOSUM. F. Norway (Sars and others). S. Wood's species of this name appears to be C. fasciatum, E. Brittany (Cailliaud and Tasle)! ; G. Gascony (De Folin)! ; Naples (Acton) ! ; Algiers (Weinkauff) ! 182 SUPPLEMENT. P. 286, C. EDFiE. F. Scandinavia, N.W. Germany, and Italy. E. Caspian (Dunker) ! P. 292.— C. MINIMUM. Body whitish, and of a gelatinous consistence : mantle pro- truding considerably beyond the valves ; edges minutely ser- rated or fringed with fine thorn -like points : tvhes very short, clothed with slender and pointed cirri of various sizes and lengths, which are irregularly disposed outside ; some of these cirri are tinged with orange at their tips : foot proportionally large, tongue-shaped, rather narrow, flexible, sometimes ex- tended to a great length, and vermicular. N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Norway and Italy ! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; Brittany (CaiUiaud and Tasle); Naples (Acton and Stefanis) ! ; Adriatic (Brusina) ! I have examined Philippi's type in the Berlin Museum. P. 294. — C. NoRVEGicuM. F. Scandinavia and Italy. The foot is endued with great strength and activity. It was sud- denly thrust out of a fine specimen which I held in my hand to examine, and by dint of successive vigorous jerks the animal succeeded in getting back to the basin of water from which I had removed it. Yar. rotunda. Shetland ; rare. This species is C, Icevigatum, Poll. P. 298. ISOCARDIA COE. Body brownish-yellow : mantle closed in front, with broad and plain edges : tubes, the larger or incurrent one forming an oblong slit, and fringed with numerous short cirri or tentacles. Shetland, 40-80 f. (J. G. J.); lona (Duke of Argyle); St. Andrews (M'Intosh). F. Antwerp Crag, Scandinavia, N.W. Germany, and Italy. E. Atlantic coasts of France and Spain, and the Adriatic. The fry is not unlike a very young Venus lincta in shape ; it is the Kelliella ahyssicola of Sars, from 450 f . in the Loffoden Isles. P. 304. — Cyprina Islandica. F. Baring I., N. America (M'Clure); Scandinavia, Belgium, Germany, and Italy. E. Holland (Herklots) ; Brittany, dredged alive (Tasle) ; Ar- cachon, several valves (Lafont) ! A specimen found by Mr. Walpole on the Wexford coast measures 5| inches in length and breadth. SUPPLEMENT. 183 P. 311, 1. 3 from top, for "cosfatus" r. '' sulcatus:' P. 311. — ASTARTE SULCATA. Body yellowish or pale orange, with a tinge of fleshcolour : mantle slightly grooved lengthwise at the edges, which are thickened and plain ; there are a few small white tubercles at the posterior side : foot tongue-shaped, pale yellow : gills deli- cately pectinated. Typical. N. of Hebr., 170-550 f. (C. and T.). F. Norway (Sars and others); Antwerp Crag (Nyst) ; Messina (Seguenza) ! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; Hveen, Denmark ((Ersted) ; Cherbourg (Recluz). Var. Scotica. F. Norway (Sars). E, Loffoden I., 250 f. (Sars) ; Brittany (Recluz) ; Toulon (Sou- leyet). Var. dliptica, E. Scandinavia, Canada, and U. S. E. Labrador (Packard). A form intermediate between this variety and the type has been found in a fossil state at Belfast by Mr. A. Bell, and living in the Faroe Isles by Sysselman MiiHer. Var. incrassata, F. N.W. Germany (Philippi)j Italy (Brocchi and others). P. 315. A. COMPBESSA. Body yellowish or pale orange : mantle slightly lineated to- wards the edges, which are thickened, of a darker hue, and minutely tuberculated on the posterior side: foot tongue- shaped, yeUowish-brown. E. Vancouver's I. (P. Carpenter, as A. comjpacta). Var. glohosa, N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.). F., with var. striata, Siberia, Labrador, Canada, and U. S. This species is Venus Montagui, Dillwyn. P. 318. — A. TRIANGULARIS. F. Antwerp Crag (Nyst, as A, minuta) ; N.W. Germany (Philippi, as A, Icevigata) ; Monte Mario (Conti, as Cyclina undatd) \ E. Brittany (Recluz) ; Loire- Inferieure (Cailliaud) ! P. 319.—^. crebricostata. N. of Hebr., 550 f., in "cold area" (C. and T.). F. Gardiner, Maine co. (Lyell). A. Warhami, Hancock. P. 320. — A. horealis. F. Greenland, Scandinavia, and N.E. America. P. 322. — Circe minima. F. Antwerp Crag (Nyst, as C?/- therea trigona); Italy (Calcara and others), E. Bergen (Sars) ; 184 SUPPLEMENT. Corunna (M'Andrew and H. Woodward) ! Unquestionably Venus Cyrilli of Scacchi, from comparison with the types. P. 327. — Venus exoleta. F. Antwerp Crag (Nyst) ; Nor- way (Sars) ; Pisa (Manzoni). P. 330. — V. LiNCTA. P. Norway (Sars and others) ; Pisa (Manzoni). P. 332.— V. Chione. P. Macclesfield, 500-1200 ft. (Dar- bishire) ! ; Selsea (A. Bell) ! ; Antwerp Crag (Nyst). p. 334.— y. FAsciATA. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). P. Norway (Sars). E. Jokohama, Japan (Allcock) ! P. 337.— Y. Casina. Body fleshy, pale lemoncolour, mottled with pink and closely speckled with white : Tuantle protruding beyond the shell ; edges beautifully fringed with short cirri : tubes coni- cal, extended sometimes to a length equal to ^ the breadth of the shell ; they are united, except at their orifices, which are sometimes brown, and each is encircled with about 20 cirri: foot large, thick, and tongue-shaped or securiform. The animal moves from place to place by attaching the point of its foot, and, after expanding and extending it, withdrawing its hold and expelling forcibly the water it had taken in ; by repeating this operation it soon traverses a considerable dis- tance. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.). P. Moel Tryfaen (Dniry Lowe) ! ; Pisa (Manzoni). p. 339._Y. vEEEucosA. P. Strethill, Salop (Maw)!; Port- rush (Portlock) ; Killiney (Walpole) ! ; not Coralline Crag ; Italy (Scacchi and others). E. Africa, America, and Indian Ocean (Eomer). Cultivated in the west of Prance and at Monaco as an article of food. M. Lallemant believes that it arrives at maturity in eight months. P. 342.— y. ovATA. N. of Hebr., 189-550 f.; brightly and deeply coloured specimens (C. and T.). P. Scandinavia and Italy. E. Attached to Mediterranean telegraph -cable between Cagliari and Bona, at a depth of 2000 metres (Milne-Edwards, Jlde "Weinkauff). P. 344.— y. GALLiNA. P. Portrush (Portlock); Killiney (Walpole) ! ; Scandinavia (Sars and others) ; Pisa (Manzoni). Var. laminosa. E. Japan (Allcock) ! Mr. M^ Andrew, in his SUPPLEMENT. 185 " Report on South European Marine Tnvertebrata," observed that at Algiers the typical form inhabits the littoral zone, while the form called striatula occurs only at a depth of 30 f. ; and in a communication from him to Prof. E. Forbes (Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. iii. p. 509) he says, with reference to his dredgings off Cape St. Mary's in 15-30 f., " The Venus from that locality appears to be intermediate between the gallina of the Medi- terranean and striata [^striatula'] of our seas, so that they may at last prove to be only varieties of the same species." Prof. Romer has lately restored V. pallida of Turton as a species ! P. 349. — Tapes aureus. Body pale yellowish-white, with reddish-brown spots or blotches round the orifices of the tubes ; mantle thick and fleshy, more or less open in front, so as to form a slit ; edges irregularly scalloped: tubes cylindrical, short, united nearly to their orifices ; the incurrent tube is the longer of the two, and streaked inside lengthwise with yellow or flake- white lines ; its orifice is fringed with 6 short cirri or tentacles and the same number of intermediate tubercles; the excurrent tube has also its orifice fringed, but less thickly, and the cirri are equal in size : foot large, laterally compressed, and wedge- shaped at the point. Roach river or estuary, Essex. E. Scandinavia (Sars and others); Antwerp Crag (N'yst); Pisa (Manzoni) ; Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! Exceedingly prolific, Poll. According to E. v. Martens this is the Venues edulis of Chemnitz and V. lutescens of Gmelin. Y&r.ovata. Herm (Marshall)!; Lake Eusaro, near Naples (J. G. J.). P. 352. — T. viRGiN-EUS. E. Norway (Sars) ; Prussia (Be- rendt) ; Italy (Scacchi and others) ; Rhodes (Mus. J. d. PI.) ! E. Einmark, 5-40 f. (Sars); Holland (Herklots) ; N.W. Erance (Guestier, /. Eischer). P. 355. — T. PULLASTEA. E. All our posttertiary deposits, as well as those from Norway to Sicily. E. Holland (Herk- lots), and throughout the European seas ; Japan (AUcock) ! T, (jeographicus is undoubtedly the same species. Venu^ TenoHi, Costa, and T. Senegalensis, Romer. P. 357, 1. 13 from bottom, for " arctica" r. " ru^gosa" P. 359. — T. DECussATus. E. Torquay (Godwin- Austen) ; 186 SUPPLEMENT. Killiney (Walpole) ! ; Pisa (Manzoni). E. N. Japan, Indian and Pacific Oceans (Schrenck). P. 361, 1. 7 from bottom, for " P" r. « T." P. 363. — LuciNOPsis UNDATA. P. Norway (Sars) ; Gardi- ner, Maine (Lyell) ! P. 367.— Gastrak-a. Fragilia, Desh. (1848). P. 367. — G. FRAGiLis. Not Venus fmgilis, Pabricius, nor Tellina fmgilis, Moller. P. 371 . — Tellina balaustina. Mantle more protruded at the posterior side ; edges minutely ciliated : tubes cylindrical, separate, very finely and closely lineated lengthwise; orifices plain; upper or excretal tube much longer than the other, occasionally extended nearly twice the length of the sheU in the same direction; it is fringed at the sides with short close-set microscopic cilia, and contracted at the opening ; sometimes the lower or alimentary tube is the only one protruded: foot tongue-shaped, broad. Leaps or jerks along with considerable rapidity, by folding and flapping its foot. A kind of spring is thus produced, and the course taken is usually straight. Guernsey (J. G. J.) ; Aberdeen (Dawson) ! A Shetland spe- cimen measured fully one inch in breadth. P. Antwerp Crag (Nyst) ; Italy (Scacchi and others). P. 373. — T. CEASSA, Pennant instead of Gmelin {T. crassa, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 87, t. xviii. f. 28). P. Norway (Sars) ; Rhodes (Mus. J. d. PI.) ! E. Japan (Allcock) ! P. 375. — T. BALTHiCA. P. Norway (Sars and others); Prussia (Berendt). E. Holland (Herklots) ; Naples (Poli and others) ! ; Madeira, a single valve (Watson) ! ; N. Japan (Schrenck). T. ruhiginosa, Poli. Sars considers the T. groen- landica of Beck a variety of this species. P. 379. — T. TENUIS. E. Denmark, HoUand, and Prance ; probably also N. America, as T. tenera of Say. P. 382. — T. FABULA. P. Scandinavia and Italy. E. Hol- land (Herklots) ; Atlantic coasts of Prance and Spain, Med., and Adr. ; Cape of Good Hope (Krauss, fide Weinkauff). T, strigilata, Philippi. P. 384.— T. sQiJALiDA. P. Pairlie near Glasgow (A. Bell) ! ; Italy (Ponsega and others). E. KuUen in S. Sweden, and Hveen in Denmark (Orsted, as T. depressa of Gmelin). SUPPLEMENT. 187 P. 386.— T. DONACiNA. F. Fairlie near Glasgow (A. Bell) ; Antwerp Crag (Nyst, as Donax stnatella of Brocchi) ; Italy (Scacchi, Manzoni, and others). Yar. Lantivyi. Shetland, 18-82 f. Yar. distorta. Bantry and Dublin bays (Walpole) ! F. N.W. Germany (Philippi). A dwarf variety has been found by Professor Stossich at Trieste ; it is quite different from T. pusilla of the same size. P. 387, 1. 12 from bottom, after « Sic." add « i. p. 39." P. 388.— T. PusiLLA. Body pale yellowish- white : mantle slightly protruded ; edges minutely and closely ciliated : tvhes cylindrical and ex- tensile, faintly lineated lengthwise ; upper tube much longer than the other ; orifices plain ; the lower or excretal tube has no valve : foot tongue-shaped and flexible. N. of Hebr., 189 f., living, with bright pink rays (C. and T.); St. Andrew (M'Intosh) ! F. Pisa (Manzoni); Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! E. Atlantic coasts of France, Spain, and Portugal (Cailliaud, Lafont, M' Andrew, and others)!; Dalmatia (Brusina) ! P. 389, 1. 2 from bottom, for " cdlcarea " r. " calcaria ". P. 389. — T. calcaria. A fine, perfect, and fresh but dead specimen was dredged by the late Dr. Moller (author of the ' Index MoUuscorum Groenlandiae ') off Fair Isle between the Orkneys and Shetland; and I last year got a valve in the same condition on the west coast of Shetland. I must, how- ever, retain my doubts as to its qow living in our seas. P. 392. — PsAMMOBiA TELLiNELLA. F. Uddcvalla (J. G. J.). E. Morbihan (Tasle)!; Gulf of Gascony (Des Moulins and Lafont) ! P. 394. — P. cosTTJLATA. Hcrm, at low water; living. F. Monte Mario (Conti) ! ; Rhodes (Mus. J. d. PL) ! E. Atlantic coasts of France and Spain, Med., and Adr. Capt. E. J. Bedford dredged at Oban a specimen an inch in breadth. P. 396. — P. Ferroensts. F. Macclesfield (Darbishire) ; KiUiney (Walpole)! ; Norway (Sars and others). E. Arcachon (Fischer). P. 398. — P. VESPERTINA, F. Killincy (Walpole) ! ; Yesuvius (Guiscardi). 188 SUPPLEMENT. P. 402. — DoNAx viTTATus. F. Macclesfield (Darbishire) ! ; Caithness (Peach) ! ; Italy, from Pisa to Vesuvius. Var. nitida. Sicily (Aradas) ! Weinkauif has mistaken this species for the D, venusta of Poli, and given it the latter name. P. 407. — D. TRUNCULTJS. E. Nordeney (GrUner, j^cZ^ Bun- ker) ; Madeira (Watson) ! ; not Red Sea. Yon Hemprich and Ehrenberg explored not only the shores of the Eed Sea, but also the Mediterranean coasts of Egypt and Syria; and the shells which they collected were mixed, and placed in the Museum at Berlin as coming from the Red Sea only. P. 413. — Amphidesma castaneitm. E. Morbihan (Tasle) ! P. 414. — A. corneum. E. N. Spain and Portugal (M' An- drew)! P. 415. — Mactra solida. E. Holland (Herklots) ; Ferrol (Sevane, /. Hidalgo) ; Corunna (M' Andrew) ! ; Adriatic (Da- nilo and Sandri, v. Schrockinger, and Stossich). Var. elliptica. N. of Hebr., 189 and 530 f. (C. and T.) ; Arcachon (Fischer) j Corunna (M^Andrew)! M. castanea, Lam., ex typ.=Jf. solida. P. 419. — M. suBTRTJNCATA. F. Coralline Crag (S, Wood, as M. triangulata, and apparently a variety or monstrosity as M. obtruncata) ; Norway (Sars) ; Prussia (Berendt). E. Ma- deira, a single valve (Watson) ! P. 422. — M. TRIANGULA, described by Brocchi, not by Renier. P. 422. — M. STULTORUM. E. Holland (Herklots) ; not Redi: Sea. M. violacea and M. rufa, Lam., ex typ. P. 425. — M. GLATJCA. Land's End, fragments only (Lind- say); Jersey (Dodd) ! E. Bay of Biscay and Adriatic ! Chem- nitz cited Born, and thus recognized or identified M. glauca as his species. That name was adopted by Gmelin, Schroter, Schreiber, and other authors of the last century, all of whom refer to Born and give the Mediterranean as the habitat. P. 427. — LuTRARiA. Lataria, Philippi. P. 428. — L. ELLIPTICA. E. Sweden, in estuaries (Linne) ; Holland (Herklots) ; Bay of Biscay (Aucapitaine and Fischer) ; Adriatic (v. Schrockinger and Brusina). Var. cdterutra. F. Monte Mario (Conti, as L. gracilis) ! E. Naples (Acton) ! ; Algeria (Weinkauff)! SUPPLEMENT. 189 P. 430. — L. OBLONGA. F. Paluns of Touraine (Cailliaud) ! E. Sicily (Aradas) I ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ! P. 433, 1. 12 from top, dele " Cochlodesma and". P. 434, add as synonyms Lutricola, sect. A., of De Blain-^ ville (1825), and CalcineUa of Deshayes (1830). If the species which I have placed in the first division of Scrohi-^ cularia are regarded as constituting a separate genus, Lamarck's old name Erycina (as adopted and exemplified by Philippi) ought to be used, and not the modem ill-compounded name Syndosmya. P. 435. — ScEOBicuLARiA PRisMATicA. P. Norway and Italy. Renier did not describe his Erycina angulosa. It is the Tel- Una stricta of Brocchi. P. 436. — S. NiTLDA. Hayle (Hockin) ! F. Norway and Italy! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars); ? Holland (Herklots) ; Mediterranean, from Spezzia (Doria) to Sicily (Aradas), and Adriatic (Stossich and Brusina) ! Erycina vitrea, Dan. and S. P. 438, 1. 13 from bottom, for *' Panormitan " r. " Palermi- tan". P. 438. — S. AiBA. F. Norway, Belgium, and Italy. E, Loff*oden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; Holland (Herklots). Erycina tu- mida, Brusina. Not described by Renier. P. 442.— S. TENUIS. R. Deben, Suffolk. F. Selsea (A. Bell) ! E. Upper Norway (M* Andrew) ! ; Atlantic coasts of France and Spain, Med., and Adr. t Erycina Bielziana and E. trigona, Brusina. P. 444. — S. piPERATA. F. Scandinavia and N.W. Germany. E. Holland (Herklots) ; Adriatic (G. v. Martens and others) ; Japan (AUcock) ! Young=^ S. fahida, Brusina. Belon described and figured this shell in 1553 as Chama jpiperata. P. 446. — Reaumur was of opinion that the presence or comparative length of the tubes in every bivalve mollusk indi- cates its habits : those, like the present species, which burrow deeply in mud have tubes of extraordinary length ; the common cockle, which merely covers itself with sand, possesses very short siphons ; while the mussel, which lives on the surface^ has none at all. P. 448. — See note at p. 316 of the 1st volume. 190 SUPPLEMENT. Vol. III. p. 3. — SoLECTTRTTJS CANDiDus. F. Boulder-clay, Caithness (Peach) ! ; Monte Mario (Conti and Rigacci) ! ; Pa- lermo (Aradas) ! ; Ehodes (Mus. J. d. PL) ! When this mol- lusk is laid on its back, the valves are fully expanded, and it is kept in its place by a pair of thread-like muscles, which cross each other as if it were tied in that way. P. 4, 1. 6 from bottom, dele « 1." P. 6. — S. ANTiQTJATUS. Psammohia antiqua, Risso. P. 10. — Caratisolen LEGUMEif. Mcrscy estuary (Colling- wood). F. Vesuvius (Guiscardi). P. 14. — SoLEN PELLTJCiDTJS. F. Not Coralline Crag ; Monte Mario (Conti) ! E. Bay of Biscay (Beltremieux and others)! ; Naples (Acton) ! P. 16. — S. ENSis. F. N.W. Germany (Philippi)'; Maine (Packard). E. Norway, from Finmark southwards, shore — 10 f. (Sars). P. 18. — S. siLiQTTA. F. Norway and Italy. E. Norway, from Bergen southwards (Sars). Ensis magnus, Schumacher. P. 23. — Pandora. Dr. Morch informs me that Hvass was not a German but a Danish justiciary, and that he was for many j^ears secretary to the Danish Embassy at Paris, when Bruguiere, Lamarck, and Schumacher (at that time medical students) assembled every week at his house at Auteuil. P. 24. — P. iNiEQTJivALyis, var. ohtusa or Pinna, F. Monte Mario (Rigacci). P. 25, 1. 7 from bottom, for " 10 " r. " 100 ". P. 29. — Ltonsia Norve&ica. E. N.W. America (P. Car- penter) ; not Sea of Okhotsk, Middendorff's species being L. arenosa. p. 33.— Thracia. Described by De Blainville in 1825. P. 34, 1. 16 from top, for " Odondncta " r. *' Odoncineta", P. 34. ^T. PR^TENUIS. Body clear white : mantle pouting at its edges, which are plain: tubes short; branchial tube forming a wide sHt, and nearly sessile ; excretal tube (which is only now and then protruded) longer and conical : foot large, lancet-shaped. F. Monte Mario (Conti and Rigacci) ! ; Rhodes (Mus. J. d, PI.)! E. Algeria (Weinkauff)! SUPPLEMENT. 191 P. 36. — T. PAPYRACEA. F. Italy. E. Christiansund (Sars) Yar. villosiuscula, F. Norway. P. 38. — T. PUBESCENS. F. Italy. E. Atlantic coasts of France, Med., and Adr. ! P. 39. — T. coNVEXA. F. Monte Mario (Eigacci) ! E. Me- diterranean, from Mahon to Sicily ! T. Maravignce of Aradas and Calcara. P. 41.— T. DisTOETA. F. Belgium (IS'yst). E. Bay of Bis- cay, Med., and Adr. ! P. 43, 1. 3 from top, for " Fleurian" r. " Fleuriau"; and 1. 7, for " Kecluz " r. " Fleuriau ". P. 45.— PoROMTA GRANULATA. The Minch, 45-60f. (J.G. J.); N. of Hebr., 170 f. (C. and T.). F. N.W. Germany (Leunis,/. Philippi). E. LofFoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ! P. 48. — Ne^ka abbreviata. Body whitish, with minute flake-white specks : mantle closed in front, open on the posterior side for the passage of the foot and admission of water to the gills, as well as on the anterior side, where it is folded into the tubular processes ; it has an inner and narrow border of yellow; outside edges fringed with minute points ; the hps pout on the posterior side : tubes unequal in size and length ; the lower or incurrent tube is large and wide, and forms a short cylinder (like a mor- tar); its orifice is bent inwards and has a ciliated edge ; this orifice is sometimes encircled by a ring of an orange colour ; excurrent tube conical, with a contracted and small orifice ; the tubular sheath has from 6 to 8 long thread-like and finely granulated cirri, with bell-mouthed extremities : foot dibble- shaped, narrow, and extensile. Jerks about by means of a systolic and diastolic action of the tubes. E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars); Loire-Inferieure (Cailliaud); Naples, 60 f. (Acton and Stefanis) ! ; Sicily (Benoit) ! P. 49.— N. costellata. N. of Hebr., 189 and 530 f. (C. and T.). F. Monte Mario (Conti) ! E. G. Gascony, 60-80 f. (De Folin); Med. and Adr. ! P. 51. — N. RosTRATA. F. N.W. Germany (Bronn and others); Monte Mario (Rigacci)! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars); Med. and Adr. I P. 53.— N. crspiDATA. N. of Hebr., 500 and 550 f. (C. 192 SUPPLEMENT. and T.). F. Coralline Crag, Gedgrave, nearly 1| x 1 inch (A. Bell)!; Italy, from Pisa to Messina! E. Loffoden I., 450 f. (Sars)!; Astnrias and Yigo (M'Andrew) ! ; Med. and Adr.l A Neapolitan specimen in Dr. Tiberi's rich collection measures 32 millimetres in length. N. ohesa, Loven. P. 56. — CoRBULA GiBBA. F. From Christiania to Messina. Weinkauff now refers his 0. rosea to G. Mediterranea. P. 58. — C, Mediterranea. I dredged a small single valve at Guernsey in 1865. Prof. Kroyer found two specimens of C. ovata at Christiansund ; those which Dr. Morch gave me were from the collection of Fabricius, and might have come from Greenland or Norway. This form is C. amurensis of Schrenck, and perhaps C. Icevis of Hinds. P. 64. — Mya arenaria. F. N.E. America. E. Brevilac- qua in Dalmatia (Danilo and Sandri). Circumpolar. M. Ja- ponica, Jay. P. 66. — M. TRUNCATA. F. Tarauto (Costa) ; Port Kennedy, Greenland (Walker). E. Bay of Biscay (Beltremieux and coll. Fleuriau) ; Venice (G. v. Martens) ; Zara, Dalmatia (Dan, and S.). Yar. Uddevallensis. F. Sicily (Acton) ! P. 70. — M. BiNGHAMi. F. Lapugy, Transylvania (Homes) ! E. Atlantic coasts of France (Recluz and others) ! ; Ferrol, Spain (Perez Areas, /. Hidalgo) ; Naples (Scacchi) ! P. 74. — Panopea. Panose, Men. P. 75. — P. PLiCATA. Bantry Bay (Walpole and Jordan) ! ; St. Magnus Bay, Shetland, 60-80 f. (J. G. J.). F. Belfast (A. Bell)! ; Monte Mario (Conti, as Myrina oceanica and Arcinella Icevis, and Rigacci) ! E. Loffoden I., 300 f., and Bergen (Sars); Danish coast (Morch) ; Taranto (Tiberi) and Naples (Costa as Arcinella carinata of Philippi) ! ; Algiers (Weinkauff, as Sjphenia Bingliami). The Panopoea plicata of Sowerby's * Mineral Conchology' is a fossil of the Greensand and Gault formations ; his publication was subsequent to that of Mon- tagu. P. 78. — Saxicava Norvegica. F. Aberdeenshire (Jamie- son); Labrador (Packard). E. Loffoden L, 150 f. (Sars). P. 81. — S. RTJGOSA. N. of Hebr., 170-550 f. (C. and T.). F. Throughout Europe, N. Asia, and America. SUPPLEMENT. 193 E. Loifoden I., 300 f. (Sars). The specific names rugosa and arctica bear the same date of publication ; but the former is the one most generally known. S. antarctica, Philippi. P. 90, 1. 12 from top, for "Eetz" r. " Philippson " ; the reason given for changing the name to Chcena is because Gastrochcena "aures nostras singulari modo offendit" ! P. 91. — Gastroch^na nrsiA. F. "Vienna basin (Homes) ! ; Rhodes and Algiers (Deshayes). P. 104. — Pholas dactylus. F. KiUiney (Walpole) ! ; Us- tica I. (Calcara). Costa says that it is very phosphorescent, and that, if its flesh is chewed and kept in the mouth, the breath becomes luminous and looks like a real flame. P. 107. — P.CANDIDA. F. Macclesfield (Darbishire); Selsea (A. Bell) ! p. 109.— P. PARVA. F. Red Crag (coll. S. Wood, and A. Bell) ! ; Belgium (Nyst). E. Bay of Biscay (Ferussac and others) ! P. callosa, Lam., ex typ. ! P. 112. — P. CRISP ATA. Hayle (Hockin). F. New England (Verrill and Packard) ; Philippi has since referred his F. vibonensis to Pholadidea papyracea. E. N. Japan (Schrenck). P. 116. — Pholadidea papyracea. Falmouth (Hockin) ; Woodside, Lancashire (Collingwood). F. Edeghem in Bel- gium (Nyst) ! E. Arcachon (Lafont) ! P. 120. — Xylophaga dorsalis. Many additional localities on every part of our coasts. F. Vienna basin (Homes) ! E. Kattegat, Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean, and Adriatic ! P. 121.— In a paper by C. W. Siemens, C.E. (Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1865, p. 187) it is stated that the hemp had " engendered millions of small marine insects of a peculiar kind " (the Xy- lophaga ! ), and that the deep-sea cable for the Toulon and Algiers line had been destroyed in the same way. P. 124, 1. 3 from top, after " Germans " add " * tremadskr ' of the Icelanders, ' jaegte-orm ' or ". P. 168. — Teredo Nortegica. F. Bordeaux beds, Switzer- land, and Vienna basin (Homes) ; Norway (Sars). E. Med. and Adr. ! Eaten at Yenice, and called " bisse dei legni," G. V. Martens. The sheath is Septaria Mediterranea of Risso. VOL. V. K 194 SUPPLEMENT. P. 171. — Dentalium bifissum belongs to the SoIenoconcMa, and is the type of a genus which I have named Dischides ; it is also fossil in the Italian tertiaries, and inhabits the Mediter- ranean, as well as the Gulf of Gascony, the Straits of Gibral- tar, and the sea-bed near Teneriffe ! P. 171. — T. NAVALis. E. Arcachon (Lafont)! Trieste (Stossich)! P. 174. — T. PEDiCELLATA. Arcachon (Fischer)!; Naples (Tiberi and Acton) ! ; Zara, in the woodwork of the bathing- machines, with T. Norvegica (J. G. J.); Algiers (Weinkauff)! P. 176. — T. MEGOTAEA. Uist, Hebrides (Mcintosh) ! ; Ma- deira (Watson) ! P. 181. — It does not appear that any of these occasional visitants are alive when they reach our shores, much less that they can thrive and propagate — which, indeed, is not desirable. P. 181. — T. malleolus. Arcachon (Fischer)!; Madeira (Watson)! P. 182. — T. hipinnata. Hayle (Hockin); Faroe I. (Morch). P. 184. — T. minima. If this be not the Mediterranean species, what is it ? In some specimens the pallet-stalks are very long, and the joints are not spinous at the sides. P. 185. — SoLEiyrocoKCHiA. I Overlooked the Rev. L. Guild- ing's paper in the Transactions of the Linnean Society (xvii., 1834) entitled " Observations on Naticina and Dentalium, two genera of Molluscous animals," which shows that he had as- certained the true nature and organization of Dentalium. Its habits, peculiar mode of locomotion, gills, numerous and elon- gated tentacles with their suctorial extremities, vermicular foot, and the position of the anal duct were most accurately described by this excellent observer. The late Professor Costa, in his 'Fauna del regno di Napoli,' gave also some details and elaborate figures of its anatomy, but mistook the tentacles for branchial cirri ; he noticed the occurrence of Foraminifera in its stomach. I would remark that the thread- like and extensile organs by which the Solenoconchia seize their prey are unlike the tentacles of any Gastropod, and their function is quite different : captacula would be a more appro- SUPPLEMENT. 195 priate term than tentacula. The foot is trilobate in the genus Dentalium only : in Siphonodentalium and Cadulus it is dibble-shaped ; and when it has penetrated the sand or mud to its full extent, its extremity expands and takes the shape of a round shield or disk, so as to give the animal a fulcrum and enable it to withdraw its shell in the same direction. According to Mr. Jabez Hogg the odontophore of D. entalis is a modification of that of the Chitonidce. In the Yidensk. Forh. Christ, for 1858, Prof. Sars regarded this class as an order of Acephala, calling it Solenoconchce. He does not refer to the monograph of Prof. Lacaze-Duthiers, which was pub- lished in the preceding year ; and it may be presumed that he was not aware of it. It is a curious case of coincidence. Prof. Bronn also distinguished Dentalium as the type of a sepa- rate class, under the name of Prosopocephala or Scaphopoda. P. 188, 1. 16 from top, for " are bred " r. " issue ". P. 191. — Add Genus I. Sipho'nodenta'lium*, Sars. Body slender : captacula numerous : foot vermicular and extensile, its extremity being capable of expanding into a disk with a digitated margin and a central spike. Shell narrowly funnel-shaped or cylindrical, curved, thin, obliquely but minutely striated in the Hue of growth, and sometimes ribbed lengthwise : base having several notches. SiPHONODENTALIUM LoFOTEN'SEf, SarS. S. lofotense, Sars, Malacozoologische Jagttagelser in Yid. Selsk. Forh. 1864, p. 17, t. vi. f. 29-33. Body transparent : captacula slender. Shell somewhat cylindrical, gradually tapering to a narrow point, rather glossy and semitransparent : sculpture, fine, close- set and slanting striae, which constitute the lines of growth : base having four slight equidistant notches. L. 0*2. B. 0*025. Habitat : Muddy sand in 40-140 f., among the Hebrides and Shetland Isles. Norway, 30-300 f. (Sars) ; G. Gascony, 60-80 f. (De FoHn) !; Naples and Sicily, 50-60 f. (Acton and others) ! The shell differs from the young of Dentalium entalis in being more curved and regularly tapering; the mouth and * Compounded from its tube-like shape and " Dentalium'^ t Originally found in the Loffoden Isles. k2 196 SUPPLEMENT. corresponding lines of growth slope backwards instead of being circular, and the base or margin of the posterior orifice is jagged, with two slight notches on each side ; the fry has no bulbous point as in Dentalium. In some specimens the periodical accretions of growth make them appear jointed. A specimen of S. vitreum was dredged by Carpenter and Thomson in 550 f. off the Faroe Isles ; Sars and M'Andrew have recorded it from much less depths on the coast of Nor- way. S. affine of Sars appears to be the young of this species. F. Norway (Sars and others) !; Vienna basin (Homes) ! Genus II. Ca'dtjltis*, Philippi. Body resembling that of Siphonodentalium. Shell awl-shaped, tumid in the middle, and narrower at each end, solid for its size, vitreous, and never exhibiting any sculpture : mouth obliquely truncated and thickened : base notched. Gadila, Gray, and Helonyx, Stimpson. Eang referred to his genus Cresis the genera Vaginella of Daudin and Gadus of Montagu ; but the last named author never proposed any such genus. The type of the present genus is Dentalium gadus of Montagu. My friend the Rev. M. J. Berkeley formerly considered it an Annelid and belonging to his genus Di- trupa (more properly Ditrypa) ; he is now satisfied that this was a mistake. Species of Cadulus are numerous, both recent and fossil. We have only Cadulus suBFu'siroRMist, Sars. {Siphonodentalium sub- fusiforme, Sars, Mai. Jagtt. p. 21, t. vi. f. 36-44.) Body clear white : mantle irregularly fringed at its edges : captacida thread-Hke, unequal in length, and very extensile, annulated in a state of contraction ; each has an oval bulb at the extremity : foot when at rest tubular, and projecting a little beyond the mouth of the shell, when protruded nearly as long as the shell itself, retractile hke the tentacles of a snail or slug ; its motion or action is spasmodic and extremely rapid, as well in extension as in withdrawal ; disk resembling a daisy, with the encircling lobes or digitations regular but short ; this is sometimes concave, and at other times convex ; its spike or tentacle is central : arms cylindiical, short : ovary * A little cask. t Somewhat spindle-shaped. SUPPLEMENT. 197 orange: liver brown. The stomach contains microscopic Foraminifera, including Glohigerina and Cassididina, Shell somewhat spindle-shaped, proportionally broader (especially in the middle) than in any species of Siphonoden- talium, nearly straight on the inner or ventral side, and gib- bous or arched on the back, becoming suddenly contracted towards the base, where it is much narrower than at the top, very glossy, and transparent : sculpture none : mouth roundish- oval : base flexuous, having two slight curved notches, one on each side; the very young shell has a projecting laminar process at the back. L. 0*15. B. 0-035. Habitat : Fine sand near Unst, in 85-140 f., local but not uncommon (J. G. J.) ; I^. of Hebr. 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). ^ F, Barholmen, near Christiania (Crosskey and Robertson)!; MoUersdorif, Vienna basin (Homes) ! ; Rometta, near Messina (Seguenza)! E. Norway, 50-300 f. (Sars) I ; off Bayonne, 60-80 f. (De Folin) !; G. Naples (Acton and Stefanis) ! Dentalium gadus of Montagu (p. 198) belongs to this genus, and not to Ditrypa. Barrett dredged it in deep water at Jamaica. D. coarctatum, Hesh. (a Subapennine fossil), seems to be a distinct species. P. 191.— D. ENTALis. N. of Hebr., 170-500 f. (C. and T.). F. Sicily (Tiberi)! Yar. infundibulum. Shorter and less cylin- drical being proportionally wider towards the mouth. Loch Fyne. P. 195.— D. Tarentinum. F. Killiney (Walpole) ! P. 196.— D. dentalis. E. Morbihan (Tasle). P. 197. — D. ABTSsoRUM. Shetland, 78 and 82 f., two young but living specimens ; Hebrides and Skye, apparently semi- fossil ; N. of Hebr., 189 and 650 f. (C. and T.). F. Maccles- field (Darbishire) ! E. Norway, 30-300 f., and var. as D. agile (Sars) ! P. 199. — For " Gasteropoda " r. " Gastropoda ". P. 200. For '* PULMONOBRANCHIATA " P. " PuLMONlBEAN- CHIATA ". P. 204, 1. 15 from top, for " Mangelia'' t. " Pleurotoma" ; and 1. 16, for " Amphisphi/ra'' r. " Utriculus ". P. 209, 1. 16 from top, for '' valves " r. " scales " ; and 1. 17, for " calcareous " r. " chitinous ". P. 211. — Chiton FAscicuLARis. F. Selsea (A. Bell) ! E. 198 SUPPLEMENT. Dalmatia (Brusina) ! In Philippi's collection this species was mixed with C. discrepans. P. 214. C. DISCREPANS. Body lemoncolour : mantle faintly tinged with pink, lami- nar : head semicircular : mouth star-like or puckered when not engaged in feeding : foot elongated, rounded at each end : gills yellowish-brown, about 20 on each side, becoming larger towards the posterior extremity ; they commence at the middle of the body and extend about halfway down : duct large, tubular : girdle extremely broad and fleshy, thickly covered with short hairs. E. Atl. and Med. coasts of Spain (Hidalgo) ; Zara (J. G. J.). P. 215.— C. Hanleyi. Body pale yellowish-white, tinged with pink : mantle thick : head-lobe horseshoe-shaped, and narrowly edged with pink : mouth large, and puckered : foot whitish, microscopically dotted with flake- white ; it is truncated or bluntly rounded in front : gills extending on each side of the vent or excretal tube, which is conical and prominent: girdle underneath thick, greyish, vdth black specks. The inside of each plate in the middle is strengthened by a thick bow-shaped rib. F. Norway (Crosskey and Eobertson) ! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; Faroe I. (Morch) ; G. Naples, 60 f. (Acton and Stefanis) ! ; Manan I., Maine (Mighels, as C. mendicarius). P. 217. — C. CANCELLATUS. Body yellowish-white : mantle rather thin, edged with fleshcolour : mouth round and somewhat prominent : foot lan- ceolate, squarish in front, bluntly pointed behind ; sole marked lengthwise with 4 fleshcolour lines, the outer broader than the inner ones : gills plume-like, short but conspicuous, placed near the tail, 5 on each side. E. Loff'oden I., 300 f. (Sars); Vigo (M'Andrew)!; Dal- matia (Brusina) ! Specimens from low-water at Herm are larger than those dredged in the coralline zone. P. 218, 1. 4 from bottom, C. Rissoi is a diff'erent species. P. 518.— C. ciNEREiJs. N. of Hebr., 189 and 530 f. (C. and T.). F. Caithness (Peach) !; Norway (Sars and others) ! E. Heligoland (Hoff'mann) ; G. Gascony (Fischer) ; not Medi- terranean. The description given by Fabricius confirms that of Linne in the determination of this species as C. cinereus. SUPPLEMENT. 199 P. 220.— C. ALBFS. N. of Hebr. 170-550 f. (C. and T.). E. Labrador, 50 f. (Packard) ; Wellington Channel (Belcher) ! P. 221. — C. MAKGiNATUs. F. Selsca (A. Bell)!; Norway (Sars). E. Sicily (Ph., as C. variegatus) !; Adr. (Stossich) ! P. 222, 1. 12 from bottom, for " the North Sea" r. '' Nor- way". P. 224. — C. ETJBER. E. Clyde beds (Crosskey and Kobert- son) !; Norway (Sars and others) ! E. G. Tartary (Lischke) ! P. 226. — C. L^vis. E. Pisa (Manzoni). C. ruber, Olivi, and C. rubicundus, Costa. Capt. Thomas dredged in Eda Sound, Orkneys, a specimen having only seven plates. P. 227. — C. MARMOREUs. E. Norway (Sars) ; Labrador (Packard). E. ? Holland (Herklots); not Carthagena (M^ An- drew, who says that perhaps 0. Icevis was intended) ; Mexico (Brit. Mus.)! ; var. probably Sea of Okhotsk (Midd., as C. sub- marmoreus). P. 229.— a siculus, Gray. F. Selsea (A. BeU) ! P. 235. — Patella. Mr. E. E. Lankester says that it is very closely aUied to Chiton, and has the same peculiar lami- nated " crop," resembling in structure the psalterium of rumi- nants. The strength of its conical sheU in resisting pressure from above is very great. Bums was scarcely justified in both his similes of an illicit whiskey-still seized by excisemen : — " Triumphant crushin't like a mussell Or lampit shell." P. 237, 1. 7 from bottom, before " Lamarck " insert " Yon Salis and ". P. 238, 1. 8 from bottom, after " North" add " and South". P. 242, 1. 16 from top, dele "not". P. 242. — Helcion pellucidum. Var. elongata. Oblong and smaller. Oban (Leckenby)! The inside of shells be- longing to the variety Icevis often exhibits the mark of mus- cular attachment above the head in the form of a ledge ; occa- sionally there are two of such ledges, at intervals denoting the different stages of growth. P. 246, 1. 5 from top, for " Mangelia" r. '^ Pleurotoma^', and for " Amphisphyra " r. " Utriculus ". 200 SUPPLEMENT. P. 246. — Tectura. testfdinalis. Yorkshire coast; two specimens, each 1^ inch long (Leckenby) ! F. Greenland (Walker) ; Labrador (Packard). E. Jesso I. and G. Tartary (Schrenck) ; Mexico (Brit. Mus.) ! P. 248.— T. viRGiNEA. N. of Hebr. 530 f. (C. and T.). P. Hope's Nose, Torquay. E. Madeira (Watson) ! Not Ancylus ? Gussonii, Costa. P. 250.— T. EULYA. Orkneys (Thomas)!; St. Andrews (M'Intosh) !; N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.) P. 252. — Lepeta c^ca. Skye, a dead specimen (M' An- drew) ! F, Labrador (Packard). E. Bay of Castries (Schrenck). P. 254. — Pbopilidium ancyloides. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Christiania (Crosskey and Robertson) ! E. G. Naples, 60 f. (Acton) ! P. 257. — PuNCTijRELLA KOACHiNA. N. of Hcbr., 170 and 189f. (C.andT.). F. Sicily (Seguenza) !; Labrador (Packard). E. Loffoden I., 250 f. (Sars) ; Sea of Okhotsk (P. Carpenter) ; Wellington Channel (Belcher) ! ; Labrador (Packard). P. 259. — Emaeginijla fissura. N. of Hebr., 189 and 530 f. (C.andT.). F. Bohuslan ( Thuden) ; Messina (Seguenza) ! E. Med. and Adr., shore-100 f. ! P. 261.— E. ROSEA. F. N.W. Germany (Ph.) ; Italy and Rhodes! E. Dalmatia! P. 263. — E. CRAssA. Anglesea (Miss Roberts, /. M'An- drew). F. Trapani, near Messina (Seguenza, as E. gigantea) ! The dimensions of Red Crag and Sicilian specimens are nearly double what I have given for the recent shell. P. 265.— jS;. Adriatica, Costa {E. cancellata, Ph.). The late Mr. GaUienne found two living specimens at Herm ; one of them is now figured as E. cancellata. It inhabits the Medi- terranean and Adriatic, and is fossil at Messina. P. 266. — FissrRELLA gr^ca. F. Vienna basin, Morea, and N. Africa (Homes) ! E. Naalsoe Sound, Faroe I. (C. and T.). Var. gibha (figured as F. gibba), Guernsey. Probably Costa was right in referring this variety to the F. gibberula of La- marck. F. recurvata of Costa (F. gibba, Ph.) is a different species, having much finer and closer sculpture, and a very SUPPLEMENT. 201 small slit. The latter species inhabits the Mediterranean and Adriatic, and the Atlantic coasts of Prance and Spain ; it is also a Subapennine fossil. P. 268.— i^. nubecula. E. Atlantic coast of Spain (Hi- dalgo). F. cinnabarina, Costa. P. 268.— Capulid^. Perhaps this family, as well as Calyp- trceidce, ought to be placed near Velutinidce. The animal and shell of all these families have many characters in common. P. 269.— Capulus Hunoaeicus. N. of Hebr., 170-530 f. (C. and T.). P. Norway (Sars and others); N.W. Germany (Philippi) ; Switzerland, Vienna basin, and Morea (Homes). P. 272. — Filiscus coinmodus = Capulus dilutatus and C. de* pressus of A. Adams, from Japan. P. 273.— Calyptb^a Chinensis. DubHn Bay (M'CaUa, /. Adair). F. jS".W. Germany (Philippi) ; Switzerland, Vienna basin, and Rhodes (Homes). P. 283.— ScissiJRELLA CEisPATA. N". of Hcbr., 170 and 189 f. (C. andT.). F. Coralline Crag, Sutton (S. Wood) !; Norway (Sars and others)!; S. Italy (Tiberi and others)!; Rhodes (Mus. J. d. PI.) ! E. Norway, 10-300 f. (Sars). G. Gascony, 60-80 f.(DeFolin)!; Mahon (Cardona, /. Hidalgo) ; Labrador (Dawson,/. Packard). S. aspera, Ph. P. 287. — Cyclostrema Cutlerianum. F. Pezzo, Calabria (Tiberi) ! E. G. Naples (Tiberi) ! P. 289.— C. NiTENS. N. of Hebr., 189 f., larger than usual, and distinctly striated at the base (C. and T.). F. Monte Mario (Conti) ! ; Melazzo, SicHy (Seguenza) ! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars); G. Gascony (De Folin) ! P. 290.— C. SERPULOiDES. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.). F. Norway (Sars) ; Uddevalla (Crosskey and Robertson) ! E. G. Gascony (De Folin) ! ; Med. and Adr. ! Delpliinula pusilla, Calcara. Perhaps Mighel's species was SJcenea planorbis. P. 291, last. 1., for " Ireland " r. « Iceland ". Add :— N. of Hebr., 170 f. (C. andT.) ; Oxfjord, Finmark, laminarian zone (Sars) ; Labrador (Dawson, /. Packard). P. 292, 1. 6 from top, for " transverse " r. "■ longitudinal ", and add '* with a few spiral striae at the base ". P. 295.— Trochtjs HELicii^trs. N. of Hebr., 530 f., dead k5 202 SUPPLEMENT. (C. and T.). F. Norway (Sars and others). E. Spitzbergen (Phipps); Vancouver's I. (P. Carpenter). A restless little animal, with its lateral filaments incessantly twisting about, like ever watchful sentinels. 11th July, 1867, millions of the fry taken by Mr. Norman in his towing-net at night, swimming on the surface of the water in Balta Sound. Dr. Bergh could not detect any lens in the eye-like tubercles at the base of the filaments. The male appears to be Margarita campanulata of Morse. P. 298.— T. Gkgenlandicus. N. of Hebr., 189 and 530 f., dead (C. and T.). F. Caithness (Peach) ; Norway (Sars and others). E. Faroe 1. (Steenstrup) ; Labrador (Packard). Yar. Icevior. Kyleakin, Skye, with the typical form (J. G. J.) ; Upper Norway (M'Andrew) ! P. 299. — Add Tkochtjs gla.ucijs*, Moller. {Margarita glauca, Moll. Ind. Moll. Groenl. p. 8.) Shell globosely conical, rather thin, semitransparent, of a dull hue : sculpture, numerous and close-set fine spiral striae, which are wavy on the body- whorl, and stronger on the up- per whorls and the umbilicus : colour pale bluish-white : spire moderately raised ; apex blunt, depressed : whorls 4, tumid : suture deep : mouth circular, sloping towards the base : outer lip plain and sharp-edged : inner lip folded back a little on the umbilical cavity : umbilicus small and narrow, but deep : inside nacreous : operculum having 8 or 9 volutions, defined by somewhat raised edges, which are white and fringed ; centre slightly concave. L. 0-1. B. 0-125. BLiBiTAT : Dredged by Mr. M'Andrew in about 20-30 f., between Kyleakin and Kyle Khea in Skye. F. Clyde beds (Brown, as Margarita olivacea) ; Uddevalla (Crosskey and Robertson) ! E. Greenland (Moller) ! ; Davis's Straits (A. Hancock, as M. Harrisoni) I ; Wellington Channel, 78 f. (Bel- cher) ! ; Casco Bay, Maine (Gould, as M. argentata) ! The last has a coarser sculpture, xirctic specimens are ^ inch in breadth. P. 304.— r. cimreus, N. of Hebr., 170 f. (C. and T.) ; Skye, perhaps semifossil (Waller)! F. Norway (Sars); Labrador * Bluish-; grey. SUPPLEMENT. 203 (Packard). E. Norway, 10-130 f. (Sars and others); Labra- dor, 7-50 f. (Packard) ; Mexico (Brit. Mus.) ! P. 305. — T. {Margarita) elegantissimus. N. of Hebr., 170 f. (C. and T.). E. N.E. America, as M. varicosa of Mighels ! P. 305. — T. MAGUS. E. Dalmatia (Danilo and others); not Red Sea, Forskal's species of this name being different. p. 307.— T. TUMiDiTS. N. of Hebr., 530 and 650 f. (C. and T.) F. Bohuslan (Thuden). P. 309.— T. ciNERAKius. N. of Hcbr., 189 f. (C. and T.). F. I. of Lewis (Sir H. James)! ; Bohuslan (Thuden). E. Bay of Biscay (D'Orbigny pere and others)! Var. variegata. Biarritz (Lischke) ! ; Corsica (Susini) ! ; Naples (Tiberi) ! This variety is not Monodonta cegyptiaca of Payraudeau or T. fa- nulum of Gmelin. T. cinereus, Linne, F. S. ; T. inflatus and T. lineatus, De Blainville. P. 312. — T. UMBILICATUS. Skyo and Stornoway (J. G. J.) ; Hilbie, near Liverpool (Collingwood). F. Portrush (A. Bell) ! E. Naples (Acton) and Sicily (Benoit) ! The variety Aga- thensis inhabits the lower part of the tidal area, the ordinary or typical form occupying the higher part, and both forms (as well as an intermediate one) occurring halfway between the tide-marks. This species is T. umhillcalis of Da Costa. P. 315.— T. DuMiNYi. F. Monte Mario (Eigacci) ! E. Atlantic coasts of France, Med., and Adr. ! Solarium Philippii, Cantraine ; this specific name has precedence of Duminyi. P. 317.— T. LINEATUS. F. Selsea (A. Bell) ! E. Zara (J. G. J.). P. 320.— T. MoNTACUTT. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! ; Rhodes (Mus. J. d. PI.) ! P. 322. — T. STRiATus. F. Italy, from Pisa to Naples. P. 324. T. EXASPERATUS. Body of a yellowish tinge, dark brovm in front, and mottled with purple, yellow, and flake-white : mantle having rather large side-lappets ; that on the right hand is plain, and the other is minutely notched at its edges : head furnished with a nearly cylindrical snout, which is scalloped in front, and with two fringed lobes which lie above the snout, one on each side : 204 SUPPLEMENT. tentacles very long, thread-shaped, and slender, purple, with minute white tuberculous specks : eyes prominent, on angular stalks or processes at the outer bases of the tentacles : foot lanceolate, rounded in front, and bluntly pointed behind ; sole yellowish-white, with a finely notched margin : crest fringed : appendages 3 on each side, of a lighter hue than the tentacles. F. Selsea (A. Bell)! ; Italy, from Albengo to Naples. Var. pyramidata. Jersey (Dodd) ! Apparently T. venosus, v. Miihlf., from Morocco. P. 325.— T. MiLLEGRANTJS. N. of Hcbr., 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Norway, Germany, France, and Italy ; not Coralline crag. E. Atlantic coasts of France, and throughout the Med. and Adr. Apex microscopically reticulated. P. 327. — T. GRANULATus. F. Moutc Mario (Eigacci) ! ; Naples (Scacchi) ! E. Dalmatia ! P. 330.— T. zizTPHiNrs. N. of Hebr., 189 and 530 f. (C. and T.). F. Switzerland — Ehodes. E. Madeira (Watson) ! P. 333. — T. occiDENTALis. The Minch, 45-60 f., with var. pura (J. G. J.); N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. ; and Faroe I., 10-30 f. (C. and T.). Two fragments of Monodonta limhata, Ph., were dredged by Carpenter and Thomson in 189 f. off the Butt of the Lewis. Sars mentions a specimen having been taken from the stomach of a codfish caught at Bergen. It is a Mediterranean and rather uncommon species. P. 338. — Phasianella pulla. The Minch (J. G. J.) ; Eda Sound, Orkneys, 15 f. (Thomas) ! F. Italy, from Pisa to Naples. E. Guadaloupe (Beau, /. Petit). P. tenuis, Mich.., = P. intermedia, Ph., appears to be a variety. P. 343, 1. 5 from top, before " including " r. " but not ". P. 346.— Lacuj^a divaeicata. N. of Hebr., 189-650 f., dead and probably drifted (C. andT.). F. Wexford (James)!; Portrush (A. Bell) ! E. N. Japan (Schrenck); N.E. America (Conrad and others) ; Mexico (Brit. Mus.) ! L. arctica, Ph. P. 348. — Add L. tenel'la*, Jeffreys. Shell conic- oval, thin, semitransparent, and glossy : sculp- ture, a few irregular and microscopic spiral lines on the body- whorl, none on the upper whorls : colour white, with a tinge * Delicate. SUPPLEMENT. 205 of yellowish-brown on the top of the spire : epidermis none, perhaps abraded: spit'e turreted, ending in an abrupt and truncated top : whorls 5, convex and rounded, gradually en- larging : suture deeply excavated : mouth more circular than oval, somewhat expanded and angulated at the base : outer Up thin, incurved towards the periphery: inner lip filmy and scarcely visible : pillar curved : canal narrow. L. 0*125. B. 0-075. Habitat: N. of Hebr., in 189 and 650 f. (C. and T.). A very few immature specimens, and one full-sized but broken. May be distinguished from all known species of Lacuna by its much smaller size, delicate texture, glossy appearance, turreted spire, truncated apex, deeply excavated suture, and the ab- sence of regular and impressed spiral striae. Its shape re- sembles that of Bitliynia Leachii. P. 348. — L. PTJTEOLTJS. Roach river, Essex, and west coast of Shetland (J. G. J.) ; Orkneys (Thomas)! ; N. of Hebr., 530 f., dead (C. and T.). P. Selsea and Portrush (A. Bell) ! P. 351.— L. PALLiDULA. P. Portrush (A. Bell) ! Scan- dinavia (Sars and Thuden). E. Norway, shore-10 f. (Sars) ; Arcachon (Fischer) ! Yar. patula. Lantivet Bay, Cornwall (Laughrin) ! P. 356. — LiTTORiNA OBTXJSATA. P. Several additional localities in England and Ireland. E. Atlantic coasts of France and Spain, Malaga, Corsica, and Azores ! Yar. cestuarii (figured as L. cestuarii) : — Body pale yellowish, with narrow streaks of brown in front and at the sides : snout greyish, thick, extensile : tentacles rather long, nearly cylindrical, annulated, with sometimes a dark grey hne down the middle in front : eyes small, black, placed on oval tubercles or offsets at the outer base of the tentacles : foot short, white underneath : liver whitish : fceces oval, brownish-yellow. Not viviparous. Shell smaller than the typical form, uniform greenish- brown (the colour being more or less obscured by the excoria- tion or decay of the surface) ; spire more raised and compact; mouth more contracted, outer lip not expanding ; sculpture shght and indistinct except in the young. L. 0-4. B. 0-3. Abundant between tide -marks, on the banks of the river Deben at Shottisham Creek near Sutton, and at Manningtree, 206 SUPPLEMENT. SuiFolk. A dwarf and depauperated variety of L. rudis oc- curred with it. P. 358, 1. 13 from bottom, for '' Broome" r. " Brome". P. 361. — L. litoralis. F. Wexford (James) ! ; Christiania (Crosskey and Kobertson) ! P. 361.— L. NEEiTOiDES. F. Belfast and Portrush (A. BeU). P. 364.— L. KUDis. N. of Hebr., 189 f., probably trans- ported by a tidal current (C. and T.). F. Norway. E. Med. and Adr. ! ; Azores, very young specimens (M' Andrew) ! ; Mexico (Brit. Mus.) ! Yar. tenebrosa. N. Japan (Schrenck). L. suhtenebrosa, Midd., from the sea of Okhotsk, appears to be another variety of this polymorphous species. P. 368. — L. LiTOREA. E. Toulon Harbour (De Blainville); Lusin I., Adriatic (Grube) ; Nova Scotia (Stimpson) ; Mexico (Brit. Mus.) ! Perhaps L. squalida of Broderip and Sowerby (from the Arctic seas) and L. grandis of Middendorff (from the sea of Okhotsk) may be varieties. In old Cornish-English '* guihan," Borlase. P. 377. — Same remark as to the preceding volumes. Vol. lY. p. 5. — RissoA STRiATULA. F. Lochgilp glacial bed, Clyde district, with R. cancellata (Crosskey and Robert- son) ! ; Selsea (A. Bell) ! Probably Turbo lucullanus, Scacchi. P, 7. R. LACTEA. Body milk-white, with minute chalky specks ; upper part of the head of a pink hue : mantle thick and large ; the usual filiform process at the right-hand comer of the mouth of the shell indistinctly appears in the shape of a small tubercle: head prominent ; lips deeply cloven : tentacles rather long, cylindrical but compressed, sparingly covered with very fine cirri, which are more conspicuous at the top ; this part is rounded: eyes black, very distinct: foot lanceolate, broad, squarish in front, with slight auricles or corners, ending in a short pointed tail: opercular appendage single, not extend- ing beyond the tail. Timid, although active. This description was taken from a couple of specimens which I found at Zara under a stone near low-water mark. P. 8, 1. 17 from top, dele parenthesis, and for ''of" r. «'and". SUPPLEMENT. 207 P. 8. — U. CAHCELLATA. F. Lochgilp (Crosskej) ! ; N.W. Germany (Philippi) ; Italy, from Pisa to Naples. P. 11. — E/. CALATHT7S. E. N. Spain (Fischer,/. Hidalgo); I^aples and Sicily (Acton and others) ! ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ! B. subcrenulata , Schwartz. P. 11, 1. 3 from bottom, for *' abyssicola" r. " reticulata". P. 12, 1. 8 from top, after *' latticework " add a pair of raised commas. P. 12. — R. EETicTJLATA. F. Clyde beds, Yienna basin, Pisa, and Monte Mario ! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars); G. Gascony, Naples, and Sicily ! M. Marice, D'Orb. P. 14.— R. ciMicoiDES. N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Norway and Italy ! E. Throughout the Mediterra- nean ! R. intermedia f Aradas. P. 15, 1. 14 from top, for " Martin " r. " Malm ". P. 15. — R. jEFFEErsi. Operculum thin, finely and obliquely grooved in the line of growth, and more distinctly towards the spire or nucleus, which is small and placed near the pillar. N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Barhohnen near Drobak, Norway (Crosskey and Robertson)! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; G. Gascony, 60-80 f. (De Folin) ! P. 17 — R. PUNCTFRA. F. Portrush, Italy, and Rhodes ! E. G. Gascony, Corsica, and Naples ! P. 19.— R. ABYSsicoLA. E. Loffodcu I., 300 f. (Sars); G. Gascony (De Folin) ! ; Naples (Stefanis) ! Not R. scabra, Ph. P. 20.— R. Zetlandica. N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Christiania (Crosskey and Robertson) ! E. Al- geria (Weinkauff) ! P. 22.— R. cosTATA. F. Clyde beds (Robertson)!; Pisa, Monte Mario, and Rhodes ! E. Adr. ! P. 23. — R. PAEVA and var. interrupta. F. Selsea (A. Bell)!; Bohuslan, Monte Mario, and Rhodes ! E. Throughout the Med. and Adr. ! R. radiata, Ph., is probably a variety. P. 26.— R. iNCONSPicFA. F. Belfast (A. Bell) ! ; Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! E. G. Gascony and Naples ! P. 29. — R. ALBELLA. F. Cliristiania (Crosskey and Robert- son) ! E. Sicily (Aradas, as Bithynia Benzi) ; Dalmatia (Bru- sina, as R. Oenensis) ! 208 SUPPLEMENT. P. 30. — R. MEMBEANACEA. F. Selsea (A. Bell) ! ; Killiney (Walpole) ! ; Italy, from Pisa to Naples ! P. 33. — R. viOLACEA. Cornwall (Hockiii)! E. Lochgilp (Crosskey) ! ; S. Italy (Fonsega and Calcara). P. 35.— R. cosTULATA. Helford (Hockin) ! F. Selsea (A. Bell) ! E. Zara (Brusina) ! ; Teneriffe (M'Andrew) ! Var. R. decorata, Ph. In the collection of General Stefanis at Naples I noticed R. costulata of S. Wood from Sicily ; it may be called Stefanisi. p. 37.— R. STRIATA. N. of Hehr., 170-530 f. (C. and T.). F. Selsea (A. Bell) ! ; Uddevalla (Crosskey and Robertson) ! E. Madeira (Watson and Paiva) ! P. 39.— R. PROxiMA. Hayle (Hockin) ! ; Shetland, 60-80 f . (J. G. J.). E. Morbihan (Tasle)!; Naples and Sicily (Tiberi and Stefanis) ! P. 40. — R. viTREA. Fleming's specimens are Oclostomia minimal F. Bohuslan (Thuden); Pisa (Manzoni) ; Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! E. Morbihan (Tasle) ! ; Sicily (Acton and Stefanis) ! P. 42. — R. piJLCHERRTMA. E. Naples and Sicily (Tiberi and Stefanis) ! ; Zara (Brusina) ! P. 43.— R. FTTLGiDA. E. Malta (Mamo); Teneriffe (M' An- drew)! R. Cossurce, Calcara, and R. fasciata, Caruana. p. 45.— R. soLUTA. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.). F. Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! ; Melazzo, Sicily (Seguenza)! E. G. Gascony (De Folin) !; Med. and Adr. ! R. ohtiisa, Cantr.; not R. soluta, S. Wood. P. 46. — R. SEMiSTRiATA. F. Portrush (A. Bell) ! R. mar^ morata, Cantr. p. 48._R. ciNGiLLus. F. Portrush (A. Bell)! E.Madeira (Watson) ! P. 52.— Hydrobia ulv^. F. Selsea (A. Bell) ! ; S. Italy (Philippi). E. Adr. and Sea of Okhotsk. Turbo stagnalis, Baster ; this has precedence of Pennant's name,~ but may be considered obsolete. Other synonyms include Melania (Jliar- reyi, Morelet, and Assiminea (/cdlica, Paladilhe. The inland habitat given by the last author (salt springs and salt marshes SUPPLEMENT. 209 in the Ain and Jura) is remarkable, and maj indicate an ancient estuary of the Rhone. Yar. octona. P. Clacton (A. Bell) ! P. 56. — Baeleeia ktjbra. F. Pisa (Manzoni); Palermo (Calcara). E. Algeria (WeinkaufF) ! ; Malta (Mamo). P. 60. — Jeferetsia opalina. Orkneys (Thomas) ! P. Qb. — Skenea planorbis. P. Uddevalla (Crosskey and Robertson)! Var. trochiformis. Specimen almost scalariform. Var. maculata. Madeira (Watson) ! Yar. hyalina. Shetland. P. 69. — HoMALOGYRA ATOMus. P. Uddevalla (Crosskey and Robertson)! E. Dalmatia (Brusina)!; probably Rimini (v. Miihlfeld, as Helix nana). P. 71.— H. ROTA. Balta Sound (J. G. J.) ; Dublin Bay (Waller) ! P. Grund, Yienna basin (Mus. Yindob.) ! E. Lessina, Dalmatia (Mus. Berolin.)! ; Madeira (Watson)!; per- haps Rimini (v. Miihlf., as Helix tricarinata). P. 74. — Cjecum. The Marquis de Polin has given (Journ. Linn. Soc. 1868, x. p. 254) an excellent account of the forma- tion of the septum. He denies its value as a character for the construction of genera, as proposed by Dr. P. Carpenter. P. 75, 1. 11 from top, for " Odontostoma " r. "Odontidium". P. 75. — C. TRACHEA. Dublin and Strangford (Waller). P. Pisa (Manzoni). C. trachea of Homes is C. mammillatum of S. Wood. E. Madeira (Watson) ! Orthocera trachea of Fleming inhabits the West Indies and Singapore, and may have come from a bath-sponge. P. 77, 1. 16 from top, for ^^ Spirolidium Mediteri^aneum" r. " Dentalium corniculum'^ ; the former is the fry of C. glahrum. P. 77. — C. GLABRUM. p. Denmark (Morch). E. Med. and Adr. ! The fry is slightly twisted, as in C. trachea. P. 79, 1. 5 from top, for *' Odontostoma Icevissima " r. " Odontidium lcevissimum^\ P, 80. — TiJRRiTELLA TEREBRA. P. Throughout Europe. P. 85. — Truncatella truncatula. E. Madeira, with Lowe's species (Watson and Paiva)! P. 93. — ScALARiA Tbevelyana. E. G. Gascony (Lafont and De Polin) ! ; Naples, 60 f. (Acton) ! 210 SUPPLEMENT. P. 96. — S. CLATHKATULA. P. Moiite Mario (Rigacci) ! E. Madeira (M^ Andrew and Watson) ! P. 98. — S. pseudoscalaris. F. Pisa (Manzoni). E. Finis- terre (CoUard d. Cherres); Atlantic coasts of Spain, Med. -^g., and Azores. ^ P. 98. — Acirsa borealis. F. Udde valla. P. 99. — AcLis, apparently Niso of Risso. P. 100. — A. UNicA. F. Sparebakken, near Skien in Nor- way (Crosskey and Robertson) ! ; perhaps Lapngy in Transyl- vania (Mus. Yindob.) ! E. Arcachon (Lafont) ! ; Naples (Ac- ton and Stefanis) j ; Venice (G. v. Martens) ! P. 102. — Oraphis being used for Lichens, r. " Gioniscus". P. 102.— A. AscAEis. St. Magnus Bay, Shetland (J. G. J.) ; Land's End (Hockin) ! ; Laugharne, not " Bude " (Lindsay) ; coll. Fleming, as TurriteUa subtruncata ! F. Pisa (Manzoni). E. G. Gascony (De Folin) ! ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ! My Shet- land specimen has a variciform rib. P. 103. — A. supRANiTiDA. Operculum thin, striated in the line of growth ; spire small, placed close to the pillar. Ork- neys, 35 f. (Thomas)!; W. coast of Shetland, 90-100 f.(J.G. J.); Laugharne, not " Bude " (Linsday) ; Fowey (Barlee) ! F. Norway (Crosskey and Robertson) ! ; Monte Mario (Rigacci)! E. G. Gascony (De Folin) ! ; Canaries, 40 f. (M'Andrew) ! P. 105.— a! Walleri. Body clear white with a faint tinge of pink : tentacles cylin- drical, short : eyes close together, sessile on the inner side of the tentacles : foot lanceolate. St. Magnus Bay, Fetlar, and Unst, 40-100 f. E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars);" SicHy, 60 f. (Stefanis)! Very variable in size. Apex pinched up, and narrower in proportion to the rest of the spire ; mouth as in -4. Gulsonce. P. 106. — A. GuLSON^. Var. tenuicula. St. Magnus Bay. P. 107.— 1. 14 from top, for " Clacton" r. " Sutton". P. 107. — Menippe has been already employed in the Crus- tacea. Substitute PJierusa. P. 115. — Odostomia minima. St. Magnus Bay, 60-80 f. (J. G. J.) ; coll. Fleming, as Eissoa vitrea (vide supra, p. 208) ! SUPPLEMENT. 211 P. 116.— 0. NivosA. St. Magnus Bay (J. G. J.) ; Harolds- wick, not " Hillswick." P. 117. — 0. TRUNCATTJLA. E. G. Gascony (De Folin) ! P. 118. — 0. CLAvuLA. St. Magnus Bay (J. G. J.) ; Cum- brae and Falmouth (Norman). E. G. Gascony (De Folin) ! ; Naples (Tiberi and Acton) ! P. 120.— 0. LuKisi. F. Pezzo, Calabria (Tiberi)! E. Sicily (Tiberi)!; Dalmatia (Brusina)! P. 121. — 0. ALBELLA. E. Yenico (G. v. Martens, as Turho hyaUnus) ! ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ! P. 122.— 0. KissoiDES. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.). F. Pezzo (Tiberi) ! Yar. exilis. St. Magnus Bay. P. 123, 1. 6 and 7 from bottom, reverse ff. 2 and 3. P. 124.-0. PALLIDA. F. Selsea (A. BeU)!; Pisa (Man- zoni). Turritella potamoides, Cantr. P. 127. — 0. coNOiDEA. F. Throughout Europe. Rissoa plica^ Cantr., and Auricula nitida, G. v. Martens ! P. 129. — 0. TJMBiLicARis. St. Maguus Bay. E. G. Naples, 60 f. (Acton) ! P. 130.— 0. ACUTA. E. Sicily (Tiberi) ! ; Dalmatia (Bru- sina) ! P. 132. — 0. coNSPicuA. Orkneys (Thomas) ! E. LofFoden I., 300 f. (Sars) !; Corsica (Tiberi) ! P. 134.— 0. UNIDENTATA. N. of Hcbr. 170-530 f. (C. and T.). F. Portrush (A. Bell)!; not 0. unldentata, Ph. E. G. Gascony (De Folin) ! ; Madeira (Watson) ! Monstr. Each whorl keeled in the middle. St. Magnus Bay. P. 135.— 0. TURRiTA. N. of Hebr., 189 and 530 f. (C. and T.). F. Clyde Beds and Norway (Crosskey and Robertson) ! E. Dalmatia (Brusina) !; Madeira (Watson) ! P. 137. — 0. PLicATA. F. Selsea (A, Bell)!; Yienna basin and Italy ! E.G. Gascony, Naples, and Sicily ! Eulima bulimys, Scacchi. Not 0. vitrea, Brus., which is 0. neglecta, Tib. P. 139.— 0. iNscuLPTA. N. of Hebr., 189 and 530 f. (C. and T.). E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars); G. Gascony (De Folin)! Yar. tumida. SheU broader and less slender, the 212 SUPPLEMENT. body- whorl being larger in proportion to the others. Olnafirth Voe, Shetland. P. 141.— 0. DiAPHANA. E. G. Gascony (De Folin) ! P. 142. — 0. oBLiQUA. F. Uddevalla (Crosskey and Robert- son) ! E. Quiberon, Brittany (Tasle) !; G. Naples (Stefanis)!; Dahnatia (Brusina)! P. 143, for var. Warreni substitute 0. Waere'ni*, Thompson. Body whitish, having a closely veined structure when ex- amined microscopically : mantle folded at the upper corner of the mouth of the shell : snout rather short, deeply bilobed : tentacles leaf- like and proportionally large : eyes minute, close together at the inner base of the tentacles : foot large, double- edged and slightly auricled in front, deeply notched and bi- lobed behind ; these lobes are equal in length and size, and resemble the tail of a swallow. Shell more slender than 0. ohliqua, covered with very numerous microscopic spiral striae, those at the base being much stronger and more conspicuous, the apex obHquely trun- cated, and the umbilicus deep. L. 0-1. B. 0-05. Habitat: Muddy sand, 50-80 f., N.E. and W. coasts of Shetland. E. Naples, Taranto, and Sicily (Tiberi and Ste- fanis) ! See also localities given in p. 143. Animal remark- able for the forked extremity of the foot. It swims or floats, like other small Gastropods, under the surface of the water ; in which position the tentacles and lobes of the snout are not unlike those processes in Jeffreysia. One individual spun a delicate glutinous filament from the foot, and kept itself sus- pended for some time in the water, with the point of the shell downwards. 0. acicula has the same habit. P. 144. — 0. DOLioLTFORMis. E. G. Naples (Stefanis) ! P. 145. — 0. DECUSSATA. E. Moutc Mario (Eigacci) ! E. G. Gascony (De Eolin)! P. 148. — 0. CLATHRATA. F. Vienna basin (Mus. Vindob.)!; Monte Mario (Eigacci) ! E. Algeria (Weinkauif) I ; G.Naples (Stefanis)!; Dalmatia (Brusina) ! * Named in compliment to the late Mr. T. W. Warren of Dublin, an assiduous conchologist. SUPPLEMENT. 218 P. 149. — 0. iKTDisTiNCTA. F. Vienna basin, and Italy ! E. Arcachon (Lafont) ! ; Algeria ( Weinkaiiff) ! ; Venice (G. v. Martens)!; Dalmatia (Brusina)!; Madeira (Watson)! I have a specimen from the Mediterranean, which is furnished with a slight tooth-like fold on the pillar. P. 151.— 0. iNTERSTiNCTA. N. of Hcbr., 189 f. (C. and T.). E. Med. and Adr. ! Var. terebellum. P. Vienna basin and Italy! E. Med. and Adr. Strombus oUiquatuSy v. Miihlf., Auricula striata, G. v. Martens, and Truncatella eocilis, Menke. Var. suturalis. P. Selsea (A. BeU) ! P. 154.— 0. spiEALis. P. Portrush (Portlock and A. Bell) ; Monte Mario (E-igacci) ! E. G. Gascony (De Polin) !; Adri- atic (Stossich) ! P. 155.— 0. EXTMiA. N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.); St. Magnus Bay and Unst, 45-100 f. (J. G. J.). Apex sometimes truncated. P. 156. — 0. FENESTRATA. P. Italy and Ehodes ! E. G. Gascony (De Polin) I ; G. Naples (Stefanis) ! Chemnitzia Rigacci, Conti. P. 158. — 0. EXCAVATA. P. Largs, Ayrshire (Landsborough); Monte Mario (Rigacci, as Rissoa trinodosa of Rayneval)!; Rhodes (Mus. J. d. PL) ! E. G. Gascony (De Polin) ! P. 160.— 0. scALAEis. Unst. P.Italy, E. Madeira (Wat- son) ! Var. rufescens. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). P. 162. — 0. RTJFA. P. Italy ! Parthenia fasciata, Porb., is probably the young. P. 164.-0. LACTEA. P. Belfast and Selsea (A. Bell)!; Vienna basin (Homes) !; Rhodes (Mus. J. d. PL) ! P. 167.— 0. PUSiLLA. Birterbuy Bay (Walpole) ! P. Vi- enna basin, Italy, the Morea, and Rhodes ! E. Dalmatia (Brusina) ! P. 169.— 0. SciLL^. N. of Hebr., 170 f. (C. and T.). P. Norway, Vienna basin, and Italy ! E. G. Naples (Stefanis) ! Var. comjpactilis. St. Magnus Bay, p. 170.— 0. ACicuLA. P. Norway and Italy ! E. Loffo- den I., 300 f. (Sars). I have a specimen from the Gulf of Naples, which exhibits a conspicuous tooth. Var. ventricosa : — 214 SUPPLEMENT. Body clear white, with a somewhat frosted appearance: snout (or mentum) long and narrow, deeply bilobed in front, and divided down the middle: tentacles triangular, rather short, with blunt tips : eyes very small, approximative, on the inner base of the tentacles : foot long, squarish and double- edged in front, with a slight anricle or triangular expansion at each corner, and terminating behind in a rounded point. Liver orange. Animal active, crawling rapidly out of the water. It does not occupy the nucleus or reversed apex of the shell. N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Pisa (Man- zoni) ; Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! E. Naples (Tiberi and Ste- fanis) ! P. 173.— 0. NiTiDissiMA. F. Calabria (Tiberi)! E. G. Gascony (De Folin) I ; Naples (Acton) ! ; Nona, Dalmatia (Bru- sina) ! P. 186. — Ianthina EOTiJiiDATA. Dunnct Head, Caithness (Thomas)! E. Arcachon, living (Lafont)!; Naples (Scacchi and others) ! ; Sicily (Aradas) ! P. 191. — Some species oliStilifer, however, are truly parasitic. Prof. Semper observed them living and crawling about in the stomachs oi Holothurice ; and one species was found by F. Jagor within the excretory canal of H. glaherrima, its foot pene- trating deeply into the fleshy walls of the canal, and the shell being surrounded by a cup-like expansion of the mantle. P. 193, 1. 3 from top, for " Mangilia " r. " Pleurotoma ". P. 195. — Stiliper Turtoni. Falmouth (Hockin) ! ; Unst, 40-50 f. (J. G. J.). P. 197, 1. 13 from top; for " Caligus" r. " .Lerncea'\ P. 201. — EuLiMA POLiTA. F. Upper tertiaries of Germany, France, Italy, and Greece southwards to Rhodes (Homes). P. 203. — E. INTERMEDIA. Birtcrbuy Bay (Walpole)! F. Norway, N.W. Germany, and Italy ! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). Var. rubro-tincta, Adriatic (Stossich) ! P. 205.— E. DiSTORTA. F. Pisa— Rhodes! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). ^. sinuosa, Scacchi, and E. Philippii, Wein- kauff. This may be one of the few surviving or unaltered SUPPLEMENT. 215 forms of the older tertiaries. Yar. gracilis. E. Naples (Tiberi) ! ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ! P. 207.— E. STENOSTOMA. E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). P. 208. — E. suBULATA. F. Pisa (Manzoni) ; Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! ; not Vienna basin ! Dr. Tiberi found at Naples a dwarf form, which has the nsual slender shape and coloured markings ; it shows that size is not the only character which distinguishes this species from E. hilmeata. P. 210.— E. BiLiNEATA. N. of Hcbr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Norway (Crosskey and Robertson) ! E. Loifo- den I., 300 f. (Sars) ; G. Gascony (De Folin) !; G. Naples (Ac- ton) !; Adriatic (Brusina) ! P. 214.— Natica Islandica. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.) ; St. Andrews (M'Intosh) ! P. 216, 1. 6 from top, for "Edwards" r. *' Edward". P. 216.— N. Gr(enlandica. N. of Hebr., 189 and 650 f. (C. and T.) ; Skye (M' Andrew)! F. Belfast (A. Bell) ! ; La- brador (Packard) ; New England (De Laski). P. 217, 1. 12 from bottom, for "south-west" r. "north- west." P. 218.— N. soRDiDA. Probably N. fusca, De Blainville (Diet. Sc. Nat. t. 32, p. 252 ; name only). P. 220.— N. CATENA. Off Balta Sound, 40-50 f. (J. G. J.) ; off Fair Isle, 45 f. (Thomas) ! F. N.W. Germany and Rhodes. E. G. Naples (Acton and others) ! ; Sicily (Aradas and others) ! ; Taranto (Costa). Nerita helicina, Brocchi. P. 224.— N. Albert. F. Gottenburg (Malm). N.Poliana, D. Ch. Yar. ventricosa. Birterbuy Bay (Walpole). P. 227.— N. MoNTACTJTi. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Bohuslan (Thuden); Sicily (Tiberi and Seguenza)!; Rhodes (Mus. J. d. PI.) ! E. Loffoden I., 250 f. (Sars). Mr. Waller found two young specimens of a scalariform monstrosity in dredged sand from St. Magnus Bay. P. 229.— N. AFFiNis. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.) ; figured. E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). N. occlusa of S. Wood, from the Bridlington deposit, is apparently a large form of this species. Recognizable by the thick pad, which com- 216 SUPPLEMENT. pletely covers the umbilicus, and by its calcareous opercu- lum. P. 231. — Adeorbis STTBCARmATiJs. Herm, a live specimen under a stone between tide-marks, with Eissoa striatula (Mar- shall) I He noticed that the animal was very large in propor- tion to the shell, and so red that it seemed to stain his fingers. Philippi describes the animal of his Solarium luteum, even when dead, as " coccineum." The operculum of Mr. Marshall's specimen agrees with my description. F. Selsea and Port- rush (A. BeU) ! E. Med. and Adr. ! Belphinula pusilla, Calcara. P. 235. — Lamellaria perspicua. F. Monte Mario (Conti). E. Labrador, 15 f. (Packard). Var. lata : — Body whitish : mantle closely and minutely tessellated, with milk-white lines of division; it is not pustulated: pallial sinus or notch narrow and deep : tentacles awl- shaped : ei/es black : foot lanceolate, truncated and double-edged in front, with short angular corners, bluntly pointed behind. L. prodita of Loven probably inhabits the coast of Shetland as well as that of Scandinavia. Last summer (1868) I dredged in 110 f. off TJnst a Lamellaria of an unusually large size, more than an inch long ; but unfortunately it was handled too roughly, and the shell was broken to pieces. According to Loven, the mantle in this species is depressed, with the notch somewhat to the left ; the shell is elongated and opaque, ex- hibiting coarse lines of growth ; and the spire is minute, occupying only ^ of the shell. p. 240.— Yelutina ljevigata. N. of Hebr., 170-530 f. (C. and T.). Var. tenuis. Thinner, and having fewer ridges. Shetland, 78 f. P. 245.— Trichotropis borealis. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.). p. 248. — Admete viridula. N. of Hebr., 550 f. " cold area " (C. and T.). F. Norway and Labrador. E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). P. 250. — Aporrhais pes-pelecani. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). P. 253. — A. Macandre^. St. Magnus Bay, W. coast of SUPPLEMENT. 217 Shetland, 60-80 f. F. Palermo (Seguenza and Benoit) ! E. Loffoden I., 250 f. (Danielssen, /. Sars). P. 256. — Cerithium metula. Pair Isle (Moller) ! ; N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). P. 258. — Creticulatum. Orkneys (Thomas) ! P. Through- out Great Britain and Europe. E. Madeira (Watson) ! P. 261. — C. PERVERSUM. St. Magnus Bay ; Pair Isle (Mol- ler) ! P. Portrush (A. Bell)!; Christiania — Cyprus! Ex- tremely variable in size ; both the large and small forms occur in Sicily and Dalmatia. P. 264. — C. tuberculatum. Mr. Dodd found a small speci- men at Herm ; and M. Cailliaud records a variety (0. Mediter- raneum, Desh.) as living at Pornichet in the Loire-Inferieure. P. 2QQ. — Cerithiopsis TUBERCTjLARis. Orkneys (Thomas) ! ; N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). P. Portrush (A. BeU)!; Christiania — Ehodes ! Dr. Tiberi found specimens of different sizes living with Modiolaria marmorata in the tunic of Ascidia mentula at Naples. This indicates a parasitic habit. Monstr. CJarJcii. Dalmatia (Brusina, as C. bilineata) I P. 268. — C. Barleei. The operculum has a very short spire. Wexford coast, 40 f. (Walpole) ! E. Arcachon (La- font) ! ; G. Naples (Tiberi)! ; Sicily (Stefanis) ! P. 269. — C. PULCHELLA. Spire of the operculum small and resembling a Cristellaria. Mathilda margaritula, Semper, a tertiary fossil of Lapugy in Transylvania, may be this species. P. 271. — C. Metaxa. p. Pisa (Manzoni) ; Ehodes (Mus. J. d. PI.) ! E. Dalmatia (Brusina, as C. acicula) ! P. 272.— C. cosTULATA. N. of Hebr., 170 and 189 f. (C. and T.). E. Loffoden L, 300 f. (Sars). Not my C. nivea, which I have now ascertained to be a Cerithium ; Carpenter and Thomson dredged a living specimen of it in 550 f. between the Outer Hebrides and the Paroe Isles. P. 276.— Purpura lapillus. N. of Hebr., 530 f., dead (C. and T.). P. Bohuslan (Thuden) ; New England (Ham- lin, /. Packard). E. Minorca (Ramis, /. Hidalgo). Yar. imhricata. Hayle (Hockin). P. 279, 1. 9 from top, for " siliceous " r. " ehitinous ". VOL. V. L 218 SUPPLEMENT. P. 281, 1. 12 from bottom, after ^*Wick" add "and Maw- gan Porth in Cornwall ". P. 283, 1. 13 from bottom, dele B. anglicanum of Lamarck, which is a Cape-of-Good-Hope species of Purpura. P. 285. — Btjccinum tjndatum. F. Calabria and Sicily (Ti- beri) ! Var. Zetlandica. N". of Hebr., 500-650 f. (C. and T.). P. 293, 1. 5 from top, dele B. porcatum of Gmelin, which is a Cape-of-Good-Hope shell, his variety being Mexican. P. 293. — B. HuMPHREYsiANUM. St. Magnus Bay. F. Ca- labria (Tiberi) ! ; Palermo (Segnenza) ! P. 298.— BucciNOPsis Dalei. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). P. 301. — Tritois- nodifer. F. Monte Mario (Eigacci) ! E. Japan (Dunker, as T. Saulice of Eeeve) ! Prof. Panceri gives this species as one of the Grastropods which secrete sul- phuric acid from their salivary glands. P. 303.— T. CTJTACEus. F. Taranto (Costa). T. Jiejptago- num of S. Wood, from the Coralline Crag at Gedgrave, seems to be this species, and not Murex heptac/onus of Brocchi. E. Trieste (Stossich) ! P. 306. — MuREX ERiNACEus. F. Trausylvauia to the Morea (Homes). E. Holland (Herklots) ; Adriatic (Grube). Yar. 1. sculpta. Morbihan (Tasle). Var. 2. melanostoma. Black- mouthed. Jersey (Dodd) ! M. tortucsus, S. Wood, from the Red and Coralline Crag, may be another variety. P. 310. — M. AcicuLATUS. F. Pisa (Manzoni). P. 313. — Lachesis minima. F. Ehodes (Mus. J. d. PI.) ! P. 316. — Trophon muricatfs. F. Calabria and Sicily (Phi- lippi). E. Dalmatia (Brusina) I P. 318.— T. Barvicensis. N. of Hebr., 170 f. (C. and T.). F. Norway (Crosskey and Eobertson) ! E. LofFoden I., 300 f. (Sars). P. 319.— T. TRUNCATus. N. of Hebr., 189 and 530 f. (C. and T.). P. 323. — Fusus ANTiQuus. E. Arcachon (Lafont) ! P. S2S.—F. despectus. F. Bohusliin (Thuden). E. Faroe I. (Morch) ; N. Japan (Nordmann, /. Schrenck). P. 329.— F. NoRVEGicus. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). F. Eed Crag, Butley (A. Bell) ! SUPPLEMENT. 219 335.— F. GRACILIS. N. of Hebr., 170-530 f. (C. and T.). r. Belfast (Bryce and Hyndman) ; Norway (Crosskey and Eobertson)! E. Ostend (Otker,/. Dunker)!; Arcachon (La- font) ! P. 338.— P. PROPiKQUTJS. St. Andrew (Mcintosh) ! ; N. of Hebr., 189-530 f. (C. and T.); not Dublin Bay, nor Cork, which localities belong to the next species. E. Loffoden I., 250 f. (Sars). P. 340, for " E. BFCCiNATus, Lamarck " substitute *' E. Jef- FRETsiANus, Fischcr ". Not Lamarck's species, which inhabits Senegal and is the "Rafel" of Adanson. See * Journal de Conchy liologie ' for January 1868. E. Arcachon (LafoDt)! P. 341.— E. Beeniciensis. N. of Hebr., 189 and 550 f, (C. and T.). E. Arcachon, a dead but fresh specimen dredged in the Gulf of Gascony (Lafont) ! P. 344.— i^. latericeus. E. Uddevalla. P. 349. — Nassa nitida. Ealmouth (Norman). E. Monte Mario (Eigacci) ! E. Med. and Adr., with iV. reticulata ! P. 351.— N. INCRASSATA. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). E. Europe, southwards to Rhodes ! Var. simulans. E. Red Crag, Butley (A. Bell) ! P. 354.— N. PYGM^A. E. KiUiney (Walpole)! E. Hel- singborg (Morch) ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ! P. 356.— CoLTJMBELLA HALi^ETi. N. of Hebr., 170-650 f. (C. and T.). E. Messina (Seguenza) ! E. Naalsoe, Earoe I. (C. and T.). Yar. alhula. White. Unst. P. 359.— C. NANA. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). E. Christiania (Crosskey and Robertson) ! P. 360.— (7. Holhollii. N. of Hebr., 170 f. (C. and T.). P. 361. — Defrancia= i^«p7ii^oma, Bellardi. P. 362.— D. TERES. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). E. Coralline Crag, Sutton, young (S. Wood, as Trophon paullu- lum) ! ; Christiania (Crosskey and Robertson) ! ; Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! E. Loffoden I., 250 f. (Sars); G. Gascony (Lafont and De Folin) ! P. 363.— D. GRACILIS. E. Piedmont (Bellardi). P. 366.— D. Leufroyi. N. of Hebr., 170 f. (C. and T.) L 2 220 SUPPLEMENT. The animal is sometimes of a pea-green colour. Pleurotoma C, Costa, and F. volutella, Yalenc. p. 368.— D. LiNEAEis. F. Portrush (A. BeU) ! ; Coralline Crag (S. Wood ; the specimens in his collection named " Cla- vatula linearis " belong to his species jper^ulchra) ; Bohuslan (Thuden). P. 370. — D. EETicuLATi. F. Bordcaux (Des Moulins). NoiY. formosa. G. Naples (Stefanis, as Pleurotoma hystriv of iBellardi)!; Adriatic (Stossich) ! Young=P. spmosa, De Bl. Eenier did not describe this species ; and the names given by Brocchi and J. Sowerby therefore have precedence. But " qui eta non moveri " is a good maxim in cases like this. P. 373. — D. PURPUREA =PZmroiowia cornea, De Bl. Var. Philberti = P. Lavioe, Maravigna. Des Moulins rightly called such species-making " cette hydro de la synonymic qui etouffe et devore la science." P. 375, 1. 10 from bottom, after " P. nivalis'' add " and P. carinata " ; and, next line, for " has " r. " have ". P. 376. — Pleurotoma striolata. F. Pisa (Manzoni). E. Arcachon (Lafont) ! ; Adriatic ! Buecinum Citharce, v. Miihlf., and probably Mangelia costulata, Risso. P. 377. — P. ATTENUATA. F. Pisa (Manzoni) ; Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! Not P. nuperrimum of Tiberi. p. 379. — p. cosTATA. F. Piedmont (Bellardi) ; Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! E. G. Naples (Acton and Stefanis) ! ; Dal- matia, 20-30 f. (Brusina) ! Not P. tceniata, Desh. P. 381.— P. BUGULosA. Birterbuy Bay (Walpole) ! F. Vienna basin — Rhodes! E. Arcachon (Lafont)! Several obsolete synonyms. P. 382. — P. BRACHYSTOMA. F. Coralline Crag, Sutton; N.W. Germany (Philippi) ; Pisa (Manzoni). P. 384. — P. NEBULA, var. elongata. Coast of Kerry, 25 f. (Moore, /. Walpole) ! E. Arcachon (Lafont) ! p. 386.— P. LiEviGATA. F. Cor. Cr., Sutton (coll. S. Wood)! P. 388.— P. NIVALIS. N.N.W. of Unst, 90-J20 f. ; N. of Hebr., 170 f. (C. and T.). F. Cor. Cr. Gedgrave (S. Wood, as P. porrecta). E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). The male organ is ribbon-shaped and of an extraordinary length ; the SUPPLEMENT. 221 pallial tube extends further than in P. carinata. Sars pro- posed for the present species the generic name of Typhloman- gelia, on account of its being eyeless. But Eulima stenostoma is another instance of blindness among species usually provided with organs of sight. P. 390. — A fresh but dead specimen of P. galerita, Ph. (P. gdleritum, Moll. Sic. ii. p. 172, t. xxvi. f. 15) was dredged by Carpenter and Thomson in 189 f., about 50 miles N. of the Butt of the Lewis. It is a very rare Calabrian fossil. See pi. cii. f. 6. Add P. CAEiNATA*, Bivona. P. carinata, Biv. Gen. et Spec. Moll. p. 12. Body creamcolour : pallial tube short : tentacles cylindrical, short, and slender : eyes black, small but very distinct, placed on the top of the stalks or ommatophores, which are united with the tentacles and are one-half of their length : foot pro- portionally large, almost equally broad throughout, squarish in front, and bluntly pointed behind. Shell columnar, solid, opaque, porcellanous, and somewhat glossy : sculpture, a blunt keel in the middle of each whorl, besides microscopic and close-set flexuous lines on the upper part above the keel : colour milk-white : spire gradually tapering to a blunt point : whorls 9, strongly angulated in the middle, and somewhat excavated below the suture ; the last whorl occu- pies about one-half of the shell : suture slight, but well defined : mouth irregular, pear-shaped ; length about one-third of the shell : canal short, very vdde and open, bending a little to the left : outer lip rounded from the labial notch to the base, with a sharp edge : labial notch broad, deep, and remarkably dis- tinct, with its upper edge thickened ; it is placed in the mid- dle of the space above the keel : iimer lip thickened above, and consisting below of a thin glaze, which extends to the canal : pillar broad and flexuous : operculum pear-shaped, solid, and of a purplish colour ; it is small compared with the size of the mouth, and is withdrawn into the shell when the animal is alarmed or dead. L. 0-8. B. 0-25. Habitat: N.N.W. of TTnst, pebbly ground, 120 f., one living and one dead specimen ; N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). P. Bed and Cor. Cr. ; very rare (S. "Wood and Alexander). E. Calabria ; rare (Bivona and Philippi). Bella rdi gives also * Keeled. 222 SUPPLEMENT. Piacenza and the Vienna basin, regarding this species as the Fusus modiolus of Jan ; and he cites Sismondi for another ' synonym, P. acuta, Bellardi. But Jan's name is taken from a catalogue only, and I am not aware that he ever described the shell; and Bellardi's description certainly does not suit our species, which is not varicose, nor is the canal striated. E. Norway, 30-300 f. (M' Andrew and Sars). The animal is much more shy and easily alarmed than P. nivalis, which lives with it. P. 390.— P. SEPTATs^GULARis. F. Belfast (A. Bell) ! ; N. of Italy (Bellardi and Manzoni). Not P. Bertrandii, Payr. P. 392.— P. EUFA. F. Eed Crag at Butley, Selsea, and Portrush (A. Bell) ! ; Killiney (Walpole) ! ; G. Naples (Tiberi and others) ! P. rufescens, De Bl. P. 394. — P. pyramidalis. F. Killiney (Walpole) ! Fusus rufus, Gould. P. 395.— P. TUEEicuLA. N. of Hebr., 550 f. (C. and T.). F. Labrador (Packard, as Beta exarata). E. Arcachon (La- font) ! ; Labrador, 4—30 f. (Packard). Montagu's and Dono- van's names were published in the same year, 1803. P. 398.— P. Trevelyana. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). Not Fusus decussatu9, Couthouy, which has flexuous ribs and a much finer sculpture ; this has been dredged by Carpenter and Thomson in 500 and 550 f., between 60° and 61° N. lat., and by G. 0. Sars in 300 f. among the Loffoden Isles. P. 400. — Margln^ella. Deshayes and Philippi have since separated Frato from this genus. p. 403.— Cypr^a Europjea. N. of Hebr., 189-530 f. (C. and T.). P. 407. — OvuLA PATULA. Wcxford coast, 40 f. (Walpole). E. G. Naples (Tiberi) ! Probably Simnia Nicceensis and S. purpurea, Risso ; not 0. carnea. P. 411. — CYLicmfA ACTjMiifATA. F. N.W. Germany (Phi- lippi). E. Brittany (Tasle) ; G. Gascony (Lafont and De Folin) ! P. 412. — C. NiTinrLA. F. Christiania (Crosskey and Ro- bertson) ! E. Danish coast (Morch) ; Brittany (Delaunay, /. Tasle) ; G. Gascony (De Folin) ! ; G. Naples (Stefanis) ! SUPPLEMENT. 223 P. 413. — C. iJiiBiLicATA. F. Vienna basin (Homes) ! E. and var. conulas. Loffodeu I., 300 f. (Sars). Not var. conu- lus of Weinkauff, which he has since named C. Hoernesi ; this is the C. pyramidata of A. Adams. P. 417.— C. ALBA. N". of Hebr., 189 and 530 f. (C. and T.). E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). P. 419, 1. 9 from bottom, before " distinct" insert " usually". P. 420. — Utkiculus mammillatus. Orkneys (Thomas) ! F. Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! E. Madeira (Watson) ! P. 421. — TJ. TRTJNCATULUS. F. Portrush (A. Bell)!; Bohus- lan (Thuden); N.W. Germany (Philippi, as Bulla retma); Ehodes (Homes). E. Madeira (Watson) ! P. 423. — U. OBTUsus. F. Christiania (Crosskey and Ro- bertson) ! E. Dalmatia (Brusina) ! Var. Lajonkaireana. F. N.W. Germany (Philippi). Var. semistrlata. Smaller, with fine and close-set longitudinal striae on the upper part of the body-whorl ; spire slightly produced. Roach River, Essex. P. 425. — TJ. VENTEOSus. Bullcea ventrosa, S. "Wood, is a species of Philine. P. 426. — U. EXPANSus. St. Magnus Bay. E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; Finmark (Lilljeborg) ! P. 427.— U. HTALiifus. E. Naples (Tiberi,/. Weinkauff). P. 429. — Add Utbiculus globo'sus*, Loven. (AmpJiisphyra glohosa, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 11.) Shell globosely oval, transparent, very thin, glossy, and iridescent: sculpture, slight, indistinct, and irregular spiral lines, which are only discernible with the aid of a magnifying- power and in certain lights ; the crown or apex is closely puckered lengthwise : epidermis filmy : colour clear white : spire contracted, deeply sunken, and truncated ; whorls 3, tumid, the outer one enveloping the rest ; the apical whorls are minute, and the central one mammillar : suture deep : mouth narrow above (from the bulging of the periphery), wide and expanded below ; base semicircular : outer lip fiexuous and somewhat bent inwards ; the upper part projects consider- ably, and is higher than the spire ; outer corner rounded : inner lip forming a thin broad whitish film on the periphery ; it is slightly folded over the pillar, behind which is a narrow umbihcal groove : pillar sharp and fiexuous : fold obscure. L. 0-15. B. 0-125. * Globose. 224 SUPPLEMENT. Habitat: St. Magnus Bay, 60-80 f., on a muddy bottom, very rare. E. Bohuslan toFinmark (Loven) ; LofFoden I., 300 f. "(Sars, as Utriculopsis vitrea) ! ; S. Sweden (Malm). Differs from U. ventrosus in the shape, spire, mouth, and sculpture. P. 433. — Action toenatilis. F. Bohuslan (Thuden). P. 437. — Bulla htdatis. Spawn of a pale orangecolour, and consisting of extremely numerous and minute ova en- veloped in a wafer-like substance, which is covered on the upperside by a very thin membrane. P. 439.—^. elegans. E. Morbihan (Tasle)! p. 440.— B. utricultjs. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). F. N.W. Germany (Philippi) ; Ehodes (Homes). P. 441.— 5. striata. E. Morbihan (Tasle) ! P. 443. — Scaphander lignarius. N. of Hebr., 530 f. (C. and T.). A remarkable monstrosity or variety lately occurred in my Shetland dredgings. It is very short, and the lower part of the shell is unusually expanded and gibbous. P. 446.— S. librarius. N. of Hebr., 189 f. (C. and T.). E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars). P. 446. — ^ikivr) was the mother of the poet Theocritus. P. 447. — Philine scabea. F. Pisa (Manzoni) ; Monte Mario (Rigacci) ! E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ! ; Quiberou in Brittany (Tasle) ; Arcachon (Lafont) ! ; Gr. Naples (Tiberi and others) ! ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ! P. 449. — P. CATENA. E. Arcachon (Lafont) ! ; Dalmatia (Brusina, as P. punctata) I p. 452.— P. QUADRATA. N. of Hebr., 389 f. (C. and T.). E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars) ; Danish coast (Morch) ! Bur- rows and conceals itself in the soft muddy sand which it in- habits. Its food consists chiefly of Foraminifera. P. 453. — P. PUNCTATA. E. G. Naples (Stefanis) ! p. 454.— P. PRUiNOSA. E. Loffoden I., 300 f. (Sars, as P. granulosa) ! Dalmatia (Brusina) ! p. 456.— P. NiTiDA. St. Magnus Bay, 60-80 f. P. 462. — Table of distribution, as in preceding volumes. N.B. Every naturalist is aware that the note of admiration (!) affixed to a locality or name is a certificate of verification. TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. 225 Table of distribution. (See Vols. I.-IV.) Species. 1 e 1 § 02 ^ Gaistropoda {continued from vol. iv. p. 466). Apljsia punctata depilans Pleurobranchus membrana- ceus plumula . . Runcina Hancocki Pleurophyllidia Loveni . . Limapontia nigra depressa .... Acteonia corrugata Cocksii Elysia viridis Alderia modesta Hermaea bifida dendritica Fiona nobilis Embletonia pulchra minuta pallida Grayi Eolis papillosa glauca Alderi coronata Drummondi punctata elegans rufibranchialis lineata gracilis smaragdina pellucida Landsburgi alba carnea glaucoides Peachii nana stipata angulata inornata Extra-European localities. Canaries. l5 226 TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. Species. 1 1 1 1 Gastropoda {continued). Eolis concinna — - aurantiaca pustulata Couchii amcena Northumbrica arenicola Glottensis Cffirulea ••........ viridis purpurascens cineulata Tittata picta Farrani exiffua despecta Proctonotus mucroniferus . Antiopa cristata hyalina Doto fragilis pinnatifida cuspidata Dendronotus arborescens . . Hero formoea Lomanotus marmoratus . . flavidus Portlandicus . . Scjllaea pelagica Tritonia Hombergi alba plebeia lineata jEgirus punctilucens Triopa claviger Thecacera pennigera virescens capitata Crimora papillata Polycera quadrilineata ocellata Lessoni Extra-European localities. TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. 227 Species. .a 1 i 1 §;■■£ Extra-European localities. Gastropoda {continued). Ancula cristata ?— ?— Madeira and Teneriffe. Madeira. Madeira, Jamaica, and Uni- ted States. Canaries and TJnited States. Atlantic Ocean. Idalia elegans Leachii aspersa inaequalis pulchella quadricornis Goniodoris nodosa castanea .... Doris tuberculata flammea Zetlandica millegrana testudinaria Johnstoni coccinea repanda aspera proxima lioveni diaphana bilamellata depressa inconspicua pusilla sparsa ... pilosa quadrangulata Oncidium Celtieum Assiminea Grayana littorina Melampus bidentatus myosotis Otina otis Pteropoda. Spinalis retroversus Clio pyramidata Cephalopoda,. Ommatostrephes todarus . . 228 TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. SI Extra-European localities. Cephalopoda {con- Ommatostrephes sagittatus Loligo vulgaris media Eossia macrosoma papillifera Sepiola Rondeleti Sepia officinalis elegans biserialis Octopus vulgaris Eledone cirrosa Greenland. Algiers. Canaries; ?Eed Sea, West Indies, South Atlantic, and Indian Ocean. Supplemental. Arion flavus Limax laevis tenellus Pecten aratus vitreus Leda lucida Limopsis borealis Area nodulosa Montacuta tumidula ... Dawsoni , donacina Kellia cycladia Siphonodentalium LofoteU' se Cadulus subfusiformis . . . . Dentalium abyssorum . . . . Trochus glaucus Lacuna tenella Odostomia Warreni Natica affinis Pleurotoma carinata . . . . Utriculus globosus Scaphander librarius . . . . Total 159 90 44 13 N.E. America. Greenland. Greenland. HINTS FOR COLLECTING. 229 As in the last volume, I will distinguish the species enumerated in the foregoing Table. Northern and southern 36_, peculiarly northern 53_, peculiarly southern 8, hitherto unnoticed beyond our isles and seas 61, fossil (northern 5, southern 1, common to both divi- sions 6, not yet found elsewhere as recent 1) 13. The total number of British MoUusca described in this work is 686, viz. 124 Land and Freshwater (Con- chifera 15, Gastropoda 109), and 562 Marine (Brachio- poda 6, Conchifera 171, Solenoconchia 5, Gastropoda 366, Pteropoda 2, and Cephalopoda 12) ; a few more are doubtful. The subject, however, is far from being exhausted, in many points of view; and when our knowledge of it has become more extended, we must continually say with Seneca, " Multum egerunt, qui ante nos fuerunt, sed non peregerunt. Multum adhuc restat operis, mul- tumque restabit ; nee uUi, nato post mille ssecula, prse- cluditur occasio aliquid adhuc adjiciendi.^^ ** Enough, if something from our hands have power To live, and act, and serve the future hour." HINTS FOR COLLECTING. Land Mollusca are found in woods, hedges, gardens, and meadows, on rocks (especially those which are cal- careous), old walls, dry grassy plains, and trunks of trees, at the roots of grass, among fallen leaves, moss, and herbage of every kind, by the sides of lakes and ponds, and under logs of wood and stones. Rainy or moist weather in the summer and autumn is the best time for finding them. Testacella and Achatina are subterraneous ; the former can be discovered by digging in suitable places (see Vol. I. p. 144), and the latter in 230 HINTS FOR COLLECTING. old graveyards and ploughed fields. Species of Vertigo (e. g. V, antivertigo and V. Moulinsiana) may be caught by lajring traps consisting of pieces of decayed wood and of stones with an uneven base, at the edges of ponds which they frequent. Charpentier, when hunting for Clausili<£ in the Tyrol, used to take a boy with him for the purpose of moistening with water from a large syringe or squirt the crevices of rocks in which the Clausilia had ensconced themselves during the daytime ; they soon emerged from their retreat, and were transferred to my friend's collec- ting-boxes. Some species may be taken by sweeping the long grass in woods and shady places with a butterfly- net j and a bagful of decaying leaves, when dried and shaken in a corn- sieve, will yield many of the small Helicida and occasionally Acme lineata. Mr. Ashford obtained several of the rare species of Vertigo by sifting and examining the broken twigs, dead leaves, and vegetable mould which accumulate in the fissures of limestone rocks. The rejectamenta of rivers and streams often contain a quantity of dead shells, both land and freshwater, which have been washed away by the rain and carried down by floods. Bogs and pine- forests are more or less unproductive, being apparently distasteful to the snail tribe. The larger freshwater shells, or UnionidcB, may be procured by a landing-net fixed to a long pole ; the pearl-mussel ( U. margaritifer) , which inhabits shallow rivers and streams, is taken by wading or with a stick cloven at the end. The most useful contrivance for collecting the smaller kinds is a hand-sieve fixed to a short pole or walking-stick, having a ledge or rim about two inches deep and the bottom of fine copper or brass wirework. Aquatic plants can thus be searched, and the mud strained in the water, so as to reap a harvest of Limnaidce and Sphceriida. HINTS FOR COLLECTING, 231 Ancylus fluviatilis adheres to rocks and stones in running water. The larval cases of FhryganecR, or " caddis- worms/' are now and then studded with Valvatce, Pla- nar bes, and Pisidia. Marine shells have an equally varied habitat, and are far more numerous in species. Many live between tide- marks, under loose stones, on seaweeds, or burrowing in sand. The laminarian zone, or the lower part of the littoral zone — whichever it may be called — affords nourishment and shelter to other kinds, particularly Rissoce. These may be got by washing a quantity of the smaller and finer seaweeds in a tub of fresh water ; they are thus killed and fall to the bottom. The "spolia marina'^ and drifted shell-sand which are thrown up on sandy shores, especially during and after storms, and which fringe the line of high water, the refuse from trawling- vessels, and the stomachs of fishes and starfishes should be examined; and the deep-sea fishermen may be induced to bring home rare whelks caught on their lines, which sometimes fetch much more than a ling or codfish. Oceanic or floating mollusks are procured with a to wing-net. This may be a bag of flag- bunting, sewn round a wooden or wire hoop about a foot in diameter, and secured to a strong line by three pieces of whip- cord, each from 15 to 18 inches long, which are fastened to the hoop at equal distances, with the ends tied to- gether. At the bottom of the bag there should be a small oval bottle to keep it steady and receive some of the animals. The net is towed astern, clear of the ship^s wake, or held in the hand. The length of the line will depend on the speed of the vessel at the time, and on the amount of strain caused by the partly sub- merged net. 232 HINTS FOR COLLECTING. But the dredge " With its iron edge, And its mystical triangle, And its hided net with meshes set, Odd fishes to entangle ! ", surpasses all other methods of investigating the fauna of the ocean. Its history, as an instrument of scientific re- search, dates from the publication of O. F. Miiller^s great posthumous work, the ^ Zoologia Danica/ in 1788. The oyster-dredge is much more ancient, and is familiar to every one. The principal difference between this and the zoologist's dredge consists in the latter having a blade or scraper on each side (so that it always falls to the bottom in the right position), and it has also a closely netted bag within the hide or outer net ; iron ring work does very well to contain oysters, but not the small miscellaneous treasures of the zoologist. The weight of the dredge varies from 14 lbs. to f cwt., ac- cording to the depth of water in which it is worked. In bays and sheltered parts of the sea, where the depth does not exceed 20 or 30 fathoms, a small sailing-boat, or one with oars, from 50 to 100 fathoms of line, and two or three men will answer the purpose ; for deeper water a larger vessel and a proportionate supply of rope, with a more numerous crew, are necessary. In the latter case, if a sailing vessel be employed, she is made to lie to (the helm being put up) , with shortened sail and her head close to the wind. Do not attempt to dredge against the tide : you may dredge with or across it. "When the ground is rough, the dredge is likely to catch in a stone, and may be easily lost. To prevent such an accident, the end of the rope is fastened, not to the ring which holds the arms together and forms the point of the triangle, but to one side of the dredge ; and the HINTS FOR COLLECTING. 233 ring is attached to the rope by a ^^stop''^ or bit of spunyarn, which is slack enough to break in case the dredge catches : the stop is then snapped asunder, and the dredge, hanging on one side, is set free and hauled up. In order to give timely warning of the dredge being caught, and to ascertain the degree of tension to which the rope is subjected, the upper part of the rope is attached to the bulwarks by india-rubber springs called "accumulators.^^ When the dredge has been working from half an hour to two hours (the time being regulated by the depth and nature of the ground), the rope is passed through a moveable block fixed to the shrouds, and hauled in by means of a double winch or drum; in a boat this is done by hand. The contents of the dredge should be emptied gently and carefully on a piece of tarpaulin. The sieves then come into requi- sition ; and these are indispensable for examining the results. They are usually made of copper wire, and should be of four or five difierent sizes, fitting one into another or "nested," the coarsest sieve being uppermost. The most convenient sizes of the meshes are |, 5, J, j^, and ^ inch. The frame should be of oak or some other wood which will not swell in water. Each of the lower sieves should have a ledge on the inside about an inch from the bottom, to receive the one above it, the finer stufi" which passes into it being thus protected from pressure. The diameter of the top sieve may be 10 or 12 inches, and the outer rim 3 or 4 inches deep. The top and bottom sieves should be strengthened by cross bars of copper. The stuff should be sifted in a tub of seawater; and after it has been looked over, so as to secure any living specimens for more careful examina- tion or dissection, the residue may be put into bags, dried on cloths in the open air, and afterwards resifted. 234 HINTS FOR COLLECTING. Such dried produce often yields an abundant gleaning to an industrious picker. A plain black japanned tray/ a few small shallow cardboard or wooden trays lined with the finest black cloth^ a delicate plier or forceps made of horn or some soft metal, a set of sable or camel-hair brushes, and lenses or magnifying-glasses of different powers (a microscope is not wanted) will be the appa- ratus most useful to the naturalist for his "triage.^^ Live shells may be killed by plunging them into boiling or scalding water. In the case of univalves the animals can be removed with a crooked wire or fine crochet-needle, the operculum (if there is any) being preserved with the shell ; in the case of bivalves, the animal is easily ex- tracted with a penknife or scalpel ; and, while the shells are wet, the valves of most specimens should be tied to- gether with thread, one or two being left open to show the hinge and inside. All marine shells must be soaked for some hours in fresh water ; otherwise the chemical action of sea-salt on the carbonate of lime, of which they are composed, will erode the surface; and care must be taken not to rub off the epidermis by using too hard a brush in cleaning them. The arrangement of shells in a collection must depend on the fancy of the conchologist. I use mahogany tablets, | inch thick, of various sizes, covered with paper of a neutral tint, and a patch of black for minute shells ; and I fasten the specimens with gum (f tragacanth and | arable) slowly dissolved in an equal bulk of water, to which a few drops of spirit of wine are added from time to time as a preservative against mould. Instead of wooden tablets, glass slides of half the thickness may be used ; and in the case of a single specimen of a univalve shell, both sides can be examined by leaving a hole in the paper and fastening the specimen to the glass. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PEINCIPAL WOEKS REFERRED TO IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING THREE VOLUMES, BESIDES THOSE MENTIONED IN THE FIRST VOLUME. MOST OP THE OLDER WORKS ARE OMITTED. IN THE PREPARATION OF THE SUPPLEMENT I HAVE ALSO CONSULTED A GREAT NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL TREATISES ON LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. Acton, G-. Ricerche Conchiologiche. Naples, 1855, 8vo, with a plate. Adams, G. Essays on the Microscope. Second edition. London, 1798, 4to, with plates. Adams, H. and A. The Genera of Eecent MoUusca. London, 1858, 3 vols, 8vo. Adams, J. The Specific Characters of some minute Shells discovered on the coast of Pembrokeshire ; and other papers on the same subject. In Trans. Linn. Soc. 1797-1800, 4to, with 2 plates. Alder, J. A Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Dur- ham. In Trans. Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club. London, 1848, 8vo. Alder, J,, and Hancock, A. A Monograph of the British Nudibran- chiate Mollusca. In Publ. Ray Society. London, 1845-55, imp. 4to, with numerous plates. Annales de la Societe Malacologique db Belgique. Brussels, 1866 to the present time, 8vo. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Paris, 1827 to the present time, 8vo, with plates. Annals op Philosophy. London, 1813 to the present time, 8vo. Aradas, a. Memorie di Malacologia Siciliana, In Atti d'Accad. Gioen. Catania, 1846 and 1847, 4to, with plates. Aradas, A. Osservazioni ed aggiunte alia Fauna del Moltuschi della Sicilia del R. A. Philippi. In same. Catania, 1847, 4to. And other papers on the recent and fossil Shells of Sicily. APIST0TEA0Y2 TA 2QZ0MENA. Uepl ^wwv iffropias. Editio Ca- sauboni. Orleans, 1605, folio. Asbjornsen, p. C. Bidrag till Christianiafjordens Litoralfauna. 1. MoUusker. Christiania, 1853, 8vo. Bastek, J. Opuscula subseciva. Haarlem, 1762, 4to, with plates. Bellardi, L. Monografia delle Pleurotome fossili del Piemonte. In Mem. Accad. Torino, 1848, 4to, with 4 plates. Beltremieux, E. Eaune du Departement de la Charente-Inferieure. In Ann. Acad, de la Rochelle, 1864, 8vo ; and Suppl. 1868. Benoit, L. Ricerche Malacologiche. In Farfaletta, op. per. Sc. Lett. e Arti. Messina, 1843, 8vo, with 2 plates. Berendt, G. Marine-Diluvialfauna in Westpreussen. In Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Ges. 1864, 4to, with a plate. Bergh, R. Contributions to a Monography of the genus Fiona, Hane. Copenhagen, 1859, 8vo, with 2 plates. And several papers in the Danish language on Mollusca. 236 LIST OF AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, Proceedings op. Edinburgh, 1835- 42, 8vo, with plates. BivoNA-BERNARni, A. Nuovi generi e nuovi specie di Molluschi. Pa- lermo, 1832, 8vo. Also other papers by the same author, and his son, on Sicilian Mollusca. Blainville, H. D. de. In Faune Frangaise ; Malacozoaires ou animaux mollusques. Not completed. Paris, 1820-30, 8vo, with plates. BoHADscH, J. B. De quibusdam animalibus marinis liber. Dresden, 1761, 4to, with plates. Born, J. Index rerum naturalium Musei CiBsarei Vindobonensis. Vienna, 1778, 8vo ; and another edition, 1780, folio, with plates. Boston Journal op Natural History, 1837 to the present time, 8vo, with plates, containing papers by the late Dr. J. W. Mighels and other conchologists. Bouciiard-Chantereaux. Catalogue des Mollusques marins observes jusqu'a ce jour a I'etat vivant sur les cotes du Boulonnais. In Mem. Soc. d'Agric. Boulogne sur Mer, 1835, 8vo. Brady, Gt. S. Eeports of Deep-sea Dredging on the coasts of North- umberland and Durham. In Trans. N. H. Soc. North, and Durh. Newcastle, 1865, 8vo, with plates. British Association, Eeports op. London, 1831 to the present time, 8vo. Brocchi, G-. Conchiologia fossile subapennina. Milan, 1814, 2 vols. 4to, with plates. Brongniart, a. Memoire sur les terrains de sediment superieurs cal- careo-trappeens du Vicentin. Paris, 1823, 8vo, with 6 plates. Browne, P. The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. London, 1789, folio, with plates. Brusina, S. Conchiglie Dalmate inedite. In Yerh. d. k. k. zool.- botan. G-es. in Wien. Vienna, 1865, 8vo. Also Contribuzione pella Fauna dei Molluschi Dalmati. In same. Vienna, 1866, 8vo. Bullettino malacologico italiano. Pisa, 1868, 8vo ; in progress. Cailliaud, F. Catalogue des Eadiaires, des Annelides, des Cirrhipedes, et des Mollusques marins, terrestres, et fluviatiles recueillis dans le Departement de la Loire-Inf6rieure. In Mem. Soc. Acad. Loire-Inf. Nantes, 1865, 8vo, with plates. Calcara, p. Cenno sui Molluschi viventi e fossili della Sicilia per ser- vire di supplimento ed insieme di critiche osservazioni all' opera di E. A. Philippi. Palermo, 1845, 8vo, with 2 plates. And several other papers on Sicilian recent and fossil shells. Canadian Naturalist, containing articles by Principal Dawson, Prof. Stimpson, and others. Toronto, 8vo. Still in progress. Cantraine, F. Malacologie mediterraneenne et littorale. In Nouv. Mem. de I'Acad. de Brux» Brussels, 1841, 4to, with plates. 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And several catalogues of South-Italian recent and fossil shells. Coucii, J. A. Cornish Fauna. Part II. Testaceous Mollusks. Truro, •1841, 8vo. Crosskey, H. W., and RoBERTsoif, D. The Posttertiary fossiliferous beds of Scotland. In Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, 1867, 8vo. Crosskey, H. W., and Robertson, D. Notes on the Posttertiary geology of Norway. In Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow, 1868, 8vo. CuviER, G. (le Baron). Le regne animal. New edition. Paris, 1829, 5 vols. 8vo, with plates. Danielssen, D. C. Beretning om en zoologisk Reise. Christiania, 1859, 8vo. Darbishire, R. D. Notes on Marine Shells in stratified Drift at high levels on Moel Tryfaen, Caernarvonshire, and at Macclesfield. In Proc. Lit. & Phil. Soc. Manchester, 1863 & 1864, 8vo. Deshayes, G. p. Exploration scientifique de I'Algerie. Histoire natu- relle des Mollusques ; Acephales. Paris, 1844-48, imp. 4to, 2 vols., one containing text, and the other plates. Des Moulins, C. Revision de quelques especes de Pleurotomes. In Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1842, 8vo. DiLLWYN. L. W. A descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. London, 1817, 2 vols. 8vo. Donovan, E. The Natural History of British Shells. London, 1800-04, 5 vols. 8vo, with plates. Drouet, H. Mollusques marins des A9ores. Paris, 1858, 4to, with 2 plates. Fabricius, O. Fauna Groenlandica. Copenhagen and Leij)zig, 1780, 8vo. Fischer, P. Faune Concbyliologique marine du Departement de la Gironde et des cotes du sud-ouest de la France. In Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1865, Svo ; and supplement, 1869. Fonsega, F. Descrizione e carta geologica dell' isola d'Ischia. In Ann. Accad. aspir. natural. Naples, 1847, 8vo. Forbes, E. Report on the Mollusca and Radiata of the ^Egean Sea, and on their distribution, considered as bearing on Geology. In Rep. Brit. Assoc. London, 1843, 8vo. Forbes, E. On the connexion between the distribution of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, and the Geological changes which have affected their area, especially during the epoch of the Northern Drift. In Mem. Geul. Surv. G. B. vol. i. London, 1846, 8vo. Forbes, E. Report on the investigation of British Marine Zoology by means of the Dredge. In Rep. Brit. Assoc. London, 1850, 8vo. Fkey, H., and Leuckart, R. Beitrage zur Ivenntniss wirbelloser Thiere, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Fauna des norddeutschen Meeres. Brunswick, 1847, 4to. Gay, L. Catalogue des Mollusques du Departement du Yar. In Bull. Soc. Sc. D6p. d. Yar. Toulon, 1858, 8vo. 238 LIST OF AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED. Gerville, de. Catalogue des Coquilles trouvees sur les cotes du D6parte- rnent de laManche. In Mem. Soc. Linn, Calvados. Caen, 1825, 8vo. GoDAViN-AusTEN, R. On the newer Tertiary deposits of the Sussex coast. In Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1855, 8vo, Q-HAiNGER, I. On the Shells found in the Post-tertiary deposits of Bel- fast. In Proc. Dublin Univ. Zool. and Botan. Assoc. Dublin, 1859, 8vo. Gray, J. E. Guide to the systematic distribution of Mollusca in the British Museum. Part I. London, 1857, 8vo, with woodcuts.. Gray, J. E. Spicilegia Zoologica. Parts I. & 11. London, 1829-80, 4to, with plates. Grube, a. E. Die Insel Lussin, und ihre Meeresfauna. Breslau, 1864, 8vo, with a map and plate. Heller, C. Horas Dalmatinas. In Yerh. Akad, Wissensch. Wien. Vienna, 1863, 8vo. Herklots, J. A. De dieren van Nederland. Weekdieren. Haarlem, 1862, 8vo, with plates. Hidalgo, J. G. Catalogue des Mollusques testaces marins des cotes de I'Espagne et des iles Baleares. Paris, 1867, 8vo, with a plate. Hoiines, M. Die fossilen Mollusken des Tertiiir-Beckens von Wien. Bd. I. Univalven. Vienna, 1856, folio, with numerous plates. Humphreys, J. D. Contributions towards a Fauna and Flora of the County of Cork ; Mollusca. London and Cork, 1845, 8vo. Jeffreys, J. Gwyn. On the Marine Testacea of the Piedmontese coast. In Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1855 and 1856, 8vo, with a plate. An Italian translation in 8vo, with notes and additions, by Prof. Capeilini, was published at Genoa in 1860. Jeffreys, J. Gwyn. Reports on Dredging, and other communications relating to the Mollusca. In Rep. Brit. Assoc, and Ann. & Mag. N. H., from 1842 to the present time. Jonas, J. H. Molluskologische Beitriige. In Abhandl. aus dem Geb. d. Naturw. Ver. in Hamb. Hamburg, 1846, 4to, with plates. Lacaze-Duthiers, F. J. H. Histoire de I'organisation, du developpement, des mceurs, et des rapports zoologiques du Dentale. Paris, 1858, 4to, with plates. Lafont, a. Liste des animaux marins, dont la presence a Arcachon a 6te constatee pendant les annees 1867 et 1868. In Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1868, 8vo. Lamarck, J. B. Systeme des animaux sans vertebres. Paris, 1801, 8vo. Lamarck, le Chevalier de. Histoire Naturelle des animaux sans ver- tebres. Original edition. Paris, 1815-1822, 7 vols. 8vo. Laskey, J. Account of North British Testacea. In Mem. Wern. N. H. Soc, vol. i. Edinburgh, 1811, 8vo, with a plate. Leach, W. E. Zoological Miscellany. London, 1814-17, 3 vols. 8vo. LiLJEBORG, W. Malacologiska bidrag. In 6fv. k. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockholm, 1852, 8vo. And other papers on Mollusca in the same publication. LiNDSTRoM, G. Bidrag till kannedomen om Osterjun's invertebrat-fauna. In dfv. k. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1855, 8vo. And other papers on Mollusca in the same publication. LiNNvEus, C. Museum S. R. M. Ludovicaj Ulricaj Reginas. Stockholm, 1764, 8vo. LIST OF AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED. 239 LiNNEAN Society of London, Transactions of. London, 1791 to the present time, 4to, with plates. And Procebdings, 8vo. Lister, M. Ilistorias sive Synopsis methodicjB ConchyHorum libri qua- tuor et appendix. London, 1685-92, folio ; plates. Loves, S. Index Molluscorum litora Scandinavia occidentalia habitan- tium. In Ofv. k. Yet. Akad. Forh. Stockholm, 1846, 8vo. And several other papers on Mollusca in the same publication. Lo^YE, R. T. List of Mogador Shells. In Proc. Linn. Soc. 1860, Svo. M° Andrew, R, Notes on the distribution and range in depth of Mol- lusca and other Marine Animals observed on the coasts of Spain, Por- tugal, Barbary, Malta, and Southern Italy in 1849. In Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1850, 8vo. M^AxDREw, R. On the geographical distribution of Testaceons Mollusca in the North Atlantic and neighbouring seas. Liverpool, 1854, Svo. M'' Andrew, R., and Barrett, L. Results of dredging researches on the coast of Norway. London, 1858, 8vo. Mace, J. A. Essai d'un Catalogue des Mollusques marins, terrestres et fluviatiies vivant dans les environs de Cherbourg et de Yalognes. 1860, 8vo. M'^Intosh, W. C. On the Nudibranchiate Mollusca of St. Andrews. In Proc. R. S. Edinburgh, 1865, 8vo. Malacological and Conchological Magazine. Part I. only published. London, 1838, Svo. Malm, A. W. Om Hafs-Mollusker i Gotteborgs skargSrd och i Gota- elfs mynning. In Gotheborgs k. Yet. och Vitt. Samh. Handl. 1858, Svo. And other papers on Swedish Mollusca. Malzine, F. de. Essai sur la Faune Malacologique de Belgique. Brussels, 1867, Svo, with 3 plates. Manzoni, a. Saggio di Conchiologia fossile subapennina. Fauna delle sabbie gialle. Imola, 1868, Svo. Maravigna, M. C. Memoires pour servir a I'histoire naturelle de la Sicile. Paris, 1838, Svo. Marschlins von Salis, C. U. Reisen in verschiedne Provinzen des Konigreichs Neapel. Yol. i. Zurich and Leipzig, 1793, Svo, with plates. Martens, G. v. Reise nach Yenedig. 2"'i« Th. Ulm, 1S38, Svo, with a plate of shells. Martini, F. H. \Y. Neues systematisches Conchylien- Cabinet. Niim- berg, 1769-77, vols. 1-3, 4to, with numerous plates. See also Chem- nitz. Menard-de-la-Groye, F. J. B. Memoire sur un nouveau genre de Coquille bivalve-equivalve de la famille des Solenoides. In Ann. d'llist. Nat. Paris, 1807, 4to, with a plate. IMenke, C. T. Synopsis methodica Molluscorum. Pyrmont, 1830, Svo. Meyer, H. A.,und Mobius, K. Hinterkeimer oder Opisthobranchia des Kieler Bucht. Leipzig, 1865, folio, with plates. MiciiAUD, A. L. G. Descriptions de plusieurs nouvelles especes de Coquilles du genre Eissoa. 2nd edition. Strasburg, 1832, with a plate. Middendorff, a. T. v. Beitrage zu einer Malacozoologia Rossica. In Mem. de I'Acad. Imp. Sc. St. Petersburg, 1847-49, 4to, with plates. Middendorff, A. T. v. Sibirische Reise. Bd. ii. Th. i. Wirbellose Thiere. In Iv. Akad. d. Wisseusch. St. Petersburg, 1851, 4to, with plates. 240 LIST OF AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED. Millet, P. A. Memoire sur un nouveau genre de Coquilles de la fa«iille des Zoophages. In Mem. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1826, 8vo, with a plate. MoLLEK, H, P. C. Index MoUuscorum G-roenlandiae. Copenhagen, 1842, 8vo. MoRCH, O. A. L. Fortegnelse over G-ronlands Bloddyr. Copenhagen. 1857, 8vo. MoRCH, O. A. L. Faunula MoUuscorum Insularum Fa3roensium. In Naturh. For. Vid. Medd. Copenhagen, 1867, 8vo. MoHR, N. Forsog til en Islandsk Naturhistorie. Copenhagen, 1786, 8vo. MoHRENSTERN, G. ScHWARTZ V. Ueber die Familie der Eissoiden. II. Bissoa. In K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Vienna, 1864, 4to, with plates. Montagu, Gr. An account of some new and rare British Shells and Animals. In Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1815, 4to, with 3 plates. MijHLFELD, J. C. M. V. Beschreibung einiger neuen Conchylien. In Verb. d. Ges. nat. Freunde z. Berlin, 1818 and 1829, 4to, with plates. MuLLER, O. F. Zoologise Danicse prodromus. Copenhagen, 1776, 8vo. Also Zoologia Danica. Copenhagen, 1788-89, 3 vols, folio, with plates ; and 4th vol. (partly posthumous) by Abildgaard and others, 1806. Nardo, Or. D. Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata ' Descrizione de' Crostacei, de' Testacei, e de' Pesci che abitano le lagune e golfo Yeneto,' dall' Abate S. Chiereghini. Venice, 1847, large 8vo. Norman, A. M. The MoUusca of the Firth of Clyde. In the ' Zoologist.' London, 1860, 8vo. Nyst, p. H. Description des Coquilles et des Polypiers fossiles des Terrains tertiaires de la Belgique. Louvain, 1844, 4to, with plates. And several papers on the same subject. Orsted, a. S. De regionibus marinis. Copenhagen, 1844, 8vo, with 2 maps. Olafsen, E., and Povelsen, B. Keise igiennem Island. Soroe, 1772, 2 vols. 4to, with plates. Olivi, G., Abate. Zoologia Adriatica. Bassano, 1792, 4to, with plates. Orbigny, A. d'. Memoire sur des especes et sur des genres nouveaux de I'ordre des Nudibranches. In Mag. de Zool. (Guerin), 1837, 8vo, with OsLER, E. Observations on the Anatomy and Habits of Marine Testa- ceous Mollusca. In Pliil. Trans. London, 1832, with plates. Petit de la Saussaye, S. Catalogue des Mollusques marins qui vivent sur ies cotes de la France ; and appendix. In Journ. de Conch. Paris, 1851-57, 8vo. Philippi, R. a. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Tertiarversteinerungen des nordwestlichen Deutschlands. Cassel, 1844, 4to, with plates. Philippi, E. A. Nachtrag zum zweiten Bande der Enumeratio MoUus- corum Sicilioe. In Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1844, p. 100-112. ^ Phi-lippi, B. a. Handbuch der Conchyliologie und Malacozoologie. Halle, 1853, 8vo. Pom, J. X. Testacea utriusque Siciliae. Parma, 1791-95, 2 vols, foho, with numerous plates. And supplementary volume by Delle Chiaje. 1826. LIST OF AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED. 241 PoRTLOCK, J.E. Eeport on the Geology of the County of Londonderry, and of parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh. Dublin, 1843, 8vo, with maps, sections, and plates. Bang, A. Sander. Histoire naturelle des Aplysiens, de I'ordre des Tectibranches. Paris, 1827, 4to, with plates. Rang et Souleyet. Histoire naturelle des Mollusques Pt^ropodes. Paris, 1852, folio, with plates. Reeve, L. Conchologia Iconiea. London, 1842-68, 4to, plates. Renier, S. a. Prodromo di osservazioni sopra alcuni esseri viventi, della classe dei verrai, abitanti nel mare Adriatico, nelle lagune e nei litorali veneti. Tavola alfabetica delle Conchiglie Adriatiche. Venice, 1804, folio. A mere catalogue of names, without any description or figure. Rink, H. De Danske handelsdistrikter i Nordgronland. Copenhagen, 1852, 2 vols. 8vo ; with appendices of Natural History. Royal Dublin Society, Journal of. Dublin, 1856 to the present time, 8vo. Royal Irish Academy, Proceedings of. Dublin, 1837 to the present time, Svo. Sandri, G. B., e Danilo F. Elenco nominale dei Gasteropodi Testacei marini raccolti nei dintomi di Zara. Zara, 1856, 8vo. Also Danilo and Sandri 's Catalogue of the Lamellibranchiate Mollusks in that locaKty, same year, small 4to. Sars, M. Beskrivelser og Jagttagelser over nogle mserkelige eller nye i Havet ved den Bergenske Kyst levende Dyr. Bergen, 1835, small 4to, with plates. Sars, M. Om de i Norge forekommende fossile dyrelevninger fra Quar- taerperioden, og bidrag til von Faunas historic. Christiania, 1865, 4to, with 4 plates. And several other papers on fossil and recent marine shells of Norway. Sasso, a. Saggio geologico sopra il Bacino terziario di Albenga. In Giom. Ligust. Sc. Lett, ed Arti. Genoa, 1827, 8vo. EcAcciii, A. Notizie intorno alle Conchiglie ed a' zoofiti fossili che si trovano nelle vicinanze di Gravina in Puglia. In Ann. civ. Naples, 1836, 8vo, with 2 plates. And several other papers on fossil and recent marine shells of South Italy. ScHRENCK. L. v. Reisen u. Forschungen im Amur-Lande. 2. Bd. 3^ Lief. Mollusken des Amur-Landes und des nordjapanischen Meeres. St. Petersburg, 1867, 4to, with plates. Schrockinger-Neudenberg, J. V. Oesterreichs gehausetragende Bauch- fusser und MusChelthiere. In Verb. d. k. k. zool.-botan. Ges. in Wien. Vienna, 1865, 8vo. Seguenza, G. Paleontologia Malacologica dei Terreni Terziarii del dis- tretto di Messina. Milan, 1865, 4to, with plates. And several other papers on the same subject. Sellius, G. Historia naturalis Teredinis seu Xylophagi marini tubxilo- conchoidis, speciatim Belgici. Cologne, 1733, 4to, with 2 plates. Skrfvter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet. Copenhagen, 1790-1810, 6 vols. 8vo, with plates. Smith, J. Researches in Newer Pliocene Post-tertiary Geology. Glasgow, 1862, small 8vo. Sowerby, G. B. The Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells. London, 1820-24, 2 vols. 8vo; plates. VOL. V. M 242 LIST OF AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED. SowERBY, G. B., Jun. Illustrated Index of British Shells. Xondon, 1859, 8vo ; plates. Stimpson, W. Shells of New England. Boston, 1851, 8vo, with 2 plates. Stossich, a. Enumerazione dei Molluschi del golfo di Trieste. Trieste, 1866, 4to. Tasle pere. Faune Malacologique marine de I'ouest de la France. In Ann. de I'Acad. de la Eoohelle, 1868, 8vo. Testa, D. Due nuove specie di Conchiglie rinvenute nei dintorni di Palermo. In Oreteo di Palermo, 1842, 8vo, with a plate. And other papers on recent and fossil marine shells of South Italy. Thompson, W. Report on the Fauna of Ireland. Invertebrata. In Eep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, 8vo. Thorpe, C. British Marine Conchology. London, 1844, 8vo, with plates. Tiberi, N. Descrizione di alcuni nuovi Testacei viventi iiel Mediter- raneo. Naples, 1855, 8vo. And other papers on Mediterranean shells. ToRELL, O. Bidrag till Spitzbergens Molluskfauna. Stockliolm, 1859, 8vo, with 2 plates. Trondhiemske Selskabs Skripter. Copenhagen, 1761-65, 3 vols. 8vo, with plates. And Kongelige Norske Vidbnskabers Selskabs Skrif- TER. Copenhagen, 1768, 1 vol. 8vo, with plates. Trosciiel, F. H. Das Gebiss der Schnecken. Berlin, 1856-^8, and still in progress, 4to, with plates. YERANr, J. B. Mollusques Mediterraneens. P Partie, Cephalopodee. Genoa, 1851, folio, with plates. Yerany, J. B. Zoologie des Alpes Maritimes. In Stat. Gen. en Dep. Nice, 1862, 8vo. Waardenburg, H. W. Commentatio de Historia naturali Animalium Mollnscorum regno Belgico indigenorum. Leyden, 1827, 4to. Weinkauff, H. C. Die Conchylien des Mittelmeeres. Cassel, 1867-68, Svo. Wernerian Natural-History Society, Memoirs of. Edinburgh, 1811- 39, 8vo, with plates. Wood, W. General Conchology. London, 1815, vol. i. (all published) 8vo, with plates. Woodward, S. P. Shells of the Newer Pliocene or Norwich Crag. Ee- printed from White's History and Directory of Norfolk. Sheffield, 1864, 8vo. Woodward, S. P. A Manual of the Mollusca. Second edition. London, 1866, 12rao, with plates. Zoological Literature, Eecord of; edited by A. C. L. G. Gijnther. London, 1865-68, Svo, and still in progress. ZooxoGiCAL Society, Proceedings op; containing articles by Messrs. H. and A. Adams, Dr. Baird, and others. London, 1833 to the pre- sent time, 8vo, with plates. INDEX TO VOL. V. The synonyms, as well as the names of spurious species, and of species, genera, and other groups which are not described in this volume, are in italics. The figures in smaller type refer to the page in which the description of species, genera, and higher groups will be found. ACANTHOBEANCHIATA, 69. AcANTHODORis, Gray, 93. Achatina acicula, 162. maderensis, R. T. Lowe, 162. Acicula polita, Hartmann, 162. Acirsa borealis, 210. Aclis, 210. ascaris, 210. GulsoncB, 210. supranitida, 210. unica, 98, 210. Walleri, 210. Acme Lallemanti, 162, lineata, 162. ActcBon, De Montfort, 31. minutum, Sars, 32. tornatilis, 224. Actcson, Oken, 30. AcTEONiA, Quatrefages, 30. Cocksii, Alder & Hancock, 30. corrugata, A. & H., 30. Adeorbis subcarinatus, 216. Admete viridula, 216. ^GiRUS, Loven, 69. punctilucens, D'Orbigny, 70. ^olis, 37. Demartinii, Verany, 41. Alasmodonta arcuata, Barnes, 150. Alderia, Allman, 32. modesta, Loven, 33. scaldiana, Nyst, 33. Alexia, Leach, 104. Am/phidesma castaneum, 188. corneum, 188. Amphisphyra globosa, Lov6n, 223. Amphorina Alberti, Quatrefages, 55. Ancula, Loven, 77. cristata, Alder, 77. Ancylus ? Gussonii, Costa, 200. Anodonta anatina, 151. cygnea, 151. Anomia ephippium, 165. patelliformis, 165. terebratula, Linne, 164. turbinata, Poll, 165. Antiopa, a. &H., 58,59. cristata, Delle Chiaje, 58. hyalina, A. & H., 59. Aplysia, L., 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 19, 113, 123. Cuvieri, Delle Chiaje, 7. depilans, L., 7, 8. hybrida, J. Sowerby, 5, 6. leporina, Delle Chiaje, 8. mustelina, Davies, 7. nexa, Thompson, 7. Peiersoni, Cray, 8. punctata, 4, 5, 8. rosea, Rathke, 6. varians, Leach, 7. vulgaris, De Blainville, 7. Aplysia, 4. AplysidcB, D'Orbigny, 1. Aplysiid^, I. Aporrhais Macandrece, 216. pes-pelecani, 216. Area aspera, Philippi, 176. barbata, 176. lactea, 175. nodulosa, 176. obliqua, 175. pectunculo'ides, 175. pilosa, Linne, 175. scabra, Poli, 176. tetragona, 176. Architeuthis, 124. monachus, Steenstrup, 124. Arcinella carinata, Philippi, 192. Jii2 2i4 INDEX. Arcinella (continued). l.8.P?uti? .P corrLpUxruxluus 3 F. coyrtexus 4. J^ contoT'tzzs . 5. J^hys ou hyprhorvunv 6. -P. fontinxxJMS . _ & B. Scn^er-hy. I Fl W f \ 5 « Iv: 5t 1 LurwiXJecL ghatuiosoL ZL. myohitjou. 3L pereqrou 4-.L cui/'icuZcLr'ia^ 5L stougruxhLG. 6. L pouLastrhs . 7. L . inirvcoutwLoiy . 8 . L . nlM.hTOL . '^ West, -Lmp. Cr B Sovrer-hy pi.m 1V z^ 3> ^ Tb % J c \ lAruiyLus flu^vhaAAlis Z /i. laciLSir'Ls. 3 Te^tax-^ilouHodjLoticieGb 4. Succuiea. patris 5. S. eJUqojte . 6- S. oblori^cu . 7. Viirua^ay peVbachdja West, vmp . GB Scrwer-by. 1 2fc /* PI II m 3* B 3* 2 c ® 4^ 4.1 / Zonxtes celLoLruLLs. Z Z . odLLOurvubS. 3. Z. yuJbLcbuJjJis 4- Z.jpuurwe 6 . Z . T-a/HoLtalus . West, G S. S owefby 2* ^ /a. % FL.X. % zV 3* ^3^ " ii I 5 ? ® 4-> ® 5^' # 6 ^ / ZorvLtes raizAvLS . Z Z ecccouvoUbhs 3. Z crystxxJJbirLibs 4- Z -FuJmws. 5.B&Ujc^ loun^Ilouxx.. C H. ou:.\xle.outou West, \.rr\f G.S Sotyerb) I'l.JL. 3^ m ^Hb 6-b 59 ^^m^^. W) 69 "'.V We fit. vrrts 1 Helur. pomoUut. 2. Eoispersa 3".H mmJoralis .3^ volt IwrtenshS. 4-.H a^hnsterwrn.. SITCaniujiruju S K.Cou^tiiswifKJi Gr3 Sower by • 1h TIM. zp 31» ^m) ^1 4-> /. Hehujc ruL'fescerLS . 2 H. concinrux^. 3 H.kispidxx. ^. B. sericeou. 5. //. revelcxiou 6 H. rwsrxju . West tmp CxB Sowerhy Fixm ^ # 5> # / Ilehoc Fisana . 2 If, vi^cfai.a, . 3 H. caperatcL 4- B. erbcebor'uum, 5. If. rotxvnoiaiou 6. II Tupestris 7. If. py^nujea . I'Vest/, urhp- G B Sowfrbs Fi.m. t <% # 19 1)' I 4-?' /. Hehx, piiJjch.elloLy (i.e. volt costcuta^J 2. If. hxspicuLa^ 3 IT ohvohztoi €. BuJajtius acaJjuLG . 5 3. montoLnihs 6 .3. ohscuurwe . W W^e t, Lnyj Ci.B.So werhj Fl.ur. I » 4.f /^ /> i ^l* « I M 79- P 5fc i I y-b J . Pupou secaZe 2.P rin^ens . 3 Pu7nhiJx^aJ:/JL . 4 P. Truxj^gfizhCxJxju . 5. Ver'tb^o oLn;tiye,ri£aio 6 VMouLunsicutct V.Vpyqrrux/x-. IV West, imp OB Soyver-iy n Fl.JK- 3* i /^ I 3? k9L 4-?^ 9 fit 4-. IT oun^LLGtuxjr. 5.V rrhu^ntissim/jt . 6.V. ^dLentuJau. G B Savyer^by I>l.IVK 1^ I 3^ d> 59- Si' i.Baluxy perve^rsoL. 2. ClxxAJusiXixty rucf osa^ (Z^^Z^vow dihbia ) 3. CRol^Kth. 4-. C. hhphicoLtou. 5. C Ixxrrvurvoutau. iJi riuw^rhy. Fi.im 2^ 3?^ 6* Vest, 1. Ccfchlicopa irnoUns 2. C. lixh rica. . 3 Adi^i^ij^ha- olci-cuIou. 4 Carychzuj^ muiuruu^L. 5 GyclostonvoL elegaruB n Acme fusca'. G.B Sower by Pl.JIK i Te.reljT'oubuLay crctniinn. 2.T. cxxpat^serpenij.s.3Aj''qi/)ve decoVLcUyOL 4-.A. CL3tp,VbtALx- ■ 5. A. r.ajjsiiLou K ^^^ 6. CrdWUXL CbTLOmola- ^-S- Sowerhy. PL XX. 1.1 ? Anomj/y pphxppiu m 1 !' formed on. or- Pectin.. J 9 var. ajCuLecUjCL i'^ foramerv closer^ by sKe^lypl'aitfi.l f'.phiq 2. 2 " A. paJe.lh/ormj^ . 2 .** vocr. strioLtou. 2^ pluq. WfSt. Lmp CrB.So iverhy. PL. XXL. Vest vYTvp. • QrB.Soyv^nh^ Fl-XHL ?><* > -^^ \< 3 /' opcj'caiMJ"hS- '^o. va n. lin-eoAjt. . inf'nhy- Pixxrir. iJWi^n sept£.mj\xihatns. 1" v/x/' Dummn-i 2 F (., f ruins '^"^ rL>r.'\->staia' sfc, imp Cr H Sow^»'fr^-. FLXxnr. ^^.^r-^' w -■*£< J^pcren ynxjux^unu^ Cx B Snxve,'^' FIXKV. I / L trruju SarsvL 2. L. elliptira 3 L s ubaivru:uJiatoL- 4. L.L osrom bii Fl.UVI. m. ^-.; V ■ '■■- '■ "„ ")i ^5' '^■?9}fp-^^^fi^^^-\-y ".'riii- Fmnou rwdbus GB Sowerby. I'l.xxmi. I. MyijJiis p.<\.aHj^ . ? M mx>obuolus. 3 M. harhodUxs . 4. M AdriaUciUy. B M phasexyUnus. n.xmii 1. Modioljarhou mourm-oroutou. 2 M. costuloutou. 3. M. oU^cors. d M.rujgrcu f5, O^erhellxxj rKonvbea^ . 6. C oiecus s outa. . Wc.'.t , imp. G B Scwprhy I Tl.JXIX. fa V. 29- ^^^^ 4- iNjirnla. silica La^^. 2. N.ruirJLeAjbs. '■C^var' nadiata..3 N.mJiAw'i" slrexikeA. vfjiri^fy. 4 J\/. fjeJULos. S.Leda pycijm-aea>. 6. h. nnnuda- WWeRt.imp CsB Sow^rhy PI JXX. 1.1/wwpsis aaritob 2 FectiuicuhiyS gl^qi/ther'hs . 3. ApcOj pectuuicuiloiol^s 4 A obUxf-UiA.. 5 A. /a' tea-. 6. 6 ^Ji tetragonoL . B .V(i n. xxxL. 6. M. bici^r'itaiiV.S.M.tk/'7'a^in^s oy . W W'est.iTnp GSScn. n. XKM. 6"^ 4 1 Lasoea. ruhra.. 2.Kell:uiy swborbirularis. 3.K.? cyclaAin... ^-'^'^ horLfxesJxxftejas. 5.Jj.dxyauricoJiu,8. G.Lvlcuux spiru'Jercv. xtfc 7V«^ 1. L. ho re a lis . g. b. So wer-by n. ixxuL. \ (i # ■>^ /I ^':?-A(ci7iM6 fiex-iLOsus. ?.A CfoulznejisTS S-Aferrnujinotnhs owc}'by PI. nm. X^^^ /. Amph-wlesniu cccstcu'ieicm^ ^McLctrou soUdcL 2^ do i^ctr elUptixxh. 3 M. suhtriutcouta/. 4- M. stuZtormny 5.M^. gLouux^ou . WesL^ unp G.B Sowerhy i PI XLW. \ 1. J.uiroLf'ux. eUU^tica. 2. L. oblong ou W West, imp G B Sower'hy I'l.ILV 1. Scnobh-cizloLrwi. prismaJucou Z S )vUid^.3 S oiibou. G S Scverby \ JPh.XLVI. 8^«a^uij^i^fe<^i., LSoUcu^tAzs CGLnJjuiLLs . Z. S anU^u^ias S.CeraiisoUn. /e^um^N 4. SoLefv pelhi'O.diLs. Fl.XLW. k k-^'^m /. SoUn en£is Z. S siUxfiLa,. 3. S. voLgina G.J) Sower by. Fl.XLVm. 1 FoLruix>rou uu]2-q.LLU^odvLS. 1'^do. vour. obtuusou. 2 .LyonshayNorv^,gbcau . 3.Thra.cija, pT'cvte.njjji.s 4-. T. pa-pyroLceou d^-dx) var. viUvsvubscuixh. P.T. pub&sceris . 6.T. coru'eaca . 7 T cU^tortiX . '. West imp. J. B S^:-.:'rrv. tj >^jRr^*^v PIXLK. 1 4-. JSr. T-ostrcbtcL . 5. N. ciLspbdiouta^. G.'Corhuhv guhboL W W'fit imp. a.B Snwrrh PI. L f'*».Si«-TiJ'' / Mya n^r^.n-ama.- ?■. M.lrnn caia . 3 . M. Sinqharn i 'A\Wi-'r->- i-trip. l{ liSov^.-rhy nu. '■■f'/^(iit,-vnqo (I L •"-■ PI LR 1. Ph o J a s Jaj±ylus . Z F. cu,n rijuiix. . •'> . P. parvc T1 Wesit lAii-p. ri.LJi/ ^ ^^ ^m ^\i H ?i? 4-. 7\ yKuenot/tyTfj'- W W,.-^:t.ntiv PILV ^ ^ 1. DentcJjjjLmy entaJjLS . Z.D.TourentLrujjrv 3 . ChiJjoro fouGChcuLout'os 4 C djLScrfLpans 5 C.HanLejb. W West, -r.p GB Sowtrby. J PI J A' I ^1^ ^K M'os/ tnt) Li li- Sowtfhy PJ.JMl. 1 Fai'eila vul-gooLa- . Q,. ol>0- van uUemuxi.in . 3 do. vaf depr^^ssn PI Lvm i^i^ II m mi^ 5. T./zlLvol. 6.[jepetcL cmca 7. PropihuSuLom auuiyUnA^s W Wf-il , nn.f a H Sowfrhy FJ UX I m ^ / Vu n <~tu.rvllcu NoarJiuia ?. Ern (Arrjuuda. fu^aiiA'a 3. E ro.'iPa Fl.LX. 3. Sa/i'Kiir^UxAy crif^patou Vi lygst, imp. G.B So^^r-hr PI LYl. '<^ K. €^- ^^' 4f ^ 1. C^ciosLreniaAjdLerLa.rujuni. . Z. C n.iie.yt.'i. .?. C t^tTfju I oiri es 4- Tj'OciuLS helicuuis . 4-'.' do. tn.ale . 5. T. Or T qna/huixjiJ^UiS €" T zi zyphin us 7. T occhdentouiLS. n ixiv 1 1 4. L putex>liLS 5.L. paUAdALiau 5^ do var n-p.ntouiejj ri Lx: '/'.' /. 1 litton'na ohhisaixx . 1*^'do volt ornxx^xxy. 2 L.r{£,rvijoidje.s . 3.L.r'uA4^. ''i'^ duj var jijugosou 3^dv voir, temhro eoL . 4- Ijlitor-ea. 4-^ oio.vai^. sintstror ^V Went. PI.LX17 1. RissooL struxtiJbioo 2 R^. I/jlcImu S.H. cajrw-elloLtou . 4. It. caXathuusi . 5.E . rutLcalaJbou. 6 R. cimicx?ides-. Z R . JefPrej si. 8 R . pwnctai-xx VesL, trrtp R CLbjSSLCoicLr GrM Sowrrhy- 4 f!) ^ Fl.LXM. I. HisFiooi ZetLcunrlixiay 2.By. (jOstaJM^ . 3. R. pourvou. 4- do. var int^&rraptct- 5.R uicvn.spiaiM^ .G. It . alheUxx,. 7. oLo. var. Sarsii. S.BmembranaceoL.S. R vwlaxea^ WWest unp . GBSotverby. Fi.ijcim, ^ 5. ft.pulcJierri/nu^.S.B.. ruU/JicLoy. 7. It aolnta. 8.R serr}istru»ta..3 . R,.ani^ilitis. W W^st, urtp GB.Sowp.rby Pl.LKIX. 4 d /. Hydrohi/x. idi^oc^ 2 dx) volt. Baj^l^eL 3. dx). vau^. octonau. 4^ 'Ba/'h^ia- ruhroy. 5 .MfreysicL diapkanou. 6. J. opobUnoi . J.J.globuiaris . W West, imp. G B Sowerby Fl.LXX % ^ / Sh^iea^ pl^JULorhis . 2. Horrid logy rou atonias 3. R. rota.' 4.Cc&c-urn Irachea 6. Cgiabriurv . 5.a, do.youruji . 6. Tiurrilellau UrehrcL . W Mvs^ nnp (J B So\y,-rhy. Fl.LXXl. I. TruncatelLob trurucutnJx/u . 2. ScaZarujylhirtorujg . 3. S. comrruuiis. 4. S Treve.lyaj'iay. 5. S clxxihjraJjUbiou. W Wf.st imp Ci li.Sowerhy Fl.IJiXIl. m i i i '^ a 7 I.AcLls urdjcob. Z .A. cLScajris 3. A. supranitLdxv. 4. A. Walleri. 5. A. Giilsorux^ . 6. Odostor/zLcu rnznurhou 7. 0. twvosou: 8. 0. trunaxiui^. W Wtst imp. Q ,B. Sowerhy 4 PL Lxxm.. 1. Od-ostomia. claxniJUt. . 2 0 LukjLsi . 3. O aJLt)eUa.'.4.0n3soidLes iT^- 0 -palJUuLob. 6. 0. corwLoLezJu 7. 0. vumhUijoarui . 8. 0. uLcutcju.9. 0. conspimw 'V West :mr G. B Sowerby 4 PL. Lxxiv: » II 5 0. d/xxph/yunaj 6.0. ohUcp.uxx.. 7. 0, dUoljuolifor'mAS . 8. 0 oie/:wss adjOL . Wfs/ -.mp 9. 0. chxthraijOLy. Gc-^ Sowkrby PL. Lxxr. 1. Odostxjrrvia }.fhdi.^iA.nrAAA. 2.0. inUrsldJUzl/xy. 3 0. spiraJj^. 4. 0 eJCLrruxJb 5.0. fprhe^str'oUxx^ . 6 0 eaccOyVoutou . 7. O. scolLowLs. PILXJW 1. ()cix)sh)ntA/)(y raJhy. 2. O.dxy.var'.fjiJvar/rirJM. H.O. lacf/'ct 4, 0. fyusUl/X' 5 '0 SriJIa'. 0. (J. (U'IxxlIcju 7. do. var. ve.rLtria^scx Fi.LJXm. 1 lomthuvou T'vUjriAKilw.Z.StiiUh'TiM'toru:'.' .Eidurux^ puUivuA.E. irderrrhediCL. 5 FidisijOrtcu. G.E.sterwsixjJrhOi,. 7.E. sahulcLta. 8.E.hllu^^cUcu-■ V/. Wc.S-/^^ 1^71 p. (I P Sn^ypi hy I Fl Lxxm. 1. Naiica' Islnr^rhray . 2.N. GrLPtdu*iMA:difer. 4 T- catxxc-eizs . TV. West imp Ji. Sciwe.rhy I PI.LXXXW. 4 1.Muj-e.a^. erbyicuifijMS 2.M. a^JiuiMJu.^. 3.L(xxA^,st's rrunu'nxX'. 4 Tt'ophorv rn^x/'LcaZiJ-S - S T.JSa-rvicensis. 6. T. tT'uurLcatuLG \ I I PI. LXXXV / Fas lu^ (}wi J^^UAx fi 2. dP mo rut tr. ca t lU-ari i i^t / 3. F Nor've^i^^j^. 4-. F TvurtoriL^ W. West imp. <^ -S Sowerbjr Pl.LXXXVJ. 1 PL Lxxxvn. W West, u'ua .'3 NoLSsoL. rcAiX'jJuljaijrL 4- M ruiixl^t. Ph. Ljoocm W yfest , imp. G />' Soi^crby FILXXXK. 1 De/raru'ia Leu/royj 2.D. (jH't-eans. 3 . D veiiculakn'. 4^. D? vajT formx>sri. 5 /J purpurea.,. 6.D'^V(xr'. oblyou^jia . 'N. W<',<,-/ , irrxp a B Sowffby. Ph.XC « ' PUuurotornoLy sinoloUa.'. 2.P oUi^^vudtck-.S. P. costtxJboiy. 4 P. r'Vbgalosci' fi.P hr-arhyMonha yj Wo.st, imp G B. So^er-hy Fi.XCI. 1 FUnry)toma. n^tbvUxx . 2. JJ? vaf elvn^aioy 3.P LoRVi^aatOy. 4- P njA^nhjs. 5 P septa ruj uJjctiis G.I*, yufa^ 7. P hu'ri<^iljci.- PL TOIL / 3 WWi-.'ii.. imp. (a }< ti.fv^cth p/ xcm •/. CyiAchfLu- acumiiia/ti '< C.nUuiuia 3 C umhiii'CAita^ 4-. C. cyUndrfxrj'^. . 5 O" vctr* Ime^Ari^ . 6 C alba i FIJOJIV. ^ I, ^ 4- D? vour LajofvkxiJut'^oun4i£ 5 V venirosu^ 6. U- ^jcpoLnsiis. VvWr.';t .uTip. 7.U. hyClAirHLS. Q B Sower hy PI aCV ^M ^^SkS^s^ Ik W WfJit.. irr\p lAcera huIlftUt 2 Arfrp^n ior*fhcUUAs . 3.Bulia.hydxUis . G B SowfKby Pijna k^m T 1(^ /. Philin^ scxKhy-a,' . 2 E caten^oL' 3 P anijuZat'CV. 4-. P. tyiiadnxi/ji.' . 5 P puricJjaijcu 6 P jtro-uwsay 7.1^. rj^iixixiy 8. P apeH/ju W W^w/, 7 m;D. G.n.Soyvcrby i Fl.XCW. I.Aplfsuxy -pvuncixxXxxy . 2, Ad^^piluns. 3 ^ PleuLrohranxJiM^ . rrhemhr'aurLCLceu.s . d, JR. -plvjnuila.. 6 ,AssurvurLexXy GroLyanjOU. 6 A. Uix)-ru'hou. W WeM. im^ . G.n Si.wcrh, J^l.XCVEL. 1, J\de-laaiip LIS bu)iefLtaA;uL6. 2..M. rnyosotts 2 9- d*^. var'. runqens. 3, Otuuoi/ obus. 4-. SpLrial£s retro-versxjus . 5", do . var-. ]\dax: