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EDITED BY

Revd. E. A. ELLIOT, M. A.

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: "THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY
{| | President: Al H. G. Alston, B.A, F.L.S., Dept. of Botany,

ee 3 _ British Museum (Nat. H1st.), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.
2 ae ' Hon. Secretary: Revd. E. A. Elliot, South Stoke Vicarage, |
am near Reading.

. Ke is Pa . ca
, } oe How. Treasurer: J. W. Dyce, ‘‘ Hilltop,’ 46 Sedley Rise,
a as ( ee Essex.

Adiantum Farleyense (see page 2).

OMe aa

BRITISH FERN GAZETTE

NEW SERIES.

VoL. VIII. 1951 No. 1

CONTENTS Page
EDITORIAL th ats ; 1
FRONTISPIECE : Adiantum Farleyense 2
. THE ANNUAL MEETING 3
MerrwARY ... . 2 i Ue me aa ane 6.
BLECHNUM SPICANT ra
A VISIT TO BIRDBROOK 9
CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS oe <a ee Ast ot A 10:
FERN CULTURE ee. +f PEI a bath “a. ieee 12
OPHIOGLOSSUM PENDULUM... ie ie. gs ae pee 18.
NOTES AND COMMENTS : ay ah ees he: sae 20:
BOUTHPORT SHOw, 1951 _.... ih ues: ai bs ne 21
List OF MEMBERS .... ee ae yap eer ee eee es bie 24

EDITORIAL

At the start of a new volume, we wish our members long
continuance with every benefit in fern growing. There are
signs that a revived interest in British ferns is on the way,
and thanks are due to the Horticultural Press for recent help
towards this.

If such interest comes, it will be a cause of satisfaction to
us all: if not, we shall go on as we have done for so
long—mostly isolated from one another geographically but
united in our common enjoyment of a branch of plant-growing
that is never dull, and never fails us.

The last volume, owing to the gap during the war years,
and later difficuities, stretches over 15 years. At the present
rate, this new one will take nearly as long to complete: we
can only begin with the hope that there will be a change in the
conditions which now prevail, and that the course of our
‘Gazette ’’ will become more rapid.

It does seem to be true that the longer one studies a
subject, especially a living one, the less one feels that one
knows about it; that is a reason for the constant new
contributions and material that comes in for publication,
though, editorially, we are most grateful.

2

The reprint of an article does not, necessarily, mean that .
a gap has to be filled: we put one in, partly because former
‘Gazettes ’’ are scarce and out of reach of many of us, but
also because some ferns may otherwise get less attention than
they deserve. Blechnum spicani is, actually, one of our own
favourites; and we believe there are now very few of its
varieties in existence.

Here is a chance, for members who come in contact with |
this fern, to remedy a serious omission in our collections:
though personally we have not shared Mr. Druery’s success
in finding varieties, in spite of the examination of hundreds
of wild plants.

At the Annual Meeting Mr. TI. H. Bolton made an
excellent suggestion which, tf supported, may do a very great
deal to revive interest in British ferns, and the Society. He
proposed a combined exhibit, by as many members as
possible, of the best ferns available, at an R.H.S. fortnightly
show.

Members present at the meeting considered that September
would be the best month, and the Secretary of the Royal
Horticultural Society writes that space will gladly be allotted
for such an exhibit. —

Details will have to be worked out, and members will be
notified of these; and a reminder given during next summer.
As a preliminary, it can be said that any member who will
help this effort can bring as many plants as can be
transported: and the Hon. Secretary (of our Society, not the
_R.H.S.) may be advised at any time of any member's
intention to join in the scheme.

Since the Annual Meeting was held, a new member has
joined, M. Christophe Bange, of Lyon, Rhone, France:
whom we are especially glad to enrol on our list, as a link
once again with Continental Pteridologists.

OUR FRONTISPIECE

The plant of Adiantum Farleyense was one of a group
shown in a new class for six greenhouse ferns at Southport,
last August, in the first prize exhibit entered by Hull
University College; staged by Mr. E. D. Deighton, Head of
the college gardens, who is to be congratulated on bringing
an admittedly difficult fern to such perfection.

This has now become a rare plant, and needs cultural
conditions which are likely to keep it comparatively so under
present-day circumstances. It was chosen for illustration in
the belief that many members will be glad to get a good idea
of its appearance. |

3

THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1951

The 48th Annual General Meeting was held on Saturday,
September 15th, 1951, in the Board Room of the British
Museum (Natural History) by kind permission of the
Trustees. :

Six members attended: the President, Mrs. J. Healey;.
Mr. IT. H. Bolton; Mr. J. W. Dyce; Mr. P. Greenfield; and
the Hon. Secretary.

The Minutes of the previous Meeting were read,
- confirmed, and signed.

The Hon. Secretary said that no opportunity had been
found to stage exhibits of ferns at any show in Southern
England. It was remarked that exhibits, mainly of Adiantums,
had been noted at the Chelsea Show.

Mr. Boiton suggested applying for space at a September
fortnightly show of the R.H.S., and this proposal was at
once adopted; members to stage exhibits co-operatively.

The meeting then elected officers: as President, Mr. A.
H. G. Alston, on the proposal of Mr. Bolton, seconded by
Mr. Greenfield.

The President proposed and Mr. Dyce seconded the
election as Vice-Presidents of Professor Weiss; the Revd.
E. A. Elliot; Mr. R. Whiteside; Mr. T. H. Bolton; Mr. A. J.
Macself; and Professor R. E. Holttum.

Mr. J. W. Dyce was re-elected as Treasurer, and the
Revd. E. A. Elliot as Secretary and Editor, on the proposal
of the President, seconded respectively by Mrs. Healey, Mr.
Bolton and Mr. Greenfield.

Mr. P. Temple was re-elected Auditor.

On the proposal of the President, seconded by Mr. Dyce,
the following Committee was elected:—

Mrs. J. Healey pe t': Mr. B. Hayhurst
fee oo. P. Rowlands Mr. R. Kaye
Mr. A. Brunt Mr. A. J. Macself
Mr. J. D. Dixon Mr. A. E. Wade
Mr. P. Greenfield _ Dr. J. Davidson

Mr. C. W. Grubb

Mr. Wade has found he must decline office, so there are
at present two vacancies.
The President asked the Hon. Secretary for his report.

ANNUAL REPORT

| ' The past year has in some ways been a more encouraging

one for the Society, though there are still difficulties. Several
new members have joined through real interest in our Society,
and such acquisitions will prove of benefit, and give new
strength. One member, of some 20 years standing, has died:

4

Mr. W. J. Davies. One the other hand a number of members ~
have dropped out, and the total number is at present 70 of
those whose subscriptions have been received.

The President, the Hon. Treasurer and) the tome
Secretary met in London in March, and considered the
Sage, and decided that the Society must be kept going,

s it seemed there is still a place for it in the Botanical and
Gubaciae worlds.

The 1950 and 1951 Shows at Southport come within the
scope of this report: the Annual Meeting was held there in
1950, when—as already stated in ‘‘ Gazette ’’—a good muster
attended. In 1951, exhibitor-members were rather fewer,
but it is a good sign that some of them were newcomers. New
contacts have also been made with overseas fern enthusiasts:
this concerns the Botanical side of our activities more
especially, though the extension of the interest of some ot
our members to include alien ferns may benefit, by these new
memberships.

For the first time for many years, an excursion was
arranged in 1950 when a few members, including the
President, visited Wisley and found the ferns there were being
well cared for and in excellent condition.

The excursion to Birdbrook, where those who were able
to attend were most hospitably received by Mr. and Mrs.
T. H. Bolton, is to be described in the ~~ Gazette, ame
cannot be omitted from this Report.

There has been some notice recently in the Horticultural
Press of the Society, and of fern growing: this is welcomed,
and is also being referred to in the “‘ Gazette ’’ Editorial.

As it is suggested that the next Annual Meeting should
be held at Southport Show, an excursion of some kind
seems desirable in that area, so that Northern members can
take full advantage of it.

The President proposed and Mr. Greenfield seconded the
acceptance of this Report, and this was carried.

The President then asked the Hon. Treasurer for his
Report.

TREASURER’S REPORT

1950/51

I am pleased to be able to present a much more
satisfactory Statement of the Society’s finances than I did last
year. Subscriptions have come in fairly well, producing £38
17s. 4d. compared with {22 11s. for last year. The sale of
old *‘ Gazettes ’’ and a copy of Lowe’s “‘ British Ferns °’ has
helped us to the extent of {2 Is. 2d. and we gratefully
acknowledge receipt of donations amounting to £5 10s. which
have been a useful addition to our funds.

Our expenditure amounted to £53 18s. 6d., a reduction

2

of {2 15s. 5d. on the previous year, but postage expenses
amounting to roughly £3 are due to the Secretary and
Treasurer, making our outlay practically the same for both
years. The cost of the ‘‘ Gazettes ’’ and Blocks totalling £48
13s. shows an increase of only a few shillings on the amount
given in my last Statement. Printing of the Balance Sheet
sent out by the President after last year’s Annual Meeting
cost {1 18s. 6d., but no other charges have been incurred for
Stationery.

Our increased revenue has enabled us to almost balance
our books this year, and our expenditure has exceeded our
income by only £7 10s. compared with £30 11s. 5d. for last
year. The financial position, although still far from
satisfactory, has thus shown great improvement, but still not
enough to warrant continuing the issue of two “‘ Gazettes ”’
per year. Our present membership is 85, and of this number
22 are in arrears with subscriptions, most of them for 3 years.
We feel sure that the majority of the defaulting members are
still interested in our Society, and wish to continue their
support, but good intentions are not enough, and we would
earnestly ask all members who are in arrears with
subscriptions, and who still find pleasure in the receipt of our
‘““ Gazette,’’ to seriously consider the matter. Send your
subscriptions to me, and enable us to put our finances on a
firmer footing so that we can again issue two ““ Gazettes ’’ per
annum, and give better value for money received.

Before I finish, here is a suggestion for all members.
There must be many fern lovers scattered throughout the
country who would be pleased to join our Society if
approached—many have not even heard of us. We had ten
new members last year, and would like to double that number
this year.
likely to be interested, don’t forget to do a little quiet
advertising for the British Pteridological Society.

J. W. Dyce.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 1950/51
RECEIPTS EXPENDITURE
1950 fc a, | £& s.d.
30th June Gazettes 2. ee Gee)
To Balance... So Be ae 6 Blocks for Gazette Se, 5 3.8
Subscriptions Soe 24). «4 Printing Balance
Donations - y. BLO” ea Sheet : mt t Ba. 36
Sale of Gazettes .. fas He ar | Postages LY o- 0
Sale 1 copy Lowe’s Subscription mR. EH: Ss. a2 6
“British Ferns”.. a Cheque Book . : By,
| Balance in Hand .. 32 1 6
£86 0 0. £86 0 0O
1951
30th June PRR Mae
To Balance... Sis: Oe. ke

6

The President thanked the Hon. Treasurer for his
Statement, and said the increase in the financial balance was
very satisfactory. Mr. Bolton seconded, and the Report was
adopted.

The names of ten members who had not been formally
elected were before the Meeting:

Mr. Walter S. Allen; Mr. M. D. Mann, Jr; Mra Wa
Askew ; The National Museum of Wales; Dr. J. Davidson ;
Mr. C. E. Rigby; Mr. E, A.. J. Dufty; Mr, Die
Russell; Professor R. E. Holttum; Mr. J. S. R. Thomson.

The President proposed their election, seconded by Mr.
Greenfield, and they were declared duly elected.

Stansfield Memorial Medal

The Hon. Secretary proposed that this should be awarded
to Mr. P. Greenfield, who had done a great deal of work, often
unknown and difficult, and had helped the Society not only
to continue but to make a real advance. The President
seconded this proposal, which was cordially accepted. Mr.
Greenfield replied. It was arranged that affiliation to the
R.H.S. should continue.

Mr. Greenfield proposed and Mr. Dyce seconded a hearty
vote of thanks to the President for his Chairmanship, in
which the other members joined, and the Meeting then
closed.

OBITUARY

It is with much regret, we record the death on March
25th, 1951 of Mr. William Thomas Davies, of Port Dinorwic,
Caernarvonshire, at the age of 74.

Mr. Davies joined the Society about 20 years ago, though
his interest in ferns was lifelong, inherited from his father,
a native of Llanberis. Most of the varieties in his collection
of a hundred plants were found locally by him, and his notes
(kindly presented to the Editor by his son-in-law, Mr. Crosby)
show his knowledge of, and care for, a wide range of
specimens.

In other local affairs Mr. Davies took great interest during
his 50 years as clerk to the Port Dinorwic Slate Quarry; he
was long Secretary to the Bethania C.M. Chapel; Secretary and
prime mover in the Port Dinorwic Y.M.C.A.; at one time
Chairman of the Parish Council; and; above’ ja)
enthusiastic member of the St. John Ambulance. In this,
many honours were bestowed on him, including the highest,
when he was made a Commissioned Officer of the Brigade by

/

the King: the first occasion on which an ordinary member had
been so honoured.
ae:
BLECHNUM SPICANT

(The Hard Fern)
BY 2HE LATE Cal. DRUERY.

Considering the tough evergreen nature of this pretty fern,
which justifies fully its common name, and its abundance in
many parts of the country, it is very curious that it so rarely
figures among the common ferns of the garden; for if given a
shady, moist station, it is fully capable of taking care of itself,
and forming a distinct feature among the other common
species. In nature we find it abundant in humid shady woods,
on sloping hedge banks, and often on exposed heaths among
heather and other low-growing vegetation which gives it some
protection, while in boggy situations it may be seen among
the sphagnum. It has two particular aversions, viz., drought
at the roots, and lime in either the soil or the water supplied
to it; hence, a condition of success under culture is provision
of rain or quite soft water, as hard water contains lime, and
inevitably kiils it in time.

The writer years ago lost the bulk of a collection of 4o
varieties through this cause, but as evidence of survival for a
long period under pot culture with rain water, he has several
surviving finds dating nearly 20 years back which are still
in fine condition. The soil should be an equal admixture of
leaf-mould or peat, and good friable loam lightened with some
coarse silver sand. :

The Hard Fern or Blechnum is a solitary British member
of a large family or genus, and is distinguished from all other
British ferns by producing two distinct kinds of fronds, one
set being dark lucent green, once divided into blunt, closely-
set teeth or pinnae, and pendant, so that they spread round
in a sort of lax rosette; the other set, which bears the spores,
is stiff and upright, longer and narrowed in all parts, so that
the teeth are hardly leafy at all and stand much farther apart.
On the back of these fertile pinnae are two rows of spore heaps,
covered when unripe with a thin skin-like indusium springing
from just within the narrow leafy margin on each side. This
constitutes the difference between Blechnum and Lomaria, in
which the edge of the leafy portion itself forms the cover. In
Lomaria, too, the fertile fronds are always narrowed, as in
cur Blechnum, while in many foreign Blechnums and in one
British variety, this is not the case. B.s. anomalum, not rare
in hilly districts, has all the fronds leafy and lax, and the spore
heaps ranged along the midribs of the pinnae of most of them.
In all the other varieties, and as we shall presently see, there

8

are many, the marked difference between the two classes of
fronds persists and is often emphasised, broad, leafy, widely-
tasselled barren fronds being set off by their stiff erect fertile
ones with spiky, many-fingered crests, or it may be, with
heavy bunch crests resembling green flowers.

Some of the varieties, nearly all of which have been found
wild, are very striking. The writer’s first find in the fern
line was B.s. concinnum Druery, found in 1881, on a stone
dyke on the middle of Exmoor. In this the long, blunt teeth
of the barren normal frond are transformed into deeply
notched semi-circular short ones, like tiny scallop shells, so
that the frond forms two even rows of these from end to
end, and is about one-third of an inch wide only. The fertile
fronds are merely knobbed all the way up with hard little
bosses containing the spore heaps.

In the Lake District Mr. Barnes found an equally narrow
fern, B.s. lineare, but the rounded lobes are flat and smooth-
edged, and so slightly divided that the barren frond is
strap-like, and the fertile ones far narrower still and not
knobbed. Two forms midway between concinnum and the
common are B.s. contractum and B.s. strictum, the former
with round lobes a third of the way up the frond, and the
latter more or less irregularly narrowed the entire length.
B.s. imbnicatum has the fronds shortened and side divisions
so densely set on as to overlap, and B.s. cnspissimum Hartley
is a little dwarf an inch or two high only, said to have been
raised from strictum, though widely different. The Blechnum
is occasionally found with the edges saw-toothed, B:s.
serratum Airey is a well-marked wild find of this type, and.
through its spores gave Mr. Airey a much improved plant,
termed B.s. plumosum Airey, divided nearly thrice, and very
handsome. It has also done well in the tasselling direction.
Fern hunting among the Blechnums goes rarely unrewarded
as regards plants with some forked fronds; more rarely a
plant is found with all fronds divided at their tips, and. the
writer’s second find hard on the heels of B.s. concinnum was
a fine specimen of this class, B.s. polydactylum Druery, with
many-fingered tassels hanging down a hedge slope by the
roadside near Wooda Bay, by Lynton.

B.s. ramo-cnistatum, Kinahan’s and Maunder’s forms,
branch first and tassel afterwards in a very handsome way,
and B.s. Maunderi, raised from the latter, is simply a dense
ball of cresting. 5.s. multifurcatum Barnes, sometimes called
trinervio-coronans, has a stiff, radiating crest on a sort of stalk
on the frond tip, and is very distinct and pretty.
B.s. Attkinianum is a curious branching variety, and the
several distinct finds known as cristatum are all pretty and
worth growing.

9

B.s. trinervium is a singular type not uncommon in hilly
districts, especially in Ireland; in this the two bottom divisions
of the frond are considerably lengthened, and in B.s.1.
Hodgsonae they are so large as to make the frond a trident.
B.s. -Forsteri is a remarkable leafy, crispy, dense variety,
difficult to describe, but very distinct, and the writer has found
three forms which approach it, one a dwarf, one very foliose,
and one nearer the normal, but well-forked pinnae here and
there, and the pinnae set on so closely as to crowd each other
and run together—confluent—at the frond tips. Mr. E. J.
Lowe records 85 varieties of this charming fern, and as it does
well with pot culture, a frame, or a shelf or two in a cool
greenhouse, may well be devoted to a collection. It is perfectly
evergreen, retaining its barren fronds quite fresh well into the
second season, and until the new ones are perfected; the
fertile ones perish much earlier and can be cut off as soon as
shabby without detriment.

The chief thing to bear in mind is, we repeat, the
necessity of rain water or water free from lime, and the next
thing, the plant must not go dry; these points attended to,
and proper planting to start with, the Blechnum will survive
its owner. . 7
A VISIT TO BIRDBROOK

That is the title of an article by the late W. B. Cranfield
in the August, 1948, “‘Gazette’’ to which it was natural to
turn when Mr. IT. H. Bolton most willingly wrote accepting
the proposal of an excursion by the Society.

In spite of his immense knowledge of ferns, Mr.
Cranfield owned himself baffled by some of the Polypody
varieties: and unable to do full justice, in the short time then
at his disposal, to a great many of the other plants he saw.

On September 8th last, eleven visitors arrived at various
times and were most hospitably received by Mr. and Mrs.
Bolton and their son and daughter; to all of whom we express
the formal and most cordial thanks for so kindly and generous
a welcome. In order of arrival the visitors were Mr. J.
Brookfield and Mr. N. Brookfield, Mrs. Healey, Mr. P.
Greenfield and the Revd. E. A. Elliot, Mr. and Mrs. C. W.
Grubb and Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Grubb, Mr. and Mrs. J. W.
Dyce. Mr. Cranfield’s visit was on a cold day in November,
and after much damage (some of it irreparable) from snow;
the excursion this year was under ideal weather conditions,
and the damage is long past and—as far as may be—
overcome.

The plants lost, are gone; but their number is
undiminished, and in fact probably greater, as Mr. T. Bolton

10

now has a collection which—we think—was not formed in
1947, and which is still being added to.

As far as was noticed, five genera are included: Athyrium,
Lastrea, Polystichum, Polypodium and Scolopendrium: four
of which contain the most numerous varieties, and these are
there at Birdbrook in immense quantity, in the best
condition.

Some of them were new to, and could not be named by
any of the party. )

Others were finer than any specimens seen elsewhere;
and, to the writer at least, many varieties were up to that time,
only names.

Last year’s excursion to Wisley was of a similar type—
up to a point; to see a large collection.

This year’s went beyond that point; it had behind it a
personal force and interest which we hope will long continue.
The party left Birdbrook enriched in mind and in fact, after
what will remain one of the pleasantest excursions in the
Society's history.

CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS

In what perhaps may be called its normal form in this
country, this is a delicately pretty little fern. It is doubtless
well-known to our members, but is probably not often culti-
vated. Though easy to cultivate, particularly in shady
rock-work, it turns brown before the summer is out, and this
drawback may account for its comparative neglect among
fern growers. C. T.. Druery pointed out this drawback and
apparently himself took little interest in the fern. The specific
name is probably due to the fact that a frond will break away
from the base at a mere touch. The stipes is exceedingly
thin, but is not so weak as it appears, no doubt, because it is
stiffened by the channel along the top of it—a character not
often mentioned in popular descriptions.

Cystopteris fragilis is a fern of the Temperate Zone and
is exceptionally widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.
It is found also in the southern hemisphere. It is notorious as
being extremely variable in form, so much so that this
peculiarity was noticed by the early botanists in this country,
although they appear not to have noticed varieties in our
other fern species. They even went so far as to indicate that
there were fixed varieties of it, e.g., dentata and augustata.
With more justification the form Dickieana found in a cove
near Aberdeen, was indicated as a fixed type.

_ Knowing that C. fragilis was engaging the special atten-
tion of scientists and proving to be something of a puzzle, the

II

writer took the opportunity of a visit to Edinburgh to obtain
permission, kindly given, to examine specimens at the
herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens. These specimens
had been collected, by several botanists, from the year 1827
onwards. Some were labelled dentata, others augustata ; but
probably if all the finders could have seen each others
specimens, none would have tried to sort them into any fixed
varieties, but would have regarded the species as merely liable
to random variations of form.

Useful as herbarium specimens are, it is, of course, more
satisfactory to examine living specimens in the field, and as
it seemed likely that central Scotland might be a happy hunt-
ing ground and there were some old habitats to look up in
order to verify, if possible, the accuracy of the records,
Dunkeld and Aberfeldy were adopted as centres for a fort-
night’s holiday in early June of last year and proved very
suitable for the purpose in view.

Cystopteris resembles our Aspleniums in liking horizontal
cracks in rocks as a natural habitat and as a satisfactory -
substitute man-made walls whether mortared or unmortared.
Throughout the district visited there are roadside banks held
up by loose stone walls and on many of them large colonies
of the fern can be found. Lime, although perhaps a mere
trace of it may suffice, appears to be necessary for the con-
tinued well-being of Cystopteris and the absence of the fern
from some of the walls is probably accounted for by complete
absence of lime.

Two old habitats for Cystopteris Dickieana are given for
the neighbourhood of Dunkeld. It is reasonably certain that
these were found; but although there was C. fragilis in
quantity, there was no Dickieana. A habitat near Loch Tay
recorded for 1794 was visited with a similar result. It would
appear somewhat unsafe to accept as correct the old records
for Dickieana in central Scotland.

Some considerable variation in form of C. fragilis was
observed in the neighbourhood of Dunkeld, but much more
on excursions made from Aberfeldy to Loch Tay, Killin,
Glen Ogle, Glen Lyon and local roadsides. The range of
variation seen in this area in a short time was almost as great
as that of the numerous specimens at Edinburgh, except that
no very definite examples were seen of a type with pinnules
much reduced in size and of an approximately circular shape.
This type was called dentata by some of the finders of it,
but differs from other types to which the same term has
been applied. The freakishness of Cystopteris fragilis is
astounding. One frond where some pinnules had expanded

enormously in a more or less circular form, and adjacent ones

TZ

were severely stunted, was nothing short of a monstrosity. On
one plant on a churchyard wall one frond was different from
the others. This last bit of waywardness on the part of C.
fragilis had been observed by early botanists and is mentioned
by Francis and probably other authors.

These pecuharities in C. fragilis cannot be explained by
environment. The only differences which could be attributed
to environment are the expansion and thinning of pinnules in
damp and shady situations and the reverse effect of open
situations with little, if any, shade and less moisture at the
roots. The former condition was well exhibited by some
specimens of C. fragilis found by Mr. J. E. Lousley, of the
London Natural History Society, when recently searching
caves near Aberdeen for Dickieana.

Dickieana, it may be mentioned, is now supposed to be
extinct at Aberdeen. It has within recent years been found
in Norway, and a habitat in Sweden was visited last year by
our President—see Vol; Vil, page 300.

It is very desirable to extend the search for more examples
of unusual forms of C. fragilis, especially in Scotland, where
districts not visited by the writer might yield interesting
results. It may be that there is a zone of greatest variation.
Fronds collected by Mr. J. W. Dyce near Inverness towards
the northern limit of the fern’s range in Great Britain and at
Matlock towards the southern limit, are approximately normal.
A very few rather abnormal forms were found many years ago
in Wales and in northern England, most, if not all, of them
among the mountains. Recently a fairly extensive examina-
tion of limestone rocks in Ribblesdale, in the Malham district
and in Wharfedale, in which areas the fern is plentiful,
revealed no abnormal forms whatever.

If any member who may be able to hunt Cystopteris
fragilis in the British Isles would like first to communicate with
the writer it is hoped that he will do so. It should be stated
that a period should be chosen not earlier than the middle of
June.

P. GREENFIELD.

THOUGHTS ON HARDY FERN-CULTURE AFTER
MANY YEARS’ EXPERIENCE

By A. J. Macself, V.M.H.

In writing for publication in ‘‘ The British Fern Gazette ”’
I am very well aware that the remarks will be read by some
who have had experience as wide as, or wider than, my own,
and whilst it might be argued that since I am writing for the
benefit of new, and thus far, inexperienced members, it is

1)

wiser to be upon the safe side than it would be to run risk of
failure through error, I do not do so, but rather do I urge that
‘anyone who, having adopted methods which are at variance
with my recommendations, and have found them successful,
will write to the Editor, contradicting any statement of mine
and giving in detail their ideas of procedure which may be
adopted by other growers with reasonable prospects of
success.

First, let it be assumed that some reader contemplates
making his first hardy fernery ; among his first questions will
be, “‘Where is the best position I can choose? ’’ In reply
to that, I say the real essentials are shade and shelter from
the roughest, battering winds that blow. In some gardens,
shady corners or strips already exist and where they do not,
they can usually be created by means of hedges or tall-growing
plants, and it generally can be contrived to ensure that
whatever is used to create necessary shade, can also become:
the means of sheltering from buffeting winds.

Next to choice of situation comes preparation of soil, and
this should be very thorough, because among other advantages
of hardy ferns, is the fact that, when once they are planted
they need not be moved for many years. That is an economy
of labour which, in these days of costly gardening, cannot be
ignored.

By insisting that preparation must be thorough, it is
not. inferred that the soil must be enriched by addition of
much manure of either animal or chemical nature. The fact
is, I am no believer in either of these for ferns which it is
hoped will last for many years. I am well aware that large,
fine fronds may be produced by liberal feeding, and this 1s
necessary in the case of ferns grown in pots for the purpose of
exhibition, and that is dealt with later, but for the plants
grown for permanency, in the garden, my idea is that a
‘fed ’’ fern makes poor growth and is prone to come uneven
in growth afterwards.

The ‘‘thoroughness’’ referred to above concerns the
correction of physical defects in the soil. Many soils are
either too heavy, owing to being charged with clay to an
excessive degree, or are too light and sandy for ferns. In
either case the remedy lies in leaves, decomposed vegetation
from a compost heap, and anything which will create a spongy,
moisture-soaking and humus-making root-run for the ferns.
In excessive cases it may be necessary to dig such soil more
than once, adding the vegetation at each digging. That is
why I refrain from stating that any period of time should
elapse between digging and planting, preferring to say that
planting may be commenced when ground is ready. ,

14

Do not be eager to remove stones from the soil. In my
own case, when I made my present fernery some quarter-
century ago, I actually dug in quantities of added stones.
That is for two reasons. One is that stones help drainage,
by holding apart particles of soil which would, otherwise, bind
too closely. At the same time I have found that immediately
underneath every stone is a patch of soil which will remain

moist long after surrounding soil dries during periods of
drought.

I am a firm believer in the great advantage of deep
digging, mainly in the interests of drainage. It cannot be too
strongly stressed that, although ferns like moisture, it is
extremely few which can tolerate anything approaching
stagnation of water in their root-run. For this reason, I say
that nothing short of two full spade’s depth is sufficient for
the first digging of the outdoor fernery.

Do not be misled by the oft-made statement that to grow
ferns one must have brown fibrous peat. As a matter of
fact, many ferns are absolutely indifferent as to the presence
or absence of fibrous peat in their root-run. Some ferns
actually dislike it, and the proportion which must have it
is extremly small. I have not bought a bushel of brown peat
in the twenty-five years I have lived in my present place,
but, I add, I have used much granulated sphagnum peat for
digging in. This I use instead of leafmould, chiefly because
it rots down at a slower pace than leaf mould, and I invariably
make sure that it is thoroughly moistened by repeatedly turn-
ing and watering before it is dug in. This is because sphag-
num peat which is dry, will remain dry for a long time, even
though surrounding soil may be excessively wet.

Eventually, the ground becomes ready to start planting.
If this happens to be at the beginning of September, one may
then plant the evergreen ferns, such as the Polystichums,
Scolopendriums, and the like. September seems to be the best
month of the year to remove these, but I prefer Spring plant-
ing for Athyriums, Lastreas, Cystopteris and other deciduous
ferns, because I dishke moving them when they approach
their normal period of dormancy and rest. It will be noted
that I am using the generic names which I have known since
boyhood. Ido this despite the knowledge that botanists have
decreed that Polystichums are Aspidiums, Scolopendriums
are Phyllitis, some Lastreas are Nephrodiums, while others are
Aspidiums, etc. The majority of fern growers, however, seem
to be more familiar with the older names. The first botanical
name I can recollect having memorised was Goniophlebium
subauriculatum, and I still call that plant by that name despite
the knowledge that it is now called a Polypodium.

T5

As to choice of ferns to form the nucleus of a collection,
my view is that if any particular fern is one’s special favourite
it should be the first fern planted, because it is one of the chiet
delights of having a garden that it enables its owner to grow
the plants which are most admired and loved. My own
choice would be to place the Polystichums first, Scolopend-
riums second and the variations of Polypodium vulgare third.
Of the last named I have over thirty varieties, including three
or four forms of P. cambricum, and I have added at various
times Athyriums, particularly of setigerum varieties, and the
queen of all A. Clarissima, Lastreas, Cystopteris, Aspleniums
and a number of kinds which have proved hardy, although not
British. These include Adiantum ovenustum, Don,
Cyrtomium falcatum, and two American varieties of Poly-
podium vulgare.

I would add, here, that should any particular class of fern
refuse to thrive in the garden available, it is better to abandon
it and its class in favour of another which, obviously, is more
suited to the soil and locality. - My reason is that there is more
real satisfaction in contemplating really flourishing plants than
can be obtained by trying to make special patches of soil for
plants which cannot grow happily in one’s garden. As an
example of what I mean, I recall, many years ago, having
found a flourishing colony of Polystichum lonchitis on the
Minera range of mountains in north-west Wales. I carefully
lifted some healthy young plants and brought them home,
but none of them thrived in my lowland garden. Eventually,
they all died out. The result is I never plant this fern now,
preferring to plant varieties of P. angulare or P. aculeatum,
which make large, pleasing plants.

I had similar failure with Asplenium fontanum, and A.
septentrionale, brought from the late George Oliver’s garden
at Hawick, Scotland, and these I do not try to grow now. Of
course, it is necessary for a beginner to ascertain that it is
either soil or situation that is the cause of failure, and not
some mistake in planting, which can be rectified by exercising
greater care, and my advice is that one should lift clean and
replant anything which is apparently failing, before it gets
too far gone for recovery. Let this be done during the period
of new, young growth. That, I find, is the best time for such
removal.

STRIPPING THE CAUDEX.

This operation is singled out because I have found it to
be the most important part of preparation for re-planting all
those ferns which grow from crowns, as distinct from rhizomes.
The caudex is that stem which lengthens, gradually, with the
new embryo fronds in a cluster or crown at the top. Prominent

16

examples are Polystichums, Lastreas, Athyriums, Scolopen-
driums, etc. Old, dead fronds, which are cut off at ground
level, leave bases below ground. These bases increase in
number and become hard and woody. In course of time they
hamper attachment of young roots, which issue from the
caudex, with the soil from which they should obtain nourish-
ment, and whenever a fern is lifted for transplanting it is very
important to strip or detach these bases of old fronds from
the caudex. This can be done easily, although it is a task
requiring some patience. Frond bases are attached to the
caudex in spiral form. The correct method of procedure is.
first to clear away all adhering soil, then place a finger on the
top of the lowest frond base, and gently press it downward.
Having detached and removed that one do likewise to the
next, and so proceed until the caudex is freed from all old
frond bases. Sometimes a caudex will appear to be exces-
sively stripped, but if care has been taken to break no young
roots, and the cleaned plant is put into a hole large enough to
take the roots without cramping, with the cluster of embryo
fronds at, but not below, ground level, it will, generally
speaking, make good growth. Fine soil should be carefully
and closely packed, but not hardened, all round the plant,
and if the fern experiences a period of drought during the first
season it should be watered thoroughly, but as infrequently
as is reasonable. In transplanting Polypodiums of the vulgare
class, rhizomes should not be wholly buried in the soil, and
all rhizomatous ferns should have their rhizomes kept very
near to the soil surface. JI like to transplant rhizomatous
ferns just as their new fronds begin to show in curled heads.
This will vary according to season. For instance, sometimes
I have transplanted Polypodiums during April (although they
are really deciduous, their fronds remain green throughout
winter). Sometimes May has half done its course before
Polypodiums can be moved, but if unable to complete trans-
planting by the end of May, I prefer to leave the plants
undisturbed for another year. I do not like to inflict upon
them the double task of making new root and grappling with
summer drought. This, I admit, is due, chiefly, to my dislike
of doing much watering. Although I like, now that I have
bidden goodbye to days of youth, to boast of the years which
many of my ferns have stood, undisturbed, in the same
position, Iam bound to admit that many would be the better
for transplanting at lesser intervals of time.

GROWING FERNS FOR EXHIBITION.

A good many years have passed since the authorities of
Southport Flower Show first introduced a number of classes
for British ferns. It cannot be said that results of that innova-

17
tion have reflected great credit upon ‘‘The British
Pteridological Society.’’ In the beginning, the new feature

promised well, and there were no less than seven entries in.
the largest class for hardy ferns occupying a hundred square
feet of space. We felt justified in writing for the next issue.
of ‘‘ The British Fern Gazette’’ (No. 11, Vol. 5, published in
December, 1928) that ‘‘ the benefits, accruing to our hobby:
from this first venture of Southport Show are undoubtedly
great,’’ but later experience has damped our view, for entries.
in this, the biggest class, have diminished annually, until, on
more than one occasion it has transpired that one entry only
has confronted the judges, and in the smaller classes for six,
three, and even for single plants, in pots or other suitable:
containers, have shown a tendency to decrease rather than
increase in number of exhibits.

It is because the suggestion has been made to me that.
many growers of choice hardy ferns have never attempted to.
-grow anything for show purposes. that I have decided to add
this section to my article, and it is hoped that, shortly, results
may show themselves in materially increased numbers of
entries in the smaller classes for stipulated numbers of hardy
British ferns. As with other sections, I have expressed my
own views, but shall welcome the ideas of others, even
contradictory.

First, choose only youngsters of known quality and —
removed from normal species. Grow the plants in pots.
beginning with young plants and, if necessary, using pois:
of small size for the first season’s growth. Use particular care
in preparing soil for potting ferns ; paying great attention to
combination of fibrous loam, and vegetable earth, together
with enough sharp sand to enable water to pass through, kut
not more than enough to ensure this. Remember there is no
plant-food in sand, neither does it possess power to soak up
and hold moisture and dissolved plant-food. My advice is
limit the addition of manure to a dusting of bone meal. This
decomposes slowly, providing phosphorus, without which fern
fronds lack substance and power to resist sudden changes.

A point where I differ from many growers is where it
is advised to withhold any feeding until plants have reached
a certain age or stage of development. I have said already
that when ferns are grown for home enjoyment and for long
life, I do not believe in “‘ feeding,’’ but when growing for
exhibition it is essential that they shall be fed, even though
it is probable that the same plant will be unfit for exhibition
for a second season. It is just as firmly my belief that a fern
which is to be fed, requires food in its young stages of growth,
but it should be weak and should be applied every time the

18

soil in the pot becomes dry enough to demand water—not at
intervals, in greater strength, and intervened with plain
watering. My objection to the latter custom is that plant-food
which is taken up by spongy matter in the soil, quickly
combines with those plain-water applications, and may pass
with surplus water, through the drainage hole without helping
to feed the plant at all.

It cannot be earlier than the second season, and more
probably, it will be the third or fourth, before a fern is really
fit for the show bench. Meanwhile it will have been potted
on, perhaps twice or thrice, until it reaches the size of pot
required. (Here, let me say, it is necessary, sometimes, to be
guided in this matter by the schedule of the particular show
concerned.) Itisa pity to put a plant into a 7-inch pot and to
find later that a show schedule says that no pot may exceed six
inches. Finally, let me say that as members of the British
Pteridological Society it is a duty, whenever possible, to enter
exhibits of hardy ferns at any show where classes are provided.
It is to help those who have had only short experience in this
branch of horticulture that this article has been written.
Criticism of any point will be welcomed.

OPHIOGLOSSUM PENDULUM
By R. E. Holttum

This epiphytic species is very unlike the Adder’s Tongue
in appearance. It has limply pendulous ribbon-like fronds up
to a yard long and often less than one inch wide. The fertile
spikes, when present, are borne near the base of the fronds;
they also are pendulous, and are commonly eight inches long.
A well-grown plant may have a dozen fronds or more,
hanging in a close bunch.

O. pendulum was formerly abundant in Singapore. It
almost invariably grows on old plants of Platycerium
coronanium (P. biforme}, which attain a very large size and
used to be found on many of the old roadside trees. With
the widening of the roads in the past 30 years, most of the
old trees by the main roads have been felled, and these
remarkable ferns are less common than they used to be. It —
is with the relation between Platycerium and Ophioglossum
that this note is mainly concerned, but it should be stated that
Ophioglossum pendulum can also grow on old plants of
Asplenium nidus, and sometimes in the decaying debris in the
persistent leaf-bases of some old palms.

Platycertum coronarium has broad erect fronds which
form a basket, and into this basket fall the dead leaves of the
supporting trees. These dead leaves gradually rot. The old

19

Platycerium fronds do not fall when they are replaced by new
ones; they curl inwards and hold fast the decaying tree-leaves
they have caught. The middle of a Platycerium plant thus
consists of a series of incurled decaying old fronds, and
between them the decaying leaves which each in turn has
caught. This decaying mass provides food for the
Platycerium roots, and also acts as a sponge to hold water and
tide the plant over from one rain to the next (we very rarely
have as much as two weeks without rain in Singapore).

It may happen that spores of Ophioglossum pendulum are
carried by the wind into the basket of a Platycerium plant.
They are soon covered by dead tree-leaves, and in time are
quite buried in the decaying mass. Under these conditions
they can grow into saprophytic prothalli, if a suitable fungus
is present to obtain food from the decaying leaves for them.

_ How long it takes an Ophioglossum prothaillus to produce
a sporopnyte, I do not know, but the process is probably a
slow one. The first evidence of its existence one can see is
the emergence of a narrow pendulous leaf, with crisped edges,
from the bottom of the Platycerium plant. This first leaf
evidently has to pierce through a considerable mass of
decaying leaves, and perhaps also through a few old
Platycerium fronds, before it can come out into the light and
air.

Once the first Ophioglossum leaf has appeared, it is soon |
followed by another, and the plant rapidly gains in size and
strength. Now comes the interesting part of the story. As
the Ophioglossum becomes stronger, the Platycerium becomes
weaker. Finally you may see a very large Ophioglossum
plant hanging from a quite dead Platycerium. I do not know
whether this killing process always occurs, but I believe it is
not uncommon. It seems clear that the Ophioglossum
competes successfully with the Platycerium for the food and
water provided by the dead leaves which the Platycerium
catches. Possibly competition for water is the more important.
Whether this is so or not, there can be no doubt that root
competition between Ophioglossum and Platycerium is very
severe; the two must share what was originally provided for
the Platycerium alone, and it looks as if the Ophioglossum is
the stronger.

The Ophioglossum is thus in effect a parasite on the
Platycerium, though it is not strictly a parasite according to
the usual definition of the term, as there is no organic
connection betweer. the two.

The Ophioglossum plant can live for a time after the
Platycerium is dead, but ultimately it must also die, as it has
no further power of collecting humus (it usually falls to the

20

ground). It is possible however to keep such a plant
indefinitely in cultivation, if it is sprayed periodically with
manure-water, and if a sufficient supply of humus around its
roots is maintained.

I am not aware that this behaviour of Ophioglossum
pendulum has been previously reported, though of course its
saprophytic prothalli have been described.

NOTES AND COMMENTS

Our member Mr. A. Cochrane has sent a most interesting
account of his success with an old but worth-while method of
fern-growing. We commend it specially to those who live in
districts where fern-growing presents difficulties; but it is a
scheme that anyone could try, with enjoyment and, we hope,
equal success.

“During the winter of 1942 I had occasion to read some
‘Victorian books upon fern-growing, and therein I came across
the idea of growing these plants in the walls of covered “ pits ’’
or ‘‘wells’’ in the ground. As I was then resident in East
Fife, Scotland, which is naturally a dry area, I decided to
try out this idea on a small scale, as it seemed to promise a
method of obtaining freedom from the winds which were
spoiling the ferns which I grew. I thereupon made a “ pit”’
about 18 feet by 18 feet by 2 feet deep, using squared brick-
size granite blocks for the walls and top surround, and a thick
layer of peat was put at the bottom. This “ pit’’ received
afternoon sunshine only and was planted with Aspleniums
which did no better than others fully exposed, and the peat
bottom had to be constantly watered in the summer. My
next move was to have a wooden frame constructed over the
top, in which were four moveable panes of glass (I find the
glass should be separately framed in. wood as it is liable to
break) I then planted the following ferns and one selaginella:

Asplenium Trichomanes, Dryopteris Phegopteris, Sela-
ginella Kraussiana (Denticulata) and two other ferns.

The two unnamed ferns are half hardy, I think, I left
the “‘ pit’’ five years ago, and have only seen the results lately
which are, that all the above plants have thrived and that the
Selaginella has become rather a weed. .The only mishap was
a broken pane of glass which aliowed Willow Herb seeds to
enter, anda St. John’s Wort. These weeds are being removed
with some difficulty. The ‘“‘pit’’ appears to have retained
an adequate supply of moisture and effectively excluded the
frost. The Aspleniums are nearly twice the size of outside
specimens, planted at the same time. I am now engaged on
the construction of a much larger “‘ well’’ here in Morayshire,

21

which will be 6 feet by 6 feet by 4 feet deep, with a concrete
pool bottom and a glass top.”’

At the foot of page 308 in Vol. VII No 12 L. dilata is a
mistake for L. dilatata; and our guess at the parentage of
Lastrea dilatata lepidota cristata was nearly correct. In Vol.
V No. 10, page 219, there is an account of its raising by the

late Herbert Stansfield, by crossing L. alpina lepidota with L.
_ dilatata grandiceps; the former of these is (or was) a form of, or
identical with, L. dilatata lepidota. The results of our sowing
seem to be a throwback to one parent, L. d. grandiceps.

The two Scolopendriums noted on pages 260 and 261,
Vol. VII No. 10, have made some development: the plant
taken from near Tintern Abbey is now normal. A sowing
from the other, left in place on a wali at Shirenewton, has
given six or more young plants, promising varietal form, but
still too small to show what this will be.

Foliose forms of certain ferns are perhaps more common
than one realizes; the form in which pinnae are close together
and overlapping one another, with pinnules unusually broad
and close set.

In a Dryopteris sowing, several male ferns came up,
which appear to be developing in this way.

A seedling Lady Fern, taken near Studland in Dorset in
May this year, also promises something similar; and a
Polystichum setiferum in the village was strongly of this type,
but had to be left—regretfuliy—as too large to move, and
without ripe spores. Some day however it may be possible to
secure either the plant or its offspring.

Dwarf forms are met with now and then, and may be
very puzzling. A clump of a small-fronded but very vigorous-
growing fern was recently seen on a rockery; it was only after
some difficulty that it was identified as the Lady Fern, quite
normai except in size.

SOUTHPORT SHOW, 1951
By an Exhibitor

Even when one has spent the three days, and most of
them in the show, at Southport, it was found that some
exhibits had been overlooked; which means that everything

22

was bigger than ever. Some of the display was certainly
finer; and, going intc detail, the first congratulation to be
offered is to our member Mr. Rk. Kaye, who again won a large
gold medal for his rock garden, as well as a new challenge cup
given by the Flower Show Committee for the first time this
year.

Amongst the many ferns used by Mr. Kaye, an Osmunda
with a red stem attracted attention, as possibly a distinct
species. In the competitive section in Tent 4 there was only
one entry for the challenge cup, which was won by Messrs.
Brookfield, showing mostly Polystichums, Athyriums and
Scolopendriums, with some Polypodies.

Messrs. Brookfield’s entry in class 9, of 12 Hardy Ferns,
was again the only one. There was more competition in the
next class for 6 Hardy Ferns, won by Mr. C. H. Rainford of
Southport, who had two good Polypodies and a nice
Athynium per-cristatum in his entry. Messrs. Brookfield were
second, including two fine’ Polypodies.-” The Kev: =iiae =
Elliot was third, his best plant being P. angulare divisilobum
densum. Mr. B. Hayhurst had Asplenium inciso-crispatum
Clementu in this class, a rare fern now; and he took the first
prize in Class 11 for three Scolopendriums, with muricatum,
ramo-marginatum and ramo-cnistatum.

Mr. F. Scott, of .Arnside, came second) > wits
especially good plants in his entry, S. crstatum Mrs.
Postlethwaite and S. crispum cristatum F. W. Stansfield.

Messrs. Brookfield were third, and had a nice S.
grandiceps.

In class 12, three Polypodies, Messrs. Brookfield were
awarded first prize and Mr. B. Hayhurst a third.

The Revd. E, A. Elliot was first in ‘class 13, for
Polystichums. Mr. Hayward, second, had a rotundatum,
which may be Thompsoniae, and Messrs. Brookfield, third,
showed a nice gracillimum cristulatum.

There were some fine Athyriums in class 14, Messrs.
Brookfield winning with Clarissima, Jones; the Horsfall
Plumosum; and Victoriae. Mr. B. Hayhurst, second, showed
clarissima, Frizeliae cristata and superbum snistatum, a
specially fine plant. Mr. C. H. Rainford was third, and
included a Victoriae. |

For three Hardy British Ferns in class 15 the Revd. E. A.
Elliot took first place with A. f. f. multifidum P. angulare
divisilobum densum, and Scolopendrium ramo-multifidum,
the last of these being a hybrid of his own raising.

on

23
Messrs. Brookfield were second, their best plant being
Polypodium Cambricum Barrow1; and Mr. C. H. Rainford,

_ third, had a good Polystichum.

There were fewer entries than previously in the class for
meedaray Pern, but Mr. F. Scott’s first prize A.. f. /f:
cristatum Clift’s variety was one of the finest specimens in any
class. Mrs. Bassnett, of Tarleton, came next with
Scolopendnum cnspum Campbell, a very nice fern. Mr. B.
Hayhurst had, as third prize-winner a good old stager A.f.f.
plumosum Druery.

Taken as a whole, the numbers are being well maintained,
though there is room for many more, and the quality is still
there also, but would be improved by fewer old plants and
more freshly raised and younger ones. Much more could be
done in the way of new crosses and consequent new varieties.

It is to be hoped that the younger members of the Society
will not lose sight of this important side of our activities.

As members of the Society were in part instrumental in
the introduction at this year’s show of two new classes, for
six and three. greenhouse ferns, it may be said that these
exhibits were considered to be well justified, mcre especially

_as the chief prizes were taken by our members.

The Department of Horticulture of University College,
Hull, were first prize-winners in the group of six, staged by
the Head Gardener, Mr. E. D. Deighton. Here, Adiantum
Farleyense was, by his permission, selected as the subject for
our frontispiece. A Blechnum Brazilense only two years old
was also a magnificent plant. Mr. A. Livermore, of Lancaster,
won second prize, his best plant being Nephrolepfis Ailli.

Hull University also won first prize for three greenhouse
ferns, with Adiantums; scutum roseum was specially good.
Mr. B. Hayhurst, second, had Pellaea rotundifolia and a nice
Davaiha; and an un-named species from S. America, raised
from spores, a very distinctive and attractive plant. We
congratulate all exhibitors in these two new classes on the
quality of the plants shown.

Since the show, comment has been made in the
Horticultural Press on Southport’s unique interest in our ferns.
This is not perhaps quite the case, but certainly so as regards
amount; one comes away feeling that the Show Committee and
Officials do take a real and live interest in our enthusiasm, for
which we should be most grateful. Our best thanks would no
doubt be shown by more, and ever better, entries.

24
BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

List of Members

Honorary Members

CURTIS, CHARLES H., J.P., V.M.H., F.L.S., c/o ‘The Gardeners’
Chronicle,” 33, John Street, Theobalds Road, London, W.C.1.

Hay, THOMAS, V.M.H., M.v.o., Stoatley Cottage, Bunch Lane
Haslemere, Surrey.

PRESTON, F.. G. A.H.R.H.S., c/O Botanic Gardens, Cambridge.

RAMSBOTTOM, J., O.B.E., F.L.S., Keeper of Botany, British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

Subscribing Members
ALLEN, WALTER 6., 144-19, 35th Avenue, Flushing, New York, U.S.A.

ALSTON, A. H. G. B.A., F.L.S., Department of Botany, British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

ASHWOOD, Mrs. F. M. W., Newbold-on-Avon, Rugby, Warwickshire.
ASKEW, W. L., Fern Nursery, Grange, Keswick, Cumberland.
ATKINSON, F., Lake Side Cottages, Keswick, Cumberland.

BAKER, J. E. F.R.H.S., F.C.S.S., Holly House, Chelwood Gate, Haywards
Heath, Sussex.

BANGE, CHRISTOPHE, 22-24, Rue Grenette, Lyon, Rhone, France.
BENTLEY, JOSEPH, LTD., Barrow-on-Humber, Lincs.
BOLTON, THOMAS, HENRY, F.8.H.S., Birdbrook, Halstead, Essex.

BOWLES, E. A. M.A., V.M.H., F.L.S., F.Z.S.. Myddleton House, Forty Hill,
Enfield; Middx.

BRITISH MUSEUM, THE, (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London,
S.W.7.

BRITTON, Mrs., J. H. M.B.E., Shortwood Lodge, Pucklechurch, Bristol.

BROOKFIELD, JOHN, Nurseryman, Stamford Road, Birkdale, Southport,
Lancs.

BROOKFIELD, NOEL, Stamford Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancs.
BRUNT, ARTHUR, Ferndale, 39, Folly Lane, Swinton, Manchester.
BURTON, FRANK, The Barley House, Hildenborough, Kent.

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF (THE LIBRARY), Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

CHESTON, ARTHUR PERCY, Holly Bush Wood, Potten End, Berkhamsted,
Herts. |

CHURCHILL, Mrs., A. M. 119, Filwood Road, Fishponds, Bristol.
COCHRAN, JOHN, 54, Nursery Street, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.
COCHRANE, ANTHONY, Kew House, Duff Avenue, Elgin, Morayshire.

CONSTABLE, W. A., The Lily Gardens, Southborough, Tunbridge Wells,
Kent.

CRANFIELD, LT.-Cou., S. W., 47, Old Dover Road, Canterbury, Kent.

DAVIDSON, JAMES, M.B., CH.B., F.R.C.P.EDIN., Linton Muir, West Linton,
Peebles-shire.

Dixon, J. DARGUE, c/o Mrs. Day, 20, Homfray Grove, Morecambe,
Lancs.

25

DuFry, E. A. J., 28, Lansdowne Road, East Croydon, Surrey.

DUNSTON, CAPTAIN AMBROSE, Poolahash, Ballycorus Road, Kilternan,
Co. Dublin, Hire.

DyYcE, JAMES W., “ Hilltop,” 46, Sedley Rise, Loughton, Essex.
EIRE GOVERNMENT STATIONERY OFFICE (PUBLICATIONS BRANCH), Dublin.

ELLIOT, THE REv. E. A., M.A., The Vicarage, South Stoke, Reading,
Berks.

EYRE, Mrs. DorotHy, Wye Valley Nursery, Chepstow, Mon.
FISHER, C. H., Lower Drabbington, Thornbury, Bromyard, Hereford.
FRANCIS, CHARLES, Oat Barns, Newchapel Road, Lingfield, Surrey.

GooD, PROFESSOR R. D’O., M.a., F.L.S., Department of Botany, University
College, Hull, Yorkshire.

GRANT, JAMES, The Gardens, Troon Welfare Home, 1, Wood Road,
Troon, Ayrshire.

GREENFIELD, PERCY, Beech Bank, Stuart Road, Warlingham, Surrey.
GREENFIELD, H. F. 44, Shepherds Way, Rickmansworth, Herts.
GRUBB, C. W., 33, Derwent Road, Lancaster.

GRUBB, J. A., 213, Kimbolton Road, Bedford.

HAYHURST, BERNARD, 91, Windermere Road, Freehold, Lancaster.
HEALEY, Mrs., J. R., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

HEWITT, 4 H., 29, Balfour Crescent, Wolverhampton, Staffs.
Hout, T. F. C., Rabys, Newchapel Road, Lingfield, Surrey.

HOLTTUM, PROFESSOR R. E., University of Malaya, Cluny Road,
Singapore, 10.

JACKSON, FRED, Knotts View, Stonethwaite, Borrowdale, Keswick,
Cumberland.

JENKINS, Harry, Penshurst, 9, Nelson Road, Lexden, Colchester.

KAYE, REGINALD, Waithman Hardy Plant Nursery, Silverdale,
Carnforth, Lancs.

KNOX, SIR ALFRED, K.C.B., C.M.G., Binfield House, Binfield, Bracknell,
Berks.

LAKE, R. A., Hertford Constitutional Club, Lombard House, Hertford.
LANKESTER, C. H., Las Concavas, Cartago, Costa Rica.

LAZARUS, B. A. M., Lowlands Farm House, Newchapel, Lingfield,
Surrey.

LEWIS, JOHN SPEDAN, F.L.S., Longstock House, Stockbridge, Hanis.
Lona, Mes. A., Trenoweth, St. Keverne, Helston, Cornwall.

MACF'ARLAND, FRANK T., Professor of Botany, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, 29, Kentucky, U.S.A.

MACSELF, A. J., V.M.H., 114, Hamilton Road, Reading, Berks.
MALING-WYNCH, MRS., V., F.R.H.S., Pine Hill, Camberley, Surrey.
MANN, M. D. Jr., 625, Locust Street, Roselle, New Jersey, U.S.A.
MarsH, Miss S. A., Glenlyon, Holywood, Belfast.

MAUNDER, F. G. St. Peter’s Road, Bury, Lancs.

MEDCALF, COLONEL, S. A., O.B.E., T.D., D.L., Capel House, Waltham Cross,
Herts.

20

Monro, GEORGE, C.B.E., V.M.H., The Red House, Hendon Lane, Church
End, Finchley, London, N.3.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WALES, Department of Botany, Cardiff.

OLIVER, ARTHUR, Tower Road, Darnick, Melrose, Roxburghshire,
Scotland.

PERRY, AMOS, V. M. H., Heath Lodge, Weeley Heath, Clacton-on-Sea,
Essex.

PLATTEN, E. W., 11, Barking Road, Needham Market, Ipswich, Suffolk.

PULHAM, J. R., HON. aA..L.A., 24, Ashcombe Gardens, Edgware,
Middlesex.

RANSOM, R. F., Wiggin Hill, St. Ives, Hunts.

RIBBONS, BASIL W., B.SC., 28, Boundary Road, Hellesdon, Norwich.
RIGBY, C. E., 39, Dudley Walk, Goldthorn Park, Wolverhampton.
ROBERTSON, A., 22, Parkstone Avenue, Hornchurch, Essex.
ROBINSON, N., 27, Yewlands Drive, Fulwood, Preston, Lancs.

ROWLANDS, S. P., M.B., B.S., Abbeyville, 44, Beckett Road, Doncaster,
Yorkshire.

RuGG, HaARotp G., Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, New
Hampshire, U.S.A.

RUSSELL, D. F., Radnor House, Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey.
SHACKLETON, MRS. C. M., Willows, Bisley, Surrey.

SHERRIN, W.R., A.L.s., South London Botanical Institute, 323, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.24.

SMITH, Ewart G., 147-151, High Street, Christchurch, New Zealand.
SMITH, Mrs. G. A., Upper Graig, Golfa, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire.

STERN, COLONEL F.C., M.C., O.B.E., V.M.H., F.L.S., Highdown, Goring-by-
Sea, Worthing, Sussex.

TEMPLE, PETER, L.R.I.B.A., M.INST.R.A., 42, Holly Park, Finchley, London,
N.3.

THOMSON, J. S. R., 182, South Brae Drive, Glasgow, W.3.
TROTTER, R. D., Leith Vale, OckKley, Surrey.
WarTtTs, L. H., Starvecrow House, Tonbridge, Kent.

WEISS, PROFESSOR F. E., F.R.S., F.L.S., Old Cedars Hotel, Westwood Hill,
Sydenham, London, S.E.26.

WHITESIDE, R., 477, Marine Road East, Morecambe, Lancs.

WIPER, ERNEST, 6507, Maple Street, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada.

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eS. THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

on >:
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ef : SOCIETY erediated in Sis ae 1891, in the Lake District.
with: headquarters at Kendal. Its members are distributed

: 4 tt : roughout Great Britain and lTIrelane, with some in _ the

ae and U.S.A. Its objects are :—

re ae

a }) The Study of Species and Varieties of British Ferns; and

Pia “a The Recording of Information with regard Relpertony Syeee~:

a ‘The organ of the Society is The British Fern Gazette published
_ usually once a year.

: ‘ ‘The Society is affiliated to the Hoya Horticultural Society.

eas -‘The Annual Meeting is held when possible at some place where
are abundant and from which excursions for fern hunting can

ee ent to him to he identified of named at any time..

¢ a 3.

a ok collection of British Ferns is being formed with the help of
the Society in the Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens at Wisley.

Mg i a

r The Committee is endeavouring to increase the membership of
e” the Society and, through this and by other means, to encourage the
_ more general cultivation of the varieties of British Ferns. Any lover

fl of horticulture is pare for Sig ar aoe and the subscription is

Revd. E. A. ELLIOT,
South Stoke Vicarage,
Near Reading.

‘

Ma

‘VINCENT ‘SQUARE, LONDON, i s. Ww

‘the word. “For an dedtat 1 bata i
guineas a Fellow. is kept in touch, with
operations, has the right to attend all its she now
to visit its gardens at Wisley, and to
advice on horticultural matters. 3
scriptions carry increased privileges. All
who are interested in horticulture are el |
for membership, and full particulats,

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obtained « on application omagacte hE | Me :

THE SECRETARY,
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BRITISH FERN GAZETTE

NEW SERIES

Vor. VIII. 1952 No, 2

CONTENTS Page
EDITORIAL Fig? | eats sae as dee ee a ee i
ANNUAL MEETING ... sep ae ik sa ee x, 2
OBITUARY He ae _ +e i? Bs ik a 6
INTERMEDIATE FORMS AND eos Ae ae aad a5 7
FERNS FOR THE ROCK GARDEN ... sid ie ae ae ys
A Note FOR BEGINNERS ... aes aes eae at 17
FERN HUNTING IN THE WEST baseind <2 = ee 19
SOUTHPORT SHOW ... Fel at one me ase oe 22
List OF MEMBERS _.... = - we oe an Be 25

EDITORIAL

Samuel Johnson defined an Editor as one who publishes ;
or revises or prepares a work for publication.

Our function is covered by the last of these definitions,
and implies ability to select, or reject, material ; a function
we are seldom, if ever, in a position to fulfil. Three contri-
butors to this issue have sent articles which have been most
gratefully selected and accepted. This will be the case with
any which in the future are thus received—for it is unlikely
that we shall ever reject a Fern contribution as quite unsuitable
or as superfluous.

One of those now published is the first effort of the
particular writer, and is, we think, as good as any by far
more practised hands.

But the Editor would welcome, equally, ideas and
suggestions from members (and this includes you, Sir or
Madam, as you read it) on subjects for articles ; also questions
on any point or detail, provided it is connected with Ferns.

Attention is especially invited to the Report of the Annual
Meeting, and, in particular, to the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement and the essential need for payment of subscriptions.

Our finances need the support of every one of our

members and we can only keep going by attention on their
part to this, though all economies are carefully studied by the

. Officers concerned.

_ ~_ . —_ ee ae

2

The aim kept in view in each “‘ Gazette’’ is to present
articles of sufficiently varied character to ensure interest, in
one or another of them, to all our members.

At one time, a regular exchange list was contemplated,
and it existed for a while. It could be revived if desired, and
would be a means of members getting into closer touch with
one another.

The failure of the proposed Exhibit of and Competition
in Ferns, at the August R.H.S. Fortnightly Show, ae
presumably due to lack of interest. Your Secretary would,
however, be glad to hear of any other reason, as otherwise no
further attempt at such an event can be possible.

Our veteran member, Mr. J. Cochran, of Kilmarnock, is
to be heartily congratulated on a remarkable success at a
three-day Fiower Show held at Ayr last summer. Ina class
for new or rare piants he showed a collection of Athyriums,
raised by himself from spores, and was awarded a Gold Meda!
Certificate—the oniy such award in this class given to any of
fifteen or more competitors ; a very noteworthy feat.

In the previous Editorial there was mention of the lack
of varieties of Blechnuim sficant. ‘this has been remedied to.
some extent by Mr. P. Greenfield, who has found two in the
past eighteen months, and has very generously given me both
of them.. One is Lowe’s serrulata, and the other has the
barren fronds forked at their tips.

It is proposed, and probable, that the Annual Generai
Meeting will be heid in London in 1953, and during Chelsea
Show week in May. Notice will be sent to members in due
course, as the date and time are not yet fixed.

ANNUAL MEETING, 1952

The 49th Annual General Meeting was held at 3.0 p.m.
on Thursday, August 27th, 1952, in the National Societies’
tent at Southport Show. The members present were: Messrs.
T:. H. Bolton, J. Brookfield, C. W. Grubb, Bb. Bayi
F. Jackson, R. Kaye, and the Revd. E. A. Elliot. Rit Bagi
Bolton was elected Chairman, and signed the Minutes of the
previous meeting after these were read and passed.

Regrets for absence were received from the President
(A. H. G. Alston; Esq:), Mr. J. Dargue Dixon) tiga
Greenfield, Mr. R. Whiteside. Election of officers. Mr.
Alston was re-elected President, on the proposal of Mr. Grubb,
seconded by Mr. Hayhurst, by unanimous vote. Vice-
Presidents. The Chairman said one must be elected in place
of Mr. A. J. Macself, whose death we must all regret.

3

Mr. Brookfield proposed and Mr. Hayhurst seconded the
election of Mr. R. Kaye, and this, too, was carried
unanimously. The remaining Vice-Presidents were re-
elected and the list therefore is:— Professor Weiss, the Revd.
E. A. Elliot, Messrs. R. Whiteside, T. H. Bolton, Professor
‘Holttum, Mr. R. Kaye. Mr. J. W. Dyce was re-elected
Hon. Treasurer, the Revd. E. A. Elliot, Hon. Secretary and
Editor, and Mr. P. Temple as Auditor. Three new names
were needed on the Committee, which was re-elected with
the addition of Mr. F. Jackson, proposed by Mr. Hayhurst,
seconded by Mr. Grubb; Messrs. D. F. C. H. Russell and Mr.
H. Wainwright, proposed by Mr. Grubb and seconded by
Mr. Kaye.

Mrs. J. Healey. Mr. B. Hayhurst.

Dr. S. P. Rowlands. Dr. J. Davidson.

Mr. A. Brunt. Mee Fy Jackson:

Ber | D! Dixon. Mre-D. F.°H. C. Russell.
Mr P. Greenfield. Mr. H. Wainwright.

Mr. C. W. Grubb.

The Hon. Secretary’s Report was asked for by the
Chairman; this was as follows:—

The past year has taken a course very similar to the
previous one.

We have lost by death seven members, and one has
resigned; and have eleven new ones to elect. One of those
whom we have lost is Mr. A. J. Macself; it is a matter of
regret that he did not live to see the publication of his book
on Ferns, which has been uniformly well reviewed.

We must congratulate Mr. IT. H. Bolton on giving the
first broadcast talk on June 8th on British fern growing, by
a member of our Society; all of us who heard it will assure
him of our enjoyment. Several articles on ferns, by Members
and others, have been, or will shortly be, published in the
leading garden papers. The Editor-in-chief of the American
Fern Journal asked me for leave to reprint Mr. Macself’s
article, in our last Gazette, on fern cultivation. As your
Editor, I gave this permission; we have a standing leave to
use any article in their journal, though this has been very
little done as yet.

It is unfortunate that the proposed Fern Competition at
the R.H.S. Show in August had to be cancelled from lack of
entries. We must still look to Southport in this way.

The August competition was intended to provide
Members with a chance of meeting, and no attempt has there-
fore been made to organize even a one-day excursion this year.

4

It will continue to be difficult to revive the former
excursions which usually occupied several days, as long as
accommodation remains expensive; and hard to secure,
except with very long booking in advance.

A Finance Statement is to follow and this will show that
we can still issue only one Gazette each year.

No outstanding find of a variety has been reported, but
enquiries on ferns in general, or on some particular species,
continue to reach the Society.

This at least shows that a steady interest is maintained,
and we can go quietly on, with a definite belief that the tide
of interest is mounting.

Mr. Kaye proposed and Mr. Grubb seconded the
acceptance of this Report, and this was carried.

TREASURER’S REPORT, 1951/52

I regret I am unable to attend the Annual Meeting this
year to present my Report in person.

The Financial Statement is a satisfactory one, in as much
that we have kept within our income, albeit at the cost of a
reduction in the issue of the Gazette to one per annum. Out
of 89 paying members, 65 are up to date with subscriptions.
This is 5 less than last year, but even so, there is an increase
of roughly £5 in the amount paid, due to the fact that I have
received several subscriptions which were very much over-
due. My last Report stated that 22 members were in arrears,
most of them for 3 years, but this time I am pleased to say
that less than half of the defaulting members owe more than
one year’s subscription. Later in the year however, I shall
have to submit some names for removal from our membership
list unless in the meantime I receive the amounts overdue.

Our total income was £47 4s. od., a shght increase on
last year, and in addition to subscriptions amounting to
£43 I0S., we are grateful to members for donations totalling
{2 11s. Thesale of back issues of the Gazette and one copy
of Lowe’s “‘ British Ferns ’’ brought in another {1 3s. od.

On the debit side there has been a big reduction in the
amount paid to the printers for the ‘‘ Gazette ’’ and blocks.
My last Statement shows £48 13s. under this heading, while
this year the amount is {27 Is. 6d., which is the cost of
issuing only one “‘ Gazette’’ instead of two as formerly. The
saving here has been largely swallowed up by exceptional
expenses. The cost of the Stansfield Memorial Medal
presented to Mr. P. Greenfield was £2 8s. 6d., and £1 10s.
was paid for the photograph which forms the frontispiece of

—_

o

the 1951 ‘‘Gazette.’’ Our stationery bill has been a heavy
one—we have had to replenish our stocks of headed note-
paper, and get a new supply of subscription receipts printed.
Postal and incidental expenses incurred by the Secretary and
myself amount to £5 5s. 1d., but I would point out that these
are the accumulated expenses of two years. An advertisement
in the Southport Flower Show Schedule at the cost of £1 will,
we hope, attract new members to the Society, and may thus
be regarded as an investment.

On the whole, our financial position is neither better nor
worse than last year, and this might also be said of the
membership. New members have come in well, but have
largely been offset by deaths and resignations. However,
as no doubt our Secretary will tell you, several good
opportunities for advertisement have come our way during
the year and I feel optimistic about the coming year and the
future growth of the Society. |

Finally, may I again earnestly appeal to all members who
are in arrears with subscriptions, to send these to me
immediately—if the Society is to develop, we must have the
full support of all members.

J. W. Dyrcs,

Treasurer.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 1951/52

RECEIPTS EXPENDITURE
1951 £ os. d. Ss.
30th June “Gazettes” .. eer epe Bay eae &
To Balance .. Moe eee Ey -G Block for ‘“‘ Gazette” 114 O
Subscriptions 43 10 0 Subscription, R.HS. 2 2 0
Donations Ԥ2 on =a I hae Stansfield Memorial
Sale of “ Gazettes ”’ - ‘eG Medal to P. Green-
Sale 1 copy lLowe’s Hele ii). at ah as & iG
“British Ferns” 3.3 Photograph for
frontispiece in 1951
* Gazette ”’ ss a 19
Advertisement in
Southport Flower
Show schedule AO +0
Stationery Hs + 6°19" F
Postal and incidental
expenses :—
Secretary’... Bs 2.22 AL
Treasurer .. ed ae BS Se
Balance’ in’ hand °.”.. ‘32° 19° 7
£79 6 3 C196 3
1952
30th June &. Ss... da.
To Balance oa 49) FT

6

The Chairman asked the Hon. Secretary to read the Hon.
Treasurer’s Report. |

NEw MemsBers: The Hon. Secretary proposed and Mr.
Grubb seconded, the election of: Miss E. C. Towell; Mr. E.
A. H. Knott; Mrs. E:) Carrell; Mrs. N.. A. Knox. Maa
Barltrop; Mr. A. E. Blake; Mr. R. Peacock.

Mr. Kaye proposed and the Hon. Secretary seconded:
Mr. R. J. E. Veal; Mr. T. D. V. Swinscow. Mr. A. Cochrane
proposed and Mr. J. W. Dyce seconded: Mr. J. L. Mowat.

All these were declared duly elected.

Two applications for membership were made during the
Show, and are recorded here: Mr. A. Isaacs, proposed by the
Hon. Secretary, seconded by Mr. Grubb; Mr. G. H. Rainford,
proposed by Mr. Brookfield, seconded by Mr. Hayhurst.

GAZETIES: It was decided to print 150, without a plate.

ANNUAL MEETING, 1953: It was agreed to hold this in
London or the South, possibly during Chelsea Show, on the
Thursday evening. This would have to be confirmed, and
members informed.

INFORMATION BUREAU, SOUTHPORT SHOW: It was agreed
that this venture was well worth while, but more exhibits, and
particularly informative ones, would be needed in 1953. The
plants would be on sale at the end of the show, for the
society’s funds. |

The meeting closed with a hearty vote of thanks,
proposed by Mr. Grubb and seconded by Mr. Jackson, to
the Chairman, for his able conducting of the meeting.

OBITUARY

Miss S. A. Marsh, whose death took place two or three
years ago but was not known until recently, was a member of
long standing; having been elected in 1909, when no less than
QI new members joined the Society. She was living then,
as at the time of her death, in Ireland; where, it is understood,
she had a collection of good ferns; some correspondence from
her with leading officers of the Society is still extant. We
much regret the loss of one who kept up an interest in ferns
for so long.

It must always be a satisfaction to fern growers that Mr.
Albert James Macself had completed his book on ferns;
though he did not, unfortunately, live to see it published.
His work as Editor of ‘‘ Amateur Gardening ’’ for 20 years,
and the many books he wrote, are well known; but perhaps
his last, on ferns, was his greatest pleasure. A member of
our Society for 25 years, he wrote many articles for the
‘’ Gazette,’’ full of good and practical advice; and he was the

y

originator of the fern classes at Southport Show from its
earliest days, and a judge there for many years. As the
Secretary of the Show put it ‘‘ we feel we have lost a valued
and a wise counsellor.’’ In 1950 his long service to the
gardening world brought him the Victoria Medal of Honour,
a source of very great pleasure to him, and an award which
few if any recipients have more deserved.

Mr. Edward William Platten, who died in April, 1951,
at the age of 70, had been a member since 1929; up to the
time of his last illness, which set in during the previous
Autumn, he kept his interest in ferns and was in corres-
pondence with us. A friend of the late Mr. Robert Bolton,
he had much opportunity to know and cultivate the best
varieties, which he did with success and enthusiasm. For the
last 25 years he was in business as a bookseller and stationer;
from his earliest days he was-a keen naturalist to whom
nothing came amiss, birds, animals, insects, flowers, ferns;
and his archeological knowledge was equally full, issuing in
1926 in “‘ A History of Needham Market,’’ his home town.
East Anglia, where he was well known, lost a great son in him.

J. W. Tucker

We record with regret the death last year of Mr. J. W.
Tucker, at the age of 85 years. He joined the Society in
1911, when he brought under the notice of Mr. C. T. Druery
a variety of Scolopendrium which Druery named S. ramo-
cristatum Tucker. At the same time he contributed to the
‘‘ Gazette ’’ an article on Variegated Hartstongues.

Mr. Tucker was a printer by trade at Exeter. He started
growing ferns about 1900 and subsequently formed a large
collection. He numbered among his friends, John Dadds,
of Ilfracombe and Robert Moule, the finder of Athyrium f.f.
Clarissima. )

The loneliness of his last days was mitigated by the
kindness of friends to whose pleasant garden he could resort
when he liked. ‘A few of his ferns remain in that garden in
memory of him.

P. GREENFIELD.

INTERMEDIATE FORMS AND EVOLUTION

What are intermediate forms? It is unfair to ask for
mecennition.. What are “**species, “ ** varieties’~ and
‘ hybrids’’? Scientific authorities are not agreed on precise
and comprehensive definitions for any of these terms. Their
use cannot be avoided here, but the terms must be regarded
as having no very hard and fast meanings.

8

Mainly for the purpose of cutting away some dead wood,
it is desirable to look back at the study of British ferns
since varieties began to be found about the middle of the last
century. When a field botanist came across a somewhat
abnormal form, his reaction was to set it up as a new species
or at any rate as a iixed variety. It is very interesting to
note, however, that the more prominent specialists, e.g.,
Newman, Moore and Sir William Hooker, took a broader
view.

Newman expressed himself as against the multiplication
of named varieties on such slender grounds as were often
advanced (we are inclined to agree with his general] outlook).
He refers to monstrous forms of the Lady Fern being great
favourites with cultivators and gives a drawing of a grandiceps
form which he cails a very beautiful monstrosity——doubtless
using the word “‘ monstrosity ’’ in a technical sense.

Moore remarks that the variability of some of the so-called
species tends somewhat to the conclusion that they are
insensibly united by intermediate forms. While quoting froin
Moore we may add that he strongly recommends the cultiva-
tion of ferns if it is desired to study them more thoroughly than
is possible by examining dried specimens. His instincts nol
only as.a botanist but also as a gardener nearly led him to the
point of view arrived at in this article. Unluckily he decided
that he‘could not depart from the time-honoured concept of
a species.

Hooker in his Synopsis Filicum, where more than two
thousand species, British and Exotic, are described, explains
that he has discarded some so-called species based on very
small differences.

As illustrating the attitude of botanists who apparently
took little interest in ferns in the open air the following
sentence from a well-known Flora in common use at the
present day and originally published in 1859 is to the point:
‘‘ Tt is hopeless to attempt to find out by books to what species
a barren frond belongs ; and monstrous developments, and
deformed fronds, now common in cultivation, and found
occasionally wild, are here wholly passed over.”’

There is no mention as there should be—Newman saw the
point of it—that the monstrosities are often very beautiful.
Could anything be better calculated to dissuade general
botanists from taking any interest in ferns?

After 1859 there is not much published information about
varieties until we come to that in which our Society has had a
hand. Lowe’s later works come into this category as he was
partly dependent on information which he collected from

9

_members of the Society. It is regrettable that he listed many
worthless forms. By doing so he may have discouraged some
people from studying varieties.

In 1875 the British Pteridological Society, in which G. B.
Wollaston was the prime mover, began to print some papers
on ferns, but these had no wide circulation. Later, after the
reconstitution of the British Pteridological Society in 1891/92,
came the Society's Reports and subsequently the ‘‘ British
Fern Gazette; and these are the only publications (unfor-
tunately too little known) in which there is any information
about varieties found or raised since Lowe’s time, apart from
C. T. Druery’s books, which also seem to have escaped the
eye of botanists in general. -

This has apparently taken us a long way from
-Intermediates, but its purpose is to show that we have to do
our own thinking on that subject in the light of greater
experience of both wild and raised varieties.

It should be stated that intermediate forms, hinted at
with. some prescience by several of the old experts, are often
mentioned by C. T. Druery, Dr. F. W. Stansfield and others
-among the Society’s members.

What spring first to the mind as intermediates are forms
between Polyshichum aculeatum and P. angulare—usually
looked upon as separate species. A number of ferns, not
very abnormal forms, have been found showing, often not
at all distinctly, some characteristics of both aculeatum and
angulare. Now it is not reasonable to regard these forms as
hybrids in the ordinary sense. Rather would it appear that
the process which has led to the variation has released some
factor which had hitherto inhibited one of the “‘ species ’’ from
showing itself. This supposition is strengthened by the
astounding performance of the “‘angulare’’ referred to in an
article by Dr. F. W. Stansfield in Vol. I of the “‘ Gazette.’’
This plant, the well-known P. angulare plumosum grande,
Moly—resembling angulare much more than aculeatum—in
the spring of 1909 produced its usual fronds from one half of
the crown, while the other half remained dormant. When the
dormant half developed in July, it produced fronds of norma!
aculeatum character. This apparent instability between
aculeatum and angulare must be held to indicate that neither
is a true species. The argument is not vitiated by the fact
that plants of the normal forms are widespread in great
numbers. The two ferns must apparently be regarded as
subspecies, or something less than that, with the real species
—whether extinct or not—somewhere behind them. (That

a, '. 8,

aculeatum in any case derives from P. lonchitis is reasonably
certain in view of the appearance of very early fronds of
aculeatum which has led to the occasional collection of the
fern by mistake for lonchitis).

The probable explanation of the mystery is that in
aculeatum and angulare there are two potentials. When these
are in a certain balance we get ordinary aculeatum and

ordinary angulare. If the balance is upset, however slightly, —

one potential aifects the other and the plant produces a spore
which results in an intermediate form. This dual personality
could perhaps iikewise explain at least partially the
extraordinary behaviour of Dr. Stansfield’s fern.

At this point it is worth while to note that the growth
which proceeded after the check had exceptional resistance to
encounter, and that the expenditure of energy resulted in a
different form of frond. Now, this peculiar procedure is not
without parallel. If fern fronds are damaged or removed
entirely, as they often are by hedge-trimmers, a plant may
produce abnormal fronds resembling perhaps a congestum or
a grandidens. The energy developed for the repair has led

to a temporary change in form. Probably there is a similar

explanation to be attached to the frequently observed
difference between spring and autumn fronds in cultivated
ferns. And apart from the obvious case of the grandiceps
type of variation there are several forms which show increased
variation towards the top of the fronds.

If what has been said about the peculiar behaviour of
the Polystichums is substantially correct, it affords an
interesting glimpse into evolution. The processes of evolution
are so extremely slow that we are apt to forget that they are
still going on, and we thus lose sight of the fact that some
plants are slowly changing their status. Obviously there must
be stages in the development when it cannot be said that a
plant is a species, subspecies or variety in any narrow sense
of those terms, and where this uncertainty is known to exist
it would appear desirable to provide for it in a system of
classification. But no doubt many years of morphological,
cytological, and possibly, chemical, investigation will be
necessary before the mysteries attaching to ferns and their
variations are fully explained. As scientific botanists have
recently stated, with the advance of knowledge of plants, the
study of them becomes more and more complicated.

At the moment it seems difficult to extend research about
intermediates to other genera of ferns except perhaps the
British Lastreas, and these are fairly obviously not on the
same footing as our Polystichums. Among them the only fairly
straightforward case appears to be the intermediates between

Be 2

L. fiix-mas and L. pseudo-mas (otherwise known as paleacea or
Borreri). Wollaston was aware of intermediate forms, although
he ignored the difficulties of identifying them when describing
characters for his three classes filix-mas, pseudo-mas, and
propinqua. It may be that the adoption of the name pseudo- -
mas was due to his suspicion that the fern was very closely
related to filix-mas.

It may be that the two last-named ferns are in some such
relationship as Polystichum aculeatum and P. angulare, with
the mountain fern Lastrea propinqua as an older form. The
writer is fairly well placed for observing. the many minor
variations in filix-mas, but pseudo-mas is not very common
in the south of England. Our member, Mr: F. Jackson, has
collected some specimens of both pseudo-mas and propinqua
in Borrowdale, and Dr. Rowlands has kindly sent a typical
plant of propingua also collected in the Lake District. If
members who have access to these ferns in other districts
would do likewise, their help would be much appreciated.
What are particularly wanted are specimen fronds of the most
robust and nearly evergreen pseudo-mas which are available,
and normal and abnormal (if any) fronds of propingua (this
fern is of course completely deciduous) with a brief description
of the habitat. If any supposed varieties of profinqua are in
cultivation, information about them might be useful. The
writer possesses one variety only—a neatly crested form.

As regards L. dilatata and its allies, which form a section
of our Lastreas distinct from the filix-mas group, the Society's .
Treasurer and the writer, in the course of a recent visit to
Devon and Dorset have been able to pay a good deal of
attention to L. dilaiata. It seems probable that this fern
varies in one direction towards L. e@mula and in another
towards L. spinulosa, with intermediate forms, possibly
according to the type of habitat. Here again more field work
is desirable. True @muia and true sfinulosa, it may be

remarked, are far fromi ccmmon.
P, GREENFIELD.

A CORRECTION

In an article on ‘‘ Wild Fronds’’ in Vol. VII, number Io,
page 250, it was stated that a Polystichum angulare found
‘with extraordinary fronds had ultimately reverted to normal.
This fern has since approached full development and proves
to be a sub-decompositum. The desirability of making this
correction will be evident on perusal of the article on Inter-

mediate Forms in the present number.
| P. GREENFIELD.

eo 2,

FERNS IN THE ROCK GARDEN

The modern rock garden as we know it today is not
regarded usually as a home for ferns, the chief emphasis being
on a lavish display of colour, with Alyssums, Aubrietas,
Saxifrages and many other denizens of the hills and garden
forms thereof, miniature conifers and dwarf flowering shrubs
planted to resemble a section of Alpine landscape on a small
scale.

One looks in vain in that fat two-volume work by the
High Priest of Rock Gardening, the late Reginald Farrer’s
‘“ English Rock Garden ’’ for any reference to ferns as rock
garden plants, although there are many ferns which may be
regarded as true alpines.

In fact, a rock garden, to be a true miniature of an alpine
scene, is actually incorrect if suitable ferns are omitted from
the planting scheme.

One cannot visualise a mountain stream ‘without its
verdant fringe of graceful fern fronds, all manner of species
in the lower reaches, Mountain Male Fern and Blechnums,
Parsley Fern, Aspleniums and Polypodiums in the rock
crevices as one goes higher, and the rare Woodsias appearing
only in the higher rocks, three thousand and more feet above
sea level.

Quite recently I saw a wonderfully beautiful mat of the
Beech Fern high up in the gorge of Cam Spout some two
thousand feet up the slopes of Scafell.

In Victorian times it was the thing to have a fern rockery
but. this usually took the form of a dismal and uninspired
dump of clinkers, brick-burrs and the like, covered more or
less with soil and making an ideal home for mice, and winter
quarters for snails. Generally the ferns had to fight it out
with Ivy and Perriwinkle and only the stronger coarser forms
were able to survive. Not that the brick-burrs were not
excellent for fern culture, their rough surface and water-
holding capacity encourages root action, but their aesthetic
value is nil. The higher cost of using well weathered natural
rock is, after all, a first cost which does not recur, and the
greater pleasure it gives is well worth the extra expense.

The range of species and varieties which one can use in
the rock garden depends very largely on the size of rock used,
and the extent of the garden.

In such a rock garden as that constructed at Friar Park,
near Henley-on-Thames, covering several acres, there is no
hardy fern which could not be used with good effect and
without upsetting the proportions of the garden picture,

T3

Such a garden can be possessed by very few and the
average rock garden in the present-day garden probably
contains about ten tons of rock and occupies some thirty to
fifty square yards. In such a garden it is better to confine
planting to the dwarfer species and varieties, though if a pool
is incorporated in the scheme, a Royal Fern can usually be
placed to advantage in the foreground.

The soil in which ferns thrive always contains a large
proportion of humus, contributed in nature by the decay of
their own discarded fronds, and a generous admixture of
leaf-mould to the existing soil when planting will repay the
trouble many times. The majority of ferns are lime tolerant,
but a few suitable species including the Parsley Fern and the
Blechnums demand lime-free soil and must be provided for
accordingly.

Incidentally, one need not fear the effect of using lime-
stone rock for these lime-haters if the soil itself is lime-free,
the rock is for all practical purposes insoluble—otherwise it
would have disappeared long ago from our limestone hills.
An interesting example of this occurs in my own village,
where the lime-hating Erica cinerea grows very freely on top
of the limestone cliffs in thin turf, its roots in contact with the
rock.

A list of species and varieties which I have used in
planting rock gardens may be of interest and the first is our
native Parsley Fern, Allosorus crispbus. J make up a mixture
of slate, sand and peat for this plant and I find that it thrives
here. If your water supply is hard you must not use it for
watering lime-hating plants or you will kill them.

Rain water from the roofs must be conserved for watering
such plants until they become established, when they need
no further watering except perhaps in very droughty
weather. Parsley Fern should be planted in a sloping or
vertical crevice or even in dry walls built with soil between
the stones. In the North, full sun or very slight shade suits
it.

All the Aspleniums are very suitable plants but require
some little care in planting, a mixture of leafmould and
crushed old lime mortar makes a good rooting medium.
-Asplenium trichomanes and its crested and incised forms, look
very dainty in the shadier crevices, again planted in sloping
or vertical crevices. When established one can look for self
sown Spleenworts appearing in the rock fissures. Asplenium
Adiantum-nigrum and A. Ceterach will stand much more sun
and the latter thrives here in full sun though the more
luxuriant and deeper green fronds develop better in slight
shade, | }

4

AA. germanicum and septentrionale, when obtainable
—one used to get imported plants quite easily in pre-war
days—give pleasure to the genuine fern lover but cannot be
said to give an effect except 1n a very small scale garden such
as one constructed in a trough.

_ A. ruta-muraria can be tricky to establish, it requires
just sufficient soil to bed the roots firmly between two stones,
and small well-rooted plants are essential to success.

A vinide grows high up on top of the Yorkshire limestone
fells in full sun-—though as often as not in thick mist at least
part of the day—but I fancy slight shade in the lowland
garden is an advantage. It is not difficult to establish.
A. marinum seldom succeeds far away from the’ sea though
it can be grown quite happily in a cold house rockery.

The Athyriums in numberless variations are all fine in
the large rock garden, but for the smaller garden it is best to
coniine oneself to the dwarfer kinds. The smaller growing
forms of A.f.f. #rizelie always give a dainty airy touch when —
spraying out from some rock crevice so that the fronds can
hang down somewhat. The very congested and imbricate
forms are very useful and have that somewhat indefinable
. character, a kind of tightened up, ready for wind and weather
look one associates with true mountain plants. Again the
densely crested A.f.f. acrocladon, A.f.f caputmedusae and
similar forms are very suitable and here at any rate they do
very well in full sun or shade. In rich soils, which are not
quite right for rock garden plants in any case, Athyriums put
on a greatly increased stature and while they look fine plants,
they can get out of scale with the rock garden picture. This
applies also to most of the Lastreas or Dryopteris, the Male
Ferns, though here again there are very dwarf, tightly
congested forms which are appropriate. L.p.m. cnispa
cristata is not too large, and I always think L.f.m. cristata
Martindale looks at its best in a rock garden setting, especially
in the iarger garden, it will keep fairly dwarf if in not too rich
a soil.

L. rigida as it grows on the sunny tops of our local lime-
stone fell is short and compact and its dull sage green fronds
tone well against the light grey rock. It may require fairly
spartan conditions in the lowland garden to keep the same
dwarf habit. |

All the Blechnums are suitable, the trouble to-day being
to get hold of plants—apart of course from the wild type—and
there are various imbricate and dwarf crested varieties which
look very well in lime-free pockets. [hey should be planted

5

low down in damp peaty soil. If any reader happens to have
lots of B.s. trineruum-coronans to spare I should like to get
in touch! The plumose and serrate forms can make quite
large plants in congenial surroundings and perhaps are better
treated with the care they deserve in a frame or cold house
rockery.

The Polypodiums are all spiendid, PP. dryopieris and
phegopteris in the shadier positions perhaps under the shade
of a Japanese Maple, or in north facing crevices. P. calcareum
prefers sunshine and fresh air and is a true mountain plant.
The two former species are, I think, better without lime in the
soil. They like plenty of humus amongst small stones.

P. vulgare in all its forms is an ideal rock garden fern
and may be used in crevices or on narrow ledges. They also
have the advantage of forming their new fronds in the late
summer, remaining evergreen. - [he lacy P.v. pulcherrimum,
and the various forms of P.v. cambricum look very well
indeed; while P.v. bifido-cristatum, P.v.. semilacerum seem
indestructible and rapidly make large masses of attractive
foliage.

The Polysticnums, angulare and aculeatum, generally are
too large, though here again there are the dwarf congested and
congestum grandiceps forms of P. angulare excellent in every
way, and evergreen in all but very bleak districts. There are
several small, heavily crested and conglomerate forms crop-
ping up which I have seen lately whose names I have not
ascertained as yet. I have one small uncrested form with
entire pinnae under the name of P.ac. lobatum which seldom
exceed six inches. The name is under suspicion but so far
I have not found another name forit. P.an. lineare and P.an.
confiuens are suitable, their very narrow pinnae giving a
charming effect.

Some of the acutilobe forms of P. angulare such as
Hartley’s, are quite permissible as the fronds hug the ground
instead of standing erect, a habit characteristic of the plumose
divisilobes. These again can be used in the shady rock garden
in good soil, as young plants, though eventually they may
grow too large for the small rock garden.

Polystichum lonchitis is a very handsome dwarf species
which here seldom exceeds six inches ; it increases very slowly
and can be used quite safely in the smaller garden with great
effect.

. I almost forgoi to mention Cystopieris. I grow Cystoptens
fragilis and its crested form very freely in my rock garden,
and the taller C. montana also. They make a compact mat

16

of delightful neat frondage and never appear out of scale. The
rarer C. Dickeana is delightitul and seldom exceeds four inches
and so can be used in the trough rock garden where it looks
charming. C. vegia I have not met, but should be just as
useful apart from its interest as a very rare fern. _

The Hartstongue, Scolofendrium vulgare, or Phyllitis
scolopendrium, as I believe it should be named nowadays,
more familiarly referred to as ‘‘Scollies’’ by the fern
fraternity, provides hosts of splendid dwarf varieties indis-
pensable in the fern-lover’s rock garden. While the majority
grow lush in good soil, under glass when ‘‘ grown on’’ for
exhibition, in the more austere conditions obtaining in the
rock garden few forms grow out of proportion. They are to
my mind best used as individual plants to give an accent
rather than allowed to mass into drifts like the Polypodiums
and Cystopteris. They never look so well as when they grow
cut of limestone crevices. They will stand full sun, in the
north, but attain a deeper green and more luxuriant growth
in the shade. ? |

The very rare alpine Woodsia I have never seen, though
I have grown one or two N. American species and these are
tiny things just right for the trough or sink rock garden,
though they are rather hard to come by.

There are several foreigners which I would not care to
omit from my rock garden, such as Lomana alpina and its
crested form ; Adiantum venustum, a hardy Maidenhair from
Kashmir; the grand N. American Adiantum pedatum,
wonderfully beautiful in rich leafy compost in the shady parts
of the larger rock garden. I have also been delighted with
some of the N. American Pellaeas which, so far, I have not
allowed out of the alpine house, where grows also the interest-
ing Cheilanthes lanatum, a fern found growing in very dry
habitats, and covered with thick felting to reduce loss of
water. How this fern manages to achieve reproduction
puzzles me. I have never succeeded in germinating spores
in the usual close damp conditions necessary for germinating
our own fern spores. ty

I have no doubt omitted many most suitable varieties
in this brief review of the possibilities of ferns as rock garden
plants, but I trust that J have shown that here is a wealth
of material to suit varied tastes in adorning the modern rock
garden. 1 think that a rocky background is often the best
setting for many of our ferny treasures, adding interest to a
collection, and indeed providing the only suitable position for

many of our smaller species.
| R. KAYE.

17
A NOTE FOR BEGINNERS
By the Editor

Several times lately the remark has been made to me
‘It is the names of Ferns that is so difficult, and puts one
off.’’

And yet the people who have said this, will have spoken
quite easily about Rhododendrons and _ Delphiniums,

Magnolias, Dianthus, Chrysanthemums, and so on; that is to _

say, using words derived from Greek or Latin, simply because
these names have become familiar, from garden books,
papers, and catalogues, and from seeing these plants, or
owning them. In other words, knowledge of Greek or Latin
is unnecessary. These names, in one way, are merely labels,
and all that has been called for has been the effort to
memorise the plant and the name-label sufficiently well to
apply the one to the other. It is found very soon that if
there is a real interest in gardening, this effort is not severe,
and soon becomes a pleasure. Now ferns are at a dis-
advantage here, just because they are, mostly, not familiar
objects of the catalogues, gardens, nurseries or flower shows;
and further, to some extent, because they often have no
popular English name but are “ labelled ’’ by not one but
two Greek or Latin words, invented by botanists.

Taking the first of these points: there are a few ferns with
at least more or less familiar names: the Male Fern, the Lady
Fern, the Hart’s Tongue, the Polypody, Bracken, and possibly
Osmunda. A little thinking will probably call up a mental
picture of some of these, seen in a garden or on a country
walk. | nis

Now turn to the second point. One thing the botanists
have aimed at in their ‘‘ name-labels,’’ the choice of words
which are descriptive of some outstanding detail in the plant.

For instance, Hart’s Tongue: Scolopendrium vulgare: the
common (vulgare) Scolopendrium: the fern-plant, extremely
abundant where it grows, that has lines on the back of its
frond that resemble Scolopendra, Centipedes. Or Polypodium
vulgare, the Common Polybody, more widespread still: in
suitable places sending up from its travelling rhizome many
feet—its very numerous stalks. Male fern is simply the
English for filix-mas, the second (specific) part of its botanic
name: filix=fern, mas=male. Lastrea filix-mas: Botanists
are human, and one of them wanted to honour a French
confrére, M. Delastre. So the word Lastrea was invented.

Bracken: Pteris aquilina. Your florist will sell you a
Pteris: it is the fern, even if he has no others. It is the fern,

18

all over England. That is what it means in Greek, simply
‘“fern.’’ Cut a stalk across, in section: there is a marking
visible that fancifully looks something like an eagle (Aquila)
with outspread wings.

Royal (regalis, regal) F ern: Osmunda: the legend is that
a waterman named Osmund hid his wife and children from
marauders in a colony of these magnificent plants.

The Lady (femina, feminine) fern (filix): Athyrium fhx-
femina. Partly plain enough: partly not. Athuros in Greek
means “‘ without a door.’ E. J. Lowe is the only author
so far found who tries to explain the reason for this naming:
he gives it as signifying “‘ open.’’ Perhaps it is best left at
that, and an effort at memorizing ‘‘ and no questions asked. ’’
Talk about filix-femina to a Pteridologist and he will know
what you mean.

But what is that word just used °

Well, Pteris is recognizable now: and a —logist is, one
who studies. Entomologist—a butterfly (insect) man.
Ornithologist, a bird watcher. So, Pteridologist is, one who
studies ferns: a “‘ fern fan:’’ and there are two more Genera
which he is likely to cultivate, to be explained now.
Polystichum is one: pronounced Pollystickum: Poly—has
already been translated as meaning Many: stichum is from
another Greek word, 2 line or a row: so the fern is, one that
has many lines, or rows: but what these are, is not clear. It
may refer to the numerous pinnae, or to the many pinnules ;
this does not distinguish it well from the Male Fern, which
also has many such lines or rows, and in general outline
resembles Polystichum. Here, the sfecific names of the
two common species helps: aculeatum and_ setiferum or
angulare. Aculeatum means thorned, prickly, sharp-pointed.
Look closely at the pinnule of P. aculeatum: it is tipped with
one spine stronger and stiffer in appearance than the rest.
Now look at P. setiferum. This, too, has spines, but they are
more like bristles: which is just what the name means—
‘bearing bristles.”’ Angulare, the older name, comes from
the angular shape of the pinnule.

One at least of the Aspleniums is a general favourite. A.
Trichomanes, the Maidenhair Spleenwort. The botanic name
hardly needs translation or explanation, since this is already
provided in the English one. Spleenwort is a herb for the
spleen ; one to cure disorders of the spleen.

Now here is a genus with a really descriptive botanical
name, Cystopteris. It is said that the English name, Bladder
Fern, is simply a book translation of these two Greek words ;

1g

Cyst is a bladder, pteris is a fern: and they describe the
indusium or membrane which covers the spore-cases, and is
bladder-shaped.

The nine Genera here mentioned are those most likely
to be grown, at first ; except Bracken, which should be kept
out of a garden! We hope to go on with other names, and
species: but there are several more difficult ones to come,
and these have been chosen partly as comparatively simple
and straightforward.

FERN HUNTING IN THE WEST COUNTRY

In September this year I spent a most enjoyable week
fern-hunting with Mr. Greenfield. Mr. Peter Temple joined
us tor a few days, and travelled down in the car with me on
the Saturday to Ottery St. Mary, where we met Mr. Greenfield
at the London Hotel. Incidentally, this is a very comfortable
hotel and we were well looked after by the proprietors and
a very willing and cheerful staff. Everyone took a great
interest in our activities, although I think we must have been
regarded as rather eccentric to spend our time in such a
manner.

Eccentric or not, we had a really good time together, and
during the week a lot of ground was covered. It was con-
centrated hunting from the. word “‘ go’’—in little more than
half an hour after our arrival in Ottery St. Mary we were out
in one of the local lanes for a short time before dinner, and
for the next seven days we thought ferns, talked ferns, and
hunted ferns almost to the exclusion of everything else. We
were in a good centre and, having the car, could give con-
sideration to all the likely areas up to a radius of about 20
miles. Actually, most of our time was spent in the area near
Axminster, and with the aid of an old geological survey of the
district, we were able very successfully to follow the lime,
and to note the variation which occurs in ferns in soils con-
taining this substance.

On Sunday we started the ball rolling with a visit to a
colony of Lastrea aemula known to our Editor, and by him
shown to Mr. Greenfield earlier in the year. Assiduous
hunting revealed that the station was more extensive than was
expected, and it was a pleasure for me to see, for the first
time, this lovely fern growing in the wild. The rest of the
day was spent in the Chideock district, where after a sandwich
lunch eaten in the car during a violent thunderstorm, we
worked the lanes with their ferny banks and hedgerows. We
were in Polystichum angulare country, and the foremost
thought in our minds was the discovery of a good variety. We

20

joked all week about the divisilobe or pulcherrimum that
awaited us in the next lane, but they still wait there—in the
lane we did not visit! We did have some modest success
on that first day, but not with P. angulare which persisted
during a scrutiny of thousands of plants in presenting a very
normal appearance within the narrow range of variation which
is usual where the species abounds. Before the week was over
we had developed a very good eye for angulare, and were
quick to spot anything abnormal.

Atter P. angulare, Scolopendrium vulgare was the next
common fern in the lanes, followed by Polypodium vulgare.
Our first real find was an undulatum of the former species,
a large vigorous plant with narrow fronds over 2 feet long,
flourishing on a bank in the midst of a thick hedge. After
a struggle it was successfully excavated. The next discovery
was a Scolopendnium bifidum, but during the days that
followed we were to find many plants of bifidum and multif-
dum, most of them inconstant. A few of the best constant
forms joined the collection in the boot of the car. Polypodium
vulgare gave us some Slightly crenate varieties, but again we
were to make much better finds.

Two days were devoted to the lanes around Hawkchurch,
chiefly to the north of the village, and we had our best hunting
in this district. Minor variation was quite common, and kept
us alert to the possibility of making a good find. P. angulare
exhibited a variety of forms, sub-tripinnate, setose, obtuse,
imbricate and foliose, all very graceful but none of them, with
two exceptions, sufficiently divergent from the normal to
warrant removal. One was quite a fair example of obtusissi-
mum, found growing on-a wall in Hawkchurch with fronds 12
to 15 inches long. ‘This plant was collected, but we may find
that in cultivation it will develop larger fronds and become
more normal. The other was rather a fine tripinnatum found
near Chardstock. It had been badly slashed by the hedge
cutters, but one frond was intact. I regard this plant as our
best find, and am looking forward to see how it develops next
year. I have made a sowing of its spores in the hope that
something good may come up.

Polystichum aculeatum is fairly common in the Hawk-
church area, but no varieties were noted. Mr. Greenfield was
particularly interested in the fact that P. angulare
with aculeatum characteristics was of frequent occurrence, anc
he was continually drawing my attention to such plants. Our
Editor too, has pointed out that my P. angulare obtusissimum
seems to be as much aculeatum as angulare and this certainly
appears to be so. Bifid and multifid Scolopendriums seemed
to abound, and a few fine specimens were brought back with

21

us, as well as a typical plant of Lowe’s duplex. Polypodium
_ vulgare gave us our most exciting hunting in the Hawkchurch
lanes, and many colonies were discovered where normal
fronds were in the minority. We had high hopes of a good
find among them, but although we were disappointed in this
respect, several interesting serratums crenatums and _ bifids
were collected.

A day spent in the Widworthy and Wilmington lanes gave
us more good hunting which again produced some variety in
P. vulgare, and a Lastrea Filix-mas with broad serrate
pinnules was collected. The feature of the day was the abun-
dance of Asplenium trichomanes. The banks were festooned
with it, and even where the hedgerows had not been cut back,
pulling aside the jungle of growth revealed the trichomanes
underneath, growing even more luxuriantly in the deep shade.
Our visit to the West Country coincided with the hedge cutting
season, and it was difficult to decide whether the cut or the
uncut lanes suited our hunting better. The rampant untouched
growth in some of them very effectively hid the ferns, except
for a stray frond or two which had struggled through to the
light, and it was a slow job hunting in these conditions. On
the other hand where all this growth had been removed, it
was easier to see the ferns that were left, but we had to judge
the qualities of angulare by the stumps of fronds, and the
chances of finding a crested Scolopendrium were cut to nil
by the hedger’s hook. A. trichomanes was easily hunted
under the latter conditions, being small enough to escape
mutilation, but showed no variation apart from an odd bifid
frond. Mr. Greenfield found one crested plant.

Some first-rate ferns have come from Ottery St. Mary in
the past, but our finds in this district were of a much humbler
nature. One lane we hunted did seem to offer possibilities,
and Mr. Greenfield quickly found a magnificent plant of P.
angulare tripinnatum which I now possess. The lane leading
up a hillside to a wooded summit, was literally full of tripin-
natums and sub-tripinnatums, but none quite so fine as our
first find. A good P. angulare sub-acutilobum and a large
multifid Scolopendrium were found and added to our collec-
tion. Above the lane the wooded slope was damp, and under
the trees flourished magnificent specimens of P. angulare,
Athyrium filix-foemina, Lastrea dilatata, and Scolopendrium
vulgare. .

A break from our routine hunting was a pilgrimage made
to the River Dart near Holne Chase, to pay homage to
Osmunda regalis which grows there in a manner befitting its
name. The plants, however, looked anything but royal, and
‘had been badly damaged by the August floods which created

22

such havoc in other parts of the country. We also visited a
station of Hymenophylium tunbridgense which I discovered 16
years ago, and I was pleased to find the fern still growing
happily, and covering a small cliff with its luxuriant and moss-
hike growth. | |

Altogether, we had a really full week, and the weather
on the whole was kind to us. Apart from the thunderstorm
on our first Sunday we had only one wet day, on the Tuesday
when Mr. Temple left us to return to London. Our only
hunting that day was done during the brief dry spell on the
road to Sidmouth Junction, where he caught his train, and
Mr. Greenfield and I found shelter from the weather in Exeter
Cathedral, and were able to enjoy a leisurely study of this
beautiful edifice.

On the following Sunday morning we said goodbye to
the West Country, and set off on the homeward journey,
taking with us our finds packed safely in the boot of the car,
and many memories of a happy week of fern hunting.

J. W. Dyce.

SOUTHPORT SHOW, 1952

A novelty this year was a space, in the Tent (2) set apart
for various National Societies, which the Show Committee
granted to our Society.

Several of our members kindly and helpfully took turns
of duty there, and answered many questioners on many points,
or had conversations with them. The full effect, if any, may
not be apparent at once; but it is quite possible that this
experiment will be tried again next year, perhaps more
elaborately, particularly in the provision of specimen Ferns
for display.

In the Show Tent (4), some Classes had poor entries, both
in quality and number: even allowing for the peculiar weather
of last summer and its ill effect on ferns, one could not help
feeling that plants were not and had not been, up to the usual
standard in some cases. However, one of the judges
remarked on the good quality of most plants, and some excel-
lent specimens were exhibited.

In Class g, the first prize and the Society’s Challenge Cup
went to Mr. J. Brookfield for a group composed mainly of
Athyriums, Polystichums, Scolopendriums and Polypodies.
Some of the Athyriums were very nicely crested. The second
prize went to Messrs. J. Brookfield and Son, for a group made
up of similar varieties, with even better Athyriums.

23

Class 10, for six hardy British ferns, was very deservedly
won by Mr. B. Hayhurst, who showed a fine A.f.f. Victoriae,
a splendid Scolopendrium vulgare Drummondu, and a very
well grown Polypodium vulgare pulcherrimum. Mr. C. H.
Rainford was second, and Mr. J. Brookfield third.

Class 11, three Scolopendriums, also went to Mr. B. Hay-
hurst; his S. crisbum cristatum fimbriatum was a very
“solid’’ plant, and his ramocristatum particularly clean and
fresh. Mr. J. Brookfield came second, the only other com-
petitor in this Class: and he also took first prize in Class 12,
three Polypodies, of which his Cambricum Barrowi was the
best. There were no other entries here.

The Secretary was first in Class 13, three Polystichums,
with aculeatum gracilumum, angulare acutilobum, and ang.
divisilobum, Bland. Mr. J. Brookfield, second, had a gracil-
liimum cristulatum, and Mr. B. Hayhurst, third, a grand plant
of ang. grandiceps, Ivery. Mr. J. Brookfield was the only
entrant in the next Class, for three Athyriums, of which
pblumosum Druery was the most interesting.

The Class (15) for three Lastreas was very disappointing
in entries; it has been revived again this year after long
omission, but only attracted two competitors, Mr. B. Hay-
hurst first and Mr. J. Brookfield second: the former’s best.
plant was pseudo-mas angustata, a crested variety. The
Secretary was again first with three hardy British varieties in
Class 16, showing Polypodium vulgare omnilacerum Oxford
as the best of his plants. Mr. B. Hayhurst came second, and
his A.f.f. plumosum Druery was perhaps the best plant in all
the hardy British exhibits. Mr. J. Brookfield followed, his
best plant being Polypodium vulgare Cambncum Barrowi. A
fourth competitor was Mr. C. H. Rainford.

Class 17 was another old one revived this year, and four
competitors entered this, for three hardy normal British ferns:
_ the Secretary coming first with Polystichum Lonchitts as the
best of his plants ; Mr. J. Pye, of Lancaster, next, with a very
nice pan of Polypodium vulgare: Mr. J. Brookfield third,
showing amongst his three an Osmunda. Mr. B. Hayhurst
was the fourth competitor.

The next Class, No. 18, drew six entries, showing one
British fern, any kind or variety, cultivation under glass per-
mitted. First prize went to Mrs. M. L. C. Bassnett, of Tarle-
ton, for a big Scol. crisbum Campbelli. Mr. Hayhurst, second,
had a Polystichum angulare plumosum, and Mr. C. H. Rain-
ford a P. angulare acutilobum. The wording of the regulation
for this class was altered this year, with the idea of finding

a solution for the question whether Adiantum capillus-Veneris

24

is hardy or not. It is British, but in most parts of the country
it is not hardy in the same way as, e.g., a Foyst but can
be grown anywhere under glass.

However, we gather that this effort at a solution does not,
generally, commend itself: and the regulation may be altered,
in some way, again in 1953. It is for the Show Committee to
decide this, but the Editor of the Gazette will welcome any
views from our members.

In the Classes for greenhouse ferns, the Department. of
Horticulture, Hull University, won first pmze* for ))sikx
Adiantums: Bausei and Fergusoni rubrum were specially
notable. Mr. J. Brookfield was second, his best plant being
a Davallia. Hull University came first in Class 20, with three
Adiantums, Bausei, Farleyense, and a very attractive species,
Peruvianum. Mr. Hayhurst’s best were Adiantum Kensing-
ton Gem, and Onychium Japonicum. Mr. J. Brookfield,
third, had three Adiantums. In Class 21, for one plant, Hull
led with Adiantum Collisii ; Mr. J. Brookfield had an Adian-
tum ; and Mr. Hayhurst a Cibotium Sheidii. Mrs. Bassnett
and Mr. Rainford also had entries.

It may be fairly remarked that the proportion of Adian-
tums in these Classes was overdone this year ; but the regula-
tions here do not concern us as a Society, and the comment

is personal and unofficial.
: | EF. A. Etiioe

25
BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

List of Members

Honorary Members
Seets, CHARLES -H., J.P., V.M.H., F.L.S., 0/0 “The. Gardeners’
Chronicle,” 33, John St., Theobalds Rd., London, W.C.1.

Hay, THOMAS, V.M.H., M.v.o., Stoatley Cottage, Bunch Lane, Hasle-
mere, SUITey.

PRESTON, F. G., M.A., V.M.H., A.H.R.H.S., 92, Hinton Way, nage Shelford,
Cambridge.

RAMSBOTTOM, J., O.B.E., F.L.S., Keeper of Botany, British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

Subscribing Members

ALLEN, WALTER S., 144-19, 35th Avenue, Flushing, New York, U.S.A.

ALSTON, A, H. G., B.A., F.L.S., Department of Botany, British Museum
(Natural History). Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

ASHWOOD, Mrs. F. M. W., 356, Newbold Road, Newbold-on-Avon, Rugby.
Warwickshire.

ASKEw, W.L., Fern Nursery, Grange, Keswick, Cumberland.

BAKER, J. E., F.R.H.S., F.C.S.S., , Holly House, Chelwood Gate, Haywards —
Heath, Sussex.

BANGE, CHRISTOPHE, 22-24, Rue Grenette, Lyon, Rhone, France.
BARLTROP, GEORGE, 23, Brook Street, Nelson, New Zealand.
BENTLEY, JOSEPH, LTD., Barrow-on-Humber, Lincs.

BLAKE, A: E:, K.1,5., F.L.S., etc., 165, Lynton Road, Harrow, Middx.
BOLTON, THOMAS HENRY, F.R.H.S., Birdbrook, Halstead, Essex.

BOWLES, E. A., M.A., V.M.H., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Myddelton House, Forty Hill,
Enfield, Middx.

BRITISH MUSEUM, THE (Natural History). Cromwell Road, London,
S.W.7. ae

BROOKFIELD, JOHN, Nurseryman, Stamford Road, Birkdale, Southport,
Lancs.

BROOKFIELD, NOEL, Stamford Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancs.
BRUNT, ARTHUR, Ferndale, 39, Folly Lane, Swinton, Manchester.
BURTON, FRANK, The Barley House, Hildenborough, Kent.
CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF (The Library), Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
CARRELL, MRs., 214, No. Yale Street, Fullerton, California, U.S.A.

CHESTON, ARTHUR PERCY, Holly Bush Wood, Potten End, Berkhamsted,
Herts.

CHURCHILL, Mrs. A. M., 119, Filwood Road, Fishponds, Bristol.
CocHRAN, JOHN, 54, Nursery Street, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.
COCHRANE, ANTHONY, Kew House, Duff Avenue, Elgin, Morayshire.

DAVIDSON, JAMES, M.B., CH. EB F.R.C.P.EDIN., Linton Muir, West Linton,
Peebles-shire.

26

Drxon, J. DARGUE, C/o Mrs. Day, 20, Homfray Grove, Morecambe,
Lancs.

DuFFry, E. R. J., 28, Lansdowne Road, East Croydon, Surrey.

DUNSTON, CAPTAIN AMBROSE, Poolahash, Ballycorus Road, Kilternan,
Co. Dublin, Eire.

DYCE, JAMES W., “ Hilltop,” 46, Sedley Rise, Loughton, Essex.
EIRE GOVERNMENT STATIONERY OFFICE (Publications Branch), Dublin.

ELLIOT, THE REv. E. A., M.a., The Vicarage, South Stoke, Reading,
Berks.

EYRE, Mrs. DorotHy, Whitebrook, Chepstow, Mon.
FISHER, C. H., Lower Drabbington, Thornbury, Bromyard, Hereford.

GooD, PROFFESSOR, R. D’O., M.a., F.L.S., Department of Botany,
University College, Hull, Yorkshire. ;

GRANT, JAMES, The Gardens, Troon Welfare Home, 1, Wood Road,
Troon, Ayrshire.

GREENFIELD, H. F., 44, Shepherds Way, Rickmansworth, Herts.
GREENFIELD, PERCY, Beech Bank, Stuart Road, Warlingham, Surrey.
GRUBB, C. W., 33, Derwent Road, Lancaster, Lancs.

GRUBB, J. A., 213, Kimbolton Road, Bedford.

HAYHURST, BERNARD, 91, Windermere Road, Freehold, Lancaster.
HEALEY, Mrprs., J. R., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

HERMANN, Mprs., C. EDWarRD, 4382, Westminster Place, Saint Louis 8,
Missouri.

HOLTTUM, PROFESSOR R. E., University of Malaya, Cluny Road,
Singapore 10.

Isaacs, A., 117, BlackKmoor Drive, West Derby, Liverpool, 12.

JACKSON, FRED., Knotts View, Stonethwaite, Borrowdale, Keswick,
Cumberland.

KAYE, REGINALD, Waithman Hardy Plant Nursery, Silverdale,
Carnforth, Lancs.

KNoTT, E. A. H., Swinhope Hall, Binbrook, Lincoln.

KNox, SiR ALFRED, K.C.B., C.M.G., Binfield House, Binfield, Bracknell,
Berks.

KNox, Mrs., WM., C., 649, Isle of Palms, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
LAKE, R. A., Hertford Constitutional Club, Lombard House, Hertford.
LANKESTER, C. H., Las Concavas, Cartago, Costa Rica.

LEWIS, JOHN SPEDAN, F.L.S., Longstock House, Stockbridge, Hants.
LONG, Mrs. A., Trenoweth, St. Keverne, Helston, Cornwall.
MACF'ARLAND, PROFESSOR FRANK T., Route 1, Irvine, Kentucky, U.S.A.
MALING-WYNCH, MRs. V., F.R.H.S., Pine Hill, Camberley, Surrey.
MANN, M. D., JR., 625, Locust Street, Roselle, New Jersey, U.S.A.
MAUNDER, F. G., St. Peter’s Road, Bury, Lancs.

Mowat, J. L., Curator, University Botanic Gardens, St. Andrews, Fife.
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WALES, Department of Botany, Cardiff.

OLIVER, ARTHUR, Tower Road, Darnick, Melrose, Roxburghshire,
PEACOCK, R., 128, Glenhurst Avenue, Bexley, Kent,

27

PULHAM, J. R., HON. A.I.L.A., 24, Ashcombe Gardens, Edgware,

Middx.
RAINFORD, G. H., 32, Cedar Street, Southport, Lancs.
RANSOM, R. F., Wiggin Hill, St. Ives, Hunts.
RIBBONS, BASIL, W., B.SC., 28, Boundary Road, Hellesdon, Norwich.
RicBy, C. E., 39, Dudley Walk, Goldthorn Park, Wolverhampton.
RoBINSON, N., 27, Yewlands Drive, Fulwood, Preston, Lancs.

ROWLANDS, S. P., M.B., B.S., Abbeyville, 44, Beckett Road, Doncaster,
Yorkshire.

RuGG, Harotp G., Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, New
Hampshire, U.S.A.

RUSSELL, D. F., Radnor House, Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey.

SHERRIN, W. R., A.L.S., South London Botanical Institute, 323, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.24.

SMITH, Ewart, G., 147-151, High Street, Christchurch, New Zealand.
SmiTH, Mrs. G. A., Upper Graig, Golfa, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire.

STERN, COLONEL F. C., M.C., O.B.E., V.M.H., F.L.S., Highdown, Goring-by-
Sea, Worthing, Sussex.

SwiINnscow, THOMAS D. V., Everley, London Road, Knebworth, Herts.

TEMPLE, PETER, L.R.I.B.A., M.INST.R.A.. 42, Holly Park, Finchley,
London, N.3.

THomson, J. S. R., 182, South Brae Drive, Glasgow, W.3.

TOWELL, MISS E. C., F.R.H.S., B44, San Remo Towers, Boscombe,
Bournemouth, Hants. ;

TROTTER, R. D., Leith Vale, Ockley, Surrey.

VEAL, RONALD J. E. Dip. Hort. Wisley, Sundown, Ethel Road, Rayleigh,
Essex.

WAINWRIGHT, H., Rockwood, Buntingsdale Road, Market Drayton,
Shropshire.

Watts, L. H., Starvecrow House, Tonbridge, Kent.

WEISS, PROFESSOR F. E., F.R.S., F.L.S., Norbury Lodge Hotel, 2, Fox Hill,
London, S.E.19. ;

WHITESIDE, R., 477, Marine Road East, Morecambe, Lancs.

WIPER, ERNEST, €507, Maple Street, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada.

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oki onciiarrers at Kendal. Its tHernbele are distributed
x throughout Great Britain and Ireland, with some in the
Dominions and U.S.A. Its objects are :—

oe . % (i) The Study of Species and Varieties of British Ferns; and
a) The Recording of Information with regard to Ferns generally.

hr 30 organ of the Society is The British Fern Gazette published
1 rally once @ year.

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: ‘The Society is affiliated to the Royal Horticultural Society.

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a “The Annual Meeting is held when possible at some place where
are abundant and from which excursions for sotn. hunting can

g i the Society and, nica aati. this and ng other means, to encourage the
z or eral cultivation of the varieties of British Ferns. Pied aa ties

. of the Officers of the Bee et ey be able to give.

Bek: oi The ao Treasurer or Hon: Secretary will be pleased to supply
| members who may desire it with Bankers’ Orders for the convenient
| payment of subscriptions.

; oa Purther particulars may be obtained from the Hon. Secretary,

Revd. E. A. ELLIOT,
: . ae * South Stoke Vicarage,
Phe. y mea Near Reading.

Por nearly 150 ‘years Phe Royal : 1
Society has been the leading § a
British Horticulture, and is now ted

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eae world, | For an annual subscription

advice on orto Pee an”
scriptions carry, increased privileges. All
_ who are interested i in’ horticulture re

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THE SECRE T ARY,

“THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL on
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THE

BRITISH FERN GAZETTE

NEW SERIES

wa. VIII | 1953 No. 2

CONTENTS Page
PaMEORIAL ... aoe ie rr % ape ca ie 55
FRONTISPIECE : Polystichum Lonchitis a oe viride Me 56
SECRETARIAL... ve at 5H) a = ee 2a 58
OBITUARY ... nee v? we ee > Ae ar 58
ANNUAL MEETING, 1953 ... Bd fs se vad 60
FERNS IN CENTRAL Etuiopta (Dr. Schelpe) aa —o oF: 61
FERN HuntTING (Mr. J. W. Dyce) se a: ai ae 64
EVOLUTION IN FERNS (Dr. Swinscow) ie oe Ka cee 65
FERN NAMES AND PRONUNCIATION (Editor) ai a: 69
INTERMEDIATE FORMS AND LASTREAS (Mr. P. Greenfield) att yp
FERNS IN WEST YORKSHIRE (Dr. Swinscow) ... ion ta 72
SOUTHPORT SHOW, 1953 we fe a es nate ace 76
List OF MEMBERS .... Py Sa Bo a At Mee 78

EDITORIAL

The contributions to this number of the Gazette are of
the varied nature which we aim at presenting to our Members,
and of the kind which has always been taken as the “‘ type ”’
for our publication: so that it is hoped this will be considered
by Readers to be a really good issue.

From an Editorial angle, they are so numerous that a
note of special thanks to the writers is called for: with a
continued appeal that this need may be met in order that the
Gazette can be issued more often.

Our Treasurer has told us that this is financially possible:
please make it so materially.

Membership of our Society remains at much the same in
numbers as it was a year ago: gaps due to several regretted
_ deaths, to resignations and to lapses, have been filled in the
way which we believe is the best one in a Society like ours.

That is, the personal effort of existing Members; which
ensures an interest such as no amount of advertising seems
able to do. Here again is a way in which all of us can help;
and many, who are duly and heartily thanked, have done so
during the past year.

OCT 2 3 1953

56

We are specially glad to record that our Membership
abroad has recently been considerably extended and is
perhaps as large as it ever has been. In the past two or three
years, spores have been exchanged with some of these
Members, with interesting results which, even if not strictly
part of our declared objects, do remind us of an important
side of our activities.

That is the fact that we are a mixture of Botanists and
Gardeners; not wholly and entirely one or the other, but
a combination of both. The Botanist alone can get to the
deepest secrets of plant life; but in our opinion a plant cannot
be fully understood and known unless its study includes its
growth from seed or spore to maturity: which is where the
Gardener element in us comes in.

In this connection, we congratulate our Member, Mr. A.
Isaacs, on winning a first prize for a pot plant, against twelve
entries, a second prize for three pot plants, a second for one
Hardy British Fern and another for three of them; all in open
classes, at Liverpool Show.

We understand this is his first venture with Ferns, and
that he has secured a Class in his Local Flower Show this
year for a Hardy British Fern. This is a tribute to his
determination to advance our interests.

The Editor has two copies for sale of Vol. I of the Gazette,
at 160/- each post free, and one of Vol. VI at 10/-, also includ-
ing postage.

Although it is referring to something written by oneself,
attention is called to the Secretarial page, as one or two
matters of some importance are included there.

Among the Contributors to this issue, to all of whom we
are indebted, Dr. Schelpe is one of our newest Members, and
we think his article will be of interest as showing that some
of our Ferns have a rather unexpected range. Dr. Swinscow
has not only given us two articles, differing widely in their
character, but has most kindly offered to meet most of the
cost of the plate which he himself has provided. It appears
to us one of the best plant photographs we have seen.

OUR FRONTISPIECE

The photograph was taken in the Pennine range in York-
shire, and shows two species typical of high hill country in
one case, Asplenium viride, and of still higher or mountainous
ground in the other, Polystichum Lonchitis.

It was the latter, as much the rarer of the two in England,
which was the special subject chosen for photographing, and
the frond details are unmistakably shown.

57

apiain wniuajds py

SULYIUOT wnYyIYsKjog

58
SECRETARIAL

This is our lightest duty, although there has been a con-
siderable amount of correspondence during the past year.
That is always welcome and we hope it will not only continue
but expand. |

But we do ask Correspondents not to send us Subscrip-
tions.

These have to go in any case to our Treasurer, Mr. J. W.
Dyce: if sent to the Secretary, the only gainer is the Post
Office, as the transaction costs an extra 24d. each time.

Requests reach us from time to time for bound volumes
of early Gazettes. These seldom appear as items in Cata-
logues of second-hand books: though some time ago the three
first volumes were listed in one of them. Prompt enquiry
was too late, the books were already sold and, we believe, to
someone in France.

However, as stated in the Editorial, there are three copies
available: and we ask Members, who see any offered, from
at least Vol. I to Vol. V, to secure them up to say 18s. each,
and, if not wanted, to re-offer them to the Secretary at cost
/. price.

It is regretted that our recent Summer Letter was dated
1952: this, of course, should have been 1953.

OBITUARY

The death, on January 7th, 1953, of Professor F. E.
Weiss, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.M.H., took from us ome Of ous
most illustrious, as well as one our most esteemed, Members.

The Times obituary spoke of his wisdom and understand-
ing and endearing personality: with this, all who knew him,
even slightly, would fully agree. These were outstanding
characteristics to the end of his long life—he was op wae
will remain a valued memory.

At the age of 21 he became Assistant Professor of Botany
at University College, London; and six years later, Professor
of Botany at Manchester University.

During his 38 years there, he was for two years Vice-
Chancellor, and a very able one. When he retired in 1930
and went to live near London, he was made President of the
Linnaean Society; and as such honoured us by accepting our
Society’s Membership.

His interest in horticulture continued and he filled
important posts in the Royal Horticultural Society, at whose
Fortnightly Shows he was often to be seen, unfailingly enthusi-
astic. His V.M.H. was awarded in 1947: in addition to these
titles, he was D.Sc. and LL.D.

59

Three weeks later, on January 22nd, the gardening as
well as the botanical world suffered a further heavy loss by
the death of Mr. Thomas Hay, C.V.O., V.M.H., at the age
of 78.

He was born in Banffshire, and in his early days was
occupied in some of the most important Scottish gardens.

It was in I91I, at the age of 33, that he was appointed
Superintendent of Greenwich Park; after eight years there,
he went to Regent’s Park. In 1923 he became Superinten-
dent of Hyde Park and St. James’s Park, with charge of
three Royal gardens as well, one of them being Buckingham
Palace gardens. A great botanist, he gathered together and
grew to perfection seed from all over the world, particu-
larly from Northern India. Honours justly bestowed on him
included the R.H.S. Neill prize in 1932, the V.M.H. in 1924,
the Veitch Memorial Medal (gold) in 1940, M.V.O. in 1927 and
C.V.O. in 1938.

He was one of six notable men who were offered, and
honoured us by accepting, Honorary Membership of our
Society in 1927-1928: all of them eminent in botany or horti-
culture. To secure their interest was a matter of great satis-
faction then, which passing years have only increased.

Amos Perry, V.M.H.

In our 1952 half-yearly letter reference was made to the
death of Mr. Amos Perry, which was then, happily, an
incorrect report.

It is with the utmost regret that it must now be recorded
as having taken place on August 21st, 1953; a regret which will
be shared by plant-lovers abroad as well as in our own country.
Perry’s Hardy Plant Farm has long been a source of enjoy-
ment to gardening enthusiasts, and the catalogues issued with
life-like illustrations made one feel that one was actually at
the Nursery and going round it with Mr. Perry himself.

Awards of all kinds, including Gold Medals, came to him
and the members of his family who so ably supported him:
perhaps his water-plants were most widely known and particu-
larly associated with his name. His own favourites were
Hemerocallis, Day Lilies, which he studied, grew, and
improved, for some 60 years and to which he devoted himself
after retiring from business in 1945.

Flowers from his plants of these were brought daily to
him and gave him pleasure to the last.

To Members of our Society, which he joined some 35 or
more years ago, his interest in Hardy Ferns was of especial
value.

A message of sympathy has gone to his family in the name
of our Society, which we are sure will be endorsed by us all.

60
50th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING

This was held on May 21st, 1953, in the Board Room of
the British Museum (Natural History) by kind permission of
the Trustees.

A report of it was included in the June Letter, but there
are certain items which should be repeated here.

The President, Mr. A. H. G. Alston, B.A., F.L.S., was
unanimously re-elected.

Dr. S. P. Rowlands was elected Vice-President, and the
list is now: —Revd. E. A. Elhot, Messrs. R. Whiteside, T. H.
Bolton, Professor Holttum, Mr. R. Kaye, Dr. S. P. Rowlands.

The Committee is as follows : —

Mrs. J. Healey Mr. B. Hayhurst

Mr. A. Brunt Dr. J. Davidson

hir. j. Do Ducon Mr. F. Jackson

Mr. P. Greenfield Mr. D. F. H. C. Russell
Mr. C. W. Grubb Mr. H. Wainwright.

The Treasurer, Mr, J. W. Dyce, the Auditor, Ting
Temple, and the Hon. Secretary and Editor, Revd. E. A.
Elliot, were re-elected.

New Members, duly elected, are: —
Mr. T. M. W. Alexander sir G. C.F,” Rameges

Mr. |. Healey C.LE., TCS
Mr. A. Isaacs Mr. D. H. Thompson
Miss A. Kippax | Mr. G. Thompson

Mr. R. Peacock Dr. P_ Villares

Miss: fo PP. Puen, B.Sc. Mr. G. A. Wilson

Mr. G. H. Rainford Mr. C. V. Morton

Since then, the Treasurer has drawn up a Balance Sheet
to June 30th, 1953, ending our financial year.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 1951/52

1952 Ss. d. & (sia
30th June AOL GO FE ioe 3) oe
To Balance .. lie Od» OMe A.G.M. Notices ie 12 6
Subscriptions 7) FD Subscription, R.H.S. 2 2 0O
Donations ne LB 10 Postages and
Sale of “ Gazettes ” 7 SOG eel) ey Incidental wpe

Secretary .. 1 100-8

Treasurer .. hy & (Se

Balance me -« +B Gos

£78 «9 14 £18 3 ii

1953

30th June & Ss.
To Balance... LB LH

61
The following have joined the Society during the
summer : — -

Mr. T. C. L. Longman, Mr. E. St. Clair-Morford, Mr.
G. A. Wilson, Mr. A. H. Hewitt, Mr. F. J. Healey.

FERNS IN CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
by
Ey ASC, Ly. SCHELPE
(University of Cape Town)

During September, 1952, the author visited Ethiopia as
a guest of the British Consul in Addis Ababa. In the course
of this visit, a number of different vegetation types in the
provinces of Shoa and Arussi were studied, particular attention
being paid to pteridophytes. The collection made during these
travels is housed in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London.

The salient topographical feature of central Ethiopia
consists of the grassed highlands at about 8,000 ft. altitude
with ranges of rounded hilis msing to over 10,000 ft. in
altitude. To the north-west of Addis Ababa, gorges of the
tributaries of the Blue Nile cut into these highland plateaux.
The ground decreases in altitude to the south-east of Addis
Ababa, and extensive areas of dry savannah are encountered
at altitudes below 6,000 ft. South of Adamitullo, a number of
large lakes are set in a landscape of thorn savannah. Yet
further to the south, between Neghelli and Sheshemana, one
finds more moist country with Podocarpus forests on the flanks
of old volcanic massifs.

The rainfall in central Ethiopia is markedly seasonal. In
Addis Ababa, with a total annual rainfall of about 50 inches,
there is a rainy season extending from mid-June until the end
of September. It is most probable that considerably less
precipitation is experienced in the thorn savannah, but in the
forest region in the vicinity of Sheshemana, the total rainfall
is considered to be of the order of 60 inches per annum.
HIGHLANDS

In the vicinity of Addis Ababa, rock outcrops occurring
about streams in rolling grassland were found to be inhabited
by mats of Selaginella abyssinica Spring around the bases of
the boulders, and by Asplenium demerkense Hieron. growing
in the rock crevices. At higher altitudes on the Entoto Range
(10,000 ft. alt.) a wider variety of ferns were found. On the
flanks of the range, occasional plants of Adiantum poiretit
Wikstr., Asplenium ethiopicum (Burm.) Becherer and
Asplenium monanthes L. grew terrestrially among scrub in the
gullies. Near the summits of the range, a few large plants of
Dryopteris schimperiana (Hochst.) C.Chr. were seen among a

62

dense scrub of Hypericum. Much of the summit is devoid of
trees and shrubs and only Dryopteris schimperiana, Dryoptenis
bergiana (Schlecht) O. Ktze. and Osmunda regalis L. were
found along a streambank in this area.

Mulu Sayu (8,000 ft. alt.), on the edge of the highlands
about thirty miles north-west of Addis Ababa, was also visited.
Here the montony of the grasslands is relieved by occasional
patches of mixed Acacia savannah. In the undergrowth of this
savannah, Cheilanthes farinosa Kaulf. appeared frequently,
and Asplenium ethiopicum was occasionally seen growing
about the bases of trees or as a humicole. Two epiphytic
ferns were present, Polypodium lanceolatum L. and
Loxoscaphe theciferum (HBK) Moore, the former being the
most abundant. The deeply shaded and sheltered banks of
a stream below a waterfall in the surrounding grassland had
been colonised by a few plants of Adiantum capillus-venens L.
and Pteris dentata Forsk.

Another locality which was visited was the crater lake at
Bichoftu (6,000 ft. alt.) below the general level of the
highlands. In the steep grassland and scrub leading up to the
crater rim from the lake, Cheilanthes farinosa was the most
common fern. In the crevices of rock faces and on boulders
occurring among this grassland and scrub, colonies of
Actimoptens australis (L.f.) Link, Asblenium ethopicum and
Selaginella abyssinica were frequently observed. Cheilanthes
coriacea Decne., another species found in this locality,
appeared to have more marked habitat preferences in this area
and was only found in crevices of boulders composed of a
more open textured volcanic rock.

RIVER GORGES

The Boli Gorge, near Mulu Sayu, contains one of the
tributaries of the Mugher River, which flows into the Blue
Nile. The walls of this gorge descend steeply for two thousand
feet from the edge of the highlands and are covered with tall
scrub or savannah of various densities while forest has
established itself in ravines and near the river at the bottom
of the gorge. On the uppermost, sparsely wooded slopes, a
few plants of Adiantum poiretua and Dryopteris crenata
(Forsk.) O.Ktze. were seen. In the denser scrub lower down,
ferns became more abundant especially in the more moist
areas. Mats of well developed Selaginella abyssinica were
common in densely shaded positions and plants of Actiniopteris
australis, Anemia schimperiana Presl., Hypolepis schimperi
Hook. and Pellea viridis (Forsk.)Prantl occurred frequently
in the undergrowth. In one moist, heavily shaded ravine,
the rock races provided habitats for Adiantum capillus-veneris,
Arthropteris monocarpa (Cordem.) C.Chr. and Asplenium
protensum Schrad. The forest at the base of these cliffs and

63

slopes was comparatively poor in pteridophytes. However,
mats of Selaginella abyssinica were frequently seen and
Anogramma leptophylra (L.) Link and = Asflenium
schimperianum Hochst. were found in quantity on some moss
covered boulders in this forest.

SAVANNAH

As one might expect, the large areas of dry, dense, thorn
savannah along the chain of lakes south of Adamitullo are
extremely poor in pteridophytes. On the shores of Lake Shala
(Lago Scialla) at an approximate altitude of 5,000 ft., a few
ferns, including Actimopteris australis and Pell@a calomelanos
Link were found around outcrops of rock. No ferns were seen
either along the shores of the lake or in the undergrowth of
the thorn savannah.

Further south in the more moist country between Neghelli
and Sheshemana, a number of ferns were found on the banks

of a small river traversing a landscape of grassland and

scattered groups of trees. Asflenium eaimopicum and
Loxoscaphe theciferum occurred as humicoles among the rock
faces, while mats of Selaginella abyssinica and colonies of
Arthropteris orientalis (Gmel.)Posth. and Pellea viridis grew
around the bases of boulders along the streambanks.

PODOCARPUS FOREST

One of the extensive forests which occur on the flanks of
the volcanic massifs in the Arussi Province, roughly between
Sheshemana and Cofole, was visited. The dominant forest
tree is a species of Podocarpus, some being over a hundred feet
high. Below the upper canopy formed by these trees, a dense
growth of moss-draped Hammamelidaceous shrubs fifteen feet
high was found surmounting a thick undergrowth.

Grassy glades which penetrated the lower edges of these
forests had been colonised by the ubiquitous “‘ bracken,’’
Pteridium aquilinum (L)Kuhn. No arborescent ferns were
seen, although Cyathea deckenu has been recorded from the
Caffa forests. (Pichi Sermolli, 1940). In the forest proper,
the undergrowth contained large masses of Selaginella
abyssinica and plants of Adiantum potretu, Athyrium
schimperi Moug., Cheilanthes farinosa and Dryopteris
Schimperiana. On streambanks in the forest, Asplenium
usambarense Hieron. and Dryopteris bergiana were seen
occasionally. |

A salient feature of these Podocarpus forests was the great
abundance of epiphytes. The quantity of epiphytic ferns in
these forests was found to be even greater than that observed
by the author in the “‘Camphor’’ forest of Mount Kenya.
(Schelpe, 1951). Among the low-level epiphytes in deep
shade, Asplenium protensum, Loxogramme lanceolata (Sw.)
Presl and mats of Trichomanes melanotrichum Schlecht. were

64

recorded. Of the mid-level and high-level epiphytes, the most
curious was Drynaria volkensu Hieron. with its dimorphous
fronds, some being large spore producing fronds and others
comparatively smaller, humus-collecting leaves. The most
abundant mid-level epiphyte was Arthropteris monocarpa, but
Asplemum ethopicum, Polypodium lanceolatum and the
narrow-leaved Vittaria volkensu were also frequently seen in
this epiphyte horizon with their rhizomes embedded in the wet,
humid moss cushions. In the higher branches of the trees,
Lycopodium dacrydiodes Bak. occurred quite frequently, and
both Drynana volkensu and Polypodium Lancéolatum
tolerated this drier and more exposed environment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to express his gratitude to Lt.-Col.
A. C. Curle and Mrs. Curle for their hospitality and for enabl-
ing the author to participate in these excursions in Ethiopia.
Also, the author wishes to thank Mr. A. H. G. Alston of the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London, for aid in the identifica-
tion of specimens.

REFERENCES

PICHI SERMOLLI, R. 1940 Felci raccolte da G.Cei nel
territorio dei Galla e Sidama e cenni sulle lorro
stazioni.

Nuovu, Giorn) bot, Tal. 1.s., 47, tae

SCHELPE, E. A. C.'L. EE. 1951, The Pteridepiy 2 ae
Mount Kenya.
Amer. Fern Journ., 41, 065—74.

FERN HUNTING
By J. W. Dyce

Plant hunting is not everyone’s choice of job or pastime,
but to some of us, including the writer, it can be a most
absorbing pursuit. We read the books of Kingdon-Ward,
Farrer, and the other great hunters, and long to follow in
their footsteps, but we have not acquired the necessary
qualifications, and our feet are set in other ways of life. It
was given to me, however, to sample the thrills of plant-
hunting during a short expedition through Sikkim, the
‘‘ Fairyland of the Himalaya,’’ and over the high Himalayan
passes into the Chumbi Valley in Tibet, and to revel in the
wealth of both tropical and alpine plant life to be found in
that region.

Our overcrowded and thoroughly explored island very
seldom offers new plants to the searcher nowadays, but the
thrill of discovery can be captured in the hunting for and

65

re-finding of our rare plants, and in establishing new district
records. Ferns do seem to offer something more, however,
for in the hedgerows and woodlands, and wherever else ferns
flourish, the disturbing influence which has given us so many
wonderful varieties in the past is still at work, and beautiful
finds are still there to reward the diligent hunter.

But where are the fern hunters to-day? One of the
objects of our Society is the organisation of field meetings to
search for ferns, and in the past these were regarded as an
important feature in the Society’s activities. From what I
have read and heard, I don’t think there was ever a large
body of hunters in our membership, but they were keen,
enthusiastic men, knowledgeable in ferns, and to them we
owe most of the treasures we possess—or did possess! Many
of these now seem to exist only in our memories, and we
are doing nothing to replace the losses. As a Society, we
seem to be living very much in the past, resting on the
laurels of the great figures in our history.

We must shake off this apathy so evident in our midst
during the post-war years. Last Autumn I welcomed the
opportunity to indulge once once again in what is to me the
most exciting plant-hunting offered in these islands, when I
spent a week with two fellow-enthusiasts hunting ferns in
the West Country. We are going back—many times, and we
want others to join us. Our Northern members who may
not feel disposed to travel so far from home, have their own
hunting grounds within easy reach, and it would be good
news to hear that the North can again produce keen hunters.
The fern varieties are there to be found—in the North and
in the South, and with an influx of new varieties we can
quicken the fern cult into new life, and awaken a new interest
in these graceful plants.

EVOLUTION IN FERNS

No more important book on ferns has appeared in the
last twenty years than Professor Irene Manton’s study of
their mechanisms of reproduction, inheritance, and evolu-
tion. Although it was published three years ago, the book
is of such exceptional interest that a note on it even now may
be useful if it brings the work to the attention of fern lovers.
Its subject is the structure and function of the chromosomes
in British ferns, horsetails, and lycopods.

The chromosomes are seen in dividing cells as mobile
elastic bodies of diverse size and shape, though most are rod-
like at some stage. There are good reasons for believing that
each is rather like a string of beads, each bead representing
the basic unit of inheritance, the gene. In every cell of the

660

ordinary fern there are two sets of chromosomes. These cells
are referred to as diploid. The term is contrasted with
haploid, which describes spores and sex cells (or gametes);
they have only one set of chromosomes. The prothallus of
nearly all ferns is also haploid. Some exceptions to the rule
are referred to below. [ach pair of genes in the cell may be
said, as simplification, to control a particular structure or
function in the organism. For example, the shape of the
frond in Polystichum setiferum has been shown to be modified
by a single pair of the genes.”

The minute size and large number of chromosomes in the
cells of most ferns presented Professor Manton with technical
difficulties greater than in any other group of plants. Man,
for instance, has 48 chromosomes, most lilies 24, paeonies Io
or 20, berberis 28 or 56. Yet that diminutive fern the |
Adder’s Tongue was found to have one of the highest numbers
yet discovered in the plant kingdom—over 500. A tropical
relative, O. pendulum, was later found to have over 700.9
Professor Manton provides for the first time exact records
of the chromosome numbers in all species of British ferns and
allied plants. This in itself is a piece of laboratory virtuosity
that must evoke high praise. |

In addition a study of the numbers of chromosomes in
the various plants enables her to make some general inferences
of great importance to their systematic classification. A
clear-cut example may show this best. Plants in any given
genus usually have closely related numbers of chromosomes.
Every species in the genus may show the same number, for
instance; but more often the species have numbers that are
multiples of some number basic to them all: in other words,
they have a common factor. All British species of Dryopteris
seem to have multiples of 41 as their chromosome number.
D. aemula has 82, one kind of D. Borrent has 123, D. Filix-
mas has 164, and another kind of D. Borren has 205. Now
the Beech Fern has go. It has always been an awkward fern
to place, and this number shows why. For it is quite
unrelated to the number found in any British ferns—and par-
ticularly unlike the numbers found in Dryopteris and Thelyp-
teris. On these and other grounds Professor Manton suggests
that it should be separated again into a different genus (as
it has been before) and become Phegopteris polypodioides
Fée.

1 Problems of Cytology and Evolution in the Pteridophyta,
Cambridge University Press, 1950, 50s.

2 Andersson-Kotto, in Manual of Pteridology, p.287, The Hague,
1938.

5 Manton, I.,in Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology,
No. 7. Cambridge, 1953.

67

Mention above of two kinds of D. Borreri leads. us to
consider polyploidy. The meaning of that term is simply
this: Whereas the cells (gametes and spores always excepted)
of most plants contain the usual two sets of chromosomes,
some plants have more than two sets in each cell. Varieties of
D. Borreri are known with two, three, four, and five sets of
chromosomes, for example, and octoploid dahlias (eight sets)
are commonly grown. The degree of polyploidy in a genus
can be used to clarify the relationships between the species in
it, and here Professor Manton’s discussion of the genus Poly-
stichum may be cited.

P. Lonchitis and P. setiferum have a chromosome
number of 82, while that of P. aculeatum is 164. These
numbers incidentally are the same as those found in Dryop-
teris, and this suggests a fairly close relationship between the
two genera. Supposed hybrids between P. Lonchitis and P.
aculeatum growing in Switzerland and known as P. illyricum
were verified to be hybrids by the finding that their chromo-
somes number was 123. That is, 41 chromosomes from the
gametes of P. Lonchitis combined with 82 from the gametes
of P. aculeatum to give P. illyncum—a triploid with 3 x 41
chromosomes. Further, a fascinating deduction followed
from another observation. Study of cell division (meiosis)
during spore formation in P. illyricum showed that the 123
chromosomes split up into 41 pairs and 41 singles. The pairs
were believed to derive from one set of P. aculeatum chromo-
somes and one set of P. Lonchitis. The inference is that P.
aculeatum contains a set of 41 chromosomes almost identical
with the 41 chromosomes that constitute a half set in P.
Lonchitis. In other words, P. Lonchitis is a parent of P.
aculeatum, and the aculeatum species is derived from the
Lonchitis species together with another one. The only other
one available is P. setiferum. Professor Manton therefore
concluded that P. aculeatum is derived from the conjunction
of 41 chromosomes from P. Lonchitis with 41 from P.
setiferum, and that then doubling of the chromosomes
occurred to give the present complement of 164. This brief
sketch of her work on Polystichum perhaps indicates the kind
of insight that cytology can give into evolutionary problems.

Another feature of the work is Professor Manton’s
account of apogamy. Here the fern springs from the
prothallus without the fertilization of a female cell. As
mentioned above, in most ferns the spore, prothallus, and
gametes are all haploid. They must be, indeed, if fertilisa-
tion is not to result in a progressive doubling of chromosome
sets in successive generations. But when apogamy is
obligatory for the fern, as it is for D. Borreri and the Beech
Fern, then spore and prothallus have the same number of

68

chromosomes as the body cells of the fern itself. This work
confirms and amplifies other work correcting a singular error
which, set on its pervasive course in 1907, is to be found
perpetuated even so recently as 1950 in the fourth edition of
Bower’s well-known textbook Botany of the Living Plant (p.
508). Faulty observation led to the mistaken belief that the
prothallus of apogamous ferns was haploid and that the
nucleus of one of its cells migrated to fuse with the nucleus of
another. The combined nuclei were thus supposed to endow
a cell with the full diploid complement of chromosomes, this
cell being the origin of the new fern plant. In fact, the
prothallus is diploid, and it is so because the spore is diploid.
The formation of these peculiar diploid spores is described
and fully illustrated by Professor Manton. During formation
of the spores there is an incomplete nuclear division in which
the chromosome content is momentarily doubled. Subsequent
division thus provides spores with the same number of
chromosomes as the sporophyte—that is, the fern.

Her studies of obligatory apogamy lead Professor Manton
to point out that, first, it is genetically exceedingly complex ;
for it involves both tern and prothallus, and it does not seem
to exhibit any simple Mendelian ratios. Secondly, because it
has arisen in a number of quite unrelated species of ferns, it is
interesting evidence of parallel evolution.

Some other notable discoveries of Professor Manton’s may
be summarised briefly : —

Three distinct types of Polypodium vulgare have been
found in Britain containing 2, 4, and 6 sets of chromosomes.
Their fronds and sori showed slight differences.

The exact status of Dryopteris abbreviata, sometimes
considered to be merely a small mountain form of D.
Filix-mas, was clarified by the discovery that it has half the
number of chromosomes that the Male Fern has. This
difference, combined with the fact that when crossed with the
Male Fern it gives a highly sterile hybrid, is a strong argument
for making it a separate species.

Two kinds of Asplenium Trnichomanes were found, one
with 72 and the other with 144 chromosomes. The form with
the greater number of chromosomes has the longer fronds.

Ceterach officinarum also has 144 chromosomes, as have
most of the Aspleniums, which is further evidence of its close
relationship to them.

Of the two, Woodsias, W. Alpina with 164 chromosomes
has twice the number of W. Ilvensis. And W. ilvensis is
probably one parent of W. alpina, the other being at present
unknown.

Cystoptens is full of complexities—there are three different
types of spores and two different chromosome numbers,

69

This short and oversimplified note gives hardly any better
idea of the wonderfully intricate and harmonious structure
of Professor Manton’s book than does a prothallus of the fern.
For ultimately she is concerned not so much with ferns as with
life itself. We may count ourselves fortunate that in her study
of the problem of life she chose the pteridophyta to investigate.
The theme running through her book may perhaps be well
summarized in the two sentences that conclude it:

“The problem of evolution is thus only one aspect of a
larger problem of life, of growth and of reproduction. And if
we could really know how an organism contrives both to
develop and to transmit its likeness with such surprising fidelity
from generation to generation we might after all have
unravelled the greater mystery.’’

DOUGLAS SWINSCOW.

FERN NAMES AND PRONUNCIATION
By the Editor

In our last issue, on page 45 (Ig in actual print), more
derivations were promised. These will appear in time, but
what seems a more pressing need is being dealt with first:
the pronounciation of our Fern names. This has become
apparent from several recent conversations, and though not
of interest to all our Members, there may be one or two
instances which may surprise old initiates.

The writer himself may be in error at times and is quite
ready to be corrected.

As a preliminary note: the names are botanical, and are
in origin Latin, Greek, or Latinized-Greek.

There are two forms of the letter e in Greek; also of 0 ;
and it is necessary to use the signs ~ for short e and o, — for
the long sound, in some cases.

As far as possible, the phonetic system will be used; and
the names are in alphabetical order.

Adiantum capillus-Veneris.

Add-e-an-tum cap-ill-us Venn-ér-iss.

Anogramma leptophylla (Gymnogramma).

Ano-gramma leptophylla: all vowels short. (Gymno-
gramma): both G and g as in Gander; all vowels short. Gym
—as in gimlet.

Asplenium. Asp-lee-nee-um. The first two syllables are
run together in practice, Asplee-nee-um.

A. marinum: m4-reye-num.

A. Trichomanes. Try-kém-an-eez.

A. viride. Vi-ri-dee.

70

A. obovatum (lanceolatum), 6b-d6-vay-tum, (lan-cee-6-
lay-tum).

A. Adiantum-nigrum. Add-e-an- -tum- -nye-grum. Grom
—as in grumble.

A. Ruta-muraria. Roo-tah mewr-air-ee-ah.

A. Breynii (germanicum). Bray-nee-eye; germanikum;
all vowels short.

A. septentrionale. Sepp-ten-tree-oh-nay-lee.

Athyrium. Ath-ir-ee-um. Ath, as in Athens.

A. Filix femina. Fye-licks fee-min-a.

A. alpestre. l-péss-tree.

A. flexile. All vowels short: fléx-ill-é.

Blechnum spicant. Blék-ntiim spy-kant.

Botrychium Lunaria. Bo-trik-ee-um Loo-nair-ee-ah.

Bé, as in Bone. This is usual, but Bd, as in Botany is also
correct.

Ceterach officinarum. Kett-err-akk off-iss-e-nair-um.

Cryptogramme (Allosorus) -crispa. Kryp-toe-gram-me
(Al-owe-sore-us) kriss-pa. kryp, as in Crypt; Al, as in
Albania.

Cystopteris. Siss-top-ter-iss; ter, as in term.

_ C. fragilis. Fraj-ill-iss.

C. regia. Ree-ji-ah.

C. Dickieana. Dick-ee-ar-nah.

Cy. “montana. / Montarnah.

Dryopteris (Lastrea). | Dry-op-ter-iss (Lass-tree-ah).
Op, as in opera; ter, as in term.

D. Filix-mas. Fye-licks mass.

D. Villarsii (rigida). -Vill-ar-see-eye. Vill, as in villa;
ar, aS in art; rigid-ah. |

D. cristata. Kriss-tay-tah.

D. dilatata. Dye-lah-tay-ta.

D. spinulosa. Spin-ewe-low-sah.

D. aemula. ee-mew-lah.

Gymnocarpium (Polypodium). Gim-no-car-pee-um.
Gim, as in Gimlet.

G. Dryopteris. See preceding genus.

G. Robertianum. Roe-ber-tee-ay-num. These two
species are Oak Fern, Limestone Polypody.

Hymenophyllum. High-men-owe-fill-um, or, High-men-
offill-um.

H. tunbrigense. Tun-brij-énn-see. More usually spelt
tunbridgense.

~ eld

eae

7p

H. peltatum (Wilsoni unilaterale). Péll-tay-tum Wilson-
eye ewe-nee-lat-err-ay-le.

Lastrea. See Dryopteris.

Ophioglossum. Owe-fee-owe-gloss-um.

O. vulgatum. Vull-gay-tum.

O. lusitanicum. Loo-sit-an-ik-um.

Osmunda. Oz-mun-dah. Mun, as in Monday.

O. regalis. Re-gay-liss. Re, as in regal.

Phyllitis (Scolopendrium). Fill-eye-tiss. P. Scolopend-
rium (S. vulgare)... Skoll-owe-pen-dree-um. Skoll, as in
Scholar.

Polypodium. Poll-ee-pod-ee-um. Poll, as in Polly.

P. vulgare. Vull-gair-e.

Polystichum. Poll-iss-tick-um.

P. setiferum (angulare). Set-if-err-um ann-gu-lair-e.

P. aculeatum. Ack-ewe-lee-ay-tum. |

P. Lonchitis. Lonn-kye-tiss. Lonn, as in long.

_ Pteridium (Pteris). Ptér-id-ee-um (Pté€-ris). Very neariy
= tettace. |

Scolopendrium. See Phyllitis.

Thelypteris. Thell-ipp-teris.

IT. palustris. Pal-us-triss. This is the same as Lastrea
Thelypteris.

T. Oreopteris. 6r-ee-dp-teris. Or, as in Orange. This
is Lastrea Oreopteris, or L. montana.

I. Phegopteris. Feg-op-teris. Feg, as in leg. This is
Polypodium Phegopteris. |

Trichomanes. Try-kém-an-eez.

T. speciosum {radicans). Spés-ee-owe-sum (rad-ee-kans).
Rad, as in radish. :

Woodsia. Wood-see-ah.

W. ilvensis. Ill-venn-siss.

W. alpina. Al-py-nah.

These names are taken from Welsh Ferns, by Hyde and

Wade, but older, more familiar names have been added, in
brackets, so that difficulties in this way should be lessened.

| It will be noticed that the final syllable is always pro-
nounced separately.

: fl
INTERMEDIATE FORMS AND LASTREAS

When, as we think, we proved in the article on
intermediate forms in the last issue, that Polystichum
aculeatum and P. angulare were subspecies and very closely
related, and referred incidentaily to Lastreas, we were not
aware of the results of a comprehensive cytological examina-
tion that had been made of the Filix-mas group in Lastreas.
We did, however, hint that fiix-mas and pseudo-mas might
prove to be subspecies and that further research was necessary
to determine precisely the status of the related propinqma.
There were reasons for being tentative. Muci (orga
considerable variation in filix-mas in the wild does not suggest
mixed blood, while some of it decidedly does; though the
impact of pseudo-mas is not very evident. And without
further research (in the direction suggested) the extent to which
propinqua varies cannot be determined, though it seems to be
very limited ; and there is probably no clear run of inter-
mediate forms.

It is interesting to compare this misty picture with what
has been found out cytologically. The provisional conclusions,
without technical particulars, may suffice for the present
purpose. They are that filix-mas is not a single species but an
assemblage of forms varying in their appearance and
cytological structure, and 1s itself in a restricted sense probably
a cross between two earlier species, one of which may have
been propinqua or a close relation.

It is satisfactory to find the internal investigation of these
ferns supporting the external investigation, even, if we may
venture to say so, to the extent of being a little misty. The
expression ‘‘ assemblage of forms ’’ aptly describes the peculiar
character of variation referred to in the first paragraph, so far
as observation has gone. But no doubt more field work is
highly desirable.

P. GREENFIELD.

FERNS IN WEST YORKSHIRE

The Craven area of the Pennine chain in the Yorkshire
West Riding is exceptionally rich in ferns, several of them
very rare. And it is beautiful country to walk over for
anyone who enjoys, as I do, the proximity of rock and sky
so characteristic of some western uplands. Entirely deserted
ody man except for the occasional shepherd, the high plateaux
and crags offer a refreshing silence, while lower down count-
less curlews beguile the walker with their sad whistling cry.
Great outcrops of carboniferous limestone give the area an
unusually varied flora, and of special interest to the fern
lover are the great clefts, or “‘ grikes,’’ which centuries of

mae

TS

rain have worn away in the stone. These cracks, often six
feet deep and a foot or more across, run irregularly all over
the plateaux, giving the limestone blocks cut off by them
the appearance of some gigantic crazy paving. Traversing
them requires care, especially as many interesting plants grow
there and may divert the attention momentarily.

The two mountains of Ingleborough and Penyghent
stand side by side here for a few miles north of the market
town of Settle, where I stayed for a week last June. Having
a small car, I motored each day to suitable points whence
I set off on foot to explore the country, my chief purpose
being to photograph the ferns in their haunts.

A brief visit to Colt Park Wood, in Ribblesdale, filled
my first morning. It is a curious construction, being entirely
paved with enormous blocks of limestone cleit by fissures
from which grow the trees—chiefly ash. It has probably
remained unchanged for many hundreds of years. Ferns grow
in abundance there, and even though I saw only the commoner
species, their luxuriance made them a spectacle to remember.
In a small area I noted the following: Dryopteris dilatata,
D. Filix-mas, Polypodium vulgare, Asplenium Trichomanes,
A. ruta-murana, Cystoptens fragilis, Phyllitis Scolopendnium,
and Pteridium aquilinum. A slight drizzle was falling and
converting the already wet vegetation into a floor so slippery
that I reached the edge of the wood again with some relief.
A false step among those grikes was something to avoid,
especially as I was alone.

Making my way two miles eastwards, I came to Linn
Gill, a narrow gorge traversed by the Cam Beck, a tributary
of the Ribble. Here I changed into rubber boots and set off.
The river bed itself is often the walker’s only way, for there
is no path through the gorge. At the entrance I found some
fine clumps of D. Borrert and the Lady Fern. Near them,
incidentally, was a group of that most charming of the
horsetails, the yellowish-green Wood Horsetail, Equisetum
syluaticum. If not rare, it was certainly much less common
in this region than the Field Horsetail, E. arvense.

The river was greatly swollen—or so I should judge—by
three weeks of almost continuous rain, and I managed to
get about two-thirds of the way through the Gill before
finding the water too deep to go on. At this point the sides
were vertical rock, so I retraced a few steps until I came to
a steep bank, which I scaled without great difficulty. About
20 feet above the water I came upon five plants of what my
memory of an illustration told me were Polystichum
Lonchitis. 1 will retrain from communicating to my readers
the excitement I felt for the next few hours at such a rare
find, for when at last I could compare a frond with a diagram

74

I had at the hotel, I realised, alas, that I] was mistaken. But,
if my excitement was rudely chilled, my curiosity remains
mildly aroused. The Holly Fern has several times been
reported from Linn Gill, yet I have no doubt incorrectly.
The site is wholly unsuitable for it. The plants I saw were
undoubtedly P. aculeatum, and probably immature, since
they had no sori. Other people also have certainly mistaken
such plants for P. Lonchitis, but do they grow up? I saw
no mature plants within miles. At any rate, I hope to return
next year for a longer search and dispel what is probably
no mystery.

The eleven species of fern so far mentioned as seen are
what may be called the commoner lowland ferns of the area.
To them must be added four others. The first of these is
the Hard Fern, Blechnum spicant, very fine specimens of
which may be seen on some sloping banks. It must also be
counted a highland fern there, too, but over 1,000 feet it is
much smaller, the fronds being only two to three inches long
when the site is exposed, instead of nearly two feet long in
favoured spots lower down. Much more difficult to find is
the Adder’s Tongue, Ophioglossum vulgatum. Mr. C. A.
Cheetham, the renowned Yorkshire naturalist, first intro-
duced me to some in a field near Settle, and I later found
some outstanding specimens on a road verge near Kendal.
Here I should record the debt I owe Mr. Cheetham for his
indispensable guidance, either in person or by word, to the
sites where several rare species grow. In the time at my
disposal I should not have found them without his help.

The next fern I include in the lowland category is the
Beech Fern, Thelypteris Phegopteris. A fine clump was
growing above a stream near Ingleton, and nearby a patch
of Wilson’s Filmy Fern, Hymenophyllum peltatum, mingled
with moss on a rock face. Later I was to find it flourishing
much more freely elsewhere.

Two other ferns that may be mentioned here, since they
dwell at lower rather than the highest altitudes, are the Oak
Fern, Gymnocarpium Dryopteris, and the Moonwort,
Botrychium lunaria. I found only one clump of Oak Fern—
in a scree at an altitude of about 1,100 feet. The only
other ferns occupying the scree were one clump of Beech
Fern, a few Cystopteris fragilis, and about a dozen plants of
D. Borreri—an odd assortment. The growth there of these
ferns would indicate that it was not a limestone scree, but
unfortunately I was in a hurry and forgot to note that. The
Oak Fern is said to be much rarer now than it used to be.

My only disappointment in the week was over the
Moonwort, for I saw no good specimens, but only some
stunted or damaged ones. |

75

Now to a quite different association of ferns: a visit to
a valley not far off was a rewarding experience. It-is flanked
by tremendous screes about 500 feet high, and these are
dotted ali over—in places almost held together, so appear-
ances would suggest—by thousands of large clumps of the
Parsley Fern, Cryptogramme crispa. Their luxuriance and
profusion create an arresting spectacle. Leaving them and
advancing up a stream, I found the Mountain Fern in plenty,
Thelypteris Oreopteris, one of my favourites. There may be
nothing uncommon about its distribution, but there is about
its qualities. The elliptical outline of its fronds is exception-
ally pleasing, and this, together with their firm texture,
golden green colour, slight tackiness when passed through
the hands, delicious scent when pressed to the face, combine
to give a rare distinction, a singular liveliness, to this lover
of the mountain air. Its clumps grew freely on the firm
ground between the screes and the torrent that swept down
here. Walking up the banks or bed of the stream as necessity
dictated, I came upon a large and flourishing colony of
Wilson’s Filmy Fern. Almost unsullied by any mixture with
moss, it covered several square feet of rock. Incidentally, in
contradistinction to what is sometimes said to be the
preference of the filmy ferns, neither this colony nor the one
at Ingleton was within the ambit of spray from the river.
But in both places the river was torrential, and thus may
well have increased the humidity of the air to a high enough
level for the survival of these filmies.

Finally, an altogether different group of ferns is to be
found in the high limestone pavement and adjoining screes.
Where rocks have tumbled down from certain limestone cliffs,
or scars as they are called there, the Rigid Buckler Fern,
Dryopteris Villarsu, grows among them in some profusion.
Its blue-green fronds issue from every chink in the fallen
limestone, fluttering ceaselessly in the wind that never seems
to be less than a breeze there. Its distribution in Britain is
extraordinarily restricted, for it is found only at this locality
and at several similar ones in Lancashire and North Wales.

Two other ferns abundant on the high plateau are the
Green Spleenwort, Asflenium viride, and the Limestone
Polypody, Gymnocarpium Robertianum. It is in the grikes
that the latter grows best, spreading freely through them, its
fronds just level with the surface.

But what makes these parts a special place of pilgrimage
to the fern lover is the presence of the Holly Fern,
Polystichum Lonchitis. It is exceedingly rare even in that
fastness, but the few plants there looked surprisingly healthy.
The frontispiece shows one of them. Several were fairly
young—one quite a baby—and nearly all had plenty of new

76

growth. With their stiff dark fronds pressed against the pale
limestone, they seemed to my fancy to be imbued with a
special fixity of purpose, tenacious, archaic, remote, only
giving a slight rustle occasionally as a gust of wind pene-
trated the grike and swept through the leather pinnae. Most
were sufficiently deep in their fissures to be in perpetual
shade, and the soil they grow in is kept most by the frequent
rain and mist. The Green Spleenwort and the Hartstongue
are their companions. May they remain undisturbed.

DoUGLAS SWINSCOW.

SOUTHPORT, 1953

As the Hon. Secretary was unable to attend this year,
Mr. Bolton very kindly made the report which follows. Since
he is one of the Judges, his opinion carries great wees and
we are glad to present it as given.

We only add sincere thanks for willing help given at the
Bureau in the National Societies’ Tent, to Mr. and Mrs. C. W.
Grubb, Mr. B. Hayhurst, Mr. T. H. Bolton, Mr. Brunt, Mr.
Isaacs, Mr. Jackson and Mr. Wainwright.

A number of plants, and some pans showing Fern growth
from prothalli onwards, prepared by Mr. Grubb, were given
_by Members for exhibit at the Bureau.

These were sold at the close of the Show and added nearly
{to to our funds.

Many people showed great interest in this display, and

we are hoping to obtain several new Members.

SOUTHPORT FLOWER SHOW

We are pleased to know that this world-famous Show was
better than ever, and the record crowds proved again that
horticulture in this country is more popular than ever.

The fern tent was very similar to previous years, Messrs.
Brookfield winning Class 9, for a group of hardy ferns. It
is rather a pity that more space could not be allowed so that
the ferns were not so crushed, and the plants could be seen
individually. Many good specimens were hidden. Mr. John
Brookfield came second, he had three good plants of Pul-
cherrimum bevis.

CLASS 10. Six Hardy British Ferns.

Mr. John Brookfield again won first prize with some very
good plants of young Clarissima looking very grand, also
Pulcherrimum bevis, indeed a good plant. Mr. C. H. Rain-
ford gained second prize and Mr. Hayhurst third, having a
nice plant of Athyrium capitatum.

ai
Crass 11. Three Scolopendriums. Distinct Varieties.

Mr. Hayhurst gained first prize in this Class, having a
fine plant of Ramo-Cristatum. This Class was not good and
I think should be more popular.

Crass 12. Three Polypodiums. Distinct Varieties.

Mr. John Brookfield gained another first, having a good
plant of Pulcherrimum. Mr. Hayhurst gained second with
three exceptionally nice pans, Clapham being very good. Mr.
W. Law came third with a good pot of Cambricum.

Crass 13. Three Polystichums. Distinct Varieties.
Mr. J. Brookfield first, Mr. Hayhurst second, having a

plant of Gracillimum Cristatum which I thought one of the
best plants in the Show.

Criass 14. Three Athyriums. District Varieties.

Mr. Hayhurst first, with a fine lot of very nice plants of
Clarissima which I feel sure we shall see in much better form
next year. Mr. W. Law was second with three very good
plants including an outstanding plant of Filix plumosum
druery. Mr. J. Pye was third.

Crass 15. Three Lastreas. Distinct Varieties.

Mr. Hayhurst first, Mr. Brookfield second. A very poor -
class, could be very much improved.

Crass 16. Three Hardy British Ferns. Distinct Varieties.

Mr. Brookfield first, Mr. Rainford second, Mr. Hayhurst
third. This Class I did not consider too good.

Crass 17. Three Hardy British Ferns. Three distinct normal
species. :
A Class which I do not consider worth while having in the
Schedule.

Crass 18. One British Fern.

Mrs. Basnett came first with a very fine Scolopendrium
crispum, I considered this the best plant in the show. Mr.
aa came second with Filix femina plumosum Druery very
well grown, and Mr. Brookfield third.

Tt: 1 BOLTON.

78
BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

List of Members

Honorary Members
CURTIS, CHARLES, H., J.P., V.M.H., F.L.S., C/o ‘“' The Gardeners’
Chronicle,” 33, John Street, Theobalds Road, London, W.C.1.

PRESTON, F. G., MA., V.M.H., A.H.R.H.S., 92, Hinton Way, Great Shelford,
Cambridge.

RAMSBOTTOM, J., O.B.E., F.L.S., C/O British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

Subscribing Members

ALEXANDER, T. M. W., Martyn Lea, St. Andrew’s Road, Burnham-on-Sea,
Somerset.

ALLEN, WALTER, S., 144-19, 35th Avenue, Flushing, New York, U.S.A.

ALSTON, A. H. G., B.A., F.L.S., Department of Botany, British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

ASHWOOD, Mrs F. M. W., 356, Newbold Road, Newbold-on-Avon, Rugby,
Warwickshire.

ASKEW, W. L., Fern Nursery, Grange, Keswick, Cumberland.

‘BAKER, J. E., F.R.H.S., F.C.S.S., Holly House, Chelwood Gate, Haywards
Heath, Sussex.

BANGE, CHRISTOPHE, 22-24, Rue Grenette, Lyon, Rhone, France.
BARLTROP, GEORGE, 23, Brook Street, Nelson, New Zealand.
BENTLEY, JOSEPH, LTD., Barrow-on-Humber, Lincs.

BLAKE, A. E., K.L.B., F.L.S., etc., 165, Lynton Road, Harrow, Middlesex.
BoLTon, T. H., F.R.H.S., Birdbrook, Halstead, Essex.

BowLes, E. A., M.A., V.M.H., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Myddelton House, Forty Hill,
Enfield, Middlesex.

BRITISH MUSEUM, THE (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London,
S.W.7. i

BROOKFIELD, J., Nurseryman, Stamford Road, Birkdale, Southport,
Lancs.

BROOKFIELD, N., Stamford Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancs.

BRuntT, A., Ferndale, 39, Folly Lane, Swinton, Manchester.
CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY oF (The Library), Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
CARRELL, Mrs. E., 214, No. Yale Street, Fullerton, California, U.S.A.
CHESTON, A. P., Holly Bush Wood, Potten End, Berkhamsted, Herts.
CHURCHILL, Mrs. A. M., 119, Filwood Road, Fishponds, Bristol.
COCHRAN, J., 54, Nursery Street, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland.

COCHRANE, THE Hon. T. C. A., Kew House, Duff Avenue, Elgin,
Morayshire, Scotland.

79
DAVIDSON, J., M.B., CH., F.R.C.P., EDIN., Linton Muir, West Linton,
Peebles-shire, Scotland.

Dixon, J. D., c/o Mrs. Day, 20, Homfray Grove, Morecambe, Lancs.
Durry, E. R. J., 28, Lansdowne Road, East Croydon, Surrey.

DUNSTON, CapPpT., A., Poolahash, Ballycorus Road, Kilternan, Co.
Dublin, Eire.

DyYCcE, J. W., “ Hilltop,” 46, Sedley Rise, Loughton, Essex.

EIRE GOVERNMENT STATIONERY OFFICE (Publications Branch), Dublin.
ELLIOT, THE REvpD. E. A., M.A., South Stoke Vicarage, Reading, Berks.
EYRE, Mrs. D., Whitebrook, Chepstow, Mon.

FISHER, C. H., Lower Drabbington, Thornbury, Bromyard, Hereford.

Goop, PROFESSOR R. D’O., M.A., F.L.S., Department of Botany, University
College, Hull, Yorkshire.

GRANT, J., The Gardens, Troon Welfare Home, 1, Wood Road, Troon,
Ayrshire.

GREENFIELD, H. F., 41, Brittain’s Lane, Sevenoaks, Kent

GREENFIELD, P., Beech Bank, 18, Stuart Road, Warlingham, Surrey.

GRUBB, C. W., 33, Derwent Road, Lancaster, Lancs.

GRUBB, J. A., 213, Kimbolton Road, Bedford.

HAYHuRST, B., 91, Windermere Road, Freehold, Lancaster.
HEALEY, F’. J., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.
HEALEY, Mrs. J. R., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

HERMANN, Mrs. C. EDWARD, 4382, Westminster Place, Saint Louise 8,
Missouri, U.S.A.

Hewitt, A. H., 29, Balfour Crescent, Wolverhampton, Staffs.

HOLTTUM, PROFESSOR R. E., University of Malaya, Cluny Road,
Singapore 10, Malaya.

Isaacs, A., 117, Blackmoor Drive, West Derby, Liverpool 12.

JacKson, F., Knotts View, Stonethwaite, Borrowdale, Keswick,
Cumberland.

KayE, R., Waithman Hardy Plant Nursery, Silverdale, Carnforth,
Lancs.

Kippax, Miss A., 119, Rosehill Road, Burnley, Lancs.
Knott, E. A. H., Swinhope Hall, Binbrook, Lincoln.

Knox, Sir ALFRED, K.C.B., C.M.G., Binfield House, Binfield, Bracknell,
Berks.

Knox, Mrs. WM. C., 649, Isle of Palms, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.A.
LAKE, R. A., Hertford Constitutional Club, Lombard House, Hertford.
Lone, Mrs. A., Trenoweth, St. Keverne, Helston, Cornwall.
LONGMAN, T. C. L., Knaresboro, Woodland Way, Kingswood, Surrey.
MACFARLAND, PROFFESSOR F. T., Route 1, Irvine, Kentucky, U.S.A.
MANN, M. D. Jr., 625, Locust Street, Roselle, New Jersey, U.S.A.
MAUNDER, F. G., St. Peter’s Road, Bury, Lancs.

Mowat, J. L., Curator, University Botanic Gardens, St. Andrew’s, Fite.

80

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WALES, Department of Botany, Cardiff.
OLIVER, A., Tower Road, Darnick, Melrose, Roxburghshire.
PEACOCK, R., 128, Glenhurst Avenue, Bexley, Kent.

PuGH, Miss J. P., B.Sc., 26, Russell Road, Mitcham, Surrey.

PULHAM, J. R., HON., A.1L.A.. 24, Ashcombe Gardens, Edgware,
Middlesex.

RAINFORD, G. H., 32, Cedar Street, Southport, Lancs.

RAMSDEN, SiR G. C. F., C.1.E., Lc.s. (retd.), Fynescourt, Grayshott,
Hindhead, Surrey.

RANSOM, R. F., Wiggin Hill, St. Ives, Hunts.
RIBBONS, B. W., B.Sc., 28, Boundary Road, Hellesdon, Norwich.
RIGBY, C. E., 39, Dudley Walk, Goldthorn Park, Wolverhampton.
RoBINSON, N., 27, Yewlands Drive, Fulwood, Preston, Lancs.

ROWLANDS, S. P., M.B., B.S., Abbeyville, 44, Beckett Road, Doncaster,
Yorks.

RuaGc, H. G., Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, New Hampshire,
5 ,A.

RUSSELL, D. F., Radnor House, Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey.

SCHELPE, Dr. E. A. C. L., University of Capetown, Capetown, South
Africa

SHERRIN, W. RBR., A.L.S., South London Botanical Institute, 323, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.24.

SMITH, E. G., 147-151, High Street, Christchurch, New Zealand.
‘SMITH, Mrs. G. A., Upper Graig, Golfa, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire.
St. CLAIR-MORFoRD, E., Dovenby Estate, Sungei Siput, Perak, Malaya.

STERN, COLONEL F. C., M.C., O.B.E., V.M.H., F.L.S., Highdown, Goring-by-
Sea, Worthing, Sussex. |

SwINscow, T. D. V., M.B., B.S., F.S.S., Everley, London Road, Knebworth,
Herts.

TEMPLE, P., L.R.1.B.A., M.INST., R.A., 42, Holly Park, Finchley, London,
N.3.

THompson, D. H., 180, Wakefield Road, Lightcliffe, Halifax, Yorks.
THOMPSON, E., 7, All Saints Road. Sutton, Surrey.
THOMSON, J.S. R., 182, South Brae Drive, Glasgow, W.3.

TOWELL, Miss E. C., F.R.H.S., B.44, San Remo Towers, Boscombe,
Bournemouth, Hants.

TROTTER, R. D., Leith Vale, Ockley, Surrey.

VEAL, R. J. E., Dip. Hort., Wisley, 11, Deeside Crescent, Sealand
Nurseries, Bees Ltd., Chester.

VILLARET, Dr. P., Musée Botanique Cantonal, Palais de Rumine,
Lausanne, Switzerland.

WAINWRIGHT, H., Rockwood, Buntingdale Road, Market Drayton.
Shropshire.

Watts, L. H., Starvecrow House, Tonbridge, Kent.

WHITESIDE, R., 477, Marine Road East, Morecambe, Lancs.

Witson, G. A., 28, School Lane, Grenoside, Sheffield, Yorks.

WIPER, E., 6507, Maple Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

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HE SOCIETY originated, in September 1891, in the Lake District
| t headquarters at Kendal. Its members are distributed
Exh oie throughout Great Britain and Ireland, with some in the
7 = ions and U.S.A. Its objects are:—

if “@ The Study of Species and Varieties of British ‘Renna | and
:, is
wt (i) ‘The Recording of Information with regard to Ferns generally.

te ; The organ. of the Society is The British Fern Gazette published

| lly once @ year.

Re ‘The ‘Society is affiliated to the Royal Horticultural Society.

| | The. Annual Meeting is held when possible at some place where
< ter ferns are abundant and from which excursions for fern hunting can

‘eg eine be arranged. These excursions are an important feature

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Bers Of “tani lias s activity.

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ee nbers we may desire it with Bankers’ Orders for the convenient
| a iparesene of subscriptions.

SS ‘4 3 Purther particulars may be obtained from the Hon. Secretary,

Revd. E, A. ELLIOT,
> South Stoke Vicarage,
Near Reading.

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E BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETY

ye na AH. G. stn! ai F.L.S., Dept. of Botany,
| Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.
en,

‘Setretary PS E. LA, Eliiot, soa Stoke Vicarage,

| near Reading.
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THE
BRITISH FERN GAZETTE

NEW SERIES
oe. VIII. 1954 No.-4
CONTENTS

Page
EDITORIAL NOTES .... oa et nee Ae ey — 81
BALANCE SHEET ty Bis of a aT: 12 nee 83
FRONTISPIECE: The Sti eae a 25 aa ae 84
MISITUARY ... re ee 53 ae _— 84
SOME DARTMOOR Soran ae Swinscow ee ae oe 85
BOTTLED FERNS: Mr. G. Barltrop hae ety au ite 87
VARIATION: Mr. P. Greenfield ... a sent te. es. 89
FERN HUNTING IN WEST CouNTRY: Mr. J. W. Dyce age? 91
SUBSPECIFIC GROUPS OF POLYPODIUM: Dr. Swinscow ... be 93
LASTREA DILATATA AND ITS ALLIES: the late Dr. F. W.
Stansfield i ve ae a Der. ae 95
THE OAK AND BEECH Means | Revd. E. A. Elliot nee bé< 100
POLYSTICHUM ACULEATUM PULCHERRIMUM, BEVIS:
Mr. P. Greenfield tee oe ae: oe ABP ae 103

EDITORIAL NOTES

The date for what must be an informal gathering of
Members at the R.H.S. Gardens at Wisley, has been fixed
as Saturday, July 17th. At the time of writing, in April, it
is hoped that our Member, Mr. H. G. Rugg, on his visit from
the U.S.A., will be able to be there.

Your Secretary also plans a visit that day. Members
coming from or via London will find the Green Line Buses
(for Guildford) a very convenient way of transport. The
Conductor will put visitors down, at a provisional stop, about
five minutes’ walk from the Gardens.

The Excursion to the Lake District has been arranged
from Saturday, September Ath, till the 11th. Several of our
Members have applied to join this: if there are others who may
wish to do so, the Hon. Secretary will be glad to send particu-
lars of some Hotel accommodation. He cannot, however,
arrange for this accommodation, which must be left to any
such Members themselves.

As the Gazette will be in the Printers’ hands when the
Boral General Meeting is held, a Report of Proceedings
cannot now be given, but will be included in the half-yearlv
letter next Autumn. . 7 |

az 6 1954

82

Our Hon. Treasurer, however, has drawn up an interim
Balance Sheet, which we are glad to present.

In August, 1953, our Member, Sir G. C. F. Ramsden,
who began collecting with enthusiasm from the time he joined
us, had a notable slice of ‘‘ beginner’s luck ’’ in the discovery
of a very fine Polvstichum setiferum (angulare) divisilobum.
The plant, thought to be only two or three years old, was
growing wedged in among roots of a big tree on the bank of
a shady almost disused lane on the Hants-Surrey border: and
was taken into cultivation.

Its growth and appearance this year is awaited with
special interest, as it is considered to be the best find of this
type found for very many years.

There were no other Polystichums near by, the nearest
colony being a small one about half a mile away, consisting
of normal species.

We congratulate Sir Geoffrey on his good fortune, which
we believe will be crowned with success in cultivation.

The reprint in this issue of an article by the late Dr. F. W.
Stansfield from Vol. 3 No. 29 (1916), is much longer than
usual: but the article was so thorough that to give extracts
only would spoil the sequence of thought.

Probably some of the plants dealt with are not existent
now: but these or similar forms may occur again, and in any
case the account of them should stimulate watchfulness for any
‘“ off-type ’’ specimens in these species.

By a happy coincidence, after the subject was chosen for
reprinting, a Conference on ‘‘ The Concept of Species,’’ was
held on April oth and roth this year by the Botanical Society
of the British Isles. One of the papers read was on the
Dryopteris complex in Europe, and our familiar sfinulosa and
dilatata and less-well-known cristata; and contained a mass
of information, some of it very new and almost revolutionary.

Ferns in general were to the fore in the Conference papers,
British species being described in considerable numbers and
much information being given, equally new and sometimes of
a surprising nature.

It is hoped that it may be possible to draw on some of
this for a future issue of our “* Gazette.’’

New Members who have joined since our last publication
are : —

L. Fawley Judge, Esq., Nordham, North Cave,

East Yorkshire. |

Professor R. E. G. Pichi-Sermolli, Istituto Botanico, Via

Lamarmora, N.4, Florence, Italy.

83

Iwo distinguished Botanists have honoured us by accept-
ing Honorary Membership : —
Professor I. Manton, B.A., Ph.D., Department of
Botany, The University, Leeds.
ieee ee Warburg; 'MVA.;’ Ph.D.) South’ Haye}
Yarnells Hill, Oxford.

As stated in the half-yearly letter, we are allotted a Bureau,
in the National Societies’ Tent, at Southport Show, August
25th to 27th.

Members attending who can give potted ferns, to be
displayed at the Bureau and sold at the end of the Show for
our funds, will be helping the Society in two ways: by show-
ing what we grow and are interested in; and financially.

The plants need not be large, and in any case can be taken
out of pot and simply wrapped for purchaser’s convenience.

All that is required from any who can help is to take the
ferns to the Tent and hand them to the Member in charge.

Members can also help greatly by taking a spell of
attendance at the Bureau, to give information.

Mr. B. Hayhurst is again kindly supervising arrange-
ments.

INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENT TO 30th April, 1954.

1953 Se da. | a Sn
June 30th .
To Balance... os 48 obB°.3 | ‘* Gazette ” we Pe ete 15° -G
Subscriptions bys ere Oo: 0 Block of ‘“ Gazette ” Py Pe:
Donations Bs ae Pat, & | Printing eget ia oa
TD.V. Swinscow — | Letters PSG
Cost of block for | Subscription RHS. 2 2 0
1953 “Gazette” .. : Tey aes Balance : WD LES
Sale of Plants at tire P|
Southport... -.. 916 6 |
Boa 15 2 | £98 15 2
1954
April 30th
To Balance - Aas |) iy Sia:

The Treasurer reports that the financial position is good
and wishes to record our thanks to the members who helped
to achieve this happy state of affairs by their efforts at South-
port Show on behalf of the Society. He has, however, to
draw attention to the fact that far too many subscriptions are
still in arrears, and would like to see this remedied at an early
date. Another subscription becomes due on Ist July. Please
make a note to remit this early, together with amounts over-
due, to the Hon. Treasurer.

84

FRONTISPIECE

The photographs shown are the work of Dr. D. Swinscow,
and show clearly the difference, in appearance, between
Hymenophyllum tunbrgense on the left and H. peltatum
(unilaterale, Wilsont) to the right.

The difficulty in photographing these ferns, due to their
small size and the poor light in which they usually grow, has,
one feels, been very successfully overcome. Reference to
both will be found in the article ‘‘ Some Dartmoor Summits ”’
in this issue; and to feltatum in Vol. VIII, No. 3, pages 74, 75.

OBITUARY

It is with the deepest regret that we record the death, on
April 8th last, of Mr. C. W. Grubb, after an operation.

He became a Member of our Society in 1934 and was
then engaged in business as a Nurseryman at Bolton-le-Sands:
it was in that year that he first exhibited Ferns at Southport
Show, winning third place in the Group Class.

In 1935 he took the first prize in this class and several
other prizes as well: and continued these successes with
varying fortune in them until his retirement from business.

During these years he was constantly in demand as a
Judge at the important Northern Shows; where his skill, and
very clear idea of what a prize-winning exhibit should be, won
general acceptance as being both fair and correct.

After retiring, he became one of the Judges at Southport
Show and dealt there, amongst other classes, with the Ferns:
and gave invaluable help with the Bureau recently allotted
to our Society, of which he had been a Committee Member
for many years.

Most of his favourite ferns went with him on his move
tc Lancaster, and many of our Society owe some of their
best plants to his generosity: the writer among them.

But our particular recollection of him will remain that
of a large-hearted friend, with a homely wisdom and outlook
on life quietly expressed, and all the more impressive and
inspiring by its simple sincerity.

FE .auc,

MATTHEW D. MANN, Jr.

We regret also to record the death of a Member who was
only known to us through correspondence, but who had shown
great interest in our Society since he joined it in 1951.

He was born in 1884, and eventually became first opera-
tional head of the Bayway Refinery, Standard Oil Company
of New Jersey.

85

In 1948 he was elected Treasurer of the American Fern
Society, which he had joined in 1940: their current journal
has a notice of him by Dr. R. C. Benedict (President), which
says :—‘* He was devoted to the work of the Society, and gave
of his time far beyond the bare essentials of the office of
Treasurer.’’

By exchange of spores with him, some _ interesting
American ferns are being raised and will be distributed: we are
indeed sorry that this pleasant intercommunication has now
ended.

SOME DARTMOOR SUMMITS

On the western edge of Dartmoor stand three tors of
special interest to pteridologists. The furthest west of them
is Cox Tor, 1,452 ft. From its summit, the eye can scan a
great arc with a radius of perhaps 50 miles westwards into
Cornwall or southwards beyond Plymouth out to sea. About
1,500 yards behind Cox Tor, that is to the east and slightly
south of it, stands Staple Tor at 1,482 ft. Again behind it
about 2,000 yards, and slightly to the north, Great Mis Tor
rises to 1,761 ft. A famous rock basin called Mistor Pan is
hollowed in one of its topmost granite blocks. (The name
erroneously designates an area half a mile away on Ordnance
Survey one-inch maps.) About a yard across and six inches |
deep, this beautifully symmetrical and clean-cut basin is
mentioned in a document dated 1291, owing its record there
to its value as a boundary mark on the edge of the Forest,
albeit one that is invisible from the ground and needs some
agility to find. For our purpose it serves to draw attention
to the rain, frost, and wind that scour the rocks here and are
a striking feature of the climate on the summits. These
elements are even now imperceptibly slowly cutting this
memorial to their ceaseless battle with the granite, though our
present rather mild climate has given the rock an advantage
that lay rather with the weather in the Ice Ages.

The wind blows continually over these tors, usually from
the west or south-west. The average annual rainfall is about
60-70 inches. In winter they are subjected to snow and frost
for several and perhaps many weeks, while in summer they
are fully exposed to the sun. They are thus exceedingly bleak
and windswept, and the granite outcrops are gradually being
enlarged by the elements’ wearing away the peat soil. I should
perhaps add that the word tor designates the whole hill ; its
meaning is not restricted to the outcrop of granite that
typicaily crowns the tors on Dartmoor. Surmounted by their
enormous blocks of granite, and exposed to such vigorous
weather, the summits of the tors can support only a sparse

86

vegetation. Yet a notable feature of it, and one whose
abundance came as a surprise to me, is Wilson’s Filmy Fern
(Hymenophyllum peltatum).

Finding such a delicate plant growing so freely in this
dour locality led me to observe its precise habitats more
carefully, and thence to an interesting demonstration of how
the climate in miniature at a given place can differ vastly from
the climate at large there. The top of Great Mis Tor consists.
of a hump of peaty soil overlying granite from which enormous
blocks of bare granite rise twenty to thirty feet in the air.
Around them are many lesser blocks and boulders strewn
haphazard, the large and small blocks extending a little way
down the sides of the hump. It is here that the Filmy Fern
grows fairly plentifully in the crevices, sometimes on
apparently bare granite, sometimes on thin peaty soil, always
on a slope, usually unmixed with moss. The places where it
grows are chiefly restricted to a certain level in relation to the
surrounding peat and rock—namely, below the top of the peat
hump, but well above the lowest line of the junction between
it and the granite crown. Almost invariably a slight ooze of
water—not so much as a trickle—seeps down one of the rocks
composing the crevice in which the fern grows, keeping the
soil moist and the air humid. This water can only come
from the surrounding peat; and, since rain falls too
-inconstantly for the needs of these ferns, the explanation of
why their sites are restricted to a certain level becomes clear.
They must be just far enough below the summit to have water
perpetually discharged near them by the natural sponge of the
peat, yet not so far down—only a few feet more—that they
are overwhelmed by the competition of tough grasses. That
the direct fail of rain of these ferns is not enough for their
needs is evident in two ways: first, I noticed a few patches
exposed to the sky but without other moisture, and life is
evidently hard for them ; secondly, some of the best patches.
were in crevices entirely roofed in by slabs of granite. All
the crevices occupied by Filmy Fern face north and give the
sun no access ; most of them are closed in on every side except
the north, and often on top too. Filmy Ferns in crevices that
did not fulfil all these conditions were feeble and dessicated
specimens, and the odd colony or two above the level of the
peat sponge seemed to be leading a precarious existence.
These fastidious ferns therefore flourish here because they find
small sites where the micro-climate exactly suits their needs,
and immediately beyond the bounds of those sites they are
protected from severe competition by an unusually harsh
general climate.

Exactly the same kind of habitats with their patches of
Filmy Fern are to be found on the summit of Staple Tor, but

87

Cox Tor presents a rather different spectacle. It was evidently
once crowned with an enormous pile of granite blocks, far
greater than those now exposed on its neighbours, but as the
soil was driven away the pile seems to have become unstable
at some time, no doubt many thousands of years ago. At any
rate it collapsed, and an extensive heap of boulders is now
strewn over the peat hump. The result is that there are few
sites where the Filmy Fern may grow, and I found only one
patch. But the pile of stone in tumbling down has formed
several screes, and in these are to be seen some flourishing
plants of the Beech Fern (Thelypieris Phegopteris).

In the same parts of these tors other and commoner ferns
also grow, but only odd plants here and there. They include
Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris Borren, D. dilatata,
Polypodium vulgare, and Ptendium aquilinum. The Bracken
plants, elsewhere too often rather a pest, here have a special
interest in that their individual isolation proclaims them to be
what the late Professor F. O. Bower remarked on as rather
rare—namely, natural sporelings.

Because of its clean lines I have a special liking for that
fern ally, the Fir Clubmoss (Lycopodium Selago). It also
grows hereabouts, though sparsely and in much seclusion, °
occupying an occasional crevice of the kind chosen by the
Filmy Fern.

I searched carefully for Hymenophyllum tunbrigense,
said to be the commoner Filmy Fern in Devon, but found none
on these summits. If the reports of its having been found
there are correct and not the result of misidentification, I
suspect it does not survive the hazards of the place for long.
It may be seen in the Dartmoor valleys not far away, but
they are another world.

DoUGLAS SWINSCOW.

BOTTLED FERNS

Our Member, Mr. G. Barltrop, of Nelson, New Zealand,
has sent an interesting account of a Fern’s growth in, to be
exact, a screw-top jar.

The original plant in this was one of their “‘ Umbrella
Mosses,’’ given by a boy in or about 1941, after a meeting
of their Horticultural Show.

There was then about an egg-cup-full of water in the jar.
After examining this to ensure it was air-tight, Mr. Barltrop
put it under a hedge, in shade, where it remained for two or
three years.

88

It was then seen that a fern, Pellaea rotundifoha, had
appeared; small, but healthy looking. The moss was also
alive, but less robust, than at first. At the end of 1953 the
fern’s roots were right round the glass, and new fronds were
visible.

The jar has never been opened since it was given, and
is still air-tight. It is difficult to account for the fern’s
survival and growth, but a similar occurrence was recorded
by the late C. T. Druery, Gazette Vol. 2, page 264, from
which an extract is appended. It refers primarily to an
experiment with the base of a Hart’s tongue fern; these
bases can produce bulbils under certain treatment.

‘“ I placed a small base about one-third of an inch long,
which had developed a bud, in a glass pickle jar, closed
by a glass stopper provided with a tightly-fitting rubber ring,
the rim of the stopper also resting on the rim of the jar. The
jar being thoroughly cleansed, some coarse silver sand,
thoroughly washed and freed from all organic matter, was
placed in the bottom of the jar to about an inch in depth ;
the surplus water was drawn off by means of blotting paper,
so that the sand was simply saturated but not flooded. The
base bearing the bud with one minute frond was then dropped
on to the centre of the sand, bud uppermost; the stopper
_ was inserted tightly and wired over to prevent removal.

‘From that time... . the Hart’s tongue has grown
healthily . . . . its fronds reaching the stopper and... .
partly filling the jar. In addition... . two seedling

Lastreas have made their appearance, probably from stray
spores adherent originally to the base.

‘“A dense mass of confervoid growth accompanies the
Ferns, and recently a small worm was noticed on the glass
inside. As water from the main was used, and confervae
spores were probably on the base itself, the presence of
other vegetation than the Fern intentionally introduced is
easily accounted for. The problem, however, is, Whence
has all the material been derived for so much vegetative
growth, considering that originally only a very small piece of
the base of a Hart’s tongue frond was introduced, that the
sand (quartz) was thoroughly washed, and that the bottle
being hermetically sealed, no fresh supply of carbonic acid
gas was available for structural purposes ? ”’

The article continues with a detailed consideration of
the carbonic acid gas question: but it is evident that no
conclusive opinion was reached at that time, and the matter
remains very much the problem it was nearly 40 years ago ;
by which time, only one Fern, a Lastraea, survived.

89
VARIATION

The fundamental interest of this Society and of its fore-
runner, the British Pteridological Society founded about 1875,
has been the collection of wild varieties of ferns, their cultiva-
tion, and the raising from them of further varieties.

This is mainly a horticultural interest of course, but the
work of the Society has not been without scientific value.
Apospory was discovered by C. T. Druery in a variety—
Athynum f.f. (blumosum) clarissima. Woolaston and Druery
observed production of prothalli on Polystichum angulare
pulcherrimum and varieties of other species. Varietal forms
were supplied to W. H. Lang for his experiments in induced
apogamy and to other scientific investigators.

But while there have been extensive investigations into
pecularities of propagation and more lately into parentage and
hybridization tor which the counting of chromosomes is a
powerful weapon, not much research appears to have been
done for the purpose of discovering the cause of variation and
the methods by which the fern plant carries it out. Presum-
ably there is dislocation of the sub-microscopic hereditary
factors. The precise nature of such factors is beyond the scope
of botanical investigation; but there appears to be still some
scope for further investigation by simple methods.

In a recent article it was described how a damaged plant
of the variety known as Polystichum angulare plumosum
grande, Moly, produced a new frond resembling normal P.
aculeatum. This effort to carry out repairs is suggestive of
the action of growth-hormones. That is not particularly
remarkable; but what is remarkable is that the repairs were
carried out to a different pattern. Now, hereditary factors
have been said to direct the growth of a plant; but here we
seem to have hormones exercising the mastery over hereditary
factors to the extent of depriving them of their ability to keep
the fern off the normal—for the time being. The behaviour
of the fern, although a particularly interesting case, is not
unique: somewhat similar cases of alteration of form have
been known to occur.

Although in the above instances the difference in form
was temporary, it may be that such a change could become
permanent and perhaps accentuated in the course of time.
Take a look as the grandiceps or acrocladon type of variation.
The lower part of the leafy portion of the frond may consist of

_ little more than the rachis while at the top there is an outbreak

of dense growth. To some extent this applies to cristate
forms. Vigorous plants of these types suffer no apparent loss
of fertility.

gO

On the other hand, in the more extreme type of Poly-
stichum angulare acutilobum the pinnules of the frond become
mere shreds and the stipes and rachis are much enlarged. The
concentration of energy in the stipes and rachis is perhaps
the cause of the large number of bulbils often produced on
this type, e.g. Moore’s and Wollaston’s P.a. (acutilobum)
proliferum. As against these types of apparently excessive
energy, there is the type very loosely described as plumose.
In such cases there is a thinning of the texture of the pinnules,
whether divided or not, and usually an increase in area. The
corresponding variation in Scolopendrium is a thinning and
expansion of the margins, causing the crispum and fimbriatum
forms. And at the same time there is a complete or almost
complete loss of fertility. The characteristics of plumosity
can perhaps be held to be evident in the pulcherrimum type
of Polystichum angulare and in some other ferns where the
pinnules develop or can be induced to develop fine prothallic
extensions.

As bearing on the suggestion that resistance to growth
may cause variation it should be mentioned that in general,
varieties of ferns are less often found in flourishing colonies
than where a plant is encountering adverse conditions. For
instance, scolopendriums can be found growing up to perhaps
a yard in length in thousands along the Landslip west of
-Lyme Regis, with no appreciable variation, while startling
varieties can often be found as tiny plants growing in mortared
walls on bridges and elsewhere from which they cannot be
extracted without damage to the masonry.

A description of all forms of variation is not of course
possible within the limits of a number of the ‘“* Gazette ’’—
there is a mass of information on the subject in earlier publica-
tions of the Society; but probably enough has been said to
direct attention to variation as indicative of some complications
in the study of ferns which may have to be unravelled as part
of the problem of their evolution.

NoTE.—Polystichum aculeatum has the chromosome
number 164: P. angulare 82; and this difference was once
held to be evidence that the ferns were different species.
Cytologists would probably not now necessarily take that
view; and in the article on ‘‘ Intermediate Forms and Evolu-
tion ’’ in the “‘ Gazette ’’ for 1952 the difference in chromo-
some numbers was deliberately ignored in view of the strength
of the morphological evidence.

Polystichum angulare plumosum_ grande, Moly, is
probably derived from a form intermediate between angulare
and aculeatum; although it would, by most people, be con-
sidered to be nearer to angulare than to aculeatum, that has
not yet been determined cytologically. But in any case there

OI

may be some significance in the fact that the energy developed
in the repairs associated itself with that form in the aculeatum-
angulare complex which has the highest chromosome number.
That there is some relation between the activity of hormones
and the increase in chromosome numbers which a plant can
develop seems to be borne out by morphological changes
accompanying additional chromosomes, these changes being
usually in the direction of increase of size and apparent vigour,
leading sometimes to coarseness and perhaps roguishness.

Probably some such theory has been advanced before, but
in any case criticism of it would be sincerely welcomed.

P. GREENFIELD.

FERN HUNTING IN THE WEST COUNTRY

In September, 1953, Mr. P. Greenfield and I were again
in the West Country fern hunting. We had hoped to have
some other members of the Society with us, but for various
reasons they had to drop out, and only the two of us booked
in at the George Hotel, Chard, on Saturday, the 12th
September, with pleasant thoughts of a good week’s hunting
before us. Unfortunately several days were wet, but the
rain did not curtail our activities and we covered a large

_ area, mostly to the south and west of Chard.

Our first find, during a short walk in Chard before dinner
on the day of our arrival, was an interesting specimen of
Scolopendrium marginatum, a tiny plant with soriferous
fronds under two inches long, growing in a wall from which
it was with great difficulty removed, leaving practically all

- its roots behind. However, I am pleased to add that, planted

in a small pot and kept in humid conditions, it settled down
right away, and immediately began to unroll new fronds.
It has now developed a good root system, and it will be
interesting to see how this plant shapes in its changed
circumstances.

Most of the week was spent in the country lying between
Chard and Axminster, and intensive map study and planning
in the evenings, enabled us to proceed purposely each day,
and cover the ground comprehensively. We gave particular
attention to promising areas noted, but not hunted over owing
to lack of time, during our visit the previous year. Ferns
abound in this district, chiefly Polystichum angulare, and I
still recall with pleasure one lane, a cart-track, running
downhill for a mile between high hedges which met over-
head. In the dim tunnel the only undergrowth was
P. angulare, draping the banks on either side. Minor
variation was there, and I scrutinised closely the whole of

92

that vast collection of plants hoping for something good,
but in vain. P. aculeatum was not uncommon, and in some
shaded places was exceptionally vigorous with large
handsome fronds. Many plants were again seen which
appeared to be intermediates between aculeatum and
angulare, with characters belonging to both the species well
defined. Scolopendrium vulgare bifid and multified
varieties were frequent finds, but none were worth digging
up. Polypodium vulgare also offered us nothing good in
spite of its abundance and the frequency of minor variations,
such as crenate, serrate, and bifid pinnules. Another
common tern was Asplenium trichomanes which draped
walls and banks with its graceful fronds, but persisted in
presenting a normal appearance.

Our leisurely explorations along the lanes, poking into
the ditches, scrambling up the banks, and getting tangled in
the wet hedges, did not go unobserved, and a lively interest
in our activities led to many talks with farmers and hedge-
cutters. The latter were out in force, a result of the weather
it was explained to us. Hedge-cutting is a wet weather job
on the farms, but our experiences in wet hedges did not
incline us to regard it as a pleasant one. It was a rude
shock to discover that even this occupation has now been
mechanised, and we watched a tractor speeding along a
- lane, the cutting machine behind it doing the job all too
thoroughly and efficiently. We surveyed the ferny trail of
destruction in dismayed silence, our thoughts on the possible
good things which were being ruthlessly snatched from our
grasp.

The interest in our hunting prompted offers of help—
one farmer gave us the freedom of his farm—and we received
much information, helpful and otherwise, which directed
our footsteps into pleasant byways. We were told that the
Royal Fern grew along the banks of a stream near Hawk-
church. Patient searching revealed no Royals, but we did
find Athyrium fiix-foemina, growing as I have seldom seen
it, in massive clumps, the magnificent fronds five feet long
and broad in proportion, overhanging the water. It seemed
obvious that these were the ‘‘ royal ferns,’’ and royal they
certainly were, of such size that the wrong identification by
anyone not versed in ferns was excusable. Other information
led us to the home of the late Dr. Wills, one of the pioneers
of the fern cult, and the distributor of Polystichum aculeatum
pulcherrimum Bevis, a short history of which appears in this
issue. We discussed the possibility of mementoes of the
Doctor in the shape of variation in the surrounding lanes,
due to wind-blown spores from his collection, but found
nothing apart from a rather foliose angulare, which, however,

93

was no better nor worse than many others discovered in the
area.

It was a pleasure to revisit the colony of Lastvaea aemula
discovered by our Editor, and to admire once more these
lovely ferns. Again we were able to extend the limits of the
station, and were glad to see the fern so firmly established.
L. dilatata flourishes in the same place, and the odd plant
can be found which to the uninitiated eye, suggests a closer
affinity to aemula than actually exists.

To the west of Chard les Howley, where in 1914 a fine
P. angulare acutilobe was found by Dr. F. W. Stansfield.
As there are no records of more recent date from this district,
we decided that some time spent there might be worth while.
Two days were allotted, and we were interested to note
that in the environs of Howley, and in the country lying
immediately to the south, there is a tendency in both
P. angulare and aculeatum to produce acute pinnules. No
plants were found to approach Dr. Stansfield’s find, but
some of sufficient interest to warrant removal were brought
home with us in the hope that spore sowings will produce
some good varieties.

We did not bring back many plants. Some have already
been mentioned, and two more deserve attention. One was
a fine specimen of P. angulare trnpinnatum with large
handsome fronds, the numerous scales clothing the stipes
giving the plant an unusually striking appearance by reason
of their conspicuous dark centre stripes. The other, found
at the very end of our last day on a dry exposed bank, was
also a P. angulare, all the pinnae having small cristulate and
twisted tips. The plant was a small one of three crowns,
with the variation thorough in all of the fronds. Dr. F. W.
Stansfield reported the finding of a similar variety during
the Totnes excursion in 1913, but there are no records of its
subsequent development. Our plant, while not a first-rate
find, made a happy ending to our week, its promise of good
things still awaiting discovery, sending us home encouraged
to plan more visits to the West Country.

[AY Dever

SUBSPECIFIC GROUPS OF POLYPODIUM

The genus Polypodium vulgare is more complicated than
it seems at first sight. Professor Manton describes three
distinct cytological types in her book on the evolution of the
pteridophyta.! These are the diploid, with two sets of
chromosomes, the tetraploid with four, and the hexaploid with

1 Problems of Cytology and Evolution in the Pteridophyta.
Cambridge. 1950.

94

six. Triploid and pentaploid plants have also been found, but
they are rare hybrids of the three main types and probably
do not form large populations of plants. Other features
besides the number of chromosome sets distinguish the three
main P, vulgare types. The shape of the fronds is one of
them. The diploid ferns have rather broadly oval fronds, the
tetraploid long and narrow, the hexaploid intermediate. The
shape of the sori varies too. They are oval in the diploids
and hexaploids, round in the tetraploids. Again, a
characteristic of the diploids is that the lowest pinne project
forward like those of the Beech Fern. This projection may
sometimes be observed too in the hexapioids. But to those
who find inspiration in the axiom, “‘ Science is measurement,”’
the sporangia offer the most attractive morphological, as
distinct from cytological, feature distinguishing the three types
of Polypody. Fora count of the indurated cells in the annulus
will at once disclose the cytological group into which the fern
in question should be placed.

Under the microscope the sporangium appears as a
somewhat flattened sphere containing the spores. Round
much of its vertical circumference is a ring of cells, the
annulus, quite distinct from those making up the wall of the
sporangium. In this ring are a number of indurated cells, and
they appear darker than the others. The interesting observa-
tion has been made—most elaborately by Professor Manton—-
that the diploid P. vuigare has five of these cells, the tetraploid
has twelve, and the hexaploid has nine. These are average
figures, but the range round them is very small, and those
rather few sporangia that do not have the average number
rarely depart from it by more than one above or below.

A comparison of the features, most of which are outlined
above, that distinguish the three cytological types of P. vulgare
shows that the hexaploid is intermediate between the diploid
and tetraploid. A natural inference, therefore, is that it is
probably derived from a triploid hybrid followed by doubling
of the number of chromosomes. The hybrid would contain
one set of chromosomes from the diploid and two from the
tetraploid.

With these facts in mind I recently examined the
sporangia of my own very small collection of horticultural
varieties of P. vulgare. And I was delighted to be rewarded
with the discovery that all three main cytological types seem
to be represented.

A specimen of var. serratum that I have shows the
expected number of five indurated cells in the annulus. It also
has forward-projecting lower pinne, rather broad fronds, and
oval sori. In all respects it seems to be identical with the
var. serratum described by Professor Manton and others. It

95

c

was, however, sold to me as ‘“‘omnilacerum,’’ to which it
bears hardly any resemblance.

My P. vulgare cornubiense proves to have twelve
indurated cells in the annulus, round sori, and its lower pinne
not pointing forward. It thus appears to bea tetraploid. But
again, I cannot find it in me to agree that it was sold under its
correct name. The var. cornubiense is put by Lowe? into
the plumose section, but he, and Druery? too, say that it
characteristically produced normal and half-normal fronds as
well as plumose ones. My plant is not so finely cut as they
describe, and it does not produce normal fronds, being
bipinnate, tripinnatifid.

The third cytological type is shown by P. vulgare
pulcherrium. This has nine indurated cells and its lower
pinnz projecting forward. The sori are now round rather
than oval, but this discrepancy from the expected shape is to
be accounted for by their age, since the contour tends to
change as they get older. The name of this specimen at least
seems to be beyond reproach. My var. cornubiense rather
resembles it, and the two could most aptly be described as
tetraploid and hexaploid pulcherrrmum. Another of my
polypodies with nine indurated cells is one correctly named
multifidum; its pinne are all bifid at the tips. Most of its
rather few sori are oval.

Some of my other polypodies do not at present bear.
sufficiently mature sporangia to show the indurated cells. I hope
to examine them later, and in due season also the chromosomes
in the spore mother cells so as to check these observations.
Meanwhile, if any members would like to send me fronds
bearing ripe sporangia, I should be grateful for the opportunity
of examining them to see which cytological type they may be
expected to belong to. I should particularly like fronds from
named varieties that are not variable and are thoroughly
distinct in appearance. Only a few sori are actually needed
for the examination ; five to ten should be ample.

DouGLAs SWINSCOW.

LASTREA DILATATA AND ITS ALLIES
(Reprinted from Vol. 3, No. 29. September, 1916)

This fern, which is part of the Polypodium cristatum of
Linnaeus, the Polypodium dilatatum of Hoffmann, the
P. multfiorum of Roth, and the Dryopteris aristata of the
most modern school of botanists, is one of the commonest
2 British Ferns and Where Found. London. 1908.

3 British Ferns and Their Varieties. London. No date (1912).

96

ferns of our non-calcareous districts, and may be thought to
be thoroughly well-known. Nevertheless, it is by no means
easy to define its exact limits as a species, and there is still
much variety of opinion on the subject among botanists. The
German botanist, Roth, who is said by Newman to have
given the first intelligible description of it, speaks of “’ the very
great and really almost insuperable difficulties in the
determination of this fern.’’ On the one hand it sometimes
closely simulates L. spinulosa, while on the other it sometimes
approaches, or isapproached by L. aemula (otherwise recurva,
concavum, foenisecn). It also passes by imperceptible
gradations into L. collina and perhaps L. alpina, which are
regarded by Wollaston as distinct species, but by others as
varieties only. Other ‘‘ botanical’’ varieties which have been
described are Smithu, dumetorum, angusta and maculata, and
as far as I can make out the last four names merely indicate
‘“‘states’’ of L. dilatata, with the possible exception of
maculata (Deakin). As I have never seen a plant corres-
ponding to Deakin’s description, I am unable to pronounce
definitely on this.

Lastrea collina (Wollaston), Lophodium collinum
(Newman) is the L. dilatata colina of most botanical writers.
Newman suspects that it is the Polypodium tanacetifolium of
Hoffman. It does not appear, however, to be separated by
any very definite botanical characters from dilatata, and even
Newman, who is, I think, the first of British authors to
describe it as a species, is far from precise in his description.
He indeed admits this and confesses that he is “‘ influenced
mainly by some peculiarity which arrests the eye,’’ but which
he has “‘ not been able to describe.’’ After carefully comparing
his descriptions of collina and multiflora (dilatata) I seize upon
the following points, all of which are differences of degree
rather than of actual character : —collina is more lanceolate in
outline and shorter in the footstalk than dilatata and less
acutely toothed. He says that the stipes, or footstalk, in
collina is “‘ notably shorter than the [rest of the] frond,’’
while in dilatata it is ‘‘nearly as long as the frond.’’ In our
Berkshire woods we have a form which agrees with Newman's
somewhat unsatisfactory description and which I take to be
his collina. The peculiarity which arrests the eye, but which
he finds it impossible to describe, I should put down as a less
leathery texture and a somewhat finer subdivision of the
ultimate parts, i.e., a slight approach to the plumose character.
The form is, however, not sharply marked off from dilatata by
any of these rather indefinite characters, but merges into it
by imperceptible gradations. I do not regard it, therefore, as
a species, nor even as a good variety, although no doubt plants
can be picked out which are distinct enough to the eye.

I ea

OF

L. alpina (Wollaston) is a much more distinct variety of
dilatata, of which it is a mountain form, but is separated only
by its smaller stature, thinner texture, and most of all by its
pertectly deciduous character, all of which differences are
maintained when it is removed to the lowlands and even when
it is cultivated under glass in the South. I am not sure whether
there are intermediate gradations between alpina and dilatata,
as the former does not grow in my neighbourhood. The
testimony of our Scotch members would be valuable on this
point.

L. spinulosa may be distinguished from dilatata by the
more lanceolate outline of the fronds, the creeping rhizome, and
the whole-coloured scales. The species can be distinguished
by the decumbent (instead of erect) caudex in a very early
stage ; aS soon as a distinct crown is formed it assumes the
horizontal position—often before the fronds are an inch in
length. Dulatata, on the other hand, when growing naturally,
has the caudex erect and forms a perfect shuttlecock. Of
course, the crown may be tumbled over by stress of circum-
stances and may thus be found temporarily prostrate, but
even then, as soon as it has taken root in the new position, the
point turns upwards and it begins to reassume the erect
attitude. The scales of the stipes (footstalk) form another dis-
tinguishing character, for while those of spimulosa are broadly
ovate and of a uniform light brown colour, those of dilatata
are lanceolate-ovate, more acutely pointed, and have each a
dark chocolate coloured stripe passing from base to apex.
There is also, in well-developed scales, a narrow margin of
extremely thin tissue which appears paler than the general
colour, so that the scale contains really three shades of brown
in distinct bands. The central dark stripe is very characteristic
of dilatata and its geographical forms or subspecies collina
and alpina, and in my experience can always be relied upon
to distinguish them from both sfinulosa and aemula. Newman
however describes another species, L. glandulosa, which
resembles dilatata generally, but has scales like those of
spinulosa. I have myself never seen a plant conforming to
Newman’s description. I have had fronds sent to me as
L. glandulosa (Newman), but they appeared to be merely
glandular forms or states of dilaiata, and always had the
dark-striped scales characteristic of that species. Maculata
(Deakin) is another form described as having concolorous
scales, the name maculata being taken apparently from
patches of darker colour on the fronds and not referring to the
scales at all. These patches of darker or brownish green are
however very common on dilatata when frosted or weather-
beaten, and are not reproduced on fresh fronds grown under
glass or in a thoroughly sheltered position. Another character

98

upon which great stress has been laid in botanical text books
is the indusium or involucre, which is said to be fringed with
stalked glands in dilatata, and with stalkless glands in aemula,
while it is smooth and entire in spimulosa. Newman gives
very exact drawings of the indusia of the three species, looking
at which one would imagine they would be easily distinguished
by the indusium alone. Of course it is only during a certain
stage of development that this appearance can be discovered ;
that is, when the frond is mature, but before the spores begin
to fall. When I first examined these species for the
characteristic indusia, I found Newman’s picture, in the case of
dilatata, very closely simulated by the radiating heads of
sporangia projecting from beneath the covering indusium
giving an almost exact reproduction of Newman’s drawing.
I was inclined to suspect that Newman had discovered a
mare’s nest, and that the heads of the sporangia projecting
more or less in the different species represented the so-called
glands, stalked or otherwise, according to the amount of their
emergence. Upon dissecting off the indusium with a fine
triangular needle, and examining it alone under a low power
of the microscope, I found the projections were really there as
outgrowths of the cellular substance of the indusium itself.
They were, however, much less diagrammatic than in
Newman’s figures, and I should not advise even the botanist,
and much less the beginner in fern studies, to rely upon these
appearances as distinguishing characters of the species. They
are, however, striking examples of Newman’s power of minute
and careful observation.

A much more obvious character, by which the species
can be distinguished, even in the absence of fronds, is the
appearance of the crown of the living plant, especially in the
autumn or winter. In dilatata the crown resembles a
symmetrical nest, with dark brown eggs evenly disposed and
pointing upwards or radiating outwards; while in spinulosa
it is unsymmetrical, with light brown eggs pointing sideways
and all in one direction; in aemula it is again a symmetrical
nest, but with well-formed eggs only around the circumference
of the nest, those toward the centre being more or less fused
together and undistinguishable as separate units. The ‘‘ eggs,”’
which of course are the incipient fronds of the next season,
are covered with scales, which are pale brown or whitish in
aemula, darker in spinulosa, and darker still in dilatata. In
the two latter species the scales lie closely packed, and the
‘““eggs’’ consequently are smooth and sometimes even glossy,
while in aemula the scales stand more or less on end and give
the ‘‘eggs’’ a rough or woolly appearance. Still another
character by which aemula can generally be distinguished is
the scent, which, however, is only perceptible while the fronds

99

are undergoing the drying process. While perfectly fresh the
fronds, like the stems of the Sweet Vernal Grass (which gives
its well-known scent to half-made hay) are perfectly odourless,
but during drying the cumarin scent is obvious and
unmistakeable. When the fronds become quite dry, or very
shortly afterwards, they are again quite scentless, so that this
character is of little or no use in the case of herbarium
specimens. Although I have known aemula under cultivation
for nearly fifty years, I had a very imperfect idea of its real
beauty until I saw it a few years ago growing in wild luxuriance
in Co. Donegal. When really at home, as there, it is a lovely
fern of a vivid grass green colour, by which it can be
distinguished at a considerable distance before its form can
be made out. The crispate surface gives it also at a distance
a peculiarly velvety look, which is very characteristic.

A very puzzling ally of dilatata, though not a very close
one, is L. remota of Moore. It is not a real natural species,
because it is nowhere found wild in quantity, and does not,
so far as is known, reproduce itself from spores. It is generally
regarded as a hybrid betwen L. filix-mas and L. spinulosa. It
has the outline of the former, with the more divided pinnules
and spinulose teeth of the latter. It has also the erect caudex
of filix-mas and pseudo-mas, and will in time develop a trunk
like the latter. The scales are intermediate in character
between those of the supposed parents, and are quite devoid
of the dark stripe of dilatata; the outline of the frond is also
quite different from that of the latter species. There is still
scope for cultural investigation as to the real relationship of
this fern. : Ree

Another puzzling fern is Mr. W. B. Boyd’s hybrid, or
quasi-hybrid, found . . . . near Loch Lomond. It has a
general resemblance to remofa, but the fronds are broadest
at the base, like dilatata (although much narrower than that
species) and it has the long stipes of dilatata. The scales
have a dark brown patch in the centre, but this does not
extend the whole length of the structure, but breaks off more
or less abruptly about half-way up the scale. This dark patch,
to my mind, is certain evidence of its relationship to dilatata
rather than to spinulosa.

It appears to bear abundance of spores, but I have not.
heard that anyone has succeeded in growing these into plants.

... | at first, with others, regarded this fern as a hybrid,
but after cultivating it for a couple of years, I feel less positive
on the matter. It may turn out to be a form of dilatata. If
so, it is a very distinct one.

Another mysterious fern is one found by myself in
Devonshire ....in 1913. When found, it had but one frond,
which in outline and cutting had more resemblance to

100

L. dilatata than to any other species. The scales, however,
were those of fiax-mas. It produced a few spores, which were
sown as soon as ripe. In 1915, owing probably to some check
in growth, it took on a roguish or ragged character and
appeared most like a bad rogue of jilix-mas, the only dilatata
character remaining being the spinulose teeth around the
margins of the pinnules. This year (1916), although the first
fronds were ragged, the plant is regaining its symmetrical
character, and the later fronds are handsome and well-formed.
It looks like a very foliose subdeltoid form of filix-mas, and
this is what it will probably turn out to be, although even yet
its actual relationship cannot be regarded as quite settled.
The seedlings, sown in 1914, are now coming on freely. They
haves a general resemblance to the parent, and are so much
alike that I regard the batch as a pure culture. In the young
state all have a strong resemblance to dilatata .... but as they
develop, the filix-mas character gradually comes out...

I have not yet seen one which has the bicoloured scales of
L. dilatata, but this character is not easily made out in the
young state .... In 1915, Mr. Boyd’s plant produced one
frond with unspoited scales and this was practically identical
in character with some of the fronds on my fern... . I have
not.touched upon... . L. cristata and L. ulginosay Diese
- are only indirectly allied to dilatata (through spinulosa) and
are in no danger of being mixed up with it.

EF. W. STANSFIELD.

THE NAMES ‘‘OAK FERN” ‘‘ BEECH FERN ’”’
GYMNOCARPIUM
DRYOPTERIS AND PHEGOPTERIS POLYPODIOTDES

In the ‘‘ British Fern Gazette ’’ for March, 1916 (Vol. 3,
No. 27) the late Dr. F. W. Stansfield had an article on the
origin of these names, as regards the English translation.

Alluding to the inability of Sir J. E. Smith and FE.
Newman to explain them, the Doctor went on to offer two
tentative reasons for Linnaeus’ choice: first pointing out that
the original botanical names were Polypodium dryopteris and
P. phegopteris: and that the English words are simply literal
translations.

Linnaeus (the Doctor said) was very much drawn to
spring-time foliage; and the Oak fern has a velvety bloom on
its fronds, not unlike that on the young leaves of the Oak
tree: while on the young frond of the Beech fern there are
hairs comparable to those on young Beech tree leaves.

OF

As an alternative; the shape of pressed fronds of both
ferns has an outline more or less resembling that of the two
trees.

These suggestions were given ‘‘for what they are worth ’’;
the present writer does not know if the problem has been
solved, and so re-states it, with notes.

I. The specific names.

Dryopteris. This is a compound of two Greek words:
drus {pronounced as in the English surname Druce), meaning
(a) and Oak, (b) any timber tree: and pteris, a fern.

It may be noted that the name when used for a genus,
replacing the more familiar Lastrea, is translated “* Wood
fern ’’ by American Botanists. Used for a species, we get
Oak fern, with no difficulty over derivation.

II. Phegopieris. This too is a compound; phegos (pro-
nounced Pheegos) and pteris. Here, difficulty begins.

The Latin word for a Beech tree is Fagus: very similar
in spelling and in pronunciation. In Lewis and Short’s Latin-
English dictionary, the two words are said to be identical in
meaning: a Beech tree.

Smith’s Latin-English dictionary says phegos is a word
allied to fagus, but is the name of a different tree.

Greek Lexicons: that of Stephanus, which was extant in
Linnaeus’ day, and would probably have been used by him
if necessary, is Greek-Latin.

This states that phegos is the Beech tree, but that some
authors say it is the Oak; one of the later being Theophrastus,
about 300 B.C.

Liddell and Scott (Greek-English) are very definite:
phegos is Quercus Aegilops, Valonia Oak. Theophrastus is
again quoted in support of this. This Lexicon says Aegilops
is Quercus Cerris.

According to Bean’s Trees and Shrubs, Q. Aegilops and
Q. Cerris are distinct but allied species.

So far then evidence favours phegos as a kind of Oak.

III. Linnaeus: Species plantarum. General heading to this
section of his genus Polypodium. (Translated.)

Frond sub-bipinnate, the pinnae confluent at base, so that
(the frond) is semi-bipinnate rather than fully doubly-pinnate
(duplicato-pinnata). Page 1,550, No. 36. Polypodium
Phegopteris. |

Fronds sub-bipinnate: lowest pinnae reflexed: equal,
United with a quadrangular pinnule. Flora Suec.

Polypodium pinnatum. _Pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid,
whole; the lowest drooping. Flora lapp.

102

Linnaeus then quotes the descriptions of three other
authorities besides his own; these can be disregarded as either
adding nothing, or agreeing with his account. He then
continues—

(This species) grows
Virginia.

‘In Europae fagetis’’ appears to mean ‘‘ In beech-
woods of Europe.’’ Page 1,555, No. 63. General heading:
Frond fully divided.

Polypodium Dryopteris.

Fronds fully divided: pinnae threefold, bi-pinnate. Flora
Suec.

Trifid, the branches pinnate: pinnae pinnatifid. Flora
lapp. Two other authorities quoted.

He continues: It grows in woods, in Europe.

Note.—Linnaeus’ genus Polypodium contained a lange
and mixed number of species, most now put in other genera.

His use of the word cannot be taken as proving the
identity of any species included in it by him.

Summing up Section III.

The two species clearly have not, in Linnaeus, the close
association given them by other later writers.

In what has been stated here, the only reason for thinking
that Linnaeus in his description of phegopteris connected
phegos with Beech, is in the word “‘ fagetis.’’

This does not occur in Lewis and Short: it can only mean
a Beechwood. As that is a unusual habitat for ferns, it may
be regarded with some suspicion as a means of proving that
phegopteris means “‘ Beech fern.”’

C6

in Europae fagetis’’ and in

IV. Linnaeus studied and acknowledged the works of many
Botanists who preceded him. One was Bauhin who, in
his “‘ Pinax ”’ collected extracts from very ancient to
more recent botanical works, including that of Theo-
phrastus; with which therefore Linnaeus may have been
acquainted.

CONCLUSION. The suggestion is that Linnaeus meant, by
‘“ Phegopteris,’’ to signify a fern which in some way had
a resemblance to a species of Oak; and by ‘* Dryopteris,”’
another fern, resembling another species of Oak.

This brings back the original question: Why did he choose
the names? Bean (Trees and Shrubs) describes a variety of
Quercus Aegilops with leaves dull grey and downy on the
underside: and says Q. Cerris, closely allied, has leaves dark
green and downy above, grey-green and downy below.

There is in this a suggestion of the texture of phegopteris;
in marked contrast to the smoothness of the leaves of Q. robur,

103

our common Oak; and to the texture of dryopteris. T. Moore
(8vo. Nature printed British Ferns) actually calls the latter
Smooth three branched Polypody.

A further question: Why did Linnaeus choose the names
for these two ferns when there are others with the characters
just mentioned? The Limestone Polypody, for one, with
rough surface, or Cystopteris fragilis, equally smooth. As to
the former of these, he did not distinguish it asa species. Also
in any case, neither is a true woodland fern. Nor did he name
or describe a great number oi species.

One can here only guess there was some link between fern
and tree in each case, which forced itself on his notice as he
looked at one of them.

Bk. BELIOT,

POLYSTICHUM ACULEATUM PULCHERRIMUM,
BEVIS

This refined and highly interesting variety is very well
known; but not much information about it has appeared in
the “‘ Gazette ’’ for some time, and perhaps a few notes on it
will not be unwelcome.

It was found by Bevis in 1876—several plants together in
a hedge by a ploughed field, probably somewhere between
Hawkchurch, a village some three miles N.E. of Axminster,
and Thorncombe, about three miles further to the N.E. Bevis
took the fern to Dr. Wills, who lived at Thorncombe.

The fern has rather small cuneate pinnules set with the
point on the secondary rachis. The pinnules become concur-
rent towards the apex of the frond, the pinnae at the same
time tending to curve upwards. The frond thus appears to
run out to a fine point. The colour is dark green and the
texture almost silky. The fern is generally barren. No
spores were seen on it until 1882. It is evergreen.

The experts felt bound to name the fern either aculeatum
or angulare, and it seemed to be nearer the former than the
latter. It was rather unfortunately named *‘ pulcherrimum,’’
as this adjective is used with “‘ angulare ’’ to denote a capacity
to produce prothallic extensions (without artificial encourage-
ment). But for the confusion caused by name changes,
“ pulcherrimum’’ would probably have been replaced by
“ plumosum.’’

The origin of the fern has always been a puzzle, and
cytological examination could not clear up the mystery.

Although the variety is not prima facie an extreme form -
there is little doubt that it is very abnormal. It is almost
certainly a second break at least rather than a first break, and

104

it is hardly likely to be a break from a normal aculeatum (or
angulare) atall. It seems more likely to be a break from some
intermediate form in the aculeatum-angulare complex; and
this conjecture receives some support from the examination of
forms during last year’s official excursions which were based
on Chard, between four and five miles N.W. of Thorncombe.

In the country within six miles of Chard in all directions
there can be found intermediate forms which are of a rather
deeper green than normal angulare with pinnules somewhat
cuneate. Although this variation is slight, it is not to be seen
everywhere, and it is perhaps not a coincidence that “‘ Bevis ”’
was found in this area. Subject to what our expert cultivators
may think, Bevis does not look like a fern which would be
found in dry open places, such as the place where it was dis-
covered might be taken to be from the description. But it
so happens that between Hawkchurch and Thorncombe there
are a stream and some damp fields, and near them a copse
where moisture-loving ferns are to be seen; and some hedge-
rows might be damp and shady.

This variety is not only an extremely fine one in itself,
but from the few spores which it has produced splendid
varieties have been raised, particularly the gracillimums and
Green’s plumosum, and subsequently, from a different offset
in the hands of J. Edwards, a dense foliose form.

Some flourishing plants of Bevis are in the hands of
members, and it is hoped that a constant watch will be kept
for spores—a careful scrutiny may be necessary, as the
sporangia may be of a peculiar type.

A sowing could hardly fail to produce valuable progeny.
The raising after a blank period of many years of a good fern
to which the Society’s Certificate could properly be awarded
is much to be desired.

P. GREENFIELD.

, SOCIETY originated, in September 1891, in the Lake District
headquarters at Kendal. Its members are distributed
ughout Great Britain and Ireland, with some in the
vi nions and U. S.A. Its objects are :—

ae : fs (i) The Study of Species and Varieties of British Ferns; and
. ba The Recording of Information with regard to Ferns Pemiae a |

i Committee is endeavouring to increase the membership of

Society and, through this and by other means, to encourage the
re general cultivation of the varieties of British Ferns. Any lover
horticulture is eligible for membership and the subscription is
3 per annum (due in advance at or immediately after the Annual
oti ing) which entitles members to copies of The Gazette and to
- help the Officers of the Society may be able to give.

¥ " ‘The Hon. Treasurer or Hon. Secretary will be pleased to supply
: ‘= nem bers who may desire it with Bankers’ Orders for the convenient
day ment of subscriptions.

"Further particulars may be obtained from the Hon. Secretary,

Revd. E. A. ELLIOT,
. South Stoke Vicarage,
Near Reading.

A

. “SOCIETY

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1955

Cee EDITED BY

Revd. B, A, ELLIOT, M.A. y

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THE ‘BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

President: ry H. G. Alston, (BA \ de. if S:, Dept. of Botany,
» British Museum (Nat. Hisi.), Cromwell Road, London, Di face Om

_ Hon. i he Revd. E A. Elhot, South Stoke Teganage:

“a A near Reading. |

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i ys Hon, ‘Treasurer : J. W. Dyce, “HH illtop, 46 Sedley Rise,
Ney alte Loughton. Essex. |

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THE

BRITISH FERN GAZETTE

NEW SERIES

Vor. VIII SPRING, 1955 No. 5
CONTENTS

Page
EDITORIAL NOTES ... ae des pe ake a5 ish 105
FRONTISPIECE athe SEES ABER da a a3 ioe RE
ANNUAL MEETING, 1954 ... ae ie oe a8 aE i,
FERNS IN INDONESIA (The President) ... ae ee chet Pees
THE BORROWDALE EXcurRsION, 1954 (Mr. J. W. Dyce)... aren 1s.
SNOWDONIA (Dr. Swinscow) ea ae 5 He aulee. be
ASPLENIUM GERMANICUM (Mr. P. Greenfield) ... ae ioe ee
SouUTHPORT SHow, 1954 ... Rein, Baer is sat Soe foe
CEYLON FERNS (Dr. Swinscow) ... 4 ie ae > ea
FERN GOSSIP.. Shes : a = ee De a0 79) eee
CyTOTYPES OF POLYPODIUM ire Swinscow) ... sre Masi; a eee
List OF MEMBERS ... a ah. | ae Ma tit R29

EDITORIAL

Recent achievements in the study of plants, and not
least in Ferns, have reached heights (perhaps one should
rather say, depths) which may lead to the thought “ what
is the value and purpose of a Society such as ours, to-day ? ”’

The mere fact that records of these successes are pub-
lished, and are thus available, is probably answer enough.

Reading through even a few of them, there are indica-
tions, too varied and too numerous to set out in detail, that
there is still a place, and functions, in the botanical world,
for the amateur as such. And in any case, it is the amateur
who, to adapt and misquote the words of a famous
mountaineer, is really referred to. When he was asked
why climbers persisted in trying to reach the top of Everest,
his answer was simply “ Because it is there.’’ And, isn’t
that in itself the reason why the amateur goes on growing
ferns, or potatoes, or flowers ? because they are there — to
be grown for sheer enjoyment sake.

We understand that closely allied pleasure and success
came to our President, Mr. A. H. G. Alston, on his plant-
hunting expedition last year in Indonesia ; where, he tells
us, there were no excitements of a dangerous nature as far
as he was concerned : and from which, we are glad indeed to
say, he returned in October, in excellent health. An account

WAY 2 3 1958

106
of his travels, which he has kindly written for us, will be
found on another page.

In the account of Southport Show, reference is made to
this Editorial: as we feel some suggestions on exhibits are
more in place here, and may, we hope, be found of service
to exhibitor-readers : these remarks concern the matter of
Quality. This word can be taken as referring chiefly or
only to the rarity, or the attractiveness, or the peculiarity of
variation, of a fern —or any plant. But it means equally,
from a Show standpoint, good cultivation: which is not
evident when a fern is shown with broken fronds: or fronds
damaged in other ways: or when stumps, often some inches
long, are left of last year’s fronds: or when the pot is dirty,
or cracked, or even chipped noticeably. Damage, admittedly,
can happen in transit : but, drastic as it sounds, the removal,
on reaching the Show bench, of a frond or even two, unless
there are very few to start with, is better than leaving one
hanging down or another barely held up by its neighbours.

Stumps can always be removed at home: and pots made
presentably clean. We offer the foregoing with an eye —
and ear — open to the effect on the visiting spectator : which
we feel sure, all exhibitors will wish should be of admiration
only.

It was a very real pleasure, on a visit to the Natural
History Museum last October, to meet Mr. C. V. Morton,
the Editor-in-chief of the American Fern Gazette ; who was
busily working there for some time, after a European tour :
and in the following month, at the Botanical Society’s
Exhibition, Professor J. Ewan, former President of the
American Fern Society. We understand that Mr. E. Wiper
was also in England last year, and regret not having had the
pleasure of meeting him, one of our Members of very long
standing.

We, and our Printers, apologize for a mistake in the
presentation of part of the plate in Volume VIII, No. 4, the
1954 Gazette. By an error which no one can explain,
Hymenofhyllum peltatum is printed upside down.

The Treasurer informs us that he has for sale, at six
shillings each, postage extra, one copy of Druery’s “ Choice
British Ferns’’ and one of the same author’s “‘ Book of
British Ferns.’”’ The Editor has also for sale, postage
included, Schneider’s ‘‘ Choice Ferns for Amateurs,” at 6/-:
Sowerby’s “‘ British Ferns’”’ at 7/6 and Druery’s ‘“‘ Book of
British Ferns ’’ at 6/6.

Since our last Annual Meeting in May, we welcome as
new Members the following : Mr. J. A. Crabbe (British Museum,
Natural History): Messrs. G. and R. Perry (Enfield): Dr.
S. Walker (Liverpool University) : Mrs. J. G. Neilson (Edin-

epee * ¢ vam

Dp 0 Sas

107

burgh): Miss J. E. Harvey (Edinburgh): Mrs. M. C. L.
Bassnett (Tarleton): Mrs. E. M. Arksey (Sheffield): Dr.
B. R. Allison (Long Island, New York): Dr. R. C. Benedict
(New York), President of the American Fern Society: Mr.
John D. Lovis, B.Sc., the University, Leeds: Dr. W. D.
Hincks: Mr. P. Smithers, M.P. The meeting on August
10th at the Natural History Museum (London) drew a
few Members but provided them all with real interest :
and pleasure at once again meeting our worthy ex-secretary
Mr. J. R. Pulham. Dr. Swinscow brought some _ photo-
graphs ; as usual, excellent : and fronds were shown by Mr.
Greenfield, including his Lastrea f-mas depauperata cristata.

Mr. Dyce had fronds, from a ravine near Inverness, of
Oak and Beech ferns, collected on account of their abnormal
size: far larger than something of the same kind noticed in
Borrowdale, high up in woodland above Grange. This
meeting has been voted a success ; and since then, Mr. Dyce
has suggested a similar one every quarter of the year: the
first of these will therefore be held at the same time and
place as the Annual Meeting: for which, please see the
Notices which follow. E.A.E.

NOTICES

The Annual General Meeting will be held on Thursday,
May 26th, at 3.0 p.m., at the British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, S.W.7. It will be preceded by
a Committee Meeting, at 2.30 p.m., at the same place.

The Treasurer wishes to remind Members that the
annual subscription of 10/- is due each year on July Ist:
and he also hopes that any arrears will forthwith be made
good.

Our next Gazette issue, following the plan of publishing
every nine months, will be due in December. We hope and

_ expect to keep our present Contributors, to whom our thanks

for help are expressed : and we ask, once again, for more and
new assistance in this way, so that we can keep our ideas
fresh and up-to-date.

The Excursion this year has been fixed for August 27th
to September 3rd, at Kendal, Westmorland. Further details
as to accommodation (which must however be arranged by
Members individually) can be had from the Hon. Secretary.

Members are asked to make special note of these Notices,
which will probably not be sent out again.

FRONTISPIECE

This, and the other excellent photograph, which are
both the work of Dr. Swinscow, are referred to by him in his
article on Snowdonia in the present issue: and, in the case
of the first, also by Mr. Greenfield.

108

uuhag K wniuads y

109

THE 51st ANNUAL MEETING

This was again held at the British Museum (Natural
History), by kind permission of the Trustees: at 3.0 p.m.,
on May 27th, 1954. Seven members were present.

Mr. T. H. Bolton took the chair, the President being on
a plant-hunting expedition in Indonesia.

The elections were as follows :—

mreadent: A. H. G. Alston, Esq., MeA:, F-L.S.~ Vice-
Presidents : Revd. E. A. Elliot, Messrs. R. Whiteside, T. H.
Bolton, Professor Holttum, Mr. R. Kaye, Dr. S. P. Rowlands.
meeeurer: Mr j. W. Dyce. Auditor: Mr. P. Temple.
meeretary and Editor: Kevd. E. A. Elliot. Committee:
Dr. J. Davidson, Mrs. J. Healey, Mrs. F. Jackson, Mr. A.
fee 1). FF. A. C. Russell, Mr. J.-D. Dixon, Mr. H.
Wainwright, Mr. P. Greenfield, Dr. T. D. V. Swinscow,
Mr. B. Hayhurst.

In his report, the Treasurer expressed satisfaction with
the Society’s finances, 59 payments including eleven arrears
and eleven advance, from 85 subscribing members, being
satisfactory : as further amounts due were expected. He
drew attention to the other income, especially thanking all
who had helped to raise the sale-money at Southport : and
Dr. Swinscow for his generous contribution.

Expenses included the cost of two issues of the Gazette,
this being due to the plan of publishing at intervals of nine
months. |

His provisional balance estimate for June 30th was
£42 Is. 4d. It will be seen from his statement, drawn up
after that date, that the actual amount was larger. The
Report was accepted, with thanks to Mr. Dyce for his work.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT at 30th JUNE, 1954

1953 S's. d. a 5 Sai CLs
30th June Gazette (1953) Pte ac! os
To Balance fn, +o GS Gazette (1954) eer lio
Subscriptions fe eae el O- oh Bloete for ‘Gazette
Donations ... gece ke TT BIO OS), % 5% sere okey te
T. D. V. Swinscow |. Block for “Gazette
cost of Block for | (F954) o>. me Soto O
mets Gazette ... tf 1 5 | Printing Half-yearly
fale Of Plants dat letters = Ses gel Bes Bake 1,
Southport 1953 2 IGAG Subscription (Relies. =2; 2; 0
Postages and
Incidental Expenses
SSectcrary, a PONS
Treasurer eel Rot ias oO
br Balance «43. ste Boyds pil
£104 15 2 £104 15 2
30th June £- Ss.) d:

Me lance hs. oc 45 11 41

110

Three new Members were elected: Mr. L. F.. Judge
(Yorkshire) ; Professor Dr. R. E. G. Pichi-Sermolli (Florence,
Italy) ; Mr. Boughton Cobb (U.S.A.) ; and the formal election
of Professor Manton and Dr. Warburg, as Honorary Members,
followed.

In the Secretary's Report, reference was made to the
President’s expedition, which was understood to be proceeding
satisfactorily.

The Bureau alloted to the Society at Southport Show for
the first time in 1953, had proved most successful. Thanks
were due to all who had helped in this result.

Scientific work was being done by some of our Members,
and field-work by others, all with energy. Ferns were also
to the fore in recent work carried out by other societies.

It could be said that interest in our special sphere was
as alive as ever and going on in a quiet but most gratifying
way.

A discussion followed on the revival of the issue of
certificates for new ferns found or raised, of sufficient merit.
No decision was made, but a meeting was fixed for August
10th when, it was hoped, plants or fronds would be shown.

A vote of hearty thanks to the Chairman ended the
meeting.

FERNS IN INDONESIA
by
A. H. G. ALSTON

I left England in October 1953, and arrived at Djakarta,
after an air journey of three-and-a-half days, which included
stops at Karachi and Bangkok. Djakarta is the capital of
Indonesia, and from there there is a level road through
villages and rice fields to Bogor, where the Botanical Gardens
are situated.

These Botanical Gardens were founded in 1816, and the
first director was a German named Reinwardt.

Bogor is now the chief centre of scientific work in
Indonesia. Part of the University, the Forest Research In-
stitute and Agricultural Experiment Station are at Bogor.
The Herbarium and Botanical Gardens are also very fine,
and the Treub Laboratory is located in the Gardens. Here
I stayed for some weeks in a house actually in the Gardens,
and so able to explore them very thoroughly. The collection
of ferns used to be a very good one, but there is not much
left now, owing to an.attempt to move the collection made
by a former director, and partly owing to neglect during the
Japanese occupation in the war. However, it is gratifying
to know that the Indonesian Government are keeping up the
Garden and that the scientific work is continuing. It is still

Woodsia Alpina

112

possible for foreign visitors to work at the Institution as in
former times.

One fern of particular interest which I saw in the Gardens
was Macroglossum Smithu of which the original plant from
which the species was described, still survives.

The fine plant of Platycertum Wilhelminae-Reginae which
used to be a feature of the Gardens was carried off by the
Japanese during their occupation. The plant of Rafflesia
patma also died in the Japanese time.

One of the features of the Gardens which will interest

English visitors is the handsome memorial to the wife of

Sir Stamford Raffles which was erected during the British
occupation of Java in the Napoleonic war. A clause of the
treaty under which the island was returned to the Dutch,
provided for the upkeep by them of this monument, and it
seems that the Indonesians regard themselves as under the
same obligations, as I noticed that the monument was care-
fully restored during my visit to the country.

In Java the disturbed state of the country makes con-
ditions difficult, but I was able to spend a few days at the
mountain Garden of Tyjibodas, which is surrounded by almost
virgin forest. Though the area is well-known, this was a fine
centre for collecting ferns, and every excursion produced a
large number of species which I had not seen before.” Some:
of these have proved to be surprisingly rare in collections,
having only been collected once or twice before.

After leaving Java, I went by air to Sampit on the
south coast of Borneo, my Indonesian assistant going on
ahead by sea with the heavy equipment. Sampit was not
a very good centre for ferns, but there were many interesting
flowering plants. It is the headquarters of a timber company
which is engaged in felling trees for newspaper pulp. Hence
it was fairly easy to get into the forest along their light
railway. The forest here consists largely of a species of
Agathis, A. borneensis. This tree is allied to the Kaur pine
of New Zealand. This forest is on the drier land. The forest
near the river is usually swamp-forest with a considerable
variety of trees with closely matted undergrowth. It is very
difficult to walk through as the ground is very boggy in addi-
tion to the tangled growth of the trees.

After a week in this place I went for a three days journey
up the Sampit river by a motor-launch. This river is about.
the size of the Thames, with the banks covered with forest.
Here and there, there is a clearing for cultivation, or more
frequently an abandoned clearing which is gradually reverting
to jungle. There were a few clumps of the mangrove fern,
Acrostichum aureum, growing on the banks, which was sur-.
prising as the water is quite fresh here. On some of the trees.

113

I saw some magnificent specimens of Platyceritum coronarium.
After three days travel on the river by a small launch equipped
with an overboard motor, we stopped at a place called
Permantang. This village which is inhabited by Dyaks,
consists of a single street, with houses built on piles because
of the danger of flooding. An interesting feature was the
large number of carved wooden images in front of some of
the houses and scattered along the village street. From here
we went with the Dyaks into the forest following the paths
which they use for hunting. These are in general hardly
visible to the stranger and one is often forced to balance
oneself on the trunk of a fallen tree to get over a difficult
patch.

The forest was more varied than at Sampit, and there
were interesting sandy areas with Dacrydium trees.

After returning to Java from Borneo, I left as soon as
possible for Sumatra. Here, work was started at Padang
on the south coast, and an excursion was made to Mount
Kerintji, which is the highest mountain in Indonesia (12,000 ft.).
Here I stayed with a Dutch planter of a tea estate on the
upper part of the mountain. It was a very good centre for
ferns and other plants and four hundred different species
were collected in one week. The top of the mountain is rather
bare, then comes a paler green belt, which consists, I was
told, almost entirely of ferns, probably Hzstiopteris. Below
that, there is forest. In my excursion I did not get beyond
the forest owing to lack of camping equipment. It would
not be very safe to remain in the forest after dark as there
are many tigers there. |

After crossing Sumatra to the town of Medan, I went
to a new centre at Kubatjane, in the province of Atjeh.
This was a little too low and too dry to be very good for
ferns, but the next station, Sidikalang, to the West of the
Toba Lake was a very good centre from which it was possible
to reach the forest at high elevations and collect large numbers
of ferns. Among these I noticed a Polypodium related to a
Himalayan species which seems not to have been recorded
from Sumatra. The flowering plants included several species
of Rhododendron with red, white, and orange flowers. After
some further collecting in Sumatra, including a day on the
Asahan river on the East coast, which is reminiscent of
Borneo, I returned to Java and started preparations for a
visit to Celebes. |

The Southern part of the island is not suitable for botanical
exploration for political reasons, but the extreme tip of the
North-Eastern peninsula, called the Minahassa is reasonably
quiet. On this occasion, I went by sea from Java and disem-
barked about a week later at Menado in Celebes.

114

This island is more rugged than Java though the
mountains are not so high. Instead of the level plain which
one finds all along the North part of Java ; here the mountains
seem to rise almost directly out of the sea. Most of them are
volcanoes, and some are still active. There is, in Menado a
branch of the Vulcanological Survey, and it is a duty of this
department to keep a watch on the volcanoes; the more
active ones are visited about once a month to see what is
happening, and if necessary to warn the people who live in
the neighbourhood. I was privileged to go out on several
occasions with a Mr. P. H. Lasut of this Survey, and this
was a great help for getting to remote places. Generally
speaking, the forest here is on the tops of the mountains and
one has to climb in search of plants. However, the flora was
very interesting, and on the whole different from that of the
other islands which I had visited.

My impression was that some of the species were the
same as those which are found in the Philippines.

After two months in Minahassa, I sailed Eastwards for
The Moluccas. These islands consist of one large island,
Halmahera, which is about the size of Wales, with a number
of small islands along its West shore. These small islands are
mostly volcanic peaks. Here I stopped in the first instance on
the island of Ternate, which is the most important place.
This island is rather thickly populated and in consequence,
most of the original vegetation has been destroyed, except
on the mountain where some remains. The ascent of the
peak was very steep and slippery, but it proved interesting
for ferns, and I also saw a fine purple orchid which I had not
seen before. Later, I arranged a number of excursions to the
other island, Tidore, which, like Ternate, consists almost
entirely of a volcanic peak. This was a stiff climb like the
Peak of Ternate, but we managed to reach the small grassy
area on the top, where there were some Evicaceae. As extremely
little fern-collecting has been done on this mountain, the
collection made should be very interesting when it is worked
out.

Another excursion took me to the large island of Halma-
hera, which has no towns, virtually no roads and very little
in the nature of a port. Here, an excursion was made to the
Peak of Djailolo, and after spending a night in a village at
the base, we were able to climb this peak. From the top, there
is a fine view northwards of the peaks of Sahu and
Gamkhanora. The latter is an active volcano, and the top
is rather bare. The collection on this mountain produced
a number of new ferns, which seem to me to resemble species
which I had seen in herbaria from New Guinea. It was,

115

I believe, the first mountain on the island of Halmahera to
be climbed by a botanist.

After returning to Ternate, I went South to the island
of Batjan where I stayed a night in the sultan’s palace. This
was a well-built house, but almost devoid of furniture and
it was not quite a European’s idea of a palace. At this place,
some coolies were collected and I made an excursion to Mount
Sibella, which occupied about four days. This was also interest-
ing as only one botanist had been there before, and his
collection was destroyed during the war, before it had been
worked out. |

From Batjan I returned to Ternate and made my way
back to Java, stopping in the Sula Islands, and Islands of
Buru and Ambon. After two or three weeks packing up in
Java I returned to London by sea.

THE BORROWDALE EXCURSION 1954

The first post-war fern hunt by the Society was held
in the Lake District in September, 1954. In the two previous
years Messrs. Greenfield and Dyce hunted in the West Country,
and endeavoured to reawaken fern hunting instincts in our
members, seemingly in vain. It was therefore most gratifying
to get a good response when the Lakeland excursion was
mooted, although possibly this could have been expected,
as the Society is strong numerically in the North. Parentheti-
cally, it is a strange fact that we have very few members in
the West Country, which is so rich in ferns and has given us
so many of the finest fern varieties we possess.

Most of our party arrived in Borrowdale on Saturday,
4th September, and consisted of members from Warlingham,
Reading, London, Preston and Stonethwaite. It gave us
great pleasure to welcome our member Mr. H. G. Rugg from
the U.S.A., and those of us who had met him during the 1939
excursion were delighted to renew his acquaintance. More
members with friends from West Linton and London joined
us on the Monday, and Mr. R. Kaye from Silverdale spent a
couple of days with us in the middle of the week. Our head-
quarters were at the Derwent Private Hotel, the home of our
member Mr. W. L. Askew, and we were looked after and made
very comfortable by Miss Askew. Some members stayed
with Mr. Jackson at Stonethwaite and others at Keswick.

After the very wet summer we were hoping that Septem-
ber would be drier, and that we would get some good weather
for our hunting, but it was not to be. We arrived on the
Saturday in brilliant sunshine, and this weather continued
during Sunday, raising our hopes high, but alas! we had only
one more dry day, on the Tuesday, and the rest were wet —
some really wet. However, our enthusiasm remained un-

AG

damped, even when eating our lunch in the scant shelter
from cold driving rain, offered by stone walls on the fells.
This weather perforce split the party — actually not a bad
thing — and only the hardier spirits faced the elements on
the high grounds. Others sallied forth from the hotel during
dry intervals and hunted the ground in the immediate vicinity.
On the wettest days this was all that any of us could do.

Hunting in Lakeland offers much variety, ranging from
the rare Asplenium septentrionale on the rocks at high altitudes
to the lady fern in the wooded valleys, and the ubiquitous
parsley fern. In all we recorded 23 species of ferns, all con-
fined to Borrowdale, from which we did not stray during
the week. For a fortunate few the high spot of the excursion
was the discovery of Asplenium septentrionale high on the
fells. Some stations of A. viride were also found on the heights,
while in the valley other spleenworts, A. ruta-muranria and A.
trichomanes were common on walls and bridges, together
with Ceterach officinarum. A. adiantum-mgrum was also
found. in one or two places. Another fern which was almost
common was Hymenophyllum Wilson, found growing in
thick blankets on cliffs, equal in luxuriance to H. Tunbridgense
in the West Country. Gymnocarfium dryopteris was a
familiar sight wherever we went in the valley, as were
Dryopteris filix-mas, borreri, abbreviata, and dilatata, Athyrium
filix-foemmna, Cryptogramme crispa, Thelypbteris oreopterts,
and Blechnum spicant. Less common were D. spinulosa,
I. phegopteris, and Polypodium vulgare. A. few plants were
seen of Polystichum aculeatum, Cystopteris fragilis, and
Phyllitis scolopendrium. Two plants were found by Mr. R.
Kaye in a wood among D. dilatata, which we have provisionally
identified as D. aemula. Although in practically all respects
they are identical with this fern, yet there were one or two
points which led to doubts, and a more detailed examination
is necessary to resolve the matter.

Our Society's excursions are held in ferny parts of the
country with the object of finding fern varieties, and measured
by this yardstick, the excursion under review was not a very
successful one. However, in spite of bad weather, and lack of
finds, we had a most enjoyable time togetber, and I for
one regard it as very successful, for two excellent reasons
among others. After all the dead years during and following
the war, we have found the spirit of hunting still alive in
our midst, and members are still prepared to face the elements
and endure discomfort in quest of ferns. My other is that to
most of us the other members are just names in our member-
ship list, and the Excursion gave us the opportunity to meet
some of these “ names,’’ and to learn something more about
ferns:in the exchange of ideas and opinions. It is a great

a

117

weakness in the British Pteridological Society that we are
unable to hold more frequent meetings to discuss and exhibit
ferns, for these would enrich both the Society and the
individual members participating.

To return to the object of the Excursion, no wild finds
of note were made, but hunting as we were in the neighbour-
hood of the long established Askew Fern Nursery, it is not
surprising that we were all able to take home with us some
excellent varieties found growing by the roadsides in the
vicinity, obviously the results of windblown spores from the
Nursery. Such finds included a good form of A.f.f. Frizellae
and A.f.f. Victoriae, as well as some crested and crisped male
ferns. It was probably a mistake to choose a hunting ground
near a fern nursery, for any finds were bound to be regarded
with suspicion as originating from cultivated varieties. As
it was, on the wooded slopes over a mile from the nursery we
found a nicely crested but somewhat depauperate athyrium,
and any value this find would otherwise have had was dis-
counted by the fact that we were all definitely decided on its
origin. A interesting colony of Polypodium vulgare was
found on a wall in Grange, and was largely composed of a
bifurcate variety among which were some trifurcate specimens.

Further up Borrowdale there is a large wood near
Rosthwaite which may be regarded as beyond the influence |
of the nursery, and in which some good athyriums have been
found in the past by Dr. S. P. Rowlands. We planned to
hunt this wood but every attempt was defeated by the weather,
until on the Sunday following the general exodus of the
members, the remaining few were able to pay it a brief
visit. One interesting athyrium was found, and indications
were that intensive hunting might have been rewarded. In
Mr. Jackson’s fernery we were able to admire a foliose athyrium
which had been found in this wood by Dr. Rowlands.

It was most unfortunate that our visit to Mr. Jackson
at Stonethwaite synchronised with the worst deluge of the
week, and we were unable to do more than have a quick
inspection of his choice collection of ferns, which contains
many plants worth lingering over. The visitors from the South
were particularly impressed by the healthy flourishing plants
of Asflenium septentrionale which grew so happily, and
obviously very much at home, on a stone wall behind the

_ fern border. Mr. Askew’s ferns also claimed a lot of attention,

and much time was spent wandering among them, lingering
in admiration over, and discussing the fine points of the many
good things in his collection.

In spite of the weather, our week spent in happy fellow-
ship with kindred spirits passed quickly, and all too soon we

118

had regretfully to take our separate ways home, accompanied
by our finds, and a feeling of satisfaction that the excursion
had been a success.

Jj: W. Dyer

A VISIT TO SNOWDONIA

Crossing the border into Wales near Chirk at 9.25 a.m.
on June 19 last, I was delighted to see a fine clump of the
Great Horsetail, Equisetum telmateta, by the roadside. As I am
particularly interested in the horsetails, the exuberance of
this species seemed to augur well, and it was not long before
ferns in abundance were to be seen waving their fronds in
the hedgerows as I drove by. Having set off from near London
at 4.30 a.m. and been driving up A5 for the previous five
hours, I found the sight of them in their thousands cheerful
indeed.

On looking through some old numbers of the Gazette
recently, I came upon an article! by Mr. P. Greenfield and the
late Dr. F. W. Stansfield describing a visit they paid to
Switzerland in 1928. “ Arriving at Salvan (Valais) on June
Ist, about 3 p.m.,”’ they wrote, “ the weather was damp and
drizzly, but we put on waterproofs and immediately went
out for a walk.’”’ How well that word “‘ immediately ” strikes
the keynote of their expedition — and of so many others.

The clouds were drifting low on Snowdon as I stopped
just beyond Capel Curig to eat some sandwiches and take
photographs. By 1 o'clock I was pressing on to Pen-y-Pass,
the highest point of the Pass of Llanberis. There I left the
car and set foot for the first time on the flanks of Snowdon.
Up there Lycopodium alpinum and L. selago were growing in
abundance ; many plants of the latter bore the little buds
by which it reproduces itself vegetatively. Reproduction by
spore is uncommon; the prothalli of the lycopods need a
special fungus to associate with them, as do those of Botrychium
and Ophioglossum.

After walking for a couple of hours over these fairly
gentle slopes I motored on to Beddgelert, where I was to
stay for the week. Having settled into the hotel, I went out
to inspect the immediate locality. As might be expected,
Ashlemum ruta-muraria was abundant on some of the walls,
on one with A. trichomanes. Since these two ferns are so
commonly associated, the rarity of the hybrid between them,
A. Clermontae Syme, is rather puzzling. No ferns of special
interest were seen in the village itself, though a fine Osmunda
was growing in one of the gardens.

1 British Fern Gazette, 1928, Vol. 5, p.255.
2 An interesting article on Asplenium hybrids by our President, Mr.
A. H. G. Alston, appeared in Proc. Linn. Soc., 1940, Pt. 2, p.132.

se

The next day; Sunday, I had arranged to go out with Mr.

Evan Roberts, a distinguished local naturalist. My desire
was to see the wild Asplenium breynit (germanicum) and the
Woodsias, and to photograph them if possible. Mr. Roberts
enabled me to achieve this (see frontispiece). We climbed
up to see the A. breynii first, a single plant growing on a
rather out-of-the-way ledge with A. seftentrionale round
about. They were growing in dry rock fissures fully ex-
posed to the sun and seemed perfectly healthy. In order
to photograph the A. breyniz I had to stand on a rock ledge,
and push two of the tripod’s unextended legs straight into
fissures so that they held the camera about 18 inches from the
cliff face, while the third leg was fully extended on to a ledge
below, held there by Mr. Roberts, who was standing on a
grassy platform below that. I was then able to get a grip with
my right hand on a little shelf of rock so that I could swing
out and away from the cliff face, thus enabling myself to
get behind the camera and focus the fern on the ground-glass
screen.
_ While examining the healthy little tufts of A. septentrionale,
I called to mind a passage in which Newman describes* how
he carried away from Llanrwst a clump of this fern which had
“ upwards of three hundred perfectly vigorous fronds, besides
an equal number of decaying ones.’’ The load was so heavy
that he found it inconvenient to carry only a mile. However,
I did not follow his example but heeded his naively appended
admonition: “Several botanists have visited the place
subsequently, and taken it away in such quantities as nearly
to destroy the habitat....I deeply regret the prevalence
of this exterminating spirit.”

Our next ascent was to see Woodsia alpina, and it proved
to require a climb of about 2,000 ft. up a steep and sometimes
wet and slippery, though not seriously precipitous, hillside
down which a mountain stream hurled itself. On the way
up we saw that attractive little fern ally, Selaginella
selaginoides. It is never far from streams and watery runnels,
standing on rock ledges or patches of peat where water runs.
close by ; it often grows fully exposed to the sun. Nearing
the top of our climb we met a Mr. Gianelli, who had come over
the ridge and watched us for some time climbing up towards
him. We were now almost at our destination, so without
more ado we all three went and admired the Woodsia alpina.
About half a dozen excellent plants were growing in the
cracks of a gulley, and down below, at-eye level, was a shelf
on which another fine specimen grew. All were on basic.
Tock.

3A History of British Ferns and Allied Plants, London, 1844.

120

As it was lunch-time and quite a convenient platform
‘was near by, we sat there and had our sandwiches, admiring
a splendid prospect of mountains and valleys which seemed
to begin just beyond the tips of our boots and recede into
translucent mists. While we sat contemplating the scene,
a boulder crashed down past our heads about 20ft. away ;
it had probably been dislodged by a sheep somewhere above.

The next day, Monday, I was on my own again, and as
the clouds were impenetrable and the rain was unceasing I
decided to go down to the seaside instead of up into the hills.
Thus impelled to a remarkably desolate and rain-swept
coast, I had the good fortune to make what was in some
ways the most interesting find of the week. Tramping over
the sandy hinterland at Morfa-bychan in search of Eguisetum
variegatum (which I did not find) I came upon a horsetail,
growing quite plentifully, which is probably the hybrid
between EF. arvense and E. fluviatile. It is named E. litorale
Kthlew. I also found an unusual variety of E. palustre
near by. Its sheaths and their teeth were entirely black, and
the stems were speckled with black, giving the plant a
strikingly dappled appearance. A few stems of it were growing
among the normal form, which it otherwise resembled in every
particular.

The Moel Hebog range claimed my attention the next
day, Tuesday, in company with Mr. Gianelli. Going up its
north side through Cwm Meillionen we saw a fair quantity
of Dryopterts dilatata with pale unstriped scales. In every
other feature, including habitat, it resembles D. dilatata
and not D. spinulosa. The fronds were bearing spores heavily.
The Mountain Fern, Thelyfteris oveopteris, also grew
abundantly up there — especially, as is customary, on the
stream banks. Higher up I noticed one plant of Polystschum
lonchtis. After walking about on the mountain tops, and
photographing a plant of Woodsia ilvensis —the only one
seen — we went down the other side into Cwm Lleirith.
In the upper reaches of this pleasant valley Hymenophyllum
wilsont grows in fresh, broad sheets over innumerable rocks
in such profusion as I have not seen elsewhere. An unusual
form of Polystichum aculeatum was growing by one of the
streams down the cwm among rocks past which the water
splashed. The pinnae were rather strongly curved towards
the frond tips, and the pinnules were broader and fewer than
in the normal plant.

The next day, Wednesday, did not produce any finds
of note, but the weather was uninterruptedly glorious for
a change. On Thursday Gianelli and I went through Cwm
Idwal up to the Devil’s Kitchen, Twll Du. On the way along
the bank of the lake, Llyn Idwal, I noticed Jsoetes lacustris,
the Quillwort, growing near the shore, and waded out to

121

secure some specimens. The slippery, jagged stones lining the
bottom of those mountain lakes almost prohibit paddling —
certainly they dispel all pleasure in it — and in addition I
could feel the minnows nibbling at my feet and ankles.
Lobelia dortmanna grows among the Quillworts there, rather
resembling them when not in flower. High up below the
Devil’s Kitchen the Oak Fern spreads freely in the boulder
scree, and there too I found a giant form of Cystopteris
fragilis with fronds about 18 inches long: the two fronds
I picked for my collection each measure 174 inches. There
were two of these plants, growing side by side half beneath
a boulder. |

The weather was again rather wet for my last day,
Friday, and I made no notable finds. I did have the pleasure,
however, of seeing a magnificent stand of Equisetum fluviatile
at the edge of Llyn Peris, which lies at the foot of the Llanberis
Pass.

Among the ferns which I did not see were Scolopendrium,
Ceterach, and Dryopteris villarsit (rigida). Possibly the last
is extinct in Snowdonia. Nor did I have the good fortune to
discover really outstanding varieties, such as the crested
Blechnum spicant that Dr. S. P. Rowlands found there in
1926.4 The Polypodium vulgare which grows so abundantly
in the valleys is the hexaploid form. Finally, one of my
treasured recollections is of a grotto about a yard square in
boulder scree, and 2—3 feet in depth, entirely lined with
Wilson’s Filmy Fern, and through its profuse, glistening
tracery of fronds rose in their diverse verdure both the Parsley

and the Oak Ferns. DoucLas SwINscow.

ASPLENIUM GERMANICUM

Although an old tendency was to give a fern specific
rank wherever there seemed to be the slightest justification
for doing so, doubt appears to have existed at least from the
beginning of the last century as regards the status of the
fern variously known as Asflenium germanicum, A.
altermifolium, A. Breynit, etc.

_ In 1821 a French botanist suggested that the fern was
a hybrid between Asflenium septentrionale and A. ruta-
muraria.

Francis describes it as intermediate between septentrionale
and ruta-muraria, though more delicate and erect, and lighter
in colour : sori smaller and less confluent : not to be mistaken
for any of the casual forms of ruta-muraria.

Newman in 1854 discussed the fern at some length,
though confusedly, and arrived at the conclusion that there
was a chain of forms between ruta-muraria and septentrionale

4 British Fern Gazette, 1926, Vol. 5, p.151.

122

among which was germanicum. Nevertheless he printed,
as indicating opposition to his views, a letter from the Rev.
T. Bell written for the Botanical Society of Edinburgh giving
sound reasons why germanicum should not be confounded
with ruta-muraria, including a reference to the fact that
germanicum has indusia entire at the edges. Incidentally
it is remarkable that Newman omits Switzerland (see below)
from the countries in Europe in which germanicum is found.

In 1859 Moore stated that germanicum was thought to
be a variety of ruta-muraria but subsequently expressed his
opinion that it is intermediate between ruta-muraria and
septentrionale, though distinct from either.

Britten (‘‘ European Ferns ’’) says that germanicum at
one time was considered to be a variety of ruta-muraria —
a view suggested by Linnaeus — and that others have sup-
posed it to be a hybrid between septentrionale and ruta-
muraria or between septentrionale and trichomanes —a
theory which he considers unsound, especially as germanicum
is found abundantly in many localities in Tyrol and Silesia
where none of the three other species occurs. According to
Britten the fern is pale yellowish green in colour, and the
sori are at first distinct but ultimately become confluent.

In Gremli’s Flora of Switzerland (1889 and earlier) the
fern is described as about intermediate between septentrionale
and ruta-muraria, and growing generally in company with
septentrionale and trichomanes between which it is con-
sidered to be a hybrid by Ascherson and Loret. (Ascherson’s
Flora was published in 1864).

Probably without knowledge of Ascherson’s opinion
Dr. F. W. Stansfield from his general experience once expressed
the view that trichomanes might be the second parent of
germanicum ; and there is evidence in this Gazette com-
firmatory of that view. In 1928 Dr. Stansfield and the writer
found many plants of germanicum in Switzerland in an area .
at approximately 3,500 ft. where septentrionale was very
plentiful and, in spite of the absence of lime, trichomanes
also.

But there remained some uncertainty about the hybridity
of the fern. Subsequently, however, examination of the
condition of spores and difficulties in germination gave support
to the supposition of hybridity. In 1935 M. Paul Kestner
wrote from Switzerland that he considered germanicum to
be always a first generation hybrid — at least as he found
it in the Valais (in abundance) and in the Tessin, always
between the parents. According to an obituary notice written
after the death of M. Kestner by his friend Dr. de Tavel of

123

Berne, M. Kestner had succeeded in producing germanicum
from septentrionale and trichomanes.

Thus, after many vicissitudes it was reasonably well
established that A. germanicum is a hybrid between septen-
trionale and trichomanes. If any doubt were left it has been
dispelled by further scientific research in the course of which
Asplenum germamcum has been produced by crossing A.
septentrionale with A. trichomanes.

While changes of name are much to be deplored, there
are sound reasons for replacing “ germanicum ”’ by “ breynii,”’
and in view of the establishment of the fern as a hybrid,
Asplenium germanicum should now be known as Asflenium x
breynit.

From such information as is available it seems clear that
Asplemum x breynii is always to be found near A. seften-
trionale. Hence it is probably intolerant of lime. A. trichomanes
seems to prefer lime but grow can without it. In the instances
where A. tvichomanes was said not to be in the neighbourhood
of A. germanicum adequate search for it may not have been
made : in mountain situations it is not always easy to explore
surroundings. But spores can of course be carried considerable
distances by air currents. It is noteworthy that the hybrid
fern in its appearance and requirements is much nearer to
A. septentrionale than to A. trichomanes.

P. GREENFIELD.
fEpITORIAL NotTre.—There are two forms of Asplenium trichomanes
one only of which, apparently, hybridizes with A. septentrionale. They
can be distinguished by cytological examination but not very easily
by external appearance. The distribution of these two forms is being
studied by Mr. J. D. Lovis of the Department of Botany, the University,
Leeds, who would be grateful for plants from all parts of the country.
Of course a wild plant should not be taken up unless there are others
in the neighbourhood. We hope members will, as opportunities offer,
collect plants for Mr. Lovis and send them direct to him: a short
description of the place where they are found will be helpful, for
example hedge-bank, stone wall or natural rock, and whether, if known,

the soil or rock contains lime, and what approximately is the height
above sea level if this is considerable. ]

SOUTHPORT SHOW, 1954

This was the 25th anniversary of the famous Show and
it was staged and arranged accordingly ; and better attended
by visitors than ever: while at the official luncheon on the
opening day, the guest of honour, who made an excellent
speech, was the President of the Royal Horticultural Society.

A Bureau allotted to our Society in the National Societies
tent was in the charge of Mr. B. Hayhurst : our thanks are
due again to him and to others of our Members who took
spells of duty there, for their invaluable help.

There is no doubt however that the small number of
Members able to help in this way means that they are tied

124

unduly ; and arrangements will be made, for future years,
to ensure that their willing and generous assistance does not
prevent them enjoying to the full the other attractions of
the Show.

In the Fern tent, the total number of plants exhibited
was well up to the mark, in fact perhaps larger than in recent
years.

Quality was not, on the whole, up to this standard:
for this, the season was largely responsible, a fact kept in
mind by the judges.

At the same time, many plants were considered by them
to be of poor natural condition — season or no — and not
worthy of the occasion ; which is, after all, the big Fern display
of the year, and the best opportunity of presenting to the
public examples of what Ferns can be, and of what our
Society stands for.

This, an important detail, is referred to more fully in
our Editorial.

In the Competitive classes, there were again two entries
only of Groups, the winner of which takes the Trophy presented
by our Society : this was Mr. John Brookfield, with Messrs.
Brookfield and Son second.

These two exhibits were well filled and nicely staged,
with a good assortment as regards genera and types of varia-
tion : but not remarkable for novelty or individual specimens.
In class 10, six hardy British ferns, varieties, there were four
entries : the winner, Mr. B. Hayhurst, had a very fine plant
of Polypodium vulgare Whilharris. He took first place in
class 11, Scolopendriums, with a crispum Drummondae:
crispums were to the fore in all three entries here.

Class 12, Polypodies, contained a magnificent Barrowi,
shown by Mr. Law, the winner. Mr. Hayhurst had the
unusual Cornubiense cristatum ; and Mr. J. Brookfield, two
nice plants in cambricum and semi-lacerum.

The Polystichum class 13, was poor in quality and type,
though Mr. Hayhurst had a gracillimum as one of the winning
specimens.

Athyriums were better represented in the four entries
in class 14: in Mr. J. Brookfield’s winning exhibit there was
a good plumosum Druery: but in class 15, Lastreas were
disappointing : Mr. Law’s second prize three had amongst
them a very uncommon variety in propinqua crispa linearis.
Mr. Hayhurst’s three however came first. Class 16 was even
more disappointing, as there was only one entry of Asplenium
varieties, although special requests had been made for the
inclusion of this class. It is quite probable that it will be

SNC Sep Oe ae

125

withdrawn from the Schedule but this is a matter for the
decision of the Show authorities.

The comparatively new class for hardy normal British
ferns, 17, was supported well by five entries and was won
by Mr. Rainford : and class 18 for one British fern drew eight
competitors, of whom Mrs. Bassnett came first with Scolo-
pendrium vulgare Campbellil, a very large and well-grown

lant.
* In the three classes for Greenhouse ferns, Mr. Hayhurst
took two, and Mr. J. Brookfield one, first prizes : other com-
petitors were Mr. Rainford and Mrs. Bassnett.

A non-competitive exhibit, in the big marquee, which
drew a great deal of attention and constant questions, was one
staged by our Member Mr. R. Kaye, of hardy Ferns, varieties.

This most deservedly won a Show Silver medal : and Mr.
Kaye, and Messrs. Perry, are to be congratualted on a Gold
medal, for a table rock garden, and water-lilies and plants,
respectively : as too is Mr. J. Brookfield for an R.H.S. Silver
medal won by a display in a local (Southport) section.

We cannot conclude better than with a reminder that
the 1955 Show is on August 24th, 25th and 26th: and with
the hope that our Fern exhibitors and their exhibits will be
present in good numbers and good health.

CEYLON FERNS

Extending her cytological studies of ferns to include
tropical material, Professor Irene Manton led a team of
botanists to Ceylon in the winter of 1950-1. The results of
their work there have recently been published.4 While
the word “ cytology ’’ means in origin the study of cells, that
study has come to embrace several entirely separate and
diverse branches of investigation. The one that concerns
Professor Manton and her colleagues is the analysis of
chromosome structure and disposition in the cell nuclei.
By examining the numbers of chromosomes in different ferns,
and their behaviour at cell division in species and hybrids,
much can be learnt about the relationships between the
Species, genera, and higher orders of these plants. The study
throws fresh light on their proper classification, and helps
to set them in perspective against their evolutionary history.

Professor Manton and her team examined some 200
species of ferns, most of them from Ceylon but a few from
elsewhere. They make a number of suggestions on the revision
of fern taxonomy ; since the analysis chiefly affects tropical
ferns it need not be detailed here. Their main conclusion
is that they find strong confirmatory evidence of parallel
and even convergent evolution in ferns. The result is to
cast further doubt on the characteristics, such as venation

of frond and shape of sorus, that have so often been used for

126

classification. It seems that similarity in appearance betokens
even less community of descent than has been thought.
“ What is true of sori,’ write Manton and Sledge, “ is certainly
true of other characters and it may also be true of chromosome
numbers.’ This last thought raises the reader’s eyes to a new
horizon of problems.

The genus Opmoglossum has sprung surprises on its
investigators before, cramming what seems to be a preter-
naturally large number of chromosomes into its cells. The
well-known Adder’s Tongue, O. vulgatum, Professor Manton
has found to have about 510 chromosomes (the technical
difficulties of sorting out so many diminutive objects prevented
a precise number from being recorded with absolute con-
viction). Now she finds that its Ceylon relative, O. petrolatum
has over 1,000 chromosomes (about 1,020), and thus beats
the record of about 740 that she had previously reported
in O. pendulum.? O. petiolatum closely resembles our Adder’s
Tongue, and the problem why such a simple little plant
should harbour a greater number of chromosomes in its cells
than any other living creature (apart from certain specialised
cells in insects) is of extraordinary interest. What possible
advantage can the plant have gained over its competitors
from such a large complement of genetic material ? Man, with
- all his variations, has only 48 chromosomes to provide the
heritable basis of his richly diverse being. Evidently the
genes when so numerous as in Opioglossum must lose much
of that potency for individual expression that they bear in
simpler cell nuclei. In addition, such over-burdened nuclei
must be expected for simple mechanical reasons not to be
so efficient in cell division. But whatever benefit they may
confer on the species remains inscrutable.

DOUGLAS SWINSCOW.

FERN GOSSIP

There are often, perhaps always, some bits of information
to pass on to our readers, collected from various sources and
of various character: and looking back in the Gazette for
a title, the above heading, introduced in June 1921 by Dr.
F. W. Stansfield, seemed ideal. We propose to use it regularly,
for that reason, and to revive an item which was in the
Doctor’s hands always of interest and, we hope, will be
found so still.

In the Editorial of Vol. VIII No. 4, mention was made
of work that has been done on Dryofterts dilatata. This has
been carried out by Professor Manton ; and Dr. S. Walker,

1 Manton, I., and Sledge, W. A., Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., Ser. B.,
1954, vol. 238, pp. 127-185.
2 In Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol:,, No.7, 1953.

127

now of Liverpool University and who, we are happy to say,

has become one of our Members.

Their joint work on this fern, and on D. filix-mas, has
shown that each of these two are descended from two parents ;
one parent in each case having been isolated and identified.

It appears that in such cases, the second unidentified
parent may no longer exist. Dr. Walker has paid special
attention to D. dilatata, in the course of which he has found
a number of forms varying from the normal well-known type
in one or more characters. A peculiar colony, found by
Mrs. Healey, in danger of destruction but now in safe keeping,
was identified by Dr. Walker as a hybrid, D. dilatata X
spinulosa Rosendahl.

Plants of dilatata, typical except for the scales which were
of the spinulosa colour, were found by Mr. J. A. Crabbe and
myself in Borrowdale, last September.

The new British Flora (Clapham, Tutin and Warburg)
says this is a recognized feature in mountain specimens.

An historical discovery was made by Mr. N. Robinson
when he secured a copy of Druery’s “‘ Choice British Ferns ”’
in Preston. It contained a catalogue of James Dickson and
Sons, Chester, over 80 years old: listing about 150 Scolo-
pendrium, 125 Athyrium, 120 Polystichum, over 30 Blechnum,
and many Asplenium and Lastrea varieties: at prices from
1/- to £1/1/- or more.

There was also a letter dated 3.10.1901 in the book from
Mr. J. J. Smithies, in which a trip to Kentmere with Mr.
Whitewell was referred to, and the discovery in the previous
August there of Lastrea propinqua divisiloba.

Reference to our Minute Book showed that this find was
made by Mr. W. Troughton : the book 1 no doubt once belonged
to him.

In the letter, Mr. Whitewell is said to have found
Athyrium medio-deficiens on this October visit to the Valley.

We acknowledge with thanks permission which has
most kindly been given to refer to two interesting facts
noted in the publications of the Botanical Society of the
British Isles. One is, that Mr. J. D. Lovis, of Leeds University,
has successfully crossed Asplenium Trichomanes with A.
septentrionale producing A. X Breyniw (germanicum): the
parentage of which had previously been stated, notably in
“Welsh Ferns ’”’ and in “ Flora of the British Isles,” to be
that which has now been proved experimentally.

The other is, that he has also produced the Continental
Asplemium adulterinum by the cross A. Trichomanes X A.
viride. Britten (European Ferns) considered adulterinum
to be a hybrid: without naming the parents. Milde, as
Mr. H. A. Hyde pointed out to me, gave this fern specific rank.

128

It has not yet been found in the British Isles, although
Serpentine rocks, on which it grows in Germany, have been
searched in Scotland.

An artificially-produced plant of A. X Breynii was shown
at the Botanical Society’s Exhibition in November: and
Dr. Swinscow had photographs and specimen fronds of a
most curious assemblage of some eight or nine species growing
together on the “ face’ of a railway platform in Bedfordshire.

Both these exhibits attracted much attention from our
Members who were present at this Meeting.

Mr. G. Barltrop writes from New Zealand about an
interesting experience with a plant of Platycerium grande,
which grew for over eight years but without producing even
one fertile frond.

A young friend, whose father had tried the idea, suggested
feeding the plant with chopped banana skin, or an over-ripe
banana.

This was done, and a fertile frond duly appeared, together
with a barren one of extra large size : a proceeding repeated
in the following year.

Mr. Barltrop invites our (Editorial) comment, which
is simply that the fruit may have acted as a mulch: we in

our turn invite Readers’ comments. E. A. ELtiot.

CYTOTYPES OF POLYPODIUM

A note in the last issue of the Gazette! described the
division of Polypodium vulgare into three subspecies according
to the chromosome complement of the cells. These cytotypes
have, respectively, two, four, and six sets of chromosomes.
Which cytotype a particular fern belongs to may be determined
with certainty by the number of indurated cells in the annulus
round the sporangium. Corresponding with the two, four,
and six sets of chromosomes there are five, twelve, and nine
indurated cells in the annulus.

I have now had the opportunity, by courtesy of Dr.
J. G. Dony, of examining microscopically two herbarium
fronds of P. vulgare, both some years old. The fact that
their sporangia showed the indurated cells perfectly clearly
seems worth recording, for a survey of herbarium fronds can
easily be carried out, so long as they bear sporangia, to
determine what cytotypes they belong to. The two fronds
in the Luton herbarium had sporangia with twelve indurated
cells, and thus are tetraploids. One was a relatively recent
post-war frond, though six years old, but the other was
dated 1936 and was therefore eighteen years old. The
sporangia showed the indurated cells as clearly as if the frond
had been picked yesterday. DoucLas SWINSCOW.

rota $$$ — EEE 0 oO

1 British Fern Gazette, 1954, Vol. 8, p. 93.

129

BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

List of Members
Honorary Members

Seurris CHARLES, HH’, j.P.,, V.M.H., F.L.s., c/o ““ The Gardeners’
Chronicle,’ 33, John Street, Theobalds Road, London, W.C.1.

MANTON, PROFESSOR IRENE, B.A., PH.D., Department of Botany,
The University, Leeds, Yorks.

Persron, F. G., M.A., V.M.H., A.H.R.H:S., 92, Hinton Way, Great
Shelford, Cambridge.

RAMSBOTTOM, J. O.B.E., F.L.S., c/o British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

WARBURG, Dr. E. F., M.A., PH.D., South Hayes, Yarnells Hill, Oxford.

Subscribing Members

ALEXANDER, T. M. W., Martyn Lea, St. Andrew’s Road, Burnham-on-
Sea, Somerset.

ALLEN, WALTER 6G., 144-19, 35th Avenue, Flushing, New York, U.S.A.

ALLISON, Dre i R., M.D., 26, Ives Road, Hewlett, Long Island, New
Worle. US, A..

Auston, A. H. G., B.A., F.L.S., Department of Botany, British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

ARKSEY, Mrs. E. M., The Mount, 44, Kingfield Road, Sheffield, 11.

ASHWOOD, Mrs. F. M. W., 356, Newbold Road, Newbold-on-Avon,
Rugby, Warwickshire.

AskEw, W. L., Fern Nursery, Grange, Keswick, Cumberland.

BAKER, | Oe F.R.H. S., F.c.S.S., Holly House, Chelwood Gate, Haywards
Heath, Sussex.

BaNGE, CHRISTOPHE, 22-24, Rue Grenette, Lyon, Rhone, France.

BARLTROP, GEORGE, 23, Brook Street, Nelson, New Zealand.

BASSNETT, Mrs. M. on Laund, Hesketh Lane, Tarleton, Nr. Preston,
Lancs.

BENEDIcT, Dr. RALPH C., PH.D., 2214, Beverly Road, Brooklyn 26,
New York, U.S.A.

BLAKE, A. E., K.L.B., F.L.S., etc., 165, Lynton Road, Harrow, Middx.

BoLton, THoMaAsS HENRY, F.R.H.S., Birdbrook, Halstead, Essex.

BritisH Museum, The (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London,
oe WV .7.

BROOKFIELD, JOHN, Nurseryman, 102, Stamford Road, Birkdale,
Southport, Lancs.

BROOKFIELD, NOEL, 102, Stamford Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancs.

BRUNT, ARTHUR, Ferndale, 39, Folly Lane, Swinton, Manchester.

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, Serials Dept., General Library, Berkeley
fCalitormia, U.S.A:

CARRELL, Mrs. E., 214 No. Yale Street, Fullerton, California, U.S.A.

CHESTON, ARTHUR PERCY, Holly Bush Wood, Potten End, Berkham-
sted, Herts.

CoBB, BouGutTon, 25, East End Avenue, New York, 28.

COcHRAN, JOHN, 54, Nursery Street, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.

COCHRANE, THE Hon. T. C. A., 61, East Church Street, Buckie, Banff-
shire.

CRABBE, J. A., Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, S.W.7.

DAVIDSON, JAMES, M.B., CH.B., F.R.C.P. EDIN., Linton Muir, West
Linton, Peebles-shire.

Dixon, J. DARGUE, c/o Mrs. Day, 20, Homfray Grove, Morecambe,
Lancs.

Durry, E. R. J., 28, Lansdowne Road, East Croydon, Surrey.

DuNSTON, CAPTAIN AMBROSE, Poolahash, Ballycorus Road, Kilternan,
Co. Dublin, Eire.

130

Dyce, JAMEs W., “ Hilltop,’ 46, Sedley Rise, Loughton, Essex.
EIRE GOVERNMENT STATIONERY OFFICE (Publications Branch),
Dublin. (Gazette to — The Keeper, Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,

Dublin).

ELLioT, THE REv. E. A., M.A., South Stoke Vicarage, Reading, Berks.

Eyre, Mrs. Dorotuy, Whitebrook, Chepstow, Mon.

FisHER, C. H., mM.a., Lower Drabbington, Thornbury, Bromyard,
Hereford. (26, Great College Street, Westminster, S:W.1.):

Goop, PRoFrEssoR, R.. D'O., M.aA., F.L.s., Department ‘of Born
University College, Hull, Yorkshire.

GRANT, JAMES, The Gardens, Troon Welfare Home, 1, Wood Road, |
Troon, Ayrshire.

GREENFIELD, H. F., 41, Brittain’s Lane, Sevenoaks, Kent.

GREENFIELD, PERCY, Beech Bank, 18, Stuart Road, Warlingham,
Surrey.

GRuBB, J. A., 213, Kimbolton Road, Bedford.

Harvey, Miss J. E., 23, Captains Road, Edinburgh, 9.

HayYHuURST, BERNARD, 19, Windermere Road, Freehold, Lancaster.

HEALEY, F. J., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

HEALEY, Mrs. J. R., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

HERMANN, Mrs. C. EDWARD, 4382, Westminster Place, Saint Louis, 8,
Missouri, U.S.A.

Hewitt, A. H., 29, Balfour Crescent, Wolverhampton, Staffs.

Hincxs, W. D.,) p.sc., 19, Whitefield), Heaton Norris) Steckpanr,
Cheshire.

Ho.tttum, Proressor R. E., 80, Mortlake Road, Kew Gardens,
Richmond, Surrey.

Isaacs, A., 117, Blackmoor Drive, West Derby, Liverpool, 12.

Jackson, FRED., Knotts View, Stonethwaite, Borrowdale, Keswick,
Cumberland.

JamEs, J.,.16, Seddon Lane, Stoneclough, Nr. Manchester.

JupcE, L. Fawley, Nordham, North Cave, East Yorks.

KAYE, REGINALD, Waithman Hardy Plant Nursery, Silverdale,
Carnforth, Lancs.

Kippax, Miss ANNE, 119, Rosehill Road, Burnley, Lancs.

Knott, E. A. H., Swinhope Hall, Binbrook, Lincoln.

KNOX, SIR ALFRED, K.C.B., C.M.G., Binfield House, Binfield, Bracknell,
Berks.

Knox, Mrs. Wo. C., 649, Isle of Palms, Fort Lauderdale, Florida,
W.5.A;

LAKE, R. A., 10, Hawthorn Close, Hertford, Herts.

Lone, Mrs. A., Trenoweth, St. Keverne, Helston, Cornwall.

LonGMAN, T. C. L., Knaresboro, Woodland Way, Kingswood, Surrey.

Lovis, JOHN, D., B.sc., Department of Botany, University of Leeds,
Leeds, 2.

MAUNDER, F. G., St. Peter’s Road, Bury, Lancs.

Morton, C. V., Curator, Division of Ferns, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Mowat, J. L., Curator, University Botanic Gardens, St. Andrews,
Fife.

NATIONAL MuSEUM OF WALES, Department of Botany, Cardiff.

NEILSON, Mrs. J. G., 5, Lady Road, Edinburgh, 9.

NEWBOULD, Mrs. J. P., B.sc., 26, Russell Road, Mitcham, Surrey.

OLIVER, ARTHUR G., Tower Road, Darnick, Melrose, Roxburghshire.

Peacock, R., 128, Glenhurst Avenue, Bexley, Kent.

PERRY’S HaRDY PLANT Farm, Holtwhites Hill, Enfield, Middx.

PICHI-SERMOLLI, PROFESSOR DR. R. E. G., Curator, Herbarium
Universitatis Florentinae, Instituto Botanico, Via Lamarmoro,
Firenze, Italy.

PULMAN, deem. J. R., A.r.L.A., 24, Ashcombe Gardens, Edgware,
Middx.

131

RAINFORD, G. H., 32, Cedar Street, Southport, Lancs.

RAMSDEN, SIR GEOFFREY C. F., C.1.E., Lc.S. (Retd.), Fynescourt,
Grayshott, Nr. Hindhead, Surrey.

Ransom, R. F., Wiggin Hill, St. Ives, Hunts.

ROBINSON, N., 27, Yewlands Drive, Fulwood, Preston, Lancs.

ROWLANDS, Dr. S. P., M.B., B.S., Abberville, 44, Beckett Road,
Doncaster, Yorkshire.

RuGG, HAROLD G., Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, New Hamp-
shire, U.S.A.

RUSSELL, D. F., Radnor House, Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey.

SCHELPE, DR. E. A. C. L., University of Capetown, Capetown, South
Africa.

SHERRIN, W. R., A.L.s., South London Botanical Institute, 323,
Norwood Road, London, S.E.24.

SMITH, Ewart G., 147-151, High Street, Christchurch, New Zealand.

SMITH, Mrs. G. A., Upper Graig, Golfa, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire.

SMITHERS, P., V.R.D., D. PHIL., M.P., Colebrook House, Winchester.

St. Cxiarir-MorForD, E., Dovenby Estate, Sungei Siput, Perak,
Malaya.

STERN, COLONEL F. C., M.c., O.B.E., V.M.H., F.L.S., Highdown, Goring-
by-Sea, Worthing, Sussex.

Swinscow, Dr. THomas D. V., M.B., B.S., F.S.S., Everley, London
Road, Knebworth, Herts.

TEMPLE, PETER, L.R.I.B.A., M.INST.R.A., 42, Holly Park, Finchley,
London, N.3.

THomMpson, DonatpD H., 180, Wakefield Road, Lightcliffe, Halifax,
Yorks.

THompson, E., 7, All Saints Road, Sutton, Surrey.

TROTTER, R. D., Leith Vale, Ockley, Surrey.

VEAL, Ronatp J. E., Dip. Hort. Wisley, Sundown, Ethel Road,
Rayleigh, Essex.

VILLARET, Dr. PIERRE, Curator, Musee Botanique Cantonal, Palais
De Rumine, Lausanne, Switzerland.

WaINWRIGHT, H., Rockwood, Buntingsdale Road, Market Drayton,
Shropshire.

WALKER, Dr. S., The Hartley Botanical Laboratories, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, Lancs.

Watts, L. H. Starvecrow House, Tonbridge, Kent.

WHITESIDE, R., 477, Marine Road East, Morecambe, Lancs.

Witson, G. A., 28, School Lane, Grenoside, Near Sheffield, Yorks.

WIPER, ERNEST, 6507, Maple Street, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada.

a THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pe load .

4 es HE SOCIETY originated, in September 1891, in the Lake District
E 4 with headquarters at Kendal. Its members are distributed through-
' out Great Britain and Ireland, with some in the Dominions and
= ‘U.S.A. Its objects are :— —

/ —s @):* The Study of Species and Varieties of British Ferns; and

.
*

4
“a 4

i The Recording of Information with regard to Ferns generally.
a a

The organ of the Society is The British Fern Gazette, published
i uae once a year.

_ The Society is affiliated to the Royal Horticultural Society.

The Annual Meeting is held when possible at some place where
teins are abundant and from which excursions for fern hunting can
_ conveniently be arranged. These excursions are an important feature
oof the Society’s activity.

7 is a y ag Fronds can be exhibited by members and to any new fern
Tee ching a high standard the Society will award a Certificate.

F Members are invited to communicate with the Hon. Secretary
ii subjects of interest with regard to British Ferns. Fronds may be

= to him to be seeatifed or named at any time.
ay Pty rs

f : The Committee is endeavouring to increase the membership of
| - the Society and, through this and by other means, to encourage the
ee "more general cultivation of the varieties of British Ferns. Any lover
e "of horticulture is eligible for membership and the subscription is
pe 10s. per annum (due in advance at or immediately after the Annual
' Meeting) which entitles-members to copies of The Gazetie and to
y help the Officers of the Society may be able to give.

me : The Hon. Treasurer or Hon. Secretary will be pleased to supply
om : aembers who may desire it with Bankers’ Orders for the convenient
aed of subscriptions. |

_ Further chee may be obtained from the Hon. Secretary,
) Revd. E, A. ELLIOT,
South Stoke Vicarage,
_ Near Reading.

THE rae iy , a |
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL | 4
SOCIET Yon . ‘S my

ee

OR soaks 150 years The Royal f Horticultural : a |

ra

Society has been the leading Society. in o i
British Horticulture, and is now the largest ir in ) |

the world. For an annual subscription of two
guineas a Fellow is kept in touch with all is | |

operations, has the right to attend all its shores
to visit its gardens at Wisley, and to obtain —

advice on horticultural matters. Larger sub- u |
scriptions carry increased privileges. All persons _ ae

3 Ae PSne re

ai

who are interested in horticulture are eligible a |
for membership, and full particulars may thee a 1

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ibe, tama: on application to: ' Pen us
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THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, | oa |
VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S. Wy

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THE
BRITISH FERN GAZETTE

NEW SERIES

Vol. VIII. WINTER 1955 No. 6
CONTENTS Page
EDITORIAL NOTES ou ay 3 rie es Ne Ret oe 133
OBITUARY bat ae ae ig i he nee rie ee 134
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1955 mus ie re" aay Pin 134
THE KENDAL ExcurRSION: J. W. Dyce _ i a ce 137
FERNS IN BASKETS: DR. SWINSCOwW ... i an Be ss 141
mrntontreNs: EAP. 2... 2.2 fc a one ue 1B
FERNS AND FLOWERS: DR. ROWLANDS bas es ee ra 143
ASPLENIUM ADULTERINUM: P. GREENFIELD ag) ca ae! 146
Swiss FERNS AND FLOWERS: E. A. ELLIOT ... aA ie a 147
ASPLENIUM VIRIDE: P. GREENFIELD ... o £0; 7 su 150
SOUTHPORT SHow, 1955... Ee re ae ae Saat poe 152
FERN GOSSIP ... i: fre = fe ae te a i> 135
EDITORIAL

A new edition (the third) has been published of Messrs.
Hyde & Wade's ‘‘ Welsh Ferns ’’: in the Preface to this it
is stated ““ For this edition the authors have made only a few
changes, prompted in the main by the writings of Professor
Irene Manton.’’ Apart from the importance of these, the
book is considered, on high authority, the best now extant
on our Ferns ; and we commend it again as one that all who
are interested in Ferns should possess.

The University of London has a number of University
Extension Courses planned, some of which begin in January,
1956. Information as to these, and, for future reference, as
to others held or begun in the autumn, can be had from the
Deputy Director (Extension), Department of Extra-mural
Studies, University of London, Senate House, W.C.1.

At the time of writing, no decision on the place for the
1956 Excursion has been made. Members will, however, be
given notice of this in good time to make their arrangements
for joining it.

Unless any alteration becomes necessary, the Annual
General Meeting will be held on the Thursday in Chelsea
Show week, at the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, at 3.0 p.m. Members are asked to
note this now, in case no further notice is given.

The Treasurer hopes that any outstanding subscriptions,
due on July rst last, may be sent to him without delay. His

pece 8195:
ANCCO 8 1GAH

. 134
address is on the cover of the Gazette. In support of this, it
can be said that most of our annual losses are due to non-
payment, and the inevitable erasure of names from our
Membership list.

None the less, our numbers continue to be satisfactory,
and we welcome as new members the following: —Mr. W. C.
Buchanan, Douglas Bank, Drumchapel Road, Bearsden,
Dumbartonshire; Mr. T. A. Dyer, Rockfield, Alrewas,
Staffs.; Mr. J. S. L. Gilmour, M.A., F LS) Uiiger
Botanic Garden, Cambridge ; Mrs. A. M. Tinne, Lochwood
Cottage, Glasgow; Miss D. M. White, Birch Cottage,
Walnfawr, near Caernarvon, N. Wales.

The next issue of the Gazette will be due in September ;
but it may be a little later, in order to include an account of
the Excursion, which otherwise would be delayed until June,
1957. The article on Ferns and Flowers is a reprint by Dr.
Rowland’s kind permission, of one originally published in
Vol. V, No. 3 (May, 1924) of the Gazette.

Ee

OBITUARY

We record with regret the death of one of our oldest
Members, since 1921, W. R. Sherrin, in March, 1955, in his
84th year.

From 1895 till 1919 he was on the Zoological Staff of the
British Museum (Natural History), and continued part-time
work there after his appointment in 1919 as Curator of the
South London Botanical Institute. He retired in 1947. He
was specially interested in Mosses, and wrote and illustrated
two books on them: in 1945/46 he was President of the
Bryological Society.

His other interests included Taxidermy; book-binding,
lantern slide making.

In r919 he was made an Associate of the Linnzan
Society (honoris causa) and was an Honorary Life Fellow
of the Zoological Society. The South London Botanical
Institute, as it now is, was due to his energy, helped by his
daughter, who, with his wife and son, survives him.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1955

The 52nd Annual Meeting was held preceded by a
Committee Meeting at 2.30 p.m.. Both were held in the
Board Room of the British Museum (Natural History), by
kind permission of the Trustees.

Members present at both were Mr. A. H. G. Alston
(Chairman), Mr. Dyce, Mr. P. Greenfield, Dr. Swinscow and
the Hon. Secretary.

135

At the Annual Meeting, the usual] business was transacted,
and the elections carried out: Mr. Alston being unanimously
re-elected as President. |

The Vice-Presidents and the Committee were re-elected
en bloc; and the Treasurer, Editor and Secretary, and
Auditor.

The President asked for the Secretary's Report, which
follows.

SECRETARY’S ANNUAL REPORT

The past year can be considered a very satisfactory one
as regards our special interests. Even the wet weather in
the summer did no harm to ferns, and the long winter, as far
as one knows, caused comparatively few losses and some
delay in spring’s fresh growth.

In July, Mr. P. Greenfield and I met Mr. H. G. Rugg,
at Wisley, where the ferns and many other plants were enjoyed
in spite of much rain.

The Lake District excursion included all three of us and
a number of other members and visitors: this has been
ably reported in the Gazette, and ii can be noted here as
most enjoyable.

Special mention must be made of the President’s expedi-
tion to Indonesia, which occupied just over a year from start
to his return: of which he has given an account, also in the
Gazette.

After the Borrowdale visit, during which all members
had the pleasure of inspecting Mr. Askew’s Nursery and
Mr. Jackson’s garden, Mr. Robinson, of Preston, and your
Secretary did some hunting in the area round Preston, and
paid a visit to Mr. Kaye. |

Our other fern-grower members, Mrs. Healey and
Messrs. Perry, have also been visited by the Secretary:. all
these proved most interesting, as well as a call on Mrs.
Macsel last June, when it was a very great pleasure to see
her success in maintaining her husband’s collection.

On the more scientific side, mention should be made of
the discovery at Brackwell by Mrs. Healey of the hybrid
‘between Dryopteris dilatata and D. spinulosa, and her
rescue of the colony from extinction.

Some members of the Botanical Society of the British
Isles have been paying special attention to ferns, and we
are happy to welcome a few of them as our Members.

Dr. Swinscow and Mr. Greenfield each, separately,
made excursions and there have been other individual ones.

It can therefore be said that our activities are not only
maintained but are increasing, and widening in scope.

136

Since our last annual meeting, we have lost Mr. W. R.
Sherrin, who died in March; and others, it is believed but
not definitely known, in the same way.

One member has resigned; there are twelve names for
election today.

This Report was accepted, and the following new
members were formally elected: —- B. R. Allison, M.D.,
Hewlett, Long Island, New Jersey; Mrs. E. M. Arksey, 44,
Kingfield Road, Sheffield; Mrs. M. C. L. Bassnett, Laund,
Hesketh Lane, Tarleton; R. C. Benedict, Ph.D., Pilot Knob,
New York; J. A. Crabbe, British Museum (Natural
History); Miss J. E. Harvey, 23, Captains Road, Edin-
burgh; W. D. Hincks, D.Sc., 19, Whitefield; Heaton
Norris; J. D. Lovis, B.Sc., Department of Botany, Leeds
University; Mrs. J. G. Neilson, 5, Lady Road, Edinburgh;
Perry’s Hardy Plant Farm, Enfield, Middlesex; P. H. B. O.
Smithers, V.R.D., D.Phil.,') M.P.,. Colebrook Hiaimse:
Winchester; S. Walker, D.Sc., Hartley Botanical Labora-
tories, Liverpool University.

After this, the Treasurer presented a statement, to that
date, of the accounts, and said the financial position was
satisfactory, but would be improved if all members paid
their subscriptions on the date when these are due, July Ist.

It was not yet possible to issue the Gazette more often,
and the time for this was not in sight, though hoped for.

He referred briefly to the various items, and the State-
ment was then accepted, the President thanking Mr. Dyce
for his continued care and attention to our finances.

INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENT as at
26th MAY, 1955

1954 peas { sae
30th June ‘‘Gazette " |... ea eee
To Balance’... eles ta eye a | Ch Block for ‘‘ Gazette” 2512s
Subscriptions Cae Rg ei 8, Printing expenses’). 9) 1) ae
Donations _... Edda" Beenie Subseription, R.f.S) 2 o2eee
Sale of" Gazettes") 4-24-60 Hire of room for
Sale, of Plants: » at Aug./54 Meeting lO.
Southport Pak Fy es hte hae Postages and_ Inci-
dental Expenses—
Treasurers a. .. ) 2am
Balance ee +. 504 OaA
{91 17 4 SLOT TT
1955
26th May ead ieiay

TO Balanes 3.0 ae Bait aan F

Nh

137

The Secretary was asked to state that back numbers of
the Gazette are available: Volumes VI, VII, at 6/- a
volume, i.e. 6d. a number, plus postage.

A few copies of the numbers (1 to 5) so far issued of
Vol. VIII are also available at 1/6 each.

The Society is always in need of earlier Volumes, I to V,
or of any single numbers of these.

It was decided to hold the Annual Meeting at the same
place, on the Thursday in Chelsea Show week, at 3.0 p.m.

North Wales was suggested as the place for the 1956
Excursion in the first half of September.

Mr. Dyce thought that photographs of well-known
varieties, not hitherto illustrated in the Gazette, would be of
general interest.

It was agreed that this would be so. The President said
he was collecting dried specimens of fronds and would
always be glad to receive any. He referred to two fern pests,
of more or less recent appearance: these are, mites especially
on greenhouse ferns, and Sawfly larva on Athyrium stems,
the latter’s presence being known by bubbies like Cuckoo-
spit, on the lower part of the stems.

Any information on these would be welcomed.

The meeting closed with a vote of thanks, unanimously
endorsed, to the Chairman.

A balance sheet at the end of our financial year was later
drawn up by Mr. Dyce, and is appended here.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT at 30th JUNE, 1955.

1954 5 as ee Lisa:
30th June ) a NGELAS ERC. fo... aot ee ©
weerealanee 2 22. «345 TE 1. Block for “‘ Gazette’ <2 12 6
Subscriptions Od Oe |S ea ea Priutins expenses. 08 te 6
PEARS: «1. st... 2. F 3 subscription, R.H.S: +252 Co
meow Gazettes ’’ 4 14° 0 Flise"-_ of .r00m1 |. TOF
Sale of Plants at Aug./54 Meeting ie <0
Southport Pe ae Cheque Book “th 5 oO
Postages and Inci-
dental Expenses—
Treasurer’. .: ae 2 10. 0
Balance RY: eee RO ean tg
£94 17 4 £94 17 4
T1955
30th June | ae oe:
To Balance ... =. Seu a) 7

THE KENDAL EXCURSION, 1955

On the 27th August, 1955, five of our members from
London, Warlingham and Preston foregathered at the Wool-
pack Inn at Kendal, the original home of the Society, to

138

enjoy a week’s fern hunting. We were joined on the Monday
by a visitor from the U.S.A., Mrs. Fern Ward Crane, who is
over here in connection with her researches on the affinities
of certain American and British ferns, and was introduced to
us by Professor Manton, of Leeds University, with whom she
is collaborating. We were very pleased to welcome Mrs.
Crane, and to have been of some assistance to her.

Mr. P. Greenfield reached Kendal a few days ahead of
the others and did some preliminary exploring of likely areas
for hunting. We were in very different country from last
year, when all our activities were concentrated in the one
valley—Borrowdale. At Kendal our hunting grounds were
widely scattered in different directions from our centre, and
necessitated the use of car and bus to get out party to the
selected places, most of which were on the limestone. Our
search was chiefly for the lime-loving ferns which predominate
in this district.

A glance through the old records of the finds made in
the surrounding country makes it very evident why Kendal
was the birthplace of our Society. The fern varieties were
there to find, and the hunters were there to find them. It
would seem, however, that the heyday of hunting in this area
was during the 30 years prior to the formation of the Society
in 1891, and the long list of ferns found during this period,
which enrich our collections to-day, include such treasures as
Polypodium vulgare pulcherrrmum from Whitbarrow, P. v.
cambncum barrowu from Witherslack, and P. v. cambicum
hadwinu from Silverdale.

Have the old hunters cleaned up all the good varieties in
these hunting grounds? This question is often discussed by
us, and true it is that, in spite of assiduous hunting, no
first-rate varieties have been found for many years. This.
year was no exception, and our successes were minor ones—
Phylhitis scolopendrum multifidum, undulatum, and some
poor marginatum, a crested Athyrium and, of more interest,
Dryoptens villarsu cristata, found by Mr. Greenfield on the
limestone pavement on Hutton Roof. The plant was in an
exposed position, and it is difficult to say if the cresting is
thorough at all the tips. The finder gave me a crown and we
are hoping that the promise of this plant will be fulfilled in
cultivation.

The limestone pavement on Hutton Roof is a most
interesting formation. Extensive flat areas of limestone cover
the hill, and are broken up by narrow fissures running in all
directions. These “ grikes,’’ as they are called, are from a
few inches to about 2 feet in width, and of varying depths up
to and often exceeding 6 feet. The walls and bottoms are
full of ferns, the predominant species being Phyllitis scolopen-
drium, Drvoptens villarsu, and Gymnocarpium robertianum.

139

These species are in great abundance, and we noted par-
ticularly the strong growth at the bottom of the grikes of
P. scolopendrium, obviously very happy in the sheltered
conditions and the good rich soil which accumulates there. It
was slow work peering down the clefts in the search for
variation, and careful footwork was called for, as a slip could
easily result in a broken leg. The P. scolopendrium varieties
we found were in shallow grikes, but the thought was
constantly in our minds that if a really good variety was
spotted, it would most likely be at the bottom of a narrow,
deep fissure and beyond our reach.

The interest in Hutton Roof and the large extent of the
area to be hunted was such that we devoted two days to this
hill and enjoyed every minute of our stay there. Other ferns
found in the grikes were Asplenium trichomanes, also very
much at home in the prevailing conditions, A. viride, A. ruta-
muraria, Polystichum aculeatum, Cystopteris fragilis, and
Polypodium vulgare. Some orchids and other plants of
interest to our botanists were also growing among the ferns.

A day was spent in the Witherslack area, with
Polypodium in mind, and several fine colonies along one part
of our route were carefully scrutinised. No fronds showed
any departure from the normal. Later our way led through
a damp wood, where Dryopteris dilatata and Athyrium |
filix-foemina luxuriated. On the whole, we had a poor day’s
hunting, but we were able to cover only a little of the district.
and further search would probably have revealed some good
hunting ground. Lack of time prevented us from extending
our search on Whitbarrow to more than the extreme S.W.
corner, where Ceterach officinarum was seen, and A. ruta-
muraria on scree. On the way back to Kendal, Polypodium
was common on the banks of the road between Sedgewick
and Natland, but there was no variation.

Mrs. Crane’s interest was more particularly in Dryopteris,
and localities were visited where these were plentiful. One
day was spent around the village of Kentmere, where
D. borreri was the main focus of interest. This was switched
to D. dilatata in the afternoon, when pale-scaled specimens
were found during our scrambling on the adjacent hills.
Several plants were dug up during the day and were later
sent on to Professor Manton at Leeds, and Mrs. Crane’s
plant-press began to bulge with a large collection of fronds.
Her happiest day was when we found a large colony of
D. spinulosa, and she considered that this in itself was worth
the long journey from the U.S.A. Our week had all but gone
with not a glimpse of this fern, which was one she was most
anxious to see, so on the Friday we concentrated all our
efforts on hunting it down, and were successful. The plant-
press swelled enormously as a result. We were delighted to

140

find a fine specimen of Osmunda regalis flourishing among the
spinulosa and dilatata.

After the long, dry summer, ferns in most places were a
sorry sight and many looked quite dead. Wall ferns and
those on roadside banks were the worst sufferers. The
drought ended while we were at Kendale, and we had some
heavy rain, but not enough to upset our programme. The
worst storm was on Thursday afternoon when we visited
Mr. R. Kaye’s nursery at Silverdale. Some of us waiked
part of the way hunting en route, and arrived rather damp,
while the others travelled in comfort by car. We were
hospitably entertained by Mrs. Kaye after we had been shown
round the nursery by Mr. Kaye, whose ferns, like those of
most of us, have suffered badly this summer. In his orchid
house, we were very interested to see that the compost in the
pots was ideal for the propagation of ferns, and thousands of
self-sown sporelings presented quite a weeding problem. Some
good things have turned up amongst them, and Mr. Kaye
proudly exhibited to me a very fine specimen of P. scolopen-
drium laceratum which originated in this way. I am now
the owner of a sporeling from this plant, and it shows promise
of being as magnificent as its parent.

During the Excursion, some of our happiest hours were
when, the day’s hunting over and a good dinner disposed of,
we gathered together for our evening meeting. The events of
the day were discussed, the following day’s programme
planned, and then the talk ranged over a variety of subjects,
but chiefly pteridological in botanical. Mrs. Crane’s contribu-
tion to our discussions was a valuable one, and we prevailed
upon her one evening to give us a short lecture on her work
on spore-morphology as a means of identification in the
genus Dryopteris. We were shown a series of her own line-
drawings, which demonstrated very forcibly the spore-
differences between species, polyploids, and hybrids, an aid to
identification which is particularly significant among units
which seem otherwise morphologically indistinguishable. We
listened with the greatest interest and bombarded her with
questions afterwards.

To sum up, we had a good meeting, good hunting, and
a happy time together. Twenty-two species of ferns were
recorded, but no exciting new varieties were found. We have
all returned with some interesting plants, however, and some
new fern knowledge, and our only regret is that so few
members turned up to participate in what should be the big
annual event of the British Pteridological Society.

I conclude with grateful acknowledgment for the help
given by Messrs. J. A. Crabbe and P. Greenfield in the
writing of this article.

J. W. Dyce

141
FERNS IN BASKETS

Most of the ferns that grow on rocks or walls are rather
difficult to establish in flowerpots. The outstanding exception
is Asplenium marinum. In a greenhouse from which frost is
excluded it will grow in a pot to a far greater size than among
the coastal rock clefts that are its usual habitat in Britain.
But the other Spleenworts seem rather to resent being planted
in pots, and a botanist recently mentioned to me that in
his laboratory they find Asplenium viride impossible to keep
in a healthy state. As I have had some success in growing
these ferns in wire baskets, I thought a note on the method
might be of interest not only to those members of the Society
who, like me, grow them for pleasure in their greenhouses,
but also to botanists and others who require a constant supply
for scientific study.

The wire baskets that I buy are of the usual horticultural
pattern and the cheapest I can find. The best variety consist
mainly of a thick wire wound ‘spirally into the shape of a
bowl, with three wires leading from the top edge to meet at
a wire hook, from which the whole is suspended. When
bought, the baskets are too large for my purpose, so I cut
them down with wire clippers to about half size. I then line
them with moss, my favourite being the common woodland
moss Mnium hornum. It can be sliced off the woodland floo1
with thin sheets of the soil in which it. grows. The advantage
of taking this moss in slices of soil is that it will continue to
grow and remain fresh throughout the year. The compost
in which I put the ferns is made up of about equal parts of
loam, sterile peat (or sometimes leafmould), and sand. For
lime-loving ferns I add some limestone chips; or the fern may
be planted between small nuggets of limestone knocked off
a rock of it.

In order to water these baskets I have constructed an
exceedingly simple framework over the water-tank in my
greenhouse (I am no handyman). It is a broad shelf on legs,
supported about 2 ft. above the top of the tank. Ferns in pots
stand on it, and some hooks are screwed into its under-surface.
I dip the baskets in the tank, and then hang them on the
hooks to drain into it for a few hours, perhaps overnight.
Rainwater, a precious commodity in Hertfordshire, is thus
conserved.

The ferns I grow in this way are Asplemum septen-
trionale, A. viride, A. trichomanes in three varieties. A.
obovatum, Ceterach officinarum, Cystoptens dickieana, and
Polypodium vulgare in four varieties. That they grow with
exuberance several members of the Society can testify, having
seen them at the last annual meeting. That they grow better
in baskets than in pots I have learnt by trial, since several

142

of them spent a year or two in pots, where they languished,
before being put into baskets, where they raced ahead. I
have also been able to compare the results of growing two
equal parts of the same clump of Cyslopiens dickieana, one
in a pot and the other in a basket. Ihe vigour of the basket-
grown plant greatly outshines that ot the pot-grown. The
same result was noted in two plants of Asplenium viride, one
kept in a pot, the other transferred to a basket. The latter’s
fronds are about 6in. long. Indeed so striking is the growth
of the basket-grown plants that they seem on the average to
be about twice the size of their pot-grown relatives, though as
a result of giving various plants away, or of. transferring all
of some species to baskets, I have not sufficient material with
which to compare actual measurements.

DouUGLAS SWINsCoW.

THE WISLEY MEETING

This was held, as arranged, on August 13th, and six
members were present, also Mrs. Dyce and a friend, the
members bemg Mr. Crabbe, Mr. Dutly, Mr Dyeeraa
Revd. E. A. Elliot, Mr. P. Greenfield and Mr. N. Robinson.
The latter made a special journey by night train, an example
of North Country keenness. From about 2.0 p.m. the Fern
collection was being given a scrutiny, which became in-
tensified when all the company had arrived.

As a whole, the Ferns were in good condition considering
the dry summer, this being largely due no dcubt to the water
supply provided for them, and to the surrounding shade.

A number of gaps were noticed, where Ferns had died,
or failed to grow properly.

In other cases, seedling Ferns had sprung up ea even
when varietal, were threatening the welfare of more valuable
plants by too close proximity to the latter. Here and there,
too, labels have become misplaced, or have disappeared’
and in a few instances, some weeds were becoming too
evident.

The larger ferns, such as Polystichums, Dryopteris,
Athyrium, and the bigger Phyllitis, are well spaced and
therefore not crowded, but some of the more vigorous
Polypodies, with travelling rootstocks, would perhaps benefit
by replanting.

This would be not only to their benefit but also to that
of small Ferns of various species, which appear to be in
some danger of being smothered.

In the Athyriums, there are a number of normal, non-
varietal, plants which are no doubt self-sown, and with these,
a clearance of many could very profitably be made.

EE ee

143

The collection is so large that, while some ot the fore-
going comments are made after a more or less superficial
inspection, others only become evident when a much more
detailed and close examination has been given to the plants.

What has been said, however, may perhaps be sugges-
tive of the kind of attention called for in even quite a smail
Fernery: for that at Wisley is not merely a collection but an
example of how the best Ferns should be grown and cared
for.

It may be remarked, in conclusion, that the Stansfield-
Cranfield collections, which torm the bulk of the plants, are
almost entirely of genera with pronounced varietal tendencies,
i.e. Athyrium, ODryopteris, Polystichum, Polypodium,
Phyllitis. One would like to see space given to other
woodland and water-side species, in a more prominent way:
and some provision also made for display to catch the
public’s eye, of rock and wall growing species and such
varieties as they afford. 7 |

Although so many Ferns need shade, and some protec-
tion from wind, it is not necessary to put them away in
comers; sometimes, one feels, the old idea still persists that
they are useful to fill spaces that would otherwise remain
empty. —

Some day, perhaps, a real collection of British Ferns
and varieties will be made in a way that will give them the »

widest possible attention that they deserve.
Ghat Be

FERNS AND FLOWERS

The ultra-specialist in any branch of gardening is apt to
be a tiresome person to the outsider. He is too inclined to
fill all his available space with his speciality, to his own
edification perhaps, but in a way that is boring to other
people. The keen rosarian, for instance, may fill his garden
with roses and refuse to grow anything in between the trees.
He will probably be apologetic when you notice the edging
of violas or crocuses unwillingly planted at his wife’s com-
mand. The fern enthusiast, too, J think, is a little inclined to
fill his ground to the exclusion of everything else. But in
spite of the wonderful diversity of form and size among our

' British ferns, and in spite of the fact that so many of them

are beautiful the whole year round, I think the interest
of an outdoor collection can be considerably increased by a

_ judicious sprinkling of flowering plants. Ferns do not grow

in nature in serried ranks, with bare patches of earth in

between. In their natural haunts they are found in associa-

tion with various wild flowers, and are not thought any the

144

less attractive because of it. In the hedgerows they jostle
with Herb Robert and speedwell, with primrose, buttercup,
and stitchwort. Even the wall-loving spleenworts have to
rub shoulders with stone crop and pellitory, while in shady
dells their root-stocks are often smothered in moss.

The enthusiast will, of course, consider carefully what
he will allow to mix with his treasures. His first consideration
will be to note what will flourish in such situations as are
congenial to ferns. The flowers must be willing to grow
and bloom in somewhat shady places and in fairly moist
soil, besides which they must never be too obtrusive or in
anyway a nuisance. The cultivator will thus dispense with
periwinkle, St. John’s Wort and such-like except for the
roughest corners. The foliage must not compete with that
of the ferns for light or space, and the flowers should preferably
come when the ferns are past their best. Nor must the
plants be possessed of too vigorous a root system, lest they
deprive their neighbours of the necessary food and moisture.

The choice of suitable flowering plants is large, especially
for the amateur with a small garden, who has to spread his.
coliection beyond the strict limits of shade and into the
sunnier parts. He has ample choice of bordering plants,
should he desire such, and may choose violettas, dwarf
campanulas, mossy saxifrages and many other things.

Among flowering plants for filling in odd spaces between
the ferns themselves, few seem more suitable than the hardy
Cyclamen, such as C. coum and repandum which bloom
before the deciduous ferns have uncurled their new fronds, or
C. europeum and neapolitanum which come along when the
first glorious greenery of the ferns is on the wane. These
cyclamen, I think, associate particularly well with the harts’
tongues, for both like a well drained soil not deficient in
lime. For other spots, also well drained and not too shady,
there are several of the Crocus species, beautiful and
uncommon, which are worth trying even among the choicest
ferns. Crocus zonatus, medius, speciosus and longziflorus
suggest themselves for the autumn, with C. Siebert, biflorus
Tomasinanus and many others for the spring. The lesser
Narcisst, such as triandrus, cyclamineus and bulbocodium
are all very choice and associate especially well with the .
smaller ferns on rockwork. Other bulbous and tuberous
plants can be had in plenty, and the Anemones, such as
blanda, apennina and nemorosa (in several varieties) call for
special mention, as being beautiful, good natured and dis-
appearing early. Tnlhum grandifiorum and Sanguinaria
canadensis are two more, while mere mention will suffice in
the case of Adonis, Evanthis, Galanthus, Scilla, Muscan and.
Leucojum. The old-fashioned Lily of the Valley enjoys the
company of ferns, but is apt when happy to become a weed.

145

Fritillaria meleagris, however, may hang its head, though
not in shame, among your choicest shield ferns. No attempt
at massing will be made in the fern border, a few flowers
peeping out here and there in odd places being probably
better, and detracting less from the main occupants of the
beds. Here and there, a larger plant may be allowed, such
as a clump of Christmas rose, a patch of Anemone hepatica,
Dodecatheon meadia, or Dicentra spectabilis, Mimulus is.
somewhat too rampant, but Mazus pumuilio is of a quieter
habit. In the damper parts, too, such things as [7s cristata
and gracilipes, Cypripedium calceolus and even some of the
Gentians might be tried, while the height of enthusiasm will
be reached when Calochorti of the Globe section are attempted
in beds of leaf mould.

A host of other suitable things could be mentioned, but
the object of this article is to give a few suggestions and
not an exhaustive list. Some discretion must of course be
used in placing whatever flowers we have decided upon,
so that such moisture-loving things as the Primulas shall not
be planted in the drier parts among the good-tempered male
and shield ferns, nor such sun-loving plants as the Crocuses
placed in the shadiest corners with the lady ferns. And this
point will be conceded—only the choicet flowers among choice
ferns: which statement can be supplemented by another, that,
on the whole, the so-called florists’ flowers are out of place in
the fern border, the natural species being altogether more suit-
able.

The above arrangement certainly adds to the interest of
the visitor, who may never have heard of Moly, Jones, or Fox,
and yet who might be persuaded to examine some fine ferns
after having been attracted to the spot by a clump of
Epimedium or a patch of Primula rosea in its full glory.
Besides, it enables the fern lover with limited space to indulge
his fancy in flowers without endangering the supremacy of
_ his particular pets.

In conclusion, one might mention the question of carpet-
ing. In nature, there is no doubt that the general plant
association of wood and hedgerow tends to keep the roots cool,
and in some cases to conserve moisture, but we do not want
our choice ferns smothered and strangled by a rampant
creeper. In an old volume of The Gazette it is suggested that
the “‘ Corsican nettle ’’ (Helxine Soleiroli) might be used, but
I imagine that this is too hearty a grower, at least for the
less robust ferns, besides being doubtfully hardy. I am
at present allowing Mentha Requiem and Arenaria Balearica
to ramp over a small bed of mixed ferns, and am watching
with interest for the result. I may be sorry for it later, but
so far the apparent result is not bad. At any rate, nothing
more suitable as a carpeter comes to mind, unless the dainty

146

little annual lonopsidium acaule can be called one. Perhaps
someone in whose garden the Avenaria more especially is a
weed, will give his experiences as to the fate of the ferns when
the carpeter has taken possession and become thoroughly
established.

5S. P. ROWLANDs.

ASPLENIUM ADULTERINUM

This fern is almost certainly a hybrid between A. viride
and A. trichomanes (probably the form — diploid — of
A. trichomanes which hybridizes with A. septentrionale—
see Editorial note, page 123 of the Gazette, Vol. VIII, No. 5).

A. adulterinum resembles A. viride rather than
A. trichomanes in the texture of its fronds and in the absence
of any wing to the rachis, which is brown or black (like that
of A. trichomanes) in its lower part, shading into green above.
It occurs on serpentine rocks on the continent of Europe ;
and Mr. J. D. Lovis, for whom the Society has been asked
to collect specimens of A. tvichomanes in certain circumstances
(Gazette reference above) would be grateful if members would
examine serpentine rocks in Scotland in the hope that
A. adulterinum may be found on them. According to Geikie’s
Text Book of Geology, serpentine occurs in two distinct
forms: first, in beds or indefinitely-shaped bosses, inter-
calated among schistose rocks, and associated especially with
crystalline limestones ; second, in dykes or veins traversing
other rocks. Banffshire is mentioned as one locality in which
serpentine is found interbedded among other rocks, including
limestones. | }

We have recently had a most welcome increase in the
number of members in Scotland, and hope that this quest
may appeal specially to them, as well as to any other botanists
or fern-hunters who may be able to operate in Scotland. The
matter is rather intriguing, as one purpose of the search for
A. trichomanes asked for in connection with A. serpentrionale
and its hybrid A. x breynu is to ascertain whether the
A. trichomanes within range and likely to be one of the
parents of the hybrid is growing on lime-less rocks. If
A. adulterinum could be found in Scotland (in which case,
of course, it should be left 7 stw) it would be important to
ascertain whether A. trichomanes near it is or is not on
calcareous rocks.

Possibly in the course of a search for A. adulterinum in
Scotland, it might be of interest at the same. time to look for
the variety of Asplemium adiantum-nigrum, known as obtusum
or .serpentim, which, according to Britten’s ‘‘ European
Ferns,’’ was found in 1862 in the parish of Cabrach on the
serpentine range. of mountains which divides the counties of

147

/

Banff and Aberdeen. This variety is described as being the
opposite of acutum, having comparatively straight, spreading
pinnz which are usually more or less obtuse at the apex. It
is of a dull, opaque green. Apparently, however, it is some-
what variable in appearance, occasionally bearing more
resemblance to A. adiantum - nigrum proper.

P. GREENFIELD.

SOME SWISS FLOWERS AND FERNS

It would be easy to fil! the whole Gazette with an account
of my first visit to Switzerland: but other contributors must,
very gratefully, be considered, and so I begin with June 2nd,
when at 6.30 a.m. I had my first sight of the country at
Lausanne, with the famous Dent du Midi mountain standing
out clearly in the brilliant sunshine. I was one of a Botanical
party of 24 which included as leaders our member, Mr.
J. S. L. Gilmour, and Mrs. Gilmour. Two more came two
days later. Our destination, St.-Luc, at an altitude of 5,390
feet, was reached just after 11.0 a.m., and we were warmly
welcomed at our most comfortable hotel, the H. du Cervin.

Soon after, we were all out, quietly exploring the village
and its immediate surroundings. Next morning we were
taken for a leisurely walk with a sloping ascent of some 100
feet, and for about 14 miles or so: while sitting in a meadow,
I was called to come higher up the slope, and found that ©
Botrychium lunaria had been discovered in abundance. They
were in a damper situation than one would expect, and very
stout fleshy plants.

Here it may be remarked that in nearly all the Swiss
specimens of flowers and ferns, there was some difference
between them and British examples where they occur in our
country: a difference not always easy to put into words, but
quite appreciable. |

Most of our party had only a general interest in ferns,
but all were very thoughtful in remembering my specializing
and in bringing back fronds or whole plants from excursions
which we were free to make in all directions. Almost every
day a big walk was planned and joined in by about half our
total number: others rambling alone or in small groups.

This naturally resulted in a maximum collection of plant
species, the total at the end being over 300.

Usually we went upwards, some of us reaching over 9,000
feet, and nearly all getting above the tree line and into snow.
My own highest climb was to just over 7,000 feet: the most
tiring walk I did was to go downwards, and then to take the
main road back.

Two big excursions, neither of which I went in, were to
Zermatt, and to Les Follaterres near Martigny. I regretted

148

missing the latter as, contrary to expectation, a host of very
interesting plants were found.

However, we all saw the finds, as they were set out on
the verandah on tables, in jars and tins which the Hotel
seemed able to produce in unlimited quantity: the naming
being carried out by Mr. Gilmour and others with ungrudging
skill and expenditure of time.

On June roth, the Abbé Mariétan came from Sion to
stay a night, and lead a ramble next morning. He isa leading
authority on everything connected with the Canton Valais,
and though announcing the walk as ‘‘ mainly geological,’’ it
became one of much wider interest.

There were geologists in our party, thanks to whom it
was shown that we were at the junction of Limestone forma-
tion with Gneiss, Mica schist, and Granite. This resulted in
a very varied flora; and the Fauna were also interesting to
many of us. Snow fell on three or four nights and there were
several cold evenings: on one walk, deep drifts across the track
on the mountain side, with a sheer drop at a steep angle below
the track, gave us a taste of the mountaineer’s traverse. The
way across was made for us by one of the party, with
Himalayan experience, stamping out foot-holds close together,
so that we shuffled rather than strode across.

Owing to the late snows, the cattle, a heavy-bodied short-
legged more or less mahogany-coloured breed known as the
Héreas race, were not yet loose on the mountain meadows:
so we missed hearing the celebrated yodelling song “‘ Ranz
des vaches,’’ used to call them together by their owners.

We were too early also for the Féte des Vignerons or
Vinegrowers’ Festival, only held at long intervals and due
this year early in August.

But we were on the spot for the great Roman Catholic
Feast of Corpus Christi on June oth, observed with tremen-
dous enthusiasm and deep impressiveness.

In the Val d’ Anniviers and elsewhere in the Valais, tradi-
tion is extremely strong, and we saw some magnificent old-time
costumes in the Procession which was the climax of the Feast.

The day is made a general holiday and it was very bad
luck that the afternoon was one of the wettest we had.

On the 14th, I went down to Lausanne and spent next
day with our member, Monsieur P. Villaret, whom I was
delighted to meet after considerable correspondence. His
itinerary, carefully planned to include all the plant stations
of greatest interest, covered a tour of some go miles in his
car on a brilliantly sunny day: and added a number of plants
to the party’s list, including some from just below Salvan,
where Mr. P. Greenfield stayed in 1929 and graphically
described in the Gazette, Vol. V, No. 11.

149

After seeing a good deal of Lausanne next day and
visiting friends who live there, I rejoined the party on the
through train at 10.50 p.m. and we were in London on the
w7in at 4.15 p.m.

Uf the flowering plants, the outstanding species, to mc
were the huge Anemone alpina and its variety sulfurea, and
Gentiana verna, on open grassy stony slopes, often mixed with
the lovely white Ranunculus pyrenaeus, a fairly tall plant in
native surroundings, Crocus aibiflorus sometimes occurred
with these. Soldanella alpina was seen, as expected, pushing up
through snow, but appeared to be more abundant lower down,
where Jvollius also flourished in snow-free meadows, with the
curious Phyteuma orbicuiare. Of seven Veronica species,
abhylla and Teucrium were non-British: as was Viola biflora
out of six species. When growing wild, Polygala chamaebuxus
arrests the eye at once, being for one thing frequently at about
that level: and the intensely deep blue of P. alfina does the
same for an otherwise rather insignificant little plant. Seven
orchideous species contained one. non-British, O. sambucina,
Rhododendron ferrugineum was abundant but hardly in
flower: nor was Sambucus vacemosus, the elder with red
berries. Besides Cowslips, Primula hirsuta and P. farinosa
made, as they always do, a lovely show: the former especially
when clothing a rock top or fringing an overhanging ledge.
It was too late for Saxifraga oppositifolia, though one plant
was found: S. aizoon, S. cuneifolia and S. moschata were ©
brought in.

At this level, 5,000 feet and above, it seemed too early
for most Ferns to show new growth, though Thelypteris
dryopteris (Oak Fern) was well developed and Dryopteris
fiix-mas (Male Fern) was doing so rapidly. Polystichum
lonchitis fronds of last year protruded from under rocks in
several places and the common Polypody (P. vulgare) was
seen fairly often on rock tops cr ledges or in crannies.
Cystoptenis fragilis was very common, varying only in size.
Asplenium septentrionale and A. Trichomanes were abundant,
often close together, but with no trace of their hybrid x
Breynu. Dryopteris (Lastrea) dilatata and D. spinulosa were
recorded but were very scanty, and only one patch, a fair-
sized colony, was seen of Thelypteris Robertiana, the Lime-
stone Polypody: and a small amount of Asplenium viride
occurred, at about 8,000 feet; while Botrychium, already men-
tioned, was thick on the ground at about 9,000 feet. —

At the much lower level of Les Follaterres, out of some
45 plants recorded as distinct from the main list, the most
interesting appear to be Aceras anthropophora and Cepha-
lanthera rubra: Linum tenuifolium: Astragalus onobrychis:
Alyssoides utriculatum: Onobrychis arenarnia: Allium

150

sphaerocephalum: Silene Armena: and in Canton Valais,
Vicia onobrycioides.

Two ferns were recorded: Ceterach, and Asplemee
adiantum-mgrum, a form very unlike our normal type.

At the various places selected by Monsieur Villaret for
the 15th, a number of flowers were noted, from which I select
Trifohum alpestre, Gemsta sagitiahs, Silene rupesins,
Veromca fruticans, Anthericum Lihago, and the very beauti-
ful white form of Verbascum Lychmitis.

It was however a day primarily devoted to Ferns, and
I was privileged to see Athyrium filix-femina: Asplenium
ruta-murania: Blechnum spicant: Dryoptens Oreopteris:
Asplenium fontanum: A. x Breynu: Cystopteris montana:
Polystichum setiferum, in a new station recently discovered
by Monsieur Villaret: and two rare hybrids, Dryoptenis Tavelh
(D. fiix-mas x D. Borren) and Polystichum Bicknelh (P.
setiferum x P. lobatum). The final exhibit of a most memor-
able day was a patch of Lycopods, where Lycopodium
annotinum, L. clavatum and L. complanatum grew inter-
mingled in some profusion and contentment.

Out of all this botanical wealth I chose Ceterach,
Asphlenium viride and A. septentrionale, Polystchum
Lonchitis, Sedum dasyphyllum and Sempervivums arachnot-
deum and tectorum: and, with an Import Licence, got all of
them safely home, where they are now flourishing in a most

satisfactory way.
iL. Awe

ASPLENIUM VIRIDE and A. TRICHOMANES

Asplenium vinde is not a fern for the hunter of varieties,
of which it has very few: interest in it lies rather in its
restricted habitats and some diificulty in cultivating it. In
this country it is a mountain, or at least an upland, fern and
needs calcareous conditions. Its need for lime has sometimes
been challenged but does not appear to have been disproved.

In the Derbyshire limestone area, A. viride occurs in a
few places growing in cracks on north-facing rocks protruding
from the sides of the deep dales, which, as along the valley
of the Wye, break up the general undulating limestone
plateau. At one of its habitats botanical friends of the writer
had observed with some astonishment that plants preferring
acid soil, such as heather (Calluna vulgaris) were growing
near the fern; and precisely the same state of affairs has been
found to obtain in another dale where a rather large colony
of the fern is spread out along a line of rocks almost overhung
by the edge of a field sloping down to them from above—an
ordinary pasture of the limestone plateau. Clearly the leach-

a eC - a e

151

ing of the soil over the rocks had removed the lime from it.
On these rocks where they were decorated by A. viride there
was no A. trichomanes. It was only where A. viride was
petering out that a very few plants of A. trichomanes were
seen. When this odd dissociation of the two ferns was men-
tioned to Mr. F. T. Hall, who has a very wide knowledge of
the flora of the Derbyshire dales, he stated that he had noticed
the dissociation generally. And Druery remarks somewhere
in a more general way that A. vivide is not usually found
associated with A. trichomanes. |

What is the explanation? Subject to confirmation by
Mr. Lovis who has examined A. tvichomanes from the dale
referred to, it may be assumed to be the common form —-
tetraploid. As usual therefore it would have a preterence for
lime, but it would be more tolerant of its absence than is
A. viride. The Derbyshire experience suggests, however, that
it dislikes moisture from leached. soil while, surprisingly A.
viride seems tolerant of it so long as the fern is growing in
limestone.

In the limestone areas of Yorkshire and north Lancashire
A. vinde is found usually, though often sparsely, in the
‘ grikes’’ of level stretches known as pavements. “‘ Grikes’”’
—a term scarcely known outside this region —are crevasses,
generally a few inches to a foot or so wide and a varying
number of feet deep. They are as a rule close together and
caution is needed in exploring them to avoid aslip. Occasion-
ally, small bushes and a little herbage may grow on the
surface and probably their decay accounts for the soil in the
grikes which becomes leached and often so fine in texture and
black that it is almost as difficult to remove from the hands
as soot.

The haunts of A. viride in Derbyshire are at an altitude
of about 800ft. The limestone pavements in N. Lancashire
are at approximately the same height. A pavement at Ribble-
head is 1,100 ft. above sea level, and the pavements
on the flanks of Ingleborough are higher.

The conditions of soil, shade and moisture on the Derby-
shire rock-faces are less variable than those in the grikes,
where in the irregularly waterworn limestone there are cracks,
pockets and loose pieces of rock which can hold soil, much
or little, with differing exposures. There is a surprising variety
in the vegetation. Taking the more interesting of the N. Lan-
cashire pavements as an example, there are bushes, herbage,
flowering plants, and ferns, mainly Phylhtis scolopendrium,
Dryoptens filix-mas, D. Villarsu (Lastrea ngida), Cystop-
tenis fragilis, the Limestone and Common Polypodies: Poly-
Stichum aculeatum here and there. Rather sparingly and
localized are Asplentum viride, A. trichomanes and A. ruta-
muraria.

152

There is little limestone in the central parts of the Lake
District; but A. viride has been found on slate formations in
one or two places. It seems probable that its presence may
be accounted for by calcareous veins in the rock. On this
point further investigation is desirable, though it is likely to
be very difficult to carry out.

It is hoped that members who have found A. wiride else-
where will be able to furnish full information about the
habitats and surrounding vegetation.

P. GREENFIELD.

SOUTHPORT SHOW
(Contributed )

It is not often that summer weather is almost too good,
but the intense heat at the end of August had some adverse
effect, on plants and visitors, though rather too much was
made of this in the daily Press.

There was some evidence of the prevailing dryness in
the Hardy fern classes, but the number of exhibits was
well maintained: and it is satisfactory also that there were
nearly as many exhibitors as in recent years, though their
number could well be increased with advantage. At preseni,
about half a big tent is required; one would like to see the
whole tent filled with ferns! Public interest was rather
stronger this year and on one day the Bureau in the National
Societies’ tent was kept almost continually busy with questions
and advice.

Special thanks are due to Mr. N. Robinson, who gave
invaluable help on all three days, and to Mr. B. Hayhurst,
who supported him ably during this time. In the big Group
class there were again only two entries: Mr. J. Brookfield
being first and taking our Challenge Cup; Messrs J. Brook-
field and Son coming second.

The winning Group contained excellent Polystichums,
gracilimum and Iveryanum in particular; and some fine
Polypodies and plumose Athyriums ; while in the others, P.
angulare Bland, variegated Scolopendriums and a nice A.f.f.
Victorie were pre-eminent. It has been the custom to give
results of the successful exhibits in detail, but this year the
practice is altered and only plants of special merit (with the
owner's name) are being mentioned.

Mr. B. Hayhurst’s first prize exhibits included the un-
common Polypody Cowan’s grandiceps: a fine crested scolo-
pendrium: Polystichums aculeatum gracillimum, angulare
divisilobum densum and cristatum: A.f.f. percristatum
plumosum Druery: Lastrea angustata crispum. In his three
second prize exhibits, the best Polypodiums vulgare elegan-
tissimum, and Barrowi: Mr. J. Brookfield’s firsts included :

153

P. vulgare elegantissimum: and Barrowi: and in second
place, A.f.f. plumosum Horsfall, Polystichum plumosum
densum, and a lineare Lastrea.

Mr. W. Law, now a truly veteran exhibitor whom one was
pleased to find as enthusiastic as ever, secured a second prize
with A.f.f. plumosum Druery and A.f.f. dissectum: and two
third prizes. |

Mr. J. Pye won the most contested class, that for one
British fern, with A.f.f. Victcriz: and one second and two
third prizes. His A.f.f. Frizelle (a crested fern) was the only
specimen of this fern noticed in any exhibit. Finally, Mr.
Scott took third prize, with a Scolopendrium vulgare crispum,
in the one British fern class.

There were other competitors besides those named above;
this was all to the good, as showing a real interest in fern
culture.

A noticeable and most commendable point, which one
would like to see still further extended, was that a number of
varieties were shown which had not appeared as exhibits in
recent years. In other words, variety in varieties from year
to year is most desirable.

Almost all the faults in exhibiting, referred to in Vol. VIII,
No. 5, were in evidence, and in some cases cost the exhibitor
the loss of a higher place which would otherwise have been
secured.

In ‘“‘ John Bull’’ for August 28th, 1955, an excellent
article on the Show appeared, with some colour photos ; these
included one of the Show Secretary, Mr. G. Nicholls, and the
Show-ground Manager, Mr. E. Patrick, two officials to whom
most of the Show’s success is due and to whom the exhibitors
and judges owe thanks which are as real as they are difficult
to put into words.

FERN GOSSIP

For some reason, which I find hard to explain to myself,
and should welcome opinions on, there has been an outbreak
of self-sown spores in my cold greenhouse during the past
twelve months.

Asplenum Tnchomanes, Athyrium, Cystopteris semper-
virens, Dryopteris, and perhaps others, have appeared, in
some cases abundantly. This has never happened so freely
before, and it is this which puzzles me. The strangest is the
emergence of an exotic Pteris: the probable parent plant
was given away at least two years ago.

In the September issue of the Botanical Society of the
British Isles’ publication, Watsonia, Dr. S. Walker has the
first part of a most interesting and thorough account of studies
in the Dryopteris dilatata group. This is mentioned here only

154

as a reason for calling attention to two ferns, the other being
D. spinulosa,. which often suffer from neglect as regards
cultivation. The third of the group, D. cristata, is a rarity
and seldom seen ; but if found fertile, is easily raised from
spores.

Certainly, none of them has been particularly varietal ;
but all have a grace of their own which deserves more atten-
tion than it usually receives.

All the larger Holly Ferns (Polystichum Lonchitis) seen
in Switzerland in June were growing embedded under large
boulders, with only the fronds visible. An attempt to copy
this during the winter, for the two brought back, may enable
them to survive. At present, both seem very happy at about
120 feet above sea level instead of well over 5,000, in a bed
of gritty alluvial soil outdoors. A former attempt to grow
the fern under glass ended in failure, the fronds rotting away
one by one: probably insufficient drainage, over-watering,
and too high (for this fern) temperature, all led to this result.

Probable all our outdoor ferns, when watering could not
be done, have suffered during this summer. It would be of
interest, especially to me, to hear from any Members which
of their ferns were most affected in this way. My worst
victims were Athyriums, particularly some but not all of the
plumose varieties—and Cystoptenis.

A fern or, rather, part of one obtained as an offset from
a huge old Dryoptems dilatata in Johnny Wood, Borrowdale,
in 1954, is showing signs of interesting growth and possible
hybridity. It has the characteristic dilatata frond and scales,
but the rootstock appears to be beginning to creep in
spinulosa fashion. One wonders, if it is a hybrid, whether
the spinulosa influence is the stronger. At any rate, it will
be worth watching now it has become quite established.

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| British Fern
| GOazette

WAV ASO
WINTER, 1956 Lo LLL pS

* . i EDITED BY : ah
Revd. E. A. ELLIOT, M.A.

SoutH STOKE VICARAGE,
NEAR READING, BERKS.

me | PUBLISHED BY |
| PS) THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY |

| Preset: A. H. G. Alston, B.A., F.L.S., Dept: of Botany,
- British Museum (Nat. Hist,), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

Hon. Secretary: Revd. E. A. Elliot, South Stoke Vicarage,

Poo near Reading.

Hon. erasures : J. W. Dyce, “ Hilltop,” 46 Sedley Rise,
S38 Loughton, Essex. Sr?

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Phyllitis scolopendrium var. laceratum.,

OO

THE

BRITISH FERN GAZETTE

NEW SERIES

Vol. VIII. WINTER 1956 | NO a
CONTENTS Page

EDITORIAL NOTES S, me ae ie ae my 3 Pe 155
OurR FRONTISPIECE ... ey foe Lhe ie = a np 156
THe ANNUAL MEETING, 1956 ... ae ee Lis Ak I 156
INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENT ... ot 1 a a Wie 157
FERNS AND A WELSH HOLIDAY .... ms aes ie alerci a3 158
THE BRITISH POLYSTICHUMS - ee Le the gas 159

_ HABITATS OF POLYSTICHUM ANGULARE (SETIFERUM) AND SOME
REMARKS ON ITS VARIATION +h a ue, Za te 168
THE ANNUAL EXCURSION, 1956 ... ue <4. avi iL ., ve 171
SOUTHPORT SHOW, 1956 ... Sig ce ne! ee ae a 174
ee cs gad Sean hee 6. cg” BGR
List OF MEMBERS _... ics oe iz fi i “ wa 175
EDITORIAL

This year’s excursion, held as it was inan almost unknown
and unexplored area, so far as the Society is concerned,
effectively dispels the idea that there is nothing left of interest
to be found.

Certainly, crested or plumose or divisilobe varieties are
seldom seen nowadays, though some of these, in a condition
which may develop into good forms, were secured.

But problems were numerous, and will give those who
saw them much to think over, and ample material for our
object of studying ferns.

It was a very great pleasure to be paid a visit early in
July by our Member, Mr. Boughton Cobb, during his stay
in England: and to be honoured by the gift of his very excel-

lent recently published book on the Ferns and their allies of

North-eastern and Central North America: illustrated by
charming and most accurate drawings by his god-daughter,
Laura Louise Foster.

We share in this country some 20 of the species in the
area stated, and the text and figures of these are likely to
be as valuable to us as to American readers: the details given
of Spinulose Woodfern and its varieties (the Dryopteris dilatata

complex in part) are exceptionally informative.

A strongly supported proposal has been put forward to
change the date of the Annual General Meeting to some time
when more members can attend. As Secretary, we commend
this: the best way to secure a majority opinion would be for
any members, desiring to attend this meeting, to write to me
giving one or more dates suitable to them. Such information
will be welcome and most helpful, and we emphasize its
importance.

DEC 3 - 1956

150

We also stress again the fact that our financial and official
year begins on July 1st, and that subscriptions are then due
and will, we hope, be promptly paid to our Treasurer, whose
address is on the Gazette cover.

Finally, we thank all contributors to this issue for their
valuable and interesting articles.

OUR FRONTISPIECE

Our Member, Mr. R. Kaye, has most kindly photo-
graphed for us a plant of his variety of Phyllitis, and sends
this note on it.

This fern appeared in two places in low mortored lime-
stone walls in the Nursery some three or four years ago, and
was a distinct improvement on forms of P. s. laceratum which
had been in stock here. Some hundreds of young plants
raised from spores have come absolutely true.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1956

The 53rd Annual Meeting was held at 3 p.m. on the
24th of May at the Board Room of the British Museum
(Natural History) by kind permission of the Trustees.

The President and the Hon. Secretary were, regrettably,
unable to attend. The members present were Mr. T. H.
Bolton, Mr. J. A. Crabbe, Mr. J. W. Dyce, May Ee
Greenfield, Mr. P. Greenfield, Professor R. E. Holttum and
Dr. T. D. V. Swinscow. As Mr. Bolton was unable to stay
until the end of the Meeting, the chair was taken by Professor
Holttum.

The Minutes of the last Annual Meeting, substantially as
printed in the Winter issue of the Gazette, pages 134 to 137,
were approved.

The Report prepared by the Secretary was as follows :—

‘“The past year has in no way been sensational for the
Society; but, as it has more than held its own, it may be said
to have made a quiet advance.

Six members met at Wisley on August 13th and most of
them were able to spend a considerable time there; and all
of them with enjoyment.

At Kendal, for the Annual Excursion, five members were
present; and later, Mrs. Fern Ward Crane (U.S.A.) joined
the party and has since become a member.

Both these Meetings have been reported in the Gazette ;
the latter most adequately, thanks to Mr. Dyce.

The Secretary, together with our member Mr. R. H.
Perry, acted as Judges at the Southport Show, Fern Classes,
in August; and we both hope to do so again at this year’s
show.

There are six Members whose names are put forward for
formal election today: Mr. W. C. Buchanan, Mr. J. S. L.

57

Gilmour, Mrs. T. A. Dyer, Miss D. M. White, Mrs. A. M.
Tinne and Mrs. F. W. Crane; arranged in order of date of
application.

A letter from our Member Mrs. Ashwood is presented for
the Meeting’s consideration.

Mr. T. A. Dyer sent the Secretary a very useful binding
case for loose Gazettes, prior to permanent binding: it is made
by Modern Binders Ltd., Walpole Street, Blackburn.

It may be thought. by the Meeting, worth while
considering whether the Annual Meeting should not be held,
as in the past, during the Excursion.

It is presumed that 180 Gazettes will be required.”’

ESAS ELLIOT, Hon! Secretary:

Adoption of the Report was proposed by Dr. Swinscow
and seconded by Mr. Dyce.

The Treasurer then read his Report. Slightly abbreviated
it was as follows :—Our finances are satisfactory, income has
come in well, and only 8 Members are more than one year
in arrears. Expenditure for the second year running includes
the cost of only one Gazette, but next year we will have to
meet the cost of two. We must expect increased costs, too,
which will reduce the margin between income and expendi-
ture. Other expenses have been small. A balance sheet to
date is presented. J. W. Dyce.

INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENT as at
24th MAY, 1956

1955 sere yor ea
30th June | » Gazette.’ 22-17% 6
To Balance ... ee ge een se be Sec ee f 2 8
Subscriptions yee CREE OY Subscription—
Donations 2: Secip ani~| Rus, 2. 25.0
Sale of “Gazettes” Dat HA Postages and Inci-
Sale of Plants at dental Expenses—
Southport a3 BSpl ©, 51) 9) PROASUPED bursa; <abene 2+ EO. 0
| Balance nity CR eee Oy ar Sc Perey
Fog UIg) 18), £99 19 8
1950
24th May
Seeeriance =. °° 2... £70 7° 6

Adoption of the Treasurer’s Report was proposed by Mr.
Bolton and seconded by Mr. Crabbe.
The results of the Elections, which followed, are: —

President.—Mr. Alston, proposed by Mr. P. Greenfield
and seconded by Mr. Bolton, was unanimously re-elected.

Vice-Presidents, as before, elected en bloc on the pro-
posal of Dr. Swinscow, seconded by Mr. Dyce.

158

Treasurer, Secretary and Auditoy, unanimously re-elected.

Committee.—On Mr. Bolton’s suggestion, seconded by
Mr. Crabbe, the existing members of the Committee were
re-elected en bloc. |

New Members. — Nomination forms for new members
were presented and they were formally elected. Their names
are as given in the Editorial Notes, page 134 of the Gazette.

The questions raised by the Secretary and other questions
which were raised during the Meeting were discussed and a
decision given where possible. In some cases, e.g., arrange-
ments for next Year’s Annual Meeting, no useful discussion
was possible in the absence of the President. In other cases
the Meeting arranged that its views should be considered in
the light of further investigation so that action can be taken
later where that may prove to be desirable.

Mr. Dyce exhibited pinne of ferns he had collected near
Howley in September, 1953—see Gazette for 1954, page 93.
One of these particularly, as a result of careful cultivation,
proved to be nearly as good as Dr. Stansfield’s fine Howley
acutilobe and was duly admired.

The Meeting passed a vote of thanks to the Trustees of
the British Museum for allowing the Society to hold their
Meeting in the Board Room; and individual Members’
expressed grateful appreciation of this privilege.

The Meeting was ably conducted by Professor Holttum
at a moment’s notice ; and the interest he displayed in the
Society’s affairs was much appreciated. On Mr. P. Green-
field’s proposal a hearty vote of thanks was accorded him.

FERNS AND A WELSH HOLIDAY

When the world tires I am thankful for memory for I am
able to recall the beauty I have seen and the thrills
experienced when I found my first specimens. The wander-
ings of my mind as I travel along hedgerows, woods among
rocks, streams and waterfalls bring peace and I am grateful
to the Great Architect for the beauty of creation.

One week’s Fern hunting in Wales leaves particularly
happy memories for then I found my first C. officinarum and
on another day I discovered more plants in a new locality
where it had not been recorded previously.

On another day I found an odd plant of P. setferum in
a wood and this I believe was another new spot for the
species.

Perhaps one of my happiest memories was of the road-
side when I searched a wall over half a mile on each side of
the road. The wall was a lovely sight with A. trichomanes
and I was hoping to find other rarer varieties known to be in

159

the vicinity, such as C. crispa, but I failed, but some time I
will search again.

A. marinum is to be found on the cliffs but unfortunately
I was net well enough to make this search.

The following places were visited :—First day, Tal-y-
bont and the Leri Valley; second day, Cwm Woods and the
Clarach Valley; third day, Llanrhysrd Road, Abernant Dingle
and Llanilar; fourth day, the Devil’s Bridge, Parsons Bridge
and the slopes of Plynlymon; fifth day, Glandyfi and district,
and the following species were seen :—

A. adiantum nigrum (these were very interesting and
varied), A. ruta-muraria, A. trichomanes, A. filix-foemina
(purple stem), B. spicant, C. officinarum, C. fragilis, D.
dilatata, many of which were of such size and beauty that it
was difficult to believe they were the same species as mine, D.
filux-mas, G. dryopteris, P. scolopendnum, including

multifidum, etc., P. vulgare, P. setiferum, P. aculeatum, T.

oreopteris, T. phegopteris, H. peltatum and H. Tunbridgense,
Club mosses, Ophioglossum, and Botrychium.

Others known in the district but not found were 4A.
marinum, A. septentrionale, C. crispa. I am sure an expert
collector would have found other varieties which my limited
knowledge failed to identify, and, if like us, he arrived at the
Devil’s Bridge Hotel when their variety of Cornish Pasty
came from the kitchen he would consider his search for Ferns .
had resulted in at least one discovery of note.

EAD.

THE BRITISH POLYSTICHUMS

An attempt is made in this article to get a somewhat
clearer idea than has been possible hitherto, of the three
ferns included under this genus: by comparing them one
with another. | |

The names are arranged in an unusual order: this is due
to a recent discovery, graphically described by Professor
Manton in Problems of Cytology and Evolution, that
aculeatum has 164 chromosomes, while the other two have
82 each.

This is explained as being due to a cross having occurred
between two Polystichum species, each contributing 41

_ chromosomes to the hybrid; which then proceeded to double

their number, thus getting 164. This view is supported by
a sentence or two in Wilma George’s Elements of Genetics,
in which there is a clear and as simple as possible description
of the process of chromosome doubling or further multiplica-
tion.

‘““A tetraploid may arise by the doubling of the chromo-
somes of an otherwise normal organism. . . . Alternatively, a

160

hybrid organism, in which the two basic sets of chromosomes
are not identical, may undergo doubling of the sets... .”’

Professor Manton thinks that P. Lonchitis has crossed
probably with P. setsferum and that P. aculeatum is the result:
a tetraploid hybrid, not a species; arising in the alternative
way, we suggest, described above. For this reason, the two
parent ferns are here dealt with first, and their progeny after-
wards. |

There is a possibility that an origin of this kind may
confer specific rank; on this point, Cytologists can inform us.

It is definitely fertile; there is a cross between it and
Lonchitis, known as P. tllyricum, which has occurred
naturally. Lonchitis has been found, recently, to have crossed
with the American P. acrostichoides in Ontario: under natural
conditions.

This leads to a consideration of the ferns morphologic-
ally, that is, of their external appearance, the only way in
which most of us can study them.

By the kindness of the President, and of Dr. Warburg,
it has been my good fortune to examine a large number of
specimens of Lonchitis and aculeatum, from all parts of the
British Isles where they grow.

Polystichum Lonchitis. Holly Fern. Alpine Shield Fern.

This is probably better known from illustrations rather
than actual plants. It has few habitats in England, Wales,
Ireland; though more frequent in Scotland and more abun-
dant where found there, it is even so not always accessible
with ease: one reason being that it is not seen below about
1,000 feet.

Fortunately, it lends itself to illustration; there is an
excellent photograph of it by Dr. Swinscow in the Gazette,
Vol. VIII, No. 3. In any case, its appearance is very distinct
and very uniform, so that one frond looks much like any
other: it is one of the least variable of our ferns. E. J. Lowe
records, in Our Native Ferns, a crested form, and an
imbricated. |

T. Moore, in Nature Printed British Ferns (8vo.) refers
to the former of these as ‘‘ occasional and accidental.’’ He
does not mention the latter. Both these writers mention the
occasional production of small bulbils at the base af the lower
pinne, from which new plants can be raised.

Lowe also wished to make the Irish form of the fern
distinct, under the name P. confertum,; it was probably iden-
tical with the imbricate form already mentioned. Dr. H.
Christ (of Basel) names four sections into which the fern
can be separated: these are Continental, and do not concern
us here. Possibly very close study of British specimens would

IOI

reveal some or all of these, but the rarity of the plant in
this country means that there would be correspondingly few
examples of any one section.

As already stated, Lonchitis is distinct in appearance.
The young fronds are of a light green with a “‘satiny’’ look:
later, they become darker, and dull in hue. The frond is
Narrow in comparison with its length: where the root grows
in a cleft of a cliff or rock-face, or from under a boulder, the
stem becomes elongated; and the pinne, which are set alter-
nately on each side of the stem, do not extend to the base
but leave two or three (or possibly more) inches bare.

Otherwise, the stem bears pinne to the base: and, when
growing amongst heather or such herbage, assumes a more
_ upright position.

The pinne are undivided. At the base of the upper edge
there is a more or less well-defined ‘‘thumb’’; this edge is
often curved from base to apex, while the lower one ““ bulges ”’
outwards, as it were. Both edges carry a close set row of
spines, set on teeth which develop as the frond matures and
which curve eventually towards the pinna’s apex.

This is usually said to be a difficult fern to cultivate, and
judging by its natural conditions this is understandable: it
likes constant-flowing moisture with perfect drainage, and a
«lear atmosphere. It has also been said that a low-lying
elevation is harmful to it.

However, two plants brought back from Switzerland in
1955 are in my Fernery: at about 120 feet above sea level
instead of nearly 6,000.

Both are bedded in a heap of smallish pebbles, with not
overmuch sandy soil mixed with beech leaf-mould and a
good dose of lime flour. The crowns were covered with
pebbles, a good layer, all winter and until the end of April.
When dry spells came, except in times of frost, plenty of
water was given. One plant is very young and small but
has (in May) three fronds. The other, a mature plant
rescued from a fallen mass of limestone where it could not
have lived much longer, has eleven fronds. It remains to
be seen how long this method will succeed; at present it seems
quite hopeful, in occasional river-mist but otherwise clear air.

Polystichum setiferum Forskal. (Polystichum angulare
Presl.) Soft Prickly Shield Fern.

This, the other presumed parent of P. aculeatum, 1s,
unlike Lonchitis, one of the most variable of British ferns.

It is, however, not difficult to describe the type to which,
apart from varieties, it adheres consistently.

The rootstock or caudex, from which fronds spring, is
usually thick and upright, growing in old plants almost into

162

a trunk. Sometimes it becomes decumbent or spreading more
or less horizontally, and with a tendency to form several
crowns.

The fronds are normally large; softer, and less upright,
than in aculeatuin: of a rather paler green.

_ Pinnee numerous, alternate (i.e., not opposite one another
on the rachis), at right angles to the rachis, except sometimes
the lowest pair being bent downwards. |

This pair is usually shorter than those above but not
much shorter; unlike aculeatum: and they are higher on the
stem, leaving the lower part of it bare for several inches.

The pinnules are usually more or less of the same size,
except of course toward the tip of the pinna; normally, the
upper basal pinnule is not, as in aculeatum, considerably
the largest: except from about the centre of the frond, towards
its apex.

Owing to the way they are set on the pinna, they present
a more upright appearance than in aculeatum; and are dis- —
tinct and separate from each other: with short stalks: and
almost of a right-angled triangular form.

Only in one detail do they differ much, that is in size.

Sometimes a fern will be found with fronds whose
pinnules are very large: elsewhere, another specimen has.
them very small. As an average, somewhere about 5mm.
wide and 1omm. high is fairly correct.

It is quite likely that this size difference is due to habitat:
the larger-pinnuled (which are on larger fronds) growing in
better conditions than the smaller. All round the pinnule,
except along the base, there are short stiff bristles, or sete;
hence the name setiferum, bristle bearing: these are more
numerous at the apex than in aculeatum.

We are indebted to Mr. P. Greenfield for his article in
this issue which carries an account of this fern to completion
and is to be read in conjunction with the present one.

He makes special mention of natural varieties which have
at various times been found growing wild. In Our Native
Ferns, 1867, Lowe described some 160, and in his book in
the Young Collector's Series (1908) he names 366.

Of these, a few have been preserved in the Herbariums
already mentioned: the most notable are:—var. acutilobum,
which is still in cultivation, and is or was also named
proliferum. var. interruptum, not unlike aculeatum var.
pulcherrimum Bevis but smaller. var. tripinnatum, with
pinnules divided, and _ still occasionally found wild. var.
divisilobum, a further development of var. acutilobum with
the lower pinnules on each pinna longer than the upper ones:

163

this is also still cultivated in one of its forms known as”

divisilobum Bland, after its finder.

Another variety, intermedium, suggests by its name the
very difficult problem, referred to by Mr. Greenfield, of Inter-

mediates: in this case, between P. setiferum and P. aculeatum.

Here again, more will be said in this article. These varieties
have sometimes been alluded to by botanical writers as mon-
strosities:. we think that this is a most unjustified term, since
it is usually taken to mean something abhorrent and ugly.
In the varieties still cultivated and enjoyed by many fern
horticulturists there is no trace of this, but often a grace
equalling or excelling that of the normal species. In any case,
such forms, being natural growths, are part of the general
scheme of nature, and as such are objects worthy of, od
calling for, attention and study.

As far as the writer knows, no one has yet explained—or
even done much towards finding why — some fern species
break out in this strange way, while others show little or no
desire to do so. One suspects that any study of this kind
would keep an investigator busy for a long while: one
believes also that it would prove to be of a very considerable
interest.

Polystichum aculeatum, Common, Hard, or Prickly,
Shield Fern.

In the new British Flora of Clapham, Tutin and Warburg,
the Latin name adopted is Polystichum lobatum (Hudson)
Woynar. This is not used in the present article because, at
one time in the fern’s complicated naming, a variety or form
of it was called Jobatum. Confusion therefore is possible
between the type and variety, under the same title: if the
exact status of the latter could be settled, or if, better still,
it could be decided to abolish it as an entity; then the name
lobatum, for the type, could be used with no chance of mis-

understandings.

The question, however, that arises is, what is the type?
After examining specimens, it appears that there are three,
or perhaps four, distinguishable forms, all aculeatum, but
each with well-defined differences. The form or variety called,
long ago, lobatum, can be taken first. T. Moore thought it

»was permanently distinct, while E. J. Lowe held exactly the

opposite view; and this latter opinion is shared by the present
writer.
The main feature of this fern is that the pinnules are not

completely separated from one another but are decurrent or

confluent: that is, the base runs along until it touches the
next pinnule; or goes further and becomes united with the

next.

164

A specimen obtained in Devon in 1923, showing every
feature of the so-called variety lobatum, has been grown on
since and one or two offsets also removed from it and grown
as separate plants.

The original one, and an offset which has been kept,
now has the pinnules completely separate one from another:
this is taken to show, as Lowe thought, that the ‘‘ variety ’’
is simply a stage in the development of normal aculeatum.

It has all the same certain features of its own. The frond
is Narrow, somewhat rigid in appearance: the pinnules are of
a longish-oval shape, with few teeth, these being tipped with
a stiff spine: the apical spine is strong and is flanked by two
others, one rather smaller, the other much more so. The
pinnule on the upper side of the pinna and nearest to the
main stem, stands upright, whereas the remainder bend to-
wards the tip of the pinna. It is also quite noticeably the
longest, sometimes one-third longer than the rest.

Sori are numerous, but a few attempts to sow spores have
yielded nothing. )

As in all true aculeatums, the pinne run to the base of
the stem, the lowest iwo or three pairs being very short.

In contrast to this is a form which may perhaps be taken
as the real type. This by comparison with the foregoing is of
luxurious growth, with longer, and in particular wider,
fronds; there is a rather softer, more “‘leafy’’ look about
them. This is form II.

The pinnules are set on their stem in the same way as
in the previous form, with the basal upper one also longest.
Their edges, however, are more jagged, with narrow project-
ing teeth each tipped with a spine: at the apex there are
several spines.

They are broader and more flattened out (form I pinnules
are inclined to curve inwards towards their underside) and in
fact look much more like those of setiferum.

One is rather inclined to think this form occurs more in
Western England and from the North Midlands northwards.

In the Herbariums consulted, a few specimens were seen
of a form which is presumably rare but existent, and is suffi-
ciently distinct to be noticed here: this is the variety argutum
of T. Moore, form III. It is illustrated in his folio volume in
full (in the octavo edition only a pinnule is shown) and the
pinna measures Ioomm. in length, against a normal one of
Somm.

The pinnules, or some, attain 15mm. in length but barely
4mm. in width; against 12 or 15mm. by 5 in the normal: it
is their narrowness that is peculiar.

p a
ee ee a ~~

5 a, es See

165

Some Herbarium examples have a definite curve, scythe
fashion, on the upper side: on both edges there are long
spines.

A few specimens were , also noted of a form which may
not perhaps be uncommon, but which might be passed over
for Herbarium collection because thought to be stunted or
undeveloped. [It is just this which makes it distinct: a
plant with fronds short, narrow, small pinnules, of a neat
appearance as its characteristic feature.

This account of forms began with a so-called variety,
and ends with another, which may have some claim to recog-
nition: this is variety cambricum, formerly lonchitidoides. It
is the fern which when found growing wild is mistaken for P.
Lonchitis: but, having personally made this mistake, the
writer can say with assurance that the plant became normal
aculeatum in a year or two. Some authors have considered it
to be an early stage of the form jobatum, but this is not my
experience.

What has been said up to now may give the idea that
aculeatum is straightforward and comparatively simple, even
allowing for the forms which have been mentioned.

A number of varieties have been in the past found grow-
ing wild: C. T. Druery listed nine, E. J. Lowe eighteen: by
the word varieties in this connection there are contained |
crested, imbricate, and other symmetrical departures from the

normal. Some are still cultivated and extend the range of this

attractive fern: one still deservedly popular is P. aculeatum
pulcherrimum (Bevis), found in 1876, on which more will be

said presently.

Both P. setiferum and P. aculeatum are easy to grow.
They occur in limestone soil and are therefore tolerant of
this: but do best in well-drained loam and leaf-mould, with
protection from wind, in a fairly shady place.

Care should be taken to ensure rain reaching the roots
easily, and therefore shade does not mean putting them under
overhanging trees or bushes, which not only keep much of
the rain from them but rob their roots of their natural soil-
food.

Being strong growers, plenty of space should be given
them; four feet each way is not too much, to allow the fronds
to expand without mingling with those of nearby plants.

Turning again to hybrids, and with them to introgression,
referred to by Mr. Greenfield in his question-provoking article,
a wide field of possibilities appears open, at least to the
amateur mind.

P. aculeatum, according to Britten’s European Ferns, is
one of the most widespread plants in the world. Mr. Green-

166

field rightly stresses the fact that its presumed parents only
meet in certain conditions which seldom occur; this means
that the cross, if it was made in one such area only, must
have taken place in a very remote past age, to enable the
hybrid to spread as it has done.

It is. however, possible in theory that the necessary con-
ditions were, in the distant past, more often, or rather, more
widely available than now: there would then be a number :
of points of origin of the hybrid, not merely one, and the
cross may have occurred at different times.

Mr. Greenfield also mentions introgression, which is
understood as a technica! term for back-crossing, or the cross
between a parent plant and a hybrid formed by a cross
between that parent and another species.

This has been carried out by Professor Manton between
P. setiferum and P. aculeatum, artificially in the laboratory;
andi s recorded as having occurred naturally in Switzerland
(Fern Gazette, Vol. VII, page 136), where a description by
Dr. H. Christ is quoted.

There is in this a possible explanation for some of the
intermediate ’’ Polystichums which have been, and probably
still can be, found growing wild, in which frond characters
of the two parents (species x hybrid) are so intermingled that
it is auras hard, even impossible, to say “This is
setiferum ”’ ‘This is aculeatum.’’

The process can be carried at least one step further.
Although the offspring of such a cross bears spores, they are
found to be abortive, incapable of producing prothalli. It
appears, however, that a few of such spores can reproduce:
though in the offspring it is probable that there will be com-
plete sterility. If, then, the offspring of setiferum x aculeatum
be termed A, slightly capable of reproduction: and that of
aculeatum x setiferum, which in theory need not be the same
as A, be termed B; there is now a possible cross A x B, and
another B x A, giving more intermediates still more puzzling;
or perhaps creating the peculiar ugly things which occasion-
ally crop up and have been already referred to as monstrosities.

There need not be a cross: if A is only barely capable
of reproducing, and B is also, the offspring in each case might
not come true; A’s progeny being unlike A, and B’s unlike B.

A concrete instance of these remarks can, in the writer's
opinion, be found in P. aculeatum pulchernmum Bevis, dis-
covered in 1876. It is a bold statement, in view of all the
past controversy over this fern, to claim that it may be a
hybrid between aculeatum form III (var. argutum of T.
Moore) and setiferum. The reasons for saying this cannot be
set out here: what matters now is the story of its behaviour.

ێ

167

As now grown, it is completely barren, with no trace of
sporangia. About 1906, a few spores were found and sown:
the results were some normal plants, some of the Bevis type,
and a number of an entirely new form P. aculeatum gracil-
limum. There were from C. T. Druery’s sowing: another,
made by Mr. C. B. Green, produced P. aculeatum plumosum,
Gazette, Vol. I, pages 3, 119, 226. ©

The story continues in subsequent Gazette volumes, on
similar lines: but in Vol. IV, No. io, there is a significant
statement.

Seedlings from a sowing of pulcherrimum spores, made
by Dr. F. W. Stansfield, produced fronds of an indeterminate
character apparently intermediate between aculeatum and
angulare (setiferum). Ultimately the plants became aculeatum
divisilobum; but this intermediate character during their
growth does something towards supporting the claim that has
been here advanced: an opinion that was suggested when the
fern was first known, by G. B. Wollaston.

It cannot, however, be a first cross, that is a first genera-
tion offspring of the parents, whatever they were.

By the kindness of Professor Shaw at the Oxford
University Botany School, who made a chromosome count for
me, from root-tips, the result of 58 chromosomes was
obtained, with a possible error of 2 each way; but 56, 58, or
60, whichever is the exact number, does not suggest any clue
to parentage.

The problem must be left there at present: it is, perhaps,
insoluble. |

My appeal for fresh, growing, fronds was most generously
and kindly responded to by Mr. Dyce, who collected a few
from Skye and a large number in Inverness: by Mr. N.
Robinson, who sent some from Hutton Roof: and by Dr.
Swinscow, whose contributions came from Norfolk, York-
shire, and the Lake District.

All these specimens were of real value and interest, not
least because, like the herbarium specimens examined, they
came from widely separated habitats. A note would have
been made on them in this account, were it not for the fact

that during the official Excursion in Somerset, Polystichums

were found in abundance and, in many cases, in very per-
plexing forms: all five Members present found themselves
puzzled; even Mr. P. Greenfield, whose careful study of P.
setiferum is evident from his account of that fern in the
present paper.

By way of conclusion, therefore, some outstanding, con-
trasting, external details of P. aculeatum and P. setiferum

168

are here given: these are my own opinion, which is not always
fully shared by more competent botanists.
I offer it, therefore, for what it is worth, and subject to

criticism.

Pinne. Longest at about half- Longest at mid - frond
way up frond. Lowest but less so than in P.
pair not much shorter setiferum.
than those next above. Lowest pair distinctly

shortest, or lowest two
pairs.

Pinnules. Distinctly stalked, the Narrowed at base but
base of pinnule being’ without a real stalk.
raised above and clear Basal uppermost pin-
of the panna rachis. All nule distinctly longer
pinnules nearly equal in than the others, which
length: right-angled tri- tend to slope sideways
angle in shape. and are more or less

oval.

Sori. These are set at the tip Set about half - way
of ‘one of the’ short, along a” mame ioge
secondary, veins. vein.

The pinna (or whole frond) should be held up
against a strong light, and a lens used, to get a
proper result.

Texture Soft: pinnules more or Harder, tougher: pin-
of frond. less transparent when nules often opaque,
held up to light. darker green.

Main Lowest pinne set some Lowest pinne usually
(frond) way up from base of not more than 3 inches

rachis. stem. from base of stem.

P. setiferum

P. aculeatum

Eo AS Pie

HABITATS OF POLYSTICHUM ANGULARE
(SETIFERUM) AND SOME REMARKS ON ITS

VARIATION

Polystichum setiferum prefers warm, fairly dry, sheltered
and well drained conditions such as are afforded by the banks
of deep lanes in S.W. England. It is found also farther north
in areas near our western seaboards and farther east in
Southern England, gradually petering out in Kent. It may
occur elsewhere in Britain but only in particularly favourable
and usually isolated habitats.

2 ee

169

As compared with P. aculeatum, P. setiferum has been
regarded as very variable, the variations being mostly pleas-
ing and not extreme, and very rarely freakish. Many of these
wild varieties have been collected for garden cultivation; and
sowings of them have produced many highly decorative forms.
Occasionally some doubt was felt whether some of the varieties
attributed to setsferum should not have been attributed to
aculeatum, and it has gradually become clear that there is
interplay between these two ferns.

Apart from the more distinctive wild varieties a consider-
able number of forms has been noticed where there is no very
pronounced departure from the normal but showing minor
characters slightly suggestive of both setiferum and aculeatum.
For some remarks on intermediate forms see Gazette for 1952,
pages 7 et seq. Such forms came particularly under the
notice of Mr. J. W. Dyce and the writer in the course of hunt-

ing for varieties in Dorset, Devon and South Somerset in 1952

and 1953 (see particularly Gazettes for 1952, page 19 et seq.,
and 1954, page QI é¢ seq.).

Intermediate forms in general have been mentioned in
books on ferns from the beginning, but it is only in recent
years that any scientific attention has been given to them.
One suggestion is that they may be the result of introgression
(hybrid origin and back crossings). It seems not improbable
that these Polystichum intermediates may have so originated; —
but it is difficult to verify the supposition as there are many
unknown factors, e.g., the period (inevitably a very long one)
needed for the production of so many intermediate forms, and
the absence of the originating plants.

In the area where these intermediate forms have been
particularly noticed the number of plants of normal setiferum
and aculeatum is not excessive. Setiferum sometimes occurs
in moist soil and in shade. In such conditions it often grows
to a large size, and if there is any variation at all in such
colonies it is likely to be only of the decompositum type, e.g.,
sub-tripinnatum. The comparative frequency with which this
type of variation occurs may be deduced from the fact that it
was noticed even in Newman’s time: he gives an illustration
of it in his History of British Ferns.

Hunting for varieties of setiferum for half a century has
led our experienced members to the conclusion that lme in
the soil is a factor in causing variation. Some of these varia-
tions may be outside the general run of intermediate forms.
As bearing on this conclusion the writer has recently had an
extraordinary experience. A small colony of setiferuwm in the
eastern part of Surrey where the fern grows very sparsely
was found to include, besides two or three apparently normal
forms, a range of varietal forms closely resembling some of

170

those seen in the West Country area which has been described.
The colony was on the Lower Greensand formation which is
in general limeless. Did this mean that the lime theory of
variation would have to be givenup? Fortunately not. The
ferns were growing in a depression with rocky sides and the
rock appeared to be ragstone, which is exposed here and there
for many miles along the Lower Greensand zone. Ofter the
ragstone has a lime content; and on test of the rock near the
ferns, lime was found to be present.

By a mere chance, after this happening, the following
remarks by one of our eminent botanists came under notice : —

‘Variations may affect any structure and any function.
Mutation it is often stated is random. The thoughtful
naturalist, however, sometimes wonders whether there is not
some agency or mechanism besides natural selection which in
the long run directs evolution along some limited lines. It is
possible that the chemical and physical constitution of the
chromosomes and cytoplasm determine that certain mutational
changes shall occur in such sequence that characters are
produced in an orthogenetic (straight line) series . . . it is as
well not altogether to stifle such heterodox doubts of accepted
theories as sometimes intrude when contemplating past changes
and the possibility of future changes in British plants.’’

That may stand for the moment as a reminder that there
may very well be a chemical cause for some of the variations
in setiferum.

It will be obvious that much more field-work is necessary.
Colonies of setiferum should be searched for and a note made
of aspect, soil, presence or absence of variation and whether
aculeatum (and what form of aculeatum) is in the neighbour-
hood. The only area that has been thoroughly worked by the
Society is in South Somerset, West Dorset and East Devon.
Some hunting has, however, been done in past years in
country near Totnes, Sidmouth, St. Austell, Helston, Barn-
staple and Tenby. There should be many other areas which
can be profitably examined.

While, as stated above, uncertainty as to the time taken
in the production of intermediate forms presents a difficulty,
it is not impossible to make some guesses about the back
history of aculeatum and setiferum. Setiferum and perhaps
the hardier aculeatum must have entered this Country after
the end of the last Glacial Period as soon as the climate in
southern England was becoming tolerable for these ferns, say
7-8,000 years ago. They may have entered the south-western
counties direct or over the isthmus near Dover and Hastings
which was not destroyed by the sea until about 5,000 years
ago. The country between the east and west points of
southern England could have afforded a passage for ferns in

171

either direction: it would include the Lower Greensand ridge
and forest areas further east and south.

The fact that the immigrant ferns would meet with a
changing climate might account for their loss of stability and
the production of intermediate forms, and possibly more
extreme varietal forms; but the process would inevitably take
thousands rather than hundreds of years. On the whole it
seems likely that the two ferns were already to some degree
unstable when they reached this Country. It should be
possible in time to verify this supposition by a close study
of forms on the Continent, where intermediates are known to
occur.

THE ANNUAL EXCURSION, 1956

This year Wellington in Somerset was chosen as a centre
for the annual excursion, which took place during the first
week in September. Mr. Greenfield and I travelled down on
the Saturday, to meet Messrs. Crabbe and Robinson, who had
arrived earlier, and had already put ina day’s hunting. The
Rev. E. A. Elliot arrived on Sunday evening to complete the
party which was very comfortably quartered at Wright’s
Hotel.

Our weather was mixed, particularly during the first half
of the week, with heavy showers and periods of sunshine.
Some days were reasonably good and allowed us to hunt com-
fortably, but on others we carried on, wet but not miserable,
using the cars as shelter when conditions were at their worst.
Some of us, from personal experience, can vouch for the fact
that it isn’t very comfortable excavating a fern from among
the tangled roots in a thick hedgerow during a thunderstorm.

Wellington made an excellent centre for our purpose. It
lies at the foot of the northern slopes of the Blackdown Hills,
within easy reach of the steep narrow roads which run down
the hills, their hedgerows and banks rich in ferns. To the
north-east lie the Quantock Hills, with more good hunting
ground, and to the north-west, the Brendon Hills, in a fold
of which lies Nettlecombe, well known as Elworthy’s centre
where so many of his fine varieties were found. We hunted
in all these areas and have obtained a good general picture
of the fern distribution.

The total number of species found is not quite as high
as we expected, being only 16. Some ferns were noticeably
absent, such as the beech and the oak ferns; others were not
common, namely Ceterach officinarum, Dryopteris spinulosa,
D. aemula, and Thelypteris oreopteris. Three colonies of
ceterach were seen, and one of aemula. The spinulosa was
very much in the ‘‘ complex,’’ showing clearly some D.
dilatata characters. Asplenium trichomanes, A. adiantum-

172

nigrum, and A. rutamuraria were generally distributed
wherever they found a suitable terrain, as was Blechnum
spicant. Commonly found were Athyrium filix-foemina, D.
filux-mas, D. borreri, D. dilatata, Phylitis scolopendnum,
Polypodium vulgare, and last but by no means least, the fern
which was our chief attraction in the West Country, Poly-
stichum setiferum—we still prefer to call it by its old name
“ angulare.’’ P. aculeatum was also found in several places,
but more common were intermediate forms to which a lot of
attention was given.

Our first hunting was done in the steep lanes to the south
of Wellington, where P. angulare claimed most attention,
particularly as it showed much minor variation, mainly in
the direction of tmipinnatum. Some P. aculeatum was also
found, and fronds of intermediate forms were gathered. All
the species listed in the previous paragraph, with the excep-
tion of C. officinarum, D. spinulosa, and D. aemula, were
seen in these lanes. P. scolopbendrium was everywhere, and
we examined some fine colonies of polypody. Old records
give the hill on which the Wellington Monument stands, as a
habitat for Botrychium lunana, but our searching failed to
reveal it.

A day was devoted to the Howley area which had proved
very interesting during our previous visits three years ago.
Unfortunately this was our wettest day with thunderstorms
and heavy rain, but in between the downpours the sun shone,
and we contrived to do quite a bit of hunting, but not straying
too far from the shelter of the cars. It was again noted how
prevalent the tendency towards acutilobum was in P. angulare
in the lanes round the village, and we are still not without
hope of being able to find the equal of Dr. Stansfield’s fine
acutilobe which was collected from Howley in 1914.

The Quantock Hills do not appear to have received much
mention in the records of fern-hunting, and our centre of
Wellington was chosen largely because it was not too distant
to enable us to explore these lovely hills. Three days were
partly spent hunting on their lower slopes. We found P.
angulare and Phylhtis scolobendrium the common ferns on
the west side, but on the east side A. filix-foemina and Dryop-
teris species took their place, and very little angulare was seen.
We especially noted during this excursion the preference of
P. angulare for the warmer slopes facing south and west,
leaving other ferns in full possession of the colder aspects.

Nettlecombe was the magnet which drew us to the
Brendon Hills, and the steep slopes and wooded valleys of
this range provided us with much interest during two visits.
P. angulare was not so generally distributed, and the out-
standing fern was A. filix-foemina, encountered in great

173

quantity, and variable enough to make the hunting good.
Several plants verging on plumose were seen and some
collected, and also one specimen showing a peculiar but regular
depauperation of the pinnules which gives the fronds a very
graceful appearance. This plant is being studied more closely
in cultivation, and we hope, will provide the subject matter
for some notes in the next issue of the Gazette.

Our best day was spent in the Brendon Hills, and the
deep valley where we collected the lady ferns, gave us some
more good things, including an extensive colony of D. aemula,
and some D. sfinulosa. OD. dilatata competed with A. filrx-
foemina as the dominant carpet plant on the wooded slopes,
Thelypteris oreopteris grew at the road side, and the banks
of a rushing stream were draped with the fronds of giant harts-
tongues. Later in the day we again entered P. angulare lanes,
and collected some acutilobe specimens, and a handsome
multifid hartstongue. The day finished with excitement of
another kind, when a short cut to the main road through a
muddy farm lane was attempted. The cars stuck in the mud
on a steep hill and refused to go any further. We had quite
a game getting them back again on to terra firma, and retraced
our route, taking with us on the cars and on our persons
liberal helpings of the red mud. We decided thereafter to give
a wide berth to all farm lanes depicted in white on the map.

Once again no first-rate find rewarded our efforts, and to
those of us who are variety hunters, this was disappointing
but not discouraging. There were sufficient off-normal forms
to hold our interest during the whole of the week, and both
Mr. Greenfield and I noted that tripinnate variation in P.
angulare was much more common than it is to the south in
the Chard and Axminster areas. Fine plants of this type
were seen wherever we went. Some quite good acutilobes
were collected, as well as other forms of P. angulare. A. fihx-
foemina gave us foliose and plumose varieties, as well as the
peculiar form already mentioned. P. scolopendnum multi-
fidum was common all over the area, and some good specimens
were obtained. One magnificent colony of Polypodium
vulgare bifidum was found, as well as several plants with very
large crenate fronds. In a wood near Bridgwater, an old
record, about 100 years old, of a large form of D. filix-mas
with deeply indented pinnules was followed up, and we found
what was no doubt the form referred to, still flourishing.

The intermediate forms between P. aculeatum and
angulare for which we have coined the name “ aculare ’’ are
of particular interest to some members of our party, and
ample material was available for study. Although P.
aculeatum itself was local in its distribution, ‘‘ aculare ’’ was
everywhere, and every day several fronds were gathered for

174

examination at our evening meetings. An unused dining-room
was made available for our use, and here we retired each
evening after dinner with the day’s collections, which were
spread out on tables. The ensuing examinations and discus-
sions kept us fully occupied till bedtime. The fruits of these
discussions will no doubt appear in the Gazette in due course
from pens more able than mine to deal with the complexities
of the subject matter.

And so, all too quickly but very happily, passed a most
pleasant and instructive week among the ferns of Somerset.

J. W. Dyce.

SOUTHPORT SHOW, 1956

The report this year is based on copious notes made by
Mr. F. Jackson and Mr. B. Hayhurst, to whom the Secretary
is much indebted: as also to Mr. R. Perry for his expert
guidance in the judging.

Entries were rather fewer than last year, and the standard
of exhibits not as good in some cases as usual: but the space
allotted to Fern Classes was well filled, and received appre-
ciative attention from a large number of the 100,000 visitors.
Class 8, the large group, was won by Mr. J. Brookfield
with some good Bevis, Osmunda cristata and a mixed lot of
Polystichums and Scolopendriums.

Messrs. J. Brookfield and Son came second. Class 9,
six hardy dissimilar British ferns, went to Mr. Hayhurst,
his Clarissima and Scol. Drummondii being the choicest. Mr.
J. Brookfield was second.

Class 10, Scolopendriums; Mr. Hayhurst, Mr. Pye) Mr.
Brookfield. Drummondii, muricatum and crispum were good
in all exhibits.

Class 11, Polypodies; Mr. J. Brookfield’s three good pans
of pulcherrimum, cristatum and Hadwinii gave him first prize;
Mr. Hayhurst second.

Class 12, Polystichums; Mr. Hayhurst first with Bevis
and densum; Mr. Brookfield and Mr. Pye second and third.

Class 13, Athyriums; Mr. Hayhurst, Mr. Pye, Mr. Brook-
field. Here, Clarissima was outstanding and very fine.

Class 14, Lastreas; here, one or two better plants than
formerly were shown, first prize going to Mr. Hayhurst,
second Mr. Brookfield.

Class 15, Aspleniums; a poor class, with one entry only,
from Mr. Brookfield

Class 16, three normal British ferns. This class also was
very poor, the prizes going to Mr. Hayhurst and Mr. Brook-
field.

175

Class 17, one Britsh fern; this again was rather weak,
both in number of exhibitors and in the specimens shown. Mr.
Brookfield was first, followed by Mr. Pye and Mrs. E. Lloyd.

In the other three classes, for Greenhouse ferns, Mr.
Hayhurst won two firsts, Mr. Brookfield one: they were the
only exhibitors. Adiantum “‘ Kensington Gem’’ and Pellaeas
were the best plants shown in this section.

BAC,

FERN GOSSIP

We congratulate most heartily Mr. F. Jackson and his
son on the re-discovery of Asplenium x Breynu, and give the
account in Mr. Jackson’s own words.

““A. x Breynu was first found in Borrowdale by Miss
Wright and H. E. Smith 70 or 80 years ago, the habitat
given as ‘ high rocks in Borrowdale.’

I have searched for this fern for the last 20 years or so:
I found my first plant on Castle-Crag, growing on rock of

- the Borrowdale volcanic series.

The second one was found by my son on a hunt we had
on Barf this year. Barf is a mountain of Skiddaw slate near
Bassenthwaite Lake. The slate generally lies at an angle of
75 degrees, but on Barf it lays almost level in some places ©
and in others it is strangely tilted and twisted; there are also
beds of a very dense granite running through it, it was around
these beds that most of the ferns grew.

A. x Breynu was growing in a very exposed place, a
very poor stunted plant; I left half of it 7m situ, the other I
planted in the wall of my Fernery, and it is now a fine plant.’’

Although a good rainfall helps our ferns to attain their
best form, the seasons this year have had an adverse effect
on their growth. A late winter, followed by too early a
spring, and then high winds and rain, resulted in all too
many cases in damaged or even defective fronds. Rather
better conditions, from a fern point of view, will probably
have helped our Polypodies. This is certainly the case with
mine.

About twelve years ago I brought back a young
_Osmunda, rescued from a habitat in which it was exposed to
danger of destruction.

It has grown steadily, though not under conditions idea!
for it, but not until this year producing a fertile frond. In
addition, another frond made a poor and unsuccessful attempt
to produce sori.

_ My address is as before, but I am now in a newly built
Vicarage house. In the greenhouse attached to my former

170

é

residence, a self-sown ‘‘ mystery ’’ fern appeared, which may
be a Pellea, or a Lomaria: alien, anyhow, and being culti-
vated with much interest.

BA. Be

LIST OF MEMBERS

Honorary Members

Curtis, CHARLES H., J.P., V.M.H., F.L.S., c/o The Gardeners
Chronicle, 33, John Street, Theobalds Road, London, W.C.1.
MaNTON, PROFESSOR IRENE, B.A., PH.D., Departmet of Botany, The
University, Leeds, Yorks. |

PRESTON, F. G., M.A., V.M.H., A.H.R.H.S., 92, Hinton Way, Great
Shelford, Cambridge.

RAMSBOTTOM, DR. J., 0O.B.E., F.L.S., c/o British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

WarpurG, Dr. .E...F., M.A., PH.D. South Hayes, Yarnells Ea
Oxford.

Subscribing Members

ALEXANDER, T. M. W., Martyn Lea, 10, St. Andrews Road, Burnham-
on-Sea, Somerset.

ALLEN, WALTER S., 144-19, 35th Avenue, Flushing, New York, U.S.A.

ALLISON, Dr. B. R., M.D., 26, Ives Road, Hewlett, Long Island,
New York, U.S.A.
AtsTon, A, H. G., BiA.,.. F.L.S.,) Department ofy Botany; isecm
Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.
ARKSEY,* Mrs. E. M., The Mount, 44, Kingfield Road, Sheffield, 11.
AsHwoop, Mrs. F. M. W., 356, Newbold Road, Newbold-on-Avon,
Rugby, Warwickshire.

Askew, W. L., Fern Nursery, Grange, Keswick, Cumberland.

Baker, J. E., F.H.R.S., F.C.S.S., Holly House, Chelwood Gate,
Haywards Heath, Sussex.

BARLTROP, GEORGE, 23, Brook Street, Nelson, New Zealand.

Bassnetrt,, Mrs. M. C.; L., Laund, Hesketh Lane, Danleton, ae
Preston, Lancs.

BENEDICT, DR. RALPH C., PH.D., 2214, Beverly Road, Brooklyn 26,
New York, U.S.A.

BuiakE, A. E., K.L.B., F.L.S., etc., 165, Lynton Road, Harrow, Middx.

BoOLTon, THOMAS HENRY, F.R.H.S., Birdbrook, Halstead, Essex.

BritisH Museum, THE (NaTurRAL History), Cromwell Road, London,
SW <9:

BROOKFIELD, JOHN, Nurseryman, 102, Stamford Road, Birkdale,
Southport, Lancs.

BROOKFIELD, NOEL, 102, Stamford Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancs.

Brunt, ARTHUR, Ferndale, 39, Folly Lane, Swinton, Manchester.

BucHanan, W. C., Douglas Bank, Drumchapel Road, Bearsden,
Dumbartonshire.

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, Serials Dept., General Library, Berkeley
4, California, U.S.A.

CHESTON, ARTHUR PERCY, Holly Bush Wood, Potten End, Berkham-
sted, Herts.

Coss, BROUGHTON, 25, East End Avenue, New York, 28.

CocHRAN JOHN, 54, Nursery Street, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.

COCHRANE, THE Hon. T. C. A., 61, East Church Street, Buckie Banff-
shire.

Cox, H., 2, Peverel Close, Cambridge.

177

CRABBE, J. A., Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, S.W.7.

CRANE, Mrs. FERN W., 174, Summit Avenue, Summit, New Jersey,
£hS.A.

DAVIDSON, JAMES, M.B., CH.B., F.R.C.P.EDIN., Linton Muir, West

Linton, Peebles-shire.

Drxon, J. DarGueE, c/o Mrs. Day, 20, Homfray Grove, Morecambe,
Lancs.

DurFry, E. R. J., 28, Lansdowne Road, East Croydon, Surrey.

Dunston, CAPTAIN AMBROSE, Poolahash, Ballycorus Road, Kilternan,
Co. Dublin, Eire.

Dyce, JAMEs W., “ Hilltop,’’ 46, Sedley Rise, Loughton, Essex.

Dyer, T. A., Rockfield, Alrewas, nr. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs.

ErRE GOVERNMENT STATIONERY OFFICE (PUBLICATIONS BRANCH),
Dublin. (Gazette to: The Keeper, Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,
Dublin.)

Benror, [ue Rev. E. A., m.a., South Stoke Vicarage, Reading,
Berks.

Eyre, Mrs. Dorotuy, Whitebrook, Chepstow, Mon.

FIsHER, C. H., m.a., Lower Drabbington, Thornbury, Bromyard,
Hereford. (26, Great College Street, Westminster, S.W.1.)
GILMouUR, J. S. L., M.A., F.L.s., Director, University Botanic Gardens,

Cambridge.

Goop, PRoFEssoR R. D’O., M.a., F.L.S., Department of Botany,
University College, Hull, Yorkshire.

GREENFIELD, H. F., 41, Brittain’s Lane, Sevenoaks, Kent.

GREENFIELD, PERCY, Beech Bank, 18, Stuart Road, Warlingham,
Surrey.

GrRuBB, J. A., 213, Kimbolton Road, Bedford.

Harvey, Miss J. E., 23, Captains Road, Edinburgh, 9.

HAYHURST, BERNARD, g1I, Windermere Road, Freehold, Lancaster.

HEAatey, F. J., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

HEALEY, Mrs. J. R., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

Hewitt, A. H., 29, Balfour Crescent, Wolverhampton, Staffs.

Hincxs, W. D., D.sc., 19, Whitefield, Heaton Norris, Stockport,
Cheshire. 7

HoLttuM, ProrFessor R. E., 80, Mortlake Road, Kew Gardens,
Richmond, Surrey. ;

Isaacs, A., 117, Blackmoor Drive, West Derby, Liverpool, 12.

JACKSON, FRED., Knotts View, Stonethwaite, Borrowdale, Keswick,
Cumberland. ;

JAMES, J., 16, Seddon Lane, Stoneclough, nr. Manchester.

Jupce, L. FawLey, Nordham, North Cave, East Yorks.

KAYE, REGINALD, Waithman Hardy Plant, Nursery, Silverdale,
Carnforth, Lancs. |

Kippax, Miss ANNE, 119, Rosehill Road, Burnley, Lancs.

Knott, E. A. H., Swinhope Hall, Binbrook, Lincoln.

Knox, SIR ALFRED, K.C.B., C.M.G., Binfield House, Binfield, Bracknell,
Berks.

Knox, Mrs. Wo. C., 649, Isle of Palms, Fort Lauderdale, Florida,
DSA:

LoneMaN, T. C. L., Knaresboro, Woodland Way, Kingswood, Surrey.

Lovis, Joun D., B.sc., Department of Botany, University of Leeds,

Leeds, 2. |

Morton, C. V., Curator, Division of Ferns, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Mowat, J. L., Curator, University Botanic Gardens, St. Andrews,
Fife.

NaTionaL Museum oF WALES, Department of Botany, Cardiff.

Nertson, Mrs. J. G., 5, Lady Road, Edinburgh, g.

178

NEWBOULD, Mrs. J. P., B.sc., 26, Russell Road, Mitcham, Surrey.

OLIVER, ARTHUR G., Tower Road, Darnick, Melrose, Roxburghshire.

Peacock, R., 128, Glenhurst Avenue, Bexley, Kent.

PERRY’s HARDY PLANT Farm, Holtwhites Hill, Enfield, Middx.

PICcHI-SERMOLLI, PROFESSOR Dr. R. E. G., Curator, Herbarium
Universitatis Florentine, Instituto Botanico, Via Lamarmoro,
Firenze, Italy.

PuLHaM, J. R., HON.A.I.L.A., 24, Ashcombe Gardens, Edgware,
Middx.

RAINFORD, G. H., 32, Cedar Street, Southport, Lancs.

RAMSDEN, SIR GEOFFREY C. F., C.1.E., 1.C.S.(RETD.), Fynescourt,
Grayshott, nr. Hindhead, Surrey.

Ransom, R. F., Wiggin Hill, St. Ives, Hunts.

Rosinson, N., 27, Yewlands Drive, Fulwood, Preston, Lancs.

ROwWLANDsS, Dr. S. P., M.B., B.S., Abbeville, 44, Beckett Road,
Doncaster, Yorkshire.

Rucc, Haroitp G., Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, New
Hampshire, U.S.A.

RussELL, D. F., Radnor House, Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey.

SMITH, Ewart G., 147-151, High Street, Christchurch, New Zealand.

SMITHERS, P. H. B. OTWAyY, V.R.D., D.PHIL., M.P., Colebrook House,
Winchester, Hants.

SouTH LONDON BOTANICAL INSTITUTE, 323, Norwood Road, London,
5.55.24.

St. CLarR-MorRFoRD, E., Boa Fe, Batu Ferringhi, Penang, Malaya.

STERN, SIR FREDERICK, M.C., O.B.E., V.M.H., F.L.S., Highdown,
Goring-by-Sea, Worthing, Sussex.

Swinscow, Dr. THomas D. V., M.B., B.S., F.S.S., Everley, London
Road, Knebworth, Herts.

TEMPLE, PETER, L.R.1.B.A., M.INST.R.A., 42, Holly Park, Finchley,
London, N.3.

THompson, DonaLp H., 180, Wakefield Road, Lightcliffe, Halifax,
Yorks.

THompson, E., 7, All Saints Road, Sutton, Surrey.

TinnE, Mrs. A. M., Lochwood Cottage, nr. Gartcosh, By Glasgow.

TROTTER, R. D., Leith Vale, Ockley, Surrey.

VEAL, RONALD J. E., DIP.HORT.WISLEY, Sundown, Ethel Road,
Rayleigh, Essex.

VILLARET, DR. PIERRE, Curator, Musee Botanique Cantonal, Palais
De Rumine, Lausanne, Switzerland.

WAINWRIGHT, H., Rockwood, Buntingsdale Road, Market Drayton,
Shropshire.

WALKER, DR. S., The Hartley Botanical Laboratories, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, Lancs.

Watts, L. H., Starvecrow House, Tonbridge, Kent.

Mies et D. M., Birch Cottage, Waenfawr, nr. Cernarvon, North

ales.

WHITESIDE, R., 477, Marine Road East, Morecambe, Lancs.

Witson, G. A., 28, School Lane, Grenoside, nr. Sheffield, Yorks.

WIPER, ERNEST, 6507, Maple Street, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada.

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THE
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY

OR nearly 150 years The Royal Horticultural i Z F )
Society has been the leading Society | in ‘ )
British Horticulture, and is now the largest in : |
the world. For an annual subscription of two y :
guineas a Fellow is kept in touch with all its i |

operations, has the right to attend all its shows,

to visit its gardens at Wisley, and to obtain Bs |
advice on horticultural matters. | Larger sub- oy f
scriptions carry increased privileges. All persons i ae ;
who are interested in horticulture are eligible s; 5
for membership, and full particulars may be |

obtained on application to:

THE SECRETARY, _ i
THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, op W.1

Courier Co.. Ltd., Tunbridge Wells.

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— Gazette

SUMMER, 1957

EDITED BY

Revd. E. A. ELLIOT, M.A

SoutH STOKE VICARAGE,
NEAR READING, BERKS.

£Sol TE IAL

PUBLISHED BY

THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

¢ "President A. H. G. Alston, B.A., F.L.S., Dept. of Botany,

British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

‘Hon. Secretary: Revd. E. A. Elliot, South Stoke Vicarage,
near Reading.

Hon. Treasurer: J. W. Dyce, “Hilltop,” 46 Sedley Rise,
Bares} : Loughton, Essez.

THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL iin |

THE SOCIETY originated, in a tae 1891, in the Lake District _
with headquarters at Kendal. Its members are distributed —
throughout Great Britain and Ireland, with some in sia) Dominions: ,
and U.S.A. Its objects are: — ae aD me

(i) The Study of Species and Varieties of British Ferns; and
(ii) The Recording of Information with regard to Ferns ‘geneially.

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The organ of the Society is The Britesh Fern Gazette obi . q
usually twice a ‘dade re) |

The Society is affiliated to the Royal Horucuikane Society. .

The Annual Meeting is held when possible at some place. saint te
ferns are abundant, and from which excursions for fern hunting — ae
can conveniently be arranged. These excursions are an important ia
feature of the Society's activity. _ i hye Vn ela tala ti ;

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Fern Fronds can be exhibited by members, and to any t new ‘here
reaching a high standard the Society will award a Certificate. ‘i me
Res
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Members are invited to communicate with the Hon. Seca an Be |
on subjects of interest with regard to British Ferns. ‘Fronds may be -
sent to him to be identified or named at any time. Bion, i,
‘i
A collection of British Ferns is being formed with ee help of i
the Society in the Royal Horticultural mean s Gardens, at Wisley. an

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The Committee is iilebiokiing to increase the membership ‘of. ay
the Society and, through this and by other means, to encourage the if
more general cultivation of the varieties of British Ferns. Any lover co
of horticulture is eligible for membership, and the subscription is, 4
Ios. per annum (due in advance at or immediately after the Annual — K |
Meeting) which entitles members to copies of The Gazette aa to i
any help the Officers of the Society may be able to give.

The Hon. Treasurer or Hon. Secretary sail be pleased to sors 4 qf
members who may desire it with icin Orders for the convenient mo

payment of subscriptions. en |
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Further particulars may be obtained from the ee Secretary: is og
Revp. E. A. ELLIOT, 0 Batty A }

South Stoke Vicarage, “a
near Reading.

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BRITISH FERN GAZETTE

NEW SERIES
VoL. VIII 1957 No. 8
CONTENTS Page
EDITORIAL NOTES... ix oe ne ve a ue 179
CONCERNING ASPLENIUM ADULTERINUM sn te. As: 181
ASPLENIUM HUNTING IN SCOTLAND ... PF Rep rh 182
POLYPODIUM IN EASTERN ENGLAND ... Ko ne ape: 183
FERNS IN NEW ZEALAND oes ee ae is ee, 184
HABITATS OF ASPLENIUM- VIRIDE es ues Bes 2h 188
MENDELISM IN FERNS aoa Lege Rt. Aes ne oh 189
ASPLENIUM VIRIDE AND A. TRICHOMANES ... a: Ra 193
FERN GOSSIP me dine ah ee = oe big 194
OuR FRONTISPIECE ae it safe us hie se 195
List OF MEMBERS ae es Ame kel Ass ae 196

EDITORIAL.

In accordance with a note in our previous Editorial, and
as already stated in the half-yearty Letter, the date of the
Annual General Meeting this year has been fixed for Saturday,
September 21st, at 2.30 p.m., in the British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, London. It is hoped this change
of date, though not of place, will enable more members to
attend than has clearly been possible in recent years.

The past winter, unusually mild in the southern half of
the country and, we believe, also less severe than it often is
in the north, may have had an effect on the new growth of
our ferns: at least, in bringing this on earlier, with a possible
risk of damage from spring frosts.

Even these appear fewer and less severe than in other

recent years, and we should be glad to hear of any note that
has been taken in this way.

A note, relevant to this, will be found in ‘“ Fern Gossip ”’
elsewhere in this Gazette.

A reminder that the Excursion this year is making head-
quarters the White Hart Hotel, Wiveliscombe, Somerset, may
not be out of place: date, from August 31st, for a week.

T&o

Members are also asked to note that our financial year
ends on June 30th, and the annual subscription of I0s. is
then due and payable to our Treasurer: not, please, to the
Secretary.

While making records for the Botanical Society of the
British Isles, which has a scheme in progress for mapping
plants all over these Isles, it has occurred to me that especially
in the case of Ferns, a note (not necessarily for the scheme,
but for future reference generally) should be kept of all
localities where even the most common ferns are now found.
Woods may be cut down; building may take place; there are
many ways now in which ferns in particular may be
exterminated. Some have been, and often can be, saved, by
removal arrangement with the destroyers, but even then their
home will not be that provided by nature.

Observation of this kind in my area of 25 square miles,
has shown that though there are not many species, the number
of plants of each of these is considerably greater than appeared
to be the case when recording began three years ago: this,
in itself, is most rewarding.

A request has been received via Mr. C. V. Morton, of the
United States National Museum, on behalf of an Indian
Student, *D.°S. Loyal,,,Department of botany) Pe
- University, P.O. Khalsa College, Amritza, India.

Mr. Loyal needs about fifty sporocarps of Pilularia, cut
so as to expose the sporangia, and fixed in acetic alcohol (1:3).
The sporocarps should be of different ages, so as to get material
in the sporogenesis stage.

Any member able to help in this is requested to communi-
cate direct with Mr. Loyal.

It is with very deep regret that we have to record the
death of Harold G. Rugg on February 13th last. This news
is given in the current issue of the American Fern Journal,
and in only a brief but most sympathetic note by one of the
Editors.

He was elected a member of our Society in rg09 and
maintained his interest in it to the last. We hope to give a
fuller account of his life in our next issue.

The foregoing had hardly been written when the further
sad news came of the death of James R. Pulham, on April
20th, at the age of 84. He did invaluable work for our Society
at a critical time: a full notice of his life will also be given
later. |

181

On going to Press, we regret deeply to hear of the death
of Mr. W. R. Murray, Managing Director of the Courier
Printing Company, on August Ist, last year.

From a memoir subsequently printed, it is evident that
he made the Firm what it now is, and will no doubt continue
to be: his long service in it will have firmly established its
position.

We are informed that he took a great personal interest
in our Gazette and that we can feel sure the Firm will main-
tain this. It was due to Mr. Pulham that the connection with
the Courier was made.

CONCERNING ASPLENIUM ADULTERINUM.

Having spent the last twelve months in New Zealand,
there has been considerable delay in my receiving the Winter,
1955, issue of the Gazefte, and viewing the article by Mr.
Greenfield on Asplenium adulterinum contained therein.

In spite of this delay, I think it might still be useful if I
drew upon my experience of this plant in order to elaborate
some of the points made by Mr. Greenfield in his article.

It should be stressed that although my experiments have
led me, in common with some earlier investigators, to believe
that Asplenium adulterinum is of hybrid origin, nevertheless
this plant behaves like a normal species. It reproduces very
readily from spores, and breeds true to type inasmuch as it
retains its own characteristics from one generation to another.

It is therefore entirely possible to find colonies of this
plant growing without either of its presumed ancestral parents
(Asplenium tnchomanes and A. viride), although in fact more
usually one or both of these species is found associated with
A. adulterinum.

Since Asplenium adulterinum, like the majority of species,
is usually found as a population of plants rather than as
isolated individuals, 1 cannot without reservation support Mr.
Greenfield’s advice that if A. adulterinum is found in Scotland
“it should be left in situ.’’ If this plant is found, it is more
than likely to be in a pretty remote part of Scotland, and I
personally think it very important that in the event of its
discovery, a specimen should be taken, in order that the
identification may be verified.

It is known that Asplenium adulterinum appears to be
confined to serpentine rock. My experience with this plant

T&2

in Norway is that wherever Asplenium trichomanes and A.
viride are found in association with Asplenium adulterinum
they also grow on the serpentine rock.

Mr. Greenfield could not have known that I have already,
in August, 1954, visited the Cabrach region on the border of
Aberdeenshire and Banffshire in search of Asplenium adul-
terinum and Asplenium serpentim. I searched the serpentine
outcrops on Craig Dorney and Craig Succouth, and also along
the Blackwater river. Although I found both forms of
Ashlenium trichomanes, and also A. viride, I saw no A.
adulterinum. An unusual form of Asplenium adiantum-
nigrum is found there, but I understand that this is not the
true serpentim or cuneifohum. It is not for me to make
further comment on this plant since the Asplenium adiantum-
nigrum group is at present being investigated by Dr. M. G.
Shivas, who might be prevailed upon to contribute an article
on this subject to the Gazette at some future date.

Finally, I must make reference to Page 127 of the Spring,
1955, issue of the Gazette, wherein it is incorrectly reported
that I have ‘‘ produced the Continental Asflenium adulten-
num by the cross A. irichomanes X A. vinde,’’ Although I
have made hybrids between A. adulterinum and both of its
presumed parents, A. tvichomanes and A. viride, I regret that
I have never yet succeeded in producing any sort of hybrid
between A. trichomanes and A. vinde.

Jj. DL ia

ASPLENIUM HUNTING IN SCOTLAND.

My annual visits to Scotland take me within easy reach
of the Cabrach district, and Mr. P. Greenfield’s article
Asphleniuum Adulierinum in the Winter, 1955, issue of the
Gazette stirred my hunting instincts.

Preparatory work included the gathering of all possible
information on the two ferns Asplenium adulterinum and A.
adiantum-nigrum serpentini now called A. cuneifolium, and
a visit to the Geological Museum to acquire some knowledge
of serpentine rock. The Geological map of the Cabrach area
enabled me to pinpoint the serpentine localities, so that no
time was wasted in futile search in this mountain district, and
I was able to go straight to the likely places.

After a few disappointments, my way led along a moun-
tain road up the Deveron valley, and I stopped by a bridge
over a deep corrie which looked interesting. Recent road

183

widening at this spot had necessitated the cutting away of the
rock, leaving exposed an extensive face of a lovely green rock
which I recognised as serpentine. This confirmation that I
was on the right ground was strengthened by the finding of
several plants of A. adiantum-nigrum in rock crevices.

The corrie was easily accessible from the road, and on its
rocky sides I found three species of asplenium growing in pro-
fusion—A. adiantum-nigrum, A. viride, and A. tnchomanes,
together with a fern which seemed to agree with the description
I had received of A. cuneifolium. I brought back a collection
of fronds, which were submitted for examination by Mr.
A. H. G. Alston to Mrs. Walker, of Leeds University, who
thinks that some of them are the fern I was hunting for. Mrs.
_ Walker hopes to pay a visit to the habitat this year to obtain
suitable specimens for a chromosome count to confirm the
identification. 3

It was extremely interesting to find A. viride and A.
trichomanes growing together in such great numbers on the
serpentine rock, and it seems to me there is every possibility
that the hybrid A. adulterinum may be found in this corrie.
In the few hours I was able to devote to the search I scrutinised
hundreds of plants, but the colony is so extensive that much
more time will be needed to cover the ground comprehensively.

I hope to visit the spot again this year, and perhaps either
Mrs. Walker or I may be successful in finding A. adulterinum.

J. . W. Dyce.

POLYPODIUM IN EASTERN ENGLAND.

Of the three different cytological types of Polypodium
vulgare the hexaploid is, in Great Britain and indeed in Europe
as a whole, much the commonest in the west. It has a mainly
Atlantic distribution, apparently preferring a moister climate
than the others. It is particularly abundant in the south-west
of England, in Wales, and in Ireland. The tetraploid is the
predominant type in the inland and eastern parts of Britain.
I was therefore interested to find the hexaploid in Norfolk
last summer. Near Long Stratton, nine miles south of
Norwich, was a' ditch about Ioo yards long; one bank of it was
surmounted by a hedge. The hexaploid polypody was grow-
ing freely all along the top of the ditch in the hedge.
Examination of many other plants in the area showed these
to be the only hexaploids there. The others were all tetra-
ploids. 3

184

Since the hexaploid is found quite far inland in Europe
—-Professor I. Manton mentions the Alps in her Problems of
Cytology and Evolution in the Pteridophyta—its appearance
in the east of England is not entirely unexpected. It does all
the same seem to be rare there. I have not, for instance,
come across it during desultory rambles in Kent, though the
tetraploid is common enough. Incidentally, I have not yet
seen a polypody of any sort growing wild in Hertfordshire,
where the annual average rainfall is about 22 inches a year.
This seems to be insufficient now that the roads are all metalled
and the water table has been lowered by London’s demands.
Records show that the plant was common enough I00 years
ago.

. DOUGLAS SWINSCOW.

FERNS IN NEW ZEALAND

Ferns are indeed a very important constituent of the flora
of New Zealand, not perhaps so much in number of species
(although this is quite considerable, about 150 in number),
as in numbers of individuals. Even the national emblem is
a pinna from the frond of a tree-fern.

It is in the rain forests of the wetter parts of New Zealand
that the great abundance of ferns is to be found. However,
in some parts of New Zealand ferns are very scarce, for the
climate of the country is by no means uniform, there being a
great range in rainfall. The distribution of rainfall, and
therefore of ferns, is more even in the North Island than in
the South Island, where the rainfall ranges from more than
300 inches in parts of the far south-west (Fiordland), to less
than 20 inches in the middle of Otago. The prevailing wet
wind comes from the north-west across the Tasman Sea,
dropping most of its rain on the western side of the great
Southern Alps, and it is in these wetter districts on the west
that the best development of rain forest is found in the South
Island.

Undoubtedly the first and lasting impression of the
botanist entering the New Zealand rain forest is the great
abundance of epiphytes, not only flowering plants, but an
abundance of ferns, mosses, liverworts, and lichens. Ferns
are conspicuous everywhere in the forest. Tree-ferns are
abundant, both Dicksonia and Cyathea, while other ferns
(especially Polystichum and Blechnum), carpet the forest
floor, hang from the mossy branches of the trees, and cover
the trunks of both trees and tree-ferns.

fe a ee eae

185

Most beautiful of New Zealand’s tree-ferns is Cyathea
dealbata, in which the underside of the fronds is silver in
colour. It is the frond of this magnificent species which pro-
vides the national emblem. This is, however, not the largest
species of tree-fern found in New Zealad, which is Cyathea
medullaris. This species can attain tremendous proportions.
Specimens well over fifty feet tall are known, while the huge
fronds may be up to twenty feet long, forming an immense
crown thirty feet across. There are two common Dicksomnias,
D. squarrosa and D. fibrosa, which can form splendid plants,
but do not rival the magnificence of Cyathea medullans.

Inasmuch as the possession of a distinct trunk raising the
growing point off the ground constitutes a tree-fern, then tree-
ferns in New Zealand are not confined to Dicksonia and
Cyathea. Blechnum fraseri nearly always has a trunk some
inches long, and frequently a foot or more high. Another
species of Blechnum, B. discolor, sometimes displays a trunk
up to a foot tall, but this not usual in this species.

Filmy ferns are plentiful in the New Zealand rain forest,
and their variety is spectacular. There are about twenty-
eight species in all, including some very large species, and
some highly characteristic forms. They are mostly found as
epiphytes on the branches of trees and the trunks of tree-ferns,
but are also found on mossy banks, and on the litter of the
forest floor. The magnificent pendulous fronds of Mecodium
dilatatum may be two feet long, while those of Mecodium
pulcherrimum can be even longer, and those of Mecodium
scabrum can at least equal those of M. dilatatum. At the
other end of the scale are the diminutive strap-like fronds of
Craspedophylium armstrong, less than a half-inch long, and
more like a small thalloid liverwort in appearance. The most
striking species is the lovely and unique Kidney Fern, Cardio-
manes reniformé, a common species in the rain forests of New
Zealand, but found nowhere else in the world. As the name
implies, the frond is entire and kidney-shaped. ‘The sori are
situated all round the edge of the frond. It thus superficially
very closely resembles Adiantum reniforme, endemic to
Madeira.

The reader will have already realised that the ferns of
New Zealand are very, very different from those we have in
Britain. However, the visitor from the United Kingdom will
not find himself confronted with a flora lacking any familiar
features. Some of the genera will be known to him, e.g.,
Polystichum, Asplenum, Blechnum, and Ophioglossum,
although the species are different. Nevertheless, the general

186

aspect of the flora will be different. Indeed, the two floras
have less species in common than was believed twenty years
ago. It now seems that only two species of ferns are in fact
common to New Zealand and the British Isles. These are
Asblenium trichomanes and Anogramme lepiophylla. A third
species, Botrychium lunaria, has now not been found in New
Zealand for more than seventy years. Thelypteris palustris
is present in New Zealand, but as a very distinct Southern
Hemisphere form, distinguished as subspeqies squamigera.
Bracken occurs in New Zealand, but is distinguished specifi-
cally as Pleridium esculentum. Cystoptens fragilis, Hymeno-
pbhyllum peltatum, and H. tunbridgense are all recorded for
New Zealand, but the plants given these names are quite
evidently distinct from their British counterparts.

The keen fern-grower will find a few of his most familiar
plants growing wild in New Zealand. Two species of Leptop-
teris (Todea), L. superba (Prince of Wales’ Feathers), and
L. hymenophylloides, are frequently grown in Wardian cases,
and in filmy fern houses, where these exist. In New Zealand,
these plants are naturally most common in the wettest areas,
where they occur, sometimes in abundance, on the floor of
the rain forest, especially in wet gullies and other such very
humid places. |

Ashlenium bulbiferum is one of our most common green-
house ferns, and because of the bulbils produced on its fronds,
one of the most easily propagated. This species, popularly
known as *‘ Hen and Chickens ’’ on account of the bulbiferous
habit, is very common in forests throughout New Zealand.
However, the form most commonly cultivated, var. tripinna-
tum, 1S apparently rare in New Zealand, where the typical
form has the frond much less finely divided than in the variety.

Apart from Asplenium bulbiferum, perhaps the ferns most
commonly encountered growing on the forest floor are Poly-
stichum vestitum (reminiscent of our own P. angulare),
Asplenium lucidum, a fine plant with a magnificent sheen to
the surface of its large deep green simply pinnate fronds, and
several species of Blechnum.

Blechnum is a very evident genus in New Zealand forests,
and one large species, B. procerum, has become especially
abundant on the steep banks alongside the roads traversing
the forests. The fronds of this handsome plant, which are
frequently well over four feet long, are especially beautiful in
the young expanding state, when they possess a fine reddish
tinge.

a re

187

Not all the New Zealand ferns inhabit the rain forests. -
Indeed even the driest and warmest rocks are not devoid of
ferns since three species, Cheilanthes sieben, Chetlanthes
distans, and Pleurosorus rutaefolius prefer such situations.
An interesting point is that the first two of these plants are
both suspected to be apogamous, a characteristic which would
evidently help them to reproduce in these conditions of sparse
moisture.

A few species are found at alpine levels. Polystichum
cystostegia is nearly always found amongst rocks above the
tree-line, and may ascend to over 5,000 feet. Another fern
confined to the mountains is the tiny Grammitis pumila, the
fronds of which do not exceed one inch in length, and are
usually considerably smaller.

There are four species which are found almost exclusively

_ in the immediate vicinity of hot springs in the thermal region

of the North Island. These plants flourish in the warm steam

_ rising from the hot water. The species concerned, Nephrolepis

cordifolia, Dicranopieris {Gleichenia) linearis, Cyclosorus
dentatus and Cyclosorus gongylodes, are all more or less wide-
spread in tropical regions, and their presence in New Zealand
may be regarded as a relic of a flora of warmer times. |

That element of the New Zealand fern flora which can be
regarded as of tropical origin is not restricted to the four
obvious examples quoted above. Some genera are much
more prominent in the north of the North Island than else-
where in the country. These include such pre-eminently
tropical genera as Adiantum and Pters. Of the four
species of Ptevis in New Zealand, two are confined to the far
north. |

In general, the flora of New Zealand is very characteristic,
with a high degree of endemism. This is in accordance with
its isolated position. With regard to the ferns, about two-fifths
are confined to New Zealand. The New Zealand ferns have
their closest affinity with the Australian fern flora, and indeed
another two-fifths fraction of the New Zealand species also
occur in Australia.

The more ancient groups of ferns are well represented in
the country. These archaic types include Marattia and
Gleichenia, and more specialised though still very old forms
like Schizaea and Lygodium, Ophioplossum and Botrychium,
as well as the curious but very handsome Loxsoma, the phylo-
genetic position of which remains uncertain.

188

A charming feature of popular interest in the ferns of
New Zealand is the frequent choice of Maori rather than
English names in colloquial description. Thus the great tree-
fern Cyathea medullaris is ‘“ Mamaku ’’ to the average New
Zealander, while Cyathea dealbata is not only “‘ Silver Fern,’’
but also “‘ Ponga.’’ Similarly, Dicksonia fibrosa is ‘“ Wheki-
ponga.’’ Gleichenia microphylla has the rather startling
name of ‘‘ Wae-wae-kaka,’’ though it must be admitted that
a majority of naturalists would call it just “* Tangle-fern.”’
Sometimes, the Maori name is as beautiful ‘in translation as it
is euphonious in the original. Thus Sticherus cunningham
is to the Maori ‘‘ Tapu-wae-kotuku,’’ which means “ the foot-
print of the white heron,’’ which is surely far superior to plain
“Aimbretia erm 4

J. De Vows:

HABITATS OF ASPLENIUM VIRIDE.

Although something was said about habitats of Asplemum
_vinde in the Gazette (No. 6) for Winter, 1955, it seems desir-
able to go further into the matter in view of the reference to
this fern in Scotland in the present issue.

The habitats in England previously mentioned, except
that in the Lake District, were on Carboniferous limestone,
of which the amount exposed in Scotland is insignificant.
Nevertheless many flowering plants of the limestone and chalk
in England grow also in Scotland; and the explanation is that
they find a suitable home on basic rocks. It is reasonable
to suppose that such rocks could equally support the lime-
loving A. viride. We need not go to Scotland to verify this
supposition. On a visit to Wales last year the writer took the
opportunity to look up a habitat of A. viride among the rocks

below the summit of Cader Idris. Here in a runnel was
Sphagnum, Saxifraga stellaris, etc.—evidently not a suitable
place for A. viride.. But not far away were some large

boulders, on and at the foot of which A. viride was flourish-
ing. These boulders are of pillow-basalt, and it may be safely
assumed that there was a trace of calcium carbonate made
available to the ferns direct or by the agency of the water
coming in contact with the rock. Incidentally this illustrates
the complications of botanizing on mountains.

Among the igneous rocks of Scotland serpentine must be
given special consideration. There are many exposures of it
besides that at Cabrach in the same part of Scotland. It is
a modified igneous rock of varied composition usually con-

189

taining magnesia, iron and calcium carbonate. There is
evidence that it can support lime-loving plants. In England
it occurs in-quantity in the Lizard peninsula; and in a few
isolated places there, where it is suitably exposed, such plants
as Geranium sanguineum and Thalictrum minus have been
observed. In considering the conditions obtaining at any
particular place the presence of water is a factor which must
be borne in mind.

Asplenium adiantum nigrum serpentini was discovered
at Cabrach in 1862. The rocks there may not have been
much visited by botanists before that date, as there is no
mention of Cabrach in the Botanist’s Guide to the Shires of
Aberdeen, Banff and Kincardine compiled in 1860 by Dr.
Dickie. (It was as a compliment to him that Cystoptens
Dickieana was so named.) But there are references to plants
on serpentine where that rock occurs elsewhere. The habitats
given for A. viride are:—Craig of Lin Mui, near Ballater:
rocks in Corrymulzie near Castleton: cliffs of the ‘‘ Lion’s
Face ’’: Glen Callater rocks: limestone rocks and deébris,
north base of the Mourne above Castleton: rocks behind the
farm of Tomintoul at Castleton. Serpentine is not mentioned
as occurring at any of these habitats. The limestone is older
than that of the Carboniferous period. |

P. GREENFIELD.

MENDELISM IN FERNS AT THE JOHN INNES
INSTITUTION

The following article, by the late Dr. F. W. Stansfield,
is reprinted from Vol. V, No. 8, June 1927, of the ** Gazette.”

We have received a copy of a paper (reprinted from
““ Hereditas,’’ an international scientific journal published in
Sweden) by Miss Irma Andersson of the John Innes Horti-
cultural Institution, Merton, Surrey, which will be of interest
to fern growers both from the scientific point of view and,
perhaps still more, as an illustration of the cultural methods
employed by Miss Andersson. There is nothing unexpected
in the fact that the characters of British fern varieties are
inherited on Mendelian lines as are the characteristics of
practically all the higher plants and animals so far as has
yet been investigated. Some of the facts brought out in the
course of Miss Andersson’s experiments will, however, be a
little surprising to some of our readers. First of all, with
regards to methods of culture:—The spores are sown not, as a

Igo

rule, on soil, but on a thin layer of agar-agar jelly moistened
with Knop’s solution in petri dishes. These petri dishes are
small flat glass dishes about half-an-inch deep: and two or
three inches in diameter, having closely fitting flat glass lids.
The sowing is done in a small special room, with glass walls
and closely fitting glass doors, which is regularly sterilized
every day. Ihe tables are glass covered and kept
scrupulously clean, while all instruments are sterilized before
being used. The agar jelly has the advantage over soil that
it is transparent, and therefore the whole dish and its contents
can be examined under the microscope and every detail of
structure and development can be kept under close observa-
tion. We have visited the Institution and inspected the
processes of culture. Some petri dishes, said to be ‘‘ very
old,’’ were examined and found to be full of prothallia mostly
showing primary fronds of the sporophyte generation. There
was not a trace to be seen of conferve, protococcus, protonema
of mosses, hyphe of moulds, nor foreign growths of any kind
—nothing but fern prothallia with incipient fronds growing
upon the clear transparent jelly. We quote now from the
pamphlet:—“ In order to ensure cross fertilization each single
prothallium is transferred to a separate petri dish and it can,
of course, be seen when the archegonia are ready for fertiliza-
tion. The petri dish is then filled with Knop’s solution and
prothallia with antheridia of the proposed male parent are
added. Twelve hours is usually long enough to effect fertiliza-
tion. The solution with the male prothallia is then removed.
The hybrid usually appears a week or two after, and, when
the roots and cotyledon are well developed, it is transferred to
soil. The prothallium of Polystichum angulare and Scolopen-
drium vulgare is, at first, either male or asexual. This stage
is followed by a period of growth, after which the archegonia
appear at the usual place. When the archegonia are ready
for fertilization the antheridia are, as a rule, empty. This
applies to the normal, regularly formed, more or less heart-
shaped prothallium. It is, therefore, often necessary to keep
a prothallium for a considerable time in order to secure self-
fertilization as new lobes or outgrowths must develop which
are covered with antheridia.’’

Experiments with Polystichum angulare.

Spores were sown from a plant of P. a. inequale
vanegatum, the object being to investigate the phenomena of
inheritance of variegation. In the first instance the spores
were sown on soil and a family was raised consisting of 158
plants of ine@quale vanriegatum, 50 plants of P. a. congestum,

0 ie
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191

63 plants of P. a. grandidens, and 14 of P. a. grandidens
congestum. These numbers correspond closely to those which
would be expected upon Mendelian principles supposing the
spores sown to have been from a cross-bred plant in which
the variegatum character, with normal outline, was dominant,
and the congestum and grandidens characters recessive and
consequently concealed. The ordinary amateur or com-
mercial raiser of ferns for garden purposes would at once
suspect that stray spores had somehow got into the sowing,
and this was our own idea upon first reading the account of
the experiment. We all know how readily stray spores will
filter in, apparently from nowhere, often of other species than
the one sown and not unfrequently when no plant of the kind
is known to be in the neighbourhood. Almost every raiser
of ferns from spores has met with perplexing experiences of
this kind. In the experiment in question however no other
species than the one sown appeared and there were no
““ weeds ’’ such as conferve, mosses or moulds, which was
strong evidence that the precautions taken to exclude foreign
spores had been effective. The Mendelian proportion of
numbers was also significant. In order to make assurance
doubly sure another experiment was made, in which one sorus

_ata time was picked off the frond under a microscope. Then

one single sporangium, unopened at the time, was dissected
out by using absolutely sterile needles. The single spore-case
was then transferred with the needle to a sterile hollow glass
slide and was immediately scrutinized on all surfaces to
ascertain that no spores from other sporangia adhered to the
wall or the stalk. A sterile glass ring was then put round the
sporangium and a sterile cover-slip was put over the ring.
The cover-slip was slightly heated so as to induce rapid burst-
ing of the sporangium. When this had taken place the glass
ring and cover-slip were carefully removed and the, now free,
spores transferred to dishes of agar. The whole procedure
took place in an otherwise empty room which is regularly
disinfected and affords absolutely sterile conditions. After-
wards the agar dishes were kept in a greenhouse on a table
isolated by strong disinfectant, the dishes being kept shut.
In this experiment the spores from 24 sporangia were sown on
agar, the contents of each sporangium in a separate dish, and
the prothallia were allowed to fertilize among themselves.
Each sporangium, so prepared, gave the four types of ferns
as in experiment I, and in similar proportions. When the
spores from these four types were sown separately and allowed
to fertilize themselves it was found that the dominant type
(inequale variegatum) again gave rise to a smailer proportion

192

of types 2, 3 and 4, but when the recessives congestum and
grandidens were sown they either bred true or gave type 4,
i.e. grandidens congestum, the dominant being entirely
eliminated. All this is again exactly what would be expected
on Mendelian principles. The only possible explanation of
these results is that the spores originally sown were from a
cross-bred plant in which the variegatum character and normal
outline were dominant, while congestum and grandidens were
recessive and therefore concealed. Had spores from the
original wild-found plant of inequale variegatum been sown
they would, doubtless, have either bred true or have given
a proportion of normal angulare. A number of experiments
were made by crossing different varieties of Scolopendrium
vulgare, most awful-looking mongrels being produced in some
cases (especially where peraferens was one of the parents), but
always the results were on Mendelian lines and the most com-
plicated mongrels could be resolved into their constituent
varieties by breeding and selection. It is found in this species
that branching is recessive to non-branching, dwarfness is
recessive to tallness, undulation is recessive to flatness; but
murication of the upper surface is dominant over the smooth
surface. Margination (of the under surface) is also dominant
to smoothness.

In Athynum filix-femina, apparently, a cross-bred parent,
containing the elements of kalothnx, but not showing any
kalothnix character, had been obtained, since, from a ragged-
looking laciniatum, the forms kalothnx lacimatum, kalothrix
cristatum and kalothnx-Craigu had been obtained. It is
evident that the thin translucent Ralothrix character is reces-
sive to the thicker texture of other varieties. The late Mr.
Druery had a similar experience when, in trying to obtain a
crested kalothrix by sowing together kalothnix and percrista-
tum, Cousins, he obtained, apparently, nothing but fercris-
tatum. Afterwards however a seedling kalothrix cristatum
came up self sown in his fernery, and he logically concluded
that at least one of percristatum seeding must have contained
kalothnx ‘‘ blood,’’ or more properly, kalothnix determinants
in the germ plasm.

The common or garden raiser of ferns will be able to
learn several valuable lessons from Miss Andersson’s experi-
ments, and, perhaps still more, from her methods of working.
It is obvious that, by using precise scientific methods and
with the assistance of the microscope, it will be possible to
exclude weeds and stray spores from sowings. Also it will be
practicable to obtain fertilization of the archegonia and

a.

¥93

production of fronds from prothallia more quickly and more
certainly. The crossing of varieties and the hybridization of
species will become almost as easy as in the case of orchids
and other flowering plants, and it may become possible te
raise from spores varieties and species which have hitherto
resisted this method of propagation, such as Lastrea remota,
Asplenum, Ad.-nigrum microdon and Asp. trichomanes
confluens. In short, in all cases of difficulty of propagation
it will be easier to ascertain the cause and consequently to
surmount the difficulty.

Readers who are unfamiliar with the work of Gregor
Mendel may with advantage read a little book on ‘‘ Heredity
in the light of recent research,’’ by L. Doncaster, M.A..,
published by the Cambridge University Press, in which the
subject is succinctly explained.

F.W.S.

ASPLENIUM VIRIDE AND A. TRICHOMANES.

Mr. Greenfield’s article in the Winter 1955 issue of the
Gazette under the above heading, regarding the dissociation ~
of Asplenium trichomanes and A. viride, and the preference
of the latter fern for lime, brings to mind some habitats which
are pertinent to the discussion.

One colony showing a very close association of the two
ferns, is on a high stone bridge over a turbulent mountain
stream, in a glen near Crieff in Scotland, at an altitude of
800-900 feet. The sides and under the arch are festooned
with Cystoptens fragilis, A. trichomanes, and A. viride grow-
ing in profusion in the mortared joints of the stonework, and
the two spleenworts show no desire to avoid each other’s
company. During the Society’s Excursion in 1955, two more
instances of these ferns in close association were noted by
me in the grikes on Hutton Roof.

On only two occasions have I found A. viride growing
luxuriantly with 6 inch fronds, and in both cases the habitats
would appear to be acid, and very different from those
described above. One was a wooded ravine at sea-level near
Inverness, a fern paradise where I found 17 species of ferns.
A. viride grew on a narrow ledge of rock, over which water
dripped constantly, and its root-run consisted of a very thin
layer of fine, black. peaty soil which had accumulated on the
ledge with the passing years.

194

The other habitat, in many ways similar but at an
altitude of I,000—1,200 feet, was found while hunting for
Cystopteris montana in Glen Lochay, near Ben Lawers. A
narrow corrie or ravine has been cut deep into the side of a
hill by a mountain torrent, and while scrambling up the bed
of this stream, a small recess was found formed by overhang-
ing rock, and completely blanketed with a iuxuriant growth
of spagnum moss. Suspended from the roof of the recess on
long thin stems, some over a foot in length, growing out of
the moss, dangled several green rosettes, which on closer
inspection were found to be A. viride. One wonders how many
years it must have taken the plants to grow such long stems.

The conditions prevailing in these habitats would seem
to indicate an entire absence of lime, but the ferns were grow-
ing happily, and certainly with a vigour far surpassing that
of specimens growing in what we regard as more normal con-
ditions.

J. Wi Davee

FERN GOSSIP

At the top of page 176 in Vol. VIII, No. 7, of the Gazette,
our previous number, a note is made of a ‘‘ mystery fern,’’
self-sown in a pot in my former greenhouse: and stated to be
an alien.

It has now proved nothing of the sort and is in fact an
Asplenium Trnchomanes. This correction is made now as an
example of the unwisdom of identifying a fern in a young
state.

As an alternative to a greenhouse, which I do not now
possess, a large frame was secured at a sale early in December
last year, and all my more tender ferns and many others were
put in it, in pots.

The result has been excellent: thanks partly to a mild
winter, but also to the ease with which frost can be guarded
against.

The position chosen is facing north and west, at an angle
of the house sheltered to the east and south.

Coverings were put on at night when frost was possible
or certain, and only left on by day on one or two occasions.

New growth began in several cases in March and was
evident in all at the beginning of April: and we recommend

~ SE et ee .

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195

this plan of a frame most whole-heartedly to anyone who
wishes for plant protection. I would now rather have two
frames than even a small greenhouse.

During the past year, a number of fronds have been
received, from various sources, for identification; several of
these have been abnormal! or off type.

It cannot be said that these were, or would become,
varieties: but they show that forms occur often enough to
make careful inspection of even common species, worth-while.
One or two complete (rooted) plants sent, are being grown on
for further examination.

If difficulty in cultivation is found by the possessor of
Dryopteris aemuia, it may be found worth while trying a
pot plant, under glass: using light, open, sandy soil, with
well-decayed leaf mould if available, and giving plenty of
water except during frost: with some reduction from late
autumn till late winter.

OUR FRONTISPIECE

This, from a splendid photograph by Mr. Lovis, has been
chosen by our Printers as more suitable for reproduction than
another, of an Epiphyte Fern, Microsorium diversifohum.
We agree with the choice, as it gives a good idea of the Fern
wealth to which Mr. Lovis refers: and of the climate which
makes Todea able to grow in the open air. With us, it has
to be a greenhouse plant, and owing to its size, very limited
in number.

The Microsorium is an example of how plants sometimes
overcome the housing problem.

196
BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY
List of Members

Honorary Members

CURTIS, (CHARLES P< j.2. 2 Var Ls), c/o The Gardeners’
Chronicle, 33, John Street, Theobalds Road, London, W.C.tr.
(“" Chestergate,’’ 5, Somerset Road, Brentford, Middlesex.)

MANTON, PROFESSOR IRENE, B.A., PH.D., Department of Botany, The
University, Leeds, Yorks.

PRESTON, F. G., M.A., V.M.H., A.H:R.H.S., 92, Hinton Way, Great
Shelford, Cambridge.

RamssBoTtom, Dr. J., 0.B.E., F.L.S., c/o British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

WARBURG, DR. E. F., M.A., PH.D., South Hayes, Yarnells Hill,
Oxford.

Subscribing Members

ALEXANDER, T. M. W., Martyn Lea, 10, St. Andrews Road,
Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset.

ALLEN, Mrs. .B. E. G., c/o Waugh & Co., Ltd., PIG Penmaes
Kuala Lumpur, Malaya.

ALLEN, WALTER S., 144-19, 35th Avenue, Flushing, New York,
U.S.A. : 3

ALLISON, Dr. B. R., M.D., 26, Ives Road, Hewlett, Long Island,
New York, U.S.A.

ALSTON, A. H. G., B.A., F.L.s., Department of Botany ese eee
Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

AsHwoop, Mrs. F. M. W., 356, Newbold Road, Newbold-on-Avon,
Rugby, Warwickshire.

ASKEW, W. L., Fern Nursery, Grange, Keswick, Cumberland.

BAKER, (J. E:, F-.R.H.S., \F.C.S.S., Holly House, Chelwood Gane
Haywards Heath, Sussex.

BARLTROP, GEORGE, 23, Brook Street, Nelson, New Zealand.

BasSSNETT, Mrs. M. C. L.,. Laund, Hesketh Lane, Varletony yur
Preston, Lancs.

BENEDICT, DR: RALPH C., PH.D., 2214, Beverly Road, Brooklyaize
New York, U.S.A.

BLAKE, A. E., K.L.B., F.L.S., Etc,, 165, Lynton Road eiiamare
Middlesex.

Botton, THomas HENRY, F.R.H.S., Birdbrook, Halstead, Essex.

BritisH MusEuM, THE (NATURAL HISTORY), Cromwell Road, London,
S.W.7.

BROOKFIELD, JOHN, Nurseryman, 102, Stamford Road, Birkdale,
Southport, Lancs.

BROOKFIELD, NOEL, 102, Stamford Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancs.

BrunT, ARTHUR, Ferndale, 39, Folly Lane, Swinton, Manchester.

BucHaANnan, W. C., Douglas Bank, Drumchapel Road, Bearsden,
Dumbartonshire.

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, SERIALS DEPT., GENERAL LIBRARY,
Berkeley 4, California, U.S.A.

CHESTON, ARTHUR PERCY, Holly Bush Wood, Potten End, Berkham-
sted, Elerts,

Coss, BROUGHTON, 25, East End Avenue, New York, 28.

COCHRAN, JOHN, 54%, Nursery Street, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.

“| Fase Ee E+ Bie

ae a
. ,

197

COCHRANE, THE Hon. T. C. A., 61, East Church Street, Buckie,
Banffshire.

Cox, H., 2, Peverel Close, Cambridge.

CRaBBE, J. A., Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, S.W.7.

aa FERN W., 174, Summit Avenue, Summit, New Jersey,

DAVIDSON, JAMES, M.B., CH.B., F.R.C.P.(EDIN.), Linton Muir, West
Linton, Peebles-shire.

eee DarGuE, c/o Mrs. Day, 20, Homfray Grove, Morecambe,

ancs.

Durry, E. R. J., 28, Lansdowne Road, East Croydon, Surrey.

DUNSTON, CAPTAIN AMBROSE, Poolahash, Ballycorus Road, Kilternan,
Co. Dublin, Eire. |

Dyck, James W., “‘ Hilltop,’’ 46, Sedley Rise, Loughton, Essex.

DyER, T. A., Rockfield, Alrewas; nr. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs.

EIRE GOVERNMENT STATIONERY OFFICE (PUBLICATIONS BRANCH),
Dublin. (Gazette to: The Keeper, Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,
Dublin.) :

Biriot, Tue Kev. E. A., m.a., South Stoke Vicarage, Reading,
Berks.

Eyre, Mrs. DorotHy, Whitebrook, Chepstow, Mon.

FIsHER, C. H., M.a., Lower Drabbington, Thornbury, Bromyard,
Hereford. (26, Great College Street, Westminster, S.W.1.)

FRENCH, ]., 28, Salcot Crescent, New Addington, Croydon, Surrey.

GILMourR, J. S. L., M.A., F.L.S., Director, University Botanic Gardens,

_ Cambridge.

(GOOD, ProFessor R. D’O., M.a., F.L.s., Department of Botany,
University College, Hull, Yorkshire.

GREENFIELD, H. F., 41, Brittain’s Lane, Sevenoaks, Kent.

GREENFIELD, PERCY, Beech Bank, 18, Stuart Road, Warlingham,
Surrey.

4GRUBB, J]. A., 213, Kimbolton Road, Bedford.

Harvey, Miss J. E., 23, Captains Road, Edinburgh, 9g.

HavYHuRST, BERNARD, 91, Windermere Road, Freehold, Lancaster.

HeaLey, F. J., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

HeaLey, Mrs. J. R., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

Hewitt, A. H., 29, Balfour Crescent, Wolverhampton, Staffs.

Hincxs, W. D., »p.sc., 19, Whitefield, Heaton Norris, Stockport,
Cheshire.

HoLtTum, ProFessor R. E., 80, Mortlake Road, Kew Gardens,
Richmond, Surrey. at

Isaacs, A., 117, Blackmoor Drive, West Derby, Liverpool, 12.
JACKSON, FRED., Knotts View, Stonethwaite, Borrowdale, Keswick,

Cumberland.

james, J., 16, Seddon Lane, Stoneclough, nr. Manchester.
jJupGe, L. Fawley, Nordham, North Cave, East Yorks.

Kave, RecinaLp, Waithman Hardy Plant Nursery, Silverdale,
Carnforth, Lancs.

Krpepax, Miss ANNE, 119, Rosehill Road, Burnley, Lancs.

Knott, E. A. H., Swinhope Hall, Binbrook, Lincoln. ;

KNox, SIR ALFRED, K.C.B., C.M.G., Binfield House, Binfield, Bracknell,
Berks.

Knox, Mrs. Wo. C., 649, Isle of Palms, Fort Lauderdale, Florida,
U.S.A.

Loneman, T. C. L., Knaresboro, Woodland Way, Kingswood, Surrey.

198

Lovis, Joun D., 8.sc., Department of Botany, University of Gecue-
Leeds, 2.

Mortey, J. V., 246, Church Road, St. Annes-on-Sea, Lancs.

Morton, C. V., Curator, Division of Ferns, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington,. D:C., Wis2e

Mowat, J. L., Curator, University Botanic Gardens, St. Andrews,
Fife.

NATIONAL MusrEuM OF WALES, Department of Botany, Cardiff.

NeIuson, Mrs. J]. G., 5, Lady Road, Edinburgh, 9..

NEWBOULD, Mrs. ¥. Pip wse..26) akussell Road, Mitcham, Surrey.

OLIVER, ARTHUR G., Tower Road, Darnick, Melrose, Roxbits eae

OWEN, OWEN, Orient Cottage, Llanrug, Caernarvon.

PEACOCK, K.,° 428. Glenhurst pevente,” Bexley, Went:

Perry’s Harpy PLant Farm, Holtwhites Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.

PicHI-SERMOLLI, PrRoFEssoR Dr. R. E. G., Curator, Herbarium
Universitatis Florentine, Instituto Botanico, Via Lamarmoro,
Firenze, italy.

RAINFORD, G. H., 32, Cedar Street, "Southport, Lancs:

RAMSDEN, SIR GEOFFREY C. F., C.1.£., 1.C.S.(RETD.)) | Myeesceum,
Grayshott, nr. Hindhead, Surrey.

Ransom, R. F., Wiggin Hill, St. Ives, Hunts.

Ropinson, N., 27, Yewlands Drive, Fulwood, Preston, Lancs.

ROWLANDS, Dr. 5S, P., B., .Bis., Abbeville, 44, Werkera team.
Doncaster, Yorkshire.

RusseELiL, D. F., Radnor House, Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey.

SMITH, Ewart G., 147-151, High Street, Christchurch, New Zealand.

SMITHERS, P. H. B. Otway, vV.R.D., D.PHIL., M.P., Colebrook House,
Winchester, Hants.

SoutH LONDON BOTANICAL INSTITUTE, 323, Norwood Road, London,
Shae

St. CratR-Morrorp, E., c/o Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking
Corporation, 22 Place Vendome, Paris.

STERN, SIR FREDERICK, M.C., O.B.E., V.M.H., F.L.S)) eea@omee
Goring-by-Sea, Worthing, Sussex.

Swinscow, Dr. THomas Di. V., M.B., B.S., F.S.S., Everley, endem
Road, Knebworth, Herts.

TEMPLE, PETER, L.R.I.B.A., M.INST.R.A., 42, Holly Park, Finchley,
London, N.3.

THompson, DonaLtp H., 180, Wakefield Road, Lightcliffe, Halifax,
Yorks.

THOMPSON, E., 7, All Saints Road, Sutton, Surrey.

TinnE, Mrs. A. M., Lochwood Cottage, nr. Gartcosh, By Glasgow.

Trottier Ro.) eth, Vale) Ockley, Surrey.

VEAL, Ronatp J. E., DIP.HORT.WISLEY, Sundown, Ethel Road,
Rayleigh, Essex.

VILLARET, DR. PIERRE, Curator, Musee Botanique Cantonal, Palais
De Rumine, Lausanne, Switzerland.

WAINWRIGHT, H., Rockwood, Buntingsdale Road, Market Drayton,
Shropshire.

WaLkKER, Dr. S., The Hartley Botanical Laboratories, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, Lancs.

Watts, L. H., Starvecrow House, Tonbridge, Kent.

Wuitr, Miss D. M., Birch Cottage, Waenfawr, nr. Caernarvon,
North Wales.

WHITESIDE, R., 477, Marine Road East, Morecambe, Lancs.

Witson, G. A., 28, School Lane, Grenoside, nr. Sheffield, Yorks.

Cher Sande 6507, Maple Street, Vaucouver, British Columbia,
anada.

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THE
ROYAL HORTICULTU RAL
SOCIETY

OR nearly 150 years The Royal Horticultural

Society has been the leading Society in
British Horticulture, and is now the largest in

the world. For an annual subscription of two |

guineas a Fellow is kept in touch with all its ||

operations, has.the right to attend all its shows,
to visit its gardens at Wisley, and to obtain

advice on horticultural matters. Larger sub- |
scriptions carry increased privileges. Allpersons |]

who are interested in horticulture are eligible

for membership, and full -ORNEe may be ||

obtained on application to:

THE SECRETARY,

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, |

VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.1

Courier Co., Ltd., Wells.

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PUBLISHED BY

THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

| President: A. H. G. Alston, B.A., F.L.S., Dept. of Botany,
British Museum (Nai. Hist.), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

- Hon. iy br nico Revd. E. A. Elliot, South Stoke Vicarage,
og | near Reading.

| Hon. Treasurer: J. W. Dyce, « Hilttop,”” ” 46 Sedley Rise,
Is og SPT) EF . Loughton, Essex.

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THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE SOCIETY originated, in eo tohnbees 1891, in the Lake District

with‘ headquarters at Kendal. Its members are distributed

throughout Great Britain and Ireland, with some in the Dominions
and U.S.A. Its objects are: —

(i) The Study of Species and Varieties of British Ferns; and
(ii) The Recording of Information with regard to Ferns generally.

The organ of the Society is The British Fern Gazette published

usually twice a year.
The Society is affiliated to the Royal Horticultural Society.

The Annual Meeting is held when possible at some place where

ferns are abundant, and from which excursions for fern hunting

can conveniently be arranged. These excursions are an important
feature of the Society’s activity. | |

Fern Fronds can be exhibited by members, and to any new fern
reaching a high standard the Society will award a Certificate.

Members are invited to communicate with the Hon. Schrataae!

on subjects of interest with regard to British Ferns. Fronds may be

* sent to him to be identified or named at any time.

A collection of British Ferns is being formed with the help of
the Society in the Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley.

The Committee is endeavouring to increase the membership of
the Society and, through this and by other means, to encourage the
more general cultivation of the varieties of British Ferns. Any lover

of horticulture is eligible for membership, and the substriptian iS, €
Ios. per annum (due in advance at or immediately after the Annual
Meeting) which entitles members to copies of The Gazette and to !

any help the Officers of the Society may be able to give.

The rot, Treasurer or Hon. Secretary will be pleased to pea
members who may desire it with Bankers’ Orders for the convenient
payment of subscriptions.

Further particulars may be obtained from the Hon. Seer any:

Revp. E. A. ELLIOT,
South Stoke Vicarage,

near Reading.

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BRITISH PERN GAZE Te

~ NEW SERIES
VoL. VIil SPRING 1958 No. 9
CONTENTS Page
EpITORIAL NOTES Me as a ae ba ae ‘ite AM 199
OBITUARIES ate ve aon ee ee — "2 6 Me 200
ANNUAL MEETING Hes ie ye uns Ba oe ae Ka). es
THE 1957 ExcursIon: J. W. DYCE ... ae he. ve REP OAR 3;
DRYOPTERIS BORRERI: P. GREENFIELD de oo is a5 210
FERNS IN SUSSEX: DR. SWINSCOV _.... 1s aah Ee =a 211
FERNS OF THE LIZARD aoe noe” MAE aK Hee Ant ee sya he
CULTURE OF CHEILANTHES: DR. SWINSCow ... Be Pr coat), wes
FERNS IN STAFFORDSHIRE: T. A. DYER ... xo “eh ne 216
SOUTHPORT SHOW 73: : ae ae pp “y she yt 216
FERN GossIP: E. A. ee ve he ate jas aa ee 217

EDITORIAL

In our Obituaries this time we record the loss of two
Members whose Membership more or less coincided with
their life-long interest in Ferns: and of another, a former
Secretary, whose energy set our revived Society firmly on
its feet in 1948.

This is a heavy loss; but their memories will remain,
valued, with us.

Our Annual General Meeting will again be held at the
British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London,
on Saturday, September 27th, at 2.30 p.m. Members are
asked to note this now, in case no further notice is sent out.

At the 1957 Annuai Meeting, Dr. Swinscow exhibited a
Frond of Cystopteris Dickieana which had been collected at
the source where the fern was first found, near Aberdeen,
Over 100 years ago. As, in the past, this species has been
somewhat over-collected, it is good to know that it is not
extinct.

The President remarked that it is also known from Spain,
Greenland, and the Himalayas.

Such a range would, one supposes, give it definite rank
as a species, a status to which it is raised in the new British
Flora, by Clapham, Tutin and Warburg. -
| The first volume of illustrations to this Flora has been

SMITHSONIA
INSTITUTION. MAY 2 0 1958

200

published (Cambridge University Press, 25/-) and, following
the plan of the Text, Ferns are included.

A few of the larger species may be thought to be on too
small a scale, but this is inevitable as that (the scale) must
be adhered to throughout.

But in all cases, the details are admirably drawn;
pinnules, sori, veining and so on: and will further be found
most helpful by anyone who wishes to pass on beyond
Cryptogams to flowers. | |

At any rate, those of us who already possess the text
should, if they have not done so, lose no time in having a
look at this excellent work—and in acquiring a copy, as we
feel sure they will wish to do.

It is expected that the Annual Excursion will be held in
Devon this year: the date fixed at present being from
September 6th to 13th. The place has not yet been arranged,
and we ask Members, who wish to attend the Excursion, to
inform the Secretary at once. | |

Details will then be sent, but only to such Members who
apply.

ie ae subscriptions are still unpaid, and Members are
reminded that the amounts due should be forwarded
immediately to the Hon. Treasurer.

OBITUARIES

SAMUEL PRYCE ROWLANDS

Dr. S. P. Rowlands, one of our senior Members, died
at Doncaster on the 7th of December, 1957. He was seventy
years old.

Dr. Rowlands was living i1 London when he became a
Member in 1913, having just completed his medical training
at King’s College. After the outbreak of war in 1914 he
served with the British Red Cross in Serbia and later with
R.A.M.C. in Palestine. His health suffered considerably a
a result of the hardships experienced in these areas; but
tedium was relieved to some extent by his botanical interests.
He gives an account of his fern hunting in Serbia in the
December, 1915, number of the Gazette (Vol. III). After the
war he went into general medical practice at Cardiff, and
his botanical enthusiasm led to his acquiring an extensive
knowledge of the flora of South Wales. Apparently he worked
as tar as Tenby, as, some years later, he gave Dr. F. W.
Stansfield and the writer a habitat near there for Thelyptens
palustris. After about five years at Cardiff he moved te
Doncaster, where he had a busy practice which in his last
few years left him with little leisure. From Doncaster he was

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able to apply himself to the flora of North Wales, where the
limestone of the Great Orme is particularly interesting; and
he paid occasional visits to the Lake District. After visiting
South Wales for a holiday in 1934, he contributed to the
Gazetie an exhaustive account of Adiantum Capillus-venens
in Glamorgan. An abnormal specimen of this fern which he
collected was interestingly imbricate.

This knowledgeable and hard-working doctor was always
ready to help the Society; and no one appreciated this more
than the equally busy Dr. F. W. Stansfield. When F. W. S.
was editing the Gazette, it often fell to him, as it did to
C. T. Druery before him, to write all the articles for the
Gazette himself.

Occasionally when badly pressed, he would appeal to
Dr. Rowlands for a contribution and never appealed in vain.

The writer had some interesting correspondence from
Dr. Rowlands from time to time, and we exchanged some
plants.

In 1934 he sent a division of his plant of Aster linosyrts
(from N. Wales) which is still living; and further valued
presents were a Cystopteris fragilis from Cader Idris and
C. alpina from Styria. It will be evident that the doctor was
not deterred by distance from pursuing his favourite hobby.
On a holiday before he took up medical work, he visited
America and met a number of American botanists.

Dr. Rowlands was a member of the Botanical Society
of the British Isles and the British Bryological Society. At
one time he was a member of the Northern Ecological
Association. ©

A visit was paid to the doctor by J. W. Dyce and myself
on our way to Ingleton for a week’s botanizing in June last.
Though pressed for time he showed us everything in the
garden, where all the plants were of botanical or special
horticultural interest. Small ferns and alpines were under
glass, partly as a protection from occasional smoke coming
from Doncaster factories. The doctor was full of his plans for
moving to Southall, Middlesex, where he intended to reside
after retiring this year. In September he came to the Annual
General Meeting—it may have been the first which he ever
attended; and we all looked forward to being in constant close
touch with him after his retirement.

P. GREENFIELD.

HAROLD GODDARD RUGG
(Grateful acknowledgment 1s made to the American Fern
Society for their permission to extract information from the
: Amencan Fern Journal for this Obituary. )

~

202

The Society learned with regret of the death, on the 13th
February last year, of one of its oldest members, Harold G.
Rugg.
“ae joined the Society in 1909, probably as a result of
publicity given to the first issue of the British Fern Gazette
in that year, but does not appear to have been able to come
to meetings of the Society before that of 1939, held at Chard,
Somerset. He had, however, intended to be at the Meeting of
1938, but owing to illness was unable to cross the Atlantic.
He was in occasional touch with us by correspondence but
it was not until 1954 that we saw him again. In that year he
came to the well-attended Meeting of the Society held at
Barrowdale in the Lake District. He joined in our excursions
so far as his strength would admit, and was much impressed
by the scenery. On this visit he said he would probably not
be able to visit Europe again, but knowing his enthusiasm we
were not altogether surprised to hear that he proposed to
come again in the Spring of 1957, when he particularly
wanted to see Spring flowers in bloom and to visit Holland
at tulip time. | |

Throughout his long membership Rugg’s address has
been the Dartmouth College Library, which must have been
to him like a home—a beautiful building in the grounds of
the College at Hanover in New Hampshire, U.S.A. He was
Librarian to the College, and was an expert on rare books.
His unremitting services were honoured on more than one
occasion by the College, and before he retired in 1953, after
48 years service, he had been made Associate Librarian with
the rank of full professor. |

Rugg’s energies were not confined to his College duties.
The history of his native state, Vermont, was a major interest
in his life, and he achieved national recognition as an expert
in this field. But it was as a lover of plants, chiefly alpines
and ferns, that he was known to us. He joined the American
Fern Society in 1906, and became an extremely active fern
hunter, with many rare ferns to his credit. Only a short time
before his death he had been elected Vice-President of the
Society. |
The few of us who came to know him had a very real
liking for this tali quiet American with his kindly ways, and
his enthusiastic interest in our ferns. This interest led to many
requests for fern plants and spores, and we like to think that
we were of some service to him in supplying his wants.
Needless to add, we were more than repaid, and our
collections are the richer for many interesting ferns sent
from America. Closer touch was kept with the writer after
his 1954 visit, and his letters were always full of visits to

a Fe a el LY

203

gardens, and of his fern and botanical trips. They were a joy
to read even though his handwriting was extremely difficult
to decipher! His proposed visit to Europe in 1957 was
planned for the early Spring, to allow him to return home in
time for the Spring flowering of his garden, which he
loved. The number of plants which found their way there
from this side of the Atlantic alone, must be impressive. But
once a man is seized with the love of plants, it is a solace for
the rest of his days, and Rugg’s life must have been blessed
accordingly.

His garden was left to Dartmouth College, but they are
unable to maintain it, and the rare plants have been
distributed to institutions where they will receive adequate

care.
J.W.D.
JAMES ROBERT PULHAM

It was distressing news that J. R. Pulham died on the
20th of April, 1957, as the result of an accident. He was 84
years old.

Pulham’s services to the Society were such that they
should not pass without record.

It will be recollected that, as a result of the outbreak
of War in 1939, the Society’s activities were completely
suspended. Any matters affecting the Society were provision-
ally dealt with by the President, the Editor and the Secretary.
After the war, in the course of many discussions with the
President, the writer suggested to the President that, as he
had not fully recovered from illness during the war, it might
be well in the interests of the Society if the Secretaryship
could be transferred to someone with more physical energy,
offering of course to do everything possible to assist a
successor. As a consequence the President nominated J. R.
Pulham. Admittedly this was a surprise. Pulham was not a
member, and he had no detailed knowledge of ferns—which
would have been a handicap to him in the long run. But as
it turned out his appointment was most fortunate for the
Society.

Pulham was an Associate of the Institute of Landscape
Architects; he had inherited the well-known firm of Pulham
and Son; and among other work with which he had been
concerned was the massive Rock Garden at Wilsey. He had
been Secretary of the Alpine Garden Society for many years,
and Secretary of the Horticultural Club.

During the war the Society had lost no fewer than seven
of its officers, and even after the Committee Meeting of the
19th of January, 1948, when Pulham was appointed, the
President (Cranfield), normally indomitable but fully conver-

204

sant with the difficulties resulting from the war, wavered on
the question whether it was possible to reconstruct the
Seciety. However, his hesitation was only momentary.

At this point Pulham and I joined forces. It was
reassuring to find that he showed the utmost determination to
re-build the Society. He could not have been keener if he had
been one of our oldest members. And he was most
co-operative. Hardly had Pulham familiarized himself with
the Society’s needs than we were placed in a position of much
difficulty by the President’s death on the 29th of May, 1948.
Pulham, however, was undaunted; and we formed ourselves.
into a working party of two, based on his small office in
London, where we had frequent meetings. Pulham’s long
experience and energetic methods were exactly what was
needed in the circumstances. No account of what was done
can be given here; but it is impossible to refrain from
mentioning the valuable help and encouragement given to
us by the Botanical Department of the British Museum
(Natural History) both at this juncture and subsequently.

In pursuance of a decision of the Committee, it was
arranged to issue a Gazette, to follow that of July, 1939; and
Pulham put the work into the hands of the Printers, who
have since served us so well. The Society was once more
in working order. Mr. Robert Bolton became President.

Mr. Bolton died in March, 1949. Fortunately it had now
become possible for Mr. Alston to take the Presidency, and
the series of crises which Pulham met had come to an end.

At the end of September, 1949, Pulham had to undergo
a severe operation, to which he would probably have
succumbed but for his strong constitution. I was given access.
to his Office and hoped to carry on the Secretarial work until
he recovered. During this period help was increasingly given.
by the Editor, Mr. Elliot. Pulham was able to resume in
March, 1950, but in July had to have another operation, and
was ordered six months rest. He decided that he must resign;
and Mr. Elliot was appointed to succeed him.

P. GREENFIELD.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1957

The 54th Annual General Meeting was held on
September 21st, 1957, at the British Museum (Natural
History), by kind permission of the Trustees.

The President took the chair, and there were present
Mrs. Healey, Mrs. Dyce, Mr. P. Greenfield, Dr. Rowlands,
Dr. Swinscow, Messrs. Crabbe, Dyer, Healey and Robinson
and the Secretary.

General pleasure was expressed at such a large meeting.

205

The Minutes of the 53rd meeting were passed and signed.

Mr. Alston was then unanimously re-elected President.

He proposed the re-election of the existing Vice-
Presidents, also the Committee, this was agreed to, — the
addition to the latter of Mr. J. A. Crabbe.

The Hon. Treasurer, Auditor and Secretary were also
re-elected.

SECRETARY’S REPORT

The Secretary’s report was as follows : —

It was a disappointment to hear nothing in or about
March of Mr. Harold Rugg’s coming to England, and a great
sorrow when this was found to be due to his death. He was
one of our most long standing Members, and one of the
keenest up to the last.

Others have been lost by death or disappearance; we
regret this also. Our numbers are, however, much the same,
owing to new Memberships.

Combined activities by the Society include, since our
last Annual Meeting, the 1956 Excursion, reported in the
last Gazetie, and that of 1957, of which there will be an
account in the next issue, and which was one of the most
successful in recent years.

Individually, Members have been active at various times,
and we can claim that we are not only as vigorous as ever,
but fulfilling our object of being helpful to many in and out-
side of the Society: this having led to more than one addition
to our numbers. |

This can be counted as amongst the best individual
contributions, and is probably more successful and permanent
than advertising, sometimes advocated.

TREASURER’S REPORT

Mr. Dyce’s report as Treasurer followed. Briefly he
Said; ——

The financial position is satisfactory, although it will be
noted that our balance has dropped. This is due to the fact
that the cost of two issues of the Gazette had to be met this
year. Income has come in well, and includes some donations,
but nothing from the sale of old Gazettes. Printing
expenditure has risen as foreseen, but not unduly so, and
the costs of the two Gazette issues shown in the Financial
Statement below are very reasonable in the prevailing
circumstances. Postal expenses have also gone up, due to the
increased charges.

Mr. Dyce proposed and Dr. Rowlands seconded the
election as new Members of:— Mrs. B. E. G. Allen, Mr. J.
French, Mr. E. T. Ironside, Mr. H. J. Marchant, Mr. J. V

206

Morley, Mr. O. Owens, Revd. C. E. Shaw. These were duly
declared elected, and Mr. Dyce said the Baker Library,
Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A., had applied for election,
and expressed particular pleasure that touch would be kept
with this Foundation, at which Mr. Harold Rugg spent so
many years.

Mr. Greenfield seconded, and pages joined in
Mr. Dyce’s satisfaction.

The Hon. Secretary suggested a revision of the Society's
Leaflet, the Chairman proposed this be done, and it was
agreed to. The next issue of the Gazette was fixed at 180
copies, and the date of the 1958 Annual Meeting as the last
Saturday in September.

It was suggested by Dr. Swinscow that the 1958
Excursion should be arranged by those most lkely to attend
it. This was agreed to by all.

The Meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the
Chairman and Trustees.

After this, a number of exhibits, prateae by several
Members, were examined and discussed with keen interest by
all present, and various problems and queries were also put
forward and considered.

It can be said that this meeting was the best for many
years, and it is to be hoped will be the forerunner of others
with even greater numbers of Members.

London as a centre means a long journey for some of us,
but two of those present on this occasion proved that it is
not impossible, and our experience over several years shows
that there is no meeting place that offers so many facilities,

or is as conveniently reached by so large a number of us,.

scattered as we are in every direction.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT as at 30th JUNE, 1957

1956 L Bke
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30th June Vol.. 8, No. 7°)! oi aan ee

HO MAaamces et, call UF SOF GS No: 8... ....4 2 see
SUDSCHOuIGHS, 2" 6.74.33, 10" 0 Blocks for Frontispiece

Donations Tes LA Pere 2 No. 7 Pie ees” 2° 3 3

| No. 8 cas 3? =

| Printing Expenses 11 ae

subscription, K.H.S: 32 ae

Postages and Inci-
dental Expenses—

Treasurer. .... i...)

Balances... . 4. <4: eee

{107 ‘10° 3 £107 10 8

1957 ase aain T ——
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207

. THE ANNUAL EXCURSION, 1957

At Wellington, in 1956, it was obvious that North
Somerset could provide good hunting for a much longer
period than one week, and before we lett, we definitely decided
to return in 1957. And so, Saturday, 31st August, found our
party assembled at the White Hart Hotel in Wiveliscombe,
looking forward to another interesting week fern-hunting. It
was disappointing to find that only four Members were
present, the Rev. E. A. Elliot, Messrs. Greenfield, Robinson,
and myselt.

We planned to concentrate our hunting on the Brendon
Hills and the Quantocks. For this purpose Wiveliscombe
made an excellent centre, with roads giving equal facility of
approach to both areas. The Brendons contain a maze of
small deep valleys, all beautiful, and most of them wooded
and ferny. Our previous visits had acquainted us with only
a few of these valleys, but they had intrigued and fascinated
us with their possibilities, and we wanted to know more about
them. The Quantocks are very different, being a long ridge
with steep wooded combes cutting deep into its flanks. Again
only a few of these combes with their abundant fern
populations were known to us, and there was much more
ground to cover.

In my account of last year’s Excursion, I stated that
our best day was spent in the Brendon Hills. Perhaps it was
the memory of that day which led us to decide unanimously
to start off our week in that same deep valley which had
provided such good hunting. It did not disappoint us.
Before lunch we had found an excellent Polystichum
angulare acutilobum, which I think will prove first-rate
under cultivation, also a colony of Asplenium trichomanes
bifidum, in the midst of which was a clump of the same fern,
normal in all respects except that its fronds were exceptionally
large. J note that Lowe records a few finds of a similar form,
which he calls majus. The plant was collected, and it will be
interesting to see if it preserves its size.

These finds made an exciting start to the Excursion,
and by no means exhausted the interest of this valley,
in which we found 14 species of ferns, among them
P. angulare, Dryopteris aemula, Thelypteris oreopteris,
Ceterach officinarum and Athynum filix-foemina, the latter
vying with D. dilataia and Phyllitis scolopendrium for the
distinction of being the most abundant fern. The Scolopen-
drums were magnificent, and one wooded slope was covered
with large specimens, among which we discovered several
with their fronds outlined with narrow dark maroon margins.
The suggestion of mourning in this peculiar development

208

inspired our Editor to name them maerens. This part of the
wood also contained a fine colony of large-growing D. borrer.

It was too much to hope that the standard of our first
day could be kept up, but on the following one we again set
out eagerly for the Brendons, making Monksilver our centre,
and once more fortune smiled on us. Our prize was a small
plant of P. angulare, with several crowns, struggling for
life in a dry bank. Frond apices and pinnae were all neatly
and regularly crested, and when well-grown in cultivation
this fern should prove an acquisition to the fern garden.
P. angulare predominated to-day, and many interesting
plants were seen and some collected. The hunting was so good
that we were unable to cover all the ground, and another day
was devoted to the area. But now the weather, which up
till now had been fine, deteriorated, and we finished hunting
the Monksilver lanes in rather wet conditions. No finds
rewarded our efforts except one which had been noted, but
not collected, on the previous day. To reach it a “‘ short cut’
(according to our maps) led two of our party through half
a mile of drenching bracken, and down a muddy sunken lane
overgrown with nettles and brambles. We returned to the
car, scratched and stung and soaked through, but we got our
fern, which we hope will prove worthy of our efforts to
collect it. |

One more day at the end of the week was spent in the
Brendons, when we hunted further to the west in the
Withycombe district. Ferns were everywhere, particularly
P. angulare, but the plants presented all too normal an
appearance, and no variation was seen. In fact, after the
first days our luck turned, and no more finds, even of a
mildly interesting nature, come our way. The weather did
not help, for we had two days of heavy rain, which made
hunting almost impossible. We used one of these wet days
to pay a visit to a locality in the flat country beyond
Bridgwater, where Thelypteris palustris is to be found. We
did not need to search far, for on either side of the road, and
easily visible from the car, we found the fern growing
abundantly and extensively over several acres of moorland.
The Royal Fern, Osmunda regalis, is also recorded from here,
and the rain was ignored for a short time until we found one
magnificent plant flourishing in some wet woodland. The
dominant carpet plant was T. palustris, over which, here and
there, D. spinulosa lifted its tall graceful fronds.

Our successes in the Brendons led us to devote more time
to this hunting-ground than we had intended, with the result
that the Quantocks were badly neglected, and only one day
was spent exploring their steep combes. Unfortunately this

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209

was our second very wet day, and the rain rather damped
our ardour. During the few dry spells we did manage to do
a little hunting, and one wooded ravine gave us a magnificent
display of very large growing ferns—P. angulare, D. filix-
mas, D. borreri, D. dilatata, A. filix-foemina, and Phyiitis
scolopendrium. All, however, were quite normal. Other
combes and some of the steep lanes on the west side of the
hills were looked at, and P. angulare was found to be
abundant, many plants showing slight variation. Given a
good day, we should have had some good hunting here.

This year we confirmed last year’s findings that 16 fern
species can be found in North Somerset. We did in fact
record 18 species this time, but the two additions, Osmunda
vegalis and Thelypteris palustris, were found beyond Bridg-
water, outside the region under discussion. The common
species are Polystichum angulare, Dryopteris filixmas,
D. dilatata, Polypodium vulgare, Phyllitis scolopendnum, and
Athyrium filix-foemina. Of these the most abundant are
P. angulare and A. fiix-foemuna, the former being wide-spread
over the whole area, yet with sharply defined gaps in its.
distribution. It was noticed that we could suddenly leave
angulave behind and travel for some miles with scarcely a

_ plant of it to be seen, then as suddenly come upon it again in

its customary abundance. This fern is never very much in
evidence in Lady Fern country, and vice versa, with the
exception that among the Athyriums on some of the shaded
hillsides can be found very large fine specimens of P. angulare
tripinnatum and sub-inpinnatum.

Dryopteris borren: is widespread, but not common except
in some favourite localities where it makes a fine show; one
scattered colony oi D. aemula was seen, and also a few plants
of D. spinulosa with D. dilataia characters. Thelypteris
oreopieris was found sparingly in a few places, and in only
cne small area did we find Polystichum aculeatum. Blechnum
spicant, Asplenium trichomanes, and A. adiantum-nigrum are
locally common, and wherever there is a stone bridge with a
suitable exposure, there A. ruta-muraria flourishes in the
crevices of the masonry. Last year I reported that Ceterach
officinarum was uncommon, but this year we found it on
stone walls in most of the villages we passed through.

Again our time sped all too quickly, but this year we
returned home more satisfied with our hunting, and taking
with us some worthwhile plants.

J. W. Dyce.

210

DRYOPTERIS BORRERI

A few years ago a plant of a slightly off-normal, but
common form of D. filx-mas, which should perhaps have
been thrown away as uninteresting was put into an odd
corner of the garden in half shade. The soil is poor and
shallow over chalk, but near the fern was fairy moist. The
fern grew to no great size but flourished, and after a time
produced fronds at one part of the crown which had more
or less rectangular pinnules, suggestive of D. borreri. When
fronds of each type were shown to people who were not told
they were off the same plant, they pronounced to be fikx-mas
and borren respectively. This plant is not now in the writer's
possession.

In August, 1955, the writer came upon a remarkable lane
in Surrey with banks perhaps up to twenty feet high of sand
darkened by leaf-mould and sloping so steeply that in places
they were held up only by the vegetation—a few trees and
bushes by which the lane was shaded. The lane ran through
an extensive area of moisture-retaining sand. This natural
fernery was peopled chiefly by filix-mas of somewhat off-
normal types. One large filix-mas, some eight feet up a steep
part of the bank was noticed to have on one side of it fronds
suggestive of borrvert. It was obviously desirable to keep a
watch on it. When visited the next year the borreri-like plant
of the clump had increased in size to equal the older part.
The ferns were being overgrown by brambles; and several of
the shoots were cut away to allow the fronds to develop
without damage. Putting a hand below the ““borren’’ (very
carefully in view of the precarious position of the ferns on the
sandy slope) a stock could be felt which seemed to run
nearly horizontally towards the stock of the fiix-mas. As
the ferns were flourishing better than they were likely to do
in a garden, unless given first-class cultivation, they were
left 1m situ, pending further developments.

On a visit in May of the next year, there was borreri
showing its characteristic and beautiful colour. On a further
visit the colour, as is usually the case, had become deep
green. Some of the fronds appeared to have been deliberately
damaged, and it was considered desirable to remove the ferns.
This, however, was not a one-man job, and it was carried
out at a later date with the help of Mr. J. W. Dyce. We
found that the long stock of the borreri, bare for some distance
below the crown, ran down to the base of the filix-mas stock
where there was some intermingling of roots. The filix-mas
itself had two stocks. One of these and the borveri will be
taken care of by Dyce; but it may be some time before they
recover from the shock of removal, although we exercised

:

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ereat care. It was disappointing that the evidence of possible
outgrowth of borrer: from filix-mas was inconclusive. Such
outgrowth might be by offset or bulbil. Normally a fern
originating in this way is a faithful reproduction of the parent,
and of equal vigour. Very slight differences only are believed
to have been observed in offsets. As regards bulbils, some

information given by C. T. Druery is of interest. In an

address to the Society in 1895, he stated that bulbils are of
two classes, patent, i.e., visibly developed upon growing
ferns . . . . and latent, i.e., making their appearance only
when the central axis of growth is destroyed and new centres
are developed in their place by outgrowths, which first appear
as bulbils . . . . At the base of each frond of most Lastreas
there are latent buds, which push out into plantlets if the
fronds be severed low down and kept close. . . . Bulbils may
usually be relied upon to produce true plants, but not always.

The type of filix-mas in the above cases, and in two or
three other suspected cases, is one growing in damp and
shady places. It is not uncommon and may be Thomas
Moore’s “‘ incisa,’’ but it is difficult to collate his descriptions
with ferns growing in the wild.

Dryopteris borreri—known to the Society since the time
of Woollaston as Lastrea pseudo-mas—is an extraordinary
fern, particularly in so far as it is apogamous. Apogamy, both»
natural and induced, has been the subject of scientific
research over the years, and there is an interesting short
account of recent research up to 1950 in Dr. Swinscow’s
article headed ‘‘ Evolution in Ferns,’’ in the Gazette of 1953
(Vol. VIII No. 3). In this D. borreri receives special
attention.

Apogamy in borreri is an alteration in the machinery of
growth involving vegetative reproduction externally. At a
guess it might be expected that the fern orginated in an
abnormal way. Some light on this might be thrown if the
foregoing conjectures have a basis of truth.

Further research in the field is necessary, but may not
be easy, as such occurrences are likely to be rare and would
need to be detected in an early stage. No doubt members
hunting for varieties will bear the matter in mind.

P. GREENFIELD.

FERNS IN SUSSEX

In clear, warm, summy weather about fifty Members of
the Botanical Society of the British Isles met at Tunbridge
Wells in the morning of September 28th, 1957, to study: ferns
in the field. All told, eighteen species of fern were seen, more
than one-third of the number native to Great Britain: We

212

were uncommonly fortunate in the weather, for it had been
cold and wet for some weeks previously. The party travelled
from place to place by coach, and in several private cars.

Our first stop was Saxonbury Hill, to which we had
access by kind permission of the Marquess of Abergavenny.
The outcropping sand-rocks there, as elsewhere in Kent and
Sussex, provide an ideal habitat for Dryopteris aemula and ~
Hymenophyllum tunbrngense. Both were in fine form and
bearing plenty of fruit. D. aemula is more abundant in the
Weald than anywhere else in Great Britain, except in the
extreme south-west, and the colony we saw was obviously
thriving, with many young plants. On the rocks among the
D. aemula the H. tunbrigense was spreading in a healthy
manner. This fern sometimes extends to the limits of a boulder
or damp cliff face and than dies off in the middle, finally
falling away in patches; it may then grow over the boulder
again.

A bog near the sand-rocks had Dryopteris spinulosa
growing in it, and Members were able to examine not only
the unstriped scales but also the distinctive soft, yet brittle
snap with which fronds can be broken off. So characteristic
is it to an experienced hand that a blind man could identify
the fern by that feeling alone. On the banks of the paths in
the woodland, Thelypteris oreopteris grew in large numbers.
This fern is uncommon in eastern England, and exceedingly
rare in the eastern counties north of London. It needs a humid
atmosphere to thrive, and even in the west is more commonly
found by streams than away from them. Fine plants of
Athynum filix-femina were seen in boggy ground, and also
Dryopteris filix-mas, D. borren, and D. austnaca (dilatata).
Another plant uncommon in the eastern counties north of
London is Blechnum spicant, but this too was plentiful at
Saxonbury Hill. Finally, the pernicious weed bracken was
much in evidence. _ 7

The party ate their sandwiches in this delightful wood,
though a small group of seasoned campaigners are believed
to have made merry in a near-by public house. At any rate,
the party had attained some cohesion again by the time we
reached our next stop, a small valley at Calkin’s Mill, a few
miles away. Here we were able to see some large plants of
Polystichum lobatum (aculeatum) in the deep shade of a
thick hedge bank, Phyllitis scolopendrium in the mortar of a
bridge, and the hexaploid variety of Polypodium vulgare.

We then travelled for about a dozen miles to the Ashdown
Forest, the furtherest point of our route, and there walked
out on to a wide expanse of peaty common with much
heather. On a damp patch here the interesting and uncommon

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213

fern ally Lycopodium inundatum was growing profusely and
its elub-shaped fruiting stems. In a ditch half a mile away a

few members examined some plants of Osmunda regahs.

Though distinctly rare outside south-west England, isolated
groups of a few plants here and there are widespread. But
Osmunda has suffered heavily from the mechanical drainage
and cultivation of the last fifty years. On a bridge at this
locality we saw some nice little plants of Asplemium ruta
muraria. Hertfordshire is possibly the only county of Great
Britain where this plant is rare.

Moving on a few miles to a marsh on the edge of
Ashdown Forest, we saw a good stand of Thelypieris
Paiusiris. This, too, is one of those plants that are widespread
yet rare, again owing largely to artificial drainage. It will
tolerate a fair range of pH round neutrality and a wide range
of illumination from open sky to medium woodland canopy,
but for all that it has the air of diminishing rather than
increasing— incidentally, in the locality where we saw it.

On the way back to Tunbridge Wells we stopped at a
church to see Polystichum setiferum. A few plants were
growing in the steps and wall by the churchyard. It grows
more abundantly elsewhere in this part of England, but a
little too far away to include in the route. Finally some of us
paused by a railway bridge to see Asplenium adiantum-—
nigrum growing in the mortar. This again is an uncommon
plant in eastern England, though a feature of many hedge-
rows in the west. All of us refreshed ourselves with an
excellent tea before dispersing at 6 o'clock from Tunbridge
Wells.

Epitomising the day’s pteridological experience, one
might emphasise its Atlantic ckaracter. A sight in one
day of Osmunda, Dryopteris aemula, Hymenophyllum
tunbrigense, and Polystichum setiferum suggests a trip to
Devon rather than south-east England. But the valleys of
the Weald in Kent and Sussex have a higher rainfall (over
30 inches a year) than might be expected from their
geographical position; they are still well wooded; and the
sandstone cliffs in some of them retain moisture like a sponge.
They are thus sheltered, warm, and humid, prewading ideal
conditions for ferns.

The success of the expedition owed seeds to the
excellent organisation of Mr. P. C. Hall, honorary field
secretary of the B.S.B.I. DS.

After going to press, we learn with profound regret that
our President, Mr. A. H. G. Alston, has died in Barcelona.

This is the only information as yet available, but we think
members should be given it now.

214

THE FERNS OF THE LIZARD PENINSULA

Under this title Mr. H. Relton, then one of our members,
wrote in the Gazette, Vol. V, Bl 3, May, 1924, an interesting
contribution.

This is not now reprinted in full, but is used as a basis to
which supplementary notes, made during a fortnight last
summer, can be added.

Mr. Relton’s chief ambition was to find Asplenium lanceo-
latum, as he had been told it was almost or quite extinct.

He began the search especially along the western coast-
line, but without success. Eventually the species was found
as a single plant on the East Coast at Chynhalis Point. Later,
he was told of an inaccessible place where fine plants were

to be seen, but not reached; and still later, he found several ©

plants at Bass Point, noticing that the fern seemed to have
a special liking for Hornblend rock.

It was also found, as a small colony, in a field-wall near
Grade Church, quite half-a-mile from the coast in a direct
line, and in a roadside bank on a hill, while returning from
Penzance.

Mr. Relton next turned to Lastvea (Dryopiteris now)
aemula, and at last found it near Manaccan, in a lane.

He then concentrated on Osmunda regalis, which a local
resident told him grew in several places, one being Predannack
Downs.

On going there, he searched a track where it was said to
grow, but saw none: so went on to Kimbro Pool and followed
a stream flowing from it.

Here he found some eight clumps, and believed more
were thereabouts, but could not penetrate the rough over-
growth.

In between and during these searches, other species were
seen, the full list being, as he gives it: Lastrea filix-mas; L.
pseudo-mas; L. dilatata; L. aemula; Polystichum angulare;
Athyrium filix-femina; Asplenium ruta-muraria (once only,
at Ruan Minor); A. Trichomanes; A. marinum; A. lanceola-
tum; A. adiantum-nigrum,; Blechnum spicant; Ptens aquilina;
Polypodium vulgare; Scolopendrium vulgare; Osmunda
regalis.

Here these extracts from Mr. Relton’s account end: but
reference to other subjects in it will be made in my own notes,
and it was carefully noted before my own visit.

So was John’s book, ‘‘ A Week at the Lizard,’’ which
Mr. Relton and I found invaluable and which has, in recent
years, been described as still the best guide to the locality.

My fortnight began in mid-June and went just into July:

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215

rather too soon for some flower species and too late for others,
but nonetheless, abundant in many of the most interesting.
Mr. Relton used a bicycle, but I relied on motor-buses

and long walks, all in the southern part of the Peninsula.

As nearly every day was hot, I did not look for the
coastal Asplenia, marinum and lanceolatum; but expect they
are still adorning their old sites.

Nor did I get to Manaccan, or see any Lastrea aemula.

The other ferns, except Lastrea pseudo-mas and
Asplenium ruta-murana, neither of which I saw, are
abundant.

In a hedge bordering the modern drive from the main
road to Kynance, there are several Dryopteris, which may be
either fiix-mas or Borren (pseudo-mas), but I unfortunately
forgot to collect fronds. In any case, they bore signs of
weather effect, being stunted, hard, dry. One Ceterach only
was seen, in a garden wall at Poltesco.

The track to Predannack Downs, where Mr. Relton failed
to find Osmunda, was almost certainly discovered, and two
clumps of the fern were seen: but the stream from Kimbro
Pool was not then accessible, being under Government or
military control.

Although abundant, the species are local in their occur-
rence; there are large areas where none were seen and where.
it would be surprising to find any.

Rare flowering plants are the great attraction, and my
main reason for going there. I was fortunate, as the last
few days coincided with a visit of four Cambridge Botanists,
from whom I received much help and advice—and correction
in some of my identifications!

The local industry is the working of the serpentine stone
into ornaments or household ware, napkin rings, ash trays,
candlesticks and so on. Some articles are quite large, such
as clock cases; and there are twenty or more little one-man
works, which seem to show at least part-time profitableness.

For a healthy, happy and above all, quiet holiday—one
can easily get away from the crowded parts—the Lizard can
be recommended. A car, a bicycle, the motor-bus, all have
their use; but to reach the most worth-while parts, lonely as
they are, walking is essential, and mostly easy, though there
are steep slopes and rough ravines at times.

Ei A. Bveror:

CULTURE OF CHEILANTHES

The genus Cheilanthes is a large one, and probably only
a small proportion of its species are in cultivation. But these
include some ferns of uncommon interest or beauty. Out-

216

standing among them is Cheilanthes farinosa, dark green on
the upper surface of the fronds, densely powdered white on
the lower. Cheilanthes myrcophylla has finely divided
pinnules and very slender stipes.

Both these plants grow satisfactorily in a cool green-
house, where the humidity is fairly low and indirect light is
plentiful. The compost I have found suitable consists of
Kettering loam, sterilised peat, and coarse brick powder, one
part of each. The last constituent is made by pounding up
old bricks until a mixture of large granules and small lumps
is obtained. I do not claim any special virtue for it except
as a means of using up old bricks, but I think it provides
better drainage than the sand obtained commercially, most
if not all of which is too fine for ferns.

My impression is that these ferns need a light, airy, cool
ereenhouse, without scorching sunlight, and a compost that
gives good drainage. |

: D. SWINSCow.

FERNS IN STAFFORDSHIRE

It would be interesting to know how many species of
ferns are found in Staffordshire, and the localities of the more
uncommon ones. |

Having resided in my village for over 50 years I have
taken it for granted that only the “‘ usual ’’ ferns grow round
and about, such as D. filix-mas, D. dilatata, Ath. fiix-foemina
and Pteris aquilina. For others I have gone further afield.

Having lost Asplenium ruta-muraria, which has- proved
my most difficult species, I collected several with undamaged
roots, while on my Welsh holiday and on my first day at home
I glanced at a brick wall and noticed that this fern was grow-

ing along the whole of the second row from the top. I had

been passing this wall all my life—‘‘ Seeing, we see not.’’
Surely we must study our local ferns and not assume the
rarer ones are absent.

T.A.D.
SOUTHPORT SHOW 1957

Last year and in 1956, the Show authorities had last-
minute near-disasters: a flooded ground first, and next year
a gale. But on both opening days all was normal, and as
attractive and enjoyable as ever.

The two Judges of Fern Classes found a rather larger
entry than usual waiting for them: and almost at once saw
that allowance must be made for the effect, on many plants, of
a hot, dry summer. This proved to some extent offset by a
_certain number of varieties now seldom seen.

Mr. J. Brookfield again won first prize and the Challenge

217

Cup for the big group. Both this, and one from Brookfield
and Son, were well filled and staged; but one hopes that some
day there will be a return to the display when at least six
groups were shown. |

Mr. Hayhurst won in the six hardy British varieties class,
his best fern being a crested imbricate setiferum: Mr. Brook-
field had an Athyrium diadematum, and Mr. Pye a Clarissima.

The same order followed in Scolopendriums, but with no
specially noteworthy varieties.

In Polypodies, Mr. Hayhurst and Mr. Brookfield both
included Hadwinii; and in Polystichums Mr. Brookfield and
Mr. Hayhurst included gracilimum, and Mr. Pye had
Iveryanum.

Mr. Hayhurst won in Athyriums, having a nice Druery;
Mr. Brookfield showed Clarissima and crispum coronatum, as
two of the three required.

In Lastreas, Mr. Brookfield and Mr. Hayhurst had the
almost unknown variety Nowelliana. Mr. Hayhurst also
included ramossisima, and Mr. Pye had an angustata.

Only Mr. Brookfield showed in the Asplenium Class, his
best plant being Trichomanes cristatum.

For three hardy British, Mr. Brookfield was first, Mrs.
Bassnett second, and Mr. Hayhurst (who included a fine
Allosorus) third. :

As usual, the class for one hardy British fern was the
popular one, with seven entries. Dr. Wilkinson won this
with setiferum divisilobum densum; Mr. Pye came next with
a percristate Lady fern; and Mr. Robinson took third prize
with an Osmunda regalis cristata. This last was of interest
as being a form of the variety unknown to Mr. R. Perry, who
has a wide and expert knowledge of Osmundas.

FERN GOSSIP

Three or four years ago, and for almost the only time
that I recall, a self-sown seedling fern appeared at the edge
of the fern-border which I then had. It was potted when
large enough and soon showed Polystichum setiferum charac-
ter, but developed, surprisingly, into a plant with well-
crested frond tips, and is now steadily growing up.

Only one Polystichum in my collection was similar, and
so must be presumed to have been the parent: this was the
variety Thompsonae, whichis liable to do most erractic things.
Or was liable: very possibly it is not cultivated now, and mine
eventually died.

Asplenium Trichomanes, when grown in a confined space
such as a greenhouse or frame, is one of the most persistent
self-sowers. It was, however, a surprise to find it self-
established on a wall, half a mile away from my village and

218

in an area where it had not previously been recorded. There
was one large plant and three smaller ones.

A visit some months later produced a shock. The large
plant had been entirely removed: this can, with some cer-
tainty, be put down to human action, against which, as in too
many quite dissimilar cases, it is difficult to find a safeguard.
One can only hope the person concerned has been satisfied—
and will not pass that way again.

An experience with a fine clump of Adiantum capillus-
venens (the British Maidenhair) has given me a fern motto:
‘“ Never despair.’’

It was in an open frame, in full sun, for a fortnight in
June last year during my absence: and very little watered.
When I returned, it was a mass of withered black stems. But
watering was at once begun, and the whole plant kept almost
sodden. It is now as good as ever.

During a visit to Glastonbury early in January, a look-out
was kept for any wall ferns there might be: and this was well
rewarded by finding a fine colony of Ceterach on the walls of
a narrow street in the higher part of the town. Asplenium
Trichomanes and A. ruta-muraria, as so often, kept it com-
Pee

In his inimitable account of the 1957 Excursion, Mr. Dyce
refers to the curious fronds of some Harts tongues in one of
the woods, as seen when mature. The young fronds, when
first expanded, show marking of an exactly opposite nature:
the narrow band, which borders the frond all round, being
then pallid or white, becoming brown later and then almost
black.

Various guesses at an explanation were made on the spot:
one was, that the soil, in a coniferous wood, had some sort
of chemical effect, possibly resinous.

Another was, that some fungus, perhaps a Rust, was
responsible. This was disproved by an expert on such fungi
at the Botanical School in Oxford, who kindly examined
fronds chosen for the purpose.

Dr. Warburg, who was present at the time, suggested a
nutritional cause: i.e., that an element in the soil is the
explanation: and said that similar specimens had been seen
in Kent. |

Another is now offered, arising from the white fringe
alluded to above: that there is an outgrowth of leaf-tissue
lacking chlorophyll, and that this becomes oxydized by
exposure to light and air and rain, or by one of these, produc-
ing browning, as in the case of metal (not fungal) rust. Plants.
were taken (there was abundance of specimens) and will be
watched for future developments.

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THE
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
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DSRS EE BEIT TS
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FOR nearly 150 years T ie Royal Horticultural

Society has been the leading Society. in
British Horticulture, and is now the largest i in
the world. For an annual subscription of two ee: i
guineas a Fellow is kept in touch with all its” |
operations, has the right to attend all its shows, ||
to visit its gardens at Wisley, and to obtain i

advice on horticultural matters. Larger sub- tee I

- SO SR SRS ACT CONF RSD I EE SS LT I LE I IES ST EE ET I LT TT IS CNT
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who are interested in horticulture are eligible ?
for membership, and full particulars may be )

obtained on application 2 aA mu

THE SECRETARY, |
THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.1

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British Fern
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EDITED BY

"Revd. BCA. ELLIOT, M.A.

SouTH STOKE VICARAGE,
NEAR READING, BERKS.

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PUBLISHED BY

THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY

| Upreuieie T. H. Bolton, F.R.H.S., Bivdbrook, Halstead, Essex.
| Hon. Secretary: Revd. Ey A. Elliot, South Stoke Vicarage,

IRIS near Reading.
i Sabai sR vaussiy as : J. W. Dyce, “ Hilitop,” ae Sediey Rise,
Pt cuse fe ds | _ Loughton, Essex. |

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_ THE
BRITISH FERN GAZETTE

NEW SERIES

Vol. VIII. WINTER, 1958 No. £9

CONTENTS Page
EDITORIAL NOTES can aia mh, We Ae ae Mal ee 219
Be ISEY |... | cee. 220
ANNUAL MEETING bie 45 ‘ a Bi ee ¥' ara 22
PROGENY OF VARIETIES: P. GREENFIELD... A. re isa ee
THE 1958 Excursion: J. W. Dyce .... see i. PP ane eo
A NEGLECTED FERN?: E. A. ELtiot ... ee * we Bs ee
SOUTHPORT SHOW: T.H. BoOLtTon .... au AS a iS. Uyage
Peen Gossip: E. A. ELLIOT... mes ae au bol Soot tt ois
mete tte ©) EL PACKSON 04.0 °°'..3 tee eee eee ee 254
List OF MEMBERS ... eS nf Le te a: 43 ‘Py 236

EDITORIAL

For nearly nine years, since July, 1949, our late
President was an almost unique personality in the botanical .
world; and we were fortunate indeed in this.

Probably few of our Members knew him personally, but
their interests were his, and in particular, their problems,
with which so much of Fern cultivation and study is deeply
concerned.

We have, therefore, lost a source of world-wide informa-
tion, which was always readily given, and which can hardly
and certainly not easily be replaced.

It has been a privilege to have served as Editor from the
Same time at which he was elected President: as such, we offer
a sincere tribute to his memory.

His successor, Mr. T. H. Bolton, is so well known in
the gardening world that he hardly needs introduction:
perhaps it is not so generally known that his father, the late
Mr. Robert Bolton, was our President from August, 1948, till
March, 1949: or that the Fern collection made by them both
is one of the finest, in private hands, in this country.

We are, therefore, assured of good, and it is to be hoped,
long continued interest at the top level in our Society.

The change in the date of the Annual General Meeting
“made in 1957, from May to September, has again proved
most successful, as will be seen from the Report; and since
it was held, Mr. A. C. Jermy, B.Sc., A.L.S., successor to

220

Mr. Alston at the British Museum (Natural History), has
joined the Society, and will take over the post of Editor,
which I have resigned.

This change has been officially approved by our Com-
mittee; I wrote to all of them (except one, whom I saw
personally) and received agreement by post: this is here
noted to show why no account of a Committee meeting is
included in the Gazette. All contributions for future issues
should be sent to Mr. A. C. Jermy, B.Sc., A-L.359 Depa
ment of Botany, British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7, and not to me: although I
am continuing for a time as Hon. Secretary.

The 1959 Excursion, probably in September, will be held
with Ambleside, Westmorland, as its centre. No hotel
arrangements have yet been made, but Members who wish
to take part are asked to let me know as soon as possible;
they will be notified of plans when these are made, but in
any case are asked to book rooms themselves.

In 1959 it will be 50 years since the Gazette was first
published: we hope to make the Summer number (about
June next) a special issue—with our Members’ help in
contributions of articles.

it is nearly ten years since the honour of Editorship was
given me, and [ thank all those who have so kindly enabled
me, in that time, to carry out what was then entrusted to me,
with pleasure.
EAE

OBITUARY
ARTHUR HUGH GARFIT ALSTON

The death of our President, Mr. Alston, was briefly
announced in the Spring issue of the Gazette. He died at
Barcelona on the 17th of March. He was in his fifty-sixth
year.

Mr. Alston became a member of the British Pteridological
Society in 1931, shortly after his appointment as Assistant
Keeper in the Botanical Department of the British Museum
(Natural History), where he was given charge of the section
dealing with the Pteridophyta. He had taken a degree at
Oxford in 1924 and had held a botanical post in Ceylon,
where he made a comprehensive study of the flora.

Mr. Alston became well known to Mr. Cranfield, then
our President, and to other Members; and after the death of
Dr. F. W. Stansfield in 1937, he found it possible, greatly to
the satisfaction of the Society, to take over the Editorship.

221

This appointment would have commended itself to Dr.
Stansfield, who had a high regard for Mr. Alston’s wide
knowledge of ferns.

Mr. Alston joined our excursions in 1937, based on
Charmouth; but in 1938 and 1939 he was in South America
collecting specimens of ferns for the British Museum. In his
absence, his chief, Dr. Ramsbottom, kindly edited the

Gazette for us.

During the war Mr. Alston’s work at the Museum had
to be suspended, and he was temporarily transferred to
another Government Department.

When the difficult task of reconstructing the British
Pteridological Society, after the suspension of its functions at
the beginning of the War, was taken in hand in 1947, Mr.
Alston gave valuable support; but his health was not entirely
satisfactory, and he found it impossible to continue the work
of editing the Gazette. He was, however, persuaded to take
the Presidency, which had become vacant on the death of
Mr. Robert Bolton.

In 1953 and 1954 Mr. Alston went on another long
expedition to collect ferns—this time to Sumatra, Java,
Celebes and part of Borneo. That he was an experienced
traveller and keen explorer is evident from the account of his
journey contributed to the Gazetie (Vol. VIII No. 5). His
journeys to America and Asia resulted in large additions to
the British Museum herbarium. Other places visited included
Sweden and countries bordering on the Mediterranean.

Mr. Alston was at one time a Vice-President of the
Linnean Society and a Vice-President of the Botanical Societv
of the British Isles. He served on several committees of the
Botanical Society and was on their panel of specialists as an
authority on the Pteridophyta.

Although British species of ferns are 2 mere drop in the
ocean of the great mass of the world’s ferns, with which the
British Museum has to concern itself, Mr. Alston took a keen
interest in our Society, and, partly as a result of his travels
abroad, introduced several new members. Quiet in his
manner, he could relax, and seemed to enjoy the company of
people genuinely interested in vegetation, particularly, of
course, ferns.

P. GREENPISES

In August, 1935, a special General Meeting was held at
Southport during the Show, at which Mr. John Brookfield
began his long career as a Fern exhibitor; and in that year or
in 1936 became one of our Members. A further reference

. tl eA SUAIAN

ution FEB L ¢ 196g

222

to him will be found in the Society’s report to the 1958
Annual Meeting: as a Fern-grower of success and unfailing
enthusiasm he will be much missed.

In March, 1958, we lost our oldest Honorary Member,
Mr: Cy; H. ‘Cartis,:MiB EL J-P.,- PALS. V Ma
Editor of the Gardeners’ Chronicle for many years, and
during that time and after his retirement often wrote, him-
self, a note on Ferns for his paper, and in this way obtained
new Members of our Society. He was a descendant of
William Curtis, who won fame as the founder in 1787 of the
Botanical Magazine.

THE ANNUAL MEETING

The 55th Annual General Meeting was held at 2.30 p.m.,
on September 27th, 1958, in the Board Room of the British
Museum (Natural History) by kind permission of the Trustees.

Present: Professor Holttum, Messrs. Dyce, P. Greenfield,
Temple, Mr. and Mrs. Healey, Messrs. Crabbe, Dyer, Wright,
and the Rev. E. A. Elliot.

Professor Holttum was unanimously elected Chairman.
Apologies for absence were received from Dr. Swinscow.

The Minutes of the previous meeting were read, passed
and signed.

The Chairman then made sympathetic reference to the
late President, Mr. Alston, and to his work: as did also Mr.
P. Greenfield.

The election of officers followed.

Mr. T. H. Bolton’s name was the only one nominated
as President, and he was declared elected subject to his con-
senting.

The Vice-Presidents elected are:—-Mr. Whiteside, Mr.
Kaye, Professor Holttum, Rev. E. A. Elliot, Dr. Swinscow,
Mr. P. Greenfield.

Mr. Dyce was re-elected as Treasurer; Mr. Temple as
Auditor; the Rev. E. A. Elhot as Secretary.

Mr. Elhot asked that his resignation as Editor should be
accepted after the next Gazette was published.

It was agreed that the Committee should take action in
appointing a new Editor, the matter to be left over for the
present.

The Committee was then elected: Dr. Davidson, Mrs.
Healey, Mr. Jackson, Mr. Dixon, Mr. Russell, Mr. Wain-
wright, Mr. Hayhurst, Mr. Crabbe, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Dyer,
Mr. Healey.

The Chairman asked for the Treasurer’s Report and
Statement, which Mr. Dyce then made.

=
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223
FINANCIAL STATEMENT at 30th JUNE, 1958

1957 a J. Seen,
30th June Gazette’ ’
Peeemaice.. ... 43°15 ‘o Vols No. oi." Sir wes
Subscriptions RY oo age tienes. Printing Expenses Oa Et
Donations ey 3 em Subscription—
Sale of “Gazettes” 2 els |: Bic ee

Postages and _ Inci-

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mecretary fqq0/ 47 (or 2's
Secretary 1657 [4G ' BOO yo

Treasurer ... Aah Se ae
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30th June
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This was unanimously accepted, and Mr. Dyce was
thanked for all the work he had done.

The Chairman then asked for the Secretary’s Report,
and this was also accepted, with thanks, which were also

expressed to Mr. Temple as Auditor.

SECRETARY’S REPORT

The past year has seen the deeply-regretted and
unexpected loss of our President, sentiments felt not only by
us as a Society but by Botanists in all parts of the world.
Further reference to this will be made in our next Gazette, and
to the shock felt by all who knew him, when the news of
his death was received.

In the Gazette for December, 1949, in the account of
Southport Show, there is a reference to Mr. John Brookfield
as “‘ our veteran exhibitor.’’ It can fairly be said that he
subsequently became ‘‘ a venerable exhibitor ’’ and it is with
very deep regret that we record his death early in this year.

The leading Southport newspaper in its report gave the
welcome news that Mr. Noel Brookfield, his son, is continuing
his interest in Ferns and achieving as great success as ever
in the prize-winning list.

We have lost a certain number of Members, but have
also gained new ones, whom we welcome in the belief that they
are all ardent and enthusiastic supporters. Our numbers
remain, therefore, much the same as a year ago.

Individual activity has occurred, or may be presumed:
and a week today the combined efforts of the Annual Excursion
begin.

224
FINANCIAL STATEMENT at 30th JUNE, 1957

1956 ; ae oan oe Los:
30th June “Gazette” Vol. 6
To, Balance’ ... eee + Ga. ie Nou. 7 wot) eee
Subscriptions ts 33) EO nO No. 8 PP SI
Donations 3 yr ee a ee Blocks for Frontispiece
: No. 7 ae wal ena
No. 8 cae | 3 ge nee en
Printing Expenses _ Tag
Subscription to
R.HUSh ore

Postages and _ Inci-
dental Expenses—

Treasurer .... 2 (72s
Balance bat 23) |} 43> 5a
£107 10 8 £107 10 8
1957
30th June
To Balance. 30.4 tine f 43.1 2 a

The Election of new Members followed: in order of appli-
cation these are : —

Conservatoire Botanique de Genéve, Director, Professor C.

Baehni.

Botanischer Garten und _ Botanisches Museum, Berlin,

Dahlem.

Mr. F. M. Templeton, Grimsby, Lincs.
Mr. W. G. Langston, St. Andrews, Fife.
Mr. R. S. W. Pollard, Chiswick.

Mr. W. P. Slater, Sheffield.

Mr. W. Wright, Edmonton.

(Since the Meeting, Mr. M. Temple, Hendon, has become
a Member.)

It was decided that 180 Gazettes should be printed.

The 1959 Excursion was then considered, and Ambleside
was decided upon, details such as date to be settled by those
who are interested.

The 1959 Annual General Meeting was fixed for Septem-
ber 26th.

Mr. Crabbe said that the ‘‘ Colonel Jones ’’ Native Prints
were now all (except one, at the Guildhall) at the Museum:
he felt sets should be where most easily available. Discussion
on this followed, and Mr. Crabbe said he would examine the
prints in order to find, as far as possible, exactly how many
sets there are.

The Meeting closed with thanks to the Chairman, and
the Trustees of the Museum. Afterwards a few exhibits were
inspected, on which Mr. P. Greenfield has written a note :—

Mr. Dyce brought a plant collected by him in Somerset
last year—a small Polystichum angulare (setiferum) provi-

225

sionally named Cristato-gracile. It may show more develop-
ment next year, and the name will be revised if necessary.

_ Mr. and Mrs. Healey brought several interesting fronds of
Athyrium. |

Mr. Greenfield showed Mr. F. Jackson’s rogue fronds trom
an offset of Polystichum angulare, ‘‘ Moly’s Green,’’ referred
to on another page.

The Treasurer presented his Financial Statement as shown,
and his Report stated that the position was satisfactory.
Income has come in well, but about 20 members have not yet
paid their dues. The cost of one Gazette had to be met, but
there was no increase in cost this year. Printing expenses
have been greatly increased by the purchase of a new supply
of stationery, and the printing of leaflets and forms.

PROGENY OF VARIETIES —

Our member, Mr. F. Jackson, of Borrowdale, in the Lake
District, has reported the production of some extraordinary
_ fronds on an offset from his plant of Polystichum angulare
(seliferum) pulcherrimum of the type known as ‘“* Moly’s
Green.”’ ‘his type is probably the only P. angulare pul-
cherrimum found wild which survives (Gazette VII, No. II).
Unlike the others it is remarkably vigorous and has frequently
produced offsets.

Specimens of the extraordinary fronds furnished by Mr.
Jackson brought to mind illustrations in a paper contributed
to the Swedish periodical ‘‘ Hereditas (IX Feb., 1927) by Miss
Irma Andersson, who was at one time a member of the British
Pteridological Society when she was engaged in research at
the John Innes Horticultural Institution. Fortunately for the
present purpose a description of her paper by Dr. F. W.
Stansfield, originally printed in the Gazette (Vol. V., June,
1927) was reproduced in the Gazette for 1957 (Vol. VIII, No.
8), to which reference should be made in regard to the experi-
ments with Polystichum angulare. Miss Andersson's purpose
in sowing from a variegated form of this fern was to investigate
the question of the inheritance. of variegation. The fern she
obtained for the experiment was, according to Dr. Stansfield,
P. angulare inaequale .variegatum. Miss Andersson described
it as having the familiar characteristics of P. angulare but with
pinnules rather less regular in shape owing to the amount of
white tissue. She describes the forms she raised from it as:
{1) plants similar to the original parent; (2) plants similar to
these as regards the shape of the pinnules, but different in
being imbricate in both pinnae and pinnules; (3) a form with
truncated fronds which usually terminate in a short horn-like
protrusion of the’ rachis, with pinnae of various lengths, each

226

with from three to seven pairs of pinnules usually terminating
in one that is fan-shaped; the pinnules are more or less cuneate
-—flabellate, palmately lobed and toothed; (4) a form similar
to (3) but with pinnae and pinnules imbricated. As is too
often the case, the illustrations in the paper are on too small
a scale to show the necessary detail in fronds that are at all
foliose, but the third form can easily be indentified as gran-
didens.

The specimen fronds furnished by Mr. Jackson, produced
in 1957, are not precisely similar to Miss Andersson’s. They.
are (1) forked, almost ramose at the tip, pinnules showing a
tendency to approach the grandidens type; (2) truncated, with
few pinnae, tendency in secondary rachides to divide, pinnules
towards tips of the short pinnae exceedingly irregular in shape,
here and there flabellate; (3) much the same as (2) but with
pinnules at the head of the frond indescribably irregular.
Although these specimens are even more roguish than Miss
Andersson’s it seems not unlikely that grandidens may be
the villain of the piece in each case. Specimens of fronds pro-
duced in 1958 are (1) a frond forked near the base, one branch
being approximately like a normal frond of the parent; the
other itself forked half-way up, these forks again dividing and
cresting to form a not altogether unsuccessful attempt to
become a grandiceps—a few of the pinnules in the head are
rather pointed and falcate, suggestive of the characteristic
pulcherrimum pinnules of the parent; (2) this frond is similarly
forked, near the base: one branch is more or less normal with
larger pinnae near the apex with some secondary forking and
pinnules somewhat abnormal: the other branch of the basal
fork is similar, but one of the pinnules at the head is itself
forked and here the pinnules are irregular in shape and
clustered. |

‘““Moly’s Green ’’ pulcherrimum, as already stated, is
very vigorous. Its appearance is more or less that of normal
angulare, but for the prothallic extensions usually to be seen
on some of its fronds. No one would suspect it of being of
complex ancestry or of a capacity to produce freakish descen-
dants. It is, however, the case that when attempts were made
to raise progeny, aposporously, from some types of angulare
pulcherrimums only irregular forms were produced. But such
forms produced through an offset is a remarkable occurrence:

Other examples of mysterious happenings in the caudex
of a fern are: |

(a) A plant of Polystichum angulare plumosum
grande, Moly, in the Spring of 1909 produced its usual
fronds from one half of the crown, and the other half

- —_—

> eee oe

227

remained dormant. When the dormant half developed in
July it produced fronds of aculeatum character.

(b) In the case of Moly’s green pulcherrimum itself,
Dr. F. W. Stansfield was able to select a crown which
produced true pulcherrimum fronds exclusively. — This
plant gradually weakened, and after a wet Winter fol-
lowed by a dry Spring the new fronds came up feebly
and many failed. Shortly afterwards a number of normal
fronds developed and the fern being thereby strengthened
reverted to the original habit of producing both pulcherri-
mum and normal fronds.

(c) If the fronds of a Polystichum angulare, which
would probably be of a near-normal type, are removed
by a hedge-cutter, and a new frond is formed, that frond
is likely to be of grandidens type. In such a case the
fern would almost certainly revert very shortly to its
normal pattern.

The grandidens type is something of anightmare. Much
space is devoted to it in the books of both Lowe and Moore.
The fern is irregular in itself and some of its forms were
treated as sub-varieties and given distinctive names, e.g.:
grandidens interruptum, g. angusiatum, g. dissimile, and g.
cornutum. Miss Andersson’s form (3) may be taken as a2:
senting grandidens and its form cornutum.

The forms recorded by Lowe and Moore were found wild.

Incidentally, Moore, in a description of Polystichum
angulare proliferum, Wollaston, refers to some curious sport-
ing pinnae of this variety in which the parts are variously
depauperated, the development in some cases resembling
grandidens.

And here, pending further research, we must bring to a
close this inconclusive story, which probably reads like a repre-
sentation of chaos. It may seem strange that the result of
Miss Andersson’s experiment was a surprise to the Society,
but that can be accounted for by the practice, when raising
from spores, of selecting at an early stage only the most
promising seedlings and discarding the rest.

P. GREENFIELD.

THE ANNUAL EXCURSION, 1958

The Annual Excursion had to be postponed until the
beginning of October, and our party foregathered on the 4th
at the Old Bell Hotel, Axminster, for a week’s hunting in the
surrounding district, one which has been hunted well many
times before, but still retains much of interest for the fern-
hunter. Seven members were present, some for only part of

228

the time, but we missed our Secretary, the Rev. E. A. Elliot,
who has not been well for some time, and to our regret was.
unable to join us.

We travelled down to Axminster in a day of heavy rain,
which did not augur well for the success of the’ Excursion,
but in the event we were favoured with weather which did
not hold up hunting at all during the whole week. Such rain
as we had during the days was mostly a light drizzle, and
some were dry and sunny, so we count ourselves fortunate to
have picked such a week, in a year when rain has been more
common than sunshine. . |

This corner of England where Devon, Dorset and
Somerset meet, is one of the best fern-hunting areas.
in the country, and one which was well-known and well-
hunted by the prominent fern-men in the latter half
ot “the last: ‘century. In ‘fact, - there )isQyateewees
among us that they hunted)'too well, “ter *wemenewe
very little success to-day in the finding of first-rate varieties.
Moly, who found no less than nine Polystichum angulare pul-
cherrimums, could find two 1m one day—there is no record of
a single one having been found in the last 60-70 years. How-
ever, we can console ourselves with the thought that
Wollaston, one of the foremost hunters, whose greatest
ambition it was to find a pulcherrrmum, never succeeded in
doing so. We still hope, nevertheless, and as we walk slowly
along the lanes, our eyes dart from frond to frond, searching
for that grace and feathery appearance with the long finely
cut lower pinnules, which are the characteristics of this most
beautiful of the P. angulare varieties. |

Axminster is surrounded by names familiar in fern-
hunting history—Hawkchurch, linked with the name of Moly,
Thornecombe, the home of Dr. Wills, Shute?” Colhyiam
Uplyme, Monkton Wyld, and many others, which in the old
records appear again and again, associated with the finding of
first-rate varieties. We were eager to see what they had to
offer us, and within a short time of our arrival, with an hour
to fill before dinner, we sallied forth to hunt the old walls in
the town, where there was always the chance of finding a good
hartstongue, dwarfed and struggling for existence in a dry
chink. Hartstongues there were in plenty adorning the walls,
in company with maidenhair and black spleenworts, ceterach,
and polypodies, but of variation, not a sign.

Old walls covered with ferns abound in the West
Country, and wherever we went in the days that followed,
we stopped to look them over. In addition to those men-
tioned above, wall-rue was the other common fern in such
habitats, but the species which gave us most pleasure was
Ceterach officinarum. We found it many times, sometimes:

229
only a single plant, but in some places large colonies.

flourished. One wall in particular impressed us, with a colony
which we estimated to contain over 500 large clumps.

Dryopteris aemula is another favourite fern, and as a fine
colony known to exist near Monkton Wyld was not far
removed from Axminster, it was decided to start our first day
with a visit to the spot. Once again, to our great delight
we were able to discover the fern in still greater numbers,
spread over a much larger area along a lane which we had
not explored during previous visits. Later in the week we
found two more colonies of aemula, and we have come to the

conclusion that it is probably not so rare in the district as

we have been led to believe.

Hunting in the West Country is, of course, predominantly
angulare hunting, and most of our week was spent assiduously
and hopefully scrutinising thousands of this species for that
differing pinnule, which could mean something good. Minor
variation was common within the limits of the normal, but
this year we found fewer plants varying sufficiently to make
them worth collecting. Tripinnate forms were noted wherever
we hunted, but beautiful as this variation can be, it has to be
something exceptionally good to secure a place in the fern
garden. Of much more interest are the acutilobes, and the
Shute district appears to be a good one for this type of
variation. In previous years we have never been able to find
more than one good example in a week’s hunting, but this:
time in the lanes around Shute we found several, all worth
while plants. Only the best one, consisting of several
crowns, was collected and divided amongst us, but it will
probably be some years before its quality can be assessed.
I have noticed that wild finds of this variety can be most
changeable and unpredictable in cultivation, becoming in
some cases almost normal for a year or two, then gradually
developing and improving their acutilobe characters over the
next few years. One such plant in my possession, found in
1953, is a good example, and its improvement over the last
three years is such that it is now a splendid first-rate variety,
indistinguishable from Dr. F. W. Stansfield’s Howley find,
which is one of the best of the non-proliferous acutilobes.

While there was plenty to interest us in the ferns we saw,
the number of varieties worth collecting was disappointingly
small. Blechnum spicant for once came to the fore, and pro-
vided us with one quite good crested plant, and two others not
so good with divided apices. On our last day a scolopendrium
was found with long narrow lacerated fronds; it could not be
called a handsome fern, but was collected because of its
possible potentialities as a parent. The angulare acutilobes

230

complete a disappointingly short list of note-worthy varietal
finds. | |

Species of ferns noted amounted to 16 in all. One other,
Thelypteris oreopteris, we should have seen but didn’t, in spite
of a careful search in the likely places. T. phegopteris and
Gymnocarpium dryoptens are also once again absent from our
list. There is only one record, by Moly, of beech fern for the
Axe Valley, and although the exact location is not given, we
feel confident that our search was in the right place. Lack of
time and the excessive boggy nature cf the ground after the
wet summer, prevented us from making a thorough search,
but the wood has been noted for further attention in the
future.

There are many old records for Osmunda regalis in the
area, but as this is a fern which is always coveted when seen
growing in the wild, we fear that its old habitats know the
Royal Fern no more. It was, therefore, with great. delight
that we discovered one large specimen on a wild overgrown
wooded slope. Although only 10 yards from the road, a
jungie of thorn and blackberry has no doubt saved this plant,
and possibly some others in the same place, from the fate of
its fellows. Long may it flourish there !

The common fern around Axminster, growing prolifically
in every lane and hedgerow, is Polystichum angulare, but
hardly less common though fewer in numbers, is Phylhtis
scolopendrium, ranging from dwarfed plants in old walls to
large luxuriant specimens in shady woods, and reaching
gigantic proportions in the Landslip between Seaton and
Lyme Regis. Polypodium vulgare flourishes in profusion
along the tops of walls and banks, and on old tree trunks;
many colonies of the bifid variety were noted. Everywhere,
too, can be found Dryoptens filix-mas, D. borreri, and D.
dilatata, and in the damper places, Athyrium filix-foemina.
In the shade of the wet woodland the lady fern grows to a
great size with wide foliose fronds, and keeping in company,
D. spinulosa is locally common together with its dilatata X
forms. With them we found occasional colonies of the horse-
tails Equisitum telmateia and E. sylvaticum, and in similar
habitats Blechnum spicant grew strongly. I have already
mentioned D. aemula, and the wall ferns Asplenium tricho-
manes, A. adiantum-nigrum, A. ruta-murana, and Ceterach
officinarum. To complete the list, P. aculeatum was found in
many places, in marked contrast to North Somerset, where it
was decidedly uncommon.

Finds may have been few, but fortunately the success of
‘our meetings is not measured by the number of good varieties

231

found, and we all enjoyed to the full the Excursion to
Axminster, helped in no small measure by a comfortable

hotel, with plenty of good food, and courteous service.

J. W. Dyce.

A NEGLECTED FERN ?

One of our smallest species, and one which is often met
with, is the frequently ignored Asflenium ruta-muraria, Wall
Rue.

The word ‘‘ common ’’ is usually applied to it, but should
be mistrusted; as there are many quite extensive areas where it
does not grow.

It can, however, be fairly said to be ignored; when a fern
list is being compiled for any given locality, the account often
runs Athyrium, Scolopendrium, Polystichum, Dryopteris, etc.,
and A. ruta-muraria, thrown in (with perhaps Bracken) as
a sort of make-weight!

- But it has a distinction of its own, not by any means
shared by all species, in that it still holds the name given it by
Linnaeus. There have been other names proposed; T. Moore
gives them thus: Asflenium Matthioh; A. murale; A.
murorum; A. pygmaeum,; Adiantum pygmaeum, Acrostichum
ruta-muraria Amesium ruta-muraria; Phyllitis, Scolopendrium |
and Tarachia ruta-muraria. The original Linnaean name has
the support of a great majority of botanical writers.

The attempt to put it in the genus Adiantum (Maidenhair
ferns) may be due to a pecularity which Adiantum capillus-
Veneris (and a few others) share with this species: this is, the
absence of a midrib to the pinnules.

Some of our Aspleniums differ from others in chromosome
number: some are 2n = 72, others are 2n = 144, including
ruta-muraria. |

Very few varieties have been found, and most of those
recorded are of a depauperate character. Some are from
Ireland, others from Scotland, others from Wales: the best
one, a cristate form, sometimes also proliferous, bearing young
plants in the axils of the pinnules, is recorded from Denbigh-
shire, Surrey and Kent.

- When growing on old walls the fronds are from about
I to 3 inches long; but when found in its original home on
and between rocks, they are up to about six inches in length.
A specimen in my collection obtained near Buxton was this
size, maintained under potted cultivation. It is generally
supposed to be a difficult fern to grow, and the utmost care
is needed to obtain it without damage to the very fine roots.
Now and then, however, a wall is discovered in an almost
ruinous state, and the task of extraction becomes fairly simple.

232

The roots should be kept damp until potting can be done,
using a 3-inch pot. This must be half-filled with a compost.
of a little fine soil and a large amount of lime chippings,
pebbles, broken sandstone (as small as possible); the roots.
spread out carefully on the surface of this mixture, and gently
covered, but only just enough to hide them, with more of the
same compost. Water gently, too, and sparingly rather than
otherwise; some shade is better than full exposure to sun: and
the essential good drainage is helped by placing the pot in
another (empty) of the same size.

We may, however, prefer to leave the fern im situ to adorn
its wall. In which case, this isa plea for full recognition of it
and, if one is so inclined, a close inspection for a variety; since
none are now probably in cultivation. And one of the main
pleasures of plant hunting is, that one never knows. . . .!
Nor should the possibility of finding hybrids which it has
helped to produce be overlooked; two are named in Clapham,
Tutin and Warburg’s Flora: A. ruta-muraria x septentrionale
= A. x Murbeckit: and, A. 1-m x, trichoniames)) ae
clermontiae.

One of the first pair is so well known asa tarity that there
is not much chance for most of us to discover it. In the Flora

already referred to, it is given as the same as the variety
cuneatum, mentioned by T. Moore as having been found at
Stenton Rock, Dunkeld, Perthshire.

In the second case, the trichomanes may be presumed to
be the diploid form, of mountainous and northern parts of this.
country: and so the hybrid cannot be expected in lowland
or southern areas where the tetraploid prevails. Although,
according to the record (one instance only) it is excessively
rare, it may yet turn up again since it has done so once: if
anyone can let me have details of its characters, they will be
most welcome. ¥

E.. A. ELLIOT:

SOUTHPORT SHOW

The report this time was most kindly made by Mr. T. H.
Bolton, who, with Mr. F. Jackson, judged the Fern com-
petitive entries: the results are as follows, but the usual short
comments on the exhibits were not possible, since the time
allotted to judging is limited, and there was other work to do.
as well.

List of winners in the Fern Class—Southport, 1958.
Group of Hardy British Ferns—

Ist prize, British Pteridological Society Silver Perpetael
Challenge Trophy and £25: 1, Messrs. John Brook-
field and Son, Birkdale.

233
Stix Hardy British Ferns—

1, Mr. B. Hayhurst, Freehold, Lancaster; 2, Messrs.
John Brookfield and Son, Birkdale; 3, Mr. J. Pye,
Derwent Road, Lancaster.

Three Scolopendriums—
1, Messrs. John Brookfield and Son, Birkdale; 2, Mr. B.

Hayhurst, Freehold, Lancaster; 3, Mr. J. Pye,
Derwent Road, Lancaster.

Three Polypodiums—

1, Messrs. John Brookfield and Son, Birkdale; 2, Mr. B.
Hayhurst, Freehold, Lancaster.

Three Polystichums—

1, Messrs. John Brookfield and Son, Birkdale; 2, Mrs. B.
Hayhurst, Freehold, Lancaster; 3, Mr. J. Pye,
Derwent Road, Lancaster.

Three Athynums—

1, Mr. B. Hayhurst, Freehold, Lancaster; 2, Mr. J. Pye,
Derwent Road, Lancaster; 3, Messrs. J. Brookfield
and Son, Birkdale.

Three Lastreas—

I, Mr. B. Hayhurst, Freehold, Lancaster; 2, Messrs. J.
Brookfield and Son, Birkdale; 3, Mr. J. Pye, Lan-
caster.

Three Aspleniums—
I, Messrs. J. Brookfield and Son, Birkdale.
Three Hardy Bntish Ferns—

1, Messrs. J. Brookfield and Son, Birkdale; 2 Mr. N.
Robinson, Fulwood, Preston; 3, Mr. B. Hayhurst,
Freehold, Lancaster.

One British Fern—

1, Mr. B. Hayhurst, Freehold, Lancaster; 2, Messrs. J.
Brookfield and Son, Birkdale; 3, Mr. J. Pye, Lan-
caster.

Six Greenhouse Ferns—

I, Messrs. J. Brookfield and Son, Birkdale; 2, Mr. B.

Hayhurst, Freehold, Lancaster.
Three Greenhouse Ferns— )

1, Messrs. J. Brookfield and Son, Birkdale; 2, Mr. B.

Hayhurst, Freehold, Lancaster.
One Greenhouse Fern—

1, Messrs. J. Brookfield and San, Birkdale; 2 Mr. B.
Hayhurst, Freehold, Lancaster.

234
FERN GOSSIP

_. At the annual Exhibition meeting in London, arranged
by the Botanical Society of the British Isles, Dr. Swinscow
showed a potted plant of Dryopteris dilatata var. lepidota, a
fern seldom seen now, but one of distinct appearance and with
a long history.

In an explanatory note accompanying his exhibit Dr.
Swinscow quoted T. Moore’s statement (1859) that the plant
was first noticed in the collection of Mr. Tait, of Edinburgh,
who had obtained it from Mr. Stark, a nurseryman of that
city, with the information that it had been procured from
Yorkshire.

Dr. Swinscow gives the chromosome number (of which
two illustrations were shown) as n = 82: and says that the
scales lack the distinctive dark stripe, or barely show it, which
is one of the distinguishing features of the normal D. dilatata.

Mr. R. A. Graham (Kew), in his exhibit, ““ The extinct
plants in Bentham and Hooker,’’ had three specimens of
Asplemum fontanum: with a note that the fern ‘‘ was never
other than an escape.’’ This is true, to judge from its con-
tinental habit of damp rocks often shaded by trees. Mr.
Graham’s were those collected in 1853 and 1855, probably
the last so obtained as true fontanum in this country.

Mr..Dyce has made an interesting and excellent suggestion
that members should write articles saying why they are
interested in Ferns; or, why they became interested; or both.
Out of this he proposes to make a complete ae embodying
some or all of each contribution.

We hope this idea will appeal to many, as it is within
everyone's power: any such responses should be sent direct
to Mr. Dyce, and not to the Editor.

The latter would be glad of short expressions of opinion
on the value of the Gazette, to be combined by him in the same
way that Mr. Dyce proposes.

ASPLENIUM VIRIDE

In this part of the Lake District where I have found
A. viride, it is as far as I can ascertain, almost non-calcareous;
there are many strings and veins of Quartz running through
most of the rocks. On Honister Crag A. viride is very
plentiful, this is on the slate; whether the slate contains lime I
cannot say as I ‘have not been able to find an analysis, but
it contains a small amount of iron pyrites. The ferns that
grow on the rock itself are mostly rather small, some of the
finest plants grow on the slate rubble mixed with a little soil
caused by decayed vegetation and others in pockets of rich
black soil. ‘You could, I think, almost call it leaf-mould.
some of the plants are mixed up with Cystopteris fragilis,

Ss o.oo c

235
and other plants that grow near are Thalictrum minus,
Aichemilla alpina, Calluna vulgaris, Orchis mascula, Sax-

fraga hypnoides, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Oxyria

digyna and Plantago maritima. Incidentally, this is
the place where some years ago I found Dryopteris villarsii,
it Was growing on an old quarry wall, dry stone, not mortared.
The stations I now mention are all on the Volcanic series,
namely, Taylor Gill, Grain Gill and Redbech Gill; these are
about half-a-mile from Seathwaite. At the first two stations
the ferns are growing in the rock crevices and are mostly
smail, poor plants. At-the latter station there are some very
fine plants growing in company with Asplenium trichomanes;
this is the only place that I have seen this occur. I have also
found A. viride in Hell Gill; this is a ravine in Oxendale at
the head of Langdale valley. I went there to look for
Saxifraga oppositifolia, which I did not find; the rock here is
also volcanic, the plants were only small, growing in cracks
in the rock. A. viride also grows in Launchy Gill. This is
in Thirimere; the rock here is aiso volcanic. Some of the
plants here were very good specimens: Ashness Gill and
Gable Crags are two more stations, the first one is rather
interesting as the rock here is composed of breccia and lava
and contains a little lime, 6.048 in 100.000 parts. The plants
here grow on rocky ledges among some gritty soil. There are
some very fine plants here, they are mixed up with various
grasses and mosses. The second place is at the head of
Newlands vailey, where the ferns are growing; the volcanic
rock is in conjunction with the Skiddaw Slate. The plants
here are rather small, growing in the rock crevices.

The last three stations are very. interesting, they lie many
miles apart but are very similar in many ways. namely, as.
they are all mineralised. In Warnscale, which is a continua-
tion of Buttermere Valley, there is a ravine down which flows
the stream that drains Blackbeck Tarn. Near the head of
this ravine, where the volcanic series and the Buttermere and
Ennerdale Granophyre are in conjunction, with the Honister
Slate vein running through them, the ground is highly
mineralised; Iron Pyrites is present, also traces of Copper and
Lead.

Here a small drift has been driven into the lode, it is here
that some very fine plants of A. viride grow, there were no
plants anywhere else in the ravine. - They were growing
among various sorts of mosses. _ The Rigghead Slate Quarries
above Rosthwaite are another station. Here a copper vein
intersected the slate vein and a small drift has been driven
on this. Around the mouth of this drift there are some of
the finest specimens of A. viride I have ever seen; Cystopteris
fragilis was present, also Oxyria digyna. A. viride grew
nowhere else in this area. The western side of Newlands

230

Valley is composed entirely of Skiddaw slate; at the lower end
of this valley is Smeltmill Gill, there is a very old lead mine.
On the site of this mine there is a small man-made open rock
cutting containing traces of lead; this is where A. viride grows
in company with a very obtuse form of A. adiantum nigrum.
I have not found this anywhere else. Other plants there were
Thymus Serpyllum and Ulex europaeus. Jo me it appears
that A. viride has a strong liking for mineralised ground. I
wonder if anyone else has noticed this, perhaps around the
Derbyshire Lead-mines.

, F. JACKSON.
LIST OF MEMBERS

Honorary Members

MANTON, PROFESSOR IRENE, B.A., PH.D., Department of Botany, The
University, Leeds, Yorks.

PRESTON, F. G., M.A., V.M.H., A.H.R.H.S., 92, Hinton Way, Great
Shelford, Cambridge.

RAMSBOTTOM, DR. J., O.B.E., F.L.S., c/o British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

WARBURG, Dr. E. F., M.A., PH.D., South Hayes, Yarnells Hill, Oxford.

Subscribing Members

ALEXANDER, T. M. W., The Rose Garden, West Huntspill, Nr.
Highbridge, Somerset.

ALLEN, Mrs. B. E. G., c/o Waugh & Co., Ltd., P.O. Box 304, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaya.

ALLEN, WALTER S., 144-19, 35th Avenue, Flushing, New York, U.S.A.

ALLISON, Dr. B. K., M.p., 26, Ives Road, Hewlett, Lone islam
New York, U.S.A. ;

AsHwoop, Mrs. F. M. W., 356, Newbold Road, Newbold-on-Avon,
Rugby, Warwickshire.

ASKEW, W. L., Fern Nursery, Grange, Keswick, Cumberland.

Baker, J. E., F.R.H.S., F.C.S.S., Holly House, Chelwoot (aaa
Haywards Heath, Sussex.

BARLTROP, GEORGE, 23, Brook Street, Nelson, New Zealand.

Bassnetr, Mrs. M...C..L.,; Laund, Hesketh, Lane, Tanletonsae:
Preston, Lancs.

BENEDICT, DR. RALPH C., PH.D., 2214, Beverly Road, Brooklyn 26,
New York, U.S.A.

BiakE, A. E., K.L.B., F.L.S., etc., 165, Lynton Road, Harrow, Middx.

BoLTon, Tuomas HENRY, F.R.H.S., Birdbrook, Halstead, Essex.
President, 1958.

BOTANISCHER GARTEN UND BOTANISCHES Museum, KO6nigin-Luisestr
6-8, Berlin-Dahlem. (Gazette to Bibliothek Des Botanischen
Gartens Und Museums).

BritisH Museum, THE (NATURAL HistToRy), Cromwell Road, London,
Si, We

iia ia NOEL, 102, Stamford Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancs.

Bruty, H. J., 23, Dagmar Road, Kingston-on-Thames, Surrey.

BucHANAN, W. C., Douglas Bank, Drumchapel Road, Bearsden,
Dumbartonshire.

-CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, Serials Dept., General Library, Berkeley
45 Galiiornia, 0). S.A,

Cops, BROUGHTON, 25, East End Avenue, New York, 28.

‘COCHRAN, JOHN, 5%, Nursery Street, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.

‘COCHRANE, THE Hon. T. C. A., 61, East Church Street, Buckie,
Banffshire.

237
CONSERVATOIRE BOTANIQUE (Director, Prof. Dr. Charles Baehni),
192, R. De Lausanne, Geneve, Switzerland.
Cox, H., 2, Peverel Close, Cambridge.
CRABBE, J. A., Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, S.W.7.
Crane, Mrs. FERN W., 174, Summit Avenue, Summit, New Jersey,

LSA.
DaRTMOUTH COLLEGE, Baker Library, Hanover, New Hampshire,
tes A.

DAVIDSON, JAMES, M.B., CH.B., F.R.C.P.(EDIN.), Linton Muir, West
Linton, Peebles-shire.

Drxon, J. DarGcue, Rosedale, 20, Homfray Grove, Morecambe, Lancs.

Durry, E. R. J., 28, Lansdowne Road, East Croydon, Surrey.

DUNSTON, CAPTAIN AMBROSE, Poolahash, Ballycorus Road, Kilternan,
Co. Dublin, Eire.

Dyce, JAMEs W., “‘Hilltop,’’ 46, Sedley Rose, Loughton, Essex.

Dyer, T. A., Rockfield, Alrewas, Nr. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs.

EYRE GOVERNMENT STATIONERY OFFICE (PUBLICATIONS BRANCH),
Dublin. (Gazette to—The Keeper, Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,
Dublin).

ELLIoT, THE Rev. E. A., M.a., South Stoke Vicarage, Reading, Berks.

FISHER, C. H., m.a., Lower Drabbington, Thornbury, Bromyard,
Hereford. (Danemere Lodge, Danemere Street, London, S.W.15).

FRENCH, J., 28, Salcot Crescent, New Addington, Croydon, Surrey.

GiLmour, J. S. L., M.A., F.L.S., Director, University Botanic Gardens,
Cambridge. &

Goop, ProFEssor R. D. O., M.a., F.L.S., Department of Botany,
University College, Hull, Yorkshire.

GREENFIELD, H. F., 41, Brittain’s Lane, Sevenoaks, Kent.

GREENFIELD, PERCY; Beech Bank, 18, Stuart Road, Warlingham,
Surrey.

Saeed BERNARD, QI, Windermere Road, Freehold, Lancaster.

HEALEY, F. J., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

Heaey, Mrs. J. R., Lily Hill Nursery, Bracknell, Berks.

Hewett, A. H., 29, Balfour Crescent, Wolverhampton, Staffs.

Hincxs, W. D., pD.sc., 19, Whitefield, Heaton Norris, Stockport,
Cheshire.

Hoittum, Proressor R. E., 80, Mortlake Road, Kew Gardens,
Richmond, Surrey.

IRONSIDE, E. T., The Orchard, 27, Siade Road, Newton, Mumbles,
Swansea, Glams.

Isaacs, A., 117, Blackmoor Drive, West Derby, Liverpool, 12.

Jackson, FRED., Knotts View, Stonethwaite, Borrowdale, Keswick,
Cumberland.

James, J., 16, Seddon Lane, Stoneclough, Nr. Manchester.

Tupce, L. FawLey, Nordham, North Cave, East Yorks.

Kave, REGINALD, Waithman Hardy Plant Nursery, Silverdale,
Carnforth, Lancs.

Kippax, Miss ANNE, 119, Rosehill Road, Burnley, Lancs.

Knox, SIR ALFRED, K.C.B., C.M.G., Binfield House, Binfield, Bracknell,

‘Berks. .
Knox, Mrs. Wm. C., 649, Isle of Palms, Fort Lauderdale, Florida,

eS. |
Lancston, W. G., 98, Tom*Morris Drive, i Andrews, Fife.
Lovis, JouHN D., B.sc., Department of Botany, University of Leeds,

Leeds, 2.
MarcuantT, H. J., Cardiff R.D.I., Stratford, Taranakt, New Zealand.

Mipwest INTER LIBRARY CENTER (C.A.), 5721, Cottage Grove Avenue,

Chicago 37, Illinois, U.S.A.
Mortey, J. V., 246, Church Road, St. Annes-on-Sea, Lancs.

238

Morton, J. V., Curator, Division of Ferns, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington,- D.C., U.S.A.

Nationa, Museum oF WaLEs, Department of Botany, Cardiff.

NEILSON, Mrs. J. G., 5 Lady Road, Edinburgh, 9.

NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT, National Library Service, Christchurch,
New Zealand. (Gazette to—The Librarian, Botany Division,
Dept., of S. and I.R., Christchurch, N.Z.).

OLIVER, ARTHUR G., Tower Road, Darnick; Melrose, Roxburghshire.

OWEN, OWEN, Orient Cottage, Llanrug, Caernarvon.

PERRY’s Harpy PLanT Farm, Holtwhites Hill, Enfield, Middx.
PICHI-SERMOLLI, PROFESSOR Dr. R. E. G. (Curator), Instituto
Botanico, Via Muroni, 29, Sassari, Italy. ; .
POLLARD, R. S. W., L.A.M.T.P.I., J.P., 127, Park Road, Chiswick,

London, W.4.

RAINFORD, G. H., 32, Cedar Street, Southport, Lancs.

RAMSDEN, SIR GEOFFREY C. F., C.1.E., I.C.S.(RETD.), Fynescourt,
Grayshott, Nr. Hindhead, Surrey.

Ransom, R. F., Wiggin Hill, St. Ives, Hunts.

Ristey, R. L., 1030, Stratford Drive,::Encintas; ‘Calitormmay) dea

Ropinson, N., 27, Yewlands Drive, Fulwood, Preston, Lancs.

RussEti, D. F., Radnor House, Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey.

SHaw, Rev.C. E., Holy Trinity Vicarage, Waterhead, Oldham, Lancs.

SLATER, W. P., 100, Ivy Park Road, Sheffield.

SMITH, Ewart G., 147-151, High Street, Christchurch, New Zealand.

SMITHERS, P. H. B. OTWay, v.R.D., D.PHIL., M.P., Colebrook House,
Winchester, Hants.

SOUTH LONDON BoTanicaL INSTITUTE, 323, Norwood Road, London,
Em.

ST. CLatR-Morrorp, E. c/o Hongkong & Shanghai Bank, 22, Place
Vendome, Paris.

STERN, SIR) FREDERICK, M.Ci, O.B.E., V.M.H.; F’L\s.) URigh@ewa
Goring-by-Sea, Worthing, Sussex.

Swinscow, Dr. THomas D. V., M.B., B.S., F.S.S., Everley, London
Road, Knebworth, Herts.

TEMPLE, Max, 3, Woodlands Close, Hendon, N.W.11.

TEMPLE, PETER, L.R.I/B.A., M‘INST.R.A., 42, Holly Park, Pimebiley,
London, N.3.

TEMPLETON, F. M., 7, The Berea, Bargate, Grimsby, Lincs.

THompson, DonaLtp H., 180, Wakefield Road, Lightcliffe, Halifax,
Yorks. :

THompson, E., St. Davids, Lydwell Road, Torquay.

TINNE, Mrs. A. M., Lochwood Cottage, Nr. Gartcosh, By Glasgow.

TROTTER, R. D., Leith Vale, Ockley, Surrey.

Tryon, Rolla M., Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, 22, Divinity
Avenue, Cambridge 38, Mass., U.S.A.

VILLARET, DR. PIERRE, Curator, Musee Botanique Cantonal, Paris De
Rumine, Lausanne, Switzerland.

WAINWRIGHT, H., Rockwood, Buntingsdale Road, Market Drayton,
Shropshire.

WaLkKER, Dr. S., The Hartley Botanical Laboratories, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, Lancs.

Watts, L. H., Starvecrow Place, Tonbridge, Kent.

WEBsTER, W. S., The Pharmacy, 7, Station Road, Steeton, Nr.
Keighley, Yorks.

WuitE, Miss D. M., Birch Cottage, Waenfawr, Nr. Caernarvon, N.
Wales.

WHITESIDE, R., 477, Marine Road East, Morecombe, Lancs.

Witson, G. A., 28, School Lane, Grenoside, Near Sheffield, Yorks.

WIPER, ERNEST, 6507, Maple Street, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada.

Wricut, W., 145, Monmouth Road, Edmonton, N.9.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL |]
SOCIETY; (a

OR nearly 150 years The Royal Horticultural

Society has been the leading Society in
British Horticulture, and is now the largest in
the world. For an annual subscription of two —
guineas a Fellow is kept in touch with all its
operations, has the right to attend all its shows,
to visit its gardens at Wisley, and to obtain ©
advice on horticultural matters. Larger sub-
scriptions carry increased privileges. All persons
who are interested in horticulture are eligible
for membership, and full particulars may be

obtained on application to:

THE SECRETARY,
THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.1

Courier Go.. Lid.. Tunbridge Wells. _

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