Ex Libris
The Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society

PRESENTED BY

Robert and William Goshor'

THE BRITISH FLORA

LONDON

PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO.
NEW-STBEET SQUARE

TOE

BRITISH FLORA

COMPRISING THE

PHtENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS AND THE FERNS

WITH NUMEROUS FIGURES ILLUSTRATIVE OF
THE UMBELLIFEROUS PLANTS, THE COMPOSITE PLANTS,
THE GRASSES, AND THE FERNS

BY

SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, K.H.

D.C.L. Oxon., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.L.S.

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, AND
DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS OF KEW

AND

GEORGE A. WALKER-ARNOTT, LL.D.

F.L.S., F.R.S.E., Acad. C-.es. Nat. Cur. Soc. &c.

AND REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW

THE EIGHTH EDITION

REVISED AND CORRECTED

LONDON

LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, AND ROBERTS

1860

“ Call the vales, and bid them hither east

Their bells and flow’rets of a thousand hues.”

('ii

?V5 />!«-/ Robert* tZo^bor^

1

INTRODUCTION.

The object originally contemplated in preparing a new
Flora of the British Islands was of a twofold nature :
Istly, to provide the student with a description of our
native plants, arranged according to the simplest method ;
and, 2dly, to afford to the more experienced botanist a
Manual, that shall be useful in the field as well as in the
closet. In regard to the first object, the experience of
nearly a hundred years has proved to every unpre-
judiced mind that no system can be compared to that
of the immortal Swede, for the facility with which it
enables any one, hitherto unpractised in Botany, to as-
certain the genus of some previously known plant. And
as to the second, almost every collector in this country
had been so habituated to the Linnaean method by the
labours of Sir J. E. Smith, that to have presented any
other arrangement would have been of no avail.

In the first four editions of this Flora, therefore, the
Linnaean method was followed ; but in order to accustom
the reader by degrees to the Natural System, an Appendix
was given, in which the orders were characterized, so
far at least as related to British plants. When, however,
a fifth edition was required, so great was the demand in
this country for something more than the Linnaean
method, that it was considered the time had arrived for

A 3

VI

INTRODUCTION.

the experiment being fully made of using the Jussieuan
or Natural System for the general arrangement ; while the
Linnaean was introduced into the Preface as an index to
the other, and particularly for beginners. That this
experiment was not unsatisfactory is demonstrated by
the fact, that a sixth edition was called for in 1850, and
after an interval of about five years a seventh, and now
a new one has been demanded. The Linnsean method
is not, therefore, now reverted to. Before Dr. Walker-
Arnott’s name had been associated with the authorship
of this Flora, he had published, chiefly for the use of his
class, synoptical tables of the British orders and genera ;
these, slightly modified, were inserted in the sixth and
seventh, and will also be found in the present edition.
Those of the orders are given under each great division,
and of the genera under each order ; the detailed cha-
racters of the orders are placed as formerly at the head
of the genera, and those of the genus at the head of the
species.

By those who desire fuller information respecting the
natural affinities of Plants, especially as concerns uni-
versal Botany, the following works may be studied with
advantage : — Dr. Lindley’s Introduction to Botany, and
his admirable Vegetable Kingdom ; the 7th and last
edition (by Sir W. J. Hooker) of Sir J. E. Smith’s
Introduction to Botany ; Dr. Balfour’s Manual of Botany,
and his Class-Book of Botany ; and Dr. Henfrey’s Ele-
mentary Course of Botany.

In most Floras of this country published previously to
the British Flora, however excellent in other respects,
either too much or too little space was devoted to the
generic and specific descriptions and synonymes : in the
one case swelling the book to a size which entails both
expense on the purchaser, and difficulty in consulting
the several volumes ; in the other, reducing the technical
characters to the shortest possible compass, so that they

INTRODUCTION.

vii

can scarcely be available, except to persons who are
partially acquainted with the plant under examination,
or with some of its near allies. Between these extremes
a middle course was steered, by giving diagnostic re-
marks where, and where only, they appeared necessary
for the discrimination of British species, or such very
distinct foreign ones as might possibly be found in this
country, and be confounded with them. In the sixth,
seventh, and also in the present edition these rules have
been slightly departed from. So many species have
been, of late years, introduced from the Continent with
seed-corn, or have escaped from our gardens, and so
many of our former well-known species have been sepa-
rated into two or more, that it has been deemed proper
to extend, in several instances, the characters of both
the genera and species, introducing frequently a notict
of the more minute parts which a practised botanist
requires to examine, but which a student may omit, it
his object be merely to attain a knowledge of the name,
until he has advanced in the study. Rarely, however,
have the genera or species been made to depend on such
minute characters, and therefore few alterations have
been proposed in the limits of either one or other from
what will be found in former editions : when such alter-
ation has taken place in the former, it is solely from, a
desire of simplifying the generic characters.

What is a genus, or what is a species, is a point upon
which scarcely two botanists are quite agreed at the pre-
sent day. With regard to the former, however much it
may be necessary to subdivide in a system comprehending
the known plants of the whole world, so as to retain only
a limited number of species in each genus, the same does
not apply to a local Flora ; and it is there preferable to
constitute sections or subgenera, particularly when the
limiting characters are inconstant, difficult, or obscure.
A species, in the Linmean sense of the word, cannot be

A 4

Till

INTRODUCTION.

so treated: it is formed, by our Maker, as essentially
distinct from all other species as man is from the brute
creation ; “ Species tot numeramus, quot diversae forms
in principio sunt creats Linn. It ought neither for
convenience to be united with others, nor be split into
several on account of newly detected diversities of
form ; but the difficulty is to ascertain what is such a
primitive or natural species, and how to characterize it,
so as to include those numerous varieties and individuals
now existing on the surface of the globe which have
sprung from it, but of which none may bear greater re-
semblance to the original or typical form than they now
do to each other. The history of the human race de-
monstrates that the descendants of a prototype vary
much, particularly in external appearance ; but every
thing stamped by the finger of the Almighty has its
power of variation limited ; with Him there is no con-
fusion, no blending of species, although man may not
with his finite faculties be able to discover the boundaries
He has assigned to each. It is here so great a difference
of opinion exists. Some pronounce a species to be
distinct if it presents a different habit or appearance
to the eye, particularly if this be tolerably constant,
although often indefinable : others consider it a species,
although exhibiting little or no difference of aspect,
provided that it possesses some constant character, how-
ever unimportant it may be ; while a third party is of
opinion that the validity of a species may be proved by
the permanency of certain assigned characters under
cultivation. One only of these tests is scarcely sufficient.
Of the first there are few advocates ; to indicate, indeed,
ideal species without precise characters in words, by
which alone others can readily comprehend what is
meant, whether the specimens be living or dried, would
be to allow Botany to relapse into a state scarcely better
then we find it to have been 2000 years ago. The

INTRODUCTION.

IX

second provides us with artificial ox Book species, arising
from that morbid appetite for novelties which, when
truly new ones can no longer be detected in any
country, induces many to separate those previously re-
ceived and well known whenever tolerably constant
characters can be devised for the subdivisions. As to
cultivation, this is an excellent auxiliary, if properly
applied ; by it we may sometimes in a single year or
two satisfactorily show that two supposed species are
one and the same ; but cultivation for many years cannot
prove them distinct. The more we cultivate a plant, or
the more it is limited in its wild state to a particular
climate or place of growth, it frequently happens that
the more permanency is given to the peculiarities of
what was originally derived from the same root, or even
seed-vessel, of another apparently widely different form.
Hence a rare mountainous plant may frequently be a
mere alpine permanent state of some common lowland
species, or a Swedish species the more northern race or
state of a southern one ; and it is from this cause that
we see in our gardens so many in cultivation (as in the
genus Achillea), which cannot now be referred satis-
factorily to any of the wild ones, although descended
from them. Knowing, then, this tendency of all natural
species to exhibit each many permanent forms, there
appears to be less injury done by combining too much,
than by subdivision, unless Avhere there is an anatomical,
physiological, chemical, or economical distinction. On
the supposition that many species, composed probably of
numerous individuals, were simultaneously called into
existence on the third day of the creation, each distinct
from the other, and destined to remain so, it is reason-
able to suppose that all their descendants must have
still a greater resemblance in general appearance, as
well as in structure and properties, to each other, than
the aggregate exhibits to any other aggregate of indivi-

X

INTRODUCTION.

duals ; and this affords us now the only means of ap-
proximating to a knowledge of what constituted a typical
species, — not, however, what is generally called the type
of a species, such being merely that form or variety
which the author knows best, has seen most of, or is most
common. We have no way of ascertaining directly
what was the primitive form of each, but we may infer
it by combining individuals together, according to the
number and importance of the organic characters common
to them. Some of the descendants of each aboriginal
species may occasionally appear to us to vjiry so much
from the general characters exhibited, as to create doubts
as to which of two allied nuclei they belong to. On the
other hand, some of the forms or races connecting mere
varieties may have become extinct from accidental
causes. The doctrine of intermediate forms rested on
by some appears, therefore, to be of little value for ascer-
taining what ought to be considered species, for we may
find specimens exactly intermediate, as far as the human
eye can judge, between two which are essentially dis-
tinct; and of others we may have varieties or races*
without connecting forms. Our knowledge of natural
species is thus the result obtained from a consideration
of several important characters, after a careful com-
parison of foreign as well as British allied forms, rather
than the discovery of one only, however constant, which
latter may frequently indicate merely an artificial species,
or, in other words, a variety.

Linnaeus took nearly all his specific characters from
conspicuous parts, especially from the stem and foliage ;
these organs are, however, liable to great variation,
and therefore at the present day we are apt to fall into
the opposite extreme, and to select minute ones: of these
some are of trifling value, while others, principally de-
rived from the flower or fruit, and sufficient to constitute

INTRODUCTION.

XI

sub-genera, are connected with the habit of the plant, and
cannot be neglected. Indeed the time may ere long
arrive, when what are now called genera or sub-genera
will alone be considered species, and another Linnaeus be
requisite to reduce the chaos into order. Mr. Bentham,
in his “ Handbook,” has advanced boldly in this direc-
tion ; but it does not seem expedient either to reduce what
have been for long deemed distinct, or to subdivide
them in the Flora of a single country, until the same
principles have been successfully applied to all genera,
Tropical as well as European. Those who study only
specimens preserved in herbaria may occasionally com-
bine too much ; while others, who trust to living plants
without testing the characters by dried specimens, are
much too apt to raise forms, particularly if permanent
in cultivation, to the rank of species. We have, there-
fore, endeavoured to follow a middle path : the species
admitted in former editions are seldom reduced, unless
where it was found that the characters were insufficient
or variable ; and as rarely has sanction been given to
those which have been split off from others, by the
ingenuity of a Fries, a Koch, or a Jordan. If in
some cases, particularly in the genus Hieracium, this
neomania has been yielded to, it has been partly on ac-
count of the remonstrances of our friends, and partly
from the difficulty in ascertaining to which original
species these aberrant forms ought to be referred ; of
several of them, indeed, we have not seen authentic
specimens.

As to varieties, of late years a practice has prevailed
of considering them to be departures from or abnormal
states of some single form, which is assumed to be the
type of that species : and thus the species is frequently
characterized so as to exclude all but one variety, the
others being appended like so many useless disjecta

Xll

INTRODUCTION.

membra. Between adopting this view, and holding
them to be as many distinct species, there is little differ-
ence ; they are distinct as far as the specific character is
concerned ; and it is this which, no doubt, has led to
such varieties being frequently elevated to the rank of
species. A generic character applies to not one only, but
includes all the species referred to that genus ; and a
specific character, in the same way, ought to apply,
without preference, to all the forms which, combined,
constitute the typical species, and not to var. a. alone.
In the present edition, therefore, we have endeavoured
(unless, perhaps, in a few instances accidentally over-
looked) either to extend the specific character, or to ex-
clude from it those portions which are not common to
all the varieties, making use of these to distinguish the
varieties themselves from each other ; this frequently
tends to destroy the supposed distinction between the
aggregate species and its allies, but will better enable
our readers to see the slender grounds on which many
are still retained by Botanical writers.

The design of this work would not allow of so many
stations being given for the rarer plants as could have
been wished ; and, indeed, the Authors have been rather
anxious to indicate the range of the species, than the
precise spot where any particular one is found. The
Botanist's Guide of Messrs. Turner and Dillwyn, Mr.
H. C. Watson’s Remarks on the Geographical Distribu-
tion of British Plants, his New Botanist's Guide, and
particularly his Cybele Britannica, Dr. T. Mackay’s
Flora Hibernica, and the various local Floras and cata-
logues of species, may, for information on this head, be
consulted with great advantage.

Several species were introduced by the late Sir J. E.
Smith, not only into his Flora Britannica, but also into
English Botany and the English Flora, which are uni-

INTRODUCTION.

X1U

versally acknowledged, at the present day, to be neither
indigenous- to the British Isles, nor naturalized among
us. In this work we have permitted them to remain,
except in a few instances, where there are grounds to
believe that the original specimen was obtained from
a garden, or that one plant had been mistaken for
another. Those, however, which no longer exist in
the given localities, or are known to occur only in culti-
vated fields, and to disappear with the crop, are usually
placed within [ ], while the many that have been or are
daily becoming naturalized among us, whether by the
agency of man or of birds (unless such as are now com-
mon weeds, as JEgopodium Podagraria, Chrysanthemum.
Leucanthemum, C. segetum, Centaurea Cyanus, Anagallis
arvensis, &c.), are branded with an asterisk (*). There
are also numerous ones, as the Impatiens fulva and
Lilium Martagon, which can have no claim whatever to
a place in our Flora : in many cases, however, they have
been briefly noticed at the close of an allied species or
genus ; and when the genus itself is not British, an
abridged character of it has been sometimes introduced
into the conspectus at the head of its proper order,
especially where the plant, like the Mimulus guttatus, is
now so widely diffused that it might otherwise puzzle
a student. With regard to synonyms, they are, with
few exceptions, confined to that of the writer who
first described the plant under the name adopted, or
to the cases where a different name has been given
by the authors of other Floras of this country ; but
the reader will always find a reference to English
Botany ( E . B.) and its Supplement (E. B. S.). Those
who desire a further knowledge of the various names
which a species has unfortunately received, as well as a
full specific character, or such as will exclude all other
known plants wheresoever found, can only attain this

XIV

IXTRODUCTIOX.

by consulting a General Flora, such as De Candolle’s
Prodromus.

It may be well to remark here that the season of
flowering of the plants in the descriptive pages is indi-
cated in the usual way by the numbers of the month ;
and that the symbols which precede these, viz. 0, $ ,
It, and T? , signify :

0 (the Sun), that the plant is of annual duration ; because
the earth requires a year to perforin its revolution round
the sun.

(Mars), a biennial plant; because that planet is two years in
performing a similar revolution.

1/ (Jupiter), a perennial plant or root ; because of the great
length of time, nearly 12 years, required by that planet
for such a revolution.

b (Saturn), a shrub or tree ; which, living for a great number
of years, is represented by a planet, requiring nearly 30
years to revolve round the sun.

Any peculiar terms employed, particularly among the
CompositcB and Graminea , are explained at the com-
mencement of the respective orders. Reference may also
be made to the genera, Rosa, Rubus, and Hieracium.

The term Rhizome has been usually applied to those
underground stems with internodes, — whether short
and thick as in Arum, or long, slender, and extensively
creeping, as in Carex arenaria, — which are, in popular
language, called roots. When, however, any difficulty is
likely to arise, or when these require to be contrasted
with tufted or fibrous roots in the same genus, the ex-
pression roots has been occasionally used in the Linnaean
sense, it being thought desirable to render this Flora
useful to those who have not had an opportunity of
going through a course of Philosophical Botany. For
the same reason bulbous and tuberous roots are still

INTRODUCTION.

XV

spoken of, and also entire and compound leaves as de-
fined by Linnaeus ; nor has it been thought advisable to
employ all the terms now given to every modification of
fruit, or those applied to inflorescence, from a considera-
tion of its definite or indefinite nature.

The terms smooth and round (including rounded and
roundish) are used in common language and by various
authors in different ways, and seldom with ambiguity ; but
after the impression of this edition was considerably ad-
vanced, it was observed that these expressions (particu-
larly among the Monocotyledonous plants), although
quite intelligible to one who already knew the plant or
its allies, might be readily misunderstood by others ; and
in the latter part of the volume it was found necessary
to substitute words of a more precise meaning. It may
be proper, therefore, to explain that in it glabrous is
applied when without hairs, pubescence, or such like
appendages ; even ( Icevis ) when without elevations or de-
pressions ; and smooth when there are no minute points,
rendering the object scabrous or rough to the touch.
Round has been restricted to the circumscription of
a flat or nearly flat portion of a plant ; terete to a stem,
branch, or leaf (as in some Junci) which presents a
circular section ; and globose to what has length, breadth,
and thickness, as a seed or a head of flowers. Other
analogous terms, as ovate , oblong, &c., also require
revision, being applied sometimes as if the object were
solid, sometimes to a longitudinal section of it. The
term membranous is also objectionable : by some it
is used almost in the same sense as scariose ; by others
it is applied to leaves or fronds, merely in contrast
with coriaceous ; the first appears to be the legitimate
interpretation, and it is that followed in this volume.
All our English Glossaries are defective in not limiting
these adjectives to one meaning only, and thus enabling

XVI

INTRODUCTION.

those who write descriptions to use language of greater
precision.

In conclusion it may be proper to state, that for any
opinions expressed in this Introduction, as also for all
the alterations made in this edition, Dr. Walker-Arnott
holds himself solely responsible, Sir William Hooker
having been prevented, by his public duties, from taking
any part in its revision.

1st October, 1860.

Flowers perfect, each with Stamens anil Pistils.

CLASSES . AND ORDERS

OF

THE UNMAN SYSTEM OF BOTANY.

Class

' 1.

Monandria

2.

Diandria . .

3.

Triandria

4.

Tetrandria .

5.

Pentandria .

6.

Hexandria

t •

Heptandria .

8.

OCTANDRIA

9.

Enneandria .

10.

Decandria

11.

Dodecandria .

12.

Icosaneria

13.

PoLYANDRIA .

14.

Didynamia

15.

Tetrad ynamia

16.

Monadelphia

17.

Djadelphia

18.

PoLYADELPHIA

19.

Syngknesia

1 20.

Gynandria

21.

Moncecia . .

22.

Dicecia . .

23.

Polygamia

24. Cryptogamia .

1 Stamen in each flower.

2 Stamens

3

4 equal in height.

6 equal in height,

7 or 3 long and 3

8 short.

9

10

from 12 to 19.

20 or more, on the calyx.

20 or more, on the receptacle.

4 ; 2 long and 2 short,
f 6 ; 4 long and 2 short.

A Flowers cruciform.

Filaments united at the base in one set.
Filaments united in two sets ; Flowers
mostly papilionaceous.

Filaments united in three or more sets.
Anthers united; Flowers compound.
Stamens inserted on the Pistil.

Stamens and Pistils in separate Flowers
on the same plant.

Stamens and Pistils in separate Flowers
on two separate plants.

Stamens and Pistils separate in some
flowers, united in others, either on the
same plant, or on two or three distinct
ones.

Fructification concealed.

The Twenty-four Classes are subdivided into Orders.
(See the characters of the orders in the next page.)

XT1U CLASSES AXD ORDERS OF LINfLEAN SYSTEM.

The Orders of the first thirteen Classes are founded on the number
of Styles in each flower :

Monogynia, 1 Style ; Digynta, 2; Trigynia, 3; Tetka-
gynia, 4; Pentagynia, 5: Hexagynia. 6; Hepta-
gynia, 7; Octogynia, 8 ; Decagynia, 10; Dodeca-
gynia, 12; Polygynia, many Styles.

The Orders of the 14th Class are two :

1. Gymnospermia . . Seeds 4, apparently naked.

2. Angiospermia . . Seeds several in a seed-vessel.

The Orders of the 15th Class are two:

1. Siliculosa . . . Seeds in a short Pod or Pouch.

2. Siliquosa .- . . . Seeds in a long Pod.

In the 16th, 17th, and 18th Classes, the Orders are founded on the
number of Stamens in each set:

Triandria, 3; Pentandria, 5; Decandria, 10, &c., in
each set.

The Orders of the 19th Class are three, and are founded on the struc-
ture of the flower, which is compound :

1. JEqualis .

2. SuPERFLUA

3. FRUSTRANEA

. All the florets perfect,
f Florets of the disk perfect ; of the
\ ray, with Pistil only.

J Florets of the disk perfect; of the ray,
^ with neither Stamens nor Pistil.

The Orders of the 20th Class are founded on the number of the
Stamens :

Monandria, 1 ; Diandria, 2, &c.

The Orders of the 21st and 22d Classes are founded on the number,
union, and situation of the Stamens :

Monandria, Diandria, See. Monadelphia, &c.

The Orders of the 23rd Class are three, and are :

Moncbcia, perfect flowers, accompanied with others that
are barren or sterile (without pistil ), or fertile (without
stamens), or both, all on one plant.

Dicecia, perfect flowers on one plant, barren or fertile or
both on another.

Tricecia, perfect flowers on one plant, fertile on a second,
and barren on a third.

The Orders of the 24th Class are Natural Orders or Families:

1. Filices1 ; 2. Musci ; 3. Hepatice ; 4. Lichenes ;

5. Fungi ; 6. Charace.® ; 7. Alg.e.

1 In the following pages considered a subclass ; including Polypodiacece, Osmun-
dacecE, Ophioglossaccce, LycopoUiacue , Marsileacete , and Equisetacecc.

SYNOPTICAL TABLE

OF THE

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA OF BRITISH PLANTS,

ARRANGED

ACCORDING TO THE LINK® AN METHOD;

WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES WHERE THE SPECIES ARE
DESCRIBED IN THE BODY OF THE WORK.

Class I. MONANDRIA.1 1 stamen.

Order I. Monogtnia.2 1 style.

* Leaves without stipules.

-f- Flowers not glumaceous.

1. CHENOPODIACEAE. Perianth single, inferior. — Terrestrial

plants. (Chenopodiijm. Sai.icornia.) p. 358.

2. IIippdris. Perianth single, superior, forming a very indistinct

rim to the germen. Style and stigma single. — Fresh- water
erect plants, p. 146.

3. Zostera. Perianth 0. Stamens and pistils inserted alternately

in two opposite rows upon one side of a thin flat spadix. Style
bifid. — Marine plants with long leaves, p. 486.

4. Centranthus. Perianth double. Calyx a thickened margin at

the top of the germen, at length unfolding into a pappus. Co-
rolla spurred at the base. — Terrestrial plants, p. 200.

1 From yunos, one , and mr(, hare applied to the stamen. The other classes, as
far as Ieosandria, meaning 20 stamens, are likewise derived from the Greek nume-
rals. Polyandria in the same way is from u-oAvj, many.

- From yu>ios, one, and j-»n, here made applicable to the pistil or style. When
the styles are so short as not to be visible, the stigmas are reckoned.

XX

LINNjEAN method.

ft Flowers glumaceous, imbricated.

5. CYPERACEiE. Leaves with entire sheaths, p. 487.

** Leaves with stipules adnute to their petiole.

6. Alchemilla. Perianth single, inferior, turbinate. Style lateral.

Stigma entire, p. 132.

Ord. II. Digynia. 2 styles.

7. Callitriche. Plowers axillary, solitary. Fruit with 4 cells

and seeds. — Leaves opposite. Aquatic or marsh plants,
p. 387.

8. Festcca. Flowers imbricated, glumaceous. Fruit a caryopsis,

1 -seeded. — Leaves alternate. Terrestrial grasses, p. 556.

Class II. DIANDRIA. 2 stamens.

Order I. Monogtnia. 1 style.

* Perianth double, inferior.

f Corolla monopetalous, regular.

1. Ligustrum. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry 2-celled. p. 278.

ff Corolla monopetalous, irregular. Seeds inclosed in a pericarp which
forms one piece.

2. Veronica. Cor. 4-cleft, rotate, not spurred. Caps. 2-celled.

p. 304.

3. LENTIBULARIACEJE. Cor. ringent or personate, spurred.

Caps. 1-cellcd. p. 340.

fff Corolla monopetalous, irregular. Germen and fruit deeply 4 -lobed,
or apparently formed of 4 naked seeds.

4. LABIATiE. — (Lycorus and Salvia.) p. 320.

ffff Sepals and petals 4.

5. CRUCIFERjE. p. 21.

** Perianth double, superior.

6. Circle A. Petals 2. p. 145.

. *** Perianth single and inferior or none.

7. Fraxincs. Perianth 0. Caps. 2-celled, compressed, foliaceous

at the extremity. — Trees, p. 278.

8. CRUCIFERaE. Perianth 4-leaved. — Herbaceous plants, p.

21.

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA.

XXI

9. CIIENOPODIACEyE. Perianth 5-cleft, or obscurely lobed.
Fruita 1 -seeded utricle. — Terrestrial plants. (Salicornia,
Chenopodium.) p. 358.

10. Lemna.1 Perianth monophyllous, membranous, urceolate. Fruit

utricular.— Fresh- water minute floating plants, p. 477.

11. CY PER ACEyE. Flowers glumaceous, imbricate. — Leaves

with entire sheaths. (Ci.adidm and Rhynciiosfora.) p. *87.

Ord. II. Digynia. 2 styles.

12. Callitriche. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruit of 4 cells and

seeds. — Leaves opposite, p. 387.

13. GRAMINE/K. Flowers glumaceous, imbricate. Fruit a

caryopsis, 1-seeded. — Leaves alternate with split sheaths.
(Anthoxanthum, Hierochloe, and Bromus.) p. 522.

Class III. TRIANDRIA. 3 stamens.

Order I. Monogynia. 1 style.

* Perianth superior.

1. VALERI AN ACEtE. Perianth double. Cor. gibbous at the

base, 5-cleft. Fruit l-seeded. p. 199.

2. IRIDACEiE. Perianth single, petaloid, 6-cleft, p. 439.

-* Flowers inferior ( dry or glumaceous). Leaves parallel-veined.

3. CYPERACEiE. Flowers each of a single glume, several im-

bricate and forming a spikelet. Acliene l-seeded. — Leaves
with entire sheaths, p. 487.

4. GRAMINEiE. Flowers of 2 glumellas, with or without ex-

ternal glumes. Caryopsis l-seeded. — Leaves with split
sheaths. (Nardus, Sesleria, and Spartina.) p. 522.

5. Jcncus. Perianth 6-partite. Caps. 3-celled, several-seeded.

p. 460.

*** Flowers inferior. Leaves netted-veined.

6. Chenopodium. Perianth 5-cleft, p. 359.

Ord. II. Digynia. 2 styles.

7. GRAMINE.E, p. 522.

Ord. III. Trigynia. 3 styles.

8. Montia. Cal. of 2 leaves. Caps, solitary, 3-valved, 3-seeded.
— Stipules none. p. 1 50.

1 This genus, placed here by Linnasus, is really monoecious, and the supposed
perianth is a spatha with one barren and one fertile flower.

xxu

LlNN-iEAN METHOD.

9. Holosteum. Cal. of 5 leaves. Caps, solitary, 1 -celled, opening
at the end with 6 teeth. — Stipules none. p. 70.

10. Polycarpon. Cal. of 5 leaves. Caps, solitary, 1-celled, 3-

valved. — Stipules membranous, p. 152.

11. Till.ea. Cal. of 3 leaves. Carpels 3. — Stipules wanting, p.

154.

Class IV. TETRANDRIA. 4 stamens equal in height.
Order I. Monogynia. 1 style.

* Perianth double. Corolla monopetalous, superior.

1. DIPSACACE.ZE. Flowers capitate, within a common involucre.

Calyx double: one cup-shaped or membranous, the other
minute or of bristles. Fruit 1-seeded. p. 202.

2. RUBIACEAv1 Flowers solitary. Calyx entire or toothed at

the margin. Fruit 2-sceded. — Leaves whorled. p. 194.

** Perianth double. Corolla monopetalous, inferior. Seeds 2 or more.

f Germen deeply 4-lobcd. Style from between the lobes. Fruit splitting
into 4 aclienes.

3. LABIATE. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. coloured, p. 320.

ff Germen or fruit of one piece or covering, including several seeds.
Style terminal.

4. GENTIANACEE. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. coloured. Stamens

shorter than the corolla, alternate with its lobes. Caps.
1-celled, 2-valved at the apex. p. 280.

5. Plant a go. Cal. of 4 pieces. Cor. scarious, the segments re-

flexed. Siam, much longer than the corolla. Caps. 2-celled,
bursting all round transversely, p. 353.

6. Centunculds. Cal. 4-partite. Cor. coloured. Stam. shorter

than the corolla, opposite to its lobes. Caps. 1-celled, bursting
all round transversely, p. 349.

*** Perianth double. Cor. of 4 petals.

7. Epimedium. Cal. of 4 leaves. Pet. inferior, with an inflated

nectary on the upper side. Stam. opposite to the petals, p.
14.

8. CIlUCIFERvE. Cal. of 4 leaves. Pet. inferior, without a

nectary. Stam. opposite to the petals, p. 21.

9. Euonymus. Cal. 4-cleft, with a flat disk lining the base inside.

1 In some of the genera, especially Galium , the calyx forms so small a rim or
margin to the germen as to be scarcely visible, its tubular part being incorporated
with the germen*

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA. XXlii

Petals pcrigynous, inserted into the margin of the disk.
Stam. alternate with the petals. Germen 3 — 4-cellcd. p. 92.

10. CoRNtrs. Cal. of 4 teeth. Pet. without a nectary, superior.

Germen 2-cclled. p. 190.

**** Perianth single.

11. Maiantiiemdm. Perianth inferior, petaloid, 4-partite. Stamens

inserted into the base of the segments of the perianth, and
opposite to them. Germen 2-celled. — Leaves alternate, pa-
rallel-veined, without stipules, p. 449.

12. Pariktaria. Perianth inferior, 4-cleft, campanulate. Stam.

inserted upon the lobes of the perianth and opposite to its
segments. Fruit 1 -seeded. — Leaves netted- veined, with
minute stipules, p. 391.

13. Alchemilla. Perianth inferior, 8-cleft, the four alternate and

outer segments the smallest. Stam. inserted into the mouth
of the perianth, alternate with its larger lobes. Germen 1-
seeded. — Leaves alternate, with conspicuous stipules adher-
ing to their petiole, p. 132.

14. Sanguisokba. Perianth inferior, 4-lobed, with 4 scales or

bracteas at the base. Stam. inserted into the mouth of the
perianth, opposite to its lobes. Germen 1-seeded. — Leaves
alternate, with conspicuous stipules adhering to their petiole,
p. 133.

15. Isnakdia. Perianth superior, its limb 4-partite. Stamens in-

serted at the bottom of the limb of the perianth, and oppo-
site to its leaves. Germen 4-celled. Capsule many-seeded.
— Leaves opposite, without stipules, p. 145.

16. Thesicm. Perianth superior, the limb 4-cleft. Stamens in-

serted at the base of the lobes of the perianth, and opposite
to them. Germen 1-celled. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded. p.
379.

Ord. II. Digynia. 2 styles.

* Perianth double. Leaves opposite or none.

17. Bdffonia. Cal. of 4 leaves. Cor. of 4 petals. — Leaves oppo-

site. p. 64.

18. Gentiana. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. monopetalous, 4-cleft. Capsule

1- celled, many-seeded, 2-valved at the apex. — Leaves oppo-
site. p. 282.

19. Cuscuta. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. monopetalous, 4 -cleft. Capsule

2- celled, 4-seeded, opening transversely. — Leaves wanting.

p. 286.

** Perianth single. Leaves alternate with adnate stipules.

20. Alchemilla. Perianth 8-cleft; stamens alternate with its

inner lobes, p. 132.

21. Sanggisorba. Perianth 4-cleft ; stamens opposite to its lobes.

p. 133

XXIV

L1XSMJAN METHOD.

Ord. IIL Tetragynia. 4 styles.

22. CARY OPHYLL ACE AS. Cal. of 4 leaves. Pet. 4, or none.

Filaments conspicuous. Caps. 1-celled, several-seeded. —
Leaves opposite, p. 54.

23. Radiola. Cal. of 4 leaves, united up to their middle, each

mostly 3-cleft. Pet. 4. Caps, of 8 cells, 8 valves, and 8
seeds, p. 75.

24. Till^sa. Cal. of 4 leaves. Pet. 4. Capsules 4. p. 154.

25. Ilex. Cal. 4-toothed. Cor. rotate, 4-cleft. Stigmas 4,

sessile. Fruit fleshy, including 4 1 -seeded stony nuts. p.
278.

26. Potamogeton. Perianth single of 4 scales. Anthers sessile.

Pistils 4. Achenes 4, sessile, p. 478.

27. Rupi'ia. Perianth 0. Pistils 4. Achenes 4, pedicellate, p.

485.

Class V. PENTANDRIA. 5 stamens.

Order I. Monogynia. 1 style.

* Perianth double, inferior. Cor. monopetalous. Germen deeply
4-Iobed : style from between its lobes. Fruit splitting into 4 achenes.

1. BORAGINACEAS. p. 288.

** Perianth double, inferior. Cor. monopetalous. Germen or fruit
of one piece or covering, including several seeds : style terminal.

f Stamens opposite to the segments of the corolla.

2. PRIMULACEiE. Germen and caps. 1-celled, with several

seeds upon a globular free central placenta, p. 343.

ft Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla.

3. GENTIANACEAS. Germen and caps. 1-celled, with several

parietal seeds. Anthers straight, p. 280.

4. Erythr^a. Germen and caps. 2-celled, linear, many-seeded.

Anthers at length spirally twisted, p. 281.

5. SOLANACEAS. Germen and fruit 2- or half 4-celled, manv-

seeded. Stamens upon the cor. : fil. glabrous : anthers
straight, p. 297.

6. Verbascum. Germen and capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Stam.

upon the cor. : fil. all or 3 of them hairy : anthers straight,
p. 318.

7. CONVOLVULACEvE. Germen 1 — 2-celled, with 4 seeds at

its base. Caps. 1 — 2-celled, 2— 4-seeded. Cor. campanu-
late, plaited in bud. Stam. upon the corolla: anthers straight.
Stigmas 2. p. 285.

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA.

XXV

8. Polemonium. Germen and caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Cor. ro-

tate. Stam. upon the mouth of the corolla : anthers straight.
Stigmas 3. p. 285.

9. Azalea. Germen and caps. 2 — 3-celled, many-seeded. Cor.

shortly ca'mpanulate. Stam. free, or nearly so, from the co-
rolla: anthers straight, p.273.

10. Vinca. Fruit of 2 erect follicles. Cor. salver- shaped, the seg-

ments spirally imbricate in bud. Stam. upon the corolla:
anthers straight, p. 279.

*** Perianth, double, wholly or half superior. Cor. monopetalous.
f Stam. opposite the lobes of the cor. and inserted upon its tube.

11. Samolus. Cor. with 5 scales (imperfect stamens) alternate with

its lobes, p. 350.

ff Stamens alternate with the lobes Of the cor., and free from it.

12. Lobelia. Style glabrous, with a ring of hairs below the stigma.

Cor. irregular, cleft on the upper side. Anthers united, dis-
similar. p. 266.

13. CAMPANULACEA3. Style pubescent above the middle, with-

out a ring of hairs below the stigma, p. 262.

fff Stamens alternate with the lobes of the cor., and inserted upon it.

14. CAPRIFOLIACE7E. Cor. irregular (Lonicera), or regular

(Viburnum), p. 191.

**** perianth double inferior. Cor. of several petals.

•j- Flowers regular. Stamens distant. Fruit without a beak.

15. Rhamnus. Cal. urceolate, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, small. Stam. op-

posite to the petals, p. 93.

16. Euonymus. Cal. flat, 5-clcft, having a flat disk within. Pet.

roundish. Stam. alternate with the petals, inserted upon the
disk. Styles united from the base upwards. Caps. 3 — 5-
celled, several-seeded. — Shrubs, without membranous stipules,
p. 92.

17. Staphylea. Cal. 5-cleft with a conspicuous disk within. Pet.

oblong. Stam. alternate, with the petals inserted under the
margin of the disk. Styles 2, free at the base, united at the
apex. Ovaries 2, each 1 -celled, p. 91.

18. PARONYCHIACEiE. Cal. of 5 leaves, without a flat disk.

Petals reduced to mere subulate scales or filaments. Stam.
alternate with the petals. Fruit (minute) 1 -seeded. — Her-
baceous plants, with membranous stipules, p. 150.

ff Flowers regular. Stamens conniving into a tube. Fruit with a
long beak.

19. GERANIACEiE. p. 83.

XXVI

LINN^AN METHOD.

fff Flowers very irregular, with a spur.

20. Impatiens. Cal. and cor. together, composed of 6 pieces, two

outer and lateral ones deciduous. Germen 5-celled. Caps,
of 5 elastic valves, p. 87. »

21. Viola. Cal. of 5 leaves, extended at the base, persistent Pet. 5.

Germen 1-celled. Caps. 3-valved. p. 46.

***** Perianth double, superior. Cor. of 5 petals.

22. Ribes. Cal. 5-cleft, bearing the petals and the stamens. Style

divided. Germen and berry 1-celled, many-seeded, p. 158.

23. Hedera. Cal. 5-toothed. Pet. and stam. inserted at the top of

the germen. Germen 5-celled. Berry 3 — 5-seeded. p. 190.

24. Cornus. Cal. 5-toothed. Pet. and stam. inserted at the top of

the germen. Germen 2-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell,
p. 190.

****** Perianth single.

25. Glaux. Perianth inferior, campanulate, coloured, of 1 piece,

5-cleft. Stamens alternate with its lobes, p. 346

26. PARONYCHIACEiE. Perianth inferior, of 5deaves. Stam.

opposite to the leaves of the perianth, with 5 alternating su-
bulate scales or filaments, p. 150.

27. CHENOPODIACEJE. Perianth inferior, deeply 5-cleft. Stam.

opposite to the segments of the perianth, without alternating
filaments. Style 2 — 3-partite. p. 358.

28. Thesium. Perianth superior. Stam. opposite to the lobes of

the perianth, p. 379.

Ord. II. Digynla. 2 styles.

* Perianth double, inferior. Cor monopetalous.

29. GENTIANACEiE. Germen 1-celled, many-seeded. Caps.

2-valved. — Leaves opposite, p. 280.

30. Cuscuta. Germen 2-celled, 4-seeded. Caps, bursting all round

transversely at the base, 2-celled, with the cells 2-seeded. —
Parasitical leafless plants with filiform twining stems, p. 286.

** Perianth double, superior. Pet. 5. Seeds 2. 1

31. U MBELLIE ER A2. p. 165.

*** Perianth inferior. Pet. 5 or wanting.

32. Staphtlea. Cal. coloured, 5-cleft, with an urceolate disk at the

base. Pet. 5, as long as the calyx. Caps, membranous,
with several bony seeds. — Shrubs, with compound leaves and
deciduous stipules, p. 91.

1 In this division so much of the calyx is incorporated with the germen, and so
minute are the segments or free portion of the limb, that at first sight, as in Ru-
biacea belonging to Cl, IV. Ord. I., it would appear as if there were no calyx.

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA.

XXV11

33. PARONYCHIACE.ZE. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. resembling

sterile filaments or scales. Fruit 1-seeded, not winged. — Her-
baceous plants. Leaves opposite, 'with membranous stipules,
p. 150.

34. Scleranthus. Perianth single, urceolate, contracted at the

mouth. Stam. upon the throat of the perianth. Fruit
1-seeded, covered by the hardened perianth, not winged.
— Leaves opposite, without stipules, p. 368.

35. CHENOPODIACEjE. Perianth single, herbaceous, 5-cleft or

5-parted. Stam. inserted into the base of the perianth.
Fruit covered by the perianth, 1-seeded, not winged. — Sti-
pules none. p. 358.

36. Polygonum. Perianth single, coloured, 5-parted. Stam. in-

serted at the base of the perianth. Achene 1-seeded, wing-
less.— Herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves and sheathing
stipules, p. 369.

37. Ulmus. Perianth single, 4 — 6-cleft. Fruit longer than the

perianth, compressed, winged all round (a samara), 1-seeded.
— Trees, with alternate leaves and minute stipules, p. 392.

Ord. in. Trigtnia. 3 styles.

* Flowers superior. Cor. monopetalous, 5-lobed.

38. Viburnum. Berry usually 1-seeded. — Leaves simple, p. 192.

39. Sambucus. Berry 3 — 4-seeded. — Leaves pinnate, p. 192.

** Flowers inferior.
f Perianth double. Petals 5.

40. Tamarix. Stigmas sessile, feathery. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved,

with many comose seeds, p. 149.

41. PARONYCIIIACEyE. Fruit with one naked seed. — Leaves

with membranous stipules. (Corrigiola and Polycarpon.)
p. 1 50.

42. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. Caps. 1-celled, with several naked

seeds. — Leaves naked without stipules. (Stellaria and
Holosteum.) p. 54.

43. Drosera. Styles filiform. Caps. 1-celled, with several naked

seeds — Leaves clothed with glandular hairs, p. 50.

ff Perianth single.

44. CHENOPODIACEiE. Perianth herbaceous. — Stipules want-

ing. (Ciienopodium and Su^da.) p. 358.

45. Polygonum. Perianth coloured. — Stipules sheathing, p. 369.

Ord. IV. Tetragynia. 4 styles.

46. Parnassia. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Nectaries 5, heart-
shaped, fringed with globular-headed filaments. Stigmas ses-
a 2

XXV1U

LINNjEAN method.

sile. Capsule 1-celled, 4-valved, each valve bearing a longi-
tudinal linear receptacle with numerous seeds. — Leaves naked,
p. 51.

47. Drosera. Styles elongate. — Leaves with glandular hairs.

p. 50.

Ord. Y. Pentagynia. 5 styles.

* Stamens inserted upon the base of the petals. Cal. of 1 piece.

48. PLUMBAGINACEyE. Cal. funnel-shaped, plaited, dry and

membranous. Pet. 5, united at the base, bearing the sta-
mens. Caps. 1-seeded, invested by the calyx, p. 350.

** Slam, inserted upon the receptacle, free from the cal. and petals.
Cal. of 5 leaves or 5-parlite.

49. Linum. Pet. 5, entire. Germen and caps, globose, mucro-

nate, with 10 valves, 10 cells, and 10 seeds, p. 74.

50. Spergula. Pet. 5, entire. Germen and caps. 1-celled, many-

seeded. p. 154.

51. Cerastium. Pet. 5, bifid. Germen and caps. 1-celled, many-

seeded. p. 71.

*** Stam. and petals inserted upon the calyx.

52. Sibbaldia. Cal. in 10 alternately large and small segments.

Achenes 5, in the bottom of the calyx, p. 132.

Ord. VI. Hexa-Octo-gynia. 6 or 8 styles.

53. Drosera. Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved,

many-seeded. — Leaves clothed with glandular hairs, p. 50.

Ord. VII. Polygynia. Many styles.

54. RANUNCULACETF,. Stam. inserted upon the receptacle, free

from the calyx. Cal. leaves distinct, p. 3.

55. Sibbaldia. Stam. inserted upon the calyx. Cal. 10-cleft.

p. 132.

Class VI. HEXANDRIA. 6 stamens, equal in height, or 3 longer
than the others.

Order I. Monogtnia. 1 style.

* Flowers complete, having a double perianth (Cal. and Cor.). Dico-
tyledonous plants. Leaves netted-veined.

1. Berberis. Cal. of 6 deciduous leaves. Pet. 6, each with 2 glands
at the base. Berry 2 — 3-seeded. p. 14.

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA.

XXIX

2. Frankenia. Cal. of 1 piece, tubular. Pet. 5, free from the

calyx. Stamens mostly alternate with the petals. Caps.
1-celled, many-seeded, p. 53.

3. LYTIIRACEiE. Cal. of 1 piece. Pet. 6, inserted upon the

calyx. Stam. alternate with the petals, p. 147.

4. PRIMULACE-iE. Cor. monopetalous, rotate, 6-partite, with

the stamens inserted on it and opposite to its lobes. — (Trien-
talis and Lysimachia.) p. 343.

** Perianth single, superior, petaloid. Monocotyledonous plants.
Leaves parallel-veined.

5. AMAR YLLIDACEyE. Flowers from a spatha, but not upon a

spadix, p. 443.

*** Perianth single, inferior.
f Stipules none.

6. Acords. Flowers arranged closely upon a thick spadix. Peri-
anth of 6 coloured scales, p. 476.

7 LILIACEiE. Flowers not upon a spadix. Perianth petaloid,
deciduous or marcescent, never coriaceous or hard when
withered, p. 446.

8. Gagea. Flowers corymbose, not upon a spadix. Perianth of 6

persistent coloured (yellow) leaves. Stam. glabrous. Anthers
erect, p. 456.

9. Nartiiecium. Flowers racemose, not upon a spadix. Perianth

of 6 persistent (yellow) leaves, somewhat coriaceous and ul-
timately hardened. Filaments woolly. Seeds with an appen-
dage at each end. p. 468. *

10. JUNCACEA2. Flowers not upon a spadix. Perianth dry and

glumaceous, of 6 pieces, p. 460.

1 1 . Pepeis. Flowers axillary, not upon a spadix. Perianth her-

baceous, campanulate, with 6 large and 6 small teeth. —
Dicotyledonous plants with opposite leaves, p. 148.

f f Leaves with sheathing stipules. Dicotyledonous plants. Leaves
netted-veined.

12. Polygonum. Flowers not upon a spadix. Perianth coloured,

5-partite. — Leaves alternate, p. 369.

Ord. II. Digynia. 2 styles.

13. Oxyria. Perianth single, of 4 leaves. Achene with abroad

membranous margin, p. 377.

14. Polygonum. Perianth single, 5-partite. Achene wingless.

p. 369.

Ord. III. Trigynia. 3 styles.

* Perianth single. Leaves verlicillate, netted-veined, without stipules.

15. Paris. Perianth of 6 leaves, the three inner subulate. Anthers

on the side of the filament. Stigmas simple, p. 446.
a 3

XXX

LINILEAN METHOD.

** Perianth single. Leaves alternate, netted-veined, with sheathing
stipules.

16. Rumex. Perianth of 6 leaves, the three inner afterwards

enlarged. Stigmas multifid. p. 37.3.

17. Polygonum. Perianth 5-partite, segments similar, p. 369.

*** Perianth single. Leaves alternate, or all radical, simple-veined,
without stipules.

18. Tofieldia. Perianth 6-parted with a small 3-partite involucre.

Styles short. Caps. 3 — 6, united up to the middle, many-
seeded. p. 458.

19. Scheuchzeria. Perianth of 6 leaves. Anthers elongate.

Styles short. Caps. 3, inflated, 2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded.
p. 472.

20. Triglochin. Perianth of 6 concave deciduous leaves. Anthers

lodged in the leaves of the perianth. Styles very short.
Caps. 3 — 6, 1-seeded, united by a longitudinal column, from
which they usually separate at the base. p. 472.

21. Colceicum. Perianth funnel-shaped, very long; limb cam panu-

late, 6-parted . petaloid. Styles very long. Caps. 3, united
at the base. p. J-58.

**** perianth double.

22. Elatine. Cal. of 3 sepals, herbaceous. Pet. 3, coloured.

Anthers terminal. — Leaves cauline, opposite, naked, p. 53.

23. Drosera. Cal. of 6 sepals. Pet. 6, — Leaves radical, clothed

with glandular hairs, p. 50.

*

Ord. 1Y. IIexa-Octo-gynia. 6 or 8 styles.

24. Drosera. Cal. and cor. each of 6 pieces, germen solitary. —

Leaves with glandular hairs, p. 50.

25. Actinocarpus. Perianth of 6 pieces. Germens and fruits

combined at the base, spreading in a radiated manner,
2-seeded. — Leaves naked, p. 470.

Ord. Y. Polygynia. Many styles.

26. Alisma. Achcnes many, distinct, aggregate upon the recep-

tacle, 1-seeded. p. 470.

Class VII. HEPTANDRIA. 7 stamens.

Order I. Mono-Di-Tri-gtnia. 1, 2, or 3 styles.

1. PRIMULACEiE. Perianth double. Cor. monopetalous. Stam.

opposite to the divisions of the corolla. Style 1. — Stipules 0.
(Trientalis and Lysimauhia.) p. 343.

2. Polygonum. Perianth single, 5-partite. Styles 2 — 3, distinct

or united to the middle. — Stipules sheathing, p. 369.

f

CLASSES, OKDERS, AND GENERA. XXXI

Class VIII. OCTANDRIA. 8 stamens.

Order I. Monogynia. 1 style.

* Perianth double, inferior.

1. Acer. Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Germen 2-lobed, 2-seeded. Caps.

2, united at the base; each with a long winged membrane
(samara), 1 — 2-seeded. p. 83.

2. Chlora. Cal. of 8 segments, in a single row. Cor. of 1 piece,

nearly rotate : the stamens alternate with its lobes. Germen
1-celled. Stigma 2 — 4-cleft. Caps, many-seeded, p. 284.

3. PRIMUL ACEiE. Cal. 8 -partite, in a single row. Cor. mono-

petalous, rotate, 8-partite, with the stamens inserted on and
opposite to its lobes. — (Trientalis and Lysimachia.) p. 343.

4. Monotropa. Cal. and cor. of 4 pieces each. Germen 4-celled,

many-seeded.— Leaves none. p. 277.

5. ERICACEAE. Cal. of 4 leaves or deeply 4-cleft, sometimes

with 4 similar outer pieces. Cor. of one piece. Stigma
entire. Germen 4-celled. p. 269.

** Perianth double, superior.

6. Vaccinium. Co of one piece, 4-cleft, p. 267.

7. ONAGRACEiE Petals 4. p. 141.

*** Perianth single, inferior.

8 Daphne. Perianth usually coloured, 4-cleft, bearing the
stamens. Style undivided. Germen 1-seeded. — Stipules 0.
p. 378.

9. Monotropa. Perianth of 4 pieces, with as many external
alternating bracteas. Stam. free from the perianth. Germen
4-celled, many-seeded. — Leaves none. p. 277.

10. Polygonum. Perianth 5-parted. Style 2 — 3-cleft. Germen

1-seeded. — Stipules sheathing, p. 369.

Ord. II. Digynia. 2 styles.

11. Polygonum. Perianth single, inferior, coloured, 5-parted. Ger-

men 1-seeded. — Leaves alternate, with sheathing stipules,
p. 369.

12. Scleranthus. Perianth single, inferior, urceolate, contracted

at the mouth; tube hard and coriaceous; limb 4-cleft. Ger-
men 1-seeded. — Leaves opposite without stipules, p. 368.

13. Ciirysosplenium. Perianth single, half-superior, spreading.

Germen many-seeded. — Leaves without stipules, p. 164.

Ord. III. Trigynia. 3 styles.

14. Polygonum. Perianth single, inferior, in 5 deep, coloured, per-

sistent segments. Fruit a 1-seeded achene. p. 369.

15. Drosera. Perianth double. Fruit many-seeded, p. 50.

a 4

XXX11

LIXNyEAN METHOD.

Ord. IY. Tetra-Hexa-Octo-gynia. 4, 6, or S style.

16. Paris. Perianth inferior, of 8 leaves; 4 inner very narrow.

Cells of the anthers 2, fixed one on each side of the middle of
a subulate filament. Berry 4-celled. p. 446.

17. Adoxa. Cal. half-superior, 3-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft. Anthers

terminal, 1-celled. Berry 4-celled. p. 189.

18. Elatine. Cal. inferior, of 4 pieces. Pet. 4. Germen 4-celled.

Caps. 4-valved. p. 53.

19. Mcenchia. Cal. inferior, of 4 pieces. Pet. 4. Germen 1-celled.

Caps, opening by 8 teeth at the top. — Leaves naked, p. 70.
20 Drosera. Cal. inferior, of 8 pieces. Pet. 4. Germen 1-celled.
— Leaves clothed with glandular hairs, p. 50.

Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. 9 stamens.

Order I. Monogynia. 1 style.

1. PRIMULACEiE. Perianth double. Cal. 9-parted. Cor.

rotate, 9-parted. Caps. 1-celled, several-seeded, p. 343.

Ord. II. Hexagynia. 6 styles.

2. Butomcs. Perianth single, coloured, 6-parted, inferior. Caps.

6, many-seeded, p. 469.

Class X. DECANDEIA. 10 stamens.

Order I. Monogynia. 1 style.

* Germen superior.

f Fruit with a long beak, its cells 1 -seeded. Siam, conniving into a
tube.

1. Geranium. Fruit with a long beak. p. 83.

ff Fruit without a beak, its cells many-seeded. Slam, distant.

2. Monotropa. Perianth single, of 5 leaves, cucullate at the base

(petals?), with as many alternating bracteas (cal. -leaves ?).
Anthers 1-celled, 2-lipped. — Leaves none. p. 277.

3. PYROLACE/E. Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5, sometimes connected

at the base. Anthers opening with 2 pores. Seeds chaffy.
— Leaves mostly radical, p. 275.

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA.

XXX111

4. ERICACE/E. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. of 1 piece, ovate or
campanulate, 5-cleft. Seeds not chaffy. — Shrubby, leafy
plants, p. 269.

** Germen inferior.

5. Vaccinium. Cor. of 1 piece, p. 267.

Ord. II. Digynia. 2 styles.

* Perianth single.

6. Polygonum. Perianth inferior, 5-parted, coloured. Germen

1-seeded. — Leaves alternate with sheathing stipules, p. 369.

7. Scleranthus. Perianth inferior, of 1 piece, contracted at the

mouth ; limb 5-cleft. Germen 1-seeded. — Leaves opposite,
without stipules, p. 368.

8. Chrysosplenium. Perianth half-superior, limb somewhat co-

loured, 5-cleft. Germen many-seeded. Caps, with 2 beaks,
p. 164.

** Perianth double. Petals 5.

9. Saxifraga. Cal. superior, or inferior, or half-superior, in 5

segments. Pet. sessile. Caps, sessile, with 2 beaks, 2-celled.

p. 160.

10. CARYOPHYLLACE-E. Cal. inferior, of 1 piece, 5-toothed.

Pet. with long claws. Caps, stalked, p. 54.

Ord. III. Tri-Tetra-gynia. 3 (or sometimes 4) styles.

11. Polygonum. Perianth single, petaloid. Germen sessile,

1-seeded, triquetrous Leaves alternate, with sheathing

stipules, p. 369.

12. CARYOPIIYLLACEfE. § Silene.e. Perianth double. Cal.

of 1 piece, 5-toothed. Germen stalked, many-seeded. —
Leaves opposite, without stipules, pp. 55, 56.

13. CARYOPHYLLACE.E. § Alsinea:. Perianth single or

double. Cal. 5-parted. Germen sessile, many-seeded. —
Leaves opposite, without stipules, pp. 55, 62.

14. Spergularia. Perianth double. Cal. 5-parted. Germen ses-

sile, many-seeded. — Leaves opposite, with membranaceous
stipules, p. 153.

Ord. IV. Penta-Deca-gynia. 5 (or sometimes 10) styles.

* Germens superior, distinct, 5 — 10 in each flower.

15. Sibbaldia. Cal. in 10 alternately large and small segments.

Pet. 5, and the stam. inserted into the mouth of the calyx.
Achenes 5 — 10, without a gland at their base. — Stipules
adhering to the petiole, p. 132.

XXXIV

LIXILEAN METHOD.

1 6. Cotyledon. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. of 1 piece, tubular, 5-cleft,

inserted at the base of the germens. Caps. 5, each with
a nectariferous scale or gland at its base. — Stipules none,
p. 155.

1 7. Sedum. Cal. in 5 (sometimes 4 — 8) deep segments, often re-

sembling the leaves. Pet. 5, patent, inserted at the base of
the germens. Caps. 5, each with a nectariferous scale at its
base.. — Stipules none. p. 155.

** Germen superior, solitary in each flower.

!8. Paris. Perianth of 10 leaves ; 5 inner ones very narrow.
Anther-cells attached near the middle of the filament. Germen
5-celled, p. 446.

19. Oxalis. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, often united by the bases of

their claws. Anthers terminal. Germen 5-celled. Seeds with
an elastic skin. — Leaves alternate, p. 88.

20. Spergula. Cal. 5-leaved, Pet. 5. Germen 1-celled. — Leaves

opposite, with membranous stipules, p. 154.

21. CARYOPHYLLACEA5. § Alsinea:. Cal. 5-leaved. Germ.

1-celled. — Leaves opposite, without stipules, pp. 55, 62.

22. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. § Silene.e. Cal. monophyllous,

with 5 teeth. Pet. clawed. — Leaves opposite without sti-
pules, pp. 55, 56.

*** Germen inferior.

23. Adoxa. Perianth double. Anthers 1-celled. p. 189.

Class XI. DQDECANDRIA. 12 (to 18) stamens.

Order I. Monogynia. 1 style.

1. Asardm. Perianth single, 3-cleft, superior, p. 3S0.

2. Lythrum. Cal. inferior, tubular, with 12 teeth alternately

smaller. Pet. 6, inserted upon the calyx, p. 144.

Ord. II. Digynia. 2 styles.

3. Agrimonia. Cal. turbinate, covered with hooked bristles, 5-

cleft, inferior. Pet. 5, inserted upon the calyx, p. 134.

Ord. III. Trigynia. 3 styles.

4. Reseda. Cal. 4 — 6 parted. Pet. more or less divided and un-

equal. Styles entire. Caps, of 1 cell, open at the top, with
many seeds attached to its wall. p. 44.

5. Euphorbia. Perianth (a true involucre) single, campanulate.

Styles bifid. Caps. 3-cclled, with 3 seeds attached to the
axis. p. 383.

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA.

XXXV

Ord. IV. Dodecagynia. Styles variable, 4 — 12 or more.

6. Sempervivdm. Cal. inferior, 12-cleft. Pet. 12, entire, regular.

Caps. 12, distinct. — Stipules none. p. 155.

7. Potentilla. Cal. inferior, 8 — 10-cleft, the segments alter-

nately smaller. Pet. 4 — 5, entire or notched, regular, and the
stamens inserted upon the calyx. Achenes 4 — 18, distinct.—
Leaves with stipules adhering to the petiole, p. 129.

8. Ranunculus. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, regular, and the

stam. inserted on the receptacle. Achenes many, distinct,
p. 7.

9. Stratiotes. Perianth superior, 6-parted ; 3 outer segments

herbaceous, 3 inner petaloid. Germ. 6-celled. p. 425.

Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. 20 or more stamens placed on the
calyx.

1. ROSACEAS. Flowers regular. Cal. 4 — 5- or 8 — 10-cleft. —

Leaves with stipules, p. 117.

2. Stratiotes. Perianth 6-parted, regular ; 3 outer segments

herbaceous, 3 inner petaloid. Germen inferior, 6-celled. —
Floating plants, p. 425.

Class XIII. POLYANDRIA. Many stamens inserted upon the
receptacle ( free from the calyx and petals).

Ord. I. Monogynia. 1 style.

* Flowers irregular.

1. Delphinium. Cal. coloured, upper leaflet produced at the base

into a spur. Pet. 4 ; 2 upper ones with appendages included
within the spur. p. 13.

** Flowers regular. Petals 4.

2. PAP AVER ACE AS. Cal. of 2 caducous leaves. Fruit a cap-

sule or pod. p. 16.

3. AcTiEA. Cal. of 4 caducous leaves. Berry 1-celled. p. 1 3.

*** Flowers regular. Petals 5.

4. Helianthemum. Cal. of 3 equal leaves, or 5 of which 2 are

exterior and smaller ; larger ones twisted in bud. p. 45.

5. Tilia. Cal. 5- partite ; its leaves similar, valvate in bud. p. 78.

**** Flowers regular. Petals numerous.

6. NYMPIIA2ACEA2. p. 15.

a 6

XXXVI

LINN^EAN METHOD.

Ord. II. Pentagynia. Styles variable, 2 — 9.

7. Stratiotes. 1 Germen inferior, 6-celled. p. 425.

8. Reseda. Flowers irregular. Germen superior, solitary, 1-celled,

soon open at the top between the short styles. Seeds attached
to 3 — 4 parietal receptacles, p. 44.

9. Hypericum. Flowers regular. Germen superior, solitary, closed

at the top. — Leaves opposite, p. 79.

10. RANUNCULACEiE. Germens superior, several (3 — 6),
sometimes united below, each 1-celled. — Leaves alternate,
p. 3.

Ord. III. Polygynia. Many styles.

11. RANUNCULACEiE. p. 3.

Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA.1 2 4 stamens ; 2 longer than the other
two.

Order I. Gymnospermia.3 Germen or fruit deeply i-Iobed , or ap-
parently of 4 naked seeds. Style from between the lobes.

1. LABIATiE. p. 320.

Ord. II. Angiospermia.4 Germen entire, or slightly 2-lobed, con-
taining several seeds, with a terminal style.

2. Verbena. Germen superior, 4 -celled, with 1 seed at the base

of each cell. Fruit splitting into 4 achenes.5 p. 340.

3. Linn-ea. Germen inferior, 3-celled ; 2 of the cells with many

abortive seeds, one with a perfect seed. Berry dry, 1 -seeded,
p. 193.

4. OROBANCHACEiE. Germen and caps, superior, 1-celled.

Seeds attached to parietal receptacles. — Leafless plants,
p. 299.

5. SCROPHULARIACEiE. Germen and caps, superior, 2- (or

rarely 1-) celled. Seeds several, attached to the axis. — Leafy
plants, p. 303.

1 We retain Stratiotes in the Class Po/yandria , solely because it has been placed
there by Linnaeus, Smith, and some others; but the inferior germen shows its
place to be in Icosandria: there are, however, seldom more than 12 stamens with
anthers, so that it ought rather to be looked for in Dodecandria . and from its being
almost always dioecious, Richard long ago removed it to Dicecia Dodecandria.

2 From Sts, two , and Svvoc/jus, a power , or superiority of two stamens over the
other two.

3 From yufAvos, naked, and trm^wu., the seed.

4 From ccyyuov, a vessel or capsule , and the seed.

5 This genus is placed by Smith and others m the order Gymnospermia. It is
sometimes described as having the seeds inclosed in one thin membranous evanes-
cent pellicle or capsule ; but although we have not seen such, the terminal style
appears to iudicate the order Angiospermia.

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA.

XXXV'll

Class XV. TETR ADYNAMIA.1 6 stamens, 4 long and 2 short.

1. CRUCIFER A2. p. gl.

Class XYI. MONADELPIIIA.2 3 Filaments combined in one set?

Order I. Triandria. 3 stamens.

1. SlSYRHYNCHlUM. p. 440.

Ord. II. Pentandria. 5 perfect stamens.

2. GERANLACEjE. Style 1. Fruit beaked, separating at the base

into 5 one-seeded capsules, each with a long awn. p. 83.

3. Solanum. Style 1. Fruit not beaked, fleshy, 2-celled, many-

seeded. p. 298.

4. Lysimachia. Style 1. Fruit 1-celled, not beaked, many-

seeded. p. 347.

5. Linum. Styles 5. Fruit not beaked, 10-valved, 10-seeded.

p. 74.

Old. III. Decandria. 10 stamens.

G. Geranium. Cor. of 5 regular petals. Style 1. Fruit beaked,
separating at the base into 5 one-seeded capsules, each with a
long naked awn. p. 83.

7. Oxalis. Cor. of 5 regular petals. Styles 5. Fruit 5-celled,

not beaked, p. 88.

8. LEGUMINOS/E. Cor. irregular, papilionaceous. Style 1.

Legume 1-celled. p. 93,

Ord. IV. Poyandria. Many stamens.

9. MALVACEAE. Cal. double. Anthers 1-celled. p. 75.

Class XVII. DIADELPHIA.4 Filaments combined in two sets.

Order I. Hexandria. 6 stamens.

1. FUMARIACEiE. Cal. of 2 small deciduous leaves. Pet. 4,
one of them gibbous or spurred at the base. p. 19.

i From TiT£«, Fur, and havay-i;, a power, or superiority in length of four over
the other two stamens.

j From u. ovos, one, and <x.hi\$os, brotherhood ; one united set of stamens.

3 In Erodium and Geranium the union of the filaments takes place only at the
very base, and is with difficulty perceived.

4 From his, two , and ccbetyos, brotherhood ; stamens in two sets.

XXXV1U

E1XX.EAN METHOD.

Oi'd. II. Octandria. 8 stamens.

2. Poltgala. Cal. of 5 leaves, 2 of them wing-shaped and co-

loured. Pet. combined by the claws with their filaments,
the lower one keeled. Capsule compressed, 2-celled, 2 -seeded,
p. 52.

Ord. III. Decandria. 1 0 stamens.

3. LEGUMINOSvE. Flowers papilionaceous, p. 93. •

Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA.1 Filaments combined in more
than two sets.

Order I. Polyandria. Many stamens.

1. Hypericum. Cal. 5-partite or 5-leaved, inferior. Pet. 5.
Stam. inserted on the receptacle, p. 79.

Class XIX. SYNGENESIA.2 Anthers united into a tube. Flowers
compound ( several together on the same receptacle, and within the
same involucre).

1. COMPOSITE, p. 204.

Class XX. GYNANDRIA.3 Stamens situated upon the style or
column, above the germen.

Order I. Monandria, one stamen; and Ord. II. Diandria, two
stamens.

1. ORCHID ACEiE. Perianth 6-partite, irregular. Germen

1-celled. — Leaves simply veined, p. 425.

Ord. III. Hexandria. 6 stamens.

2. Aristolochia. Perianth tubular, oblique. Germen 6 -celled.

— Leaves netted-veined. p. 380.

1 From iroAur, many , and aS-A $os ; many sets of stamens,

s From trvyyivr.tn; , implying muon of the anthers.

3 From yuvr, and implying a union of the stamen and pistil.

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA.

XXXIX

Class XXL MONCECIA.1 Stamens and pistils in separate flowers
on the same plant.

Order I. Monandria. 1 stamen.

1. Euphorbia. Involucre of 1 piece, including several barren

flowers and 1 fertile. Perianth none, or a very minute one
to the fertile flower. Germen 3-lobed. Styles 3, bifid. Caps.

3 seeded, p. 383.

2. Callitriche. Bracteas 2 or none. Perianth none. Germen

solitary, 4-lobed, indehiscent, with 4 1-seeded cells. Styles
2, simple, p. 387.

3. Zannichellia. Involucre, spatha, and spadix none. Perianth

of barren fl. none ; of fertile single, of 1 leaf. Gcrmens 4 or
more, each with 1 undivided style, p. 485.

4. Zostera. Perianth none. Stamens and pistils inserted alter-

nately in 2 rows upon one side of a thin flat spadix inclosed
within a foliaceous spatha. Anthers sessile. Style bifid.
Fruit dry. p. 486.

5. Arum. Perianth none. Stamens inserted about the middle,

pistils on the lower part of a thick cylindrical spadix which is
enveloped by a spatha convolute at the base. Fruit fleshy, 1
many-seeded, p. 475.

Ord. II. Diandria. 2 stamens.

6. Callitriche. Flowers solitary. Fruit naked, 4-lobed, 4-seeded.

Styles 2, simple. — Leaves opposite, sessile, p. 387.

7. Lesina. Spadix 0. Spatha urceolate, membranous, inclosing

one barren and one fertile flower. Ovary 4-celled. Style and
stigma 1. — Minute, floating, frondose plants, p. 477.

8. Carex. Flowers in spikes. Fruit 1-seeded, contained within

an urceolate membranous perigynium. Style 1, with 2 — 3
stigmas. — Leaves alternate, sheathing, p. 499.

Ord. III. Triandria. 3 stamens.

9. CYPERACEvE. Flowers in spikes, subtended by glumes.

Achenes with 1 style and 2 — 3 stigmas. — Leaves parallel-
veined. p. 487.

10. TYPHACEJE. Flowers in spikes or capitate, without glumes.

Pericarps indehiscent, with 1 style and stigma. — Leaves
parallel -veined p. 473.

11. Amaranthus. Perianth single, deeply 3-partite. Styles 2 — 3.

Utricle of 1 cell, bursting all round transversely, 1-seeded. —
Leaves netted- veined, p. 358.

Ord. IV. Tetrandria. 4 stamens.

* Leaves all radical.

12. Littorella. Barren fl. solitary, on long radical peduncles.

1 From (Ajvotione, and ixot, a house.

xl

LINNJEAN METHOD.

Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 4-fid, scarious. Stam. much longer than the
corolla. — Fertile fl. sessile among the leaves. Fruit 1-celled,
1-seeded. p. 355.

13. Eriocaulon.1 Flowers collected into a compact, scaly, long-

stalked head. Perianth single, diaphanous. — Barren fl. in
the centre. — Fertile fl. in the circumference. Caps. 2-celled;
cells 1-seeded. p. 459.

** Stems leafy.

14. Alnus. Flowers all in cylindrical catkins. — Barren fl.: Scale

of the catkin 3-lobed, with 3 flowers. Perianth single, 4-
partite. — Fertile fl. : Scale of the catkin subtrifid, with 2
flowers. Perianth 0. Styles 2. Fruit compressed, 2-celled.
— Trees, p. 396.

15. Mtrica. Flowers all in cylindrical catkins; scales entire, each

with a single flower. Perianth none. Germen 1-celled,
1-seeded. Styles 2. Fruit globose. — Shrubs, p. 395.

18. Buxcs. Flowers clustered, axillary. Perianth single, of 4
leaves, 2 opposite ones smaller, with 1 — 3 bracteas at the
base. Styles 3. Caps, with 3 beaks, 3-celled, 6-seeded. —
Trees or shrubs, p. 386.

17. Parietaria. Flowers clustered, axillary. Perianth single, cam-

panulate or tubular, 4-cleft. Style simple. Stigma penicillate.
Achene 1-seeded. — Herbaceous plants witli leafy stems,
p. 391.

18. Urtica. Flowers in spikes or clustered. Perianth single, of

the barren flowers 4-leaved, of the fertile 2-leaved. Stigma
sessile. Achene 1-seeded. — Herbaceous plants with' leafy
stems, p. 390.

Ord. Y. Pentandiua. 5 stamens.

19. Xanthium. Barren fl.: Involucre of few scales, with many

small capitate flowers seated upon a common receptacle.
Perianth single, obovate, 5-toothed Anthers terminating a
tube, which is inserted into the base of the perianth. —
Fertile fl. : Involucre of 1 piece, prickly, 2 -beaked, entirely
inclosing two 1-seeded pistils, without a perianth, p. 261.

20. Atriplex. Perianth single, herbaceous, of the barren flowers

5-partite, of some or all the fertile 2-leaved. Style 2. Utricle
superior, indehiscent, 1-seeded. p. 362.

Ord. VI. Poi.yandria. 6 stamens or more.

* Flowers not in catkins.
f Flowers destitute of spatha and spadix.

J Stipules none.

21. Ceratopiiylldm. Flowers axillary. Perianth (an involucre?)

i Usually placed in Moncccia Hexandria , but the only British species has 4 sta-
mens, and the other parts of the flower are in a binary (V or In), not ternary ( v;
or 3 n), proportion.

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA.

xli

single, multipartite. Stam. 16 — 20. Germen 1, superior.
Style filiform and stigma simple. Fruit indehisccnt, 1-seeded.
p. 388.

22. Myriophyllum. Flowers axillary or in a lax spike. Cal. of

4 leaves. Pet. 4, deciduous. Stam. 8. Germen inferior.
Stigmas 4, sessile. Fruit splitting into 4 achenes. p. 147.

23. Sagittakia. Flowers solitary, peduncled. Perianth of 6 leaves;

3 outer herbaceous, 3 inner petaloid. Stam. numerous. Ger-
mens superior, very numerous, collected into a head, each
with one style and stigma, p. 471.

Leaves with stipules adheriny to the petiole.

24. Poterium. Flowers collected into a head, upper ones fertile.

Perianth single. Stam. numerous. Filaments very long,
flaccid. Stigmas penicillate. Achenes 2, invested with the
hardened perianth, p. 133.

ff Flowers with a spatha and spadix.

25. Arum. Spatha of 1 leaf, convolute at the base. Spadix thick,

naked above, with germens at its base and sessile stamens
near the middle. Berry 1 -celled, many-seeded, p.475.

** Barren flowers in catkins or lax spikes.

26. CUPULIFER/E. Fertile fl. solitary or aggregate or spiked.

Fruit solitary, or several together within a coriaceous or leafy
involucre, not winged, p. 415.

27 Betula. Fertile flowers in cylindrical catkins. Germen and
fruit compressed, winged, not contained within an involucre,
p. 395.

Ord. VII. Monadelpiiia. Stamens united in one set.

28. Xanthujm. Barren fl. capitate, seated upon a common recep-

tacle. Perianth single, 5-toothed. — Fert. fl.: Involucre of 1
piece, prickly, 2-beaked, inclosing 2 1-seeded pistils without
a perianth. Stigmas protruded. — Leaves netted-veined.
p. 261.

29. Pixus. Perianth 0. — Barren fl. in crowded racemose catkins;

the scales peltate, bearing 2 sessile anthers. — Fertile fl. in an
ovate catkin ; its scales closely imbricate, 2-flowered, after-
wards hardened. Style and stigma 0. Pericarp none (except
the scales of the cone). Leaves parallel-veined, p. 419.

xlii

LINNiEAN METHOD.

Class XXII. DICECIA.1 Stamens and pistils in separate flowers
and on different plants.

Order I. Monandria. 1 stamen.

1. Najas. Barren fl. within a spatha. Germen with 1 seed.

— Leaves simple- veined, p. 486.

2. Salix. Spatha none. Germen with many seeds. — Leaves

netted-veined. p. 397.

Ord. II. Diandeia. 2 stamens.

3. Salix. Scales of the catkin single-flowered, imbricate, with

1 — 2 nectariferous glands at the base. Perianth 0. Stigmas
2, often cleft. Caps, l-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds
comose. p. 397.

Ord. III. Tri-Tetr-Pent-andria. 3, 4, or 5 stamens.

* Sterile flowers not in catkins , or with a perianth besides the scale of
the catkin.

4. Valeriana. Cor. monopetalous. Stamens 3, upon the corolla.

Germen inferior. Style 1. Stigma 3-fid. Fruit dry, 1 -seeded,
crowned with the calyx expanded into a pappus, p. 200.

5. Empetrcm. Perianth and bracteas of many imbricating scales,

of which the 3 inner are often regular, spreading, and peta-
loid. Filaments 3, long, inserted under the germen. Germen
superior, globose. Style short. Stigma dilated, peltate, rayed.
Fruit fleshy, 6— 9-seeded. p. 381.

6. Rusccs. Perianth single, of 6 leaves. Filaments combined

into a tube, bearing 3 sessile reniform anthers at the summit.
Style 1, surrounded by a tubular nectary. Stigma 1. Germen
superior, 3-celled, 6-seeded. Fruit fleshy, p. 448.

7. Hippophae. Barren fl. collected into a small sort of catkin,

each scale bearing a flower. Perianth single, of 2 roundish
nearly distinct pieces. Anthers 3, linear, sessile. — Fertile fl.
solitary. Perianth single, tubular, cloven at the summit.
Germen superior, p. 394.

S. Viscum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. 4, of barren fl. ovate, fleshy,
united at the base, and bearing each a single anther, adnate
with the upper surface ; of fertile fl. very minute. Germen
inferior, p. 191.

9. Rhamnus. Perianth double. Cal. urceolate 4-clcft. Pet. 4.
Stam. 4, opposite to the petals ; filaments inserted upon the
throat of the calyx. Germen superior, p. 93.

10. Urtica. Perianth single ; of the barren fl. 4-leavcd, of the fer-
tile 2-leaved. Stam. 4. Germen superior. Stigma 1, sessile,
p. 390.

1 From Ztt% twOy and oizo;, a house.

CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA.

xliii

11. Humulcs. Barren fl. solitary. Perianth single, of 5 leaves.

Stam. 5. Anthers with 2 pores at the extremity. — Fertile fl.
in catkins, with large persistent concave entire scales. Pe-
rianth 0. Germen superior, 1 -seeded. Styles 2. p. 391.

12. Ribes. Perianth double. Pet. 5, inserted upon the calyx.

Starn. 5. Germen inferior, many-seeded. Style bifid. —
Shrubs, p. 158.

13. Bryonia. Perianth double. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. of 3 fila-

ments and 5 anthers. Germen inferior, several-seeded.
Style 3-fid. — Herbaceous plants with tendrils, p. 150.

* * Barren and fertile flowers in catkins. Perianth 0.

14. Myrica. Stam. 4. Styles 2. Scales of the fertile catkin

ultimately somewhat fleshy, and adhering to the fruit, which
is drupaceous and 1 -seeded, p. 395.

15. Salix. Stam. 3 — 5. Styles bifid. Scales of the ovary always

dry or herbaceous, and free from the fruit, which contains
many comose seeds, p. 397.

Ord. IV. Hexandria. 6 stamens.

16. Tamus. Perianth single, in 6 deep equal segments. Germen

inferior. Stigmas 3. Berry 3-celled. p. 445.

17. Rumex. Perianth single, the 3 inner ones of the fertile fl.

afterwards enlarged, and covering the 1-seeded achene. Ger-
men superior, p. 373.

Ord. V. Polyandria. 8 stamens or more.

* Flowers in catkins.

IS. Populus. Anthers 8 — 30, arising from a turbinate, oblique,
entire, single perianth. Caps, superior, 2-valved, with many
comose seeds, p. 414.

** Flowers scattered.

1 9. Sedum. Cal. 4-partite. Pet. 4. Glands 4, emarginate. Stam.
8. Germens 4. p. 1 55.

20. Mercurialis. Perianth single, 3-partite. Stam. 9 — 12. An-
thers of 2 globose lobes. Germen superior. Styles 2. Caps.
2-celled, 2-seeded. p. 382.

21. CARYOPII YLLACEiE. Cal. tubular and 5-toothed, or 5-
partite. Pet. 5. Stam. 10. Germen superior, several-seeded.
Styles 3 — A — Leaves opposite, without stipules. (Silene,
Lychnis, Honckenya.) p. 54.

22. ROSACEAS. Cal. 5 — 10-cleft. Pet. 5. Stam. numerous, in-
serted on the calyx. Styles numerous. Achenes or drupes
many, superior, seated upon an elevated receptacle. — Leaves
alternate, with adnate stipules. (Fragaria and Rubus.)
p. 117.

23. HYDROCHARIDACEA5. Flowers spathaceous. Perianth

xliv

LINNjEAN method.

6-partite, or of 6 pieces : 3 outer herbaceous, 3 inner petaloid.
Stam. 9 — 12, or more. Germen inferior. Stigmas 3 — 6. —
Floating plants, p. 423.

Ord. VI. Monadelfhia. Stamens combined, in one set.

* Perianth 6- leaved . Flowers not in catkins.

24. Iinscus. Flowers on the leaves. Style and stigma 1. 3erry

3-celled. p. 448.

** Perianth none. Barren flowers in catkins.

25. Salix. Fertile fl. in catkins. Style 1. Stigmas 2. Caps 2-

valved, with many comose seeds, p. 397.

26. Joniperus. Style and stigma 0. Seeds about 3, inclosed

within several fleshy and at length united scales, p. 420.

27. Taxus. Style and stigma none. Seed solitary, bony, contained

in a fleshy cup. p. 421.

Ord. VII. Polyadelphia. Stamens combined in three (or more ) sets.

28. Bryonia. Filaments (or sets of stamens) 3 ; anthers 5. Fruit

inferior, fleshy, p. 150.

Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA.1 Stamens and pistils separated or
united, on the same or ond ifferent plants, and having the perianth
(of some or all) of the pistillate flowers difj'erent from that of the
sterile ones.

Order I. Moncecia. The two kinds of flowers on the same plant.

1. Atriplex. Barren and perfect fl.2 Perianth single, 5-partitc.
— Pistillate fl. Perianth single, of 2 valves. Fruit superior,
1 -seeded, covered by the enlarged perianth, p. 362.

Class XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA.3 Stamens and pistils not evident.

This class corresponds with the third class of the Natural Arrange-
ment, Acotyledones, which see, p. 576.

1 From roXv?, manyy and yot.ucs, vnion; in allusion to the stamens and pistils
being sometimes separated in the same or in different plants.

- The supposed united fl. are by some considered to be only a second kind of
pistillate flowers, and to be without fertile stamens, which would remove this
genus to Moncecia.

3 From y.^v'TTosj concealed , and yoc/xoc ; in reference to the obscure mode of fruc-
tification.

THE BRITISH FLORA

u

xlvii

ARRANGEMENT ADOPTED IN THE BRITISH FLORA.

L

Page

DICOTYLEDONOUS, or EXOGENOUS, PLANTS 1

1. Thalamifi.or/E. Petals several, distinct, and the stamens

hypogynous ------ 1

2. Cai.ycifloR/T-:. Corolla and stamens perigynous, or inserted

into the calyx - - - - 89

A. P ol y petalous. Petals distinct - - 9 1

B. Monopetalous. Petals united and forming as

it were a monopetalous corolla - - 191

3. CoROLLiFLORiE. Corolla of one piece, hypogynous ; stamens

epipetalous or hypogynous .... 268

A. Hypogynous. Stamens free from the corolla - 269

B. Epipetalous. Stamens inserted upon the co-

rolla - 277

4. MoNOCHLAMYDEiE. Perianth single or wanting - - 355

H.

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS, or ENDOGENOUS PHA-
NEROGAMOUS PLANTS - - 421

1. Petaloide^e. Flowers having a single perianth, or, if desti-

tute of one, naked ----- 422

1. Ovary adnate with the tube of the perianth - 423

2. Ovary free, not adnate with the perianth - 445

2. Glumace.®. Flowers destitute of a perianth, but inclosed

within imbricate alternate chaffy scales or bracteas - 487

IH.

ACOTYLEDONOUS, or FLOWERLESS, PLANTS - 576

1. Filices: Plants with tubular vessels mixed with the cells 577

2. Cellulares: Plants composed of cells, without tubular

vessels ------ go2

BRITISH FLORA.

CLASS I.

DICOTYLEDONOUS1, or EXOGENOUS,
PLANTS.

Cellular and vascular. Stem formed of two distinct
portions, Wood and the former containing pith in

the centre, from which diverge the medullary rays, and
increasing by new layers on the outside ; the latter by
new layers within. Leaves with the nerves much
branched, and the veinlets reticulated. Flowers having
the parts usually arranged in a quinary ( %/ or 5 n) or
quaternary (.y or 4 n) manner. Embryo with two op-
posite cotyledons, rarely more and then verticillate.

Sub-Class I. THALAMIFLORiE. (Ord. 1.— XXIII.)
Petals many, distinct, and, as well as the stamens, inserted upon
the receptacle ( not upon the calyx ) ; hence hypogynous (from irtro,
beneath, and yvvt], the pistil).

Conspectus of the Orders.2
A. Flowers very irregular.
a. Leaves with stipules, ovary 1 -celled.

t). Violace.t;. Stamens 5 ; anthers with a crest, more or less cohering.
Ovary with 3 parietal placentas.

[26. Leguminos-e. Stamens 10, mono-diadelphous ; anthers distinct.
Placenta 1, sutural.]

1 From 3;?, twice, or double, and xim jAtibsiv, the cotyledon.

2 The orders printed within brackets will be found described at length in some
other sub-class, although some genera or species belong in character to the present
one. On the other hand, the perigynous and apetalous genera and species trill be
noticed in the conspectus of some other sub-class. A similar remark applies to all
the sub-classes.

B

2

THALA1IIFL0E.E.

b. Leaves without stipules.

5 . Fumarlace.e. Stamens 6, diadelphous. Fruit 1-celled.

11. Poly g a laceae. Stamens 8, diadelphous. Fruit 2-celled.

21. Balsaminace.e. Stamens 5; filaments distinct; anthers*cohering.
Fruit 5-celled.

7. Resedace.®. Stamens 10 or more, inserted on a glandular irregular
disk. Fruit 1-celled, with three parietal placentas.

1. Ranuncu laceae. Stamens numerous, without any conspicuous
disk. Fruit of 1 — 5 foil icles, each with one sutural placenta.

B. Flowers regular, or nearly so.
a. Stamens 20 or more.

1. Rantnculace/F.. Stamens distinct. Carpels 1 or more, sometimes
cohering below, each with 1 style and 1 placenta. Leaves alter-
nate.

4. Papaveracea',. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Style 1. Pla-
centas 2 or more. Leaves ■without stipules.

3. Nymph.eace.e. Sepals 4 — 6. Petals numerous. Stamens distinct
Style 1. Stigma rayed. Placentas several.

8. Cistace.e. Sepals 3, twisted in aestivation, with usually 2 outtr
ones. Petals 5, fugacious. Style 1. Placentas several.

18. Hypericaceae. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Styles several (3 — 5). Leaves
opposite, without stipules.

17. Tiliack^s. Sepals 4 — 5, all in the same whorl and valvate in aesti-
vation. Petals 4 — 5. Stamens distinct. Style 1. Placentas

several. Leaves with stipules.

1G. Malvaceae. Calyx valvate in aestivation. Petals 5. Stamens
united into a column. Leaves with stipules.

h. Stamens 12 or fewer. Calyx tubular.

[67. Pujmbagixaceae. Stamens as few as the petals, opposite to them
and attached to their claws. Styles 5. Ovary 1-celled, with 1
ovule.]

12. FrankeniacEjE. Stamens, if as few as the petals, alternate with
and free from them. Style 1, 2 — 3-cleft. Ovules several, at-
tached to 3 parietal placentas.

14. Caryophyllace.e, § Silenk.e. Stamens twice as many as the
petals. Styles 2 — 5. Ovules numerous, attached to a central or

axile placenta.

c. Stamens 12 or fewer. Calyx deeply divided, or sepals distinct.

* Carpels several, distinct.

1. Ranunculace.e. Carpels very numerous, in several rows.

[35. Ckassulace.e. Carpels in a single row.]

** Carpels in a single row, solitary or 2 — 5 combined.

f Ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta bearing 3 or more ovules.

Anthers not opening by recurved valves.

[33. P ortulacace,e. Sepals 2. Petals 5.

34. Paronychiace.e. Sepals and petals 4 — 5. Leaves with stipules.]

14. Caryophyllace-e, § Alslne.e. Sepals and petals 4 — 5. Leaves
without stipules.

I. RANUNCULACEyE.

3

■(■j Placentas several, parietal . or cells of fruit 1 -seeded. Anthers not
opening by recurved valves.

[31. Tamaricace.e. Placentas 3. Seeds comose.]
iO. Dkoserace.e. Placentas 3 — 4. Seeds not comose.

6. Crucifer.®. Placentas 2, or apparently only 1. Style 1. Stamens
■usually tetradvnamous.

ftt Ovary 1 -celled, with l placenta. Anthers opening by recurved valves.
2. Berberidace.e.

[[ff Ovary with 2 or more cells and axile plucentas.

§ Petals imbricated in (estivation.

19. Ackrace.e. Style 1, bifid. Fruit 2-celled, 2 — 4-seeded, winged.

Leaves opposite, exstipulate.

[37. Saxikp.agace.-e. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit
many-seeded, wingless. Leaves without stipules.

51. Pyroi.ace.e. Stamens 8 — 10 ; anthers opening by pores. Style

and stigma 1. Ovary 4 — 5-celled, many-ovuled. Leaves without
stipules.

52. Monotropace-e. Stamens 8 — 10 ; anthers opening transversely.

Style and stigma 1. Ovary 4— 5-celled, many-ovuled. Leaves
wanting.]

13. Elatinace.e. Styles 3 — 5. Ovary and fruit 3 — 5-celled. Seeds
numerous, cylindrical, with a striated testa. 'Leaves entire, oppo-
site, stipuled.

§§ Petals convolute in (estivation.

15. Linage.®. Stamens 4 — 5. Stigmas 3—5. Ovary 3 — 5-celled.

Fruit 6 — 10-celled, 6 — 10-seeded. Leaves exstipulate, entire.

22. OxALiDACEyE. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Ovary 5-celled. Seed-coat
fleshy, bursting elastically. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.

20. Gf.raniacea:. Stamens 10. Style l. Stigmas 5. Ovary 5-celled.

Fruit 5-celled, 5-seeded, with a long beak. Leaves stipuled.

Ord. I. RANUNCULACEiE Juss.

Calyx of mostly 5, rarely 3 or 6, pieces or sepals, frequently
deformed. Petals 5 or more, often deformed, sometimes wanting.
Stamens usually numerous, rarely as few as the petals, and then
alternate with them. Anthers adnate, mostly reversed. Ovaries
1 or many, distinct or cohering. Fruit mostly of several 1-
seeded indehiscent carpels (achenes), or of 1 or more distinct
or united capsules dehiscing along their inner margin ( follicles ),
rarely a Berry. Embryo straight, in the base of a horny albu-
i men. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves often divided, u ith more or less
dilated stalks. Acrid and poisonous, some of them eminently so,
especially Aconitum.

* Ovaries numerous, short, in several rows, 1 -ovuled. Fruit of achenes.

1. Clematis. Calyx valvate or induplicate in aestivation. Petals 0.

2. Thalictrum. Calyx imbricated in aestivation. Petals 0. Invo-
lucre 0.

4 i. ranunculacete. [ Clematis .

3. Anemone. Calyx imbricated in aestivation. Petals 0. Involucre

3-leaved, usually distant from the calyx.

4. Aponis. Petals 5 — 10, without a nectariferous pore.

5. Myosurus. Sepals prolonged at the base. Petals 5, with a nectari-

ferous pore.

6. Ranunculus. Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals with a

nectariferous pore.

** Ovaries elongated, many-ovuled. Carpels several-seeded. Stamens
numerous.

t Stamens not arising from a glandular disk : anthers reversed ( extrorse ).
Fruit of follicles.

7. Caltha. Petals 0.

8. Trollius. Petals linear, flat,

8a. Eranthis. Petals small, tubular. Follicles stalked.

9. Helleborus. Petals small, tubular. Follicles sessile.

10. Aquilegia. Petals 5, funnel-shaped, with a long spur.

11. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred at the base. Petals 4, irregular.

12. Aconitum. Upper sepal helmet-shaped. Petals irregular.

ft Stamens arising from a glandular disk : anthers introrse. Carpel
solitary, baccate.

13. Act.ea. Petals 4, irregular.

tft Stamens arising from a glandular disk : anthers introrse. Folli-
cles 2 — 5.

14. PiEONiA. Petals 5 — 10, larger than the calyx, regular.

* Ovaries ( and fruit ) short, 1 -seeded. (Gen. 1 — 6.)

1. Clematis Linn. Traveller’s Joy.

Cal. of 4 — 6 sepals, with a valvate or induplicate aestivation.
Pet. 0. Stamens and Styles numerous. Achenes terminated by
a long, mostly feathery, awn. — Named from Kkgya, the shoot of
a vine, which the long branches somewhat resemble.

1. C. Vitalba'L. (common T.) ; stem climbing, leaves pinnate,
leaflets cordato-ovate inciso-lobate, petioles twining, peduncles
rather shorter than the leaves. E. B. t, 612.

Hedges ; abundant in a calcareous soil, in the middle and south of
England, h • 6 — 9. — Petioles serve as tendrils. Flowers fragrant.

2. Thalictrum Linn. Meadow-Rue.

Cal. of 4 — 5 sepals, imbricated in aestivation. Cor. 0. Stamens
numerous. Styles several. Achenes without awns (sessile, or
nearly so, ribbed, usually acute at both ends, and flowers per-
fect, in the British species). Involucre none. — Named from
to be green or flourishing.

Anemone .] i. ranunculacea:. 5

1. T. alpinum L. (alpine M.'); stem simple nearly leafless,
raceme simple terminal, flowers drooping. E. B. t. 262.

Mountains in the north of England, Wales, and Scotland, frequent.

2 f.. 6, 7. — Root-leaves upon long stalks, biternate ; leaflets roundish,
crenate or lobed, dark-green. Stum. 10 — 12. Ovaries 2 — 4. Flowers
few. Pedicels in fruit recurved : they are straight in the two fol-
lowing.

2. T. minus L. (lesser 31.) ; glabrous or slightly pubescent,
leaves 3 — 4-pinnate, leaflets roundish or wedge-shaped trilid
and toothed glaucous beneath, panicle diffuse, its branches al-
ternate or whorled, flowers mostly drooping. — a. stem leafless
at the base, petioles with indexed auricles at the base, panicle
leafless, achenes fusiform. E. B. t. 11. — /3. stem leafy to the
base, petioles with reflexed auricles, panicle leafy, achenes
narrow oblong. T. majus Sm.; E.B. t. 611. T. flexuosum
Bernh. — y. stem leafy to the base, petioles with horizontal
auricles, panicle leafless, achenes oval. T. saxatile D. C. T.
Koehii Fries.

Stony pastures, especially in limestone or chalky countries. Sand-
hills on the coast, near S. Shields and Yarmouth ; Scotland. — /3.

Principally in the north of England and in Scotland y. Cheddar,

Somersetshire. 2/.. 6, 7. — Stem usually zigzag, from one to two feet
high, mostly glaucous, solid, or hollow particularly when luxuriant
Although we do not recognise the above as distinct species, we avail
ourselves of the characters proposed by Mr. Babington to mark our
varieties. T. pubescens, fcetidum, calcareum, &c., appear to be the
pubescent or glandular states-of it, and T. nutans Desf. a form with
much-accuminated leaflets.

3. T./lcivumlj. (common M.)-, stem erect branched furrowed,
leaves bipinnate, leaflets roundish or broadly obovate or wedge-*
shaped trifid, or panicle compact subcorymbose, flowers erect.

E. B. t. 367.

Banks of rivers and ditches and in moist meadows. Less frequent
in Scotland, and principally found along the shores of the Clyde. —
2/.. 6, 7. — Stem 2 — 3 ft. high. Flowers very numerous, yellow.
Lobes of the leaves varying in breadth.

3. Anemone Linn. Anemone.

Involucre of 3 divided leaves, more or less remote from the
flower. Cal. petaloid, of 5 — 9 sepals, imbricated in aestivation.
Cor. 0. Stamens and Styles numerous. Achenes pointed or
awned. — Named from avsywrii, and that from avepog, the wind ;
because the flowers are easily moved by the wind.

1. A. Pulsatilla L. (Pasque-flower A.) ; leaves as well as the
involucre with doubly pinnatifid linear segments, flower inclined,
sepals 6, achenes with long feathery awns. E.B. t. 51.
b 3

6 I. RANL’NCULACE.E. [Adonis.

Dry chalky pastures, in several parts of England. If. 4, 5. —
Flowers purple, externally silky, very handsome.

2. A. nemorusa L. ( Wood A.); leaves ternate, leaflets lan-
ceolate lobed and cut, involucre similar to them petiolate, stem
single-flowered, sepals 6 elliptical, point of achenes not feathery.
E.^B. t. 355.

Moist woods and pastures, and on high mountains. If.. 3 — 6. —
Flowers white, tinged with purple outside.

3. A.* Apenmna L. ( Blue Mountain A.) ; leaves triternate
segments lanceolate cut and toothed, involucre petiolate ternate
and cut, sepals 12 — 14, point of achenes not feathery. E. B.
t. 1062.

Wimbledon woods, Surrey ; near Harrow ; Luton Hoe, Bedford-
shire ; near Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire; and Cullen, Banff, "if.
4. — Flowers light and bright blue.

4. A. *ranunculoides L. ( yellow Wood A .) ; leaves ternate or
quinate, leaflets subtrifid cut and toothed, involucre shortly
stalked ternate cut and toothed, sepals 5 — 6 elliptical, point of
achenes not feathery. E. B. t. 1484.

Woods, rare; King’s Langley, Herts; and Wrotham, Kent. If.
4. — Flowers bright yellow.

4. Adonis Linn. Pheasant’s Eye.

Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. 5 — 10, without a nectary. Stamens
and Styles numerous. Achenes without awns. — Name: its
deep red colour suggested the idea of its being stained by the
blood of Adonis.

1. A. *autumndlis L. ( Corn P.) ; petals concave connivent
scarcely longer than the glabrous calyx, achenes reticulated
collected into an ovate head, stem branched. E. B. t. 308.

Amongst corn, about London, Isle of Wight, Norfolk, Gloucester-
shire, Glasgow, and Dublin. 0. 5 — 7, and partially till autumn.

— Leaves thrice compound, with linear segments. Petals bright
scarlet. Cultivated under the name of Flos- Adonis.

5. Myosurus Linn. Mouse-tail.

Cal. of 5 sepals, prolonged at the base, imbricated in estiva-
tion. Pet. 5, their claws tubular (nectariferous). Stumens 5.
Achenes numerous, collected upon a very long columnar recep-
tacle.— Name, yvc, yvoc, a mouse , and ovpa, a tail, from the
elongated receptacle or the germens of seed-vessels.

1. M. minimus L. ( common M.) E. B. t. 435.

Corn-fields and waste places in England, in a gravelly or chalky
soil. North of Ireland. ©. 4 — 6. — A small plant, from 2 — 6

X. RANUNCUIACEiE.

7

Ranunculus.^

inches in height. Leaves erect narrow, linear-spathulate, fleshy.
Scapes slender bearing a single, small, greenish flower. Receptacle
of achenes at first short, then lengthening to from 1 — 3 inches.

6. Ranunculus Linn. Crowfoot. Spearwort.

Cal. of 5 (rarely 3) sepals, not prolonged at the base. Pet.
5 (rarely many), with a nectary at the base. Achenes without
awns. [In the pore or nectary of the petals of this, and of
Myosurus, we observe an affinity with the tubular petals of
Helleborus , and even of Trollius ; only, in the two latter, the
petals are more altered in shape.] — Named from rana, a frog;
these plants delighting to grow where frogs abound.

* Achenes conspicuously transversely wrinkled. Petals white, with the
claw yellow, nectary without a scale.

1. R .ftidtans Lam. ( River C.') ; stem floating, leaves all sub-
mersed capillaceo-multifid, their segments very long and parallel,
petals obovate much larger than the calyx, receptacle of fruit
conical hispid, style cylindrical. E. B. S. t. 2870.

Lakes, rivers, and canals, in deep water. 2/.- 6, 7.

2. R. circinutus Sibth. (rigid-leaved Water C .) ; stem floating,
leaves all submersed flat roundish capillaceo-multifid, their seg-
ments spreading all in the same plane, petals obovate much
larger than the calyx, receptacle of fruit oblong hispid, style
cylindrical. E. B. S. t. 2809.

Lakes, ponds, and ditches. If-. 6 — 8. — Whatever be thought of
the last species, we cannot believe this to be distinct from the fol-
lowing.

3. R. aqudtilis L. (common Water C.) ; stem floating submersed,
leaves capillaceo-multifid, their segments spreading in all di-
rections and forming a globular mass, floating leaves trifid or
tripartite (occasionally wanting) their lobes cut or crenate,
stipule-like appendages of upper leaves adhering to the petiole,
petals obovate (usually much) larger than the calyx, receptacle
of fruit hispid, carpels half-obovate. — a. Flowers rather large,
petals persistent, floating leaves usually present. — a. hetero-
phyllus, receptacle conical, stigma oblong, carpels laterally
pointed. E. B. t. 101. R. heterophyllus Fries. — b. receptacle
conical, stigma Ungulate (1. confusus, receptacle ovate-conical,
carpels compressed narrowed upwards, stamens longer than the
head of achenes. R. confusus Godr. — 2. Symei, receptacle long-
conical, carpels inflated at the end, stamens short. R. Baudotii
Syme .) — c. subpeltatus, receptacle ovate, stigma clavate, carpels
very obtuse. R. peltatus Fries. — d. floribundus, receptacle
globose, stigma Ungulate, carpels very obtuse. R. floribundus

8

I. RANUNCULACE^E.

[. Ranunculus .

Bab. — /3. Flowers small, petals caducous, carpels somewhat
laterally apiculate, stigma oblong, floating leaves usually absent.

a. trichophyllus, carpels compressed. R. trichophyllus Chaix. —

b. Drouetii, carpels inflated at the end. R. Drouetii Bab.

Lakes, ponds, and ditches. If. FI. Spring and Summer This

chiefly differs from the next by the shorter style and larger stigma.
We have arranged the above varieties so as to exhibit what Mr. Bab-
ington describes as seven distinct species : in doing so, we have
taken the characters almost solely from the flowers ; these, when a
species is distinct, or a variety permanent, being more to be relied on
than those from the foliage.

4. R. tripartitus DC. (three-lobed Water C.) ; stem floating,
submersed leaves wanting or divided into capillary segments
spreading in all directions, floating ones tripartite, their lobes
triangular-obovate 2 — 4-cleft, stipule-like appendages of upper
leaves almost free from the petiole, petals oblong (small) as
short as or twice as long as the calyx, receptacle of fruit hispid,
style elongated subulate, stigma small, carpels irregularly obovate
much inflated. E. B. S. t. 2946.

Shallow ditches near Claremont House, Surrey ; H. Watson.
Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire ; C. C. Babington. If, or 0 ?
(Borrer.') 6, 7. — Stamens few, 5 — 10. Submersed leaves always absent
in English specimens. In deference to Mr. Borrer’s opinion we
have kept this and the last two species distinct : the present one

has small flowers, and forms the transition to the two next,
from which, along with all the preceding, it differs by the hispid
receptacle : De Candolle himself was very doubtful as to its claims
to rank as a species.

5. R. ccenusus Guss. (Mud C .) ; stem creeping or floating,
leaves roundish kidney-shaped with 3 — 5 notched lobes, petals
oblong about twice longer than the calyx, receptacle of fruit
glabrous. R. Lenormandi F. IV. Schultz : E. B. S. t. 2930.

Shallow water in various places in England ; Sussex, Plymouth,
Surrey, Needham Forest in Staffordshire, Charnwood Forest in
Leicestershire, and head of Coniston Water in Lancashire. Dum-

fries-shire and about Glasgow in Scotland. If. 6 — 8 The style is

said to be terminal in this species, lateral in the next : this is some-
times true, but is certainly not constant ; and we cannot discover any
other good grounds for keeping it distinct.

6. R. hederdceus L. (Ivy C.) ; stem submersed and throwing
out roots or creeping, leaves roundish kidney-shaped with 3 — 5
rounded entire lobes, petals (small) narrow scarcely longer than
the calyx or sometimes twice as long, stamens 5 — 12, receptacle
of fruit glabrous. E. B. t. 2003.

Wet places, shallow pools of water, and where water has stood. If.
FI. throughout the summer. — With regard to this and the five pre-
ceding species, M. Scringe, to whom most of them were well known,

I. RANUNC UL A C EA2.

9

Itanunculus.~\

and who had studied them closely, long ago recorded his decided
opinion, that all were mere varieties. IVIr. Bentham also, in his
Handbook of the British Flora, unites all the species of this section
into one, under the name of R. uquaticus, and enumerates only four
varieties. Numerous intermediate forms are discovered every year :
these, according to some, unite the already known species, accord-
ing to others, are so many new ones : in the above we have endea-
voured to pursue a middle path. We have not found the characters
taken from the receptacle to vary, but we dare not assert that it does
not, since we know that the hairiness of the achenes of R. aquatilis
certainly does, and the hairiness is merely a continuation of that of
the receptacle.

** Achenes not transversely wrinkled. Petals white ; nectary without a
scale.

7. R. * alpestris'L. (alpine white C.) ; loaves glabrous, radical
ones petiolate orbicular more or less 3 — 5-lobed, lobes at the
extremity crenate, stem-leaves 1 — 2 sessile simple linear or
deeply divided into 3—5 simple linear segments, stem mostly
1 -flowered, petals obcordate. E. B. t. 2390.

“ By little rills and among rocks on the mountains of Clova, An-
gusshire, seldom flowering.” G. Don. 1S09. 11. 5. — Stem 3 — 6

inches high. A specimen from Don in Herb. Brodie, which is
marked “on rocks near the Head of Clova,” has the aspect of a wild
one, but we still consider it a very doubtful native.

*** Achenes not transversely wrinkled or obscurely so. Flowers yellow ;
nectary with a small scale.

f Leaves undivided.

8. R. Lingua L. (great S .) ; leaves lanceolate subserrate
sessile semiamplexicaul, stem erect glabrous, achenes minutely
pitted with a broad ensiform beak. E. B. t. 100.

Marshes, sides of lakes, and ditches ; not very general. y . 7 — 9. —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers large, handsome.

9. R. ophioglossifulius Vill. (Serpent's Tongue S.) ; leaves
oblong sessile, lower ones cordato-ovate petiolate, stem erect
many-flowered, achenes obliquely ovate with a short point mar-
gined, the sides tubercled. E. B. S. t. 2833.

St. Peter’s Marsh, Jersey; Mr. C. C. Babington. It . 6 Avery

distinct species, allied in the foliage to the following, but in its annual
duration and the achenes to R. hirsutus. Flowers small ; heads of
fruit large in comparison.

10. R Flammula L. (lesser S.) ; leaves linear-lanceolate
nearly entire petiolate, the lower ones ovato-lanceolat.e, stem
decumbent at the base and rooting, achenes minutely pitted or
smooth with a short or sometimes subulate point. — n. stem

B 5

10

I. RANUNCULACEiE.

[. Ranunculus .

ascending. E. B. t. 387. — p. much smaller, stem creeping
filiform. R. reptans Light f. Scot. p. 289. v. 1. title-p.

Sides of lakes and ditches, abundant. — j8. Margins of the High-
land lakes, in barren stony places, g. 6 — 8.

11. R. *gramineus L. (grassy C.); leaves linear-lanceolate
striated entire, stem erect glabrous, scale of the nectary tubular,
achenes irregularly wrinkled with a short recurved point, root
fascicled. E. B. t. 2306.

“ Brought from North Wales by Mr. Pritchard.” With. g. 5, 6.

12. R. Ficdria L. ( Pilewort C., lesser Celandine) ; leaves
cordate petiolate angular or crenate, sepals 3, petals 9, achenes
smooth blunt. E. B. t. 584. Ficaria ranunculoides DC.

Pastures, woods, bushy places, &c. g. 3 — 5. — Boot consisting of
many long fasciculated knobs. Leaves petiolate, 2 — 3 on the 1-flowered
stem. Flowers glossy, yellow.

Leaves divided. Achenes smooth or wrinkled. Perennial.

13. R. auricomus L. ( Wood C.) ; leaves glabrous, radical
ones reniform 3-partite and cut, stem-leaves divided to the base
into linear subdentate segments, calyx pubescent shorter than
the petals, head of fruit globose, achenes downy. E. B. t. 624.

Woods and coppices, not unfrequent, g. 4, 5. — Not acrid, as
most of the other Crowfoots.

14. R. sceleratus L. (Celery -leaved C.) ; leaves glabrous,
radical ones petiolate tripartite, lobes cut very obtuse, upper
ones in 3 linear cut segments and reflexed calyx hairy, achenes
slightly wrinkled collected into an oblong head, receptacle hairy.
E. B. t. 681.

Sides of pools and ditches, g. 5 — 9. — Stem short, succulent, 1 — 2
feet high. Lower leaves very broad and glossy. Flowers extremely
small, pale yellow.

15 R. acris L. (upright Meadow C.) ; calyx spreading,
peduncles rounded (not furrowed), leaves tripartite their seg-
ments acute trifid and cut, upper ones linear, achenes and re-
ceptacle glabrous. E. B. t. 652.

Meadows, pastures, and mountainous situations. 2/ . 6, 7.

16. R. repens L. (creepiny C.) ; stem with runners, calyx
spreading, flower-stalks furrowed, leaves with 3 petiolate leaflets
which are 3-lobed or 3-partite and cut, achenes collected into a
globose head glabrous, receptacle hairy. E. B. t. 516.

Pastures, too frequent, g. 5 — 8. — Well distinguished by its
runners or creeping scions, and furrowed peduncles.

17. R. bidbosusE. (bullous C.) ; calyx hairy reflexed, pedun-
cles furrowed, stem upright many-flowered, leaves cut into 3

I. RANUNCULACE^E.

11

Cdlthaf]

petiolate leaflets which are 3-lobed or 3-partite and cut, root
bulbous, achenes smooth, receptacle hairy. E. B. t. 515.

Meadows and pastures, frequent. 2/ . 5, 6. — ■ Stem ] ft. high,
hairy. Lobes of the lower leaves subovate ; upper leaves with linear
segments.

fff Leaves divided. Achenes tuberculated or muricated. Annual.

18. R. hirsutus Curt. ( pale hairy C.) ,• calyx reflexed, stem
erect many-flowered hairy, leaves 3-lobed or 3-partite, lobes
obtuse cut, root fibrous, achenes margined and tuberculated
near the margin. E. B. t. 1504. R. Philonotis Ehrh.

Meadows and waste ground. ©. 6 — 10. — Varying extremely in
size. When very small it is R. parvulus L.

19. R. arvensis L. ( Corn C.) ; calyx spreading, stem erect
many-flowered, leaves 3-cleft their lobes usually again 3-cleft
into linear entire or bi-tridentate segments, achenes margined
muricated. E. B. t. 135.

Corn-fields. ©. 5 — 7. — Achenes very large and prickly. Flowers
small, pale yellow. Said to be extremely injurious to cattle.

20. R. parvijlurus L. (small-flowered C .) ; stem spreading,
leaves hairy 3-lobed and cut, penduncles opposite the leaves,
calyx as long as the petals, achenes muricated. E. B. t. 120.

Corn-fields about London, Norwich, and in the S. and S. W. of
England. Chelmsford. Haekfall. Ormshead. Cork. Sand-hills
between Baldoyle and Howth, Dublin. ©. 5 — 8 Well distin-

guished by its spreading stems, lateral flower -stalks, and small narrow
petals, one or two of which are often wanting.

** Ovaries (and fruit) elongated , many-seeded. Stamens nume-
rous. (Gent 7 — 14.)

7. Caltha Linn. Marsh Marygold.

Sepals 5, petaloid. Pet. none. Follicles 5 — 10, compressed,
spreading, with many seeds. — Named from KaXatioc, a. cup, which
its flowers resemble.

1. C. palustris L. (common M.) ; stem ascending rooting or
creeping, calyx-leaves 5 — 6 oval deciduous. — a. leaves orbi-
culari-cordate or reniform crenate. E. B. t. 506. — 13. leaves
cordato-triangular toothed. C. radicans Forst. : E. B. t. 2175.

Marshy places, common. — / 3 Scotland? 2/.. 3 — 6. — Petioles

with large stipule-like auricles at the base. 0. is only known, and in
our opinion lias never been known, except as a garden variety ; what
is usually taken for it is a small state of o. common in mountainous
situations, and which is the C. minor of Miller’s Diet.

B 6

12

I. RANUNCULACEA5.

[ T/ollius.

8. Trollies Linn. Globe flower.

Sepals 5 or many, coloured. Pet. 5 or many, small, linear,
flat, with an obscure depression above the contracted base.
Stamens numerous. Follicles many. — Name said to be derived
from “ trol or trolen ,” a ball or globe in old German, and bear-
ing the same meaning as our English word globe-flower.

1. T. Europce'us L. ( Mountain G.) ; calyx of about 15 con-
cave erect sepals, petals nearly as long as the stamens. E. B.
t. 28.

Moist mountain-pastures in the north of England and Ireland,
Wales and Scotland. If.. 6 — 8. — Leaves in 5 deep segments,
which are again cut and serrate. Flowers large, handsome.

( Eranthis hyemdlis Salisb., the well-known Winter-aconite of
our gardens and shrubberies, although naturalized in several
localities, has no claim to a place in the British Flora.)

9. Helleborus Linn. Hellebore.

Cal. of 5 persistent sepals. Pet. 8 — 10, small, tubular, and
nectariferous. Stamens numerous. Follicles 3 — 10, sessile. —
Name : i\uv, to injure, and i3opa,food, from its poisonous nature.

1. H. viridis L. ( green H.) ; stem few-flowered leafy, leaves
digitate, calyx spreading. E. B. t. 200.

Woods, thickets, and hedges ; and about walls and old bouses
especially in a chalky soil : perhaps wild in Birkdale near Helmsley,
Yorkshire, and in the south of England. If.. 3, 4. — About 1 ft.
high. Leaves annual, large, on a broad stalk ; upper ones sessde;
segments linear-lanceolate, serrate at the extremity. Cal. large,
greenish-yellow. This and the following have been often employed
medicinally, instead of the true ancient or Greek H. ( II. officinalis
Sibth. and Smith). *

2. H .fce'tidus L. ( stinking H.) ; stem many-flowered leafy,
leaves pedate, calyx converging. E. B. t. 613.

Pastures and thickets, especially in chalky counties, in England ;
wild in Hants ; Dr. Bromfield. Blantyre, Barncluith, and by the
Doune (Ayr) on the west; and near Anstruther, on the east of Scot-
land, but certainly introduced. 2f. 2 — 4. — A bushy plant, 2 feet

high. Leaves evergreen, uppermost ones gradually becoming bracteas.
Flowers globose ; calyx often tipped with a purple tinge. Fetid and
powerfully cathartic.

10. Aquilegia Linn. Columbine.

Cal. of 5 sepals, deciduous, coloured. Pet. 5, regular, ter-
minating below in a horn-shaped spur or nectary. Stamens
numerous. Follicles 5. — Named from uquila, an eagle, whose
claws the nectaries resemble.

I. RANUNCULACEiE.

13

Acted a. ]

1. A. *vulgaris L. (common C .) ; spur of the petals incurved,
follicles hairy, stem leafy many-flowered, leaves nearly glabrous,
styles as long as the stamens. E. B. t. 297.

Woods and coppices, in several places, perhaps wild in Hants.
If. . 5 — 7. — Inner stamens frequently imperfect.

11. Delphinium Linn. Larkspur.

Cal. coloured, deciduous, irregular, upper sepal produced at
the base into a spur. Pet. 4.; 2 upper ones with appendages
included within the spur. Stamens numerous. Follicles 1 — 5.
— Named from delphinus, or SeXfiv, a dolphin ; on account of
the shape of the upper sepal.

1. D. * Consolida L. (Field L.) ; stem erect branched, flowers
in lax racemes, petals combined, inner spur of one piece, pedicels
shorter than the bracteas, follicle one glabrous. E. B. t. 1839.

Sandy or chalky fields ; Suffolk, Kent. “ About Cambridge, at
Quay, the hills are quite blue with it ; it also occurs red, pink, and
white, and yet Ray does not mention it;” Henslow. Near St. Helier’s
Jersey: Mr. Babinyton. . 6, 7.

12. Aconitum Linn. Wolf ’s-Bane.

Cal. petaloid, irregular, upper sepal helmet-shaped ; 2 upper
petals or nectaries on long stalks, and concealed within the
helmet-shaped leaflet. Stamens numerous. Follicles 3 — 5. —
Name derived from Acone in Bithynia; or rather from mean/, a
dart, from its having been long ago used to poison such wea-
pons with.

1. A. * Napellus L. (common IF., or Monk's-hood ) ; upper
sepal arched at the back, spur of the nectary nearly conical
bent down, wings of the stamen cuspidate or none, lobes of the
leaves cuneate pinnatifid. E. B. S. t. 2730.

Teme, Herefordshire. Denbighshire and Monmouthshire. Below
Staverton Bridge, Devon. If.. 5 — 7.

13. Act^'a Linn. Bane-berry.

Cal. of 4 sepals caducous. Pet. 4. Stamens numerous.
Ovary 1. Berry 1-celled, indehiscent. Seeds numerous. —
Named from mert], the elder ; the leaves somewhat resembling
those of the elder.

1. A spiedta L. (B., or Herb Christopher)-, raceme simple
elongated, petals as long as the stamens, pedicels of the fruit
slender. E. B. t. 918.

Bushy places, especially in limestone tracts in Yorkshire; near
Halifax : said to be found near Ambleside and Sandwick, Ulleswater,

II. BERBERIDACEiE.

14

[ Pceonia .

in Westmoreland. If. 5. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. Leaves petiolate,
3-ternate ; leaflets ovate, deeply cut and serrate.

14. P.®6nia Linn. Pteony.

Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. 5 — 10, concave. Stamens numerous,
arising from a thick disk. Follicles 2 — 5, with many seeds , and
crowned with the bi-lamellate stigmas. — Said to be named in
honour of the physician Pceon , or Jlauov ; but this was one of
the names of Apollo, and the title of all physicians.

1 . P.* cordllina Retz ( entire-leaved P.) ; herbaceous, follicles
downy recurved, leaves biternate glabrous, their segments ovate
entire. F. B. t. 1513.

On the island called Steep Holmes, in the Severn. Blaize Castle,
near Bristol. Mr. Hancock. If.. 5, 6.

Ord. II. BERBERIDACEiE Vent.

Sepals 3 — 6, often coloured, in a double row and bracteated.
Petals of the same or double that number, glandular at the base.
Stamens opposite to the petals. Anthers 2-celled, opening by
recurved valves. Ovary 1 -celled. Style usually short. Fruit
mostly a Berry. Seeds inserted at the base of or upon a lateral
placenta. Albumen fleshy. — Shrubs often spiny, or herbs, of
temperate climates. Leaves ciliated on the serratures.

1. Berberis. Stamens 6. Fruit a 2 — 3 -seeded berry.

2. Epijiedium. Stamens 4. Fruit a many-seeded pod.

1. Berberis Linn. Barberry.

Cal. of six concave, coloured, inferior, deciduous sepals. Pet.
6, each with two glands at the base. Stamens (i. Stigma pel-
tate nearly sessile. Berry 2 — 3-seeded. — Name : Berbery s is
the Arabic name of the fruit.

1. B .vulgaris L. ( common B.) ; racemes pendulous, spines
3-forked, leaves obovate ciliato-serrate. E. B. t. 49.

Copses, woods, and hedges, in England and Scotland. Near Fer-
moy, Ireland, k . 5, 6. — Shrub with upright twiggy stems. Flowers
yellow, smelling disagreeably. Stamens highly curious in their
formation and in their elastic property when touched. Berries ohiong,
a little curved, red, tipped with the black stigma : they are acid and
much used for preserves.

2. Epimedium Linn. Barrenwort.

Cal. of 4 sepals, caducous. Pet. inferior, with an inflated
nectary on the upper side. Stamens 4. Capsule pod-shaped,
2-valved, inner valve bearing several seeds along its middle. —
Name of doubtful origin.

Nuphar.

ID. NYMI'ILEACEzE.

15

1. E. alpinum L. ( alpine B.) ; root-leaves none, stem-leaf
twice ternate. E. B. t. 438.

Subalpine woods, but only where planted. Bingley woods. York-
shire. On Carrock Fell and Skiddaw, Cumberland. Near Glasgow
and Edinburgh. Tf. . 5. — Stems several from the same root, erect,

simple, bearing each a leaf ; leaflets heart-shaped, extremely delicate,
ciliated at the margin, hairy beneath, serrate ; lateral ones inequi-
lateral. Panicle shorter than the leaf, springing from the swollen
base of the petiole. Flowers reddish ; nectary yellowish, resembling
an inflated membrane. Anthers very curious, of 2 cells, opening
by two valves which spring back upwards, and suffer the pollen to
escape.

Ord. III. NYMPHzEACE/E Be Cand.

Sepals about five, often gradually passing into the numerous
petals, and these again into stamens, which arise from a fleshy disk
surrounding more or less entirely the many-celled and many-
seeded ovary. Stigma peltate, rayed. Seeds in a gelatinous
aril. Albumen farinaceous. Embryo enclosed in a membra-
nous bag. Cotyledons foliaceous. — Aquatic herbs, with peltate
or cordate leaves and magnificent flowers. — The roots of
Nymphcea Lotus are used as food. One plant of this family,
found by Sir R. Sehpmburgk in the Berbice ( Victoria regia),
has the blossoms 15 inches and the leaves 6 feet in diameter!

1. Nymphcea. Petals and stamens inserted upon the base of the ovary.

2. Nuphar. Petals and stamens inserted upon the receptacle.

1. Nympha'a Linn. White Water-Lily.

Cal. of 4 — 5 sepals. Pet. inserted, as well as the stamens,
upon a fleshy disk or coveriag to the ovary (so as apparently
to arise from it). Berry many-celled, many-seeded. — Name :
the N vpfaia of the Greeks, so called from its inhabiting the
waters, as the Nymphs or Naiads were supposed to do.

1. N. alba L. ( great IF.); leaves cordate entire, stigma of
16 ascending rays. E B. t. 160.

Lakes and still waters frequent. 2/.. 7. — Of this there is oc-

casionally a variety with small flowers.

2. Nuphar Sm. Yellow Water-Lily.

Cal. of 5 — 6 sepals. Pet. inserted, as well as the stamens,
upon the receptacle. Berry superior, many-celled, many-
seeded. — Name, the vovnap of Dioscorides, applied to this plant.
The Arabic name is naufar , according to Forskaol.

1. N. lutea Sm. ( common Y.) ; leaves cordate their lobes ap-
proximate, cal. of 5 sepals, anthers linear, stigma expanded
entire with from 10 — 20 rays. Nymphtea L : V, 23. t. 159.

16

IV. PAPAVERACE.3E.

\_Pa paver.

Lakes and ditches, frequent. 1 7. — Flowers large, smelling
somewhat like hrandy ; which circumstance, in conjunction with its
flagon-shaped seed-vessels, has led to the name Brandy-bottle.

2. N. pumila DC. ( least Y.) ; leaves cordate the lobes ap-
proximate, anthers oblong, stigma (green) with 8 or 10 teeth
and as many (yellow) rays, fruit furrowed upwards. N. minima.
E. B. t. 2292.

In several of the small Highland lakes, Mugdock, near Glasgow.
Chartners Lough, Northumberland? TJ-. 7, 8. — From the observa-
tions made by Dr. Torrey and Gray, it would seem doubtful if this
were essentially distinct, not merely from N. Kalmiana, but even from
N. lutea, and some others. The English plant we have not seen : it
is said to have the stigma of N. lutea, of which it may be only a
small-flowered form.

Obd. IV. rAPAVERACE/E Juss.

Calyx of 2 rarely 3 deciduous sepals. Corolla of 4 rarely 5
or 6 petals. Stamens indefinite. Onary 1 -celled. Stigma lobed
or rayed. Fruit dry, with 2 or more parietal usually project-
ing placentas, forming complete or incomplete dissepiments,
hence 1- or several-celled, many-seeded. Embryo in the base
of a fleshy albumen. — Herbaceous plants. Leaves alternate. —
Opium is the product of this tribe, which largely afford a milky,
acrid, and narcotic juice; while the seeds of all, except Arge-
mone Mexicana , are mild and oleaginous. In all the species
the petals are crumpled in aestivation except in Sanguinaria,
where they are 8 — 10 in number.

* Fruit globose, oblong, or clavate. Stigma rayed.

1. Papavf.r. Placentas lamelliform, projecting to near the axis. Stigma

sessile.

2. Meconopsis. Placentas filiform. Style short but evident.

** Fruit linear, elongated. Stigma 2 — A-lobed.

3. Glaucium. Placentas 2, spongy, meeting in the axis. Pod 2-valved,

opening from the apex. Seeds not crested.

4. Rcemeria. Placentas 3 — 4 (in Brit, sp.), scarcely projecting. Pod

3 — 4-valved, opening from the apex. Seeds not crested.

5. Chelidonium. Placentas 2, filiform. Pod 2-valved, opening from

the base. Seeds crested.

* Fruit globose, oblong, or clavate. Stigma rayed.

1. Papaver Linn. Poppy.

Sepals 2 rarely 3. Pet. 4 rarely 6. Stigma sessile, radiated.
Caps, with the seeds on parietal placentas projecting towards
the centre of the single cell, and escaping by pores beneath the
permanent rayed sessile stigma. — Named because it is adminis-
tered with pap (j)apa , in Celtic) to induce sleep.

IV. PAPAVERACE.E.

17

Meconopsis.~\

1. P. Argemune L. do ng -prickly - h ended P.) ; capsule clavate
hispid with erect bristles, filaments dilated upwards, stem leafy,
leaves bipinnatifid. E. B. t. 643.

Corn-fields, not unfrequent. ©. 5 — 7. — Flowers small. Petals

narrow, scarlet.

2. P. hybridum L. (round-rough-headed P.) ; capsule subglo-
bose hispid with spreading bristles, filaments dilated upwards,
stem leafy, leaves bipinnatifid. E. B. t. 43.

Sandy and chalky fields in England, rather rare. Norfolk, Dur-
ham, Cornwall, Kent, Essex. Ormeshead. Ireland. ©. 5 — 7.

3. P. dubium L. (long-smooth-headed P.) ; capsule glabrous
oblong, crenatures of stigma distinct, filaments subulate, stem
hairy, bristles of the flower-stalks adpressed, leaves once or
twice pinnatifid sessile. E. B. t. 644.

Corn-fields, not unfrequent. 0. 5 — 7. — Stems 1 — 2 ft. high.

Flowers large. Petals broad, light scarlet.

4. P. Rhce'as L. (common red P.) ; capsule glabrous nearly
globose, crenatures of the stigmas overlapping each other at the
margin, filaments subulate, stem bristly, leaves once or twice
pinnatifid sessile. — a. bristles of the peduncles spreading.
E. B. t. 645. — j8. bristles of the peduncles adpressed.

Corn-fields : rare in the west of Scotland, fl. Channel Islands
and Isle of Wight. 0. FI. all summer. — The common form is
readily distinguished from P. dubium by its short capsule and the
spreading hairs of the peduncles : var. 0. is conjectured by Dr.

Bromfield to be a hybrid.

5. P.* somniferum L. (white P.) ; glaucous, capsule globose
glabrous, filaments dilated upwards, stem and amplexicaul
leaves usually glabrous. E. B. t. 2145.

In Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Isle of Wight, and other places where
the plant has been cultivated. ©. 7. — Flowers generally white,

with a purple eye, but varying much as to colour. From the unripe
capsules opium is prepared.

2. Meconopsis Viguier. Welsh-Poppy.

Sep. 2. Pet. 4. Style evident. Stigma of few rays. Cap-
sule opening below the style by 4 — 6 valves. Placentas filiform.
— Named from prjKwv, a poppy , and o\puj, resemblance . ,

1. M. Cdmbrica Vig. (common IF.); capsule glabrous, leaves
mostly petiolate. DC. Papaver L. : E. B. t. 66.

Rare : rocky and shady places. Foot of Lidford cascade, Devon.
Cheddar rocks, Somerset. N. Wales and Westmoreland. Rosstre-
vor hill, Ireland. Scotland, but naturalized. 7/. 6. — Leaves on

long stalks, pinnate, the pinna; pinnatifid. Flowers large, yellow.

18

IV. PAPAVERACE-E.

[ Glaucium.

** Fruit linear, elongated. Stigma 2 — i-lobed.

3. Glaucium Tourn. Horned-Poppy.

Sep. 2. Pet. 4. Stigma 2-lobed, sessile. Pod. linear, the
two placentas at length connected by a spongy dissepiment, hence
2-celIed, 2-valved. Seeds dotted without a crest. — Named
from the glaucous or sea-green hue of the stems and leaves.

1. G. liiteum Scop. ( yellow II.) ; pod minutely tuberculated,
cauline leaves amplexicaul sinuate, stem glabrous. E. B. t. 8.
Chelidonium Glaucium L.

Sandy sea-shores, frequent. Q. 6 — 10.- — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high,
very glaucous, much branched. Leaves scabrous. Flowers very
large, handsome, succeeded by pods 6 — 10 inches long.

2. G.* phoeniceum Crantz ( scarlet II.) ; pod hispid, cauline
leaves deeply pinnatifid and cut, stem hairy. E. B. t. 1433.
Chelidonium cornieulatum L.

Said to have been found on Portland island, and in Norfolk

0- ■ 6, 7. — Petals scarlet, with a black spot at their base.

4. Rcemekia Be Cand. Roemeria.

Sep. 2. Pet. 4. Stigma 2 — 4-lobed, sessile. Pod linear
with 2 — 4 placentas not connected by a perfect dissepiment,

1 - celled, 2 — 4- val ved, valves separating from the apex down-
wards. Seeds dotted, without a crest. — Named after J. J.
limner, Professor of Botany at Landshut.

1. R.* hjjbrida DC. ( erect-podded R.) ; pod 3-valved erect
hispid near the summit, leaves tripinnatilid I he segments linear
scabrous. Chelidonium L.: E. B. t. 201. Glaucium violaceum
Juss.

Corn-fields, rare. Norfolk and Cambridgeshire. ©. 5,6. — Sepals
hairy. Petals violet-blue.

5. Chelidonium Linn. Celandine.

Sep. 2. Pet. 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod superior, linear, 1 -celled,

2- valved, valves separating from the base upwards. Seeds

crested.— Named from a swallow; probably from the

plant flowering about the time of the arrival of those birds.

1. C. tndjus L. ( common C.) E. B. t. 1581.

Waste places, especially near towns and villages. If. . 5 — 8. —

About 2 ft. high, slightly hairy, brittle, full of a yellow fetid juice.
Leaves pinnate, with about 5 decurrent segments, which are broadly
ovate, lobed, and crenate, sometimes jagged. Flowers in long-
stalked umbels, yellow, rather small. Sepals glabrous. Pod long,
somewhat turgid.

Fumaria.~\

V. FUMARIACEA2.

19

Ord. V. FUMARIACEzE Be Cand.

Sepals 2, deciduous or obsolete. Petals 4, more or less united,
one or two of them gibbous or spurred at the base. Stamens 6,
in two bundles. Ovary 1, with two opposite parietal placentas.
Style filiform. Stigma lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with one or
two seeds ; or a pod with two valves and many seeds. Seeds
glossy, with a fleshy albumen and embryo at its base. — Herbs
of temperate climates, with brittle stems and watery juice, slightly
bitter and diaphoretic. — Hypecoiim has four distinct stamens and
a different kind of corolla , but is now usually referred here.

1. Fumaria. Fruit roundish, 1 -seeded. Seeds not crested.

2. Cory dalis. Fruit elongated, many-seeded. Seeds with a crest.

1. Fumabia Linn. Fumitory.

Pet. 4, one of them gibbous or spurred at the base. Ovary ,
4-ovuled. Fruit indehiscent, ] -seeded, the style deciduous.
Seeds without a crest. — Named from fumus, smoke, on account
it is said of the smell.

1. F. capreoldtaL. (rampant F.) ; sepals broadly oval scarcely
acute toothed at the base entire above as broad as the tube of
the corolla and often half its length, fruit globose obtuse, seg-
ments of leaves flat. E. B. t. 943.

Corn-fields, gardens, hedges, and road-sides, frequent. ©. 5 — 9.

— A very variable plant, best distinguished by its large petals and
calycine leaves. Stems generally climbing, sometimes only diffuse.
Leaves bipinnate ; segments usually very broad, rarely cuneate oblong,
but never linear or grooved. In the south of Europe the fructiferous
pedicels are usually remarkably recurved, in Germany and the south of
England they are only arched backwards, and in Wales and Scotland
often straight and patent : this last form is the F. agraria of British
collectors, but not apparently the true species of that name. The
fruit is often in some soils more or less tuberculated, but usually
quite even. Lower petal linear or gradually dilated from the middle
to the point, not merely dilated near the point as in the next species.

2. F. officinalis L. ( common F.) ; sepals ovato-lanceolate acute
sharply toothed narrower than the tube of the corolla, fruit
globose very abrupt or obeordate. — a. erect, very glaucous,
segments of leaves narrow usually grooved. F. officinalis, E.
B. t. 589. — 13. diffuse or climbing, green, segments of leaves flat
broad.

a. Dry fields and road-sides, common. — 0. also frequent in
highly cultivated fields and gardens. Q. FI. through the summer.

3. F. Vaillantii Loisl. ( Vaillant's F.) ; sepals very minute,
fruit obovate-globose slightly pointed, pedicel twice as long as
the bract, segments of leaves narrow flat glaucous. E. B. S.
t. 2877.

20

V. FUMAKIACEiE.

[ Corydalis.

Fields; rare. Kent, Essex, Cambridgeshire, &c. We have now
reason to believe that the English plant is the same as Loiseleur’s; but
we still entertain doubts of its being truly -distinct from the next, the
only essential difference, if that be constant, being in the greater
length of the pedicel.

4. F . parvifiura Lam. ( least- flowered F.) ; sepals very minute,
fruit obovate-globose slightly pointed or blunt, pedicel as long
as the bract, segments of the leaves linear channelled glaucous.
— a. dowers rose-coloured, E. B. t. 590. — j3 . flowers white
tipped with dark purple. F. parviflora DC.

Fields ; rare. 0. 6 — 9. — The more common of these two var§.
is that with white flowers.

5. F. micrantha Lag. ( small-flowered F.) ; sepals peltate orbi-
cular somewhat cordate at the base inciso-dentate at the margin
concave at the back about twice shorter than the corolla and
one and a half or twice broader, fruit globose subapiculate,
pedicels shorter than the bracts, segments of the leaves narrow
linear grooved. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 363. E. B. S. t. 2876.

About Edinburgh, and in several other localities in the east of Scot-
land. Dover, Guildford, and New Burnham (Norfolk), in England.
©. 6. — 9.

2. Corydalis Be Cand. Corydalis.

Pet. 4, one of them gibbous or spurred at the base. Ovary
many-ovuled. Pod. 2-valved, compressed, many seeded. Seeds
with a crest. — Named from KopvSaXt'c, the Greek name for the
Fumitory , with which the present genus was, till lately, united.

1. C.* s6lida Hook, (solid-rooted C.) ; stem simple erect with
a scale beneath the lower leaf, leaves 3 — 4 biternate their seg-
ments cuneate or oblong, and as well as the braeteas cut, root
tuberous solid, style persistent. Fumaria L. : E. B. t. 1471.

Groves and thickets. At Kendal (an old garden). Wickham,
Hampshire (perhaps wild); and near Birmingham. 7). 4,5. —

Flowers large, purplish. Leaves glaucous. Seeds with a crest, in germi-
nation showing only one ovate cotyledon.

2. C.* lutea DC. ( yellow C .) ; stem angular erect, leaves
bipinnate, segments broadly cuneate cut or trifid, braeteas
minute, style deciduous, pods nearly cylindrical shorter than
the pedicels, root fibrous. Fumaria L. : E. B. t. 588.

On old walls in many places, but only where it had escaped from
cultivation. 11. 5 — 8. — Flowers yellow. Seeds with a concave

crest, in germination with two lanceolate cotyledons.

3. C. clavicidata DC. ( white climbing C .) ; stem much branched
climbing, leaves pinnate, pinnse stalked ternate or pedate, seg-

VI. CRUCIFERvE.

21

merits elliptical entire, petioles ending in tendrils, pedicels very
short scarcely so long as the minute bracteas, root fibrous, style
persistent. Fuinaria L. : E. B. t. 103.

Bushy and shady places, in gravelly or stony soil. In Scotland,
most abundant on walls and roofs of houses, especially in the High-
lands. y.. 6,7. — Stems long, very slender. Whole plant extremely
delicate. Flowers small, pale yellow almost white; seeds with a con-
cave crest, in germination with two oblong lanceolate cotyledons.

Calyx of 4 sepals. Petals 4. Stamens usually 6 and tetra-
dynamous ; 2 solitary, alternate with the petals ; 4 opposite to
them in 2 pairs ; rarely only 4 and equal. Ovary and Style
1 ; hypogynous glands at the base of the solitary stamens. Peri-
carp usually a pouch or pod , 2- rarely 1 -celled, 2-valved the
valves opposite the shorter stamens ; sometimes valveless. Seeds
on marginal placentas (between the longer stamens) without
albumen. Radicle curved. Cotyledons plane, parallel to the
dissepiment and with their edges applied to the radicle ( accum -
bent o—)1 ; or plane, with their back turned to the radicle (in-
cumbent o||) ; or folded and embracing the radicle ( conduplicatc
o>>). — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers generally in
corymbs which at length become racemes. — A most important
Natural Order , many of the plants which it contains being culti-
vated as esculents; as th cCabbage, Turnip , Mustard , and Cresses
of various kinds, Horse-radish, &c. They contain an essential
oil which renders them stimulating, while their seeds yield a
fine and mild oleaginous fluid, as Rape ; and they are antiscor-
butic. The mustard-seed is used lor sinapisms. Most kinds
contain sulphur and nitrogen, and give out in decaying a smell
resembling that of animal matter.

I. SiLicuLOsai. Fruit short, scarcely more than a half longer than broad.

17. Cakile. Fruit of 2 joints placed end to end, upper angular deci-
duous 1 -seeded, lower sometimes sterile. Cot. o=.

32. Craiibe. Fruit of 2 joints placed end to end, upper globose deci-
duous 1-seeded, lower stalk-like. Cot. o».

26. Senebiera. Fruit with 2 cells placed side by side, each 1-seeded.
Cot. oil.

27. Isatis. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, with keeled valves. Cot. o||.

1 The radicle points to or is next the placenta, and, unless accidentally twisted,
must be parallel to the dissepiment. When, therefore, the cotyledons are flat, with
their edges turned to the placenta, they are truly accumbent, although apparently
incumbent. But when they are linear, or the seed is nearly terete, their position
and that of the seed itself may be altered by a twist of the seed-stalk, in which
case it is preferable to be guided solely by the apparent relative position of the
radicle and cotyledons in the detached seed.

Ord. VI. CRUCIFERfE Juss.

A. Fruit without valves; or 1-celled, 1-seeded.

22

VI. CRUCIFERvE.

B. Pouch with a dissepiment and 2 valves.

* Style fiat, winged. Dissepiment of pouch oval.

31. Vella. Style twice as long as the turgid pouch. Cot. o».

** Style nearly terete.

f Pouch laterally compressed ; dissepiment narrow, oblong, or linear : valves
heeled or winged.

23. Capsella. Pouch ohcordato-cuneate ; valves keeled wingless; cells

many-seeded Cot. o||.

13. Thlaspi. Pouch emarginate ; valves winged; cells 2 — 8-seeded.

Filaments simple. Cot. o=.

14. Hutchlnsia. Pouch entire; cells 2-seeded. Filaments simple.

Cot. o=.

15. Teesdalia. Pouch emarginate; cells 2-seeded. Filaments with a

scale. Cot. o=.

16. Iberis. Cells of pouch 1 -seeded. Petals unequal. Cot. o=.

25. Lepidium. Cells of pouch 1-seeded. Petals equal. Cot. o||, or
sometimes o=.

ft Pouch dorsally compressed or globose ; dissepiment oval, in the broadest
diameter.

10. Cochlearia. Pouch turgid; valves 1 -nerved. Style permanent.

Seeds many in each cell. Cot. o=. Petals white.

9. Armoracia. Pouch t.urgid ; valves nerveless. Style permanent.
Seeds many in each cell. Cot. o=. Petals white or yellow.

24. Subularia. Pouch turgid. Style deciduous. Seeds many in each

cell. Cot. o||. Petals white.

12. Draba. Pouch compressed or valves slightly convex. Seeds many
in each cell. Cot. o=.

22. Camelina. Pouch inflated; valves 1 -nerved. Style permanent.
Seeds many in each cell. Cot. ol|. Petals yellow.

11. Koniga. Pouch compressed; cells 1-ovuled, 1-seeded. Filaments

simple. Hypogynous glands 8. Cot. o=. Petals white.

lla. Alyssum. Pouch compressed; cells 2-ovuled, usually 2-seeded;

valves convex in the middle, flat at the edges. Seeds not mar-
gined. Filaments (the two shorter ones or all) with a tooth,
rarely simple. Hypogynous glands ( or subulate processes, when
all the filaments are simple) 4. Petals emarginate (yellow).
Cot. o=.

llb. Bekteroa. Pouch compressed ; cells about 6- seeded. Two shorter

filaments with a tooth. Hypogynous glands 4. Petals (white)
tripartite. Cot. o=.

II. SiLiQUOSiE. Fruit usually much longer than broad, rarely only
twice as long.

C. Pods 2-valved, with a dissepiment.

* Style sometimes very short, sometimes elongated, hut not forming a stout
conical beak. Cot. 0= or o||.

f Calyx equal at the base, or very slightly bigibbous.

6. Dentaria. Pods flat, linear ; valves nerveless, usually separating

elastically. Style filiform. Seed-stalks broad. Cot. o=.

7. Cardamine. Pods flat, linear ; valves nerveless, usually separating

elastically. Style short or none. Seed-stalks slender. Cot. o=.

Matthiola.'] vi. crucifers: arabide.e.

23

5. Akabis. Pods compressed, long, linear; valves 1 -nerved, or with
several longitudinal coarse veins. Seeds in one row. Cot. o=.

4. Turritis. Pods compressed, long, linear ; valves 1 -nerved. Seeds
in two rows. Cot. o=.

12. Draba. Pods compressed, oblong ; valves 1 -nerved. Seeds in 2
rows. Cot. o=.

3. Barbarea. Pods linear, 4-angled ; valves 1-nervcd. Seeds in a
single row. Cot. o=.

8. Nasturtium. Pods oblong or linear, terete ; valves very convex,
reticulately veined, nerveless. Seeds irregularly in 2 rows.
Cot. o=.

19. Sisymbrium. Pods linear, terete, or slightly angled ; valves 3- (or

rarely 1-) nerved. Seeds not striated; stalks slender. Calyx
slightly spreading. Cot. o||.

20. Alliaria. Pods long, linear, terete ; valves slightly 3-nerved.

Seeds striated; stalks broad. Cot. o||.

21. Erysimum. Pods linear, 4-angled; valves 1 -nerved. Seed-stalks

slender. Calyx erect. Cot. o||.

ft Calyx conspicuously bisaccate at the base. Valves of pod nerved.

21. Erysimum. Stigma nearly simple. Pod 4-angled. Cot. o||.

2. Cheiranthus. Stigma on a style, lobes patent (or capitate). Cot.
o=.

1. Matthiola. Stigma sessile, lobes connivent, either thickened or
horned at the back. Cot. o=.

18. Hesperis. Stigma nearly sessile; lobes elliptical, obtuse, conni-
vent. Cot. o||.

18a. Malcolmia. Stigma conical acute. Pod cylindrical. Cot. o||.

** Style forming a stout conical, often seed-bearing beak. Cot. o».

28. Brassica. Calyx erect. Pod terete or angled. Seeds in a single

row, globose.

29. S inapis. Calyx spreading. Pod terete or angled. Seeds in a single

row.

30. Diplotaxis. Calyx spreading. Pod compressed. Seeds in two

rows.

D. Fruit without valves or a dissepiment.

33. Raphanus. Fruit divided transversely into several 1-seeded joints.
Calyx erect. Cot. o».

Sub-Ord. I. PLEURORHIZiE. Cotyledons accumbent. (o=)

Tribe I. A rabidly. Pod elongated ; valves flat , concave, or

slightly heeled : dissepiment narrow, in the broadest diameter.
Cot. o=(Gen. 1 — 8.)

1. Matthiola Br. Stock.

Pod (rounded or compressed) crowned with the connivent 2-
lobed stigma, the lobes either thickened at the back1 2 or with a

1 Some species of Draba almost agree with this character.

2 It often happens, when this is the case, that the radicle is slightly twisted so
as to he applied to the back of the cotyledons ; but, as they are parallel to the dis-
sepiment, they are really accumbent.

24

Yl. crucifer.® : ARAB IDE®. [ Ckeirdnthus.

horn at the base. Cal. erect, 2 opposite sepals saccate at the
base. Longer filaments dilated. — Named in honour of an Italian
physician, P. A. Matthiolus.

1. M. incdna Br. (hoary shrubby S.) ; stem shrubby at the base
upright branched, leaves lanceolate entire hoary, pods cylindrical
without glands. Cheiranthus L. : E. B. t. 1935.

Cliffs to the eastward of Hastings; but not wild. Ventnor, Isle
of Wight. If.. 4—6. — The origin of the Stock Gilly-flower of our
gardens, where it is generally treated as an annual or biennial.

2. M. sinudta Br. ( great-sea S.) ; stem herbaceous spreading,
leaves downy, lower ones sinuate, pods compressed muricated.
Cheiranthus L. : E. B. t. 462.

Sandy shores of Wales, Cornwall, Jersey, and Guernsey. £. 5 — 8.
— Flowers purple, large, fragrant at night. Our two British species
have no point or horn at the base of the stigma.

2. Cheiranthus Linn. Wall-flower.

Pod compressed or 2-edged. Cal. erect, 2 opposite sepals
saccate at the base. Stigma placed on a style, 2-lobed, the lobes
patent or capitate. Hypogynous glands none between the longer
stamens. — Named perhaps from the Arabic Kheyry , not however
originally applied to this genus; or rather from xl,Pi the hand,
and avtioQ, a flower, because from its fragrance one delights to
carry it in the hand.

1. C. Cheiri L. ( common IF.) ; leaves lanceolate acute entire
with bipartite adpressed hairs, pods linear, lobes of the stigma
patent, stem shrubby at the base. C. fruticulosus L. : E. B.
t. 1934.

Old walls. If.. 5, 6. — A variety, with larger, more highly coloured
and more flaccid petals, is commonly cultivated in gardens.

3. Barbarea Br. Winter-cress.

Pod 4-angled and somewhat 2-edged ; valves with a middle
nerve. Seeds in a single row. Calyx erect, equal at the base.
Glands between the shorter filaments and the germen, and a
subulate one between each pair of the longer ones. — Name:
this plant was formerly dedicated to St. Barbara.

1. B .vulgaris Br. (bitter W., yellow Rocket)-, lower leaves
lyrate the superior ones obovate toothed or pinnatifid at the
base, pods linear bluntly 4-angled acuminate much thicker than
the pedicel. — a. uppermost side lobes of the radical leaves as
long as the transverse diameter of the terminal roundish or
somewhat cordate terminal lobe. Erysimum Barbarea L. : E. B.
t. 443.— ft. side lobes of the radical leaves all small and much

vi. cruciferte: arabide.e.

25

A'rctbis.']

shorter than the transverse diameter of the oblong-ovate or
cordate terminal lobe. B. stricta Andr.

Pastures and hedges, frequent. If.. 5 — 8. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high,
stout, furrowed, branched, glabrous Petals yellow, usually the
length of the calyx, or in what is called P. arcuata, twice as long.
Style conspicuous.

2. B. *prce'cox Br. {early IF.); lower leaves lyrate or pinnate,
upper ones pinnatifid, segments linear oblong entire, pods linear
compressed obtuse scarcely thicker than the pedicel. Erysi-
mum E.B. t. 1129.

Waste places in Devonshire and elsewhere. $. 4 — 10. — About
1 — 2 feet high; more slender than the last in every part; flowers
smaller ; pods longer. Style very short.

4. Turritis Linn. Tower-Mustard.

Pod elongated, compressed, 2-edged; values nerved or keeled.
Seeds in a double row. Calyx • nearly equal at the base. —
Named from turris, a tower; the leaves becoming gradually
smaller upwards, so that the plant assumes a pyramidal form.

1. T. glabra L. ( long-podded T.) ; radical leaves toothed
hairy, cauline ones amplexicaul entire glabrous. E. B. t. 777.

Banks and road-sides in many parts of England, but not general;
apparently most frequent in Norfolk and Suffolk. Bowling Bay,
Partick, and Redgorton (Perthshire), in Scotland. 0. 5 — 7. —

Stem 1 — 2j feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, glaucous, radical
ones toothed or sinuate at the base, cauline ones sagittate. Flowers
yellowish-white. Pods long, erect. In this genus there are no glands
between the larger stamens.

5. A'rabis Linn. Rock->Cress.

Pod linear, compressed, crowned with the nearly sessile
stigma ; valves nerved or coarsely veined. Seeds in one row.
Calyx erect. — Name from apathy, applied by Dioscorides to
Lepidium Draba.

1. A. stricta Huds. ( Bristol /?.) ; leaves toothed obtuse hispid,
radical ones sinuate toothed, cauline leaves sessile, stems hairy
at the base, petals cuneate-linear erect, pods erect, their valves
1 -nerved. E. B. t. 614.

Rare; St. Vincent’s rocks, near Bristol, among limestone. It.
3 — 5. — Habit of Sisymbrium Tha.lia.num, but perennial; root-leaves
strongly ciliated with frequently forked or trifid hairs ; flowers twice
the size ; stem-leaves few, small.

2. A. petraea DC. ( alpine R.') ; radical leaves lyrato-pinnatifid
stalked, cauline ones petioled nearly undivided, petals obovate
clawed spreading, pods spreading twice as long as the pedicels,

C

26 vi. CRUCIFER^: arablde^e. [ Dentdria .

their valves 1-nerved. A. hispida L. Cardamine hastulata.
E. B. t. 4G9.

Alpine rocks in North Wales. Frequent on the high mountains
of the west and north of Scotland, particularly the Cairngorm range.
Hebrides, especially Skye. If.. 6 — 8. — Plant 8 — 6 inches high,
slender, glabrous or hairy. Flowers with a purple tinge.

3. A. cilidta Br. {fringed. R.) ; leaves somewhat toothed oval
glabrous ciliated, radical ones nearly sessile obtuse, those of the
simple stem semi-amplexicaul or rounded at the base, pods
nearly erect, their valves 1-nerved. Turritis alpina L. : E. B.
t. 1746.

By the sea-side at Rinville, Cunnamara, Ireland. £. 7, 8. —

Stem. 4 — 6 inches high. Root-leaves several, oval, or obovate-oblong,
obtuse ; cauiine ones small.

4. A. hirsuta Br. ( hairy R.); leaves all hispid dentate, cauiine
ones semi-amplexicaul, pods erect straight, their valves 1-nerved.
Turritis L.: E. B. t. 587.

Walls, rocks, and banks : frequent in many parts of England and
Scotland. 6 — 8. — One foot or more high, erect, stiff. Stem

rough with spreading hairs, bearing many leaves. Petals small,
white, erect.

5. A. Turrita L. ( Tower Wall-cress ) ; cauiine leaves am-
plexicaul, pods recurved flat and linear with the margins
thickened and valves coarsely veined longitudinally not nerved,
bracteas foliaceous. E. B. t. 178.

Walls of Trinity and St. John’s Colleges, Cambridge ; and Mae-
dalen College, Oxford, $. 5. — Seeds with a membranaceous margin.

6. Dentaria Linn. Coral-root.

Pod narrow-lanceolate, tapering ; the valves flat, generally
separating elastically, nerveless. Seed-stalks broad. — Name :

dens, a tooth, from the tooth-like scales of the root.

1. D .hulhifera L. ( hulbiferous C.)\ stem quite simple, lower
leaves pinnate, upper ones simple with axillary bulbs. E. B.
t. 309.

Woods and shady places, rare. Sussex; Middlesex. Near Dupplin
and hanks of the Esk, Scotland, but scarcely wild. It. 4, 5. — Rhizome
creeping, bearing thick scales or tooth-like processes. Stem 1 — ft
foot high. Leaflets lanceolate as are the upper leaves, serrate, some-
what fleshy ; leaves often having a small bulb in their axils. Flowers
rather large, purple.

7. Cardamine Linn. Bitter-Cress.

Pod linear, the valves flat, generally separating elastically, '

Nasturtium.] vi. crucifer.e : ar abided.

27

nerveless. Sced-stallis slender. — Name : sauna, the heart , and
cafiaut, t.o overpower; from its supposed qualities.

1. C. amara L. {large-flowered B.) ; leaves pinnate, radica*
leaflets roundish, cauline ones dentato-angled, style obliqu e
stigma rather acute, stem rooting at the base, petals obovat e
E. B. t. 1000.

Wet meadows, near rivulets; not unfrequent. If.. 4 — 6. — One
foot high. Well distinguished fiom the following by the broad
angled or toothed leaflets of its upper leaves, and the large white flowers,
which have purple anthers, and stamens almost as long as the petals.

2. C. pratensis L. {common B.)\ leaves pinnate, radical leaflets
roundish dentate, cauline ones lanceolate nearly entire, style
straight, stigma capitate, petals obovate. E. B. t. 776.

Moist meadows, abundant. Tf. 4 — 6 Stem 1 — 2 feet high.

Flowers large, blush-coloured ; sometimes found double, and then the
leaflets occasionally produce new plants, on coming in contact with
the ground, while still attached to the parent plant. Stamens half as
long as the petals.

3. C. impdtims L. {narrow-leaved /?.); leaves pinnate, leaflets
lanceolate somewhat cut or entire, petioles of the stem-leaves
with fringed auricles at their base, petals linear or none. E. B.

t. 80.

Moist rocks, rare; Derbyshire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland.
By the Wye above Tintern. Godaiming, Surrey. Near the falls of
the Clyde and banks of the Doune, Scotland ©. 5 — 8. — Stem

1 — li foot high. Well distinguished by the stipule-like auricles at
the base of each petiole. Flowers minute, white.

4. C. hirsuta L. {hairy B .) ; leaves all pinnate without auri-
cles, radical leaflets roundish angled or toothed petiolate, stem-
leaflets narrower nearly sessile, petals oblong, stigma blunt,
pods erect, — a. smaller, pedicels erect, stamens often 4, style
very short. E. B. t. 492. — /3. larger, pedicels patent, stamens,
usually 6, style as long as the breadth of the pod. C. fiexuosa
With. C. sylvatica Linn.

Moist shady places, abundant. ©. 3 — 8 — Varying much in

size and luxuriance, according to soil and situation, from 4 inches
to a foot or more in height. Stamens 6 in both varieties, or 4 in
depauperated specimens.

(C. bellidifolia L., E. B. t. 2355, with simple entire leaves, is un-
known, at least in the present day, as a native either of Scotland or
Ireland. )

8. Nasturtium Br, Water-Cress. Yellow-Cress.

Pod nearly cylindrical (sometimes short); valves concave,
neither nerved nor keeled. Seeds in a double row. Calyx
patent. — Named from nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, an effect
c 2

28 vi. ceucifeeje : altssine^e. \_Armordcia.

supposed to be produced by the acrid and pungent quality of
this plant.

1. N. officinale Br. ( common JV.) ; leaves pinnate, leaflets
ovate subcord, ate sinuato-dentate, petals (white) twice as long
as the calyx, pod linear. Sisymbrium Nasturtium L. : E. B.
t. 855.

Brooks and rivulets frequent. fl. 5 — 10. — A well-known

aquatic plant, and an excellent and wholesome salad. Lower leaves
large, of 5 — 7 distant leaflets , the terminal one the largest and round-
est ; caulbie leaflets subovate, sometimes oblong, all rather succulent,
glabrous, more or less waved or toothed. Pods about an inch long,
about as long as the pedicels, curved upwards. Hypogynous glands 4.

2. N. sylvestre Br. ( creeping F); leaves pinnate, leaflets
lanceolate cut, those of the uppermost leaves nearly entire,
rhizome creeping, petals (yellow) twice as long as the calyx, pods
narrow oblong or linear. Sisymbrium L.: E.B. t. 2324.

Water-sides and waste places, but not common ; very rare in
Scotland. 2} . 6 — 8. — Rhizomes much creeping. Stem 1 foot high,

angular, branched. Rachis often slender and zigzag. Pedicels
patent; pods also patent or curved a little upwards, varying from
to 9 lines long (DC.), usually about the length of the pedicels, but
often longer, sometimes shorter. Hypogynous glands 6.

3. N. terrcslre Br. ( Marsh H); leaves lyrato-pinnatifid un-
equally toothed, root small fibrous, petals (yellow) not longer
than the calyx, pods oblong turgid and the septum 2 — 4 times
longer than broad. N. palustre DC. : Benth. Sisymbrium ter-
restre. E. B. t. 1747.

Watery places. 0. 6 — 10. — One foot high, branched. Pods

about as long as the spreading pedicels, ascending. Distinguished
chiefly from the last by wanting a creeping rhizome, pinnatifid not
pinnate leaves, minute petals, and more turgid pods.

Tribe II. Alyssine;e. Pouch with the dissepiment in the

broadest diameter: valves flat or concave. Cot. o=. (Gen.

9—12.)

9. Armobacia Rupp. Horse-Radish. Water-Radish.

Pouch elliptical or globose, many-seeded : the valves turgid,
not nerved. Filaments simple. Hypogynous glands 6. Seeds
not margined. Calyx patent. — So named by the Romans
from A rmorica, or Brittany, where it was supposed to grow
abundantly.

1. A. amphibia Koch ( great IF.); leaves oblong pinnatifid
or serrate, root fibrous, petals (yellow) twice as long as the
calyx, pouch 2 — 3 times shorter than the pedicel, stigma capi-
tate. Nasturtium Br. : Benth. Sisymbrium L. : E. B. t. 1840.

Cocliledria."] vi. crucifer,® : alyssine.e.

29

Watery places ; not uncommon in England. ' If . 6 — 9. — Stems

2 — 3 feet high. If any haves grow under water, they are deeply pinna-
tifid, otherwise only deeply serrate. Pedicels usually deflexed. Style
as long as the oblong germen. A. nutans {Nasturtium DC.) is closely
allied; so also is A. Americana {Nasturtium natans Torr. and Gr.),
but it has the white petals and peltate stigma of the next.

2. A. *rusticdna Baumg. (common H.) \ radical leaves oblong
on long foot-stalks crenate, cauline ones elongato-lanceolate
serrate or entire, root long cylindrical, petals (white) twice as
long as the calyx, pouch 2—3 times shorter than the pedicel,
stigma peltate. A. Rivini Rupp. Cochlearia Armoracia L. : E.

B. t. 2323.

Said to be wild near Swansea ; also in some parts of the north of
England, and in Scotland, but too often the outcast of gardens. If.
5. — Roots long, running deep into the ground, well known at our
tables, and esteemed for their pungent flavour. Leaves much veined.
Fruit seldom perfect.

10. Cochlearia Linn. Scurvy-Grass.

Pouch oval or globose, many-seeded ; the values turgid, with
a prominent nerve in the middle. Filaments simple. Hypo-
gynous glands 4. Seeds not margined, tuberculate. Calyx
patent. — Name : cochlear , a spoon, from the shape of the
leaves.

1. C. officindlis L. ( common S .) ; pouch globose ovate or
elliptical, radical leaves cordate at the base, usually reniform
entire or sinuate, sometimes hastate. — a. larger, cauline
leaves nearly all sessile, usually oblong or oval sinuate. E. B.
t. 551. — /3. smaller, lower stem-leaves usually deltoid and
stalked. C. Groenlandica L. : E. B. t. 2403. — y. radical
leaves sometimes and cauline ones nearly all hastate stalked.

C. Danica L. : E. B. t. 696.

a. and 7. on the sea-coasl, in a stony or muddy soil, frequent ; /3. on
the Highland mountains. 0 or If? 5 — 8. — The common variety ex-
hibits, on the shores of the Frith of Clyde, all the variations noticed in
the shape of the pouch, which is, moreover, often as large and veiny
as in the figure of C. Anglica in E. B. t. 552. The true radical
leaves of our var. 7. are peril aps.al ways reniform ; but having decayed,
or been broken off, the lower cauline ones are mistaken for them.

2. C. A'nglica L. ( English S.) ; pouch elliptical (large)
veiny, radical leaves petiolate ovate or oblong entire mostly
acute or tapering at the base sometimes subcordate, cauline
leaves mostly sessile oblong sinuate or with a few coarse teeth.
E. B. t. 552.

Margins of large rivers, at a distance from the open sea, perhaps
not uncommon. Thames between London and Woolwich ; Severn,
Wye, and Avon above Bristol; Mersey near Warrington. Cree near
c 3

30

vi. crucifers: altssine^:. [Koniga.

Newton Stewart, Scotland. Q. 5 — 7. — Pouch generally larger than in
the last, but certainly not more elliptical or veiny than what we refer to
that species ; leaves narrower and often more entire ; JIawcrs larger.
The radical leaves are sometimes cordato-ovate, but usually oblong,
never, so far as we have observed, broadly reniform or angled; but
perhaps this and many other supposed species are only forms of the
variable C. officinalis.

11. Koniga Br. Koniga.

Pouch subovate; valves nearly plane; cells l-ovuletl and
1-seeded; seed-stalks with their base adnate to the dissepiment.
Calyx patent, deciduous. Petals entire (white). Hypogynous
glands 8. Filaments simple. — Name: revived by Mr. Brown,
from the Konig of Adanson, and altered by him to Koniga in
order to commemorate the important services rendered to Botany
by Mr. Konig of the British Museum.

1. K. *marUi.ma Br. ( Sea-side K., or sweet Alyssuiri). Alyssum
Willd E. B. t. 1729: Benth. Clypeola L.

Near the sea, but only where escaped or ejected from gardens.
Budleigh Salterton, Devon ; on the garden-wall at Newlvn, Mount’s
Bay, Cornwall ; near Aberdeen. If. 8,9. — Stem somewhat woody
at the base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hoary with bipartite adpressed
hairs. Flowers white and fragrant, honey-scented. The plant is
much cultivated. — Mr. Brown admits another species with several
alternate ovules in each cell ; and some foreign authors have still
more extended the genus. In several genera, as Aralis, the number
of hypogynous glands varies from 4 to 8 ; so that perhaps future
observations may again reduce the genus to Alyssum.

( Alyssum calycinum L„ E. B. S. t. 2853, has been enumerated as a
British species ; but it is unquestionably a plant recently introduced,
either with seed-corn or ballast, though now established in several
parts of England and Scotland. It has simple filaments, and long
subulate processes instead of hypogynous glands, by which, and its
persistent calyx, it is known from the rest of the genus. Berteroa
incana DC., or Alyssum incanum E. and Farsetia incana Br., said to
have been found near Lewes and Weymouth, has also no claims to be
considered indigenous.)

12. Draba Linn. "Whitlow-grass.

Pouch or pod entire, oval or oblong; valves plane or convex,
1 -nerved at the base, nerved or veiny upwards ; cells inany-
seeded. Seeds not margined. Filaments simple. — Named from
cya£ti, acrid, as are the ieaves of many of this tribe.

* Petals deeply cloven, white. Erophila D C.

1. D. verna L. ( common IE.) ; scapes naked, leaves lanceolate
somewhat toothed hairy. — a. pouch compressed. E. B. t. 586.
Erophila vulgaris DC. — /?. pouch swollen.

Dr aba.']

VI. CRUC1FEIDE : ALYSSINE.I’.

31

Frequent. — a. on walls, rocks, and dry banks. — /3. on shelving
rocks on Ben Lawers, above the lake. ©. 3 — G. — The var. /3.

is a very singular one, found by ourselves and others, for many years,
in the above locality, and never seen to vary : the pouch is as much
inflated as that of Subularia.

** Petals slightly emarginate, yellow. Style elongated. Aizopsis DC.

2. D. aizoides L. ( yellow alpine IF) ; scapes leafless glabrous,
petals twice the length of the calyx, leaves lanceolate rigid
glossy keeled and ciliated. E. B. t. 1271.

Walls and rocks at Pennard Castle, near Swansea. 7/.. 3, 4. —

Remarkable for its bright yellow flowers and glossy leaves margined
with hairs. The cultivated plant of this name is a variety with the
stamens constantly scarcely longer than the calyx, and is D. brachystemon
DC. : the Welsh plant has the stamens the length of the petals, as in
wild Continental specimens, and the pouch glabrous.

*** Petals slightly emarginate or entire, white. Style very short.

3. D. rupestris Br. (Rock IF.) ; scape leafless or with rarely
one leaf, pouch or pod oblong-oval, leaves plane lanceolate
hairy. D. hirta E. B. t. 1338 (not Linn.).

Mountain summits ; rare. Ben Lawers, Cairngorm, and Ben
Hope; Scotland. 2f.. 7.- — -The slender perennial root penetrates
deep among mosses and the crevices of rocks, bearing above many
short branches, each crowned with a tuft of lanceolate, soft, plane, en-
tire, or rarely obscurely toothed, hairy fences; their margins ciliate;
the hairs mostly simple, sometimes branched, on the surface not un-
frequently stellate. Scapes several from the same root, 1 — 1-j inch
high, slender, simple, stellato-pubescent. Pedicels short, pubescent.
Cal. mostly downy. Pouch oval-oblong, pubescent. In cultivation
the leaves become more glabrous, the hairs on the margin longer and
more rigid, and the scape 3 — 3^ inches high.

4. D. inedna L. (twisted- podded IF). ; cauline leaves several
lanceolate toothed hoary with starry pubescence, pod oblong-
lanceolate somewhat twisted. E. B. t. 388.

Mountain rocks, in much less elevated situations and far more fre-
quent than the last; in Wales, the N. of England, and Scotland. .
6, 7. — Stem. 4 — 6 inches to a foot or more high, sometimes throwing
out lateral branches. Lower leaves frequently entire, upper ones
deeply toothed, almost cut, acute. Pods erect, mostly glabrous.

5. D. mnralis L. (Speedwell-leaved IF.) ; stem branched,
leaves ovate obtuse amplexicaul toothed, pouch patent glabrous.
E- B. t. 912.

Limestone mountainous countries, on rocks and walls. Craven,
Yorkshire; Wardon hills, Bedfordshire; Emborough, Somersetshire.
About Forfar, Edinburgh, and Chelsea, where it has escaped from

gardens. Blarney Castle, Ireland. ©. 4, 5 Six inches to one foot

high. Leaves scabrous. Pouch elliptical, shorter than the pedicel.

c 4

32

VI. CRUCIFERS : TIILASPIDE.E. [ TJlldspi.

Tribe III. T hlaspidejs. Pouch compressed , with the dissepi-
ment very narrow in the narrowest diameter , valves heeled or

winged. Cot. o—. (Gen. 13 — 16.)

13. Thlaspi Linn. Penny-Cress.

Pouch laterally compressed, emarginate ; valves winged at the
back; cells 2 — 8-seeded. — Named from St\ao>, to flatten; on
account probably of its compressed seed-vessels.

1. T. arvense L. (Field P. or Mithridate Mustard ); pouch
orbicular with a broad longitudinal wing, wing with a slender
marginal nerve, cells about 6-seeded, seeds concentrically striate,
leaves arrow-shaped toothed glabrous. E. B. t. 1659.

Fields and road-sides, in various places; but not common. ©.
5 — 7. — One foot high, branched above. Flowers extremely small,
white. Pouch very large, with unusually broad wings.

2. T. perfolidtum L. ( perfoliate P.) ; pouch obcordate
with a broad wing above, wing with a marginal nerve, cells
4 — 6-seeded, seeds smooth, style included within the notch,
cauline leaves cordate somewhat toothed glabrous. E. B. t.
2354.

Limestone pastures ; rare. Burford, Oxfordshire ; Bourton, Up-
per Slaughter, and Naunton-Seven-Springs, near Stow-on-the-Wold,
Gloucestershire. Stone walls about Kineton, Warwickshire. ©.
4, 5. — Raceme elongated when in fruit.

3. T. alpestre L. (alpine P ) ; pouch somewhat obovate re-
fuse winged above, nerve of the wing obsolete, cells 2 — 4-seeded,
style as long as the notch or exserted, stamens as long as the
petals, cauline leaves cordato-sagittate, stem simple. E. B. t.
81. — a. racemes of fruit elongated, style scarcely longer lhan
the notch of the olilong-obovate pouch. — 13. racemes of fruit
oblong, style much longer than the notch of the triangular ob-
cordate pouch. T. oecitanum Jord. — y. racemes of fruit oval
or oblong, style much longer than the shallow notch of the
oboval pouch. T. virens Jord.

Mountain pastures, rare. — a. Teesdale; Thornhaugli, Northumber-
land ; Glen Isla; Clova. — 0. Settle, Yorkshire; Llanrwst, Caernar-
vonshire. y. — Matlock, Derbyshire. 6 — 8. Upon the above

slender distinctions has this species been split into three, T. oecitanum
being intermediate between the extreme forms.

14. Hutchinsia Br. (not of Agardh .) Hutchinsia.

Pouch elliptical, entire ; the valves keeled, without wings ;
cells 2-seeded. Filaments simple. — Named in honour of the

Cciki1e.~\

VI. CRUCIFERiE : CAKILINE.E.

33

late Miss Hutchins , of Bantry, Ireland, who explored most suc-
cessfully the Botany of her native country, and added many
new species to its Cryptogamia.

1. II. petrce'a Br. ( Rock H.) ; leaves pinnate segments entire,
petals scarcely longer than the calyx, pouch obtuse at both ex-
tremities, stigma sessile. Lepidium E. B. t. 1 1 1 .

Limestone rocks ; west of England, and Wales, and Yorkshire
Wall of Eltham churchyard, Kent, probably introduced. 0. 3 — 5.
2 — 4 inches high. — This genus has the pouch of a Teesdalia, but
the stamens of Thlaspi : the British species has the appearance of the
former : while most foreign ones, if they really belong to the genus,
have that of the latter.

15. Teesdalia Br. Teesdalia.

Pouch emarginate ; the valves keeled ; the cells 2-seeded.
Filaments having a little scale within at the base. — Named in
honour of Mr. Robert Teesdale , a Yorkshire botanist.

1. T. nudicaulis Br. (naked- stalked T.) ; petals unequal.
Iberis E. B. t. 327.

Sandy and gravelly banks in many places. 0. 4 — 6. — Leaves

almost entirely radical, lyrato-pinnatifid. Stems 2 — 4 inches high,
with sometimes 1 — 2 small entire or cut leaves. Flowers ■white, two
of the petals nearly three times longer than the other two.

16. Iberis Linn. Candy-tuft.

Pouch emarginate ; valves keeled and winged; cells 1 -seeded.
Petals unequal. — Named from Iberia , or Spain, where many
of the species grow.

1. I. *amdra L. ( bitter C.) ; herbaceous, leaves lanceolate
acute somewhat toothed glabrous, flowers racemose, pouch
orbicular with a narrow notch. E. B. t. 52.

Chalky fields, rare, but either the outcast from gardens or intro-
duced with seed corn ; now not unfrequent in Oxfordshire and Berk-
shire. ©. 7. — Stems spreading, often a foot high. Leaves very

variable in their toothing. Whole plant, as its name imports, verv
bitter.

Tribe IY. Cakiline.e. Fruit without valves or a dissepiment ,

jointed; each joint with one or more seeds, all but the upper one

often abortive. Cot. o=. (Gen. 17.)

17. Caki'le Gcert. Sea-Rocket.

Fkruit short, angular, of 2 1 -seeded indehiscent joints ; the
upper joint deciduous bearing an upright sessile seed, the
lower one with an abortive or pendulous seed. — Name an

c 5

34 vr. crucifers: sisymbrievE. [ Ilesperis .

old Arabic word, applied probably to this or some allied
genus.

1 . C. maritima Scop. ( purple S.) ; joints of the pouch two-
edged, the upper one with two teeth at the base, leaves fleshy
pinnatifid somewhat toothed. Bunias Cakile L. : E. B. t. 231.

Sandy sea-shores, frequent. ©. 6,7. — Bushy ; branches crooked

and, as well as the whole plant, succulent. Flowers purplish, rarely
white. Fruit thick, fleshy, at length somewhat woody ; the upper
joint is in reality the beak of the fruit, the pouch itself being usually
abortive.

Sub-Ord. II; NOTORRHIZEfE. Cotyledons incumbent (o [().

Tribe Y. Sisymiirie.’e. Pod elongated, with the valves convex
or keeled , dissepiment linear . Cot. o||. (Gen. 18 — 21.)

18. Hesperis Linn. Dame’s Violet.

Pod 4-sided or 2-edged. Stigma nearly sessile ; the lobes
elliptical, connivent. Cal. erect. — Named from io-epoe, the
evening ; at which time the flowers yield a powerful fragrance.

1. H. matrondlis L. ( common D.) ; stem erect, leaves ovato-
lanceolate toothed, limb of the petals obovate, pods erect toru-
lose their margins not thickened. H. inodora L. : E. B.t.
731.

Hilly pastures, in several parts of Great Britain, but perhaps al-
ways escaped from cultivation. ©. 5 — 7.

( Malcolmia maritima Br. has been found near Deal, Kent, by Miss
Harvey, and in Jersey by the late Dr. R. Graham, but in neither
place truly wild.)

19. Sisymbrium Linn. Hedge-Mustard.

Pod rounded or 6-angular ; valves convex or 3-angled
3-nerved (rarely with the lateral nerves inconspicuous or want-
ing). Hypogynous glands none between the longer filaments.
Seeds smooth, their stalks slender. Stigma entire. Cal. slightly
spreading, equal at the base. — Name: oiavpfipiav, given by the
ancients to several plants, one of which is supposed to be a kind
of cress ; perhaps from aw, ivith, and j Spinpog, food, because so
eaten.

1. S. officinale Scop, (common H.) ; pods subulate pubescent
close-pressed to the main stalk, leaves runcinate hairy, stem
hispid. Erysimum L. : E. B. t. 735.

Waste places and by way-sides, plentiful. ©. 6, 7 — One or two

feet high, branched. The deep and cut serrate lobes are not always
sufficiently uecurved to constitute a runcinate leaf; the terminal lobe

Alliaria.'] vi. crucifers : sisymbriE2E. 35

is very large, roundish in the lower leaves, and oblong in the upper
ones. Flowers very small, pale yellow.

( S. polyceratium L. has been found about Bury St. Edmunds, but is
certainly not indigenous : in it the pods are subulate as in the last,
but spreading and usually three together, and sessile in the axils of a
leaf or leaf-like braetea.)

2. S. l'rio L. ( broad II., London Rocket ) ; leaves runcinate
toothed and as well as the stem glabrous, pods terete nearly
erect. E. B. t. 1631.

Waste place®, chiefly about London, where it covered the ground
immediately after the great fire in 1666. Faulkbourn, Essex. Ber-
wick-upon-Tweed. Dublin. ©. 7, 8. — - Flowers yellow. Pods 2

inches long, erect, about four times longer than the pedicels.

3. S. Sophia L. ( fine-leaved II., or Flix-weed ) ; leaves dou-
bly or trebly pinnatifid, lobes linear or linear-oblong, petals
shorter than the calyx. E. B. t. 963.

Waste places, among rubbish : frequent in England, more rare in
Scotland. 0. 6 — 8. — Two feet high, branched. Flowers small,

yellow. Pods terete, linear, slender, erect, but not adpressed, about
three times longer than the somewhat patent pedicels.

4. S. thalidnum Hook. ( common Thale-cressi) ; leaves some-
what toothed downy, radical ones oblong subpetiolate, stem
branched, pods ascending terete with 4 angles. Arabis L. :
E. B. t. 901: Benth.

Walls, dry banks, and gravelly soils, common. 0. Spring and
autumn. — Six to ten inches high, slender, with few leaves, and those
mostly radical. Flowers small, white. Pods twice the length of the
spreading pedicels ; valves convex with only one conspicuous nerve,
as in Arahis, with which it agrees better in habit ; but the cotyledons
are incumbent, and the pods are not compressed ; from Erysimum it
differs by the hairs on the leaves being spreading and not adpressed.

20. Alliaria Adans. Garlic-Mustard.

Pod rounded; valves with one conspicuous nerve and two
slender branched nerves or veins. Hypogynous glands between
the longer filaments. Seeds striate, their stalks flat and winged.
Stigma entire. Cal. slightly spreading, equal at the base. —
Named from allium, or garlic, which its leaves resemble in their
odour.

1. A. officinalis DC. ( common G., Jack-by-the-hedge, or Sauce-
alone). Erysimum Alliaria L. : E. B. t. 796.

Hedge-banks and waste places. $ . 5, 6. — 2 — 3 feet high,

branched. Leaves large, much veined, heart-shaped, stalked, sinuato-
den tate. Flowers white. Pods erect, on spreading pedicels. Were
it not for the seed-stalks, this might be placed in Sisymbrium,
c 6

36

Vi. crucifers: cameline^e. [ Erysimum

21. Erysimum Linn. Treacle-Mustard.

Pod 4-sided ; values 1 -nerved. Hypogynous glands usually
2 opposite the placentas and between the longer stamens Seeds
smooth not margined, their stalk filiform. Stigma entire, or
emarginate with the lobes patent. Cal. erect. (Pubescence
adpressed.) — Named from ipvw, to cure , on account of the sup-
posed virtues of the plant.

1. E. cheiranthoides L. ( Worm-seed T.) ; leaves lanceolate
entire or slightly toothed with stellato-tripartite hairs, pods
nearly erect 2 — 3 times longer than the spreading pedicels,
stigma almost undivided nearly sessile. E. B. t. 942.

Fields, gardens, and waste places. Q. 6 — 8. — One to two feet

high, branched. Flowers small, yellow. Glands between the larger
stamens 2 lobed.

2. E. * orientdle Br. (Hare' s-ear T.) ; leaves cordato-am-
plexicaul, radical ones obovate, all glabrous glaucous and entire,
stigma entire. Brassica L. : E. B. t. 1804.

Fields and cliffs near the sea ; Suffolk, Sussex. ©. 5 — 8. —

Flowers white or cream-coloured. Calyx slightly bisaccate at the
base. Glands wanting between the longer stamens, but the opposite
sepals glandular at the base, thus differing from the genus as limited
by C. A. Meyer.

Tribe VI. Cameuineje. Pouch with the valves more or less

convex or dorsally compressed, dissepiment oval or oblong.

Cot. o||. (Gen. 22—23.)

22. Camelina Crantz. Gold-of-Pleasure.

Pouch obovate or subovate ; valves inflated, with a prominent
nerve at the base ; cells many-seeded. Filaments simple. —
Named from jape, dwarf or humble , and \ivov, flax.

1. C. * sativa Cr. ( common G .); pouch obovate margined,
valves hemispherical, stigma simple, calyx erect, leaves lanceo-
late sagittate. C. sativa, sylvestris, and foetida Fr. Alyssum
E. B. t. 1254.

Fields, occasionally among flax, with which it has been imported.
O- 6, 7. — S/cm. 2 — 3 feet high, panicled above, usually more or less
pubescent. Leaves nearly quite entire, sometimes slightly toothed.
Flowers small, yellow. Pouches very large, on long stalks. Seeds
scabrous.

23. Subularia Linn. Awl-wort.

Pouch oval, pointless ; valves turgid ; cells many-seeded.
Cotyledons linear, curved. — Named from subula, an awl; the
leaves being subulate or awl-shaped.

1. S. aqudtica L. ( water A .). E. B. t. 732.

37

Lepidium.'] vi. crucifers : lepidine.e.

Shallow margins of alpine lakes, not very frequent. If. . 7. —

Roots of numerous, long, white fibres. Leaves few, radical, awl-
shaped, 2 — 3 inches long. Scape 3 — 4 inches high. Flowers small,
appearing even under water. Pouch nearly approaching that of
JDraba , but with more turgid and convex valves, having one conspi-
cuous middle nerve, and sometimes two fainter ones. Embryo with
its cotyledons linear, long ; and the curvature takes place, not at the
very base of the cotyledons as in most other Crucifercc, but above the
base, so that a section made below this exhibits the appearance of
four cotyledons without a radicle.

Tribe VII. Lefidine.®. Pouch with the valves keeled or con-
vex ; or fruit short and indehiscent, 2- celled : dissepiment very

narrow. Col. o||, rarely (in Lepidium) o=. (Gen. 24 — 26.)

24. Capsedla Vent. Shepherd’s Purse.

Pouch laterally compressed, obcordato-cuneate (or elliptical) ;
the valves navicular, without wings; cells many-seeded. —
Name : the diminutive of capsula, a capsule or little-box.

1. C. Bursa Pastoris DC. ( common S.) ; pubescent or hairy,
stem-leaves sessile lanceolato-sagittate, pouch obcordato-cuneate.
Thlaspi L. : E. B. t. 1485.

Corn-fields and waste places, every where, most abundant. ©. — The
whole summer. — Very variable, from 3 inches to 1 — 2 feet high.
Leaves all generally toothed and rough with hairs; radical ones more
or less pinnatifid. Flowers small.

25. Lepidium Linn. Pepper-wort.

Pouch with the cells 1 -seeded ; the valves keeled or winged.
Petals equal. Cot. sometimes o=. — Name: XtniQ, a scale,
from the form of the little pouches.

* Style minute.

1. L. latifdlium L. (broad-leaved P .) ; leaves ovato-lanceolate
undivided serrate or entire, pouch oval entire downy with a
minute style. E. B. t. 182.

Wet sandy shady places, near the sea and salt-marshes ; in Norfolk,
Essex, and Yorkshire. Weems and Donibristle, in Fifeshire, but
apparently only naturalized. 2/.. 7, 8. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high,

branched, erect, with large leaves. Flowers numerous, small, in many
terminal and axillary clustered racemes.

2. L. ruderdle L. (narrow-leaved P.) ; flowers diandrous
without petals, radical leaves pinnatifid, those of the branches
linear entire, pouch roundish-oval emarginate patent with a
minute style. E. B. t. 1595.

Waste places near the sea, and among rubbish. Q 5,6. — The

38

vi. chucifekyE : lepibineyE. [Senebiera,

typical form of the plant, with petals and six stamens, is as yet un-
known, unless described as a distinct species. Stem sometimes a foot
high, much branched. Seed-vessels numerous. Cotyledons incum-
bent, as in most of this genus ; whereas those of its very near affinity,
L. Virginicum, are accumbent.

** Style as long as the pouch.

3. L. * Drdba L. ( Whitlow P .) ; leaves amplexicaul broadly
oblong or lanceolate entire or toothed, pouch cordate entire at
the apex crowned with a style about its own length, valves
turgid. E. B. S. t. 2683.

Fields and hedges, rare. Swansea ; at St. Peter’s and Ramsgate,
Isle of Thanet ; banks of the railway at Forest-hill, Surrey ; left
bank of the Dee below Chester. Tf.. 5. 6. — Stem 8 — 10 inches to
a foot high, branched, with large distant leaves and almost umbellate
corymbs of numerous small flowers. Pedicels very long.

*** Style filiform, much shorter than the pouch.

4. L. campeslre Br. ( common Mithridate P .) ; pouch ovate
emarginate winged rough with minute scales, style scarcely
longer than the notch, cauline leaves sagittate toothed. Thlaspi
L. : E. B.t. 1385.

Corn-fields and dry gravelly soil ; not uncommon in England and
Scotland. © or $ . 5 — 8. — Stems solitary, erect, 10 — 12 inches high,
corymbosely branched above. Lower leaves almost spathulate, all
slightly pubescent, as well as the racemes and pedicels. Pouch cu-
riously scaly.

5. L. Smithii Hook, (smooth Field P.) ; pouch ovate emar-
ginate winged glabrous occasionally with a few minute scales
on the back, style twice as long as the notch, cauline leaves
sagittate toothed — Lepidium hirtum Sm. (partly). Thlaspi
hirtum Sm. (not L.) : E. B. t. 1803.

Borders of fields and hedges in Norfolk and Suffolk. Caernarvon-
shire and Anglesea. Frequent, particularly in the west of Scotland.
Belfast and Dublin, plentiful. It. 4 — 8. — Stems many from the
same root, 6 inches to more than a foot high, diffuse, irregularly
branched. Much resembling the last, but truly distinct. Pouch
with a much longer style, quite glabrous, and smooth or even ; except
that sometimes on the middle of the back there are a few minute
scales. When glabrous it is the L. heterophyllum of Bentham, from
the Pyrenees ; our common form is found, however, in the north-
west of France.

26. Senebiera Be Cand. Wart-Cress.

Fruit broader than long, 2-celled, without valves or wings ;
cells 1 -seeded. Cotyledons long, linear, curved. — Named in
honour of M. Senebier , an eminent Genevese physiologist.

39

Brdssica.~\ vi. cruciferte: brassicea:.

(We adopt Senebiera in place of Coronopus, in consequence
of its being generally preferred ; but the latter appellation given
by Gsertner is certainly the oldest ; and although it may not
happen to be the precise plant of the ancients, many other
received names are in the same predicament.)

1. S. Cor6nopus Poir. ( common W, Swine’s-cress) ; fruit
undivided crested with little sharp points, style prominent.
Coronopus Ruellii Sm. : E. B. t. 1660. S. pinnatifida DC.

Waste ground, not unfrequent in England. Rare in Scotland. 0.
6 — 9. — A much branched spreading weed. Leaves bipiiinate, their
segments linear. Flowers very small, white, in lateral axillary corymbs.
Pouch large in proportion to the flower, curiously crested. Coti/ledons
(in the whole genus) nearly as in Subularia.

2. S. didyma Pers. ( lesser IF.) ; fruit emarginate of two
wrinkled lobes, style very short. Coronopus Sm. FI. Brit.
Lepidium E. B. t. 248.

Waste ground near the sea, in the south and south-west of Eng-
land ; about Exeter, Truro, Penfhyn, and Milfor haven. Shore near
Caernarvon. South of Ireland. 0. 7 — 9. — dcnccs once or twice

pinnate.

Tribe VIII. Isatideje. Fruit short , 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, with
heeled scarcely dehiscent valves. Cot. o||. (Gen. 27.)

27. Isatis Linn. Woad.

Fruit 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, laterally compressed ; valves keeled
or winged, eventually separating at the apex. Hypogynous
glands between the longer stamens. — Name: tear iq of the
Greeks.

1. I. * tincturia L. ( Dyer's IF.); fruit glabrous obovate-
oblong about three times longer than broad, radical leaves
oblong crenate, those of the stem sagittate. E. B. t. 97.

Cultivated fields, about Ely, Durham, &c. <? ■ 7 — Flowers

yellow. Cultivated for the sake of the blue dye which it yields,
hence called Glastum by the Romans, from glas, the Celtic for blue.
Woad seems to take that name from Guadum , now tiualdo, in Italy,
where it was formerly extensively cultivated.

Sub-Order III. ORTHOPLOCExE. Cotyledons condupli-
cate (o> >).

Tribe IX. Brassioee. Pod elongated. Dissepiment narrow.
Cot. o> >.

28. Brassica Linn. Cabbage, Turnip, Navew.

Pod 2-valved (with a sterile, or one-or several-seeded beak).

40

vi. crucifers : brassicete. [ Brassica .

Seeds in a single row. Calyx erect. — Name derived from
the Celtic bresic (modern Gaelic praiseach ), a kind of cabbage,
or rather pottage, made of it.

* Valves of pod \-nerved, veiny ; beak usually sterile.

1. B. olerdcea L. ( Sea C.) ; root caulescent cylindrical
fleshy, all the leaves glabrous glaucous waved and lobed, upper
ones oblong sessile. E. B. t. 637.

Cliffs by the sea : Devonshire, Dover, Wales, Cornwall, York-
shire, and in the Frith of Forth. $. 5 — S. — Varying in height,
1 — 2 feet. Leaves thick, subcarnose. the uppermost undivided,
hut toothed. Flowers large, yellow. — The origin of our garden
Cabbage.

2. B. * Ndpus L. {Rape, or Cole-seed) ; leaves glabrous
somewhat glaucous especially on the under side, lower ones
lyrate toothed, upper cordato-lanceolate amplexicaul, pods
spreading. E. B. t. 2146.

Corn-fields and waste ground, frequent in England. $ . 5, 6. —
1 — 2 feet high. Root slender or fusiform. Lobes of the lower
leaves crenate, upper leaves entire more glaucous. Petals yellow,
rather small. Pods torulose. — The slender-rooted variety is culti-
vated for the oil produced by its seeds, which after pressure are
formed into cakes, and used as manure and for feeding cattle ; hut the
slender-rooted variety of B. campestris is much more employed for
the same purpose on the Continent, under the name of Colsa.

3. B. campestris L. {common wild N.) ; upper stem-leaves
cordate acuminate amplexicaul glabrous, lower and radical
ones lyrate dentate subhispid glaucous, pods erect. E. B.
t. 2234.

Corn-fields and sides of rivers and ditches, in many places.
0 or $. 6, 7. — Root fusiform, slender and annual in the wild

plant, often turnip-shaped and biennial in the cultivated one.
Stem hispid below. Flowers yellow. Pod cylindrical or obscurely
4-angular ; seeds forming slight prominences ; beak awl-shaped,
striate, sometimes with a single seed. — Apparently the origin of
the Swedish Turnip of our agriculturists, and in Scotland it has
never been found except where the Swedish Turnip had been pre-
viously cultivated.

4. B. * Rapa L. {common T.) ; root orbicular or oblong
fleshy, radical leaves lyrate scabrous not glaucous, lower
stem-leaves incised, upper ones cordato-ovate acuminate am-
plexicaul smooth. E. B. t. 2176.

Borders of fields and waste places. A . 4 — 7. — Varying ex-

ceedingly in height, according to soil. Upper leaves subglaucous;
all more or less toothed. Although this and the last two are readily
distinguished in cultivation by their radical leaves alone, there are

vi. crucifeexE: brassiceas.

41

Sinapis. ]

strong grounds for considering all to be varieties, as they scarcely
dili'er in other respects.

** Valves of pod 3- nerved beak 1 — 3- seeded .

5. B. Monensis Br. ( Isle-of-Man or Wallflower C .) ; leaves
stalked all deeply pinnatifid, lobes oval oblong unequally
toothed, in the upper ones linear. — a. steins prostrate glabrous
or hispid at the base. Sisymbrium L. : E. B. t. 962. — (3. stems
erect more leafy and hispid. B. cheiranthus Vill. Sinapis Koch :
E. B. S. t. 2821.

0. on the isles and shores of the Clyde, and on both sides of the

Irish Channel, Argyleshire, Ayrshire, &c. ; Isle of Man. — j8, S.
Wales, Jersey. I). 5 — 8.- — Leaves usually glabrous, except on the

petioles. Stems slightly hispid, greedily eaten by sheep and cattle, and
probably deserving of being cultivated as fodder.

29. Sinapis Linn. Mustard.

Pod 2-valved (with a sterile, or one- or several-seeded beak).
Seeds in a single row. Cal. patent. — Named from the Greek
aivairi, the common mustard , which again Tlieis derives from the
Celtic nap (modern Gaelic neup ), a turnip.

* Valves of pod l-nerved.

1. S. nigra L. (common M.) ; pods adpressed glabrous tetra-
gonous, beak sterile short subulate, upper leaves linear-lanceo-
late entire glabrous. E. B. t. 969. Brassica Boiss. : Beuth.

Under hedges and in waste places, in England, very rare in Scot-
land (if wild). 0 6 — 9. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high. Lower leaves

large, lyrate, rough. Pod with a short empty beak, or rather only the
persistent style and stigma at its summit; its valves bluntly but so
strongly ] -nerved as to make it quadrangular, the four sides being
fiat and without any prominent veins. — The seeds yield the mustard
of our tables ; of which the best is that from which the oil has been
expressed, as originally prepared by Mrs. Clements of Durham.

2. S. incana L. ( hoary M.) ; pods adpressed terete promi-
nently veined with a short 1 -seeded beak, leaves lyrate hispid,
cauline ones linear-lanceolate, stem much branched. Eru-
castrumifoc/i : E. B. S. t. 2843. Brassica adpressa Boiss. : Benth.

Jersey and Alderney, but rare. £. 7, 8. — Pods glabrous or

hairy, with a glabrous beak and single seed. Seeds ovate, com-
pressed ; on which account it has been removed to the genus Eru-
castrum, but it is less allied to Brass. Erucastrum, the type of that
genus, than to Sin. nigra.

** Valves of pod 3 — 5 -nerved.

3. S. arvensis L. (wild M., Charlock ); pods glabrous with
many angles turgid and knotty longer than the slightly com-

42

vi. crucifers : vellEjE. [Diplotaxis.

pressed beak, stem afid leaves bristly. E. B. t. 1748. Brassica
Sinapistrum Buiss. : Bentli.

Corn-fields, too frequent. ©. 5 — 8. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. higli, rough.
Flowers rather large, yellow. Calyx very spreading. Beak of the pod
usually empty, sometimes with one seed.

4. S. alba L. ( white 31.) ; pods hispid turgid shorter and
slightly narrower than the flat ensiform beak, leaves pin-
natifid. E. B. t. 1677. Brassica Buiss. : Benth.

Waste places, frequent in England; more rare in Scotland. ©.
6,7. — Stem 1 — )4 ft. high, sparingly hairy or glabrous. Leaves
usually glabrous, the lobes variously cut and toothed, or erose.
Flowers large, yellow. Well distinguished from the other British
species by its long, thin beak, which contains a single seed.

30. Dipi.otaxis Be Cand. Rocket.

Pod linear, compressed (with usually an empty beak), 2-
valved ; the valves slightly convex, 1-nerved. Seeds (oval, or
oblong) in two rows. Calyx patent. — Named from cnr\og,
double , and ratio, a series, in allusion to the two rows of seeds.

1. D. tenuifulia DC. (T Vail R.) ; pods shortly beaked erect,
pedicels spreading, stems erect leafy glabrous somewhat woody
at the base, leaves lanceolate very acute ^oinnatifid or bipinna-
tifid glabrous. Sisymbrium L. : E. B. t. 525. Sinapis Br.
Brassica Boiss. : Benth.

Old walls and heaps of rubbish about great towns, in the south,
south-west, and east of England: as London, Bristol, Yarmouth,
Chester, Tynemouth, and Shields. St. David’s, Fifeshire, but in-
troduced with ballast. If.. 6 — 9. — Root thick. Slem 1 — ft.
high, glabrous, almost woody at the base. Flowers large, yellow.
This plant smells disagreeably.

2. D. muralis DC. ( Sand R.) ; pods shortly beaked erect,
pedicels spreading, stem herbaceous hispid spreading leafy only
at the base, leaves sinuate glabrous. Sisymbrium L. : E. B.
t. 1090. Sinapis Br. Brassica Boiss.: Benth.

Sandy barren fields near the sea, in the south and south-west of
England ; Isle of Thanet, and below Bristol ; also at Tynemouth
and Shields. Edinburgh and Dunfermline, but not truly wild. ©.
8, 9. — Very like the preceding, but annual, and much smaller and
less leafy.

Tribe X. Yelled;. Pouch with the valves convex; dissepi-
ment broad. Cot. o>>. (Gen. 31.)

31. Vella Linn. Cress-rocket.

Pouch swollen, 2-celled, with a dilated, flat, winged style ,
twice as long as the valves. Seeds 4 in each cell. Cal. erect.

Rdphanus. vi. cruciferje : rapiianeje. 43

— Named from veler, in Celtic (in modern Gaelic biolar), the
cress.

1. V. *unnua L. ( annual C.) ; leaves bipinnntifid, fruit pen-
dulous. E.B. t. 1442. Carrichtera Vellaa DC.

Sandy fields. Salisbury Plain : Lawson. Q. G. — Not found

since the time of Ray.

Tribe XI. Rapiianea:. Fruit with the pod or lower part abor-
tive and stalk-like , consisting of a beak without valves, divided

transversely into 1 -seeded cells sometimes separating. Cot.

o>> (Gen. 32, 33.)

32. Crambe Linn.' Kale.

Fruit without valves, the upper joint globose, deciduous,
bearing one pendulous seed upon a stalk arising from the bottom
of the cell; lower joint resembling a pedicel. — Name: KpapG/i
of the Greeks.

1. C. maritima L. (Sea K.) ; longer filaments forked, fruit
pointless, leaves roundish sinuated waved toothed glaucous, and
as well as the stem glabrous. E. B. t. 924.

Sea-coast in sandy or stony soils in various places, but not very-
general. If. 6. — Root thick, fleshy. Flowers white. Well known
as an excellent culinary vegetable when cultivated and blanched.

33. Raphanus Linn. Radish.

Fruit without valves, or a dissepiment, with a long style,
several-seeded. Cal. erect. — Name: pa, quickly, and <j.aivopai
to appear; from its rapid vegetation.

1. R. Raphanistrum L. ( wild R., or jointed Charlock ); leaves
simply lyrate, fruit jointed, style 2 — 3 times longer than the
last joint. E.'B. t. 856.

Corn-fields, frequent. Q. Summer and autumn. — Stem 1 — l|
foot high. Leaves stalked, rough. Flowers yellow, rarely reddish,
veined.

2. R. maritimus Sm. (Sea R.); leaves interruptedly lyrate,
fruit jointed striate, style scarcely longer than the last joint.
E. B. t. 1G43.

Beachy-head, Sussex. Jersey and Guernsey. Sea-shore in Bute,
Argyleshire, and Galloway; Scotland. $ . 8. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high.
All the leaves rough and the lobes toothed. Flowers rather large,
yellow. “ Pods larger than in the preceding, and (especially when
dry) channelled with fewer, broader, and deeper furrows, and sharp
intermediate prominences ; the beak also is smoother, as is the upper
part of the plant generally.” J. E. Bowman. Is it really a distinct
species? B. Landra DC. only differs by the longer style, and is in-

44 vii. resedacEjE. [ Reseda .

termediate. Tlie character .derived from the leaves sometimes dis-
appears.

Ord. VII. RESEDACEiE De Cand.

Calyx of several narrow sepals. Petals unequal, mostly laci-
niate. Stamens 10—24, inserted upon a glandular irregular
disk. Ovary sessile, 3 — 4-lobed, 1- celled, with 3 — 4 parietal
placentas bearing many seeds (or of 4 — 6 verticillate 1 -celled
carpels). Stigmas sessile, one to each placenta and alternate
with it. Fruit opening in an early stage at the extremity along
the line of placentas. — Reseda odorata is the sweet Migno-
nette of our gardens.

1. Reseda Linn. Dyer’s Rocket. Mignonette.

Cal. of 1 piece, many-parted. Pet. more or less divided and
unequal. Caps, of 1 cell, opening at the top. Stigmas 3 — 4.
— Name from resedo, to calm , from its supposed sedative
qualities.

1. R. Luteola L. ( common D., Yellow-weed or Weld) ; leaves
long lanceolate undivided, calyx 4-partite, stigmas 3. E. B.
t. 320.

Waste places ; frequent on a chalky soil. ©. 6 — 8. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high, branched. Bacemes long’, of numerous yellowish flowers,
with prominent stamens. Disk large, green, crenate, on the upper
side of th a flower ; 3 of the petals 3-cleft, segments linear; two lower
petals entire ; capsules broad, depressed. — Used in dyeing woollen
stuffs yellow.

2. R. lutea L. (base D., wild il/.); leaves 3-cleft or pinnatifid,
calyx 6-partite, petals 6 very unequal, stigmas 3. E. B. t.
321.

Waste places and chalky hills. 0 or in mild winters V. 6 — 8. —
T.eaves very variable, some bipinnatifid, lower ones often pinnate.
Flowers deeper yellow than in the last. Two upper petals with 2
wing-like lobes, lateral ones unequally bifid, lower ones entire.
Capsule oblong, wrinkled.

3. R. * fruticulbsa L. ( shrubby base D.) ; leaves all pinnate
waved glaucous, calyx 5-partite, petals 5 nearly equal trifid,
stigmas 4. E. B. S. t. 2628. R. suffruticulosa L. : Bab.

Cornwall. Weston-super-mare, Somersetshire. Unenclosed sand-
hills, Bootle, 4 — 5 miles from Liverpool. Coventry, Warwickshire.
The following stations, either for this or B. alba, have also been com-
municated:— about Dublin; between Cork and Glanmire; and
near Gosport. $ or I/.. 6- — ft- alba of Continental writers chiefly
differs from this by having the calyx 6-partite, and 6 petals ; Mr.
Borrer, however, can only distinguish the B. alba of the Linnean Her-
barium by its shorter flower-stalks, more cylindrical racemes, and the

Helianthemum.~\ vm. cistacEjE.

45

terminal lobe of its leaves more similar to the rest (less dilated than
that of R. Jruticulosa) : — a specimen from Mr. Boner has the cuhjx
5- partite.

Ord. VIII. CISTACE2E Juss.

Sepals 3, with a twisted [estivation, with usually 2 outer
smaller ones. Petals 5, deciduous, with a twisted and crumpled
aestivation. Stamens numerous. Ovary 1, 1-or many-ceiled.
Style 1. Stigma capitate, simple. Capsule of 3 — 5, rarely 10
valves. Seeds numerous. Embryo spiral or curved, in a mealy
albumen. — Shrubs or herbaceous plants abounding in Southern
Europe and Northern Africa, with handsome , generally fuga-
cious, flowers. — Cistus Creticus affords the balsam called Gum
Ladanum. The stamens of Helianthemum expand after being
suddenly compressed between the finger and thumb.

1. Heliantoemum Toum. Rock-rose.

Sep. 5, of which 3 are equal and 2 outer ones smaller. Caps.
3-valved. — Named from i/Aiot , the sun, and avOoe, a flower ; the
same as Helianthus.

1. H. cdnum Dun. ( hoary dwarf Ilf ; shrubby, leaves
without stipules opposite ovate or oblong petiolate fiat hoary
beneath, racemes terminal bracteate, style twisted at the base
reflexed, at the apex indexed, seeds blackish. Cistus L. C.
marifolius, E. B. t. 396.

Rare ; alpine rocks in the north of England, Lancashire, Westmore-
land, on Cronkley Fell in Yorkshire, and in Wales. Western Isles
of Arran, Ireland. 11. 5,7. — A low shrubby plant, with hoary

leaves, and rather small yellow flowers. Cistus marifolius, Anglicus,
(Elaudicus, and Italicus of Linnaeus appear all to be mere vars.

2. II. guttatum Miller ( spotted annual R.) ; annual erect, leaves
oblongo-lanceolate or linear, the lower opposite without stipules,
the upper alternate, style straight very short. — a. racemes
without bracteas. Cistus L. : E. B. t. 544. — d- racemes brac-
teate. H. Breweri Planch, in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. p. 618.
t. 21.

Very rare. — ct. Three- Castle Head, Cork. Jersey. — /8- Holyhead
mountain, and near Amlwch, Anglesea. 0. 6 — 8.

3. II. * ledifblium Willd. ( Ledum-leaved R.) ; herbaceous
slightly downy, leaves with stipules lanceolate, flower-stalks
solitary opposite to the leaves shorter than the calyx erect
in fruit, styles straight, capsule polished. Cistus L.: E. B. t

2414.

Very rare ; on Brean downs, Somersetshire ; Huds. 0. 6,7. —

We have never seen British specimens of this piant, and it is gene-
rally supposed that Hudson mistook II. polifolium for it.

43

IX. TI0LACEA5.

[ Viola.

4. H. vulgdre Gaert. ( common R.) ; shrubby procumbent,
leaves with stipules opposite ovate or oblong nearly flat green
above, racemes solitary terminal bracteate, pedicels elongated
deflexed in fruit, style bent at the base somewhat clavate at
the apex, seeds black. ^Cistus Helianthemum L. : E. B. 1. 1321.
C. tomentosus, E. B. t. 2208. C. Surrejanus L., (petals lanceo-
late often cut): E. B. t. 2207.

Frequent in dry pastures, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil,
11. 7—9.

5. If. polifolium Pers. ( white R.) ; shrubby procumbent
hoary, leaves with stipules opposite ovato- oblong or oblong-linear
more or less revolute at the edge, racemes solitary terminal
bracteate, pedicels elongated and deflexed in fruit, style bent
at the base somewhat clavate at the apex, seeds black. H.
Apenninum DC. Cistus A.: E. B. t. 1322.

Rare ; in the south of England. Brean downs, Somersetshire ;
Torquay and Babbicombe, Devonshire. U 7,8. — Flowers white.
In gardens all intermediate states may be observed between this and
the last, of which, with about 50 other supposed species, it is probably
a mere variety.

Ord. IX. VIOLACE2E Be Cand.

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unequal and the lower one
spurred at the base, or sometimes equal. Stamens 5. Anthers
generally with a dilated appendage at their extremity ; 2 of
them (in the genera with irregular flowers) usually appendicu-
late at the base. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentas,
bearing several seeds. Style 1. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved,
bearing the seeds along the middle of each valve. Embryo
straight, about as long as the copious fleshy albumen. — Herbs or
shrubs, with stipuled leaves , and powerful emetic and purgative
roots ; as Viola Ipecacuanha, lonidium parviflorum (which has
been satisfactorily ascertained to be the famous “Cuychun-
chulli ” or lonidium Marcucii of Dr. Bancroft), &c.

Viola Linn. Violet.

Cal. of 5 sepals extended at the base. Pet. 5, unequal, the
under one spurred at the base. Anthers connate, 2 of them
spurred behind. — Name of Celtic origin; in modern Gaelic
fail signifies a smell, fail-chuach a violet.

* Stem scarcely any, or creeping.

\ Stigma fiat above, peduncles of fruit erect.

1. V. paliistris L. ( Marsh V.)\ creeping underground, gla-
brous, leaves cordate or reniform veiny beneath, sepals obtuse,

IX. VIOLACEyE.

47

Viola. ]

spur very short, lateral petals scarcely hairy, anther-spurs short
and rounded, capsule glabrous. E. B. t. 444.

Bogs and marshy grounds, less frequent in the south ; abundant in
Scotland, and even at a very considerable elevation. 2/.. 4 — 7. —

Flowers very pale blue with purple streaks. The petals are slightly
hairy on one side at the base, but the lateral ones have not a distinct
line of hairs. Anthers with the cells nearly parallel, not slightly
diverging below as in the two following species.

ff Stigma uncinate deflexed, convex above peduncles of fruit prostrate.

2. V. ldrta L. (hairy V .); runners none, leaves cordate
and as well as the petioles and capsules rough with hairs,
sepals obtuse, lateral petals usually with a hairy central line,
spur hooked at the end, anther-spurs linear-oblong. E. B. t.
894.

Woods and pastures in England, principally in a chalky or lime-
stone soil. Rare in Scotland, and only in Dumfriesshire and on the
eastern side. 2/.. 4, 5. — Stems usually several, short, decumbent
at the base, but not at all sarmentose. Flowers pale, rather dingy
blue, scentless. Nearly allied to V. odorata, and chiefly distin-
guished by the want of runners, by the greater hairiness of the
plant, the hairs on the petioles always spreading, and the spur of
the corolla compressed and hooked, not channelled, and straight.
Bracteoles usually inserted below the middle of the peduncle, some-
times above the middle. The fowers of this, and several of the other
species, are often destitute of petals.

3. V .odorata L. ( sweet V.) ; stems with runners, leaves cordate
and as well as the petioles and capsules pubescent or nearly
glabrous, sepals obtuse, lateral petals usually with a hairy line,
spur straight, anther-spurs lanceolate obtuse decurved. E. B.

t. 619.

Woods, banks, and pastures ; frequent in England. Very rare in
Scotland, and perhaps only naturalized ; as woods near Slateford and
Collington, Edinburgh ; Partick, Glasgow ; and near the Castle Rock,
Stirling. Hedges between Killiney Hill and Bray, Ireland. 2|. 3,4.
— Stems truly sarmentose as in the strawberry. Leaves and flowers
from the crown of the root. Flowers deep purple, sometimes reddish-
purple or lilac, often white, fragrant. Hairs on the petioles short and
deflexed, rarely long and spreading as in V. hirta. Bracteoles usually
inserted above the middle of the peduncle, sometimes about the middle
or even below it. The white-flowered variety oftener than the purple
one wants the hairs on the lateral petals, when it is the V. imberbis
Leight., and sometimes, as well as the lilac variety, has the sepals
ciliated.

** Furnished with an evident stem, peduncles of fruit erect.

4. V. canina L. ( Gerard's or Dog V .); primary stem short
and bearing leaves only, lateral ones or flowering branches

48

IX. VIOLACE.E.

[ Viola.

numerous ascending simple, leaves broadly cordate more or
less acute, stipules ciliato-dentate, sepals acuminate. E. E.
t. 620. V. sylvatica Fries. V. flavicornis Forster in E. B. S.
t. 2736.

Woods, banks, and dry pastures, frequent, also in clefts of rocks at
a considerable elevation. It . 4 — 8. — Variable in regard to size. In

mountainous situations the blossoms are often numerous, and large
in proportion to the size of the plant. Flowers scentless, blue, purple,
or sometimes almost white. Bractenle s subulate and entire in this and
the following species. The whole plant is usually glabrous, but
sometimes the flowering stems have a minute deflexed pubescence.
In this and the next the fruit is sometimes produced on flowers, from
which the corolla had been absent.

5. V. pumila Vill. ( Dillenius ' V.) ; primary and lateral stems
elongated llower-bearing, leaves ovate or oblong or lanceolate
usually cordate at the base, stipules more or less toothed or
serrate, sepals acuminate, “anther-spurs three times as long
as broad.” V. canina Fries , Bab. — a. leaves cordate at the
base, stipules ciliate or toothed. V. flavicornis Sm. — ft. leaves
ovato-lanceolate rounded at the base, stipules inciso-serrate.
V. lactea Sm. E. B. t. 445. V. lancifolia Thore.

Heathy, dry, or sandy places, perhaps not uncommon. — fl. Tun-
bridge Wells, Buckland, Devonshire. TJ. 4-^8. — According to
Mr. Babington, V. pumila of Villars has a “ rhizomatous” root,
and the present one, has not ; but it accords perfectly with what we
possess from De Gingins, and which he had compared with Villars’
specimens while describing the Violacere for De Candolle’s Prodromus.
Whatever appellation, however, be ultimately applied to it, it cannot
receive that of canina, as proposed by Fries and his followers, since it
is not the dog-violet of England ; a name which Linnaeus took from
Gerard, and merely converted into Latin ; in such a case we must
look to the origin of the name, not to what Linnaeus may have sup-
posed to be so. Generally smaller than the last species, and quite
glabrous or most minutely pubescent. Flowers paler, sometimes
white. Mr. Bentbam, however, unites both this and the next to V.
canina.

6. V. stagnina Kit. ( Haller's V.) ; primary and lateral stems
flower-bearing andelongated, leaves ovato-lanceolate subcordate
at the base, petioles winged towards the top, stipules inciso-
serrate, sepals acuminate, anther-spurs H — 2 times longer
than broad, spur of corolla very short, “rhizome slender.” V.
stricta Horn.: Bab. in Ann. N. H. Jan. 1852, p. 13. V. lactea
Brit. FI. ed. 6.

Bogs and fens, rare. Bottisham Fen, Cambridgeshire, Lincoln-
shire, Sussex, Cornwall; also in Ireland. If. 5, 6. — This is un-
questionably the only species we had in view as V. lactea in the sixth
edition ; it is almost the only one which we have received as such
from British collectors ; and it is, we conceive, that intended by V.

IX. VIOLACErE.

49

Viola.']

lactea by Swiss botanists, and united to V.montana by Gingins If we
understand correctly what is meant by “rhizome slender,” there ought
to be a subterranean creeping stem as in V. palustris, but our specimens
scarcely show a greater difference in that respect between this and
the last species, than may be caused by the soil : the length of the
anther-spurs is dependent on that of the spur of the corolla. A small
plant in the wild state, sometimes a foot high when cultivated, having
usually several flowering simple branches from near the root ; these
seem scarcely so persistent as in the last species, from which it may
not be really distinct. Leases almost lanceolate and narrower, usually
attenuated at the base, but sometimes cordate. Stipules usually
much shorter than the petiole. Stigma very slightly curved, almost
clavate and quite smooth, without any horizontal beak, the orifice
oblique and very large. Flowers pale blue or almost white.

ff Stigma large, capitate, style clavate.

7. V. tricolor L. ( Pansy V. or Heart's Ease ) ; root annual or
fusiform, stem angled branched, leaves oblong deeply crenate,
stipules lyrate-pinnatifid, terminal lobe crenate, spur of the
corolla about as long as the produced base of the calyx, “ anther-
cells diverging at the base.” — a. petals longer than the calyx.
E. B. t. 1287. V. Curtisii Forst. in E. B. S. t. 2693. —
p. petals shorter than the calyx. Y. arvensis Murr.: E. B. S.
t. 2712.

Banks and cultivated fields, frequent. 0. Corn-fields. Q, <?,o r 2)
(perhaps only when cultivated). FI. the whole summer. — Extremely
variable, especially in the size and colour of its flowers, yellow in
V. Curtisii of Forster, which we certainly consider belongs to this
and not to V. lutea. Stigma, in this and the following species, large,
capitate, obliquely perforated.

8. V. lutea Huds. (yellow Mountain V., or yellow Pansy)-,
perennial diffuse and filiform below-ground, stem branched and
very slender at the base, leaves oblong-ovate or ovate crenate,
stipules subpalmato-pinnatifid, terminal lobe entire, spur of
the corolla about as long as the produced base of the calyx,
“anther-cells nearly parallel.” — a. petals all yellow or the two
upper purple. E. B. t. 721.— jd. petals all purple. Y. amoena
Sym.

Mountainous pastures. Frequent in Wales, the north of England,
and Scotland ; a and 0 often growing together, fl. 5 — 9. — Under-
ground stems or branches resembling long thread-like roots ; true stems
also slender, but particularly so at the base ; both very different from
what we have always seen in V. tricolor, and by which this species is
in some cases only to be distinguished. The flowers are generally of a
pale yellow or sulphur colour, much larger than is usual in wild states
of V. tricolor.

D

50

X. DROSERACEaE.

[. Drosera .

Ord. X. DROSERACEaE Be Cand.

Sepals usually 5, persistent, equal. Petals as many as the
sepals. Stamens free, equal in number with the petals or 2 — 4
times ,as many; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 1.
Styles or sessile stigmas several. Capsule 1-celled, with
3 — 5 placentas and 3 — 5 valves, loculicidal ; valves bearing
the seeds along their middle. Seeds never comose. — Herbs
of marshy ground , with the leaves all rudical or stem-leaves
alternate.

1. Drosera. Styles filiform. Leaves clothed with glandular hairs.

2. Parnassia. Stigmas sessile. Leaves glabrous.

Sub-Ord. I. DROSEREaE. Styles (or style') elongated. Stamens
hypogynous, as many as the petals. Capsule 1( — 3 )-celled,
3 — 5 -valued. Seed with a minute embryo at the base of a co-
pious fleshy albumen. Leaves clothed with beautiful glandular
hairs, and having a circinate vernation.

1. Drosera Linn. Sun-dew.

Styles 3 — 5, variously divided, usually bipartite and resem-
bling 6 — 10 distinct, styles. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. —
Name derived from Spotroe, dew, the glands exuding a pellucid
fluid, which makes this plant appear as if covered with dew. In
the Latin of the middle ages ( for it was unnoticed by the an-
cients) it is called Ros solis, a mere translation of the common
name. Nearly all the species stain the paper in which they
are placed, of a purple colour.

1. D. rotund) folia L. ( round-leaved S.); leaves radical ob-
ovato-orbicular spreading, petioles hairy, seeds chaffy. E. B.
t. 867.

Bogs and moist heathy ground, frequent. 2/.. 7, 8. — In all our
species the leaves are covered with red stalked viscid glands, which
retain insects ; the flowers are racemed, small, secund, on a scape,
and the styles (3 — 4) are bipartite. Stiymas entire, clavate. Petals
almost always 6.

2. D. longifolia L. (spathulate-leaved S.) ; leaves radical ob-
long-spatkulate obtuse or obovate on long glabrous erect petioles,
seeds with a compact rough coat not chaffy. E. B. t. 868.

Bogs and moist heathy ground, not uncommon ; more frequent in
the south than in the north. Isle of Skye. South of Ireland. If..
7, 8. — Well distinguished from the following, by its rough, and not
loose, coat adhering firmly to the rest of the seed, a character long ago
observed and figured by Dreves and Hayne. Petals, sepals, and sta-
mens often 6 and sometimes 8 in this and the next species. Limb of

Parnassia.~\

XI. POLYGALACE-iU.

51

the leaf scarcely longer than 3 — 4 times its breadth, sometimes not
twice longer, gradually tapering into the glabrous petiole. Stigmas bifid.

3. D. A'nglica Iluds. ( great English S.) ; leaves radical
linear-spathulate obtuse on long glabrous erect petioles, seeds
with a loose chaffy coat. E. B. t. 869.

Bogs in several parts of Scotland and Ireland. Near Warrington,
Lancashire ; Bedfordshire, Norfolk, Hampshire, Devon, and probably
in several other counties, If.. 7, 8. — This has much longer and
narrower leaves than the last, and would better deserve the namfe of
longifolia : the limb is at least 5 — 6 times and often 10 — 12 times
longer than broad, and is so attenuated into the petiole that the com-
mencement of the latter is chiefly distinguished by being glabrous.
Scape much taller than the last.

Sub-Ord. II. PARNASSIEfE. Stigmas 4, sessile, in a line

with the placentas. Stamens 5, perigynous. Capsule 1-celled,

A-valved. Seeds without albumen. Leaves glabrous -1

2. Parnassia Linn. Grass of Parnassus.

Stamens with as many intermediate nectaries fringed with
globular-headed filaments. — Named from Mount Par nassus, to
which place, indeed, the plant is by no means peculiar; it is
called by Dioscorides aypuiong tv tw llapvaaaip.

1. T.palustrisJj. (common G.) ; bristles of the nectary 9 — 13
leaves cordate cauline one amplexicaul. E. B. t. 82.

Bogs and wet places; frequent in the North. If.. 8 — 10. —
Leaves mostly radical, on long footstalks, cordate, entire, nerved ;
one on the stem (a bractea ?) below the middle, sessile. Stem angu-
lar, from 1 inch to usually 8 — 10 inches high. Flower solitary,
terminal, large, yellowish-white, handsome. Petals broadly obovate.
Nectaries, each an obcordate scale, opposite the petals, fringed along
jthe margin with white hairs which are terminated by a yellow
pellucid globular gland.

Ord. XI. P0LYGALACE2E Juss.

Sepals 5, the 2 inner generally large and petaloid. Petals
3 — 5, more or less united with the filaments of the stamens,
which form 2 parcels, each with 4 anthers, opening by pores at.
the apex. Ovary 1, usually 2-celled. Style and stigma 1.
Fruit a capsule, or drupaceous, 2- or 1-ceiled; dehiscence locu-
licidal. Seeds solitary, pendulous, often with an arillodium at the

1 This sub-order agrees in the perigynous stamens and general appearance with
several species of Saxijraga, especially some from the mountains of East India ;
9iit most botanists agree that it has a close affinity with the true Droseraceae. and
kve are not prepared to place these also in Saxifragaceae. In the meantime we leave
.hern together, as in former editions, among the Thalamidorae.

D 2

52 xi. poltgalace.e. \Polygdta.

base. — Shrubs or herbs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers
usually racemose. — Several of this family are used medicinally.
The leaves are bitter, the roots more or less milky. Polygala
Senega is the snake-root of N. America. Krar.eria of Peru is
powerfully astringent, and usually referred here.

1. Polygala Linn. Milkwort.

Cal. with 2 sepals, wing-shaped, and coloured. Pet. com-
bined by their claws with the filaments, the lower one keeled.
Caps, compressed. Seeds downy, crested at the hilum. — Name,
t ro\i>, much, and ya\a, milk, from some fancied property in the
plant.

1. P. vulgaris L. (common M.); perennial, keel crested,
flowers in a terminal raceme, wings of the calyx ovate or oblong,
their nerves branched the lateral ones anastomosing with a
branch of the central nerve, capsule glabrous sessile obcordate,
seed with the lobes of the arillodium unequal, stems herbaceous
often branched at the base, branches simple procumbent or
ascending, leaves on the branches linear or oblong. — a. leaves
scattered, lower ones smaller oblong, wings of the calyx obo-
vate mueronate. E. B. t. 76. P. oxyptera Reich.: E. B. S.
t. 2827. P. depressa Wendl. — (3. lower leaves chiefly in an
irregular tuft obovate obtuse, wings of the calyx oblong. P.
calcarea Schdtz. P. amara Don in E. B. S. t. 2764.

Dry hilly pastures, frequent. U. 5 — 9. — Stems often very short,
with crowded alternate or opposite, obovate or oblong, obtuse leaves,
branched or simple : branches 4 — 8 inches long, being a mere con-
tinuation of the stem when this is simple, often springing from the
root. Cor. beautifully crested, blue, purple, pink, or white. Sepals
persistent, the two larger ones enclosing the fruit and usually twice
as long, 3-nerved, the veins arising from the two lateral nerves either
anastomising with each other or with the upper vein of the central
nerve.

2. P. austriuca Crantz (Austrian M.); perennial, keel crested,
flowers in a terminal raceme, “ wings of the calyx oblong or
obovate obtuse, their nerves simple or slightly branched free,
capsule wedge-shaped below roundish broader than the wings,
seed with the lobes of the arillodium nearly equal,” stems
herbaceous, “ leaves in a rosette obovate obtuse.” — a. leaves of
the rosette larger than those of the branching flower-shoot,
flowers smaller, capsule rounded below. — ;3. leaves of the rosette
larger than those of the nearly constantly simple flower-shoot,
flowers larger, capsule wedge-shaped. P. uliginosa Reich. P.
myrtilolia Fries.

0. Back of Cronkley Fell, Yorkshire ; Messrs. Backhouse. 1/..6, 7.
— The few specimens we have seen of the var. 0. (the only one yet dis-
covered in Britain) do not enable us to form a satisfactory character :

XIII. ELATINACE.E.

53

Elatinc.~\

we therefore avail ourselves of those given by Mr. Babington, in the
Ann. N. H. April 1853, p. 270. The var. o. is what we alluded to
in the sixth edition as P. umara of most continental botanists,

Ord. XII. FRANKENIACEiE St. HU.

Sepals 4 — 5, combined into a furrowed persistent tube.
Petals 4 — 5, clawed, crowned at the mouth. Stamens as many
as the petals and alternating with them, with usually 1 — 2 ac-
cessary ones opposite to the petals. Ovary 1. Style filiform,
2 — 3-cleft. Capsule 2 — 4-valved, L-celled. Seeds minute, at-
tached to the margins of the valves. Embryo straight, within the
albumen. — Herbaceous or suffruticose, much branched. Leaves
opposite , without stipules , but with a membranous sheathing base.

1. Frankenia Linn. Sea-Heath.

Slig. 3. — Named from John Franken, a Swedish botanist and
professor of medicine at Upsal, who died in 1661.

1. F. Ice'vis L. ( smooths .); leaves linear revolute at the
margin glabrous ciliated at the base. E. B. t. 205.

Muddy salt marshes about Yarmouth and the other eastern coasts
of England. Isle of Sheppey, Kent. 2/.. 7,8. — A humble procum-
bent plant, with wiry stems and numerous fascicled leaves, which arc
really oblong, and only appear linear by the edges being revolute.
Flowers pale rose-coloured, terminal or from the axils of the branches.

2. F. *pulverulenta L. ( powdery S.) ; leaves obovate retuse
glabrous above, downy and pulverulent beneath, petiole ciliated.
E. B. t. 2222.

Found in the time of Dillenius and Hudson on the sea-coast of
Sussex. ©. 7. — Stems prostrate, repeatedly dichotomous. Flowers
smaller than in the preceding.

Ord. XIII. ELATINACEiE Camb.

Calyx 3 — 5-partite or -cleft. Petals 3 — 5, sessile. Stamens
equal to, or double the number of, petals. Ovary with from
3 — 5 cells and as many styles and capitate stigmas. Capsule
3 — 5-celled, 3 — 5-valved ; valves alternate with the dissepiments
which adhere to a central axis. Seeds numerous, without
albumen ; radicle turned to the hilum. — Small annuals, in-
habiting marshy places , with rooting stems and opposite or verti-
cillate leaves.

1. Elati'ne Linn. Water-wort.

Cal. inferior, 3 — 4-partite or -cleft, persistent, Pet. 3—4.
Styles 3 or 4, very short. Caps. 3 — 4-valved 3 — 4-celled.

D 3

54

XI Ye CAEYOPHYLLACEiE.

[ Elatine .

Seeds cylindrical, furrowed and transversely striate. — Named
from iXanvr], some plant found growing among corn and very
dissimilar to our present one.

1, E. hexandra. DC. ( [hexandrovs TP.) ; leaves opposite spa-
thulate, flowers alternate pedicellate erect hexandrous tripe-
talous, calvx-segments spreading, capsule turbinate concave at
the summit 3-celIed, seeds 8 — 12 in each cell nearly straight
ascending. E. tripetala Sm. E. FI. E. Hydropiper E. B.
t. 955. (not L.)

Margins of ponds and ditches, rare. Bomere pool, near Condover,
Shropshire; Hedge-Court Pond, near East Grinstead, Surrey;
Binfield, Berks ; Crawley and Maresfield, Sussex ; Coleshill pool,
Warwickshire; also in Cornwall, Leicestershire, Cheshire, and Angle-
sea. Loch Ruisky. near Callender, and Loch of Cluny, Perthshire ;
Loch of Drum, Kincardineshire ; Loch Fadd, Isle of Bute. ©.

7 — 9. — A minute, procumbent, much-branching plant, with axillary
solitary flowers. Petals rose-coloured. Seeds mostly beautifully
ribbed and transversely striate.

2. E. Hydropiper L. ( small octandrous TP.) ; leaves opposite
spathulate, flowers alternate sessile erect octandrous tetrape-
talous, calyx shorter than the petals divided to the base, seg-
ments ligulate, capsule roundish depressed 4-celled, seeds about
4 in each cell pendulous uncinate. Linn. Flor. Suec. ; Borr.
in E. B. S. t. 2670 (excl. a.). E. nodosa Am.

Rare ; Farnham, Surrey. East end of Lyn Coron, Anglesea,
growing with E. hexandra. Newry, and at the Lough Neagh outlet
of the Lagan Canal, Ireland. ©. 8. — Asserted by Seubert to be the
Hydropiper of Buxbaum, and consequently of Linnaeus, but certainly
most distinct from E. Hydropiper DC., the E. major of Braun,
which is that figured in Vaillant’s FI. Par. t. 2. f. 2., and Lam. 111.
t. 320. f. 2. This last is much stouter, has the seeds almost straight
and as numerous as in E. hexandra, capsule depressed, twice as large
as in our two species and the calyx cleft only to about the middle of
the segments which are short very broadly ovate and erect; the flowers
are evidently pedicellate : it is allied to, and united, we think erro-
neously, by Seubert, with E. hexandra. We have never seen speci- I
mens except from the neighbourhood of Paris.

Ord. XIV. CARY OPII Y LL ACEiE Juss.

Sepals 5 or 4, persistent, distinct or united. Petals as many,
rarely wanting. Stamens as many as, or double the number of,
the petals, inserted upon a fleshy elevated disk, supporting the
ovary, or a ring. Anthers opening longitudinally. Ovary 1.
Styles 2 — 5. Capsule 1 -celled ( sometimes only so at the summit
and 2— 5-ceiled below), 2 — 5 valved or opening at the summit
with teeth, placenta central and free in the 1 -celled capsules, in

XIV. CARYOPHYLLACE.E.

55

the rest axile. Seeds generally numerous. • Embryo generally
curved round a mealy albumen. — Herbs, more or less tumid at
the joints, with opposite entire leaves, without stipules (by which
alone our Sub-order Alsinese differs from Paronyehiacete).

t Sub-Ord. I. Silene.k. Calyx monophytlous, toothed. Capsule stalked.
Stamens 10.

1. Diantiius. Calyx with bracts (usually 4) at the base. Seeds pel-

tate. Styles 2.

2. Saponaria. Calyx naked at the base, terete. Seeds globose or

reniforrn. Styles 2.

2a. Vaccaria. Calyx naked at the base, 5-angled and in fruit 5-
winged. Styles 2.

2b. Cucubalos. Capsule fleshy, scarcely opening. Styles 3 — 4.

' 3. Silene. Capsule dry, opening at the top with 6 teeth. Styles 3 — 5.

4. Lychnis. Styles 5. Petals with an appendage at the base of the

limb.

5. Agkostemma. Styles 5. Petals without an appendage.

< Sub-Ord. II. Alsinex. Sepals distinct. Capsule sessile, l-celled. Petals
often perigynous.

* Capsule opening by as many entire valves as styles.
f Styles as many as the sepals, and alternate with the valves of the capsule,
opposite the sepals.

6. Sagina. Petals 0, or minute, or entire. Stamens usually 4 or 10.

Styles 4 — 5.

ft Styles and capsule-valves fewer than the sepals; or if as many, styles
opposite to, and caps. -valves alternate with, the sepals.

7. Buffonia. Sepals 4. Petals 4, entire. Stamens 4. Styles 2.

8. Cherleria. Sepals 5. Petals 0 (or very minute and perigynous).

Stamens 10. Styles 3. Seeds few, minute. Flowers polygamous.

9. Honckeny'a. Sepals 5. Petals entire, conspicuous. Stamens 10.

Styles 3 — 5. Seeds few, large. Flowers polygamous.

10. Arenaria. § 1. Sepals usually 5. Petals entire, conspicuous.

Stamens usually 10. Styles usually 3. Seeds many, minute.
Flowers all perfect.

| ** Capsule opening by as many valves as styles, each bifid; or by twice as
many valves or teeth as styles.
f Capsule opening to the middle by valves.

j 10. Arenaria. § 2. Sepals usually 5. Petals entire. Stamens usually
10. Styles about 3, opposite to the sepals when as many.

11. Malachium. Sepals 5. Petals bifid. Stamens 10. Styles alter-

nate with the sepals. Caps.-valves 5, opposite to the sepals, bifid
at the apex.

f 12. Stellaria. Sepals 5. Petals bifid. Stamens 10. Styles usually 3,
opposite to the sepals when as many. Caps.-valves twice as many
as styles.

ft Capsule opening at the extremity by twice as many teeth as styles.

13. Holosteuji. Sepals 5. Petals toothed. Stamens and styles
usually 3.

56

XIV. CARYOPHYLLACEvE : SII.ENE.E. \JDianthuS.

14. Mcenchia. Sepals usually 4. Petals entire. Stamens and styles

as many as the sepals.

15. Cerastium. Sepals 4 — 5. Petals bifid. Stamens 4 — 10. Styles as

many as the sepals.

Ser-Ord. I. SILENE2E. Sepals united into a monophyllous

calyx. Petals and Stamens hypogynous , inserted on the summit

of a more or less conspicuous stalk to the Ovary.

1. Dianthus Linn. Pink.

Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed, with about 4 imbri-
cated opposite scales or bracteoles at the base. Pet. 5, clawed.
Stain. 10. Styles 2. Caps, cylindrical, 1-celled. Seeds peltate.
— Name derived from 'live, Ai oc, Jupiter , and avtioc, a flower :
dedicated, as it were, to Deity itself, to express the high value
that was set upon this charming genus of plants.

* Flowers clustered.

1. D. Armeria L. ( Deptford P.) ; flowers clustered fascicled,
scales of the calyx lanceolate-subulate herbaceous downy as
long as the tube. E. B. t. 317.

Pastures and hedges ; not uncommon in England. In Angusshire,
hut probably introduced. ©. 7, 8 — Stem 1 — 14 ft. high, branched
upwards, downy. Leaves linear, opposite and connate, slightly pubes-
cent, upper ones acute. Limb of the petals rose-coloured with white
(not red, as mentioned in E. B.) dots, crenate at the margin. Flowers
scentless.

2. D. prdlifer L. ( proliferous P.) ; flowers clustered capitate,
scales of the calyx ovate membranous about the length of the
tube, outer ones acute inner ones blunt, leaves rough at the
edge. E. B. t. 956.

Gravelly pastures in England, rare ; Dover ; Selsey island, Sussex ;
near Hampton-court ; near Norwich ; Hanby Castle, Worcestershire ;
Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Hayling and Portsea islands, Hants ; Jersey.

0. 6 — 10 Readily distinguished by its small, deep-coloured flowers,

of which only one in a head expands at a time, and by the large, dry,
brown, and membranous scales which envelope the calyces of several
flowers. Limb of the petals ohcordate, notched.

** Flowers solitary, one or more on the stem.

3. D. * Caryophyllus L. ( Clove P., Carnation, or Clove Gilly-
flower) ; stem branched, flowers mostly solitary, scales of the
calyx obovate submucronate much shorter than the tube, petals
broad dentato-crenate glabrous, leaves linear-subulate grooved
glaucous smooth on the margin. E. B. t. 214.

On ruined walls in Kent, as on the castles of Deal, Sandown, Ro-
chester, &c. If.. 7. — Few persons, seeing this plant as it grows

Saponaria.~\ xiv. caryophyllace.® : sileneje. 57

on old walls, would suppose it was the origin of one of the “ fairest
flowers o’ the season,”

“ The curious choice Clove July-flower, ”
or Carnation of our gardens, with its endless diversity of colour and
form ; yet such it is always considered to be.

Mr. Leighton ( Shropsh . FI. p. 188.) gives the D. plumarius or
common Pheasant's-eye Pink, as an inhabitant of old walls at Ludlow
and Luflbrd, and Haughmond Abbey ; and perhaps several of the
stations usually assigned to D. Caryophyllus belong to it : it differs
chiefly by the leaves rough on the margin, and the petals bearded and
more deeply cut (digitato-multifid). It is the D. plumarius DC., but
not of Linnaeus according to Sir J. E. Smith, who does not dis-
tinguish it from D. Caryophyllus: the hairy variety of I). Caryophyllus
found in Kent by Doody and the Rev. G. E. Smith, belongs to it,
but there are numerous hybrids or varieties between them. Neither
has any pretensions to be accounted native ; and we only admit D.
Caryophyllus because it has been (in name at least) considered a
doubtful native for more than 150 years.

4. D. deltoides L. ( Maiden P .) ; flowers solitary, scales of the
calyx ovate-acuminate about half the length of the tube, leaves
somewhat rough and downy lower ones obtuse, petals crenate
glabrous. — a. scales of the calyx about 2. E. B. t. 61. —
id. scales of the calyx mostly 4, petals nearly white. D. glau-
cus L.

Borders of fields, banks and hedges, on a gravelly or sandy soil, in
England and Scotland, extending as far nortli as Ross-shire. About
Edinburgh, &c., where, in the King’s Park, grows the var. j8. Tf. .
6 — 9. — A small plant much branched even from its very base.
Petals very beautiful, usually rose-coloured, spotted with white, with
a white eye enclosed in a deep purple ring. Stem pubescent, scabrous.

5. D. cce' sius Sm. (Cheddar P.) ; stems mostly single-flowered,
scales of the calyx roundish slightly pointed about four times
shorter than the tube, leaves scabrous at the margin, petals un-
equally jagged bearded. E. B. t. 62.

On limestone rocks at Cheddar, Somersetshire. If-. 6, 7. — This
exceedingly rare plant has very glaucous foliage, and comparatively
large flagrant goit ers, of a delicate rose-colour.

2. Saponaria Linn. Soapwort.

Cal. monophyllous, cylindrical, 5-toothed, without bracteas
at the base. Pet. 5, clawed. Stum. 10, alternate ones opposite
the petals but not adhering to their claws. Styles 2. Cups.
oblong 1-celled, or 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed. Seeds
globose or reniform. — Named from sapo, soap; the plant yield-
ing a mucilaginous juice, which has been employed in place of
that useful article.

1, S. * officinalis L. ( common S.); leaves ovato-lanceolate,
D 5

XIV. CARYOPHYLLACEiE : SILENE.E.

58

[ Silene.

calyx cylindrical glabrous, capsule 2-celled at the base. E. B,
t. 1060.

Road-sides, margins of woods, and hedge-banks, especially near
cottages. 2/.. 7, 8. — Stem 1 — 1 4 ft. high, rather stout, cylindrical.

Leaves ribbed, opposite and connate. Panicle of numerous large
rose-coloured flowers. Limb of the corolla obcordate.

(Vaccaria vulgaris Host has been found in corn-fields, but doubt-
less introduced ; and Cucubalus baccifer L„ given by Ray as a native
of Anglesea, and therefore published in E. B. t. 1577, hut since dis-
carded, has been found in the Isle of Dogs, by Mr. Luxford and
others ; but there is no reason for considering it indigenous.)

3. Silene Linn. Catchfly.

Cal. monophyllous, tubular, often ventricose, 5-toothed. Pet.
5, clawed, mostly crowned at the mouth, and the limb generally
notched or bifid. Stam. 10, alternate ones opposite to the pe-
tals and adhering to the claws. Styles 3. Caps. 3-celled to
the middle or only at the base (rarely 1 -celled), 6-toothed,
many-seeded. Name supposed to arise from cna\ov, saliva, in
allusion to the viscid moisture on the stalks of many species ;
whence, too, the English name Catchfly.

* Capsule 3-celled at the base or to the middle.

1. Stems tufted, short. Peduncles single-flowered,

1. S. acaulis L. (Moss Campion ) ; caespitose, leaves linear
ciliated at the base, peduncles solitary single-flowered, petals
crowned slightly notched. E. B.L 1081.

Rocky places on Snowdon. On the Helvellyn side of Grisedale
Tarn, Cumberland. Abundant on all the Scottish mountains. If..
6 — 8. — Stems short, 2 — 3 inches high, much branched and tufted.
Leaves patent. Flowers a beautiful purple, and apparently dicecious.
— One of the greatest ornaments of our alps, not unfrequently found
with white flowers.

2. Stems elongated. Flowers solitary or panicled. Calyx inflated,

bladdery.

2. S. inflata Sm. ( Bladder Campion) ; flowers numerous
panicled, petals deeply cloven with narrow segments scarcely
crowned, calyx inflated reticulated, stem erect, leaves ovatc-
lanceolate. — a. stem and leaves glabrous. Cucubalus Behen
E. B. t. 164. — j3. stem and leaves downy.

Pastures and road-sides common. — /8. near Cromer, Norfolk.
Banks of the Clyde, fl. 6 — 8. — Whole plant glaucous or downy,
variable in the size and shape of its leaves, and in the more or less
numerous flowers. Petals pure white.

Silene .] xiy. caryophyllaceje : silexe/e. 5D

3. S. maritima With. (Sen Campion or C.) ; panicles few-
flowered, petals with a shallow cleft and broad segments crowned,
calyx inflated reticulated, steins spreading, leaves ovato-lanceo-
late or spathulate. E. B. t. 957.

Frequent upon the sea-shore in sandy and stony places, as well as

by alpine rills. If.. 6 — 8 This, although it has smaller stems and

leaves than the last, has larger flowers ; yet we will not assert we
have done right in again raising it to the rank of a species. In this
and the preceding, the styles are variable in number.

3. Stems elongated. Flowers in racemes, and whorled.

4. S. Otites Sm. (Spanish C.); stems erect nearly simple
with few leaves, flowers in whorls subdioecious, petals linear en-
tire not crowned, leaves spathulate. Cucubalus E. B. t. 85.

Sandy fields, chiefly in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. 2/..
6 — 8. — Remarkable for its small unassuming, dioecious flowers, with
their linear entire yellowish petals.

4. Stems elongated branched. Flowers in leafy racemes, alternate.

5. S. A'nglica L. (English C.) ; hairy and viscid, petals
(small) crowned slightly bifid or obovate entire, calyces with
setaceous teeth ovate in fruit. — a. flowers white or tinged with
red, petals usually bifid. E. B. t. 1178. — (3. flowers white
with a red spot on each obovate usually entire petal. S. quin-
quevulnera L. : E. B. t. 86.

Sandy and gravelly fields. — a. in Surrey, Cambridgeshire, Hert-
fordshire, Devonshire, Norfolk, Lancashire, North Wales, Essex,
Cornwall, and Isle of Wight. In most of the counties on the east
coast of Scotland, and in Ayrshire, but certainly introduced. — 13. near
Wrotham, Kent, and Duppa’s Hill, by Croydon, Surrey. ©. 6 — 11.
— More or less viscid. Leaves lanceolate, the lower ones spathulate.
Flowers solitary from the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx at first
cylindrical, scarcely shorter than the petals, erect ; at length the lower
ones, when in fruit, have their pedicels often singularly reflected.
Our var. 0. is a common annual in gardens ; it derives its Latin
, specific name from the 5 deep red spots sometimes observable on its

I. petals , resembling marks of blood, but which are often more or less
faint.

5. Stems panicled, leafy. Calyx not bladdery.

6. S. nutans L. (Nottingham C .) ; pubescent, flowers panicled
; secund cernuous, branches opposite, calyx cylindrical ventricoso
the teeth acute, petals deeply cloven crowned their segments
linear, carpophore as long as the capsule, leaves (of the stem)
lanceolate. E. B. t. 465. S. paradoxa Sm. FI. Br. (not Z.)

Limestone rocks, and chalky cliffs in England. Dover Cliffs ;
about Nottingham; Ormeshead, Caernarvonshire; Isle of Wight,
and Brown Downs, near Gosport, Hampshire ; Knaresborough, York-
d 6

60

XIV. CARYOPHYLLACEAS : SILEXE/E.

[ Silene.

shire; Dove Dale, Derbyshire. N. Queensferry ; St. Cyrus, Kincar-
dineshire ; and near Arbroath, Scotland. If.. 5 — 7. — Stem 1 — l^ft.
high. Root-leaves spathulate, acute. Petals rather large, white, ex-
panding in the evening. Teeth of the capsule reflexed.

7. S. * Itdlica DC. ( Italian C .) ; pubescent, flowers panicled
nearly erect, branches opposite, calyx long clavate the teeth
blunt, petals deeply bifid not crowned the segments broad,
carpophore half as long as the capsule, radical leaves spathulate
on long stalks, cauline ones sessile linear-lanceolate. S. patens
W. Peete in E. B. S. t. 2748.

Dartford, Kent; Mr. A. Peete. If.. 6, 7. — This may be at once
known from S. nutans by the much longer and more clavate calyx,
the absence of a crown to its petals, and their broader segments. The
petals are white. The whole plant is more or less downy, the panicles
slightly viscid. Teeth of the capsule reflexed. It has, we fear, escaped
from gardens.

8. S. cdnica L. ( striated Corn C.) ; panicle forked, petals
bifid crowned, leaves linear downy, Calyx in fruit conical with
numerous furrows, the teeth long subulate, E. B. t. 922.

At New Romney and Sandown Castle, Kent. Near Bury and
Thetford, Suffolk. Dirleton, Haddingtonshire. ©. 5 — 7. — Pe-

tals purple, small. Calyx of the flower almost tubular and imbri-
cated at the base, of the fruit so broad and swollen at its base as to
, be nearly conical ; it is moreover finely striate.

6. Stems elongated. Flowers corymbose. Calyx clavate.

9. S. * Armeria L. ( common or Label’s C.) ; panicles forked
corymbose with crowned flowers, petals notched and crowned
with awl-shaped scales, calyx clavate and as well as the leaves
glabrous, leaves ovato-lanceolate, stem viscid. E. B. t. 1398.

Banks of the Dee, half a mile from Chester ; now extinct. Yald-
ing, Kent. 0. 7, 8. — Extremely common in gardens.

** Capsule 1 -celled from the very base.

10. S. noctiflora L. ( Night-flowering C.) ; panicle forked or
flowers terminal, petals bifid crowned, calyx with long subulate
teeth oblong in fruit with 10 connected hairy ribs, leaves lan-
ceolate lower ones spathulate, capsule ovate. E. B. t. 291.

Corn-fields in a sandy or gravelly soil, in several counties of Eng-
land. Coast of Forfarshire; Dirleton, Haddingtonshire; N. Queens-
ferry ; Scotland. ©. 7, 8. — Stem 1 ft. or more high. Leaves much
like the last, pubescent. Upper part of the stem many times dicho-
tomous, each branchlet terminated by a single flower, with a solitary
flower in the axil of the fork. Flowers rather large, sweet scented,
pale-reddish, almost white. Peduncles viscid.

(.S', alpestris, which has also the capsule perfectly 1 -celled, was
said by the late Mr. Geo. Don to have been discovered by him on a

61

Lychnis.'] xiv. caryophyllace^e : silexe^e.

rock on a mountain to the east of Clova in Angusshire ; and specimens
from him are preserved in Mr. Borrer’s and Dr. Walker Arnott’s
herbaria ; but they appear certainly to have been obtained from a
garden. If discovered, it may be recognised by the calyx-teeth ovate
blunt, limb of the petals broad and 4-cleft, and the seeds ciliated.)

4. Lychnis Linn. Campion Lyohnis.

Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed. Pet. 5, clawed,
crowned at the mouth, mostly divided at the border. Starn.
10, alternate ones opposite the petals and adhering to their claws.
Styles 5, or rarely 4. Capsule opening by 4-5 or 8-10 teeth. —
Named from Aeyj'Of, a lamp; the thick cottony substance on the
leaves of some species, or some similar plant, having been em-
ployed as wicks to lamps.

* Ovary 1 -celled. Capsule 5 -toothed. Eulychnis.

1. L. Flos-Cuculi L. ( Meadow L. or Ragged Robin) ; flowers
loosely panicled, petals 4-cleft. E. B. t. 573.

Moist meadows and pastures, frequent. X- 5,6. — Stem 1— 2 ft.
high, hairy below, reddish-green, clammy above. Leaves lanceolate.
Calyx and jlower-stalks reddish-purple. Petals rose-coloured. In
all this section the appendage at the base of the limb of the petals is
membranous and soft.

** Ovary 5-celled at the base. Capsule 5-toothed. Viscaria.

2. L. Viscaria L. ( red German CatchjhJ) ; petals slightly
notched at the extremity, stem clammy at the joints. E. B.
t. 788.

Dry alpine rocks ; on Craig Breiddin, Montgomeryshire ; about
Edinburgh and Newburgh; near Airly Castle ; Glen Farg, and Den*
of Balthayock, Perthshire. X. 6 — 8. — Stems 1 ft. high, glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate. Flowers in a compact panicle, large,
rose-coloured. Capsule distinctly stalked.

3. L. * alpirta L. (red alpine Catclijly ) ; glabrous, petals bifid,
flowers corymbose-capitate. E. B. t. 2254.

On the summit of Little Kilrannoch, between Glen Prosen and
Glen Callader, at an elevation of about 23CO ft. ; Forfarshire.
Ilobcartin Fell, Vale of Lorton, near Cockermouth, Cumberland.

X. 6,7 Stem 5 — 6 inches high, by no means viscid. Leaves

lanceolate. Flowers rather small, rose-coloured.

*** Ovary I -celled. Capsule 10 -toothed. Melandrium.

4. L. vesperlwa Sibtli (white C.) ; flowers subdicecious, calyx
of the pistilliferous flowers with linear-lanceolate elongated
teeth, capsule conical the teeth erect. L. dioica 15. L.: E. B.
t. 1580.

Under hedges and in grass-fields, common. $ or If. (?) 6 — 9.

62 xiv. cartophvllacEjE : alsineas. [ Agrostemma .

— Petals usually pure white and fragrant in the evening, sometimes,
but rarely, reddish. In this and the following the stem is 1 — 2 ft.
high, panieled above, pubescent, viscid in a slight degree about the
joints. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Calyx in the anther -bearing
flowers sub-cylindrical, in the fruit-bearing ones ovate.

5. L. diurna Sibth. ( red C .) ; flowers subdicecious, calyx of the
pistilliferous flowers with triangular teeth, capsule nearly glo-
bose, the teeth recurved. L. dioica a. L. : E. B. t. 1579.

Damp bedge-banks or in woods, not uncommon. If. 6,7. —
Petals red, very rarely nearly white. In both this and the last the
flowers have occasionally both stamens and pistils, but we have seen
none such in which one or other were not abortive.

5. Agrostemma Linn. Cockle.

•

Cal. monophyllous, tubular, coriaceous, with 5 teeth. Pet. 5,
clawed, their border undivided and without a crown. Stam.
10, alternate ones opposite to the petals and adhering to their
claws. Styles 5. Caps, opening with 5 teeth, 1-celled. —
Name : aypomrepua, crown of the field , from its being a great
ornament to corn-fields.

1. A. Githdgo L. ( Corn C.) ; E. B. t. 741. Lychnis Lam.

Githago segetum Desf.

Corn-fields, now too frequent, but probably an introduced plant.
0. 6 — 8. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high, branched erect. I.eaves linear-lanceo-
late. Calyx ribbed, its segments much longer than the corolla. Flowers
large, purple. As now limited this is the only species ; all the others
of Linnasus having been referred to Lychnis, and among them the
Flos Jovis, to which the name Agrostemma principally referred.

Sub-Ord. II. ALSINEiE. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals

and stamens inserted on an hypogynous or perigynous ring.

Capsule sessile, l-celled.

6. Sagina Linn. Pearl-wort.

Cal. of 4 — 5 sepals. Pet. 4 — 5, entire or emarginate, some-
times wanting. Stam. 4 — 10. Styles as many as the sepals,
and alternate with them. Valves of Capsule entire, as many as
the sepals and opposite to them. Seeds small, numerous. — The
name (signifying meat which fattens) is little applicable to any
of the minute plants belonging to this genus.

* Sepals, stamens and styles 4, rarely 5. Eusagina.

1. S. apetala L. (annual small-floivered P.) ; annual, stems
slightly hairy erect or ascending, leaves aristate fringed, sepals
4 much longer than the calyx very spreading in fruit obtuse
or the two outer ones slightly mucronate. E. B. t. 881.

Sagina.~\ xiv. caryopiiyllacea; : alsineoE.

63

Dry gravelly places, and walls, &c., frequent ; sometimes upon the
sea-shore. Rare in Scotland. Q. 5 — 9. — More slender than
S. procumbent, and annual ; leaves narrower, more bristle-pointed,
more glaucous and slightly hairy at the margins, sometimes glabrous.
Petals always present, obcordate, or wedge-shaped and truncated.

2. S. cilidta Fries (ciliated P.) ; annual, stem erect or ascend-
ing, leaves aristate glabrous or fringed, “ petals none,” sepals of
the fruit erect or close-pressed to the capsule, 2 outer ones
mucronate or aristate.

Dry gravelly places and walls, probably frequent in England.
Near Edinburgh ; under the stone table on the summit of Kinnoul
Hill, and bv the road-side to Dundee, near Perth. ©. 5 — 9. — We
introduce this species with much hesitation as distinct from S. apetala,
the only certain difference consisting in the direction of the sepals
when in fruit. The plant is stated to be nearly glabrous ; but our
Scotch specimens (and we have seen specimens only from Scotland)
are quite as hairy as the S. apetala; the outer sepals are usually
more decidedly mucronate, or even aristate ; but as the leaves are
also rather more aristate, such a structure of sepals is a natural conse-
quence. There are said to be no petals in this and the next ; still as
the normal state of the genus is to possess petals, it is probable that
forms of all the legitimate species occasionally occur with them.

3. S. maritima Don (Sea P.) ; annual glabrous, stents erect
or procumbent only at the base, leaves fleshy obtuse or with a
short apiculus, “ petals none,” sepals 4 roundish-ovate about as
long as the capsule erect in fruit. E. B. t. 2195.

Sea-coast not unfrequent, chiefly in places occasionally overflowed.
0. 5 — 9. — Quite glabrous. Calyx blunt, longer, or sometimes

shorter than the capsule, sepals erect and close pressed to the fruit.
Leaves “ rounded at the back ; ” Mr. W. Wilson. This species ap-
pears distinct and well-marked, it has a reddish or purplish tinge,
especially on the stems and leaves ; but we are sometimes inclined to
doubt if the difference between it and the two preceding may not
arise from the place of growth, and if so, they might be judiciously
combined.

4. S. procumbens L. (procumbent P.) ; perennial usually gla-
brous, stems procumbent, central one very short, leaves mu-
cronate, sepals 4 or rarely 5 much longer than the petals
spreading in fruit, styles reflexed during flowering. E. B.
t. 880.

Waste places, and dry pastures everywhere, and at all elevations.
TJ.. 5 — 9. — The central stein is very short, erect, and without flowers,
lateral ones spreading, 2 — 4 inches long, and often sending out roots
from different parts at the insertion of the leaves, and these throwing
up new plants. In some situations it grows amongst & subulata, and
in others amongst 5. saxatilis, from both of which it is with difficulty
distinguished. Leaves linear-subulate, connate, with membranous
margins at the base, tipped with a short pellucid point or rnucro

64

XIV. CARTOPHYLLACE.E : ALSINE.E. [Buffoma.

Peduncles solitary, axillary and terminal, about an inch long, recurved
at the apex after flowering, but erect when in fruit. “ A pubescent
var. occurs in Sussex.” Mr. Borrer.

** Stamens 1 0. Sepals, petals and styles 5. Spergella.

5. S suxdtilis Wimm. ( alpine P.) ; perennial glabrous
or nearly so, stems prostrate slightly rooting, central one
short and flowerless, leaves subulate mucronate, peduncles
solitary very long, petals shorter than the calyx, sepals in fruit
erect and close-pressed to the capsule, capsule longer than
the calyx often twice as long. Spergula saginoides L. : E. B .
t. 2105.

Highland mountains, frequent. If. 6 — 8. — Stems many from the
root, procumbent below, 2 or 3 inches in length. Leaves numerous
and rather long at the base, shorter and in remote pairs upon the
stem. Flower drooping before and after expansion; capsule erect, the
■valves much more narrowed upwards than in S. procumbens. Styles
erect, during flowering. Sometimes confounded with Arenaria ru-
bella, but that has the sepals conspicuously 3-nerved.

6. S. subulata Wimm. ( Aivl-shaped P.) ; perennial, caespitose,
stem procumbent not rooting, leaves subulate aristate, peduncles
solitary very long, petals and capsule somewhat longer than the
calyx. — a. leaves usually ciliated, peduncles and calyx glandu-
lar-hairy. Spergula Sw. : E. B. t. 1082. Sagina procumbens
/3. Linn. — ,8. almost quite glabrous. S. nivalis Fries.

Dry, gravelly, and stony pastures, not uncommon, fl. Isle of Skye,
and Clova mountains. If. 6 — 8. — This comes very near the last
species, and it is not easy at all times to discriminate between them :
the common form is more glandular-hairv, while the alpine state is
as glabrous but. with all the stems elongated. Mr. W. Wilson, how-
ever, cannot distinguish the Anglesea S. subulata from the Ben
Lawers S. saxatilis. Both have very much the habit of 5. pro-
cumbens. Mr. Bentham unites them under the name of S. Linnai Presl.

7. S. noddsa E. Meyer ( knotted P.); perennial, leaves subulate
glabrous connate, the lower ones sheathing ; upper ones bearing
tufts of young leaves in the axils, petals much longer than the
calyx. Spergula L. : E. B. t. 694.

Wet, sandy, and marshy places, frequent. If. 7,8. — Central stem
short, without flowers; lateral ones 3 — 4 inches high, branched, and
decumbent at the base, where the leaves are | of an inch long, but
they gradually become smaller upwards. Flowers large, white, 2 — 3
on the terminal branches, peduncled. Whole plant glabrous or some-
times glandular-hairy. Cal. nerveless.

7. Buffonia Sauv. : Linn. Buffonia.

Cal. of 4 sepals. Cor. of 4 entire petals. Stam. 4. Styles
2. Caps, flattened 1 -celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. — Name given
by Sauvages in honour of the celebrated Buffon.

Ilonckenya .] xiv. caryofiiyllacevE : alsineje. 65

1 . B. * annua DC. (annual B.) ; stem loosely panicled from
the base, branches spreading short firm, stria: on the calyx
straight parallel, capsules scarcely so long as the calyx, leaves
subulate spreading at the base. B. tenuifolia Sin.: E. B. 1. 1313.

Said to have been found in Plukenet’s and Dillenius’ time, about
Boston in Lincolnshire, and on Hounslow Heath. ©. 6. — Lin-

nreus’ B. tenuifolia is made up of several species ; hence it is better to
adopt the name given by Ue Candolle.

8. Cherleria Linn. Cyphel.

Flowers polygamous. Cal. of 5 sepals united at the base
and urceolate. Pet. none (or “5 perigynous, very minute,
entire and obliquely notched”). Stain. 10, alternating with
glands ; anthers abortive in the fertile tlowers. Styles'3. Caps.
1 -celled, opening with 3 valves, abortive when the anthers are
perfect. Seeds 5 — 6, minute. — Named in honour of John
Henry Cherler, a friend and coadjutor of John Bauhin.

1. C. sedoides L. (mossy C.). E. B. t. 1212.

Summits of the Highland mountains, especially those of the Bread-
albane range. If.. 6 — 8. — Roots exceedingly long, running deep
into the earth, bearing upwards innumerable short forked stems,
and forming a dense mass which scarcely rises above the surface of
the soil. Leaves crowded, linear-subulate, channelled above, slightly
ciliated and glandular at the edge. Flowers solitary, imbedded
among the dense mass of leaves, yellow green. Cal. membranous at
the edge. In the fertile flowers the stamens are three times shorter
than the calyx ; when perfect they are as long as the sepals. We
ourselves have never seen any petals.

9. Honckenya Ehrli. Sea-Purslane.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 5. Petals 5, conspicuous, un-
divided. Stamens 10, alternating with glands: anthers abortive
in the fertile flowers : ovary with 3 — 5 styles , abortive when the
anthers are perfect. Caps, opening with 3 — 4 entire valves, or
with 5 alternate with the sepals. Seeds 8 — 10, large. — Named
after Gerh. Aug. Honckeny, a German botanist.

1. II. peploid.es YA\v\\. (ovate-leaved S.'). Arenaria L.-.E.B.
t. 189. Alsine Wahl.

On sandy sea-shores, frequent. If. 5 — 8 Rhizome long and

creeping, slender. Stems decumbent at the base ; branches erect, leafy
upwards. Leaves large, decussate, connate, fleshy, shining, a little
recurved. Flowers solitary or 2 — 3 together, in the axils of the upper
leaves, nearly sessile, closing in the shade. Calyx ribless. Petals
white, small, scarcely longer than the calyx, distant, broadly ovate,
shortly clawed. Surrounding the germen are 10 glands, alternating
with the stamens. “ Styles 3 in the lower, mostly 5 in the upper

66

xiv. caryophyllacejE : alsineje. [Arenaria.

flowers.” Torr. and Gr. Capsule large, roundish, with few large,
and black seeds. The American H. oblongifolia is no longer consi-
dered a distinct species ; so that this is the only one belonging to the
genus.

10. Arenaria Linn. Sandwort.

Flowers all perfect. Sepals 5. Pet. 5, conspicuous, undi-
vided. Stam. 10, or occasionally 5. Styles 3 — 4. Caps. 1-
celled, opening with 3 — 5 entire valves (alternating with the
sepals when as many), or with 6 — 10 valves (or teeth). Seeds
many, minute. — Named from arena , sand, the greater number
of species growing in sandy soil.

§ 1 . Valves of capsule as many as the styles, entire. Alsine.

1. A. verna L. ( vernal S .); stems numerous panicled above,
leaves subulate 3-nerved when dry, petals obovate and as well
as the capsule somewhat longer than the lanceolate acuminate
3-nerved sepals. E. B. t. 512. Alsine Wahl.

Rocky and mountainous pastures, in the north of England, Wales,
and Cornwall; abundant on Arthur’s Seat and in other places about
Edinburgh ; Mael Duncroisg, Breadalbane : not found in the west
of Scotland. 7£. 5 — 7. — Stems 3 — 4 inches high, slightly hairy,

as are the calyces and peduncles. The leaves are usually acute or mu-
cronate, but in the Cornish form, supposed to be the obscure A.
Gerardi Willd., they are bluntish ; lower ones crowded, often curved.

2. A. rubella Hook, (alpine S .) ; stems numerous, peduncles
terminal downy mostly single-flowered, leaves linear-subulate
obtuse 3-nerved, petals elliptic-lanceolate and as well as -the
capsule shorter than the lanceolate very acute 3-nerved calyx.
E. B. S. t. 2638. Alsine Wahl. Arenaria quadrivalvis Br.

Near the summits of the Breadalbane mountains, among soil and

broken rocks, rare. Ben Hope, Sutherland. If.. 7, 8 This is

quite an alpine or arctic plant. It loves to grow with its root buried
under a loose piece of rock, and late in the summer often acquires a
reddish tinge. Stamens from a glandular disk. Styles usually 4,
sometimes 3 or 5 ; the valves of the capsule are, consequently, equally
variable.

3. A. uligindsa Schl. (Bog S .) ; stems prostrate at the base,
then erect with 1 — 3 flowers on long slender peduncles, leaves
subulate semiterete bluntish nerveless, sepals ovate acute 3-
nerved about as long as the oblong-obovate petals. E. B. S.
t. 2890. Spergula stricta Sw. (not Mich.) Alsine Wahl.

Banks of a stream near the top of Widdy-Bank Fell (not far from
Langdon foot-bridge), Teesdale, Durham. 1L. 6. — Whole plant
glabrous. Stems caespitose. Nerves of the sepals disappearing near
the middle, the margin membranaceous and almost white. The

Arenaria.~\ xiy. cartophyxlacejE : alsinkjE.

G7

specific name stricta is the oldest, but this plant is very different from
the A. ( Alsine) stricta Mich.

4. A. tenuifdlia L. ( fine-leaved S .) ; stems much branched
dichotomous panicled above, leaves narrow linear-subulate
acute 3-nerved, sepals narrow-lanceolate 3-nerved about twice
as long as the oblong petals, capsule 3-valved as long as the
calyx. E. B. t. 219. Alsine Wahl.

Sandy fields; Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Oxfordshire, &c. Cram-
mond Island, and near Petticur Harbour, Fritli of Forth ; Scotland
(scarcely indigenous and not found of late years). Q. 5, 6. — Stems
4 — 6 inches high, glabrous, throughout remarkably slender, especially
the peduncles. Petals varying a little in length, sometimes obovate.
Don alone is said to have seen this in Scotland, but his published
specimens are from England.

5. A. fastigiata Sm. (level-tapped S.) ; stems erect straight,
leaves fascicled subulato-setaceous erect, flowers fascicled, sepals
much acuminate (white) with two central (green) ribs twice
as long as the obovate petals. E. B. t. 1744. Alsine Fenzl.

On rocks in the mountains of Clova, Angusshire, and also Fifeshire :
Mr. Don. Q. 6. — Sir J. E. Smith rightly distinguishes this, the A.
fasciculata of Jacq. and De Cand., from the very rare species so named
by Gouan. The Clova specimens which we possess from Drummond
as well as Don, are only distinguishable from the A. mucronata of
DC., of which this is perhaps a variety, by the more compact inflo-
rescence, annual (or biennial) root, and erect stern : it is also found in
Switzerland and the Pyrenees in warm rocky places, at no great ele-
vation. It is very peculiar in habit, and quite unlike any other
British species. Seeds “ beautifully toothed like a wheel, each on a
long slender stalk.” Sm. »

§ 2. Valves of capsule twice as many as the styles. Euarenaria.

6. A. Norvegica Gunn. (Norwegian S .) ; leaves spathulate-
obovate fleshy glabrous, sepals half as long as the corolla ovate
acute with 3 — 5 obscure ribs. E. B. S. t. 2852. A. ciliata (3.
Willd.

On Serpentine Hill, Unst, Shetland 4 Mr. T. Edmonstone, Jan.
y. 7, 8. — Whole plant perfectly glabrous Stems much branched,
procumbent; branchlets 1 — 3-flowered. This has altogether the
mode of growth and general aspect of A. ciliata ; but the leaves are
succulent and without any cilia?, and the sepals are broader and only
obscurely ribbed.

7. A. ciliata L. ( fringed S.) ; leaves spathulate roughish
ciliate, sepals half as long as the corolla lanceolate acute with
3 — 5 prominent ribs. E. B. t. 1745.

Limestone cliffs, near Ben Bulben, a mountain in Sligo, Ireland.
y. 6 — 8. — Stems much branched, procumbent or ascending, rough-
ish, downy ; branchlets 1 — 5-flowered. Petals ovate.

68 xiv. CARYOrn yllacevE : ALSINEA2. \_Malachium .

8. A. serpyllifolia L. (Thyme-leaved S.)\ leaves ovate acute
subscabrous sessile, calyx hairy its outer sepals 5-ribbed about
as long as the corolla. E. B. t. 923.

Walls and dry waste places, frequent. ©. 6 — 8. — Stems 2 — 6

inches in length, erect or procumbent, much branched, pubescent.
Leaves small, rather rigid. Flowers white, on short stalks, from the
forkings of the upper part of the stem or the axils of the leaves.
Petals as long as the calyx. — Mr. W. Wilson finds a var. at Bangor,
with 5 stamens, and the petals only j as long as the calyx, which has
prominent ribs.

9. A. trinervis L. ( three-nerved S.) ; leaves ovate acute pe-
tiolate 3- (rarely 5-)nerved ciliated, flowers solitary, sepals rough
on the keel with three obscure ribs, hilum of the seeds with an
appendage. E. B. t. 1483. Moehringia Clairv.

Shady woods and moist places. 0. 5, 6. — Stems 1 ft. high, much
branched, pubescent. Upper leaves sessile. Flower-stalks an inch or
more long, from the forkings of the extremities of the stem ; in fruit
spreading, the upper part deflexed. Petals oblong-ovate, white,
scarcely longer than the acute segments of the calyx. Distinguished
from all the other known species by the seeds; on which account it
has been placed in Moehringia, along with M. muscosa, — a most unna-
tural conjunction.

11. Malachium Fries. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Sep. 5. Pet. 5, deeply cloven. Siam. 10. Styles 5, alternate
with the sepals. Caps, opening with 5 valves opposite to the
sepals, each bifid at the apex, many-seeded. — Named from
yaXaicog, soft or feeble, from the nature of the plant.

1. M. aqudlteum Fr. (Water M.~). Cerastium L. : E. B. t.
538.

Sides of rivers and ditches, throughout England, from the Isle of
Wight to Yorkshire, but not common. If. 7, 8. — Stems 1 — 2 ft.
long, angular, dichotomously branched and straggling, viscid upwards.
Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, with short scattered hairs on their
surface and margin ; upper ones sessile, lower ones only petiolate.
Flowers solitary in the forks of the stein. Capsule longer than the
calyx. “ Seeds beautifully marked with close papillae with stellate
bases : ” Bromf. Very similar to Stellaria nemorum, which however
differs by the fewer styles, the 6 equal valves to the capsule, and the
leaves usually hairy only on the margin.

12. Stellaria Linn. Stitchwort.

Sep. 5. Pet. 5, deeply cloven. Slam. 10. Styles 3. Caps.
opening witli 6 valves, many-seeded. — Named from stella, a
star; because the corolla spreads in a star-shaped manner.

1. S. nemorum L. ( Wood S.) ; leaves petiolate cordate, upper
ones ovate sessile, panicle dichotomous. E. B. t. 92.

69

SteUdria.~\ xiv. caryophyllacea: : arsines.

In moist woods, principally In the north of England and Lowlands
of Scotland. If.. 5, 6. — Stems weak, 1 — 1 4 ft. long, often glabrous
below, uniformly downy above, except on the peduncles, where the
pubescence sometimes forms a line on one side. Leaves very large,
usually glabrous, but rough with extremely minute elevated dots,
occasionally ciliated at the margin, sometimes hairy on both sides.
Sepals lanceolate, white at the edges. Petals narrow, deeply bifid,
pure white, twice as long as the sepals. Receptacle of seeds linear,
elongated : in all the other species it is very short.

2. S. media With. ( common Chichveed or S.) ; leaves ovate
lower ones petiolate upper ones sessile, steins with an alternate
line of hairs on one side, petals bipartite, stamens 5 — 10.
E. B. t. 537- Alsine L.

Road-sides and waste places, abundant. Q. FI. almost the whole
year. — Stem weak, with alternate lines of hairs between each pair of
leaves, by which the species is readily. distinguished. Leaves glabrous,
the uppermost sessile ; the others on foot-stalks which are fringed with
hairs. Flowers small, white, on solitary, axillary and terminal stalks.
A slender and apetalous var. occurs on the Sussex and Isle of Wight
coasts, and about Weybridge, Surrey; its calyx is sometimes hairy,
sometimes naked. — This species is a good pot-herb, and small birds
are very fond of the seeds.

3. S. Holustea L. ( greater S .); stem nearly erect >yith 4 rough
sharp angles, leaves lanceolate much acuminate minutely
ciliated sessile, petals cloven to the middle twice as long as the
nerveless calyx. E. B. t. 511.

Woods and hedges, frequent. 1/.. 4 — 6. — Plants 1 — 1 -j ft. high,

rather rigid and brittle, somewhat glaucous. Flowers large and with
much broader petals than the two following, pure white. Panicle of
few flowers, with leafy bracteas.

4. S. glauca With. ( glaucous Marsh S.) ; quite smooth and
glaucous, stem angled nearly erect, leaves linear-lanceolate
entire, flowers upon long solitary axillary footstalks, petals
bipartite much longer than the 3-nerved sepals. E. B. t. 825.

Marshy places, margins of lakes, he. It. 5 — 7. — Stems 1 — 1 }, ft.
high. Bracts with scarious margins. Flowers next in size to those
of S'. Holostea. Readily known from that and S', yraminea by its
narrower, glaucous leaves ; solitary, axillary flowers ; and narrower
sepals.

5. S .grarninea L. (lesser S.) ; stem angled nearly erect smooth,
leaves linear-lanceolate acute entire glabrous ciliated, panicle
much branched, petals bipartite scarcely longer than the 3-nerved
sepals. — a. vulgaris ; stem elongated, panicle loose. E. B. t.
803. — 13. scapigera ; stem short, panicle contracted, leaves pu-
bescent at the margins. S. scapigera Willd. : E. B. t. 12G9.

Dry pastures, fields and heaths, common. — 0. “ By the sides of ri-

vulets in the mountains of Badenoch between Loch Ereachd and Loch

70 XIV. CARYOPIIYLLACE/E : ALSINEyE. \_Hol6stCUm,

Laggan.” G. Don. (In other words, between Dalwhinnie Inn and
the Old Kirk of Laggan. ) Tf. . 5 — 8. — Stem 1 ft. high, more slender
than the two preceding, and readily distinguishable by its much
smaller flowers, large and branching panicle, 3-nerved calyx, and
entire leaves, which are, moreover, by no means so much acuminated.
Bracts membranaceous, ciliated. Anthers red. The leaves have the
hairs of the cilice in the common form, and of the pubescence in (1.
decurved. The station assigned by Don to our var. /3. is frequently
misquoted : this however is of little consequent, as we now believe
that plant to exist nowhere in a wild state, but to be a mere cultivated
form of S. graminea.1 Don cultivated it extensively in his garden at
Forfar, from which we have specimens. It was originally described
by Willdenow, from a plant in the Berlin gardens, who does not say
from whom it was received ; but it is not even conjectured to have
been from Scotland, and has not been found anywhere else : it was
soon introduced into our gardens, treated as an alpine plant, and
increased by division, but not by seed, although seed is produced
sometimes freely.

6. S. uliginusa Murr. (Bag S .) ; leaves ovato-lanceolate entire
with a callous tip, flowers in dichotomous panicles, petals bipar-
tite shorter than the sepals, which are combined at the base.
E. B. t. 1074. S. graminea /3. L. Larbrea St. Hil.

In ditches and rivulets, frequent. 0. 5, 6. — This and the preced-
ing species, Besides having the sepals combined at the base, have truly
perigynous petals. Its general habit is that of Stellaria, from all the
other species of which it is distinguished by the comparatively minute
petals.

13. IIolosteum Linn. Jagged Chickweed.

Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. 5, jagged at the point. Stamens
3 — 5. Styles 3. Caps, subcylindrical, 1 -celled, many-seeded,
opening at the extremity with 6 teeth. — Named from oAoc, all,
and oartov , bone, by antiphrasis, the texture being the very re-
verse, soft and delicate.

1. II. umbellutum L. ( umbelliferous J.) ; leaves elliptical
ovate acute, flowers umbellate, peduncle pubescent viscid, pedi-
cels reflexed after flowering at length erect. E. B. t. 27.

Rare ; on old walls about Norwich, Bury, Eye, and Yarmouth.
Hills near Bowling Bay, Scotland. 0. 4. — A singular and interesting
plant, the original Holosteum of Linnams.

14. Mce'nchia Ehrh. Mcenchia.

Cal. of 4 sepals. Pet. 4, entire. Stam. 4 or 8. Styles 4.
Caps, of 1 cell, many-seeded, opening with 8 teeth, at the ex-

1 In the Glasgow Botanic Garden we have repeatedly observed S. graminea to
spring up in the vicinity of pots in which S. scapigera was cultivated, and about
which it had shed its seed.

Cerdstium.~\ xiv. caryophyllaceac : alsineje. 71

tremity. — Name given in compliment to Conrad Mcench, Pro-
fessor of Botany at Hesse Cassel.

1. M. erecta Sm. ( upright 71/,). Sagina L. : E. B. t. 609.

Pastures in England, in a gravelly soil. ©. 5, 6. — Stem 2 — 4

inches high, erect or frequently a little reclining at the base, glabrous
as well as the leaves, which are opposite, linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid,
glaucous. Sepals large, acuminate, white and membranous at the
margin. Pet. lanceolate, as long as the calyx. Caps, as in Cerastium.

15. Cerastium Linn. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. 5, cloven. Stain. 10. Styles 5. Caps.
bursting at the top with 10 equal teeth. — Named (icrpnc, a horn)
from the rather long and curved capsules of some species.

* Annual or biennial. Petals not longer than the calyx.

1. C. vulgatum L. ( broad-leaved M.) ; hairy nearly erect
viscid above, leaves ovate, bracteas herbaceous, petals as long
as the calyx about half the length of the curved capsule, flowers
mostly subcapitate, calyces oblong longer than their pedicels.
E. B. t. 789. C. gloraeratum Thuil.

Fields, pastures, and road-sides, common. 0. 4 — 9. — Stem 6 — 10
inches high, branched below, dichotomous above. Flowers at first

! subcapitate, afterwards occasionally in dichotomous panicles. Petals
narrow, bifid, sometimes wanting. Caps, cylindrical, curved up-
wards.

2. C. viscosum L. ( narrow-leaved M.) ; leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, stem hairy viscid spreading, lower bracteas herbaceous
upper ones with narrow membranous margins, flowers at first
almost fascicled afterwards in elongated dichotomous cymes,
calyx about as long as the pedicel and the corolla, about half the
length of the curved fruit. E. B. t. 790. C. triviale Link.

Pastures and waste places, wall-tops, &c. $ or 0. FI.

Spring and Summer. — Much resembling the last, but a larger, coarser,
and spreading plant, with longer and narrower leaves; calyces shorter
than their footstalks in general, especially when in fruit. Judging
from the figure, C. pumilum Curtis Flora Lond., seems but the pen-
tandrous or early-flowering state of this species.

3. C. semidecundrum L. (little M.) ; leaves ovate or oblong,
stem hairy viscid suberect simple bearing a few-flowered cyme,
upper half of all the bracts and the sepals membranous, calyx
scarcely shorter than the pedicel about twice as long as the
petals shorter than the fruit. E. B. t. 1630.

Dry waste places in sandy soil, on wall-tops, &c., frequent. 0
3. — 5. — This displays itself, as Sir J. E. Smith well observes, in
early spring, on every wall, and withers away before the C. viscosum

72

XIV. CARY0IT1YLLACE.E : ALSINEyE. [ CcfUStium.

begins to put forth its far less conspicuous blossoms. Leaves usually
hairy, sometimes glabrous. Stamens usually 5, often 4, occasionally
10. Fruit more or less curved, variable in length from a little longer
than the calyx to twice as long.

4. C. tetrandrum Curt. ( four-cleft M.) ; leaves ovate or ob-
long, stem hairy and somewhat viscid dichotomous with flowers
in the forks, the whole a leafy cyme, lower bracteas herbaceous
some of the uppermost and the sepals with a narrow membra-
naceous margin, calyx rather longer than the petals 1 4 — 4 times
shorter than the pedicels, fruit usually the length of the calyx
rarely a little longer. C. atrovirens Bab: C. peduneulatum
Bab. Sagina cerastoides E. B. t. 166.

Waste ground, walls, and sandy places, especially near the sea.
On the east coast of England (Yarmouth), the south (Sussex), and
in Wales. About Edinburgh, banks of the Tweed, l.anark, Campsie,
Ayr, &c. Howth, Ireland. ©. 5 — 7. — Stamens 4 or rarely 5, never,
so far as we have seen, more numerous. Flowers usually 4-cleft.

“ Petals inversely heart-shaped, shorter than the taper- pointed calyx
which is nearly as long as the capsule.” Sm. — In comparing this
and the preceding species, it may be proper to state that bv the lowest
bracteas we mean the pair of leaves at that fork where the first pedicel
appears : in the three species already noticed the bracteas become
suddenly smaller, whereas in C. tetrandrum they remain about as large
as the leaves, and similar to them, after the cyme has been repeatedly
forked. Mr. Bentham is of opinion that, all of this section are mere
varieties of one species.

* * Perennial. Petals longer than the calyx.

5. C. arvense L. ( Field C.) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sepals
somewhat acute, bracteas membranaceous at the margins and
apex, petals twice as long as the calyx. — a. pubescens ; leaves j
pubescent especially at the base. E. B. t. 93. — 13. strictum ;
stem and leaves glabrous.

Dry, sandy, and gravelly places; less frequent in Scotland. — )3.
Arran, Ireland. If. 4 — 8. — Stems much branched and decumbent
at the base, a span long, slender. Flowers large, pure white, 2 or 8
on terminal stalks. Capsule scarcely longer than the calyx. Seeds
small, acutely tubercled.

6. C. alpinum L. {hairy alpine C .) ; subglabrous or clothed
with long white soft silky hairs, stem ascending, leaves elliptical
ovate or oblong, panicle dichotomous few-flowered, bracteas
herbaceous with usually a narrow membranaceus margin,
capsule cylindrical-oblong slightly curved. E. B. t. 472. C.
latifolium, Light/. Scot. i. p. 242. t. 9.

Frequent on the Highland mountains of Scotland. Slriden
Edge, Helvellyn, England. Very rare in Wales, and not now to be
found on Snowdon. If. 6— 8. — Much branched below and creeping

XV. LJNACEA5.

73

Cerastium .]

then erect, 3 — 5 inches high. Leaves sometimes lanceolate. Flowers
large, handsome, white. Petals bifid at the point. “ Seeds small,
acutely tubercled.” H. Watson. — The more glabrous form is the
C. alpinum of the French botanists, while the silky one is the C.
tomentosum Lam.

7. C. latifolium Sm. : L. ? ( broad-leaved alpine C.) ; subgla-
brous or clothed with short rigid yellowish pubescence, stems
prostrate cmspitose, leaves elliptical-ovate, branches mostly
single-flowered, bracteas herbaceous, capsule cylindrical oblong
nearly straight. E. B. t. 473.

Mountains of Wales ; Clogwyn y Garnedd, and Clogwyn du’r
arrdhu, Snowdon, but rare. Ben Lomond, Ben Nevis, Ben Ghlo,
&c., in Scotland. If.. 5 — 8. — Never clothed with long white hairs,
of a deeper green than C. alpinum, sometimes almost glabrous. The
stems are dichotomous and bare of leaves below, and much buried
under rocks and stones. Flowers solitary, rarely 2, terminal on the
branches ; when more than one the bracteas are generally oval and
foliaceous. “ Seeds large, rugose.” H. Watson. A dwarf variety
occurs in Unst, Shetland. We agree with Mr. W. Wilson in think-
ing that there exists scarcely any difference either in flower or
fruit between this and the preceding. In both, the capsules are
broadly oblong, shining, almost twice as long as the calyx, and nearly
straight.1

8. C. trigynum Vill. ( Stitchwort C .) ; stems decumbent with
an alternate hairy line, leaves oblong-spathulate, peduncles 2
or 3 mostly terminal downy, styles mostly 3. Stellaria ceras-
toides L. ; E. B. t. 911.

Breadalbane mountains of Scotland, and mountains to the north
of that great range. Near Bantry, Ireland. 7/.. 7, 8. — Stem 4 — 6
inches long, the lower part bare of leaves, and much branched.
Leaves glabrous or hairy, subsecund and subfalcate, as observed by
Wahlenberg; their points callous. Flowers large, pure white. Sir
J. E. Smith states that the styles are sometimes 4 or 5 ; and the
capsules, in our specimens, have usually 6, but some 8 or 10 teeth.

Ord. XV. LINACEiE Be Cand.

Sepals 4 — 5, imbricated in aestivation, persistent. Petals
4 — 5, with a twisted aestivation, very fugacious. Stamens 4 — 5,

united at the base into an hypogynous ring, with small teeth
(abortive stamens) between them. Ovary with 3 — 5 cells, and

1 Mr. Bentiiam is of opinion that “ the C. latifolium of the Alps of central
Europe is not a British plant.” He here alludes to C. glaciate Gaud., the C. lati-
folium of Seringe in De Candolle’s Prodrotnus. C. I at /folium of Linn sens is
attended with difficulty ; in his specific character, *• folns ovatis subtomentosis,
ram is subunifloris, capsulis globosis,” the first is most allied to C. g/acia/e , the
form of the leaves and inflorescence agree with C latifolium Sm., but the clothing
of the leaves seems to indicate C alpinum. Linnaeus refers under C. alpinum ,
and C. latifolium to Wulfen, but both of Wulfen’s are described with elongated
capsules, and appear to be our British ones. Haller’s two species, No. 887 and 888
are likewise either these, or the two forms of C. alpinum.

E

74

XV. LIN ACE Al.

[ Linum .

as many styles. Stigmas capitate. Capsule globose, crowned
with the permanent base of the styles, 3 — 5-celled ; each cell
partially divided into 2 by a spurious dissepiment, and opening
with 2 valves at the apex. Seeds 1 in each spurious cell, in-
verted. Embryo straight, large, thin, with little or no albumen.
— Mostly herbs, with entire leaves and without stipules. — Linum
catharticum is a purgative: L. usitatissimum is the common
Flax.

1. Linum. Petals, stamens and styles 5.

2. Radiola. Petals, stamens and styles 4.

1. Linum Linn. Flax.

Sep. 5, persistent. Pet. 5. Siam. 5. Styles 5. Seeds ovate,
compressed. — Named from Lin, thread , in Celtic and also in
modern Gaelic.

* Leaves alternate.

1. Ti.*usitatissimvm L. ( common F.) ; annual, leaves alternate
lanceolate, sepals ovate acute 3-nerved ciliate, petals crenate,
stem subsolitary. E. B. t. 1357.

Corn-fields, not unfrequent. 0. 7. — Stem 1 — L} ft. high, slender

corymbosely branched above. Leaves distant. Flowers large, pur-
plish-blue. Valves of capsule glabrous. — This, as may be inferred
from its name, yields in the strong fibres of the bark of the stem, the
valuable flax of commerce ; while from the seed a valuable oil is ex-
pressed, known by the name of Lint-seed oil. The seeds, too, are highly
mucilaginous, and much employed in poultices, fomentations, &c.

2. L. perenne L. ( perennial blue F .) ; perennial, leaves alter-
nate linear acute, sepals obovate obtuse obscurely 5-ribbed
glabrous, stems numerous from the same root, peduncles erect.
E. B. t. 40.

Chalky hills: Cambridgeshire; Hinton, Northamptonshire; West-
moreland, Norfolk, and Suffolk. Near Monkstnwn, Ireland. If.. 6,7.

3. L. angustifdlium binds. ( narrow-leaved pale F.) ; perennial,
leaves alternate linear- lanceolate acuminate 3-nerved, sepals
elliptical three-ribbed mueronate, stems numerous from the same
root. E. B. t. 381.

Sandy and chalk’y pastures, principally near the sea : Kent, Sus-
sex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Isle of Wight, Cornwall. Near Liverpool,
and Plymouth. About Dublin. 2f.. 5 — 9. — All the three Bri-

tish species of this division have a great similarity in their habit.
The best characters, as observed by Sir J. E. Smith, are taken from
the calyx. In the present th epetals are of a paler blue than in the
preceding species, and smaller in proportion to the size of the calyx.
“ Stems lax, very irregularly branched. Valves of capsule hairy.” —
Bromf.

** Leaves opposite

4. L. catharticum L. ( purging F .) ; annual, leaves opposite

Lcivatera.~\

XVI. MALVACEAE.

75

oblong, stem dichotomous above, sepals elliptical acuminate
1 -nerved. E. B. t. 382.

Pastures, everywhere abundant. Q. 6 — 9. — Stem slender, up-
right, 2 — 6 inches high. Leaves varying from oblong to obovato-
lanceolate. Flowers gracefully drooping before expansion, white,
small. Petals oblong, sometimes acute, often obtuse.

2. Radiola Gmel. Flax-seed.

Sep. 4, united up to their middle, and mostly 3-cleft. Pet.
slam, and styles 4. — Named from radius , a ray ; probably in
consequence of the radiating nature of the branches.

1. R. Millegr&na Sm. ( Thyme-leaved F.). E. B. t. 8 93
Linum Radiola L.

Moist gravelly and boggy soils, in many places. ©. 7, 8. — A
very minute plant, 1 — 2 inches high, repeatedly dichotomous. Leaves
distant, ovate, entire, glabrous, under a high power of the microscope
appealing dotted. Flowers axillary and terminal, solitary, on short
peduncles. Cal. segments united, so as to form a monophyllous
many-toothed calyx.

Ord. XVI. — M AL V ACEiE Juss.

Calyx 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation. Corolla of 5 petals , regu-
lar, twisted in {estivation. Stamens indefinite, momulelphous,
often united with the petals at their bases. Anthers reniform,
1 -celled. Ovary 1. Styles single or several combined. Stig-
mas several. Fruit a capsule, with many cells and valves ; or
composed of many carpels, which are dehiscent or indehiscent,
collected into a compact body, or placed in a whorl round the
base of the style. Albumen none, or fleshy, but not abundant.
Embryo curved, with twisted and doubled cotyledons. — Herbs,
or shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers
axillary. — They abound in mucilage, especially the seeds. The
j stems and roots afford an excellent fibre. Gossypium yields
the Cotton.

1. Lavatera. Involucre 3-lobed.

2. Malva. Involucre 3-leaved.

3. Altilea. Involucre 6 — 9-cleft.

1. Lavatera Linn. Tree-Mallow.

Cal. with a 3-lobed involucre. Carpels numerous, circularly
arranged, 1 -seeded. — Named in honour of the two Lavaters ,
friends of Tournefort.

1. L. arborea L. ( Sea T .) ; stem arborescent, leaves with
about 7 angles downy plaited, peduncles axillary aggregate
single-flowered shorter than the petioles. E. B. t. 1841.

76

XYI. MALVACEAE.

[Malta.

On maritime, always insulated, rocks, in the south and west of
England. Islet off the coast of Anglesea. Isles in the Frith of
Forth. Ireland. <?.7 — 9. — Stem 3 — 5 ft. high. Flowers large purple
rose-coloured, shining, darker at the base of the petals.

2. Malva Linn. Mallow.

Cal. with a 3-leaved involucre. Carpels numerous, circularly
arranged, 1-seeded. — Name altered from paXaxu, soft, in allu-
sion to the emollient nature of the species.

1 . M. sylvestris L. ( common M.) ; stem Usually erect herba-
ceous, leaves with 5 — 7 rather acute deep lobes, peduncles and
petioles hairy, fruit glabrous reticulately wrinkled. E. B. t. 671.

Waste places and way-sides; not common in Scotland. 7/.. 6—9.

— Stem 2 — 3 ft. or more high, branched. Flowers 3 or 4 together,
axillary. Petals obcordate, usually large and of a purplish rose-
colour with deeper veins, combined by the base of their claws. The
late Dr. Bromfield found in the Isle of Wight a variety with flowers
of a sky-blue colour, another with prostrate stems, and a third with
small flowers. Whole plant, especially the fruit, mucilaginous and
emollient.

2. M. rotundifolia L. {dwarf M.) ; stem decumbent, leaves
roundish-cordate slightly and bluntly 5 — 7 lobed, fruit-stalks
bent down, petals 2 — 3 times longer than the calyx, fruit pubes-
cent, carpels smooth rounded on the edge. JE. B. t. 1092.

Waste places and way-sides, not unfrequent in England ; rare in
Scotland, as about Edinburgh. 2j. 6 — 9. — Stems 10 — 12 inches

long, branching only from the root. Flowers small, roundish. Brac-
teas linear-lanceolate. Carpels meeting at the line of junction with
a straight line. Fries and some other foreign botanists consider the
next to be the true M. rotundifolia L., and call this M. vulgaris, or
M. neglecta.

3. M. *pusilla Sm. {small-flowered Ml) ; stem decumbent,
leaves roundish-cordate slightly and bluntly 5-lobed, fruit-stalks
bent down, petals the length of the calyx, fruit pubescent,
carpels slightly reticulated margined. E. B. t. 241. M. bore-
alis Wallm.

Hythe, Kent: Hudson. 0? 7. — Of this as a British plant we
know nothing ; only one specimen seems ever to have been found,
and that was probably introduced with corn : seeds taken from it
vielded the specimen from which the figure in the E. B. was made
in 1795. Supposing it to be a distinct species from the last, the
name originally given by Smith seems to be the oldest ; but the
pubescence of the fruit and reticulation of the carpels appear to vary
so much in several allied species, that we fear these characters are only
of secondary importance.

4. M. moschdta L. {Mush M.) ; stem erect, radical leaves

XVII. TILIACEA2.

77

Althce'a."]

reniform in 5 or 7 broad-cut lobes, cauline ones 5-partite pin-
nato-multifid their segments linear, calyx hairy, leaflets of the
involucre linear. E. B. t. 754.

Meadows, pastures, and road-sides, especially in a gravelly soil ;
not unfrequent. If. 7,8. — Stem 2 — 3 ft. high. Flowers large, beau-
tiful, rose-coloured, 1 — 2 from the axils of the terminal leaves. The
foliage yields a faint musky smell if drawn through the hand.

[M. verticillata L., (Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. vi. p. 259., tab.
7, and E. B. S. t. 2953.) an erect plant, having leaves with 5 deep
acute lobes, nearly sessile flowers scarcely longer than the calyx, and
glabrous carpels rounded on the edge and scarcely reticulated, has
been found near Llanelly in Wales ; but it is neither a native of Britain,
nor of Europe, unless as a cultivated plant : the wild state, which is
unknown, may exhibit quite a different aspect and character.]

3. Alth^eA Linn. Marsh-Mallow.

Cal. with a 6 — 9 leaved involucre. Carpels numerous, circu-
larly arranged, 1-seeded. — Name: a\8w, to cure; from its
healing properties.

1. A. officinalis L. ( common M.) ; leaves soft and downy on
both sides cordate or ovate toothed, entire or 3 lobed, pedun-
cles axillary many-flowered much shorter than the leaves.
E. B. t. 147.

Marshes, mostly near the sea in England and Ireland. Abundant
in Hampshire. Rare and scarcely indigenous to Scotland, as the

Solway Frith, Arran, and Campsie. If . 8, 9 Stem 2 — 3 ft. high,

remarkable for the dense, exquisitely soft, and starry pubescence of the
leaves and stems. Flowers 3 — 4 together, on axillary stalks, large, pale,
rose-colour. — Affords an abundant mucilage, and a decoction of it is
in very general use for the cure of cough. In France it is made into
lozenges, called Pates de Guimauve.

2. A. * hirsuta L. ( hispid Mi) ; leaves cordate rough with
hairs, lower ones obtusely upper palmately and acutely lobed
crenate, stem hispid, peduncles single-flowered longer than the
leaves. E. B. S. t. 2674.

Fields and waste places, rare. Between Cobham and Cuxton,
Kent. Q. 6, 7. — Remarkable for its very hispid stems and calyces.

Ord. XVII. T1LIACE2E Juss.

Sepals 4 — 5, deciduous, with valvular aestivation. Petals
4 — 5, often with a depression at the base, sometimes wanting.
Stamens distinct or polyadelphous at the base, generally in-
definite. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally, introrse.
Glands 4 — 5, adnate with the petals to the stalk of the ovary.
Ovary 1 — 10-celled. Style 1. Capsule with one or many seeds
e 3

78

XVIII. HYPERICACEiE.

[ Tilia.

in each cell. Albumen fleshy, including an erect embryo. —
Trees or shrubs, with stipuled alternate leaves, and a mucilagi-
nous wholesome juice, the inner bark exceedingly tenacious. — Rus-
sian, or bast-matting is the inner bark of the Lime.

1. Tilia Linn. Lime-Tree.

Cal. 5-partite. Pet. 5, with or without a nectary at the base.
Ovary 5-celled ; cells with 2 ovules. Fruit 1-celled, 1 — 2-
seeded. — Name of obscure origin, perhaps from the Celtic ; in
modern Gaelic, the Lime is called Teile.

1. T. parvifolia Ehrh. (small-leaved L.) ; nectaries none,
leaves glabrous except a woolly tuft in the axils of the nerves
and veins beneath, branches and petioles glabrous, fruit oblique
with filiform ribs chartaceous brittle at length nearly glabrous.
E. B. t. 1705. T. microphylla Vent.

Woods in Essex, Lincolnshire, Sussex, Wales; “safely to be
reckoned indigenous:” Borrer. I?. 7,8. — Leaves when young

covered beneath with stellate hairs. Angles or ribs of the fruit often
concealed by the pubescence before it falls off.

2. T. *Europce'a L. ( common L. or Linden-tree') ; nectaries
none, leaves twice the length of the foot-stalks quite glabrous
except a woolly tuft in the axils of the nerves and veins beneath,
branches and petioles glabrous, fruit coriaceous downy nearly
equal-sided with slightly prominent angles. E. B. t. 610. T.
intermedia DC.

Woods and hedgerows, probably not indigenous. Tj. 7. — Leaves
pale beneath, but scarcely glaucous. A large and handsome tree ; its
flowers “at dewy eve distilling odours,” yellowish-green, on a stalked
cyme, springing from a large lanceolate foliaceous bractea, which falls
oft' with the fructified cymes. Best distinguished from the last by the
fruit. — Linnaeus is said to have derived his own name from the
Swedish Lin, our Linden- or Lime-tree.

3. T. * grandifolia Ehrh. (broad-leaved downy L.) ; nectaries
none, leaves downy especially beneath with solitary hairs, axils
of the nerves and veins woolly, young branches and petioles
hairy, fruit woody downy with prominent angles. E. B. S.
t. 2720.

Woods and hedges, in several places ; scarcely wild. England and
Ireland. Blair Athol, Scotland. Near Edinburgh, Tj. 6,7. — The
angles or ribs of the fruit are often obscure when young, but are after-
wards prominent. The number of flowers in the umbel or cyme
varies from 2 to 9 in all our British species.

Ord. XVIII. HYPERICACEiE Juss.

Sepals 4 — 5, distinct or cohering, persistent, frequently with
glandular dots. Petals 4— 5, with a twisted aestivation and

XVIII. HYPERICACETE.

79

Hypericum .]

often black dots. Stamens numerous (15 or more), polyadel-
phous, rarely monadelphous or quite distinct. Anthers small,
versatile. Ovary single. Styles 3 — 5, rarely combined. Stig-
mas simple. Fruit a capsule of several valves, rarely baccate,
several-celled (or imperfectly so by the valves being curved
inwards, and scarcely meeting in tlie axis), or 1 -celled: dehis-
cence septicidal. Seeds minute, numerous, on a receptacle in
the axis, or on the incurved margins of the valves. Embryo
straight. Albumen 0. — Herbs or shrubs, with generally opposite
leaves, mostly marked ivith pellucid dots, and commonly yellow
flowers. Aromatic and resinous, juice sometimes purgative.

1. Hypericum Linn. St. John’s Wort.

Cal. 5-partite, or of 5 sepals, inferior. Pet , 5. Filaments
united at the base into 3 or 5 sets (or sometimes almost dis-
tinct). Caps, many-seeded. — Name: the vm/pucon of Dios-
corides.

* Petals unequal-sided, without any glands or appendages at the base or
between the sets of the shortly connected stamens.

f Styles 5. Petals deciduous. Eremanthe.

1. H. * calycinum L. ( large-flowered St. J.) ; flowers solitary,
segments of the calyx unequal obovate obtuse, leaves oblong,
stem shrubby branched square. E. B. t. 2017.

Bushy places. Naturalized at Largs, and Balmacarra, Scotland ;
Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Wicklow and Cork, Ireland. 1;. 7 — 9. — I lowers
very large, yellow, as in all the genus. Petals and sets of stamens
5, deciduous. Ovary and capsule 5-celled, or 1-celled towards the
summit.

tt Styles 3. Petals deciduous. Stamens shortly pentadelphous.

Androsa:mutn.

2. II. Androsee' mum L. ( common Tutsan) ; styles much shorter
than the stamens recurved, capsule pulpy nearly globose, stem
shrubby compressed, sepals unequal oval at length larger than
the capsule, leaves ovate sessile. Curt. FI. Lond. I. t. 164.

Hedges and shrubby places; Norfolk; Herts; Kent; between
Dorking and Guildford; and at Gt. Marlow, Bucks. Not rare in
Devon, Hampshire, and Cornwall. Frequent in Ireland, and the
west of Scotland. Ij- 6 — 8. — Stems 2 ft. high. Leaves large. Cymes
terminal. Stamens deciduous. Ovary imperfectly 3-celled. Fruit
fleshy and resembling a berry, especially when unripe.

3. H. * A'nglicum Bertol. ( large-flowered Tutsan)-, styles
nearly straight about as long as the stamens and petals and
twice the length of the calyx, capsule when ripe 3-valved at

80

xvm. hypericaceas. [Hypericum.

the apex nearly dry, stem shrubby 2 -edged ; sepals unequal
oval at length recurved, leaves ovate sessile. H. Androssemum.
E. B. t. 1225.

Hedges and shrubby places. ClifT above Falmouth Harbour,
Cornwall: Mr. Polwhele. Hills behind Greenock: D. Steuart, Esq.
Crinan Canal, Argyleshire ; Culross, Perthshire; Galway, Ireland:
Dr. Balfour. Ij • 7 — 9. — We insert this species as a doubtful

native, in order to draw attention to it. It differs from H. Androsce-
mum by the larger size of the flowers, considerably larger even than
in H. elatum Ait. (Androscemum parviflorum Spach in Ann. Soc. Hat.
N.S. v. p. 361) to which, however, in other respects, it is so closely
allied, that we feel much disposed to regard it as a variety of that
species : the native country of H. elatum, although long known in
cultivation, has, we believe, never been satisfactorily determined ; that
of the present species is also not free from difficulty : from the size of
the flowers, long styles, and comparatively dry fruit, it is not likely to
be passed over for H. Androscemum, by any one well acquainted with
that species, with which it agrees chiefly in the size and form of the
leaves. In the specimen from Greenock the styles do not exceed the
stamens in length, and although some of the pedicels are two-winged,
others appear to be four-edged ; we have therefore slightly modified
the character proposed by Mr. Babington, to whose remarks in the
Annals of Nat. Hist. 2d. Ser. xv. p. 92, in proof of this being Berto-
loni’s plant, we refer. After the stamens fall off, the calyx becomes
reflexed, and the still unripe capsule slightly tapers into the base of
the three long almost straight styles.

"("[")■ Styles 3. Petals permanent. Stamens slightly triadelphous. ( Capsule
3-celIed septicidal.) Euhypericum.

§ Sepals entire at the margins or slightly toothed, but nearly without glands.

4. H. perforatum. L. ( common perforated St. J.) ; stem 2-
edged, leaves oblong obtuse with pellucid dots, veins opaque,
sepals erect lanceolate acute. — a. leaves elliptic oblong. E.
B. t. 595. — 13. leaves linear-oblong, sepals more or less
toothed.

Woods, thickets, hedges, &c., abundant. Jj . 7 — 9. — Stem 1 — 2 ft.
or more high, branched. Leaves with sometimes only a few pellucid
dots, but never with the pellucid venation of the next. There are
minute black dots on the tips of the cal., cor., and often on the leaves.
Valves of the capsule with two glandular lines on the back, their sides
wrinkled with ovoid transverse vesicles.

5. H. dubium Leers (imperforate St. J.) ; stem more or less
quadrangular, leaves elliptic-ovate obtuse usually nearly desti-
tute of pellucid dots, veins pellucid, sepals recurved oblong
or lanceolate entire or denticulate. E. B. t. 296. H. macu-
latum Crantz.

Rather mountainous woods in various places ; not uncommon in
Arran, Cumbrte, and both sides of the Clyde. 11. 7,8. — Similar

XVIII. HYPERICACE7E.

81

Hypericum,.]

in many respects to the last ; for which, perhaps, it is not unfre-
quently mistaken : the leaves arc sometimes as much covered with
pellucid dots, so that the only constant mark is in the veins, and even
these in the older and lower leaves become frequently opaque. Corolla
often marked with small black dots. In this, as well as in the fol-
lowing six species, the capsule is striated at the back, with copious
slender longitudinal glands.

6. H. quadrdngulum L. ( square-stalked St. J.) ; stem herba-
ceous 4-angled somewhat branched, leaves ovate with pellucid
dots, sepals erect lanceolate acuminate. E. B. t. 370.

Moist pastures, sides of ditches and rivulets, If. 7. — Stem 1
— 2 ft. high. Panicles terminal. “ Slightly foetid like H. liircinum."
Bromf

7. H. humifusum L. ( trailing St. J.) ; flowers terminal sub-
cymose, stem compressed prostrate, sepals unequal outer ones
oblong obtuse mucronate, leaves oblong obtuse glabrous. E.
B. t. 1226.

Gravelly, heathy, and boggy pastures, stone walls, &c„ in many
places. If. 7. — Stem slender, about a span long. Stamens not more
than 5 — 8 in each of the three sets ; whereas in the three preceding
there are 10 — 25 in each. Styles very short. Cor. with black dots,
as well as the calyx, and even glandular serratures are sometimes to be
seen towards the points of the sepals, particularly of the inner lanceo-
late ones, but not, we think, so as to justify the plant being placed
in the next division.

§§ Margins of the sepals, with glandular serratures.

8. H. linarifulium Vahl (linear-leaved Sl.J.); flowers ter-
minal cymose, stems ascending terete, sepals slightly unequal all
lanceolate acute their margins with numerous (black) spots and
glandular serratures, leaves linear obtuse the margins revolute.
E. B. S. t. 2851.

Cape Cornwall : on dry slopes of hills in several parts of Jersey,
particularly on a hill between Ann Port and St. Catherine’s Bay :
banks of the Teign, Tamar, and Tavy, Devon. If. 7, 8 .— Flowers
small. Stem procumbent below. Stamens 30 or more. H. humi-
fusum differs from this by its prostrate slightly two-edged stems;
oblong, obtuse, and mucronate sepals ; oval-oblong leaves ; smaller
flowers ; fewer stamens ; broader capsules and shorter styles. Bab.

9. H. pulchrum L. (small upright St. J.) ; sepals broadly ovate
obtuse with (black) glandular serratures, stem erect glabrous,
leaves cordate amplexicaul glabrous. E. B. t. 1227.

Dry woods and heaths, frequent. If. 6, 7. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high,
slender, erect, rigid, branched. Flowers beautiful, in loose panicles,
yellow, tipped, before expansion, with red. Anthers red.

10. H. hirsutum L. (hairy St. J.) ; sepals lanceolate acute

£ 5

82

XIX. ACERACEiE.

[Hypericum.

with (blade) glandular serratures, stem erect terete pubescent,
leaves ovate or oblong slightly stalked somewhat downv beneath.
E. B. 1. 1156.

Woods and thickets, especially in a chalky soil. If.. 7, 8. — Slern
2 ft high. Leaves rather large, more or less downy, especially beneath.

11. H. montdnum L. {Mountain St. J.) ; flowers paniculato-
eorymbose, sepals lanceolate acute with (black) glandular ser-
ratures, stem erect terete and as well as the ovate leaves
glabrous. E. B. t. 371.

Bushy hills in England, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil, but
not common. If. 7,8. — Stem — 2 ft. high. Lea res rather large,
more or less perforated, distant, especially above ; furnished with black
glandular dots near the margins. Braclcas and calyx beautifully
fringed with shortly-stalked glands. Petals without dots or glands.

12. II. * barbdtum Jacq. (bearded St. J.) ; corymbs terminal,
sepals lanceolate fringed with long-stalked glands, stem erect
terete, leaves ovate with (black) scattered dots beneath. E. B.
t. 1986.

Side of a hedge near Aberdalgie in Strathearn, Perthshire : G. Don.
%. 9, 10. — Stem 1 ft. or more high. Very distinct in the long

glandular hairs of its calyx. Petals copiously dotted, often toothed or
ciliated at the extremity'. Capsule transversely wrinkled. We possess
a specimen from Don ; but we do not believe that this species was
ever found wild in Scotland.

** Petals equal-sided. Stamens in each set united to above the middle,
with a scale between the sets. Styles 3. Elodea.

13. H. eludes L. ( Marsh St. J.) ; sepals with (reddish) glan-
dular serratures glabrous, leaves roundish shaggy, stem terete
creeping, panicle of few flowers. E. B. t. 109.

Spongy bogs, not unfrequent. Rare in Scotland. If. 7,8. —
Stem 6 — 8 inches long. Flowers few, panicled, terminal, pale yellow.
Petals persistent, with a fringed appendix at the base. Stamens 15,
triadelphous. Ovary and fruit 1-celled.

Ord. XIX. ACEllACEiE J uss.

Calyx 4 — 5 — 9-partite, imbricated in estivation. Petals of
the same number, with scarcely any claw, inserted into the
margin of an hypogynous disk, or wanting. Stamens about 8,
inserted on the disk. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled. Style 1. Stig-
mas 2. Fruit a double Samara , each 1-celled with 1 or 2
erect 'seeds. Albumen 0. Embryo curved, with foliaceous
wrinkled cotyledons , and an inferior radicle. — Trees, of the tem-
perate parts o f the northern hemisphere. Leaves generally simple

Geranium.']

XX. GERANlACEvE.

83

and lobcd; flowers often polygamous. — Acer saccharinum of
N. America yields Maple Sugar.

1. A'cer Linn. Maple.

Flowers polygamous. Cal. lobed or partite. Cor. of several
petals. — Named from acer , sharp or hard ( ac , Celtic), on ac-
count of the hardness of the wood, which was employed in
fabricating spears, spikes, &c.

1. A. *Pseudo-pldtanus L. ( greater M. or Sycamore ) ; leaves
5-lobed unequally serrate, racemes pendulous, wings of fruit
slightly diverging. E. B. t. 303.

In hedges, plantations, and about houses, k- 5,6. — A large tree,
with spreading branches and ample leaves. Flowers greenish. Fruit
glabrous, furnished with two long membranaceous wings, which greatly
aid in its dispersion. The wood is used for bowls and trenchers and
other turnery.

2. A. campestre L. ( common Mi) • lobes of the leaves mostly
o inciso-crenate, racemes somewhat corymbose upright subto-
mentose, wings of fruit diverging horizontally. E. B. t. 304.

* Woods and thickets, not common in Scotland, and perhaps neither
indigenous there nor in Ireland, k . 5, 6. — A small tree, with rough
bark, full of deep fissures. Leaves small. Wood often beautifully
veined, and then much prized.

Ord. XX. GERANIACE2E Juss.

Sepals 5, persistent, with an imbricative aestivation. Petals 5,
with a claw. Stamens generally monadelphous and twice as
many as there are petals, some occasionally abortive. Ovary
5-lobed, terminated by a long thick beak (torus or gynobase),
and 5 stigmas. Carpels 5, 1 -celled, ultimately separating from
the base of the beak, together with a long elastic awn (the style).
Seed solitary, without albumen. Embryo curved. Cotyledons
convolute and plaited. — Herbs or shrubs with leaves opposite
at the joints, or alternate and then opposite the peduncles. No
tendrils.

1. Geranium. Capsules with a long glabrous recurved awn.

2. Erodium. Capsules with a long spiral awn, which is bearded on

the inside.

1. Geranium Linn. Crane’s-bill.

Pet. regular. Stain. 10, slightly monadelphous ; 5 outer ones
opposite the petals, rarely sterile ; the other 5 alternating,
larger, with a gland at their base. Caps, each with a long
glabrous recurved awn. — Name : ytpaviov of the Greeks, from
ytpavoc, a crane ; the fruit resembling the beak of a crane.

84

XX. GERANIACEAS.

[ Geranium.

* Peduncles 1 -flowered.

1. G. sanguineum L. ( bloody C.) ; leaves nearly orbicular in
5 — 7 deep lobes each of which is trifid, carpels even with bristly
hairs at the summit, seeds minutely wrinkled and dotted. —
a. flowers purple. E. B. t. 272. — /a. prostrate, flowers flesh-
coloured with purple veins. G. Lancastriense With.

Alpine or limestone pastures, in many places ; but not very general,
— j8. Sands in Walney Island, Lancashire. If.. 7. — Stem ] — 1 ^ ft.
high, swelling at the joints. Peduncles axillary, long. Flowers large,
handsome.

** Peduncles 2-Jlowered. Root perennial.

2. G. plue'um L. ( dusky C.) ; peduncles opposite the leaves,
calvx slightly awned, petals waved, capsules hairy below trans-
versely wrinkled above, stem erect. E. B. t. 322.

Woods and thickets, but usually the outcast of a garden. 2L. 5, 6.
— Stem 2 ft. or more high, dichotomously branched. Leaves 3 — 7-
lobed. lobes acute, cut and serrated. Flowers very dingy, purple-
black : a var. with white flowers is found on the sands of Barrie near
Dundee. .

3. G. * nodosum L. ( knotty C .) ; stem glabrous, leaves opposite
with 5 or 3 deep pointed serrated lobes, petals with a deep
notch, sepals long-awned, capsules even downy all over. E. B.
t. 1091.

Said to have been gathered in the mountainous parts of Cumberland,
and between Hatfield and Welwyn, Herts ; but no specimens have been
observed there for many years. Banks of the Tweed. 71. 5 — 8. —
Allied to this in the fruit and in several other respects, but differing
by the hairy stem, is G. striatum, stated to grow on a rabbit-warren
near Flimbv, between Workington and Maryport, Cumberland, “ op-
posite the first gate after the road has turned from the valley of the
Derwent to follow the coast towards Maryport;” also “apparently
wild” near Penzance and St. Austell, Cornwall, and Chepstow : but
both this and G- nodosum are plants almost peculiar to a southern
clime, and cannot be expected to be indigenous to us.

4. G. sylvdticum L. ( Wood C.); pedicels of fruit erect, leaves
subpeltate with 5 or 7 deep and acute lobes which are cut and
serrated, stem erect corymbose, petals obovate slightly notched,
their claws bearded, sepals awned, stamens subulate, capsules
even hairy, seeds dotted. E. B. t. 121.

Woods, thickets, and sides of ri ers, chiefly in subalpine countries.
Tf.. 6,7. — Stem 1 — 3 ft. high. Flowers purple, rather larger than those
of G. plupum, but much smaller than in the following species. Speci-
mens with smaller and pale rose-coloured flowers sometimes occur.

5. G. pratenseh. (blue Meadoiv C.); pedicels of fruit deflexedi
leaves 5-partite, lobes multipartite all the segments acute, pe-
tals obovate slightly notched their claws ciliated (not bearded)

XX. GERANIACE7E.

85

Geranium.'] '

stamens dilated at the base, capsules even hairy, seeds minutely
reticulated. E. B. t. 404.

Pastures and moist thickets, particularly near cascades in moun-
tainous countries. About London. If. . 6 — 9. — Stem l — 2 ft. high.
Readily distinguished by its large purple flowers and multipartite
leaves. The hairs on the fruit, in this and the last, are spreading and
glandular.

6. G. Pyrendicum L. ( Mountain C.) ; leaves reniform 5 — 7-
lobed, lobes oblong obtuse trifid and toothed at the extremity,
stem erect branched softly hairy, petals with a deep notch
twice as long as the mucronate sepals, capsules keeled even
slightly downy, seeds without dots. E. B. t. 405.

Meadows and pastures in many places, but not frequent. 11 . 6,1.
— Stem ‘2 — 3 ft. high, much branched. Claws of petals densely bearded.
Distinguished by the very obtuse segments of its lower leaves (for the
upper ones are acute and less divided), and its rather small, numerous,
purple flowers, with cleft petals. The root of this is fusiform ; in all
the former it consists of long fibres arising from a prtemorse, oblique
tap root.

*** Peduncles 2- flowered . Root annual.

7. G. lucidum L. (shining C.) ; leaves roundish 5-lobed, lobes
trifid and notched obtuse with a short mucro, calyx pyramidal
angular dentato-tuberculate, claw of petals glabrous, capsules
transversely wrinkled, seeds without dots. E. B. t. 75.

Rocks, walls, and roofs of houses, especially hilly and mountainous
countries. 0. 5 — 8. — Stems spreading, shining (as are the leaves),

brittle, swelling at the joints. Leaves small, lower ones reniform,
often of a fine red. Flowers small, rose-coloured.

8. G. Robertidnum L. (stinking C. or Herb-Robert) ; leaves bi-
tri- or quinate with 3 or 5 deep lanceolate inciso-pinnatifid acu-
minate segments, calyx angular hairy, claw of petals glabrous,
capsules transversely wrinkled, seeds without dots. E. B. 1. 1486.

Woods, thickets, stony and waste ground, frequent. A small var.
is common by the sea-side, the j8 of Smith : it is the G. purpureum of
Miller, and of Forster in E. B. S. t. 2648,(7. Raii, Lindl. Svn. p. 57.
0. 5 — 9. — Stems spreading, red, brittle. Flowers purple, some-

times white.

9. G. mdlle L. (Dove' s-foot C .) ; leaves rounded or reniform
lobed and cut downy, their segments obtuse, petals notched
scarcely longer than the calyx, their claws bearded, capsules
transversely wrinkled, seeds without dots. E. B. t. 778.

Dry pastures and waste places, common. 0. 4 — 8. — Stems

spreading, procumbent, with long hairs. Leaves lobed ; lobes broad,
cut. Flowers small, purple. Seeds smooth.

10. G. pusiilurri L. (small-flowered C.) ; petals notched,
anther-bearing stamens 5, leaves rounded or reniform palmate

86 XX. GERANIACEiE. * \Erodium.

with 5 — 7 deep trifid lobes, capsules smooth carinate downy
with erect appressed hairs, seeds without dots. E. B. t. 385.

Waste ground and in gravelly soils, frequent, less common in
Scotland. About Edinburgh and Glasgow. ©. 6 — 9. — Stem weak,
prostrate. Leaves deeply lobed. Flowers very small, bluish-purple.

11. G. rotundifulium L. ( round-leaved C.) ; leaves roundish
or reniform palmately lobed and cut downy, petals entire the
length of the calyx, capsules even hairy, seeds dotted. E. B.
t. 157.

Pastures and waste ground, but not common. 0. 6, 7. — Dis-

tinguished from the last two by the entire petals and dotted seeds,
and from the first of them likewise by the smooth or even capsules.

12. G. dissectum L. ( jagged-leaved C.) ; petals notched rather
shorter than the much-awned calyx, leaves 5-partite, lobes
linear trilid or cut, capsules even hairy, seeds dotted. E. B.
t. 753,

Hedges and pastures, gravelly and waste places. 0. 5 — 8. —

Stems spreading. Characterised by the much-divided leaves and the
short fool- stalks of the blossoms, which, as Curtis observes, thus appear
as if sitting among the leaves.

13. G. columblnum L. (long-stalked C.) ; peduncles longer
than the leaves which are 5-partite, the lobes divided into many
acute segments, petals entire as long as the much-awned angular
calyx, capsules even glabrous, seeds dotted. E. B. t, 259.

Dry pastures in several parts of Great Britain, in a gravelly or
limestone soil. ©. 6, 7. — Stem very slender, procumbent, its

bail's as in G. dissectum, reflexed. Capsules quite glabrous, or some-
times with a few minute scattered hairs.

2. Eeodium L'Herit. Stork’s-Bill.

Pet. regular. Slam. 10, slightly monadelphous at the base;
5 opposite the petals, sterile ; the other 5 alternating with a
gland at their base. Caps, each with a long spiral awn, bearded
on the inside. — Name tpwSiog, a heron; the fruit resembling
the beak of that bird.

1. E. cicutarium Sm. (Hemlock S.) ; peduncles many-flowered,
leaves pinnate, leaflets sessile pinnatifid and cut, stipules lan-
ceolate, petals longer than the calyx, stems prostrate hairy.
E. B. t. 1768.

Waste ground, frequent. ©. 6 — 9. — Whole plant hairy. Flowers

in small umbels, purplish, sometimes white. Perfect stamens gla-
brous, dilated, but not toothed at the base. Beak of fruit hairy or
glabrous.

2. E. mosckdtum Sm. (musky S.) ; peduncles many-flowered,
leaves pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile ovate unequally cut,

Impatiens.'] xxi. balsamixacevE. 87

stipules ovate, perfect stamens toothed at the base, stems de-
pressed hairy. E. B. t. 902.

Waste places, rare. Frequent in Guernsey and Jersey. In the
Craven of Yorkshire, and in Westmoreland. Near Bristol; Shotover
Hill, Oxford; and on Ampthill warren, Bedfordshire. Near Ply-
mouth. Bank near Countess Weir Bridge, on the Exe, Devon.
Near Gresford. Simmond’s Court, Carlingford Castle, and Monkton
Church; Ireland. ©. 6,7. — Larger than the last, and with much

less deeply cut leaflets, which yield a powerful smell of musk.

3. E. marUimum Sm. ( Sea S .) ; peduncles 1 — 2-flowered,

[petals very minute or wanting, leaves simple ovato-cordate
stalked lobed and crenate, stems depressed slightly hairy. E.
B. t. 646.

Sandy and gravelly sea-coasts, but rare ; as in Sussex, Wales,
Cornwall, and Isle of Wight. Steep-Holmes, and near Bristol, far
from the sea. Glenluce, Galloway. Hill of Howth, Ireland, fl.
5—9.

Orb. XXI. BALS AMIN ACE2E Rich,

Flowers very irregular. Sepals 5, or 4 by the union of the
two inner or upper ones, lowest cucullate with a spur. Petals
5, or apparently 2 by the want of the uppermost and the co-
hesion in pairs of the two lateral ones. Stamens 5 ; filaments
more or less united at the extremity ; anthers 2-eelled. Ovary
of 5 cells alternating with the stamens. Stigmas 5, almost
sessile, distinct or united. Fruit a capsule bursting with 5
elastic valves, or succulent and indehiscent. Seeds solitary or
numerous, suspended. Albumen 0. Embryo straight with
radicle superior. — Herbaceous and succulent plants, without
stipules.

1. Impatiens Linn. Balsam.

Flowers of apparently 4 sepals and 2 petals. Capsule of 5
elastic valves. — Name ( impatient ) from the sudden opening of
the valves of the capsule, when the fruit is touched.

1. I . * Noli-me-tdngere L. ( yellow B. or Touch-me-not) ;
joints of the stem swelling, leaves ovate serrate petiolate,
peduncles solitary many-flowered, spur of calyx loosely recurved
and entire at the point. E. B. t. 937.

Moist shady woods in Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Lancashire, and
some other counties in England and Wales ; also at Castlemilk near
Glasgow; — but perhaps only escaped from cultivation or planted.
©. 7, 9. — Stem generally 1 ft. high, rounded, succulent, fragile.

Flowers large, yellow, spotted with orange. Capsule bursting elasti-
cally and scattering its seeds with considerable force ; the valves are
then spirally twisted.

88 xxn. oxalidacete. [ O’xalis.

[/. fulva Nutt, of N. America grows on the banks of the Wey, the
Basingstoke Canal, and the Thames, from Guildford, and Woking
Heath to Chiswick. The spur of the calyx is notched at the point,
and so closely reflexed as to be pressed against the sepals. E. B. S.
t. 2794.]

Ord. XXII. OXALIDACEIE Be Cand.

Flowers regular. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, equal, often
cohering at the base and twisted in aestivation. Stamens 10,
the 5 inner ones opposite the petals and longer than the others ;
anthers distinct, 2-celled. Ovary 1, 5-celled. Styles 5. Stigmas
usually capitate or somewhat bifid. Fruit a capsxde with 5, or
10 valves, or indehiscent. Seeds attached to the axis, usually
with an elastic lleshy outer integument, which, on bursting
open, projects the seed to a distance. Embryo in a carti-
laginous albumen , wilh its radicle towards the hilum. — Mostly
herbs, with compound acid leaves; some of them highly sensi-
tive.— Oxalis Acetosella abounds in oxalic acid. O. crenata
of Peru affords a salad in its leaves, and its tubers are eaten
as potatoes, but they are not worth a place in a European
kitchen-garden.

1. O'xalis Linn. Wood-Sorrel.

Cal. not bracteated at the base. Filaments slightly combined
below. Caps, angular, 5-celled. Seeds with an elastic integu-
ment.— Named from o£vq, sharp or acid.

1. O. Acetosella L. ( common IF.) ; leaves all radical ternate,
leaflets inversely heart-shaped hairy, scape single-flowered, rhi-
zome scaly. E. B. t. 762.

Woods and shady places, frequent ; also at a great elevation on the
mountains, among shady rocks. 11 . 5, and on the mountains till 8. —
Leaf-stalks long and slender, reddish. Leaflets drooping at night.
Scape with two scaly bracteas. Flowers handsome, drooping, white,
with purplish veins. The leaves have a most agreeable acid flavour.
— This appears to be the original Seamrog or Shamrock of Ireland;
although the name has long been applied to the much less beauti-
ful Trifolium repens or Dutch Clover, both in the Irish and Gaelic
languages.

2. O. corniculdta L. {yellow procumbent IF); stem branched,
branches procumbent, peduncles mostly 2-fiowered shorter than
the ternate leaves, stipules united to the base of the petioles.
E. B. t. 1726.

Shady waste ground, chiefly in the extreme south of England.
Devonshire and Cornwall. 0. 6 — 9.

( O. stricta L. is stated to be naturalised in gardens near Penzance ;
at Ilsington, Devon ; in fields near Northam, North Devon ; and in
an orchard at Cuckfield, Sussex. This latter station is generally

CALTC1FL01LE.

89

given for O. corniculata, from which O. stricta differs by having a
more upright, less branched stem, more numerous and often whorled
leaves, with longer flower-stalks and several flowers in an umbel, and
no evident stipules at the base of the petioles.)

Sub-Class II. CALYCIFL0R2E. (Obd. XXIII.— XLIX.)

Corolla (and usually the stamens ) perigynous or inserted upon the
calyx. Ovary either free or adnate with the tube of the calyx.

Conspectus of the Orders.

A. Corolla polypetalous.

a. Corolla papilionaceous.

26. Leguminosai.

b. Corolla regular ; stamens 20 or more.

27. Rosacea:. Leaves with stipules.

c. Corolla regular or nearly so ; stamens fewer than 20.

* Carpels 2 or more ; distinct or nearly so ( apocarpous ).

23. Staphyleaceas. Leaves pinnate, with stipules. Calyx with a con-
spicuous disk at its base inside. Stamens 5, inserted into the
margin of the disk. Pistillum free from the calyx. Styles 2,
united at the apex.

27. Rosace.®. Leaves with stipules. Disk in the throat of the calyx

or inconspicuous.

35. Crassulacea:. Leaves without stipules. Disk none.

** Carpels united into a solitary 1 -celled ovary .

33. Portulacace.®. Sepals 2. Ovary superior. Placenta central.

Leaves without stipules.

[14. Caryophyllaceae, § Alsine.e. Sepals 4 — 5. Ovary superior.
Placenta central. Leaves without stipules.]

34. Paronychiace/e. Sepals 5. Ovary superior. Placenta central or

ovule solitary. Leaves with stipules.

[10. Droseraceaj, § Parnassieas. Sepals 5. Ovary superior. Pla-
centas 4, parietal. Ovules numerous, not comose. Stigmas 4,
sessile, simple.]

31. Tamaricace.®. Ovary superior. Placentas 3, parietal. Ovules
numerous, comose. Stigmas 3, sessile, plumose.

36. Grossulariace^e. Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovary infe-

rior. Ovules several.

28. Onagrace.e. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals. Ovary inferior,

with solitary ovules in each cell.

41. Loranthaceas. Stamens opposite to and upon the petals. Ovary
inferior. Ovule solitary.

*** Carpels united into a solitary 2- (or many-) celled ovary.

[52. Monotropace.®. Sepals distinct, imbricated in sestivation. Sta-
mens twice as many as the petals, almost hypogynous. Style 1.
Ovary superior. Green leaves wanting.

51. Pyrolace.e. Calyx deeply divided, imbricated in estivation. Sta-

90

CALYCirLORJS.

mens twice as many as the petals, nearly liypogynous. Style 1.
Ovary superior. Leaves green, without stipules.]

30. Lythrace.'e. Calyx of one piece with teeth, valvate in aestivation.
Stamens inserted on the mouth of the calyx, alternate with the
petals when as few. Style 1. Ovary superior.

37. Saxifragace.e. Calyx deeply divided or spreading, imbricated in

aistivation. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Styles 2 or
more. Fruit superior or oulv partly so. Seeds numerous in each
cell.

25. liiiAMNACE.E. Calyx valvate in aestivation. Stamens as many as
and opposite to the minute petals. Fruit superior or partly so.

24. Celastrack.e. Calyx spreading ; calyx and petals imbricated in
aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and alternating with
them. Disk large, expanded, flat, closely surrounding the ovary,
and covering the flat bottom of the calyx. Fruit superior or partly
so, dehiscing, seeds never bony. Leaves simple.

23. Staphyleace.e. Calyx deeply divided, erect; calyx and petals
imbricated in aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and
alternating with them. Disk large, covering the bottom of the
calyx. Ovary quite free. Fruit superior. Seeds bony. Leaves
pinnate.

28. Onagraceas. Calyx-segments valvate ; petals convolute in activa-

tion. Style 1. Ovary inferior.

29. Haloragace.e. Monoecious. Sepals 4. Stamens 8. Styles 4. Fruit

inferior, splitting into 4 indehiscent 1-seeded achenes. Leaves
opposite or verticillate.

38. U.mb ellifek.e. Petals 5, imbricated in activation. Stamens 5,

alternating with the petals. Stifles 2. Fruit inferior, splitting
into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. Leaves alternate.

39. Araliace.e. Petals valvate in aestivation. Styles several, distinct

or combined. Fruit inferior, baccate ; cells each 1-seeded. Leaves
alternate.

40. Coknaceas. Petals 4, valvate in aestivation. Stamens 4, alternating

with the petals. Style 1. Ovary inferior. Leaves opposite.

B. Corolla monopelalous.
a. Carpels and styles several, distinct.

35. Crassulaceae. Stamens inserted upon the corolla.

b. Carpels united into a solitary ovary.

* Ovary inferior or partly superior, with one perfect cell.
f Ovules several in each cell.

[66. Primulaceas. Flowers perfect. Placenta central, free. Erect
plants.]

32. Cucurbit acea:. Flowers imperfect. Placentas parietal. Plants
with tendrils.

ft Ovules solitary in each cell.

46. Composite. Flowers upon a receptacle, within a common involucre.
Anthers of the perfect flowers united. Ovule erect. Albumen
wanting.

45. Difsacaceae. Flowers perfect, upon a receptacle, within a common
involucre. Anthers and tilameuts distinct. Ovule pendulous. Al-
bumen fleshy. Leaves opposite.

Staphylea.'] xxm. staphtleace^e. 91

44. Yalerianaceje. Flowers cj'mose, without an involucre. Anthers
and filaments of perfect flowers distinct. Style filiform ; stigma
trifid. Ovule pendulous. Albumen wanting. Leaves opposite.
42. Cai'KH'ouace.e. Flowers cymose. Anthers and filaments distinct.
Stigmas 3 sessile. Ovule pendulous. Albumen fleshy. Leaves
opposite ( Viburnum).

** Ovary inferior or only partly inferior, with 2 or more perfect cells.

39. Arauaoe.-e. Styles 4—5. Leaves alternate.

42. Caprifoliaceas. Stamens inserted upon the corolla. Style 1, or

none and stigmas 3 sessile. Leaves opposite without interpetiolar
stipules.

43. Rubiaceas. Stamens inserted upon the corolla. Styles 1 or 2.

Leaves opposite with interpetiolar stipules, or leaves verticillate.

48. Lobeliacea!. Stamens free from the corolla; anthers opening lon-

gitudinally, as many as the lobes of the corolla, united, dissimilar.
Style 1, fringed below the stigma.

47. Campanui.ace/E. Stamens free from the corolla; anthers opening
longitudinally, as many as the lobes of the corolla, similar. Style
1, not fringed below the stigma.

49. Vacciniace.e. Stamens free from the corolla and twice as many as

its lobes ; anthers opening by pores.

*** Ovary entirely superior. Stamens free from the corolla ; anthers
opening by pores.

[50. Ericaceas. Style 1, with an hypogynous disk. Seed-coat close to
the nucleus.

51. Pyrolaceas. Style 1, without an hypogynous disk. Seed-coat
chaffy.]

A. Corolla polypetalous. (Ord. XXIII.— XLI.)

Ord. XXIII. STAPIIYLEACEiE Lindl.

Calyx 5-parted, its base covered with a crenate concave disk,
imbricated in aestivation. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals,
inserted into or under the margin of the disk, imbricated in
aestivation. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, inserted into the
margin of the disk. Ovary free, of 2 — 3 carpels distinct or
more or less cohering. Styles 2 — 3 distinct or combined.
Fruit membranous, chartaceous, or fleshy. Seeds globose, bony,
with a large truncate hilum, little or no albumen , thick cotyledons
and short radicle. — Shrubs. Leaves usually opposite , pinnate,
with common and partial deciduous stipules. Flowers in terminal
stalked racemes.

1. Staphylea Linn. Bladder-Nut.

Cal. coloured. Pet. erect during flowering. Carpels united
more or less at the base. Caps, membranaceous, bladdered. —
Name from oTarpvXy, a bunch of grapes , its flowers being in
racemes.

92 xxiv. celastrace^e. [ Euonymus .

1. S. * pinnata L. ( common B.) ; leaves pinnate, petioles
without glands, styles 2 united at the apex. E. B. t. 1560.

Thickets and hedges. Yorkshire; about Ashford, Kent, h- 6*
— A plant of Eastern Europe, without any title to be received into
the British Flora, except that of custom.

Okd. XXIV. CELASTRACE.E R. Brown.

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, its base covered with a large, flat, fleshy
disk, imbricated in aestivation. Petals 4 — 5, alternate with the
sepals arising from the edge of the disk. Stamens 4 — 5 alter-
nate with the petals. Ovary wholly or in part immersed in the
disk, 2 — 5-celled. Cells with one or many seeds. Fruit a

capsule with 3 — 5 cells, and 3 — 5 septiferous valves, or a dry
drupe with 1 or two cells. Seeds erect, often with an arillodium,
never bony. Albumen copious, fleshy, with a straight embryo ,
flat cotyledons , and an inferior radicle. — Shrubs, with simple ,
mostly opposite leaves, and axillary cymes.

1. Euonymus Linn. Spindle-Tree.

Cal. flat, 4 — 5-cleft, having a peltate disk within. Pet. 4 — 5.
Stam. alternating with the petals, inserted upon the disk. Caps.
with 3 — 5 angles, and as many cells and valves. Seeds with a
coloured fleshy arillodium. — Named from Euonyme, mother to
the Furies, in allusion to the injurious effects produced by the
fruit of these plants.

1. E. Europce'us L. ( common S.) ; flowers mostly tetandrous,
petals oblong, branches 4-angled glabrous, leaves ovato-lanceo-
late, minutely serrate. E. B. t. 362.

Woods and hedges; frequent in England, and the south of Ireland,
scarcely wild in Scotland. k . 5, 6. — Shrub 3 — 5 ft. high. Bark
green, smooth. Leaves glabrous. Peduncle bearing a few-flowered
umbel. Flowers small, white. Fruit obtusely angular, very beautiful
rose-coloured. Arillodium orange-coloured. The berries and even leaves
are said to be dangerous, and the whole plant is fetid. Of its tough
white wood skewers and spindles are made, and Linnasus tells us it
affords the best charcoal for drawing.

Okd. XXV. RHAMNACE2E Juss.

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation. Petals 4—5, inserted
on the summit of the tube of the calyx, shorter than and alter-
nate with its lobes, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4 — 5, alternate
with the calycine lobes. Ovary inferior, or wholly or in part
superior, 2 — 4 celled ; cells with one erect ovule. Fruit fleshy
and indehiscent, or dry and dehiscent. Seeds erect. Albumen
fleshy, rarely wanting. Embryo straight ; cotyledons large and

«

XXVI. LEGUH1N0S2E.

93

Rhamnus.']

flat ; radicle inferior. — Shrubs or small Trees, with simple usually
alternate leaves, minute stipules, and small greenish flowers.
Fruit of some purgative, as our Rhamnus catharticus ,• in others
the fruit yields a dye, as R. infectorius, &c. Zizyphus Lotus is
supposed to be one kind of Lotus of the ancients. Jujubes are
the produce of the fruit of Z. vulgaris.

1. Rhamnus Linn. Buckthorn.

Cal. urceolate, 4 — 5 cleft. Pet. nearly flat and notched,
often wanting. Stamens with ovate, 2- celled anthers. Disk
thin, covering the tube of the calyx. Ovary superior, 3 — 4-
celled. Berry with 2 — 4 cartilaginous nuts, each 1 -seeded. —
Name, payvog, in Greek, a branch; from its numerous branches.

1. R. catharticus L. ( common B.) ; spines terminal, flowers
4-cleft dioecious, leaves ovate sharply serrate. E. B. t. 1629.

Woods, hedges, and thickets, not unfrequent in England. About
Dumfries, Scotland. Near Cork and Lough Erne, in Ireland,
h. 5 — 7. — A spreading shrub. Leaves with 4 or 6 strong lateral
nerves parallel with the margin or rib ; serratures glandular. Flowers
in dense fascicles. In the barren flower the petals are oblong-ovate,
in the fertile one they are linear, incurved above, but not cucullate.
Styles 4, united half-way up,»spreading. Seeds with a deep external
furrow. Embryo bent or slightly folded longitudinally. Berries
black, nauseous, powerfully cathartic ; they afford a yellow dye in an
unripe state; the bark a. green dye.

2. R. Frdngula L. ( Alder B.) ; unarmed, flowers 5-cleft
perfect, leaves obovate entire. E. B. t. 250.

Woods and thickets in England. Near Auchincruive, Ayrshire,
h ■ 5,6. — A small shrub. Flowers stalked, axillary, 2 — 3 together,
somewhat fascicled, whitish-green. Petals very minute. Style 1.
Berries dark purple, purgative. Seeds 2, even, compressed. Embryo
flat.

Ord. XXYI. LEGUMINOS/E Juss.

Calyx of 4 — 5 sepals, more or less combined, the fifth seg-
ment inferior. Petals various, generally 5 and papilionaceous.
Stamens various, generally 10, monadelphous or diadelphous.
Ovary 1 -celled, bearing the ovules along the upper margin,
sometimes stalked. Style and Stigma 1. Legume 2-valved,
dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds usually without albumen.
Embryo with the radicle straight or recurved upon the cotyle-
dons.— Trees, Shrubs, or Herbs. Leaves alternate, mostly
compound and pinnate, with or without tendrils, stipuled. — They
possess very various principles and properties, and many of the
plants composing this Order are of the greatest service in the

94

XXVI. LEGUMINOS.E.

arts, in medicine, and domestic economy. Indigofera affords
Indigo ; Glycyrrliiza , Liquorice ; Astragalus , Gum Tragacanth ;
Soja, Soy; Mucuna , Cow-itch or Cow-age ; Erythrina , Gum-lac ;
Pterocarpus, Gum-dragon , and Saunders-wood ; Brya , Jamaica
Ebony ; Acacia, Gum-Arabic, and one kind of India-rubber;
Dipterix, the Tonquin bean ; Hcematoxylon, Log-wood ; Cassia
yields Senna, and other potent drugs ; Copaifera, Balsam of
Copaiva ; Hymencea, Gum Anime. Their seeds yield food for
man and various animals, their herbage for cattle. — All the
British genera are papilionaceous, with the standard superior
and a vexillary aestivation, and have 10 stamens, monadelphous
or diadelphous (9 and 1, the solitary stamen being superior).

I. Stamens monadelphous. Geniste.e.

1. Ulex. Calyx nearly as long as the cor., bibracteolate, 2-partite;

upper segment slightly 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed. Keel blunt.
Legume turgid. Leaves simple.

2. Genis ta. Calyx much shorter than the cor., 3-cleft, two upper seg-

ments entire, lower one 3-toothed. Keel blunt. Leaves simple
• or trifoliolate.

3. Sakotiiamnus. Calyx much shorter than the cor., ebracteolate, 2-

lipped, upper lip 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed. Keel blunt. Legume
flat. Leaves simple or trifoliolate.

4. Ononis. Calyx much shorter tharLthe cor., nearly equally 5-cleft.

Keel rostrate. Leaves simple or trifoliolate.

5. Anthyllis. Calyx oblique at the mouth with 5 nearly equal teeth.

Keels without a beak. Leaves pinnate.

II. Stamens diadelphous. Leaves 3 — 5 -foliolate. Tkifo r.lE.E.

6. Medicago. Legume falcate or spirally twisted. Keel of cor. obtuse.

Calyx teeth nearly equal.

7. Mei.ilotus. Legume nearly straight. Keel obtuse. Calyx-teeth

nearly equal. Flowers in long racemes.

8. Trioonella. Legume straight or slightly curved, manv-seeded,

much longer than the calyx. Petals distinct. Keel obtuse.
Flowers capitate or in short racemes.

9. Tripoli cm. Legume and ovary nearly straight, 1 — 4-seeded, scarcely

longer than the calyx. Petals cohering by their claws. Keel
obtuse. Calyx-teeth unequal. Flowers capitato-umbellate, or in
short racemes.

10. Lotus. Legume nearly straight. Keel rostrate.

III. Stamens diadelphous. Leaves pinnate. Tendrils 0. Legume dehis-

cent, several-seeded, imperfectly 2-celled by the introfiexion of one
of the sutures. Astragali-:.!:.

11. Oxytropis. Keel acuminated. Legume with the upper or seed-

bearing suture indexed.

12. Astragalus. Keel obtuse. Legume with the lower suture indexed.

IV. Stamens diadelphous. Leaves pinnate. Tendrils 0. Legume indehis-

cent, divided transversely into one or more l -seeded cells. Hedysare.e.

13. Ornitiiopus. Flowers umbellate, bracteate. Keel small, obtuse.

Legume compressed, contracted on both sides at the joints.

XXVI. LEGUMINOS^E t GENISTEiE.

95

Ulex.]

14. Arthrolobium. Flowers umbellate, without braeteas. Keel small,

obtuse. Legume terete, scarcely contracted at the joints.

15. Hippocrepis. Flowers umbellate. Keel acuminate. Legume

straight on one side, much contracted on the other at the joints.
1G. Onobrychis. Flowers racemose. Legume of a’ single 1-seeded joint.

V. Stamens diadelphous. Leaves pinnate or apparently simple, usually
with tendrils. Legume 2 -valued, several-seeded, the suture not intro-
flexed. Vicie.e.

17. Vicia. Style filiform or angular, equally hairy all round below the

point, or mostly so on the under side.

18. Latiiyrus. Style flattened below the stigma, pubescent only on the

upper side.

Tribe I. GenistetE. Legume 1- celled . Stamens mostly mona-
delphous. Leaves simple or trifoliolate , rarely pinnate. Stems
generally shrubby. (Gen. 1 — 5.)

1. U'i.ex Linn. Furze.

Cal. 2-partite, with a small scale or bractea on each side at
the base ; segments nearly entire or upper one 2-toothed, lower
3-toothed. Standard bifid, scarcely longer than the cal. Keel
erect, blunt. Legume turgid, few-seeded, scarcely longer than
the calyx. — Leaves simple. — Name from the Celtic uile, all;
and also, according to Theis, from ec or ac, a sharp point;
whence, too, arises the French name ajonc or acjonc , a sharp or
spiny rush.

1. U. Europce'us L. ( common F., Whin or Gorse) ; calyx
somewhat hirsute with slightly spreading hairs the teeth nearly
obsolete, braeteas large ovate lax, wings manifestly longer than
the keel and imbricated over it. — a. vulgaris , much branched and
spreading, spines usually rigid. E. B. t. 742. — fi. strictus,
branches upright, compact, spines soft. U. strictus Mackuy.

Heathy places, especially in sandy or gravelly soils ; rare in the
Scottish Highlands. fj- 2 — 7. — Shrub 3 — 4 or more feet high, with
innumerable green striate branches, clothed with acute branching
spines, and having at their base a few leaves which are lanceolate, a
little hairy, very minute. Cal. coarsely pubescent. Cor. bright
yellow ; wings straight incurved. Legumes opening elastically, and
shedding their seeds the same year they come to maturity. Var. j8.
was discovered in Lord Londonderry’s park, county of Down, by
Mr. J. White ; it is readily propagated by cuttings, and now well
known in our gardens and nurseries under the name of Irish Furze.
It bears few flowers, hut may be at all times distinguished from
the var. a. by its smaller size, its dense and compact, rather formal
mode of growth and its very upright branches, which are so soft and
succulent that sheep and cattle are extremely fond of them.

2. U. 7i aims Forst. (dwarf F.); calyx with the pubescence

96

xxvi. leguminoste : genistete. [ Genista.

adpressed the teeth lanceolate, bracteas minute, wings about
the length of the keel. E. B. t. 743.

Dry heaths, in many parts of England and Ireland. Near Ar-
drossan and Dumfries, and in Galloway ; Scotland. Orkney. tj .
7 — 11. — Smaller than the last in all its parts. The essential character
consists in the more minute, rounded, close-pressed, and often hardly
discernible bracteas, the calyx merely pubescent with more distinct
teeth, shorter wings and the legume indehiscent; at least it may be
observed remaining on the plant and still closed the year after it has
arrived at maturity. Of this there are two forms : the one, which is
usually so decumbent at the base as to exhibit only the ends of the
branches above the herbage, has the wings flat, straight and shorter
than the keel ; the other usually erect ( U. Gallii of Planchon), has
the wings falcate and incurved, actually a little longer than the keel,
but by their curvation appearing scarcely so long in the recent flower,
consequently not folded over each other as in the last species ; but
there seems to be several intermediate states.

2. Genista Linn. Green-weed.

Cal. 2-lipped ; upper lip with 2 deep entire segments, lower
one with 3 teeth. Standard oblong, entire. Keel deflexed after
flowering, blunt. Legume flat or turgid, many-seeded. — Leaves
simple or trifoliolate. — Named from Gen , said by Theis to mean
a shrub in Celtic.

1. G. tinctoria L. ( Dyer's G.) ; unarmed, leaves lanceolate or
elliptical nearly glabrous, stipules minute subulate, branches
terete striate, flowers spicato-racemose, corolla and legumes
glabrous. — a. branches erect. E. B. t. 44. — f3. stem and
branches prostrate.

Pastures, thickets, and borders of fields; frequent in England, rare
in Scotland and Ireland. — |3. Heaths and rocks near Ivynance Cove,
Cornwall, h . 7 — 9. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. Leaves rather distant,
hairy at the edges. Flowers pale yellow, almost sessile, with a small
floral leaf or bractea at the base. Employed to dye yarn of a yellow
colour.

2. G. pilosa L. (hairy G .) ; unarmed procumbent, leaves
obovato-lanceolate complicate silky beneath, stipules ovate
obtuse, flowers axillary on short pedicels, standard keel and
legumes downy. E. B. t. 208.

Dry sandy or gravelly heaths, rare. About Bury, Suffolk; in the
forest, by the road from Maresfield to Groombridge, Sussex ; Devon-
shire ; Little Malvern, Worcestershire ; near the Lizard and St. Agnes’
Head, Cornwall; Pembrokeshire, h- 5 and 9. — A small, much
branched tortuose, woody-stemmed plant. Flowers small, bright yellow.

3. G. A’nglica L. (Needle G ., or Petty- Whin ) ; spinous, spines
simple none on the flowering branches, leaves ovato-lanceolate

Ononis.'] xxvi. legdminos^e : geniste^e.

ST

glabrous, stipules obsolete, flowers axillary somewhat racemed,
corolla and legumes glabrous. E. B. t. 132

Moist heaths and moory ground, frequent, h • 5,6. — Stems as-
cending, very spinous. Leaves very small. Flowers yellow, solitary
in the axils of the leaf-like bracteas.

3. Sarothamnds Wimm. Broom.

Cal. 2-lipped, without bracteas at its base ; upper lip with 2
small teeth, lower one 3-toothed. Standard large, broadly
ovate. Keel very blunt, including the stamens, at length
defiexed. Tube of the stamens split on the upper side. Style
very long, thickened upwards and spirally curved. Legume
many-seeded, much longer than the calyx. — Leaves simple or
trifoliolate. — Named from oapow, to sweep, Bay roc, a shrub.

1. S. scopurius Wimm. ( common B) ; branches angled gla-
brous, leaves ternate stalked, upper ones simple, leaflets oblong,
flowers axillary shortly pedicellate, legumes hairy at the margin.
Spartium L.: E. B. t. 1339. Cytisus Link.

Dry hills and bushy places, frequent. h- 5 — 6. — Stem 3—6 ft.
or more high. Branches long, straight, green. Flowers large, bright
yellow. — The young green tops are said to be powerfully purgative
and diuretic, and they are very bitter. What is called Irish Broom
is S. patens, a native of Spain and Portugal.

4. Ononis Linn. Best-harrow.

Cal. campanulate, 5-cleft, its segments linear. Standard
large, striate. Keel rostrate. Legume turgid, sessile, few-
seeded. — Leaves simple or trifoliolate. — Named from ovoq, an
ass ; because the plant is eaten by that animal.

1. 0. arvensis L. {common R ) ; suffruticose, branches hairy
often spinous, lower leaves ternate, the rest simple oblong or
oval serrate except at the base, flowers solitary shortly stalked,
calyx much shorter than the corolla, legume erect obliquely
rhomboid 2 — 3-seeded, seeds tuberculate. — a. procumbent,
branches uniformly hairy, calyx longer than the legume and
usually shorter than the floral leaves. E. B. S. t. 2659. — ft.
erector ascending, more glabrous, branches with the hairs usually
arranged in two rows, calyx rather shorter than the legume
and usually longer than the floral leaves. E. B. t. 682. 0.

campestris Koch. 0. antiquorum L.f

Barren pastures and borders of fields. If. . 6 — 9. — A very variable
plant, erect or procumbent and rooting, more or less spinous; leaves
ovate or cuneate : stipules adhering to the petioles ; flowers rose-
coloured, sometimes white. The var. (3. is usually more spinous,
and with smaller flowers and upper leaves ; but it has so much the
habit of a,, and so many of its characters, that we do not perceive

F

98

xxvi. LEGUMlNOSiE : trifolieje. [ Anthjllis .

any advantage in separating them, particularly as we have seen forms
between the two.

2. O. reclinuta L. ( small spreading 11.) ; herbaceous spread-
ing viscid and hairy, leaves all ternate, stipules broadly ovate,
peduncles 1 -flowered, calyx about as long as the corolla, shorter
than the closely reflexed cylindrical legumes, seeds 14 — 16
warted. E. B. S. t. 2838.

Steep bank, close by the sea, about three miles north-west from the
Mull of Galloway. Alderney, one of the Channel Islands. Q 6, 7.
— This little species is principally found in the South of Europe, and
could scarcely have found its way to the first of these localities except
along with ballast.

5. Anthyllis Linn. Kidney-vetch.

Cal. inflated, mouth oblique and 5-toothed. Pet. nearly
equal in length, erect. Keel obtuse or shortly pointed. Legume
oval, 1 — 3-seeded, enclosed in the permanent calyx. — Leaves
usually pinnate. — Name: avOoQ a jlouver , and iov\oc, a beard or
down ; from the downy calyces.

1. A. Vulnerdria L. (common K., or Lady’s Fingers ); her-
baceous, leaves pinnate, leaflets unequal, heads of flowers in
pairs. E. B. t. 104.

Dry pastures, frequent. With red and sometimes white or cream-
coloured flowers, in Devonshire, Wales, and South of Ireland, mostly
by the sea. If. 6 — 8. — Stem ascending. Leaflets 5 — 9, lanceolate,
entire, hairy, terminal one the largest. Flowers in crowded heads;
bracteas large, digitate or palmate; calyx hairy, the teeth ovate,
pointed.

Tribe II. Trifoliete. Legume l-celled. Stamens diadelphous.

Stems herbaceous , rarely shrubby. Leaves 3 — 5-foliolate.

(Gen. 6—10.)

6. Medicago Linn. Medick.

Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel obtuse. Legume falcate
or spirally twisted. — Leaves trifoliolate. — Name : the of

the Greeks, so called because it was introduced into Greece by
the Medes.

1 . M. falcuta L. ( yellow Sichle M.) \ perennial, stem de-
cumbent slightly hairy, leaflets obovate-oblong toothed, pedun-
cles racemed, racemes many-flowered subcorymbose, pedicels
usually longer than the bracteas, legume compressed downy
falcate or with one spire. E. B. t. 1016. M. sylvestris Fries :
Bab.

Dry gravelly banks and old walls, chiefly in Norfolk, Suffolk, and
Cambridgeshire; rare. 7/.. 6,7 Flowers usually yellow, some-

Medicdgo.~\ xxvi. legcminoste : trifolie.®.

99

times violet. Mr. Babington distinguishes his M. sylvestris by the
legume “ of one flat turn annular,” while in M. falcata it is said to be
“ straightly sickle-shaped twisted not annular.”

2. M. *satwa L. ( purple 31., or Lucerne)-, perennial, stem
usually erect, leaflets obcvate-oblong toothed, peduncles many-
flowered racemed, pedicels usually shorter than the bracteas,
legumes compressed downy twisted 2 — 3 times in a loose spire.
E.B. t. 1749.

Hedges, pastures, and borders of fields, not wild. 1/.. 6, 7. — This
has purple, or sometimes yellow flowers, and a spirally twisted pod,
and bears a great resemblance to the preceding, of which it has been
suspected to be only a cultivated state. In habit they both vary
much, but still differ remarkably from all the following.

3. M. lupulina L. ( black 31., or Nonsuch) ; annual, leaflets
obovate-cuneate, stipules nearly entire, peduncles many-flowered,
spikes dense oval, legumes compressed unarmed kidney-shaped.
E. B. t. 971.

Abundant in waste and cultivated grounds. ©. 5 — 8. — A valu-

able plant in agriculture, very similar in habit to Trifolium flliforme.
Stems procumbent or ascending, in this and all the following. Flowers
crowded, small, yellow. Legumes small, 1-seeded, rugged with longi-
tudinal prominent veins, of a black colour when ripe.

4. M. minima L. (little Bur-31.) ; annual, downy, leaflets
obcordate, stipules nearly entire, peduncles few-flowered, le-
gumes compactly spiral subglobose, the spires (about 4) narrow
keeled at the margin with a compact double row of uncinate
prickles. E. B. S. t. 2635.

Sandy fields and waste places, rare. Narburgh, Norfolk ; New-
market, Cambridgeshire ; between Sandwich and Pegwell, Isle of
Thanet, Kent ; Landguard Fort and elsewhere on the coast of
Suffolk. 0. 5 — 7. — Ray’s plant from Orford, Suffolk, supposed
by Smith to be M. muricata All., is more probably the present
species.

5. M. maculuta Sibth. ( spotted 31.) ; annual, nearly glabrous,
leaflets obcordate, stipules toothed, peduncles few-flowered,
legumes compactly spiral compressed, the spires furrowed at
the edge and fringed with a double row of long spreading
curved prickles. M. polymorpha E. B. t. 1616.

Gravelly pastures in the middle and south of England. Ormes-
head, North Wales. ©. 5 — 8. — Leaflets marked with a purple spot
in the centre. Legume with only 2 — 3 spires, the edge thick with 4
ridges and a central furrow.

6. M. denticuldta Willd. ( reticulated 31.) ; annual, nearly gla-
brous, leaflets obcordate, stipules laciniated, peduncles few-
flowered, legumes broad loosely spiral and flat with 2 — 3 spires
deeply reticulated the margin thin keeled with a double com-

100

xxvi. leguminos^e: trifolie^e. \_Melil6tus.

pact row of prickles. — a. prickles subulate often curved or
booked. E. B. S. t. 2634. — /3. prickles minute straight.

First discovered on the coast of Kent, but since found in several of
the eastern and southern counties of England. 0. 5 — 8. — The
legumes are beautifully reticulated, and quite unlike any of the pre-
ceding.

7. Melilotus Toum. Melilot.

Cal. 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal. Pet. distinct, deciduous.
Keel obtuse. Legume 1- or few-seeded, indehiscent, longer than
the cal. — Flowers in long racemes. Leaves trifoliolate. — Name :
mel , honey , and Lotus, the genus so called.

1. M. officinalis L. {common yellow M.) ; legumes 1 — 2-seeded
ovate compressed pointed irregularly veined and rugose hairy,
racemes lax, corolla more than twice as long as the calyx, petals
all of nearly equal length, stem erect. Trifolium Sm.: E. B.
t. 1340.

Bushy places and way-sides, not frequent. or If. 6 — 8. —

Stems 2 — 3 ft. high. Leaves obovate, serrate. Flowers yellow, in uni-
lateral pedunculated axillary racemes. Legumes 3 — 4 times longer than
the calyx, nearly twice as large as in M. alba, and less prominently
wrinkled. — This plant while drying smells like Anthoxanthum odo-
ratum.

2. M. arvensis Wallr. {Field M.) ; legumes 1 — 2-seeded ovate
obtuse mueronate transversely plicate rugose, racemes lax,
corolla twice as long as the calyx, wings and standard equal
longer than the keel, stem branched from the base ascending.
E.B.S. t. 2960.

Near Thetford and Cambridge. $. 7, 8. — Flowers yellow in

British specimens, but sometimes found white abroad. Easily distin-
guished when in fruit.

3. M. * alba Lam. {white M.) ; legumes 1 — 2-seeded ovate
obtuse mueronate reticulate-rugose glabrous, racemes lax, co-
rolla twice as long as the calyx, keel and wings shorter than the
standard, stem erect. M. leucantha Koch : E. B. S. t. 2689.
M. vulgaris Brit. FI. (former editions).

In many parts of England and Scotland, but probably introduced
with corn or ballast. <J. 7,8. — Flowers white.

[Af. parvi flora Desf. has been observed in various places about
Wandsworth, but is not indigenous : it is easily recognised by its
snbglobose very obtuse legumes which are distinctly reticulated with
wrinkles, and contain only one large globular seed : the racemes are
dense when in flower but afterwards elongated and lax.]

Trifolium. xxvi. legchinosjs : trifoliete.

101

8. Trigonella. Linn. Fenugreek.

Cal. 5-tootlied; teeth nearly equal. Pet. distinct; Keel
obtuse. Ovary many-seeded. Legume straight or slightly
curved, many-seeded, much longer than the calyx, 2-valved. —
Flowers in few or many flowered heads , or short racemes. Leaves
trifoliolate. — Named from rpnc three, and yeivia, an angle ; on
account of the corolla appearing triangular and tripetalous,
most of the species having a minute keel.

1. T. ornithopodioides DC. {Bird's- foot F.) ; peduncles
about 3-fiowered, legumes compressed about 8-seeded nearly
twice as long as the calyx, leaflets obcordate toothed at the ex-
tremity, stems decumbent. Trifolium L. : E. B. t. 1047.

Dry sandy pastures, mostly near the sea, not very general. ©.
6, 7. — Stems spreading, 2 — 5 inches long. Flowers small. Wings
considerably shorter than the standard and longer than the keel ; but
the latter is longer than the calyx and cannot be called minute in this
species : still the distinct petals and long legumes accord better with
this genus than with Trifolium.

9. Trifolium Linn. Trefoil. Clover.

Cal. 5-toothed ; teeth unequal. Wings united by their claws
to the obtuse keel, persistent. Legume 1 — 4-seeded, indehis-
cent, about as long as the calyx by which it is enclosed. —
Flowers capitate or densely umbellate. Leaves trifoliolate. —
Named in allusion to its 3 leaves or leaflets.

* Flowers, pedicellate {white or reddish), at length deflexed ; corolla at
length scarious.

1. T. repens L. {white T., or Dutch C .) ; heads on long pe-
duncles, umbellate globose, legumes with 4 seeds, calyx-teeth
unequal, leaflets obcordate serrulate, stems creeping. E. B.
t. 1769.

Meadows and pastures, frequent. 21 .« 5 — 9. — Peduncles longer
than the leaves. Heads of Jiuwers white ; each flower is on a foot-
stalk which becomes recurved after flowering, and then all the legumes
are drooping and covered with the withered brown corollas. This
trefoil is in great repute for pastures. The leaflets have often a dark
spot at their base, with a white line bordering it near the middle.

[Allied to this is T. Vaillantii Poir. and Sin. in Rees’s Cycl.,
T. elegans Savi, which has been met with in clover-fields in
Surrey, introduced with seed. It has an ascending stem, short
petiole, and 2-seeded legume.]

102

xxyi. leguminoSjE : trxfolie^e. [ Trifolium .

** Flowers sessile. Calyx not inflated. Standard deciduous or
unaltered. Legumes 1- or 2- seeded.

f Calyx with an elevated hairy ring in the throat.

2. T. ochroleucum L. ( Sulphur-coloured T.) ; heads stalked
terminal solitary, calyx pubescent, the teeth erect in fruit
subulate, lower one much longer than the rest, leaflets elliptic
or obovate, those of the lower leaves heart-shaped, stem ascend-
ing downy. E. B. t. 1224.

Pastures and way-sides in England, on gravel or chalk. Frequent

also in the clayey soil of Norfolk and Suffolk, ‘if.. 6 — -8 A foot

or more high. Petioles long. Stipules subulate, ribbed. Heads of
flowers large, at first hemispherical, at length oval, cream-coloured.
Throat of the calyx with a thickened ring, pubescent within on its
upper side. The corolla turns brown and is persistent.

3. T. pratense L. ( common purple C.) : heads dense ovate
sessile, calyx hairy, its teeth setaceous ciliated, lower one longer
than the rest | longer than the tube of the corolla, stipules
ovate bristle-pointed, leaflets oval or obcordate, stems ascending.
E. B. t. 1770.

Meadows and pastures, frequent. If . 5 — 9. — Flowers reddish-

purple. Throat of the calyx with a thick hairy ring, in this and the
next. Tliis is the common Clover , so much cultivated for hay. The
leaflets are oval obovate or obcordate, often marked with a white lu-
nulate spot.

4. T. medium L. (zigzag T.) ; heads lax subglobose stalked
solitary terlninal, calyx glabrous, the teeth setaceous hairy,
lower one longer than the rest about equal to the tube of the
corolla, stipules lanceolate acuminate, leaflets elliptical, stems
branched zigzag. E. B. t. 190.

Pastures frequent. 2/.. 6 — 9. — Stem remarkably zigzag. Heads

of flowers larger than the last, deeper purple. Leaves spotless. Infe-
rior in quality to T. pratense, hut better for pasture on light soils.

5. T. maritimum Huds. ( Teasel-headed T.) ; heads ovate-
globose stalked termintfl, teeth of the calyx ciliated rigid at
first subulate erect, the lower one much longer and larger than
the rest shorter than the claws of the petals, all of them in fruit
enlarged and spreading, stipules subulate-lanceolate elongated,
leaflets oblong-obovate, stem ascending. E. B. t. 220.

Salt-marshes on the east coast of England as far north as Norfolk,
and south coast as far as Somersetshire. Newport, Monmouthshire.
Near Kilbarrack-church, co. Dublin. 0. 6, 7.

6. T. * incarnatum L. ( crimson . C.) ; heads ovate at length
cylindrical stalked solitary terminal, calyx hairy, the teeth
lanceolate-subulate nearly equal shorter than the corolla in

103

Trifolium.'] xxvi. leguminos^e : trifoliete.

fruit spreading, stipules ovate, leaflets obcordate. — a. flowers
reddish-purple. E. B. S. t. 2950. — fS. flowers pale yellow.

a. Naturalised in a few places in the south of England and Jersey.
— fi. Lizard point, Cornwall, “ decidedly indigenous.” Rev. W. S.
Hore. ©. 6, 7. — Mouth of the calyx hairy in fruit.

7. T. * stelldtum L. {starry -headed T.) ; villous, heads ter-
minal globose stalked, calyx hairy, its tube closed with hairs,
the teeth longer than the corolla setaceous at length dilated
veined and spreading, stipules broadly ovate crenate ribbed,
leaflets obcordate, stem short spreading. E. B. t. 1545.

Sea-shore, Sussex, between Shoreham harbour and the sea, in great
plenty. ©. 6—8. — A singular and beautiful species, with long

calyces, and, at first, straight, setaceous teeth, which conceal the small
cream-coloured corolla, and then become greatly enlarged, spreading in
a stellated manner.

8. T. arvense L. ( Hare's-foot T.) ; heads very hairy soft
cylindrical terminal stalked, calyx-teeth longer than the corolla
permanently setaceous at length somewhat spreading, stipules
ovate-acuminate, leaflets lanceolate obtuse, stems erect much
branched. E. B. t. 944.

Corn-fields and dry pastures, abundant. ©. 7 — 9. — Stem 6 — 12

inches high. Flowers very minute, almost white. Remarkable for
its numerous, subcylindrical, soft, hairy heads or spikes.

9. T. striatum L. (soft knotted T.) ; downy, heads terminal
and axillary ovate subsolitary sessile, calyx in fruit ventricose
striate very rigid hairy with unequal straight small setaceous
teeth, leaflets obcordate or obovate nearly entire, stipules ovate
cuspidate, stems ascending. E. B. t. 1843.

Dry pastures and fields, frequent. ©. 6, 7. — Stem 4 — 10 inches

long, more or less procumbent or reclined, pubescent or silky. Leaves
in this and the next with the veins straight and at the margin not
thickened. Flowers small, purplish-red. Cal. deeply furrowed, oval,
a little swollen, with 5, almost setaceous, straight, not spreading teeth ;
its throat marked with a thick ring.

10. T. Bocconi Savi ( Boccone's T.) ; pods terminal and axil-
lary sessile' ovate-cylindrical, calyx cylindrical in fruit, the teeth
unequal subulate straight, leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate
toothed glabrous above, stipules oblong with a long subulate
point. E. B. S. t. 2868.

Dry places in Cornwall, very rare. Cadgwith near Ruan Minor ;
and Cathellian between the Lizard point and Kynance cove. ©. 7.
— Stem 2 — 6 inches high. Calyx not ventricose in fruit as in the
last, and not spreading as in the next species : its throat hairy within.

11. T. sedbrum L. (rough rigid T.) ; heads terminal and
axillary sessile ovate, calyx in fruit cylindrical, the teeth un-

f 4

104

XXVT. LEGUMINOS^E : TRIFOLIE7F.. [ TrifollUm.

equal subulate in fruit spreading very rigid 1 -nerved, leaflets
obcordate serrulate, stipules ovate-cuspidate, stems procumbent.
E. B. t. 903.

Chalky or dry sandy fields near the sea, on the east coast to Kin-
cardineshire, on the west to Anglesea. ©. 5 — 7. — A small spread-
ing plant with many terminal and axillary, sessile, ovate heads, very
rigid in fruit. Leaflets with the veins thicker and curved near the
margin.

f f Throat of the calyx naked.

12. T. glomerdtum L. ( smooth round-headed T.) ; heads ter-
minal and axillary sessile globose, calyx-teeth ovate very acute
leafy veiny at length reflexed, leaflets obcordate toothed, sti-
pules ovate much acuminated, stems procumbent. E. B. t.
1063.

Gravelly heaths and pastures in the east and south of England.
0. 6. — Similar to the last, but with rounder heads, and broader,
greener, and more foliaceous and spreading teeth to the calyx.

13. T. strictum L. ( upright round-headed T.) ; glabrous, heads
terminal and axillary stalked globose, calyx at length carnpa-
nulate with nearly equal subulate spreading teeth, leaflets
elliptic lanceolate denticulate, stipules rhomboid pointless den-
ticulate, stems erect. E. B. S. t. 2949.

Rocky banks near the sea, rare. Landewednack, and Old Lizard
Head, Cornwall. Jersey. 0. G, 7 .— Stem 2 — 3 inches high in British
specimens, often 6 — 10 inches in foreign ones. Leaves glabrous, beauti-
fully striate and toothed, lower ones obovate. Stipules large, pointless,
with glandular teeth. Heads with a minute membranous cup-shaped
involucre at their base ; bracteoles none at the base of the flowers.
Flowers never truly deflexed as in the foreign T. parviflorum, although
by the ripening of the fruit the lower ones sometimes appear so.

14. T. suffocatum L. ( suffocated T.) ; heads sessile roundish,
petals shorter than the membranaceous faintly striate calyx
whose teeth are broadly subulate falcate recurved. E. B. t.
1049.

Sandy sea-shores, rare. On the coasts of Norfolk and Suffolk,
Anglesea and the south of England. ©. 6, 7. — Stems 3 — 4 inches
long. Remarkable for its dense sessile heads of inconspicuous flowers
and for its thin, delicate, scarcely striate calyx. Whole plant glabrous,
unless T. congestum Guss. be considered a variety.

15. T. subterrdneum L. ( subterranean T.) ; heads lateral
stalked hairy of few flowers, at length deflexed and throwing
out from their centre thick fibres palmated at the extremity
(abortive calyces) which are closely bent down over the re-
flexed fruit. E. B. t. 1048.

Dry gravelly pastures in England. ©. 5, 6. — Stem 3—6 or 8

Trifolium.'] xxvi. leguminosje: TRIFOI.IE.E.

105

inches long, decumbent, hairy, with large, ovate, membranaceous sfipu/es.
Flowers long and very slender, almost white. Peduncles at length
elongated ; so that the heads of flowers reach the ground : the young
fruit then becomes deflexed, and from the top of the peduncle there
arise many thick short fibres with 5 palmated teeth at their extremity,
which soon become recurved over the fruit and serve to bury it in
the soil. From the number of teeth terminating each of the above-
mentioned fibres, as well as from their comparative length and thick-
ness, it is natural to conclude, with De Candolle, that the latter are
abortive calyces. Petals partially caducous. Legumes large, ovate-
globose.

*** Flowers sessile. Calyx with the upper lip remarkably inflated after
flowering and arched above. Standard deciduous.

16. T. fragiferum L. (Strawberry -headed T.) ; heads with
a multifid involucre as long as the calyx globose upon long
axillary stalks, calyx after flowering inflated membranace-
ous reticulated downy with the two upper teeth bent down,
stem creeping, leaflets obcordate serrated. E. B. t. 1050.

Meadows and pastures, fl. 7,8. — Flowers very small, purplish-
red. The heads of flowers, nearly globose at first but completely
so in fruit, are then an inch in diameter, and often more or less
coloured, so as not unaptly to represent a strawberry. Mouth of the
calyx, as in the following species, very oblique when inclosing the
fruit, from the one half remaining unaltered while the other becomes
enlarged and inflated.

,17. T. * resupinatum L. ( reversed T .) ; heads with a minute
involucre at the base hemispherical at length globose on stalks
at first only about as long as the petiole, corollas resupinate,
calyx after flowering membranaceous reticulated inflated hairy
acute, two of the teeth longer patent, leaflets obovate, stem
prostrate. E. B. S. t. 2789.

• Meadows near Bristol ; near the Poole ballast-quay at Ham,
Dorset ; Cheshire, near New Brighton ; Lancashire, near Everton,
O- 7.

**** Flowers usually pedicellate ( bright yellow'). Standard persistent,
deflexed, dry, enveloping the fruit.

18. T. agrarium L. ( Hop T.) ; heads broadly oval many-
flowered dense, pedicels much shorter than the calyx, standard
at length deflexed furrowed, leaves stalked, leaflets obcordate,
central one on a longer stalk. T. procumbens E. B. t. 945 ;
Brit. FI. (former editions).

Dry pastures and borders of fields, frequent. ©. 6 — 8. — Frimary
or central stem erect ; lateral ones or branches ascending or procum-
bent, sometimes wanting. This is well distinguished from the follow-
ing by its large, dense, hop-like heads of flowers, and the standard
which is striate when old.

f 5

106

XXVI. LEGUMINOS^E : TRIFOLlEiE.

[Lotus.

19. T. procumbens L. (lesser yellow T.) ; heads of 10 — 20
close flowers on rigid peduncles, pedicels rarely half the length
of the tube of the calyx, upper calyx-teeth about £ of the
length of the lower, standard truncate obscurely furrowed much
broader than and quite covering the mature legume, lower leaf-
stalks much longer than the stipules, leaflets obcordate central
one on a longer stalk, stems decumbent hairy. T. minus Relh. :
E. B. t. 1256 ; Brit. FI. (former editions).

Dry pastures and road-sides, frequent. Q. 6, 7 — We entertain
many doubts whether this and the next are essentially distinct, or even
if the characters assigned are constant : the pedicels certainly vary
considerably in length, being sometimes so short that the flowers may
be almost called sessile, sometimes almost as long as the tube of the
calyx. In this and the last we follow Mr. Bentham as to the specific
names, he having paid more attention to this genus, and indeed to the
whole order of Legurainosae, than any other botanist.

20. T. filiforme L. (slender yellow T .) ; heads on capillary
peduncles of 2 — 6 lax racemed flowers, pedicels longer than
the tube of the calyx, upper calycine teeth half the length of
the lower ones, standard even deeply notched as narrow as and
not covering the ripe legume, leaf-stalks scarcely the length of
the stipules, leaflets obcordate equally stalked, stem glabrous.
E. B. t. 1257. T. micranthum Viv.

Dry pastures chiefly near the sea. ©. 6, 7.

10. Lotus Linn. Bird’s-foot Trefoil.

Cal. 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal Keel ascending, much
acuminate. Legume cylindrical, somewhat spongy within, and
imperfectly many-celled. — Flowers umbellate : peduncles bearing
a leaf at their apex. Leaves trifoliolute. — Name : supposed to
be one of the three kinds (the herbaceous ) of the iWog of the
Greeks.

1. L. corniculutus L. (common B.) ; heads depressed umbel-
late 5 — 10-flowered, peduncles very long, calyx-teeth of the
flower-bud straight, the two upper ones always converging,
claw of the standard obovate and inflated above, stems decum-
bent.— a. vulgaris; leaves obovate nearly glabrous. — (a)
everywhere glabrous or nearly so, leaflets thin. L. cornicula-
tus Z. : E. B. t. 2090. — (b) leaflets thick fleshy. — /i villosus ;
leaves obovate and as well as the stem and calyx clothed with
very long spreading hairs. — 7. tenuifolius ; leaflets narrow
lanceolate or linear-obovate. L. tenuis Kit. : E. B. S. t. 2615.

a. Pastures everywhere, abundant, the second form near the sea.
— ft. rare. Higham, Kent; Budleigh Salterton ; Sandgate. —
7. not very common. If. . 7, 8. — The two upper calycine teeth con-

Oxytropis. ] xxvi. leguminos^e : astragaleas. 107

verge with a rounded sinus between them : in the next they diverge
forming an acute angle.

2. L. major Scop. ( narrow-leaved B.) ; heads depressed um-
bellate 8 — 12-flowered, peduncles very long, calycine teeth
subulate from an angular base always spreading, the two upper
ones diverging, claw of the standard linear, leaflets obovate,
stems nearly erect tubular. E. B. t. 2091.

Sides of ditches and moist bushy places, by no means unfrequent.
1/.. 7, 8. — The place of growth of this plant, in moister situations

than L. corniculatus, consequently inducing a greater development of
every part, is, in itself, almost sufficient to account for the trifling
variations which distinguish it from that well-known species, to which
it has been united by Mr. Bentham. It is sometimes nearly glabrous,
but usually hairy ; and a very hairy state has been gathered in
Ireland.

3. L. angustissimus L. (slender B.) ; villous, heads 1 — 4-
flowered, peduncles scarcely twice as long as the leaves, leaflets
ovate-lanceolate, calyx-teeth straight in the bud as long as the
tube or longer, stems procumbent, legumes slender. — a. minor ;
heads 1 — 2-flowered, legumes about 6 times longer than the
calyx often 20-seeded. L. diffusus E. B. t. 925. — 13. major ;
heads 2 — 4-flowered, legumes rugose shorter and broader about
2 — 3 times the length of the calyx about 12-seeded. L. hispidus
Desf. : E. B. S. t. 2823.

South of England, very rare. — a. Castle rock at Hastings, Sus-
sex ; at Kingsteignton and Bishopsteignton, Devon : Stokes Bay,

near Gosport, Hants. Strand, near Passage, Ireland. Jersey. — /3.
Cornwall, near the Lizard and Penzance ; Devonshire. Q. 6 — 8.
— Flowers much smaller, and aspect very different from any of the
preceding. The more luxuriant the specimens are, the thicker and
shorter is the legume : in this respect our British specimens of the
var. /8. accord better with L. hispidus Desf. as originally described
from cultivated plants, than do wild ones from the south of Europe.
Sometimes var. a. has the legume only ^ a line thick and 12 lines long,
3nd /8. a line thick and only 6 lines long; but numerous intermediate
states may be observed. The characters usually derived from the
relative length of the calyx-tube and teeth, the length of the peduncles,
the beak of the legumes, and the shape of the leaflets and stipules, only
apply to British specimens, and are quite insufficient to separate foreign
ones of these two varieties.

Tribe III. Astragale/e. Legume spuriously and longitudi-
nally 1 -or 2-celled, by the introjlexion of one of the sutures.

Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Stems herbaceous , or some-
what shrubby. Leaves pinnate. (Gen. 11, 12.)

11. Oxytropis De Cand. Oxytropis.

Keel with a narrow point. Legume tumid 2-celled (more or

F 6

108 xxvi. LEGUMiNOSiE : asteagalejE. [Astragalus.

less perfectly) ; cells formed by the indexed margins of the
upper suture. — Named from o£vq, sharp , and rponic, a. heel; one
of the essential characters of this genus, as distinguishing it
from the following.

1. 0. Uralcnsis DC. ( hairy Mountain O.) ; stemless, leaflets
about 12 pairs ovate acute densely clothed with silvery hairs,
scape erect longer than the leaves with spreading hairs, legumes
erect ovate-cylindrical silky with a recurved point, style per-
sistent. Astragalus L. : E. B. t. 466. Ox. Halleri Bunge (not
VilL).

Dry pastures in Scotland, chiefly near the sea. Queensferry;
Montrose; Mull of Galloway; Argyle ; Ross; Sutherland. fl.
6, 7. — A very beautiful plant, clothed with silky hairs, especially on
the young leaves. Leaflets 8 — 12 pairs, on foreign specimens some-
times 20 pairs, with an odd one, ovate, oblong or narrow-lanceolate,
acute. Scape, when in fr., 4 — 6 inches high. Flowers bright purple,
capitate, somewhat spreading. Legumes sometimes 2-cel!ed, some-
times only divided to the middle, in the same plant. We cannot dis-
tinguish the European from the Siberian plant.

2. O. campestris DC. ( yellowish Mountain O .) ; stems very
short procumbent, leaflets about 12 pairs elliptic lanceolate
sprinkled with shining hairs, peduncles ascending about the
same length as the leaves, legumes erect ovate inflated pubes-
cent semibiloeular. Astragalus L. : E B. t. 2522. A. sordidus
Willd.

Rocks facing the south, a little to the north of Bradoony, in the
Clova mountains. If. 7. — Flowers capitate, yellowish, tinged with
purple. The Scotch plant belongs to the variety or species called
O. sordida, but we perceive no essential difference between this and
O. campestris.

12. Astragalus Linn. Milk-vetch.

Keel obtuse. Legume 2-celled (more or less perfectly) ; cells
formed by the indexed margins of the lower suture. — Act rpa-
yaXof, one of the bones of the heel, is the Greek name for one
of the species, in allusion to the knotted root of that individual
plant to which it was formerly applied.

1. A. glycyphyllus L. ( sweet M.); stem prostrate, spikes
ovate, leaves longer than the peduncles, leaflets oval, stipules
ovate-lanceolate free, legumes somewhat triangular linear
curved sessile erect glabrous. E. B. t. 203.

Woods and thickets, in a gravelly or calcareous soil. Rare in
Scotland; about Edinburgh, Queensferry, and Arbroath. If. 6 — 9.
— Well distinguished by its large size. Stem prostrate, 2 — 3 ft.
long. Leaves with large ovate acute stipules, which are free from
each other and from the petiole. Flowers dingy yellow. Legumes
an inch or more in length, curved.

Arthrolobium.'] xxvi. leguminos2E : iiedysarete. 109

2. A. hypoglottis L. ( purple Mountain M.) ; stem prostrate,
spikes ovate, leaflets slightly emarginate, stipules united, pe-
duncles longer than the leaves, legumes ovate stipitate erect
capitate hairy 2-seeded. E. B. t. 274.

Dry gravelly or chalky pastures ; chietly in the east of England
and Scotland, as far north as Blair- Athole. Isles of Arran, Ireland.
y. 6, 7. — Stem weak, a few inches in length. Leaflets elliptic-ovate,
retuse, hairy. Stipules united together, but free from the petiole.
Peduncles longer than the leaves, curved upwards. Heads of flowers
large in proportion to the size of the plant, bluish-purple, sometimes
white. Legumes ovate, acuminate, hairy, stalked within the calyx.

3. A. alpinus L. ( alpine M.) ; pubescent, stem ascending,
spikes capitate, leaflets elliptical, stipules ovate free, peduncles
the length of the leaves, legumes elliptical pointed at both ends
stipitate pendulous racemose clothed with black hairs 2 — 3-
seeded. E. B. S. t. 2717. Phaca astragalina DC. and others.

Head of Glen Dole, Clova; and Little Craigindal, Braemar. y.
7. — Stem slender, much and diffusely branched. Racemes of few,
spreading or drooping flowers, white, tipped with purple.

Tribe IV. IIedysarete. Stamens diadelplious (9 and 1). Le-
gume separating transversely into one or more 1 -seeded joints

or cells , but. otherwise indehiscent. Leaves pinnate with an

odd one without tendrils. (Gen. 13 — 16.)

13. Ornithopus Linn. Bird’s-Foot.

Cal. elongated, tubular. Keel very small, obtuse. Legume
compressed, curved, of many close single-seeded joints, whose
sides are equal. — Flowers capitate; peduncles bearing a leaf at
their apex — Name : opine, opv i9og, a bird , and rove, afoot ; from
the similarity of the seed-vessel to a bird’s-foot.

1. O. perpusillus L. ( common B.) ; leaves pinnate with 6 — 9
pairs of leaflets and a terminal one, peduncles longer than the
leaves, flowers nearly sessile, legumes curved upwards with a
beak scarcely longer than the upper joint. E. B. t. 369.

Sandy and dry gravelly soil ; not unfrequent in Scotland. 0.
5 — 7. — Stem . 2 — 12 inches long, much branched at the base and
spreading, sometimes ascending when short. Leaflets oval. Flowers
white with red lines.

14. Arthrolobium Desv. Joint-vetch.

Cal. elongated, tubular. Keel very small, obtuse. Legume
cylindrical, curved of many close single-seeded joints, whose
sides are equal. — Flowers capitate ; peduncles naked at the apex.
— Name: ap9po£, a joint, and \o6oe, a pod; from the jointed cha-
racter of the seed-vessel.

110

xxvi. leguminosyE : viciea:. \Hippocrepis.

1. A. ebractedtum DC. (Sand J.) ; stem filiform, peduncle
about equal to the leaves 2 — 4-flowered, stipules very minute,
leaves pinnate with many pairs of equal elliptic-oblong leaflets,
the lower ones remote from the stem. E. B. S. t. 2844.

Sandy ground near Grand Havre, Guernsey, but rare ; Alderney ;
Scilly. ©. 6 — 8.

15. Hippocrepis Linn. Horse-shoe Vetch.

Cal. campanulate. Keel about as long as the wings, acumi-
nate. Legume compressed, submembranaceous, of numerous
joints, which are curved like a horse-shoe, so that each legume
has many notches on one side. — Flowers umbellate, axillary and
nearly sessile. — Name: Innoc, a horse, and Kpntrig, a shoe ; from
the form of the notches of the fruit.

1. II. comdsa L. (tufted II.) ; casspitose, perennial, peduncles
longer than the leaves, flowers 5 — 8 umbellate, legumes curved
scabrous with glabrous joints and semicircular notches. E. B.
t. 31.

Chalky and limestone banks and pastures, plentiful in the chalky
counties of England. Near Ayr, Scotland, 7J-. 5 — 8. — Stems

4 — 6 inches high, much branched and woody at the base. Leaflets
4 — 6 pairs, with an odd one, obovate-elliptical. Peduncles long.
Flowers pale yellow, much resembling those of Lotus corniculatus ;
but the legume is quite different, and very remarkable : its notches are
about twice as broad as deep, whereas, in the foreign H. glauca, they
are much wider.

16. Onobrychis Tourn. Saint-foin.

Keel truncate, longer than the wings. Legume sessile, of one
indehiscent joint, compressed, coriaceous, prickly, crested or
winged. — Flowers racemose. — Name : ovog, an ass, and fjpuxoi,
to bray ; from that animal braying in order to get at it.

1. O. sativa Lam. (common S.) ; leaves pinnate nearly gla-
brous, legumes toothed on the lower margin with elevated
wrinkles on the sides, wings of the corolla as short as the calyx,
the keel as long as the standard, stem elongated. Hedysarum
Onobrychis L. : E. B. t. 96.

Dry chalky hills and open downs, in various parts of England.
71. 6,7 A plant cultivated to great advantage in dry, and espe-

cially chalky, soils.

Tribe V. Vicieye. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume
1-celled, 2-valved, several-seeded, the suture not introflexed.
Cotyledons thick, farinaceous. Leaves pinnate, with the common
petiole not articulated upon the stem , and ending in a tendril ,

Vicia. ]

xxvi. leguminos^e : viciE.a:.

Ill

bristle, or leaflet ; sometimes wanting , but with a tendril or leaf -

like petiole. (Gen. 17, 18.)

17. Vicia Linn. Vetch. Tare.

Style filiform, with its upper part hairy all round, or with a
tuft of hair beneath the stigma. — Leaves usually with tendrils. —
Name originally derived, according toTheis, from gwig , Celtic;
whence also wichen in German, fiiKiov in Greek, vesce in
French, and vetch in English.

* Peduncles short, axillary , few-flowered. Calyx equal at the base. Styles
with a dense tuft of hairs beneath the stigma. Cybospermum.

1. V. lathyroides L. ( Spring V .) ; flowers sessile solitary,
leaflets 2 — 6 lower ones retuse, stipules entire not impressed
with a spot, calyx-teeth subulate, standard glabrous, legumes

I linear glabrous, seeds nearly cubical tubercled. E. B. t. 30.

Road-sides and dry pastures, not unfrequent. ©. 4 — 6. — Much

resembling a starved state of V. sativa, or especially V. angustifolia ;
from both of which it may be known by its calyx with narrower teeth
and not gibbous at the base, the smaller, more purple flower, scarcely
so large as the leaflets, with a less reflexed vexillum, and by the rough
or dotted seeds. Here, too, the leaflets are fewer on a petiole, the
tendril is simple, the stem procumbent.

** Peduncles short, few-flowered. Calyx gibbous at the base on one side.

Style with a dense tuft of hairs beneath the stigma. Euvicia.

2. V. sativa L. (common V.) ; flowers 1 — 2 axillary nearly
sessile, leaflets 6 — 10 lower ones retuse or obcordate upper
ones often narrower or linear, stipules toothed with a more or
less evident spot, calyx-teeth nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate,
standard glabrous, legumes linear pubescent or rarely glabrous,
seeds globose smooth. — a. sativa ; upper leaflets elliptic-oblong,
flowers usually in pairs, pods erect. E. B. t. 334. V. ltevigata
Sm. ? E. B. t. 483. — ji. angustifolia ; upper leaflets narrower,
flowers usually solitary, pods spreading. V. angustifolia Roth:
E. B. S. t. 2(314. V. Bobartii Forst. : E. B. S. t. 2708.

a. Cultivated ground, frequent. — 0. Dry pastures in a sandy or
gravelly soil. © or $ . 5, 6. — Flowers purple and blue or red par-

ticularly' in the small varieties. Hilum of the seed long, linear. Our
var. a. we have nowhere seen in a perfectly wild state ; it is that
commonly cultivated. The /6. has smaller flowers; it is supposed by
some to include two species, but by cultivating V. Bobartii, we ob-
served it pass into V. angustifolia. V. laevigata Sm. has been long
involved in doubt, having only occurred on the pebbly shore of
Weymouth, Dorsetshire, where it was found by the Rev. Mr. Baker,
about 70 years ago, but from which it has long since disappeared.
Mr. Bentham pronounces it to be merely V. sativa, from which,

112

xxvi. leguminoSjE : vicie.-e.

[ Vida.

according to Smith’s description, it differed by the reflexed and quite
glabrous legumes, very smooth leaves, stipules unstained, and a
perennial root. The smoothness of the entire plant is readily
explained by proximity to the sea ; but the characters are those
of V. lutea, which grows at the same place: it is therefore not
improbable that both species may have been kept in view, especially
as the flowers have been said to be sometimes yellow.

3. Y. sepium L. ( Bush V.) ; racemes 4 — 6-flowered nearly
sessile, calyx-teeth unequal, legumes upright glabrous, leaflets
4 — 8 pairs ovate obtuse gradually smaller upwards upon the
petiole. E. B. t. 1515.

Woods and shady places, frequent. I/.. 6 — 8.— Stem 1 — 2 ft. high.
Leaflets large. Standard glabrous. Hilum of seed long, linear.

4. V. lutea L. (rough-podded yellow V.) ; flowers sessile soli-
tary, calyx-teeth unequal, standard glabrous, legumes reflexed
hairy, stems diffuse, leaflets obtuse or acute, stipules coloured
upper ones ovate. E. B. t. 481.

Rocky or stony ground especially near the sea. Cornwall, Suffolk,
Sussex, Derbyshire. On Glastonbury Tor-hill. Weymouth. Mearn-
shire ; between Montrose and Arbroath; hills at Queensferry ;
Dunure Castle, Ayrshire, abundant. It- 6 — 8. — Stems 6 — 12 inches
high, weak. Leaflets elliptical-lanceolate, hairy beneath and at the
edges, 6 — 9 pairs on a petiole. Flowers large, yellow. Legumes com-
pressed. Seeds with a short hilum in this and V. hybrida. The
stipules in this and the next species do not seem to differ in form ;
they are hastate about the middle of the plant, but become ovate
upwards by the smallness of the lateral lobes.

5. V. *hybrida L. (hairy-flowered yellow Vi) ; flowers nearly
sessile solitary, calyx-teeth unequal spreading, standard hairy,
legumes reflexed hairy, stems ascending, leaflets abrupt, stipules
unstained upper ones ovate. E. B. t. 482.

On Glastonbury Tor-hill. Swan Pool near Lincoln. If.. 6, 7.
— Flowers yellow, reddish externally. Similar to the last, but distin-
guished by its hairy standard. The first of the above stations is
mentioned by Ray ; but Ray considered his plant to be V. lutea,
which species was found there in 1799 by the late Mr. Dawson Tur-
ner, when in search of V. hybrida but in vain. The second locality
depends on Mr. Nicholson, as mentioned in the Brit. FI. ed. 3rd,
p. 326. The species, even if no mistake occurred, may have been in-
troduced by ballast, and have afterwards died out or been eradi-
cated, as it no longer appears to be found in this country.

*** Peduncles elongated, few-flowered. Calyx gibbous at the base. Style
with a tuft of hairs beneath the stigma . Aracus.

6. V. Bilhynica L. (rough-podded purple V.) ; peduncles
rather shorter than the leaves 1- or rarely 2-flowered, legumes

XXVI. LEGUMINOS^E : YICIE.E.

113

Vicia.']

upright rough, upper petioles with two pairs of lanceolate
leaflets, stipules toothed. E. B. t. 1842.

Bushy places in gravelly soil, mostly near the sea, but rare.
Southern counties of England; also Essex, Worcester, Gloucester,
and Wales. 7f. 7, 8. — Flowers purple, all but the wings, which are
whitish. Leaflets varying much in breadth, sometimes elliptic-lan-
ceolate, sometimes nearly linear : there is generally but one pair on
the lowest petioles.

**** Peduncles elongated, many-flowered. Calyx gibbous at the base.

Cracca.

7. Y. Cracca L. ( tufted V.) ; peduncles many-flowered longer
than the leaves, flowers imbricated, leaflets lanceolate slightly
hairy with tendrils, stipules half-arrow-shaped nearly entire.
E. B. t. 1 1G8.

Bushy places. "If.. 6 — 8. — Stem 2 — 3 ft. high. Flowers numerous,
crowded, drooping and imbricated, of a fine bluish-purple. Style
hairy all round in the upper part ; hairs rather longer on the under
side below the stigma, but scarcely forming a tuft, as in the true
Vicia.

•

8. V. O'robus DC. ( Wood bitter F.) ; leaves pinnate hairy
with 7 — 10 pairs of ovate-oblong acute leaflets without tendrils,
stipules half-arrow-shaped slightly toothed at the base, peduncles
many-flowered at length longer than the leaves, stem branched
decumbent hairy. Orobus sylvaticus L. : E. B. t. 518.

Rocky and mountainous woods and thickets in the north. If. 5,6.
— Flowers purplish-white in unilateral racemes. Style filiform,
equally pubescent all round its upper part.

9. Y. sylvdtica L. ( Wood V.) ; peduncles many-flowered
longer than the leaves, leaflets elliptic-oblong mucronate,
stipules lunate deeply toothed at their base, tendrils branched.
E. B. t. 79.

Bushy places in mountainous countries, in Scotland, the north and
north-west of England, Wales, and Ireland. It has been found near
Newmarket; and in Oxfordshire, and Kent. "If. 6 — 8. — Stems
3 — 6 ft. high, climbing by means of its branching tendrils. Leaflets
6 — 8 or 10 pairs. Flowers very beautiful, numerous, white, streaked
with hluish veins. Style equally pubescent all round towards the
stigma.

***** Peduncles elongated, few-flowered. Style equally pubescent all
round. Calyx equal at the base. Annual plants. Ervum.

10. V. tetrasperma Moench. ( slender 7’.); leaflets 3—6 pairs
linear obtuse or acute, peduncles 1 — 7-flowered, legumes oblong-
linear glabrous 4 — 8-seeded. — a. leaflets 4 — 6 pairs oblong
linear obtuse mucronate, tendrils usually branched, peduncles

114

xxvi. leguminos^e : viciea:. \Lathyrus.

pointless or with a soft point as long as the leaves 1 — 3-flowered,
legumes 4 — 6-seeded. Ervum L. : E. B. t. 1223. — (5. leaflets
3 — 4 pairs narrow linear acute, tendrils simple, peduncles aris-
tate at length about twice as long as the leaves 1 — 7-flowered,
legumes 5 — 7-seeded. Y. gracilis Lois.: E. B. S. t. 2904.
Ervum DC.

Cornfields, hedges, &c. — a. not uncommon in England; more
rare in Scotland, as at St. David’s, Fifeshire; Ruthven, near Perth;
Arbroath, and in Lanarkshire and Kirkcudbrightshire. — /3. Cobham,
Kent; Bath; Isle of Wight. County of Kerry, Ireland. Q. 6 — 8.
— Stipules semi-sagittate, entire. Teeth of the calyx elongated from
a triangular base, shorter than the tube, the two upper ones diverg-
ing. Standard of corolla in var. a. with blue streaks, in /3. usually
without them. Seeds globose, with an oblong or oval hilum. The
chief difference between the two vars. is in the larger flowers of var.
i3., its narrower and fewer leaflets, the latter causing the leaves to be
shorter than the fruit-bearing peduncle ; but there seem to be many
intermediate forms.

11. V. hirsuta Koch ( hairy T.) ; leaflets 6 — 8 pairs linear-
oblong truncate, peduncles 1 — 6-flowered, legumes oblong
2-seeded hairy. Ervum L. : E. B. t. 970.

Corn-fields and hedges; too frequent. ©. 6 — 8. — Stems 2 — 3 ft.
long, weak, straggling and climbing. Stipules semi-sagittate, the
lower lobe usually cleft into several setaceous segments. ,Ftou>ers
very insignificant, pale blue. Teeth of the calyx subulate, longer
than the tube, the two upper converging. Seeds orbicular slightly
compressed, with a long linear hilum.

18. Lathtrus Linn. Yetchling. Everlasting-Pea. Bitter- vetch.

Cal. with its mouth oblique, its upper segments shortest.
Style flattened below the stigma, downy on the upper side.-
Leaves with or without tendrils ; leaflets sometimes wanting. —
Name : XaOvpog, a leguminose plant of Theophrastus.

* Leaflets icanting.

1. L. A'phaca L. ( yellow V.) ; peduncles single-flowered,
tendrils without, leaves, stipules very large foliaceous cordate-
sagittate. E. B. t. 1167.

Borders of sandy and gravelly fields, in England, rare. Norfolk,
Warwick, and Gloucestershire, and the counties to the south of
these. 0. 5 — 8. — True leaves, each consisting of a single pair of

leaflets, are rare, and only exist on this singular plant in the youngest
state. Flowers yellow.

2. L. Nissulia L. ( crimson V. or Grass- Vetch) ; leaflets want-
ing but in place of them a simple linear-lanceolate sessile leaf-
like petiole without tendrils, stipules minute subulate. E. B,
t. 112.

Lathyrus.'] xxvi. leguminosas : vicie.e.

115

Bushy places, and grassy borders of fields, in England, but scarcely
further north than Derbyshire. ©. 5, 6.

• ** Leaflets one pair.

3. L. hirsulus L. ( rough-podded V.) ; peduncles 2-flowered,
legumes hairy, seeds tubercled, each tendril with a pair of
linear-lanceolate leaflets, stem and petiole winged. E. B. t.
1255.

Cultivated fields, rare: Essex; between Bath and Bristol. ©.
6, 7 Flowers pale, except the standard, which is bright crimson.

4. L. pratensis L. ( Meadow V .) ; peduncles many-flowered,
legumes obliquely veined, seeds smooth, tendrils with 2 lan-
ceolate 3-nerved leaflets, stipules arrow-shaped as large as the
leaflets, calyx-teeth subulate, stem acutely angled without
wings. E. B. t. 670.

Moist meadows and pastures, frequent. 2). 7, 8. — Stems 2 — 3

ft. long, climbing. Flowers yellow. Legumes obliquely veined.
Seeds globose, with a small oblong hilum. — Cattle are said to be very
fond of this common plant.

5. L. sylveslris L. ( narrow-leaved E.) ; peduncles many-
flowered, legumes reticulated with veins, seeds smooth, tendrils
with a pair of ensiform leaflets, calyx-teeth triangular-subulate,
stipules semi-sagittate narrow, stem winged. E. B. t. 805.

Thickets and hedges, in the middle and south of England. North
Wales. Shore near Whitehaven. Kirkcudbrightshire ; and banks of
the White Adder, Berwickshire, doubtfully wild. Salisbury Craigs,
and coast of Angusshire, certainly not indigenous. 2/.. 7 — 9. —

Stem 5 — 6 ft. long, broadly winged. Flowers large, greenish, with
purple veins. Seeds compressed, with a long hilum half surrounding
them.

6. L. *latifulius L. ( broad-leaved E.) ; peduncles many-
flowered, legumes reticulated with veins, seeds tubercled,
tendrils with 2 ovate-elliptical mucronate leaflets, stipules
semi-sagittate triangular-ovate broad, stem winged. E. B. t.
1108.

Woods, rare, and perhaps always the outcast of gardens. Cam-
bridgeshire, Cumberland, Worcestershire, Bedfordshire, Gloucester-
shire. Near Kirkcudbright, Scotland. 2). 7, 8. — A well-known
climber, and a great ornament of cottage gardens. Resembling the
last, but with leaves much broader, flowers larger and more purple,
and seeds tubercled and wrinkled. Mr. Bentham considers it a broad-
leaved variety (from Southern Europe).

*** Leaflets two or more pairs. Pitiole ending in a simple or
branched tendril.

7. L. palustris L. (blue Marsh V ■) ; peduncles 3— 6-flowered,

116

xxvi. leguminoSjE : viciea:. {Lathyrus.

tendrils with 2 — 4 pairs of linear-lanceolate acute leaflets,
stipules half-arrow-shaped lanceolate, stem winged. E. B. 1. 169.

Boggy meadows and thickets in several parts of England ; near
London ; in Berkshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, York-
shire, Hampshire, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk. North and
South Wales Galloway, Scotland. If.. 6 — 8. — Stem 2 — 3 ft. high,
climbing. Leaflets about 2 inches long. Flowers bluish-purple.

8. L. maritimus Big. ( Sea-side E.) ; peduncles many-flow-
ered shorter than the leaves, tendrils with 3 — 4 pairs of oval
leaflets, stipules as large as the leaflets unequally cordato-hastate
with the angles acute, stem angled without wings. Pisum L. :
E. B. t. 1046. — a. compact robust, leaflets obovate-elliptical
obtuse on a recurved common petiole. — /3. straggling, slender,
leaflets elliptical-lanceolate acute, common petiole straight.

Pebbly beach of Lincolnshire, Suffolk, and the south coast of Eng-
land. Kerry, Ireland. — 0. Burra firth, Unst, Shetland. If. 7, 8.

- — The stifle of this plant is as in Lathyrus, to which Bigelow has re-
moved it. The rar. j3., brought by Dr. M‘Nab from Shetland in 1837,
in its slender straggling habit and narrow leaves comes very near the
L. Altaicus Ledeb., but that has much smaller stipules and cylindrical
legumes. The same form is found in Iceland and Arctic America.

**** Leaflets two or more pairs. Petiole without tendrils. Orobus L.

9. L. macrorhizusWunm. (tuberous B.) ; leaflets 2 — 4 pairs
glaucous beneath, stipules half-arrow-shaped toothed at the
base, stem simple erect winged. — a. leaflets oblong or lanceolate,
apiculate. Orobus tuberosus L. : E. B. t. 1153 ; Brit. FI.
(former edit.) — /3. leaflets linear. O. tenuifolius Roth.

Mountain thickets, frequent.. — f3. Kinnaird, near Brechin ; Moy
Woods, Inverness-shire ; near Elgin. Devon, Cornwall. New Forest,
Hants. Ashdown Forest, Sussex. If. 5 — 7. — Roots tuberous, eaten
bv the Highlanders, under the name of Cairmeil (supposed to be the
chara of Caesar, Bell. Civ. iii. 48.), a very small quantity being said
to allay or prevent hunger. Stem 1 ft. high. Flowers in long-stalked
axillary racemes, purple, veined. Legume long, pendulous, cylindrical,
black. Seeds globose.

10. L. niger Wimm. ( black B.) ; leaflets 3 — 6 pairs ovate or
elliptical, stipules linear-lanceolate acute, stem branched
angular erect. Orobus L. : E. B. S. t. 2788; Brit. FI.
(former edit.).

Shaded rocks, Scotland. Den of Airly, Forfarshire. Pass of
Killicrankie, Perthshire. Craiganain, a rock within 2 miles of Moy

House, Inverness-shire. If. 6, 7 Turns black when drying. Stem

not winged. Lower stipules half-arrow-shaped, upper ones almost
subulate. Seeds oval. As the genus Orobus of Linnams differs solely
from Lathyrus by the presence of a short fine point to the petiole in
place of tendrils, both structures being morphologically the same, we

xxvrr. rosacea.

117

follow the prevailing custom of uniting the two, although the divi-
sion be a natural as well as convenient one to the student.

Ord. XXVII. ROSACE2E Juss.

Calyx 4 — 5-lobed, free, or adherent with the ovary. Petals 5,
perigynous, equal. Stamens perigynous, definite or indefinite,
with an incurved aestivation ; anthers 2-celled, bursting longi-
tudinally. Carpels many, rarely solitary, and then situated be-
tween two of the lobes of the calyx (when these are 5), 1 -celled,

1 — 2 or more seeded, free, or combined with each other and with
the calyx. Styles simple, often lateral, distinct or combined.
Seeds ascending or suspended, nearly without albumen : embryo
straight, with fleshy or foliaceous cotyledons. — Herbs, or Shrubs,

I or Trees. Leaves alternate , with stipules one on each side the base
of the petiole. — The pulpy fleshy fruits are esculent ; while the
plants which produce them are often poisonous from the pre-
sence of Prussic acid, with which many of the species abound.
Laurel-water is extracted, not from a true Laurel, but from an
individual of this Natural Order, Prunus Lauro- Cerasus : the
Bitter- Almond owes its flavour to that acid. Some produce a
gum ; others are astringent. Roots of Tormentil yield a dye ;

, others are febrifuges. The qualities residing in the species of
this Order entitle it to a high rank among British Vegetables.

ISub-Ord. I. AiiYGnAl.E.K Cat-pel solitary, superior. Style 1. Calyx-
tube deciduous. Stipules free.

1. Prunus.

Sub-Ord. II. Rose.e. Carpels not adhering to the calyx- tube. Stipules
# united to the petiole.

Tribe 1. Spik.eid.e. Petals several. Fruit a ring of follicles not in-
closed within the calyx tube.

2. Sfirjsa.

Tribe 2. PoTENTir.T.m.E. Calyx-tube short and nearly flat, not enclosing
the fruit. Petals several. Achenes or drupes 5 or more upon a
common flat or convex receptacle.

* Achenes tipped with a long awn (the permanent style').

3. Dryas. Awns feathery, not jointed. Receptacle flat.

4. Geuji. Awns jointed. Receptacle elongated.

** Achenes or drupes with a short style.

1 5. Rubus. Drupes. Calyx simple (without external bracteoles).

6. Fragaria. Achenes on a large fleshy deciduous receptacle. Calyx
double (i. e. with as many external bracteoles at its summit "as
divisions, and alternate with them).

7. Comarum. Achenes on a spongy permanent receptacle. Calyx
double. Petals smaller than the calyx.

118

xxvn. rosacea: amtgdalea:. [ Primus .

8. Potentilla. Achenes numerous, on a dry flat receptacle. Calyx

double.

9. Sibbaldia. Achenes 5 — 10, on a minute dry receptacle. Calyx

double.

Tribe 3. Sangcisorbiiee. Achenes 1 — 2, enclosed within the dry
calyx-tube.

* Style from near the base of the achene.

10. Alciiemilla. Petals 0. Calyx double (8-cleft). Stamens 1 — 4.

** Style terminal.

11. Sanguisorba. Petals 0. Calyx single (4-cleft), -with 2 — 3 external

bracteoles at its base. Stamens 4. Stigma capitate.

12. Poterium. Petals 0. Calyx single (4-cleft). Flowers usually

monoecious. Stamens many. Stigma tufted.

13. Agrimonia. Petals 5. Calyx single (5-cleft), without external

bracteoles.

Tribe 4. Rosid/K. Petals 5. Achenes numerous, enclosed within the fleshy
calyx-tube, which is contracted at the orifice.

14. Rosa.

Sub-Ord. III. Pome.e. Petals several. Carpels united and adhering by
their back to the calyx-tube, thus resembling an inferior fruit. Stipules free.

15. Mespilus. Calyx-segments large, foliaceous. Petals large, roundish.

16. Crat.egus. Catyx- segments small. Petals large, roundish. Cells

of fruit bony.

17. Cotoneaster. Calyx-segments small. Petals small, erect.

18. Pyrus. Calyx-segments small. Petals large, roundish. Cells of

fruit cartilaginous.

Sub-Ord. I. AMYGDALEiE. Cal. inferior, deciduous. Ovary
solitary, superior. Style 1, terminal. Fruit a solitary drupe,
with one or two seeds suspended from the top of their cell.
Trees or shrubs with simple leaves and stipules free from the
petiole. All the parts abound in Prussic acid. (Gen. 1.)

1. Prunus Linn. Plum and Cherry.

Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Nut of the drupe smooth, or furrowed
at the margin. — Named irpowg in Greek, according to Theo-
phrastus.

* Flowers 1 or 2 together, on short pedicels. Fruit covered with bloom.
Young leaves convolute. Prunus D C.

1. P .communis Huds. ( common P.) ; pedicels solitary or in
pairs, leaves elliptic or ovate-lanceolate somewhat downy be-
neath especially when young. — a. spinosa; pedicels glabrous,
leaves at length glabrous, branches spinous. P. spinosa L. :
E. B. t. 842. — fi. insititia ; pedicels and under side of the
leaves pubescent, branches slightly spinous. P. insititia L. :

119

Prunus.~\ xxvn. eosacete : amygdaleyE.

E. B. t. 841. — y. domestica; pedicels glabrous, leaves at
length glabrous beneath except sometimes the midrib, branches
unarmed. P. domestica L. : E. B. t. 1783.

Hedges, coppices, and woods. — 7. perhaps truly wild at Twine-
ham, Sussex ; and Isle of Wight. b . 4, 5. — Hudson and Smith
were of opinion that war. 0. and 7. are forms of the same plant, and
we are satisfied that the first of these cannot be satisfactorily distin-
guished from P. spinosa. Dr. Bromfield also observed that in Hamp-
shire P. spinosa is linked to the other two “ by such imperceptible
and evanescent degrees of affinity, as to defy any specific formula
that can be framed to distinguish them.” P. spinosa has in general
much more spinous and crooked branches, and smaller leaves ; and
the flowers are usually solitary and past before the leaves appear.
P. insititia has often scarcely any spine, and then can only be dis-
tinguished by the rather more pubescent leaves. In a., or the Sloe,
the fruit is small, globose, and very austere ; in 0., or the Bullace-lree,
it is larger ; and in 7. it is often longer than broad.

** Pedicels elongated or racemose. Fruit without bloom. Young
leaves conduplicate. Cerasus DC.

2. P. Avium. L. ( wild C. or Gean) , flowers in nearly sessile
lax umbels, calyx-tube pyriform, the segments entire somewhat
pointed, leaves drooping ovate-lanceolate. P. Cerasus Sm. in
E. B. t. 706.

Woods and hedges. b- S. — A tree. Flower-buds not leafy.
The stone of the drupe adheres to the flesh in this species ; in the next
it separates readily. — The origin of the common garden Cherry.

3. P. Cerasus L. (Morello C.) ; flowers in nearly sessile
umbels, calyx-tube turbinate the segments crenato-serrate
blunt, leaves not drooping oblong-obovate or broadly ovate-
lanceolate. E. B. S. t. 2863. P. austera Ehrh.

Woods and hedges, in various places in England, b . 5. — A
bushy plant, 6 — 8 ft. high, throwing out underground shoots or stems
■ resembling creeping roots, to a considerable distance. Leaves erect or
•; horizontal, never drooping, “ possessing a firmness and opacity quite
wanting in the foliage of the last species.” Bromf. Inner scales of the
, fiower-buds leafy. — This is the origin of the Morello cherry, but
whether truly distinct from the preceding is to us doubtful. As-
suredly in cultivation several of the differences usually assigned dis-
appear, such as the pubescence of the leaf; and as to the leafy nature
of the flower-buds, unless the upper figure in E. B. t. 706. be also
•I taken from the present species, it seems sometimes alike in both.

4. P. Pddus L. (Bird- Cherry) ; flowers in pendulous racemes,
<■ leaves deciduous obovate or oval glabrous with two glands at

the summit of the foot-stalk. E. B. t. 1383.

Woods and coppices, frequent, especially in the north, b . 5. —

120 xxvii. rosacea: rosea;. [ Spiraea.

A small tree, with acute, doubly serrate leaves. Flowers white.
Drupes small, black ; nut rugose.

Sub-Ohd. II. ROSEiE. Calyx inferior, more or less perma-
nent. Carpels free from the calyx-tube or merely seated upon
it. Stipules adhering to the petiole. (Gen. 2 — 14.)

Tribe I. Spir.eid.t.. Petals 5. Follicles several, distinct or
united, invested by the calyx. Seeds 1 — 6, suspended from the
inner edges of the follicle. Shrubs or herbaceous plants,
(Gen. 2.)

2. Spirai'a Linn. Spiraea, Dropwort, or Meadow-sweet.

Cal. inferior, equally 5 -cleft, persistent. Pet. 5, roundish.
Follicles 3 — 12, usually distinct, 1-celled, 2-valved, with few
seeds. — Name : supposed to be the onupua of Theophrastus.

1. S. *salicifolia L. {Willow-leaved S.) ; shrubby, leaves
elliptic-lanceolate unequally serrate glabrous, racemes ter-
minal compound. E. B. t. 1468.

Moist woods in several parts of the north of England and Scotland,
h . 7. — A small branching shrub. Flowers rose-coloured, in crowded
racemes. Stamens longer than the petals.

2. S. Filipendula L. ( common D .) ; herbaceous, leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, all the leaflets uniform deeply cut and
serrate, flowers paniculato-cymose, follicles hairy. E. B.
t. 284.

Dry pastures, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil ; rare in Scot-
land. h . 6, 7. — Root with rather long knobs. Stem a foot high,
panicled above. Leaflets small, oblong or lanceolate, alternate ones
not half their size. Stipules of the radical leaves linear, entire, of the
stem rounded and cut or serrate. Flowers yellowish white, tipped
with rose-colour.

3. S. TJlmdria L. ( Meadow-sweet ) ; herbaceous, leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate serrate downy beneath, lateral leaflets un-
divided terminal one largest and lobed, flowers in compound
(and as it were proliferous) cymes, follicles glabrous. E. B.
t. 960.

Meadows and banks of ponds and ditches, frequent, fl. 6 — 8. —
Stems 3 — 4 ft. high, branched upward. Leaflets ovate, acuminate,
very large, especially the terminal 3 — 5-lobed one ; alternate ones
minute. Flowers yellowish-white, numerous, sweet-scented. Fruit
twisted.

Tribe II. Potentili.id.t.. Fruit a collection of achenes or little
drupes, upon a common flat or elevated receptacle. Calyx
4— 5-cleft, frequently with little bracts near the summit alter-

xxvii. rosacea: rose^e.

121

Geum.~\

nating with the segments ( or 8 — 10 -cleft, the segments alter-
nately smaller) ; the tube short nearly flat and not investing

the fruit. Petals usually 4 — 5. Mostly herbaceous plants ,

sometimes shrubs. Leaves usually compound. (Gen. 3 — 9.)

* Ovule at a distance from the base of the style. Radicle inferior.

3. Dryas Linn. Dryas.

Cal. 8 — 10-cleft, its segments equal. Pet. 5 — 8. Styles ter-
minal. Ovules lateral. Achenes with long feathery not jointed
awns. Receptacle flat. — Name : 1/jvc, the oak; from a distant
similarity between their leaves.

1. D. octopetala L. ( white D ., Mountain Averts) ; petals 8,
leaves obtuse simple crenato-serrate. E. B. t. 451. D. de-
pressa Bab. in Ann. Nat. Hist. x. t. 7.

Frequent in alpine parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland, espe-
cially on limestone ; north coast of Sunderland, abundant. 2/.. 6,7.
— Stem short, procumbent. Leaves ovate-elliptical, white and downy
beneath, petioled. Flowers large, white. In a form found in the
county of Clare, Ireland, the calyx is clothed with nearly black hairs.

4. Geum Linn. Avens.

Cal. 10-cleft, alternate segments minute. Pet. 5. Styles
terminal. Ovules lateral. Pericarps with long geniculate
awns. Receptacle elongated. — Named from yivio, to yield an
agreeable flavour. The roots of G. urbanum are aromatic.

1. G. urbanum L. ( common A.) ; flowers erect, heads of fruit
sessile, upper joint of the awn glabrous and much shorter than
the lower one, cauline leaves ternate, radical ones interruptedly
pinnate and lyrate. E. B. t. 1400.

Woods and hedges, frequent. If.. 6 — 8. From 1 to 2 ft. high. Root-
leaves on long foot-stalks. Stipules large, rounded, lobed and cut.
Flowers small, yellow. Calyx and obovate petals patent.

2. G .rivale L. (Water A.); flowers drooping, heads of fruit
stalked, upper joint of the awn feathery about as long as the
lower one, cauline leaves ternate radical ones interruptedly
pinnate and lyrate. E. B. t. 106.

Marshes and wet moory grounds, frequent : sometimes very alpine.
If.. 5 — 7. — A shorter, but stouter plant than the last. Flowers
much larger, with erect purplish calyces and erect dull purplish
orange-coloured petals, broadly obcordate, clawed. Stipules small,
ovate find toothed. There is a not uncommon plant, the G. inter-
medium Ehrh., which some call a species, but has now been proved
by Dr. T. Bell Salter to be a hybrid between these two : in it the
flowers are sometimes erect, sometimes drooping, petals roundish and
clawed, calyx and corolla intermediate as to position and colour, heads

G

122

XXVII. ROSACEjE : liOSE/E.

[. Rubus .

of fruit usually sessile, with the upper joint of the awn hairy but
shorter than the lower one, and the stipules round and toothed ; but
it varies in these respects, sometimes resembling the one parent more
than the other.

** Ovule nearly opposite to the base of the style, radicle superior.

5. Rubus Linn. Bramble. Raspberry.

Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Style short subterminal. Ovule sus-
pended. Fruit superior of several single-seeded juicy drupes,
placed upon a protuberant spongy receptacle. — Name from the
Celtic real), to tear or lacerate ; on account of the prickly stems
of the true Brambles.

[The species of our division B. form the true Brambles, and have
long puzzled Botanists. Some unite all into one species ; some are
of opinion that we possess thirty-six species in Britain alone, besides
many varieties esteemed by others equally distinct. In the British
Flora, 3rd, 4th, and 5th editions, Mr. Borrer described ten species, but
further observations rendered it necessary either to reduce these or to
add many more. In the fith and 7th editions, we followed the former
course, and admitted only seven ; these seven we propose still to
retain, but intermediate forms have now been obtained between R.
fruticosus and carpinifolius , as also between R. corylifolius and R.
cwsius, so the whole might be advantageously reduced to five. These
five would then accord with the four sections into which Mr. Babing-
ton has now divided the group. We formerly gave a sketch of the
species by Dr. T. Bell Salter, but as his sections did not coincide
with our species, and were so defined as frequently' to include varie-
ties of species arranged in another section, we shall at the close of this
genus give the species adopted by Mr. Babington.]

A. Leaves pinnate (or ternate'). Stem 1 nearly erect, biennial, woody,
accompanied with suckers.

1. R. idce'us L. ( common R.) ; leaves pinnate with 5 or 3
leaflets with close white down underneath, foot-stalks chan-
neled, stems nearly erect downy prickly not rooting, flowers
drooping, petals as short as the calyx, ripe fruit separating
readily from the receptacle. E. B. t. 2442. R. Leesii Bab. ?

Woods, especially in the north. b- 6> 7. — Stems of two kinds:
one is upright, which the first year produces only leaves, but in the
second bears fruit and dies; the other is surculose and quite below
ground, bearing no leaves, and roots at the extremity, thus forming
new plants. Leaflets somewhat cut and serrated. Fruit scarlet in a
wild state.

I By stem is meant the barren root-shoot ; and the prickles and leaves, when not
otherwise mentioned, are those upon that shoot. Both here and in the genus
Rosa, set# are hairs or bristles that aie glandular at the apex ; acicuhe are straight
rigid hairs without glands, or slender prickles : in some species a gradual transition
may be observed from t he one extreme to the other, thus reducing the value of
any character obtained from them. The form, texture, incision, petiolation, and
overlapping of the leaflets and the form of the inflorescence are, in our opinion, too
variable to be used for distinguishing the species. All the true Brambles are, we

Rubus.'] xxvii. rosacea: rose^e. 123

B. Leaflets 5, digitate or pedate, or ternate, rarely pinnate. Stetn
( mostly ) biennial, woody, without surculi.

2. R. suhereclus And. ( upright B.) ; stem nearly erect
not rooting nearly glabrous, prickles uniform without setae,
leaflets quinate or sometimes pinnate without close white down
underneath. E. B. t. 2572. R. plicatus W. et N. : E. B. S.
t. 2714.

Thickets, hedges, and boggy places. Ij . 6 — 8.

3. R. rliamirif alius W. et N. ( Buckthorn-leaved B.) ; stem
arched rooting nearly glabrous and without stellate down,
prickles almost confined to the angles of the stem uniform
without seta; or sessile glands, leaflets quinate paler under-
neath but not with close white down. E. B. S. t. 2604.

Hedges, thickets, and woods. T>. 7, 8.

4. R. fruticusus L. ( common B.) ; stem arched rooting
angular furrowed without spreading hairs or seta; but often
with stellate down, prickles confined to the angles of the stem
uniform, leaflets stalked quinate with close white or grey down
underneath. E. B. t. 715.

Thickets and hedges, h . 7, 8. — Panicle elongated, its prickles
strong, hooked. Calyx tomentose. R. thyrsoideus Wimm. appears
to be a form of this species with the under side of the leaves rather
grey than white, more softly tomentose, and with more copious hairs;
but R. argenteus of Lees seems to connect them, while R. thyrsoideus
itself and R. Grubowskii of Weihe tend to unite them all with R.
carpinifolius ; from which they chiefly differ by the want of spread-
ing hairs on the stem.

5. R. ccirpiiuf alius W. et N. ( Hornbeam-leaved B.) ; stem
arched or prostrate rooting usually hairy with often stellate
down, prickles confined to the angles of the stem uniform with-
out or with few seta; or sessile glands, leaflets stalked quinate or
ternate not imbricate without close white down underneath.
E. B. S. t. 2664. R. leucostachys Stn. : E. B. S. t. 2631. R.
macrophvllus W. et N. : E. B. S. t. 2625.

Hedges, thickets, and woods, h • 7, 8.

6. R. glandulusus Bell. ( glandular B.) ; stem arched or
decumbent rooting hairy not glaucous, prickles scattered un-
equal with copious aciculse or setae, leaflets quinate or ternate
without close white down underneath, calyx erect patent or
reflexed in fruit. E. B. S. t. 2883. R. Koehleri IF. et N. :
E. B. S. t, 2605.

Woods, thickets, and hedges, h • 7, 8.

believe, destitute of the surculi or suckers (long underground sarmentose stems)
of the Raspberries.

124

XXVII. ROSACE-rE : R0SE7E.

[. Rubus .

7. R. corylifulius Sm. ( Hazel-leaved B.) ; stem round or
bluntly angular arched rooting nearly glabrous, prickles
scattered nearly equal without or with few aciculte or setae or
sub-sessile glands, leaflets usually quinate without close white
down underneath, calyx of the fruit reflexed or patent. E. B.
t. 827.

Hedges and thickets. Tj . 6, 8. — Panicle lax, corymbose, or with
corymbose branches.

8. R. coe'sius L. ( Dewberry ) ; stem round or bluntly angular
prostrate or arched rooting more or less glaucous, prickles
scattered very unequal with (sometimes very few) setae, leaflets
ternate or quinate without close white down underneath, calyx
setose clasping the fruit. E. B. t. 826.

Thickets, hedge-banks, and borders of fields. lj . 6, 7. — Fruit
glaucous, or nearly black.

C. Stem herbaceous or nearly so.

* Leaflets ternate.

9. R. sax&tili.s L. ( Stone B.) ; stems slender rooting herba-
ceous nearly unarmed, flower-shoots erect with a panicle of few
flowers, leaflets ternate slightly downy. E. B. t. 2233.

Stony mountainous places, especially in the north. It. 6 — 8

Rooting stems or runners annual, erect ones slender, 8 — 10 inches
high, with a few weak prickles. Leaflets sometimes only 2, ovate.
Petals minute, narrow, greenish yellow. Fruit of very few (1 — 4)
red, (comparatively) large drupes.

10. R. *ureticus L. ( arctic R.); stems erect not rooting un-
armed bearing (mostly) one flower, petals roundish notched,
leaflets ternate glabrous obtusely serrated. E.B. t. 1585.

Mountain turfy bogs. Isle of Mull, and Ben-ghlo in Athole.
It. 6. — The only place in Scotland which agrees with the foreign
localities of this plant is in the low moors near the station of Men-
ziesia ccerulea ; where stood the old Caledonian forest : there only
need it be looked for ; the two stations above given have been re-
peatedly searched in vain for it. Stems 4 — 6 inches high, slender,
having 3 — 4 leaves, with creeping roots or underground leafless root-
ing stems. Flozvers of a deep rose-colour, large for the size of the
plant. Fruit purplish-red, highly prized by the Swedes.

** Leaves simple.

11. R. Chamcemdrus L. ( Mountain R., or Cloudberry );
dioecious, stem herbaceous erect unarmed one-flowered, leaves
lobed and plaited. E. B. t. 716.

Alpine turfy bogs ; north of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ire-
land. y. 6, 7. — Erect, 8 — 10 inches high, creeping as in the last -
species and in R. idaus. Flowers large, white. Fruit large, orange-
led, of an agreeable flavour.

Eubus.']

XXVII. ROSACE.E : ROSE/E.

125

[Rubus. Sect. B. p. 123.

As already mentioned, we intend to give here the British species
proposed by Mr. Babington. In the Flora merely of a country or
province, the object is to enable the student unacquainted with any of
the species to make them out with facility, and therefore the charac-
ters of the subdivisions of a genus and the arrangement of the species
ought necessarily to be frequently artificial. Between some of Mr.
Babington’s sections, as defined by him, — as between the Nitidi and
Villicaules, and between A. and C. (our a. and c. ) of the Glandulosi,
— we do see the practical distinction; the stem of the Villicaules
being described as much without hair or stellate down as those of the
Nitidi. We have, therefore, in some cases, made slight alterations;
we do not say improvements, for our characters are still deficient in
that precision which can only be supplied bv a purely artificial key.
We have abridged the characters of the species, and placed them as
much in contrast as possible ; so that the species themselves may be
considered either as distinct ones, or only as varieties of our own, accord-
ing to the pleasure of the reader. After the current number we have,
therefore, referred to that number of our species under which we con-
sider it ought to rank. The barren stem and its prickles, leaves, &c.,
are alone referred to, unless specially mentioned.

* Sulierecti. Stem shrubby, biennial, erect, not rooting,
a. Calyx of fruit reflexed, prickles confined to the angles of the stem.

1. (2.) R. suberectus And. ; leaflets thin flexible, those of the flowering

shoots all narrowed below, panicle thyrsoid. E. B. S. t. 2572.
R. umbrosus Lees.

2. (2.) R. plicatus W. et N. ; leaflets coriaceous, lateral ones of the flow-

ering shoots dilated below, panicle pyramidal. E. B. S. t. 27 14.
b. Calyx of fruit erecto-patent, prickles not confined to the angles of the stem.

3. (2.) R .flssus Lindl. ; leaflets coriaceous, panicle corymbose.

** Stem arched or prostrate, shrubby, rooting at the end.

L Nitidi Stem slightly pilose, without s tellate down or set*. Prickles
chiefly on the angles of the stem, nearly equal.

a. Leaflets paler below and more or less pilose beneath.

f Leaflets stalked, not imbricate, plicate, green and shining above.

4. (3.) R. nitidus Bell Salt.; stem shining smooth, terminal leaflets ovate

or roundish acuminate, panicle compound shining hairy with
spreading short branches. R. Lindleianus Nees.

tt Basal or all the leaflets sessile or shortly stalked, imbricate ; stem furrowed.

5. (3.) R. latifolius Bab. ; terminal leaflet cordato-acuminate, panicle

short with “ ascending few-flowered corymbose branches, its top
and pedicels tomentose and hairy.”

6. (3.) R. imbricatus Hort. ; leaflets opaque above, terminal one roundish-

cordate, panicle narrow with long racemose branches very hairy
but not tomentose at the top.

a 3

126

XXVII. ROSACEiE: ROSEiE.

[. Rubus .

b. Leaflets with soft grey tomentum or thick down beneath.

7. (3.) R. affinis W. et N. ; leaflets slightly wavy dull green and pilose

above, “ panicle compound with ascending cymose often elongated
leafy branches,” rachis tomentose above. R. lentiginosus Lees.

8. (3.) R. incurvatus Bab. ; leaflets coriaceous shining above with incurved

wavy margins, “ panicle narrow with short patent corymbose
branches ” very hairy and tomentose at the top.

1). (3.) R. rhumnifolius W. et N. ; leaflets thick coriaceous opaque flat,
stem distinctly furrowed, panicle pyramidal with distant few-
flowered racemose branches tomentose below. E. B. S. t. 2604.

ii. Villicaules. Stem (or sometimes only the young shoots) pilose or with
stellate down, or both, with scattered subsessile glands or a few setae.
Prickles chiefly on the angles of the stem.

a. Stem angular, nearly free from hairs. Leaves with grey or white down
or tomentum beneath. Panicle with strong and hooked prickles.

10. (4.?) R. Grabowskii Weihe; stem nearly glabrous, leaves ashy and

downy beneath.

11. (4.?) R. thyrsoideus Wimm. ; stem nearly glabrous or slightly downy

furrowed, leaves coriaceous grey hairy and tomentose beneath. R.
argenteus Lees.

12. (4.) R. discolor W. et N. ; stem with stellate down furrowed, leaves

coriaceous with close white firm tomentum beneath. R. fruticosus
L. : E. B. t. 715.

b. Stern angular hairy. Leaves grey or white beneath.

13. (5.) R. leucostachys Sm. ; stein with fascicled hairs and copious stellate

down, leaves softly tomentose and hairy beneath, prickles of panicle
slender straight. E. B. S. t. 2631.

14. (5.) R. carpinifolius W. et N. ; stem with fascicled or solitary hairs

and little or no stellate down, leaves hairy or tomentose beneath,
prickles of panicle decurved. E. B. S. t. 2664.

c. Stem angular. Leaves green on both sides.

15. (5.) R. villicaulis W. et N. ; stem with spreading hairs, leaves thick

velvety shining with reddish veins beneath. R. svlvaticus Lees.

16. (5.) R. pampinosus Lees; stem with few' hairs, leaves thin hairy

beneath on the veins but otherwise nearly glabrous.

17. (5.) R. Salteri Bab. ; stem furrowed nearly glabrous, leaves thin

hairy hard and rough beneath, branches of the panicle short few-
flowered patent and subeorymbose. R. calvatus Blox.

18. (5.) R. macrophyl/us W. et N. ; stem with scattered spreading hairs,

leaves thin tomentose or pilose beneath, branches of the panicle
racemose ascending. E. B. S. t. 2625. R. Schlethtendalii Bab.
R. amplificatus Lees.

d. Stem nearly round, hairy. Leaves green on both sides.

19. (5.) R .mucronatus Blox.; prickles of stem few' small slender straight,

leaves rough and hairy on both sides.

20. (5.) R. Sprengeli Weihe ; prickles of stem numerous unequal decurved,

leaves distantly pilose beneath. R. Borreri Bell Salt.

Rubus.^ xxvii. rosacea: rose^e. 127

iii. Glandulosi. Stem with many hairs, glands, seta;, and acicul® passing
into scattered prickles.

a. Leaflets rarely 3, usually 5, digitate or pedate , basal ones stalked, not

imbricate. Stem prostrate (in Sp. 21, and then the sepals have a leafy
point ,) or arched , angular; prickles passing abruptly into ucicuia: and
sette. Panicle long and leafy.

f Leaves green and pilose on both sides.

21. (6.) R. Bloxamii Lees ; stem prostrate, terminal leaflet broadly

obovate cuspidate, panicle with short branches and corymbose top,
sepals with a leafy point.

22. (6.) R. Hystrix Weihe; stem arched, terminal leaflet obovate-oblong

acuminate, panicle with ascending short branches below and short
spreading or divaricate ones above, sepals with a flattened dilated
point erecto-patent in fruit.

ff Leaves wliitish-green and downy beneath. Sepals reflexed from the fruit.
Stem arched. Panicle leafy.

23. (6.) R. Radula Weihe; leaflets unequally and finely serrate, sepals

without a leafv point. R. Lingua Bab.

24. (6.) R. rudis Weihe; leaflets doubly and coarsely serrate, sepals with

a leafy point. R. Leightonii Lees.

b. Leaves b-nate. Prickles passing very gradually into aciculce and seta:.

Stem arched or decumbent in the same species.

f Basal leaflets stalked, not imbricate; terminal one obovate more or less
acuminate.

25. (6.) R .pallidus Weihe; leaves greet) and soft beneath, panicle narrow

with erecto-patent racemose branches its prickles decurved. R.
rosaceus Lees.

26. (6.) R. Koehleri W. et N. ; leaves green and rough beneath, “ panicle

rather open and broad-topped with short mostly corymbose and
patent branches,” its prickles straight. E. B. S. t. 2605.

ft Basal leaflets subsessile, usually imbricate, terminal one cordato-ovate
acuminate.

27. (6.) R. fusco-ater Weihe ? ; leaves rugose above green or grey and

tomentose beneath, panicle long rather narrow with short erecto-
patent subraccmose branches. R. Schleicheri Leighl. R. Cole-
manni Blox.

c. Leaflets 3 or 5 (digitate ? or) pedate, basal ones stalked, not imbricate.

Prickles passing rather abruptly into aciculce and setce. Stem decumbent
roundly or somewhat angular.

f Prickles of stem strong.

28. (6.) R. pyramidalis I5ab. ; stem with few hairs acicul® and set* nearly

equal short and strong, leaves with recurved edges, base of sepals
adpressed to the fruit.

29. (6.) R. scaler Weihe; stem with rather few short hairs acicul® and

set®, leaves flat at the edge, sepals loosely reflexed. R. Babingtonii
Bell Salt.

ft Prickles slender or weak.

30. (6.) R. G anther i Weihe ; prickles weak unequal, hairs acicul® and

set® nearly equal short, sepals of fruit reflexed.

G 4

128

xxvii. ROSACEA : ROSEiE. [Frag aria.

31. (6.) R. glandulosus Bell. ; prickles slender small unequal, hairs acicul®

and set® numerous nearly equal short, sepals of fruit erect or
patent. R. Bellardi E. B. S. t. 2883. R. dentatus Blox. R.
rotundifolius Blox. R. fuscus Bab. R. rosaceus Weihe.

32. (6.) R. hirtus W. et N. ; prickles slender small unequal, hairs set®

and slender acicul® numerous unequal. R. Menkii Weihe. R.
foliosus Weihe.

iv. Cas'd. “ Stem round or bluntly angular, with few or no hairs, set®,
or glands, and usually a glaucous bloom. Prickles usually
unequal.”

t Prickles nearly equal.

33. (7.) R. Balfourianus Blox. ; leaves green on both sides, sepals ovate

attenuate erecto-patent in fruit. R. tenui-armatus Lees.

34. (7.) R. corylifolius Sm. ; leaves pale beneath, sepals ovate reflexed.

E. B. t. 827.

ff Prickles very unequal, sepals clasping the fruit.

35. (8.) R. nemorosus Heyne ; leaflets 3 — 5-nate, terminal one “ roundly

cordate ” acuminate, sepals ovate acuminate, fruit “ blue-black.”

36. (8.) R. casius L. ; leaflets 3-nate, terminal one ovate or rhomboidal

or 3-lobed, sepals ovato-lanceolate with a long point, fruit glaucous.
E. B. t. 826. R. tenuis Bell Salt.]

6. Fe ag aria Linn. Strawberry.

Cal. 10-cleft, segments alternately smaller. Vet. 5. Stam.
many. Style short, lateral, near the base of the carpel. Ovule
ascending. Achenes many, minute, placed upon a large fleshy
deciduous receptacle. — Named from fragrans , odorous; on
account of its fragrant smell.

1. F. vesca L. ( Wood S.) ; calyx of the fruit spreading or re-
flexed, hairs of the peduncles widely spreading, those of the
pedicels erect or close-pressed silky E. B. 1. 1524, and S.
t. 2742.

Woods and thickets, frequent. If.. 5 — 7.

2. F. *eldtior Ehrh. ( Hautboy Si) ; calyx of the fruit spread-
ing or reflexed, hairs of the peduncles and pedicels widely
spreading somewhat deflexed. E. B. t. 2197.

Groves and hedges, in several places in England, where it has
escaped from cultivation. 1/.. 6 — 9. — The plants which bear perfect
stamens never produce fruit ; but it is doubtful whether it ought to
be called imperfectly monoecious or dioecious : most probably the
latter.

7. Comarum Linn. Marsh Cinque-foil.

Cal. 10- (or more) cleft, segments alternately smaller. Pet.
•5 (or more) shorter than the calyx. Style short lateral, at a
distance from the base of the carpel. Ovule suspended. Achenes

Potentilla.'] xxvii. rosacea: : rosea:.

129

many, minute, inserted on a large spongy permanent receptacle.
— Named from Kopapoc, a term applied by Theophrastus to some
plants of the Arbutus tribe.

1. C. palustre L. ( purple M.). E. B. t. 172. Potentilla
Comarum Nestl.

Marshes and peat-bogs, frequent, 2/.. 5 — 7. — Stems ascending.
Leaves petioled, with 7 lanceolate deeply serrated leaflets, upper ones
quinate or ternate, sessile with a pair of ovate stipules. Flower-stalk
branched. Flowers of a deep dingy purple.

8. Potentilla Linn. Cinque-foil.

Cal. 8 — 10-cleft, segments alternately smaller. Pet. 4 — 5.
Style short, lateral or nearly terminal. Ovule suspended or
ascending. Achenes numerous, minute, placed upon a small
dry flat receptacle. — Named from potens, powerful; from the
medicinal properties attributed to some of the species.

* Leaves pinnate. Flowers yellow.

1. P. fruticosa L. ( shrubby C.) ; leaves pinnate, leaflets
(generally 5) oblong-lanceolate entire, stem shrubby. E. B „
t. 88.

Rocky and bushy places, rare. Wastdale Screes, Cumberland.
Teesdale, Durham and Yorkshire. By the river Don, near Doncas-
ter. Rock-forest, Galway, Ireland. Jj- 6, 7. — Hairs on the re-
ceptacle elongated.

2. P. anserina L. (Silver-weed) ; leaves interruptedly pinnate
serrate silky especially beneath, peduncles axillary single-
flowered, stem creeping. E. B. t. 861.

Moist meadows and road-sides, frequent. 2/.. 6, 7. — Varying
much in the degree of silkiness ; sometimes silky and white on both
sides. Flowers large. Hairs on the receptacles in this and the next
shorter than the glabrous achenes. Leaflets lanceolate.

** Leaves pinnate. Flowers white.

3. P. rupestris L. (Strawberry -flowered C.) ; stem erect di-
chotomous, leaves pinnate, leaflets cuneate-ovate serrate hairy,
of the root leaves 5, of the cauline ones 3. E. B. t. 2058.

Very rare, on Craig Breiddin, Montgomeryshire. Tf.. 5,6. —
Flowers large. Achenes even, glabrous.

*** Leaves digitate. Flowers yellow . (Flairs on the receptacle
shorter than the glabrous achenes.)

4. P. argentea L. (hoary C.) ; leaves quinate, leaflets cunei-
form cut white and downy beneath, their margins revolute,
stem decumbent or ascending. E. B. t. 89.

a 5

130

xxvii. rosacea: : rosea:. {Potentilla.

Pastures and road-sides, especially in a gravelly soil. 71. 6, 7. —
Flowers terminal, small, subcorymbose.

5. P. verna L. ( Spring C .) ; leaflets of root-leaves 5 — 7 obo-
vate green on both sides sharply -toothed upwards hairy on the
ribs beneath and at the edge, lower stipules linear acute, petals
obcordate longer than the calyx, stem prostrate. E. B. t. 37.

Dry pastures, especially in hilly countries. 71-4 — 6. — A small,
woody, procumbent plant, 3 — 5 inches in length. Flowers at the
end of weak leafy branches.

6. P. alpestris Hall. fil. ( orange alpine C .) ; radical leaves of
5 wedge-shaped somewhat hairy leaflets deeply cut in the
upper half, stipules obtuse, upper ones ovate, lower ones lan-
ceolate, petals heart-shaped, stem ascending. P. aurea E. B.
t. 561 (not Z.).

Mountains of the north of England. Wales. Breadalbane and
Clova mountains of Scotland. !{.. 6, 7. — We have endeavoured,
hut in vain, to detect some certain character by which this might be
distinguished from P. verna; the extreme vars., it is true, do appear
distinct, but they insensibly pass into each other. In general, however,
the terminal tooth of the leaflets is prominent, giving them a rounded
form at the apex, while in P. verna it is shorter than the others, caus-
ing the leaflets to appear truncate or emarginate. If retained as a
species, surely the name Salisburqensis, given to it by Haenke, should
be preferred to the much more recent one of the younger Haller.

7. P. *opdca L. ( Saw-leaved hairy C.) ; radical leaves of 7
hairy linear wedge-shaped leaflets deeply serrate throughout,
stem-leaves ternate mostly opposite, stems ascending, petals
about as long as the calyx obcordate-cuneate. E. B. t. 2449.
P. intermedia, Nestl. Pot. t. 8.

Received from Scotland (perhaps from a garden) by the late Mr.
Donn of Cambridge. Hills of Clova; Braes of Balquidder; and
rocks by the sea-shore opposite to Dundee : G. Don ; hut found by
no one else. 7L. 6. — We have specimens of this, said by Mr. G.
Don to have been found wild by him, and others from his garden at
Forfar. The leaflets are coarsely serrate to the base, and in this
respect, as well as in its stouter habit, it differs from the two pre-
ceding species. All botanists are not quite agreed that P. opaca L.
and P. intermedia Nestl. (or P. opaca Jacq.) are the same ; the former,
from Linnaeus saying that the stem is filiform and confounding it
with P. verna , is not the supposed Scotch plant, if the two be dis-
tinct; it has petals longer than the calyx, while they are of the same
length in P. intermedia. But to us it is very doubtful if the last be
not the luxuriant or cultivated form of the other.

8. P. reptans L. ( common creeping C .) ; stem filiform pro-
strate creeping, leaves long-stalked, leaflets 5 obovate-cuneiform

Potentilla.~\ xxvii. rosacea : rosea:.

131

serrate, peduncles axillary solitary single-flowered longer than
the leaf, aehenes granulated scabrous. E. B. t. 862.

Meadows, pastures, and way-sides. If . 6 — 9. — Stems taking
root at the joints. Flowers yellow.

9. P. Tormentilla Sibth. (Tormenffl) ; stem-leaves ternate
those at the base of the peduncles sessile, leaflets lanceolate or
obovate-cuneiform inciso-serrate, stem procumbent or ascend-
ing dichotomous upwards, aehenes wrinkled. — «. leaves all
sessile acute except those of the root, stem ascending. Tormen-
tilla officinalis Sin. : E. B. t. 863. T. erecta L. — /3. lower stem-
leaves stalked obtuse, stem prostrate sometimes rooting, flowers
larger. Tormentilla reptans L. : E. B. t. 864.

Moors and heathy places frequent. — 0. Hedge-banks, borders of
fields, and waste places. 11. 6 — 8. — To one or other of these vars.
obviously belongs P. mixta of Mitten. Root large and woody, used
medicinally, and by the Laplanders for staining leather of a red colour.
Peduncles axillary and terminal, forming a dichotomous cyme or
panicle, and never springing from a joint that throws out roots or
from the axil of a petiolate leaf — This varies with 4 or 5 petals,
when it becomes difficult to distinguish the oar. 0. from P. reptans,
and some botanists are of opinion that the two plants are identical,
their extremes being represented in E. Bot. P. reptans is often less
creeping than in E. B. t. 862 ; and the present is sometimes not so
panicled as in E. B. t. 864. Mr. Wilson finds them undistinguish-
able, while Mr. Forster and Nestler think them quite distinct.

**** Leaves quinate or ternate. Flowers white.

10. P. *dlba L. (white C.) ; stems filiform procumbent, root-
leaves quinate, upper ones ternate, leaflets oblong with converg-
ing serratures silky beneath, aehenes glabrous. E. B. t. 1384.

Wales (?) : Mr. Haviland (in ILuds.). If. 6, 7. — Hairs of the
receptacle shorter than the aehenes.

11. P. *lridentdta Soland. (three-toothed C .) ; leaves ternate,
leaflets oblong-cuneiform 3-toothed at the extremity glabrous
above hairy beneath, petals oval longer than the calyx, aehenes
downy, stem ascending. E. B. t. 2389.

On Werron Hill, Clova, G. Don ; but found by no one else. If.
5, 6. — Hairs of the receptacle elongated in this and the next. A
North American species.

12. P. Fragaridstrum Ehrh. (Strawberry -leaved C.) ; leaves
ternate, leaflets obovate deeply serrate silky on both sides
(especially beneath), petals obcordate as long as the calyx,
stems procumbent. Fragaria sterilis L. : E. B. 1. 1785.

Woods, banks, and dry pastures, frequent. If. 3 — 5. — Calyx
segments converging after flowering. Aehenes glabrous.

G 6

132

xxvu. rosacea:: rosea:.

[ Sibbaldia.

9. Sibbaldia Linn. Sibbaldia.

Cal. in 10 alternately large and small segments. Pet. 5.
Stamens 5 — 10. Style short, lateral. Ovule ascending. Achenes
5 — 10, inserted on a minute dry receptacle (the bottom of the
calyx). — Name given in honour of Robert Sibbald, who wrote
on the Nat. History of Scotland about the latter end of the
17th century, and who published a figure of our Scottish species
of this genus.

1. S. procumbems L. ( procumbent S .) ; leaves ternate, leaflets
wedge-shaped tridentate. E. B. t. 897.

Near and upon the summits of the Highland mountains of Scotland,
abundant. 2/.. 7. — A small, glaucous, slightly hairy plant, woody
at the base and roots. Pet. small, yellow, sometimes wanting. Stam.
5 — 7. Pistils 5 — 8 or 10. — Nearly allied to Potentilla, as Mr. W.
Wilson well observes.

Tribe III. Sanguisorbida:. Achenes 1 or 2, enclosed within

the dry tube of the calyx , which is contracted at the orifice.

Calyx 3 -or 5-cleft. Petals 0 or rarely 5. — Herbs or shrubs.

Leaves often compound. (Gen. 10 — 13.)

* Style from near the base of the carpel, ovule ascending.

10. Alchbmilla Linn. Lady’s Mantle.1

Cal. 8-cleft, the 4 alternate and outer segments the smallest.
Pet. 0. Stam. 1 — 4. Achenes 1 — 2. — Named from the Arabic
ulkemelyeh, alchemy ; from its pretended alchemical virtues.

1. A. vulgaris L. (common Li); leaves reniform plaited 6 — 9-
lobed green underneath, lobes rounded serrate. — a. leaves
and petioles slightly pubescent or glabrous. E. B. t. 597. —
d. leaves and petioles very pubescent or silky. A. hybrida
Pers. A. montana Willd.

Hilly or northern pastures, abundant. 2f. . 6 — 8. — Stem l ft. high
or more. Radical leaves large, on long foot-stalks, those of the stem
with connate toothed stipules, upper ones sessile and very small.
Flowers in many usually rather lax, corymbose, terminal clusters,
yellow-green Stam. 4. Germens and achenes 1 — 2. Style lateral.

2. A. alpina L. ( alpine L.) ; radical leaves digitate or digi-
tato-partite, leaflets 5 — 7 obtuse serrate white and satiny
beneath. E. B. t. 244. — a. leaflets distinct to the base. — d.
leaflets conjoined sometimes to almost a third of their length.
A. argentea Don. A. conjuncta Bab.

1 Mantle of our Ladt/ (the Virgin Mart/) ; therefore not “ Ladies' Mantle as
written by many authors.

Poterium .]

XXVII. ROSACEA : R0SEJ5

133

Mountains in the north of England, and especially Scotland. On
Brandon mountain, Ireland. 7). 6 — 8 — One of the most elegant
of our native plants. Flowers in interrupted spikes of small terminal
or lateral corymbs. Stam. 4. Our /9. is said to have been found
wild in the Clova mountains by Mr. G. Don, and in Glen Sannox, in
the Isle of Arran, both in Scotland: it has been for long a well-
known denizen of our gardens, under the name of A. bybrida ; but
although it retains all its characters in cultivation (proving it to be a
permanent variety), it appears to us to differ too little from the
usual form of the species, to be admitted as distinct: in this genus,
and even this order, the leaflets are not jointed with the petiole, and
consequently, according to the view of De Candolle, do not form a
compound leaf, but merely portions of a simple one : in a. therefore
the leaves are only divided to the base : in /8. to near the base : there
is no other difference. The fig. in E. Bat. seems to belong to the var. fl.

3. A. arvensis Sm. ( field L., or Parsley Piert ) ; leaves trifid
pubescent, lobes cuneate deeply cut, flowers sessile axillary.
E. B. t. 1011. Aphanes. L.

Fields and gravelly soils, and on wall-tops, where there is any
covering of soil. Q. 5 — 8. — Stems branched, leafy, 4 — 8 inches long,
frequently prostrate. Leaves alternate; stipules large. Stam. varying
in number from 1 — 4. Germens 1 or 2.

** Style nearly terminal. Ovule suspended.

11. Sanguisorba Linn. Burnet.

Flowers collected into a head, usually perfect. Cal. 4-lobed,
superior, coloured, with 2 — 4 scales or bracteas at the base.
Pet. 0. Stam. 4. Stigmas capitate, papillose. Achenes 1 — 2.
Named from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo , to take up, or absorb ;
from the supposed vulnerary properties of the plant.

1. S. officinalis L. {great B.) ; glabrous, stamens about as long
as the perianth. — a. spikes ovate. E.B.t. 1312. — /3. spikes
cylindrical. S. media Sm.

Low moist meadows and pastures, on a calcareous soil ; chiefly in

the north of England ; more rare in the Lowlands of Scotland /3.

West of Scotland. If.. 6 — 8 Stem 1 — 2 ft. high, branching upward.

Leaves pinnate ; leafl. ovate, somewhat cordate at the base. Heads
of flowers much crowded, dark purple. Limb of the perianth in 4
ovate segments, its tube enveloping the germen and having at its base
4 ciliated scales or bracteas ( calyx of many authors). Achene 1, rarely
2. We have not seen the var. (}. : it cannot be S. media L. as sup-
posed by Smith, that being a N. American plant with long stamens
and a mere var. of S. Canadensis.

12. Poterium Linn. Salad-Burnet.

Flowers collected into a head, monoecious or polygamous;
upper ones fertile. Cal. with 3 or 4 bracteas at the base. Pet.

134

xxvii. rosacea: : rosea:. [ Agrimonia .

0. — Barren fl. Cal. of 4 deep segments. Stam. 30 — 40, with
very long flaccid filaments. — Fertile fl. Cal. tubular, con-
tracted at the mouth, with 4 deciduous teeth. Stigmas tufted.
Achenes 1 — 2, invested with the hardened 4-angled tube of the
calyx. — Named from poterium, a drinking-cup ; the plant
having been used in the preparation of a drink, called in Eng-
land a cool-tankard.

1. P. Sanguisdrba L. ( common Si) ; calyx of fruit sessile
glabrous unarmed reticulate-rugulose not pitted, the angles
margined, styles 2, stem somewhat angular. E. B. t. 860.

Dry and most frequently chalky pastures, abundant. Rather rare
in Scotland and Ireland. If-. 6 — 8. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. Leaves
pinnate, with ovate serrate leaflets. Flowers dull purplish. Inflores-
cence in this and the next centrifugal, as in most of the genus. — The
leaves taste and smell like cucumber, and are eaten in salad.

2. P. muricdtum Spach ( muricated S.) ; calyx of fruit sessile
glabrous wrinkled with pits whose margins are muricated, an-
gles crested, stem somewhat angular.

Dry calcareous soil. Near Cambridge; Hevdon and Saffron-
Walden, Essex; Box Hill, Warwickshire. 7J- . 7. — Very similar

to the last, of which it was formerly considered a variety, and from
which it is chiefly distinguishable by the fructiferous calyx, and the
much larger fruit.

13. Agrimonia Linn. Agrimony.

Cal. turbinate, at length hardened, covered with hooked bris-
tles, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, inserted upon the calyx. Stam. 7 — 20.
Ackenes 2. — Name corrupted from Argemone, given by the
Greeks to a plant supposed to cure the cataract in the eye,
called apytpa.

1. A. Eupatdrium L. ( common A.) ; cauline leaves interrupt-
edly pinnate softly villous underneath, leaflets 7 — 9 rounded at
the base with 6 — 8 coarse serratures on each side, terminal one
stalked, spikes elongated interrupted, calyx-tube obconical
deeply furrowed to the base, the teeth with a straight point,
exterior spines spreading. E. B. t. 1335.

Borders of fields, waste places, and road-sides. fl. . 6, 7. — Stem
2 ft. or more high. Leaflets deeply serrate ; intermediate smaller ones
3 — 5-cleft. Flowers yellow, in a long simple or branched spike, with
a 3-cleft bractea at their bases.

2. A. odoruta Mill. ( fragrant A.) ; cauline leaves interrupt-
edly pinnate softly villous underneath, leaflets 7 — 9 rounded at
the base with 6 — 8 coarse serratures on each side, terminal one
stalked, spikes elongated interrupted, calyx-tube campanulate
even when in fruit, the teeth with a straight point, exterior
spines very patent or reflexed.

xxvii. rosaceas : rose-e.

135

i?osa.]

Beaumont, Jersey; Start-point, Devon; Gwithian, Cornwall;
Lough Neagh, Ireland. U. 9, 7. — Of this we have seen no British
specimens. According to C. A. Meyer, it differs from the last only by
the mature calyx.

Tribe IV. Rosid.t,. Aclienes numerous , hairy , terminated with
the long persistent style, and enclosed within the fleshy ( fruit-
like ') tube of the calyx, which is contracted at the orifice. Se-
pals 5. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. — Shrubs with prickly
or naked stems. Leaves pinnate. (Gen. 14.)

14. Rosa1 Linn. Rose. Dog-Rose. Sweet-Briar.

Cal. urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, terminating
in 5 segments. Pet. 5. Stam. many. Aclienes numerous, hairy,
fixed to the inside of the calyx. — Named from the Celtic
rhos, or ros in modern Gaelic ; whence was probably derived
rhodd, red; also the Greek name for a rose, poSov, and ipvOpoc,
red.

* Shoots setigerous, prickles slightly curved.
f Bracteas large.

1. R. *Dichs6ni Lindl. ( Dickson’s P.) ; “ shoots setigerous,”
prickles scattered slender subulate, leaflets oval coarsely and
irregularly serrate hoary and sparingly glandulose beneath,
calyx-segments long simple, fruit ovate-urceolate. E. B. S.
t. 2707.

Ireland; discovered by Mr. J. Drummond. (Lindley. ) b . 6. —
Scarcely a native according to Irish botanists : it may prove to be a

mere garden var. of the next. It is probable that Professor Lindley
“ has used the term setce for setaceous prickles not tipped with a
gland.” Mr. Borrer.

2. R. * cinnamdmoa L. ( Cinnamon R.) ; shoots setigerous,
prickles scattered slender subulate, leaflets lanceolate-oblong
simply serrate downy and glandulose beneath, calyx-segments
long simple, fruit small ovate. E. B. t. 2388. (excl. the fruit.)

Wood at Aketon Pasture, near Pontefract, Yorkshire (Mr. Sabine
has, however, sought for it there in vain). Near Clonmel. At
Birkhill, Galston, Ayrshire, but surely not wild. Jj- 5 — 7.

jf Bracteas small or wanting.

3. R. spinosissima L. ( Burnet-leaved R.) ; prickles crowded

1 Forth? characters of all the species of this most difficult genus, weare indebted
to Mr. Borrer. Copious synonyms and illustrative remarks, for which there is not
room in the present volume, may be found in the second edition of the British
Flora, p. 226, &c.

136

xxvii. rosacea; roseas.

[ Rosa .

unequal mostly straight intermixed with set®, leaflets small
simply serrate, their disk eglandulose, calyx simple, fruit
nearly globular. — a. leaves subglabrous. E. B. t. 187. R.
pimpinollifolia L. — /3. pilosa ; “ very dwarf, leaves acute hairy
on the under surface.” Lindl.

Heaths, &c„ chiefly on sand and chalk ; most common towards
the sea. — /3. Ireland, k- 5.

4. R. rubella Sm. (red-fruited dwarf R.) ; stem and branches
densely setigerous throughout, prickles few slender nearly
straight, leaflets simply serrate naked, their disk eglandulose,
fruit oblon" or urceolate. E. B. t. 2521, and fruit S. t. 2601,
fig. 3.

Rare. Sandy sea-coast of Northumberland, sparingly. Banks of
the Dee about Abergeldy. k . 5. — Peduncles setose. This species
is united, by Mr. Bentham, to the last species.

5. R. Hibernica Sm. (Irish R.) ; shoots and ramuli sparingly
setigerous, prickles scattered unequal, larger somewhat falcate,
leaflets simply serrate hairy beneath, their disk eglandulose,
calyx pinnate, fruit nearly globular. E. B. t. 2196.

Counties of Derry and Down, particularly near Belfast. Near
Lorton, Cumberland, k . “6 — 11.” Smith. — Peduncles naked.

6. R. Wilsdni Borr. ( Wilson s R.) ; prickles crowded unequal
straight intermixed with set®, leaflets simply serrate hairy,
their disk eglandulose, calyx simple, fruit ovate-urceolate.
E. B. S. t. 2723.

On a declivity by the Menai, near Bangor, k . 6, 7. — Peduncles
setose. Dr. Lindley thinks it a car. of R. mollis : but this and the
two preceding seem to be but one species, only distinguishable from
R. spinosissima by the scarlet not black fruit. As set® pass insensibly
into slender prickles or aciculte, the species possessing the one may
be expected to exhibit the other in some of its varieties ; and the
greater or less number of either can form no specific distinction.

7. R. involuta Sm. (prickly unexpanded R.) ; prickles crowded
unequal straight intermixed with set®, leaflets doubly serrate
hairy glandulose beneath, stem dwarfish. E. B. t. 2068, and
fruit S. t. 2601, fig. 2.

Hebrides, and Western Highlands of Scotland. Isle of Arran ;
Islay ; Morven. Near Meggarnie in Glen Lyon, and elsewhere in
the Highlands, k • 6- — Leaves often scarcely at all glandulose,
except on the midrib. This species is united, by Mr. Bentham, but
doubtfully, to R. spinosissima.

8. R. Sabini Woods (Sabine's R.) ; shoots and ramuli seti-
gerous, prickles scattered unequal straight or nearly so, leaflets
doubly serrate hairy glandulose beneath. — n. calyx segments

XXVII. ROSACEAC : ROSEAU.

137

Jiosa.2

somewhat pinnate. E. B. S. t. 2594. — (3. calyx segments
almost simple, prickles more numerous. R. Doniana Woods:
E. B. S. t. 2601. — y. calyx segments almost simple, larger
prickles falcate. R. gracilis Woods. R. villosa E. B. t. 583.
(fig. only.)

Scotland and north of England. — #. Sussex, Warwickshire,
Kingston-upon- Thames, and near Edinburgh. — y. Near Darlington ;
Pooley Bridge, and between Pooley and Lowther, Cumberland ;
and near Keswick, k- 6.— We do not see how this really differs
from the last : the leaves are rather more glandulose, but not so much
so as in the next section.

** Shoots mostly without seta:.
f Leaves glandulose.

j: Prickles uniform or nearly so ; setce none or very few .

9. R. villosa L. ( villous JR.) ; prickles uniform nearly straight,
leaflets doubly serrate downy glandulose, calyx segments
slightly pinnate, root-shoots straight. R. mollis E. B. t. 2459.

North of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. k . 6, 7. —
Calyx- segments persistent. The fruit of this and the next is more or
less covered with aciculae or set.

10. R. tomentosa Sm. (downy-leaved JR ) ; prickles mostly
uniform straight or curved, leaflets doubly serrate downy
glandulose, calyx segments copiously pinnate. E. B. t. 990.
R. scabriuscula Winch : E.B. t. 1896. (fig. only?)

Hedges and thickets, not unfrequent, k • 6, 7. — Cafy.r-segments
persistent. This is surely a mere variety of the last ; it has been
united, indeed, by Mr. Bentham.

11. R. inodora Fries (slightly scented B.) ; prickles uniform
uncinate, leaves doubly serrate hairy mostly glandulose be-
neath, calyx segments closely pinnate mostly deciduous, ra-
muli without set®, fruit elliptical or nearly globular. — nr.
leaves hairy beneath. E. B. S. t. 2610, ad calcem. R. Borreri
Sm. E. B. S. t. 2723. R. dumetorum. E. B. t. 2579. — /3. leaves
hairy on both sides. — y. leaves more copiously glandulose, calyx -
seginents elongated persistent.

Thickets and hedges chiefly in the south of England. — f3. near
Edinburgh and elsewhere. — y. Glen Roy, Inverness-shire; near
Newcastle, k • 6, 7.

12. R. micrdntha Sm. (small-flowered S.) ; prickles uniform
uncinate, leaflets doubly serrate hairy glandulose beneath,
calyx-segments and pinnae elongated deciduous, fruit small
elliptical and ovate, rarnuli sparingly setigerous. E. B. t. 2490.

138

XXVII. ROSACEiE: ROSE7E.

[ Rosa .

Open bushy commons, thickets and hedges, in the south of
England. Abundant on chalk and gravel in some parts of Sussex
and Surrey. Essex. South of Ireland. 1 j. 6,7. — United to the

next by Mr. Bentham.

j [ Prickles various, intermixed with seta;.

13. R. rubigindsa Linn, (true S.) ; prickles numerous, larger
uncinate, smaller subulate, leaflets doubly serrate bairy glan-
dulose beneath mostly rounded at the base, calyx -segments
and pinnte elongated persistent, primordial Iruit pear-shaped.
E. B. t. 991.

Open bushy places, chiefly in the south of England. Abundant
in some places on chalk : more rare in moist hedges. About Edin-
burgh ; and near Passage in Ireland. h • 6, 7.

14. R. sepium Thuill. (small-leaved S.) ; prickles numerous,
larger curved, smaller subulate; leaflets small doubly serrate
hairy acute at each end glandulose beneath, calyx-segments and
pinnaj elongated, fruit ovate ? Borr. in E. B. S. t. 2653.

Near Bridport, Warwickshire. Heyford Leys, near Upper Hey-
ford, Oxfordshire. h ■ 6, 7. — United by Mr. Bentham to the last,
of which it is probably a variety.

ff Leaves eglandulose.

1 Styles distinct, included or nearly so.

15. R. caninu L. (common D.) ; prickles uniform hooked
leaves naked or slightly hairy, their disk eglandulose, calyx-
segments fully pinnate deciduous, styles not united, shoots as-
surgent. — a. leaflets naked carinate, serratures simple. E. B.
t. 992. — 3. leaflets naked carinate, serratures compound. R.
sarmentacea Woods : E. B. S. t. 2595. — y. leaflets naked
flat, serratures simple. R. surculosa Woods. — S. leaflets more
or less hairy flat. R. dumetorum Thuill. : E. B. S. t. 2610. —
t. leaflets more or less hairy not flat. R. Forsteri Sm. : E. B. S.
t. 2611.

Thickets, hedges, &c., very common, h . 6, 7.

16. R. bractescens Woods (hracteated D.) ; calyx-tube globose,
prickles hooked, leaflets simply serrate downy beneath bracteas
overtopping the fruit.

About Ulverston, Lancashire ; and Ambleside, Westmoreland. lj .
6, 7. — Styles woolly ; apparently a mere variety of the last.

17. R. rs'swSm, (glaucous I).) ; prickles uniform uncinate,
leaflets doubly serrate downy their disk eglandulose, calyx
sparingly pinnate, styles not united, shoots assurgent. — a. pu -
besctns ; base of prickles not elongated, peduncles naked or
sparingly setose, leaflets slightly downy, fruit ovate-urceolate.

139

Mespilus.'] XXVII. ROSACEiE : P03IEA5.

E. B. t. 2367. — /?. incana; prickles strongly uncinate from a
much lengthened base, peduncles hairy, leaflets hoary beneath,
fruit large oblong.

Highland valleys of Perthshire and Argyleshire. Northumberland
and Durham. fl. sent from Scotland to Mr. Sabine, b . 6, 7. —
We do not distinguish this from R. canina.

|| Styles united in a column, mostly cxserted.

18. R. sy stylo. Woods ( close-styled D.) ; prickles uniform
uncinate, leaves simply serrate, their disk eglandulose, calyx-
segments sparingly pinnate deciduous, styles united hairless,
shoots assurgent. R. collina E. B. t. 1895. ( excl . syti .)

Thickets, hedges, &c. Sussex, Essex, Middlesex, Berkshire, Kent.
Niddrie; hills to the north of Milngavie ; and Fort Augustus;
Scotland. Near Cork. b . 6, 7. — Mr. Bentham considers this to
be a form of R. canina.

19. R. arvensis Huds. (trailing D .) ; prickles uncinate, those
of the ramuli feeble, leaves simply serrate deciduous (glauces-
cent beneath), their disk eglandulose, calyx-segments sparingly
pinnate deciduous, styles united hairless, shoots trailing. E. B.
t. 188.

Woods, hedges, thickets, &c. ; common in England, but rare in the
mountainous districts. Lowlands of Scotland. Near Bray, Ireland,
b . 6, 7. — This is distinguished from all the other British species

by its trailing habit ; and from R. systyla, so far as we can see, by
that character alone. It is frequently cultivated under the name of
Ayrshire Rose ; but the true one (A. capreolata Neill) has, we believe,
the column of styles slightly hairy and shining leaves, and is consi-
dered by Sabine a deciduous var. of R. sempervirens, although it is
more probably a hybrid between that species and R. arvensis.

Sub-Ord. III. POME2E Lindl. Fruit consisting of several
united carpels adhering by their back to the inside of the ca-
lyx-tube and forming an inferior 1 — 5-celled pome , the cells
lined with a cartilaginous or bony substance. Seeds 1 or more ,
ascending. Petals several. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, simple or divided , with free stipules. Flowers in terminal
cymes, white ov pink. (Gen. 15 — 18.)

15. Mespilus Linn. Medlar.

Cal. segments large, foliaceous. Pet. large, roundish. Disk
large, secreting much honey. Styles 2 — 5, glabrous. Fruit tur-
binate, with the upper ends of the cells, which are bony, ex-
posed.— Named from pta-iKp, the Greek word for medlar.

1. M. * Germunicu L. (common 31.) ; leaves lanceolate a little
downy, flowers solitary nearly sessile terminal, styles 5. E. B.
t. 1523.

140

xxvii. rosacea: posies. [ Crated gus .

Hedges, in Cheshire and Sussex. Bidborough, Kent. Red-hill,
Surrey ; and, in its wild thorny state, in a hedge, between Reigate
and Nutfield. Jersey. h- 5, 6.

16. Crat.e'gus Linn. Hawthorn.

Cal. segments short, acute. Pet. large, roundish. Styles 1 — 5.
Fruit oval or round, concealing the upper end of the cells, which
are bony. Lindl. — Named from rparoc, strength ; in allusion to
the extreme hardness of the wood.

1. C. Oxyacdntha L. ( Hawthorn , White-thorn, or May) ; spiny,
leaves glabrous cut into 3 or 5 deeply serrate segments cuneate
at the base, flowers corymbose, calyx not glandular, styles 1 — 3.
Mespilus Sm. : E. B. t. 2504. C. monogyna Jacq.

Woods and hedges. Tj . 5, 6. — Variable in the form of its leaves,
in the downiness of the cal., and in the colour of the flower and fruit.

17. Cotoneaster Lindl. Cotoneaster.

Flowers polygamous. Cal. turbinate, with 5 short teeth. Pet
5, small, erect. Siam, erect, the length of the teeth of the cal-
Fruit turbinate, with its nuts adhering to the inside of the cal.*
but not cohering in the centre. — Named from cotoneum (ku-
cuviov, Gr.), the quince.

1 . C. vulgaris Lindl. ( common C.) ; leaves oval, calyx gla-
brous except at the margin, peduncles slightly downy. E. B. S.
t. 2713.

Limestone cliffs at Ormeshead, Caernarvonshire. Tj . 5, 6.

18. Pvbus Linn. Pear. Apple. Service.

Cal. of 5 small segments. Pet. 5, large, roundish. Styles 2 — 5.
Fruit fleshy, with 5 cartilaginous or coriaceous 2-seeded cells.
— Name derived from the Celtic peren, or Gaelic peur, a pear ;
but more immediately, on account of its shape, from wo, flame ;
which, as well as the origin of fir- tree, may arise from the an-
cient polyglot vocable ar, er, or, or ur, denoting light or flame.

1. P .communis L. ( wild P.) ; leaves simple ovate serrate,
peduncles corymbose, fruit turbinate, styles distinct. E. B.
t. 1784.

Woods and hedges. T? . 4, 5. — Origin of our Pear.

2. P. Mdlus L. ( Crab A.) ; leaves ovate acute serrate, flowers
in a sessile umbel, styles combined below, fruit globose. E. B.
t. 179.

Woods and hedges. 1 j . 5. — Fruit austere, of which verjuice is

made. — Origin of our Apple, a word derived from the Celtic ball, a
round body ; whence also abhall in Gaelic, and apfel in German.

xxyin. onagracejE.

141

Pyrus.~\

3. P. tormindlis Sm. (wild S.) ; leaves ovate or cordate lobed
and serrate, lower lobes larger and spreading, peduncles corym-
bose. Crataegus L. : E. B. t. 298.

Woods and hedges, chiefly in the middle and south of England,
b- 4 — 6. — Young leaves pubescent or tomentose beneath, old ones
almost glabrous. Flowers rather large, white. Fruit small, greenish-
brown, spotted.

4. P. *domesliea Sm. ( true S.) : leaves pinnate downy be-
neath, leaflets serrate upwards, flowers panicled, fruit (large)
obovate. E. B. t. 350. Sorbus L.

Solitary tree in Wyre Forest, near Bewdley, Worcestershire, h •
5. — Segments of the calyx recurved after flowering. Styles jointed,
woolly to the apex. Habit of the following; but differing in its
ratber larger flowers and the much larger fruit, which resembles a
small pear, an inch long, with a horny lining to the cells. The
inflorescence, too, although sometimes short and broad, is never a true
corymb ; but the chief character lies in the fruit.

5. P. aucupdria Gsertn. ( Mountain-ash or Rowan-tree) ; leaves
pinnate usually glabrous when old, leaflets serrate, flowers
corymbose, fruit (small) globose. Sorbus E. B. t. 337.

Mountainous woods and hedges, frequent, especially in the High-
lands of Scotland. Tj. 5, 6. — The cells of the fruit are coriaceous
and flexible in this and the next.

6. P. A'ria Sm. (white Beam-tree ) ; leaves somewhat ovate
serrate cut or pinnatifid or partly pinnate white and downy
beneath, flowers corymbose, fruit globose. — a. “ leaves oval or
oblong unequally and doubly serrate or slightly lobed towards
the end, nearly entire below.” E. B. t. 1858. — 0. “leaves
oblong doubly serrate near the apex pinnatifid below, pinnce
lanceolate oblong serrate the two lowermost distinct.” P.
pinnatifida Sm. : E. B. t. 2331. P. Fennica Bub. — y. “ leaves
broad lobed, lobes triangular oval toothed deepest towards the
middle of each side of the leaf.” P. Scandica Bab. P. Aria
0. Sm. P. intermedia Ehrh.

Mountainous woods, especially in a chalk or limestone country ;
England and Scotland, Connemara and Killarney, Ireland. — 0. Isle of

Arran, Scotland. — y. Hilly woods in England. T?. 5,6 Fruit

red, rather larger than the last. There is a general character about
all the above varieties which to us links them together ; but Mr.
Babington has come to an opposite conclusion, and we quote from
him the only differences that are indicated.

Ord. XXVIII. ONAGRACE^E Juss.

Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary entirely or in part; limb
2- or generally 4-lobed, the lobes valvate in aestivation. Petals
2, generally 4, twisted in aestivation, arising from the mouth of

142

XXVIII. ONAGRACE^E.

\_Epil6bium.

the calyx. Stamens inserted into the calyx, and twice as many
as its lobes, or fewer. Ovary of 2 — 4 cells, often crowned by a
disk. Style filiform ; stigma capitate or lobed. Fmit a berry,
or dry and usually dehiscent. Seeds without albumen. —
Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves frequently opposite.

1. Epilobium. Stam. 8. Cal.-limb divided nearly to the base, deci-

duous. Seeds many, with a tuft of hairs.

2. CEnothkka. Stam. 8. Cal.-limb tubular at the base, deciduous.

Seeds many, naked.

3. Isnardia. Stam. 4. Cal.-limb 4-parted, persistent. Seeds many,

naked.

4. Circ.ea. Stam. 2. Seeds 1 — 2.

1. Epilobium Linn. Willow-herb.

Cal.-limb deciduous, 4-partite or nearly so. Pet. 4. Stam. 8.
Capsule elongated 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds with
a tuft of hairs at one extremity. — Named from tm, upon, and
\oioe, a pod ; the flower being placed upon the top of the elon-
gated seed-vessel.

* Flowers irregular. Stamens and style bent dozen. Cal.-limb 4-partite.

1. E. angustifulium L. ( Rose-bay W.) ; leaves scattered
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate veined glabrous, flowers irregular
subspicate, pedicels free from the bractea, stamens declined. —
a. flowers larger, capsule scarcely an inch long spreading.
E. B. t. 1947. — ft. flowers smaller, capsule about 24 inches
long linear erect. E. macrocarpum Stepk. in Ann. Nat. Hist.
viii. 170.

Moist banks and margins of woods ; rare in England, less so in
Scotland. Near Enniskerry, Ireland. If.. 7. — Stems 4 — 6 feet
high. Whole plant very handsome. The var. a. is that common in
gardens, and rarely produces seed.

[We possess specimens of E. angustissimum of Curtis, the E. ros-
marinifolium of Haenke, said to be collected in Glen Tilt, Scotland,
by Mr. J. Robertson ; this has not yet been verified by others : the
species may be easily recognised by the linear veinless obsoletelv toothed
leaves which are revolute at the margin, the pedicel combined for
some way with the stalk of the bractea, and by the declined stamens,
which are as long as the style.]

** Flowers regular. Stamens and styles erect. Stigznas 4-cleft. Cal.-
limb cleft dozen to its short campanulate base.

2. E. hirsutum L. ( great hairy IF.) ; mostly creeping, leaves
serai-amplexicaul ovate-lanceolate, deeply serrate hairy, stem
much branched erect, flower-buds rounded woolly mucronate,
stigma 4-cleft. E. B. t. 838.

Sides of ditches, rivers, and lakes, frequent. Tj. 7, 8. — Almost

XXVIII. ONAGRACEAt.

143

Epil6bium.~\

equal in size to the last. Hoot perennial. Flowers corymbose, large.
Seeds oblong, acute at the base.

3. E. parviflurum Sclireb. ( ' small- flowered hairy W.) ; leaves
sessile lanceolate slightly toothed downy on both sides, stem
nearly simple rounded very downy or nearly glabrous, flower-
buds erect ovoid, stigma 4-cleft, seeds obovate-oblong, root
fibrous. E. B. t. 795.

Marshes and banks of lakes and rivers, frequent. If. . 7, 8. —
The much smaller size of this species in all its parts, being scarcely
more than 1 — ft. high, besides the above characters, serves to dis-
tinguish it from the preceding, with which it has been confounded.

4. E. montanum L. (broad smooth-leaved TF.) ; leaves shortly
stalked ovate-oblong acute rounded at the base glabrous all
toothed, stem rounded downy as well as the fruit, flower-buds
drooping, stigma 4-cleft, seeds oblong obtuse at both ends, root
fibrous. E. B. t. 1177.

Dry shady banks, walls, roofs of cottages, &c., frequent. If. 6,7.
— Stein 6 inches to 1 ft. high. Much resembling E. roseum ; but
distinguished by its 4-fid stigma: it has, too, usually more shortly
petiolate, deeply toothed leaves ; and larger flowers.

5. E. lanceoldtum Seb. et Maur. (spear-leaved TF.) ; leaves
stalked lanceolate irregularly toothed, narrowed to the entire
base, stem obscurely angular downy, flower buds nodding ovoid,
stigma slightly lobed, seeds obovate-oblong, root fibrous. E. B.
S. t. 2935.

Near Tintern, Monmouthshire; and near Bristol. If. 7 — 9. —
Almost intermediate between E. montanum and E. roseum : it seems
to be E. roseum of some Swiss collectors, and to be comprehended by
Seringe in De Candolle’s Prodr. along with E. roseum Schreb. (not
DC. 1 under his character of E. montanum. It differs from E. mon-
tanum by the lobes of the stigma, erect stalked leaves, and a tendency
towards an angular stem; and from E. roseum by the more decided
lobes to the stigma, and stem less angular ; but it is perhaps a mere
variety of this last.

*** Flowers regular, stamens erect, stigma undivided or nearly so.

6. E. roseum Schreb. (pale smooth-leaved IF.) ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate stalked tapering at both ends finely toothed, stem erect
with two sharp and two obscure angles, buds nodding ovoid
acuminate, stigma undivided or slightly lobed, root fibrous.
E. B. t. 693.

About London ; in Essex, Sussex, and Hants. Forfarshire and
Moray. R . 7, 8. — Scions none, or in autumn short, with a rosu-
late tuft of leaves. Distinguished from E. montanum bv its clavate
stigma, stalked leaves, and slightly angled stem ; and from E. tetragonum
by the broader leaves which are stalked, stem not so distinctly 4-
angled, and flower-buds nodding.

144 XXVIII. ONAfiRACEzE. [ Epildbium .

7. E. tetragdnum L. (square-stalked IE.) ; leaves lanceolate
sessile denticulate, stem with 2 — 4 angles, stigma undivided,
flower-buds erect, seeds oblong-obovate. E. B. t. 1948. E.
virgatum Fries. E. obscurum Schreb. E. Lamyi Scliult. ?

Sides of ditches and watery places, common. If. 7, 8. — In the
genuine forms of the species the scions are short and terminate in a
rose-shaped tuft of leaves. In what is called E. virgatum, or obscurum,
the scions are elongated with scattered leaves, and in E. Lamyi Schultz
there are none ; as to the two last, we have observed them close
together, the first in a ditch, the second on a stone and lime wall, and
in this instance the want of scions was caused by situation : other
circumstances may cause them to disappear elsewhere.

8. E. palustre L. (narrow-leaved marsh IE) : leaves narrow-
lanceolate cuneate at the base sessile nearly entire and as well
as the rounded erect stem subglabrous, stigma undivided,
flower-buds drooping, seeds fusiform, root with filiform scions.
E. B. t. 346.

Boggy places and the sides of lakes and ditches. 2/.. 7,8. — About
a foot high. Stem rooting near the base. Scions elongated with
scattered small leaves. Flowers small.

9. E. alsinifulium Vill. (Chickweed-leaved IE) ; leaves shining
ovate-acuminate nearly sessde glabrous, lowermost ones entire,
the rest toothed, stem erect from a long rooting base with two
obscure angles, its upper part and germen slightly pubescent,
flower-buds nodding, stigma entire, seeds fusiform, root with
elongated scions with scattered leaves. E. B. t. 2000.

Sides of alpine rivulets. On the Cheviots. Aber waterfall, N.
Wales. Frequent on the Scottish, especially the Highland, moun-
tains. 11 . 7. — This has many of the characters, in its leaves and

stem, of E. montanum and E. roseum ; but the leaves have a flaccid
subpellucid appearance, and the stem is stoloniferous, so that the
eye readily distinguishes the species.

10. E. alphium L. (alpine IE); leaves elliptical obtuse gla-
brous on short foot-stalks nearly entire, stem from a rooting
base with 2 angles nearly glabrous and fruit entirely' so, flower-
buds nodding, stigma undivided, seeds obovate pointed. E. B.
t. 2001. E. anagallidifolium Lam.

Wet places near springs, and by the sides of rivulets on all the High-
land mountains. If-. 7. — Stem 2 — 4 inches high. Foot with scions,
which are either short with a tuft of leaves or elongated with scattered
leaves. Stem with two lines of very obscure pubescence, procumbent
and rooting at the base. Flowers seldom more than 1 or 2 from the
summit of the stalk, at first gracefully drooping, bright purple-red.
Fruit erect, often as long as the plant itself. In what is called E.
anagallplifolium, the stem has a much longer rooting base, and longer
scions than in the usual state of E. alpinum.

Circa' a. 2

XXVIII. ONAGRACEvE.

145

2. CEnothkra Linn. Evening-Primrose.

Cal.-limb deciduous, tubular at the base, deeply 4-cleft up-
wards ; the segments reflexed, more or less combined. Pet. 4.
Stain. 8. Caps. 4-valved, with many naked seeds. — Named
from oii’o c, wine, and 3 >tpa, searching or catching ; from the root
having caught the perfume of wine.

1. (E. *biennis L. ( common E.) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate
toothed, stem somewhat hairy, flowers sessile subspicate, stamens
about as long as the corolla, capsules nearly cylindrical 4-
toothed. E. B. t. 1534.

Sandy soils near Liverpool, also in Suffolk and Warwickshire. •

7 — 9. — This genus is altogether American. Plant 2 — 8 feet high.
Stem roughish. Flowers yellow, fragrant, expanding in the evening.

3. Isnardia Linn. Isnardia.

Cal.-limb 4-partite, permanent. Pet. 4, or wanting. Starn 4.
Stigma capitate. Caps, obovate or cylindrical, 4-celled, nearly
dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Named after Antoine
d’lsnard, a botanist and professor at Paris, in the beginning of
the last century. — As the genus is defined here it includes
Ludwigia.

1. I. palustris L. ( Marsh /.) ; stem procumbent rooting
glabrous, leaves opposite ovate acute stalked, flowers axillary
solitary sessile apet.alous, capsule obovate 4-angled. E. B. S.
t. 2593. Ludwigia Ell.

South of England, very rare. In a pool at Buxtead, Sussex. Abun-
dant in a bog on Petersfield Heath; also near Brokenhurst. Hants.
Jersey. 0. 6 , 7. — Detected by Mr. Goodyer on Petersfield Heath,
previous to 1G67, but lost sight of until rediscovered in Sussex, by
Mr. Boner, in 1827. It is frequent on the continent of Europe, in
N. America, and the temperate parts of Asia.

4. Circje'a Linn. Enchanter’s Nightshade.

Cal.-limb deciduous shortly tubular at the base, deeply
2-cleft upwards. Cor. of 2 petals. Stam. 2. Ovary 1 — 2-celled ,
ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Stigma 2-lobed. Caps.
hispid with hooked hairs, scarcely dehiscent, 1 — 2-celled ; cells
1-seeded. — Named from the enchantress Circe ; either from
the prettiness of its flowers, or, as some say, from its growing
in damp shady places, where plants used for incantations are
found.

1. C. Lutetiana L. ( common E.) ; stem erect pubescent, leaves
ovate acuminate slightly repand-toothed usually longer than the
subterete petiole, bracts none, calyx hairy, ovary globose 2-
celled at length broadly obovate. E. B. t. 1056.

H

146

XXIX. HALOEAGACEJE.

[Hippuris.

Woods and coppices in shady situations, common, If. — 8. —

Rhizome creeping. Stem 1 — l-'f ft. high. Leaves scarcely cordate at the
base, upper ones narrow-ovate. — The only certain character between
this and the next is afforded by the structure of the ovary, as first
pointed out by Dr. Wight ; that giving it the difference of external
form : but even this is diminished in value by the 2-lobed stigma,
indicating a tendency to produce the second ceil also, in the ovary of
C. alpina. The nectary which surrounds the base of the filament is
a little more prominent than in the following species.

2. C. alpina L. (alpine E.) ; stem ascending nearly glabrous,
leaves cordate toothed shining as long as the fiat petiole, pe-
dicels subtended by minute setaceous bracts, calyx more or less
glabrous, ovary 1 -celled at length inversely oblong. E. B.
t, 1057.

Woods, coppices, and stony places, especially by the sides of lakes

in the north of England and Scotland. If. 7, 8 This is very

near to the preceding ; but is usually much smaller and with a nar-
rower ovary and fruit. The petioles appear flat in consequence of the
leaf being usually decurrent along it, constituting, as it were, mem-
branaceous wings. Mature fruit, which is abundant on C. Lu-
tetiana, we have seldom observed on this plant. What is called C.
intermedia sometimes belongs to the present species, sometimes to the
last.

Ord. XXIX. HALORAGACE2E R. Brown.

Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary ; limb of fertile flowers
minute, 3 — 4-partite or wanting. Petals present or wanting.
Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, or double
as many, rarely fewer. Ovary with 1 — 4 cells; ovules solitary
pendulous. Stigmas as many as there are cells, papillose or
penicilliform. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 — 4-celled, or composed
of 4 indehiscent carpels slightly cohering by their inner angles
and eventually separating. Seeds solitary, pendulous. Albumen
fleshy, sometimes very thin. Embryo straight. Radicle su-
perior.— Mostly Herbs (the British ones especially ), aquatics.
Leaves various as to insertion. The stamens and pistils often
separated ; the former are then inserted with the petals into the
base of the calyx.

1. Hippuris. Stam 1. Stigma 1. Fruit 1-seeded.

2. Myriophyllum. Monoecious. Stam. 4 — 8. Stigmas 4. Fruit 4-

seeded.

1. Hippuris Linn. Mare’s Tail.

Perianth single, superior, forming a very indistinct rim to the
germen. Stam. 1. Style 1. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Named
from ir~or, a horse, and ovpa, a tail.

XXX. LYTHKACE7E.

147

Myriophyllum. ]

1. H. vulgaris L. ( common Mi) ; leaves linear 6 — 8 or 10 in
a whorl. E. B. t. 763.

Ditches and usually stagnant waters; less frequent in Scotland.
71. 6, 7. — Stem erect, simple, jointed. Moris of about 8 leaves,

which are callous at the point. Flowers at the base of each of the
upper leaves, not unfrequently destitute of stamens. In deep streams
of water this plant attains to 2 or 3 feet, with the leaves excessively
crowded, 3 and even 4 inches in length, pellucid, with an opaque
nerve, their points not callous ; the whole plant submerged and barren.

2. Myriophyllum Linn. Water-Milfoil.

Monoecious. Barren fi. Cal. inferior, of 4 sepals. Pet. 4.
Stam. 4 — 8. — Fertile fi. Cal. 4-lobed. Pet. 4. Siam. 4—8, or
wanting. Stigmas 4, sessile. Fruit of 4, sessile, subglobose,
1-seeded carpels, at length separating. — Name : popioc, a myriad,
and <j>v\\ov , a leaf ; from its numerous leaves.

1. M. verticilldtum L. (whorled IF) ; flowers all whorled sub-
tended by pinnatifid or pectinate bracts longer than the flowers.
E. B. t. 218. M. pectinatum DC.

Ponds and ditches throughout England and Wales. 71. 7, 8. —
Bracteas variable in length ; when many times longer than the flowers,
it is M. verticil latum DC. ; when only 2 — 3 times as long, it is M. pecti-
natum DC. But between these there are intermediate forms.

2. M. spicdtum L. (spiked TF.) ; flowers all whorled longer
than but subtended by bracts forming an interrupted leafless
spike. E. B. t. 83.

Ditches and stagnant waters, common. 71 . 6, 7. — Stems slender,
much branched. Leaves 4 is a whorl, finely pectinate and always
submerged. Spikes slender, 3 — 5 inches long, erect when in bud.
Bracts small, lower ones pectinate, upper ovate and entire. This only
differs from some forms of the last by the still shorter bracteas.

3. M. alternifivrum DC- (alternate- flowered IF); sterile
flowers mostly alternate on an erect leafless spike, fertile ones
1 — 4 in the axils of pectinated leaves at the base of the spike.
E. B. S. t. 2854.

Ponds and ditches in many places, in England, Jersey, and Scot-
land. Tj.. 5 — 8. — Very near the preceding, it must be confessed,
or, as it were, intermediate between it and M. verticillatum. Dr. Brom-
tield considered the leaves to be always 3 in a whorl, not 4 ; but they
are not so represented in E. Bot. Spikes drooping when in bud.

Okd. XXX. LYTHRACEiE Juss.

Calyx of 1 piece, free, persistent, the lobes varying in num-
ber valvate or distant in aestivation, often with intermediate
H 2

148

XXX. LYTHRACEjE.

\Lythrum. \

teeth. Petals inserted upon the calyx between its lobes, cadu-
cous, sometimes 0. Stamens inserted within the tube of the
calyx, equal to, or double or triple the number of petals. Ovary
1, superior. Style 1 ; stigma usually capitate. Capsule mem-
branous, 2 — 4-celled, opening longitudinally or irregularly.
Seeds numerous, without albumen, on an axile placenta. —
Herbs, with usually opposite leaves , without stipides : flowers
axillary or racemose or spiked. — Properties astringent. Henna
of Egypt is extracted from Lawsonia inermis.

1. Lythrum. Calyx tubular.

2. Peplis. Calyx campanulate.

1. Lytheum Linn. Purple-Loosestrife.

Cal. inferior, tubular, with 8 — 12 teeth, the alternate ones
subulate. Petals 4 — 6. Siam, as many as, or twice as many
as the petals. Style filiform. Capsule 2 -celled. — Name : \v9pov, ,
blood ; it is said, from the red colour of the flowers.

1. L. Salicdria L. ( spiked P.)\ leaves opposite lanceolate
cordate at the base, flowers in whorled leafy spikes with 12
stamens, bracts none. E. B. t. 1061.

Watery and marshy places, frequent, 7 — 9. — Stems 2 — 3 ft.

high, erect, 4-sided. Spikes very long, of beautiful purple flowers.
Cal. striate, the subulate teeth twice as long as the others. Pet.
oblong, cuneiform. Stam. 6 long and 6 short. Style varying in length.

2. L. hyssopifulium L. ( hyssop-leaved P.) ; leaves mostly al-
ternate linear-lanceolate obtuse, flowers axillary solitary, bracts
2 minute subulate, stamens about 6. E. B. t. 292.

Moist and occasionally inundated places, chiefly in the east of Eng-
land. ©. 6 — 10. ■ — A humble annual, 4 — 6 inches high, with small

axillary flowers. Cal.-teetli all short.

2. Peplis Linn. Water-Purslane.

Cal. campanulate, with 6 large and 6 alternating small teeth.
Pet. 6, often wanting. Stam. 6. Style very short. Caps. 2-
celled. — Named from TrtrrXior, anciently applied to the genus
Portulaca, now to one somewhat similar in habit.

1. P. Portula L. ( common IF.) ; flowers axillary solitary,
leaves obovate. E. B. t. 1211.

Watery places, not unfrequent. ©. 7, 8. — Plant prostrate,

S — 6 inches long, creeping, little branched. Leaves opposite, gla-
brous, tapering at the base.

, Tamar ix.~\

XXXII. CUCURBITACEiE.

149

Okd. XXXI. TAMARICACErE Desv.

Calyx 4 — 5-partite, persistent, free, with an imbrieative assti-
vation. Petals 4 — 5, from the vbase of the calyx, marcescent.
Stamens inserted into the margin of a scutellilorm disk, equal
in number to the petals, or twice as many. Ovary superior,
1 -celled. Styles about 3, or none. Stigmas 3, or united. Cap-
sule 3-gonal, 3-valved, 1 -celled, with many eomose seeds on
three placentas at the base of the cell along the middle of
the valves. Albumen 0 — Shrubs with twiggy branches and
small scale-like leaves. Tamarix Gallica and Africans yield
sulphate of soda: the former, or a variety of it, also affords,
according to Ehrenberg, the manna of Mount Sinai.

1. Tamarix Linn. Tamarisk.

Slam, equal, distinct. Stigmas distinct, sessile, feathery.
Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds without a beak,
pappose. — Named from the Tamarici, a people who inhabited
the banks of the Tamaris, now Tambra , in Spain, where the
Tamarisk abounds.

1. T. * A'nglica Webb ( English T.) ; leaves quite glabrous
somewhat narrowed at the base, flower-buds ovate, angles of
the disk 5 acute tapering into the five filaments, anthers ovate
apiculate, capsule rounded at the base abruptly narrowed up-
wards. T. Gallica Sm. : Id. D. t. 1318.

Rocks, cliffs, and sandy shores by the sea, about the Lizard and St.
Michael’s. Cornwall; Hurst Castle and Hastings. Near Landguard
Fort; but evidently planted. “Planted no doubt everywhere.”
Mr. Borrer. h . 7. — Leaves minute, amplexicaul, adpressed, acute.
Spikes lateral, somewhat panicled, slender, much longer than broad.

Ord. XXXII. CUCURBITACEiE » Juss.

Frequently monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 5-toothed, the
tube adnate with the ovary. Corolla 5-cleft, often scarcely
distinguishable from the calyx, frequently reticulated. Stamens
5, often more or less cohering. Ovary 1-celled, inferior, with
3 parietal receptacles. Style short. Stigmas lobed Fruit
fleshy. Seeds flat, in a juicy aril. Embryo flat. Albumen 0.
Cotyledons foliaceous, veined. — Succulent climbing plants, with
extra- axillary tendrils (in the place of a stipule), frequently
scabrous. This order contains Cucurbita, the gourd ; Ecba-
lium purgans, the elaterium , a powerful cathartic ; Cucumis, the

* From the corolla being gamopetalous, this is artificially near Caprifuliaceee ;
but it is naturally nearer Passifloraccce , which has distinct petals. Some botanists
consider the calyx a bractea, the corolla as the calyx, and remove this to Mono-

CHLAMYDEi'E.

H 3

150

5XXIII. POI!TTJLACACE.fE.

\_Bry6nia.

cucumber and melons; Citrullus Colocynthis, the colocynth,
bitter-apples, or bitter cucumber ; Lagenaria vulgaris, bottle-
gourd, &c. ; all abounding in a bitter laxative.

1. Bryonia Linn. Bryony.

Cor. 5-cleft. Filaments 3-adelphous, inserted at the base of
the corolla. Anthers 1-celled, 3-adelphous, applied to the edge
or back of the connectivum, and forming a sinuous line. Style
trifid ; stigmas somewhat reniform or bifid. Fruit ovoid or
globose, baccate, few-seeded. — Named from ffpvio, to shoot, or
grow rapidly; in allusion to the quick growth of the stems.

1. B. dioica Jacq. (red-berried 11.) ; leaves palmate rough on
both sides, flowers dioecious. E. B. t. 439.

Thickets and hedges, frequent in England ; not indigenous to
Scotland. If . 5 — 9. — Root very iarge white and branched. Stem
long, branched, weak, with simple tendrils. Flowers in short axillary
racemes. Cor. whitish, with green veins. Berries red. The plant
abounds with a fetid and acrid juice.

Ord. XXXIII. PORTULACACEiE Juss.

Sepals 2. Petals inserted into the base of the calyx (some-
what hypogynous), mostly 5, usually distinct, sometimes want-
ing. Stamens of uncertain number, opposite the petals when of
the same number. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Style 1 or 0
Stigmas several. Capsule opening transversely or by 3 valves.
Seeds numerous on a central receptacle. Albumen farinaceous,
surrounded by the curved embryo. — Succulent Herbs or Shrubs.
Portulaca sativa is the Purslane.

1. Montia Linn. Blinks.

Cor. of 5 irregular petals, somewhat hypogynous, united at
the base into one split up in front. Slam. 3, inserted upon the
corolla and opposite to its smaller segments. Stigmas 3, almost
sessile. Caps. 3-valved, 3-seeded. — Named in honour of
Joseph de Monti, a professor of Botany and Natural History
at Bologna.

1. M. font ana L. (Water B, or Chichweed): E. B. t. 1206.

Rills, springy and wet places. 0. 4 — 8. — Whole plant succu-

lent, varying considerably in size. Leaves small, opposite, spathulate.
Flowers white, at first drooping. Seeds 3, subreniform, dotted.

Ord. XXXIY. FARONYCHIACEiE A. St. Hil.

Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less cohering at the base.
Petals minute, alternating with the lobes of the calyx, or 0.

Hernidria.~\

XXXIV'. PAROXYCHIACEiE.

lol

Stamens inserted into the base of the calyx (somewhat hypogy-
nous), and opposite to its lobes when as many. Ovary superior.
Styles 2 — 5. Fruit small, dry, 1 -celled, 1 — 5 valved or inde-
hiscent. Seeds numerous on a free central receptacle, or soli-
tary and suspended from a long stalk arising from the base of
the cell. — Small brandling herbaceous or sufFruticose plants,
with sessile entire leaves and membranaceous stipules. — An order
closely allied in many respects to Caryophyllace.®, as also
to Am aranthacejE and Chenopooiacea:, and, like these two,
having frequently a single perianth.

* Fruit 1 -seeded.

1. Corrigiola. Fruit indehiscent. Petals oblong. Leaves alternate.

2. IIerniaria. Fruit indehiscent. Sepals herbaceous flat. Petals

filiform. Leaves opposite.

3. Illecebiujm. Fruit splitting into valves. Sepals cartilaginous,

cucullate. Petals 0 or subulate. Leaves opposite.

** Fruit a several-seeded capsule.

4. Polycarpon. Sepals keeled at the back, subcucullate at the apex.

Petals small, narrow, emarginate. Styles 3.

5. Speroularia. Sepals flat. Petals ovate, entire, as large as the

calyx. Styles usually 3.

6. Spergula. Petals ovate, entire, as large as the calyx. Styles 5,

alternate with the sepals.

1. Corrigiola Linn. Strapwort.

Cal. 5-partite, permanent. Pet. 5, oblong, about the length
of the calyx. Stam. 5. Styles 3. Fruit indehiscent, 1 -seeded.
Leaves alternate. — Named from corrigia , a strap , or thong;
formerly applied to the Polygonum aviculare on account of its
long pliant stems, and now to a plant which is somewhat similar
to it in habit.

1. C. littordlis L. ( Sand S.) ; stem leafy among the flowers.
E. B. t. 668.

Rare ; on the south-western coast of England. On Slapton sands
and near the Start Point, Devon ; and at Helston, Cornwall. 0.

7. 8. — Stems numerous from the top of the root, spreading, slender.
Leaves linear, obtuse, somewhat fleshy and very glaucous. Flowers
small.

2. IIerniaria Linn. Rupture-wort.

Cal. 5-partite, permanent. Pet. 5, filiform, resembling ste-
rile stamens, and inserted with them. Stam. 5, inserted upon
a fleshy disk. Stigmas 2, nearly sessile. Fruit indehiscent,
l-seeded. Leaves opposite. — Named from the plant having
been supposed to be useful in the cure of Hernia.

1. H. glabra L. ( glabrous 11.) ; stems prostrate herbaceous
h 4

1 52 xxxiv. paeon rciiiACEyE. \_U lecebrum.

clothed with minute decurved hairs woody at the base in age,
leaves oval a little tapering at the base nearly glabrous or
ciliate and more or less hairy, clusters of sessile flowers axillary,
calyx glabrous or with small hairs. — a. leaves quite glabrous.
E. B. t. 206. — fi. leaves ciliate and sometimes with hairs on
the surface. H. glabra S. Bab. H. ciliata Bab. : E. B. S. t.
2857.

Suffolk, Cambridge, Hants, Cornwall, and in some other of the
southern counties of England. Jersey and Guernsey. Western part
of Kerry, Ireland. I/.. 7, 8. — The Lizard affords both the gla-
brous and hairy states of this variable plant ; and there is every gra-
dation in the inflorescence between it and the H. ciliata. In general
even the most glabrous states more resemble Mr. Babington’s figure
of H. ciliata, than Smith’s figure of H. glabra, which represents an
undeveloped form of the plant.

2. II. *hirsuta L. ( hairy R .); stems herbaceous prostrate
clothed with patent hairs, leaves oval oblong, clusters of sessile
flowers axillary, calyx hairy. E. B. t. 1379 ?

Sandy ground near Barnet; Hudson. If.. 7, 8. — Messrs. Milne
and Gordon, in their Indigen. Hot. i. 455, say, “ We found it in a
field at Finchley and Colney Hatch, near Barnet, where Hudson
found it;” but as Mr. Babington has ascertained the Finchley plant to
be H. glabra, it is also probable that Hudson’s one was the hairy state
of that species which is often cultivated under the name of H. hirsuta,
and to which Smith’s Cornish specimens belong. What was intended
by the figure in E. But. it is difficult to say.

3. Ijllecebkum Linn. Knot-grass.

Sep. 5, permanent, cartilaginous, cucullate, with an awl-
shaped point at the back below the apex. Pet. 0, or reduced
to 5 subulate scales. Slam. 5. Stigmas 2, nearly sessile. Caps.
1-seeded, irregularly 5- or 10-valved. Leaves opposite. —
Name : illecebra, an enticement or attraction ; anciently given to
a showy tribe of plants, now confined to a genus possessing few
charms.

1. I. verticillatum L. ( whorled K.) : E. B. t. 895.

Marshy or boggy ground in Devonshire and Cornwall. If. 7.
— A small plant with spreading procumbent filiform glabrous stems ;
broadly ovate leaves, white scariose stipules jagged at the margin ; and
numerous flowers in axillary whorls, the calyx of which is white, very
cartilaginous, and rounded at the base.

4. Polycarfon Linn. All-seed.

Sep. 5, keeled at the back, subcucullate at the apex. Pet. 5,
shorter than the calyx, emarginate. Stam. 3 — 5. Styles 3,

Spergidaria.'] xxxiv. faronyciiiacezE.

153

very short. Caps. 3-valved, many-seeded. — Named from
7 ro\v£, many , and Kapwog, fruit ; applied sometimes by the an-
cients to the Polygonum aviculare, to which the present genus
is somewhat similar.

1. P. tetraphyllum L. ( four-leaved A.) ; triandrous, sepals
mucronate, petals notched, leaves spathulate-obovate, those of
the stem usually in fours, of the branches opposite. E. B. t.

1031.

Southern coasts of England : particularly Devonshire, Dorsetshire,
Cornwall, and Glamorganshire. Jersey and Guernsey. ©. 6, 7.

5. Spergclaria Pers. Sandwort- Spurrey.

Sep. 5, flattish. Pet. 5, ovate, entire, about as long as the
calyx. Stam.5 — 10, or fewer. Styles usually 3 (3 — 5). Caps.
many-seeded, with entire valves fewer than the sepals or as
many and alternate with them. — Named from the resemblance
to the next genus.

1. S. rubra A. St. Hil. ( Field S.) ; stems prostrate, leaves nar-
row-linear acute plane scarcely fleshy tipped with a short bris-
tle, stipules ovate cloven, capsule as long as the calyx, seeds
compressed angular roughish. Arenaria L.: E. B. t. 852.
Alsine Wahl. Lepigonum Wahl. : Bab.

Gravelly or sandy soils, frequent. 0. 6 — 9. — Much branched

and spreading, branches often compressed upwards. Stipules a pair
of ovate, acute, white, membranaceous scales, united at their base.
Flowers numerous, in the axils of the upper leaves, solitary on rather
short peduncles that are at length slightly bent back. Sepals ob-
scurely S*nerved, obtuse, and, as well as the peduncles, glandular and
viscid.

2. S. marina Camb. ( Sea-side S.); stems prostrate, leaves
semicylindrical fleshy usually with a short point, stipules ovate
cloven, capsule longer than the calyx, seeds compressed. — a.
seeds mostly without a border, capsule a little longer than the
calyx. Arenaria rubra marina L. Lepigonum Wahl. : Bab. —
i3. seeds mostly with a broad membranaceous striate border,
capsule often twice as long as the calyx. Arenaria media L.
A. marina Sm. (not Oed.): E. B. t. 958. Alsine M. et K.

Frequent upon the sea-coast. <J or ip. 6 — 8. Longer and stouter
in all its parts than the last, and with an almost woody root. Stems
and branches compressed, except at the base. Leaves varying from
obtuse, with or without a point, to acute on the same specimen. We
are not sure that this is specifically distinct from the last; our a. is in
some measure intermediate.

h 5

154

XXXV. CRASSTJLACEiE,

\_Spergula.

6. Sfergula Linn. Spurrey.

Sep. 5. Pet. 5, as long as the calyx, ovate, entire. Stam.
5 — 10. Styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Caps, many-seeded,
with entire valves opposite to the sepals. — Named from spargo,
to scatter ; from the seeds being widely dispersed.

1. S. arvensis L. ( Corn S.) ; leaves subulate linear sub-
cylindrical, stipules minute, flowers panicled, seeds slightly
compressed with a narrow margin tubercled or papillose. E. B.
t. 1535. S. pentandra Sm. : E. B. t. 1536.

Corn fields, too frequent, especially on light stony soils. 0. 6 — 8.
— Stems 6 — 12 inches high or more, swollen at the joints. Leaves 1 — 2
inches long, narrow, glabrous or pubescent, in two fascicles from each
node, spreading in a whorled manner, “ convex above, furrowed
beneath.” Petals white, rather longer than the calyx. Stamens often
5. Seeds never, we believe, quite smooth as Smith describes them in
his S', pentandra. The true S. pentandra L. (Arenaria Jlaccida Roxb.)
is said to have been formerly found in Ireland by Sherard ; but this
requires confirmation : it has perfectly smooth seeds and a very broad
membranous striate border, but may be merely a variety of S. arvensis.

Ord. XXXV. CRASSULACEiE Be Cand.

Sepals 3 — 20, more or less cohering at the base. Petals as
many as the sepals sometimes cohering, inserted ( as well as the
stamens) at the base of the calyx (subhypogynous). Stamens as
many as petals, or twice that number. Ovaries verticillate, as
many as petals, each usually with a small flat scale or gland at
its base, 1-celled, tapering into a stigma. Follicles with several
seeds fixed in a double row to the ventral suture. Albumen
fleshy thin. — Herbs or shrubs, with fleshy leaves and no stipules.

* Stamens as many as the petals and alternating.

1. Tilljea. Stamens 3-4.

** Stamens twice as many as the petals or opposite to them.

2. Cotyledon. Petals united into a tubular or campanulate corolla.

3. Sempervivum. Petals distinct or nearly so. Ilypogynous glands

laciniate, or toothed, or wanting.

4. Sedum. Petals distinct. Jlypogynous glands entire or emarginate.

1. Till.e'a Linn. Tillsea.

Cal. 3 — 4-partite. Pet. distinct, acuminate. Stam. 3 — 4.
Follicles 2-seeded, constricted in the middle. Hypogynous
glands obscure or wanting. — Named after Michael Angelo
Tilli, an Italian botanist.

1. T. muscusa L. ( mossy T .) ; stems branched and decumbent

Sedum.']

XXXV. CRASSULACEA;.

155

at the base, flowers axillary sessile mostly 3-cleft. E. B.
t. 116.

On moist, barren, sandy heaths, principally in Norfolk and Suffolk,
Hants and Dorsetshire. ©. 6, 7. — A minute succulent plant,

scarcely 2 inches high, with small, reddish, opposite, oblong, blunt
leaves. Cal. leaves mostly 3, bristle-pointed. Petals very small, al-
most subulate, white or tipped with rose-colour.

2. Cotyledon Linn. Pennywort.

Cal. 5-partite. Pet. united into a tubular or campanulate
corolla. Siam. 10, inserted upon the tube of the corolla. Fol-
licles many-seeded, each with a scale at its base. — Named from
kotu\t], a cup ; to which the leaves of some of the species may
bear a distant resemblance.

1. C. Umbilicus Huds. ( Wall P.) ; leaves peltate crenate
depressed in the centre, stem with a (usually) simple raceme of
pendulous flowers, upper bracteas minute entire, corolla scarcely
cleft to the middle, lobes ovate acute erect, root tuberous.
E. B. t. 325.

Rocks, walls, and old buildings, especially in subalpine countries.
%. 6 — 8. — Whole plant succulent. Stem from 6 inches to a foot
high. Leaves mostly radical. Flowers cylindrical, yellowish-green.

[C. lutea Huds., E. B. t. 1522, having erect flowers, patulous
narrow and acuminated lobes to the corolla, and toothed bracteas, is
from Portugal, and must have been introduced into the British Flora
by mistake. It is by no means a hardy garden-plant.]

3. Semtervivum Linn. House-leek.

Cal. 6 — 20-cleft. Pet. distinct, or slightly united at the base.
Stum, twice as many as the petals, or as many and opposite to
them. Follicles many-seeded ; hypogynous scales laciniate,
toothed or none. — Name derived from semper , always , and
vivo, to live ; on account of its tenacity of life.

1. S. * tectdrum L. ( common H.) ; leaves ciliate, off-sets
spreading, petals about 12 entire and hairy at the margins.
E. B. t. 1320.

House-tops and on walls. If. 7. — The /lowers of this well-known
and rustic medicinal but unquestionably not indigenous plant are no
less beautiful than they are curious in their structure. The number
of stamens is in reality twice as many as the petals; of which those
opposite to the petals are perfect ; the rest alternating, are small and
abortive.

4. Sedcm Linn. Orpine and Stonecrop.

Cal. in 4 — 6 deep segments, often resembling the leaves.
Pet. 4 — 6, distinct, patent. Stam. 8 — 12. Follicles many-

h 6

156

XXXV. CEASSULACEiE.

\_Sedum.

seeded, each with an entire or emarginate scale at its base. —
Named from sedo, to sit; from these plants being seated on
their native rocks with little or no earth.

* Leaves plane. Root thick.

1. S .Rhodiola DC. {Rose-root S.) ; leaves obovate-oblong
plane toothed glabrous, flowers (yellow) dioecious, stamens 8,
ovaries 4, hypogynous scales emarginate as long as broad.
Rhodiola rosea L. : E. B. t. 508.

Wet rocks, on the high mountains of the north of England and
Ireland, and in Scotland, abundant ; likewise on cliffs bv the sea-
shore. y. 6, 7. — Root large, woody, when dry yielding a smell
that has been compared to that of Roses. Stem 6—13 inches high,
simple.

2. S. Telephium L. (Live-long, or O.); leaves oval-oblong
often cuneate at the base plane serrate, cymes corymbose leafy
dense, steins erect, flowers (purple) perfect, stamens 10. —

а. upper leaves rounded at the base sessile. E. B. t. 1319. —
\3. ail the leaves attenuated at the base. S. purpurascens Link.
S. purpureum Tausch. S. Fabaria Koch.

Borders of fields, hedge-banks, and waste places among bushes. y.
7, 8. — Stems 1 — 2 feet high, spotted. Our British specimens, espe-
cially from the North, belong principally to fl.

** Leaves suhterete. Flowers white or reddish.

3. S. dasyphyllum L. (thick-leaned S.) ; leaves opposite (except
on the flowering stems) ovato-globose gibbous fleshy, cymes
small glandular pubescent, petals ovate obtuse. E. B. t. 656.

Walls and rocks, in several parts of England. Conway, Wales.
Collington woods near Edinburgh (scarcely indigenous). Cork. y.

б, 7. — Sterile stems slender, procumbent below, slightly viscid; flower-
ing stems also procumbent, 2 — 3 inches high. Leaves short, sin-
gularly thick and fleshy, glaucous with a reddish tinge and dotted,
Flowers white tinged with rose-colour. Petals and pistils 5 — 8.

4. S. A'nglicum Huds. (English S .) ; leaves mostly alternate
ovate gibbous fleshy produced at the base, cymes glabrous bifid
few-flowered, petals very sharp at the point. E. B. t. 171.

ltocky places, especially near the sea ; most abundant in North
Wales, west of Scotland, and in Ireland. ©. 6 — 8. — Stems 2 — 3

inches high, much branched, both flowering and sterile ones procum-
bent below. Leaves glaucous-green often tinged with red. Flowers
white, star-like with purple anthers.

5. S. *dlhum L. (white S .) ; leaves scattered oblong-cylin-
drical obtuse spreading, cyme much branched glabrous, petals
lanceolate. — a. leaves flattened above. E. B. t. 1578. — fJ.
leaves flattened on both sides.

Sedum.~\ XXXV. CRASSULACE^l. 157

Rocks, walls, and roofs of houses; in the counties of Middlesex,
Worcester, Suffolk, Somerset, Warwick, and Northampton. Forfar
and Glamis, Scotland. 2). 7,8 Stems prostrate below, the flower-

ing-stem only erect, 3 — 5 inches high. Leaves pale glaucous-green,
sometimes tinged with red. Flowers crowded white or tinged with
rose-colour.

6. S. villusum L. ( hairy S .) ; leaves scattered linear flattened
above, and as well as the peduncles and erect stems glandular
pubescent, petals ovate acute. E. B. t. 394.

Stony and moist places by the sides of rills ; frequent in the N. of
England and Scotland, especially the subalpine parts. 0 or $ ? 6, 7.
— Stem 3 — 4 inches high, reddish purple. Leaves on the short barren
shoots almost exactly cylindrical. Flowers few, of a pale rose-colour.

*** Leaves subterete. Flowers yellow.

7. S. acre L. ( biting S., or Wall-pepper ) ; leaves erect alter-
nate ovate gibbous fleshy produced at the base, cymes trifid
glabrous leafy, sepals obtuse gibbous at the base, petals acute.
E. B. t. 839.

Walls, rocks, and sandy ground, frequent. 2/.. 6, 7. — Distin-

guished among our yellow.flowered species, by its upright short and
very succulent leaves, closely imbricated on the barren shoots. Very
biting when chewed, and hence its name of Wall-pepper.

8. S. *sexangul<ire L. ( tasteless yellow S .) ; leaves generally
in 6 rows whorled on the barren shoots cylindrical fleshy spread-
ing produced at the base, cymes trifid glabrous, sepals lanceo-
late acute not gibbous, petals acute. E. B. t. 1946.

Old walls in the east of England, rare. Isle of Sheppey ; Green-
wich Park; Cambridgeshire; at Old Saruin, Yorkshire. 74. 7. —
Well distinguished from the last by its spreading, larger and slender
leaves, and by their insertion.

9. S .*reflexum L. (crooked yellow S.) ; leaves terete awl-
shaped scattered spurred at the base, flowers cymose, segments
of the calyx lanceolate slightly acute. E. B. t. 695. — S. glau-
cum Donn. E. B. t. 2477.

Walls, roofs of houses and thatched buildings, frequent. 74. 7, 8.
— Sterile branches with thickly placed leaves, often reflexed. Flower-
ing-stems 6 — 8 inches high. Cyme large yellow. Flowers numerous
often with 6 petals and 12 stamens. Very similar to the two follow-
ing species. If the true S. glaucum (described as having the leaves
more slender, glaucous, and not recurved) be distinct from this, even
as a variety, it has not come under our observation : it is said to grow
on rough hills near Mildenhall, Suffolk, and Sunday’s Well and Glas-
keen, Ireland.

10. S. rupestre L. (St. Vincent's -Bock > S'.); leaves linear-
lanceolate flattened glaucous produced at the base, those of the

158

XXXVI. GKOSSULARIACE.E.

[Riles.

sterile branches closely imbricated adpressed, cymes nearly
level-topped, segments of the calyx elliptical obtuse. E. B.
t. 170. S. elegans Lej.

St. Vincent and Cheddar rocks, Somersetshire. Barmouth, Tre-
madoc, and Ormeshead, Wales. Walls about Darlington, York-
shire. 2/.. 6, 7. Too near, we fear, to the last.

11. S. Forsteridnum Sm. ( Welsh Rock S ') ; leaves lanceolate
flattened produced at the base, those of the sterile branches
spreading in many rows, cymes compact round-topped, segments
of the calyx elliptical obtuse. E. B. t. 1802.

Rocks in the spray of waterfalls, Wales. Rhydoll, Cardiganshire ;
Barmouth ; Hisvae, valley of Nant-phrancon ; Little Ormeshead.
Caer-Caradoc, Shropshire. If . 6, 7. — This seems chiefly to differ
from the last by the leaves on the sterile branches spreading and
forming small rose-like tufts, and by the slightly different form of the
cymes; characters not of primary importance. In the whole genus
the inflorescence is definite, and consequently forms a cyme, although
sometimes with the appearance of a corymb or panicle.

Ord. XXXVI. GROSSULARIACErE Be Cand.

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, the tube entirely or in part adnate with the
ovary. Petals 4 — 5, small, placed at the mouth of the tube
alternately with the 4 — 5 short stamens. Ovary 1 -celled, with
two opposite parietal placentas which are sometimes projected
into the interior and resemble dissepiments. Ovules many.
Style 2 — 4-cleft, Berry crowned with the remains of the calyx.
Seeds suspended by long stalks among the pulp. Albumen
horny. — Shrubs, often spiny, of temperate climates, with alternate
lobed leaves.

1. Hires Linn. Currant and Gooseberry.

Petals small, scale-like. Stam. included or nearly so. ( Style
erect, and ovary with nerve-like placentas in all the British spe-
cies.)— Name: Ribes was a word applied by the Arabian phy-
sicians to a species of rhubarb. Rheum Ribes; our older botanists
believed that it was our gooseberry, and hence Bauhin called
that plant Ribes acidum.

* Flowers racemose or spicate. Spines none.

1 . R. rubrum L. ( common or red C.) ; flowers perfect, leaves
bluntly 5 -lobed, bracteas very small, calyx nearly plane and
ovary glabrous, petals obtuse. — a. racemes glabrous pendulous.
E. B. t. 1289. — /3. racemes slightly downy, erect in flower,
pendulous in fruit. R. petrasuin Sm. (not Wulf.) : E. B.
t. 705. — y. racemes spicate, erect in flower and fruit. R. spi-
caturn Robs.: E. B. t. 1290.

Ribes.~\

XXXVII. SAXIFRAGACEJE.

159

Woods and hedges, but scarcely wild. — /3. N. of England, and in
Scotland. — y. near Richmond, Yorkshire. h . 4,5. — Leaves doubly
serrate, on longish stalks. Limb of the calyx shorter than the
spreading roundish segments. Petals distinct from each other, cunei-
form-orbicular. Stamens inserted into the throat of the calyx ; an-
thers reniform. Style cylindrical ; stiymas subglobose.

2. R. alpinum L. ( tasteless Mountain (7.); dioecious, branches
angled, leaves shining beneath, racemes glandular erect both in
flower and fruit, flowers shorter than the bracteas, limb of the
calyx nearly plane. E. B. t. 704.

Woods in the N. of England. Scarcely wild in Scotland, h . 4, 5.
— Leaves small frequently 3-lobed ; lobes acute, deeply serrate.
Racemes with a few small flowers. Ca/.-limb nearly flat shorter than
the spreading segments. Petals distant. Stamens inserted into the
throat of the calyx. Style cylindrical, bifid at the apex ; stigmas sub-
globose. Berries red, few-seeded.

3. R. nigrum L. (black C .) ; flowers perfect, leaves dotted
with glands beneath, racemes lax downy pendulous with a sepa-
rate simple flower-stalk at their base, limb of the calyx cam-
panulate pubescent. E. B. t. 1291.

Woods and river-sides, in various situations, but probably intro-
duced. h • 4, 5. — Inflorescence glandular. Segments of the calyx
revolute as long as the tubular portion of its limb. Petals imbricated
at the margins. Stamens inserted upon the tube ; anthers cordate-
oblong, apiculate. Ovary half-superior. Style almost entire ; stigmas
somewhat reniform. Berries the largest of our currants, black, much
esteemed medicinally and for making jelly.

** Peduncles 1 — 3 -flowered. Stems spiny.

4. R. Grossuldria L. (common G.) ; leaves rounded and lobed,
peduncles short hairy 1 — 3-flowered with a pair of minute
bracteas. E. B. t. 1292. R. Uva-crispa L.: E. B. t. 2057.

Hedges and thickets, but scarcely indigenous, tj- 4,5. — Branches
not setose. Thorns immediately beneath a fascicle of leaves, solitary
or 2 — 3 combined at the base, spreading. Limb of the calyx cam-
panulate, about as long as the reflexed segments. Petals ovate, distant
half as long as the stamens. Stamens inserted into the bearded throat
of the calyx, and shorter than the segments. Style cleft to the middle,
below which it is very hairy ; stigmas minute, truncate.

i

Ord. XXXVII. S AXIFR AG ACE2E Juss.

Calyx of 4 — 5 sepals, or united into a tube which is wholly
or in part adnate with the ovary. Petals 4—5, or 0. Stamens
5 — 10, distinct, perigynous or somewhat hypogynous. Ovary
with usually two diverging persistent styles, 2-celled with an

160

xxxvii. saxifragaceje. [ Saxifraga.

axile placenta , or 1 -celled with parietal placentas. Capsule
2-vaIved. Seeds numerous. Albumen fleshy. — Small, mostly
herbaceous plants, frequent in northern and alpine regions.

1. Saxifraga. Petals 5, ovary 2-celled.

2. Chrysosplenium. Petals 0, ovary 1-celled.

1 Saxi'fkaga Linn. Saxifrage.

Cal. superior, or inferior, or half-inferior, in 5 segments.
Pet. 5 Stam. 10 or sometimes 5. Ovary 2-celled. Caps, with
2 beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Named from saxum, a stone ,
and frango , to break ; in allusion to the supposed medicinal
virtues of this plant ; or, perhaps, to its roots penetrating the
crevices of rocks, among which the different species generally
grow.

* Flowering-stems erect, leafless. Flowers panicled. Cal. usual!;/ re-
flexed. Caps, superior or nearly so.

f Filaments enlarged upwards.

1. S. Geum L. (Kidney -shaped S.) ; leaves rotundate-reniform
crenate or sharply toothed, footstalks hairy linear convex beneath
channelled above, scape panicled, capsules superior. — a. leaves
hairy on both sides. E.B.S. t. 2893. — /3. leaves glabrous on
both sides. E. B. t. 1561.

Mountains in the south-west of Ireland. If. 6. — This species has
the margin of the teeth cartilaginous, but less so than the following.
Our a. has the leaves hairy and sharply toothed; hut they vary
much in these respects and in size. Between this and the next there
are several intermediate forms about Killarney, not quite agreeing
with either, two of which may be noticed — 1. X. elegans Mackay
( E . B. S. t. 2892.), leaves round and approaching in form to S.
Geum, but with the petiole shorter and broader, and although convex
beneath, it is flat above as in S. umbrosa. Turk Mountain and
Connor Hill. — 2. S.hirsuta L. (E. B. t. 2322.) ; leaves deep green
slightly hairy oval longer than broad scarcely cordate at the base, and
the petiole as in X. Geum. Gap of Dunloe, Connor Hill, and
Hungry Hill. Whether these ought to be considered as varieties
of the present species, or as hybrids between the two, or as inter-
mediate states uniting them into one, or as distinct species from
both, requires more observations than can be made from specimens
obtained from only a few stations, and these all confined to one
country.

2. S. umbrdsa L. (London- Pride, or None-so-pretty); leaves
roundish oval with cartilaginous crenatures sharp teeth or
serratures tapering gradually into a broad flat footstalk, scape
panicled, capsule superior. — a. leaves obovate-oblong crenate or
toothed spreading. E. B. t. 663. — j3. leaves roundish sharply

Saxifraga .]

XXXVII. SAXIFKAGACEyE.

161

toothed erect. S. punctata Haw. (not L .) — y. leaves oblong-
ovate erect with deep tooth-like serratures. E. B. S. t. 2891.

Plentiful on mountains in south and west of Ireland. Woods at
Wetherby, and in Craven, Yorkshire, and about Edinburgh and Glas-
gow, but not really wild. 2/.. 6. — The usual form of this species
has the leaves glabrous, longer than broad, with the teeth either blunt,
or short and acute ; in y. the teeth are long, and in ft the leaves are
often as short as in 5. Geum.

ff Filaments subulate.

[3. S. Andrewsii Harv. (Andrews' S .) ; leaves spreading spa-
thulate obtuse glabrous thickish narrowed into the slightly
ciliated petiole crenate with a thin membranaceous margin,
scape panicled. Loud. Journ. Bot. vii. p. 570. t. 19.

Moist cliffs, on a mountain at the extreme termination of Glen Ca-
rngli, Kerry. W. Andrews, Esq. If.. 6. — Of this we have abridged
Dr. Harvey’s specific character, having only seen one or two garden
specimens : from what we have learned, however, this supposed species
is a hybrid between S. umbrosa and S', ligulala, raised in the Dublin
Botanic Gardens ; and consequently there must be a mistake in
assigning to it the above station.]

4. S. stelldris L. ( starry S .) ; leaves oblong-cuneiform
scarcely stalked, panicle subeotymbose of few flowers, capsule
superior. — a. leaves angulato-serrate. E.B. t. 167. — /3. leaves
quite entire.

Sides of rivulets and wet rocks, in the mountainous parts of the
north of England, Scotland and Ireland. — ft rocks on Ben Nevis.
If. 7, 8.

** Flowering stem erect. Leaves not lobed. Flowers capitate. Cal.
spreading. Caps. 4- inferior .

5. S. nivalis L. (alpine clustered S .) ; leaves obovate sub-
petiolate acutely crenate subcoriaceous, scape terminated by a
dense cluster of flowers. E. B. t. 440.

Mountains of Wales, and frequent in the rocky cliffs of the High-
land mountains of Scotland. If. 7, 8 — Leaves subcoriaceous, gla-
brous above. Scape glandular-pubescent, sometimes a little branched.

*** Stems all procumbent and leafy. Leaves undivided.

6. S. oppositifulia L. (purple Mountain S .) ; leaves ovate
opposite imbricated ciliate, flowers solitary terminal. E. B. t. 9.

Moist alpine rocks. Yorkshire. Snowdon and other Welsh
mountains. Frequent on the Highland mountains of Scotland. 2/..
4, 5. — Grows in straggling tufts, with a habit quite different from
that of any other British Saxifrage. Flowers large in proportion to
the size of the plant, purple, very beautiful. The leaves are refuse,
ciliate, and have a pore at the extremity. Capsule half- inferior.

162

XXXVII. SAXIFKAGACE.E.

[ Saxifraga.

**** Flowering-stem leafy , erect or spreading. Leaves all entire.

7. S. Hirculus L. ( yellow Marsh S.) ; stem erect, leaves al-
ternate lanceolate, those from the root attenuated into a petiole,
calyx inferior at length reflexed obtuse downy at the margin
as well as the upper part of the stem. E. B. t. 1009.

Wet moors, very rare. Knutsford, Cheshire; Cotherstone-fell,
Yorkshire. Langton, Berwickshire ; Walston, Lanarkshire. Queen's
County, Ireland. If.. 8. — Flowers yellow, large, solitary. Petals
almost elliptical.

8. S. aizoides L. ( yellow Mountain S.) ; lower leaves of the
stem numerous crowded, the rest scattered linear-lanceolate
fleshy more or less ciliate, stem branched ascending, calyx
spreading, capsule half-superior. E.B. t. 39.

Abundant near alpine rills, and in springy places in mountainous
countries; north of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. If..
6 — 9. — Stem 5 — 7 inches high, branching below. Flowers panicled,
subcorymbose, bright yellow ; each petal beautifully spotted with
orange.

***** Flowering- stems erect or spreading, more or less leafy. Leaves
( some or all ) lobed. Calyx spreading.

9. S. granuldta L. ( 'white Meadow S .) ; granulated under-
ground, radical leaves renifonn on long foot-stalks obtusely
lobed, those of the upper part of the stem nearly sessile acutely
lobed, stein panicled, capsule partly inferior. E. B. t. 500.

Hedge-banks, meadows, and pastures, especially on a gravelly soil.
Tn many parts of the south and middle of Scotland, but scarcely
known in the Highlands. Between Baldoyle and Portmarnock,
Ireland. If.. 5,6. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high, glandulose-pilose,
with numerous, small, clustered tubers under ground. Leaves mostly
radical, glabrous ; petioles glandular. Flowers large, white.

10. S. cernua L. ( drooping bulbous S.) ; radical leaves reni-
form on long foot-stalks palmate-lobate, superior ones nearly
sessile subtrifid, stem bulbiferous usually simple with one ter-
minal flower, capsule superior. E. B. t. 664.

Rocks on the summit of Ben Lawers. 2f. 8 Stem 5 — 4 or

5 inches high, slender. Leaves glabrous, and the stem, which droops
at the extremity, nearly so. In the axils of the small upper leaves are
clusters of minute reddish bulbs or rather tubers. We have never
seen native specimens of this in fruit.

11. S. rinuldris L. ( alpine Brook S.) ; leaves 3 — 5-lobed
palmate glabrous on long stalks, stem slender branched pubes-
cent, branches few-flowered, bracteas oblong sessile 3-lobed
and entire, capsule half-inferior. E. B. t. 2275.

163

Saxifrctga ~\ xxxvn. saxifragace^:.

Moist alpine rocks in Scotland, rare. Near the summit of Ben
Nevis, and Ben Lawers, but very scarce. Plentiful on Locli-na-gar,
Aberdeenshire. 2/.. 8

12. S. tridactyUtes L. ( Rue-leaved S.) ; glandular and viscid,
leaves cuneate 3 — 5-fid, the uppermost bracteas undivided,
stem panicled, pedicels single-flowered, capsule inferior. E. B.
t. 501.

Common on walls and dry barren ground, in England and the
Lowlands of Scotland ; rare however in the west of Scotland, and
especially in the Highlands. ©. 4 — 7. — Stem 2 — 4 inches high.
Whole plant covered with viscid hairs. Petals small, pure white,
scarcely longer than the segments of the calyx. Capsule almost wholly
inferior.

13. S. hypnoides L. (mossy S.) ; sterile shoots usually pro-
cumbent and elongated, root-leaves 3-cleft, those of the shoots
undivided or 3-cleft bristle-pointed or acute and more or less
fringed, segments of the calyx pointed. — a. leaves of the pro-
cumbent shoots undivided or 3-cleft, segments narrow, sepals
ovate, petals ovate. E. B. t. 454. S. platypetala E. B. t. 2276.
S. denudata Don. — 0. leaves of shoots mostly 3-cleft, segments
linear, sepals subulate, petals oblong. S. affinis Don : E. B. S.
t. 2903. — y. leaves of shoots mostly 3-cleft, segments linear,
sepals lanceolate mucronate, petals spathulate. S. lastevirens
Don. — 8. leaves of shoots mostly 3-cleft, segments lanceolate,
sepals ovate, petals ovate. S. elongella Sm. : E. B. t. 2277. —
e. leaves of shoots mostly 3-cleft, segments lanceolate, sepals
ovate, petals obovate. S. hirta Don. : E. B. t. 2291.

Frequent in rocky mountainous situations in England, Scotland,
and Ireland. %. 5 — 7. — Sepals and petals being merely modified
leaves, their shape may be expected to vary in accordance with the
the foliage; so that the above characters, however constant in particular
localities, cannot be depended on for the distinction of the above
varieties into species, although they may suffice to indicate the different
aspects of this abundant and variable plant. We hesitate whether to
refer S. incurvifolia of Don here or to the next ; one cultivated speci-
men having the lobes of the leaves mucronate, and another quite
obtuse, yet not otherwise distinguishable.

14. S. ccespitusa L.? (tufted alpine S-) ; sterile shoots usually
very short or wanting, root-leaves crowded fringed 3 — 5-cleft
with obtuse lobes lowermost sometimes undivided, calyx-seg-
ments obtuse, fruit hemispherical. — a. smaller, without sterile
shoots. E. B. t. 794. — )3. larger. S. decipiens Elirh. S.
palmata Sm. : E. B. t. 455. S. incurvifolia E. B. S. t. 2909.

Mountains, rare. Rocks of Twll du, and Cwm-Idwell, N. Wales.
Brandon, co. Kerry. Ben-na-bourd, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis.
If.. 5 — 7. — We fear that the British species is only a variety of the
last with obtuse lobes to the leaves. In the Lapland, Norway, and

164

xxxvii. saxifragacejE. [ Chrysosplenium.

Arctic American plants (see Gunner Norv. ii. t. 7. f. 1, 3, 4, which is
also S.Grcenlandica L.), the calyx when in fruit is of a different form ;
and the leaves, which are almost glabrous on the surface, are never
ciliate with short glandular hairs.

15. S. *mnscoides Wulf. ( mossy alpine S .) ; sterile shoots very
short erect, radical leaves crowded linear obtuse entire and
trifid, stem nearly naked few-flowered, petals oblong obtuse
(buff- coloured) a little longer than the superior calyx. E. B.
t. 2314.

Mountains above Ambleside, Westmoreland? IJuds. Highlands
of Scotland? If. 5. — -A very dubious native, the only authority
being cultivated plants said to have been originally brought from
Scotland : the plant from Westmoreland is supposed to have been

S. hypnoides.

16. S. *geranoides L. ( Geranium S.) ; sterile shoots short,
leaves glandular-pubescent thickish scarcely rigid, lower ones
and those of the shoots upon very long foot-stalks deeply 3-cleft,
the segments usually 3-lobed and incise sometimes 2-lobed or
entire, lobes acute, panicle cymose, segments of the superior
calyx linear or linear-lanceolate longer than the geruien. S.
pedatifida Ehrh. : E. B. t. 2278.

Said to bave been found in the “ Scottish mountains ” by Mr. J.

T. Mackay ; and on “rocks near the head of Clova, Angusshire,”
by Mr. G. Don. “ Isle of Achill, Ireland.” Mr. Wyne. 11. 6, 7.
— There seems to be a mistake as to the supposed discovery of this
plant in Scotland, a mistake the more probable from its being sup-
posed distinct from X geranoides.

2. Chrysosplenium Linn. Golden-Saxifrage.

Cal. superior, 4 — 5-cleft, somewhat coloured. Cor. 0. Stam.
8 — 10. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule 1 -celled with 2 beaks, many-
seeded. — Named from xprcror, goM, and (jrXrjv, the spleen , or
a medicine for the spleen ; a disease, for which this plant was
supposed to be a cure.

1. C. altemifulium L. (alternate-leaved G.) ; leaves alternate,
lower ones subreniform upon very long foot-stalks. E. B. t. 54.

Boggy places among rocks and springs, rather rare in England,

more frequent in Scotland. Near Belfast, Ireland. 11 . 4 — 6

Stem 4 — 5 inches high, branched near the summit. Leaves petiolate,
crenate. Flowers in small umbels, deep yellow, mostly with 8 stamens.

2. C. oppositifulium L. (common G.) ; leaves opposite cor-
date-rot undate. E.B. t. 490.

Sides of rivulets in shady places, common. Abundant near the
source of rivulets in very alpine situations, in the Highlands. If.
4 — 7. — Generally more branched at the base than the last, and of a
paler colour in all its parts. Stamens usually 8.

XXXVIII. UMBELI.IFER.iE.

165

Ord. XXXVIII. UMBELLIFER2E 1 Juss.

(See Tabs. I.— III.)

Calyx adherent with the ovary, 5-toothed ; teeth minute,
often obsolete. Corolla of 5 petals , sometimes very unequal,
the outer ones the largest. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals,
inserted on the under side of a thick fleshy disk, at the base of
the styles. Styles 2. Achenes or carpels 2, combined, attached
near the apex to a central axis, usually separating when ripe.
Seed solitary, pendulous. Embryo minute, in the base of a
horny albumen. — Herbs. Leaves alternate generally compound
and embracing the stem with their sheathing bases. Flowers in
umbels. — This order contains many poisonous plants, especially
such species as grow in watery places ; numerous esculent and
aromatic ones, usually inhabiting dry situations. Several yield
gum-resins ; as assafcelida, galbanum, and ammoniac , but the
plants themselves are not well ascertained.

I. Umbels simple or imperfectly compound. s

* Vittai 0. Albumen solid.

1. FIydrocotyle. Fruit flat, of two nearly orbicular carpels, naked.

Calyx-teeth obsolete.

2. Sanicula. Fruit roundish, without ribs, densely clothed with

hooked prickles. Calyx-teeth leafy.

2s. Astrantia. Fruit roundish, with plicate dentate ribs. Calyx-teeth

leafy.

3. Eryngium. Fruit roundish, without ribs, densely clothed with chaffy

scales. Calyx-teeth leafy.

** Fruit with vittce. Albumen furrowed or involute at the suture.

39. Torilis.

1 In this extensive, important, and perfectly natural group, the genera which
compose it are with difficulty distinguished the one from the other. The parts on
which the marks of distinction depend are minute; and in vain will the student
hope to make himself master of the subject without devoting his earnest attention
to it, and carefully examining the structure of the flowers, and more especially of
the fruit. This latter consists of two single-seeded indehiscent pericarps or carpels,
as they may be conveniently called, eventually separating, each with its style, and
for a time suspended by a central, filiform, and generally bipartite aiis, or carpo-
phore (Tab. I. f. 11. a, and Tab. III. f. 33. a). They are variously shaped, and
marked with longitudinal ribs or ridges. The number of these ribs upon each
carpel is five (Tab. I. f. 6. a. b, &c.), more or less apparent, sometimes obliterated .
Within the coat of the carpels, generally in the interstices between the ribs, are
often longitudinal ducts, or canals, called vittce ( Tab. I. f. 13. b), replete witli an
oily or resinous substance, and usually coloured ; so that they are sometimes visible
without dissection (Tab. II. f. 27. a, b). The albumen is either furrowed (Tab. III.
f. 34. c, 3fi. b. Ac.), or involute on its inner face or suture (Tab. 111. f. 3 ‘1. b, 33.
b, 38. Ac.), or neither, when it is said to be solid (Tab. I. f. 4. h, 3. c, &c.).

2 The fruits of all the genera are represented in Tabs. I.— III., the numbers of
the genera indicating the figures in these plates.

166

xxxvni. tjmbelufeim:.

II. Umbels compound or perfect.

1. (A — F.) Fruit not prickly.

* Albumen solid.

A. Fruit laterally compressed.
i Leaves compound.

I Calyx-teeth foliaceous.

4. ClCUTA. Fruit roundish-cordate.

II Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals entire, with a straight or injlexed
point.

5. AriuM. Involucel 0. Fruit didymous: carpels with single vittae

between the ribs.

0. Petroselixum. Involucel many- leaved. Fruit ovate: carpels with
single vittae between the ribs ; carpophore bipartite.

7. IIelosciadium. Involucel many-leaved. Fruit ovate or oblong :

carpels with single vittae between the ribs ; carpophore entire.

8. Tp.in’ia. Carpels with single vittae beneath each rib. Flowers

dioecious.

lit Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals obcordate or emarginate, with an
injlexed point.

|| Fruit with single short clavate vittae between the ribs.

9. Slsox. Fruit ovate.

IHI Vittae 0.

10. jEgopodium. Fruit oblong.

Illlll Vittae elongated, linear.

11. Carum. Fruit oblong: vittae single between the ribs.

12. Bunium. Fruit oblong : vittae 2 — 3 between the obtuse ribs : suture

without vittae.

13. Pimfinella. Fruit ovate : vittae 3 or more between the slender ribs :

suture with vittae. Styles with a swollen base.

14. Sium. Fruit ovate or globose: vittae 3 or more between the obtuse

ribs : suture with vittae. Styles with a depressed base.

tt Leaves simple ( reduced to the petiole ).

15. Bupleurum. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals roundish entire, with an

involute broad point. Fruit ovate-oblong.

B. Fruit ovate or elliptical, rounded or slightly dorsally compressed ; car-
pels separating, with vittae.

I Vittae single between the ribs.

16. (Enaxthe. Styles long, erect. Carpels with blunt ribs and single

vittae between them.

17. JJthusa. Styles short. Fruit shortly ovate. Involucre few-leaved.

Petals obcordate.

XXXVIII. UMBELLIFERA!.

167

18. Fceniculum. Styles short. Fruit oblong. Involucre 0. Petals

entire.

19. Seseli. Styles long, reflexed. Fruit ovate. Involucre many-leaved.

Petals obcordate.

ff Vittce 2 or more between the ribs. ( Involucre many-leaved.')

t Seeds without vittce. .

20. Ligusticum. Petals obcordate, with an indexed point, shortly

clawed.

21. Silaus. Petals obovate or emarginate, with an inflexed point, sessile

or with an appendage at the base.

22. Meum. Petals entire, elliptical, with an incurved point.

Seeds with many vittae, loose from the carpel.

23. Crithmum. Petals roundish, entire, involute.

C. Fruit much and dorsally compressed.

24. Angelica. Fruit with 2 wings on each side: ribs equidistant;

lateral ones expanding into the wings.

25. Peucedanum. Fruit with one even wing on each side : ribs equi-

distant ; lateral ones obsolete close to the wings : vittae filiform.
Petals with an inflexed point.

2G. Pastinaca. Fruit with one even wing on each side: lateral ribs
distant, upon the wings : vittae filiform. Petals involute.

27. Heracleum. Fruit with one even wing on each side: lateral ribs

distant, upon the wings : vittae clavate, short. Petals with an in-
flexed point.

28. Tordylium. Fruit with one wing on each side, which is thick and

crenate at the margin.

D. Fruit globose ; carpels scarcely separating.

29. CoRiANDRuar. Vittae none.

** Albumen furrowed or involute at the suture.

"E. Fruit short, turgid, slightly compressed laterally.

30. Conium. Vittse 0 between the waved crenate ribs. Albumen to-

rowed.

31. Physosfermum. Vittae single between the filiform ribs. Albumen

furrowed.

32. Smyrnium. Vittae several between the ribs. Albumen involute.

F. Fruit oblong.

f Fruit with a conspicuous beak. Vittce none.

33. Scandix. Beak very long: carpels with 5 obtuse ribs.

34. Anthrisccs. Beak rather short : carpels without ribs.

If Fruit with a very short beak, or without one.

35. Ch.eeoph yi.lum. Carpels obtusely 5-ribbed, with single vittae

between the ribs.

36. Myrrhis. Carpels sharply 5-ribbecl, without vittte.

168 xxxviii. uiibellifervE. \Hydroc6tyle.

2. (G.) Fruit prickly, or with a prickly involucre.

t Carpels with 3 dorsal primary bristly ribs, and prickles between them.

37. Daucits. Albumen solid. Fruit dorsally compressed, with promi-

nent ribs.

38. Caucalts. Albumen involute at the suture. Fruit slightly com-

pressed laterally, with prominent (secondary) ribs.

39. Torilis. Albumen furrowed. Fruit slightly compressed laterally,

without evident ribs.

ft Carpels each with 5 dorsal depressed smooth ribs. Involucre prickly.

40. Echenophora. Albumen involute.

I. Umbels simple or imperfectly compound. Fruit without vittce.
Albumen solid. (Gen. 1 — 3.)

* Fruit laterally compressed.

1. Hydrocotyle Linn. White-rot. (Tab. I. f. ],)

Fruit of 2 flat, orbicular carpels, each with 5, more or less dis-
tinct, filiform ribs. Cal. -teeth obsolete. Pet. ovate. (Leaves
simple .) — Named from vlwp, water , and kovuAjj, a cup or vase;
the common species growing in wet places, and having orbicular
leaves depressed in the middle and stalked in the centre.

1. H. vulgaris L. ( common TV., or Marsh- Pennywort) ; leaves
peltate orbicular somewhat lobed and crenate, heads of about
5 flowers. E. B. t. 751.

Bogs, marshes, and banks of lakes, frequent, 'if.. 5 — 8. — Stems
creeping, producing from their joints petiolate leaves and simple
flower-stalks, which are much shorter than the petioles. Flowers often
with a reddish tinge. Fruit emarginate at the base.

** Tranverse section of fruit nearly rounck
2. Sani'cula Linn. Sanicle. (Tab. I. f. 2.)

Fruit ovate, densely clothed with hooked prickles. Cal.-teeth
leafy. Pet. erect, obovate, with long inflected points. ( Some
flowers abortive.) — Name derived from sano, to heal; because
this plant was once supposed “ to make whole and sound all
inward hurts and outward wounds.”

1. S. Europce'a L. (Wood S .) ; lower leaves palmate with the
lobes trifid inciso-serrate, fertile flowers all sessile. E. B. t. 98.

Woods and thickets, frequent. 1+ . 6, 7. — Leaves mostly radical,
finely serrate, almost ciliate. Heads of flowers small, white; there
are often sterile flowers which are shortly stalked.

[Astrantia major L., observed in one or two places, has no claim to
be considered a native.].

Cicuta.

XXXVIII. TJMBELLIFEILE.

169

3. Eryngium Linn. Eryngo. (Tab. I. f. 3.)

Fruit ovate, clothed with chaffy scales or bristles. Cal.-teeth
leafy. Pet. erect, oblong, with long inflected points. (Invo-
lucre of many leaves. -Flowers in a compact head upon a scaly
receptacle.) — Name: tpvyyiov of Dioscorides.

].E. maritimum L. (Sea E. or Sea-Holly ); radical leaves
roundish plaited spinous stalked, upper ones lobed palmate
amplexicaul rigid, involucral leaves 3-lobed longer than the
heads, scales of the receptacle 3-cleft. E. B. t. 718.

Sandy shores of England, frequent. Scotland, chiefly on the west
coast. I/.. 7, 8. — Whole plant stiff and rigid, glaucous. Leaves
and involucres beautifully veiny. Flowers blue, in dense heads, not
having at first sight the appearance of those of this Order. The roots
are well tasted, when candied, and have been considered stimulating
and restorative.

2. E. campestre L. ( Field E .) ; radical leaves subternate,
lobes pinnatifid, cauline ones bipinnatifid amplexicaul all with
spinous teeth, involucral leaves lanceolate spinous longer than
the heads, scales of the receptacle undivided. E. B. t. 57.

Very rare. Devil’s Point, Stonehouse, near Plymouth (now nearly
extinct); near Daventry (extinct); at the eastern extremity of Jar-
row ballast-hills, and at Salt-meadows, near Friar’s Goose, on the
Durham side of the Tyne. Sandy fields near Lismore, Waterford,
Ireland. fl. 7, 8. — Originally introduced with ballast, but now
naturalised.

II. Umbels usually compound or perfect. (Gen. 4 — 40.)

A. Fruit neither prickly nor beaked , laterally compressed.

Albumen solid. (Gen. 4 — 15.)

4. Cicuta Linn. Water-Hemlock. (Tab. I. f. 4.)

Fruit of 2 almost globose lobes or carpels , with 5 broad flat-
tened ribs, and evident single vittce between them. Cal.-teeth
leafy. Pet. obcordate. (Partial involucre of many leaves.) —
Name: cicuta was a term given by the Latins to those spaces
between the joints of a reed of which their pipes were made ;
and the stem of this plant is equally formed of hollow inter-
nodes.

1. C. virusa L. ( Coivbane , or IP.) ; fibres of the root slender.
E. B. t. 479.

In ditches, and about the margins of rivers and lakes in England
and the Lowlands of Scotland; but not very frequent. %. 6 — 8. —
Stem 3 — 4 feet high, hollow, branched. Leaves biternate, the radical

ones pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, serrate. Umbels pedunculate A

deadly poison to man : cattle have been said, perhaps erroneously, to

I

170 xxxvm. miBELLiFERvV. \_A'pium.

eat the leaves with impunity, for Linnaeus (Lach. Lap. II. p. 136.)
held a quite different opinion.

5. A'pium Linn. Celery. (Tab. I. f. 5.)

Flowers perfect. Fruit roundish-ovate, didymous ; carpels
with 5 slender ribs, with single vittce between them and two
on the suture : carpophore entire. Cal. -teeth obsolete. Pet.
roundish entire, with a small involute or indexed point (Invo-
lucres 0.) — Name from ap, ab, or av, meaning water in various
ancient languages ; the plant growing in such places.

1. A . grav Nolens L. (Wild C.) ; point of petals involute.
E. B. t. 1210.

Marshy places, especially near the sea; not unfrequent in England.
Musselburgh, Scotland. $. 6 — 8. — Stem furrowed, 2 feet high.
Leaves glabrous, pinnate or ternate ; leaflets of the upper leaves wedge-
shaped, lobed and cut at the extremity ; the lower leaves are upon
long stalks with their leaflets rounder and truncate at the base.
Umbels often sessile ; peduncled ones of few flowers. — Origin of our
garden celery.

6. Petroselinum Hoffm. Parsley. (Tab. I. f. 6.)

Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 slender ribs, and vittce in the
interstices; carpophore bipartite. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet.
roundish, with a narrow incurved point. (Involucre of few ,
partial of many, leaves .) — .Name: ntrpoi-, a stone; being a

native of rocky or stony places.

1. Y.* sativum Hoffm. (common P.) ; leaves tripinnate shining,
lower leaflets ovate-cuneate trifid and toothed, upper ones
ternate lanceolate nearly entire, partial involucres filiform.
E. B. S. t. 2793. Apium Petroselinum L.

Frequent on old walls, especially in the south-west of England.
Blarney Castle, near Cork. $ . 6 — 8.

2. P. segetum Koch (Corn P.) ; radical leaves pinnate,
leaflets nearly sessile ovate lobed cut and serrate, upper leaves
with 1 — 3 linear leaflets, rays of the umbels few and unequal.
Sison L. : E. B. t. 228.

Moist fields, chiefly on calcareous soils, in several parts of the
middle and south of England. Sea-shore, between Bognor and
Little Hampton, Sussex ; and between Esher and West Moulsev,
Surrey. Isle of Wight. $. 8, 9. — Stem 1 foot to 1 J high, wiry,

spreading, branched. Universal involucre of about two leaves. Fruit
strongly ribbed.

7. Trinia Hoffm. Ilonewort. (Tab. I. f. 7.)

Dioecious. Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 prominent ribs, and
single vittce beneath them. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pel. of the

*StS0?2.]

XXXVIII. UMBELLIFERiE.

171

barren fl. lanceolate with a narrow involute point; of the fertile
ovate, with a short inflected point. — Named in honour of Dr.
C. B. Trinius, a Russian botanist, author of “ Species Grami-
num ,” &c.

1. T. vulgaris DC. ( common H.) ; glabrous, leaves tripinnate,
leaflets linear filiform, involucre none or of one leaf, ribs of
the fruit obtuse. T. glaberrima a. Hoffm. Fimpinella dioica
L. : E. B. t. 1209.

Limestone, rave. Near Bristol, on St. Vincent’s Rocks ; at Up-
hill and Worle Hill, Somerset; Berry Head, Devon. Near Athboy,
county of Meath, Ireland. It- -5, 6. — Whole herb glaucous-green,
pale, remarkable for the narrow segments of its leaves, and its dioecious
flowers. Root fusiform.

8, IIelosciadium Koch. Marsh-wort. (Tab. I. f. 8.)

Fruit broadly ovate or oblong. Carpels with 5 slender,
prominent ribs, with single vittae between them ; carpophore
entire. Cal. -teeth small or obsolete. Pet. ovate, obtuse with
an apiculus. — Name: tAor, a marsh, and cnaadiov, an umbel.

1. H. nodiflorum Koch ( procumbent M.) ; stem procumbent
creeping, leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate
unequally serrate, umbels opposite to the leaves. — a. larger
leaflets bluntly serrate, umbeis longer than the peduncles or
nearly sessile. Sium L. : E. B. t. 639. — /3. smaller leaflets
acutely serrate, umbels shorter than the peduncles. Sium
repens L. : E. B. t. 1431.

Boggy meadows and sides of lakes and rivulets. 7J. . 7, 8. —
Stems from 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leaflets 5 — 9. The two varieties
often pass into each other.

2. H. inunddtum Koch ( least M.) ; stems creeping, lower
leaves capillaceo-multipartite, upper ones pinnatifid, umbels
generally of 2 rays. Sison L.: E. B. t. 227. Sium Sin.

Lakes and pools that are dried up in summer. If. 6, 7. — Stems
4 — 6 inches long. Leaves mostly eapillaceo-multifid, with the seg-
ments small and lanceolate, those of the upper leaves wedge-shaped
and trifid. Partial umbels minute, scarcely longer than their involucres.
Univ. involucre 0. Fruit large in proportion to the size of the plant.

9. Sison Linn. Bastard Stone-Parsley. (Tab. I. f. 9.)

Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 ribs, and single clavate vittce
between them. Cal. -teeth obsolete. Pet. broadly obcordate,
deeply notched and curved, with an inflected point. (Invo-
lucres of few leaves : partial subdimidiate.) — Name : sizun, sig-
nifying in Celtic a running brook ; some of the plants formerly
placed in this genus delighting in such situations.

172

xxxvni. umbellifeRjE.

[JEgopodium.

1. S. Am6mum L. ( Hedge B.): E. B. t. 954.

Chalky, rather moist ground, under hedges, in England. Near
Coldstream, Scotland. $ . 8, 9. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Lower
leaves pinnate, with lobed inciso-serrate ovate leaflets; upper ones
cut into narrow segments. Petals broad. Fruit roundish-ovate,
pungent and aromatic.

10. TEgopodium Linn. Gout-Weed. (Tab. I. f. 10.)

Fruit oblong, crowned with the conical bases of the deflexed
styles. Carpels with 5 slender ridges, without vittce. Cal.-teeth
obsolete. Pet. obcordate, with an indexed point. (Involucre
0.) — Named from «i?, aiyog, a goat, and ttovq, a foot; the leaves
being cleft something like the foot of that animal.

1. iE. Podagruria L. ( common G., or Bishop-weed ) : E. B.
t. 940.

Gardens and wet places, fl. 6 — 8. — A foot and a half high.
Radical leaves twiee ternate, upper ones ternate ; leaflets ovate, acu-
minate, unequally serrate. The creeping rhizome is pungent and aro-
matic. Although now among our most common and noxious weeds,
it appears to have been originally introduced by the monks.

11. Carum Linn. Caraway. (Tab. I. f. 11.)

Fruit oblong, crowned with the depressed bases of the de-
flexed styles. Carpels with 5 ribs, and single vittce between
them. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. obcordate with an inllected
point. — Name derived, according to Pliny, from that of the
country, Caria ; but more probably from the Celtic or Gaelic
carhli, a ship, from the shape of the carpels.

1. C. *Cdrui L. ( common C.) ; root fusiform, stem branched,
partial involucre none, universal none or 1 -leaved. E. B.
t. 1503.

Meadows and pastures in several places both in England and
Scotland. $. 6. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves doubly pinnate,

cut into linear segments, of which the lowermost are decussate.
Umbels dense. Carpels .agreeably aromatic, and well known as cara-
way seeds. Carpophore bipartite. ,

2. C. Bulbocdstanum Koch ( tuberous C.) ; root, tuberous,
general and partial involucres of many linear-lanceolate leaves,
leaves tripinnate, their segments linear acute. Bunium L. :
E. B. S. t. 2862.

Fields. Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire; and over the whole of
the chalk district from Bvgrave, near Baldock. in Hertfordshire, to
the neighbourhood of Dunstable (20 miles), so plentiful near Bal-
dock, that the farmers turn their pigs upon the fallows to feed upon
the root. 6, 7.

173

Funpinella.J xxxvm. ujibellifer,e.

3. C. verticilldtum Koch ( whorled C.) ; root fascicled, leaflets
all capillary in short whorled segments. Sison L. : E. B. t. 395.

In England, very rare; near Carlisle. In the flat parts of Wales,
Killarney, and near liantry Bay, Ireland. Extremely abundant in
moist hilly pasturages in the west of Scotland, especially near the
Clyde. if.. 7, 8. — Leaves mostly radical; a long common petiole
bears a number of opposite multifid capillary leaflets, whose spreading
makes them appear whorled. Stem a foot high, slender. Umbels
few, terminal. General and partial involucres very small, deflexed.

12. Bunium Koch. Earth-nut. (Tab. I. f. 12.)

Fruit oblong, crowned with the bases of the diverging or
nearly straight styles. Carpels with 5 slender, obtuse ribs, and
2 — 3 elongated linear vittce between them, and none upon the
suture. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. obcordate, with an inflected
point. — Named from fiowog, a hill; where the plant delights to
grow.

1. B. Jlexuosum With. ( common E.) ; stem-leaves few nearly
sessile with linear segments, general involucre 0 or 1 — 2-leaved,
styles erect with a conical base. E. B. t. 988.

Woods and pastures, frequent. If. 5, 6. — Root a solitary
tuber, much sought for by children and pigs. Stem solitary, erect,
flexuose. Radical leaves triternate. Fruit oblong, moderately ribbed,
a little narrower upwards, crowned with the straight styles, which
have conical, elongated, tumid bases.

13. Pimpinella Linn. Burnet-Saxifrage. (Tab. I. f. 13.)

Fruit ovate, crowned with the swollen base of the reflexed
styles. Carpels with 5 slender ribs, the interstices furrowed
with 2 — 3 long linear vittce: suture with vittce. Cal.-teeth
obsolete. Pet. obcordate, with an inflected point. (Invo-
lucres 0 ) — Name altered, as Linnaeus informs us, from bipen-
nula, or twice-pinnate ; in allusion to the division of the leaves.

1. P. Saxifraga L. ( common B.); radical leaves pinnate,
their leaflets roundish sharply serrate or cut, those of the stem
bipinnate with linear segments, stems terete, fruit glabrous.
E. B. t. 407.

Dry pastures, frequent. If.. 7 — 9. — Stem-leaves few; lower and
radical ones upon long stalks. Leaflets of the latter often deeply and
pinnatifidly cut, and sometimes even bipinnatifid. Peduncles glabrous
or densely pubescent ( P . nigra W.).

2. P. rndgiia L. ( greater B.) ; leaves all pinnate, leaflets
ovate-serrate somewhat cut the terminal one (rarely the late-
ral ones) 3-lobed, stem angled and striate, fruit glabrous.
E. B. t. 408.

174 XXXVIII. TUIBELLIFER-iE. \_Sium.

Shady places, on a chalky or limestone soil, in several parts of
England. Banks of the Teith, Perthshire. Near Cork, Muckross, and
Killarney. If.. 7, 8. — Larger in all its parts than the foregoing,
and the leaflets of the upper leaves much broader and less divided.

14. Sidm Linn. Water-Parsnep. (Tab. I. f. 14.)

Fruit ovate or globose, subdidymous, crowned with the de-
pressed base of the reflexed styles. Carpels with 5, rather
obtuse ribs, and 2 or more vittce between them : suture with
vittce. Cal.-teeth small or obsolete. Pet. obcordate, with an
inflected point.. (Partial involucre of many leaves.) — Name:
according to Theis, from the word site, water; from which come
the English word sea and the Greek auui, to shake.

1. S. latifolium L. ( broad-leaved W.) ; stem erect, leaves pin-
nate, leaflets oblong-lanceolate equally serrate, umbels ter-
minal. E. B. t. 204.

River-sides, ditches, and watery places. Rather rare in Scotland.
If. . 7, 8. — Stems 3 — 4 ft. high, furrowed. Leaflets distant, 5 — 9.

Involucre of many- leaves. Fruit small. Base of styles depressed.
Carpels with the lateral ribs marginal; interstices with 3 superficial
vittce. Albumen flat on the inner face.

2. S. angustifolium L. ( 'narrow-leaved JV.) ; stem erect, leaf-
lets unequally lobed and serrate, umbels pedunculate opposite
to the leaves. E. B. t. 139.

Ditches, and rivulets, frequent. Not common in Scotland. If.. 7,
8. — Smaller than the last. Stem striate. Leaflets of the upper
leaves most unequal and laciniate : radical leaves ovate, their lower-
most leaflets distant. Involucre many-leaved. Base of styles some-
what conical. Ribs of the carpels not prominent: lateral ones not
marginal. Vittce 3 or more together, immersed. Albumen terete.

15. Bupleurum Linn. Hare’s-Ear. (Tab. I. f. lo.)

Fruit ovate-oblong, crowned with the depressed base of the
styles. Carpels with 5, more or less prominent ribs, with or
without vittce. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. roundish entire, with
an involute retuse broad point. (Leaves undivided.) — Named
from fiovQ, an ox, and rrXtvpov, a rib ; in allusion to the ribbed
leaves of some species.

1. B. aristdtum Bartl. ( narrow-leaved H.) ; stem branched,
universal and partial involucre each about 4 — 5 -leaved, leaflets
lanceolate cuspidate with branching nerves longer than the
umbels, leaves linear 3-nerved, stem panided, pedicels short
equal. B. Odontites E. B. t. 2468. (not L.)

Rocks in the neighbourhood of Torquay. Channel Islands. ©.
7. — A small plant, 3 — 6 inches or more high, with rigid, striate.

XXXVIII. UMBELLIFERiE.

175

(Endnthe.~\

pale yellow-green, pungent leaves. Flowers in terminal, much invo-
lucrated umbels.

2. B. rotundifolium L. ( common H., or Thorow-wax) ; stem
branched above, universal involucre wanting, partial involucres
mucronate, leaves perfoliate roundish oval. E. B. t. 99.

Corn-fields in England, on chalky soil. Abundant about Swaff-
ham, and in Cambridgeshire. Streatley, Berkshire. 0. 6, 7. —
Carpels with the interstices striate.

3. B. tenuissimum L. ( slender H .) ; stem very much branched,
leaves linear acute, umbels very minute few-flowered, partial
ones usually shorter than the setaceous involucres. E. B.
t. 478.

Salt-marshes on the south and east coasts of England. Banks of
the Dee, below Chester. Q. 8, 9. — Stems very wiry, slender.
Leaves remote, very sharp, mostly 3-nerved. Umbels inconspicuous,
often sessile and axillary. Carpels granulated between the 5 ribs,
by which it differs from all our other species.

4. B. *fulcatum L. ( falcate-leaved H .); stem erect branched,
radical leaves oblong or obovate on long stalks, upper sessile
linear-lanceolate, partial involucre of 5 lanceolate leaves as long
as the flowers, universal 5-leaved. E. B. S. t. 2763.

Norton Heath near Ongar, Essex, growing by the road-side for
nearly a mile. I/.. 8.

B. Fruit neither pricldy nor beaked , ovate or elliptical, rounded on
a transverse section. ( Carpels separating, interstices ivith
vittoe.) Albumen solid. (Gen. 16 — 23.)

16. CEnanthe Linn. Water-Dropwort. (Tab. II. f. 16.)

Fruit ovate-cylindrical, crowned with the long nearly straight
styles. Carpels more or less corky, with 5 blunt, convex ribs,
and single vitlce in the interstices. Cal.-teeth lanceolate. Pet.
obcordate, with an inflected point, radiant. (Partial involucre
of many rays.) Flowers of the circumference on long stalks and
sterile : those of the centre sessile, or nearly so, and fertile. —
Named from <>i voc, wine, and avVog, a flower-, alluding to the
vinous smell of the blossoms.

1. (E. fistula sa L. ( common IF.); sarmentose, stem-leaves
pinnate, their main stalk as well as the stem cylindrical
fistulose, umbels of very few rays, fruit turbinate. E. B.
t. 363.

Ditches and rivulets, common in England, rare in Scotland. 2f..
7—9. — Plant 2 — 3 feet high, remarkably tubular, throwing out
runners. Root sometimes of fascicled knobs, sometimes of verticillate

176

XXXVIII. UMBELLIFERiE.

[ (Enanthe.

fibres. Stem-leaves distant ; the leaflets, which are few, linear, and
small, are confined to the upper extremity of the leaves. Univ. invol.
wanting. Fruit sessile, large, turbinate, angled, corky, tipped with
the long slightly diverging styles, and forming dense globose heads
3-5 lines in diameter.

2. (E. pimpinelloides L. {callous- fruited TV.) ; leaflets and seg-
ments very acute or mucronate, those of the radical leaves much
broader and shorter, fruit cylindrical with an enlarged callous
base. Jacq. Austr. t. 394.

Pastures in England, particularly in the counties of Gloucester,
Worcester, Dorset, and Devon ; abundant in the Isle of Wight.
Rare in salt-marshes ; Isle of Wight ; and Bishopstone, near Sea-
ford, in Sussex. If.. 6 — 8. — Boot of long slender fibres swelling
into a round or oval knob about or beyond the middle. Gen. invol.
sometimes wanting, usually with several persistent leaves. Umbels
compact. Fruit as broad as the calyx.

3. (E. Lachendlii Gmel. {Parsley TV.) ; leaflets of the lower
leaves linear obovate or cuneate-trifid obtuse mucronate, of the
upper ones acute, fruit turbinate or oblong narrowest and with-
out a callosity at the base. (E. pimpinelloides Sm. : E. B.
t. 347.

Salt-marshes in England, not uncommon ; more rare in fresh
water. In Scotland chiefly on the west coast and always near the

sea. ’if.. 7 — 9 Boot of sessile, long, clavate, fusiform knobs, or

subcylindrical thick fibres. Gen. invol. sometimes wanting, usually
several-leaved and persistent. Umbels lax, so that the partial ones are
not close to each other. Fruit broader than the calyx. The radical
leaves disappear very early, so that practically this must he distin-
guished from the preceding by the fruit and root. Perhaps it is a
mere variety of (E. peucedani folia Poll.

4. (E. silaifulia Bieb. {Sulphur-wort TV.) ; leaflets and seg-
ments of the lower stem-leaves linear-lanceolate acute scarcely
broader than those of the upper stem-leaves, fruit subcylindri-
cal callous at the base. CE. peucedanifolia Sihth. (not Poll.) :
E. B. t. 348.

In fresh-water marshes and meadows rare. Counties of Oxford,
Bedford, Gloucester, Worcester, Leicester, Surrey, and Sussex.
Very rare, in salt-marshes, as at Portmarnock, Co. Dublin, Ire-
land. If. 6 Boot of sessile, rather short, clavate, or oblong, fusi-

form knobs. Branches very fi Mu lose. Gen. invol. usually wanting,
or of a few caducous leaves. Umbels lax.

5. (E. crocdta L. {Hemlock TV.) ; leaves tri-quadripinnate,
leaflets stalked cuneate-ovate or roundish cut and serrate, those
of the upper leaves narrower, fruit cylindrical oblong without a
callous base. E. B. t. 2313.

Fatniculum .] xxxvtii. umbellifer.e.

177

Watery places, by ditches and rivers, frequent. If. 7. — Root
consisting of large fusiform sessile knobs. Plant 3 — 5 ft. high. This
differs from all the preceding in the great breadth of its leaflets, and
the large, much ramified stems, the juice of which becomes often
yellow when exposed to the air. Gen. invol. usually of a few leaves.

6. (E. Phelldndrium Lam. (fine-leaved IE.) ; “stem erect
thickened at the base with many whorled fibres, leaves tripin-
nate their segments simple or pinnatifid, those of the submersed
ones capillary, umbels lateral opposite to the leaves, fruit ovate
twice as long as the nearly erect styles.” Colem. in E. B. S.
t. 2944 (ad calcem). Phelland. aquaticum L. : E. B. t. 684.

Ditches and ponds. Not uncommon in England. Very rare in
Scotland. g. 7 — 9.

7. CE. fluvidtilis Colem. (River IE.) ; “ stem ascending floating
attenuated and creeping at the base, leaves bipinnate, segments
simple or pinnatifid, those of the submersed ones wedge-shaped
pellucid cut with many parallel nerves, umbels lateral opposite
to the leaves, fruit broadly elliptical thrice as long as the
spreading styles.” Colem. in E. B. S. t. 2944.

Streams in the middle and south-east of England, where it is more
common than the last. <?• 7 — 9. — This has certainly a different

appearance from the last, but we are not satisfied that it is not the
same species growing in deeper and running water : we can perceive
no difference in the form of the fruit. It was first noticed by Dillenius,
and seems to have been considered till lately a form of the last by
both British and foreign botanists. See the Phytol. iv. p. 673.

17. xEthusa Linn. Fool’s-Parsley. (Tab. II. f. 17.)

Fruit ovate-globose. Carpels with 5 acute ribs ; interstices
deeply acutangular with single vittee. Cal.-teetli minute. Pet.
obcordate, with an inflected point. (Partial involucre of 1 — 3
unilateral pendulous or spreading leaves.) — Named from aiOw, to
burn ; on account of its acrid quality.

1. JE. Cynapium L. (common F.) ; leaflets wedge-shaped de-
current with lanceolate bluntish segments, rays of the umbel
nearly equal, involucre none, partial one longer than the umbel.
E. B. t. 1192.

Fields and gardens. ©. 7, 8. — Stem a foot high, striate,
branched, very leafy. Leaves glabrous, doubly, or the lower ones
trebly, pinnate ; segments ovate-lanceolate, variously cut. Umbels
terminal, on long stalks ; partial ones small, distant. Partial invol. of
3 long, pendulous leaves, all on one side.

18. Fceniculum Hoffm. Fennel. (Tab. II. f. 18.)

Fruit oblong. Carpels with 5 prominent, obtuse ribs, with
single v it tee in the interstices. Styles short. Cal.-teetli obsolete.

I 5

178

XXXVIII. LAIBELLIFERAS.

[ Seseli.

Pet. roundish, entire, the involute segment obtuse. (Involucres
0.) — Named from fvenum. hat/; its smell having been compared
to that of bay.

1. F. vulgdre Gmrtn. ( common F.) ; leaves biternate, leaflets
pinnatifid, segments awl-shaped or filiform. Anethum Fceni-
culum L. : E. B. t. 1208.

Rocks in England near the sea, especially on chalky cliffs. Near
towns and villages in Norfolk and Suffolk, at short distances from
the coast, but scarcely indigenous. If. 7, 8. — Stem 3 — 4 ft. high.
Leaves much divided ; their segments very slender in the cultivated
form, hut usually shorter and more rigid in wild specimens, particu-
larly those of the upper leaves. Flowers dark yellow ; the base of the
styles very glutinous. The true fennel of the gardens, F. dulce, is
scarcely distinct, and may be the Norfolk and Suffolk plant.

19. Seseli Linn. Meadow-Saxifrage. (Tab. II. f. 19.)

Fruit oval or oblong, crowned with the long reflexed styles.
Carpels with 5 prominent obtuse corky ribs, with single vittce
in the interstices. Cal. -teeth acute. Pet. obcordate, with an
indexed point. (Partial invol. of many leaves.) — Named from
ucc-fXt, originally applied to some plant of this kind.

1. S. Lihandtis Koch (Mountain M.) ; stem furrowed, leaves
bipinnatifid, leaflets inciso-pinnatifid, of the lower ones decus-
sate, the segments lanceolate very acute, umbels hemispherical,
universal involucre of many leaves, segments of the calvx
elongated subulate deciduous, fruit villous. Athamanta L. :
E. B. t. 138. Lihanotis montana Crantz.

Chalky pastures, very rare. Gogmagog hills, Cambridgeshire ;
between St. Alban’s and Stony- Stratford ; between Seaford and
Cuckmere, Sussex, If. 7, 8. — Root fusiform, crowned with the
fibrous bases of the old leaves. Stem 1 ^ — -2 ft. high.

20. Ligusticum Linn. Lovage. (Tab. II. f. 20.)

Fruit elliptical. Carpels with 5 sharp, somewhat winged ribs,
with many vittce in the interstices. Cal.-teeth sometimes obso-
lete. Pet. obcordate, with an inflected point. (Partial invo-
lucre of many leaves.) — Named from Liguria , where the old
Ligusticum Levisticum abounds. From the latter word comes
its name lovage.

1. L. Scdticum L. ( Scottish L.) ; leaves twice ternate, leaflets
subrhomboid dentato-serrate not glossy, general involucre of
about 6 narrow leaves, calyx 5-toothed, seeds free. E. B.
t. 1207. Haloscias Fries.

Rocky sea-coasts, in the north of England and Scotland, frequent.
It. 7. — Root fusiform, acrid but aromatic. Stem nearly simple.
Leaves mostly radical ; leaflets large, deeply serrate, rather fleshy.

Crithmum.']

XXXVIII. UMBELL1FEILE.

179

21. Silaus Besser. Pepper-Saxifrage. (Tab. II. f. 21.)

Fruit oval. Carpels with 5 sharp, somewhat winged ribs,
with many vittce in the interstices. Cal. obsolete. Pet. ob-
ovate, subemarginate with an inflected point, appendaged ; or
sessile and truncate at the base. (Partial involucre of many
leaves.) — Scarcely different from Ligusticum, except, in its yel-
lowish, nearly entire not acutely emarginate petals, truncate
and sessile at the base. — Name of dubious origin ; it was ap-
plied by Pliny to some herb.

1. S . pratensis Besser ( Meadow P.) ; leaves tripinnate, leaflets
linear-lanceolate opposite, general involucre of 1 or 2 leaves.
Peucedanum Silaus L. : E.B. t. 2142.

Pastures and meadows, not unfrequent in England. Near Oxenford
Castle and Kelso, Scotland. 2JL . 6 — 9. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high.

Partial umbels small, distant. Flowers pale yellow. Whole plant
fetid when bruised, apparently rejected hy cattle.

22. Meum Tourn. Spignel. (Tab. II. f. 22.)

Fruit elliptical. Carpels with 5 prominent, carinate, equal
ribs, with many vittce in the interstices. Cal.-teeth obsolete.
Pet. entire, elliptical, the point incurved. (Partial involucre of
many leaves.) — Name : supposed to be the fiyov of Dioscorides.

1. hi. Athamanticum Jacq. (.S'., Men, or Bald-Money) ; all the
leaflets multipartite, segments bristle-shaped. E. B. t. 2249.
Athamanta Meum L.

Dry alpine pastures, in the north of England and Scotland,
especially in the Highlands, frequent. 6,7. — I loot fusiform,

eaten by the Highlanders as an aromatic and carminative : at its
summit are the fibrous remains of former years’ leaves. Leaves long,
dark-green, doubly pinnate. Flowers yellowish. — Remarkable for
its setaceo-multifid leaf and powerfully aromatic smell.

23. Crithmum Linn. Samphire. (Tab. II. f. 23.)

Fruit elliptical. Carpels spongy, with 5 elevated, sharp,
somewhat winged ribs, and, as well as the loose seed, abundantly
marked with vittce. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet elliptical, entire,
involute. (Involucres of many leaves.) — Name Iroin xpid?;,
barley ; from the resemblance between the fruit of this plant
and a grain of barley.

1. C. maritimum L. {Sea S.) : E. B. t. 819.

Rocks by the sea-side. Rare in Scotland ; on the coast of th
Solway Frith, and Culzean Castle, Ayrshire. I/.. 5 — 8. — Whole

plant very succulent, pale green. Leaves bi-triternate ; leaflets lanceo-
late fleshy. Leaves of the involucre lanceolate.

180 xxxvm. ujibellifeRjE. [ Angelica .

C. Fruit neither prickly nor beaked , much and dorsally com-
pressed: Albumen solid. (Gen. 24 — 28.)

24- Angelica Linn. Angelica. (Tab. II. f. 24.)

Fruit flat, with 2 wings on each side. Carpels with 3 elevated
dorsal ribs, the lateral ones spreading into broad wings. Cal.-
teeth small or obsolete. Pet. elliptical-lanceolate, entire and
inflected at the point. — Named Angelic from its cordial and
medicinal properties.

1. A. * Archangelica L. ( Garden A.) ; terminal leaflet lobed,
calyx 5-toothed, fruit without vittae, seed free marked with
numerous vittae. F. B. t. 2561. Archangelica officinalis
Hoffm.

Watery places, rare. Birmingham; Dorking, Surrey; also in
Durham: but nowhere truly wild. £. 7 — 9. — Stem 4 — 5 feet

high, and from 1 — 2 inches in the thickest diameter, glabrous, fistu-
lose. Leaves bipinnate ; flowers greenish-white.

2. A. sylvestris L. (wild A.) ; leaflets equal ovate serrate at
the base somewhat lobed, calyx-teeth obsolete, fruit with the
interstices of (he ridges having single vittae, seed adhering with-
out vittse. E. B. t. 1128.

Moist woods and marshy places, especially near rivers, frequent.

7, 8. — Plant 2 — 3 feet high. Stem purplish, pubescent above,
as well as the umbels. — Inferior in its qualities to the former species.

25. Peucedanum Linn. IIog’s-Fennel. (Tab. II. f. 25.)

Fruit flat with a broad thin border.1 Carpels with 5 slightly
prominent nearly equidistant ribs, the 2 lateral ones obsolete,
vittce single in the interstices. Pet. obovate or obcordate with
an inflected point. (Partial involucre of many leaves.) —
Named from irEinciy, a pine-tree , and Canoe, a gift ; on account of
a resinous substance, which exudes from some of the species.

1. P. officinale L. (Sea H., or Sea Sulphur-weecl) ; leaves five
times tripartite, leaflets linear- filiform flaccid, involucres few-
linear deciduous, calyx 5-toothed, fruit with a narrow margin.
E. B. t. 1767.

In salt-marshes, very rare. Kent and the coast of Essex. X.
7 — 9. — Remarkable for its large umbels of yellow flowers , and its,
long and extremely narrow leaflets. The whole plant, especially the
root, has a strong sulphurous smell, and the latter yields a resinous
substance, reckoned a stimulant, but of dangerous internal use.

1 In this genus and the three next, the wing of the fruit, being composed of the
margin of two carpels, may separate in maturity into a double wing ; but in Ange-
lica the wing is always double.

Heracleum.'] xxxvm. umbellifer.e.

181

2. P. palustre Mccneh ( Marsh H., or Milk- Parsley) ; milky,
leaves ternately decompound, leaflets opposite pinnatifid, seg-
ments linear-lanceolate with a hard point, rays of the umbel
rough, involucres of many persistent lanceolate leaves, calyx
5-toothed, fruit with a narrow margin. Selinum L. : E. B.
t. 229.

Marshy and boggy places, but apparently very local. Yorkshire
and Lancashire ; about Norwich and the Isle of Ely ; Burwell Fen,
Cambridgeshire. Ardincaple on the Clyde. If.. 7 — 8. — Stem fur-
rowed, 4 — 5 feet high, with very compound leaves, abounding in a
milky juice, which dries to a brown resin. Flowers white.

3. P. *Ostruthium Koch (broacl-leaved H., or Blaster- Wort) ;
leaves biternate, leaflets broadly ovate lobed inciso-serrate
unequal at the base, sheaths very large, universal involucre
none, calyx-teeth obsolete, fruit with a very broad margin.
Iniperatoria L. : E. B. t. 1380.

Moist pastures in the north of England, and in various parts of
Scotland ; the plant was formerly much cultivated as a potherb. If..
6. — Flowers white. Partial involucres several, subulate.

26. Pastinaca Linn. Parsnep. (Tab. II. f. 26.)

Fruit flat, with a broad border. Carpels with 3 dorsal and
2 distant marginal ribs on the border, with single filiform vittce,
the length of the fruit, in the interstices. Cal.-teeth nearly
obsolete. Pet. roundish, entire, involute, with a sharp point.
(Involucres 0 or of few leaves.) — Differs from Heracleum in
the entire involute petals, and filiform, not clubbed, vittae.
— Name derived from pastus, food.

1. P. saliva L. ( common wild P.) ; stem furrowed, leaves
pinnate downy beneath, leaflets ovate cut and serrate, ultimate
one 3-lobed, involucres none, fruit oval. E. B. t. 556.

Borders of fields and pastures in a chalky or gravelly soil. About
Cambridge; Crosby near Liverpool ; abundant in Hants and Essex.
$. 7, 8. — Root fusiform; the origin of our garden parsnep.

Leaves generally shining. Petals very convex, involute, yellow.

27. Heracleum Linn. Cow-Parsnep. (Tab. II. f. 27.)

Fruit flat, with a broad border. Carpels with 3 dorsal ribs
and 2 distant marginal ones, and rather short club-shaped vittae
in the interstices. .Pet. obcordate, point inflected ; outer ones
radiant. (Involucre deciduous ; partial of many leaves.) —
Named from Hercules, who is said to have brought.this or some
allied plant into use.

1. II. Sphondfjlium L. {common C., or Hog-weed) ; leaves pin-
nate rough hairy, leaflets pinnatifid cut sinuate, ultimate one

182

sxxviii. u 3i belli ferje. [ Tordylium .

somewhat palmate, petals unequal, fruit glabrous nearly or-
bicular.— a. lobes of leaflets broad. E. B. t. 939. — /3. leaves
more deeply cut, lobes narrower. 11. angustifolium Sm.
FI. Br.

Hedges, pastures, and bushy places, frequent. g. 7. — A tall
rank weed, 4 — 5 ft. high. Leaves coarsely serrate, sheaths inflated.
Flowers white or reddish. Carpels with 2 vittce on the suture.

28. Tordylium Linn. Hart-wort. (Tab. II. f. 28.)

Fruit flat, with a broad thick crenate or waved border.
Carpels with indistinct ribs, 3 dorsal and 2 distant marginal
ones, with 1 or 3 vittce in the interstices. Pet. radiant. — Name:
the roplvXtov of the Greeks.

1. T. * officinale L. (small H .) ; 2 outer petals of the flowers
of the ray each with one very large lobe, partial involucres
setaceous as long as the umbels, fruit with the thickened border
beautifully crenate and glabrous. E. B. t. 2440.

Near London (?) : Ray and Petiver. ©. 6, 7. — Hairy, 1 foot

high. Leaflets few, ovate, lobed, and notched, upper ones confluent.
Flowers beautiful, with the outer large lobes of the petals white.
Fruit rough on the surface, and having a very thick, pale, deeply
notched or almost beaded border. Vittce several between the ribs,
and on the suture.

2. T. maximum L. ( great IF) ; 2 outer petals of the flowers
of the ray each with 2 equal lobes, involucres linear shorter
than the umbel, fruit with the thickened border scarcely
notched and as well as the disk rough with adpressed bristles.
E. B. t. 1173.

Rare ; in waste ground about London, Oxford, and Eton. Be-
tween Twickenham and Isleworth. ©. 6, 7. — Much taller than

the last, and with a greater number of more lanceolate leaflets. In-
volucre very short. Petals all comparatively small, rose-coloured.
Vittce solitary between the ribs, 2 on the suture.

D. Fruit globose, not prickly. (Carpels scarcely separating.)

Albumen solid. (Gen. 29.)

29. Coriandrum Linn. Coriander. (Tab. II. f. 29.)

Fruit globose. Carpels closely cohering, the ribs obsolete,
broad ; interstices prominent, slender, without vittce. Petals
obcordate with an inflected point ; outer ones radiant. (In-
volucre 0 ; partial on one side.) — Name : from icopie, a bug; in
allusion to the intolerably fetid smell of the bruised foliage.

1. C. *sativum L. ( common C.) : E. B. t. 67.

Fields and waste places, about Ipswich and in Essex, &c. ©. 6.
— This is the only true species of the genus, and is well known as a

Physospermum.'] xxxviii. umbellifer^e.

183

medicinal plant. Stem erect, leafy. Lower leaves bipinnate ; tlie
pinna; pinnatifid, with broad, wedge-shaped, toothed segments : tlie
upper leaves gradually more compound, their segments very narrow
and linear, those of the uppermost leaves nearly setaceous. Fruit
very curious; each carpel is hemispherical, on its inner and fiat side
having a projecting margin, which so combines with the opposite one
as to leave no line or furrow between the two, and they form a com-
plete little ball or globe, having, however, when quite ripe, 10 ob-
scure elevated lines or ribs.

E. Fruit short and turgid , neither prickly nor beaked , somewhat

laterally compressed. Albumen furrowed or involute at the

suture. (Gen. 30 — 32. )

30. Conium Linn. Hemlock. (Tab. II. f. 30.)

Fruit broadly ovate. Carpels with 5 prominent waved or
crenate ribs, without vittce. Albumen furrowed. Cal.-teetk
obsolete. Petals obcordate. (Involucre of few leaves ; partial
of 3 leaves on one side.) — Name : /aovewp, of Theophrastus, from
Ktai'oc, a cone or a top ; whose whirling motion resembles the
giddiness produced on the human constitution by the poisonous
juice of this plant.

1. C. maculdtum L. ( common IT.) ; stem glabrous spotted,
leaves tripinnate, leaflets lanceolate pinnatifid with acute and
often cut segments. E. B. t. 1191.

Waste places, banks, and under walls, not unfrequent. $ . 6, 7.

— Root fusiform. Stem 2 — -4 feet high, hollow, striate, and spotted
with purple, much branched upwards. Leaves large, much divided,
when bruised extremely fetid, yielding a powerful medicine. It is
best distinguished from its allies by its spotted stem, fetid smell, and
by the unilateral partial involucres (which are ovate-lanceolate acumi-
nate and shorter than the umbels), together with the waved ridges
of the fruit.

31. Physospermum Cuss. Bladder-seed. (Tab. III. f. 31.)

Fruit of 2 ovate-globose lobes or carpels , each with 5 in-
distinct filiform ribs, and single vittce between them. Albumen
furrowed. Cal.-teeth evident. Pet ■ obcordate. (Involucre and
partial involucre of 1 — 5 leaves.) — Named from ipvcrn, a bladder ,
and aictnpa, a seed; from the loose covering to the seed.

1. P. Cornubiense Hook. ( Cornish B. ). P. aquilegifolium
Koch. Ligusticum Cornubiense L. : E. B. t. 683.

Bushy fields, about Bodmin in Cornwall. Wood on the Devon-
shire side of the Tamar (now extinct). If.. 7, 8. — Stem a foot and
a half to 2 feet high, erect, striate, glabrous, panicled above. Leaves
mostly radical, on long stalks, triternate; leaflets wedge-shaped, cut

184

xxxviii. L’mbellifeiee. \_Smyrnium.

and laeiniate or deeply tripartite, the segments 'acute, glabrous or
minutely downy on the veins and margins. Cauline leaves few, small,
less divided, the segments longer and slenderer. The coat of the
carpels is crustaceous and so loose that the seed is free within.

32. Smyrnium Linn. Alexanders. (Tab. III. f. 32.)

Fruit of 2 nearly globose lobes or carpels, each with 3 dorsal
prominent sharp ribs, the two lateral ones obsolete ; interstices
with several vittce. Albumen involute. Pet. lanceolate or
elliptical, with an inflected point. — Named from opvpva, syn-
onymous with poppa, myrrh; from the scent of the juice of some
species.

1. S. Olusatrum L. ( common A .) ; cauline leaves ternate
petiolate serrate. E. B. t. 230.

Waste ground and among ruins, especially near the sea ; not un-
frequent. S ■ 4 — 6. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high, very stout, furrowed.

Leaves bright yellow-green, twice (or the lower ones thrice) ternate,
with a very broad membranous base ; leaflets very large, broadly
ovate, lobed, and serrate. Flowers yellow-green, in very dense,
numerous, rounded umbels. Involucres none. Fruit almost black
when ripe.

F. Fruit oblong, not prickly , furrowed or involute at the suture,
usually more or less beaked. (Gen. 33 — 36.)

33. Scandix Linn. Shepherd’s Needle. (Tab. III. f. 33.)

Fruit laterally compressed, with a long beak. Carpels with
5 obtuse ribs and no vittce. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. obovate,
with an inflected point. (Universal involucre wanting , or of
one leaf ; partial one of 5 — 7 leaves .) — Name : onavcA, the
Greek appellation for some kind of chervil.

1. S. Pecten L. ( common S., or Venus' Comb); beak 3 — 4
times longer than the roughish fruit dorsally compressed ciliated
with bristles, leaflets cut into many linear or lanceolate short
segments. E. B. t. 1397.

Corn-fields, abundant. ©. 6—9. — Stem 4 — 12 inches high,

roughish. Leaves triply pinnate. Umbels of very few rays, 2 — 3:
universal ones often sessile in the axil of the sheath of the upper
leaves. Partial invol. entire or cut, rarely pinnatifid or bipinnatifid
and resembling the segments of the leaves.

34. Anthriscus Hoffm. Beaked-Parsley. (Tab. III. f. 34.)

Fruit constricted at the suture, with a short beak. Carpels
without ribs or vittce. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. obcordate.
(Partial involucre of many leaves.)— Name : given by Pliny to
a plant, allied probably to this genus, but we are ignorant of its
derivation.

Ghcerophyllum .] xxxvm. umbelliferte.

185

* Fruit smooth.

1. A. sylvestris Hoffm. ( wild B.) ; umbels terminal stalked,
stem hairy at the base glabrous upwards, a little swelling below
each joint. Chmrophyllum L.: E. B. t. 752.

Hedges and borders of fields, frequent. If.. 4 — 6. — Stem 3 ft.
or more high, branched. Leaves triply pinnate ; leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, deeply cut. Umbels at first slightly drooping. Partial
involucres of several ovate-lanceolate ciliate leaves. Fruit linear-
oblong, with a much less evident beak than in A. Cerefolium. This
beak alone is marked with a few ribs.

2. A. * Cerefolium HofFm. ( Garden B., or Chervil ); umbels
lateral sessile, stems hairy above the joints only, leaves tripar-
tite decompound, leaflets ovate pinnatifid the segments obtuse.
Scandix L. : E. B. t. 1288.

Hedges and about gardens. Clifton, Notts : Dr. Howitt. ©„

5 — 7 Stem slender, — 2 ft. high. Leaves pale yellow-green,

delicate. Umbels sessile, lateral, of few rays, pubescent. Partial
hivolucres of few, about 3, leaves, unilateral, linear. Umbellules small.
Fruit large, perfectly glabrous, linear : beak about half as long as the
fruit.

** Fruit muricated.

3. A. vulgaris Pers. ( common B.) ; umbels stalked opposite
the leaves, stem glabrous, leaves ternately decompound, the
segments obtuse, fruit ovately conical hispid about twice as
long as the glabrous beak. Scandix Anthriscus L. : E. B.
t. 818.

Waste places, by road-sides, especially near towns and villages.
©. 5, 6. — Stem 2 ft. or more high, swelling under each joint.

Leaves slightly hairy. Partial umbels small, with small involucres.
Fruit rather large, with a distinct furrow on each side which extends
to the beak, covered with hooked bristles.

35. CHiEROPHYLLUM Linn. Chervil. (Tab. III. f. 35.)

Fruit laterally compressed or constricted, with a very short
beak. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, with a deep furrow on the
inner face of the carpels. Interstices with single vittce. Cal.-
teeth obsolete. Pet. obcordate, with an inflected point. (Partial
involucre of many leaves.) — Named from xa,Pwi to rejoice , and
<pv\\ov, a leaf; hence conies our word chervil , applied to the
cultivated Anthriscus Cerefolium , whose leaves have an agree-
able smell.

1. C. temulentum L. ( rough C.) ; fruit glabrous with obtuse
ribs, stem rough (spotted) swelling below each joint, leaflets
ovate-oblong cut, partial involucres reflexed. E. B. t. 1521.

Hedges and copses, common. <J. 6, 7. — Stem 3 ft. or more

high, rough witli hairs. Leaves doubly pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid

186

XXXVIII. L'MBELLIFERiE.

\Myrrhis.

or inciso-lobate, the segments obtuse, mucronate. Umbels at first
drooping. Fruit linear-oblong, striate.

2. C. *aureum L. (tawny -fruited C.) ; pubescent, fruit with
obtuse ribs coloured, stem slightly swelling below the joints,
leaflets very acuminate inciso-pinnatifid. E. B. t. 2103.

Fields between Arbroath and Montrose ; and near Corstorphine,
Edinburgh. 2/.. 6- — Stem 3 ft. or more high, branched, aromatic

Leaves tripinnate ; leaflets peculiarly attenuated, at least on the upper
leaves (for the radical ones are more obtuse), a character which dis-
tinguishes this from every other British species.

3. C. *aromuticum L. (broad-leaved C .) ; fruit with obtuse
ribs, leaves subternate bipinnate, leaflets ovate-oblong sub-
acuminate serrate undivided. E. B. t. 2636.

By the side of a river called Lunan and Vennie near Guthrie, For-
farshire. 2/.. 6. — Stem 2 — 3 ft. high, slightly pubescent below,

glabrous above. Leaves biternate ; leaflets large, undivided or rarely
with a small lobe near the base, pubescent beneath. In this, as well
as in C. aureuin, there is sometimes a small general involucre. No
one has ever found this plant or the preceding, except the late Mr.
G. Don, although the stations have been repeatedly searched.

36. Mvrkhis Tourn. Cicely. (Tab. III. f. 36.)

Fruit laterally compressed, with scarcely any beak ; suture
with a deep furrow. Carpels of 2 membranes, deeply furrowed
with 5 very prominent acute ribs, and a hollow under them.
Vitta none. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flected point. (Partial involucre of many leaves. Many of the
partial umbels abortive.') — Name : perhaps derived from pupoa,
myrrh ; the foliage of one species at least possessing an agree-
able scent.

1. M. *odordta Scop, (sweet C.) ; leaves somewhat villous
beneath partial involucres lanceolate-subulate. Scandix L. :
E. B. t. 697.

Pastures in mountainous countries, especially in the north of Eng-
land and Lowlands of Scotland, generally near houses. If.. 5, 6. —
Whole plant highly aromatic, 2 ft. and more high. Leaves large
triply pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid, ovate-lanceolate, inciso-serrate.
Many of the partial umbels of this species, especially the inner ones,
and sometimes even entire umbels, prove abortive. The fruits are re-
markable for their large size and powerful fragrance.

G. Fruit clothed with prickles or with a prickly involucre.

(Gen. 37 — 40 )

37. Daucus Linn. Carrot. (Tab. III. f. 37.)

Fruit dorsally compressed, elliptic-oblong. Carpels with 3

XXXVIII. UMBELLIFEIUE.

187

Caticalis.']

dorsal ribs and two on the inner face, bristly, the four interstices
very prominent, and crowned with a single row of long flat
prickles. Albumen solid. Pet. radiant, those of the ray deeply
bifid. (Involucres often pinnatifid.) — Name: the Savicog of
Dioscorides.

1. D. Carota L. (wild C.) ; prickles of the fruit slender dis-
tinct at the base, leaves tripinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments
linear-lanceolate acute, umbels when in seed concave. E. B.

t. 1174.

Pastures and borders of fields, very frequent. $. 6 — 8. — The

origin of our garden carrot.

2. D. muritimus With. ( Seaside C.) ; prickles of the fruit
usually flattened contiguous and united at the base, leaves tri-
pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid lanceolate fleshy, segments rounded,
umbels convex or flat when in seed. — a. petals entire white
or tinged with red. E. B. t. 2560. D. gummifer Bub. — f3. pe-
tals fringed greenish-yellow.

Sea-coast of Kent, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall ; Anglesea.
Galloway, and Islands of Skye and Lisinore ; Scotland. Ireland. —
0. Dorset: Prof. E. Forbes, f. 7, 8. — Usually smaller than the
preceding, with broader and more fleshy radical leaves, and in general
with the prickles of the fruit shorter. But the two are scarcely
permanently distinct.

38. Caucalis Linn. Bur-Parsley. (Tab. III. f. 38.)

Fruit slightly laterally compressed. Carpels with the ribs
(3 slender dorsal ones, and 2 on the inner face) bristly or
prickly, with prominent secondary ribs between them bearing
prickles ; vittce solitary below each secondary rib. Albumen
involute. Pet. radiant ; those of the ray deeply bifid. (In-
volucres none , or 1 — 3-leaved.) — Name : icavicaXis of the Greeks,
according to Linnaeus from ««, to lie along , and tcavXoc, a stem;
from their trailing along the ground.

* Prickles of the secondary ribs in a single row, longer than the bristles
of the fruit.

1. C . daucoides L. ( small B.); leaves bi-tripinnatifid, seg-
ments short, umbels of few rays, general involucre none, partial
umbels of few flowers, their involucres of about 3 small leaves,
prickles of the secondary ribs hooked. E. B. t. 197.

Corn-fields, on a chalky soil, principally in the east and south-east
of England. 0. 6. — Peduncles lateral and terminal. General and

partial umbels of about 3 rays.

188 XXXVIII. UMBELLIFER.-E. [ ToHlis.

** Prickles of the secondary ribs in 2 — 3 rows similar to those of the
others. Turgenia.

2. C. *latifolia L. ( great B.) ; hispid, leaves pinnate, leaflets
decurrent pinnatifid and serrate, leaves of the involucres ovate
membranous, prickles on the fruit all retrorsely scabrous..
E. B. t. 198. Turgenia Koch.

Fields in a chalky soil, rare. Formerly abundant in Cambridge-
shire, but now extinct there. ©. 7. — A very striking plant, and

entirely different from the preceding. Leaves broad for this tribe
of Umbelliferee, and comparatively little divided. General and partial
umbels with about 3 — 5 rays, and about as many leaves to the invo-
lucre. Flowers rose-coloured, large; fruit large, and abundantly
aculeate.

39. Tori r.is Adans. Hedge-Parsley. (Tab. III. f. 39.)

Fruit slightly laterally compressed. Carpels with 3 dorsal
inconspicuous bristly ribs, and 2 on the inner face of the car-
pels ; the interstices scarcely prominent, clothed with prickles,
each with a single vitta. Albumen furrowed. Pet. obcordate,
outer ones radiant. (Partial involucre of many leaves.) — Name
of doubtful origin, perhaps, as Smith suggests, from roptw, to
carve, or emboss ; in allusion to the appearance of the fruit.

1 . T. Anthriscus Gasrtn. ( upright H.) ; stem erect branched,
leaves bipinnate, leaflets lanceolate inciso-serrate attenuate,
umbels stalked terminal, involucres of many small subulate
leaves. Caucalis Huds. : E. B. t. 987.

Hedges and waste places. Q. 7 — 9. — Stems 2 — 3 ft. high.
Fruit densely clothed with incurved, but not hooked, scabrous bristles.

2. T. infesta Spr. ( spreading H.) ; leaves bipinnate, leaflets
ovate inciso-pinnatifid serrate, umbels stalked terminal, general
involucre wanting or of one, partial of few subulate leaves.
Caucalis Curt.: E. B.t. 1314.

Fields and way-sides common. 0. 7 — 9. — Fruit with straight
adpressed bristles on the primary ridges, and retrorsely scabrous
spreading hooked ones on the interstices.

3. T. nodosa Giertn. ( knotted H.) ; stem prostrate, umbels
lateral simple subsessile, fruit sometimes warted. Caucalis
Huds. : E. B. t. 199.

Waste places by road-sides, frequent ; especially in dry, gravelly,
or chalky soils. ©. 5 — 7. — Leaves bipinnate; leaflets ovate, pin-

natifid, segments linear, acute, short. Umbels capitate, opposite the
base of a leaf. Flowers reddish. Outer fruits of the umbel most
bristly ; inner ones partially tubercled. In this species the umbel is
as simple as in the first section of the Order.

Adoxa. \

XXXIX. ARALIACEA2.

189

40. Eciiinophora Linn. Prickly Samphire. (Tab. III. f. 40.)

Fruit ovate, lodged in a prickly receptacle, with a prickly
involucre. Carpels with 5 depressed, waved and striate, equal
smooth ribs, and simple vittee in the interstices which are covered
with a cobweb-like membrane. Albumen involute. Pet. ob-
cordate, with an inflected point. (Involucres many-leaved.)
— Name derived from i\ivoc, a hedgehog , and <pepw, to bear ;
in reference to the prickly nature of the plant.

1. E. *spinvsa L. ( Sea-side P, or Sea-Parsnep) ; leaves bi-
pinnatifid, the segments trifid subulate spinous, involucres
entire spinous. E. B. t. 2413.

Sandy sea-shores, Lancashire and Kent. If. 7. — A very prickly
and singular plant, now, we fear, quite lost as a native of Britain.
The flowers of the circumference have stamens only, and at length
unite by the base, and surround the solitary central fertile one like
an involucre.

Ord. XXXIX. ARALIACEiE Juss.

Calyx-tube adnate in whole or in part with the ovary , entire
or cleft. Petals 4 — 10, rarely cohering, or none; aestivation
valvular. Stamens equal in number to the petals or twice as
many, from the margin of an epigynous disk. Ovary 2- or more
celled : ovules solitary pendulous. Styles as many as cells.
Stigmas simple. Fruit fleshy or dry, of several 1 -seeded cells.
Seed with a fleshy albumen , and a minute embryo. — Trees,
shrubs, or herbs ; nearly allied to Umbelliferae. Panax affords
the Ginseng.

1. Adoxa. Corolla monopetalous, rotate. Stem slender, herbaceous.

2. Hedera. Corolla of 5 petals. Stem woody.

1. Adoxa Linn. Moschatel.

Cal. half-inferior, 3-cleft. Cor. superior, rotate, 4 — 5-cleft.
Stain. 8 — 10, inserted by pairs, each bearing a 1 -celled anther.
Berry 4 — 5-seeded. (The side-flowers have the corolla 5-cleft,
the terminal one 4-cleft.) — Name: from a, without , and So%a,
glory; from the humble and insignificant aspect of this little
flower.

1. A. Moscliatellina L. ( tuberous M.) : E. B. t. 453.

Woods, hedge-banks, and shady places ; not unfrequent at a great
elevation and even near the tops of Highland mountains. 2/.- 4, 5.

— Rhizome composed of tooth-like scales, creeping. Stem about a
span high. Leaves 2 — 3, radical, on very long footstalks triterrrate,
lobed and cut, 2 cauline ones small and simply ternate. Peduncles

190

XL. CORNACEA3.

\_Hedera.

terminal, with a head of 4 verticillate flowers and a fifth terminal one.
Stamens united in pairs; or they may he considered as 4 — 5 forked
stamens, each division terminated by the single cell of an anther, and all
springing from a fleshy ring that surrounds the upper part of the
germen.

2. Hedera Linn. Ivy.

Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. 5, distinct, broadest at the base. Stam.
5 — 10. Style simple, or 5 — 10 more or less combined. Berry
with 3 — 10 seeds crowned bv the calyx. — Name supposed to be
from tSpa, a seat; from its clinging to or sitting upon old walls,
&c.

1. H. Helix L. ( common I.) ; leaves coriaceous ovate or
cordate and 3 — 5-lobed, lobes angular, umbel simple pubescent
erect. E. B. t. 1267.

Hedges, woods, old buildings, or rocks and trunks of trees, fre-
quent. h . 10, 11. — Stems very long throwing out numerous

fibres, by which they adhere to hard substances. Leaves very shining
dark green, often veined with whitish lines. Flowers small, pale-green.
Cal.-teeth extremely minute. Pet. reflexed. Berries smooth and
black.

Ori>. XL. CORNACEiE Be Cand.

Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary ; limb 4 — 5-toothed and
minute, or 4—5 -lobed and valvate in aestivation. Pet. 4, broad
at the base ; (estivation valvular. Stamens 4, inserted with the
petals, alternate with them. Style filiform. Stigma simple.
Ovary usually 2-celled : ovules solitary, pendulous. Drupe
with a 1 — 2-celled nucleus. Seeds with a fleshy albumen , and
an embryo nearly its length. — Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs.
Leaves ( except in one species') opposite , and as well as the
fruit, beset with adpressed hairs attached by the middle. Bark
tonic.

1. Cornus Linn. Cornel. Dogwood.

Cal. of 4 teeth. Petals 4, superior. Stam. 4. Nut of the
drupe with 2 cells and 2 seeds. — Named from cornu ( keren in
Hebrew), a horn; owing to the hard nature of the wood, of
which javelins were made.

1. C. sanguinea L. (wild C. or D.) ; arborescent, branches
straight, leaves opposite ovate green on both sides, cymes flat
destitute of involucre. E. B. t. 249.

Woods and thickets, particularly on a chalk or limestone soil ;
scarcely wild in Scotland. h . 6. 7, — Stem 5 — 6 ft. high. Bark

in the older brunches dark red, as are the leaves before they fall ;
these are strongly nerved, entire, slightly hairy beneath. Cymes of
numerous white flowers at the ends of the branches.

XLII. CAPRIFOLIACEiE.

191

Viscum.~\

2. C. Suecica L. ( dwarf C.) ; herbaceous, leaves all opposite
ovate glabrous sessile, flowers few umbellate surrounded by a
4-leaved petaloid involucre. E. B. t. 310.

Alpine pastures in Northumberland and Scotland, especially in
turf hogs on the Highland mountains. If., 7. 8. — Rhizome creeping.
Stems about six inches high. Umbel terminal, from the axil of 2 young
branches which do not exceed the general flower-stalk in height, till
the fruit is ripe.

Ord. XLI. LORANTHACE^ Juss.

Stamens and pistils often separated. Calyx-tube adnate with
the ovary, bracteate at the base ; its limb entire or lobed.
Corolla of 4 — 8 petals , or monopetalous, with a valvular {Estiva-
tion. Stamens as many as divisions of the corolla and opposite
to them. Ovary 1 -celled. Ovule solitary, pendulous. Style 1
or none. Stigma simple. Fruit inferior, succulent. Albumen
fleshy. — Parasitical, mostly tropical Shrubs. Leaves entire,
generally opposite, thick and fleshy, without stipules. — The seed
sometimes contains 2 or even 3 embryos.

1. Vxscum Linn. Mistletoe.

Barren fl. Cal. obsolete. Pet. 4, ovate, fleshy, united at
the base and bearing each a single anther adnate with the
upper surface. — Fertile fl. Cal. an obscure margin, superior.
Pet. 4, erect, ovate, very minute. Stigma sessile. — Name :
Greek ; f^-oin gw id, Celtic, the shrub, par excellence, a sacred
plant with our ancestors.

1. V. album L. ( common M.) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate
obtuse obscurely 3 — 7-nerved, branches dichotomous or verti-
cillate, heads of flowers in the axils of an upper pair of leaves.

E. B. t. 1470.

Parasitic, mostly on apple trees, very seldom on the oak : frequent
in the southern parts of England. On Acer campestre in Gloucester-
shire and on Lime-trees and Locust-trees ( Robinia Pseudo- Acacia)
in Bedfordshire. Meikleour and Belmont, Perthshire (introduced).
T?. 3—5. — Whole plant of a yellow hue, thick and succulent.

B. Corolla. Monopetalous.1 (Ord. XLII. — XLIX.)

Ord. XLII. CAPRIFOLIACEzE Juss.

Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary, usually bracteate at the
base. Corolla regular or irregular ; the segments imbricated
jn (estivation. Stamens 4 — 5, alternate with the lobes of the

1 The monopetalous orders with a free ovary will be found among the Corolli-
lor.e; and Cucurbitace/E among the polypetalous division.

192 XLn. CAPKIFOLIACEiE. [ SambuCUS.

corolla. Stigmas 3 — 5 and nearly sessile, or subcapitate at the
extremity of a filiform style. Ovary 3 — 5-celled, several cells
sometimes obliterated. Fruit generally a berry, 1- or many-
celled, 1 - or many-seeded, crowned with the persistent lobes of
the calyx. Albumen fleshy. — Shrubs or Herbs. Leaves opposite,
entire and then without stipules, or rarely divided. Bark astrin-
gent ; the flowers of Sambucus are purgative.

* Stigmas 3, sessile.

1. Sambucus. Cor. rotate. Berry 3 — 4 -seeded. Leaves pinnate.

2. Viburnum. Cor. campanulate or funnel-shaped. Berry 1-seeded.

Leaves entire or lobed (never pinnate).

** Style 1, filiform, with a subcapitate stigma.

3. Lonicera. Cor. limb irregular. Stam. 5.

4. Linn.ea. Cor. limb nearly regular. Stam. 4, didynamous.

1. Sambucus Linn. Elder.

Cal.-limb 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed. Stam. 5. Stigmas
3, sessile. Berry 3- or 4-seeded. (Leaves pinnate.) — Named
from aay€vk-ii, a musical instrument, in the construction of which
this wood is said to have been employed.

1 . S. E'bulus L. ( du-arf E. or Dane-wort) ; cymes with 3
principal branches, leaflets lanceolate, stipules foliaceous, stem
furrowed herbaceous. E. B. t. 475.

Way-sides, and in waste places, not uncommon. If. 7.8. — Stem

2 — 3 ft. high, angular and furrowed. Leaves pinnate; leaflets serrate.
Cymes large, terminal, purplish. Anthers large, purple. Berries
spherical, black. — The plant has a fetid smell, and is violently
purgative.

2. S. nigra L. ( common E.) ; cymes with 5 principal branches,
leaflets ovate or roundish, stipules obsolete, stem arboreous.
— a. leaflets serrate. E. B. t. 476. — /3. leaflets laciniate.

Woods, coppices, &c., frequent. — 0. Leicestershire, and near Ayr.
h. 6. — A small tree, having the stems and branches full of pith.
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets serrate or laciniate. Cymes terminal, large,
cream-coloured, smelling unpleasantly.

2. Viburnum Linn. Guelder-rose.

Cal.-limb 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate or funnel-shaped, 5-
lobed. Stam. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Ovary when very young

3- celled, during flowering 1 -celled and 1 -ovuled. Berry in-
ferior, 1-seeded. (Leaves simple .) — Name of doubtful origin.

1. V- Lantdna L. ( mealy G., or Wayfaring -tree ); leaves
elliptic with a cordate base serrate veined downy beneath,
pubescence stellate. E. B. t. 331.

XXII. CAPRIFOLIACE.E.

193

Linnee'a."]

Woods and hedges, especially in a chalky or limestone soil. Dunglass
glen, Scotland. Ij . 5, 6. — A large shrub, much branched, the

young shoots very downy. Flowers in large dense cymes, white.
Cal.-teeth very minute. Berry purplish-black.

2. V. O'pvlus L. ( common G.) ; leaves glabrous 3 — 5-lobed,
lobes acuminate and serrate, petioles with glands. E. B. t. 332.

Woods and coppices, not unfrequent in England and Scotland,
b . 6,7. — A small tree, very glabrous. Leaves large, subcordate
broad. Cymes large, with white flowers ; the perfect ones small and
resembling the last; abortive ones in the circumference, consisting
of a very large, plane, 5-lobed corolla, without either stamens or pistil.
Flowers erect. Berries reddish-purple, drooping.

3. Loni'cera Linn. Honey-suckle.

Cal.-limb small, 5-toothed. Cor. tubular or somewhat funnel-
shaped, the limb irregular, 5-eleft. Stam. 5. Style filiform.
Stigma capitate. Berry 1 — 3-celled, few-seeded. — Named in
honour of Adam Lonicer, a German botanist.

1. L. * Caprifolium L. ( pale perfoliate II.) ; flowers ringent
whorled terminal sessile, leaves deciduous glabrous obtuse,
upper ones connate perfoliate, style glabrous. E. B. t. 799.

Woods and thickets rare. Oxfordshire and Cambridgeshire. In
Colinton woods and on Corstorphine hill near Edinburgh, and in
hedges at Dalmeny, Linlithgowshire. Tj. 5,6. — Berries smooth,
of an orange-colour.

2. L. Periclymenum L. ( common II., or Woodbine) ; heads
stalked, flowers ringent capitate terminal, leaves all distinct
deciduous oval. E. B. t. 800.

Frequent in woods and hedges. Tj. 6 — 9. — Berries red.

3. L. *Xylosleum L. ( upright Fly H.) ; peduncles 2-flowered
downy as long as the flowers, berries distinct except at the
base, calyx-limb deciduous, leaves ovate entire downy. E. B.
t. 916.

Thickets. Hertfordshire. Near Sewing Shields, Northumberland.
Houghton Bridge, near Arundel, Sussex. T?. 5,6. — An erect

shrub, with pale, yellowish, small, scentless, flowers, succeeded by
bright scarlet berries. There being no allied species in this country,
we can scarcely suppose that this has not been accidentally natura-
lized by man or birds.

4. Linne'a Gronov. Linnaea.

Cal.-limb 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, 5-cleft, equal. Stam.
4, didynamous. Fruit a dry, 3-celled berry , with one cell only
bearing a perfect seed. Involucre of about 4 leaves at the base
of the germen. — Name. It was this “little northern plant

K

194

XLin. RUBIACEiE.

[Rubia.

long overlooked, depressed, abject, flowering early,” which
Linnams himself selected as therefore most appropriate to
transmit his name to posterity. Sm.

1. L. borealis Gronov. ( two-flowered Z.) : E. B. t. 433.

Woods in Scotland, especially of fir, more rarely in open rocky
and mossy situations, chiefly in the counties of Perth, Forfar, In-
verness, and Aberdeen. Rare and perhaps only naturalized to the
south of the Tay ; hanks of the Esk, at Dalhousie. Hartburn,
Northumberland. If.. 7. — Stems trailing, filiform, branched. Leaves
opposite, broadly ovate, stalked, obscurely crenate. Peduncles axillary,
long, erect, 2-flowered, or occasionally from luxuriance 3 — 4-flowered.
Flowers fragrant, graceful, drooping ; pedicels, bracteas, involucre,
globose germen, and calyx, all clothed with glandular hairs.

Okd. XLIII. RUBIACEiE Juss.

Calyx adherent with the ovary , entire or toothed at the
margin. Corolla regular. Stamens inserted upon the corolla
and between its divisions. Style 1. Ovary 1, with 2 or more
cells. Embryo straight, surrounded by a horny albumen.
Radicle inferior. — Leaves opposite with interpeliolar stipules, or
whorled. — A most important natural family. All the species
found in Europe belong to the group called Stellatce or Rubiacece
proper, and have, besides the above characters, a 4 — 5-lobed
corolla, valvular in aestivation, 4 — 5 stamens, a bipartite or
bifid style, 2 capitate stigmas, a 2-celled 2-seeded pericarp,
and slender herbaceous square stems with whorled leaves :
their roots yield a dye. Those individuals having woody, or
shrubby, rarely herbaceous stems, and opposite and stipuled
leaves, afford Peruvian bark, in the various species of Cinchona ;
gambeer, in Nauclea ; a febrifuge, in Condaminea and Ronde-
letia ; powerful emetics, in Psychotria and Cephaelis, especially
C. Ipecacuanha, which is the true or Brazilian ipecacuanha, in
Spermacoce and Richardsonia : these, together with Coffea , the
coffee-tree, &c., are natives of warm climates.

1. Rubia. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft. Fruit succulent.

2. Galium. Cor. rotate, 4-cleft. Fruit dry, not crowned with the calyx.

3. Siierardia. Cor. funnel-shaped. Fruit dry, crowned with the

calyx.

4. Asperula. Cor. funnel-shaped. Fruit dry, not crowned with the

calyx.

1. Rubia Linn. Madder.

Cor. rotate or campanulate or funnel-shaped, 4 — 5-cleft.
Stam. 4 — 5. Fruit a 2-lobed berry. — Named from ruber, red ;
from the red dye afforded by its species, especially Rubia tinc-
torum, which produces the true madder, or Turkey-red of com-
merce.

193

Galium. xliii. rublacea:.

1. R. peregrma L. (wild M.) ; leaves 4 — 6 in a whorl elliptic
or lanceolate persistent glossy, the margin and keel rough with
reflexed prickles, corolla rotate 5-cleft. E. B. t. 851.

Stony and sandy ground in the south-west of England. Isle of
Wight. Anglesea. 'if.. 6 — 8.

2. Galium Linn. Bed-straw.

Cor. rotate, 4-cleft. Siam. 4. Fruit a dry, 2-lobed, inde-
hiscent pericarp, without any distinct margin to the calyx. —
Named from ya\a, milk; the plant having been used to curdle
milk.

* Root perennial. Flowers yellow. Fruit glabrous.

1. G. verum L. (yellow B .) ; leaves about 8 in a whorl linear
with revolute margins grooved above, downy beneath, flowers
in dense panicles. E. B. t. 660.

Dry banks, sandy places, and sea-shores, common, if.. 6 — 9. —
Readily distinguished by its yellow flowers and linear deflexed leaves.
According to Lightfoot the inhabitants of some of the Western Isles
employ the roots, and principally the bark of them, to dye red ; hence
the name for the plant ruadh or ruddy.

2. G. crucidtum With. (Cross-wort B., or Mug-wort ) ; leaves
4 in a whorl ovate 3-nerved hairy, flowers polygamous in small
axillary corymbs, peduncles 2-leaved. E. B. t. 143.

Hedge-banks and thickets, common. if.. 4 — 6. — Lateral flowers
of each corymb mostly male, fertile ones often 5-cleft ; fruitstalhs
deflexed.

** Root perennial. Flowers white. Fruit glabrous.

3. G. saxdtile L. (smooth Heath B.) ; leaves about 6 (6 — 8)
in a whorl obovate or linear mucronate, stem much branched
smooth usually prostrate, panicles corymbose small, pedicles
erecto-patent, petals slightly acute, fruit more or less granu-
lated.— a. midrib of leaves slender. E. B. t. 815. — ^3. midrib
of leaves thick and prominent. G. montanum Bab. — y. leaves
narrower, midrib broad not prominent. G. commutatum Jord.

Heathy spots and hilly and mountainous pastures, abundant. — /3.
Settle. — y. Teesdale. it. 6 — 8. — Plant generally turning nearly

black (/8. remains green) in drying, usually small, but occasionally
growing among grass and rushes in swampy places, and then almost
a foot high and sometimes mistaken for G. uliginosum. Leaves often
rough at the margins, of a thickish and rather soft texture.

4. G. pusillum L. ( least Mountain B.) ; leaves about 8 in a
whorl linear-lanceolate hair-pointed entire lower ones somewhat
hairy, stem spreading without prickles, panicles terminal few-

196

XLIII. ftUBIACE2E.

[ Galium .

flowered, pedicels erecto-patent, fruit obscurely granulated,
petals somewhat acute. jE. B. t. 74. G. sylvestre Poll.

Limestone hills in various parts of England ; Cheddar Cliffs, So-
merset; near Kendal ; about Matlock, Derbyshire ; near Settle, York-
shire ; also in the counties of Stafford, Lancaster, and Cumberland.
Basaltic rock, Antrim ; and near the lake of Killarney, Ireland.
Ochills, Strathblane hills, Forfarshire mountains, and Orkney, Scot-
land. If.. 7, 8. — Too closely allied to G. saxatile, from which it is
scarcely to be distinguished except by the more pointed leaves.

5. G. uligindsum L. (rough Marsh B.) ; leaves 6 — 8 in a
whorl linear-lanceolate bristle-pointed, their margins and the
stem rough with reflexed prickles. E. B. t. 1972.

Wet meadows and sides of ditches. If.. 7, 8. — Panicles small,
axillary, few-flowered ; branches erecto-patent. Fruit dark-brown,
granulated, its stalks erect. Distinguished from the next by the
narrow leaves , shortly acuminated at their points into a mucro. It
does not turn black in drying.

6. G. palustre L. (white Water B.) ; leaves 4 — 6 in a whorl
oblong-lanceolate obtuse tapering at the base and as well as
the lax spreading branched stem more or less rough, panicles
diffuse, fruit-stalks divaricated. — a. stem and leaves smoothish.
G. palustre L.: E.B. t. 1857. G. elongatum Presl. — fi.
nerves at the back and margins of the leaves and angles of
the stem distinctly rough with mostly reflexed prickles. G.
Witheringii Sm. : E. B. t. 2206.

Sides of ditches, lakes, and rivulets, if.. 7, 8. — G. palustre L. is
smaller in all its parts, and has smoother fruit than Smith’s plant (G.
elongatum ) ; but the two do not differ in any essential degree.

7. G. erectum Huds. (upright B.) ; leaves 6 — 8 in a whorl
lanceolate mucronate their margins rough with prickles pointing
forward, branches of the panicle all ascending, stem flaccid,
segments of the corolla taper-pointed, fruit-stalks divaricated.
— a. leaves lanceolate reticulated with veins. E.B. t. 2067. G.
aristatum Sm. : E. B. S. t. 2784. — fi. leaves narrower, scarcely
veiny. G. diffusum Don. G. cinereum Sm. (not All.) : E.
B. S. t. 2783.

Hedges and pastures, not common. In Norfolk ; at Portslade,
Sussex ; and near Cambridge. Portobello, Dalmahoy, and Slate-
ford, near Edinburgh; wood, west of Kinnaird mill, Forfarshire. — ■
j8. Slateford, near Edinburgh; Kinnaird, Forfarshire. G. Don. "if..

6 In all the specimens we have seen the stem is hairy at the very

base, but it is sometimes quite glabrous above, although in England
it is usually hairy there also, at least on the angles.

8. G. Mollugo L. (great Hedge B.) ; leaves 6 — 8 in a whorl

Galium. J

XLHI. RCBIACEA2.

1S7

oblong-lanceolate or obovate mucronate rough at the margin
with prickles pointing forward and lower branches of the pani-
cles spreading horizontally, stem flaccid, segments of the corolla
taper-pointed, fruit-stalks divaricated. — a. stem glabrous, leaves
oblong-lanceolate, floral ones small. E. B. t. 1673. — p'. stem
and leaves hairy. — y. stem glabrous, leaves obovate, floral ones
large. G. Insubricum Gaud.

Hedges and thickets, less frequent in Scotland. — y. Wjnander
Mere: Rev. C. A. Stevens. If. 7, 8. — Stems very long and strag-
gling, thickened above the joints. Small specimens of this have
sometimes the panicle close, when they cannot be distinguished from
G. erectum, a species it must be confessed not satisfactorily distinct.
Dr. Bromfield found a var. in the Isle of Wight with greenish
flowers.

*** Root perennial. Flowers white. Fruit hispid.

9. G. boredle L. ( Cross-leaved B.) ; leaves 4 in a whorl
lanceolate 3-nerved glabrous, stems erect, fruit covered with
hooked bristles. E. B. t. 105.

Moist rocks, frequent in the north of England, Wales, and Ire-
land. It. 6 — 8. — In very shady places and clefts of rocks, the
stems are long and straggling. Flowers numerous, crowded, white.
Bristles of the fruit hooked.

**** R00t annual. Flowers white or greenish.

10. G. Parisiense L. ( Wall B.) ; leaves about 6 in a whorl
lanceolate bristle-pointed rough at the margins with prickles
pointing forwards, peduncles axillary their branches divaricated
slender subtriehotomous, stems slender rough with decurved
prickles. — a. fruit hispid. G. Parisiense L. G. litigiosum.DC.
— 13. fruit glabrous granulated. G. Anglicum Huds. : E. B. t.
384.

fl. Walls and dry sandy soil, rare; in Kent and various parts
of the east and south-east of England, especially on old walls. Q.
6, 7.

11. G. *sacchardtum All. {warty -fruited B.) ; leaves 6 in a
whorl lanceolate their margins rough with prickles pointing
forward, peduncles axillary 3-flowered, fruit reflexed warted.
G. verrucosum E. B. t. 2173. Valantia Aparine Linn.

Corn-fields, rare. Carse of Gowrie, and Forfar, Scotland.
Near Malton, Yorkshire. ©. 6 — 8. — Prichles of the stem reflexed.
The two lateral flowers on each peduncle are sterile and fall away
one from each side of the large warted fruit, which, together with the
marginal prickles of the leaves pointing forwards, essentially dis-
tinguish this species from G. tricorne. Probably introduced with
seed-corn ; it has not been found for many years.

12. G. *spurium L. ( smootli-fruited Corn B.) ; leaves 6 — 8 in

K 3

198

XLin. RCBIACEAb

[ Sherardia.

a whorl linear-lanceolate their margins midrib as well as the
angles of the stem rough with reflexed prickles, peduncles
axillary 3 — 9-flowered, fruit smooth or hispid, the stalks
divaricated straight. — a. fruit smooth. E. B. t. 1871. — /3.
fruit hispid. G. Vaillantii D C. : E. B. S. t. 2943.

Fields of corn, clover, and potatoes, rare. — a. Near Forfar. — B-
Saffron Walden and Chesterford, Essex. 0. 7. — Allied to the 2
last species in its short axillary peduncles , but in general habit
coming so near to G. Aparine, that our var. B. is scarcely to be
distinguished. G. spurium however has small yellowish-green (not
white) flowers, a small less hispid fruit, and it does not climb
hedges. In general G. spurium has numerous flowers on erect
peduncles, but sometimes only 3 ; while G. Aparine has usually
only 2 or 3, but sometimes more ; so that no character can be derived
from these. We are therefore of opinion that they differ by too few
characters to be distinct species.

13. G. tricorne With, (rough-fruited Corn B.) ; leaves 6 — 8
in a whorl linear-lanceolate their margins midrib and angles of
the stem rough with reflexed prickles, peduncles axillary 3-
flowered, fruit reflexed granulated. E. B. t. 1641.

Dry chalky fields in many counties in England. 0. 6 — 10. —
Flowers all apparently perfect, but the central one only usually
fertile.

14. G. Aparine L. ( Goose-grass , or Cleavers ) ; leaves 6 — 8 in
a whorl linear-lanceolate hispid their margins midrib and angles
of the stem very rough with reflexed prickles, peduncles axil-
lary about 3-flowered, the stalks divaricating straight, fruit his-
pid. E. B. t. 816.

Hedges, abundant. ©. 6, 7. — Stem weak, straggling, and climb-
ing among bushes ; rarely in corn-fields or on the sea-shore, and then
as small as G. spurium. Flowers white, usually 2 or 3 together,
sometimes 5, on rather short footstalks arising from the axils of the
leaves. Bristles of the fruit hooked, which by their means catches
hold of the coats of animals and is widely dispersed.

3. Sherardia Linn. Sherardia, or Field-Madder.

Cor. funnel-shaped. Stam. 4. Fruit dry, crowned with the
cal. — Named in honour of James Sherard, an English botanist
and patron of that science, whose fine garden at Eltham in
Kent gave rise to the famous “ Hortus Elthamensis " of Dil-
lenius.

1. S. arvensis L. (blue S .) ; leaves about 6 in a whorl, flowers
terminal sessile capitate. E. B. t. 891.

Corn-fields, or pastures especially in a light gravelly soil, frequent. ©.

4 — 10. — A small, slender, branched and spreading plant. Leaves obo-
vate-lanceolate, acute, their margins rough, upper ones 7 — S, forming

Asperula.~\ xliv. valerian acete. 199

an involucre to a small sessile umbel of pale blue flowers. Cal. of 4 seg-
ments, two opposite ones bifid; these bifid ones correspond to the line
where the fruit divides into two 1 -seeded portions, each of which is
crowned with 3 teeth, one being the single tooth or segment of the
cal., the other two, each half of a double one.

4. Asperula Linn. Woodruff.

Cor. funnel-shaped. Stam. 4. Fruit dry, without any dis-
tinct margin to the cal. — Named from asper, rough; owing to
the roughness of some species of the genus.

1. A. odordta L. {sweet W.) ; leaves G — 8 in a whorl lan-
ceolate. flowers panieled on long stalks, fruit hispid, E. B.
t. 755.

Woods and shady places, plentiful. If. 5, G — About G inches
high, erect. Flowers white. Whole plant very fragrant, like An -
thoxanthum , especially when drying.

2. A. Cyndnchica L. {small IF, or Squinancy-wort ) ; leaves
linear 4 in a whorl very irregular in the uppermost whorls,
flowers corymbose, corolla scabrous, fruit granulated scabrous.

E. B. t. 33.

Warm banks, especially in chalky countries. Limestone rocks,
Swansea, S. Wales. Not found in Scotland. It. G, 7. — Flowers
generally lilac. One pair of the leaves in the uppermost whorl is
reduced to small lanceolate stipules.

3. A. * arvensis L. {Field IF) ; annual, leaves 6—10 in a
whorl linear-lanceolate obtuse, flowers aggregate terminal sur-
rounded by long ciliated bracteas, fruit glabrous. E. B. S.
t. 2792.

Near Devonport, now extinct. Q. 6. — Flowers bright blue.
Fruit large and very conspicuous.

\_A. Taurina L. is mentioned as naturalized in Leicestershire and
W estmoreland. ]

Ord. XLIV. VALERIAN ACE/E Juss.

Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary ; the limb toothed, or a
thickened margin at the top of the ovary, at length unfolding
into a feathery pappus. Corolla with 3 — 6 lobes. Ovary with
1 perfect cell and often 2 or 3 abortive ones. Fruit dry, inde-
hiscent, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. — Leaves opposite, without
stipules. — Tonic and bitter herbs ; the roots, used as vermifuges,
have a powerful scent; those of Nardostachys Jatamansi con-
stitute the spikenard of the ancients.

1. Centranthus. Stam. 1. Cor. spurred. Fruit with a feathery pappus.

2. Valeriana. Stam. 3. Cor. gibbous. Fruit with a feathery pappus.

3. Fedia. Stam. 3. Cor. gibbous. Fruit crowned with unequal teeth.

200

sliv. valf.eianaceze. [ Centranthus.

1. Centranthus De Cand. Spur- Valerian.

Cor. 5-cleft, spurred at the base. Siam. 1. Fruit crowned
with a feathery pappus. — Named from Kivrpov, a spur, and
avBoc, a flower.

1. C. * ruber DC. (Red S.) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, spur
much shorter than the tube of the corolla and twice as long as
the ovary. Valeriana L. : E. B.t. 1531.

Chalk -pits and old walls in Kent, Isle of Wight, &c. 2/.. 6 — 9. —

Stem 1 ft. or more high, glabrous, slightly glaucous. Leaves entire
or slightly toothed. Flowers fine deep rose colour or white, arranged
in numerous unilateral cymose spikes. Its native country is the ex-
treme south of Europe, and N. of Africa.

[C. Calcitrapa Dufr. has been naturalized at Eltham in Kent.]

2. Valeriana Linn. Valerian.

Cor. 5-cleft, gibbous at the base. Siam. 3. Fruit crowned
with a feathery pappus. — Named from valeo, to be powerful-, on
account of the medicinal effects.

1. V.dioica L. (small marsh V.) ; flowers imperfectly dioe-
cious, root-leaves ovate-spathulate stalked, those of the stem
lyrate-pinnatifid, fruit glabrous. E. B. t. 628.

Marshy meadows, frequent. If.. 5,6 Rhizome creeping. Stem

6 — 8 inches high. Leaves more or less serrate. Flowers of a pale
rose-colour.

2. V. officinalis L. (great wild F) ; stem sulcate stoloniferous,
leaves all pinnatifid, leaflets lanceolate nearly uniform. E. B.
t. 698. — a. petioles erecto-patent, leaflets 7 — 10 pairs dentato-
serrate or entire. V. procurrens Wallr. V. angustifolia Tausch.
— 1 8. lower and middle petioles erect close-pressed, leaflets
4 — 5 pairs dentato-serrate. V. sambucifolia Alik.

Ditches, sides of rivers and moist woods, abundant. If. 6 — 8.
— Roots tuberous, warm, aromatic, and employed in medicine ; cats
are very fond of them, and their scent attracts rats. The leaves are
much used by the poor as an application to fresh wounds, whence
the common name of AU-heal. Whole plant 2 — 4 ft. high. In our
British forms the stems are perhaps always solitary from each root ;
but if V. uliginosa Wend, be also a var., they are sometimes tufted.
Lower leaves on long footstalks. Flowers pale flesh-coloured. Fruit
glabrous or pubescent.

3. V. *Pyrenaica L. (heart-leaved F.) ; leaves heart-shaped
dentato-serrate petiolate, upper ones with one or two pairs of
small lanceolate leaflets. E. B. t. 1591.

Woods in Scotland. If. 6,7. — It is peculiar to the Pyrenees,
but much cultivated in gardens; and the seeds are easily transported
by the wind.

XLIV. VALERIANACE.E.

201

Fedia.~\

3. Fedia Vahl. (Valerianella Moench.) Corn-Salad.

Cor. gibbous at the base ; the limb 5 -cleft. Starri. 2 — 3. Caps.
crowned with unequal teeth, indehiscent, 3-celIed, 1 -seeded;
2 cells abortive or empty, rarely confluent. (Limb of cor. equal,
and slam. 3 in all the British species.) — Name given by Adan-
son ; and supposed to be derived from fedus (the same as hadus),
a kid, on account of the smell.

* Fertile cell of fruit with a corky mass at the back.

1. F. olitdria Vahl. (common C., or Lamb's Lettuce ) ; fruit
laterally compressed oblique crowned with the 3 obscure in-
flexed teeth of the calyx, fertile cell corky at the back, sterile
ones usually confluent, flowers capitate, bracteas leafy ciliato-
dentate. Valeriana Locusta L. : E. B. t. 811.

Banks and corn-fields, especially in a light soil. ©. 4 — 6. — Stem
3 inches to a foot high, dichotomous, more or less rough. Root-
leaves spathulate ; those of the stem oblong, obtuse, entire or the
upper ones a little toothed. Flowers pale blue, or rarely white, in
terminal compact heads, at the base of which are linear-oblong often
divided bracteas forming a kind of involucre. — Frequently cultivated
as a salad.

** Fertile cell not corky at the back.
f Empty cells conspicuous contiguous.

2. F. carindta Stev. (carinated C .) ; capsule oblong with a
wide usually concave groove in front glabrous crowned with
the short straight bluntish limb of the calyx, the two empty
cells thin and incurved at the edge, cymes capitate. E. B. S.
t. 2810.

Hedge-banks, rare. Devon; Kent; Church Stretton, Shropshire;
Askrigg, Yorkshire ; and between Gresford and Wrexham, Denbigh-
shire ; Jersey. ©. 4 — 6.

3. F. Auricula Gaud, (sharp-fruited C.) ; capsule ovate acu-
minate, with a narrow groove in front glabrous crowned with
the single entire or 3-toothed limb of the calyx, empty cells
rounded on the back, larger than the fertile one, cymes lax. —
a. calyx-limb nearly entire. E. B. S. t. 2809. — (5. calyx-limb
acutely 3-toothed. F. tridentata Stev. Valerianella dentata DC.

Corn-fields, in many parts of England ; Isle of Wight. Jersey.
Fifeshire. — /3. Llandulph, Cornwall: Rev. R. T. Free. ©. 6 — 8.

— Habit of the last species, for which it is no doubt often passed
over ; but t\\e fruit is quite different, being broader and more inflated,
obscurely furrowed in front, with large empty cells, and crowned with
the small limb of the calyx.

202

XLV. D1PSACACE2E.

[ Dipsacus.

f f Empty cells distant, obsolete or reduced to mere ribs.

4. F. dentdta Vahl ? ( smooth narrow-fruited. C.) ; capsule
ovate flattish and 2-ribbeci in front acuminate crowned with the
prominent oblique unequally toothed cup-shaped limb of the
calyx. — a. capsule glabrous, cup of the calyx small very ob-
lique. Valeriana Sm. : E. B. t. 1370. Valerianella Morisonii
DC. — 13. capsule clothed with spreading incurved rigid hairs,
cup of the calyx small oblique. F. mixta Vahl. — y. capsule
clothed with spreading incurved rigid hairs or glabrous, cup
of the calyx large a little oblique. F. eriocarpa Roem. et Sch.

a. Corn-fields and hedge-banks, not very common. Cornwall,
Essex, Shropshire, and Cambridgeshire. N. Wales. Fifeshire.
Jersey. — 0. Hedge-banks, near Halesworth, Suffolk; Yorkshire;
Isle of Wight. Fifeshire. — 7. Ormeshead, Caernarvonshire. ©.
6 — 8. — Flowers flesh-coloured, usually in panicled cymes. Fruit
obpyriform ; convex on the back where is the larger and perfect cell,
nearly plane in front where are the two abortive cells, and these are
shrunk so as to form two projecting lines or ribs. The whole fruit
is glabrous or nearly so in a. ; in 0. and usually in 7. it is clothed
with patent incurved short hairs. In 7. the cymes are usually dense,
but Mr. W. Wilson has satisfied us that it is merely a state of this
species ; Mr. Borrer observes that it kept its peculiar habit six years
in his garden. It is quite impossible, from Vahl’s description, to
pronounce whether this or F. Auricula 0. be his F. dentala.

Ord. XLV. DIPSACACErE Juss.

Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary , surrounded by a scariose
involucel closely investing the ovary and ripe fruit. Corolla
with the limb oblique, with an imbricative aestivation. Stamens
4 — 5; anthers distinct. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, filiform.
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, with one pendulous seed, crowned
with the pappus-like calyx. Albumen fleshy. — Mostly herba-
ceous plants, with opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers pedicellate ,
collected into a dense head which is surrounded by a many-leaved
involucre. Nearly allied to the Compositae. The fuller's teasel
consists of the heads, with uncinate spines, of Dipsacus FuUonum.

1. Dipsacus. Receptacle with spinous scales. Cal.-limb cup-shaped.

Fruit with 8 depressions.

2. Scabiosa. Receptacle scaly. Cal.-limb of 4-5 bristles.

3. Knautia. Receptacle hairy (not scaly). Cal.-limb cup-shaped.

Fruit with 4 depressions.

1. Dipsacus Linn. Teasel.

Receptacle with spinous scales. Involucel with a thickened
limb, forming a crown to the ovary. CW.-limb cup-shaped. Stam.
distinct, about equal. Fruit 4-anglcd, with 8 pores or depres-

XLV. DEPSACACE^E.

203

Scabi6sa.~\

sions. ( Leaves opposite.) — Named from cupaw, to be thirsty ;
the upper connate leaves containing water in their hollows.

1. D ,*Full6num L. ( Fuller's T.) ; leaves sessile undivided,
scales of the receptacle hooked at the extremity, involucres
spreading or reflexed. E. B. t. 2080.

Waste places and hedge-banks; rare. £. 8,9. — Stem 4 — 5 ft.
high, very angular and prickly. Leaves large oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, obtusely or irregularly serrate, sometimes, especially
the upper ones, connate. Involucre about as long as the head of
flowers. Flowers in oval heads, pale purple or whitish. — Used in
dressing cloth, for which purpose the hooked scales of the receptacle
are admirably calculated. These hooks become obsolete by long
cultivation on a poor soil ; and there is reason to believe that D. Ful-
lonum is but a var. of I), sylveslris.

2. D. sylvestris L. (wild T .) ; leaves sessile undivided, upper
ones connate, scales of the receptacle straight at the extremity,
involucres curved upward. E. B. t. 1032.

Road-sides and hedges, not rare in south of England and Ireland ;
scarcely indigenous in Scotland. £. 8, 9.

3. D. pilosus L. (small T.) ; leaves petiolate with a small
leaflet at the base on each side, involucres shortly deflexed.
E. B. t. 877.

Moist hedges, but not common. In several places in the middle
and south of England; not wild in Ireland or Scotland. $ . 8, 9. —
Stem slender, 2 — 4 ft. high, angular, rough with short rettexed prickles,
which are longer and resembling bristles on the peduncles. Leaves
ovate, acuminate, serrate. Heads of Jiowers rather small, round,
hairy. Scales of the receptacle obovate-cuspidate, straight. Corolla
white. Anthers white, much protruded.

2. Scabiosa Linn. Scabious.

Receptacle scaly. lnvolucel membranaceous or minute. Cal.*
limb of 4 or 5 bristles. Stam. distinct, nearly equal. Fruit with 8
depressions. — Named from scabies, the leprosy ; an infusion or
decoction of some of the species having formerly been employed
in curing cutaneous diseases.

1. S. succisa L. (Devil' s-bit Si) ; segments of corolla 4 nearly
equal, fruit angled with the depressions reaching nearly to the
base and a very short crown, calyx-bristles conniving, cauline
leaves dentate, heads of flowers nearly globose, leaves of the
involucre in 2 — 3 rows. E. B. t. 878.

Meadows and pastures, common. 2f. 7 — 10. — Root as it were
cut off abruptly or bitten (radix prcemersa). Stems nearly simple.
Leaves hairy, rather still'; radical ones ovate, mostly petiolate, those
of the stem oblong. Flowers purplish-blue, or white.

k 6

204 xl vi. composite. [Knautia.

2. S. Columbaria L. ( small S.) ; corollas usually 5-cleft ra-
diating, fruit subcylindrical with the depressions reaching to
the base, limb of the involucel membranaceous entire patent
about 20-nerved half the length of the fruit, stem hairy, radical
leaves ovate crenate or lyrate, those of the stem pinnatifid with
linear segments. E. B. t. 1311.

Pastures and waste places, most abundant on the east coast. Rare
in Scotland ; near Arbroath, with white fl. ; plentiful near Montrose,
and at Blackford; Berwickshire. 1/. . 7,8. — Scarcely a foot high,
hairy. Lower leaves on rather long foot- stalks ; cauline ones cut
into narrow, linear, or setaceous pinnae. Flowers purplish-blue. In-
volucre of narrow leaves, longer -than the flowers.

3. Knautia Linn. Knautia.

Receptacles hairy, without scales. Involucel with a 4-toothed
minute limb. CV.-limb cup-shaped with radiating teeth. Stam.
distinct, nearly equal. Fruit upon a short stalk, 4-angled, with
4 pores or depressions. — Named in honour of Christopher
Knaut, a botanist of Saxony, who flourished in the latter half
of the 17th century.

1 . K. arvensis Coult. (Field K.) : heads of many flowers,
fruit crowned with very minute teeth, calyx with 8 — 16 some-
what awned teeth. Scabiosa L. : E. B. t. 659.

Pastures and corn-fields, frequent. It- 6 — 8. — Stem. 2 — 3 ft.
high. Radical leaves lanceolate, slightly serrate, hairy. Heads of
flowers large, convex, lilac-purple ; outer florets large, with the seg-
ments unequal, so that the lower ones form a sort of ray around the
head; inner florets with equal segments.

Okd. XLVI. COMPOSITE Juts. (Tab. III. A., and

Tab. IY. and V.)

Calyx adherent with the ovary, the limb entire or toothed
or mostly expanded into a pappus which crowns the fruit.
Corolla regular or irregular, filiform or tubular or ligulate, very
rarely wanting. Stamens 5 : anthers syngenesious in the perfect
florets, furnished at the apex with a more or less evident ap-
pendage, and at the base with 2 bristles or spurs, or without any
(ecaudate). Ovary 1. Style 1, sheathed in the perfect florets
by the tube of the anthers, bifid at the apex when fertile.
Stigmas forming two longitudinal rows along the inner sur-
face of each branch of the style. Fruit an achene tapering to
a beak, or without one, with a small or large epigynous disk.
Seed erect, without albumen. Embryo straight. Radicle next
the hilum. — Stems, in the British genera, herbaceous. Leaves
opposite or alternate. Flowers or florets collected into a head

XLVI. COMPOSITE.

205

(compound flower, L.) inserted upon a broad receptacle ( which
is either furnished with chaffy scales or naked) and surrounded
by an involucre (calyx Z.).1 The properties in so extensive
an Order are very varied ; but, generally speaking, those of —
Tribe 1. Cichorace^;, are bitter and narcotic, abounding in
milky juice. — Tribe 2. CvNARocEPHALiE, bitter and tonic. —
Tribe 3. Cortmbifer^e, aromatic, stimulant, containing bitter
principle and essential oil.

I. Florets all ligulate and perfect. Cichorace-E.

* Pappus of all, or of the central florets, plumose.

I Receptacles naked.

1. Tragopogon. Involucre single of 8 — 10 connected scales.

2. Helminthia. Involucre with external foliaceous scales. Achenes

beaked.

3. Picris. Involucre with external small scales. Achenes scarcely

beaked.

4. Apargla. Involucre unequally imbricated. Pappus of all the

achenes plumose.

5. Thrincia. Involucre unequally imbricated. Pappus of outer

achenes short and scaly.

ft Receptacles with chaffy scales.

6. Hvpochceris. Involucre unequally imbricated.

** Pappus pilose, filiform.

f Achenes much compressed. Involucre of fruit erect.

7. Laotuca. Beak of achenes filiform. Pappus very soft and flaccid.

Invol. few-flowered.

8. Mdlgedium. Beak very short, constricted between the achene and

the disk. Pappus stiff and brittle. Involucre many-flowered.

9. Sonchus. Beak 0. Pappus very soft and flaccid. Invol. many-

flowered.

ft Achenes nearly terete, or angled at the base.

10. Crepis. Pappus nearly white, soft, deciduous. Achenes without a

beak, or with a very short one, longitudinally striate.

11. Borkhausia. Pappus white, soft, deciduous. Achenes terete. Beak

long. Involucre of fruit oval, erect, ribbed and furrowed.

1 When all the florets are perfect (containing both anthers with pollen and a
fertile pistillum), the heads are said to be homogamuus (as in Lrontodun, Carituus,
and Diotis ) ; when some only of the florets are perfect, the heads are heterogamous
(as in Ceniuurea Cyanus, Gnaphalium, and Beilis) ; when all the florets are alike,
having either fertile stamens, or a fertile pistillum, but not both, the heads are
dicccious , and then they may be on the same individual (as in Xanthium), or on
different ones (as in Antcnnaria ), the genus or species being itself moncecious
or dicccious; when some of the florets in a head have fertile stamens, but not a fer-
tile pistillum in the disk, while those of the circumference have a fertile pistillum,
the heads are said to be moncecious; and when the heads are monoecious, and one
individual bears heads with numerous staminate and few pistillate florets, and
another numerous pistillate and lew staminate llore,ts, the genus is said to be sub-
dicccious { Petasites ). When all the florets are similar in colour, they are said to be
homochromous (as in Sol ids go. and Inula ) ; when the ray is of a different colour
from the disk, they are heterochromous (as in Beilis).

206

XL VI. COMPOSITE.

12. Leontodon. Pappus white, soft, deciduous. Achenes sub-compressed.

Beak long. Invol. of fruit reflexed.

13. Hieracium. Pappus brown, brittle. Beak 0.

*** Pappus neither filiform nor plumose. Receptacle naked.

14. Lapsana. Pappus none, or a mere rim to the achene.

15. Cichorium. Pappus of all the florets of erect scales.

II. Florets all tubular, homogamous, or those of the ray neuter.
Style swollen below its branches. Cynarocf.phaLzE.

* Scales of the involucre with a hooked point. Achenes glabrous.

16. Arctium. Anthers with 2 bristles at the base ; appendages filiform,

** Scales of the involucre not hooked at the point.

f Pappus of several rows conspicuously unequal ; inner row the longest,
much longer than the glabrous achene.

17. Serratula. Pappus pilose, hairs filiform. Anthers ecaudate at the

base ; appendages obtuse.

18. Saussurea. Inner pappus plumose, hairs thickened at the base.

Anthers with 2 bristles at the base ; appendages long, acute.

•ft Pappus equal, long ; hairs united at the base into a ring. Achenes
glabrous.

19. Carduus. Pappus pilose. Achenes compressed. Receptacle bristly.

Anthers without bristles.

20. Cxicus. Pappus plumose. Achenes compressed. Receptacle bristly.

Anthers without bristles.

21. Onopordum. Pappus pilose. Achenes 4-ribbed. Receptacle honey-

combed. Anthers shortly caudate at the base.

ttt Pappus single, long, plumose ; hairs unequally united at the base.
Achenes silky.

22. Carlin A. Inner scales of invol. long, coloured and radiating. An-

thers bicaudate ; appendages long.

fttt Pappus 0, or short ( equal to, or shorter than, the achenes').

23. Centaurea. Ray frequently without stamens or pistils.

III. Florets of the same head all homogamous (and usually tubular) ;
or those of the circumference filiform or tubular and pistillate, or
ligulate. Style of the perfect florets not swollen below its branches.
Corymbifer.e.

1. All the florets with corollas. Involucre not prickly.

* Pappus of 2 — 5 persistent aivns.

24. Bidens. Receptacle with scales. Achenes compressed or angular.

** Pappus 0, or a mere border, or of short teeth or scales only.
f Receptacle with scales. Pappus 0.

45. Anthemis. Heads heterogamous, with a ray. Florets of the ray
oblong-linear. Achenes terete, or obscurely angled.

XLVI. COMPOSITE.

207

45*. Anacyclus. Heads heterogamous, with a ray. Florets of the raj'
oblong-linear. Achenes compressed, winged at the edges.

46. Achillea. Heads heterogamous, with a distinct rajr. Florets of
the ray short obovate. Achenes compressed.

25. Diotis. Heads homogamous, discoid. Florets and achenes com-

pressed.

ff Receptacle without scales.

42. Bkllis. Heads heterochromous. Florets of the ray ligulate, con-

spicuous. Scales of the invol. nearly equal in length. Achenes
compressed; epigynous disk minute.

27. Artemisia. Heads discoid, homochromous ; ligulate florets, when

present, short or filiform. Invol. imbricated. Achenes with a
minute epigynous disk.

26. Tanacktum. Heads discoid homochromous and homogamous, or the

florets of the circumference with a short ligule. Achenes with a
large epigynous disk.

44. Matricakia. Heads heterochromous, florets of the ray conspi-
cuously ligulate, of.the disk terete. Achenes of the disk and ray
similar, angled. Epigynous disk large.

43. Chrysanthemum. Florets of the ray conspicuously ligulate, of the

disk compressed at the base. Achenes of the disk somewhat terete.
Epigynous disk large.

*** Pappus pilose. Heads discoid. Florets all perfect.

28. Eupatorium. Style much exserted, with long blunt branches.

(Flowers never yellow.)

29. Linosyris. Stj’le slightly longer than the cor. Invol. loosely im-

bricated, or of one row of equal scales, surrounded by several long
ones. Achenes compressed. (Flowers j'ellow.)

37. Senecio. Style slightly longer than the cor. Invol. cj’lindrical or
conical, of one row of equal scales with several small ones at the
base. Achenes terete.

**•* Pappus pilose. Heads discoid. Florets of the circumference, or all,
imperfect.

30. Antennaria. Dioecious. Heads dioecious. Invol. imbricated, dry

and scarious.

31. Gnaphalium. Heads heterogamous, all similar. Invol. imbricated,

dry and scarious. Recept. flat and quite naked.

32. Filago. Heads heterogamous. Invol. imbricated, dry and scari-

ous. Recept. conical, with 1 — 5 rows of scales among the outer
florets.

40. Inula. Heads heterogamous. Invol. imbricated, herbaceous. Florets
of the ray in a single row, with a narrow ligule. Anthers with
bristles at the base.

35. Erigeron. Heads heterogamous. Invol. imbricated in several rows.
Florets of the ray in several rows, with a narrow ligule. Anthers
without bristles at the base.

33. Petasites. Subdicecious. Heads monoecious. Invol. in a single row,

herbaceous, with one external row of scales. Fertile florets fili-
form, truncated.

33*. Homogyne. Heads heterogamous, with a single row of filiform
pistillate florets in the circumference. Involucre in a single row,
with an external row of scales. Style with long papillose branches.
Anthers without bristles at the base.

208

xl vi. composite: cichoracea2. [ Tragopogon .

***** Pappus of the florets of the disk pilose. Heads heterogamous with a
conspicuous ligulate ray.

f Anthers almost naked at the base.

J Florets of the ray with a pilose pappus.

34. Tussilago. Florets of the ray in many rows. Invol. nearly simple.

Achenes terete. (Florets homoehromous.)

35. Erigeron. Florets of the ray in several rows. Invol. evidently

imbricated. Achenes compressed. (Florets heterochromous.)

36. Aster. Florets of the ray many in a single row. Invol. imbricated.

Achenes compressed. (Florets heterochromous.)

37. Solidago. Florets of the ray few (about 5) in a single row. Invol.

much imbricated. Achenes terete.

38. Senecio. Florets of the ray in a single row. Invol. subcylindrical,

of one row of equal scales, with or without smaller ones at its base.
Achenes terete.

JJ Florets of the ray without a pappus.

39. Doronicum. Scales of the invol. of 2 — 3 rows, nearly equal.

Achenes terete.

■ft Anthers with 2 bristles at the base. Florets of the ray in a single row.

40. Inula. Pappus in a single row, pilose.

41. Pulicaria. Pappus in 2 rows; outer row short, cup-like, mem-

branous, toothed ; inner pilose.

2. Fertile florets without cor. Heads dioecious. Fertile invol. prickly.
47. Xantiuum. Monoecious. Fertile invol. 2-flowered. Pappus 0.

Tribe I. Cichorace.t;. Chicory or Lettuce Tribe.
(Tab. III. A.)

All the florets with ligulate corollas and perfect (having both
stamens and pistils). Style not swollen beneath its branches.
Gen. 1— 15.1

* Pappus of all or of the central florets plumose. (Gen. 1 — 6.)

1. Tragopogon Linn. Goat’s-beard.

Achenes longitudinally striate, beaked. Pappus feathery.
Recept. naked. Invol. simple, of 8 — 10 scales united at the base.
— Named from to ay or, & goat, and -wywv, a beard; from the
beautifully bearded fruit.

1 At Tab III. A. is a very familiar example of this group in the Dandelion
( Leontodon Taraxacum ), where all the flowers or florets (f. 2.) are ligulate or strap-
shaped and perfect.

Fig. 1 . Head of flowers in bud, the young involucre alone being visible.

Fig. 2. A single flower or floret, removed from the receptacle, showing (at a)
the ligulate corolla; ( b ) the germen (ovary or young fruit) covered with the tube
of the calyx, which is lengthened above, in a curious manner, into a little stalk or
beak, and crowned with the pappus or seed-down, which is, in fact, the limb or
free portion of the calyx, within which the corolla is inserted ; (c) the stamens, the
filaments of which are inserted into the lower or tubular portion of the corolla,
and the five anthers are united into a tube around the style ; (d) the style con-
tinued from the top of the germen, through the corolla arid united authers, di-

Pjcm.] XLVL COMPOSITE : CICHORACEA?. 209

1. T. pratensis L. ( yellow G.) ; glabrous, involucre about as
long or twice as long as the corollas, leaves undivided acumi-
nate with a dilated base channelled, peduncles slightly thick-
ened at the very summit. — a. involucre about as long as the
corollas. E. B. t. 434. — /3. involucre twice as long as the
corollas. T. minor Fries. T. major Hook. Hr. FI. ed. 2. (not
perhaps of Jacq.').

Meadows and pastures, frequent. $ . 6,7. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high.

Leaves of 13. more attenuate than in a. Invol. 8-leaved. Flowers
yellow, closing every day before noon ; head of fruit large. Achenes
of the florets of the circumference striate and squamosely-scabrous
or toothed in this and the next. Pappus very feathery, elevated
on a long stalk.

2. T. *porrifolius L. (jpurple G., or Salsify ) ; involucre
longer than the corollas, leaves undivided straight acuminate
slightly dilated above the base, peduncles much thickened
upwards. E. B. t. 638.

Moist meadows, in several parts of England ; but very local.
About Glasgow. $. 5,6. — Stem 3 — 4 ft. high. Flowers large,

purple, closing before noon, or in rainy weather. The root was for
merly cultivated for culinary purposes.

2. Helminthia Juss. Ox-tongue.

Achenes transversely striate, beaked. Pappus feathery.
Recept. naked. Invol. double ; inner of 8 — 10 close scales,
outer of 3 — 5 shorter, lax, leafy ones. — Name : kX/uvUiov, a small
kind of worm ; from the form of the fruit.

1. H. echioides Gaertn. (bristly O.) ; outer scales of the in-
volucre 5 cordate crenate, stem erect hispid. Picris L. : E. B.
t. 972.

Borders of fields, especially in a clay soil. In Scotland, near
Berwick-upon-Tweed, very rare. About Dublin. 0. 6 — 10. —

Stem 2 — 3 ft. high, stout, hispid, with numerous rigid hairs, springing
from tubercles. Lower leaves lanceolate, upper ones cordate, am-
plexicaul. Flowers small, yellow.

3. Picris Linn. Picris.

Achenes transversely striate, with scarcely any beak. Pap-
pus with the inner hairs feathery. Recept. naked. Invol. of
many compact, upright, equal scales, with several external small
linear ones. — Name : tuk pog, bitter, as are many of this tribe.

1. P. hieracioides L. (Hawk-weed P.) ; stem rough with

viding into two branches, which hear the minute stigmas. This style is not
swollen, as in the Thistlegroup.

Fig. 3. Extremity of the style.

Fig. 4. a receptacle, with the involucre bent back in age, and all the fruit and
seed-vessels having fallen away but one.

vie. s, A fruit laid open, showing the erect seed in the cavity or cell.

All but figs. 1. and 2. more or less magnified.

210

XLYT. COMPOSITE: CICHORACEvE.

[. Apargia .

hooked bristles, leaves lanceolate rough toothed, flowers corym-
bose, peduncles with many bracteas, outer scales of the invo-
lucre linear-oblong lax bristly on the keel. E. B. t. 196.

Road-sides and borders of fields; frequent in England; not found
in Scotland. Portmarnock, Ireland. $. 6 — 10. — Stems 2 — 3 ft.

high. Flowers yellow. Pappus of the marginal and central florets alike.

4. Apargia Schreb. Hawkbit.

Achenes beaked. Pappus feathery. Recept. naked. Invol.
unequally imbricated, with hirsute black scales. — Name :
airapyia, some uncertain weed known to the Greeks which
sprung up a7ro,frotn, apyia, the idleness of the cultivator.

* Pappus with an outer row of bristles.

1. A. hispida Willd. ( rough H.) ; scape single-flowered
thickened upwards slightly hispid naked or with 1 — 2 minute
scales, leaves runcinate hispid with forked hairs, flowers droop-
ing in bud, involucre hairy. Hedypnois Huds. : E. B. t. 554.
Leontodon L.

Meadows, pastures, and gravelly heaths, frequent. If.. 6 — 9.

** Pappus simple. (Oporinia Don.)

2. A. autumnalis Willd. ( autumnal H.) ; scape scaly upwards,
leaves lanceolate toothed or pinnatifid nearly glabrous, pedun-
cles swollen beneath the involucres. — a. leaves nearly glabrous,
scape branched, involucres somewhat downy. Hedypnois E. B.
t. 830. Oporinia Don. — 0. leaves glabrous, scape almost simple,
involucre clothed with blackish hairs. Hedypnois Taraxaci
E.B.t. 1109. — y. leaves hairy, scapes branched, involucres
with dark hairs.

Meadows and pastures, frequent. — 0. on mountains. — y. in High-
land glens. 8. — Involucre cylindrical, and tapering gradually

into the pedicel. Flowers moderately large, yellow. Pappus brownish-
white.

5. Thrincia Roth. Thrincia.

Achenes tapering into a beak, the outer ones enveloped by
the leaves of the involucre. Pappus of the marginal florets
forming a short scaly cup, of the rest long, feathery. Recept.
naked. Invol. imbricated. — Name : SpiyvoQ, a battlement; from
the resemblance of the seed-crown of the marginal florets to
the battlements of a wall.

1. T. hirta Roth ( hairy T.) ; leaves lanceolate sub-sinuato-
dentate somewhat hispid with frequently forked hairs, scapes
single-flowered ascending glabrous below. Hedypnois E. B.
t. 555.

211

Lactuca.~\ xlvi. composite: cichoraceve.

Gravelly pastures and moors. If.. 7, 8. — In small starved speci-
mens, the leaves are frequently runcinate. Scales of the involucre
glabrous, or more or less hairy. The outer pericarps, which have
scales for a. pappus, are often abortive and smooth ; the inner ones are
beautifully striate and marked with raised dots.

6. Hypoch(e'ris Linn. Cat’s-ear.

Achenes striate, often beaked. Pappus feathery. Receptacle
chaffy. Involucre oblong, imbricated. — Name from into, for, and
\oipoQ, a hog ; the roots being eaten by that animal.

* Pappus with an outer tow of scabrous hairs.

1. H. glahra L. ( smooth C.) ; nearly glabrous, involucre ob-
long regularly imbricated equalling the florets, achenes of the
central florets beaked, stem branched somewhat leafy, radical
leaves dentato-sinuate. — a. achenes of the circumference with-
out a beak. E. B. t. 575. — ji. achenes of the circumference
beaked. H. Balbisii Loisel.

Fields and gravelly soils in many places, but not very common.
— /3. In Kent and Shropshire. ©. 6 — 8. — Stem 1 ft. or more high.

Leaves oblong, with a few scattered hairs. Flowers small, yellow.
The var. f3. may be a distinct species ; but we have not seen British
specimens, and our foreign ones are not sufficiently numerous to
enable us to decide.

2. H. radicdta L. ( long-rooted C.) ; stem branched leafless
glabrous, peduncles with small scales, involucres shorter than
the florets, scales acuminate, leaves runcinate obtuse scabrous.

E. B. t. 831.

Meadows, pastures and way-sides, frequent. % . 7. — Leaves all

radical, spreading on the ground. Stem 1 ft. or more high. Peduncles
a little thickened upwards. Flowers rather large, yellow. Achenes of
all the florets beaked.

** Pappus in a single row.

3. H. maculdta L. (spotted C.) ; stem almost leafless solitary
nearly glabrous, leaves obovate-oblong undivided toothed (spot-
ted above), involucres slightly hispid. E. B. t. 225. Achyro-
phorus Scop.

In open chalky and limestone pastures, rare. Suffolk ; Cam-
bridgeshire. Ormeshead, N. Wales. If.. 7, 8. — I. eaves almost
all radical, scabrous. Stem or scape with one, or rarely 3 — 5, large
deep yellow flowers and 2 or 3 small lanceolate scales or bracteas.

** Pappus pilose filiform. (Gen. 7 — 13.)

7. Lactuca Linn. Lettuce.

Achenes much compressed, with a long beak. Pappus pilose.
Receptacle naked. Involucre imbricated, cylindrical, few-flow-

212 XLVI. COMPOSITE: cichoracep. [ Mulgedium .

ered, its scales with a membranous margin. — Named from lac ,
milk ; which flows from this and many plants of the tribe, when
broken.

* Beak of achenes elongated (white'). Keel of leaves prickly.

1. L. virosa L. (strong-scented Z.); leaves patent oblong
toothed or sinuate two-eared and amplexicaul at the base,
flowers panicled, beak as long as the (black) achene. E. B.
t. 1957.

Banks and way-sides, especially in a chalky soil. Rare in Scot-
land; about Edinburgh, Dunkeld, Coldstream, Melrose, and Stirling
Castle. <J. 7, 8. — Stems 3 — 4 feet high, erect, prickly, with

distant leaves. Root-leaves obovate, numerous. — The plant abounds
with a milky fetid and narcotic juice, which is considered by some
practitioners as a gentle and safe opiate. Flowers small, yellow.

2. L. Scariola L. ( prickly L .) ; leaves nearly upright lanceo-
late sagittate at the base sinuate ciliato-dentate, panicle leafy,
beak as long as the (pale) achene. E. B. t. 268.

Waste ground, rare. Cambridgeshire; Suffolk; Sussex and the
southern counties. $ . 7,8. — Of milder quality and paler colour

than the last, with more upright branches and leaves and pale achenes.
The garden lettuce is L. sativa L., not a native.

3. L. saligna L. (least L.) ; root-leaves lanceolate with few
teeth, lower cauline ones pinnatilid, upper ones linear-lanceo-
late entire sagittate, flowers lateral with small floral leaves, beak
2 or 3 times as long as the fruit. E. B. t. 707.

Chalky waste ground and salt-marshes, in the south-east of Eng-
land. J. 7,8. — Whole plant slender ; branches twiggy ; the small
flowers may be said to be almost spicate.

** Beak short. Keel of leaves smooth.

4. L. muralis Less. (Ivy-leaved Z.) ; florets 5, leaves lyrato-
pinnatifid and toothed the terminal lobe angled, panicle with
divaricated branches, beak much shorter than the (black)
achene. Prenanthes L. : E. B. t. 457.

On old walls and in woods. Q or £. 6 — 8. — Stem 2 ft. high,

panicled above. Flowers small, yellow.

8. Mulgedium Cass. Blue Sow-thistle.

Achenes much compressed, constricted above the seed and
terminated by a slightly dilated disk. Pappus brittle. Recept.
naked. Invol. many-flowered, double : inner of one row of
equal scales; outer of imbricated short lax ones. — Named from
mulgeo, to milk; on account of the milky juice.

1 . M. alpbium Less, (alpine B.) ; flower-stalks racemose and
bracteas and involucre glandular-hispid, stems glabrous below,

213

Sonchus .] xl vi. composite: cichoracete.

leaves glabrous lyrate sagittate at the base, terminal lobe very
large deltoideo-hastate. Sonclius caeruleus E. B. t. 2425.

Rocky places, near rivulets. Loch-na-gar and Clova mountains,
and in their vicinity. % . 7,8. — Flowers blue.

9. Sonchus Linn. Sow-thistle.

Achenes much compressed, without a beak. Pappus pilose.
liecept. naked. Invol. imbricated, with 2 — 3 rows of unequal
at length connivent scales, tumid at the base, few-flowered. —
Named aoyxoe in Greek ; perhaps from <rop<pog, hollow , in allusion
to the hollow stems.

* Root perennial.

1. S. palustris L. ( tall Marsh S .) ; heads corymbose, pe-
duncles and involucre glandular-hispid, leaves clasping the
stem with long acute sagittate auricles, lower ones runcinato-
pinnatifid with few segments, upper ones entire, stem simple,
rhizome branched but scarcely creeping. E. B. t. 935.

Marshy places, rare. Isle of Ely ; Greenwich ; Blackwall ;
Croydon; Wouldham, Kent. 7/.. 7, 8. — Stem 6 — 8 feet high.

Flowers large yellow.

2. S. arvensis L. ( Corn S .) ; heads corymbose, peduncles and
involucre glandular-hispid, leaves denticulate clasping the stem
with short obtuse auricles, lower ones sinuato-runcinate, upper
ones oblong-lanceolate entire, stem simple, rhizome extensively
creeping. E. B. t. 674.

Corn-fields, frequent. If. 8,9. — Stems 3 — 4 ft. high. Flowers
very large yellow.

** Root annual.

3. S. oleraceus L. ( common annual S.) ; head subumbellate,
involucre glabrous, leaves undivided or pinnatifid toothed, lower
ones stalked, upper ones lanceolate clasping the stem with
spreading sagittate auricles, fruit longitudinally ribbed and
transversely rugose. — a. leaves divided. E. B. t. 843. — / 3 .
leaves entire.

Waste places and cultivated ground, common. Q. 6 — 8. — Stem
2 — 3 ft. high. Flowers small yellow. Involucre conical when in seed.

4. S. aser Hoffm. ( sharp-fringed annual S .) ; heads subum-
bellate, involucre glabrous, leaves undivided or pinnatifid
sharply toothed all lanceolate clasping the stem with rounded
auricles, stem branched, fruit longitudinally ribbed without
transverse wrinkles. — a. leaves undivided. E. B. S. t. 2765. —
/3. leaves divided. E. B. S. t. 2766.

Waste places and cultivated ground, common. ©. 6 — 8. —

Perhaps a mere variety of the last.

214

XLVI. composite: CICHORACE^E. [ Crepis .

10. Crepis Linn. Hawk’s-beard.

Achenes terete or angled, narrower upwards or obscurely
beaked, striate. Pappus pilose, copious, soft, mostly white,
deciduous. Recept. naked. Invol. scaly at the base. — Name :
given by Pliny to some plant, from Kpij-mc, a sandal; which the
leaves were supposed to resemble.

1. C. virens L. (smooth H .) ; leaves glabrous runcinate or
pinnatifid, the upper ones linear sagittate amplexicaul, the
margins plain remotely toothed, stem glabrous, panicle sub-
corymbose, outer invoiucral scales adpressed linear, inner ones
glabrous within, fruit, oblong slightly narrower upwards with
smooth ribs shorter than the pappus. C. tectorum Sm. : E.
B. t. mi.

Dry pastures, roofs of cottages, &c. ©. 6 — 9. — Stems 1 — S ft,

high. Radical leaves more or less pinnatifid or runcinate, their teeth
or segments often horizontal, sometimes curved upwards. Flowers
small, yellow. Pappus about as long as the involucre, which is at
length ovate and ribbed.

2. C. biennis L. (rough II.) ; leaves rough runcinato-pin-
natifid, uppermost lanceolate amplexicaul dentato-pinnatifid,
panicle subcorymbose, involucre downy, outer scales oblong-
linear lax, inner ones downy within, fruit oblong with smooth
ribs narrower upwards longer than the pappus. E. B. S.
t, 2929. fig. b.

Chalky pastures in England, rare. Littlebury, near Saffron-
Walden, Essex: not uncommon in South Kent; Twycross, Leicester-
shire ; and Cambridgeshire. S • 6, 7. — Stems 2 — 4 ft. high, furrowed,
rough above. Flowers much larger than in the preceding. Involucre
about as long as the pappus, outer scales almost glabrous. Pappus
very white, and upon a. fruit so attenuated upwards as to form a stalk.

3. C. *pulchra L. (small-flowered H.) ; leaves downy toothed,
radical ones oblong-ovate, the rest sagittato-amplexicaul,
panicle corymbose spreading, achenes very obscurely striate
about as long as the pappus, involucre glabrous, outer scales
ovate minute adpressed. E. B. t. 2325.

“ Among the debris of the rocks on the hills of Turin and Pitsandy,”
npar Forfar, Scotland ; “ but very rare.” — G. Don. (Not found there
by any other person.) 0. 6 — 9. — Root leaves tapering into a foot-

stalk ; cauline ones broad, clasping the stem with their toothed bases.
The very few specimens from Don, which we have seen, are more
luxuriant than Smith’s acknowledged cultivated one, from which the
figure in E. Bot. was made.

4. C. succisafulia Tausch (Succory -leaved II.) ; leaves oblong-
obtuse nearly quite entire the lower ones attenuated into a
petiole, upper ones sessile and somewhat amplexicaul, stem tall
panicled upwards, peduncle and involucres glandular-hairy, the

Borkhausia.'] xlvi. composite: ciCHOEACEiE. 215

scales lanceolate attenuated outer ones very short adpressed,
achenes much striate compressed slightly narrower upwards as
Ion"' as the pappus, pappus rather shorter than the involucre.
Hieracium molle Jacq. : E. B. t. 2210.

Woods ; north of England and Scotland. Near Forfar, Falls of
the Tumtnel, Glen Luss, also in Langton woods, and near Renton,
Berwickshire. If.. 7,8. — This plant varies much in the hairiness of
its leaves.

5. C. paludusa Mcench ( Marsh II.) ; glabrous, radical leaves
ovate-oblong runcinato-dentate attenuated into a foot-stalk,
cauline ones lanceolate much acuminate heart-shaped and
amplexicaul at the base, stem erect branched upwards and
subcorymbose, involucre glandular-hairy, achenes striate
scarcely narrower upwards about as long as the pappus.
Hieracium Z, : E. B. t.. 1094.

Frequent in moist woods-and rocky places. If.. 7 — 9. — Stem-
leaves usually toothed, sometimes entire. Pappus in a single row, and
more rigid and brittle than in any others of the genus.

1 1 . Borkhausia Mcench. Borkhausia.

Achenes terete, transversely wrinkled, with a long subulate
beak. Pappus pilose. Recept. naked. Invol. oval, with de-
ciduous subulate scales, at length ribbed and furrowed. —
Named in honour of Moritz Borkhausen, a German botanist

1. B . fee tida DC ( stinking B.); leaves hairy, lower cauline
ones sessile runcinato-pinnatifid, unexpanded heads drooping,
involucre hairy and downy its outer scales lanceolate acute,
achenes of the margin slightly beaked and scarcely so long as
the involucre, the central ones long-beaked with the pappus
entirely protruded. Crepis L. : E. B. t. 406.

Dry chalky ground, rare. Suffolk, Cambridge, Norfolk, and
Kent. $ . 6, 7. — Stem spreading, its upper leaves lanceolate, cut

at the base. Heads solitary, on long simple stalks. Corollas red
externally. The herb is very milky, and said to diffuse a smell re-
sembling bitter almonds.

2. B. taraxacifolia DC. ( small rough B.) ; leaves scabrous
lower cauline ones runcinato-pinnatifid sessile, heads erect,
involucre bristly and downy longer than the uniformly beaked
achenes, outer scales ovato -lanceolate membranaceous-mar-
gined, bracteas herbaceous linear. Thiiill. Crepis E. B. S.
t. 2929. C. biennis E. B. t. 149.

Chalky pastures in England ; Kent, Suffolk, Essex, Surrey. Caer-
narvonshire, N. \y ales. t?. 6,7 . — Leaves mostly radical, stalked,

lyrato-runcinate or pinnatifid, with the terminal lobes large : upper
cauline ones linear-lanceolate with linear lobes near the base. Heads
in an irregular corymb. Achenes with rough ribs, and all of them with
a beak nearly their own length.

[5. setosa DC. (Crepis E. B. S. t. 2945), which has the achenes

216

xl vi. composite: cichoracevL. \Le6nlodon.

uniformly beaked, and the outer scales of the involucre small linear-
spreading and scarcely membranaceous-margined, has been occa-
sionally found in fields, but is not indigenous.]

12. Leontodon Linn. Dandelion. (Tab. III. A.)

Achenes terete, or slightly angled at the base, compressed up-
wards, with a very long slender beak. Pappus pilose. Recept.
naked. Invol. many-flowered, imbricated with scales, of which
the outermost are frequently lax and flaccid, reflexed in fruit.
— Named from Xuo v, a lion, and oSovc, a tooth ; from the tooth-
like margins of the leaves.

1. L. Taraxacum L. ( common D.) ; leaves runcinate toothed.
— a. outer scales of the flowering involucre reflexed. E. B.
t. 510. Taraxacum officinale Wigg. T. Dens Leonis Desf. —
/3. scales of the flowering involucre erect adpressed. L.palustre
Sin. : E. B. t. 553. Tar. palustre DC.

Meadows and pastures, common. — A Wet open pastures and
moors. 2/.. 3 — 10. — We only notice the two extreme vars., but

there are several intermediate forms. The lowermost leaves are some-
times obovate, and not runcinate. Fruit linear-obovate, obtuse,
muricated towards or at the apex, longitudinally striate, usually
pale, but sometimes reddish-yellow or even bright red.

13. IIieracium Linn. Hawk-weed.

Achenes angular, furrowed, with an entire or toothed margin
at the top without a beak. Pappus pilose, in one row, frequently
brownish, persistent and brittle. Receptacle nearly naked,
dotted. Invol. imbricated. — Name : iipaui or, name of a plant ;
so called from i epa£, a hawk ; because birds of prey were
imagined to use the juice of this plant to strengthen their
powers of vision.

[In the Symb. ad Hist. Hier. (Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Scient. Ups.
vol. xiii. xiv.) of Fries, he notices, by referring either to plates or to
specimens, 32 species natives of Britain ; after rejecting 9 of these as
probably mentioned by mistake or as doubtfully indigenous, Mr.
Backhouse, in his “ Monograph of the British Hieracia,” increases the
number to 33. No one in this country has studied this genus more
than Mr. Backhouse, both wild and in a state of cultivation ; and if
every form tolerably permanent after a few years’ observations is to be
deemed a distinct species, we fear that number falls far short of what
it will yet be found to be. What renders the subject more confused
is, that, although the British species described by Mr. Backhouse have
analogues in the north and also in the mountains of the middle of
Europe, these often not only differ from each other hut also from the
definition by which those of our own country have been too strictly
limited, leading to the unsatisfactory conclusion that each mountainous
district may have a series of species peculiar to itself. If, again, we
begin to combine the forms, thfc chain is so continuous, that we
scarcely know where to stop, whole sections of Fries and of Backhouse

Hieracium.\ xlvi. composite: cichoracea:.

217

becoming thus single, but variable species. Mr. Bentham has there-
fore (perhaps not injudiciously) reduced all those of this country to
seven. In the 7th edition of the British Flora, we had the assistance
of Mr. Backhouse, before he had matured his views ; it is therefore
only justice to him that we here insert the same species, with their
arrangement, as proposed by him in his monograph. Occasionally
we may combine some of his species, ‘when there is scarcely any
difference between his characters; and we shall omit from the text
(although inserting them with some modifications in notes') his sec-
tional subdivisions, on account of their passing gradually into each
other, and being so vague that persons unacquainted with the name of
a species may often look for it in a wrong group. The only object of
a ‘ Species Plantarum,’ or in giving names to species, is to enable any
one who has a specimen before him to ascertain correctly what it is.
whether alive or in the herbarium, in the field or in gardens, stinted
or drawn out; but in this genus some of the marks of distinction (as
the colour of the styles) refer “ exclusively to the living plant ;” others,
(as those taken from the involucres) are chiefly to be seen “when the
florets are in perfection ; ” the hairs at the tips of the ligules are chiefly
fit for examination in “the unexpanded florets;” while the colour of
the hairs on the involucre, on which too much reliance is placed, changes
from white to tawny in a dried state. It is much to be regretted that Mr.
Backhouse has not added an artificial key, or analytical table of the
species adapted to all states of the plant, so that one might readily
seize on, and retain in the memory, the precise distinctions intended :
from want of this there are several of his species which we ourselves
have not heen able to determine, although we probably possess them.

In conformity with Mr. Backhouse’s views the stem is termed one-
headed, when it shows no tendency to produce more : but it is said to
be one- or few-heailed, when, in addition to a single developed head,
there are either a few other heads, or axillary buds ready to form them
if the plant be sufficiently luxuriant. The term Jioccose is conveniently
used (although not correctly so) when stellate down is present, either
copiously or scattered. As in the genera Busa and Ruhus, the rigid
hairs bearing a terminal gland are called seta ; but these hairs pass
gradually into black hairs tipped with a white hair instead of a gland,
and these again into ordinary hairs, either with or without a bulbous
black base. Characters obtained from any of these cannot, we fear, be
much relied on.]

A. Plants producing scions. Ligules glabrous. Achenes
minute, striate; hairs of the pappus equal, very slender.
Piloselloidea. (Sp. 1 — 2.)

1. H . Pilosella L. ( common Mouse-ear //.) ; leaves entire
elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate hairy with dense stellate down
beneath, primary stem 1 -headed leafless, involucre ovate at the
base, inner scales acute and narrower than the outer ones,
styles yellow. E. B. t. 1093.

Banks and dry pastures, frequent. 2/.. 5 — 8. — Florets of a pale
lemon-yellow, those of the ray with red stripes on the back. The
leafy scions ( stolones ) sometimes produce a flowering terminal stem in

L

218 XL vi. composite: cichorace^e. [ Hieracium .

the plants of this section ; and we must carefully distinguish such
from the primary or true stem.

[We omit here H. dubium Huds. not Linn, as it is now quite
uncertain what plant was intended; the description given by Wood-
ward in With. Bot. Arr., and the fig. in E. B. t. 2332, both of gar-
den specimens, belonging to H. stoloniferum W. et K., while Smith’s
description in the Engl. FI. is taken from H. Auricula L. We
also omit H. Auricula L. said to have been found in Westmoreland,
the description and figure, E. B. t. 2368, given by Smith, being taken
from a Swiss specimen of H. glaciate Lach. ]

2. H. * aurantincum L. ( Orange H.); leaves entire obovato-
lanceolate green with longish hairs and no stellate down on
both sides, scape leafy near the base hairy bearing a corymb of
many flowers, involucre blackish and hispid with black hairs,
inner scales broadest obtuse, styles brown. E. B. t. 1469.
Hilly woods in various parts of England and Scotland, but an

outcast from cottage gardens, where it is common. If.. 6, 7

Hairs long upon the upper part of the scape ; black at the base, as
they are upon the involucre, mixed with black setae ; hence often
called Grim-the- Collier . Flowers deep orange.

B. Plants producing (in autumn) a tuft of spreading leaves
around the root, which usually remain till the flowers are
developed next year. Involucre interruptedly or irre-
gularly imbricate, achenes short, truncate, striate ; hairs
of the pappus unequal. Pnlmonarea. (Sp. 3 — 24.)

3.1 H. alpinum L. ( Alpine H .) ; green, stem one-headed and
one- or more-leaved hairy or silky floccose, leaves hairy beneath
usually with glands, radical and lower cauline ones (if large)
stalked upper or small ones sessile, heads in bud drooping, in-
volucre subcampanulate much but loosely imbricate clothed
with long white grey or fulvous black-based silky hairs, outer
scales subfoliaceous lax, inner ones acuminate, ligules hairy exter-
nally pilose at the apex, styles yellow. E. B. t. 1 110. — a. radical
leaves subglabrous above, stem hairy, involucre hemispherical
its scales all lax. H. alpinum Backh. II. melanocephalum
Tausch. — /3. radical leaves hairy on both sides, cauline ones
bract-like, stem silky, involucre turbinate, its scales adpressed.
H. holoserieeum Backh.

1 We subjoin Mr. Backhouse’s first subdivision of this group, comprehending
our 3rd and 4th species, with abridged differential characters of his species.
a. Involucre shaggy or silky, outer scales lax, inner ones acuminate or acute.
Ligules hairy externally more less pilose at the apex. Stem with one or
few leaves or leaf-ltke bracts, floccose. Alpina.

* Stem 1 - headed , styles yellow .

3. H. alpinum Backh.; leaves subglabrous above, stem hairy.

3^. H. holoserieeum Backh. ; leaves hairy on both sides, stem silky".

** Stem 1- or few-headed, styles usually livid.

4. H. eximium Backh.; radical leaves acute.

4i>. H. calendulijlorum Backh.; radical leaves obtuse.

Hier&cium.'] xlvi. composite: cichoraceje. 219

Elevated rocky mountains in Scotland. — j3. also in Cumberland.

y. 7, 8 Stem from 4 inches to more than a foot high, simple in

our wild specimens, and according to Mr. Backhouse never branching
in cultivation, sometimes naked sometimes with a single leaf, and
occasionally with several leaves. Radical leaves varying from lanceo-
late to ovato-lanceolate, ovato-spathulate, lanceolate-spathulate, and
linear-lanceolate ; in a. acute or obtuse, entire denticulate or with
large teeth ; in fl. obtuse and entire.

4. H. eximium Backh. ( gray-headed //.) ; green, stem one- or
few-headed and one- or few-leaved floccose hairy, leaves hairy,
radical ones lanceolate or ovato-spathulate stalked usually
sharply toothed hairy on both sides, upper ones small sessile,
heads in bud slightly drooping, involucre rounded or truncate
at the base loosely imbricate, its scales linear attenuate acute
and as well as the peduncles clothed with grey black-based hairs
and many black set®, ligules hairy externally pilose at the apex.
H. melanocephalum Backli. in Brit. FI. ed. 7 (not of Tausch).
— a. radical leaves more or less lanceolate acute, styles livid or
yellow. H. villosum E. B. t. 2379 (not Linn.'). H. eximium
Backh. — ,8. radical leaves ovate or ovato-spathulate obtuse,
styles livid. H. calenduliflorum Backh.

Elevated rocky mountains in Scotland. 7J.. 7,8. — Stem usually
simple, hut often becoming branched when cultivated. Leaves some-
times almost laciniate. The involucre has narrower scales than in
the last, and is usually clothed with more copious black seta;. This spe-
cies has so many characters in common with H. alpinum, and so few
points of absolute difference, and these of no organic importance, that
botanists will not err much in uniting them : indeed, of Mr. Back-
house’s H. eximium (our var. a.) there is a form with yellow styles,
which is in that respect intermediate between the two, hut which on
that account will ere long be admitted by many to rank as a species.
We regret that Mr. Backhouse has changed the specific name; as
Tausch’s plant proves to be II. alpinum , the name of melanocephalum
was unoccupied.

5.1 H. gracilcntum Backb. ( slender H ) ; “ green, stem with 2-4
leaves one- or few-headed with short hairs floccose setose, radi-
cal leaves lanceolate or oblong spathulate subobtuse remotely

1 Our species from H . gracilentum to H. Iricum are contained in Mr. Backhouse’s
section Nigrescentia, of which we subjoin the characters, the chief distinction be-
tween it and the preceding one consisting in the ligules being here much more
glabrous externally.

b. Involucre villous or hairy, in most of the species with dark hairs and setae, the
scales adpressed or (usually only a few of the outermost) lax. Ligules sun-
glabrous externally, shortly pilose or subglabrous at the apex. Nigrescentia.

* “ Stem short , 1- or few-headed Bab. Petioles of radical leaves short, not shaggy.

5. H. gracilentum Backh. ; involucre dark and velvety copiously setose, outer

scales lax, inner ones broad acuminate, styles sublivid.

6. H.g lobosum Backh.; involucre dark-green with smallyellow glands and almost

no setae, scales adpressed linear attenuate, styles yellow.

i. 2

220

XL vi. composite : cichoracEjE. [ Hieracium .

dentate hairy or nearly glabrous narrowed into the petiole, cau-
line ones large, involucre ventricose rounded or slightly trun-
cate at the base black with soft velvety hairs and numerous
setae, the scales broad acuminate adpressed floccose at the
points outer ones lax, ligules nearly glabrous externally shortly
pilose at the apex.” H. alpinum FI. Dan. t. 27. H. alpinum
var. melanocephalum Fries.

Rocky mountains; rare. Cairn-toul, Ben-na-bourd, and Loch-
na-gar, Aberdeenshire. Canlochen Glen, Forfarshire. If.. 7, 8.
“ Styles yellow or rather lurid, frequently clothed more or less densely
with very minute dark hairs.” The above specific character, with
some verbal alterations, is that given by Mr. Backhouse, as we are not
quite certain what is meant by this and the next species: it appears
to resemble H. alpinum, but with the ligules of H. nigrescens.

6. H. globosum Backh. ( globose-headed H.) ; “ glaucous or
green, stem one- or few-headed floccose slightly hairy, radical
leaves ovate or ovato-spathulate sub-acute or obtuse entire or
dentate glabrous above narrowed into petioles, buds globose,
involucre rounded at the base ultimately spherical dark with
short black-based hairs, its scales numerous linear attenuate
acute adpressed, florets sub-glabrous externally glabrous or
rather pilose at the apex, styles yellow.”

Cairngorum and Braemar mountains, Aberdeenshire. Cairn-toul ;
Ben-na-main, above Loch Aan; Ben-na-muicdhui; Little Craigindal.
If.. 7, 8. — According to Mr. Backhouse this differs from the last
species by the involucres globose before and after flowering, nearly
destitute of setae, and by the linear attenuate acute scales. We fear
that both, with many of those which follow, ought to be united.

** Green. “ Stem frequently elongated and branched , with several heads:” Bab.
Radical leaves with shaggy petioles ; cauline ones not amplexicaul.
t Scales of involucre erect when in bud.

7. H. nigrescens Willd. : radical leaves with slender petioles coarsely and irregu-

larly dentate, involucre ovate at the base, scales broad outer ones obtuse,
styles fuliginose.

8. H. lingulatum Backh. ; radical leaves with short petioles denticulate or dentate,

involucre broad at the base, scales attenuate acute, styles livid.

ft Scales of involucre narrow , inflexed when in bud.

9a. H. senescens Backh. ; radical leaves denticulate or remotely and irregularly
dentate, involucre broadly ovate or turbinate at the base, scales acuminate.
9b. H. atvatum Fries? ; radical leaves nearly entire or coarsely and almost regu-
larly dentate, involucre urceolate or ovate at the base, scales acuminate.

9. H. chrysanthum Backh. ; radical leaves sharply irregularly and deeply dentate ;

involucre rounded at the base, scales acute.

*** Green , viscid with copious glandular hairs. Stem elongated and branched ,
radical leaves with short winged not shaggy petioles ; cauline ones amplexicaul.

10. H. amplexicaule L. ; scales of involucre lax.

**** Glaucous green , not viscid. “ Stem usually lengthened Bab. Radical leaves
with shaggy petioles , cauline ones more or less amplexicaul.

11. H. cerinthoides L. ? ; stem with few leaves and few heads near the top, ligules

pilose at the apex.

12. H. Iricum Fries ; stem with 3 to 6 leaves corymbose at the top, ligules quite or

almost glabrous at the apex.

Hieracium.~\ xlvi. composite: cichorace-e.

221

7. H. nigrescens Willd. (black-headed 11.) ; green, stem one-
or few-headed floccose with few leaves, radical leaves ovate or
lanceolate coarsely and irregularly dentate slightly hairy
or nearly glabrous above with slender petioles, cauline ones
stalked or nearly sessile, buds usually erect, peduncles iloecose,
involucre ovate or truncate at the base dark green with set®
mixed with white pointed hairs, scales broad floccose at the
points, outer ones obtuse, inner acuminate erect in bud, ligules
glabrous externally pilose at the apex, styles fuliginous. H.
pulmonarium E. B. t. 2307.

Clova and Aberdeenshire mountains. Ben Nevis. If.. 7, 8. —
Stem “ usually with one leaf, but sometimes with 2 or 3, or with
minute bract-like leaves only.” The styles are brownish, with dark
hairs.

8. H. linguluturn Backh. (lingulate-leaved II.) ; “ green, stem
simple or branched with few heads, radical leaves lanceolate or
oblong apiculate denticulate or dentate coarsely hairy above
with short petioles, cauline ones few lanceolate or ovate-attenuate
acute sessile, involucre broad ultimately truncate at the base
very dark with soft black-based hairs, its scales broad alternate
acute erect in bud, ligules slightly pilose at the apex, styles
livid.” H. saxifragum Bab. H. atratum var. ramulosun Fries.
II. divaricatum Don. ?

Clova and Braemar mountains. Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 5).
7, 8. — Stem usually branched. Leaves pilose beneath and at the
margins. In the 7th edition we had H. divaricatum of Don princi-
pally in view, Mr. Backhouse (to whom we sent our specimen
for examination) having pronounced it to be his H. linyulatum : on it
the cauline leaves are more numerous at the base than in Mr. Back-
house’s description, and they are apparently undulate, with harsh
hairs on both sides.

9. H. chrysdnthum Backh. ( golden-flowered H.) ; green, stem
nearly simple with one or few heads, radical leaves with slender
hairy petioles denticulate or remotely dentate hairy, cauline
ones linear-lanceolate or subulate stalked, involucre broadly
ovate or rounded at the base with black-based hairs and set®,
its scales linear attenuate inflexed in bud, ligules obscurely
pilose at the apex, styles yellow or faintly livid. — a. radi-
cal leaves sharply irregular and coarsely dentate, involucre
rounded at the base usually dark with short black hairs, its
scales acute. H. rupestre Bab. H. chrysanthum a. Backh. H.
atratum var. ramulosum Fries f — /3. radical leaves almost evenly
dentate or entire, involucre urceolate or ovate dark with
short black hairs, its scales acuminate. H.chrys. /d. Backli. H.
atratum Fries ? — y. radical leaves evenly dentate or denticulate,
involucre ovate with black-based hairs, scales acuminate floccose
at the apex (when young). H. senescens Backh.

222

xl vi. COMPOSITE: CICHORACE/E. [ Hierdcium .

Mountains at a great elevation. — a. Clova, Braemar, and Cairn-
gorum ranges. — j8. Loch-na-gar, Aberdeenshire; Loch Wharral,

Clova. Stridden-edge, and Glara-mara, Cumberland y. Canlochen

Glen, Clova; Glen Callader, Braemar; Mael Ghyrdy, Breadalbane;
Ben Voirlich, Dumbartonshire, y. 7,8. — With the exception of
the trifling marks of distinction assigned above to the three varieties,
we do not see how they differ, and probably all, and several others,
ought to be combined with H. atratum Fries, which is the oldest name.
In our a. the heads of flowers are usually drooping; in /3. they are
erect or scarcely drooping; in y. they are, we believe, always erect.

10. H. * amplexicaule L. (amplexicaule Hi) ; deep green, all
covered with yellowish glandular hairs and viscid, stem woolly
at the base 1 — 3-leaved branched, branches patent, leaves
somewhat rigid, radical ones oblong-ovate toothed with short
hairy but not shaggy petioles, cauline ones semi-amplexicaul,
those of the branches and bracteas cordato-ovate amplexicaul,
scales of involucre lax erect in bud, ligules ciliate at the apex,
styles yellow. E. B. S. t. 2690.

“ On a rock called the Garrie Barns, in Clova,” — G. Don. y. 7, 8.
— The specimen in our herbarium labelled by Don himself, as found
on the above rock, is obviously a cultivated one. The station some-
times mentioned, viz. old walls around Cleish Castle, is a still more
suspicious one; but as the species has been already admitted into the
Flora, and has been figured in the Supplement to ‘ English Botany,’
we have still given it a place. It is not, we believe, a very alpine
species, and therefore may still be found in the lower ranges of the
middle or south of Scotland, which have been little investigated.

11. H. cerinthoid.es L. ? (Honey-wort H.) ; glaucous green,
stem with few (usually 2) leaves and few (1 — 3) heads near the
top slightly hairy, radical leaves ovato-lanceolate apiculate or
acuminate denticulate about the middle usually hairy beneath
with long more or less shaggy petioles, cauline ones more or less
amplexicaul constricted below the middle, uppermost sessile,
involucre ventricose rounded at the base hairy setose, its scales
narrow erect in bud, ligules pilose at the apex, styles livid.
E. B. t. 2378 ? (cult.)— «. cauline leaves constricted few' broadly
amplexicaul, outer scales of involucre lax. H. Lawsoni E. B.
t. 2083. (not Vill.) — (3. cauline leaf usually solitary narrowed to
the base and scarcely amplexicaul, scales of involucre adpressed
or outer ones rather lax. H. anglicum Fries. — y. extremely
glaucous, cauline leaves very acute or acuminate usually
glabrous, scales of involucre adpressed, inner ones attenuate
acute.

Mountains. — a. Scottish mountains, principally of Clova, Aberdeen-
shire, and Breadalbane. — /3. Westmoreland; Cumberland; Tees-
dale. Antrim; Connemara. Highlands of Scotland. — 7. Aberdeen-
shire; Cairn-toul, confluence of the Clunie and Dee near Castleton
of Braemar, Aberdeen Links (from seeds brought down by the Dee).

Hieracium.'] xlvi. composite: cichoraceas. 223

y. 7, 8. — This has the stem usually simple with one to three heads
near the top, but there are much more luxuriant forms with the
branches again forked. Leaves soft, sometimes minutely, sometimes
very coarsely toothed, beneath sometimes furnished with stellate down,
but often with scarcely any ; cauline ones often small, but sometimes
as large as the radical ones ; when broad they are constricted below the
middle, and again dilated at the base. Scales of the involucre, especially
the inner ones, tine-pointed.

12. H. l'ricum Fries ( Irish H.) ; glaucous green, stem leafy
with scattered white hairs simple corymbose or forked at the
top, radical leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate acute denticulate
or dentate hairy beneath with shaggy winged short petioles, cau-
line ones (3 — 6) broadly ovate (not constricted) fine-pointed all
amplexicaul or with the lower ones narrowed to the base, involucre
truncate at the base floccose hairy its scales broad (outer ones
bluntish) erect in bud, ligules glabrous or nearly so, styles livid.
H. Lapeyrousii Fred.: E. B. S. t. 2906.

Mountain districts of England, Ireland, and Scotland. Teesdale.
Connemara ; Garron Head, Antrim. Braemar ; Grey Mare’s Tail,
Dumfriesshire, y. 7, 8. — Leaves firm; cauline ones broadly ovate,
decreasing in size upwards. Ligules glabrous in our specimens ; but, if
El ies be correct, they are sometimes pilose at the apex. This may be
a distiuct species from the last, and Mr. Backhouse says that when
cultivated and raised from seed “all its distinctive characters are main-
tained.” It is difficult, however, to see what these are. Usually the
stem of this one is leafy and corymbose, but on exposed cliffs it occurs
with one or two leaves and a solitary head. The cauline leaves here
are never constricted, but they are' sometimes not so in II. cerinthoid.es ;
in this last, however, the upper leaves are the least amplexicaul, in H.
Iricum most so. In both the involucre becomes constricted at the base
after flowering.

13. 1 IT. pallidum Biv. (pale II.) ; very glaucous, stem glabrous

1 From H. pallidum to H. sylvaticum belong to the Pallida of Backhouse. We
give here his characters, but we do not ourselves see the limits between them and
the Nigrescent in. or to which those specimens belong that have hairy involucres,
adpressed scales, ligules glabrous externally and subglabrous at the apex.

c. Involucre more or less hairy ; the scales adpressed. Ligules without hairs
externally, nearly or quite glabrous at the apex. Pallida.

* Styles yellow.
t Leaves glaucous or pale.

13. H. pallidum Biv. ; stem glabrous 0- to 2-leaved, radical leaves glabrous or

coarsely ciliate, involucre ovate at the base, its scales acute.

14. H. lasiophyllum Ilackh. ; stem brittle pilose 0- or 1-leaved, radical leaves

coarsely pilose on both sides or underneath and on the margins, involucre
subglobose, its scales acuminate or cuspidate.

15. H. Gibsoni Backh. ; stem rigid subglabrous leafless, involucre truncate at the

base, its scales broad obtuse.

1G. H. argenlcum Fries ; stem brittle fistulose glabrous 1- to 3-leaved, invol.
broadly ventricose at length truncate at the base, its scales subobtuse.

ft Park green.

47. H. nitidum Backh. : stem simple or subcorymhose at the top, peduncles spread-
ing scaly rigid, involucre ventricose with black-based hairs and setae.

L 4

224

xlvi. composite : cichorace^e. \Hieracium.

slender with usually one leaf (0 — 2), radical leaves stalked outer
ones obtuse, inner ovato-lanceolate acute remotely denticulate
or dentate below glabrous with scattered coarse hairs above usu-
ally ciliate with long rigid deciduous hairs, cauline ones lanceo-
late shortly stalked or sessile, peduncles erect or ascending, invo-
lucre ovate at the base constricted above setose with few or no
hairs the scales adpressed acute erect in bud, ligules subglabrous,
styles yellow. — a. radical leaves ciliate, peduncles with scattered
setae. Dillen. Hort. Elth. t. 149, f. 179. — /3. radical leaves not
ciliate, peduncles and involucre densely setose. H. Schmidtii
Tausch.

a. Mountains of England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, at from
1000 to 2000 ft. elevation. — f3. Clova mountains. 2/.. 6, 7, and 9.
— “ Lower cauline leaves stalked, when there are two ; otherwise
nearly of quite sessile.”

14. H. lasiophjllum Koch ( hairy-leaved IL) ; glaucous or
ash-coloured, stem leafless or with one leaf and few heads
pilose, radical leaves broadly oval or ovato-lanceolate entire or
remotely denticulate coarsely pilose on both sides and on the
margins or glabrous above floccose, outer ones obtuse innermost
acute, petioles shaggy, peduncles densely setose, involucre
ventricose slightly hairy densely floccose and setose, the scales
acuminate or cuspidate, ligules glabrous, styles yellow. H.
cinerascens Jord. H. pallidum var. crinigerum Fries.

Mountains of Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, at an elevation of
1 000 to 2.500 feet ; rare. Llyn Ogwen, Caernarvonshire ; Craig
Breiddin, Montgomeryshire. Ben Bulben, Sligo. Glen Dole and
Ravine of the White Water, Clova ; Castleton of Braemar, Ben-na-
Bourd, and Little Craigindal, Aberdeenshire. If-. 7, 8. — If this
lie distinct from the last, we are unacquainted with it; Fries unites
the two. Judging from the character, which we have drawn up from
Mr. Backhouse’s description, there is no positive distinction; the
present species has more hairy leaves, shaggy rather than ciliate

18. H. aggregatum Backh. ; stem urabellato-corvmbose at the top, peduncles erect

closely aggregated, involucre narrow at length conical floccose nearly hair-
less.

** Styles more or less livid.

19. H. murorum L. ; stem corymbose at the top, leaves thin, cauline ones none or

few and lower one stalked, peduncles short arcuate, scales of invol. acute,
inner ones acuminate erect in bud.

20. H. cil’Stujn Fries? stem corymbose with few heads nearly or quite leafless, leaves

coriaceous, peduncles straight, outer scales of invol. biuntish, inner very
attenuate indexed in bud.

20b. H. ohtusijolium Backh.; stem corymbose, leaves soft cauline one solitary
shortly stalked, peduncles spreading, scales of invol. acuminate inflexed (?)
in bud.

21. H. stclligcrum Frcel. ; stem rather leafy subcorymbose with few heads, leaves

floccose, cauline ones large subamplexicaul, scales of invol. acuminate or
slightly attenuate inflexed in bud.

22. H. vulgatum Fries ; stem leafy usually paniculato-cnrymbose, loaves narrowed

to the base, lower cauline ones stalked, upper sessile, scales of invol. attenuate
inflexed in bud.

Hierdcium .] xlvi. composite: cichoracea:.

225

petioles, and the stem rough with long scattered white hairs, characters
of little importance, particularly in a genus where each species varies
much in these respects ; at the same time Mr. Backhouse does not
contrast the two, but rather compares H. lasiophyllum with H. argen-
teum.

15. H. Gibsdni Backh. (Cat's-ear II.) ; glaucous green, stem
rigid nearly glabrous usually simple with 2 heads sometimes
forked with 4 heads with narrow bracteas under each of the
peduncles, radical leaves usually spotted ovate or oblong obtuse
apiculate denticulate somewhat truncate at the base glabrous
above pilose at or near the margins, petioles slender more or
less villous, involucre truncate at the base floccose with scattered
hairs and few seta, scales broad obtuse indexed in bud, ligules
glabrous, styles yellow. H. Hypochteridis Gibs. H. caesium var.
ilypochaeridis Fries.

Debris at the foot of Giggleswick and Gordale Scars near Settle,
Yorkshire. It- 7, 8. — “ I cannot regard this plant as any form of
H. ccBsium, nor indeed as being very closely allied to that species; its
nearly glabrous ciliate leaves and yellow styles indicate a nearer
alliance with H. pallidum Backhouse. We presume that Mr.
Backhouse had Mr. Gibson’s consent to change the name; but we
regret it, not only on the ground of priority, but because it prevents
his name being afterwards given to any other species which may be
established with more certain characters than those of this present
group yet boast of.

16. II. argenteum Fries ( Silvery H.) ; very glaucous, stem
hollow nearly glabrous with 1 — 3 leaves simple with 1 or 4
heads or branched from the base each branch with 1 — 3 heads,
radical leaves lanceolate acute dentate at the middle or denti-
ticulate or entire glabrous above narrowed into hairy rather
short petioles, cauline ones subsessile, involucre broadly ventri-
cose constricted above with scattered hairs and a few setae,
outer scales usually obtuse, inner subacute adpressed indexed
in bud, ligules glabrous, styles yellow.

Mountain districts of England, Wales, and Scotland, chiefly in
Clova and Braemar. If.. 7, 8. — Stem rather rigid but brittle.
Peduncles elongated, rigid. Heads in bud cylindrical. Involucre
small, ultimately truncate below.

17. II. nitiduni Backh. {scaly -stalked II.) ; “ dark green, stem
with one leaf or leadess and with few heads glabrous, radical
leaves lanceolate acute sharply dentate or almost runeinate
glabrous above slightly hairy beneath and at the margins
narrowed into petioles, peduncles scaly rigid, involucre ventri-
cose with black-based hairs and setse, its scales acuminate or
subobtuse, ligules subpilose at the apex, styles yellow.”

Rocky margins of alpine streamlets ; rare. Corrie of Ben-na-
r. 5

I

226

xlyi. composite: CiCHORACEyE. \Rierdcium.

bourd, and eastern side of Cairn-toul, Aberdeenshire. 7J.. 7, 8

Stem rigid but not brittle, simple and subcorymbose at the top, with
2 — 5 heads or branched and with 5 to 10 heads. Cauline leaf large
if near the base, otherwise small. Peduncles setose. Involucre rounded
at the base, contracted above ; its scales with pale margins, outermost
short. Ligules conspicuously pilose at the apex when in bud, after-
wards almost glabrous. This we have not seen. The peduncles
“ with numerous scales on the upper part,” if this character be corstant,
would seem to distinguish it from all others of the group; but Mr.
Backhouse compares it only with H. argenteum and II. pallidum,
both of which, however, have glaucous leaves.

18. H. aggregdtum Backh. ( compact II.) ; “ deep green, stem
with one leaf umbellato-corymbose at the extremity glabrous
or floccose without hairs, radical leaves broadly ovate obtuse
coarsely dentate at the base stalked glabrous on both sides or
slightly hairy beneath and at the margins, cauline one sub-
sessile, peduncles erect closely aggregate densely floccose,
involucre narrow rather turbinate at the base ultimately
conical floccose with very few hairs, its scales obtuse, ligules
glabrous, styles yellowish.”

Margins of alpine streamlets ; rare. Glen Dee, and eastern slope
of Cairn-toul ; cliffs above Dhuloch, and on Little Craigindal, Aber-
deenshire. If.. 7, 8. — Stem rigid, simple with one usually small leaf
n :ar the base, or branched with a (sometimes strong) leaf at the axil,
densely corymbose with 3 to 17 heads on elongated slender erect
almost umbellate peduncles ; when branched each branch usually has
an umbellate corymb. Leaves coriaceous dark or dull green above,
paler and slightly glaucous beneath. Petioles nearly glabrous. Invo-
lucre green, cylindrical in bud, with sub-erect scales. Styles “yellow
or faint orange, sometimes clothed with a few minute darker hairs.” —
This we do not know. Mr. Backhouse compares it with II. ccesium ,
which however he places in a different subdivision, on account of the
livid styles.

19. H. murdrum. L. (TFaZZ H.) ; light green, stem with about
one leaf (0 — 3) subcorymbose above, leaves thin radical ones
ovate usually rounded or cordate at the base and then with
radiating or deflexed irregular coarse teeth destitute of stel-
late down slightly hairy with long villous petioles, cauline
one stalked when large, peduncles short arcuate and the involu-
cre floccose with many seta3 and a few whitish black*-based
hairs, outer scales of involucre acute inner acuminate erect in
bud, ligules glabrous or slightly pilose at the apex, styles livid. —
a. radical leaves ovate or subacumiuate apiculate. E. B. t. 2082.
— (3. radical leaves broadly ovate rounded at the apex.

In rocky situations, not uncommon. — 0. Canlochen Glen, Clova
mountains. 6 — 8. — Fries refers Smith’s car. 0. alone to this
species, while the variety a. and the figure in E. B. are considered by

Hierdcium.'] xlvi. composite: ciciioracete.

227

him to belong to II. caesium. Mr. Backhouse, however, again places
that figure under H. murorum.

20. H. cce'sium Fries ? ( lavender-coloured II.) ; cacsious or
dull green, stem nearly or quite leafless with few heads, leaves
coriaceous radical ones ovate or lanceolate rounded or atte-
nuate more or less dentate at the base, stem glabrous above
rather hairy beneath and at the margins with villous petioles,
peduncles straight floccose, involucre ventricose sparingly
setose floccose or with scattered soft black-based hairs, outer
scales subobtuse inner alternate acute inflexed in bud, ligules
glabrous, styles livid.

Mountain districts, not uncommon ; less frequent in the low country.
y.. 6 — 8. — Young heads subglobose. If we felt a difficulty in
the last edition how to dispose of this species, which connects H.
murorum with II. sylvaticum, we have more now. We then
stated that if the involucral scales of the opening bud yielded a
character of value, this species was scarcely to be distinguished from
H. sylvaticum. In this the stem has few heads or is subcorymbose,
while in H. sylvaticum it varies from subcorymbose to paniculato-
corymbose ; these are comparative, not positive, marks. Mr. Back-
house doubts if this be II. caesium of Fries, on account of Fries
attributing to it “ one or few leaves” on the stem, whereas in the
British form it is either leafless, or with a single leaf below the
middle ; and as Mr. Backhouse does not inform us whether the scales
of the involucre are inflexed in bud, we are now in uncertainty whether
his be the same we have in view : we believe, however, it is so. Mr.
Backhouse adds the character of a form, of the distinctness of which
he appears to have no doubt, since “ it assumes under cultivation an
appearance conspicuously diverse” from the above. It is “ H. obtusi-
f ilium ; yellowish green, stem erect with one leaf corymbose, original
root leaves ovate or broadly elliptical rounded at both extremities
nearly or quite entire soft with short hairs, petioles densely villous,
peduncles spreading, involucres ventricose ultimately truncate at the
base, scales acuminate, ligules shortly pilose at the apex, styles rather
livid.” It is from the Clova mountains. The position of the scales in
the bud is not mentioned.

21. H. stelligeruni Frcel. ? (stellate-downy H.) ; “ ashy green,
stem rather leafy subcorymbose with few heads floccose
throughout, radical leaves soft ovate obtuse or sub-acute den-
ticulate or dentate hoary on both sides with minute stellate
down narrowed into long somewhat villous petioles, cauline
ones large semi-amplexicaul, peduncles ascending or arcuate
floccose, involucre ovate at the base hoary and with scattered
whitish hairs, scales acuminate, ligules glabrous, styles livid,
(sometimes faintly so).” II. flocculosum Buckli. ms.

Margins of alpine streamlets in Clova and Aberdeenshire; rare.
Eastern side of Cairn-toul, and higher part of Glen Dee; Cliffs near
Dhuloch, and Loch-na-nean. Near Kirktown of Clova. 2/.. 7, 8,

L 6

228

XLYI. COMPOSITE : CICHORACE.P.

\Hieracium.

— Whole plant covered with minute stellate down. Cauline leaves
large, lower one frequently stalked with a winged slightly amplexi-
caul petiole, upper nearly or quite sessile, or semi-amplexicaul. This
we do not know, although we believe it to be only a form of H.
sylvaticum. Fries says of his species (which may be different) that the
scales of the involucre are erect in bud, as in H. murorum; Mr.
Backhouse leaves us in the dark on that point ; while according to
Mr. Babington they are inflexed, as in H. sylvaticum.

22. H. sylvaticum Sm. ( Wood II.) ; green purplish or
glaucous, stem usually with several leaves simple or branched
upwards, paniculato-corymbose (sometimes with few heads
and subcorymbose), leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate dentate
about the middle or nearly entire somewhat hairy narrowed to
the base radical ones stalked cauline stalked or sessile or sub-
amplexicaul, peduncles straight floccose setose, involucre in
bud cylindrical at length ovate or truncate at the base its scales
broad equally alternate inflexed in bud, ligules glabrous, styles
livid. II. vulgatum Fries. — a. vulgatum ; dull or pale green,
cauline leaves lanceolate, involucre setose, the scales subacute.
( — 1. leaves usually uniformly green or purplish or glaucous
beneath, radical ones persistent till the period of flowering,
peduncles ascending. E. B. t. 2031. — 2. leaves spotted with
dark purple radical ones withering before the expansion of the
flowers, peduncles divaricate. H. maculatum Sin. : E. B.
t. 2121.)— ]8. cinereum; ashy-green or glaucous, involucre with
few or no seta: or glands, the scales subobtuse. — y. rubescens ;
green, stem purplish red, leaves ovate, involucre setose, the
scales subacuminate.

a. On the plains and mountains, in woods or on walls, banks and
rocks; frequent. — 0. Great Ormeshead, Wales. — y. Giggleswick
and Gordale Scars near Settle. 2). 7 — 9. — A most variable species;
and when the specific character is drawn up to embrace all the forms,
(for no one can be said to be the type more than another,) and when
we reject from it what does not also apply to most of its allies, there
is scarcely one infallible mark of distinction left. The evanescent
radical leaves connect this with the two next species.

23. 1 H. Gothicum Fries ( naked-headed II.) ; dark green, stem
rigid leafy subcorymbose at the top with few heads or branched,
leaves ovato-lanceolate acute toothed principally about the
middle nearly glabrous above, radical ones shortly stalked,

1 This and the next belong to the Pseudo-accipilrina of Mr. Backhouse, thus
characterised

d. “ Involucres subglabrous the scales obtuse. “ Radical leaves frequently
forming a winter rosette, but rarely present when the plant is in flower.
Pscudo-accipitrina.

23. H. Gothicum Fr. ; lower cauline leaves stalked or subsessile, upper sessile,
ligules glabrous.

2i. H. Duvrensc Fr. ; lower cauline leaves sessile, upper semiamplexicaul, ligules
pilose at the apex.

Hieracium.~\ xlvi. composite: cichorace^e.

229

cauline shortly stalked or subsessile upper sessile passing
gradually into bracteas, peduncles ascending rigid, involucre
dark green with black-based hairs and scarcely any stellate
down, scales broad obtuse spirally imbricated, florets glabrous,
styles yellow or with minute livid hairs. — a. stein with scat-
tered hairs or nearly glabrous, radical leaves usually withering
before the heads expand, styles more or less livid. — /J. stems
purplish red rather hairy, radical leaves usually persistent,
cauline ones broadly ovato-lanceolate, styles yellow. H. Nor-
vegicum Fr. ?

Heathy or grassy places in sub-alpine districts. — a. Teesdale; Cader-
Idris ; Snowdon ; Llanberis. Connemara ; Carrickfergus. Clova ;
Braemar. — /3. Kirk-town of Clova. If.. 7 — 9. — Leaves all similar in
form. This species approaches to II. sylvaticum, with which it accords
in the radical leaves being either persistent or evanescent ; it agrees
also in the glabrous ligules and sometimes livid styles, but differs in
the obtuse scales of the involucre.

24. H* Dovrense Fr. ( Dofrine //.) ; “pale green, stem
simple leafy divided upwards into few short 1- (or rarely 2-)
headed peduncles, leaves oblong or lanceolate toothed, radical
ones smaller than the others stalks soon withering, cauline ones
sessile, upper with a cordate base and semi-amplexicaul,
involucre becoming black hairy, scales broad obtuse, ligules
ciliate.” — Fries .

Scotland (Fries). If.. 7,8. — We have seen no British specimens ;
from the radical leaves soon withering, it, as well as the last, might be
supposed to belong to the next group ; it has an involucre similar to
what we find in H. boreale and its allies, but the ligules appear to he
constantly ciliate. Leaves passing gradually into bracteas. Invo-
lucre subglobose, pretty large, black, with a few short simple hairs or
rarely black setae. Achenes as in LI. boreale, dark-brown, slightly
scabrous ; pappus white. Styles fuliginose when dry.

C.1 Plants producing (in autumn) closed leaf-buds at the base
of the stem, which next year become leafy stems without
true radical leaves. Scales of involucre in many rows.
Achenes of moderate size, truncate at the top; hairs of
pappus unequal. Accipilrina. (Sp. 25—32.)

25. H. tridentdtum Fries (straight- scaled shrubby II ) ; stem
rigid or flexuose sub-corymbose or panicled at the top, leaves

1 In this group the leaves are said to be loosely reticulated when the nerves
given off by the midrib soon branch and disappear among the veins ; and 3 -nerved,
when these nerves retain their appearance curving upwards towards the margin,
and there usually uniting with those below and above them to form a nerve pa-
rallel to the margin.

a. Leaves green, narrow , with a few teeth at the middle. Involucre of fruit con-
stricted at the middle. Ligules glabrous.

25. H. tridentatum Fr. ; heads corymbose, styles livid, leaves 3-nerved.

230 xlvi. composite: cichorace.®. [ Hieracium .

ovate or lanceolate few-toothed about the middle 3-nerved
lower ones obtuse narrowed into petioles upper gradually
smaller acute sessile rounded at the base, peduncles slender
elongated erect with stellate down, involucre ovate at the base
after flowering ventricose and constricted in the middle with
scattered blackish hairs or setae, scales dark-green paler at the
margin bluntish or subacute, ligules glabrous, styles livid. H.
rigidum Koch.

Banks, woods, and thickets, probably not uncommon. (No Scot-
tish or Irish stations are mentioned by Mr. Backhouse.) If. 8, 9.
— “ Stem occasionally forming small rosettes of leaves at or near the
base, similar in appearance to those of the Pulmonarea, but not per-
sistent during winter. Cauline leaves never clasping.” — Backhouse.
The remaining species of this group never form persistent rosettes at
the base of the stem.

26. H. prenanthoides Vill. ( rough-bordered II.) ; stem erect
hairy, panicle spreading leafy branched corymbose, leaves
loosely reticulate and glaucous beneath denticulate or entire
more or less hairy ciliate, lower ones oblong tapering into an
aurieled amplexicaul petiole, upper ovate cordate acute or
acuminate sessile, peduncles short floccose and involucre
hispid with hairs and black setas, scales obtuse outer ones few
and much smaller than the inner, ligules pilose at the apex.
E. B. t. 2235. H. denticulatum Sm.: E. B. t. 2122.

River-sides in the Highlands of Scotland, Northumberland, and
Yorkshire; rare. 11. 7,8 Heads small, numerous ; involucre cylin-

drical, the scales placed somewhat in two rows, the outer considerably
shorter than the inner, without an intermediate one : in bud the
scales are inflexed. Styles yellowish or livid with minute dark hairs.
Leaves gradually passing into bracteas, as in all this group.

27. H. strictum Fries (straight-branched II.) ■ stem rigid

b. Leaves glaucous beneath. Ligules pilose at the apex.

26. H. prenanthoides Vill. ; leaves all amplexicaul loosely reticulated, heads in a

corymbose panicle, peduncles short densely setose.

27. H. striclutn Fries ; leaves 3 nerved lower narrowed to the base, heads irregu-

larly corymbose, peduncles elongated with few or no seta'.

c . Leaves green. Involucre not constricted. Ligules glabrous.

* Scales of involucre reflexed at the point. Styles yellow.

28. H. umbellalutn L. ; leaves loosely reticulated, peduncles not setose.

** Scales of involucre adpressed.

27. H. strictum Fr. ; leaves glaucous beneath 3-nerved, heads irregularly corym-
bose, peduncles not scaly, styles with dark hairs.

29. H. crocatum Fr. ; leaves green 3-nerved, heads subcorymbose, peduncles not

scaly, styles with fuscous hairs.

30. H. rigidum Fr. ; leaves paler or slightly glaucous beneath 3-nerved, heads

in a branched leafy corymbose panicle, peduncles not scaly, styles with fus-
cous hairs.

31. H. corymbosum Fr. ; leaves glaucous beneath loosely reticulated, heads in a

branched leafy corymbose panicle, peduncles scaly, styles yellow or with
minute dark hairs.

32. W.boreule Fr. ; leaves green 3-nerved, heads in a corymb or panicle, peduncles

scaly, styles livid blackish.

231

Ilieracium.'] xlvi. COMrosnvE : cicnoRACEvE.

irregularly corymbose at the top, leaves glaucous beneath
3 -nerved denticulate scarcely amplexicaul lower ones lanceo-
late intermediate ovate or oblong-lanceolate upper rounded at
the base, peduncles floecose with few setae, involucre blackish
sparingly lloecose setose orwith brittle whitish hairs or glabrous,
scales rather irregularly imbricate adpressed inner ones obtuse,
ligules at the apex subpilose in bud afterwards almost or
quite glabrous, styles with dark hairs. H. fruticosum latifo-
liurn glabrum Ray.

Sub-alpine districts, perhaps not rare. In Cumberland. Wicklow.
Argyleshire ; Invernesshire ; Forfarshire; Breadalbane ; and the

Ocliill hills. !£. 7, 8 This is placed by Mr. Backhouse among

those with ligules hairy at the apex ; but when that character is to
be detected at all in this species, it is only while in bud : in that respect
it is more allied to H. rigidum, from which it differs by the more
simple inflorescence.

28. H. umbelldtum L. ( narrow-leaved II.) ; stem corymbose
or subumbellate at the top, leaves green loosely reticulated
oblong-lanceolate or linear toothed or entire sessile attenuated
or rounded at the base, peduncles slender tloccose and the
involucre glabrous or with few white hairs and no set®, scales
broad obtuse with recurved points, outermost acute, ligules
glabrous, styles yellow. — a. leaves flat more or less denti-
culate, all attenuated or acute at the base. E. B. t. 1771. — ji3.
leaves broader and ovate at the base. — y. leaves elongated
very narrow entire revolute at the margin.

Woods, or stony or rocky places. Rare in Scotland. — /8. near
Dunkerran, Co. Kerry. — y. Harper’s Island, Lough Neagh, Co.
Antrim. 7/.. 7 — 9. — The most decidedly marked species of the
genus. Involucre broadly ovate or subcylindrical, usually dark green
and glabrous, but sometimes pale, always with recurved points to the
scales. Achenes slightly scabrous, dark brown.

29. H. crocdtum Fries ( saffron-coloured II.) ; stem subeorym-
bose at the top, leaves green paler beneath 3-nerved linear
lanceolate or oblong lower ones attenuated to a broad base up-
per broadly rounded or amplexicaul at the base, peduncles with
few heads, involucre dark green subcylindrical obtuse or trun-
cate at the base glabrous or with black-based hairs, scales ad-
pressed broad obtuse, ligules glabrous. H. inuloides Tausch.

Mountain districts. Teesdale, Craven, and Cleveland. Glenbally
and Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim; Ballinahinch, Connemara. Near
Castletown of Braemar. If.. 7, 8. — “ Styles yellow, or rather livid,
and with minute dark hairs. Pappus nearly white.” — Backhouse.
“ Stem ] — 3 feet high, glabrous or hairy. Leaves numerous, varying
in shape from ovate to linear-lanceolate, rigid or flaccid, glabrous or
bairy. Heads of flowers large, but not so numerous as in II. umbel-
latum. Allied to II. umhellatum and H. corymbosum, rather than to
H. boreale.” — Baker in litt.

232

xl vi. composite: cichorace^e. [ Hieracium .

30. H. rigidum Hartm. ? ( rigid-stemmed H.) ; stem rigid
with a leafy branched corymbose panicle, leaves dull green
paler or subglaucous beneath 3-nerved ovate- or oblong-lan-
ceolate few toothed about the middle lowest ones attenuated
into winged petioles upper narrowed to a more or less am-
plexicaui or rounded base sessile, involucre after flowering
conical and not constricted in the middle uniformly dark or
blackish green with scattered hairs and setae, scales adpressed
obtuse, ligules glabrous.

Mountainous districts. Upper Teesdale. Co. Antrim. Clova.

8, 9 With this species we are scarcely acquainted. “ Styles

yellow or rather lurid with dark hairs.” — Backhouse.

31. H. corymbosum Fries {corymbose Id.) ; stem rigid with a
spreading leafy branched corymbose panicle, leaves loosely re-
tculated glaucous and floccose beneath rather hairy on both
sides ovato-lanceolate irregularly toothed sessile with an am-
plexicaul or rounded base, peduncles scaly, involucre subglo-
bose in bud afterwards ovate or truncate at the base with
scattered hairs and setas, scales adpressed inner obtuse, ligules
glabrous.

Mountain glens ; rare. Banks of the Clunie, near the Castletown
of Braemar. If.. 7, 8. — If we mistake not, the species as now limited
!>y Mr. Backhouse excludes part of what we. on the authority of Mr.
Baker, referred to it in our last edition. Mr. Baker compared it with
“ H. crocatum, but distinguished by its leaves, panicles, and invo-
lucres;” adding that it was to be found in Teesdale and Wales,
besides Scotland. Mr. Backhouse knows of one locality only, and
compares it with H. rigidum, and seems only to admit it as a species
upon the authority of Fries. So gradually do these supposed species
pass into each other, that scarcely two botanists can give the same name
to a specimen which departs slightly from what each chooses to consider
the typical form.

32. H. boreale Fries {shrubby broad-leaved H.) ; stem rough
or hairy with a panicled or racemose leafy corymb, leaves dull
green paler beneath 3-nerved toothed or denticulate lower
ones lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate narrowed into a villous pe-
tiole, upper sessile ovate with a broad rounded or cordate base,
peduncles copiously floccose scaly erect or ascending, involucre
ovate at the base uniformly dark-green or blackish, scales ad-
pressed glabrous or sprinkled with longish brittle hairs inner-
most very blunt outer often narrower, ligules glabrous at the
apex, styles livid or dark. Ii. sabaudum E. B. t. 349.

Woods, hedges, and railway embankments, not uncommon. If. . 7 —
10. — We fear that this is merely one of the many forms of one very
variable species; and that as it agrees in most points with several
others of the section, the characters ought to be altered to include
them. The form or species usually called by the present name is
described above, and is best known by the dark involucre, without
down, contrasting with the white downy peduncles.

Cichorium .] xlvi. composite : cynarocephal^e. 233

*** Pappus neither filiform nor plumose. (Gen. 14, 15.)

14. Lapsana Linn. Nipple-wort.

Achenes compressed, striate. Pappus none, or a mere
border. Receptacle naked. Involucre in a single row of erect
scales, with small ones at the base. — Named from X«7r«£u>, to
purge ; from its laxative qualities.

1. L. communis L. (common N.); involucre of the fruit
angular, stem panicled, peduncles slender, leaves ovate or
cordate petiolate angulato-dentate, pappus none. E. B. t. 844.

Waste and cultivated ground, common. 0. 7 — 9. — Stems 2 — 4 ft.
high. Leaves soft and thin, slightly hairy; the radical ones more or
less lyrate. Flowers small, yellow.

2. L. pusilla Willd. (dwarf N.) ; scape branched very thick
and fistulose upwards, leaves obovato-oblong toothed, pappus
a short entire border. Hyoseris L. : E. B. t. 95. Arnoseris
Gcertn.

Corn-fields, in gravelly soils, not common. ©. 6 — 7. — Scapes

6—8 inches high, more or less branched, remarkable for their clavate
and fistulose extremities. Flowers small, yellow.

15. Cichorium Linn. Succory, or Chicory.

Achenes turbinate, striate. Pappus sessile, scaly, shorter
than the fruit. Receptacle naked or slightly hairy. Involucre
of 8 scales, surrounded by 5 smaller ones at the base. (Flowers
blue.) — Name : chikouryeh, in Arabic. The Egyptians eat a
vast quantity of this vegetable.

1. C. I'ntybus L. (wild S.) ; heads sessile axillary in pairs,
lower leaves runcinate hispid on the keel, upper ones amplexi-
caul oblong or lanceolate entire. E. B. t. 539.

Borders of fields and waste places ; chiefly in a light gravelly or
chalky soil. 7 — 10 . — Stem 1 — 3 ft. high, erect, branched.

Flowers numerous, large, of a bright, but pale blue. — The endive or
succory of the gardens is C. Endivia, supposed to be a native of India.
The specific name of both is derived from the Arabic hendibeh.

Tribe II. CyNAROCEPHALiE. Artichoke or Thistle Tribe.

All the corollas tubular (Tab. IV. A.), 5-cleft, and generally
inflated below the mouth, uniform in the same head (perfect
or rarely dioecious), or, as in Ceutaurea, with those of the cir-
cumference irregular, tubular, and neuter (Tab. IV. B.). Style
swollen below its branches. (Gen. 16 — 23. *)

1 This, like the preceding, is a very natural tribe, deriving its name from Cynara,
the Artichoke , which, as well as the Thistles, will give a good idea of the general
aspect or appearance of all in the group ; and It is desirable to study the aspect, for
in the following tribe ( Corymbiferce ) there are some genera which have wholly
tubular florets, but they are usually quite distinct in appearance from the present,
and, upon looking a little carefully into their structure, we shall find that they may
be further distinguished from the Thistle tribe by the corollas not inflated below

234 xl vi. composite: cynarocephalte. [A'rctium.

16. A'rctium Linn. Burdock.

Achenes 4-sided. Pappus short, pilose. Receptacle chaffy.
Involucre globose, the scales with an incurved hook at the point.
— Name: apurog, a bear; from the coarse texture of the in-
volucres.

1. A. Lappa L. ( common B.)\ leaves cordate stalked. — a.
majus; heads large usually corymbose and long-stalked. ( — 1.
heads usually webbed closed in fruit, scales shorter than the
llorets. A. Bardana E. B. t. 2478. A. tomentosum Pers. —
2. heads usually glabrous open in fruit, scales longer than the
florets. A. majus Sclik). — j3. minus ; heads racemose. ( — 1 . heads
subsessile closed in fruit, scales as long as or longer than the
florets. A. intermedium Lange. — 2. heads shortly stalked
slightly contracted at the mouth in fruit, scales shorter than
the florets. A. Lappa E. B. 1. 1228. A. minus Schk. — 3. heads
on longish stalks open in fruit, scales as long as the florets.
A. pubens Bab.)

Waste places and way-sides, common, g . 7, 8. — Three feet or
more high. Radical haves very large and often slightly toothed.
Involucre with hooked scales, which fasten themselves most pertina-
ciously to clothes and the coats of animals. These scales are some-
times glabrous, and occasionally have a more or less abundant cottony
substance interwoven with them in some of our varieties; the length of
the scales and form of the head afford very unsatisfactory characters
for species. Mr. Babington in Ann. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1858, p. 351, pro-
poses other marks of difference taken from the petioles of the radical
leaves, but which we deem of even less value.

17. Serratula Linn. Saw-wort.

Achenes obovate, compressed, glabrous. Pappus persistent,
pilose, hairs filiform in several rows, of which the interior is the

their mouth, and by the style not being swollen below its branches. Examples of
the present group will be seen at

Tab. IV. A. Fig. 1. Head of flower of Carduus , with the spreading uniform
tubular florets within the involucre.

Fig. 2. represents the involucre cut through vertically, to show the receptacle,
upon which are a great number of bristles, all the florets being removed from the
receptacle but one.

Fig. 3. A floret from the receptacle, showing at the base the ovary or germen,
crowned by the pappus or limb of the calyx, within which is the tubular corolla,
inflated below the mouth, and including the stamens and swollen style, with its
brandies and stigmas.

Fig. 4. Summit of the style, showing the swelling (in this instance clothed by a
circle of hairs) AM but fig. 1. more or less magnified.

Tab. IV. B. Fig. 1. Head of flowers of the genus Centaurea, with the spreading
tubular florets, of two kinds, within the involucre.

Fig. 2. Floret from the centre. At its base is the germen or ovary and pappus ;
within the latter is the corolla, tubular, regular, perfect (having stamens and pis-
tils), inflated below the mouth, and including the stamens and style, the latter
swollen just below its branches.

Fig. 3. Floret from the circumference, neuter (having neither stamens nor pis-
tils). At its base is an abortive germen (no pappus), upon which is seated the
tubular 5-cleft, but somewhat irregular corolla.

F'ig. 4. Fruit of No. 2. with its pappus All but fig. 1. more or less magnified.

Carduus.'] xlvi. composite: cynarocephalje. 235

longest. Receptacle chaffy, the scales split into linear bristles.
Involucre oblong, imbricated with straight unarmed scales
Filaments papillose : anthers with a short blunt appendagi
ecaudate at the base. — Name: serrula, a little saw ; which the
margins of the leaves represent.

1. S. tinctdria L. ( common S.) ; dioecious, leaves entire or
pinnatifid, involucral scales glabrous or slightly connected
with a cobweb-like down, outer ones ovate adpressed, inner
linear coloured. E. B. t. 38.

Thickets and pastures. Not indigenous in Scotland. Jf. 8. —
Stem 2 — 3 ft. high, branched, stiff. Leaves usually pinnatifid or
lyrate, and finely serrate, sometimes entire and without serratures,
as in Appley Wood, I. of Wight, Miss Taten. Flowers purple. —
It dyes cloth yellow.

18. Saussurea De Cand. Saussurea.

Achenes glabrous. Pappus double, sessile ; exterior of short
rough bristles ; inner feathery, deciduous. Receptacle bristly
or chaffy. Involucre imbricated with unarmed scales. Fila-
ments smooth : anthers with long acute appendages at the apex,
and ciliate or woolly seta; at the base. — Named in honour of
the two Saussures, father and son.

1. S. alpxna DC. ( alpine S.)-, leaves flat cottony beneath
lanceolate upper ones quite entire, those of the root ovato-
lanceolate toothed stalked, heads few densely corymbose, invo-
lucre villous subcylindrical, scales adpressed, the outer ones
shorter, anther-bristles ciliate. Serratula L. : E. B. t. 599.

Moist alpine rocks. Snowdon. The Lake district. Saddleback,
Dumfriesshire ; frequent on the Highland mountains of Scotland.
P . 8. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high, erect, simple, woolly. Leaves few

upon the stem. Flowers rather large, purple.

19. Carduds Linn. Thistle. (Tab. IV. A.)

Achenes glabrous. Pappus equal, pilose (not feathery), ses-
sile, united by a ring at the base and deciduous. Receptacle
bristly. Involucre imbricated with spinous pointed scales.
Anthers ecaudate. — Name : from the Celtic and Gaelic card , a
card for combing wool, for which the involucre of some of the
species may have been employed; and this again from ard, in
Celtic, a point ; whence also apcoc, in Greek, arduus , ardeo , &c.
in Latin.

* Filaments distinct, hairy ; anther - appendages subulate. Eucarduus.

1. C. nutans L. {Musk T.) ; leaves decurrent sinuate spi-
nous, heads hemispherical solitary drooping, scales of the in
volucre lanceolate, outer ones spreading. E. B. t. 1112.

Waste ground in dry, stony, or chalky soils. $. 5 — 10. — Stem
2 — 3 ft. high, not much branched, cottony, interruptedly winged.

236 xlvi. composite : cynarocephal-e. [ Cnicus.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong, deeply sinuate. Heads of flowers large,
handsome purple. Involucre slightly woolly or almost glabrous.

2. C. acanthoides L. {welted, T .) ; leaves decurrent lanceolate
sinuate pinnatifid spinous, heads globose nearly sessile solitary
or aggregate, involucral scales linear-subulate erect or spread-
ing. E. B. t. 973. — a. heads larger usually solitary, disk of
achene with a 5-lobed tubercle. — ft. heads aggregate, disk of
achene with a conical tubercle. C. crispus Z.

Way-sides and waste places. © or $. 6 — 8. — Stem 3 — 4 ft. high,
interruptedly winged, branched. Leaves glabrous or cottony beneath.
Flowers deep purple, sometimes white.

3. C. tenuflurus Curt, {slender-flowered T .) ; leaves decurrent
lanceolate sinuate spinous somewhat cottony beneath, heads
nearly cylindrical aggregate sessile, involucral scales ovato-
lanceolate attenuate erect. E. B. t. 412. C. pycnocephalus
Jacq. : Benth.

Waste sandy places, especially about towns, near the sea. © or
$. 6 — 8. — Stem 2 — 4 ft. high, winged to the top with the decur-
rent bases of the leaves.

** Filaments monadelphous, papillose: anther-appendages short.

Silybum.

4. C. Maridnus L. {Milk T.) ; leaves sessile amplexicaul
waved spinous the radical ones pinnatifid, scales of the involucre
subfoliaceous recurved spinous at the margin. E. B. t. 976.
Silybum Gcert.

Banks and waste places. Rare in Scotland ; about Edinburgh ;
on Dumbarton rock. $. 7. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Distinguish-
able at once by the white veins on its leaves, and the great recurved
scales of the involucre. A drop of the Virgin Mary’s milk was con-
sidered to have produced these veins, as that of Juno was fabled to be
the origin of the milky ivay.

20. Cnicus Linn. : Willd. Plume-thistle.

Achenes glabrous. Pappus equal, plumose, sessile, united by
a ring at the base and deciduous. Receptacle bristly. Involucre
tumid, imbricated usually with spinous or mucronate scales.
Anthers ecaudate ; filaments distinct. — Named from k vi£u>, to
prick or wound.

1. C. lanceoldtus Willd. {Spear P.) ; leaves decurrent hispid
pinnatifid their lobes generally bifid spreading spinous, in-
volucres ovate tomentose their scales lanceolate spreading.
Carduus L. : E. B. t. 107.

Way-sides and pastures, frequent. $ . 7, 8. — Stem 3 — 4 ft. high.
Leaves white and downy beneath, spinous-hairv above ; segments
entire, their points long and very sharp. Heads of flowers standing
singly, large.

2. C. palustris Willd. {Marsh P .) ; leaves decurrent sea-

237

Cnlcus.'] XLVI. COMPOSITE : CYNAROCEPIIALiE.

brous pinnatifid spinous, involucres ovate clustered, their
scales ovato-lanceolate mucronate adpressed. CarduusZ. : E.
B. t. 974.

Moist meadows and shady places, frequent. $. 7. — Stem 4 — 6 ft.
high, erect, copiously clothed with rather short spines. Remarkable
for its clustered heads of flowers, whose involucres have the scales
broad, adpressed, keeled and mucronate.

3. C. arvensis Hoff'm. ( creeping P .) ; leaves spinous, heads
dioecious by abortion, involucre ovate nearly glabrous, its scales
broadly lanceolate adpressed terminating in a short spreading
spine, rhizome creeping. — a. leaves sessile or very slightly de-
current. pinnatifid very wavy. Carduus Curt. : E. B. t. 975.
— ji. leaves lanceolate flat entire or slightly lobed. Cirsium
setosum M. Bieb. ?

Fields and road-sides, too abundant.- — 0. Culross, by tbe Frith
of Forth, Perthshire. Hartlepool. Kirkwall. ~1L. 7. As to our
0. it has been only found in Perthshire by Dr. Dewar, near Hartle-
pool by Mr. Backhouse, and, according to Mr. Babington, at Kirk-
wall. It may not be the plant of Bieberstein, an Eastern species,
described with scarcely rigid points to the involucral scales: otherwise
we must suppose it to have been introduced with ballast.

4. C. eriophorus Willd. {woolly -headed P.) ; leaves semi-
amplexicaul not decurrent white and cottony beneath spinous-
hairy above pinnatifid, lobes bifid alternate segments pointing
upwards and downwards, involucres spherical woolly, the scales
with a long reflexed spinous point. E. B. t. 386.

Waste ground and road-sides, in chalky and limestone soil. Rare
in Scotland; near Edinburgh, Dumbarton, and in Appin. 7.

8. — Stems much branched, furrowed, 2 ft. high; the stoutest of the
genus. Leaves acuminate, white and downy beneath ; their segments
entire, alternately pointing upwards and downwards, and terminated
by sharp spines. Involucre very large ; its scales linear, mucronate,
much interwoven with a woolly substance.

5. C. heterophyllus Willd. {melancholy P .) ; leaves semi-am-
plexioaul (not decurrent) lanceolate soft ciliato-dentate undi-
vided or laciniate glabrous above white and downy beneath,
heads mostly solitary, involucres ovate slightly downy, scales
ovate or lanceolate acuminate adpressed. E. B. t. 675.

Moist mountain-pastures in the North, frequent. 2/.. 7, 8. —
Rhizome creeping. Stems 2 — 3 ft. high, striate, and, as well as the
under-side of the leaves, covered with a white cottony down. In-
volucre dark green ; its scales acuminate but not spinous.

6. C. tuberosus Willd. {tuberous P.) ; leaves sessile (not de-
current) lanceolate deeply pinnatifid lobed fringed with minute
prickles pilose above hairy or slightly cottony beneath, lower
ones on long stalks, stem without wing or prickles with 1 — 3
terminal heads, scales of the involucre lanceolate mucronate

238 xlvi. composite: cynarocephal^e. \_Cmcus.

adpressed nearly glabrous, root csespitose of elliptical tapering
fleshy knobs. E. B. t. 2562.

Great-ridge wood, near Boyton, on the Wiltshire downs. Be-
tween St. Donat’s and Dunraven, Glamorganshire : Mr. Westcornbe.
Penhill, parish of Stratton St. Margaret’s, 2 m. from Swindon : Mr.
Woodward. U . 8, 9. — The Glamorganshire plant is said (Phyt.
iv. 519) to be probably C. Woodwardii of Hewitt Watson, a species
founded on the Penhill specimens; but we have seen no description,
and do not possess specimens from any of the localities.

7. C. pratensis Willd. ( Meadow P .) ; creeping, leaves soft
mostly radical cauline ones sessile lanceolate waved at the edge
or pilose above cottony beneath fringed with minute prickles,
heads mostly solitary globose terminal slightly cobwebbed, scales
lanceolate closely imbricate mucronate. Carduus Huds.: E.
B. t. 177. Cirsium Anglieum Lam.

Low wet pastures. Rare in Scotland ; Isla and Arran. 2/ .
6 — 8. — About 1 — 2 ft. high. It is not always easy to distinguish
this from the last species : the leaves in C. tuherosus are however
usually deeply pinnatifid, here they are only sinuate or with small

2 3-cleft lobes. The true C. Forsteri Sm. is now allowed to be a

hybrid between this species and C. palustris, having “ leaves slightly
decurrent pinnatifid spinous downy beneath, stem panicled hollow,
involucre ovate rather cottony, outer scales spinous,” and the stems
3 — 4 ft. high, several from the crown of the root, which is emspitose.
Only single specimens have been here and there observed, particu-
larly in Sussex. Perhaps other hybrids occur, inclining sometimes
more to the one parent, sometimes more to the other; but what are
usually so called in herbaria are, according to Mr. H. Watson, luxu-
riant specimens of C. pratensis itself.

8. C. acaulis Willd. ( dwarf P.) ; stem almost none or short,
leaves nearly all radical glabrous lanceolate-oblong pinnatifid,
lobes somewhat trifid spinous-toothed, heads mostly solitary,
involucre obovate-cylindrical glabrous, scales adpressed acute
scarcely mucronate, outer ones ovate inner gradually longer.
Carduus L. : E. B. t. 161. — 0 ? stem much branched, with
several heads. C. dubius Willd. P

Frequent and destructive in dry gravelly or chalky pastures, in
some parts of England, as Dorsetshire and Norfolk. — 0. Saffron
Walden, Essex: Mr. G. S. Gibson. 2/.. 7,9. — With 0. we are
not acquainted ; only one plant was found : in cultivation the stem-
less plant occasionally exhibits a slightly branched stem, but Mr.
Borrer supposes the 0. to be a hybrid between C. acaulis and C.
arvensis. In the usual form the leaves spread close to the ground;
from their centre arises one sessile head of purple flowers.

[C. oleracens is said to have been gathered “wild in Lincolnshire
by the late Mr. Cole of Bourne, about 1823,” but seems to have
disappeared : it is in no way allied to any of our British species, and
can have no claim to be indigenous.]

Centaurea.~\ xlvi. composite: cynarocephala:. 239

21. Onopordum Linn. Cotton-thistle.

Achenes 4-ribbed, glabrous. Pappus pilose, rough, sessile,
united into a ring at the base and deciduous. Receptacle
honey-combed. Involucre tumid, imbricated, the scales spread-
ing and spinose. Anthers with subulate appendages at the
apex, shortly caudate at the base. — Name: ovoq, an ass, and
7rti)Cii>, to crepitate ; from the effect, according to Pliny, upon the
ass which eats it.

1. O. Ac&nthium L. ( common C.)'; scales of the involucre
spreading subulate, leaves elliptic-oblong sinuate spinous
decurrent woolly on both sides. E. B. t. 977.

Waste-ground, road-sides, &c., in a gravelly soil. Less frequent
in Scotland. $ . 8 . — Stem 4 — 6 feet high, branched and winged at
the summit ; wings very spinous. Involucre globose. Flowers purple.
The seeds of this and of others of the Thistle tribe are much eaten
by birds. It is cultivated in Scotland as the Scotch thistle.

22. Carlina Linn. Carline-thistle.

Achenes oblong, cylindrical, silky. Pappus feathery, sessile,
hairs unequally united at the base. Receptacle chaffy, scales irre-
gularly cleft. Involucre imbricate, tumid; the outer scales lax
with numerous spines; the inner coloured, spreading resembling
a ray. Anthers with ciliate bristles at the base, and long
appendages at the apex. — Name: the same as Carolina-, from
a tradition that the root was shown by an angel to Charlemagne
as a remedy for the plague which prevailed in his army.

1. C. vulgaris L. ( common C.) ; stem many-flowered corym-
bose pubescent, leaves lanceolate unequally spinous and sinuate
downy beneath. E. B. t. 1144.

Dry hilly pastures, and fields. Rare in the west of Scotland ;
Galloway; Bennan-head, Isle of Arran. $. 6 — 10. — One foot
high, very spinous, but the spines generally short. Ext. scales or
leaflets of the involucre much resembling the leaves , but smaller ; inner
ones linear, membranous, yellow, entire, spreading and forming a
horizontal ray around the purplish florets. Anthers with two bristles
at the base.

[Of C. racemosa a single specimen was found in the Isle of Arran,
Galway Bay, Ireland, by Mr. Andrews ; but truly indigenous species
do not occur in an isolated manner, unless where expelled by cultiva-
tion.]

23. Centaurea Linn. Knapweed, Blue-bottle, and Star-
thistle. (Tab. IV. B.)

Achenes compressed. Pappus pilose or scaly or none, rarely
exceeding the achene in length. Receptacle bristly. Involucre
imbricate. Florets of the disk perfect ; of the circumference
narrow, funnel-shaped, irregular, without stamens or pistil

240 xlyi. composite : cynarocephal/E. [ Centaurea.

(neuter), longer than those of the disk, and resembling a ray
(sometimes wanting). — So named, because with a plant of this
genus it is said the Centaur Chiron cured himself of a wound
received in the foot from Hercules.

* Involucral scales with a broad scariovs appendage at the apex.

1. C. *Jacea L. ( brown-rayed K .) ; involucral appendages
scariose torn the outer pinnatifid, leaves linear-lanceolate, the
lower ones broader and toothed, heads rayed, pappus none.
E. B. t. 1678.

Hedges and waste places. Sussex. Belmont castle and Inver-
carrity, Angusshire; Craignethan Castle, Lanarkshire. Belfast,
Ireland. If.. 8, 9. — Lower leaves obovato-lanceolate, petioled,
toothed ; upper ones entire, sessile. The appendages of the scales
of the involucre are pale brown, shining, the outer ones deeply
pinnatifid, the middle ones torn, the uppermost sometimes nearly
entire, and having the scale itself so elongated as not to be co-
vered by the lower ones. In these respects the usual form differs
strikingly from C. nigra; but there are occasionally specimens ap-
proaching it, and what is called C. transalpina is quite intermediate.
Smith says that the achenes are “ crowned with a simple row of very
short black bristles;” in our foreign specimens there is no vestige
of a pappus. Only one specimen has been found in Sussex and
another in Lanarkshire: the Angusshire plant is more probably the
rayed state of C. nigra; the Irish one, if wild, is probably in the same
predicament.

2. C. nigrescens Godr. (black-rayed K.) ; involucral append-
ages erect lanceolate or ovato-lanceolate pectinate, teeth subu-
late short, pappus wanting, leaves lanceolate or ovato-lanceolate
acute, lower ones sinuato-dentate or lvrato-sinuate or entire,
upper sessile.

Meadows and pastures in the west of England. It. 6 — 9. —
Involucral appendages dark, of the outermost small, of succeeding
rows gradually broader; the three innermost rows of scales usually
protrude, and have roundish irregularly torn appendages. Heads
usually rayed. — We do not know with certainty what plant is meant;
so have drawn up our character from Mr. Babington’s description.

3. C. nigra L. (black discoid K.) ; involucral appendages
ovate quite covering the involucre closely and deeply fringed,
teeth spreading capillary twice as long as the breadth of the
appendage, lower leaves angulato-dentate sublyrate, upper
ones lanceolate, pappus of short linear unequal deciduous
scales. — a. heads discoid. E. B. t. 278. — heads rayed. C.
nigrescens Willd.

Meadows and pastures, frequent. — j8. not uncommon in the S.
and W. of England and Wales; rare in Scotland. if. 6 — 9. —
Stem 2 — 3 ft. high. Leaves scabrous. Scales of the involucre with
black appendages and brown teeth ; one or more of the innermost

Centaurea.'] xlvi. composite: ctnarocepiial^e. 241

rows in our var. /8. is often so long as not to be covered by the outer
scales, a structure we have never seen in var. a. Pappus perhaps never
entirely wanting, usually consisting of an outer row of very short
blunt scales, and in var. a. of numerous longer ones which are often
deciduous; these longer ones in our var. /3 seem either to be few in
number, or entirely wanting. We have no objection to unite the
rayed form to the last, as we are not aware that cultivation has ever
caused it to lose its ray, or the common state of C. nigra to obtain one.

** Involucral scales lanceolate, their upper half with a scarioug decurreqt
margin.

4. C. Scabiusa L. (greater K .) ; scales of the involucre ad-
pressed with a black pectinate margin, leaves roughish pinna-
tifid, segments lanceolate acute, pappus pilose about the length
of the achene. E. B. t. 56.

Barren pastures, corn-fields, and road-sides. Rare in Scotland.
g . 7 — 9. — Stem 2 — 8 ft. high, erect, much branched. Involucres
globose, very large; their scales usually cottony, with an almost black
scarious margin, and paler fringe. Within the outer hairs of the
pappus there is an inner row of shorter hairs.

5. C. CyanusL. (Corn B.) ; scales of the involucre adpressed
with a brown toothed margin, leaves linear-lanceolate entire,
the lowermost toothed or pinnatifid, pappus pilose rather
shorter than the achene. E. B. t. 277.

Corn-fields, frequent. ©. 6 — 8. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Covered
with a loose cottony down, especially on the stems and under-side of
the leaves. Florets of the disk small, purple; of the ray few, larger,
bright blue, spreading. Scales of the involucre greenish, their mar-
gins brown. Outer row of the hairs of the pappus tawny, innermost
white.

*** Involucral scales with palmate or pinnated spines.

6. C. Isnardi L. (Jersey S.) ; scales of the involucre with
palmate nearly equal spines, leaves scabrous, lower ones some-
what lyrate or incise-tootked amplexicaul, upper linear coarsely
toothed tapering at the base, heads terminal solitary with one
or more leaves at the base. E. B. t. 2256. C. aspera L.

Pastures in Jersey and Guernsey. H-. 7, 8. — Flowers purple.
Spines of the involucre small, nearly equal in size. Pappus present in
all the florets.

7. C. Calcitrapa L. (common S .) ; scales of the involucre
glabrous ending in a long broad strong canaliculate spine
spinulose at its base, stem divaricated, leaves unequally pin-
natifid spinuloso-dentate, heads lateral solitary sessile, pappus
none. E. B. t. 125.

Gravelly, sandy, and waste places, in the middle and S. of England,
especially near the sea. 0. 7, 8. — Flowers purple. — The specific
name is derived from an old Celtic and now English word trap, a

II

242 XL vi. composite : coiiymbifee.e. '[ Centaurea.

snare, and caly, a prickle ; whence the Saxon and English word Caltrops
(an instrument of war with long points), and the French chausse -
trappe, which last seems to have been Latinised into calcitrapa.

8. C. * solstitialis L. ( yellow S ) ; scales of the involucre woollv
palmato-spinose ending in a long slender spine, stem winged
from the decurrent bases of the lanceolate unarmed entire
leaves, radical ones lyrato-pinnatifid, heads terminal solitary.
E. B. t. 243.

Occasionally seen in fields and waste places, principally in the
east and south of England, and near Dublin. 0. 7 — 9. — Flowers
yellow, as are the slender needle-like spines of the involucre. Pappus
rigid.

Tribe III. Corymbifer^.

Heads either discoid; with the fiorets of each uniform and
usually tubular (Tab. IV. C.), or those of the circumference
filiform or tubular and pistillate only: — or rayed (Tab. IV. D.)
when furnished with a ray consisting of ligulate pistillate or
neuter spreading florets. Style of the perfect florets not swollen
beneath its branches.1 (Gen. 24 — 46.)

1 This tribe is an extensive one, and at first sight will appear less natural and less
recognisable by the inexperienced eye, than the two former tribes. The greater
number of the genera and species, which compose it, have radiate flowers, and then
they are readily distinguished. Of this we have very familiar examples in the
Daisy (Tab. IV. D.), the Ox eye and the Leopard' s-bane ; but in many cases the
ray is so small as to be hardly perceptible, as in the Cudweeds ; or it is wholly
wanting, as in the He?np-agrimony, Bur-marigold, and in th e Diotis or Cotton-weed
(Tab. IV. C.). In these latter then the florets are all tubular; but the student
will observe that the florets do not spread, as in most of the Thistle tribe , that the
corolla is not remarkably inflated below the mouth, nor is the style swollen below
the branches ; and he would never think of arranging any one of them with the
Thistles. A reference to our figures, and a comparison of them with the figures of
the two preceding tribes, will show at once the essential distinctions.

Tab. IV. C. Fig. 1. Head of flowers of Diotis : the florets all tubular, erect,
erowded, parallel (not spreading), surrounded by the scaly and woolly involucre.

Fig. 2. Single floret taken from the receptacle, with its chaffy scale. Within the
fringed scale is seen, at the base of the floret, the germen (destitute of pappus),
upon which is the tubular corolla, with its two curious ears at the base, and in-
cluding the stamens and pistil.

Fig. 3. Upper part of the style, showing no swelling.

Figs. 4, 5. Fruits with the withered and persistent base of the corollas.

All more or less magnified.

Tab. IV. D. Fig. 1. Head of flowers of the Common Daisy ( Beilis perennis ),
showing the tubular florets in the centre, and the ligulate ones forming a ray in
the circumference, all within the involucre.

Fig. 2. Involucre with the conical receptacle ; all the florets being removed.

Fig. 3. Floret of the ray or circumference, haxing at its base the germen desti-
tute of pappus, and above it the ligulate or strap-shaped corolla, exhibiting in its
short cylindrical base only a style and no stamens: it is, therefore, imperfect, but
fertile, the pistil being fertilised by the anthers of the central florets.

Fig. 4. Floret of the centre or disk, having at the base, the germen, destitute of
pappus ; above that, the tubular corolla, including the stamens and style : it is,
therefore, perfect.

All more or less magnified.

The name Corymbifera; was given to this tribe or division of Compositce, be.
cause in many cases, as in the Hemp-agrimony , Tansy , &c.t the heads of flowers
are arranged in corymbs j but this is by no means universally the case.

Diotis.'] XL VI. COMPOSITE t CORYMBIFER^E.

243

Subtribe I. Tubiflor2K. Heads discoid.' (Tab. IV. C.)

(Gen. 24—33.)

* Pappus of awns or wanting. (Gen. 24 — 27.)

24. Bidens Linn. Bur-marigold.

Pappus of 2 — 5 persistent awns, which are rough with minute
deflexed prickles. Receptacle chaffy. Involucre of many scales ;
the outer ones or bracteas often leafy. (Heads sometimes with
aneuter ray.) — Name : bis, double, and dens, a tooth; from the
awns or teeth which crown the fruit.

1. B. cernua L. ( nodding B.) ; flowers drooping, bracteas
lanceolate entire (longer than the involucre), leaves lanceolate
serrate undivided, bristles of the fruit about 3 erect. E. B.
t. 1114.

Sides of rivulets, ditches, and lakes, frequent. 0. 7 — 10. — Stem
1 — 2 ft. and more high, branched and slightly hispid. Leaves gla-
brous, deeply serrate. Flowers large, greenish yellow.

2. B. tripartita L. ( trifid B.) ; leaves tripartite, leaflets lan-
ceolate deeply serrate, bristles of the fruit 2 — 3. E. B.

t. 1113.

Marshy places, sides of ponds and lakes. 0. 7 — 9. — Readily
distinguished by its divided leaves. The flowers, which are slightly
drooping, are smaller than those of B. cernua. Both species have
occasionally a ray of 3-toothed neuter florets.

25. Diotis Desf. Cotton-weed. (Tab. IV. C.)

Pappus 0. Cor. with two ears at the base, which border the
gerrnen and remain upon the fruit. Receptacle chaffy, its scales
fringed. Involucre imbricated hemispherical. — Named from
die, two, and our, wroc, an ear ; from the ear-like appendages to
the fruit.

1. D. maritima Cass. ( Sea-side C .) Santolina L. : E. B.

t. 141.

Sandy sea-shores, principally on the east and south of England.
Jersey. If. 8, 9. — Root running deep into the sand. Leaves
numerous, oblong, covered with a white dense tomentum, as are the
scales of the involucre, which in a great measure conceal the small
yellow corollas.

1 In Bidens there is occasionally a true ray ; in Tanacetum somewhat tubular
florets with a short ligule ; and in Artemisia. Gnauhalium, and Pctasites. slender
ones with a filiform inconspicuous erect ligule are sometimes observed in the cir-
cumference, but in these cases the heads can scarcely be said to be rayed. On the
other hand some species of Senecio, in the second subtribe, are without a ray, and
some species of Etigeron and Inula have it erect and so inconspicuous that they
might almost be looked tor in the present snbtribe.

M 2

244 xl vi. composite : cokyhbifeea:. [ Tancicetum.

26. Tanacetijm Linn. Tansy.

Achenes angled, crowned with a large epigynous disk and
a membranous margin. Receptacle naked. Involucre hemi-
spherical, imbricated. Ligulate florets short and trifid, or want-
ing. (Heads homochromous .) — Name altered from Athanasia ;
a, not, and Savaroc, death ; or that which does not quickly fade.

1. T. vulgdre L. ( common T.) ; leaves bipinnatifid inciso-
serrate. E. B. t. 1229.

Borders of fields and road-sides. 2/.. 8. — Stem 1 — 3 ft. high.
Flowers in a terminal corymb. — Whole plant hitter and aromatic,
much used in medicine, and also in domestic economy.

27. Artemisia Linn. Wormwood, Southernwood, Mugwort.

Achenes obovate, with a minute epigynous disk. Pappus 0.
Receptacle without scales. Involucre ovate or rounded, imbri-
cated. Ligulate florets , if any, in a single row, short or slender
and awl-shaped. (Heads homochromous .) — Named from Ar-
temis, the Diana of the Greeks.

* All the florets except those of the margin sterile. Receptacle glabrous.

Heads monoecious. Oligosporus.

1. A. campestris L. ( Field S.) ; leaves glabrous above silky
beneath once or twice pinnate with linear segments, stems
twiggy procumbent before flowering, scales of the involucre
glabrous with a scarious margin. E. B. t. 338.

Dry sandy heaths, rare. Norfolk and Suffolk, principally in the
vicinity of Thetford and Bury. Belfast. If. 8,9. — Florets yellow :
those of the disk, although apparently perfect, have no ovule in the
germen, and therefore never produce seed, which is to be met with
only in the single row of marginal pistillate filiform florets.

** Heads heterogamous, florets not all perfect but all fertile. Receptacle
glabrous. Abrotanum.

2. A. vulgaris L. ( common M.) ; leaves pinnatifid white and
woolly beneath, heads somewhat racemed ovate, scales of the
involucre woolly. E. B. t. 978.

Hedges and waste places, common. If.. 7 — 9. — Stems 3 — 4 ft.
high, furrowed. Florets reddish or brownish yellow.

*** Heads heterogamous. Receptacle hairy. Absinthium.

3. A. Absinthium L. ( common TH); leaves bipinnatifid clothed
with short silky down, segments lanceolate, heads hemispherical
drooping many-flowered, outer scales of the involucre linear
silky, inner ones roundish scarious. E. B. 1. 1230.

Waste places and about villages, in dry soils. 2f. 8, 9. — Stem

1 — 14 ft. high, erect. Panicles of flowers erect, leafy. Floral leaves

Linosyris.~\ xlvi. composite : corymbifera:.

245

undivided. Heads rather large. Florets dingy yellow, the marginal
pistillate ones very short. — Aromatic and bitter, much used in
medicine.

**** Heads homogamous ( all the florets perfect and fertile'). Receptacle
glabrous. Seriphida.

4. A. mcirUima L. (Sea IF.) ; leaves downy, radical and
lower cauline ones bipinnate, upper often pinnate or pinnatifid,
segments linear, heads racemed oblong 3 — 5-fiowered. — a. ra-
cemes drooping. E. B. t. 1706. — 13. racemes erect. E. B.
t. 1001. A. Gallica Willd.

Sea-shores and in salt marshes. Rare in Scotland. If.. 8, 9

What we consider the two varieties may he seen growing together,
and sometimes from the same root ; but De Candolle attributes to a.
an involucre with constantly 5 florets, the inner scales obtuse ; and to
j8. always 3 florets, with the inner involucral scales acute. A. salina.
Willd. appears to be intermediate.

5. A. * ccerulescens L. ( bluish M.) ; leaves hoary most of them
lanceolate undivided tapering at the base, lower ones variously
lobed, heads 3-flowered oblong cylindrical spicate, scales of
the involucre hoary subcarinate. E. B. t. 2426.

Sea-coast near Boston, Lincolnshire, and at Portsmouth. 7f . 8, 9.
— No such plant has been found in these localities for many years,
and there seems to be no doubt of the allied A. maritima having been
mistaken for it. (See Dr. Bromfield in the Phytol. iii. p. 491.)
It is peculiarly a Mediterranean species.

** Pappus pilose. (Gen. 28 — 33.)

28. Eupatorium Linn. Hemp-agrimony.

Aclienes angled or striate. Pappus pilose and rough. Re-
ceptacle naked. Involucre imbricated. Styles much exserted,
with long blunt papillose branches. Florets all perfect (never
yellow). — Named from Eupator, the surname of Mithridates,
king of Pontus, who is said to have brought this plant into use.

1. E. cannubinum L. ( common II.); leaves downy opposite
subpetiolate 3 — 5-partite, their segments lanceolate deeply ser-
rate, the middle one the longest, heads 5 — 6-flowered, scales
of the involucre about 10, 5 outer ones short obtuse. E. B.
U 428.

Banks of rivers and watery places. 7f. 7 — 9. — Stems 3 — 4 ft.
high branched. Heads of flowers very numerous, pale, reddish-purple,
thickly crowded in terminal corymbs. — Plant slightly aromatic.

29. Linosyris Cass. Goldylocks.

Aclienes compressed, silky. Pappus in a double row, pilose,
rough. Receptacle naked, pitted, the pits with fleshy toothed
margins. Involucre of one row of scales surrounded by several
m 3

246 xlyi. composite: corymbiferas. \Antennana.

long ones, or imbricated. Style scarcely longer than the corolla,
with short oblong hispid branches. Anthers ecaudate. Florets
all perfect, deeply 5-cleft (yellow). — Named from linnm , flax ,
and osyris, an appellation given by Pliny to a plant with supple
branches and leaves like flax, obviously from the Hebrew asar
or oser, tying or binding , whence also osier in English.

1. L. vulgaris Cass. ( Flax-leaved G.) ; herbaceous, leaves
linear glabrous, scales of the involucre leafy loosely spreading,
Chrysocoma Linosyris L. ; E. B. t. 2505.

Limestone cliffs, rare. Berryhead, Devon ; Worle-hill, Somerset ;
Ormeshead, N. Wales, abundant. If.. 8,9. — Leaves very numerous,
more or less dotted.

30. Antennaria Gcertn. Everlasting.

Dioecious. Pappus pilose, of the sterile heads thickened or
subplumose upwards. Receptacle naked. Involucre imbricated,
the inner scales coloured or scariose at the end. Anthers with
bristles at the base. — Name from the hairs of the pappus of
the sterile florets resembling the antennae of some insects.

1. A. dioica Gaertn. ( Mountain E., or Cat's-foot ); sterile'
shoots procumbent, flowering-stems erect simple, corymbs
crowded, root-leaves spathulate woolly beneath, cauliue ones
nearly equal linear-lanceolate adpressed. — a. leaves greenish
and naked above when old. Gnaphalium L. : E. B. t. 267. —
13. leaves woolly on both sides. A. hyperborea D. Don:
E. B. S. t. 2640.

Mountain heaths, abundant. — ;3. Isle of Skye. 2/.. 6, 7. —
Flowering-stems 3 — 8 inches high.

2. A. *margaritdcea It. Br. ( Pearly E.) ; sterile procumbent
shoots none, stems erect herbaceous tomentose branched above,
leaves linear-lanceolate acuminate cottony especially beneath,
heads in level-topped corymbs, scales of the involucre (white)
obtuse. Gnaphalium L.: E. B. t. 2018.

Moist meadows, rare. Near Bocking, Essex (Bay); banks of the
Wye, between Coldwell and English Bicknor; Monmouthshire ; banks
of the Rumney, Glamorganshire ; and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire.
Jersey and Guernsey. If.. 8. — A North- American species, much
cultivated.

31. Gkaphaeium Linn. Cudweed.

Heads heterogamous, with one or numerous rows of filiform
pistillate florets in the circumference. Pappus pilose. Recep-
tacle flat and quite naked. Involucre imbricated, the scales
scariose towards the extremity. Anthers with bristles at the
base. Style of the perfect florets with short truncate branches

Gnaphalium.'] xlvi. composite : corymbifer.e. 247

ciliate at the apex. — Name : yva<pct\ov, soft down or wool, with
which the leaves are covered.

* Filiform florets in many rows ; achenes terete. Eugnaphalium.

1. G. hiteo-dlbum L. ( Jersey C.) ; stems herbaceous simple
branched from the base, leaves semiamplexicaul linear-oblong
waved woolly on both sides, lower ones obtuse, heads in dense
leafless corymbs. E. B. t. 1002.

Sandy fields, very rare. Jersey. Detween Hauxtown and Little

Shelford, Cambridgeshire; and Eriswell, Suffolk. 0. 7,8 Not

truly wild, except in Jersey. Stem decumbent at the base, then
ascending. Heads of flowers yellowish and conspicuous, while those
of the following species are not so.

2. G. sylvdticum L. ( Highland C .) ; stem simple nearly
erect downy, heads forming a leafy spike, leaves linear-lanceo-
late downy. — a. rectum ; leaves narrow usually nearly glabrous
above, spike axillary interrupted. G. rectum Sm. : E. B. t.
124. — /3. Norvegicum ; leaves lanceolate woolly on both sides,
spike terminal continuous. G. sylvaticum L. : E. B. t. 913.
G. Norvegicum Jacq.

a. Groves, thickets, and pastures ; frequent in Scotland. — 0. rare
and chiefly on the mountains once covered by the Caledonian Forest.
JBenchat, 5 miles north of Blair- Athole ; mountain north of Loch
Ericht ; and Ben Wyvis, in Ross-shire: Mr. J. Mackay. Loch-na-
Gar : Dr. Balfour. Canlochan, Forfarshire : Mr. J. Henderson.
71 . 7 — 9. — Scales of the involucre oblong, shining with a broad

brown border. Sir J. Smith in bis Engl. Flora (iii. pp. 414 — 416)
has incorrectly removed to our var. 0. those states of G. supinum
which have spiked or tufted sessile heads of flowers.

3. G. uligindsum L. ( Marsh C.) ; stem very much branched
diffuse woolly, leaves linear-lanceolate downy, heads in terminal
crowded tufts which are shorter than the leaves. E. B. t. 1194.

Sandy and wet places ; especially where water occasionally stands-
©. 7 — 9. — A span high, much branched. Heads of flowers 2—3

together among the closely placed upper leaves, small, sessile, forming
oblong clusters at the extremity of the branches. Scales of the
involucre yellowish brown, shining, glabrous.

** Filiform florets in a single row; achenes compressed. Omalotbeca.

4. G. supinum L. ( dwarf C.) ; cajspitose, stem decumbent
branching only from the base, flowering-stems erect, heads
1 — 5, leaves linear downy on both sides. — nr. heads rather
distant stalked. E. B. t. 1193. — /3. heads approximate sessile.
G. sylvaticum Sm. (partly).

Summits of the Highland mountains, abundant. If. 7, 8. — Of
our two varieties, 0. is by far the most common, and is that generally
known as G. supinum abroad; while our a., or Smith’s plant, is the
J! 4

248

xlvi. composer® : cortmbifer®. [Filago.

var. 7. of Persoon. Achenes white from numerous short adpressed
silky hairs, those towards the extremity being a little longer and
forming as it were a very short outer pappus ; in G. sylvaticum, the
achenes are yellowish, sprinkled with a very few short hairs, and
when the pappus is removed a callous ring or disk is visible not
surrounded by a circle of hairs ; but the true distinction between
these two species consists in the form of the achene and number of rows
of the marginal florets.

32. Filago Linn. Filago.

Heads heterogamous, with one or more rows of filiform
pistillate florets in the circumference. Pappus pilose, of the
outermost row of pistillate florets very caducous or wanting.
Receptacle conical, with 1 — 5 rows of scales within or among
the filiform florets. Involucre imbricated, conical, of a few
acuminate scariose scales. Anthers with bristles at the base.
Style of the perfect florets with short truncate branches ciliate
at the apex. — Name: Jilum, thread ; the whole plant being
covered with slender thread-like hairs.

* Scales of the receptacle in 1 — 2 rows. Oglifa.

1. F. Gdllica L. (narrow-leaved F .) ; stem erect dichotomous,
leaves linear-acute somewhat revolute on the margin, heads
crowded in axillary and terminal tufts which are shorter than
the leaves. Gnaphalium Huds. : E. B. t. 2369.

Gravelly and sandy fields. Berechurch, Essex ; Hertfordshire ;
and said also to be found in Kent, Suffolk, Worcester, Derby, Fife,
and Forfar. ©. 7 — 9, — Stem about a span high, slender, leafy.

Heads of flowers small, oblong, in rather distant, leafy fascicles ; outer
scales of the involucre cottony ; inner ones glabrous at the points,
gibbous at the base and enclosing the marginal florets. Not perhaps
truly distinct from the following ; in both there are two rows of
pistillate florets and scales of the receptacle, which latter are not
larger than the inner scales of the involucre, and we fear no other
distinctive marks are to be relied on in this genus.

2. F. minima Pers. (least F.) ; stem erect dichotomously
branched, leaves linear-lanceolate acute cottony flat adpressed,
heads conical few in lateral and axillary tufts which are longer
than the leaves. Gnaphalium Sni.: E. B. t. 1157. F. montana
DC. (not Linn.)

Dry and gravelly places frequent. ©. 6 — 9. — Stems 4 — 6 inches
high, slender, branched above in a dichotomous manner. Involucres
broad at the base; scales cottony glabrous and slightly obtuse at the
point. Florets yellowish. — F. montana L. (the same as F. arvensis L. )
differs from this in having a solitary row of pistillate florets separated
from the tubular ones by a row of scales larger than the true scales
of the involucre : it is so common on the Continent that it may have
been passed over in this country.

Petasites. ] xlvi. composite: corymrifekje. 249

** Scales of the receptacle and pistillate florets in 5 rows. Gifola.

3. F. Germdnica L. ( common F.) ; stem erect usually pro-
liferous at the summit, leaves downy, heads globose-capitate in
the axils of the branches and terminal, scales of the involucre
cottony with the points cuspidate and glabrous. — a. heads
obscurely 5-angled not surrounded by leaves, scales of the in-
volucre longitudinally folded yellowish-white at the apex,
leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute or apiculate. Gnaphalium
Huds. : E.B. t. 946. — /3. heads prominently 5-angled sur-
rounded by 1 — 2 blunt leaves, scales cymbiform purplish
towards the apex, leaves grass-green with a yellowish to-
mentum lanceolate obtuse mucronate. F. apiculata G. Sm.
F. lutescens Jord. — y. heads prominently 5-angled surrounded
by 2 — 3 acute leaves, scales cymbiform yellowish-white at the
apex, leaves of a leaden grey colour spathulate. F. spathulata
Presl.

Sandy and gravelly places, and dry pastures. — /3. and 7. in various
places in England. ©. 7 — 9. — Stems 6 — 8 inches high, erect,
very leafy, terminated by a globular tuft of small ovate or conical
heads of flowers, from beneath which usually spring 2 — 3 or more
horizontal branches, in a proliferous manner, each terminated by a
head of flowers. This curious mode of growing occasioned the term
of Herba impia to be applied by the old botanists to this plant, as if
the offspring were undutifully exalting itself above the parents. In
a. and j8, the heads are half sunk in tomentum, and scarcely at all so
in 7.

33. Petasites Garin. Butter-bur.

Subdicecious. Heads monoecious (of two kinds and on dif-
ferent plants; either with many central tubular sterile florets
surrounded by a row of truncate filiform fertile pistillate ones ;
or with 1 — 5 central sterile tubular florets surrounded by many
rows of filiform fertile pistillate ones). Pappus pilose. Anthers
without bristles at the base. Receptacle naked. Involucre
imbricated in two rows of lanceolate herbaceous scales. (Scapes
with a many-headed thyrsus, appearing before the leaves.) —
Name : rtranoc, a covering to the head, or an umbrella ; from the
great size of its foliage.

1. P. vulgaris Desf. ( common B.)\ leaves roundish-cordate

unequally toothed downy beneath, the lobes approximate a.

florets nearly all sterile. Tussilago Petasites L. : E. B. t. 431.
— /3. florets nearly all fertile. Tuss. hybrida L.: E. B. t. 430.

Wet meadows, to which it is very injurious, and road-sides.

3 — 5. — Rhizome extensively creeping, and thus multiplying the
plant. Leaves very large. Flowers (appearing before the leaves) of
a pale flesh colour, smaller, more lax, and in a longer thyrsus on the
m 5

250

XLVI. COMPOSITE : CORYMBIFERiE. [ TuSSil&gO.

fertile plant. The early blossoming *of this rank weed induces the
Swedish farmers to plant it near their bee-hives. Thus we see in
our gardens the bees assembled on its affinities, P. alba and fragrans,
at a season when scarcely any other flowers are expanded.

[Of Homngyne alpina Cass, or Tussilago alpina L., there is a speci-
men in Herb. Brodie, from G. Don, with the following station at-
tached to it : “ On rocks by the sides of rivulets on the high mountains
of Clova, as on a rock called Garry-barns and the same is mentioned
in Headrick’s Agric. of Forfarshire ; but we are not on that account
prepared to admit the plant as indigenous. P. fragrans Presl is
said to be naturalized in some places in the south of England and
Wales : this is Tuss. fragrans L. and Nardosmia fragrans Reich.
Nardosmia differs only from Petasites by the pistillate florets having
a ligule, which however is sometimes minute.]

Subtribe II. Radiate. Heads with a ligulate ray. (Tab. IV. D.)

(G.en. 34—46.)

* Pappus pilose in the florets of the dish, sometimes wanting in
those of the ray. (Gen. 34 — 42.)

34. Tussilago Linn. Colt’s-foot.

Heads monoecious, all alike. Achenes terete. Pappus pilose.
Florets of the ray long, narrow, numerous in many rows; of the
disk few, sterile (both yellow). Anthers without bristles at
the base. Receptacle naked. Involucre formed of a single row
of equal linear scales. (Scapes single-flowered, appearing before
the leaves .) — Name altered from tussis, a cough; in the cure of
which the plant has been employed.

1. T. Fdrfara L. (Colt's-foot) ; scape single-flowered imbri-
cated with scales, leaves cordate angular toothed downy beneath.
E. B. t. 429.

Moist and clay soils, too abundant. 3, 4. — Flowers yellow;
florets of the disk few. The down of the leaves makes good tinder.
The leaves themselves have been used medicinally, as an infusion, or
smoked like tobacco, for the relief of asthma.

35. Erigeron Linn. Flea-bane.

Achenes compressed. Pappus pilose, rough. Florets of the
disk fertile ; of the ray numerous in several rows, very narrow
(of a different colour from the disk). Receptacle naked. Invo-
lucre imbricated with linear scales. Anthers without bristles
at the base. — Named from tip i, early, and yepwv, an old man;
from the early ripening of the gray seed-down.

1. E. * Canadensis L. ( Canada F.) ; usually hairy, leaves
lanceolate nearly entire harshly ciliate, heads numerous paui-
cled, ray shorter than the involucre. E. B. t. 2019.

Soliddgo .] xlvi. composite : corymbifeile. 251

Waste and cultivated ground, in England, occasionally. ©. 8, 9.
— Florets of the disk whitish-yellow ; of the ray whitish, tinged with
red, scarcely longer than the pappus.

2. E. dcris L. (blue F.); peduncles 1 -headed alternate some-
what corymbose, ray erect scarcely longer than the disk, inner
pistillate florets filiform, pappus as long as the florets of the ray,
leaves lanceolate obtuse. E. B. t. 1158.

Dry gravelly or chalky pastures, walls, &c. <? . 7, 8. — Stems

1 — 14 ft. high; whole plant scabrous, hispid, erect, panicled above
and leafy ; heads of flowers terminal, pedunculate from the axils of
the leaves. Leaves below tapering into a foot-stalk. Florets of the
disk yellow ; of the ray ligulate, purplish. Pappus tawny.

3. E. alpinus L. (alpine F.) ; stem with one or few heads,
florets of the ray nearly twice as long as the involucre, inner-
most pistillate florets tubular-filiform without a ligule, leaves
lanceolate, radical ones spathulate. E. B. t. 464. E. uniflorus
Sm. : E. B. t. 2416.

Highland mountains, not uncommon on the Breadalbane and Clova
ranges. 7,8. — Hairy or hispid, like the last, but with leaves

much longer in proportion. Stem 3 — 5 inches high, simple with
rarely more than one head of flowers at the summit. The liyules of
the pistillate florets become gradually narrower and sometimes shorter
as they approach the disk, the innermost row being wholly or partially
destitute of them. We have examined original specimens of Smith’s
E. uniflorus from G. Don, from Ben Lawers : they have quite the
structure of the florets of E. alpinus, although the ligules be shorter
and more erect from growing in a more exposed situation ; the invo-
lucre, although rather more hairy, is not woolly as in the arctic
E. uniflorus of Linnaeus.

36. A'ster Linn. Starwort. Michaelmas Daisy.

Achenes compressed. Pappus pilose, in many rows. Re-
ceptacle naked. Involucre imbricated, sometimes with a few
scales on the peduncle. Anthers without bristles at the base.
Florets of the disk yellow ; of the ray purple or white, and in 1
or very rarely 2<rows. — Name : aster , a star; which the flowers
resemble.

1. A. Tripulium L. (Sea S.'ov M.) ; stem glabrous corymbose,
leaves linear-lanceolate fleshy obscurely 3-nerved, scales of
the involucre lanceolate membranous obtuse all imbricated, the
inner ones longer. E. B. t. 87. Tripolium vulgare Nees.

Salt-marshes, frequent. 2f. 8, 9. — The florets oftthe ray arc
sometimes wanting.

37. Solidago Linn. Golden-rod.

Achenes terete. Pappus pilose, rough, in a single row. Re-
ceptacle naked. Involucre closely imbricated. Anthers without
>i G

252

xlyi. composite: corymb ifeRvE. \_Senecio.

bristles at the base. Florets of the raj few, in one row, anil,
as well as those of the disk, yellow. — Name : solidare, to unite ;
from the vulnerary properties that have been attributed to some
species.

1. S. Virgaurea L. (common G.) ; cauline leaves lanceolate,
racemes panicled erect crowded, involucral scales lanceolate
acute, achenes slightly downy. — a. tall, lower leaves elliptical.
E. B. t. 301. — 15. small, with broader radical leaves and larger
heads. S. Cambrica Huds. — y. leaves all lanceolate.

Woods and thickets. — j3. and 7. in mountainous countries. ~!L.
7 — 9. — Lower leaves broad, stalked. Very variable in its size, and
in its more or less compact inflorescence. Used as a vulnerary and
diuretic.

[X lanceolata L. has been sometimes found naturalized: it is a
North American species.]

38. Senecio Linn. Groundsel. Ragwort. Fleawort.

Achenes terete, all of them with a pilose pappus. Receptacle
naked. Involucre cylindrical, its scales linear, equal, with or
without several smaller ones at the base, their tips often brown.
Anthers without bristles at the base. Style scarcely longer
than the corolla, truncate and ciliate at the extremities of its
branches. ( Flowers , in the British species, yellow, their ray
sometimes wanting.) — Named from senex, an old man. (See
Erigeron.)

* Florets of the ray ligulate and rolled back, or wanting.

1. S. vulgaris L. (common G.); ray revolute or usually
■wanting, leaves semiamplexicaul pinnatifid toothed, heads in
clustered corymbs, involucre conical glabrous, outer scales very
short, achenes silky. E. B'. t. 747.

Waste ground, fields, and hedges, abundant. Q. 1 — 12. — A
span to a foot high. Heads of flowers small, yellow. Birds are fond
of the buds and young leaves.

2. S. viscdsus L. (stinking G.) ; ray revolute, leaves pinnatifid
glandular-hairy viscid, scales of the involucre lax hairy, stem
branching diffuse, involucre viscid, outer scales half the length
of the inner, achenes glabrous. E. B. t. 32.

Waste ground, especially on chalky or gravelly soil, in many places.
0. 7, 8. — Stems 1 — 2 feet high, much branched and spreading.

Remarkable for its viscid hairs and fetid smell.

3. S. sylvuticus L. (Mountain G.) ; ray revolute sometimes
wanting, leaves sessile pinnatifid lobed and toothed, involucre
downy, outer scales very short glabrous, stem erect straight,
heads corymbose, achenes silky. — a. leaves more or less dilated

Senecio."] xlvi. composite : corymbiferte.

253

at the base. E. B. t. 748. — /3. leaves distinctly auricled and
amplexicaul at the base. S. lividus L. ? : E. B. t. 2515.

Dry upland soils, banks, and gravelly pastures. Q. 7 — 9

Stem 14 — 2 ft. high. Plant with a disagreeable smell, but not so
powerful as that of S', viscosus. The S. lividus of Linn, is a Spanish
species, and unknown to us ; but whatever it be, we fear the plant
of E. Bot. cannot be considered specitically distinct from the present.

** Heads with a spreading ray. Involucre with small scales at the base.

Leaves pinnatijid.

4. S. * squdlidus L. (inelegant R.) ; ray spreading its ligules
elliptical entire, leaves glabrous pinnatifid, with distant oblong
and toothed segments, involucre glabrous, its outer scales few
small, achenes silky. E. B. t. 600.

On walls in and about Oxford. Walls and rubbish at Bideford,
Devon. 0. 6 — 10. — A most distinct species, but scarcely indige-

nous.

5. S. tenuifdlius Jacq. (hoary if.) ; ray spreading its ligules
oblong, leaves closely pinnatifid pale and downy beneath, seg-
ments linear their margins somewhat revolute, stem erect
loosely cottony, outer scales half as long as the inner, all the
achenes silky. E.B.t.SlA. S. erucasfolius L.?

Hedges and road-sides in England, especially in a chalky or gra-
velly soil. Woodhall, near Airdrie; Berwickshire, in various places.
74. 7, 8. — Allied to the following, but with more regular, less

divided, and less spreading segments to the leaves. Rhizome creeping.

6. S. Jacobce'a L. (common if.) ; ray spreading, leaves lyrate
bipinnatifid, segments divaricated toothed glabrous, stem erect,
achenes of the disk hairy, those of the ray glabrous, involucre
hemispherical. E. B. t. 1130.

Way-sides and neglected pastures, too plentiful. If.. 7 — 9. —
Stems 2 — 3 feet high, striate, branched. Heads of flowers large,
golden-yellow, in erect corymbs. A var. is occasionally found without
the ray.

7. S. aqudticus Huds. (Marsh R.); ray spreading, leaves
lyrate serrate glabrous the lowermost obovate and undivided,
involucre hemispherical, achenes all glabrous. E. B. t. 1131.

Wet places and by the sides of rivers and ditches. 2/.. 7, 8 .

Heads of flowers larger than in the last species.

*** Heads with a spreading ray. Involucre with small scales at the
base. Leaves undivided.

8. S . paludusus L. (great Fen if.); ray spreading its ligules
toothed, leaves semiamplexicaul lanceolate sharply serrate
somewhat woolly beneath, stem perfectly straight hollow rather

254 xlyi. composite: cortmbifer^:. [ Doronicum .

woolly, corymbs terminal spreading:, bracteas subulate. E. B.
t. 650.

Very rare ; perhaps now extinct. Ditches and fens in the east of
England; Suffolk, Lincolnshire, and Cambridgeshire. If-. 6,7. —
Stem 5 — 6 feet high. Leaves and heads of flowers large, the latter
of many linear toothed rays.

9. S. Saracenicus L. (broad-leaved G.) ; ray spreading its
ligules nearly entire, leaves lanceolate sessile minutely and
irregularly serrate glabrous, stem erect solid glabrous, corvmbs
terminal of rather few flowers, bracteas linear-setaceous. E. B.
t. 2211.

Moist meadows and pastures, in several parts of England and Scot-
land, but very local, and probably often escaped from gardens.
Woods at Bantry. If.. 7,8. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high: habit of the
last ; heads of flowers much smaller, with broader florets of the cir-
cumference, which are sometimes wanting.

**** Heads with a spreading ray. Involucre without scales at the base.

Leaves nearly entire.

10. S. palustris DC. (Marsh F.) ; shaggy, stem much
branched fistulose, leaves broadly lanceolate semiamplexicaul,
lower ones sinuato-dentate, heads corymbose, achenes glabrous
many-x-ibbed. Cineraria L. : E. B. t. 151.

Margins of pools and ditches, rare ; chiefly in Norfolk and Cam-
bridgeshire. If.. 6, 7. — Ligulate florets about 20.

11. S. campestris DC. (Field F .) ; woolly, stem simple, root-
leaves elliptical narrowed below nearly entii-e those of the stem
(small) lanceolate, flowers umbellate, achenes downy. Cine-
raria Betz. C. integrifolia With. : E. B. t. 152.

Chalk y downs in the middle and south of England ; and on maritime
rocks, Holyhead. 7) ? d? 5, 6. — Ligulate florets 9 — 12. Ribs of
the achenes not prominent, j

39. Doronicum Linn. Leopai-d’s-bane.

Achenes terete. Pappus pilose, wanting to the florets of the
ray. Beceptacle naked or nearly so. Involucre with the scales
equal, in a double row. Anthers without bristles at the base.
Style scarcely longer than the corolla, truncate and ciliate at
the extremity of its branches. (Flowers yellow.) — Named
from coipov, a gift , and viktj, victory ; because it is said to have
been formerly used to destroy wild beasts, whence the Eng-
lish name of leopard' s-bane : or, some say, from doronigi, or
durungi , the Arabic name of the leopard s-bane, Latinized by
earlier botanists into doronicum, and enumerated by Linnfeus
among bai-barous names which ought to be rejected. He,
however, l-etained it, perhaps because its sound, if not its sense,
is Greek.

Tmtla.'] xl vi. composite : corymbifer^e. 255

1. D. * Parclalidnches L. ( great X.) ; leaves cordate toothed
the lowermost on long naked petioles, the intermediate with the
petioles dilated into two broad semiamplexicaul ears at the
base, the uppermost sessile and amplexicaul. E. B. S. t. 2654.

Damp and hilly woods and pastures, rare. An outcast from gar-
dens, but apparently now well-established in several parts of England
and southern half of Scotland. If. 5 — 7. — Stem simple or corym-
bosely branched, the lateral branches being much longer than the
shortly stalked head that terminates the stem. Achenes of the disk
hairy; of the ray glabrous (or slightly hairy. DC.').

2. T). *plantagineum Jj. (Plantain-leaved, X.) ; leaves toothed,
radical ones on naked stalks ovate or slightly cordate produced
at the base, cauline ones sessile except the lowest which has
a winged stalk with amplexicaul auricles, intermediate ones
cordate oblong, upper ovate-acuminate, achenes of the ray
glabrous. D. Pardalianches Sm. : E. B. t. 630.

Damp places, rare. Like the last species, only an escape from
cultivation. If. 6, 7. — Stem simple or branched, heads on long
leafless peduncles. The allied D. scorpioides has the achenes of the
ray as hairy as those of the disk.

40. I'nula Linn. Inula.

Achenes terete or angled. Pappus pilose, in 1 row. Recep-
tacle naked. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with bristles at
their base. ( Flowers yellow.) — Name said to be a contraction
of Helenium, the plant being supposed to have sprung from the
tears of Helen.

1. I. Helenium L. ( Elecampane ) ; leaves amplexicaul some-
what toothed ovate wrinkled downy beneath, outer scales of
the involucre ovate downy reflexed leafy, inner ones obovate,
ray twice as long as the disk, achenes 4-angled glabrous. E. B.
t. 1546.

Moist pastures rare, but found in several places of England, and
Ireland. Not wild in Scotland. If. 7, 8. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high,
branched. Heads large, terminal, solitary, with many narrow, tricus-
pidate yellow rays.

2. I. Conyza DC. ( Ploughman's Spikenard) ; leaves pubes-
cent ovato-lanceolate serrate the upper ones entire, stem her-
baceous corymbose, scales of the involucre all linear recurved
leafy, ray scarcely longer than the disk, achenes terete slightly
hairy. Conyza squarrosa X. : E. B. t. 1195.

Frequent on chalky or clay soils. Rare, if really wild, in Scot-
land. d • 7 — 9. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Panicle leafy with the

leaves entire. Lower leaves stalked. Heads almost discoid: florets
of the circumference very small, filiform with a short ligule.

256 xi. vi. composite : corymbiferte. [ Pulicaria .

3. I. crithmoides L. (Golden- Samphire) ; leaves linear fleshy
generally 3-toothed at the extremity, scales of the involucre
adpressed linear acuminate, rav nearly twice the length of the
disk, achenes terete villous. E. B. t. 68.

South and nest shores of England and Wales, in salt-marshes, and
on sea-side rocks ; extending as far north as Galloway in Scotland.
Howth, Ireland. If.. 7, 8. — One foot high, a little branched at
the summit, each branch bearing a solitary head of flowers.

41. Pulicaria Gcertn. Flea-bane.

Achenes somewhat terete. Pappus double : outer one short
membranous ; inner pilose, rough. Receptacle naked. Invo-
lucre hemispherical, closely imbricated with numerous scales.
Anthers with bristles at their base. (Flowers yellow.) — Name :
pulex , a flea ; which is supposed to be driven away by its power-
ful smell.

1. P . dysenterica Gsertn. (common F.) ; leaves oblong cordate
or sagittate and amplexicaul at the base wrinkled downy, stem
woolly panieled, scales of the involucre setaceous, ray twice as
long as the disk, outer pappus cup-shaped crenulate. Inula L. :
E. B. t. 1115.

Moist and watery places, frequent in England and in the county
of Dublin. Rare in Scotland; Mull of Galloway; Bennan-head,
Arran. 7(. 7 — 9. — About 1 foot high.

2. P. vulgaris Gsertn. (small F.) ; leaves lanceolate wavy
hairy narrow at the base and semiamplexicaul, stem much
branched hairy, ray scarcely longer than the disk, outer pappus
setulose-laciniate. Inula Pulicaria L. : E. B. t. 1196.

Moist sandy places, especially where water has stood, in the south-
east of England ; not found in Scotland or Ireland. ©. 8, 9.

** Pappus none , or of short teeth or scales only. (Gen. 42 — 46.)

42. Bellis Linn. Daisy. (Tab. IY. D.)

Achenes compressed, with a minute epigynous disk. Pappus
none. Receptacle naked, conical. Involucre hemispherical, its
scales obtuse, equal, in a single row. (Florets of the disk
yellow, those of the ray white tinged with red.) — Named from
bellus, pretty.

1. B. perennis L. (common D .): perennial, scape single- 1
headed, leaves spathulate obovate crenate 1 -nerved. E. B.
t. 424.

Pastures, frequent. If. 2 — 10. — Who is there, whether in
youth or in age, that is not sensible of the charms of this “ modest
ciimson-tipped flower”? It is, therefore, in France called Marguerite,
a term expressive of beauty, from margarita, a peart.

t

Matricaria.'] xlvi. composite: coeymbiferte. 257

43. Chrysanthemum Linn. Ox-eye.

Achenes of the disk somewhat terete : epigynous disk large.
Pappus 0. Receptacle naked. Involucre hemispherical or nearly
flat ; the scales imbricated, membranaceous at their margins. —
Name: xPvao^i g°ld, and av&tp ov, a flower ; from the colour of
the blossoms in some of the species.

* Achenes of the disk and ray similar. Leucanthemum.

1. C. Leucanthemum L. ( great white 0 .) ; leaves oblong obtuse
cut and pinnatifid at the base, radical ones obovate petiolate,
stem erect branched (ray white). E. B. t. 601.

Dry pastures, abundant. 2/.. 6 — 8. — Stems 1 — 2 feet high, fur-
rowed. Heads of flowers large, their disk yellow, the ray white.

** Achenes of the ray angled and somewhat winged.

2. C. segetum L. ( Corn Marigold , or yellow O .) ; leaves am-
plexicaul glaucous inciso-serrate above toothed at the base,
(ray yellow). E. B. t. 540.

Corn-fields, frequent; rare about Edinburgh. ©. 6 — 9. — One
foot or more high. Flowers large, deep yellow.

44. Matricaria Linn. Wild- Chamomile. Feverfew.

Achenes all angular, crowned with a large epigynous disk.
Pappus a membranaceous border, or wanting. Receptacle naked.
Involucre conical, hemispherical or nearly flat, the scales imbri-
cated, usually membranaceous at their margins. — Named from
its reputed medicinal virtues.

1. M. Parthenium L. ( common F.) ; leaves petiolate flat
bipinnate the segments ovate cut, peduncles branched corym-
bose, stem erect, involucre hemispherical downy, receptacle
convex, pappus short toothed. Pyrethrum Sm. : E.B. t. 1231.

Waste places and in hedges. If. 7 — 9. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high,
branched. Disk yellow ; ray very short, white. Plant bitter and tonic.

2. M. inodura L. ( Corn F., or scentless Mayweed) ; leaves
sessile bipinnatifid the segments capillary, stem branched spread-
ing, receptacle convex, scales of involucre lanceolate obtuse,
achenes with two glandular depressions on the external face
below the elevated border, pappus entire or 4-lobed. — a.
vulgaris ; border of fruit entire glandular, depressions round.
Pyrethrum Sm. : E. B. t. 676. — /3. maritima; leaves more
fleshy, border of fruit lobed glandular depressions elongated.
M. maritima L. Pyrethrum Sm. : E. B. t. 979.

Fields and way-sides, common. — 0. sea-coast in many places,
especially in Scotland. ©. 6 — 10. — Stem about 1 foot high.

258 XL vi. composite: corymbifervE. \_Anihemis.

Flowers large, upon long naked peduncles. Dish very convex : ray
large. Plant slightly aromatic. Achenes with 3 prominent thick smooth
ribs and more or less rugose intermediate spaces ; of these last the
two internal ones are narrow, the external one broad and marked at
the apex with an imperfect smooth rib, on each side of which there
is a roundish smooth glandular depression. In the ear. /3. the ribs
are broader than in var a., and consequently all the intervening
spaces and the glandular depressions are narrower ; but they seem to
vary in this respect in the same head.

3. M. Chamomilla L. ( common IF.); leaves glabrous bipinnatifid
the segments capillary, involucre nearly plane its scales linear
obtuse, receptacle cylindrical-oblong hollow. E. B. t. 1232.

Corn-fields and waste ground, in various places. 0. 6 — 8. —

Stem about 1 foot high, erect and branched. Heads of flowers with a
conical dish ; the ray very obtuse, truncate and toothed. Receptacle
narrow, much elevated, twice as long as broad, and often acute.
Scales of the involucre scarcely so membranaceous at the margin as
in the preceding species. This has a bitter taste, and a faint but
aromatic smell, not unlike that of the common or true Chamomile
( Anthernis nobilis).

45. A'nthemis Linn. Chamomile.

Achenes terete or obscurely 4-angled. Pappus a membra-
naceous border or 0. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Involucre
hemispherical or nearly plane, the scales imbricated, mem-
branaceous at their margins. Florets of the disk terete, of
the ray oblong-linear. — Name: avOtyir, a Jlower ; from the
profusion of its blossoms.

* Florets of the ray with a style.
f Scales of the receptacle thin, membranous, obtuse.

1. A. nobilis L. ( common C.) ; leaves bipinnate segments
linear-subulate a little downy, receptacle conical its scales
scarcely longer than the disk. E. B. t. 980.

Dry gravelly pastures and waste places, in several parts of England.
Isles of Islay, Cumbrae, and Bute, Scotland. Kerry, Ireland. 21.7 — 9.
— Stem about a foot long, procumbent and much branched; each
branch terminated by a single flower, whose disk is yellow, at length
conical, and ray white. The whole plant is intensely bitter, highly
aromaiic and much used medicinally. Its principal virtues are sup-
posed to reside in the involucre, which contains an essential oil.

j j Scales of the receptacle with an acute rigid point.

2. A. *A'nglica Spr. (Sea C.) ; leaves pinnatifid somewhat
hairy, lobes inciso-serrate acute bristle-pointed rather fleshy,
“ receptacle flat, its scales subulate shorter than the opened
florets, achenes crowned with a very narrow entire border.”
— Bab. A. maritima L. ? Sm. ? : E. B. t. 2370.

A'nthemis.~] xlvi. composite: corymbifer.*.

259

Sea-coast at Sunderland: Mr. Robson ; Mr. Baclt/touse ( 1 8-14.) Q.
7. — With this we are entirely unacquainted: it is probably some
Continental species cast upon our shores, and in an abnormal state.
De Candolle and others maintain that it is quite different from the
true plant of Linnseus, which is apparently that described by Smith
in the English Flora, a species supposed to be peculiar to the south
of Europe, having fleshy glabrous or hoary dotted leaves, and an un-
equally and broadly 1 — 2-toothed margin to the achenes. — The plant
mentioned in our fifth edition as having been found at Dunboy Quay,
Bearhaven, Co. Cork, Ireland, by Mr. W. Wilson, proves to be Ana-
cyclus radiatus Lois,, brought there perhaps with ballast.

3. A. *tincloria L. ( Ox-eye C.) ; leaves bipinnatifid serrate
downy beneath, stem erect branched subcorymbose, receptacle
hemispherical, achenes crowned with an entire border. E. B.
t. 1472.

Fields and stony places. Banks of the Tees. Durham ; Essex ; and
near Forfar, Scotland, © or • 7, 8. — Stem a foot or more high,
cottony, as are the scales of the involucre. Flowers solitary, large,
entirely yellow. A very doubtful native, not now found in any of the
stations assigned for it ; it is often cultivated.

4. A. arvensis L. ( Corn C.) ; leaves bipinnatifid segments
linear-lanceolate pubescent, receptacle conical its scales lanceo-
late, fruit crowned witli an entire pappus. E. B. t. 602.

Corn-fields and way-sides, in several places, but very local. About
Dunfermline; near Edinburgh, Linlithgow, Ayr, and Prestwick;
Lanarkshire and Forfarshire. © or $ . 6 — 8. — Stem upright

much branched, and, as well as the leaves, hoary with down ; each
branch terminated with a large flower, whose disk is yellow, the ray
broad and white. Florets of the ray sometimes sterile ; in which case
almost the only certain character connected with the flowers, that will
distinguish this species from A. Cotula, is the presence of a style.

** Florets of the ray without any trace of a style. Scales of the re-
ceptacle with an acute point.

5. A. Cotula L. ( slinking C .) : leaves bipinnatifid glabrous
their segments subulate, receptacle conical its scales linear-
setaceous, pappus none, tube of the corolla 2-winged. E. B.
t. 1772.

Waste places, corn-fields, and by road-sides. Q. 6 — 9. — Stem a
foot or more high, glabrous. Heads of flowers solitary, terminal,
their disk convex, pale yellow : ray rather large, white, its florets
neuter (inaccurately represented with a style in E. Bot. ) The whole
plant has a fetid smell, and is said to blister the hands of those who
gather it. When examined with a microscope, it is seen to be
sprinkled all over with little glands, in which the acrid matter is
probably lodged. The Scotch stations, and many of those in the north
of England, usually given for this species, belong to A. arvensis.

260

xlvi. composite: CORTMBIFERJE. [ Achillea .

46. Achillea Linn. Yarrow. Milfoil.

Pappus 0. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Involucre ovate, imbri-
cated. Florets of the ray 5 — 10, roundish or obcordate. —
So named because its healing virtues were said to be first dis-
covered by Achilles.

1. A. Ptarmica L. ( Sneeze-wort ) ; leaves shining glabrous
linear-lanceolate acuminate uniformly and sharply serrate,
serratures adpressed scabrous at the margin, ray 8 — 12-
flowered. E. B. t. 757.

Moist meadows and pastures, especially in mountainous districts,
If.. 7, 8. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high, erect, terminating in a rather large
corymb, the disk as well as ray of whose flowers is white. Leaves
sometimes slightly dotted. — When dried and pulverized the plant
has been employed to excite sneezing.

2. A. *(lecolurans Schrad. ( dotted-leaved Y.) ; leaves downy
closely dotted linear-lanceolate coarsely and doubly serrate
pectinate at the base, serratures spreading, segments at the
base radiating, ray 5 — 6-fiowered. A. serrata Sm. (not Retz .):
E. B. t. 2531.

Near Matlock, Derbyshire. 1L. 9. — Commonly cultivated in
gardens under the name of A. alpina, to which, as well as to A. ser-
rata, it appears to approach very closely ; the native country of all the
three would seem to be Siberia, if indeed some be not mere garden
productions. Ligules buff-coloured.

3. A *tnnacetif6lia All.? (Tansey -leaned Y.) ; leaves bipin-
natifid with a broadly winged serrate midrib, segments broad
and teeth of the midrib inciso-serrate.

Ringing Low, near Sheffield; Cromford Moor, Derbyshire. 11.
7. — We have seen no British specimens, and do not know what
species is meant ; the above character is therefore abridged from Mr.
Babington’s manual, who adds that the root-leaves have a lanceolate,
the stem ones an oblong outline, usually bipinnatifid, but sometimes
only once pinnatifid ; rachis with large inciso-serrate teeth especially
just under the pinnae. It is probable that the above is A. dentifera
DC., or A. tnagna All. ; the true A. tanacelifolia is said by De Candolle
to have an entire rachis. The allied species are so much cultivated
in gardens, that, we doubt of this and the last being truly indigenous.

4. A. Millefolium L. ( common Y. or M.) ; leaves deeply bi-
pinnatifid, lobes incise, segments linear acute, stems furrowed,
scales of the involucre nearly glabrous. E. B. t. 758.

Pastures and way-sides, frequent. If.. 6 — 9. — Heads of flowers
small, white, or sometimes rose-coloured. Leaves woolly or nearly
glabrous. The quality of this plant is highly astringent, and the
Highlanders are said to make an ointment of it, which dries and heals
wounds.

Xdnthium.~\ xlvi. composite : cory'MBiferaj.

251

5. A. *tomentusa L. (woolly yellow M. or Ir.) ; leaves woollv
pinnatifid, lobes crowded 2 — 3-cleft, segments linear acute,
corymbs repeatedly compound, scales of the involucre woolly.
E.B. t. 2532.

Dry hilly pastures, in Scotland. Spittle-hill, north-west of Balvie,
Dumbartonshire: and near Paisley. Auehlunkart, Banffshire: P.
Stewart, Esq. Near Newcastle, Co. Down, Ireland : Miss Keown
It. 8. — Stem a span or rather more in height. Readily recognised
by its small size, downy leaves, and much branched corymbs of yellow
flowers. Formerly much cultivated as a medicinal plant, as well as
for its beauty.

Anomalous Genus.

47. Xanthium1 Linn. Bur-weed. (Tab. V.)

Monoecious. — Barren fl. Involucre of few scales, with many
small capitate flowers , upon a common receptacle. Cal. 6.
Cor. obovate, sessile. Anthers terminating a tube which is in-
serted at the base of the cor. Germen abortive. — Fertile fl.
Involucre single, prickly, with two beaks, entirely closing 2
flowers ; the 2 stigmas only protruded from small apertures
within the beaks. Cal. 0. Cor. 0. Fruit 1-seeded, included
in the enlarged and hardened involucre. — Named from ZavBoc,
yellow or fair ; because an infusion of this plant was sup-
posed to improve the colour of the hair.

1. X.* strumdrium L. (broad-leaved B.) ; stem unarmed, leaves
cordate angulato-dentate with 3 principal nerves at the base,
fruit downy its beaks straight the prickles hooked. E. B.
t. 2544.

Rare, in waste ground in the south of England, and Kerry, Ireland.
©. 8, 9. — A rank, weed-like plant, remarkable for the curious

structure of its flowers, and the prickly involucres which surround the
fertile ones, enlarging and becoming part of the fruit. It is scarcely
naturalized, and rarely ripens seed in the south of England.

1 Tab. V. represents, at fig. 1 a flowering specimen of Xanthmm struinarium ;
the upper clusters or heads consist of barren, the lower of fertile, flowers.

Fig. 2. Scale of the involucre with a barren flower, exhibiting the corolla and
the staminal tube with five anthers.

Fig. 3. Fertile flower; consisting of a prickly monophyllous involucre with 2
beaks, and the branches of the stvles protruded beyond the beaks.

Fig. 4. The same cut open to show the two pistils or flowers without calyx or
corolla.

Fig. 5. Fruit enveloped by the persistent involucre (natural size).

Fig. 6. Single fruit.

Fig. 7. Seed.

Fig. 8. Embryo.

Fig. 9. The same, one cotyledon being removed.

Fig. 10. The same, cut vertically through the two cotyledons.

262

xlyii. campanclaceal [ Campanula.

Okd. XLYII. CAMPANULACE.E Juss.

Cahjx-lube adnate with the ovary , mostly 5-lobed, lobes per-
sistent. Corolla regular or irregular, mostly 5-lobed, mar-
cescent ; aestivation valvular. Stamens free from the corolla
and equal in number with its segments, free or more or less
combined. Anthers 2-celled, distinct or rarely cohering, open-
ing longitudinally. Ovary with two or more polyspermous
cells. Style 1, pubescent on the upper half. Stigma simple or
lobed, naked (not surrounded by a circle of hairs). Fruit dry,
opening between the dissepiments. Seeds fixed to the axis.
Albumen fleshy : embryo straight. — Herbaceous or suffruticose.
Leaves mostly alternate , without stipules. Flowers generally blue
or white. Lactescent and bitter.

1. Campanula. Cor. campanulate or subrotate ; segments broad and

shallow.

2. Phyteuma. Cor. rotate ; segments long, linear. Anthers distinct.

3. Jasione. Cor. rotate; segments long, linear. Anthers cohering at

their base.

1. Campanula Linn. Bell-flower.

Cor. campanulate or subrotate with 5 broad and shallow seg-
ments. Filaments more or less dilated at the base; anthers dis-
tinct. Stigma 2 — 5-fid. Caps. 2 — 5-celled, bursting laterally,
rarely at the extremity. — Name: campanula, & little bell; from
the usual form of the corolla.

* Corolla campanulate. Capsule turbinate, 3 — 5-celled, opening by
lateral clefts below the calyx-segments. Stigma 3 — 5 cleft.

1. C. patidaL. (spreading B.); stem angular scabrous, leaves
roughish dentato-crenate those of the root obovato-lanceolate
subpetiolate those of the stem linear-lanceolate, panicles spread-
ing, flowers long-stalked erect, cal. -segments subulate toothed
at the base, corolla spreading, capsule erect with the clefts close
to the cal.-segments. E. B. t. 42.

Pastures and hedges, chiefly confined to the middle and south-
eastern counties of England, and even there by no means frequent.
0. (d. Sin. I 7 — 9. — Somewhat allied to C. rotundifolia, but

much taller, with more branched panicles; larger, more spreading and
more purple flowers ; rough stems and leaves, and toothed or serrate
calycine segments.

2. C. * Hapunculus L. ( Bampion B.); stem somewhat angular
hairy below, leaves roughish those of the root obovate-oblong
stalked crenate upper ones narrow-lanceolate, panicle erect
racemose, cal.-segments subulate entire, limb of the corolla pa-
tent, capsule erect with the clefts close to the cal.-segments.
E. B. t. 283.

263

Campanula.'] xlvii. campanulacete.

In Kent, Surrey, and Norfolk, in a gravelly soil; and in several of
tlie midland counties as far north as Yorkshire. If. 7, 8. — Taller

(2 3 feet high), more erect, and less panicled than the last; flowers

almost racemed, little spreading at the mouth, more truly campanulate.
Calycine segments narrow and entire. The Hampshire station often
referred to yields only C. patula.

3. C. * persicifolia L. ( Peach-leaved B.) ; glabrous, stem
rounded few-flowered, root leaves obovate stalked crenate those
of the stem linear-lanceolate subserrate sessile, raceme few-
llowered, calycine segments lanceolate entire, corollas spread-
ing, capsule erect with the clefts close to the cal. -segments.
E. B. S. t. 2773.

Woods near Cullen, Scotland. If. 7. — Corolla large, spreading.
In wild specimens, the flowers are often solitary upon the stem.

4. C. rotundifulia L. ( round-leaved B., or Hairbell ) ; glabrous,
root-leaves subrotundo-cordate crenate (very soon withering)
lower cauline ones lanceolate, upper linear entire, flowers soli-
tary or racemose drooping, calyx-segments subulate, capsule
drooping with the clefts at the base. E. B. t. 866.

Dry and hilly pastures, borders of fields, walls, &c. , abundant, some-
times varying with white flowers. If. 7 — 9. — Panicle few-flowered,
lax. Flowers drooping. Whole plant slender and graceful.

5. C .latifulia L. (Giant B.); stem quite simple rounded, leaves
ovato-lanceolate acute scabrous doubly serrate lower ones
stalked, flowers racemose, peduncles erect single-flowered, calyx
glabrous its segments lanceolate acuminate minutely serrate,
fruit drooping opening by clefts at the base. E. B. t. 302.

Moist shady woods. In Norfolk, Suffolk, Bedfordshire, and Derby-
shire, but rare ; less unfrequent in the north of England, and very
common in woody glens in Scotland. Pretty frequent in Ireland. 7f .
7, 8. — Stem 2 — 3 ft. high. Corolla very large, blue, often white in the
Scottish woods. This is the finest and most stately of our species.

6. C.*rapuncidoidcsLi. (creeping B.) ; stem slightly branched,
leaves scabrous unequally crenato-serrate, lower ones cordate
long-stalked, upper lanceolate sessile, flowers solitary unilateral
drooping axillary forming a leafy raceme, segments of the calyx
at length reflexed, capsule drooping with the clefts at the base.
E. B. t. 1369.

Woods and fields, rare. Oxfordshire. On the magnesian lime-
stone, between Went-bridge and Darlington, Yorkshire. Blair-
Athole, Scotland ; and in corn-fields 2 miles north-west of Kirk-
caldy. If. 7,8. — Rhizome creeping. Stem 2 ft. high. Leaves
gradually narrower on the upper part of the stem. Flowers
large. Cal. -segments linear lanceolate, entire, rough-edged.

7. C. Trachelium L. (Nettle-leaved B.) ; hispid, stem angular,
leaves coarsely double-serrate, lower ones cordate long-stalked

264

xlvii. campanulace.e. [ Phyteuma .

upper nearly sessile lanceolate acuminate, peduncles axillary
few-flowered, calyx-segments lanceolate erect, capsule drooping
with the clefts at the base. E. B. t. 12.

Woods in England, frequent. %. 7 — 9. — Leaves much like those
of the nettle, whence its English name. Flowers occasionally white
in Hampshire.

8. C. glomerdta L. ( clustered B.) ; stem angular simple nearly
smooth, leaves scabrous crenate oblong-lanceolate, root-leaves
petiolate those of the stem semiamplexicaul, flowers sessile
mostly in a terminal cluster, capsule erect with the clefts at the
base. E. B. t. 90.

Dry, principally chalky and clay, pastures, in England. Hilly
pastures in Scotland ; but confined chiefly to the east side, between
the Frith of Forth and Montrose. 2/.. 7,8. — Varying much in
height, from 3 or 4 inches to a foot. Flowers rather large, erect.
Many slight varieties of this plant are considered to be species by some
Continental botanists.

** Cor. campanulate. Capsule somewhat globose, partly superior, the
free portion opening by 3 — 5 valves. Wahlenbergia.

9. C. hederdcea L. ( Ivy-leaved B.) ; stem weak filiform, leaves
all stalked cordate angularly 5-lobed glabrous, peduncles soli-
tary. E. B. t. 73. Wahlenbetgia Beich.

In moist shady woods, in the south of England, and the west of
Scotland; Wales, and Ireland. 22. 7,8. — A most graceful little
plant, growing in lax tufts like Sibthorpia Eur opera. Peduncles long,
slender, mostly terminal. Flowers half an inch or more in length,
at first drooping then erect, pale purplish-blue. Fruit an almost
globose capsule, three fourths adhering to the calyx, opening,' not at
the sides, but in the upper free part, between the persistent segments
of the calyx.

*** Corolla nearly rotate. Capsule prismatical, elongated opening by
lateral clefts between the cal. -segments. Specularia.

10. C. hjhrida L. ( Corn B.) ; stem simple or often branched
from the base, leaves oblong crenate waved, corolla widely
spreading shorter than the calyx-segments, capsule triangular.
E. B. t. 375. Specularia A. DC.

Corn-fields of a dry and chalky nature, chiefly confined to the
middle and southern parts of England. Near Gullane, East Lo-
thian ; Fifeshire. ©. 6 — 9.

2. Phyteuma Linn. Rampion.

Cor. rotate in 5 deep linear segments. Filaments dilated at
the base ; anthers distinct. Stigma 2 — 3-cleft. Caps, of 2 — 3

cells, bursting at the side. ( Flowers in dense bracteated spikes
or heads.) — Name: <pvrtvpa (the same as <pvrov), the plant;

Jasi6ne.~\

XLVin. LOBELIACEJE.

265

given par excellence, to some medicinal plant by the ancients,
but which probably bore little or no resemblance to the present.

1. P. orbicular e L. (round-headed R.) ; head of flowers glo-
bose, of fruit oval, radical leaves eordato-ovate petiolate crenate
lower cauline ones ovate-oblong, upper as well as the bracteas
lanceolate, stigmas 3. E. B. t. 142.

Chalky soils, to the south of London ; but rare. On the downs
of Sussex and Hampshire; in Surrey and Kent. y. 7, 8. — Stem
1 foot high. Root-leaves numerous, but often withering while the
stem is yet in perfection, as is the case with those of Campanula
rotundi folia ; cauline ones remote, gradually becoming smaller up-
wards. Heads of flowers of a most beautiful blue colour. The
capsules too form a curious oval head, with the persistent calyces,
each calyx spreading in a stellate manner.

2. P. spicdtum L. ( spiked It .) ; head of flowers oblong, of
fruit elongated cylindrical, radical leaves cordate-oblong petio-
late somewhat doubly serrate, upper ones linear-lanceolate
sessile, bracteas linear, stigmas 2. Borrer in E. B. S. t, 2598.

Woods, thickets, hedges, and fields recently cleared of woods, in
several stations about Mayfield, Warbleton, and Waldron, Sussex.
y. 6, 7. — Formerly cultivated, and the root eaten as a salad or
boiled. Is our plant not an escape from gardens? Much taller than
the last species. Spike of flowers 2 — 4 inches long greenish white.
Upper part of the stem almost bare of leaves.

3. Jasione Linn. Sheep’s-bit.

Cor. rotate, in 5 deep narrow segments. Anthers united at
their base. Stigma club-shaped. Caps. 2-celled, opening at the
top by minute teeth. ( Flowers collected into a head , within a
many-leaved involucre .) — Name: laauovy, a plant used in me-
dicine, supposed by some to be a Convolvulus ; from iaopai ,
taaopa i, to heal.

1 . J. montdna L. ( annual S., or Scabious ) ; leaves linear waved
hispid, peduncles solitary elongated, root annual or biennial.
E. B. t. 882.

Dry heathy pastures, in a light gravelly or heathy soil. © or $.
6 — 9. — Stem 6 — 10 inches high, branched. Flowers bright blue, in
terminal, dense, hemispherical heads. Cal. small, superior, 5-toothed.

Okd. XLYIII. LOBELIACEiE Juss.

Calyx-tube cohering more or less with the ovary, 5-lobed,
lobes persistent. Corolla mostly irregular, 5-lobed; aistivation
somewhat valvular. Stamens 5, free from the corolla; anthers
cohering, 2-celled, usually dissimilar, the two lower ones mu-
cronate or bearded, three upper naked or bearded. Ovary

N

2G6

XUX. VACCINIACEAS.

[Lobelia.

1 — 2-celled. Style ], glabrous, with a ring of hairs below the
bifid or simple stigma. Fruit dry, more or less inferior, the
free part usually opening between the dissepiments at the apex
by 2 valves, or rarely baccate. Albumen fleshy : embryo straight.
— Herbaceous or suffruticose. Leaves alternate , without stipules.
— Lactescent and bitter. The genus Tupa , and particularly
T. Feuillei from Chili, is poisonous.

1. Lobelia Linn. Lobelia.

Cor. irregular, 2-lipped, cleft longitudinally on the upper
side ; upper lip smaller and erect, lower spreading 3-cleft.
Anthers united, two lower ones bearded at the apex. Capsule

2 — 3-celled, the upper part free 2-valved, loculicidal. — Named
in honour of Matthias Lobel or L' Obel, a Fleming who settled in
England, where he published several learned botanical works.

1. L. urens L. ( acrid Li) ; leaves toothed nearly glabrous,
radical ones obovate petioled, upper ones lanceolate sessile,
raceme terminal bracteate, calyx rough. E. B. t. 953.

Heathy ground, very rare, near Axminster, Devonshire. y. 8,9.
— Milky, and, as its name implies, highly acrid. One foot or
more high, with distant leaves and axillary branches. Flowers deep-
purple, slightly downy externally.

2. L. Dortmanna L. (Water L.) ; leaves radical subcylin-
drical and obtuse of two parallel tubes, stem scarcely leafy,
flowers racemed. E. B. t. 140.

Lakes in the north and north-west of England, Scotland, and Ire-
land, especially in the mountainous parts, frequent; often forming a
green carpet at the bottom of the water with its densely matted
foliage, y. 7, 8. — Foot a small, thick, fleshy stock, from which
descend many fibres, and sending forth creeping filiform runners.
Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, a little recurved, formed of two parallel
tubes or cells. Scape, or almost leafless stem, a foot or more high,
according to the depth of the water. Flowers pale blue, drooping ;
fruit erect.

Ord. XLIX. VACCINIACE^l De Card.

Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary; the limb with from 4 — 5
more or less distinct lobes or teeth. Corolla lobed as the calyx.
Stamens distinct, free from the corolla, and double the number
of its lobes, inserted beneath an epigynous disk. Anthers wdth
two cells, opening by 2 pores, and often furnished with two awns.
Ovary 4 — 5-celled, 1- or many-seeded. Style and stigma simple.
Berry with minute seeds. Albumen fleshy. — Shrubs : with al-
ternate often coriaceous leaves ; chiefly inhabiting mountainous
situations or high northern latitudes , slightly tonic and astringent;
the fruit esculent.

Vacctnium.]

XLIX. VACCINIACEiE.

267

1. Vaccinium Linn. Whortleberry.

Cor. ovate, campanulate or rotate, 4 — 5-fid. Berry globose,
4 — 5-celled, many-seeded. — Name : some say the vuKivOogot' the
Greeks, and hence synonymous with Hyacinthus ; but more pro-
bably altered from baccinia, denoting a plant with abundance
of bacca or berries.

* Cor. ovate or campanulate.
f Leaves deciduous. Anthers with 2 dorsal awns.

1. Y. Myrtillus L. (Bilberry or Whortleberry ); peduncles
1 -flowered, leaves ovate serrate glabrous deciduous, stem an-
gular. E. B. t. 456.

Woods and heathy places, chiefly in mountainous or alpine districts,
abundant. \\. 4 — 6. — A small shrub, about 1 foot high. Flowers
drooping, urceolate, almost waxy, greenish with a red tinge. Anthers
tubular, each cell opening by a pore at the extremity, and having a
horn at the back. Berries black, glaucous, very agreeable to the
taste, and much eaten in the Highlands of Scotland.

2. V. uligin6sum L. (great Bilberry or Bog Whortleberry) ;
peduncles 1 -flowered, leaves obovate entire glaucous veined
beneath deciduous, stems rounded. E. B. t. 581.

In mountain bogs, Cumberland and Westmoreland; more frequent
in 'the Highlands of Scotland, ascending even nearly to the summits
of the mountains, h . 5, 6. — Leaves glaucous, especially beneath.
Cor. ovate, flesh-coloured, smaller than in the last; anthers similar.
Berries black, agreeable, but inferior in flavour to those of V. Myr-
tillus.

ff Leaves persistent, evergreen. Anthers awnless at the back.

3. V. Vitis-Idce'a L. (Red W. or Cow-berry ); racemes ter-
minal drooping, flowers campanulate 4-cleft, leaves evergreen
obovate dotted beneath, their margins slightly revolute nearly
entire. E. B. t. 598.

Dry places on heaths, mountains and in woods in the north of
England, W/iles, Scotland, and Ireland, k- 6, 7. — A low, some-
what straggling shrub, with leaves resembling those of the Box.
Flowers pale flesh-coloured, open at the mouth, and with deeper and
more spreading segments than the two preceding species.

* * Cor. rotate with refiexed segments. Leaves persistent, evergreen.

Anthers awnless at the back.

4. Y. Oxycuccos L. (Marsh W. or Cranberry) ; peduncles
terminal single-flowered, leaves ovate evergreen glaucous be-
neath, their margins revolute and entire, cor. 4-partite revolute,
stem filiform. E. B. t. 319. Oxycoccos palustris Bers.

N 2

I

268

C0R0LL1FL0R7E.

Peat bogs, especially among Sphagnum, in various parts of Eng-
land, Scotland, and Ireland. Flowers of a bright rose-colour. Cor.
deeply divided, the segments singularly revolute, on which account
this species has been by some botanists removed from Vaccinium.
The fruit is highly agreeable, making the best of tarts.

[ V. . macrocarpum Ait. is found in Loughton Bog, Mold, Flint-
shire ; but it must have been planted there, as it is entirely a North
American species.]

Sub-Class III. COROLLIFLOIUD. (Ord. L.— LXYIII.)

Corolla monopetalous, hypogynous ( inserted upon the receptacle ,
at the base of the ovary , which is thus free , not adnate with the
calyx).

Conspectus of the Orders.

A. Stamens free from the corolla, distinct.

50. Ericaceae. Style 1. Cor. petaloid : petals firmly cohering. Stain.

8 — 10. Seed-coat close to the nucleus. Plants shrubby.

51. Pyiiolace.u. Style 1. Cor. petaloid : petals very slightly cohering

at the base, easily separated. Stam. 10. Seed-coat chaffy. Plants
herbaceous. •

68. Plantaginace.e. Style 1. Cor. membranaceous. Stamens 4.
(Flowers monoecious.)

B. Stamens inserted upon the corolla, distinct or monadelplious at the base
or with anthers united. ,

* Carpets and styles several, distinct.

[36. Crassulace.e.]

** Style basilar. Ovary \-partite. Albumen 0, or in small quantity.
59. Boraginace-e. Flowers usually regular. Stamens 5. Leaves
alternate.

63. Labiatas. Flowers usually irregular. Stamens 2—4. Leaves
opposite.

*** Cor. scariose. Style terminal. Ovary entire.

68. Plantaginace.e. Cor. tubular ; limb equal, 4-partite. Stamens 4,
very long.

**** Cor. coloured (petaloid). Style terminal. Ovary entire, 1-celled.
67. Plumbaginace.e. Calyx tubular. Styles 5. Ovule solitary.

[33. Portulacace.e Sepals 2, distinct. Styles 3. Ovules 3.]

66. Primulaoe.e. Cor. regular. Stamens opposite the lobes of the cor.
and as many, equal. Style 1.

65. Lentiiiulariace.e. Cor. irregular. Stam. 2. Style 1. Ovary with
a free central placenta.

62. Scrophulariace.®. Cor. nearly regular. Stam. 4, fewer than the
lobes of the cor., and alternating. Style 1. Placentas axile.

61. Okoiianchace.-e. Cor. irregular. Stam. 4, didynamous. Style 1.
Placentas parietal.

56. Gentianace.e. Cor. regular. Stam. alternate with the lobes of the

L. ERICACEAE.

269

cor., and as many. Style 1 — 2. Placentas parietal. Seeds very
numerous.

58. Convolvulaceas. Cor. regular. Stam. alternate with the lobes of
the cor., and as many. Style 1. Placentas basilar. Seeds very
few.

**** Cor. coloured. Stam. distinct. Style terminal. Ovary entire or
slightly t-lobed, with two or more cells.

| Ovules solitary in each cell, or in pairs and collateral.

58. CosvoLVULACEiE. Cor. regular, 4 — 5-lobed. Stam. 4 — 5. Style or
styles evident. Leaves alternate or none.

53. A<ju'ifoliacE/E. Cor. regular, 4 — G-partite. Stam. 4 — -6. Stigmas

sessile.

54. Oleace.e. Cor. regular, valvate in a?stivation. Stam. 2. Leaves

opposite.

64. Verbknace.e. Cor. slightly irregular, with a cylindrical tube and
5-cleft limb, imbricated in aestivation. Stam. 4. Leaves opposite.

Ovules in pairs in each cell and superposed, or more than 2.

57. Polemoniace.e. Cor. regular. Stigmas 3. Ovary and capsule
3-celled.

55. Apocynace.e. Cor. regular, twisted in aestivation. Stam. as many

as the lobes of the cor. Stigma 1, constricted in the middle.
Fruit of 2 follicles.

56. Gentianacefe. Cor. regular, twisted in aestivation. Stam. as many

as the lobes of the cor. Stigmas 1 — 2, without a constriction.
Fruit imperfectly 2-celled, not follicular. Leaves opposite.

60. Solanace.e. Cor. with 5 lobes and stamens. Fruit 2- (or spu-
riously 4-) celled. Seeds more or less peritropal. Embryo hetero-
tropal. Leaves alternate. Flowers usually extra-axillary.

62. Scrophulahhce.e. Stamens usually fewer than the lobes of the
cor. Fruit 2-celled. Seeds ascending. Embryo homotropal.

[C. Stamens inserted upon the corolla, 8, diadelphous.

11. Polygalace.e. Cor. irregular, coloured. Style 1, terminal. Ovules
solitary in each cell.]

A. Stamens free from the Corolla. (Ord. L. — LII )
Ord. L. ERICACEAE Juss.

Calyx of 4 or 5 divisions, persistent. Corolla of 4 or o
divisions regular or irregular almost bypogynous, mareescent
or deciduous. Stam. 8 — 10. Anthers 2-celled, the cells sepa-
rating at the apex or the base, opening by pores or rarely by a
longitudinal fissure, often appendagecL Ovary seated upon a
hypogynous disk, with 4 or more cells. Style 1. Stigma 1,
often lobed. Fruit a capsule, severul-celled, with an axile pla-
centa, 5- or many-seeded. Seeds with the outer coat of the same
form as and close-pressed to the nucleus. Albumen fleshy. —
Shrubs with opposite or whorled, mostly evergreen and rigid
n 3

270 L. ERICACEAE. [Erica.

leaves, without stipules. — Many are astringent and diuretic,
some poisonous, as Rhododendron and Kalmia.

* Corolla marcescent. Fruit dry, capsular.

1. Erica. Calyx simple. Capsule loculicidal, dissepiments adhering to

the valves.

2. Caixuna. Calyx double (surrounded by 4 coloured bracteas similar

to the calyx). Caps, septicidal, dissepiments detached from the
valves.

* * Corolla deciduous. Fruit dry, capsular.

3. Menziesia. Cor. ventricose. Stam. 8—10. Caps. 4— 5-celled, septi-

cidal ; valves entire.

4. Azalea. Corolla campanulate. Stam. 5. Caps. 2 — 3-celled, septi-

cidal ; valves bifid.

5. Andromeda. Cor. ovate or campanulate. Stam. 8 — 10. Caps, lo-

culicidal.

*** Cor. deciduous. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent.

6. Arbutus. Cells of berry many-seeded.

7. Arctostaphylos. Cells of berry 1-seeded.

1. Erica Linn. Heath.

Cal. of 4 leaves. Cor. campanulate or ovate, often ventri-
cose, marcescent. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, loculicidal, dis-
sepiments adhering to the middle of the valves.— Named from
sptiKO), to break, because it was formerly supposed to have the
power of destroying calculi in the bladder.

* Mouth of the corolla oblique. Anthers included, or nearly so.

1. E. cilidris L. ( ciliate II.) ; anthers without awns bifid
included, corolla ovate inflated, leaves ovate 4 in a whorl ciliato-
glandulose, flowers in terminal unilateral racemes, ovary gla-
brous. E. B. S. t. 261 8.

Near Truro and Penryn, frequent, and on the north coast of Corn-
wall ; near Corfe Castle, Dorset; near Clifden, Galway, Ireland, h-
6, 7. — The flowers are as large as those of Menziesia carulea, and
more highly coloured; while the leaves are elegantly fringed with
hairs, and each hair is tipped with a gland. Growing along with
this and E. Tetralix, Mr. H. Watson finds at Truro a hybrid between
them, having sometimes the cor. and the racemes of the present species,
with the leaves, pubescent ovary, and awned anthers of the next, but
varying in these respects.

** Mouth of corolla straight. Anthers included, or nearly so, awned at
the base.

2. E. Tetralix L. ( Cross-leaved II.) ; anthers with two acute
awns at the base included, corolla ovate as long as the style,
leaves 4 in a whorl linear revolute at the margin ciliate, flowers

L. ERICACEAE.

271

Erica. ]

umbellato-capitate, pedicels hoary, ovary pubescent. E. B.
t. 1014.

Heaths and moory ground, abundant, h . 7,8. — Flowers rose-
coloured, sometimes white, drooping; they have been found cleft
into several divisions, and with the stamens turned into petaloid seg-
ments. The species varies much as to the number of cilia; on the
leaves and calyx, and occasionally loses them entirely.

3. E. Mackdyi Hook. : Bab. ( Mackay's H .) ; anthers with
2 acute awns at the base included, corolla ovate a little shorter
than the style, leaves 4 in a whorl ovate ciliate glabrous above
almost white beneath, flowers umbellato-capitate, pedicels nearly
glabrous, ovary glabrous. E. Mackaiana Bab. : E.B.S. t. 2900.

Between Roundstone and Clifden, Connemara, Ireland, h- 8, 9.
— This was first found in Ireland by Mr. Wm. MacCalla and Mr.
Ogilby, and distinguished by Dr. Mackay, and in the same year it
was discovered on the Sierra del Peral, in Asturia by M. Durieu.
The specific names, Mackayi or Machaii (Hook. ) and Mackaiuna
(Bab.), are in this case all correct according to botanical rules, and
differ merely in termination: both Sir William Hooker and Mr.
Babington had agreed to dedicate this heath to Dr. Mackay, and
although the one appellation was published shortly before the other,
we have conjoined their names as the authority for the species.
The broad, almost exactly ovate, leaves with a great proportion of
nearly white surface beneath, would seem, at first sight, to dis-
tinguish this specifically from the preceding; to which may be
added, according to Mr. Babington, that the upper surface of the
leaves and their midrib beneath are always glabrous, while these parts
are downy in E. Tetralix. Perhaps however it may prove, by culti-
vation, to be only a more glabrous form, with larger foliage.

4. E. cinerea L. ( fine-leaved II.) ; anthers with two serrate
appendages at the base included, style a little exserted, corolla
ovate, leaves ternate linear keeled acute glabrous shining,
flowers in dense whorled racemes, ovary glabrous. E. B.
t. 1015.

Heaths, abundant, h • 7 — 9. — Floicers drooping, reddish-purple.
Leaves usually with fascicles of small leaves in their axils. The
plant is used for various economical purposes : its flowers are some-
times white.

*** Mouth of the corolla straight. Anthers protruded, bipartite, awnlcss.

5. E. vdgans L. ( Cornish H.) ; anthers without awns deeply
bifid and as well as the style exserted, corolla campanulate,
leaves 3 —4 in a whorl, flowers axillary crowded, ovary gla-
brous. E. B. t. 3. E. multiflora Huds. (not L.)

On heaths in Cornwall, chiefly in the Lizard. Islet on the coast
of Waterford, near Tramore, Ireland. h ■ 7, 8. —Well distin-

guished from all our British Ericce by its campanulate, not ovate,
corolla.

n 4

272

L. ERICACEAE.

[ Calluna.

6. E. Mediterranea L. ( Mediterranean Hi) ; anthers without
awns deeply bifid and as well as the style exserted, corolla
narrow urceolate, bracteas above the middle of the peduncle,
calyx coloured, fiowers in leafy racemes, leaves 4 in a whorl
linear glabrous flat above convex with a central furrow beneath,
ovary glabrous. — /3. Hibernica, flowering branches and style
shorter. Hook, in E. B. S. t. 2774.

ti. Mountain-bogs in the west of Mayo and Galway, Ireland,
b . 4. — The Irish plant seems intermediate between the E.

Mediterranea of Bot. Mag and E. cornea : the stem is sometimes
2 — 5 ft. high, with numerous upright rigid branches, as in E.
Mediterranea, sometimes only 4 — 8 inches high witli spreading
branches. Mr. Bentham, indeed, unites them all under E. cornea.

2. Cacluna Salisb. Ling.

Cal. of 4 coloured leaves, concealing the cor., accompanied
by 4 bracteas, resembling an outer calyx. Cor. campanulate,
marcescent. Stum. 8. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved, septicidal and
septifragal ( valves opening at the dissepiments which separate
from them and adhere to the axis of the fruit). — Named from
tcaWvvw, to cleanse or adorn ; and hence peculiarly applicable,
as Sir J. E. Smith observes, to this plant, whether we consider
the beauty of its flowers, or the circumstance of brooms being
made of its twigs.

1. C. vulgaris Salisb. (common L.). Erica L. : E. B. 1. 1013.

Heaths and moors, common ; sometimes with white fl. h . 6 — 8.
— A low, much-branching, tufted shrub. Leaves small, opposite, with
two small decurrent spurs at the base, more or less pubescent, and
even hoary in /8. of Sm. (the E. ciliaris Huds. not Linn.), closely
imbricated in 4 rows. Flowers small, reddish, drooping, nearly sessile,
ovate. A plant much employed for brooms and for fuel. It makes
excellent edging to garden-plots, and bears clipping as well as box.

3. Menziesia. Sin. Menziesia.1

Cal. cleft to the base into 4 — 5 deep segments, or 4-lobed.
Cor. ventricose, deciduous. 'Stain. 8 — 10. Capsuled — 5-celled,
septicidal (the dissepiments formed by the indexed margins of
the entire valves, and opening between these dissepiments). —
Name: “Nomen dedi,” says the learned founder of this genus,
“in honorem Archibald! Menzies Scotici, peregrinatoris et. bo-
tanici indefessi, priscae fidei ac urbanitatis viri.”

1 This genus is by some divided into three: — 1. Phyllodoce Sal. Cal. deeply
5.cleft. Filaments longer than the anthers. Stigma peltate, with 5 tubercles.
Seeds oblong compressed — 2. Dabeocia Don. Cal. deeply 4-cleft. Filaments
shorter than the anthers. Stigma truncate. S^eds ovate. — 3. Menziesia Sm. Calyx
4-lobed. bilaments longer than the anthers. Stigmas obtuse. Seeds tcobiform.
The first two are evergreen : the last has deciduous leaves, and is a native only of
America ; it is no doubt the original species of the genus, but Smith afterwards
changed the character so as to exclude it, and include the European ones.

L. ERICACEAE.

273

Andromeda .]

1. M. ccerulea S\v. ( Scottish M. ) ; leaves scattered numerous
linear toothed, flower-stalks terminal aggregate simple, flowers
5-cleft decandrous. E. B. t. 2469. Phyllodoce taxifolia Sal.

Heathy moor on the “ Sow of Athol,” at Dalnaspidal, Perthshire,
h . 6, 7. — A small shrub; stems branched, woody and naked below.
Peduncles 2 inches long, glandular, reddish. Flowers large, beautiful
purple-blue. Cor. urceolate. — This plant is far more common in
North America than in Scotland. It scarcely yields in beauty to the
following species.

2. M. polifolia Juss. ( Irish M ., or St. Dabeoc's Heath ) ; leaves
ovate the margins revolute white and downy beneath, flowers
4-cleft oetandrous in terminal leafy racemes. Erica Dabeoci
L. : E. B. t. 35. Dabeocia polifolia Don.

Mountainous heaths in Ireland. Croagh Patrick, county Mayo.
Abundant in Connemara. Sometimes with pure white fl. b • G —

4. Azalea Linn. Azalea.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor. shortly campanulate, regular, deciduous.
Siam. 5, straight, inserted at the base of the cor. Anthers burst-
ing longitudinally. Caps. 2 — 3-valved,2 — 3-celled; dissepiment
formed by the indexed margins of the bifid valves. Seeds at-
tached to a central, at length free, receptacle. — Named from
a£a\eoi-, parched , arid ; because in such places the plant grows.

1. A. procumbens L. ( trailing A .) : E. B. t. 865. Chamas-
ledon Link. Loiseleuria Desvaux.

Dry moory. ground, on most of the Scottish Highland mountains,
among grass and moss; especially abundant in the north, and no-
where perhaps more plentiful than on the Cairngorm range, where
it forms large dark green patches, b • 5, 6. — A low shrub, with
very woody tortuous sterns, and crowded leafy branches. This is the
only species, among all those often placed in the genus, to which the
name Azalea is applicable.

5. Andromeda Linn. Andromeda.

Cal. deeply 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. ovate or campanulate, decidu-
ous. Stani. 8 — 10. Anthers, with awns. Caps. 4 — 5-celled,
loculicidal, the dissepiments from the middle of the valves. —
Named in allusion to the fable of Andromeda , whose condition,
chained to a rock and exposed to the attack of a sea-monster,
was considered analogous to that of this beautiful tribe of plants,
growing on “ turfy hillocks in the midst of swamps ” frequented
1,1 by toads and other reptiles.” Linn. Lack. Lap. p. 188.

1. A. polifolia L. ( Marsh A.)\ leaves alternate lanceolate
their margins revolute glaucous beneath, flowers in short termi-
nal racemes. E. B. t. 713.

N 5

274

L. ERICACEAE.

\_A'rbutus.

Peat-bogs. Larlingford, Norfolk ; north of England. Lowlands
of Scotland. Queen’s county and Kerry, Ireland. b . 5 — 9. —
A small evergreen shrub, with beautiful oval or urceolate, rose-
coloured, drooping flowers, a good deal concealed among the termi-
nal leaves.

6. A'rbutus Linn. Strawberry-tree.

Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. ovate, deciduous. Stain. 10. Fruit
fleshy, usually wanted, 5 -celled; cells many- seeded. — Named,
according- to Theis, from ar, rough or austere , and boise, a
bush, in Celtic.

1. A. U'nedo L. (austere S.) ; stem arboreous, leaves elliptic-
lanceolate serrate, panicles terminal, fruit tubercled. E. B.
t. 2377.

About the Lakes of Killarney, in woods at Muckruss, and at
Glengariff near Bantry, Ireland, where it adds greatly to the charms

of the scenery, b- 9> 10 The fruit ripens the following summer.

Apparently truly wild in the south of Ireland ; though some are of
opinion that it was introduced by the monks of Muckruss Abbey.
The young leaves are clothed with glandular hairs. The flowers are
large, pale, greenish-white. Fruit red.

7. Arctostaphyi.os Adans. Bear-berry.

Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. ovate, deciduous. Slam. 10. Fruit
fleshy, smooth, 5-celled ; cells 1-seeded. — Name : from apuroc,
a bear, and ora^vXij, a. grape; in allusion to the common name
of the fruit.

1. A. alpina Spreng. (black B.) ; stem procumbent, leaves
wrinkled serrate marcescent, racemes terminal. Arbutus L. :
E. B. t. 2030.

Dry barren grounds, on many of the Highland mountains, par-
ticularly in the extreme north. Ben Nevis, near the lake ; and in
Sutherland; Hoy hill, Orkney, b- 5. — A trailing shrub, with
obovate, marcescent leaves which taper down into a footstalk, and
assume, in autumn, a fine red colour. There are a few hairs on
the leaf-stalks, and ciliate bracteas at the base of the flower-stalks.
Corollas urceolate, very pale rose-colour, almost white. Berry black.

2. A. Uva-ursi Spreng. ( red B .) ; stems procumbent, leaves
obovate entire evergreen, racemes terminal. Arbutus L. :
E. B. t. 714.

North of England and Ireland ; abundant in the Highlands and
Western Isles of Scotland, growing in dry heathy and rocky places,
b. 5, 6. — Stems very strong and trailing; leaves obovate, stiff, rigid,
glabrous, their margins revolute. Flowers in small crowded terminal
racemes, of a beautiful rose-colour. Berry small, red, mealy, austere,
yielding excellent food for the moor-fowl.

Pyrola.']

LI. PYROLACE^E.

275

Ord. LI. PYROLACEiE Lindl.

Calyx 5-partite, persistent. Petals 5, free or slightly united
at the base, regular, deciduous. Stamens 10, placed in pairs
opposite the petals : anthers 2-celled, inverted, opening by
pores. Ovary without a conspicuous hypogynous disk, 5 -celled,
many-seeded. Style single. Stigma rayed or orbicular, gene-
rally lobed. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, loeulicidal. Seeds
chatTy, numerous. Albumen fleshy, with the minute embryo at
its base. — Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby. — Chimaphila of
North America is a powerful diuretic.

1. Moreses. Cor. 5-partite. Stigma 5-partite.

2. Pyrola. Petals 5. Stigma 5-lobed.

1. Moneses Sal. Moneses.

Petals slightly connected at the base. Filaments subulate >
anthers with two tubular pores. Stigma 5-parted. Margins of
the valves of the capsule without any web. — Name from povoc,
one, or alone ; on account of the solitary flowers, and combined
petals.

1. M. grandijlura Sal. ( large-flowered JSI.). Pyrola uniflora

L. : E. B. t. 146.

Woods in Scotland, rare. Fir-wood near Brodie House, Forres.
Woods at Scone. Coul, Ross-shire. In the Oak-wood, Knock of
Alves, near Elgin. If.. 7. — Stem scarcely any, bearing a few orbi-
cular, petiolate, and obscurely serrate leaves, and a single peduncle,
with one large, nearly white, very fragrant flower. Style short, straight.
Stigma large, with 5 erect rays.

2. Pyrola Linn. Winter-green.

Petals 5, distinct. Filaments subulate ; anther-cells usually
truncate and opening by a pore at the base, rarely with two
tubular pores. Stigma 5-lobed. Margins of the valves of the
capsule connected by a web. — Named from pyrus, a pear-
tree ; from a fancied resemblance in their flowers.

1. P. secunda L, ( serrate W.) ; flowers racemose all leaning
one way, leaves ovate serrate. E. B. t. 517.

Rare in the north of England ; near Keswick, Cumberland. Not
unfrequent in fir-woods in Scotland, especially in the Highlands.
If. 7. — Stems rather straggling, branched. Peduncles 4 — 5 inches
high, with several oval scales or bracteas. Flowers small, greenish-
white. Petals erect. Style much protruded. Stigma 5-lobed, without
projecting points.

2. P. rotundifulia L. ( round-leaved W.); flowers drooping,
racemose, leaves obovate-rotundate slightly crenate, style bent

n 6

276

LJI. MONOTBOPAC&ffi.

\_Pyrola.

down curved upwards at the extremity, much longer than the
ascending stamens — a. scape with a few scattered scaly brac-
teas. E. B. t. 213. — 8. bracteata; leaves smaller, scape scaly
throughout its whole length. P. maritima Ken. in Phytol , ii.
p. 727.

Moist woods and bushy places, rare. Bradwell, Theberton, and
Middleton, Suffolk; Larlingford, Norfolk; Hawthorn Dean and in
Castle- Eden Dean, Durham; near Helmsley and Hackness, York-
shire; Allerton Dean, Northumberland. Guernsey, among tall reeds
near the sea. Gannachy Wood, Glenclova, and Sidlaw Hills, For-
farshire; Auchindenny woods near Edinburgh. — 0. Sands near Ly-
tham, Lancashire: Mr. Kenyon. 2/ . 7 — 9. — Thelargestof the Pyrolce ,
with white, spreadingjfotcers .• well distinguished by the direction and
relative length of its stamens and style. The latter is more than
twice as long as the fully formed capsule, and is singularly curved.
Stigma with 5 erect points.

3. P. media Swartz (intermediate TP.) ; leaves ovato-rotundate
crenate, stamens erect much shorter than the straight or slightly
decurved style, stigma with 5 erect points. E. B. t. 1945.

Woods, principally in the north ; Keswick, Cumberland; Rugley
wood, Northumberland; Durham; York; Worcestershire; St.
Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; also said to grow in Oxford, Bucks,
Warwick, and Lancashire. Not very general in Scotland. County
of Antrim, &c., Ireland. If.. 7, 8. — Style protruded beyond the
flower, nearly straight.

4. P. minor L. (lesser Winter-green ) ; leaves ovate-rotundate
crenate, stamens erect as long as the very short straight style
which is included within the flower, stigma large with 5 diver-
gent rays. E. B. t. 158 (not good) ; Hook, in FI. Land. t. 154.
P. rosea E. B. t. 2543.

Woods in the north of England and Scotland ; frequent in the
Western Highlands and Hebrides, 7J-. 6,7. — Smaller than the last,
essentially distinguished from it, and at once characterised by the
shortness of its style and large radiated stigma, quite included within
the concave corolla.

Ord. LII. MON OTROPACEiE Nutt.

Cal. 5-partite or 5-sepaled, persistent. Cor. regular, gamo-
petalous, ovate or campanulate, or wanting. Stamens 8 — 10,
sometimes alternating with as many recurved glands ; anthers
sometimes opening transversely, sometimes parallel-celled with
bristles at the base, never opening by pores at the base or apex.
Ovary without a conspicuous entire hypogynous disk, 4 — 5-
celled, many-seeded. Style single. Stigma discoid, somewhat
margined. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds nu-
merous, chaffy or winged at one end. Embryo minute, in the

Monotropa .]

LIII. AQUIFOLIACEiE.

277

apex of (lie fleshy albumen. — Herbaceous, growing among the
roots of Pines and other trees ; stems brown or almost colourless ,
leafless , but covered with scales.

1. Monotropa Linn. Bird’s Nest.

Perianth of 4 — 5 leaves, cucullate at the base, with or without
as many external alternating scales or braeteas ( calyx DC.1).
Anthers 1-celled, 2-lipped. Seeds chaffy. — Named from povoc,
one , and rptmo to turn ; the flowers all pointing one way.

1. M. Hypdpitys L. ( yellow B.) ; flowers racemose glabrous
externally, lateral ones with 8 stamens, terminal one with 10,
leaves of the perianth with as many glabrous alternating ex-
ternal scales. E. B. t. 69. — a. filaments, ovary, style, and inside
of perianth glabrous. — (3. filaments, ovary, style, and inside of
perianth hairy.

Beech and fir-woods, where the soil is dry ; but not common either
in England or Scotland. In Sussex, occurring in rings several feet
in diameter. Counties of Dublin and Louth, Ireland, y.. 7, 8.
— Root parasitic? Stem stout, erect, 6 — 9 inches high, simple or
slightly branched, instead of leaves having nitmerous ovate scattered
scales, of the same dingy yellow hue as the stem. Raceme terminal,
a continuation of the stem, at first drooping, then erect. Flowers on
short scaly or bracteated pedicels, large, of the same colour as the
rest of the plant. Stamens alternately smaller. Seeds very minute,
rarely perfect; the outer coat loose, reticulated, and much longer than
the nucleus.

B. Stamens inserted upon the Corolla. (Ord. LIII. —
LXVIII.)

Ord. LIII. AQUIFOLIACEiE Be Cand.

Cal. of 4 — 6 imbricated lobes. Corolla 4 — 6-lobed, aestivation
imbricative. Stamens 4 — 6, alternate with the segments of
the corolla. Ovary with from 2 — 6 or more cells. Ovules
solitary, pendulous from a cup-shaped seed-stalk. Stigmas
several or lobed, nearly sessile. Fruit fleshy, with from 2 — 6 or
more stony 1 -seeded nuts. Albumen fleshy. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves coriaceous. Flowers small, axillary. — The bark and
fruit are tonic and astringent. The famous Paraguay tea of
South America is a species of holly, Ilex Paraguensis.

1 De Candolle, Lindley, and most botanists, call the perianth a corolla , and the
braeteas a calyx ; but in M. Morisoniana and uniflora the latter is absent entirely:
and as it is now universally admitted that a corolla may be absent when there is a
calyx, but that a calyx or perianth cannot be absent when the corolla is developed,
we prefer adhering to the character of the order and genus given in former editions
of this Flora.

278

LIV. OLEACEjE.

iriex.

1. ITex Linn. Holly.

Cal. 4 — 5-toothed. Cor. rotate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stigmas 4,

sessile. Fruit spherical, including 4 nuts. (Some flowers des-
titute of pistil.) — Name supposed to be the same as Ulex, which
see ; or perhaps a corruption of illex, enticing or alluring , in al-
lusion either to the birdlime made of the bark, or to the fruit.

1. I. Aquifolium L. (common IT.) ; leaves ovate acute shining
waved with spinous teeth, peduncles axillary short many-
flowered, flowers subumbellate. E. B. t. 496.

Frequent in hedges and woods, especially in a light or gravelly
soil, h . 5 — 8. — A small evergreen tree of great beauty, with

smooth grayish bark. Leaves alternate, deep shining green, very rigid,
the upper ones quite entire, the lower ones generally edged with
strong sharp spines, a difference in the foliage which has not escaped
the notice of poets. Fruit bright scarlet, sometimes yellow.

Ord. LIY. OLEACEiE R. Brown.

Calyx divided, toothed, persistent, sometimes 0. Corolla 4-
cleft, valvate' in aestivation, occasionally 0. Stamens 2. Ovary
without any hypogynous disk, 2-celled, cells 2-seeded : ovules
collateral, pendulous. Style 1 or 0 : stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit a
berry , drupe , or capsule , separable in two. Seeds with or
without albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, without
stipules, simple or compound. — Olive oil is the expressed juice
of the pericarp (not of the seed) of Olea Europcea. Manna is
the concrete juice of Fraxinus rotundi/olia and other species of
ash. The Jasmines yield a deliciously fragrant oil, and belong
to the very closely allied order of Jasminacece, chiefly dis-
tinguished by the erect ovules, unsymmetrical flowers, and
corolla imbricated in asstivation,

1. Ligustrum. Fruit flesh}'.

2. Fraxinus. Fruit dry, winged at the extremity.

1. Ligustrum Linn. Privet.

Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry 2-celled, with the cells
1 — 2-seeded. — Named from ligo, to bind; on account of the
use sometimes made of its long and pliant branches.

1. L. vulgure L. (Privet) ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, panicle
compact. E. B. t. 764.

Thickets, and more frequently in hedges, h . 6, 7. — A bush,

with opposite evergreen teaves, frequently used for fences, as the
plant bears clipping. Flowers small, white. Berries black, globose.

2. Fraxinus Linn. Ash.

Cal. 0, or 4-cleft. Cor. 0, or of 4 petals. Fruit dry, inde-

Vinca.]

LV. APOCYNACEjE.

279

hiscent, 2-celled, 2-seeded, compressed and foliaceous at the
extremity (a samara'). Seeds solitary. (Flowers sometimes
without stamens). — Named from cpaZie, a separation; in allu-
sion to the facility with which the wood may be split.

1. F. excelsior L. (common A.); leaves usually pinnate,
leaflets ovato-lanceolate , acuminate serrate, flowers without
either calyx or corolla. — a. leaves all pinnate. E. B. 1. 1692. —
l3. heteroplvylla (simple-leaved A ) ; leaves simple and pinnate.
F. heterophylla Vahl: E. B. t. 2476.

Woods and hedges throughout the country. — j3. Rare in England ;
Devonshire. Tj- 4,5 One of the noblest of our trees, remark-

able in old individuals for the curving upwards of the extremities of
the lower pendent branches. The F. heterophylla may be considered
a sort of monstrosity, often with the leaflets united so as to form one
single leaf. — The flowers are very simple, and appear before the leaves.
There is no calyx or corolla. The pistil and stamens, often one of
each, are sometimes separate, and rise at once from the extremity of
the flower-stalk.

Ord. LV. APOCYNACE2E Juss.

Calyx of 5 persistent divisions. Corolla regular, 5-lobed,
deciduous; (estivation twisted. Stamens 5. Anthers 2-celled.
Ovaries 2, each 1-celled, or 1 with 2 cells. Styles 2 — 1. Stigma
1, capitate, contracted in the middle (like an hour-glass). Fruit
a follicle , capsule , drupe , or berry. Seed albuminose. — Trees
or shrubs, often milky; leaves opposite, without stipules. — An
Order almost intermediate between Gentianacece and Rubiacece,
containing acrid and powerful principles. The famous tanghin
poison of Madagascar (see Botanical Miscellany , vol. iii. p. 110,
and Botanical Magazine , tab. 2968) is the seed of Tanghinia
venenifera. The root of the Oleander is poisonous, while the
nearly allied Taberncemontana, or Hya-Hya of British Guiana,
is the milk-tree of that country, and yields a nutritive fluid
like cream. Urceola elastica affords caoutchouc. Vinca minor
is bitter and astringent.

1. Vinca Linn. Periwinkle.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor. salver-shaped, the segments oblique.
Follicles 2, erect. Seeds naked (destitute of seed-down). —
Name: supposed from vincio, to bind ; which the trailing stems
do to those plants which grow in its neighbourhood.

1. V. minor L. (lesser P.) ; stems procumbent, leaves oblong-
lanceolate, their margins as well as the small lanceolate teeth
of the calyx glabrous. E. B. t. 917.

Hedges, and banks in woods. Devon, Hants, and perhaps most of

280 lyi. gentianaceai. [Cicendia.

the southern counties. y. 4 — 6. — Trailing stems very tough;
not so in the following species.

2. V. * major L. ( greater P.) ; stems at first suberect, leaves
ovate or cordate, their margins as well as those of the elongated
subulate segments of the calyx ciliate. E. B. t. 514.

Woods and thickets. y. 4, 5. — Twice the size of the former in
all its parts. Corolla usually purple in both, but varying in intensity.
The anthers, stigma, and fruit (a follicle ) of this genus are highly
curious.

Ord. LYI. GENTIANACEyE Juss.

Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla usually regular and per-
sistent, the limb generally with an imbricative and twisted rarely
with an induplicate aestivation, 4- mostly 5-, 6-, 8-, or 10-lobed.
Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1 — 2-celled,
many-seeded. Styles 1 or 2. Stigmas 1 — 2. Capsule (or
Berry ) generally 2-valved ; the margins of the valves turned
inwards and bearing the seeds, where there is one cell ; in the
2-celled genera the margins meet in the axis. Albumen fleshy.
— Mostly herbaceous, generally glabrous plants, with opposite
( rarely alternate) leaves and no stipules, eminently bitter and
stomachic. — Gentiana lutea is the bitter gentian, and affords a
spirit much used in Switzerland and well known under the
name of Enzian-wasser : Swertia (or Ophelia ) Chirayta is a
famous East-Indian stomachic.

A. Leaves opposite. Corolla twisted in (estivation.

* Style deciduous.

4. Chlora. Cor. rotate. Stamens 8.

1. Cicendia. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stam. 4. Anth. straight. Stigma

1, entire.

2. Erythr.ea. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stam. 5. Anth. twisted. Stig-

mas 2.

** Style persistent.

3. Gentiana. Cor. without nectariferous pores. Cal. 4 — 5-cleft.

3a. Swertia. Cor. rotate, with nectariferous pores. Cal. 4 — 5 -partite.

B. Leaves alternate. Corolla induplicate in (estivation.

5. Menyanthes. Cor. fleshy, hairy within. Caps, with 2 valves bear-

ing the seeds along their middle. Leaves ternate.

G. Villarsia. Cor. thin, ciliate. Capsule without regular valves.
Leaves floating, cordate.

A. Segments of the corolla twisted in c estivation . Leaves opposite.
(Gen. 1 — 4.)

1. Cicendia Adans. Cicendia.

Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft, funnel-shaped, marcescent, the

Erytlirce'a J

LVX GENTIANACE..E.

281

tube swelling. Stem. 4. Anthers opening longitudinally. Style

1, deciduous. Stigma entire. Caps. 1 -celled, 2-valved. Seeds
attached to 2 sutural receptacles, which at length separate by
the opening of the 2-valved capsule. — A name of Adanson’s, the
etymology of which is no where explained ; perhaps derived
from KitcivvoQ curled hair , on account of the slender entangled
stems and branches.

1. C. Jilifdrmis Reich, (least C.) ; leaves linear-lanceolate
sessile, stem dichotomous slender, peduncles elongated, calyx
campanulate with ovate acute lobes. Exacum Sin.: E. B. t.
235. Gentiana L. Microcala Griseb.

Sandy turf-bogs, in the extreme south and south-west of England ;
also in Pembrokeshire. In Ireland, is found near Cork, upon Dursey
Island, and at Glengariff. 0. 7 — 10. — A small, slender, and

graceful plant, with yellow flowers, differing from Gentiana in the
number of stamens and divisions of the cat. and corolla.

[C. Candollei Griseb., distinguished by the calyx 4-partite, the seg-
ments linear and adpressed, is said to have been found at Paradis in
Guernsey ; Mr. Bentham however refers the Guernsey plant to
C pusilta Griseb.; which chiefly differs by the cal.-segments patulous:
but we have seen no specimens.]

2. Erythr.e'a Reiiealm. Centaury.

Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped, withering, its limb short.
Anthers at length spirally twisted. Style 1, deciduous. Stigmas

2. Caps, linear, 2-celled. — Named from tpvOpnc, red; the colour
of the flowers in most of the species.

1. E. Centaurium Pers. (common C.) : stem nearly simple,
leaves ovate-oblong, flowers nearly sessile fasciculato-panicu-
late, calyx half as long as the tube of the opening corolla.
Chironia Schmidt: E. B. t. 417.

Dry pastures, frequent. 0. 6 — 9. — Stem 8 — 10 inches to a

foot high. Root-leaves spreading, three-nerved, broader than those of
the stem, which are in distant pairs. Panicles of flowers fascicled
near the top of the stem, and forming a sort of corymb. Corolla hand-
some, rose-coloured.

2. E. pulchella Fries (dwarf branched C.) ; stem much
branched, leaves ovate-oblong, flowers pedicellate in lax pani-
cles, calyx nearly as long as the tube of the opening corolla.
Chironia Willd. : E. B. t. 458.

Sandy sea-shores, England and Scotland. Cape Clear Island,
Ireland. 0. 7 — 10. — Stems 2 — 4 or 6 inches high, slender and
much branched from near the base. Panicle spreading, leafy, dicho-
tomous, with a single flower-stalk between the branches Perhaps

only a var. of the preceding.

282

LVI. GENTIAN ACE^E.

[ Gentiana.

3. E. latifolia Sm. ( broad-leaved tufted C .) ; stem 3-cleft at
the top, flowers in dense forked tufts, calyx nearly as long as
the tube of the opening corolla, segments of the corolla lanceo-
late, lower leaves broadly elliptical with 5 or 7 ribs. E.B. S.
t. 2719.

Sea-shore. Sandy ground near the sea, to the north of Liverpool.
Near Holyhead. County of Down, Ireland. Staffa. Q. 7, 8.
— Some Irish specimens have the leaves an inch and a half long, and
three quarters of an inch broad, not confined to the root, and rising
one pair close above the other ; yet we can hardly persuade ourselves
they are distinct from E. Centaurium. Mr. W. Wilson observes that
the lobes of the corolla are sometimes oval.

4. E. linarifulia Pers. ( dwarf tufted C.) ; stem simple or
branched, radical leaves crowded spathulate, cauline ones oblong-
linear obtuse, flowers sessile capitato-paniculate, calyx as long as
the tube of the opening corolla deeply cleft. Chironia littoralis
Sm. : E. B. t. 2305. Erythrma Hook.

Sandy coasts of Northumberland, Lancashire, Wales, Scotland.
Portmarnock sands, Ireland. ©. 6 — 8. — Varying in height from

2 — 6 inches. Leaves all narrow. Ca/.-segments very long, equalling
the tube of the corolla, in our specimens scarcely united by a mem-
brane as in the 2 preceding species ; but most of the characters given
for this species are said to vary in individuals ; and it has perhaps
little right to be kept distinct from E. Centaurium.

3. Gentiana Linn. Gentian.

Cal. 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. subcampanulate, funnel- or salver-

shaped, tubular at the base, destitute of nectariferous glands.
Stam. 5. Styles persistent, often combined. Caps, of 1 cell,
2-valved. — Named from Gentius king of Illyria, who, according
to Pliny, brought into use the species so much valued in medi-
cine, the bitter gentian , G. lutea.

* Cor. subcampanulate, the throat naked.

1. G. Pneumondnthe L. ( Marsh G ) ; leaves linear obtuse,
flowers terminal and axillary nearly sessile, corolla 5-cleft.
E. B. t. 20.

Moist heathy places, in several parts of England. 5/. . 8, 9. —

Stem upright, 4 to 10 or more inches high. Corolla large, deep blue
within, having 5 broad greenish lines corresponding with the segments.

[G. acaulis L. (E. B. t. 1594) is neither a native nor natu-
ralized. This is the gentianella of our gardens.]

** Cor. somewhat funnel- or salver-shaped, with 5 large and 5 smaller
segments.

2. G. verna L. ( Spring G.) ; stem cmspitose 1- flowered, leaves
ovate lower ones crowded, calyx with sharp teeth and prominent

Gentidna. J

LVX. GENTIANACEiE.

283

angles, corolla salver-shaped with 5 large and 5 small alternate
bifid segments. E. B. t. 493.

Alpine pastures, rare. Middleton in Teesdale, Durham. Between
Gort and Galway ; and on limestone rocks in the Barony of Burrin,
Clare; Ireland. 7/.. 4 — 6.

3. G. nivalis L. (small alpine G .) ; branches single-flowered,
leaves elliptical, corolla salver-shaped 5-cleft with intermediate
small bifid segments, calyx cylindrical its angles keeled (brown).
E. B. t. 896.

Mountains of Scotland, exceedingly rare ; Craig Calleach ; Ben
Lawers ; and Glen Isla, Clova. 0. 8. — This rare and beautiful

little alpine plant varies in height from 1 to 6 inches.

*** Cor. 4 — 5-cleft, somewhat salver-shaped, fringed at the throat.

4. G. Amarella L. (small-flowered G .) ; stem much branched,
root-leaves oval spathulate upper ones ovato-lanceolate sessile,
cal. lobes lanceolate nearly equal shorter than the tube of the
corolla which is cylindrical or obconical its limb 5-cleft, germen
linear-oblong and as well as the capsule sessile or shortly stipi-
tate. E. B. t. 236.

Dry pastures in England and Scotland, but not very common. ©.

7 — 9 In the Flora Londinensis an opinion is expressed that the G.

Amarella and G. Germanica are not specifically distinct. Grisebach.
Koch, and others, think they are, ascribing to the former pointed
calyx lobes and sessile capsules, and to the latter blunt calyx lobes
and stalked capsules. G. Germanica is said to have been found at
ltipon in Yorkshire, and at Tring, Herts ; to flower later than our
G. Amarella, and to have larger and blue flowers. Mr. Luxford, in the
Phyt. i. p. 381, has shown that, so far at least as regards British
specimens, there are many intermediate states. Our Swiss ones of G.
Germanica have certainly a conspicuous stalk (about an eighth of an
inch long) to the capsule, and constantly large and obconical flowers,
while G. Amarella of the north of Europe has a sessile capsule ; but
these, the southern and northern forms, seem to be united by those of
this country.

5. G. campcstris L. (Field G.) ; stem very much branched
many-flowered, leaves ovato-lanceolate, 2 outer segments of
the calyx very large ovate, corolla 4-cleft. E. B. t. 237.

PI illy pastures, frequent on a limestone or chalky soil in England
and Ireland. Abundant in Scotland, especially near the sea. 0.

8 — 10. — Flowers larger than in the preceding, and so numerous in
specimens gathered on the Isle of Skye, that we have counted 86 on
one plant.

[SWrfia perennis L. (E. B. t. 1441) is said by Hudson to have
been found in Wales by Dr. Richardson ; but it is supposed that
Gentiana Pneumonanthe had been mistaken for it.]

281

LVI. GENTIANACEA2.

[ Chlora.

4. Chlora Linn. Yellow-wort.

Cal. of 8 deep segments. Cur. nearly rotate. Slam. 8. Style
1, deciduous. Stigmas 2, bifid. Caps 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded. — Name derived from pale or yellowish green ;

in allusion to the colour of its flowers.

1. C . perfolidla L. ( perfoliate Y.) ; leaves connate-perfoliate
ovate glaucous. E. B. t. 60.

Chalky and hilly pastures, chiefly in the middle and southern parts
of England. In Ireland on gravelly soil about Dublin, frequent.
0. 6—9. — Plant very glaucous, with remote leaves, panicled above,

and bearing many bright yellow flowers, very bitter.

B. Segments of the corolla induplicate in (estivation. Leaves
alternate. (Gen. 5, 6.)

5. Menyanthes Linn. Buckbean.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor. funnel-shaped, fleshy, the segments
hairy within. Stam. 5. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled,
2-vulved ; valves bearing the seeds along their middle ; seeds
parietal. — Name : a month , and avUog, a flower ; some say

from the duration of the flower.

1. M. trifolidta L. ( Buckbean , or Marsh Trefoil) : E. B.
t. 495.

Marshy places, boggy ground, &c., frequent. If . 5 — 7. — Rhizomes
densely creeping, and so matted as often to render the boggy ground
firm where the plant grows. Leaves ternate, stalked : leaflets obovate,
obscurely toothed. The base of the leaf is sheathing, whence arises
a flower-stalk, supporting a compound raceme or thyrsus of many white
flowers, each tipped externally with red and beautifully clothed with
white filaments within.

6. Villarsia Vent. Villarsia.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate or funnel-shaped, thin and mem-
branous, the limb often ciliated. Stam. 5. Caps. 1-celled,
indehiscent (or 2-valved, the seeds attached to the margins of
the valves). — Named in compliment to M. de Villars, author
of Flore de Dauphine.

1. V. nymphceoides Vent. ( Nymphcea-lihe V.) ; leaves orbi-
cular-cordate floating, peduncles aggregate single-flowered,
corollas ciliate. Menyanthes L. : E.B.t.l2\7. Liinnanthe-
mum Link.

Rare in rivers and still waters. Found in many places in England
and Ireland, but usually where introduced. Certainly not indigenous
in Scotland. 2f. 7, 8. — A beautiful plant, easy of cultivation, and

difficult to be eradicated. Flower large, yellow, curiously plaited. The
canals in Holland are in some parts covered with this plant, which has

Polemonium .] lviii. convolvulace^e.

235

quite a different habit from the true Menyanthes. Stigma 5-cleft. Mr.
Brown first observed that, in all the aquatic species of this genus, the
capsule is valveless; 2-valved in the others; hence Grisebach has
divided it ipto two genera, Limnanthemum and Villarsia : our British
species belongs to the former.

Ord. LVII. POLEMONIACEiE Jvss.

Calyx of 5 divisions, persistent, sometimes irregular. Corolla
regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, from the tube of the corolla.
Ovary single, 3-celled; ovules solitary in each cell or super-
posed. Style simple. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved,
valves separating from the axis. Embryo straight. Albumen
horny. — Herbaceous plants. Leaves simple or compound, oppo-
site or alternate.

1. Polemonium Linn. Jacob’s Ladder.

Cor. rotate. Stam. inserted upon the 5 teeth or valves which
close the mouth of the corolla. Capsule inany-seeded. — Named
from 7ro\fjuo£, war, according to Pliny; this plant having caused
a war between two kings who laid claim to its discovery 1

1. P. caruleum L. ( blue J.) ; leaves pinnate glabrous,
leaflets oblong-lanceolate. E. B. t. 14.

Banks and bushy places, rare ; chiefly found in the north. In
Derbyshire and Yorkshire. About Queensferry, Arniston, Bonnington
and Delvine woods, Scotland, but probably introduced. Knockmaron
Hill, Ireland. 'll. 6,7. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high, angular. Flowers
large, blue, sometimes white.

Ord. LVIII. CONVOLVULACEiE Juss.

Calyx of 4—5 sepals, permanent, imbricated, often very un-
equal. Corolla regular, deciduous ; the limb plaited, 4-5-
lobed. Stamens 4 — 5 from the base of the corolla. Ovary with
2 — 4 cells, seldom 1, sometimes in 2 or 4 divisions, few-ovuled,
ovules solitary in each cell or collateral. Style 1, often divided,
rarely 2. Disk annular, hypogynous or wanting. Capsule 1 — 4-
celled, the valves fitting at their edges to the angles of a loose
dissepiment, bearing the seeds at the base, or bursting trans-
versely. Albumen in small quantity, mucilaginous. Embryo
curved. Cotyledons plaited. — Herbs or Shrubs, generally
climbing, milky, and purgative . Leaves alternate or wanting. —
Scarnmony is the product of Convolvulus Scammonia ; jalap, of
Exogonium purgans. The sweet potato , a most valuable escu-
lent root of the tropics and warm climates, is the Batatas
esculenla. Cuscuta has no leaves, and is parasitical.

1. Convolvulus. Calyx not inclosed within bracteas. Capsule 2-

celled, 2-valved. Stems leafy.

2. Calystegia. Calyx enclosed within 2 bracteas. Capsule 1-celled,

2-valved. Stems leafy.

286 lvih. C0NV0LVULACEJ2. [Convolvulus.

3. Cuscuta. Calyx not inclosed within bracteas. Capsule bursting
transversely at the base. Leaves none.

1. Convolvulus Linn. Bindweed.

Cal. 5-sepaled, without external bracteas. Cor. campanulate.
Style 1. Stigmas 2, linear cylindrical. Ovary 2-celled, 4-
ovuled. Caps. 2-celled, 2-valved. — Named from convolvo, to
entwine ; whence comes, too, the English name bindweed.

1. C. arvensis L. ( small B.) ; stem climbing, leaves sagittate
their lobes acute, peduncles mostly single-flowered, bracteas
minute distant from the flowers. E. B. t. 312.

Corn-fields, hedges, &c., especially in a light soil. 2/.. 6, 7. —

Flowers rather small, rose-coloured. Root running very deep into
the ground, and difficult of extirpation.

2. Calystegia R. Br. Calystegia. Hooded Bindweed.

Cal. 5-sepaled, inclosed within two large opposite bracteas.
Cor. campanulate. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed ; lobes oblong,
cylindrical, or flattened. Ovary sometimes 2-celled at the base,
1 -celled towards the apex, 4-ovuled. Caps. 2-valved, 1 -celled.
— Name: tca\og, beautiful , and crrtyn, a covering ; on account of
the bracteas.

1. C. sepitim Br .(great C., or H .); stem climbing, leaves
sagittate their lobes truncate, peduncles 4-sided single-flow-
ered, bracteas heart-shaped, stigmas short and obtuse. Con-
volvulus L. : E.B. t. 313.

Moist woods and hedges. If.. 6 — 8. — Flowers very large, showy,
pure white, sometimes rose-coloured, or striped with pink.

2. C. Soldanella Br. ( Sea-side C.) ; stem prostrate glabrous,
leaves reniform fleshy, peduncles 4-sided single-flowered their
angles winged, bracteas ovate, stigmas ovate obtuse wrinkled.
Convolvulus L. : E. B. t. 314.

Sea-shore in sandy places, frequent, y.. 6 — 8. — Rhizome long,

creeping. Flowers few, large, rose-coloured. Ovary 1 -celled, with
a ridge on each side in place of dissepiments. Stigmas large.

13. Cuscuta Linn. Dodder.

Cal. 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, 4 — 5-lobed, the tube
usually furnished with scales on the inside. Styles 2 (rarely
united). Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Caps, bursting all round
transversely at the base, 2-celled. — Parasitical leafless plants,
with long tivining filiform stems. -^Derived probably from its
Arabic name, lieshout; or from the Hebrew chuz, to bind or
surround.

1 . C. Europcc'a L. (greater D.) ; heads of flowers bracteated
sessile, styles included, corolla (at first) with a cylindrical tube

CuscutaC]

LVIII. CONVOLVULACE^E.

287

afterwards ventricose longer than the close-pressed calyx,
“ scales adpressed to the tube bifid distant below with rounded
spaces." E. B. t. 378.

Parasitical on nettles, thistles, &c„ not very common. 0. 7 — 9.

Stems very long, red, having small tubercles or papilla;, which, serve
as roots. Flowers clustered, of a pale yellowish-rose colour. Scales
seem always to exist in the corolla, but from being adpressed are not
readily observed.

2. C. *Hassiaca Pfeiff. ( Lucerne D.) ; “stem branched, flowers
fascicled pedicellate, tube of corolla campanulate as long as the
limb closed with converging scales, limb 5-cleft segments
spreading with the points corniculate, styles 2, stigmas capitate.”

On lucerne in Essex and Hertfordshire. ©. 8,9. — Flowers

white, with the smell of the heliotrope. Anthers yellow. Of this
we know nothing. It appears to have been introduced with lu-
cerne.

3. C. *Epilvium AVeihe ( Flax D.) ; heads of fleshy flowers
bracteated sessile, styles included, corolla with a globose tube
scarcely longer than the campanulate calyx, “ scales adpressed
to the tube bifid fimbriated distant below with rounded spaces.”
E. B. S. t. 2850.

Parasitical on flax, in various places, and very injurious to the
crop. ©. 8. — Steins simple, yellowish-green. Flowers fewer in

a head, much more succulent than in C. Eurnpcea, and cellular
when seen under a lens. Tube of corolla always globose ; filaments
very short. Calyx broad and spreading, with 5 broad acute teeth.

4. C. Eptlhymvm L. (lesser D.) ; styles exserted, heads of
many small flowers bracteated sessile, corolla with a cylindrical
tube longer than the campanulate calyx, “ scales converging
as long as the tube of the corolla fimbriated and rounded at
the end approximate below with narrow acute spaces.” C.
Europasa Sm. : E. B. t. 55.

Frequent on furze, heath, and thyme in exposed situations in
England and Scotland. ©. 7 — 10. — Smaller than C. Europaa

and C. Epilinum, especially in the flowers. Calyx-segments acuminate.

5. C.*Trif6lii Bab. (Clover -D.) ; styles exserted, heads of
small flowers bracteated sessile, “tube of the corolla cylindrical,
scales converging half as long as the tube of the cor. fimbriate
and rounded at the end distant below with rounded spaces,
calyx narrowed below as long as the tube of the corolla.”
E.'B. S. t. 2898.

On clover chiefly. Norfolk ; Suffolk ; Essex ; Sussex ; Isle of
Wight. ©. 7 — 9. — Supposed to have been introduced with clover-
seed from the Continent. It is obviously very near the last, and
chiefly differs by the form of the spaces between the scales; but

288

LIX. BORAGINACE^S.

whether that and some other characters proposed in this genus do not
depend on the nature .of the plant to which the individual is attached
has yet to be tested.

Ord. LIX. BORAGINACEiE Be Cnnd.

Calyx 5- rarely 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla bypogynous,
nionopetalous, most frequently regular, 5-cleft, sometimes 4-
cleft, with an imbricative aestivation. Stamens 5, inserted into
the corolla , alternate with its segments and equal to them in
number, rarely more. Ovary 4- (rarely 2-) partite, 4-ovuled.
Ovules pendulous. Style from near the base between the lobes of
the ovary. Achenes 4, apart or rarely united by pairs. Seeds with-
out or nearly without albumen. Radicle superior. — Herbs or
Shrubs. Leaves alternate , without stipules, usually scabrous.
Flowers generally in more or less compound unilateral and cir-
cinate cymes ( presenting the appearance of spikes or racemes ).
— The Boraginace^j are mild, emollient, and mucilaginous,
sometimes slightly bitter and narcotic. The roots of several
species afford a red dye.

* Throat of the corolla not closed with scales or valves.

1. Echium. Cor. irregular. Filaments long, unequal.

2. Pulmonaria. Cor. regular, funnel-shaped. Cal. prismatic, 5-cleft.

3. Lithospermum. Cor. regular funnel-shaped. Cal. 5-partite. Sta-

mens included, filaments very short. Achenes stony.

4. Mertensia. Cor. regular, funnel-shaped. Cal. 5-parted. Stamens

protruded beyond the tube, filaments elongated. Achenes sub-
drupaceous.

** Throat of the cor. more or less closed with scales or valves.
f Filaments bifid.

9. Borago. Inner branch of filaments bearing an exserted anther. Cor.
rotate.

ft Filaments entire. Stamens included.

X Scales subulate, alternate with the fi laments.

8. Symphytum. Cor. tubular, campanulate.

JJ Scales or valves obtuse.

7. Lycopsis. Tube of cor. slightly bent, limb oblique.

G. Anchusa. Tube of cor. straight; lobes straight (not convolute)
in aestivation. Cal. in fruit equally divided, terete. Huts ovate,
compressed, wrinkled. Flowers in leafy racemes.

5. Myosotis. Tube of cor. straight; lobes convolute in aestivation.

Cal. in fruit equally divided, terete. Huts ovate, compressed,
smooth. Racemes leafless.

10. AsrERUGO. Tube of cor. straight. Cal. in fruit compressed, un-

equally 2-valved. Huts ovate, compressed. Flowers axillary,
solitary.

10a. Echinospermum. Tube of cor. straight. Cal. equally divided,
terete. Huts triquetrous, with muricated margins.

11. Cynoglossum. Tube of cor. straight. Cal. equally divided, terete.

Huts depressed, roundish-ovate, muricated.

Pulmonaria.'] lix. boraginaceae. 2S9

* Throat of the corolla naked ( without conspicuous scales or
valves). (Gen. 1 — 4.)

1. E'chium Linn. Viper’s Bugloss.

Cor. irregular; its throat dilated, open and naked. Filaments
very long, unequal. Style bifid. Achenes wrinkled, with a flat
base, seated on a hypogynous disk, free from the style. —
Named from f x<e, a viper ; because this, or some allied plant,
was supposed to be an effectual remedy against the bite of that
animal.

]. E. vulgdre L. ( common F.); stem herbaceous simple hispid
with tubercles, leaves linear-lanceolate hispid, flowers in lateral
short spikes, stamens longer than the corolla. E. R. t. 181.
E. Italicum Huds. : E. B. t. 2081. (not L.)

On old walls, banks, fields, and waste grounds, especially in a sandy
or gravelly soil : common on tlie Surrey hills, with pale fl. $ . 6, 7.
— Stems 2 — 3 feet high. Root-leaves spreading, petioled. Spikes of
flowers lateral, secund, recurved, forming one long compound spike or
raceme. Corolla at first reddish-purple, then brilliant blue, sometimes
white.

2. E. violaceum L. ( purple-flowered B.) ; stem herbaceous
diffuse branched pilose-hispid, lower leaves ovate-oblong petio-
late, upper ones oblong cordate and somewhat amplexieaul
at the base, spikes elongated, stamens scarcely longer than the
corolla. E. B. S. t. 2798.

Plentiful on the sandy grounds in Jersey. $ . 7. — Quite a

distinct species from E. vulgare, and certainly the E. violaceum of
Linnceus and the Continental botanists. It is much less hispid than
E. vulgare and destitute of tubercles. Stem branched, spreading,
often decumbent. Spikes much elongated, bearing more distant
flowers. Stamens very unequal, 2 of them much longer than the
corolla, two of them about the same length, and 1 shorter.

2. Pulmonaria Linn. Lungwort.

Cal. with 5 angles, 5-eleft. Cor. regular, funnel-shaped, its
throat naked. Stamens included : filaments very short. Style
simple. Achenes with a flat base, seated on a hypogynous
disk, free from the style. — Named from pulmo, the lungs; from
the use formerly made of this and other Boraginacece in pulmo-
nary affections. In the present instance, the spotted leaves,
resembling the lungs, were the principal recommendation.

1. P. officinalis L. ( common L.) ; leaves scabrous, radical
ones ovate or cordate petiolate, upper ones of the stem sessile
ovate. E. B. t. 118 ( excl . the root-leaves).

Woods and thickets, rare. Dane’s wood, near Slindon, Sussex;
Durham and Bedfordshire. Near Edinburgh and Glasgow, but
scarcely wild. fl. 5. — About J foot high. Stem leaves all more

O

290

lix. boraglnacetE. \_Lithospermum.

or less ovate ; lower ones petiolate, upper ones sessile ; all with short
hairs, and frequently spotted. Flowers purple.

2. P. angustifolia L. (?) arrow-leaved L.) ; leaves lanceolate
scabrous, radical ones petiolate, upper ones sessile. E. B. t.
1628.

Woods and thickets, rare. Isle of Wight, and New Forest, Hamp-
shire. y. 3 — 6. — Usually taller than the preceding, and different
in the shape of its foliage, which is seldom spotted ; but these marks
are not constant. Inflorescence subcapitate.

3. Lithospermcm Linn. Gromwell.

Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. funnel-shaped, its mouth naked
(or with very minute scales). Stamens included : filaments vary
short. Style simple. Achenes stony, with a truncated base,
seated on a hypogynous disk, free from the style. — Named
from \iQog, a stone , and ampya, a seed; from its very hard shining
seeds or achenes. The English gromwell has a similar origin
in Celtic : gram, a seed , and mil, a stone.

1. L. officinale L. ( common G.) ; stem erect very much
branched, leaves broadly lanceolate acute nerved rough above
hairy beneath, tube of the corolla as long as the calyx, achenes
smooth. E. B. t. 134.

Dry, waste, and uncultivated places, and among rubbish : rare in
Scotland, y. 6. — Stem 1 to foot high. Ft. pale yellow. Achenes
whitish-brown, highly polished ; seldom more than 2 or 3 ripening
in each calyx.

2. L. aroense L. ( Corn G., or Bastard Alkanet); stem erect
branched, leaves lanceolate acute hairy, calyx a little shorter
than the corolla its segments patent when containing the ripe
wrinkled nuts. E. B. t. 123.

Corn-fields and waste ground. 0. 5, 6. — Corollas white. Caly-
cine segments thrice as long as the fruit.

3. L. purpurea -car tileum L. (creeping or purple G.) ; barren
stems prostrate, leaves lanceolate acute hairy, tube of the co-
rolla much longer than the calyx, achenes smooth. E. B. 117.

Thickets on a chalky soil, rare. Near Denbigh, in Wales ;
Taunton, Somersetshire ; Marychurch, Devon ; Darenth wood and
Greenhithe, Kent; Caswell Bay, Glamorganshire. y. 6, 7. —
Distinguished from the two preceding species by its large and bright
blue flowers.

4. Mertensia Roth. Smooth-Gromwell.

Cal. 5-cleft or 5-partite, half the length of the cor. Corolla
funnel-shaped, naked or with 5 plaits or wrinkles between the
stamens. Stamens inserted near the apex of the tube, protruded ;
filaments ligulate ; anthers 2-lobed at the base. Style filiform,

Myosotis.']

LIX. BORAGINACEjE.

291

simple, often elongated after flowering. Achenes subdrupaceous,
with a flat or prominent base seated on a hypogynous disk,
free from the style. — Named in honour of F. C. Mertens , a
German botanist.

1. M. marUima Don (Seaside S.) ; stems procumbent
branched, leaves ovate rough with callous dots, upper ones
lanceolate, all fleshy and glaucous, achenes smooth. Pulmo-
naria L. : E. B. t. 368. Steenhammera Reich. Lithospermum
Hook.

Sea-coast among sand or loose stones. Rare in England, and only
on the west coast. Wales. Plentiful in the north and west, rarely in
the east, of Scotland. Between Portrane and Skerries, Ireland, y.
5, 6. — This is quite a northern plant, extending to the arctic regions.
Lower leaves on foot-stalks; upper ones sessile. Flowers somewhat
racemose, of a beautiful purplish blue : calyx 5-parted, angular when
in fruit; tube of the cor. short, glabrous inside at the base, with
minute wrinkles at the mouth ; filaments linear, flattened. Whole
plant very glaucous; and, if the bloom is rubbed off, rough callous
points appear, which become white and almost stony in drying, when
the rest of the plant turns nearly black. The flavour of the leaves
resembles that of oysters.

** Throat of the corolla more or less closed with scales. (Gen.

5—11.)

5. Myosotis Linn. Scorpion -grass.

Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. salver-shaped, the lobes obtuse, twisted
in sestivation, the mouth half-closed with short rounded valves.
Stamens included. Style simple. Achenes smooth, attached to
the bottom of the calyx by a minute flat spot (not perforated
at the base). — Named from yvc, yvoc, a mouse , and ouc, ojtoc, an
ear; from the shape of the leaves.

* Hairs on the calyx all straight and adpressed.

1 . M. palustris With, (creeping Water S., or Forget-me-not) ;
calyx with straight adpressed bristles cleft to about one third
of its length, when in fruit campanulate open shorter than the
diverging pedicels, teeth short triangular, limb of the corolla
flat longer than the tube, lobes slightly emarginate, style as
long as the calyx and tube of the corolla. — a. pubescence of
the stem spreading (or wanting). E. B. t. 1973. M. scor-
pioides palustris L. : Sm. FI. Brit. i. p. 212. — /3. pubescence
more or less adpressed. M. strigulosa Reich.

Ditches and sides of rivers, abundant, y . 6 — 8. — A very beau-

tiful, though common plant, and considered to be the emblem of
friendship in almost every part of Europe. About 1 foot high.
Flowers among the largest of our species, bright blue with a yellow
eye, and a small white ray at the base of each segment.

292

LIX. BORAGINACEJE.

\_Myos6tis.

2. M. repens Don ( creeping Witter S .) ; calyx with straight
adpressed bristles cleft to about the middle, when in fruit open
or connivent shorter than the diverging pedicels, teeth lanceolate,
limb of the corolla flat longer than the tube, lobes somewhat
emarginate, style nearly as long as the tube of the calyx, pu-
bescence of the stem spreading. Borr. in E. B. S. t. 2703.

Moist boggy situations in England and Scotland. It. 6 — 8. —
In this and the next the style is overtopped by the anthers, and about
half the length of the tube of the corolla ; when in fruit it is scarcely
longer than the achenes.

3. M. caspitusa Schultz (tufted Water S.) ; calyx with
straight adpressed bristles cleft to about the middle, when in
fruit campanulate open shorter than the diverging pedicels,
teeth lanceolate, limb of the corolla concave (or flat when fully
expanded) equalling the tube, style about as long as the tube
of the calyx, pubescence of the stem adpressed. Borr. in
E. B. S. t. 2661.

Common in watery places, both on clay andbog. © or or

(J, Sm .) 6 — 8. — Boot fibrous, not creeping, annual or biennial.

Stem throwing out fibres from the lower joints. Calyx sparingly
sprinkled with adpressed white bristles, cleft more deeply than in M.
palustris, perhaps less than in M. repens. Corolla varying in size, hut
usually not much exceeding the calyx.

** Hairs on the calyx-tube ( some or all of them ) spreading, curved or
hooked at the apex.

4. M. alpestris Schmidt (Hock S.) ; calyx with straight and
a few curved bristles deeply 5-deft attenuate at the base, when
in fruit campanulate open shorter than the slightly spreading
pedicels, limb of the corolla flat longer than the tube, style half
as long as the calyx, achenes not carinate, root-leaves on long
stalks. M. rupieola Sm. : E. B. t. 2559. M. suaveolens IF. et K.
(not Poir .)

Highland mountains, at a great elevation. On the Breadalbane
range, extending thence to Schechallion. Cronkley Fell, Teesdale.

7, 8. — Stem 4 — 6 inches or even 1 foot high, with patent leaves. Lower
leaves on very long foot-stalks. Nothing can exceed the beauty of
the large blue fiou-ers, which are at first so compact as to be almost
capitate, then lengthened into racemes. Fries, Koch, and De Candolle
consider this an alpine state of M. sylvatica : the chief difference
consists in the smaller size, long-stalked radical leaves, and open, not
closed, fructiferous calyx.

5. M. sylvatica Hoffm. (upright Wood Si) ; calyx with
spreading uncinate bristles deeply 5-cleft obtuse at the base,
when in fruit ovate closed shorter than the diverging pedicels,
limb of the corolla flat longer than the tube, style nearly as
long as the calyx, achenes carinate, root-leaves on short dilated
stalks. E. B. S. t. 2630.

MyOSOtis.'] LIX. BORAGINACEvE. 293

In dry shady places; chiefly in the north of England and Low-
lands of Scotland, but not common. Surrey, Essex, and Kent; Holt,
Norfolk. If.. 5 — 8. — Flowers very large and handsome. A smaller
white variety is often cultivated under the name of M. alba. Various
authors and cultivators pronounce this plant perennial (Fries says
“perennans;” Wahlenberg, “ subperennans ”), whilst the following
species is annual or biennial, between which and the present we
can point, out no distinctive characters more satisfactory than the
somewhat more deeply divided calyx of M. sylvatica, its shorter
and less remarkably hooked bristles, the broader and flatter corolla,
longer style, and the greater size of the whole plant.

6. M. arvensis Hoffm. ( Field S.) ; calyx with spreading
uncinate bristles half-5-cleft, when in fruit ovate closed shorter
than the diverging pedicels, limb of the corolla concave equal-
ling the tube, style very short, raceme stalked. E. B. S.
t. 2629. M. intermedia Link.

Very common in cultivated ground, hedge-banks, groves, &c. 0
or <J . 6 — 8. — Although Linnteus included other plants, now re-

garded as soecies, in his ideas of M. scorpioides and arvensis , and even
preserved as such in his herbarium a specimen of the next species,
yet, since it is evident from FI. Suec. that this is what he held to be the
tvpe of the var., we think it best to follow those botanists who have
named it M. arvensis : Fries asserts that every Swedish botanist knows
it to be the “ ipsissimam M. arvensem Linn.:” it is, moreover, the
only one usually found in cultivated fields. This species and M.
sylvatica are inextricably confounded in E. FI., perhaps not unjustly.

7. M. collina Hoflm. ( early Field S.) ; calyx with spreading
uncinate bristles, when in fruit ventricose open equalling the
diverging pedicels, limb of the corolla concave shorter than
the tube, style about as long as half the calyx, raceme stalked
usually with one distant flower at the base. E. B. S. sub fol.
2629. M. arvensis E. B. t. 2558. M. hispida Scklecht.

On sandy banks, wall-tops, and other very dry places. ©. 4, 5.
— “ May at all times be distinguished from M. versicolor at a glance,
by its brilliant blue flowers, which do not expand till by the uncurling
of the raceme they are brought into a perpendicular position, but con-
tinue open till the next 2 or 3 above them are expanded. Colour an
unchangeable blue.” J. E. Bowman.

8. M. versicolor Reich. ( yellow and blue S.) ; calyx with
spreading uncinate bristles, when in fruit oblong closed longer
than the almost erect pedicels, limb of the corolla concave
shorter than the exserted tube, style as long as the calyx,
raceme stalked. E. B. t. 2558 (ad calcem), and t. 480 (left-
hand figure).

Common in wet meadows, &c., as well as dry places; hence vary-
ing much in height. ©. 4 — 6. — M. versicolor is distinguishable at.

once from M. stricta (which is M. versicolor #. Lehm. and M. arvensis

o 3

294 LIX. BORAGINACEAS. \_AnchuSO...

Reich.) by its stalked racemes. In M. stricta the pedicels are also
shorter than the calyx ; but the flowers begin among the leaves, some-
times from the very base of the stem; we believe, too, that none of
them are yellow, and that they have a much shorter tube. “ In M.
versicolor the flowers are first yellow, then they acquire a tinge of
blue, and finally turn quite blue as the corolla shrivels. They also
expand on the curled portion of the raceme while they are inverted,
and by the time they become erect are shrivelled.” J. E. Bowman.

6. Anchusa Linn. Alkanet.

Cal. 5-cleft, or 5-partite. Cor. funnel-shaped, tube straight,
its mouth closed with convex connivent scales, the segments
straight (not twisted) in aestivation. Stamens included. Achenes
depressed. Nuts concave at the base, seated on a hypogynous
disk, free from the style. — Name : ayxovoa, in Greek, from ayxw,
to constringe ; “ because any one chewing the leaves, and spitting
into the mouth of a viper, will kill it,” ( Diosc .) by means of its
(supposed) power of creating irritation and inflammation in
the throat. (!) The roots of A. tinctoria yield a red dye which
was used in former times to stain the face.

1. A. * officinalis L. ( common A.)\ leaves oblong-lanceolate,
spikes crowded unilateral, bracteas ovato-lanceolate as long as
the calyx. E. B. t. 662.

Waste ground, rare. On the Links at Hartley Pans, Northumber-
land. Kilsyth and Arnbrae ; and at Uddingston, 8 miles from Glas-
gow. If.. 6, 7. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, rough and hispid. Cor.
deep purple, the segments of the limb rather narrow.

2. A. * sempervirens L. (evergreen A .) ; leaves ovate, lower
ones upon long stalks, peduncles axillary, flowers subcapitate
accompanied by two leaves. E. B. t. 45.

Waste ground, among ruins, and by road-sides, in many parts of
England ; perhaps wild in Yorkshire and Devonshire. Scotland, but
certainly introduced. If.. 5,6. — Flowers of a beautiful blue. The
shape of the corolla is, as Sir J. E. Smith observes, rather salver- than
funnel-shaped ; and thus the genus is w'ith difficulty distinguishable
from Myosotis, unless attention be paid to the achenes, and the aesti-
vation of the corolla. Daily experience teaches that the more natural
the families, the greater is the skill requisite for framing decided
marks of distinction between the genera.

7. Ltcopsis Linn. Bugloss.

Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a curved tube,
the mouth closed with convex connivent scales : limb oblique.
Stamens included. Achenes depressed, concave at the base,
seated on a hypogynous disk, free from the style. — Named
from X ukoq, a wolf, and oifn;, a face; from a fancied resemblance
in its gaping flower to the head of a wolf.

Bor ago. ~\

LIX. BORA GIN ACE7E.

295

1. L. arvensis L. (small B.) ; leaves lanceolate repand-
denticulate very hispid, calyx erect while in flower. E. B.
t. 938.

Corn-fields and hedge-banks, frequent. ©. 6, 7. — Whole plant

very hispid ; hairs or bristles seated on a white, callous tubercle.
Lower leaves lengthened into a petiole ; upper ones sessile, semiam-
plexicaul. Racemes leafy. Flowers small, bright blue ; differing
from those of Anchusa in the curvature of the tube.

8. Symphytum Linn. Comfrey.

Cal. 5-cleft or 5-partite. Cor. enlarged upwards, its throat
closed with connivent lanceolate subulate scales. Achenes
ovate, excavated at the base, seated on a hypogynous disk,
free from the style. — Named from <rvp<pvu>, to unite; from its
imagined vulnerary qualities.

1. S. officinale L. (common C.) ; stem winged above, leaves
ovato-lanceolate attenuated at the base and very decurrent.
E. B. t. 817.

Banks of rivers and watery places frequent. If. . 5, 6. — Stem

2 — 3 ft. high branched above. Root-leaves ovate, petiolate. Ra-
cemes in pairs, secund, drooping. Corollas large, yellowish-white,
often purple.

2. S. tuberdsum L. (tuberous C.) ; stem simple, leaves ovate-
oblong attenuate at the base, upper ones only slightly decur-
rent. E. B. t. 1502.

Shady woods and river-banks; frequent in Scotland, particularly
in the Lowlands. Rare in England, 'll. 6, 7. — Resembling the
last, but it is very distinct. Upper leaves, from which the peduncles
spring, generally in pairs, large, ovato-lanceolate, a little decurrent ;
whereas those of S. officinale are very narrow, and run down into
winged appendages to the stem.

9. Borago Linn. Borage.

Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, having its throat closed
with 5 erect obtuse and emarginate teeth. Stamens exserted :
Jilaments bifid, the inner branch bearing the anther ; anthers
linear-lanceolate, connivent. Achenes with an excavated base,
seated on a hypogynous disk, free from the style. — Named
from cor , the heart1, and ago, to bring, thence corrupted into
Borago: or more directly from borrach, Celtic, a courageous
or noble person.

1. B. * officinalis L. (common B.) ; lower leaves obovate at-
tenuate at the base, segments of the corolla ovate acute
spreading. E. B. t. 36.

Among rubbish and waste ground. $. 6, 7. — Whole plant

1 Hence the old adage — “ I Borage always bring Courage.”
o 4

296

LIX. BORAGINACEjE.

\_Asperitgo.

very hispid. Stem-leaves petiolate and eared at the base, uppermost
ones sessile. Cor. large, brilliant blue, with very prominent stamens.

10. Asferugo Linn. Madwort.

Cal. 5-cleft, unequal, with alternate smaller teeth, enlarged
and compressed in fruit. Cor. (short) funnel-shaped, its mouth
closed with convex connivent scales. Achenes compressed,
warted, fixed by their edge to the persistent base of the style.
— Named from asper, rough; eminently applicable to this
plant, even among the group of Asperifolioe.

1. A. * procumbens L. ( German M.) : E. B. t. 661.

Waste places, principally in thenorth. Durham; Northumberland;
Salop ; Essex ; Kent. Caernarvonshire. About Haddington, and
near Edinburgh ; Forfar and Moray shires. ©. 6, 7. — Stems pro-

cumbent, angular, rough with short hooked prickles. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, solitary or opposite, or 3 — 4 nearly from the same point
of the stem ; lower ones petiolate, all rough and slightly hispid.
Flowers blue, axillary, solitary. Peduncles short, at first erect, then
curved downward. Cal. small, much enlarged in fruit.

(Eckinospermum Lappula Lehm. was found at Southwold, Suf-
folk, in August, 1839; and near Ware Mill, Hertfordshire, in
1841 ; and E. deflexum Lehm. near Alton in Hampshire ; but both,
we fear, introduced from the Continent.]

11. Ctnoglossum Linn. Ilound’s-tongue.

Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. (short) funnel-shaped, its mouth closed
with prominent convex, connivent, scales. Stamens included
within the corolla. Achenes roundish ovate, depressed, muri-
eate, fixed by the edge to the persistent base of the style. —
Named from kvu>v, a dog, and yXwaaa, a tongue ; from the shape
and texture of the leaf.

1. C. officinale L. (common I!.); lower leaves elliptical
stalked softly downy, upper ones lanceolate narrowed below
subcordate and semiamplexicaul, racemes without bracteas.
E.B.t. 921.

Waste grounds and by road-sides; less frequent in Scotland. $.
6, 7. — Whole plant soft to the touch, dull-green, with a fetid smell ;
often two feet high. Lower leaves on long foot-stalks. Flowers pur-
plish-red. Fruit very rough : achenes flat in front, surrounded by a
thickened slightly prominent margin.

2. C. sylvaticum Haenke (green-leaved H.) ; stem-leaves lan-
ceolate broad at the base shining sessile slightly hairy and
scabrous especially beneath, upper ones somewhat narrowed
below and amplexicaul, racemes without bracteas. E. B. t.
1642. C. montanum Lam.

Shady places by road-sides, &c., in the middle and east of England,

Datura. J

LX. SOLAN ACEAJ.

297

rare. Cavse of Gowrie in Scotland. Near Balbriggan, Ireland. $.
6, 7. — Distinguished readily from the last hy its more or less shining
and brighter-coloured leaves, free from pubescence, and their different
figure. Root-leaves ovato-lanceolate, on very long foot-stalks. Achenes
flat in front, without a prominent margin.

Ord. LX. SOLANACEiE Juss.

Calyx 5- rarely 4-partite or -cleft, persistent. Corolla mono-
petalous, hypogynous, its /imio-cleft, equal orsomewhat unequal,
deciduous, with a plicate or imbricative sestivation. Stamens in-
serted into the corolla, alternate with its segments and equalling
them in number. Ovary 1- 2- or 4-celled. Style 1. Stigma
obtuse, rarely lobed. Pericarp 1- 2- or 4-celled; either a
capsule with a parallel double dissepiment, or a berry with the
receptacles united to the dissepiments. Seeds numerous, peri-
tropal. Embryo included in a fleshy albumen , often out of the
axis. Radicle inferior, turned away from the more or less lateral
hilum. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves often in pairs or fascicled ,
without stipules, floral ones sometimes opposite. Inflorescence
usually extra-axillary ( lateral with respect to the petiole). Lin-
naeus called this family Luriclce , and fancied that their lurid
appearance indicated the dangerous properties common to many
of them. They are acrid and narcotic, as the deadly night-
shade, mandragora, henbane, thorn-apple, tobacco, &c.; whilst
the root of one, when cooked, affords a most important article
of food, the potato ; and the fruits of the love-apple, winter-
cherry, and capsicum are condiments.

1. Datura. Cal. tubular. Caps. 4-valved.

2. Hyoscyamus. Cal. tubular. Caps, opening transversely with a lid.

3. Atropa. Cal. 5-partite. Anthers distant. Berry 2-celled.

4. Solan um. ;Cal. deeply divided or campanulate. Anthers connivent,

opening by pores. Berry 2-celled.

* Margins of the lobes of the corolla imbricated in (Estivation.

Atrofea:.

1. Datura Linn. Thorn-apple.

Cal. tubular, deciduous. Cor. funnel-shaped, angular,
plaited. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Stigma 2-lobed.
Capsule half-4-celled, 4-valved. — Named from its Arabic ap-
pellation tutorah (Forskal). In some parts of the East Indies
it is called daturo.

1. D. * Stramonium L. ( common T.) ; herbaceous, leaves
ovate angulato-sinuate glabrous, fruit ovate erect clothed with
numerous nearly equal spines. E. B. t. 1288.

Waste ground in England. ©. 7 — 10. — The narcotic qualities

of this plant are well known. The capsule is 2-celled ; but each cell
is again divided below by a dissepiment, so that the lower portion has
o 5

298

LX, SOL ANA CE Ah

[. Hyoscyamus .

4 dissepiments of which 2 only reach the top ; the summit is truly 2-
celled. Flowers white. A variety, with purple stems and flowers, was
found by Dr. Bromfield at Southsea, Portsmouth.

2. Hyoscyamus Linn. Henbane.

Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped, oblique. Anthers
opening by longitudinal slits. Stigma capitate. Cups. 2-celled,
opening with a lid. — Named from ue, voc, a hog, and kvo^oc, a
bean. Hogs are said to eat the fruit, which bears some re-
semblance to a bean : the seeds do not prove injurious, though
the plant is esteemed poisonous,

1. H. niger L. ( common H.) ; leaves amplexicaul sinuate,
flowers nearly sessile axillary unilateral. E. B. t. 591.

Waste places, especially in a chalky soil, often near towns and
villages. 0 or £. 6 — 8. — Whole plant covered with unctuous fetid
hairs. Stem much branched, rounded. Leaves subovate. Calyx
veined, as is the large dingy yellow corolla, with purplish-brown lines,
which however are wanting in a variety found in Surrey by Mr.
Watson ; its tubular part swells and firmly encloses the capsule, of
which the upper portion falls off like a lid. Plant highly narcotic.

3. A'tropa Linn. Dwale.

Cal. 5 -partite. Cor. campanulate, with a short tube, the
lobes equal. Atom, distant above. Berry of 2 cells. — Named
from Atropos, one of the Fates, in allusion to its deadly quality ;
whence also the English name dwale (deu.il, Fr. ; dolor, Lat).

1. A. Bellad6nna L. ( common D., or deadly Nightshade); stem
herbaceous, leaves ovate undivided, flowers axillary on short
peduncles. E. B. t. 592.

Hedges and waste places, especially among ruins and near towns.
1/.. 6 — 8. — Stems 3 feet and more high. Leaves entire, some very

large, but placed in pairs of unequal sizes. Flowers drooping, lurid
purple. Berries shining, black, highly injurious when taken internally.
Their effects are said to be best counteracted by drinking plentifully
of vinegar.

** Lobes of the corolla valvate in (estivation. Solane.u.

4. Solanum Linn. Nightshade.

Cal. of 5 — 10 segments. Cor. rotate. Anthers opening with
2 pores at the extremity. Berry roundish, 2- or more-celled.
— Name of doubtful origin. According to some from solamen,
on account of the comfort or solace derived from some species
as a medicine.

1. S. Dulcamara L. (woody N., or Bitter-sweet ) ; stem without
thorns shrubby flexuose climbing, leaves cordate, upper ones

LXI. 0R0BANCHACE2E.

299

Orobanche .]

auricled hastate, corymbs drooping inserted opposite the leaves.
E. B. t. 565.

Moist hedges and thickets. Not common in Scotland. About
Dublin. b- 6 — 8. — Glabrous or hairy. Flowers purple, with 2
green tubercles at the base of each segment. Anthers large, yellow,

united in a pyramidal or cone-shaped figure. Berries ovate, red

This has been much employed in medicine, especially in rustic practice.
A var. with prostrate diffuse stems, and few or none of the leaves
hastate, grows on the pebbly sea-beach in Sussex, Cornwall, and
Galway; it was first noticed by Ray.

2. S. nigrum L. ( common N.) ; stem without thorns her-
baceous with tubereled angles, leaves ovate bluntly toothed and
waved, umbels lateral drooping. E. B. t. 566. — a. pubescence
incurved upwards, berries usually black. — 8. pubescence patent,
berries red. S. miniatum Bernh.

Waste places, fields, &c„ frequent. 8- Jersey. © or $. 6 — 11.

Flowers white. Berries globose, black or green — red in the var. &.
The Jersey variety is probably S. miniatum Bernh. ; but most bota-
nists agree that it is not a distinct species.

Ord. LXI. OROBANCHACEiE Vent.

Calyx variously divided, persistent. Corolla irregular, per-
sistent, with an imbricative asstivation. Stamens 4, didynamous.
Anthers 2-celled, the cells distinct, parallel, often mucronate.
Ovary on a fleshy disk, 1 -celled, with 2 — 4 parietal, many-seeded
receptacles. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds
very minute. Embryo at the apex of a fleshy albumen. —
Herbaceous, dingy-coloured, somewhat succulent, leafless plants,
glandular and scaly, generally parasitical on the roots of other
plants.

1. Orobanche. Calyx of 2 sepals more or less united. Cor. ringent,

4 — 5-cleft.

2. Lathr.ea. Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft. Cor. two-lipped ; upper lip

entire, concave.

1. Orobanche Linn. Broom-rape.1
Cal. of 2 lateral, often combined and bifid sepals, bracte-
ated. Cor. ringent, 4 — 5-cleft. Germen with a gland at the
base beneath. — Leafless, brown or purplish, herbaceous, scaly

i In all parasitical plants the appearance may be so completely altered by the
structure of the tribe they prey upon, that we fear many reputed species are merely
different forms of the same species. Some of the characters we have given from
Reuter (in De Candolle’s Prodromus) and others, who have studied the genus in
a recent state, are not to be detected in dried specimens ; but no species can be con-
sidered satisfactory by the botanist which cannot be distinguished in both ways.
Indeed, in all plants the question is not what is a species ? about which very dif-
ferent opinions will always be entertained ; but how we are to impart our knowledge
so that others may recognise the aggregate of individuals, called species, in the
herbarium as readily as in the field.

o 6

300 lxi. OKOBANCHACEiE. \_Orobdnche.

plants, often attached to the roots of other plants. — Named from
opoSnc, a leguminose or pea-like plant , and ayyar, to strangle ;
the roots, being frequently attached to plants of that descrip-
tion, are supposed to injure them.

* Bracteas solitary under each flower. Sepals 2, entire or bifid, distinct
or connected below in front. Valves of capsule cohering at the base
and apex. Osproleon.

1. O. major L. ? ( greater -B.); stem simple, sepals 2-nerved
equally bifid (or entire) nearly as long as the tube of the corolla,
corolla campanulate ventricose at the base in front curved on
the back, lips wavy scarcely denticulate, upper one concave
nearly entire, lower one in 3 segments, the middle lobe twice
as large as the lateral ones, stamens inserted near the base of
the corolla glabrous below, their upper part and the style
glandular-pubescent, stigma yellow the lobes divaricate. E. B.
t. 421. O. Rapum Thuill.

On the roots of broom and furze and other leguminose plants,
not unfrequent in England. If.. 5 — 7. — Stem 1 — ft. high, leafless.
Whole plant dingy purplish-brown, pubescent. Stetn swelling at the
base and very scaly ; scales more distant upwards and becoming
bracteas among the flowers, one at the base of each. Flowers in a
long spike. Cor. large.

2. O. caryophylldcea Sm. ( Clove-scented B.) ; stem simple,
sepals many-nerved lanceolate equally bifid shorter than the
tube of the corolla touching each other or combined in front,
corolla campanulate curved on the back, limb spreading un-
equally toothed, upper lip broad 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, the
segments erect obtuse nearly equal wavy, stamens inserted
above the base of the corolla, hairy below, their upper part
and the style glandular-pilose, stigma dark purple the lobes
close. E. B. S. t. 2639. O. Galii Dub.

On the roots of Galium Mollugo, in South Kent. If . 7.

3. 0. rubra Sm. (red B.)-, stem simple, sepals 1 -nerved subu-
late acuminate longer than the tube of the corolla undivided,
corolla tubular-campanulate slightly curved externally and the
upper lip within glandular-pubescent, lips acutely toothed and
crisped, upper one 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed the middle segment
rather longer than the lateral ones, stamens inserted near to
the base of the corolla slightly hairy below, their upper part
and the upper part of the style glandular-hairy, stigma pale red
the lobes close. E. B. t. 1786.

Frequent upon basalt and trap rocks in the Hebrides and adjacent
shores of the mainland, parasitical upon Thymus Serpyllum. Near
Kirkaldy. Cave-hill, near Belfast, Ireland. Cornwall. If. 7, 8.
— We have no doubt of this and O. Epithymum DC. being the same ;
but they differ in character as much as some of the other species.

Orobanche .]

LXI. OROBAN CHACEiE.

301

4. O. eldtior Sutt. ( tall B .); stem simple, sepals many-nerved
equally bifid as long as the tube of the corolla connected in
front, corolla tubular-campanulate curved, limb spreading un-
equally toothed wavy, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, the
segments nearly equal acute, stamens inserted below the middle
of the tube of the corolla glandular-hairy in their lower half,
upper part and the style nearly glabrous, stigma 2-lobed yellow.
E. B. t. 568.

Clover-fields and bushy places in a light gravelly soil, on Cen-
taurea Scabiosa, in several parts of England. It. 6 — 8. — Taller
and yellower than all the preceding. Flowers with their upper lip
lobed. “ Stamens inserted above the third part of the tube of the
cor., but below its middle.”

5. 0. Picridis F. W. Schultz ( Picris B.) ; stem simple,
sepals 1 -nerved entire or in front 2 — 3-nerved, gradually atte-
nuated into as many subulate points longer than the tube of
the corolla, corolla tubular ventricose at the base curved at
the apex nearly straight at the back, leaves denticulate wavy,
upper nearly undivided its sides straight, lower of 3 roundish
rather unequal lobes middle one the largest, stamens inserted
below the middle of the tube hairy on the lower half within,
style glandular-hairy below in front and on its upper half, lobes
of the stigma (purple) nearly distinct close. E. B. S. t. 2956.

On the roots of Picris hieracioid.es. Near Comberton, Cambridge-
shire; Giltar Head, Pembrokeshire ; Rose Hall Green, Isle of Wight.
0. 6, 7. — This and the three next are probably mere varieties, the

characters assigned by authors being very unsatisfactory and some-
what contradictory ; but from not having an opportunity of contrast-
ing them in a living state, we yield to the opinion of others. Dr.
Bromfield however was inclined to unite the present species with 0.
minor, from which it chiefly differs by the sepals, while he considered
O. Hederce to be distinct.

6. 0. minor Sutt. ( lesser B.) ; stem simple, sepals many-nerved
ovate below suddenly contracted into 1 — 2 subulate points as
long or longer than the tube of the corolla, corolla tubular
curved, limb obtusely toothed veined wavy, upper lip more or
less emarginate its sides straight, lower of 3 roundish nearly equal
lobes, stamens inserted below the middle of the tube glabrous
more or less hairy below, style nearly glabrous or with scattered
hairs in front, lobes of the stigma (purple) nearly distinct close.
E. B. t. 422.

Clover-fields, abundant in Norfolk, Kent, Surrey, Hants, Breck-
nockshire, &c., “ parasitical on a variety of plants of very different
natural orders, but most frequently on the roots of Trifolium pra-
tense.” Bromf. ©. 6 — 10. — Dr. Bromfield well observed that the
hairiness of the stamens varies exceedingly, and it is to be feared that
the style does so likewise throughout the whole genus.

302

lxi. OROBANcnACE^E. [ Orobanche.

7. 0. amethystea Thuill. ( bluish B .) ; stem simple, sepals 3 — 9-

nerved ovate below suddenly contracted into 1 — 2 subulate
points, corolla tubular bent suddenly near the base and curved
forwards then straight, lips unequally acutely denticulate
wavy with branched veins, upper concave emarginate or 4-lobed,
lobes of lower lip unequal middle one the larger, stamens in-
serted in the curvature of the corolla hairy at the base within
glabrous above the middle, style nearly glabrous, lobes of stigma
(purple) divaricate. Hore in Phytol. ii. p. 239. 0. Eryngii

Duly.

Parasitical upon Daucus maritimus, at Whitsand Bay, near Ply-
mouth. O? (Hore) or 7f (Reuter). 7. — We have not seen speci-
mens, and have taken our character from Mr. Hore’s description,
between which and that by Reuter there are some points of difference ;
and on the Continent the plant seems confined to Eryngium campestre
and maritimum. We fear it is too closely allied to 0. minor, from
which it appears only to differ by the curvature of the corolla, and
the divaricate lobes of the stigma. Mr. Borrer (in the Bot. Gazette,
ii. p. 96) states that Mr. Hore considered living plants of the true O.
minor from Sussex to be identical with his plant.

8. O. Hederce Duby ( Ivy B .) ; stem simple, sepals 1-nerved
ovate below suddenly contracted into 1 — 2 subulate points
nearly as long as or longer than the tube of the corolla, corolla
tubular curved, limb denticulate wavy, upper lip 2-lobed its
sides straight, lower of 3 roundish nearly equal lobes, middle
lobe rather the longest, stamens inserted above the,base of the
corolla glabrous with a few scattered hairs on the lower half,
style glabrous downy or with a few hairs on the upper part,
lobes of the stigma (yellow) cohering to near the middle. 0.
barbata Bab. in E. B. S. t. 2859.

Parasitical upon ivy in the south and west of England and Wales,
Leixlip and Muckruss Abbey, Ireland. !£. 6 — 8. — M. Reuter de-
scribes the insertion of the stamens to be only a little below the
middle : we find them much nearer the base ; so that this character
may vary in different specimens. This is best and chiefly distinguished
from the last two by its yellow stigma cleft only two thirds down
instead of to the base.

** Bracteas 3 under each flower. Sepals 4 — 5, all united at the base
into a tubular calyx. Anthers glabrous or woolly only on the suture.
Valves of capsule separated at the apex. Trionychion.

9. O. arendria Bork. (Sand B.) ; stem simple, calyx 5-toothed,
teeth triangular subulate shorter than the tube of the corolla,
corolla tubular nearly straight, middle of the tube compressed
at the back, throat slightly inflated, upper lip cloven, lobes of
the lips obtuse reflexed at the margin, suture of the anthers
hairy, style glandular-downy, stigma scarcely 2-lobed. Phe-
lipsea Walt. : Reuter.

Lathrce'a.~\

LXII. SCROPHOLAItlACE-iE.

303

Parasitical on the roots of Achillea Millefolium, and probably other

! allied genera, in the Channel Islands, If.. 7,8. — Mr. Bentham
says the Jersey plant is O. ccerulea ; we have seen no specimen.

10. O. ccerulea Vill. ( purple B.) ; stem simple, calyx with 5
lanceolate acute teeth shorter than the tube of the corolla,
corolla tubular curved in front, middle of the tube compressed,
upper lip of the corolla cloven, lobes of the lips acute with re-
flexed margins, anthers glabrous, style glandular-downy, stigma
scarcely 2-lobed white. E. B. t. 423.

Grassy pastures near the sea, rare ; Herts ; Isle of Wight ; Chep-
stow ; Norfolk. 2/.. 6 — 8. — More inclined to purplish-blue than any
of the preceding.

11. O. ramosa L. (branched B.) ; stem branched, calyx with
4 triangular ovate acuminate teeth, corolla tubular-infundibuli-
form, upper lip deeply cloven, all the lobes rounded nearly
equal, stamens pubescent at the base, anthers glabrous or slightly
ciliate, style sparingly glandular. E. B. t. 184.

On hemp-roots, very rare ; occasionally found in Norfolk and
Suffolk. Jersey. Sark. ©. 7 — 9.

2. Lathra/a Linn. Tooth-wort.

Cal. campanulate, equally 4-cleft. Cor.- tubular, 2-lipped :
the upper lip concave, entire ; lower 3-cleft. Germen with
a depressed gland at the base. — Plants leafless , coloured. —
Name: Xadpaioc, kid or concealed; the plant .growing much
concealed by the earth or dead leaves.

1. L. sqnamuria L. (greater T.); stem simple, flowers pen-
dulous in one-sided racemes, lower lip of the corolla 3-cleft.
E. B. t. 50.

Woods and coppices, apparently parasitical on the roots of hazels,
elms, and other trees, in various parts of England, Scotland, and
Ireland. If.. 3 — 5. — Branching from the very base. Whole plant
succulent, with many fleshy, tooth-like scales. Bracteas broadly
ovate or lanceolate. Flowers purplish.

Ord. LXII. SCROPHULARIACE2E Juss.

Calyx 4 — 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, ge-
nerally irregular, deciduous, with an imbricative aestivation.
Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely equal, sometimes 2 or 5. Style
1. Stigma 2-lobed, rarely undivided. Capsule (very seldom
fleshy) 2-celled, 2 — 4-valved (septicidal or loculicidal, often
septifragal), or opening by pores ; the valves entire or bifid ;
dissepiment parallel or opposite to the valves. Receptacle of
the seeds central, united to the dissepiment, or eventually
separating, entire or splitting into 2 or 4. Seeds few or nu-
merous, ascending. Embryo straight or slightly curved,
homotropal, enclosed in a fleshy albumen. Radicle inferior

304

lxii. scrophulariace.35. [ Veronica.

pointing to the hilum. — Herbs, sometimes Shrubs usually with
opposite leaves. In this order are many medicinal plants, as
the hedge-hyssop ( Gratiola ), the foxglove , &c.

1. Veronica.

A. Stamens 2.

B. Stamens 4, didynamous or equal.

* Calyx with 4 teeth or divisions.

2. Bartsia. Upper lip of cor. entire or emarginate, arched, not com-

pressed laterally.

3. Euphrasia. Upper lip of cor. broad bifid, not compressed laterally.

4. Khlnanthus. Upper lip of cor. compressed laterally. Anthers

obtuse. Calyx inflated.

5. Melampyrum. Upper lip of cor. compressed laterally. Anthers

obtuse. Calyx tubular.

** Cal. with 5 teeth or divisions, or 2 — 3 -lobed.

6. Pedicularis. Cal. inflated, 5-toothed (or 2 — 3-lobed), teeth some-

times leafy. Cor. ringent, open at the throat. Upper lip com-
pressed.

6a. Mimclus. Cal. prismatieal, 5-toothed. Cor. ringent, upper lip
folded back at the sides, not compressed.

7. Scrophularla. Cal. 5-lobed or 5-cleft. Cor. nearly globose,

unequal.

8. Digitalis. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. campanulate, unequal.

9. Antirrhinum. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. personate, gibbous at the base.

10. Linaria. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. personate, spurred at the base.

11. Limosella. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate equal. Caps. 1-celled.

12. Sibthorpia. Cal. 5-sepaled. Cor. rotate, segments unequal. Caps.

2-celled, loculicidal.

C. Stamens 5.

13. Verbascum. Cal. 5-sepaled. Cor. rotate, segments unequal. Caps.

2-celled, septicidal.

A. Stamens 2. (Gen. 1.)

1. Veronica Linn. Speedwell.

Cor. 4-cleft, rotate, lower segment narrower. Stam. 2. Caps.
2-celled. — Name first introduced into botany in the middle
ages, supposed by some to be the same as bernice or beronice ;
and by others to be derived from hpa hk ojv, the sacred picture,
the flowers (like St. Veronica’s handkerchief) being imagined
to bear a representation of the countenance of our Saviour :
scarcely from the Persic1, viru, remembrance, and niku, good.

* Root perennial. Spikes or racemes terminal.
f Tube of the corolla longer than its own diameter.

1 . V. spicata L. ( spiked S .) ; raceme spicate elongate dense,
leaves pubescent ovate or lanceolate crenato-serrate entire
towards the apex, the lower ones broader obtuse stalked, stem

1 Certainly not Arabic, as stated in Notes and Queries, vol. ix. p. 537.

Veronica .]

LX1I. SCROPHULARIACEjE.

305

ascending branched only at the very base, capsule ovate emar-
ginate with a long style. — a. lower leaves oblong wedge-shaped
at the base. E. B. t. 2. — (3. lower leaves ovate rounded or
subcord ate at the base. V. hybrida L. : E. B. t. 673.

Rare. In dry chalky pastures about Newmarket and Bury. — /3.
in Lancashire and in Wales. If.. 7, 8.

ft Tube of the corolla very short. Seeds flat.

2. V. serpyllifulia L. ( Thyme-leaved. S .) ; raceme somewhat
spiked many-flowered, leaves broadly ovate or elliptical very
obtuse slightly crenate, capsules broadly obcordate, style long
persistent. — a. racemes elongate. E. B. t. 1075. — fi. alpina;
stem prostrate often rooting, racemes short. V. humifusa
Dicks.

Pastures and road-sides, abundant. — $. on high mountains, Tf. .
5, 6. — The var. /3. is a singular and very beautiful one, and is often
mistaken for V. alpina. In both, the stems, and sometimes the leaves,
are more or less pubescent.

3. V. alpina L. ( alpine S .) ; raceme corymbose few-flowered,
leaves elliptic-ovate toothed or entire, lower ones smaller, ra-
ceme hairy, hairs spreading not glandular, capsule oblong-
obovate notched, style very short persistent. E. B. t. 484.

Near the summits of the Highland mountains rare. 7, 8. —

Stem about 4 inches high, turning black when dry. Best distin-
guished from all the varieties of V. serpyllifolia by its more upright
growth, larger and more acute leaves ; by the fewer, denser, and
brighter blue flowers, which are more hairy, especially about the calyx
and bracteas ; and by the obovate capsule with its very short style.

4. V. saxutilis L. ( blue Rock S .) ; racemes lax few-flowered
corymbose pubescent, the hairs crisped not glandular, leaves
elliptical subserrate, stem spreading, capsule ovate very slightly
emarginate its valves bifid. E. B. t. 1027.

On perpendicular exposed rocks in Scotland, rare : Breadal-

bane and Clova mountains. 1/.. 7. — Steins slender, procumbent,

woody, much branched. Leaves glabrous, bright green, when dry
almost black, but semipellucid, thin, and distinctly veiny. Flowers
large, of a most brilliant blue, in corymbs. What is usually known
under this name in Switzerland and the Pyrenees is a variety of the
next ; if indeed, as Mr. Bentham suggests, the two species are distinct ;
there is no difference in the capsule.

5. V. * fruticulosa L. ( flesh-coloured SI) ; raceme many-
flowered glandular-pubescent, leaves elliptic-lanceolate subser-
rate coriaceous, stem ascending woody branched at the base,
capsule elliptical very slightly emarginate its valves bifid.
E. B. t. 1028.

On Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire : Dr. IValher. Ben Lawers : R.
Brown, Esq. H-. 7. — No one, except those just mentioned, has ever

306 lxh. sCROPnuLARiACEiE. [ Veronica.

detected this plant truly wild in the British dominions ; nor have we
been able to see a native specimen.

** Root perennial. Racemes axillary.

6. V. scutellata L. (Marsh S.) ; racemes alternate, pedicels
divaricating reflexed in fruit, leaves sessile linear somewhat
ioothed, capsule of 2 flattened orbicular membranous lobes,
stem nearly erect. E. B. t. 782.

Wet places and sides of ditches. y . 7,8. — Stem usually glabrous,
sometimes hairy. Racemes nearly opposite. Flowers flesh-coloured
with darker bluish veins.

7. V. Anagallis L. (Water S.) ; racemes opposite, leaves
sessile lanceolate serrate, capsule elliptical slightly emarginate,
stem erect. E. B. t. 781.

Ditches and watery places, less frequent in Scotland than in Eng-
land. 74. 7, 8. — Intermediate in appearance between V. scutellata and
V. Beccabunga. yet abundantly distinct from both. Stems succulent, a
foot or more high. Leaves varying somewhat in width. Racemes
long, many-flowered. Pedicels short, never reflexed. Flowers bluish
or inclining to purple.

8. V. Beccabunga L. ( Brooklime ) ; racemes opposite, leaves
stalked elliptical obtuse subserrate glabrous, stem procumbent
at the base and rooting, capsule roundish tumid slightly notched.

— a. braeteas shorter than the pedicels, flowers bright blue.
E. B. t. 655. — p. braeteas longer than the pedicels, flowers
pink or flesh coloured. Y. limosa Lej.

Ditches and water-courses, frequent. — Dalkeith. If.. 5 — 9. —
Whole plant glabrous and very succulent. Racemes many-flowered.

9. V. officinalis L. (common S.) ; more or less pubescent,
racemes spicate, leaves shortly stalked ovate serrate, stem pro-
cumbent creeping, capsule obovate triangular truncate or with
a wide shallow notch. — a. leaves broadly ovate rough with pu-
bescence, stem very downy. E. B. t. 765. — /3. nearly glabrous.

— y. small, leaves ovato-lanceolate, capsule broadly obovate
entire (abortive). V. hirsuta Hopk.: E. B. S. t. 2673.

Abundant in woods and pastures, especially in dry situations. — /8.
on mountains in Scotland and Ireland. — y. dry heaths in Ayrshire.
y. 5 — 7. — A very variable plant, especially in size. Leaves as-
tringent and bitter; hence sometimes used medicinally, and made
into tea.

10. V.montdna L. (Mountain S.) ; racemes lax few-flowered,
leaves cordate-ovate petiolate serrate, stem hairy all round,
capsule orbicular notched at the apex and base flat membranous
glabrous ciliate much larger than the calyx. E. B. t. 766.

Moist woods, not unfrequent, y. 4 — 7. — Stem a foot and more
long, weak, trailing. Leaves large, on stalks about equal to them in

Veronica.'] lxii. scRornuLARiACi^.

307

length. Capsules large, quite flat, and resembling those of a Biscutella,
veiny, their edges denticulate and slightly ciliate.

11. Y. Charnae'drys L. ( Germander S.) ; racemes elongate
many-flowered, leaves cordate-ovate nearly sessile inciso-serrate,
stem bifariously hairy, capsule flat obcordate deeply notched
ciliate shorter than the calyx. E. B. t. 623.

Woods, pastures, and hedge-banks, frequent. fl. 5, 6. — Stem
procumbent, as in the last species, having two opposite hairy lines,
and these lines taking different sides above and below each pair of
leaves, or decussate. I, eaves wrinkled, sometimes deeply cut. Flowers
large, numerous, very bright blue, greeting us at an early season of
the year, and rendering the plant a general favourite ; supposed by
some to be the true Forget-me-not.

*** Root annual.

•f Flowers axillary, solitary ( the floral leaves being similar to the cauline
ones). Pedicels recurved. Seeds concave on the one side.

12. Y. bederafolia L. ( Ivy-leaved S.) ; leaves all petiolate
cordate with 5 — 7 large teeth or lobes, segments of the calyx
cordate ciliate, capsule of two turgid lobes, seeds 2 — 4, stem
procumbent. E. B. t. 784.

Fields and hedge-banks, common. ©. 3 — 8. — Stem weak. Leaves
rather fleshy, slightly hairy, the upper young leaves alone sessile or
nearly so, the terminal tooth or lobe the largest. Peduncles longer
than the leaves, recurved when bearing fruit. Ovary 4-ovuled. Caps.
of two rounded glabrous lobes, each lobe having 2 (sometimes only 1)
large, black, transversely wrinkled, oval, gibbous seeds, which are
cup-shaped on the under side.

13. V. agrestis L. ( green procumbent Field S.) ; leaves all
petiolate cordate-ovate inciso-serrate about as long as the flower-
stalks, segments of the calyx somewhat ovate or oblong, stem
procumbent, capsule broadly suborbicular of 2 turgid keeled
approximate lobes, cells 6 — 10-seeded. — a. sepals oblong obtuse,
lower part of the corolla whitish. Borr. in E. B. S. t. 2603.
— /3. sepals ovate acute, petals wholly blue. E. B. t. 783. V.
polita Fries.

Fields and waste places, abundant. ©. 4 — 9. — Prostrate. Stems
3 — 4 inches long, slightly hairy. Fruit of two round tumid lobes,
much smaller than the calyx. Seeds large, cupped. V. agrestis, V.
polita, and V. opaca Fries (with spathulate sepals) agree in so many
points, and differ in so few, and these of a variable nature in the genus,
that we agree with Mr. Bentham that they form but one species.

14. V. * Buxbaumii Ten. ( Buxbaum's S .) ; leaves all petiolate
cordate-ovate inciso-serrate shorter than the flower-stalks, seg-
ments of the calyx lanceolate acute when in fruit much divari-
cate, stem procumbent, capsule obcordate-triangular of two

303

LXXI. SCROPHULARIACE^E.

[. Bartsia .

turgid divaricate lobes which are compressed upwards and
sharply keeled, cells 8 — 12-seeded. E. B. S. t. 2769.

Fields and cultivated places. Pretty frequent in England and
middle and south of Scotland, possibly introduced with clover and other
seeds. 0. 4 — 9 — This plant is distinguished from V. agrestis by its
larger size, and greater hairiness, the divaricate lobes of the capsule,
which are compressed upwards and sharply carinate, and the larger
blue corolla, rivalling in size and beauty that of V. Chamcedrys.

|f Flowers spicate or racemose (the upper floral leaves becoming gradu-
ally much smaller than the cauline ones). Pedicels erect or nearly so.

15. V. arvensis L. ( Wall S.); leaves cordate-ovate serrate
the lower ones petiolate, the upper or bracteas sessile lanceolate
quite entire longer than the flowers, pedicels shorter than the
calyx, capsules broadly obcordate compressed emarginate with
roundish ciliate lobes, seeds 12 — 14 compressed flat on the one
side, stem ascending. E. B. t. 734.

Fields and walls, plentiful. ©. 4 — 7. — Very different from the
last three, especially in its inflorescence, which, if the upper leaves be
considered bracteas, as they really are (for they differ both in size and
shape from the cauline ones), is truly racemose or subspicate. The
same may be said of the two next species, and of some Continental
ones, especially V. acinifolia.

16. V.verjia L. ( vernal S.) ; leaves inciso-pinnatifid, the
upper ones or bracteas lanceolate entire, pedicels shorter than
the calyx, capsule broadly obcordate compressed emarginate
with roundish ciliate lobes, seeds 12 — 14 thin flat. E. B. t. 25.

Very rare ; in sandy heaths, about Thetford, Bury, and Mildenhall,
Suffolk. O. 4, 5. — A very small upright, scarcely branching plant,
allied to V. arvensis.

17. V. triphyllos L. (blunt-fngered S.) ; leaves broadly ovate
incise lowermost ones petiolate, upper or bracteas sessile digi-’
tate the segments obtuse, pedicels longer than the calyx, cap-
sules obcordate compressed with roundish ciliate lobes, seeds
many concave on the one side. E. B. t. 26.

Very rare; in sandy fields, about Thetford, Bury, and Mildenhall,
Suffolk. Acomb, near York. ©. 4. — Stem 3 — 4 inches high, with
spreading branches. Flowers a very deep blue, the lowermost often
on much elongated pedicels.

B. Stamens 4, and usually didynamous (in British species ).
(Gen. 2—12.)

2. Bartsia Linn. Bartsia.

Cal. tubular, mostly coloured, 4-cleft. Cor. ringent with a
contracted orifice ; upper lip arched, entire or emarginate ;

LXII. SCROPHULARIACE./E.

309

BartsiaJ]

lower one in 3 nearly equal lobes. Anthem mostly hairy,
cells mucronate at the base. Caps, ovate-oblong, compressed,
with 2 cells and many seeds. — Named in honour of John
Bartsch , a Prussian botanist, and friend of Linnaeus, who died
at Surinam.1

1. B. ulpina L. ( alpine B.)\ stem erect hairy, leaves opposite
ovate obtusely serrate, upper ones cordato-amplexicaul, flowers
in a terminal short leafy spike, anthers hairy. E. B. t. 361.

Rocky alpine pastures; rare. Near Orton, Westmoreland; Mid-
dleton, Teesdale, on the Yorkshire and Durham sides of the river.
Meal-ghyrdhy, Meal-cuachlar, and Ben Lawers, in Breadalbane; Scot-
land. 1£. 6 — 8. — Stems about a span high, simple, several from the
same root. Upper leaves or bracteas often tinged with purple. Flowers
large, deep purplish-blue, downy; lips of equal length; lower' with
very short lobes.

2. B. viscdsa L. ( yellow viscid B.) ; leaves lanceolate inciso-
serrate, upper ones alternate, flowers solitary axillary distant,
lower lip large, anthers hairy. E. B. t. 1045. Eufragia
Griseh.

Pastures, in many places in the west of England and Wales, and
south-west of Scotland and south of Ireland. Jersey. ©. 6 — 10.
— Flowers yellow, handsome ; lower lip longer than the upper one.

3. B. Odontites Huds. (red B.) ; leaves linear-lanceolate re-
motely serrate, upper ones (or bracteas) alternate, flowers in
unilateral racemes, anthers nearly glabrous, stem branched erect
scabrous pubescent. — a. leaves attenuate at the base, calyx-
segments lanceolate as long as the tube, filaments and stigma
hairy, capsule oblong. E. B. t. 1415. — / 3 . leaves broader at
the base, calvx-segments broadly triangular one half the length
of the tube, filaments and stigma nearly glabrous, capsule
broadly oval almost rounded. — Odontites rotundata Ball in
Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. iv. p. 30.

Corn-fields and waste places, frequent. — ft. Sussex and Cambridge-
shire. ©. 6 — 8. — Racemes many, long, erect. Flowers reddish-

purple, pubescent; upper lip longer than the lower one. Anthers
connected together by a few hairs, and having a few glands or
clavate hairs along the connectivum at the back, otherwise glabrous.
We have seen no specimens of vur. ft., but it does not seem to
differ in any essential points from the more common forms.

1 Mr. Bentham and others have divided this genus into several, which we do
not consider necessary to adopt in a local Bora, where, we have only one repre-
sentative of each : they are —

1. Bartsia. Seeds numerous, large, transverse, longitudinally ribbed or

winged at the back. (B. alpina.)

2. Eufragia. Seeds very numerous and minute, erect, slightly angular, ob-

scurely striate. (B .viscosa.)

3. Odontites. Seeds numerous, somewhat angular, longitudinally furrowed,

pendulous. (B. Odontites.)

The last has been united to Euphrasia by Mr Babington.

310

LXII. SCROPHULARIACEjE.

[. Euphrasia .

3. Euphrasia Linn. Eye-bright.

Col. tubular, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the cor. 2-lobed, the lobes
broad ; lower one of 3 nearly equal lobes. Cells of the anthers
mucronate at the base. Caps, ovate oblong, compressed, 2-
celled, many-seeded. Seeds pendulous, longitudinally furrowed.
— Named from tv<j>patvui, to delight; in allusion to the gaiety of
its flowers.

1. E. officinalis L. ( common E.); leaves ovate deeply toothed,
corolla glabrous, lobes of the lower lip emarginate, of the upper
spreading. E. B. t. 1416.

Pastures in the plains and on the mountains, abundant. ©. 5 — 9.
— Stein varying from 1 inch, with often only a single flower, to 6 and
8 inches, in the Highland pastures, where it becomes very much
branched. Flowers axillary, but crowded at the extremities of its
branches, white or reddish, streaked with purple. Mr. Babington
supposes that we may have two species in this country: one, the true
E. officinalis L. which has glandular down and seeds ovate and gray-
ish ; the other, E. nemorosa Pers„ without glandular down, and with
seeds fusiform and yellowish ; but, as Mr. Bentham justly remarks,
“ many forms occur in which these characters are differently com-
bined, or pass gradually into each other.”

4. Rhinanthus Linn. Yellow-rattle.

Cal. inflated, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the cor. compressed
laterally, entire, furnished on both sides below the apex with
a straight tooth-like appendage or lobe ; lower one plane, 3-
lobed. Ovary with many ovules. Caps, of 2 cells, obtuse, com-
pressed. Seeds imbricate, flat and usually margined. — Named
from piv, a nose, and avBoc, a flower ; in allusion to the beaked
upper lip of the corolla, which is very remarkable in the R.
Elephas.

1. R. Crista-Gdlli L. ( common Y.) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate
serrate, flowers in lax spikes, calyx glabrous, appendages of
the upper lip of the corolla short roundish, bracteas ovate.
E. B. t. 657. R. glaber Lam. R. minor Ehrh.

Meadows and pastures, abundant. ©. 5 — 7. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high,
glabrous, often much branched and more or less spotted with purple.
Leaves veiny, somewhat blunt or usually acute. Flowers axillary in the
upper leaves or bracteas, and hence loosely spiked. The appendages of
the upper lip of the corolla are broader than long, bluish. Bracteas
green throughout, acute, but not with an elongated point. When the
fruit is ripe, the seeds rattle in the husky capsule, and indicate to the
Swedish peasantry the season for gathering in their hay.

2. R. angustifolius Gmel. (large bushy Y.) ; leaves linear lan-
ceolate, upper ones especially acuminate, flowers in crowded
spikes, calyx glabrous, appendages of the upper lip of the co-

311

Melampyrum.'] lxii. scrophulariacea:.

rolla ovate or oblong, bracteas ovate acuminate. E. major Sm.:
E. B. S. t. 2737 (not Ehrh.).

Corn-fields in the north of England. ©. 7, 8. — Mr. Backhouse

observes that the present plant has denser and more bushy spikes than
R. Crista- Galli, and yellowish bracteas, each terminated by an elongated
^reen point. The upper leaves are much acuminated from a lanceo-
late base. The appendages of the upper lip of the corolla are wedge-
shaped, purple, usually longer than broad ; the germen is narrower,
and more tumid. The seeds are thick at the edge, with a membranous
margin, which is variable in breadth, sometimes almost wanting.
R. major Ehrh. (R. hirsutus Lam. or R. villosus Pers.) has a hairy
calyx, and has not yet been found in this country.

5. Melampyrum. Linn. Cow-wheat.

Cal. tubular, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the cor. laterally com-
pressed, turned back at the margin ; lower lip trifid. Ovary
with 2 superposed ovules in each cell. Caps, oblong, 2-celled,
obliquely acuminate, opening on one side, Cells 1 — 2-seeded.
Seeds oblong, even (not striate), gibbous at. the base. — Named
from ptXae, black , and rrupog, wheat. Its seeds resemble grains
of wheat, and are said, when mixed with flour, to make the
bread black.

1. M. cristdtum L. ( crested C.) ; spikes densely imbricate
4-sided, bracteas cordate acuminate finely ciliato-dentate.
E. B. t. 41.

Woods, thickets, and sometimes in corn-fields, chiefly in Norfolk,
Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, and Huntingdonshire. ©. 7. — A
beautiful plant, as is the following. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, en-
tire. Bracteas rose-coloured at the base. Flowers yellow, purple
within the upper lip, solitary in the axil of each bractea or floral-leaf,
as in all the rest of the genus.

2. M. arvense L. ( purple C.) ; spikes oblong lax bracteas
ovato-lanceolate attenuate pinnatifid with subulate segments,
teeth of the calyx much longer than the tube, lips of the corolla
closed. E. B. t. 53.

Corn-fields and dry gravelly banks, rare. Near Norwich. Isle of
Wight. ©. 6 — 8. — Spikes of flowers much larger than in the pre-

ceding, and exceedingly handsome, from the bright varied colours,
yellow, purple, rose-colour, and green, of the blossoms and bracteas :
the latter have elevated glandular points beneath. Cal. hispid, as long
as the tube of the corolla.

3. M. pratense L. ( common yellow C .) ; flowers axillary se-
cund, leaves in distant pairs, corolla 4 times as long as the
calyx closed, the lower lip straight. — a. leaves glabrous, upper
bracteas 1 — 2-toothed at the base. E. B. t,. 113. — (3. smaller
and somewhat succulent, leaves glabrous, bracteas quite entire.
M. montanum Johnst. FI. of Berw. — y. leaves hispid, bracteas
with diverging and declining teeth at the base.

312

LXII. SCROPHCLARIACEAS. [Pcdiculdris.

Groves and thickets (not in meadows, as the name would imply),
frequent. — j8. Mountains. — 7. Banks of the Wye below Monmouth.

West of Ireland. 0. 5 — 8 Stem 1 ft. or more high, slender, with

straggling opposite branches. Flowers large, pale yellow : lower lip
nearly straight (not deflexed), and the palate is raised so as to close the
mouth of the tube.

4. M. sylvaticum L. (small-flowered yellow C.) ; flowersaxil-
lary secund, leaves in distant pairs, corolla scarcely twice as
long as the calyx open, the lips equal in length, lower one de-
flexed, bracteas quite entire. E. B. t. 804.

Alpine woods. Rare in the north of England. More general, but
very local in Scotland ; in several parts of Perthshire ; Auchendrane,
woods on the Doon, Craigs of Ness, Ayrshire; &c. ©. 7. — Stem

1 ft. high. Bracteas always entire. Cor. deep yellow, very' small,
quite unlike that of the preceding species.

6. Pedicuearis Linn. Louse-wort.

Cal. inflated, 5-cleft, or unequally 2 — 3-lobed, jagged, some-
what leafy. Upper lip of the cor. laterally compressed, arched ;
lower one plane, 3-lobed. Ovary with many ovules. Caps.
oblique, acute, compressed, 2-celled. Seeds angular. — Name
derived from its supposed property of producing the lousy dis-
ease in sheep that feed upon it, a malady which rather arises
from the wet pastures where such plants grow.

1. P , palustris h. (Marsh L.); stem solitary branched up-
wards erect, calyx broadly ovate hairy ribbed with crenate
nearly equal lobes. E. B. t. 399.

Wet and marshy pastures. © or 7) ? 5 — 9. — Stem 1 ft. high,
with many lateral branches. Leaves some or all of them opposite,
pinnate; pinnce ovate, almost pinnatifid. Cal. slightly hairy on the
outside, nearly glabrous within, not inflated, spotted. Cor. crimson ;
upper lip with a projecting tooth on each side below the middle, trun-
cate and with a tooth at the apex on each side ; lower one fringed.
The two anterior stamens hairy to near the base, hairs moniliform:
two posterior ones glabrous.

2. P. sylvdtica L. (Pasture L.) ; stem branched from the
base and spreading, calyx oblong angular glabrous in 5 unequal
crenate and almost leafy segments. E. B. t. 400.

Moist pastures and heaths, common. 74. 4 — 7. — Stems 3 — 5
inches long. Leaves alternate, lower ones pinnatifid, the rest pin-
nate with deeply serrate pinnce. Cal. quite glabrous on the out-
side, woolly within at the mouth, inflated, reticulated with green
veins. Cor. rose-coloured (or white); upper lip without any pro-
jecting tooth about its middle, truncate and with a tooth at the apex
on each side; lower one not fringed. The two anterior stamens have
many moniliform hairs near the apex : two posterior ones glabrous or
scabrous.

313

Scrophularia ] lxii. sckophttlariaceae.

[ Mimulus guttatus D C., perhaps a variety of M. luteus Willd.,
is now naturalized in many boggy places : it is a native of North-
west America. The true M. luteus (A/, rivularis Nutt.) from Chili
also occurs, but more rarely.]

7. Scrophularia Linn. Figwort.

Cal. 5-lobed (or in S. vernalis deeply 5-cleft). Cor. sub-
globose, its limb contracted with 2 short lips; the upper with
2 straight lobes, and frequently a small scale or abortive stamen
within it ; the lower 3-lobed, the two lateral lobes straight,
middle one decurved. Caps. 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, the
margins of the valves turned inwards. — Named from the
scrofula; the roots of some species resembling scrofulous tu-
mours, which they were therefore in the dark ages of medical
knowledge supposed to cure.

* Calyx with 5 rounded lobes. Cor. purplish, the two upper lobes longer
than the two lateral ones ': upper lip with a scale.

1. S. noddsa L. (knotted F ) ; leaves cordato-triangular acute
glabrous doubly and acutely serrate, lower serratures largest,
stem with 4 acute angles, cymes lax, bracteas small lanceolate
acute, sepals with a narrow membranous margin, scale of upper
lip transversely oblong slightly notched. E. B. t. 1544.

Woods and moist grounds, frequent. If.. 6 — 8. — Rhizome large,
thick, and knotty. Stem 2 — 3 ft. high. Flowers greenish purple.

2. S. Ehrhdrti C. A. Stev. (Ehrhart’s F.) ; leaves ovato-lan-
ceolate acute subcordate glabrous sharply serrate, lower serra-
tures smaller, bracteas leaf-like, petioles winged, stem 4-winged,
cymes lax 4 — 8-flowered, sepals with a broad membranous mar-
gin, scale of upper lip bilid with diverging lobes, capsule obtuse.
E. B. S. t. 2875.

Wet places. Wilmington, Sussex; Primrose Hill, Middlesex;
Avmestry, Herefordshire; Preston, Lancashire; Settle, Yorkshire.
Berwick-upon-Tweed; Cramond Bridge and Pentland Hills, near
Edinburgh, "if.. 7 — 9. — Stem 2 — 4 ft. high, decidedly winged at
the angles, on which account the plant had been long supposed, botli
in Germany and Scotland, to be 5. aquatica, although much more allied
to S. nodosa.

3. S. aquatica L. ( Water F.) ; glabrous, leaves crenato-serrate
cordate-oblong obtuse, petioles winged, stem 4-winged, cymes
dense corymbose 8 — 15-flowered, bracteas linear obtuse, sepals
with a broad membranous margin, scale of upper lip roundish
uniform entire, capsule pointed. E.B.t. 854. S. Balbisii Hornem.

Sides of rivers, and in wet places, y. 6 — 9. — Ste7n 3 — 4 ft.
high. Panicles terminal, bracteated, with remote branches. Flowers
dark purple, occasionally white.

4. S. Scorodunia L. (Balm-leaved F.); downy, leaves cordato-

P

314

LXII. SCROPHULARIACE^E.

[. Digitalis .

triangiflar with large double serratures, stem bluntly 4-angled,
cymes lax few-flowered, bracteas leaf-like, sepals with a mem-
branous margin, scale of upper lip roundish entire. E. B.
t. 2209.

Moist places, only in the extreme south-west of England, and at
Tralee, in Ireland. Jersey. 2/.. 7. — Distinguished from all the
preceding by being downy, and by its wrinkled leaves, which have
large teeth, or serratures, and these are again serrate : it resembles
S. Ehrharti in the leafy bracteas which accompany the panicle.
Flowers dull purple.

* * Calyx with 5 deep, acute segments. Cor. yellow ; the two upper seg-
ments of the cor. about equal to the .two lateral ones ; scale of the
upper lip wanting.

5. S. *i 'emails L. ( yellow F.) ; hairy, leaves broadly cordate
doubly inciso-serrate acute, cymes axillary corymbose, bracteas
leafv, sepals without a membranous margin, stamens protruded.
E. B. t. 567.

Road-sides and waste places, in many parts of England and Scot-
land, but nowhere general, and always in doubtfully wild situations.
11. 4 — 6. — Very different from all the preceding, and, as Sir James

E. Smith has well observed, exhibiting a great affinity with the pretty
American genus Calceolaria. Styles and stamens, which latter arise
from the base of the yellow corolla, protruded from its very contracted
mouth.

8. Digitalis Linn. Foxglove or Folks-glove.

Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. campanulate, inflated be-
neath; limb obliquely 4 — 5-lobed, unequal. Caps, ovate,

2- celled, many-seeded, 2-valved, septicidal. — Name: digitale,
the finger of a glove, which its flowers resemble. Hence fox-
glove in English, and doigts de la Vierge, gants de Notre Dame,
&c., in French ; meuran-nam-ban-sith in Gaelic.

1. D. purpurea L. ( purple F.) ; sepals ovate-oblong acute

3- nerved downy, corolla obtuse scabrous externally, upper lip
scarcely divided, lower one with ovate rounded segments, learves
ovato-lanceolate crenate or serrate downy. E. B. t. 1297.

Dry banks, pastures, walls, &c., in hilly and especially in sub-
alpine and rocky, countries ; almost unknown in the more eastern
parts of England, such as Norfolk and Suffolk. 11. 5 — 8. — The
most stately and beautiful of our herbaceous plants ; and one that
has obtained great reputation as a medicine. Three to four feet high.
Leaves large, veiny. Spikes very long, of numerous, drooping, purple
(or rarely white) flowers, spotted within. Dr. Bromfield found a
curious ear. with a spurred corolla in the Isle of Wight.

9. Antirrhinum Linn. Snapdragon.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor. personate, gibbous at the base (no
evident spur) ; its mouth closed by a projecting palate. Caps.

Lindria.~\ Lxir. scrophulariace.'e.

315

2-celled, oblique, opening by 2 — 8 pores at tlie extremity. —
Name, am, (in composition sometimes signifying) resem-
bling, (nv, a nose , muffler, or mask ; from the appearance of the
flowers.

1. A. *mdjus L. ( great S.)\ leaves lanceolate alternate those
of the branches opposite, flowers spiked, segments of the calyx
ovate obtuse much shorter than the corolla, upper lip of corolla
bifid. E. B. t. 129.

Old walls and chalk hills, frequently the outcast of neighbouring

gardens. y . 7 — 9 One to two feet high. Flowers very large,

mostly purplish-red, but often varying to white.

2. A. Or6ntinm L. ( lesser S.) ; leaves mostly alternate linear-
lanceolate, spikes very few-flowered lax, segments of the calyx
linear longer than the corolla. E. B. t. 1 155.

Corn-fields, in a dry soil, in many parts, especially of the east and
south of England. ©. 7 — 10. — Flowers purple, remarkable for
the great length of the calyx-segments, particularly after flowering.

10. Linakia Tourn. Toadflax.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor. personate, spurred at the base: its
mouth closed by a projecting palate. Caps, ventricose, 2-celled,
opening by valves or teeth.. — Named from linumfflax; which
the leaves of some species resemble.

* Stems and branches trailing. Pedicels axillary, elongated.

1. L. * Cymbaldria Mill. ( Ivy-leaved T.) ; leaves cordate
5-lobed palmate-nerved alternate glabrous, stems trailing.
Antirrhinum L. : E. B. t. 502.

On old walls, in many places; the outcast of gardens, y. 5 — 9.
— Stem very long, filiform. Leaves petioled, often purple beneath.
Flowers small, pale blue or purplish.

2. L. spuria Mill, (round-leaned Flucllen, or T.) ; leaves ovate
downy feather-nerved mostly alternate, branches trailing, pe-
duncles hairy, corolla with a subulate curved spur. Antir-
rhinum L. : E. B. t. 691.

Sandy corn-fields, mostly confined to the east and south-east of
England. Abundant in many parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, Bristol.
©. 7 — 11. — Flowers small, yellowish ; upper lip purple. Cal. large :
segments ovato-lanceolate, the outer ones, sometimes all, cordate at
the base.

3. L. Elatine Desf. (sharp-pointed Fluellen, or T.) ; leaves
broadly hastate acute feather-nerved, lowermost ovate opposite,
branches trailing hairy, peduncles glabrous, corolla with a
subulate straight spur. Antirrhinum L. : E. B. t. 692.

Corn-fields in a dry, gravelly, or chalky soil in England and Ireland.
©. 7 — 11. — Similar to the last, yet distinct, smaller in all its parts.
Sepals lanceolate, very acute, never cordate.

r 2

316

LXII. SCROPHULARIACEjE.

\_Lindria.

** Stems erect) ascending or diffuse.

4. Li. repens Ait. ( creeping pale-blue T.) ; glabrous, leaves
linear whorled or scattered, flowers racemose, sepals lanceolate
glabrous the length of the spur but shorter than the capsule,
seeds angular transversely wrinkled, stems erect. Antirrhinum
L. : E. B. t. 1253. L. striata D C.

Chalky banks and rocky places near the sea, rare ; principally in
the south of England, South Wales, and Ireland. Naturalized near

Culzean, Ayrshire, and Musselburgh ; Scotland. t£. 7 — 9 Stems

1 to I j foot high, slender, branched. Leaves somewhat whorled below,
but there soon dying away. Flowers in panicled racemes, whitish or
pale violet, with darker violet lines; palate yellow. — Between this
and the next species hybrids are occasionally formed in Hants and
Cornwall : those which have the seeds of the next, yellow flowers,
and intermediate sepals, have been called L. Bauhini and L. Italica
by British collectors. The true L. Italica is itself connected with
L. repens by several intermediate forms. L. sepium Alim., which
we admitted in the 7th edition with hesitation, proves to be, as we
suspected, another hybrid; it was found near the river Bandon, Cork ;
the spur and gray upper lip of the corolla are streaked with pale purple
lines ; seeds tubercular scabrous, with three wings.

5. L. vulgaris Mcenck ( yellow T. ); glabrous, leaves linear-
lanceolate scattered crowded, flowers racemose imbricate, sepals
ovate acute glabrous shorter than the capsule or spur, seeds
tubercular-scabrous surrounded by a smooth wing, stems erect.
Antirrhinum Linaria L.: E. B. t. 658.

Borders of corn-fields, and in hedges, abundant. 21. 7 — 10. —
One to two feet high, glaucous. Flowers large, yellow. Rachis and
peduncles usually glandular-hairy, sometimes glabrous. Dr. Brumfield
found a variety with broad leaves in the Isle of Wight, which appears
to be the L. speciosa Ten. A remarkable but not very uncommon
monstrosity is the “ Peloria var." (figured in E. B. t. 260), having
5 spurs and 5 usually imperfect stamens.

6. L. Pelisseriuna D C. ( upright purple T.) ; glabrous erect,
leaves linear upper ones alternate, lower ones verticillate, those
of the sterile shoots ternate and broader, flowers at first in
short racemes, pedicels as long as the bracteas, sepals linear
acute twice as long as the capsule much shorter than the spur
of the corolla, seeds nearly flat surrounded by a fringed wing,
tubercular on one side, smooth on the other. E. B. S. t. 2832.

On a hill-side, growing amongst Flex Europaus, between St. Peter’s
barracks and a water-mill near St. Ouen’s Pond, Jersey. ©. 6.
— Flowering-stems 6 inches to 1 foot high, nearly simple, one or more
from each root. Flowers purple, with dark veins. The seeds form
a beautiful microscopic object.

7. L. * sitpina Desf. ( diffuse T.) ; diffuse or ascending with the
inflorescence glandular-hairy but otherwise glabrous, leaves

317

Sibthorpia.'] LXII. SCROPHULAKIACEjE.

linear blunt, upper ones alternate, lower verticillate, sepals linear
or linear-spatluilate shorter than the capsule or spur about as
long as the corolla, seeds nearly flat surrounded by a striate wing.
— L. maritima DC. L. Pyrenaica DC. Antirrh. supinum L.

Near Plymouth, Devon, and Poole, Dorset (supposed to have been
brought with ballast from Rouen). Newcastle upon Tyne (among
ballast). Hayle and St. Blazey’s bay, Cornwall (perhaps also intro-
duced). 2/.. 7, 8. — Stem much branched at the base, only a few

inches high. Flowers at first in short racemes, yellow, the throat and
spur usually with purple lines. We have not seen British specimens.

8. L. minor Desf. ( least T.) ; leaves linear-lanceolate obtuse
mostly alternate glandular- pubescent, flowers solitary axillary,
pedicels three times as long as the calyx which is longer than
the spur, segments of the upper lip of the corolla diverging,
seeds oblong furrowed, stem erect much branched. E. B.
t. 2014.

Sandy fields, principally in the eastern and south-eastern parts of
England. Rare in Scotland : near Glasgow ; Aill Water, Roxburgh-
shire. At Sunday’s well in Ireland. 0. 5 — 10. — Stems 4 — 10

inches high, with purplish-yellow flowers.

[The Neapolitan Linaria purpurea Mill. (Bot. Mag. t. 99) is given
in the Neiv Bot. Guide as being found at Redland, near Bristol, by
Miss Wursley. Of course it is the outcast of a garden.]

11. Limosella Linn. Mudwort.

Cal. campanulate, 5-cleft, equal. Cor. shortly 5-cleft, cam-
panulate, equal. Siam. 4, nearly equal. Anthers 1 -celled.
Stigma capitate. Caps, globose, 2-valved, with a central pla-
centa which is free above and connected below with a thin dis-
sepiment, ultimately 1-celled. — Named from limus, mud; the
plant growing in muddy places.

1. L. aqudlica L. ( common i!/.) ; leaves lanceolate spathulate
on long stalks, segments of the corolla oval oblong much shorter
than the tube of the calyx. E. B. t. 357.

Muddy places, and where water has stood, in several parts of
England, Scotland, and Ireland, but often overlooked on account of
its small size. ©. 7 — 9 . — Rhizome creeping, filiform, throwing
up tufts of glabrous leaves one or two inches long including their
petiole. Flowers minute, peduncled, arising from the base of the
leafstalks, resembling scapes which are shorter than the petioles. Cor.
pale rose-coloured. Anthers purplish blue. Seeds with a furrow on
the back and numerous transverse striaz.

12. Sibthorpia Linn. Sibthorpia. Money-wort.

Cal. in 4 — 8 deep spreading segments. Cor. sub-rotate, of
as many segments as the calyx or with an additional one.
Stam. as many as the segments of the corolla, or one fewer.

r 3

318

LXII. SCROPHULARIACEiE,

[ Verbascum.

Anthers sagittate, 2-celled. Stigma dilated. Caps membra-
nous, compressed, 2-celled, 2-valved, loculicidal. — Name given
in honour of Dr. Humphrey Sibthorpe, the successor of Dillenius
in the botanical chair at Oxford. (As here defined, the genus
includes Disandru Linn.)

1. S. Europce'a L. ( creeping S., or Cornish AT.) ; hairy,
leaves 7 — !)-lobed, pedicels very short, flowers minute 5-cleft,
stamens 4, capsules broad retuse. E. B. t. 649.

Moist shady places, in Devonshire, Cornwall, and the Scilly Isles.
By the stream running from Waldron Down, Sussex ; near Nettle-
combe, Somerset. Jersey and Guernsey. At Connor hill near Dingle;
and near Brandon, Ireland. Side of Crinan canal, Argyleshire.

7, 8. — A graceful little plant, hairy, with creeping filiform stems , and
alternate orbicular-reniform broadly crenate leaves. Flowers axillary,
solitary, on short stalks ; the two lowermost segments of the corolla
yellowish, the three upper broader and pink.

C. Stamens 5. (Gen. 13.)

13. Verbascum Linn. Mullein.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate, irregular. Siam. 5, the three
upper or all of them hairy. Caps, of 2 cells and 2 valves,
septicidal. — Name altered from Barbascum, from barba, a. beard;
in allusion to the shaggy nature of its foliage.

* Anthers of the longer glabrous stamens more or less decurrent on one
side of the filaments. liuceme spiked, dense, nearly sessile. Leaves

decurrent, woolly.

1. V. Thdpsus L. ( great M.) ; stem simple, leaves all de-
current woolly on both sides, spike of flowers very dense,
pedicels shorter than the calyx, corolla concave in the throat
about twice as long as the calyx, 2 stamens longer glabrous
their anthers very shortly decurrent. E. B. t. 549.

Banks and waste ground, in a light sandy, gravelly, or chalky
soil. (J. 6 — 8. — Stem nearly simple, 4 — 5 feet high, angular, winged.
Leaves thick, excessively woolly, ovate or oblong. Spike long, cylin-
drical. Flowers handsome, golden-yellow ; when dried in the sun,
giving out a fatty matter used in Alsace as a cataplasm in h&'mor-
rhoidal complaints. Three of the stamens with white woolly hairs ;
the two longer ones glabrous.

2. V. * thapsif urine Schrad. ( Thapsus-like Mi) ; stem simple,
leaves decurrent woolly on both sides, raceme spiked dense,
2 stamens longer glabrous their anthers much decurrent, corolla
flat about 4 times as long as the calyx. V. thapsoides Huds. ?
V. Thapsus Mey.: Koch.

Everywhere in Kent; Huds. <? . 7, 8. — The foreign plant is
closely allied to the last, but readily distinguished by the corolla and
anthers of the long stamens. As to the British species it rests wholly

319

Verbascum.~\ lxii. scrophulariace^e.

on Hudson’s authority, and Mr. Griffith states that the V. thapsoides
Huds. has frequently been produced in his garden by the pollen of
V. Thapsus falling upon the stigma of V. Lychnitis (But. Guide,
i. p. 169).

* * Anthers of the longer stamens more or less decurrent on one side of
the filaments which are hairy on the inside. Flowers solitary, or 2 — 6
together. Leaves glabrous or glandular-hairy, sessile; upper ones
semiamplexicaul or slightly decurrent.

3. V. *Blattdria L. ( Moth M.) ; leaves crenate oblong gla-
brous, radical ones sinuate, upper ones acuminate, flowers
solitary stalked remote collected into an elongated branched
glandular-hairy raceme, pedicels much longer than the calyx.
E. B. t. 393.

Banks in a gravelly soil, rare. In several places in Kent, Devon-
shire, and Cornwall. g . 6 — 10. — Hairs of the filaments purple.

4. V. * virgatum With. ( large-flowered Primrose-leaved Jl/.) ;
slightly glandular-hairy except the sometimes glabrous leaves,
leaves ovato-lanceolate toothed, radical ones sinuato-lyrate,
pedicels 2 — 6 or rarely solitary mostly shorter than the calyx.
E. B. t. 550.

Fields and by road-sides, rare. Torpoint, Cornwall; Plymouth;
Surrey; Worcester; Lincoln; Wombourne, Staffordshire; Herts;
Norfolk ; Shropshire ; Hereford ; Wrexham, Denbighshire ; Glamor-
ganshire. $. 8. — Perhaps, as suggested by Mr. Bentham, a mere
var. of the last.

** * Anthers not decurrent on the filaments, which are equal and all woolly.
Racemes branched, panicled. Leaves woolly or pulverulent especially
beneath, not decurrent.

5. V. pulverulentum Vill. ( yellow hoary M.) ; leaves ovate-
oblong subserrate pulverulento-tomentose on both sides, lower
ones oblong-elliptical attenuated into a stalk, upper ones ses-
sile or cordato-amplexicaul, stem terete panicled above with
spreading branches, filaments all woolly (with white hairs).
E. B. t. 487. Y. floccosum W. et K.

Road-sides on a gravelly or chalky soil ; frequent iii Norfolk,
Suffolk, Surrey, and Hants. Den near Cullen, Scotland, g. 7.
— Remarkable for the mealv down on the leaves, which is easily
removed from the surface. Flowers large, handsome. “ If the plant
be struck suddenly and violently, the expanded corollas will in a short
time fall off, and the calyx will close over the germen.” ( Sin. ) There
were doubts at one time about this being the plant of Villars, from
hybrids being generally preserved under that name, and probably
sometimes mistaken for it by Villars himself; but, as observed by
Mr. Bentham, the description of Villars indicates the English plant.

6. V. Lychnitis L. ( white M. ) ; leaves crenate nearly glabrous
above woolly and pulverulent beneath, lower ones elliptic-oblong

r 4

320

LXIII. LABIATE.

wedge-shaped stalked, upper sessile ovate-acuminate with a
rounded base, stem angular and panicled with ascending
branches, filaments all woolly (with white hairs). E. B. t. 58.
Road-sides, pastures, and fields, especially in a chalky soil. On

clay-slate, near Truro. S ■ 7, 8 Flowers numerous, rather small,

cream-coloured (often yellow in the Isle of Wight). Leaves very
woolly below. Stamens hairy.

7. V. nigrum L. (dark 71/.) ; leaves crenate nearly glabrous
or subpubescent above tomentose or pubescent beneath, lower
ones cordate-oblong on long stalks, upper cordate-ovate sub-
sessile, raceme elongated, pedicels twice as long as the calyx,
sepals lanceolate-subulate, stem angular above, filaments all
woolly (with bright purple hairs). E. B. t. 59. — a. leaves
subglabrous above subpubescent beneath. — ft. leaves sub-
pubescent above downy beneath. — y. leaves subpubescent above
tomentose beneath.

Banks and way-sides, particularly in a gravelly or chalky soil, in
the middle and south of England (only naturalized in 'the north of
England and Scotland), if.. 6 — 10. — Leaves nearly glabrous, dark
green. Flowers fascicled, many together, on the almost simple long
raceme. Corolla rather large, yellow.

[Besides the above, V. phceniceum L. ( V. ferrugineum Andr.) and
V. phlomoides L have been mentioned as natives, but they are plants
only of a more southern clime.]

Ord. LXIII. LABIATiE Juss.

Calyx tubular. Corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, mostly
irregular. Stamens 4, mostly didynamous, 2 sometimes sterile
or wanting. Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed; style arising from be-
tween the lobes, near their base. Stigma 2-lobed. Achenes 4,
enclosed in the calyx. Seed solitary, erect. Embryo erect.
Albumen 0. — Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite. Stems
square. — An extensive and eminently natural Order, abounding
in essential oil, camphor, and bitter extractive : many of the
individuals are therefore employed medicinally.

A. Stamens 2.

1. Lycopus. Cal. 5-cleft. Limb of corolla nearly equal.

2. Salvia. Cal. 2-lipped. Cor. labiate.

B. Stametis 4.

I. Stamens diverging, nearly equal, longer than the nearly regular 4 — 5-cleft

cor.

3. Mentha. Tube of the cor. scarcely longer than the calyx.

II. Stamens diverging, nearly equal, longer than the somewhat 2-lipped cor.

4. Thymos. Flowers in whorls or capitate.

5. Origanum. Flowers in spikes or heads, with imbricated bracteas.

LXIII. LABIATE.

32]

HI. Stamens ascending, parallel, didynamous. Car. irregular; upper lip
short or nearly wanting, shorter than the stamens.

G. Teucridm. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed. Upper lip of cor. bipartite.

7. Ajuga. Cal. ovate, 5-cleft. Upper lip of cor. entire or emarginate.

IV. Stamens didynamous. Cor. obviously 2-lipped; upper lip longer than
the stamens.

* Cal. equal or oblique, not obviously 2-lipped.
f Cal. 5-toothed. Stamens longer than the tube of the cor.
f The two anterior or lower stamens the longest.

8. Bao.ota. Cal. salver-shaped, 10-ribbed. Anther-cells spreading.

9. Leonurus. Cal. tubular, 5 — 10-ribbed. Anther-cells nearly pa-

rallel.

10. Galeopsis. Cal. campanulate. Anther-cells opposite, bursting trans-

versely by two valves.

11. Galeobdolon. Cal. campanulate. Anthers glabrous; the cells

diverging, bursting longitudinally. Lobes of lower lip of the cor.
about equal. Achenes truncate.

12. Lamium. Cal. campanulate. Anthers hirsute; the cells diverging,

bursting longitudinally. Lateral lobes of lower lip of cor. obsolete
or toothlike, middle one bifid. Achenes truncate.

13. Betonica. Cal. ovate. Anther-cells parallel, bursting longitudi-

nally. Middle lobe of lower lip of cor. nearly entire, longer than
the lateral spreading lobes.

14. Stachys. Cal. campanulate. Anther-cells diverging, bursting lon-

gitudinally. Middle lobe of lower lip of cor. nearly entire, larger
than the lateral reflexed lobes.

ft The two posterior or upper stamens the longest. Cal. 15 -ribbed.

15. Nepeta. Upper lip of the cor. straight, emarginate or bifid.

ff Cal. 10-toothed. Stamens included within the tube of the cor.

1G. Marrubium. The two anterior or lower stamens the longest.

** Cal. obviously 2-lipped.

f Stamens distant at the base, but converging near the apex.

17. Calamintha. Upper lip of the cor. straight, nearly flat; tube

straight.

17a. Melissa. Upper lip of the cor. concave; tube curved upwards.

ff Stamens ascending, parallel.

18. Meuttis. Cal. campanulate, veined, spreading in fruit.

19. Prunella. Cal. ovate, closed in fruit ; upper lip 3-toothed, lower

bifid.

20. Scutellaria. Cal. ovate, closed in fruit; lips entire, upper one

with a concave scale at the back.

322

LXIII. LABIATiE.

\_Ly copus.

A. Stamens 2. (Gen. 1, 2.)

1. Lycopus Linn. Gipsy-wort.

Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. tubular : limb nearly equal, 4-
cleft, upper segments broader and notched. Slam. 2, diverging,
simple, with sometimes 2 sterile ones. — Name: from Xvkoc, a
wolf, and —ovc, a foot; from a fancied resemblance in the cut
leaves of this plant to a wolf’s paw : der Wolfsfuss , in German ;
in English, gipsy-wort, because the plant yields a black dye
which is employed by gipsies to render their skins darker.

1. L. Europce'us L. ( common G .) ; leaves deeply and irregu-
larly pinnatifid-serrate, rudiments of the sterile stamens minute,
achenes about as long as the calyx-tube. E. B. t. 1105.

Ditches and river banks; less frequent in Scotland. If.. 6 — 9. —
Stems 2 ft. high. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, ovato-lanceolate,
wrinkled, very deeply sinuato-serrate, almost pinnatifid. Flowers
small, sessile, in dense whorls at the base of the superior leaves,
whitish with purple dots, hairy within.

2. Salvia Linn. Sage or Clary.

Cal. 2-lipped, tubular. Cor. labiate; the tube dilated up-
wards and compressed. Stam. 2. Filaments with 2 divaricat-
ing branches, 1 only bearing a perfect, single cell of an anther.
— Named from salvo to save, or heal; in allusion to its balmy
or healing qualities.

1. S. *pratensish. ( Meadow C., or S.) ; root-leaves oblong-
ovate cordate at the base irregularly crenate stalked, those of
the stem few sessile, uppermost lanceolate acuminate, bracteas
cordate-ovate acuminate shorter than the calyx, corolla thrice
as long as the calyx glandular and viscid at the summit. E. B.
t. 153.

Dry meadows and about hedges, England, rare : near Cobham,

Kent; Middleton Stoney, Oxfordshire. If.. 6, 7. — Stem varying
from 6 inches to 2 feet high.

2. S. Verbendca L. (wild English C., or S.) ; leaves broadly
ovate or oblong crenate, lower ones long-stalked, upper ones
broader sessile semiamplexicaul, bracteas cordate-ovate acu-
minate about as long as the calyx, tube of the corolla much
narrower and scarcely longer than the calyx. E. B. t. 154.

Dry pastures and banks, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil ; not
uncommon in England, but in Scotland only found about Edinburgh.

V. . 5 — 8 Stems one to two feet high. Lower leaves petiolate,

ovate, scarcely cordate at the base ; upper ones sessile and acute, less
lobed, but more serrate ; all wrinkled with veins. Bracteas 2 under
each whorl of flowers, cordate, acute, entire, ciliate. Cal. hairy,
segments mucronate. Cor. small in proportion to the calyx, purple ;
zipper lip concave compressed.

Mentha.']

LXIII. LABIATjE.

323

3. S. clandestina L. ( ' small- flowered S.) ; leaves ovate-oblong
incise-toothed or pinnatifid, lower ones stalked, upper oblong
acute sessile scarcely cordate or amplexicaul, bracteas cordate-
ovate acuminate slightly shorter than the calyx, tube of the
corolla longer than the calyx. S. obtusata Link. S. prascox
Savi.

Dry gravelly banks, rare. Lizard Point, Cornwall. Jersey. V- ■
7. — This is a very variable plant, but usually with deeply toothed or
pinnatifid leaves, and appears to be the southern form or represent-
ative of S. Verbenaca, to which also several other supposed species
may be conveniently referred.

B. Stamens 4. (Gen. 3 — 20.)

Tribe I. Menthoideas. Tube of the cor. scarcely longer than

the cal., its limb 4 — 5 cleft , nearly regular. Stam. diverging

upwards. (Gen. 3.)

3. Mentha Linn. Mint.

Cal. equal, 5-toothed ; its mouth naked or rarely villous. Cor.
nearly regular, 4-cleft ; its tube very short. Stum, diverging,
exserted or included. Anther-cells parallel. — Name : or
pivtiq, an ancient Greek term for these plants.

* Throat o f the cal. naked. Inflorescence terminating the stems. Upper
or ull the whorls approximated into spikes or in terminal heads.

f Leaves sessile or the lower ones only stalked.

1. M. sylvestris L. ( Horse M.) ; leaves subsessile ovate ellip-
tical or lanceolate sometimes subeordate at the base serrate,
downy hoary beneath, spikes almost cylindrical scarcely inter-
rupted, bracteas subulate, calyx very hairy, its teeth acumi-
nate.— a. leaves lanceolate. E. B. t. 686. — 0. leaves elliptical.
M. rotundifolia Sole.

Moist waste ground : not uncommon in England. Sidlaw Hills,
Forfarshire. Ireland, y. 8,9. — Partial bracteas sometimes much
longer than the flowers, and far more conspicuous than in the figure
in E. B. There is a variety with somewhat wrinkled and crisped
leaves, which passes into our y8. : it however can scarcely be M. crispa
E. B. S. t. 2785, which seems, from the figure, more allied to M.
aquatica.

2. M. rotundifolia L. (round-leaved M.) ; leaves sessile ellip-
tical obtuse sharply serrate wrinkled downy shaggy beneath,
spikes interrupted, bracteas lanceolate, calyx somewhat hairy,
its teeth short and acute. E. B. t. 446.

Moist places, in waste ground ; not unfrequent in many parts of
England. Anglesea. Near Auchindenny, Scotland; but scarcely
wild. Near Cove, Ireland, y . 8, 9.

3. M. * viridis L. (Spear M.) ; leaves lanceolate acute gla-

324 lxiii. labiate. [ Mentha .

brous serrate sessile, spikes cylindrical interrupted, bracteas
subulate, calyx-teeth linear-setaceous. E. B. t. 2424.

Marshy places, in many parts of England, according to Smith. Cairn -
hill, near Edinburgh. A var. with crisped leaves has occurred in
Glen Farg, Perthsh., along with the usual form and M. piperita. 1i.
8. — Mr. Bentham remarks that the bracteas and the calyx are either
glabrous or hairy : the pedicels seem to be always glabrous. Cul-
tivated for culinary purposes, being aromatic and pungent.

•ft Leaves stalked.

4. M. piperita Sm. ( Pepper M.) ; leaves ovate-oblong strongly
serrate acute slightly hairy stalked, upper oues smaller, spikes
lax interrupted below, bracteas lanceolate, calyx tubular with
lanceolate subulate teeth quite glabrous at the base. — a. offici-
nalis (Sole), leaves ovato-lanceolate or oblong, spikes short ob-
tuse. E. B. t. 687. — 1 8. syloestris (Sole), leaves ovate rounded
and almost cordate at the base, spikes elongated.

Watery places, in many parts of England, but often escaped from
gardens. Alford, Aberdeenshire; North Queensferry. If.. 8,9. —
Much cultivated for the sake of its essential oil, which resides in
minute glands conspicuous on the leaves and especially on the cal.
Mr. W. Wilson finds a var. near Warrington, in which these glands
are not visible even with a microscope : “ its odour is sweet and mild,
without the pungency of the common sort cultivated in gardens.”

5. M. aquatica L. (Water capitate M.) ; leaves ovate serrate
stalked rounded or slightly cordate at the base, uppermost ones
bracteiform and shorter than the flowers, flowers dense in ter-
minal obtuse heads or spikes and sometimes also in remote
axillary whorls, calyx tubular, its teeth triangular-subulate. —
a. leaves pubescent or villous, calyx and pedicels hairy. M.
hirsuta L. : E. B. t. 447. — j3. leaves incise-toothed and crisped.
M. crispa E. B. S. t. 2785 ? — y. leaves, calyx, and pedicels quite
glabrous. M. citrata Ehrh. M. odorata Sole : E. B. t. 1025.1

Banks of rivers and marshes, frequent. — 13.1 Northumberland
and near Audley-End, Essex. — y. Cheshire ; near Bedford ; N.
Wales. 2). 8, 9. — Of the var. y. we have only seen garden speci-
mens ; it is quite glabrous and has the smell of the Bergamot-orange or
the herbage of Monarda didyma, whence it is called the Bergamot-mint.
We refer M. crispa E. B. S. here, on the authority of Mr. Bentham ;
but the flowers are not sufficiently capitate, although the spike be
shorter than in 31. piperita; as, however, all the crisped-leaved forms
of Mint are monstrosities, the species from which they are derived can
scarcely be determined by the usual characters.

1 Nearly all the species of this genus are hairy with serrate leaves, but are subject
to two principal variations, viz, : — to be almost entirely glabrous, in which case
the pedicels and lower part of the calyx become quite glabrous, and the odour of
the species is milder and even pleasant ; — and to have the leaves cut and crisped.
This latter is more strictly a monstrosity, and is sometimes accompanied with a
considerable change in the inflorescence.

Mentha

LXIII. LABIATAJ.

325

** Throat of the cal. naked. Inflorescence indeterminate, flowers in
axillary distant whorls, none among the uppermost leaves ( or much
shorter than they).

■(■ Leaves stalked.

6. M. satwa L. (Marsh whorled M.) ; leaves stalked ellip-
tical ovate or ovato-lanceolate serrate, upper ones similar but
smaller all longer than the distant dense whorls, calyx tubular
with lanceolate acuminate teeth. M. arvensisvar. Benth. — a.
whole plant more or less hairy, calyx and pedicels hairy. E. B.
t. 448. — M. acutif'olia Sm. : E.B.t. 2415. — f3. whole plant
nearly glabrous, pedicels and lower part of the calyx quite
glabrous. M. rubra Sm. : E. B. t. 1413.

Wet places, banks of rivers, and in hedges and thickets, . 7, 8. —
The chief difference between this and the next is in the form of the
calyx. The present is never, we believe, found in corn-fields, while
genuine specimens of the other are almost confined to them or gardens ;
but M. gentilis L. has the calyx and large upper leaves of M. arvensis,
while it is almost glabrous like M. rubra Sm., and grows in wet
places: Mr. Babington unites it to this species; Mr. Bentham to the
next : it seems to connect the two.

7. M. arvensis L. (Corn M.); leaves stalked ovate or ellip-
tical sometimes cordate at the base serrate, upper ones similar
and equally large all longer than the distant whorls, calyx
campanulate, its teeth triangular acute about as broad as long.
— a. hairy, leaves narrowed at the base, calyx clothed all over
with spreading hairs. E. B. t. 2119. — d. hairy, leaves some-
what cordate rugose, calyx clothed all over with spreading
hairs. M. agrestis Sole : E. B. t. 2120. — y.? more glabrous,
upper part of the calyx clothed with erect hairs, lower part and
pedicels glabrous. M. gentilis L. : E. B. t. 2118.

a. Corn-fields, common. — fl. corn-fields and neglected gardens ;
Somersetshire; plentiful in Sussex. — 7. watery places, rare; Holt
in Norfolk ; Somersetshire; river-side above Warrington. N. Wales.
21 . 8, 9. — The smell of the common variety has been compared to

that of decayed cheese.

'(■'(■ Leaves nearly sessile.

8. M. * pratensis Sole (narrow-leaved M.) ; leaves nearly
sessile ovato-lanceolate acute serrate, upper ones similar all
longer than the distant subglobose whorls, calyx campanulate,
lower part and pedicels glabrous, teeth triangular acute hairy.
M. gentilis Sole : E. B. t. 449. M. gracilis Sm.

Watery places in moist meadows (Sm). fl. 8, 9. — Stem and
leaves usually glabrous. Leaves paler beneath and the calyx glandular.
With this we- are not acquainted. Sole doubts if it be indigenous.
Mr. Bentham remarks that it is intermediate between M. viridis and
M. sativa var. 0., having the inflorescence of the present section and

LXIII. LABIATE.

326

[ Thymus.

the nearly sessile leaves of M. viridis ; in his Handbook he inad-
vertently refers E. B. t. 449 to M. arvensis.

*** Throat of the calyx closed with hairs. Flowers in axillary distant
whorls, none among the uppermost leaves.

9. M. Pulegium L. ( Penny-royal ) ; flowers tvhorled, leaves
ovate downy obtuse subcrenate, stem prostrate, flower-stalks
slightly and calyx very pubescent, teeth of the latter fringed.
E. B. t. 1026.

Wet commons and margins of brooks ; England and S. of Ireland.
Rare in Scotland and scarcely indigenous. It. 8, 9. — The smallest
of the genus, readily known by its prostrate stems, and small, fre-
quently recurved leaves, both of which are thickly covered with short
hairs, and especially by the hairy throat of the calyx. Smell powerful.
Much used medicinally.

Tribe II. Satureine/e. Corolla two-lipped , the lube about as
long as the calyx; lips nearly equal in length , upper one nearly
plane. Stum, diverging, nearly equal, protruded. (Gen. 4, 5.)

4. Thymus Linn. Thyme.

Flowers whorled or capitate. Cal. with 10 — 13 ribs, tubular,
2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed, lower one bifid ; the throat hairy.
Cor. with the upper lip erect, nearly plane; lower patent and
trifid. Stamens diverging. Anther-cells at first nearly paral-
lel, afterwards diverging; connectivum subtriangular. — Name:
SvpoQ, the heart; from its balsamic odour strengthening the
animal spirits.

1. T. Serpyllum L. (wild 7’.) ; flowers whorled and capitate,
stems branched decumbent, leaves plane oblong or ovate obtuse
entire petiolute more or less ciliate at the base, floral leaves
similar, teeth of the upper lip of the calyx ovato-lanceolate of
the lower subulate ciliate, upper lip of the corolla notched
more or less ovate. E.B. t. 1314. — a. stems prostrate creeping,
flowering shoots ascending, upper lip of the cor. oblong. — ,d.
stems and flowering shoots diffuse ascending, upper lip of the
cor. semicircular. T. Chamaedrys Fries.

Hills and dry pastures, abundant. If.. 6 — 8. — Variable in size,
and in the hairiness and scent of its foliage, which is sometimes all
over hoary, and smells like lemon. Flowers purple. Mr. Bentham,
the best authority for what is a species among the Labiatte, unites
T. Chamaedrys of Fries to T. Serpyllum, characterizing it as a variety
by the larger and less rigid leaves. Mr. Babington separates it on
account of its having a different habit: — the above characters of our
varieties are intended to indicate the chief specific differences upon
which he rests; he adds that in 1\ Serpyllum the achenes are “globose.

Teucrium.']

LXIII. LABIATE.

327

mealy, with a basal sear,” and in T. Chamcedrys, “ roundish, a little
compressed, with a basal apiculus, reddish.” Ann. N. H.( 1833) xi.p. 428.

[The other Linnaean species of Thymus are referred to Calami nt ha. ]

5. Origanum Linn. Marjoram.

Spikes (or heads) of flowers somewhat 4-sided, resembling a
catkin , imbricated with bracteus. Cal. equally 5-toothed (or
2-lipped). Cor. with the upper lip erect, nearly plane; lower
one patent, trifid. Stamens diverging, connectivum subtriangular.
— Name: opog, a hill, and yaroc, joy ; from the dry hilly places
of which the species are the ornament.

1. 0. vulgdre L. ( common M.)\ heads of flowers roundish
panicled crowded, bracteas ovate longer than the calyx, calyx
equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat, leaves stalked broadly
ovate obtuse entire or toothed. E. B. t. 1 143.

Dry hilly and bushy places, not unfrequent. If.. 7 — 9. — Stems
1 foot high. Flowers purple ; bracteas tinged with the same colour.
Fragrant and aromatic.

[ Origanum Onites L., or Pot Marjoram, is mentioned in Ray’s Sy-
nopsis, p. 236, as having been found by Mr. Dale “on the left hand
of the road from Braintree to Raine (Essex), beyond the bridge ; ” but
it cannot be indigenous there, being entirely a Mediterranean plant.
The calyx is cleft in front; its upper lip is large and orbicular, lower
nearly wanting.]

Tribe III. Ajugoide-e. Corolla irregular ; upper lip abbre-
viate or apparently wanting. Stamens much exserted, duly *

namous, parallel , ascending ; the two lower ones the longest.

(Gen. 6, 7.)

6. Teucrium Linn. Germander.

Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, nearly equal or 2-lipped. Cor. with
the upper lip bipartite; lower one patent, 3-fid. Siam, much
exserted. Celts of the anthers confluent, spreading. — Named
from an ancient king of Troy, called Teucer , who is said to have
first employed this plant medicinally.

1. T. Scoroddnia L. (Wood G.) ; leaves oblong-ovate cordate
at the base petiolate downy crenate green on both sides, floral
ones small about the length of the pedicels, flowers in lateral and
terminal one-sided racemes, calyx sub-bilabiate, upper lip ovate
entire lower 4-toothed, tube of the corolla exserted, stem erect.
E. B. 1. 1543.

Woods and dry stony places, frequent. If.. 7, 8. — Stems 1 — 2 ft.
high. Leaves very much wrinkled. Flowers yellowish-white. Slam.
purplish-red. The plant is extremely bitter, and has been sometimes
substituted for hops.

328 lxiii. labiate. \_Ajuga.

2. T. Scurdium L. (Water G.) ; herbaceous perennial pro-
cumbent at the base villous or rarely glabrous, leaves oblong or
ovate-oblong toothed sessile green on both sides,' floral ones
similar, whorls axillary 2 — 6-flowered, calyx declinate cam-
panulate gibbous at the base on the under side, the teeth
short nearly equal. — a. leaves narrow or rounded at the base.
T. palustre Lam. — /3. leaves shorter cordate-amplexicaul at
the base. E. B. t. 828. T. scordioides Schreb.

Low wet meadows, rare. Near the bridge of Portumna, county
Tipperary, Ireland. Devonshire, Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and
Yorkshire. If. 7, 8. — The var. a. is the plant of Linn$us; but Mr.
D. Moore (in the Phyt. ii. p. 1 29) has proved the two supposed species
to be the result of situation.

3. T. *B6trys L. ( cut-leaved annual G.) ; annual erect vil-
lous, leaves pinnatifid, segments oblong quite entire or incise
divaricate green on both sides, floral leaves similar, whorls axil-
lary 6-flowered, calyx gibbous at the base on the under side
inflated tubular, the teeth lanceolate equal.

Rare. In a stony and steep valley, facing the south, near the end of
Box Hill farthest from Burford Bridge. Q. 8.

4. T. *Chamce'drys L. ( Wall G.) ; leaves ovate inciso-serrate
wedge-shaped and entire at the base green on both sides, floral
leaves smaller nearly entire, whorls of 2 — 6 flowers, upper ones
racemose, calyx declinate campanulate, the teeth lanceolate-
acuminate nearly equal, flowers axillary, stem ascending. E.B.
t. 680.

Borders of fields and mostly ruined walls ; Winchelsea Castle, Sus-
sex; Gateshead, Durham; St. David’s, Pembrokeshire; city walls of
Norwich ; plentiful. Near Coupar, Forfar, and Kelly Castle, Forfar-
shire; Methven wood, Perthshire. Near Cork. If.. 7. — Flowers
reddish-purple, large handsome, mostly in the terminal axils.

[ Teucrium regium Schreb., supposed by Mr. Bentham to be a var.
of T. Jtavum, a plant peculiar to the region of the Mediterranean, is
said to have been found on a declivity of the Blorenge near Aberga-
venny ; but it cannot be indigenous.]

7. A'juga Linn. Bugle.

Cal. ovate, nearly equal, 5-cleft. Cor. with the tube ex-
serted: upper lip short, erect, entire or emarginate; lower one
larger, patent, trilid. Stam. 4, ascending, protruded above the
upper lip ; cells of the anthers diverging or divaricate, at length
confluent. — Name said by Pliny to be corrupted from Abiga
(abigo, to expel) of the Latins, a medicinal plant allied to
this; but the Greek (accus. alvyd), unyoked, is the more
probable derivation.

1. A. reptans L. ( common B.)\ glabrous or downy, stem

LXIII. LABIATE.

A'juga. ]

329

solitary with creeping scions, leaves ovate or obovate sinuate or
quite entire. E. B. t. 489. A. alpina E. B. t. 477.?

Moist pastures and woods abundant. 2/.. 5, 6 Leaves broadly

ovate, more or less crenate, lower ones and those on the scions tapering
into a foot-stalk. Flowering-stem erect, with sessile leaves. Flowers
blue (sometimes white or flesh-coloured), in whorls of 6 — 20 from
the axils of the upper leaves or bructeas, which are often purplish.
What the true A. alpina of Linnasus is, is not easily determined.
Smith, on the authority of the Lintuean herbarium, asserts that it has
no scions, and considers that A. Genevensis L. is probably the same.
Fries states that it has scions when specimens are perfect, and that
the lower floral leaves are lobed ; so that it appears to be only a slight
variety of A. reptans. Mr. Bentham refers the British species to A.
reptans, but unites A. pyramidalis to A. Genevensis. The stations
usually assigned to A. alpina are: “mountains of Aberdeenshire, not
uncommon;” Carnedd-Llywelyn, in Caernarvonshire; Castleton,
Derbyshire ; County of Durham ; and Cave-hill, Belfast. The
Scotch ones have all proved to be A. reptans : the Durham locality is
denied by Winch; the Welsh one is very doubtful, and no species
without scions can be found on Cave-hill, nor in any Belfast herba-
rium by Professor G. Dickie.

2. A. pyramidalis L. ( pyramidal B .); hairy or glabrous,
upper or all the whorls spieate, scions none, radical leaves ob-
long-ovate large more or less crenate, floral leaves broadly
ovate quite entire or obscurely sinuate longer than the flowers
and crowded into a pyramidal and tetragonal form, upper ones
usually coloured. E. B. t. 1270.

Highland pastures, rare. Ben Nevis ; plentiful at the Burn of Kil-
ligower and on the Ord of Caithness; Tor Aichaltie, near Brahan
Castle, Ross-shire ; Appin ; Strath Erric, Inverness-shire ; Isle of
Lewis; Orkney. S. Isles of Arran, Ireland. 2). 5, 6. — Stem 4 — 0
inches high. Leaves gradually becoming smaller from the base
upwards.

3. A. C ham a' pity s Sm. ( Ground-Pine , or yellow B.) ; hairy,
steins much branched spreading, leaves tripartite their seg-
ments linear entire, floral leaves similar longer than the axillary
solitary flowers. E. B. t. 77. Teucrium L.

Sandy or gravelly fields. Not unfrequent in Kent and Surrey)
Tiiplow Heath, Cambridgeshire ; Purfleet, Essex. ©. 4 — 10. —

Very different in habit from the preceding species. Flowers yellow,
spotted with red, and nestled among the narrow segments of the leaves,
of which the lowermost aie much broader. Stem reddish-purple,
glutinous.

330

LXIII. LABIATE.

[ Ballota .

Tribe IV. Nepeteje. Cor. 2 -lipped. Stamens ascending or
converging , shorter than the upper lip. (Gen. 8 — 20.)

* Cal. equal or oblique, 5 — 10-toothed, not 2-lipped. (Gen.

8—16.)

f Stamens ascending, longer than the tube of the corolla.

(Gen. 8 — 15.)

8. Ballota Linn. Horehound.

Cal. salver-shaped, equal, with 10 ribs and 5 broad mucro-
n ate teeth, naked within. Cor. with the tube included: upper
lip erect, concave ; lower one trifid, middle lobe the largest,
emarginate. The two anterior stamens the longest. Cells of
the anthers diverging, opening longitudinally. Achenes rounded
at the end. — Named fiaWwrr], from fiaWu, to reject; on account
of its disagreeable smell.

1. B. nigra L. ( black H.) ; leaves ovate crenato-serrate,
bracteas linear-subulate, teeth of the calyx shortly acuminate
patent longer than the tube of the corolla. — a. cal. -tube shorter
and stouter, the teeth broadly ovate short suddenly acuminate
mucronate carinate reflexed. E. B. t. 46. B. foetida Lam.
B. borealis Schvwigg. — 13. cal. -tube narrow and elongate
dilated upwards, the teeth ovate gradually acuminate aristate
erecto-patent. B. ruderalis Fries.

Waste places near towns and villages, less frequent in the north. —
/3. Bomere, Shropshire. I/.. 6 — 10. — Stems 2 — 3-ft. high. Flowers
in whorls, purple, rarely white. Whole plant fetid. Fries, Leighton,
and some others, pronounce the above varieties to be quite distinct
species ; but Mr. Bentham does not consider them sufficiently marked
to be noticed even as varieties.

9. Leoneees Linn. Motherwort.

Cal. with 5 or 10 ribs, equal, with 5 subulate teeth, the throat
naked. Cor. with the upper lip nearly flat, very hairy above,
entire; lower one patent, trifid. The two anterior statnens the
longest. Anthers sprinkled with shining dots ; cells parallel,
opening longitudinally. Achenes truncate. — Named from Xttu >■,
a lion, and ovpa a tail; from a fancied resemblance in the plant
to a lion’s tail.

1. L. *CardiacaL. {common M.); leaves petiolate, lower ones
palmately 5-cleft incise-toothed, upper cuneate-lanceolate 3-
lobed, uppermost entire, tube of the corolla with an oblique
ring. E. B. t. 286.

Hedges and waste places, in several parts of England. About
Edinburgh. South of Ireland, g. 7 — 9. — Stem 3ft. high, branched.

Galeopsis.'] lxiii. labiate. 331

Flowers in crowded whorls, white with a reddish tinge ; upper lip of
cor. shaggy. Cal. with pungent spreading teeth, the two lower rather
the longest.

10. Galeopsis Linn. Hemp-nettle.

Cal. campanulate, equal, 5-toothed, teeth mucronate. Cor.
with the tube exserted, the throat inflated : upper lip arched ;
lower one with 3 unequal lobes, having two teeth on its upper
side. The two anterior .stamens the longest. Anther-ce\\s opposite,
bursting transversely, two-valved. Achenes rounded at the end.
— Name: ya\ei j, a weasel , and o-J/ic, aspect or appearance ; from
a resemblance in the lip of the flower to the snout of that
animal.

1. G. Ladanum L. ( red H.) ; stem softly pubescent with de-
flexed hairs or glabrous, not swollen below the joints, leaves
lanceolate subserrate downy on both sides, calyx having some-
times a few glands, upper lip of the corolla slightly notched.
E. B. t. 884.

Gravelly or chalky fields, or on limestone rubbish. Rare in Scotland ;
near Dunfermline. ©. 7 — 10. — Stem 10 — 12 inches high, with
opposite branches. Leaves rather small, petiolate, hairy. Flowers
purplish rose-coloured. Hairs on the calyx in the common form
adpressed, with a few glands: when the hairs are spreading without
glands, the plant becomes the G. canescens Scliult., which has been
observed at Southampton.

2. G. ochroleuca Lam. (downy H .) ; stem softly pubescent
with deflexed hairs not swollen below the joints, leaves ovato-
lanceolate serrate, soft and downy on both sides, calyx glan-
dular-hairy, upper lip of the corolla deeply notched. G. villosa
Huds.: E. B. t. 2353.

Sandy corn-fields, rare. Yorkshire ; Lancashire ; Nottingham-
shire ; Bereehurch, Essex. Bangor, Wales. ©. 7, 8. — Flowers

large, pale yellow. The names given by Lamarck has unquestionably
the priority by twelve years of that by Hudson.

3. G. Tetrahit L. (common H.); stem hispid swollen below
the joints, leaves oblong-ovate acuminate hispid serrate, calyx-
teeth twice as long as the tube, corolla with the tube as long as
the calyx, upper lip erect ovate. E. B. t. 207. G. bifida Boenn.

Corn-fields and cultivated grounds, frequent. ©. 7 — 9. — Stem

1 — 2 ft. high. Flowers purplish, often white.

4. G. versicolor Curt, (large-flowered H.) ; stem hispid
swollen below the joints, leaves oblong-ovate acuminate hispid
serrate, calyx-teeth shorter than the tube, corolla with the
tube much longer than the calyx, upper lip horizontal inflated.
E. B. t. 667.

332

LX1II. LABIATA2.

[ Galeobdolon.

Corn-fields, Norfolk ; common about Warrington. Near Llanrwst,
N. Wales. Abundant in Scotland, especially in the Highlands. Ire-
land. 0. 7, 8 Often 2 — 3 feet high, with large rank foliage.

Flowers showy, yellow, with a broad purple spot on the lower lip.
Mr. Bentham unites it to the last; Mr. Borrer, we believe, entertains
the same opinion : we merely retain it because we have not observed
intermediate forms, and because it is as readily distinguished in the
herbarium as when growing.

11. Galeobdolon Huds. Weasel -snout.

Cal. campanulate, 5-ribbed, nearly equal, 5-toothed. Upper
lip of the cor. incurved, arched, entire; lower one smaller, in
3 nearly equal lobes. The two anterior stamens the longest:
anther- cells diverging, opening longitudinally. Achenes acutely
triquetrous, flatly truncate at the end. — Named from ya\tt], a
weasel, and iiSoXog, a fetid scent. — Formerly considered synony-
mous with Galeopsis, from which genus it is now removed.

1. G. liiteum Huds. ( yellow IF., or Archangel) ; lateral lobes
of the lower lip of the corolla oblong acute. E. B. t. 787.
Lamium Galeobdolon Crantz.

Woods and shady places, in England, the south of Scotland, and
Ireland. %. 4 — 6. — One foot or more high. Leaves ovate-acumi-

nate, petiolate, deeply serrate. Flowers whorled, yellow ; lower Up
orange and spotted.

12. Lamium Linn. Dead-nettle.

Cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed, 5-toothed, nearly equal. Cor.
with the throat inflated; upper lip entire, arched; lower one
patent, 2-lobed, with one or two teeth on each side at the base.
The two anterior stamens the longest. Anther- cells diverging,
opening longitudinally. Achenes acutely triquetrous, flatly
truncated at the end. — Named from \aipoe, the throat ; on
account of the shape of the flower.

1. L. album L. ( ivhite D.) ; leaves cordate-acuminate deeply
serrate stalked, calycine teeth long subulate always spreading,
tube of the corolla curved upwards having a hairy ring within,
the throat dilated, upper lip oblong, lateral lobes of the lower
one with 1 — 3. long subulate teeth. L. vulgatum Benth. —
a. flowers white, leaves spotless. L. album E. B. t. 768. —
/3. flowers white, leaves with white blotches. — y. flowers pur-
ple, leaves spotless. L. laevigatum L. L. rugosum Ait. L.
maculatum Sm. : E. B. t. 2550. — 8. flowers purple, leaves
smaller with white blotches. L. maculatum L.

Borders of fields and waste places, abundant. — $. Below Partick
near Glasgotv. — y. Naturalized near Bristol, London, and in Fife-
shire. — 8. Fifeshire ; Musselburgh; Hamilton. If.. 5 — 9. — We
have followed Mr. Bentham in uniting L. Icevigatum and maculatum

Betonica.~\

LXIII. LABIATE.

333

of Linn., and L. rugosum of Aiton, with L. album : we do not find
the characters taken from the calyx, and ring of hairs within the
corolla pointed out by some, to be constant.

2. L. purpureum L. ( red D.); leaves cordate crenate all
stalked, upper ones crowded, teeth of the calyx as long as the
tube always spreading, tube of the corolla straight having
a hairy ring within, the throat much dilated, lateral lobes of
the lower lip with two short teeth. E. B. t. 769.

Borders of fields and in hedges, plentiful. ©. 4 — 10. — Leaves,

especially the upper ones, with a silky hairiness, and a purplish tinge
on the floral ones.

3. L. inctsum Willd. ( cut-leaved D.) ; leaves broadly cordate
or deltoid-cuneate deeply inciso-crenate all stalked, the upper-
most crowded, teeth of the calyx subulate about as long as
the tube always spreading, tube of the corolla straight naked
within, lateral lobes of the lower lip with a short tooth. E. B.
t. 1933.

Cultivated and waste ground, growing very large in the Hebrides.
©. 4 — 6. — Very difficult to be distinguished by characters either

from the last or the next species, and perhaps the three might be
judiciously combined.

4. L. inter mediumYv\es (intermediate I).) ; leavesobtuse inciso-
crenate, lower ones stalked, upper reniform-cordate, floral ones
sessile rather crowded, teeth of the calyx subulate longer than
the tube always spreading, tube of the corolla straight naked
within, lateral lobes of the lower lip with a short tooth.
E. B. S. t. 2914.

Newport, Isle of Wight ; Shropshire. Not uncommon in Scot-
land. Sligo, Ireland. ©. 6 — 9. — Calyx spreading, as in the two

last, different, even in the herbarium, from that of the next species,
to which however Mr. Bentham unites it: more probably, as appears
to us, it is a variety of L. incisum.

5. L. amplexicaule L. ( Henbit D .) ; leaves orbicular wrinkled
inciso-crenate, the floral ones sessile becoming distant by the
lengthening of the stem, teeth of the calyx lanceolate-subulate
about as long as the tube, connivent after flowering, tube of the
corolla straight naked within, tooth of the lateral lobes of the
lower lip obsolete. E. B. t. 770.

Waste places, sandy fields and gardens. ©. 4 — 8. — Corolla of

a fine deep rose-colour, with a very slender tube, often small and
abortive although the achenes ripen.

13. Betonica Linn. Betony.

Cal. ovate, 10-ribbed ; teeth 5, equal, awned. Cor. with the
tube exserted, cylindrical: upper lip ascending; lower one

334

LXIII. LABIATE.

[ Stachys.

patent trifid, its middle lobe entire, or nearly so. The two
anterior stamens the longest. .4n^er-cells somewhat parallel,
opening longitudinally. Achenes rounded at the end. — Name
altered from Bentonic, in Celtic ; ben, meaning head , and ton,
good, or tonic. Its properties are cephalic.

1. B. officinalis L. {Wood B.); hairy, spike interrupted
short, leaves cordate-oblong crenate, corolla twice as long as
the calyx, stem naked, middle lobe of the lower lip somewhat
notched. E. B. t. 1142. Stachys Betonica Benth.

Woods and thickets ; frequent in England, not common in Scotland.
y. . 6 — 8. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, hairy, with few leaves, the lower-
most on long footstalks, upper and floral ones sessile, uppermost linear
quite entire and as long as the calyx. Spikes oblong-ovate. Calyx
nearly glabrous. Bracteus ovate, mucronate.

14. Stachys Linn. Woundwort.

Cal. subcampanulate, 10-ribbed; teeth 5, nearly equal, acu-l
minate. Cor. with the tube as long as the calyx : upper lip
mostly arched, entire; lower one 3-lobed, with the two lateral
lobes reflexed. The two anterior stamens the longest. Anther-'
cells diverging, opening longitudinally. Achenes rounded at:
the end. — This genus scarcely differs from Betonica but in the
shorter tube of its corolla. — Name: a raxes, a spike; from the
nature of the inflorescence.

1. S. sylvatica L. ( Hedge IF.); whorls of 6 — 8 flowers dis-
tant, bracteas minute, cal.-teeth very acute, leaves cordate-
ovate acute serrate long-stalked, upper floral ones linear entire.
E. B. t. 416.

Woods and shady places. It , 7, 8. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high,

hairy, filled with pith. Leaves truly cordate and tapering from below
the middle to a point, in which respect it differs from the following.
Petioles as long as the leaves themselves. Flowers purple.

2. S. palustris L. (Marsh TF) ; whorls of 6 — 10 flowers,
bracteas minute, cal.-teeth very acute, leaves linear-lanceolate
or ovato-lanceolate rounded or cordate at the base sessile or
shortly stalked. — a. lower leaves shortly stalked, upper sessilei
and semi-amplexicaul. E. B. t. 167 5.-/8. ambigua, leaves'
distinctly stalked, stalks not above half the length of the leaf.
S. ambigua Sm. : E. B. t. 2089.

River-banks and watery or moist places, frequent. — $. not un-
common in Scotland, especially in the West Highlands ; also in
various places in England and Ireland. 2/.. 7, 8. — Rhizome exten-

sively creeping. Stetn hollow. There seem to be two plants known
under the name of S. ambigua : the one with narrow leaves, on
stalks not a fourth of their length, is certainly a mere variety of S.

Nepeta.~\

LX HI. LABIATE.

335

palustris ; the other, having broader leaves and longer stalks, may
be a hybrid between it and S. sylvatica.

3. S. Germdnica L. ( downy FT.) ; whorls many-flowered,
leaves oblong-ovate or ovato-lanceolate with a cordate base
crenate or serrate densely silky stalked, upper ones lanceolate
acute sessile, calyx silky, teeth acute subspinose, corolla ex-
ternally woolly, bracteas as long as the calyx, stem erect woolly.
E. B. t. 829.

Fields and hedges in England, on a limestone soil, and chiefly in
Oxfordshire and Bedfordshire. It. 7. — Remarkable for its dense
covering of silky hairs or wool. Mr. Bentham remarks that he can-
not satisfactorily distinguish this from the garden S'. lanata on the
one hand, nor from S. nlpina on the other.

4. S. arvensis L. ( Corn IF.); annual, whorls of 4 — 6 flowers,
stem decumbent or ascending, leaves cordate-ovate obtuse
crenate slightly hairy stalked, floral ones ovate-oblong sessile
acute, teeth of the calyx lanceolate-aristate, corolla scarcely
longer than the calyx. E. B. t. 1154.

Dry corn-fields, frequent. 0. 4 — 11. — Distinguished by its

diminutive size, weak stems, small and obtuse generally stalked leaves,
and its pale purplish corollas, which scarcely exceed the calyx in

length.

5. S. *dnnaa L. (pale annual IF.) ; annual erect downy, whorls
of 4 — 6 flowers spicate, leaves oblongo-lanceolate rather acute
crenato-serrate 3-nerved the lower ones stalked, floral ones
lanceolate acute, cal. hairy its teeth lanceolate-subulate, tube
of the corolla longer than the calyx. E. B. t. 2669.

Fields between Gadshill and Rochester, Kent. ©. 8, 9. —

Achenes roundish, glossy, minutely rough.

15. Nepeta Linn. Cat-mint. Ground-Ivy.

Cal. tubular, many- (15-) ribbed, its mouth usually a little
oblique, 5-toothed. Cor. with the lube exserted : upper lip
straight, emarginate or bifid; lower 3-fid. The two anterior
stamens the shortest. Anthers before bursting approaching in
pairs, cells diverging. — Named, some say, from Nepi, a town in
Italy; others from nepa , a scorpion , for whose bite this plant
was considered a cure.

1. N. Catdria L. ( Cat-mint') ; stems erect, flowers in spiked
subpeduncled dense many-flowered whorls, leaves stalked
cordate inciso-serrate whitish-pubescent beneath. E. B. t. 137.

Hedges and waste places, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil in
England. Rare in Scotland ; hedges near Craig-Nethan Gastle,
Glasgow, and between Culross and Kincardine. At Rathfarnham ;
and by the Shannon, opposite Limerick ; Ireland. It. 7 — 9. — Stems

336 lxiii. labiate. [ Marrubium .

2 — 3 feet high, downy, as well as the leaves, and whitish. Floral
leaves bract-like. Flowers white, tinged and spotted with rose
colour. Upper lip of the corolla emarginate, lower with the lateral
lobes reflexed, the middle lobes broad, concave, crenate. Anthers
reddish. Achenes smooth and glabrous.

2. N. Glechdma Bentli. (Ground- Ivy) ; procumbent, leaves
reniform crenate, whorls axillary stalked unilateral 3 — 4-flow-
ered, teeth of the calyx ovate mucronate. Glechoma kederacea
L. : E. B. t. 853.

Hedges and waste places, frequent. 7) . 3 — 5. — Extensively

creeping. Leaves stalked, downy ; floral ones similar to the others.
Flowers large, blue, or very rarely pure white. Upper lip of the cor.
bifid ; middle lobe of the lower one emarginate, plane, lateral lobes
spreading.

ff Stamens ascending, included within the tube of the corolla.

(Gen. 16.)

16. Makrubium Linn. White Ilorehound.

Cal. with 10 ribs and 5 or 10 spreading teeth, the throat
hairy. Cor. with the tube exserted ; upper lip erect ; lower
one 3-lobed, middle lobe the largest, emarginate. The two
anterior stamens the longest. Achenes flatly truncate at the
end. — Name of doubtful origin; some say from a town so
called in Italy.

1. M. *vulgdre\j. (common white H.); everywhere hoarv with
a white thick pubescence or woolliness, stem erect, leaves
roundish-ovate toothed or crenate wrinkled, calyx with 10
setaceous hooked teeth, upper-lip of the corolla oblong bifid.
E. B. t. 410.

Waste places and way-sides, but scared}' wild. Not common in
England ; more rare in Scotland (as near Edinburgh), and in
Ireland. If.. 8,9. — Stem 1 — 1£ ft. high, bushy. Flowers small,
almost white, in crowded whorls. Smell aromatic ; flavour bitter.
This plant has been much in use for coughs and asthma.

** Calyx 2-lipped. The two anterior stamens the longest.

(Gen. 17—20.)

f Stamens distant , but converging under the upper lip of the
corolla. (Gen. 17.)

17. Calamxntha Mcench. Calamint. Basil-Thyme.

Wild-Basil.

Cal. 13-nerved, tubular: upper lip 3-, lower 2-fid, throat
mostly hairy. Tube of the cor. straight; upper lip straight
nearly plane ; lower one spreading, trifid. Anther- cells at length

LX1II. LABIATE.

337

Calamintha .]

diverging. Connectivum, subtriangular. — Name: uaXnc, good,
and iiivtia, mint ; a plant whose scent was said to drive away
serpents.

* Annual. Cal. gibbous at the base below. Middle lobe of the lower lip
of cor. nearly entire. IVhorls of about 6 simple \-flowercd pedicels,
with almost no bracteas Acinos.

1. C. A'cinos Clairv. ( common B.); stem ascending branched,
leaves oblong on short stalks acute serrate more or less ciliate
at the base. Thymus L.: E. B. t. 411. Acinos vulgaris Pers.

Cultivated fields, especially in a gravelly, sandy, chalky soil. Rare
in Scotland; North Queensferry, &c. ©. 7. — Stem 6 — 8 inches

)Gng. Leaves sometimes almost entire. Flowers bluish-purple.
Lower lip of the corolla with the middle segment emarginate. Smell
fragrant, aromatic.

** Perennial. Cal. nearly equal at the base. Middle lobe of the lower
lip of cor. emarginate. IVhorls of two lax peduncled cymes. Brac-
teas minute. Calamintha.

2. C. Nepeta Clairv. ( lesser C .) ; stem herbaceous with pro-
cumbent ascending or erect branches, leaves shortly stalked
ovate serrate pale beneath, cymes stalked dichotomous many-
flowered, calyx subcampanulate obscurely 2-lipped, teeth
shortly ciliate all nearly of the same shape, the upper ones
slightly shorter, hairs in the mouth prominent. Melissa L.
Thymus Sm.: E. B. t. 1414.

Dry banks and way-sides, on a chalky soil, in England, not com-
mon. !{.. 7 — 8 “ Rather smaller in all its parts than the next,

especially the leaves, which are strongly serrate. Odour strong,
resembling Mentha Pulegium. The prominent while hairs on the
mouth of the cal. distinguish this species from the next.”— Sm. Stalks
of the cymes about as long as the primary partial stalk.

3. C. officinalis Mcench ( common C.); stem herbaceous with
loose ascending branches, leaves stalked broadly ovate obtuse
crenato-serrate green on both sides, cymes stalked few-flowered
shortly dichotomous or umbellate, calyx distinctly 2-lipped,
teeth with long cilite, those of the upper lip triangular straight
or ascending, of the lower subulate and longer, hairs in the
mouth not prominent, lobes of the lower lip of the corolla
distant, middle one the longest. Thymus Calamintha Scop.;
E. B. t. 1676. Melissa Calamintha L.

Way-sides and borders of fields, chiefly in gravelly soils in Eng-
land, not very common. South of Ireland. %. 7 — 9. — Rhizome

sometimes throwing out scions above ground, and not creeping below.
Stalks of the cytnes scarcely half the length of the primary partial
stalk. Plant aromatic, and employed to make herb-tea. Mr.
Bentham remarks that neither by habit nor characters can this be at

Q

338

LXIII. LABIATvE.

\_Melittis.

all times distinguished from C. Nepeta or sylvalica ; and Mr. H.
Watson is equally at a loss : we experience the same difficulty.

4. C. sylvalica Bromf. {Wood C.); stem herbaceous with
ascending branches, leaves stalked broadly ovate sharply serrate
green on both sides, cymes stalked many-flowered dichotomous,
calyx distinctly 2-lipped, teeth with long cilia, those of the
upper lip spreading or recurved, of the lower subulate and
longer, hairs in the mouth not prominent, lobes of the lower
lip of the corolla contiguous all nearly equally long. E. B. S.
t. 2897.

Among copse-wood in the Isle of Wight. If. 8 — 10. — Rhizome
slightly creeping. Leaves large. Stalks of the cymes about as long
as the primary partial stalk. The principal distinction between this
and the last lies in the upper lip of the calyx and lower one of the
corolla, and it is almost impossible to detect these characters in dried
specimens.

*** Cal. nearly equal at the base. Middle lobe of lower lip of cor.
notched. Whorls sessile, dense, many -flowered, with numerous linear
bracteas, forming a sort of involucre. Clinopodium.

5. C. Clinopddium Benth. {common W.) ; leaves ovate ob-
scurely serrate, whorls hairy, bracteas setaceous, pedicels
branched. Clinopodium vulgare L.: E.B. t. 1401.

Hills and dry bushy places, not uncommon. 1/.. 7 — 9. — Stem

1 — foot high, with soft hairs. Flowers in crowded whorls, large,
purple. Smell aromatic.

[ Melissa officinalis L., or Balm, has been found naturalized in the
south of England and Ireland.]

Stamens ascending, parallel. (Gen. 18 — 20.)

18. Melittis Linn. Bastard-Balm.

Cal. with branching veins, broadly campanulate; upper lip

2 — 3-toothed; lower two lobed, lobes broadly ovate. Cor. with
the tube much exserted ; upper lip nearly flat (or slightly con-
cave) entire; lower one 3-lobed, spreading, lobes rounded,
nearly equal. Anthers approaching in pairs and forming a
cross; cells distinct, diverging, opening longitudinally. — Name:
the same as piXiaaa, a bee; from pt\i, honey , on account of it
yielding honey to bees.

1. M. Melissophyllum L. {Bastard -Balm): E.B.t. 577.
M. grandiflora Sm. : E. B. t. 636 {excl. syn. of Curtis).

Woods, coppices, and hedges in the south (Hampshire), and par-
ticularly the south-west, of England. 2/.. 5,6. — A most beautiful

plant, a foot to a foot and a half high, with oblong-ovate or some-

Scutellaria .]

LXIII. LABIATE.

339

what cordate serrate leaves, and large conspicuous often highly
coloured Jloivers : the lower lip of the corolla is sometimes purple
with a white margin, sometimes spotted with purple, but it varies
considerably. The plant, when growing, is said to have a disagreeable
smell, but when dried it is fragrant, like the Anthoxanthum odoratum,
and the scent is retained for many years in the herbarium. M. gran-
diflora Sm. (the true M. Melissopltgllum L.) is neither sufficiently
marked nor permanent to constitute a distinct variety.

19. Prunella Linn. Self-heal.

Cal. ovate; upper lip plane, more or less distinctly 3-toothed ;
lower one bifid. Cor. with the upper lip nearly entire, arched ;
lower one 3-lobed. Filaments with two teeth at the extremity,
one bearing the 2-celled anther. Style bifid. — Named front the
German, brdune , the quinsy (which it was supposed to cure) ;
whence comes Brunella of C. Baultin, softened into Prunella
by J. Bauhin.

1. P. vulgaris L. (common S .); leaves stalked oblong-ovate,
upper lip of the calyx truncate, its teeth usually obsolete,
the teeth of the lower lip ovato-lanceolate mucronate, corolla
scarcely twice the length of the calyx. E.B. t. 961.

Moist and barren pastures, frequent. y. 7, 8. — Leaves in
British specimens entire or toothed, in foreign ones sometimes incise
or pinnatifid. Flowers very densely whorled, so as to form an im-
bricated oblong spike, with a pair of leaves at its base, and a pair of
broad bracteas beneath each wliorl. Cor. violet-blue, its lower lip
finely toothed at the margin.

20. Scutellaria Linn. Skull-cap.

Cal. broadly ovate, having a conspicuous concave tooth or
scale on the upper side; its 2 nearly equal entire lips closed
after flowering. Cor. with the tube much exserted; upper lip
straight arched; lower one trifid. Filaments simple; anthers
of the two lower stamens 1-celled, of the two upper 2-celled.
Style bifid, upper lobe very short. — Named from scutella, a
little dish or cup, which the calyx with its appendage or ear
somewhat resembles.

1. S. gulericulata L. (common S.)\ stem branched divaricate,
leaves crenate oblong or ovato-lanceolate rounded or cordate at
the base, flowers axillary solitary opposite secund, calyx downy
without glands. E. B. t. 523.

Banks of rivers and lakes, especially in stony places, y. 7, 8.
— Stem 8 or 10 inches to 1 foot high. Flowers rather large, blue,
usually downy.

2. S. minor L. (lesser S .); glabrous, leaves shortly stalked
obtuse mostly quite entire, lowest ones broadly ovate, interme-
diate ones ovato-lanceolate cordate and somewhat hastate at

q 2

340 lxiv. YERBENACEiE. [Verbena.

the base, upper and floral ones lanceolate rounded at the base,
flowers (small) solitary axillary opposite unilateral, corolla
nearly glabrous with the throat dilated, calyx downy without
glands. E. B. t. 524.

Moist heathy places and by the sides of lakes, chiefly in the western
and middle counties of England, very rare on the east coast. Wales.
West coast of Scotland, rare; bog between Luss and Helensburgh,
Dumbartonshire. y. 7 — 10. — Stem 4 — 6 inches high. Lower
leaves sometimes with one or two teeth at the base, and hence sub-
hastate ; upper ones much narrower and quite entire. Flowers pale-
reddish, almost white. Lower lip spotted.

Ord. LXIV. VERBENACE.ZE Juss.

Calyx tubular or campnnulate, persistent. Corolla mono-
petalous; tube elongated ; limb irregular 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens
4 didynamous, or 2; anthers 2-celIed. Ovary 2 — 4-celled,
2 — 4-seeded. Style 1, terminal. Stigma bifid or entire. Cap-
sule separating at length into 2 — 4 achenes , or indehiscent, or a
berry with 1 — 4 nucules. Albumen 0. Radicle inferior. —
Trees or shrubs or herbaceous plants. Leaves generally oppo-
site.— The teak of the East Indies, extensively employed for
ship-building, belongs to this Natural Order.

1. Verbena Linn. Vervain.

Cal. tubular, with 5 teeth, one of them generally shorter than
the rest. Cor. tubular, with the limb rather unequal, 5-cleft.
Stamens included (very rarely only 2). Ovary 4-celled ; cells
1-seeded. Capside dividing into 4, 1 -seeded achenes. — Name:
ferfaen in Celtic; derived from fer, to drive away , and faen, a
stone , from having been supposed to cure the complaint so called.
Theis.

1. V. officinalis L. ( common V.) ; stamens 4, stem 4-angled
erect somewhat hispid, leaves rough especially beneath shining
above lanceolate inciso-serrate or trifid with the segments incise,
spikes filiform somewhat panicled, flowers rather remote, bracteas
ovate acuminate about half the length of the calyx. E. B.
t. 767.

Road-sides and waste ground, frequent in England. Rare in Ire-
land. Inverkeithing, Scotland. y. 7 — 9.

Ord. LXV. LENTIBULARIACEiE Rich.

Calyx divided. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, with a spur.
Stamens 2, from the base of the corolla. Anthers 1 -celled.
Ovary 1 -celled. Style usually wanting or very short (rarely
filiform). Stigma of 2 plates, upper one smaller, sometimes obso-

Pinguicula.~\

LXV. LENTIBULARIACEvE.

341

lete. Capsule with a large central placenta, bearing many seeds,
which are very minute, without albumen. — Small herbaceous
marsh plants, with leaves all radical and undivided; or aquatic
plants, with compound root-like leaves bearing bladders.

1. Tinguicula. Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip 3-lobed.

2. Utiucui.aria. Calyx bipartite, upper segment entire.

1. Pinguxccla Linn. Butterwort.

Cal. 2-lipped, lower lip bifid, upper of 3 segments. Cor.
ringent. Stigma sessile. Capsule with 2 valves at the top. —
Named from pinguis, fat; the leaves being thick and greasy to
the touch.

1. P. vulgaris L. ( common B.); spur subulate cylindrical
nearly straight shorter than the veinless limb of the corolla
whose segments are very unequal oblong-obovate rounded even
diverging from each other and all entire, capsule ovate acute.
E. B. t. 70.

Bogs, moist banks and heaths, most abundant in the North, y .
5 — 7. — Foliage radical, covered with minute raised crystalline points,
fleshy, the margins involute. Scapes single-flowered, and the calyx
somewhat downy. Flowers purple, very handsome, drooping ; palate
covered with white compactly jointed hairs. Anthers vertical, placed
just beneath the large horizontal plate or lobe of the stigma. Caps.
ovate, 1-celled, bursting half-way into 2 valves. — The leaves are said
to coagulate milk, whence the English name.

2. P. grandiflora Lam. (large-flowered B.) ; spur subulate
cylindrical often notched about as long as the veined limb of
the corolla whose segments are very unequal broadly-obovate
wavy contiguous or overlapping at the edges, the middle one of
the lower lip notched, capsule ovate obtuse. E. B. t. 2184.

Western part of the county of Cork, in marshy ground ; and at
Kemnare. If. 5,6. — This beautiful plant, apparently as rare upon
the continent as in Britain, may he easily cultivated for a succession
of years ; like P. vulgaris, its old leaves die away in winter, and buds
or hybernacula are formed, which expand into perfect individuals in
in the spring. This is probably only a variety of the last ; Mr. Ben-
tham indeed unites them : dried specimens are frequently doubtful.

3. P. alpina L. ( alpine B.) ; spur conical shorter than the
unequal limb of the corolla, and curved towards the lower
retuse lip, scape glabrous, capsule acute. E. B. S. t. 2747.

Bogs in Scotland, very rare. Isle of Skye ; Black Isle, Ross-
shire. If-. 6. — Leaves and flowers about the size of P. Lusitanica ;
but the texture of the foliage most resembles that of P. vulgaris.
Corolla yellowish ; within on the under side is a tuft of deep-yellow
crystalline hairs. Spur remarkably short and conical, curved upwards.

342 lxv. lentibulariacete. \_Utriculdria.

4. P. Lusitanica L. (pale B.') ; spur cylindrical obtuse de-
curved shorter than the almost equal limb of the corolla, leaves
veiny and as well as the scape hairy, capsule globose. E. B.
t. 145.

Marshy places and wet moors, chiefly confined to the west side of
the kingdom : never, we believe, found on the east side, and rarely in
the interior. Plentiful in the Hebrides and Ireland, but most abun-
dant in the extreme north of Scotland, near Cape Wrath. Tf.. 6 — 10.

2. Utricularia Linn. Bladderwort.1

Cal. bipartite, upper lobe entire, lower often notched or 2-
toothed. Cor. personate. Style 0 (or filiform and persistent).
Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule dehiscing irregularly. — Named from
utriculus, a little bladder.

1. U. vulgaris L. ( greater B.) ; spur conical straight or
slightly curved obtuse about half the length of the corolla, the
upper lip of which is as long as the projecting palate, sides of
the lower lip recurved, leaves pinnato-multifid remotely spinu-
lose, vesicles attached to the leaves. E. B. t. 253.

Ditches and deep pools, not unfrequent. 2f. 6,7. — Hoots much

branched. Shoots or runners floating horizontally in the water, clothed
with capillary multifid leaves, bristly at the margin aud bearing little
crested bladders. Scape erect, 4 — 6 inches high, with 6 — 8 bright
yellow flowers in a raceme. Lower Up convex much larger and
broader than the upper one, and having a projecting palate closing
the mouth. Filaments curved, thick, resembling those of Pinguiculu.
Anthers slightly cohering. Stigma large, ciliate.

[ U. neglecta Lehm. a too closely allied species, differing chiefly by
the upper lip of the cor. three times as long as the roundish palate,
and anthers quite free, is said by Mr. Babington to be “ apparently a
native of the Fen Country:” of it we know nothing.]

2. U. intermedia Ilayne ( intermediate B.) ; spur conical acute
pressed against the lower lip somewhat shorter than the corolla,
the upper lip of which is entire twice as long as the palate,
lower entire nearly flat, leaves tripartite their segments linear
dichotomous ciliate, vesicles on leafless branches. E. B.
t. 2489.

1 The British species of this genus are'all aquatics : and their roots, stems,
and even leaves, are furnished with numerous membranous reticulate vesicles,
which, according to Hayne, are filled with water, till it is necessary the plant should
rise to the surface and expand its blossoms above that fluid. The vesicles are then
found to contain only air, by aid of which the plant floats : this air again in autumn
gives place to water, and the plant descends to ripen its seeds at the bottom. Mr.
Wilson observes, with reference to the bladders of U. vulgaris , that “ they have
an orifice closed by an elastic valve , opening inwards, and ol much thinner texture
than the bladder, to which it is attached, where the crest is placed. Aquatic insects
often enter these bladders, aud are, of course, confined there.”

LXVI. PRIMULACE.E.

343

JJtricularia .]

Ditches and deep pools, much less frequent than the preceding.
Scotland Heath, Corfe Castle, Dorset. In Rescobie Lake, Forfar;
also near Elgin. About Dublin and Bantry in Ireland. 2/.. 6, 7.

— This has probably been passed by as the U. vulgaris; but its
flowers are fewer (only 2 or 3 on each scape), smaller, of a pale
yellow, and have a longer upper lip. The stems are more leafy, and
the bladders arise from branched stalks, not from the leaves, it
propagates itself by buds or gemma? which proceed from the ends of
the shoots, and seldom flowers. At the season of flowering, however,
Mr. Borrer finds the vesicles all immersed in the mud, and the leafy
shoots floating under water. Mr. Bentham states that E. B. t.
2489 has been drawn from a barren plant of U. minor, while the
flower is copied from a foreign plate : he is also of opinion that all the
British specimens belong to the next species, and that it is even
doubtful if the foreign ones be distinct.

3. U. minor L. ( lesser B.) ; spur obtuse keeled deflexed much
shorter than the corolla, the upper lip of which is notched and
as long as the palate, lower lip obovate nearly flat, leaves
subtripartite, the segments linear dichotomous glabrous, vesicles
attached chiefly to the leaves. E. B. t. 254.

Ditches and pools, rare ; not unfrequent in many parts of Scot-
land, extending its range .even to Skye. 2). 6 — 9. — Smaller

than the last. Vesicles mixed with the leaves, which latter are glabrous
at the margin. Flowers very pale yellow, and small. Spur scarcely
any. Lower lip almost plane ; palate scarcely closing the mouth,
not projecting beyond the lip. Stigma glabrous.

Ord. LXVI. PRIMULACE/E Vent.

Calyx 4 — 7-cleft. Corolla regular, 4 — 7-lobed (wanting in
Glaux). Stamens as many as and alternate with the sepals,
opposite to the lobes of the corolla. Ovary superior (or half
inferior in Samolus), 1-celled, with the ovules upon a large free
central placenta. Style 1. Stigma capitate. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds usually peltate. Embryo usually transverse (parallel to
the hilum) ; very rarely (in Huttonia ) erect, with the radicle close
to the hilum. Albumen fleshy. — Herbaceous plants, chiefly of
the colder and temperate regions.

* Ovary superior.
t Calyx divided almost to the base.

8 Centunculus. Cal. 4-partite. Cor. with a subglobose tube. Stam.

glabrous. Caps, opening transversely.

7. Anagallis. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate or widely funnel-shaped.

Stamens hairy. Caps, opening transversely.

1. Hottonia. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. salver-shaped. Caps, with valves
connected at the summit.

6. Lysimachia. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate. Stam. glabrous or glan-
dular. Caps, opening at the summit with 5 — 10 teeth or valves.

Q 4

344 lxvi. prijittlaceje. \Hott6nia.

5. Teientalis. Cal. about 7-partite. Cor. rotate. Stam. glabrous.
Caps, opening to the base with revolute fugacious valves.

ft Cal. tubular or campanulate.

2. Primula. Cal. tubular or campanulate, herbaceous. Cor. salver-

sliaped ; limb spreading.

3. Cyclamen. Cal. campanulate, herbaceous. Limb of cor. closely

reflexed.

4. Glaux. Cal. campanulate, coloured. Cor. wanting.

** Ovary half-inferior.

9. Samolus. Cor. salver-shaped.

A. Capsule superior, opening by valves which remain connected
at the apex. Seeds with the hilum at the base, and an erect
embryo. IIottoniese. (Gen. 1.)

1. Hottonia Linn. Water-Violet.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor. salver-sliaped, with a short tube, and flat
limb. Stamens 5, glabrous, inserted into the tube, included.
Stigma globose. Caps, globose, crowned with the persistent
style, splitting laterally into 5 valves which remain connected
at the base and summit. Seeds very numerous. — Named after
Pierre Holton, a professor at Leyden during the latter half
of the 17th century.

1. H. palustris L. ( common W., or Feather f oil) ; flowers
whorled on a long solitary cylindrical stalk, corolla longer than
the calyx, leaves pectinate. E. B. t. 364.

Ditches and pools in England, but not found in Scotland. Down-
patrick, Ireland. %. 5,6. — Root creeping. Leaves all submerged.

Flowers large, handsome, pale purple, rising above the water.

B. Capsule superior, opening at the apex by valves or teeth.
Seeds peltate ; embryo transverse. Pkimulea;. (Gen. 2 — 6.)

2. Primula Linn. Primrose. Oxlip. Cowslip.

Cal. tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed. Cor. salver-sliaped,
its tube cylindrical, its mouth open. Caps, openingwith 10 teeth.
— Named from primus, first, on account of the early appear-
ance of the flowers in the most common species ; in France
primevcre.

1 . P. vulgaris Huds. ( common P.) ; leaves obovate-oblong cre-
nate-toothed wrinkled, scape umbellate usually sessile some-
times on a common stalk, flowers erect, calyx tubular somewhat
inflated teeth linear-lanceolate attenuate very acute, limb of
the corolla flat, tube with a circle of scale-like folds at the
slightly contracted mouth. — a. umbel sessile among the leaves.

LXVT. PROIULACEJE.

345

Primula.']

E. B. t. 4. P. acaulis Jacq. P. gramlifiora Lam. P. veris y.
acaulis L. — /3. umbel stalked.

Woods, hedge-banks, and pastures, abundant. Tf.. 4,5. — If the
flower-stalks of the var. a., or common form, are traced to their very
base, they will be found to spring from one common point, and to
constitute a sessile umbel. The var. /3. is the polyanthus of our gardens,
and often supposed to be P. elatior.

2. P. elatior Jacq. ( Jacquins O.) ; leaves ovate toothed
wrinkled contracted below the middle, scape umbellate, outer
flowers drooping, calyx tubular usually dose to the tube of the
corolla, teeth lanceolate acute, limb of the corolla slightly con-
cave, tube open at. the mouth without scales or folds. E. B.
t. 513. P. veris /3. elatior L.

Woods and meadows in the eastern counties of England, particu-
larly about Bardfield in Essex. Hitcham, Suffolk. 4,5. — We

are not satisfied that this species is really distinct from the numerous
hybrids between P. vulgaris and P. veris. Mr. Bentham unites the
three.

3. P. veris L. ( common C., or Paigle ) ; leaves ovate crenate-
toothed wrinkled contracted below the middle, scape umbellate,
flowers drooping, calyx tubular campanulate, teeth short ovate,
limb of the corolla concave, tube with a circle of scale-like folds
at the slightly contracted mouth. E. B. t. 5. P. officinalis
Jacq.

Meadows and pastures, frequent in a clay soil in England, Rare
in Scotland; near Edinburgh, and in Fifeshire. ty. 4,5, — On the
continent the present species and P. vulgaris never grow intermingled,
and constantly retain the characters assigned to them : in England,
however, (and in Scotland wherever P. veris occurs,) they are found
together, and a complete series of intermediate forms, constituting the
common Oxlip, may be observed, which must either be accounted
fertile hybrids, or proofs of the two extremes being only different
races of the same species. If this latter view be adopted, the P.
elatior may rank as a third and connecting race. Speaking of the
two extremes, Mr. H. C. Watson says, “ the two may be pretty
accurately distinguished, each having a variety ‘elatior.’ Indepen-
dently of other characters, all the Cowslips and Cowslip- Oxlips have
the scape and calyx tomentose ; whilst Primroses and Primrose- Oxlips
have long soft hairs, and should be called villose or shaggy.”

4. P. farinosa L. ( Bird's-eye P.) ; leaves obovate lanceolate
mealy crenulate, calyx oblong-ovate, limb of the corolla plane
its mouth obscurely glandular, the segments obcordate distant
attenuate at the base nearly as long as the tube. E. B. t. 6.

Mountainous pastures in the north of England, especially York-
shire, not unfrequent. Very rare in Scotland; south of West Linton,
near Edinburgh. If.. 6, 7. — One of the most elegant of plants,
scarcely yielding in beauty to the next species. The powdery sub-
Q 5

LXVI. PRIMULACEjE.

346

[ Cyclamen.

stance on the leaves, scape, and calyx, has a musky smell. Flowers
pale lilac-purple, with a yellow eye.

5. P. Scotica Hook. ( Scottish P.) ; leaves obovato-lanceolate
mealy denticulate, calyx ventricose, limb of the corolla flat, its
mouth glandular, the segments broadly obcordate approximate
half the length of the tube. E. B. S. t. 2608.

North coast of Caithness. Frequent also on the north coast of
Sutherland, and in the Orkney Islands, growing upon the sandy

shores. If.. 7 To us this appears a distinct species, but M. Duhy

and Mr. Bentham are of a contrary opinion. It is not half the
size of the preceding, but has a stouter habit. Flowers deep bluish-
purple, with a yellow eye. In P. farinosa, the germen is broadly'
obovate and the stigma capitate ; here the germen is globose, and the
stigma has 5 points.

3. Cyclamen Linn. Sow-bread.

Cal. campanulate, half 5-cleft. Cor. rotate ; the mouth pro-
minent, the segments reflexed. Stamens 5, included. Caps.,
globose, 1-celled, opening with 5 teeth. — Named from kvkXoq
a circle; probably from the circles formed by the spiral pedun-
cles: in French pain de porceau, and in English sow-bread;
because the large tuberous roots are eagerly sought by swine,
notwithstanding their highly acrid nature.

1. C. *hedercef6lium Willd. ( Sow-bread ) ; leaves heart-shaped
angular finely toothed their ribs and footstalks roughish, tube
of the corolla globose, mouth 5-angled “with lunulate 10-
toothed sides.” C. Europaeum Sm. : E. B. t. 548.

On a bank at Bramfield, Suffolk; near Sandhurst (in profusion), and

Goudhurst, Kent; Sussex; Pembroke; Notts (plentiful). If.. 9

Leaves springing from the top of the large tuberous under-ground
stem. Cor. white or flesh-coloured. Scapes spirally twisted after
flowering, so as to bury the seed-vessels in the earth. Probably some
of the above stations may belong to C. Europaeum, as suggested by
Mr. H. Watson ; our own specimens indeed are too few and imper-
fect to permit us to ascertain correctly the species. But the whole
genus is a southern and eastern one, not even occurring in the Flora
of Paris ; and none of the species can have any claims to be admitted
as indigenous, if indeed any can properly be said to be naturalized
in this country.

4. Glaux Linn. Sea-Milkwort.

Cal. campanulate, coloured, of 1 piece, 5-lobed. Cor. none.
Stain. 5, glabrous. Caps, superior, globose, 5-valved, with about
5 seeds. — Name; yXau?, a plant so called from its colour being
yXavicog or sea-green.

1. G. maritima L. (Sea M., or black Saltwort ) : E.B. 1. 13.

Lysimachia.~\

LXVI. PRIMULACEyE.

347

Sea-shore and muddy salt-marshes, abundant. U . 6,7. — Stems

2 — 4 or even 10 incites long, stout, branched, often procumbent.
Leaves opposite, ovate, glabrous, fleshy, entire, sessile, small. Flowers
sessile, solitary, axillary, rose-coloured, with 5 obtuse spreading lobes.

5. Tkientalis Linn, Chickweed Winter-green.

Cal. about 7- (5 — 9-) partite. Cor. rotate ; tube very short;
limb of as many deep ilat divisions as the calyx. Slam, as many
as the sepals beardless. Caps, opening to the base with 5 — 9
recurved fugacious valves. Seeds with a reticulated tunic. —
Name supposed to be the same as trientalis, the third part of a
foot, or 4 inches, such being the usual height of the plant.

1. T. Europat' a L. ( European C.) ; leaves oblong-obovate ob-
tuse. E. B. t. 15.

Woods in the north of England, rare. Abundant in many parts

of the Highlands of Scotland. Not found in Ireland, y. 6

Rhizome filiform, creeping. Stems 4 — 6 inches high, with 2 or 3 small

distant leaves, and 4 — 7 terminal whorled larger ones, from the ceutre
of which arise 1 — 4 slender single-flowered peduncles. Cal -leaflets
almost subulate, varying in number from 6 to 9, as do all the other
parts of the flower and the valves of the capsule. The beautiful
covering, like the finest white lace, of its seeds, has been taken for a
pericarp by botanists who had not seen the very fugacious horny valves
of its capsule.

6. Lysimachia Linn. Loose-strife.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate. Siam. 5 — 6, not distinctly hairy,
sometimes with alternating sterile filaments. Caps. 1-celled,
5 — 10-valved. — ’Named in honour of king Lysimaclius , accord-
to some ; according to others, from \voic, a dissolving, and
naxni battle. The English name, it will be at once seen, has a
similar meaning. Pliny says it tames restiff horses.

1. L. vulgaris L. (great yellow Z.) ; stem erect, leaves ovato-
lanceolate nearly sessile opposite or ter-quaternate, panicles
compound terminal and axillary, lobes of the corolla ovate
obtuse quite entire, stamens 5 unequal combined for half then-
length into a glandular tube without sterile ones. E.B. t. 761.

Sides of rivers and wet shady places, less frequent in Scotland.
y. 7, 8. — Stem erect, 2 — 3 ft. high. Leaves nearly sessile, glabrous
or downy beneath. Panicle leafy, usually much branched. Corollas
large, yellow, handsome.

2. L. punctata L. (spotted-leaved Z.) ; stem erect, leaves
ovato-laneeolate nearly sessile opposite or verticillate, peduncles
axillary usually 1 -flowered sometimes slightly branched, lobes
of the corolla ovate ciliate with minute glandular hairs,
stamens 5 combined for half their length into a glandular tube
without sterile ones. L. Westphalica, Gard. Citron. 1854, p. 614.

q 6

348

LXVI. PRIMULACEiE.

[. Anagallis .

Wet places in the north-west of England and south-west of Scot-
land: Benth. Dulverton, Devon: Bab. 2/.- 6 — 8. — We have

seen no British specimen. Mr. Bentham says it grows mixed with
L. vulgaris ; and he unites the two. The character derived from
the fringe of the corolla is of no importance ; and that of the in-
florescence not to be much relied upon, especially as the peduncles
of L. vulgaris are sometimes almost simple.

[L. ciliata L. ( E. B. S. t. 2922), has been naturalized in several
places; it is a truly North-American species; its stems are erect,
peduncles axillary racemose, leaves ovato-lanceolate, subcordate with
ciliate petioles, lobes of the corolla crenate, and there are 10 fila-
ments, all distinct, of which 5 are sterile.]

3. L. thyrsiflora L. ( tufted L ) ; erect simple, leaves oppo-
site lanceolate sessile, racemes dense many-flowered stalked
axillary, segments of the corolla linear-spathulate quite entire,
sterile filaments none. E.B.t.116. Naumbergia Dnby.

Wet marshes and water-sides, very rare in England ; Yorkshire,
Hertfordshire, and Anglesea. More frequent in Scotland : near For-
far, and at Duddingston Loch, on the east coast; canal-side near Possil,
and near Rossdlm, by Loch Lomond, in the former place most abun-
dant, and growing in the water. 11. 7. — Stems 1 — 2 ft. high. Flowers
numerous, small, collected into dense, axillary, peduncled racemes.
Number of the parts of the flower very variable, oftener 6 than 5.
Cor. deeply cut into very narrow segments, separated by a minute
tooth, yellow, and, as well as the cal., spotted with orange. Stamens
slightly united at the very base ; anthers cordate.

4. L. nemorum L. ( yellow Pimpernel, or Wood L.) ; leaves
ovate acute opposite shortly stalked, stem prostrate, peduncles
1 -flowered axillary solitary longer than the leaves, calycine seg-
ments linear-subulate, stamens smooth distinct. E. B. t. 527.

Woods and shady places, frequent. 11 . 5 — 8.

5. L. Nummuldria L. ( creeping L., Money-wort, or Herb-
Twopence) ; leaves opposite subcordate or ovate obtuse shortly
stalked, stem prostrate creeping, peduncles 1 -flowered axillary
solitary shorter than the leaves, calycine segments ovate acute,
filaments glandular connected at the base. E. B. t. 528.

Shady places and pastures. Commonly cultivated, but scarcely
indigenous, in Scotland. 2/.- 6, 7.

C. Capsule superior, opening transversely. Anagallide-e.

(Gen. 7, 8.)

7. Anagallis Linn. Pimpernel.

Cal. 5 -partite. Cor. nearly rotate. Stamens 5, hairy. Cap-
sule bursting all round transversely. — Named from ava, again ,
and ayaWui, to adorn; from these plants re-adorning, every

LXVI. PRIMULACK^E.

349

Centunculus.']

spring, the fields and road-sides with their beautiful blossoms :
for the same reason a hyacinth was called ayaWiQ.

1. A. arvensis L. ( scarlet P. or Poor Man's Weather-glass') ;
stems ascending or subprocumbent branched, leaves opposite or
ternate ovate sessile dotted beneath, peduncles longer than the
leaves, calyx nearly as long as the rotate corolla. — a. margin
of the corolla crenate piloso-glandulose. E. B. t. 529. — (3.
crerulea; margins of the corolla toothed scarcely at all glandu-
lose. A. cterulea Schreb. : E. B. t. 1823.

Corn-fields, frequent. — /3. rare in similar situations, and principally
in England. ©. 5 — 11. — Flowers generally bright scarlet, some-

times blue, sometimes flesh-coloured ; and Mr. Dillwyn Llewellyn has
found, at Penllegare, S. Wales, specimens with the flowers pure white,
and a small, well-defined, bright purplish-pink eye in the oentre of
every corolla. The Rev. Professor Henslow has proved, by cultiva-
tion from seed, that A. cwrulea and A. arvensis are varieties of the
same species : on the other hand, Mr. Borrer is of opinion that our
two varieties are distinct species, but that each varies with the same
tints of colour.

2. A. tenella L'. (Bog P.) ; stem creeping filiform, leaves
opposite ovate or roundish stalked, peduncles longer than the
leaves, calyx four times shorter than the broadly and widely
funnel-shaped corolla. E. B. t. 530.

Wet mossy bogs, frequent in England, more rare in Scotland.
y. 7,8. — A beautiful little plant, as are all of this genus, Si — 4
inches long. Leaves small. Flowers large in proportion to the size
of the plant, on rather long footstalks. Cor. rose-colour. Filaments
slightly connected at the base.

8. Centunculus Linn. Chaffweed.

Cal. 4-partite. Cor. with a globose inflated tube; limb spread-
ing, 4-partite. Stum. 4, short, beardless. Caps, bursting all
round transversely. (Leaves alternate. Flowers sessile.) —
Name, it appears, anciently given to the pimpernel , a genus
allied to this ; and derived, according to Thcis, from cento , a
patchwork , from the way in which it covers the ground.

1. C. minimus L. (small C., or Bastard Pimpernel) ; leaves
ovate mucronate sessile. E. B. t. 531.

Moist sandy or gravelly places about London, in Kent, Bedfordshire!
Norfolk, Suffolk, Hampshire, the south of Ireland, and Lowlands
of Scotland, but not frequent ; probably, however, often overlooked
on account of its small size. ©. 6, 7. — Plant 1 — 2 inches high,

more or less branched. Leaves alternate, ovate, glabrous. Flowers
extremely minute, sessile, axillary, solitary. Cor. pale rose-colour,
withering. Perhaps the only species of the genus, C. lanceolatus of
N. America being scarcely distinct.

350 LXVII. PLUMB AGINACEj-E. [ Sdmolus. Sit

D. Capsule half-superior , opening by valves. Embryo transverse.

Samolea:. (Gen. 9.)

9. Samolus Linn. Brookweed. •

Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. salver-shaped, its tube short, with 5 scales
(imperfect stamens ) at its mouth, alternating with the lobes.
Capsule half inferior, opening with 5 valves. — Name, accord-
ing to Pliny, an ancient Druidical one for some now unknown
marsh-plant, possessed of wonderful sanatory properties ; pro-
bably the same as slan-lus, in Celtic, the healing herb , or all-heal ,
imitated in Latin by samolus , as if derived from sanus, whole.

1. S. Valerdndi ( Brookweed , L. or Water Pimpernel) ; leaves
obtuse, racemes many-flowered, pedicels with a small bractea.

E. B. t. 703.

Marshy and watery places, especially in a gravelly soil. In Scot-
land always near the sea and chiefly on the west coast. 7t. 6 — 9.

— A plant very generally dispersed throughout the world. Stem
8 — 10 inches high, nearly terete, glabrous, as are the ovate, subpe-
tiolate, entire, fleshy leaves. Flowers small, white. Cal. small, 5-
cleft, persistent ; its segments crowning the subglobose capsule.

Ord. LXYII. PLUMB AGIN ACE3E Juss.

Calyx tubular. Corolla regular, of 5 united or distinct petals •
Stam. hypogynous or inserted upon the corolla. Ovary solitary,
1 -celled, with one ovule suspended from the apex of a stalk
arising from the base of the cell. Styles 5, sometimes united to
the middle or to the summit. Stigmas 5. Capsule indehiscent
or opening irregularly, 1 -seeded. Embryo straight in the axis
of farinaceous albumen. — Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants.
Flowers often capitate or spiked.

1. Armeria. Styles hairy. Scapes simple : flowers capitate.

2. Statice. Styles glabrous. Scapes panicled.

1. Armeria Willd. Thrift. Sea-Pink.

Cal. funnel-shaped, plaited, dry and membranous. Pet.
united at the base, bearing the stamens. Styles distinct, hairy :
stigmas filiform, glandular. ( Flowers collected into a bracteate
rounded head with an inverted cylindrical sheath.) — Name:
Flos Armeria was applied by the botanists of the middle ages
to some of the Sweet-William pinks, and is, according to Clusius,
the French word armoiries Latinized.

1. A. vulgaris Willd. ( common T. or S., or Sea-Gillifloicer) ;
leaves linear 1 -nerved, awns of the calyx short. A. maritima
Willd. Statice Armeria L. — a. leaves flattish above, calyx-
tube uniformly hairy. A. maritima Boiss. — ft. leaves flattish
above, calyx-tube hairy on the ribs glabrous between them.

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LXVII. rLUMBAGINACE-ffi.

351

Statice.']

A. pubescens Link. Statice Armeria Sm. : E. B. t. 226. —
y. leaves grooved and dotted above, calyx-tube uniformly
hairy. A. pubigera i3.Boiss. — 8. leaves grooved above, calyx-
tube hairy on the ribs only. A. duriuscula Bab.

Muddy sea-shores, and among rocks by the sea-side. — /3. also near
the tops of our highest mountains. — 8. rare. y. 4 — 9. — Leaves
all radical, numerous. Heads of flowers rose-coloured or white,
intermixed with scales, and having, besides, a brown membranous
involucre of several leaves, terminating below in a sheathing jagged
covering to the upper part of the scape, which is usually downy, but
sometimes glabrous.

2. A . plan tag inea Willd. ( Flantain-leaved T.); leaves linear-
lanceolate 3 — 5-nerved, awns of the calyx long. E. B. S.
t. 2928. Statice plantaginea All.

Abundant in the sandy district of Quenvais, on the west side of the
Island of Jersey. "g.. 6, 7. — This is readily distinguished from

the last by the broad leaves, and long setaceous teeth to the calyx
Flowers pale purple.

2. Statice Linn. Sea-Lavender.

Cal. funnel-shaped, plaited, dry and membranous. Pet.
united at the base, bearing the stamens. Styles distinct, gla-
brous : stigmas filiform, glandular. ( Flowers in unilateral

spikes on a panicled scape.) — Named from ora n£<a, to stop ;
having been employed, from its astringent qualities, to check
dysentery.

1. S. Limonium L. ( spreading-spiked S.) ; leaves elliptic-lan-
ceolate stalked mucronate single-ribbed, scape with a much-
branched spreading corymb at the top, branches curved out-
wards, spikes short densely flowered, calyx-segments acute
with intermediate teeth. E. B. t. 102.

Frequent on the muddy shores and salt-marshes of England. Rare
in Scotland, and perhaps found only about Berwick-upon-Tweed, y .
7 — 9. — Leaves 4 inches to a span high, | or | as tall as the scape,
single-ribbed with lateral oblique veins, mucronate : the mucro is
recurved, being “ a continuation of the margin of the leaf, and is
channelled. Scape angular, often furrowed above, with a coarse
uneven surface.” Panicle truly corymbose and level-topped, with
spreading or sometimes recurved densely flowered branches, in which
respect this species appears chiefly to differ from the following.

2. S. Bahusiensis Fries ( remote-flowered S.) ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate stalked mucronate single-ribbed faintly nerved, scape
much branched from near the base panicled, branches ascending
or incurved, spikes elongated with rather distant flowers, calyx-
segments acute with intermediate teeth. S. rariflora Drej. :
E. B. S. t. 2917.

Muddy shores, more widely distributed than the last. Chichester

352

LX VII. PLUMBAGINACEyE.

[ Statice.

Creek, Sussex ; Fareham Creek, &c., near Portsmouth ; Devonshire ;
Kent ; Suffolk. Wigton and Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. Galway,
Ireland. I). 7, 8. — Too nearly allied to S. Limonium, to which

indeed it is united by Mr. Bentham.

3. S. binervusa G. E. Sm. (upright- spiked S.) ; leaves spa-
tliulate narrowed into a winged stalk more or less mucronate
somewhat 3-nerved at the base, scape branched from below the
middle, panicle elongated, branches distichous, spikes erect,
calyx with plane blunt segments without intermediate teeth,
E. B. S. t. 2663. S. cordata G. E. Smith in Cat. of PL of
Kent , p. 18. t. 2. f. 2 (vix Linn.) S. spathulata Hook. Brit. FI.
S. Limonium f. E. FI. v. ii. p. 116. S. auriculsefolia Bentk.
(scarcely of Vahl).

On rocks and cliffs near the sea. Coast of Kent in several places ;
Harwich; rocks near Holyhead ; St. Bees’ Head, near Whitehaven ;
Devon; Somerset. Mull of Galloway, and south of Clanyardfell,
Wigtonshire ; Scotland. Dublin, Waterford, and north of Ireland.
Jersey and Guernsey. U. 7, 8. — This has been divided into two
species by Boissier : 1. S. Dndartii Gir., sterile branches none, spikes
thick and densely imbricated ; 2. S. nccidentalis Lloyd, a few of the
lower branches sterile, spikes slender. We find every intermediate
form among our British specimens : it is true that Boissier adduces
some other characters, but these we cannot perceive in any of them.
Mr. Babington (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser., vi. p. 403)
considers that he has at length obtained the true 5. Dodartii from
Portland, Dorset, found by Prof. Henslow ; but he has given no
description, and we have seen no specimens. According to Boissier,
who had examined the specimens, the S', spathulata of Desfontaines is
quite a different species, although the characters sufficiently accord.
We adhere to the appellation given by G. E. Smith, in preference to
the much more modern one of Lloyd, adopted by Boissier in De Can-
dolle’s Prodromus. The mucro of the leaves is small, always or usually
dorsal just below the extremity.

4. S. Cdspia Willd. ( malted S.) ; leaves spathulate, scapes
paniculated almost from the base with numerous slender zigzag
distinctly bracteated branches, of which the upper ones only
bear flowers, axils of the branches acute-angled, flowers
crowded, calyx with ovate cuspidate toothed segments with-
out intermediate teeth. S. reticulata Sm. (not Linn. Sp. Pl.)
E. B. t. 328.

Muddy salt-marshes, rare. Norfolk, principally at Cley and Wis-

beach. 2). 7, 8 Much smaller than either of the two last, with

very short leaves. Scapes several from the same root, remarkable
for their numerous, slender, entangled, barren branches, and small
crowded flowers, in distichous terminal spikes. S. reticulata L., a Mal-
tese plant, as far as regards the character in the Species Plantarum and
reference to the figures in Boccone and Plukenet, is, according to
Boissier, the S. cancellata Bernh., a species with acute lobes to the

Plantdgo .]

LX VIII. PLANTAGINACEA2.

353

calyx ; we do not know what is preserved in the Linnean herbarium.
The identity of the British plant with S. Cassia Willd. was pointed
out in former editions of this Flora.

Ord. LXVIII. PLANTAGINACEiE Juss.

Sometimes monoecious. Calyx (of the perfect and 'staminate
flowers) 4-partite. Corolla membranous, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, or
rarely 1, alternate with the segments of the corolla. Filaments
exserted. Ovary l-celled with 1 ovule, or 2- or 4-celled with
1 or more ovules in each cell. Style and stigma simple, the latter
rarely divided. Capsule opening transversely, 2- or 4-celled,
with 2 — 4 or many seeds; or hard and indehiscent, l-celled, 1-
seeded. Seeds peltate, inserted on the dissepiments or at the
base of the cell, rarely erect. Embryo in a fleshy or horny
albumen. — Slightly bitter and astringent. Seeds mucilaginous.

1. Plantago. Flowers perfect. Stamens inserted upon the tube of

the corolla. Caps, dehiscent, 2 — 4-seeded.

2. Littorella. Flowers imperfect. Stamens hypogynous. Fruit

bony, indehiscent, 1-seeded.

1. Plantago Linn. Plantain.

Flowers perfect. Cor. with an ovate tube; limb 4-partite,
reflexed. Stain. 4, inserted upon the tube of the corolla. Caps.
opening transversely, of 2 — 4 cells, 2 — 4- or many-seeded. —
A classic name, the origin of which is unknown. All the
species are mucilaginous and astringent.

1 . P. major L. ( greater P .) ; leaves broadly ovate mostly on
longish grooved foot-stalks, scape terete, spikes cylindrical,
sepals with a prominent dorsal nerve, capsule 2-eelled with the
dissepiment plane, each cell many seeded. — a. scape longer
than the leaves, spike elongated dense many-flowered. E. B. t.
1558. — microstachya ; scape shorter than the leaves, spike lax
with 3 — 6 flowers.

Pastures and road-sides frequent. — A Turf-bogs, Connemara,
Ireland. y. 6 — 8. — Leaves all radical, more or less spreading,
with 7 (or in A 3) nerves, entire or toothed, glabrous or pubescent.
Petioles varying in length, sometimes as long as the leaf. At the base
of each flower is a concave bractea. Cal. of 4 minute leaflets. Caps.
ovate, with 4 — 8 seeds in each cell.

2. P. media L. ( hoary P.) ; leaves elliptical pubescent sessile
or tapering into short and broad foot- stalks, scape terete,
spike cylindrical, sepals not keeled, capsule 2-celled with the
dissepiment plane, cells 1-seeded. E. B. t. 1559.

Meadows and pastures in chalky districts in England. Not

354

LXVIII. PLANTAGINACEAS.

\Plantdgo.

indigenous in Scotland, but occasionally observed where it had been
introduced with grass seeds, y.. 6 — 10. — Stamens long, with dark
purple filaments. Spike shorter than in P. major, and more silvery
from the shining scarious corollas ; but a more essential difference
exists in the cells of the capsule, which are only 1-seeded.

3. P. lanceoldta L. (Ribwort P.) ; leaves lanceolate tapering
at both ends, scape angular, spike ovate or cylindrical, bracteas
ovate acute or cuspidate, sepals nearly glabrous, two of them
keeled the other two united, capsule 2-celled with the dissepi-
ment plane, cells 1-seeded. E. B. t. 507.

Meadows and pastures, often too abundant. Tf. . 6, 7. — The

leaves and scapes yield strong fibres. The spike has its bracteas occa-
sionally, by luxuriance, converted into leaves ; and sometimes a new
scape and spike grow out horizontally from among the bracteas.
The spike varies much in form : it is usually short, ovate, or oblong-
cylindrical ; but in sandy places, at a considerable elevation on the
mountains, becomes quite globose : on the other hand, there is a
luxuriant variety (P. altissima L.), found at Lamb-islet, Bay of
Dublin, with the scape often 2 feet high, and the spike very long,
and truly cylindrical. P. Lagopus L., a closely allied species, but
differing by being annual, and the sepals villous at the apex, has been
found at Wandsworth, Surrey, but must have been introduced; on
the continent it seems confined to the region of the Mediterranean.

4. P. maritima L. (Seaside P.) ; leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate fleshy, scape terete, spike cylindrical, bracteas ovate-
acuminate, sepals not winged, tube of the corolla pubescent,
capsule 2-celled with the dissepiment plane, cells 1-seeded. — a.
leaves linear grooved convex below glabrous except at the
base. E. B. t. 175. — 0. major; leaves almost plane inclining
to lanceolate toothed glabrous, scape densely hairy. — y. minor;
leaves linear-lanceolate densely hairy as well as the scape.

Grassy pastures and rocks by the sea-side ; frequent near the margin
of fresh-water lakes, and at the base of the mountains sloping down
to them, as in Glen Dochart, Glen Lochy, and by Loch-Lomond ;

also on the tops of the highest mountains B on the island of Cum-

brae, among rocks. — y. on rocks by the House of Skail, Pomona,
Orkney. If. 6 — 9. — Varying much in size and in the breadth
and hairiness of its leaves and scapes : sometimes the leaves are almost
filiform, often lanceolate ; in the curious var. y. found in Orkney,
they are clothed with short dense hairs ; they are always very suc-
culent, and either entire or toothed.

5. P. Coronopus L. (Buck's-horn P.) ; leaves linear pinnatifid
or toothed, scape terete, bracteas ovate-subulate, lateral sepals
with a ciliate membranous wing at the back, dissepiment of
the capsule with 4 angles (thus forming 4 cells), cells 1-seeded.
E. B. t. 892.

Gravelly sterile soils, inland and upon the coast. ©. 6, 7. —

MONOCHLAMYDEiE.

Littorella. ]

335

Leaves mostly spreading, very variable in size and pubescence, pin-
natifid ; segments often toothed or again divided. Scape hairy.
Spike mostly cylindrical and slender. In small specimens from Staffa
the spike is ovate, composed of not more than 7 or 8 flowers; whilst
the leaves and scapes are quite hispid.

•

2. Littorella Linn. Shore-weed.

Monoecious. — Barren fi. Cal. of 4 leaves. Cor. 4-fid, tube
cylindrical. Stam. 4, hypogynous. — Fertile fl. Cal. 0 (unless
three bracteas can be so called). Cor. urceolate, contracted at
the mouth, 3 — 4-cleft. Style very long. Fruit hard and some-
what bony, indehiscent, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. — Named from
littus, the shore, its place of growth.

1. L. lacustris L. ( Plantain S.) : E. B. t. 468.

In watery, sandy, and stony places ; particularly abundant on the
margins of the Highland lakes, where it forms a green turf. 6.

— Leaves all radical, linear, fleshy, semicylindrical, about 2 inches
long. Sterile flowers solitary or sometimes 2 (Mr. W. Wilson ) upon
a scape 2 — 3 inches long. Fertile fl. sessile in the axils of the leaves,
surrounding the sterile peduncles. Germen oblong, green. Style
very long, filiform. Stigma a mere point.

Sub-Class IV. MONOCHLAMYDEiE.1 (Ord. LX1X—
LXXXVII.)

Flowers incomplete. Perianth single ; in other words, the Calyx
and Corolla forming but one floral covering, or altogether
wanting.

CoNSrECTUS OF THE ORDERS.

A. Barren flowers neither in catkins nor cones ; fruit not surrounded by a
hardened or prickly involucre. Style or stigma present.

* Ovaries superior, several, distinct, each 1 -celled.

[1. Ranunculace.®. Stamens hypogynous. Leaves without stipules.
27. Rosace.®. § Sasguisokbid.e. Stamens perigynous. Stipules co-
hering with the petiole.]

** Ovary superior, solitary, 1-celled.

| Ovules 5 or more. Fruit capsular, opening by valves.

[66. Primulace.e. Perianth campanulate. Style 1.

14. Caryofhyllaceje. § Alsine.e. Sepals" distinct or nearly so.
Styles several.]

ft Ovule solitary (or rarely 2). Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with stipules.
72. Polygonace.e. Stipules forming a sheath round the stem or
branch.

k* From turn, one, or single ; and z'/.xu.'.;, a tunic, or garment.

356

MONOCHLAMYDE.®.

[27. Rosack.e. § San'guisorp.id.e. Stipules cohering with the petiole.
34. Paroxychiace.e. Stipules free, membranous, permanent. Flowers
perfect.]

80. UitTiCACE.-E. Stipules free, membranous, usually deciduous. Flowers
all or some imperfect.

tff Ovule solitary. Fruit indehiscent or bur sting ^transversely. Leaves
without stipules.

79. Ceratophyllace.e. Perianth 0. Involucre 10 — 12-cleft. Embryo
straight. Floating plants.

70. Chenopodiace.e. Perianth 3 — 5-cleft and herbaceous, or imbedded

in the rachis and flesh}’. Stamens nearly hvpogynous. Fruit an
indehiscent utriculus. Embryo curved. Terrestrial plants.

69. Amaranthace.e. Perianth 3-partite (nearly scarious), with ex-
ternal bracteas. Stamens hvpogynous. Fruit opening transversely
near the base. Terrestrial herbaceous plants.

71. Scleraxthace.e. Perianth tubular, persistent, at length dry and

hardened. Stam. perigynous. Styles 2. Embryo annular. Herbs.
82. El.eagnace.e. Perianth of the fruit tubular, persistent, at length
succulent. Style 1. Embryo straight. Leaves with shining
scales beneath. Shrubs.

73. Thymelace.e. Perianth tubular, deciduous. Stamens perigynous.
Style 1. Embryo straight. Bark tough. Shrubs.

*** Ovary superior, solitary, with 2 or more cells.

f Fruit 4 -lobed and separating into 4 achenes, or capsular, never samaroid.

[52. Monotropace.e. Flowers perfect. Cal. 5-sepaled. Stam. 10, hy-
pogynous. Style 1, entire. Seeds many in each cell.

30. Lythrace.-e. Flowers perfect. Cal. campanulate, toothed. Stam.

C, perigynous. Style 1, entire. Seeds many in each cell.]

78. Cau.itrichace.e. Perianth 0. Styles 2. Fruit of 4 indehiscent
1 -seeded carpels united at the axis, and at length separating.

77. Euphokbiace.k. Flowers imperfect. Styles 2 — 3. Fruit capsular.

■ft Fruit indehiscent.

76. Empetrace.e. Flowers imperfect. Perianth of 2 or more rows of
imbricated scales. Stam. about 3. Fruit fleshy. Leaves heath-
like.

[54. Oleacee. Perianth 4-cleft or none. Stam 2. Style 1. Fruit
samaroid. Leaves opposite, without stipules.]

81. Uemacee. Perianth about 5-cleft. Stam. 5 or more. Fruit sa-
maroid. Leaves flat, alternate, with stipules.

[25. Rhamnace.e. Perianth 4 — 5-cleft. Stam. 4 — 5. Fruit fleshy.
Leaves flat.]

**** Ovary inferior, its cells many-seeded.

[37. Saxtfragace.e. Stam. 8—10. Styles 2. Ovary imperfectly 2-
celled.

28. Onagrace.e. Stam. 4. Style 1, filiform : Stigma capitate. Ovary
4-celled.]

75. Aristolociiiace.e. Stam. 6 — 12. Style short: Stigma rayed.
Ovary 3- or 6-celled.

LX IX. AMARANTH ACE.E.

357

***** Ovary inferior, its cells 1 -seeded.

[29. Haloragace.e. Limb of pistillate, perianth minute. Stam. 1 — 8.
Style or styles filiform, villous. Leaves verticillate. Aquatic
plants.]

74. Santalaceas. Limb of perianth conspicuous. Stam. 4 — 5. Style
glabrous. Leaves alternate. Root woody.

B. Barren flowers in catkins; or fruit surrounded by a hardened or prickly

involucre. Ovules and seeds within a closed pericarp. Style or Stigma
present.

85. Salicace.e. Ovary superior, 1 -celled, many-ovuled. Fruit 2-valved.

Seeds numerous, comose. Woody plants.

86. Cufulifee-e. Ovary inferior, with 2 or more cells. Fruit inde-

hiscent, 1 — 3-seeded. Trees or shrubs.

84. Bktulace.e. Ovary superior, 2-celled. Ovules solitary, pendulous.

Fruit indehiscent, dry. Trees or shrubs.

83. Myricace.e. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or as-
cending. Styles 2. Perianth 0. Fruit indehiscent, drupaceous.
Shrubs.

82. El/EAGNace.e. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, ascending.
Style 1. Perianth of pistillate flowers tubular, at length succulent.
Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs.

[46. Comi'OSIT.e (Genus 47.). Fruit indehiscent. Pistillate flowers
surrounded by a prickly involucre. Plants herbaceous.]

C. Barren flowers in catkins. Fruit in cones ; or the seed surrounded by a

fleshy involucre. Ovules and seeds not contained within a closed peri-
carp. Style and Stigma 0.

87. Conifer.®. Scales of barr. catkins (monadelphous filaments) bear-
ing the anther-cells on the under side, those of the cones (open
ovaries) bearing the ovules on the upper surface.

I. Flowers usually perfect , i. e. each with stamens and pistil.

(Ord. LXIX.— LXXV.)

* Ovary superior or nearly so. (Ord. LXIX. — LXXIII.)

Ord. LXIX.- AMARANTHACE2E Juss.

Sometimes monoecious. Perianth 3 — 5-leaved, usually with
small bracteas at the base. Stamens 3 — 5, hypogynous, some-
times monadelphous, opposite to the segments of the perianth.
Anthers often 1-celled. Ovary 1, 1 — 2-celled, with 1 or several
ovules. Styles 1 or 0. Stigma simple or compound. Capsule
membranous, 1-celled. Seeds attached to a free central
placenta , often stalked. Embryo curved round a farinaceous
albumen. — Herbs, rarely shrubs. Stems not jointed. Leaves
without stipules. Closely allied in essential character to, bid
differing in habit from, the following Order. — Many of the
species are used as potherbs.

3.58

lxx. chenopodiacEjE. \_Amaranlhus.

1. Amaranthus Linn. Amaranth.

Flowers polygamous-monoecious, tribracteated. — Barren fl.
Perianth single, deeply 3 — 5-partite. Siam. 3 — 5, distinct:
anthers 2-celled. — Fertile fl. Perianth single, deeply 3 — 5-
partite. Styles 3 or 2. Utricle with 1 vertical seed, bursting
all round transversely. — Named from a , not, paputvo), to fade,
or, flowers which do not fade; they are commonly called
“ Everlasting flowers.”

1. A. *Blitum L. (wild A.); flowers 3-cleft and triandrous in
small axillary clusters the segments very obtuse, leaves long-
stalked obovate obtuse attenuate at the base, perianth as long
as the bracteas and half the length of the utricle which is
2 — 3-toothed and wrinkled at the apex, stem erect or ascending
angled and furrowed. E. B. t. 2212.

Low waste grounds and near dunghills, appearing occasionally
about Cambridge, London, and in Huntingdonshire. ©. 8. — An

extremely misunderstood species, of which we have seen no British
specimen : several other half-naturalized plants are probably often
collected for it.

(A. retrnftexus L. has been found near Hertford and Sawbridge-
worth, but has no title to a place in the flora of this country : it is
scarcely a European plant, but rather an American one.)

Ord. LXX. CHENOPODIACEiE Juss.

Sometimes monoecious or polygamous. Perianth free gene-
rally deeply cleft and without bracteas at its base. Stamens
mostly 5 (in Salsola 2 or 1). Stamens from the base of the
perianth, and opposite to the segments : anthers 2-celled. Ovary
1, 1-celled, with a single ovule. Style divided, rarely simple.
Fruit indehiscent (usually a utricle, sometimes a caryopsis, rarely
fleshy). Seed 1 at the base of the cell. Embryo spiral and
without albumen, or curved round a farinaceous albumen. —
Herbs, rarely shrubs; without stipules. Flowers small, inele-
gant.— In this Order are many potherbs, some are tonic, and
antispasmodic. The seeds of Chenopodium are employed in the
preparation of shagreen; C. Quinao is a most extensively used
article of food in Peru ; C. ambrosioides and C. Botrys contain
an essential oil; C. anthelminticum yields wormseed oil, a pow-
erful vermifuge, as its name implies; and C. olidum exhales pure
ammonia. Atriplex hortensis is the garden orache; Spinachia,
the spinage ; Beta, the beet. All yield carbonate of soda and
lienee barilla. From beet-roots is extracted the very fine
sugar now extensively manufactured in France.

* Stem jointed. ( Embryo annular.)

4. Sai.icokxia. Stam. 1—2.

Chenop6dium.~\ lxx. chenopodiaceje : chenopodeve. 359

■** Stem continuous. Leaves semicylindrical or terete. ( Embryo spiral .)

5. Su.'EDA. Segments of the perianth remaining unaltered.

6. Salsola. Segments of the perianth ultimately with a dorsal trans-

verse wing.

*** Stem continuous. Leaves fiat. {Embryo annular.')
f Flowers all similar and mostly perfect.

1. Beta. Lower half of the ovary and utricle adhering to the perianth.

2. Chenopodium. Ovary and utricle free from the perianth.

tf Flowers imperfect: alt, or some of the pistillate ones, of a different form.

3. Atriplex.

Suis-Ord. 1. CYCLOLOBEiE. Embryo annular, curved round
the ( usually ) copious albumen.

Tribe I. Chenopode.®:. Flowers uniform , mostly perfect. Stem
continuous. (Gen. 1, 2.)

1. Beta Linn. Beet.

Perianth single, 5-cleft, persistent. Stam. 5. Utricle reni-
forru, imbedded in the fleshy base of the calyx. — Named from
the Celtic bwyd, or biadh, food or nourishment ; being used for
that purpose.

1. B. maritima L. ( common B.); stems erect or procumbent
at the base angled branched, spikes longish narrow somewhat
erect leafy panicled, flowers 1—4 together sessile, when in fruit
2 — 3 cohering, segments ultimately keeled and infiexed at the
summit. E. B. t. 285. B. vulgaris L.

Sea-shores, especially in a muddy soil. England ; and the south,

principally, of Scotland. $ or If.. 6 — 9 Foot large, thick, and

fleshy. Stem tall. Root-leaves subovate, succulent, entire, waved,
upper cauline ones nearly sessile, oblong. Spikes of fiowers numerous,
leafy; leaves small, at the base of each flower or pair of flowers, which
are greenish. Styles usually 2. — Moquin-Tandon has at length
satisfied himself that the B. maritima is the wild form of the cultivated
beet, and also of the mangel-wurzel. Smith observes that, according
to Linnams, B. maritima differs from B. vulgaris in the keel of the
calyx being entire. The present is esteemed a wholesome food when
boiled, hlr. W. Wilson finds always 3 styles, the germen 3-sided,
flowers often 3 together, and that when the seed is ripe the germen
becomes purple and granulated.

2. Chenopodium Linn. Goose-foot.

Flowers usually all perfect. Perianth nearly uniform, usually
5-(sometimes 2 — 4-) cleft, persistent and unaltered, or at length
fleshy, closing upon the fruit. Ovary and fruit free from the
perianth. Seed lenticular. ( Leaves flat. Bracteas under each

360 lxx. chenopodiacEjE : chenopode^:. \_Chenop6dinm.

flower none.) — Named from xvr, X^rnc, a goose and rrovg, a
'foot; from the shape of the leaves in some species. They are
more or less employed as potherbs.

* Seeds horizontally compressed. Chenopodium Moq.

■j- Leaves undivided.

1. C . olidnm Curt. ( stinking G.) ; leaves ovato-rhomboid
entire mealy, flowers in dense clustered leafless spikes, stem
diffuse. E. B. t. 1034. C. Vulvaria L.

Waste places, and under walls, especially near the sea on the east
side of both England and Scotland. 0. 8, 9. — Leaves small,

petiolate, greasy to the touch, and covered with a pulverulent sub-
stance, which, when bruised, yields a detestable odour, resembling
that of putrid fish. Seeds very small, shining, slightly rough.

2. C. polyspermum L. ( many-seeded G.) ; leaves ovate-ellip-
tical sessile, spikes axillary elongated subcvmose. — a. stems all
prostrate, leaves obtuse, spikes cyniose ieafless. C. polyspermum
E. B. t. 1480. — 13. stem erect, leaves acute, spikes leafy scarcely
cymose. C. polyspermum Curt. C. acutifolium E.B. t. 1481.

a. Cornwall. — j3. not unfrequent in England, in waste places and
among rubbish, and on ballast-hills. Q. 8, 9. — The spikes of
flowers are more or less cymose, sometimes leafy and leafless upon the
same individual ; so that we cannot assent to the opinion that the
C. acutifolium is distinct from C. polyspermum, of which Wallroth, an
excellent observer, says, “ variat foliis ovatis, obtusis, emarginatis,
rubro-marginatis, acutis ; cymis aphyllis et foliosis expansis.” It is
remarkable for its very numerous dark brown, shining, minutely
dotted seeds (which are obtuse at the margins), in part only enveloped
by the perianth.

j Leaves toothed, angled or lobed.

3. C. urbicum L. ( upright. G.) ; leaves triangular toothed or
nearly entire, spikes long erect approaching the stem sub-simple
nearly leafless, flowers scattered on the spikes, edge of the seeds
obtuse. — a. leaves with short triangular teeth. — d- leaves with
large acute teeth. E. B. t. 717. C. intermedium Mert. et
Koch.

a. Near Oxford: Sm. — fl. waste places, under walls, and about
towns and villages. Scarcely indigenous in Scotland. 0. 8, 9. —

Stem erect, angular. Leaves large, truncate or subcuneate at the
base, of a light or subglaucotis green, their margins in var. /8. deeply
and irregularly toothed. Flowers in rather small, but remote clusters,
on very long straight erect spikes. Seeds minutely rough, coated
very tightly with the papillose, fragile utricle, large in comparison
with those of the following species, “almost as big as rape-seed:”
Curtis.

Chenop6dium.~\ lxx. chenopodiace^e : chenopodEjE. 361

4. C. murdle L. {Nettle -leaved G.) ; leaves shining ovate ap-
proaching to rhomboid acute sharply toothed entire at the
base, spikes divaricately branched cymose leafless, seeds opaque
minutely granular acutely keeled at the edge. E. B. 1. 1722.

Waste places near towns and villages. Not found in Scotland. ©.
8, 9. — Branches of the spikes spreading. Flowers lather distant.
Smell unpleasant.

5. C. hybridum L. {Maple-leaved G.) ; leaves subcordate
angulato-dentate acuminate, teeth large distant, spikes very
much branched subcymose divaricate leattess, seeds opaque
dotted, their edge obtuse and not keeled. 1 E. B. t. 1919.

Waste places and in cultivated fields, not common ; about London
Colchester, Dedham, Ely, and Edinburgh. 0. 8. — Stems slender.

Leaves large, with very prominent teeth or angles. Spikes similar to
the last, but the branches are more remote and spreading, and the
margin of the seed is different.

6. C. album L. {tvhite G.) ; leaves ovate inclining to rhom-
boid sinuate-toothed entire at the base, upper ones oblong
perfectly entire, spikes branched somewhat leafy, seeds even
or very minutely dotted shining blunt and keeled at the edge. —
a. leaves mealy, axillary spikes dense. E. B. 1. 1723. — f3. leaves
green more entire, spikes elongated more branched. Sm. C.
viride L.

Waste places, dunghills, & c., common. 0. 7 — 9. — Leaves usually
covered with a whitish and mealy substance, varying in their width,
and in the erosion, or blunt toothing, of the upper half of their
margins. When they are green and nearly entire it is the C.
viride L.

7. C. Jicifulium Sm. {Fig-leaved G.) ; leaves long stalked
deltoid-cuneate at the base toothed and sinuate at the margin
thin, lower ones hastate 3-lobed lobes ascending, middle ones
elongated, upper ones oblong, uppermost linear quite entire,
seeds shining dotted their edge obtuse and not keeled. E. B.
t. 1724.

Dunghills and waste ground, about London and Yarmouth. ©.
8, 9. — Hudson and Moquin-Tandon refer this to the obscure C.
serotinurn L„ which, however, Sir James Smith says is a Spanish
plant, not yet found in Britain; but Linnaeus himself considered the
English plant to be tbe same. Mr. Bentham unites it to C. album ,
from which it must be confessed it differs only in character^ of little
importance.

** Seeds vertically compressed. Blitum Moq.

8. C . ghucum L. {Oak-leaved G.) ; leaves all oblong toothed
and sinuate at the margin glaucous and mealy beneath, spikes

R

362 LXX. CHENOPODIACEiE : ATRIPLICEjE. [A' triplex.

erect mealy simple leafless, stigmas short, seed minutely re-
ticulato-rugose. E. B t. 1-154.

Waste ground, especially on a sandy soil about London ; also in
Dorset, Isle of Wight, Durham, Northumberland, and Glamorgan.

©. 8 Seeda minute. Perianths — 5-partite in some (perhaps only

the terminal ) flowers with the seed horizontal, as in the E. Bot.
figure, sometimes 2 — 3-partite, when the seed appears to us to be
always vertical. “ Siam. 1 — 3 : ” Wilson.

9. C. rubrum L. ( red G.) ; leaves triangular somewhat rhom-
boid toothed and serrate, spikes erect compound leafy, flowers
crowded on the spikes, stigmas short, seeds smooth shining. —
a. leaves usually rhomboid irregularly toothed, edge of the seeds
obtuse and slightly keeled, stem erect. E. B. t. 1721. — rf.
botryodes ; leaves triangular shortly attenuate at the base
scarcely toothed, edge of the seeds acutely keeled, stems pros-
trate. C. botryodes Sm. : E. B. t. 2247.

a. Dunghills and under walls ; also in salt-marshes. Rare (if
indigenous) in Scotland. — (3 waste ground near the sea; Yarmouth,
Lowestoft, South Shoebury 0. 8, 9. — Stems frequently reddish.

Leaves always more or less attenuate at the base, by no means
truncate. Spikes very compound, thick. The salt (or alkali) con-
tained in the juice of this plant crystallises upon the surface of the
stem. Perianth in 2 — 3 deep segments, with vertical seeds, in the
lateral floweis; the terminal ones are usually 5-partite, with the seed
horizontal ; others are 4-partite. The seeds are small, smooth, en-
veloped in the loose thin utricle.

10. C. Bonus- Henricus L. ( Mercury G., or good King Henry') ;
leaves hastate-triangular (mostly) entire, spikes compound ter-
minal and axillary erect leafless, stigmas elongated, fruit longer
than the perianth, seed dotted with the edge obtuse. E. B.
t. 1033.

Waste places and way-sides, frequent. If.. 5 — 8. — Stems 1 ft.
high, striate. Leaves large, dark green, used instead of spinage.
Perianth quite campanulate, 5-cleft half-way down. Seed always
vertical, coated with a true pellicle, besides the capsular integument,
on removing which the seed is smooth and shining ; Wilson.

Tribe II. Atriplicea:. Flowers imperfect. Stem continuous.

(Gen. 3.)

. 3. A'triplex Linn. Oraclie.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. — Sterile fl. Perianth 3 — 5-
partite, without bracteas. Stam. 5. Style 0. — Fertile fl. some-
times of two kinds. 1. Perianth 5-partite, without bracteas. Stam.
usually 0. Style bipartite. Ovary free from the perianth. Seed
horizontally compressed. 2. Periant h single, of 2 valves (or 0,

A' triplex."] LXX. CHENOI'ODIACEyE : ATRIPLICEyE. 363

with 2 bracteas, Moq.). Siam. 0. Utricle covered by the per-
sistent enlarged perianth. Seed vertically compressed. — Named
from a, not, and rpupitv, to nourish. (The second kind of fertile
flowers is always present ; the first kind occurs in very few
species.)

* Fertile flowers, all very dissimilar to the sterile ones; their perianth
of 2 valves, united to the apex, more or less toothed. Seed acute.
Radicle superior. Obione.

1. A. portulacoides L. (shruhhy O., or Sea Purslane)-, stem
shrubbv, leaves obovato-lanceolate entire silvery-white, perianth
of the fruit very shortly stalked inversely triangular rounded
below 3-toothed at the apex. E. B. t. 261. Halimus Wallr.
Obione Moq.

Muddy sea-shores, England and Ireland. Mull of Galloway, and
near Helensburgh, Scotland. 8 — 10. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. or even

more high, with small yellowish flowers in axillary spikes.

2. A. peduvculdta L. (stalked Sea O.) ; stem herbaceous zig-
zag with spreading branches, leaves obovato-lanceolate upper
ones narrower, perianth of the fruit cuneate on long stalks 3-
lobed at the apex, the lateral lobes recurved larger than the
middle ones. E. B. t. 232. Halimus Wallr. Obione Moq.

On the east and south coasts of England, in muddy salt-marshes;
Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk, Lincoln, and Cambridgeshire. Connemara,
Ireland. ©. 8,9 — Whole plant covered with scaly mealiness.

This is well distinguished from all the other species by its long
peduncles and the peculiar shape of the seed-bearing perianth, espe-
cially when the fruit is ripe.

** Fert'le flowers all very dissimilar to the sterile ones ; their
perianth of 2 valves nearly distinct, or united to the middle. Seed
lenticular. Radicle inferior or lateral. Atriplex.

f Stem uniformly (huff-) coloured. Floral leaves subsessile. Fertile
flowers axillary.

3. A. lacinidta Sm. ( frosted Sea O.) ; stem herbaceous spread-
ing procumbent, leaves triangular rhomboidal dentato-sinuate
very mealy beneath, spike of sterile flowers dense leafless, fer-
tile flowers axillary, perianth of the fruit rhomboidal 3-ribbed
and often tubercled at the back, seeds finely granular. E. B.
t. 165. A. rosea L. ? : Moq. A. arenaria Woods.

Sandy sea-shores not uncommon. 0. 7 — 9. — Whole plant hoary.
A distinct species, which we have no hesitation in considering to he
that of Linnaeus, not only on the authority of one authentic specimen
in his herbarium, hut because his “ flores foeminei axillares geminae ”
clearly apply to this and not to A. luciniata of Moquin-Tandon, and
of most continental botanists.

r 2

364 lxx. chenopodiaceae: atriplicea:. [A' triplex.

f t Stems green, with resinous usually reddish stripes. Leaves all stalked.

Fertile flowers mostly mixed with the sterile ones.

| Lower leaves with lateral, spreading or ascending lobes.

4. A. Babingtdni Woods ( spreading-fruited. O.) ; stem her-
baceous spreading procumbent or ascending with spreading
branches, leaves mealy ovate triangular somewhat 3-lobed
unequally sinuato-dentate, upper ones lanceolate dentate and
often 3-lobed at the base, perianth of the fruit rhomboid acute
toothed tubercled on the back united on both sides, spikes
axillary and terminal few-flowered, seeds minutely tubercular-
rugose. A. rosea Bub. in E. B. S. t. '2880. A. crassifolia Fries.

Sea-coast, common. 0. 7 — 9. — Probably not the A. rosea of

Linnaeus, of which he himself does not appear to have seen specimens.
Mr. Woods suspects it may be also the A. crassifolia Moq. from the
Altaic mountains. It is a most variable plant, and we doubt if it be
distinct from the next, with which Smith and most others united it;
but we give Mr. Babington’s character.

5. A. pdtnla L. ( spreading Halberd-leaved 0.)\ stem her-
baceous erect or spreading, lower leaves triangular-hastate with
two horizontally spreading lobes irregularly toothed, the upper
ones nearly entire, perianth of the truit toothed or entire on
the margin slightly tuberculate on the back, spikes nearly
simple interrupted, seeds mostly dark brown ami wrinkled.
E. B. t. 936. A. hastata L. ?: Moq. Chen. En. (not of DC.
Pr .) A. calotheca Rifn. et Fries: Moq. in DC. Prod.

Cultivated and waste ground and in salt-marshes, common. 0.
6 — 10. — Branches long, striate. Flowers in small clusters on long
interrupted axillary spikes. Perianth of the fruit variable: in each
spike there are usually two kinds ; those below are larger with a dark
brown wrinkled seed ; those towards the extremity smaller, with a
black shining perfectly smooth seed. The specimen in the Linnasan
herbarium named A.patula appears to be this species, but the descrip-
tion may also include A. angustifolia.

6. A. delloxdea Bab. ( triangular-leaved O.) ; stem herbaceous
prostrate or erect with ascending branches, lower leaves hastate-
triangular unequally toothed, perianth of the fruit entire or
toothed usually muricate on the back, spikes nearly simple
collected into a branched many-flowered panicle, seeds all
shining smooth. A. patula Moq. Chen. Eh. A. hastata Moq.
in DC. Prod. — a. stem erect with ascending branches, leaves
all triangular-hastate toothed, perianth toothed muricate on
the back. E. B. S. t. 2860. — A. stem erect or ascending with
ascending branches, upper leaves subulate-hastate entire, pe-
rianth entire rough on the back. A. microsperma W. et K. —
y. stems and branches prostrate, upper leaves lanceolate entire,
spikes only slightly branched. A. prostrata Bouch.

A' triplex."] lxx. CHENoroDiACE^j; atripliceje. 365

a. Cultivated and waste land in the south of England, not uncom-
mon— /8 near Bath. Belfast. — y. sea-coast, rare. 0. 6 — 10. —

Seeds uniform, black and wrinkled, not half so large as the wrinkled
chestnut ones of A patula, although similar to the small seed of that
species, of which it may be only a variety.

7. A. angusli folia Sm. ( spreading narrow-leaved O.) ; stem
herbaceous erect or prostrate, lower leaves with two ascending
lobes from a wedge-shaped base, upper ones lanceolate entire,
seeds smooth and shining. A. patula Moq. in DC. Prod, (not
of Chen. En.) — a. lower leaves entire, perianth of the ft uit rliom-
boidal with ascending lateral angles entire smooth on the back,
spikes nearly simple interrupted. E. B. t. 1774. — d- lower
leaves sinuato-toothed, perianth of the fruit rhomboidal den-
ticulate usually tuberculate on the back, spikes branched
dense many-flowered. A. erecta Huds. : E. B. t. 2223.

Cultivated and waste ground. ©. 7 — 10. — Probably only a

narrow-leaved var. of A. deltoidea ; indeed under that name, and as a
single variable species, Mr. Bentham unites all of this and the following
subsection.

|| None of the leaves lobed.

8. A . littoralis L. (Grass- leaved Sea O ) ; stem herbaceous
erect, leaves lanceolate entire or toothed, perianth of the fruit
toothed muricate at the back. — a. leaves linear-lanceolate,
perianth of the fruit ovate-rhomboid acute spreading at the
point. E. 3. t. 708. — ft. leaves ovato-lanceolate, perianth of
the fruit obcordato-triangular obtuse closed. A. marina L.

Muddy salt-marshes, chiefly on the east coast. Q. 7 — 9 — The
under side of the leaves and the flowers is mealy ; the latter grow
in rather crowded, axillary and terminal spikes. Mr. Woods mentions
that he has met with horizontal seeds in this species, which he sup-
poses were produced by flowers similar to the sterile ones ; he also
states that the var. a. alone is found at Lewes, while f}. is plentiful on
file banks of the Thames.

*** Fertile flowers of two kinds. Dichospermum.

9. A. *nitens Rebent. ( shining-leaved O.) : stem herbaceous
erect branched, leaves triangular acuminate shining above glau-
cous beneath, lower ones cordato-hastate, upper deltoid some-
what auricled, uppermost lanceolate, perianth of the fruit ovato-
acuminate entire smooth on the back thin and finely reticulate.

Sea-shore pear Ryde, Isle of Wight : Dr. Bromfleld. 0. 8,9. —
A large coarse species, probably introduced: it is common in the
east of Germany, but grows as far west as Hamburgh : Woods.

[A. hnrtensis L., a too closely allied species, and to which Mr. Ben-
tham reduces A. nitens , has been found at Saffron Walden and in some
other places, but cannot be said to be naturalized.]
a 3

366 lxx. chenopodiace^e : salicorne^e. [ Saliccrnia.

Tribe III. Salicornea:. Flowers uniform, perfect. Stem
jointed. (Gen. 4.)

4. Salicorma Linn. Glasswort.

Perianth turbinate, fleshy, obscurely lobed, imbedded in
an excavation of the rachis. Siam. 1 — 2. Style short.
Stigmas bi-trifid. Fruit a utricle, included in the enlarged
perianth. — Named from sal, salt, and cornu, a horn; from the
horn-like branches and saline nature of the plants.

1. S. herbacea L. ( jointed G.); stem herbaceous, articula-
tions compressed somewhat thickened upwards and notched,
spikes cylindrical slightly tapering at the extremity, seeds oval
or oblong covered with hooked hairs. — a. stem erect. S.
herbacea Sm. E. FI v. i. p. 2. S. annua E. B. t. 415. — /3. stem
procumbent. S. procumbens E. B. t. 2475.

Salt-marshes, plentiful. 0. 8, 9. — Plant leafless, much branched

and jointed; articulations a little thickened upwards, very succulent,
shrinking much when dry, in which state the upper extremity of each
articulation forms a two-lohed membranous socket or short sheath,
which receives the base of the articulation above it. Spikes of Jiuwers
dense, lateral and terminal, jointed like the stem, and bearing, at the
base of every short articulation, on two opposite sides, a cluster of 3
flowers, each composed of a single perianth, apparently quite closed at
the top, and pierced, as it were, by the bi- or tri-fid stigma and the
single or two stamens, — when two, they appear in succession. Perianth
of the fruit with a narrow circular wing near the summit. Pericarp
thin and adhering to the seed, the integument of which is simple.
Mr. Wilson observes that the central flower (in the erect var. at least)
has two stamens, one placed below, the other above, the laterally com-
pressed germen ; and that the side-flowers have only one, placed above
the germen.

2. S. radicans Sm. (creeping G.) ; stem woody procumbent
and rooting, articulations compressed spreading and notched at
the top scarcely thickened, spikes oblong obtuse, seeds nearly
globose with hooked hairs. E. B. t. 1691. S. fruticosa Sm.:
E. B. t. 2467.

Muddy sea-shores, rare ; on the Norfolk and Sussex coasts. In the

Isle of Sheppev, Kent. Near Newry, Ireland. Tf.. 8, 9 This

plant requires more investigation in a recent state. Smith origi-
nally referred our form of it to the S. fruticosa Linn., and Moquin-
Tandon makes it the var. fl. of that species, which, however, seems to
have tubercled. and not hairy seeds. Upon these plants Mr. Joseph
Woods has some valuable observations in the “ Proceedings of the
Linn. Society,” vol. iii. p. 814, although we see no reason to admit
more than two British species ; even these two Mr. Bentham unites. —
The various species of this genus, as well as others belonging to the
same natural family, and growing abundantly on the coasts in the

Salsola.~\ lxx. chenopodiacejE : spirolobe^e. 367

south of Europe and north of Africa, yield a vast quantity of soda,
much employed in making both soap and glass, whence comes their
English name, glussivort.

Sub-Okd. II. SPIROLOBErE. Embryo spiral ; albumen
none or in small quantity.

Tribe IV. Suzedee. Seed with a double integument. Embryo
in a flat spiral. Stem continuous. (Gen. 5.)

5. Sua/da Forsk. Sea-Blite.

Flowers usually perfect, bibracteated at the base. Perianth
5-partite, at length inflated and often fleshy (without append-
ages or a wing at the back). Siam. 5. Style 0. Stigmas
usually 3. Utricle covered by the perianth. Seed lenticular ;
integument double, outer one crustaceous. Leaves semicylin-
drical. — Name: sured is the Arabic appellation of one of the
species, all of which yield soda.

1. S. fruticdsa Forsk. (shrubby S.) ; leaves obtuse, styles 3
often combined at the base, seeds even shining vertical, stem
erect shrubby. Salsola L. : E. 13. t. 635. Chenopodium Schrad.
Schoberia Mey.

On the Norfolk coast, especially at Cley ; and coasts of SufFo'k,
Dorset, Hants, Devon, and Cornwall, hut rare. h- 7 — 10. — Stem
3 ft. high or more, with many erect, leafy branches. Flowers in small
axillary clusters, sometimes solitary. Perianth unchanged in fruit, as
in the following species.

2. S. maritima Dumort. (annual S.)\ leaves usually acute,
styles 2, seeds reticulato-striate horizontal, stem herbaceous
diffuse. Chenopodium L. : E. B. t. 633. Chenopodina Moq.
Schoberia Mey.

Sea-shore, frequent. Q- 7 — 9. — A much smaller plant than
the last, and annual. Flowers solitary, or two in the axils of the
leaves, and each subtended by two small, ovate, acute, narrow
bracteas. Moquin-Tandon separates his new genus Chenopodina from
Suteda almost solely on account of the seeds being horizontal, not
vertical.

Tribe V. Sode.e. Seed with a simple integument. Embryo in
a conical spiral. Stems continuous or jointed. (Gen. 6.)

6. Salsola Linn. Saltwort.

Flowers perfect, bracteated at the base. Perianth infe-
rior, 5-partite, persistent, enveloping the utricle with its base,
and crowning it with its limb which has a broad scariose dorsal

K 4

368

lxxi. scleranthace^e. [ Sclerantlius.

wing. Stam. 5. Styles 2. Seeds horizontal ; integument sim-
ple, membranous. — Named from sal, salt. From many of
this tribe alkaline salt is abundantly obtained, as implied by
the name of our only British species.

1. S. Kali L. ( pricldy S.); stems herbaceous prostrate, leaves
subulate spinous scabrous, flowers axillary solitary, segments
of the enlarged perianth cartilaginous as long as their spreading
roundish wings. E. B. t. €34.

Sandy sea-shores, frequent. 0. 7. — Stem angled, very much

branched. Flowers pale-greenish, sessile, with 3 leaf-like bracteas at
the base of each.

Ord. LXXI. SCLERANTHACEiE Link.

Perianth of 1 piece, tubular; limb 4—5-cleft. Stamens 1 — 10,
perigynous, inserted into the mouth of the tube. Ovary superior,
simple. 1 -celled. Styles 2, or 1 emarginate at the apex. Ovules
solitary, or rarely 2, suspended from the apex of a free filiform
column or cord that arises from the bottom of the cell. Fruit
a utricle , inclosed within the hardened tube of the perianth.
Seed solitary. Embryo cylindrical, curved round the farinaceous
albumen. — Small inconspicuous herbs. Leaves opposite , without
stipules. Flowers minute.

1. Sceeranthus Linn. Knawel.

Perianth 5-cleft. Stam. 10; 5 or more frequently abortive
or wanting. Styles 2. — Named from a shr/pog, hard, and avtiog, a
flower ; from the indurated nature of the floral covering.

1. S. dminus L. ( annual K.); calyx of the fruit with erect
or erect patent rather acute segments edged with a narrow
white membrane, stems spreading, root annual. E. B. t. 351.

Corn-fields, frequent. 0 or rarely $ . 7,8. — Stems many, much
branched in a dichotomous manner, slender, green, subpubescent,
straggling. Leaves linear-subulate, keeled, opposite and combined at
the base by a membranous fringed margin. Flowers green, inconspi-
cuous, in axillary leafy clusters. Perianth urceolate, ribbed, with 5
ovato-lanceolate teeth, spreading when in flower, almost erect in fruit.
We have seen foreign specimens (from Hamburgh) precisely inter-
mediate between this and the next.

2. S. perennis L. (perennial K.) ■, calyx of the fruit with
obtuse close segments edged with a broad white membrane,
stems procumbent, root perennial. E. B. t. 352.

Open dry sandy fields, in Norfolk and Suffolk. 6 — 8. —

Stems simple or irregularly branched, glaucous. The broad white
membrane gives the flowers a variegated appearance.

Polygonum.'] lxxii. polygonace.e.

369

Ord. LXXII. POLYGONACE2E Juss.

Sometimes monoecious or dioecious. Perianth free, divided,
the segments often in a double row. Stamens definite, but
varying in number, inserted into the base of the perianth. Ovary
superior, with 2 or more styles or sessile stigmas. Achene. fre-
quently triangular or lenticular, with one erect seed. Embryo
in a farinaceous albumen, often lateral. — Herbaceous, rarely
shrubby plants, with sheathing stipules! — The stems and leaves
are acid and astringent ; the roots, in general, nauseous and
purgative; while the seeds are very farinaceous and esculent.
The true rhubarb belongs to this Older: it is a species of
llheum not clearly ascertained.

1. Polygonum. Perianth 5-partite. Styles 2 — 3. Achene wingless

compressed or triqut trous.

2. Rumex. Perianth G-partite ; the three inner segments at length larger,

connivent and covering the triquetrous wingless achene. Styles 3.

3. Oxyria. Perianth 4-partite : the two inner segments larger. Styles

2. Achene compressed, with a membranous wing, at length
larger than the perianth.

1. Polygonum Linn. Persicaria, Bistort, Knot-grass, and
Buck-wheat.

Perianth single, in 5 deep, coloured, persistent segments.
Stain. 5 — 8. Styles 2 — 3. Achene compressed or trigonous. —
Named from iroKvc, many , and yorv, a knee or joint ; from the
numerous joints of the stem.

* Styles 3, and the fruit triquetrous. Stem simple, with one terminal
spiked raceme. Stipules truncate. Root thick and short. Bistort.

1. P. Bistdrta L. ( common B., or Snakeweed ) ; raceme dense
cylindrical, leaves subcordate-ovate waved, the radical ones
with a winged foot-stalk. E. B. t. 509.

Moist meadows in various parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
I).. 6 — 9. — Stem 1 — 1| foot high. Upper tea ves with long sheaths.
Flowers flesh-coloured, on short foot-stalks, with small bracteas at
their base. Siam. 8. Styles 3. Root large, tortuose, very astrin-
gent.

2. P. viviparum L. ( viviparous alpine B.) ; spike linear lax
bulbiferous at the base, leaves linear-lanceolate the lower ones
elliptical petiolate their margins revolute, foot-stalks not
winged. E. B. t. 669.

Mountain pastures in the north of England, and abundant on the
Highland mountains of Scotland. y. 6, 7. — Stem 4 — 8 inches
high, slender. Spike linear; lower part of it generally bearing little
viviparous bulbs of a fine red colour. Siam. 8. Styles 3. Perianth

pale flesh-coloured, almost white This species increases much by

R 5

370 lxxii. polygonace^e. '(Polygonum.

the bulbs, and little, if at all, by seed, its triquetrous germen proving
usually abortive.

** Styles 3. Achene triquetrous. Stem branched. Flowers axillary.

Stipules 2-lobed, at length torn. Root fibrous. Knot-grass.

3. P. aviculdre L. ( common K.) ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
stipules much shorter than the internodes with few distant
simple nerves, stem herbaceous, achene about as long as and
covered by the perianth. — a. vulgare; achene striate with raised
points, the sides ovate. E. B. t. 1252. — 0. littorale ; achene ob-
soletely striate minutely punctate, the sides ovate-oblong.
P. littorale Link. P. crassinerve Ces.

Waste places and way-sides, abundant. — 0. sandy sea-shores. Q.
5 — 9. — A most variable species.

4. P. Bail Bab. ( Ray's K.) ; leaves distant elliptic-lanceolate
flat, stipules much shorter than the internodes with very few
distant simple nerves, stem procumbent herbaceous, achenes
longer than the perianth protruded quite smooth and shining.
E. B. S. t. 2805. P. maritimum Ray Syn. p. 147. P. Roberta
Loisel. (in part).

Sandy sea-shores in the west of England, Wales, and Scotland, and
about Dublin. ©. 7- — -9. — A large straggling species, appearing,

as Mr. Babington well observes, exactly intermediate between P.
aviculare and P. maritimum. According to Dr. Meisner, who has
examined authentic specimens from Loiseleur, P. Roberti Loisel. is a
mixed species, composed partly of P. aviculare, partly of P. littorale
Link, and partly of P. Ruyi, “ideoque omniuo delenda.”

5. P. maritimum L. (Seaside K.) ; flowers axillary, leaves
crowded elliptic-lanceolate fleshy glaucous revolute at the
margin, stipules about as long as the internodes with numerous
branched nerves, stem procumbent woody below, achene longer
than the perianth protruded quite smooth and shining. E. B. S.
t. 2804.

Christ- Church Head on the sandy shore towards Muddiford, Hants.
Channel Islands. Caroline Park, near Edinburgh (only one plant
found) : Rev. Walter Little. Killiney Bay, near Dublin. If.. 8, 9.

*** Styles 3. Achene triquetrous. Flowers panicled or racemose.
Stipules oblique at the summit. Root fibrous. Buck-wheat.

f Stem erect, with cymose panicles.

6. P. *Fagopyrum L. (common B.) : leaves cordato-sagit-
tate, stem nearly upright without prickles, angles of the achene
entire wingless. E. B. t. 10-t4. Fagopyrum esculentum Alcench.
Dunghills and about cultivated land. ©. 7,8. — Stem nearly

371

Polygonum .] lxxii. polygonace-e.

erect, flex nose, 1 foot high, branched. Flowers in spreading panicles,
terminal and lateral, pale-reddish. Stamens 8. Cotyledons large,
foliaceous, contorted and plaited. An excellent food for poultry.

•j"f Stems twining. Flowers racemose.

7. P. Convdlvulus L. {climbing B.) ; leaves cordate-sagittate,
stem twining angular, segments of the perianth bluntly keeled
(rarely winged), achene opaque striate with inihute points.
E. B. t. 941.

Corn-fields, frequent. Q. 7 — 9. — Very long, climbing. Spikes
lateral and leafy, of 4 whorled greenish flowers. The specimens with
a winged perianth are of rare occurrence, and chiefly met with in the
Isle of Wight.

8. P. dumetorum L. ( Copse B.)-, leaves cordato-sagittate,
stem twining striate, segments of the perianth with a mem-
branous wing, achene quite smooth and shining on the surface.
E. B. S. t. 2811.

Thickets in the south of England, but seldom found above a year
or two in the same place. ©. 8, 9. — Too closely allied to the

winged variety of the last species.

**** Styles mostly 2. Achene compressed or triquetrous. Stem usually
branched. Stipules truncate. Persicaria.

■(■ Creeping, perennial.

9. P. amphibium L. (amphibious B.) ; creeping, stamens
6, styles 2, spike dense oblong-ovate, achene smooth shining,
leaves petiolate, stipules membranous narrow. E. B. t. 436.
— a. aquaticum ; leaves floating broadly lanceolate glabrous,
spikes oblong.— 3. terrestre ; nearly erect, leaves narrow-lan-
ceolate rough with short rigid adpressed hairs on both sides,
spikes ovate.

Margins of ponds, lakes, and ditches, and damp ground, frequent.
%. 7, 8. — Stem 2 — 3 feet long, and scarcely branched when grow-

ing in the water. Leaves arising from long tubular sheaths, glabrous
in a. but hispid in p Spikes mostly solitary, terminal, of a bright
rose-colour. The only perennial species of the Persicaria group.

If Root annual, fibrous.

10. P. Persicaria L. (spotted P.) ; stamens usually 6 (or
rarely 8), styles 2 — 3 connected to the middle, spikes compact
ovate-oblong cylindrical erect, peduncles and perianths nearly
smooth, achene compressed and gibbous on one side or trique-
trous, leaves lanceolate (often spotted), stipules lax strongly
fringed. E. B. t. 756.

Moist ground and waste places, frequent. ©. 7 — 10 Stems

erect, branched, 1 — 2 feet high. Spikes terminal and lateral, dense,
r 6

372

lxxii. roLYGONACEiE. [Polygonum.

greenish, tlie tips of the flowers rose coloured. Achene either tri-
(juetrous or with a tendency to be so, as shown by the gibbous side.
Leaves nearly sessile, usually glabrous, but there is a variety with
hoary leaves.

11. P. nod6sum Pers. (slender-lieaded P.) ; stamens 6, styles
2 connected at the base, spikes usually elongate and slender
erect, pedunples and perianths glandular and scabrous, achene
compressed smooth and shining concave on both sides, stem
ascending with swollen nodes, leaves lanceolate slightly waved
tapering at both ends glandular beneath, stipules lax shortly
fringed, floral ones with a subulate point on one side. P. laxum
Reich.: E. B. S. t. 2822. P. incanutn Willd.

Woodford, Essex ; Cambridge ; Chalk Farm, London ; Sussex.
Jersey. ©. 7,8. — Reichenbach seems disposed to consider this

a hybrid; Mertens and Koch confused it with P. Inpatlii/olium ; and
Mr. Babington, in FI. Sam ., says “ he suspects it will be found to be
a var. of P. Persicaria." This last is, no doubt, the most correct
view of its affinity; Dr. Meisner, however, distinguishes it by the
stem taller (sometimes 2 — 6 feet high), usually red, and very thick
nodes.

12. P. lapathfolium L. (pale-flowered P.) ; stamens 6, styles
2 nearly distinct, spikes oblong cylindrical dense erect, pedun-
cles and perianth glandular and scabrous, achenes compressed
smooth and shining concave on both sides, leaves ovato-lanceo-
late shortly petiolate, lower stipules not fringed, upper ones
shortly fringed. E. B. t. 1382.

Fields and dunghills, frequent. 0. 7,8. — Stem 1 — 1 ^ ft. high.

A very variable species; but the above characters are tolerably con-
stant. Sometimes the stem is spotted, and sometimes the leaf is hoary.
The flowers are either pale green, almost white, or of a reddish tint.
Spikes dense, terminal, and lateral.

13. P. mite Schrank (lax-flowered P.) ; stamens 5, styles 2
(rarely 3) combined to the middle, spikes erect usually filiform
lax, peduncles smooth, perianth without glands, achene lenti-
cular compressed gibbous on one side obscurely and irregularly
wrinkled shining, leaves lanceolate slightly waved, stipules hairy
strongly ciliate without glands. E. B. S. t. 2867.

About London, Cambridge, and York. ©. 8. — Allied to P.

minus , differing from it in the greater size, broader leaves, and larger
flowers and fruit, and from P. Persicaria by the lax spikes and
slightly wrinkled achenes. Flowers red. “ Stamens 6 — 8, never 5.
Sti/les 2 — 3, nearly distinct,” Meistn This is not as we find them in
this country, so that it is probable they vary too much to be relied on
for characters.

14. P. minus ITuds. (small creeping P.); stamens usually 6,
styles 2-3 combined to above the middle, spikes slender lax erect,

LXXII. POLYGON ACE^E.

373

Ricmex.~\

peduncles smooth, perianth without glands, achene lenticular-
compressed or triangular, smooth and shining, leaves linear-
lanceolate plane very shortly petiolate, stipules ciliate without
glands. E. B. t. 1043.

On gravelly, watery commons; about London, and in Worcester-
shire, Cheshire, and Lancashire. Very rare in Scotland. Near Cork,
Ireland. ©. 8,9. — Allied to P. Hydropiper, but much smaller,

usually procumbent and rooting at the base, with upright spikes,
narrower leaves, and styles more combined. According to Dr. Meisner,
however, the styles in his specimens are only united at the base, and
there are 5 (rarely 8) stamens; if he be correct, there is scarcely any
character left to separate this and P. mite. Mr. Bentham unites
them.

15. P. Hydrdpiper L. ( biting P); stamens usually 6, styles 2
combined to near the middle, spikes lax filiform at first droop-
ing, peduncles smooth, perianth glandular, achene lenticular-
compressed dotted opaque, leaves lanceolate waved, stipules
mostly with scattered glands shortly fi inged. E. B. t. 989.

Frequent by the sides of lakes and ditches. Q. 8, 9. — Stem
] — 3 feet high, erect. Remarkable for its slender, long, more or less
drooping spikes of distant, reddish Jlowers ; they are lateral and ter-
minal, and are sometimes at length erect. “ Stamens 6, rarely 8.
Styles 2, rarely 3, combined to the middle.” Meisn.

2. Rumex Linn. Dock. Sorrel.

Perianth 6-pnrtite: the 3 inner segments (of the fruit) large,
connivent. Stam. 6. Styles 3 : stigmas multifid Aclien e tri-
quetrous covered by the enlarged inner sepals, which often
bear tubercles. — Name of unknown origin.

* Plants not acid. Flowers perfect, or monoecious. Lapathum. Dock.

1. R. Hydrolapathum Huds. ( great Water D.) ; enlarged
sepals ovate-deltoid reticulate entire each with a tubercle,
leaves lanceolate the lower ones cordate at the base, petiole flat
not margined above, whorls crowded mostly leafless. R. aqua-
ticus Sm. : E. B. t. 2104.

Ditches and river-sides, frequent in England, rare in Scotland. If. .
7, 8. — The largest of our docks, 3 — 5 feet high; some of the lower
leaves 1| ft. long. Root large, very astringent. Enlarged sepals
with prominent veins, and large oblong tubercles.

2. R. crispus L. ( curled D.) ; enlarged sepals broadly cordate
entire or crenulate reticulate, one principally with a perfect
large tubercle, leaves lanceolate waved acute, upper whorls
leafless. E. B. t. 1998.

Way-sides and near houses, pastures, &c., frequent. If.. 6 — 8.
- — Stem 2 or 3 feet high. Lower leaves the broadest, all waved and
crisped at the margins. Whorls of Jlowers very numerous and crowded.

374

LXXII. POLYGON ACEAS.

\_Rumex.

Here the enlarged sepals are truly cordate. There seem to be two
forms of this plant, one on the sea-shore, conspicuous by its large pale
tubercles ; the other and more usual kind having them orange-
coloured.

3. R. pratensis Mert. et Koch ( Meadow D.) ; enlarged sepals
unequal cordate dilated toothed at the base with a small entire
triangular point, one principally with a tubercle, leaves oblong-
lanceolate waved, whorls distinct nearly leafless. Burr, in
E. B. S. t. 2757.

Marshes, in several counties of England. Berwick-upon-Tweed ;
Kill in ; Glen Farg. If-. 6, 7. — Allied to R. crispus, but the
whorls are less crowded, the enlarged sepals are unequal in size and
more distinctly toothed, and the leaves are broader and less curled ;
also allied to It. obtusifuliits, but is distinguished by the triangular,
not Ungulate, entire portion of the enlarged sepals. Mr. Babington
mentions that the enlarged sepals are sometimes all equally tubercled.
All the specimens tve have seen from this country appear to be
hybrids between the last and the next species. Koch suspects that
his plant is in the same predicament, and according to Wallroth it
never bears perfect fruit.

4. R. obtusifvlius L. ( broad-leaved D.) ; enlarged sepals ovate
or oblong-triangular obtuse toothed at the base, one principally
bearing a tubercle, root-leaves ovato-cordate obtuse, upper ones
oblong or lanceolate, stem roughish. E. B. t. 1999.

Wav-sides and waste places, too frequent. If.. 7 — 9. — Stem
2—3 feet high. Whorls rather distant, lower ones somewhat leafy.
Distinguishable by its broad and obtuse radical leaves, which are
generally crisped at the margins. The entire terminal part of the
enlarged sepals is, as Mr. Borrer observes, mostly oblong or almost
Ungulate. Stem scabrous between the elevated lines or ridges.

5. R. aquations L. (grainless Water D.) ; enlarged sepals
broadly cordate entire or waved membranous reticulate
without tubercles, leaves lanceolate, the lower ones cordate-
oblong crisped and waved, whorls crowded mostly leafless.
Hook, in E. B. S. t. 2698. R. Iiippolapathum Fries.

Moist places. North of England and Scotland, not uncommon.
11 . 7,8. — Our plant comes very near R. crispus, but the enlarged

sepals are quite destitute of grains or tubercles. Between this and
the last there is a hybrid not uncommon in Kinross-shire, particularly
in the parish of Orwell, which sometimes bears a few perfect seeds;
the enlarged sepals are membranous, reticulate, broadly cordate,
toothed, with sometimes a short blunt entire ovate point, one princi-
pally bearing a tubercle ; it does not accord precisely with any of the
species or hybrids noticed by Dr. Meisner in De Candolle’s l’ro-
dromus, vol. xiv.

6. R. * alpinus L. (alpine I)., or Monk's Rhubarb’) ; enlarged
sepals cordate- ovate membranous reticulate obscurely toothed

LXX1I. POLYGONACE-rE.

375

Rumex .]

at the margin, one usually bearing a small tubercle, leaves
roundish-cordate ample obtuse, whorls leafless crowded, flowers
monoecious. E. B. S. t. 2694.

Road side from Helensburgh to the head of the Gare Loch, and
in 2 or 3 stations in that neighbourhood ; Glen Luss ; near Dollar ;
Glen Farg, Perthshire. One-ash, Derbyshire. U- 7. — Its root was
formerly employed in place of rhubarb, and much cultivated by the
monks and hermits, near whose former abodes it is principally met
with. Leaves a span broad, cordate, very obtuse, wrinkled, and reti-
culate ; upper ones ovato-lanceolate , whorls of flowers very dense.
Dr. Meisner refers the figure in E. B. to II. longi/olius DC., hut that
must surely have been by mistake, as the radical leaves of the two
species are quite dissimilar. R. longifolius has the leaves of It.
aquations, hut the sepals of R. alpinus, and is R. domesticus Hartm.

7. 11. sanguineus L. ( bloody-veined , and (d.) green-veined
D.); enlarged sepals narrow-oblong obtuse entire, one at least
bearing a tubercle, leaves ovato-lanceolate, lower ones somewhat
cordate, whorls distant on long generally leafless branches. —
a. leaves with bright red veins. E. B. t. 1533. — p’. leaves
with green veins. R. viridis Sibth. R. Nemolapathum Ehrh.

Shady pastures, woods, and road-sides. — a. rare. — (8. more fre-
quent. 7.

8. R. conglomerate Murr. (sharp D .) ; enlarged sepals linear-
oblong obtuse entire or obscurely toothed all bearing a tubercle,
leaves oblong pointed, lower ones cordate or rounded at the
base, whorls distant leafy. R. acutus Sm. : E. B. t. 724.

Watery places, not uncommon. 2/.. 6 — 8 Much resembling

var. P. of tile last species, and appearing to differ chiefly in its more
leafy whorls and enlarged sepals all constantly tuhercled. Smith con-
siders this to he the R. acutus L. ; but it can scarcely be the species
known under that name on the continent, which has ovate rather
acute enlarged sepals, each with a very large red tubercle. It is the
R. Nemola/iathum of Campdera and some other continental botanists.

9. R. pulcher L. (Fiddle D.) ; enlarged sepals triangular-
ovate reticulate with prominent veins deeply toothed, one of
them principally bearing a tubercle, lower leaves panduriform
or cordate oblong obtuse, upper ones lanceolate acute, stem
spreading. E. B. t. 1576.

Pastures, way-sides, &c. If.. 6 — 8. — Stems procumbent; branches
very straggling ; whorls distant, on slender leafy branches.

10. R. maritimus L. (golden I).) ; enlarged sepals narrow
deltoid acute, each fringed with 2 — 4 setaceous teetli as long as
the sepal and bearing a narrow oblong tubercle, whorls much
crowded many-flowered leafy, leaves linear lanceolate all at-
tenuate at both ends. E. B. t. 725. R. aureus With.

Marshes, principally near the sea. It. 7, S. — Well distinguished

376 lxxii. polygonaceje. \_Rumex.

from every preceding species by its narrow leaves , excessively crowded
flowers, bright, almost ’orange-coloured, enlarged sepals, and their
setaceous, almost spinous teeth.

11. R. palustris Sm. ( yellow Marsh I).) ; enlarged sepals
ovate-oblong with a lanceolate entire point, each with 2 — 3
short setaceous teeth near the base shorter than the sepal and
bearing a narrow oblong tubercle, whorls remote.— a. radical
leaves oblong or lanceolate cordate or slightly decurrent at
the base, upper ones linear-lanceolate. R. Steinii Becker. —
(5. all the leaves linear-lanceolate attenuate at both ends. R.
palustris Campd-: E. B. t. 1932. R. limosus Thuill. R. ma-
ritimus Curt. Gold Dock Petit).

Marshy places, remote from the sea ; near the Vault, east of Dun-
bar : J. Machay. P. 7 — 9. — Nearly allied to the last, but distin-
guished by the distant whorls when in fruit; by the form of the
enlarged sepals; and by the number, shape, length, and situation of
the teeth which border them. Our var. B. is the form usually believed
on the continent to be R. palustris of Smith ; and Dr. Meisner, who
examined the specimens in Smith’s herbaiium, came to the same con-
clusion; but Smith’s description of the radical leaves certainly accords
better (as shown by Mr. Babington) with our var. a. It is, however,
probable that Smith, knowing of how little value the forms of leaves
are for the distinction of species, when unsupporled by other characters
of greater importance, did not intend to separate the two even as
varieties. No locality is now known with certainty for our var. B.,
although formerly it appears to have been found in ditches (now long
since covered by houses) about London, and apparently also in Lin-
colnshire and Derbyshire. Mr. Babington, relying more on the form
of the leaves than on the other points of distinction, was at one time
inclined to refer the var. B • to R. maritimus ; Dr. Meisner retains the
three as distinct species ; Mr. Bentham conjoins the whole.

** Plants acid. Flowers dioecious. Acetosa, or Sorrels.

12. R. Acetosa L. (common S.); outer sepals reflexed, en-
larged ones orbicular-cordate entire membranous reticulate
with a minute spherical tubercle at the base, leaves oblong-
sagittate. E. B. t. 127.?

Meadows and pastures, frequent. If. . 5 — 7. — Stem 1 — 2 feet

high. Petals becoming large, purplish, orbicular-cordate, obtuse,
membranous, reticulate with veins ; tubercles very small, almost
obsolete. Sir J. E. Smith says the enlarged sepals are ovate, “ each
bearing a pale oblong tubercle:” it is therefore probable that he has
described a cultivated specimen ; this Mr. Babington refers to
R. Hispanicus Koch (the Acetosa Hispanica maxima of Munting),
which has oblong tubercles extending beyond the middle of the en-
larged sepals ; but that is a very little known plant, and apparently
not cultivated in this country ; neither Meisner nor Campdera had
seen it. The synonym of Munting had been doubtfully referred by

LXXIIT. THYMELACE.E.

377

Oxijria. 3

Campdera to his R. oxyotus ; but this, which has also ovate sepals, is
reduced by Meisner to R. Acetosa.

13. II. Acetosella L. ( Sheeps S .); sepals ascending, inner
ones scarcely enlarged ovate without, tubercles, lower leaves
lanceolato-liastate lobes entire. E. B. t. 1674.

Dry pastures, frequent. 2/.. 5 — 7. — Variable in its height, from

2 — 10 inches, and in the form of its leaves ; for, frequently, only the
radical ones are of the shape above de-cribed, at other times many
of the cavlint ones are so too; the restare lanceolate, more or less
petiolate, entire. Every part is much smaller than in the last species.
In very dry situations, and at the end of summer, the whole plant
becomes of a rich red colour.

[R. scutalus L., the French or Garden Sorrel, has been observed
near Edinburgh, Hamilton, and several other places, having escaped
from cultivation. This has polygamous-monoecious flowers.]

3. Oxyria Hill: R. Brown. Mountain-Sorrel.

Perianth 4-partite, the two interior segments in front scarcely
longer than the others, spreading. Stamens 6. Styles 2;
stigmas multifid. Achene compressed, surrounded with a mem-
branous wing, much larger than the sepals. — Named from
o?oe, sharp or acid ; in allusion to the acid flavour.

1. O. renifurmis Honk. ( Kidney-shaped M.) 0. acida Br.
Rumex digynus L. : E. B. t. 910.

North of England, Wales, and Scotland, abundant in alpine situ-
ations, especially amongst moist rocks and within reach of the spray
of cascades. It- 7, 8. — Stems 8 — 10 inches high, with rarely more
than one leaf, often naked. Radical leaves numerous, all reniform,
with a more or less evident obtuse sinus at the apex, on long foot-
stalks, having membranous stipules at their base. Racemes and
peduncles branched, with minute, ovate, membranous bracleas at the
base of each ramification. Pedicels thickened upwards. Flowers erect,
small. Stam. 6, shorter than the petals. Achene with a remarkably
broad winged border, tipped with the styles situated in rather a deep
notch, and having at the base the sepals, none of which are enlarged
as in Rumex. The leaves yield a most agreeably acid flavour, much
resembling that of wood sorrel ( Oxalis Acetosella).

Ord. LXXIII. TIIYMELACE7E Juss.

Perianth free, tubular, often coloured, 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens
inserted upon the tube, definite, when equalling in number the
segments of the perianth opposite to them. Anthers 2-celled,
opening longitudinally. Ovary 1, free, 1-celled, with one pen-
dulous ovule. Style 1, and stigma 1, undivided. Fruit an
achene, berry , or drupe. Seed 1, pendulous. Albumen none, or
thin and fleshy. Radicle superior. — Shrubby, without stipules.

378

LXX1Y. SANTAI.ACEvE.

\_Daphne.

— An Order remarkable for the tenacious character of the
inner bark, which is frequently made into paper, especially in
India. Lace-bark is the same substance of Lagetta lintearia,
and is composed of layers of beautifully reticulating fibres. The
bark of all is caustic, act ing upon the skin as a vesicatory, and
causing excessive pain if chewed.

1. Daphne Linn. Mezereon. Spurge-Laurel.

Perianth single, often coloured, 4-fid. Siam. 8. Fruit a
berry. — Named in allusion to the nymph Daphne , who was
changed into a laurel ; some of the plants of this genus having
the habit of laurels.

1. D. * Mezereum L. ( common /l/.) ; flowers subternate lateral
sessile appearing before the deciduous lanceolate leaves, tube of
the perianth hairy. E. B. t. 1381.

Rare, in woods in England. Hampshire (perhaps truly wild),
Sussex, Suffolk, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, Berkshire, and Ox-
fordshire. h . 2 — 4 — The well-known mezereon of our gardens,

where its early blossoms and delightful fragrance attract general
favour. It forms a bushy shrub , bearing numerous purple flowers
which appear before the l-aves, and red berries, nestled among the
foliage. Flowers sometimes white.

2. D. Laureola L. (common S ) ; racemes axillary of about
5 glabrous drooping bracteate flowers, leaves lanceolate atte-
nuate at the base glabrous evergreen. E. B. t. 119.

Woods, thickets, and hedges throughout England, especially in a
clay soil. Rare in Scotland, and scarcely indigenous ; about Rosslyn
and Bothwell. h- 1 — 5. — Stem rather stout, erect, 1 — 3 feet high,
but little branched, naked below, leafy above, and hence bearing some
resemblance to a palm. Flowers drooping, each accompanied by an
ovate concave braclea. Berry ovate, bluish-black, said to be poisonous
to all animals except birds.

** Ovary inferior. (Ord. LXXIY. — LXXY.)

Ord. LXXIV. SANTALACE* Br.

Perianth adnate with the ovary; its limb 3—5-cleft, with a
valvular aestivation. Stamens 3 — 5, opposite to the segments
of the perianth, epigynous. Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 — 4 ovules,
pendulous from near the summit of a free central placenta.
Style 1. Stigma often lobed. Fruit hard, dry, anti somewhat
drupaceous, 1 -seeded. Albumen fleshy, with the embryo in its
axis. — Trees, shrubs, or herbat-eous plants. Leaves alternate
or nearly so, without stipules. Flowers small. — Ihe true sandal-
wood of commerce is Santalum album ; that of the Sandwich

Thesium .]

LXXV. ARISTOLOCIIIACEA!.

379

Islands, Santalum Freycinetianum. As in the preceding nearly
allied Order of Thymelace.*:, the bark is remarkably tough.

1. Thesium Linn. Bastard-Toadflax.

Perianth 4 — 5-cleft, persistent. Stamens wilh a small fascicle
of hairs at their base. Stigma simple. Di-upe crowned with the
persistent perianth. — Name: Oyoua were the games instituted
in honour of Theseus , and a plant, used to form the crown
then competed for, obtained the name Signiov, — but from
Pliny’s description it was very different from ours.

1. T. linophyllum. L. ( Lint-leaved B.); stems procumbent or
ascending, leaves linear-lanceolate 1 -nerved, racemes simple or
panicled leafy, peduncles and pedicels with 3 bracteas, pedicels
usually as long as the flower spreading in fruit, their angles
and the edges of the bracteas and upper leaves denticulate-
scabrous, fruit oval-oblong. E. B. t. 247. T. humifusum
DC. FI. Fr. T. divaricatum Jan.: A. DC. Prodr.

Elevated chalky pastures, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and the south
of England. h • 5 — 7. — A true parasite. Roots woody, sending

forth several herbaceous, spreading, leafy stems, terminated by the
somewhat panicled leafy racemes. Segments of the perianth white, in-
volute. Stigma capitate. Fruit strongly ribbed longitudinally
with 5 principal and 10 secondary nerves, scarcely reticulate. Al-
though the names linophyllum and humifusum be applied to several
different varieties and even distinct species, and although the culti-
vated specimen first known to LinnEeus be now conjectured to be T.
ramosum of Hayne, his synonyms indicate that he had this species prin-
cipally in view : and therefore there seems no good reason for suppress-
ing the name restricted to this species by Smith, and retaining the
much more modern one of T. divuricatum, as proposed by Alphonse De
Candolle; besides, T. ramosum agrees in too many points with T. lino-
phyllum to be truly distinct.

[2. T. * liumile Vahl (erect B.) ; stems erect branched from the
base, leaves linear 1 -nerved fleshy, racemes spieate, flowers
nearly sessile tribracteate.

Near Dawlish, Devonshire: Mr. C. C. Buhington. Q or $ . 7,

8. — We have seen no British specimen of this species ; Vahl’s plant
was obtained from the north of Africa, and it is most unlikely to be
indigenous to England. Fruit with 10 longitudinal ribs, and more or
less distinctly reticulate with oblique veins.]

Ord. LXXV. AltlSTOLOCIIIACEflE Juss.

Perianth below adnate with the ovary, above free, campa-
nulate or tubular, with a usually irregularly lobed and often
dilated limb. Stumens 6 — 10 or 12, epigynous. Ovary 3 — 6-

380

lxxvi. aristolochiacEjE. \_Aristol6chia.

celled: ovules numerous. Style simple. Stigma rayed. Fruit
3 — 6-celled, many-seeded. Albumen fleshy, with the minute
embryo at its base. — Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves
alternate. Wood without concentric zones. — Active emrnena-
gogues.

1. Ap.istolochia. Perianth tubular, very oblique : anthers 6, sessile on

the style.

2. Asarum. Perianth campanulate, equal, 3-cleft. Stamens 12.

1. Aristolochia Linn. Birthwort.

Perianth tubular, often swelling at the base, the mouth
dilated on one side. Anthers 6, sessile on the short style.
Stigma with 6 lobes. Capsule 6-celled. — Name originating in
its supposed medicinal virtues.

1. A. * Clemutitis L. ( common B ) ; creeping, stem erect
simple, leaves heart-shaped stalked glabrous, flowers aggregate
erect, lip oblong shortly acuminate. E. B. t. 398.

Naturalized among old ruins in the east and south of England. If.
6 — 9. — Flowers pale yellow, swollen at the base; the swollen part
covered on the inside with stiff' hairs pointing downwards. When the
flower is expanded it is not uncommon for a little insect ( Tipula
pennicornis) to enter it, the stiff hairs preventing its egress until it has
brushed off the pollen from the anthers upon the stigma : the peri-
anth then withers, the hairs become flaccid, and the insect makes its
escape.

2. A'sarum Linn. Asarabacca.

Perianth campanulate, 3 cleft. St am. 12, from the top of
the germen, at the base of the style. Stigma with 6 lobes. Caps.
6-celled. — Named from a, not, and aatpw, to adorn; because it
was rejected from the garlands of flowers employed by the an-
cients.

1. A. * Europce'um L. ( Asarabacca ) ; leaves in pairs reniform
obtuse. E. B. t. 1083.

Woods in the North. Wiltshire, Lancashire, Westmoreland, and
near Halifax. Near Linlithgow, g. 5. — Stem very short. Leaves
2, petiolate, shining; from the axil of these 2 leaves springs a solitary,
rather large, drooping joiner borne upon a short foot-stalk, of a green-
ish-brown colour and coriaceous substance. Segments of the peri-
anth incurved. Filaments pronuced beyond the cells of the anthers ,
as in the genus Paris. Roots aromatic, and said to be purgative and
emetic.

E'mpetrum.'] lxxvii. eupiiorbiace^e.

381

II. Flotvers generally separated , monoecious or dioecious.

(Ord. LXXVI.-LXXXVII.)

* Flowers scattered or tufted. Ovary superior.

(Ord. LXXVI.-LXXXI.)

Ord. LXXVI. EMPETRACE/E Nutt.

Dioecious. Perianth of 4 — 6 hypogynous persistent scales in
two rows (often surrounded by several imbricating similar
bracteas); scales of the inner row ( petals?) alternating with
those of the outer, rarely united into one piece. Stamens 2 — 3,
opposite to the scales of the outer row. Filaments elongated,
protruded, persistent. Anthers ‘2-celled, opening longitudinally.
Ovary free, on a fleshy disk, 2 — 9-celled : ovules solitary, erect
or ascending from near the base of the cell. Style 1, short.
Stigma rayed, with as many or twice as many divisions as there
are cells ; each division usually laeiniate, rarely subulate and
entire. Fruit fleshy, with 2 — 9 bony nucules. Seeds solitary,
ascending. Embryo slender, in the axis of fleshy watery albu-
men Radicle inferior. — Small shrubs, with heath-like leaves,
without stipules and with small flowers. — Of dubious affinity.

1. E'mpetrum Linn. Crow-berry.

Barren jl. Perianth of 6 scales (with external imbricating
similar bracteas), of which the 3 inner are spreading, and peta-
loid. Stum. 3. Rudiment of a pistil, with a many-cleft stigma.

— Fertile jl. Perianth as in the barren. Germen globose.
Style short. Stigma dilated, peltate, 6 — 9-rayed; rays lacini-
ate. Fruit globose, with 6 — 9 seeds. — Named from ev, in, and
irtTpoQ, a stone ; growing in stony places.

1. E. nigrum L. ( black C., or Crake-berry) ; procumbent,
leaves linear-oblong, stigma with 9 rays. E. B. t. 526.

Heaths in the North, abundant, chiefly in mountainous parts, but
sometimes close to the sea, as near Gonroek on the Clyde, h- 4 — 6-

— A small procumbent, much-branching shrub, whose leaves have
their margins so recurved as nearly to meet behind, leaving only a
white central line. Flowers axillary towards the summit of the
branches, small, purplish. Berries, or rather drupes, black, affording
abundant food to the moor-game.

Ord. LXXVII. EUPIIORBIACE/E Just.

Anthers and pistils in distinct flowers. Perianth free, 3-4-(or
more) cleft, or wanting. — Barren flowers. Stamens 1 or many.
Anthers 2-celled. — Fertile flowers. Ovary 1, 2 — 3 celled.
Ovules solitary or in pairs, pendulous. Styles 2—3. Stigmas

382

Lxxvn. ecpiiorbiacEjE. [Mercurialis.

2 — 3, 2-lobed or compound. Capsule of 2 — 3, 1- or 2-seeded
united carpels , usually bursting and separating with elasticity
from the common axis, sometimes indehiscent. or nearly so.
Seeds suspended. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; coty-
ledons large, flat ; radicle superior. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaves, alternate , opposite, or whorled , sometimes none. — Acrid,
often milky, vegetables, yielding food and poison, medicine,
dye, and caoutchouc or India-rubber. The embryo is power-
fully acrid and dangerous, the albumen innocuous and even
eatable. Castor oil is extracted from the seed of Ricinus
communis : cascarilla of Europe is Croton Eleuteria : oil of
tigliuni is from Croton Tiglium , a drastic purgative : turnsol,
a valuable dye and a highly acrid and drastic plant, is Crozo-
phora tinctoria. Janipha Manihot, a most poisonous plant,
affords the esculent cassava. The caoutchouc of Guiana is the
inspissated juice of Siphunia elastica. Euphorbia officinarum,
antiquorum, and Canariensis give the euphorbium of commerce.
— The above character of the Order applies to the British
genera, but not to many foreign ones, which would require it to
be much more extended, some having scales or petals within
the perianth.

1. Mercurialis. Barren and fertile flowers separate. Perianth 3-par -

tite. Stam. 9 — 12. Styles 2, simple. Caps. 2-celled, 2-seeded,

loculicidal.

2. Euphorbia. Stamens (12 or more) and 1 pistil collected within

a campanulate involucre. Styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-celled,

3-seeded, thin and crustaceous, septicidal.

3. Buxus. Flowers aggregate, barren ones usually with a fertile cen-

tral one. Perianth 4-partite, with 1 — 3 bracteas at the base.

Stam. 4. Styles 3. Caps. 3-celled, 6-seeded, coriaceous, 3-beaked.

1. Mercurialis Linn. Mercury.

Dioecious or monoecious. — Barren fl. Perianth single, tri-
partite. Stam. 8 — 12 (or more), without any rudiment of an
ovary; anthers of two globose lobes. — Fertile fl. Perianth
single, tripartite. Fi aments 2 — 3, without anthers. Styles 2,
simple. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Caps. 2-celled; cells 1-
seeded, bursting at the back. — So named, because the god Mer-
cury is said to have discovered the virtues, of what kind soever
they may be, of this plant.

1. M . perennis L. ( perennial or Dog's M.); creeping perennial
and dioecious, fertile flowers in stalked lax spikes, stem per-
fectly simple, leaves rough. — a. leaves lanceolate stalked. E-
B. t. 1872. — / 3 . leaves ovate subsessile. M. ovata Steud. et
Hoppe.

Woods and shady places abundant. — fl. Hedge-rows near Ilurstpier-
point, Sussex. If. 3 — 5. — About 1 foot high. Leaves mostly on

LXXV0. EUPII0RBIACE2E.

383

Euphorbia .]

the upper part of the stem, ovate or lanceolate, serrate. Both kinds
o (flowers are in axillary lax spikes. The plant when drying often be-
comes of a bluish or blackish green.

2- M. annua L. (annual M.)\ fertile flowers whorled nearly
sessile, stem with opposite branches, leaves glabrous, root fibrous
annual. — a. dioecious, leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sterile
flowers in lax spikes. E. B. t. 559. — 0. monoecious, leaves
lanceolate, sterile and fertile flowers whorled intermixed. M.
ambigua L.ftl. : Bab. in E. B. S. t. 2816.

Waste places about towns and villages, not common. — 0. Jersey.
Isle of Wight. ©. 7 — 11. — Stem about 1 foot high. Var. 0. has
certainly a very different appearance, but De Candolle and most
authors do not consider it distinct.

2. Euphorbia Linn. Spurge.

Involucre of one piece, resembling a perianth, including one
fertile and several barren flowers, 5-cleft with 4 — 5 glands al-
ternating with the segments. — Barren fl. A single stamen
without a perianth. — Fertile fl, A single pistil without a
perianth (or rarely a very minute one). Ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled,
3-ovuled. Styles 3-cleft. Caps, separating elastically from the
axis into 3 cocci, each bursting along the inner angle towards
the apex and 1-seeded. — Named from Euphorbus, physician to
Juba, king of Mauritania, who brought the plant into use.

* Leaves with stipules. Glands nf the involucre with small membranous
processes beneath.

1. E. Peplis L. ( purple S.) ; stem procumbent forked, leaves
oblong heart-shaped nearly entire, flowers axillary solitary,
glands of the involucre circular on the outside, capsule smooth
keeled, seeds smooth (white). E. B. t. 2002.

Sandy coast, in Devon and Cornwall. Channel Islands. 0. 7 — 9.
— Remarkable for its procumbent stems, of a glaucous hue, much
tinged with purple, and stipuled leaves.

** Leaves without stipules. Glands of the involucre without membranous
processes beneath.

f Glands of the involucre suborbicular or transversely oval.

2. E. Heliascupia L. (Sun S .) ; umbel of 5 principal 3-fid and
bifid branches, bracteas and leaves obovato-cuneate serrate
upwards, glands of the involucre suborbicular, capsule glabrous,
seeds reticulate and pitted. E B. t. 883.

Abundant in waste and cultivated ground. ©. 6 — 10 — The

acrid milky juice is employed to destroy warts.

3. E . plutyphylla L. (broad-leaved warted S.) ; umbel of about

384

lx xvn. ELPnoRBiACEvE. [ Euphorbia.

5 principal 3-fi(l and bifid branches, bracteas cordate, leaves
broadly obovato-lanceolate acute finely serrulate, glands of
the involucre (yellow) oval, capsule warted, seeds smooth
(brownish). Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 376. — a. stamens 7 — 8 in
each involucre, tubercles of capsule shortly conical. E.
stricta L. : E. B. t. 333 (starved specimens). — /3. stamens
rarely more than 2 in each involucre, tubercles of capsule pro-
minent cylindrical. E. stricta Koch.

Corn-fields ; Albourne, and near Henfield, Sussex (exactly corre-
sponding with Jacquin’s plant) ; Isle of Wight (frequent); Tunbridge
Wells, and elsewhere in Kent ; Essex, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, and
probably other counties. — )3. Limestone woods in Gloucestershire
and Monmouthshire. Q. 6 — 10. — Leaves and capsules glabrous
or hairy. Seeds, in the variety or species called E. pubescens, rough
with minute points. In 0. the involucre, capsule, and seeds are only
half the size of those of a.; but we fear that and the above charac-
ters. which we have taken from Mr. Babington, are not sufficient to
prove its claims to specific distinction.

4. E. Hiberna L. ( Irish S) ; umbel of about 5 principal
branches, bracteas and leaves ovate or elliptical entire, glands
of the involucre 4 (purple) kidney-shaped, with intermediate
rounded lobes, capsule warted glabrous, seeds smooth. E. B.
t. 1337.

In hedges and thickets, in the south of Ireland. N. Devon. T£.
5 — G. — Stem Ij — 2 feet high.1

5. E. palusiris L. ( Marsh S.) ; “ umbel irregular about 5-
cleft then 3-fid and bifid, bracteas all elliptical glabrous entire,
leaves broadly lanceolate minutely serrate slightly hairy, glands
of the involucre 4 transversely oval, capsules warted hairy,
seeds obovate minutely punctate smooth.” Bab.: Forst. in
Linn. Traits, xvii. p. 536. E. pilosa L.: E. B. S. t. 2787.

Shady places. Prior Park Lane, near Bath; Label before 1576,
and Johnson in 1G34. I?. 5, 6. — We follow Mr. Babington in the

character of this and the following species, and Mr. E. Forster for
the name here adopted. The species chiefly known under this name
on the continent has glabrous capsules, and is perhaps not sufficiently
distinct from E. Hiberna.

6. E. *coralloides L. ( Corallike hairy S.) ; “umbel 5-fid
then 3-fid and 2-fid, bracteas ovate-oblong the tertiary ones
ovate, all hairy, leaves lanceolate minutely serrate woolly,
glands of the involucre transversely oval, capsules nearly even
woolly, seeds obovate minutely punctate and with faint re-
ticulate bands.” Bab. : E. B. S. t. 2837.

1 According to the late Dr. Taylor, this plant is extensively used by the peasantry
of Kerry for poisoning, or rather stupifiing, fish, in the same manner as the exotic
E. piscaton'a. So powerful are its qualities, that a small creel or basket, filled
with the bruised plant, suffices to poison the fish lor several miles down a river.

LX XVII. EUPIIORBIACEjE.

383

Euphorbia.^

Slinfold, Sussex, in hedges ; supposed to have been introduced.
$ ?. 5, 6. — Mr. Roeper states that the seeds of the true E. coratio-

ides L. are almost opaque, while in E. palustris they are shining.

ff Glands of the involucre triangular, or lunate on the outside, or
2-horned.

J Bracteas distinct at the base.

7. E. *E'sul.a L, (leaf y -branched S.)\ umbel of many prin-
cipal branches and several scattered peduncles below, bracteas
cordate obtuse mucronate, leaves thin linear- or oblong-
lanceolate mostly entire, glands of the involucre lunate with
two short horns, capsules glabrous minutely granulated, seeds
obovate smooth. E. B. t. 1399.

Woods. Northumberland. Near Edinburgh. Banks of Tweed,
near Coldstream. If. 7.

8. E. * Cyparissias L. (Cypress S.~) ; umbel of many principal
branches and several scattered peduncles below, bracteas cor-
date obtuse without a mucro, leaves thin linear entire gla-
brous, glands of the involucre lunate with two short horns,
capsules minutely granulated, seeds obovate smooth. E. B.
t. 840.

Woods. Staffordshire, Bedfordshire, Northumberland, Westmore-
land. Near Edinburgh. If.. 6, 7. — Readily distinguished by its
narrow linear leaves.

9. E. Pardlias L. (Sea S .) ; umbel of about 5 principal bifid
branches often with inferior scattered ones, bracteas somewhat
reniform-cordate concave, leaves coriaceous obovate- and
linear-lanceolate (generally) imbricated glaucous entire concave,
glands of the involucre (5) lunate with short points, capsules
wrinkled, seeds smooth. E. B. t. 195.

Sandy sea-coast of England, and near Dublin, but not general.
If.. 8 — 11. — Stems numerous from the same root, woody below.
Leaves very closely imbricated, especially on the young shoots.

10. E. Portlandica L. (Portland S.) ; umbel with about 5
principal dichotomous branches and several inferior scattered
ones, bracteas triangular- cordate, leaves alternate scattered
thin obovato-lanceolate generally obtuse and submucronate,
glands of the involucre (4) lunate with two long horns, cap-
sules rough at the angles, seeds dotted (almost white). E. B.
t. 441.

Sandy sea-coast, in the extreme south and west of England; Wales ;
Isle of Man. South of Scotland. Dublin. %. 5 — 9. — Stem 6 — 10
inches high. This appears to be unknown on the continent, unless it
be, as supposed by M. Duby, and affirmed by Mr. Bentham, a mari-
time variety of E. segetalis.

S

386

LXXVII. KUPIIORlilACF/E.

\BtlXUS.

11. E. Peplus L. ( petty S .); umbel of about 3 principal
branches, bracteas ovate, leaves alternate scattered thin broadly
obovate on short stalks entire glabrous, glands of the involucre
lunate the horns very long, capsules smooth with the angles
keeled and scabrous, seeds dotted. E. B. t. 959.

Cultivated and waste-ground, abundant. ©• 7 — 11.

12. E. exigua L. {dwarf S.); umbel of generally 3 principal
forked branches, leaves alternate scattered linear-lanceolate as
well as the bracteas rather rigid entire glabrous often truncate
and mucronate, glands of the involucre roundish with two horns,
capsules nearly smooth slightly tuberculate on the angles, seeds
angular wrinkled or reticulated. E. B. t. 1336.

Corn-fields, in a light soil, frequent. ©. 7 — 10. — Stem 4 — 6

inches high, branched at the base. Seeds small, white, nearly 4-angled.

13. E. * Ldthyris L. (Caper S.)‘, umbel of 3 — 4 principal
bifid branches, bracteas cordate-acuminate, leaves somewhat
coriaceous entire opposite and 4-farious on the first year’s stem,
oblong-lanceolate and cordate at the base on the second year’s
shoot, glands of the involucre lunate with 2 dilated blunt horns,
capsules glabrous with a deep longitudinal furrow, seeds rough.
E. B. t. 2255.

Thickets and underwoods. Warley, near Bath ; Ufton, near
Reading ; East Marden, Essex ; Arundel, Sussex ; Steep Holmes in
the Severn. Crawfurdland, near Kilmarnock ; Comrie Den, near
Dunfermline; &c. 6,7.

Bracteas united at the base, as if one perfoliate leaf.

14. E. amygdaloxdes L. (Wood S.) ; umbel of about 5 or 6
principal branches and several scattered peduncles below, leaves
thinly coriaceous obovato-lanceolate hairy beneath attenuate at
the base entire, glands of the involucre (yellow) lunate with
2 horns, capsules minutely tuberculate glabrous, seeds smooth.
E. B. t. 256. E. sylvatica L.

Woods and thickets in England, especially in a clay soil. South
of Ireland. It. 3 — 5. — Stems red, almost shrubby.

\_E. Characias L. ; E. B. t. 442, has been said to grow in Needwood
Forest, Staffordshire, but is not found there now, and was obviously
an outcast from gardens. It belongs to this section, is shrubby, and
has the glands of the involucre (purple) bluntly lunate.]

3. Buxus Linn. Box.

Flowers monoecious, aggregate, axillary. — Barren Jl. Pe-
rianth of 4 leaves (2 inner opposite ones smaller) with one

387

Callitriche.] ixxvm. callitkichacea:.

bractea at the base. Stamens 4, inserted under the rudiment
of an ovary. — Fertile fl. Perianth as in the barren fl., with
3 bracteas at the base. Styles 3. Ovary 3-celled, 6-ovuled.
Caps, with 3 beaks, 3-celled; cells 3-seeded. — Name altered
from ttvZoq, the Greek name for this tree.

1. B. sempervirens L. ( common B. ) ; leaves oval-oblong retuse
convex coriaceous shining, their stalks slightly hairy, anthers
ovato-sagittate. E. B. t. 1341.

Dry chalky hills, in the south of England ; rare, b- 4 — 6. — A
small tree when suffered to attain its natural stature. A dwarf var.
is extensively employed as edgings in gardens. The wood is of great
value for turning, carving, and engraving upon.

Ord. LXXVIII. CALLITRICIIACEiE Lindl.

Flowers axillary, solitary, very minute, imperfect, monoecious,
with 2 fistular white bracteas (sometimes wanting in the fertile
fl.) at the base. Perianth 0. — Barren fl. Stamen 1 or rarely
2 ; filament filiform, furrowed along the middle ; anther reni-
form, 1 -celled, opening transversely by 2 valves at the summit.
— Fertile fl. Ovary solitary, 4-angled, 4-celled, with a solitary
ovule in each cell suspended from the axis a little above the
middle. Styles 2, subulate. Stigmas punctiform. Fruit dry,
4-celled, 4-lobed ; the lobes 1 -seeded, indehiscent, laterally com-
pressed, cohering at the axis, otherwise free. Seeds attached
by the middle. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; radicle
superior, long; cotyledons short, semiterete. — Small aquatic her-
baceous plants, with opposite , simple , entire leaves.

1. Callitriche Linn. Water- Starwort.

Char, that of the Order. — Name: kciKoc, beautiful , and Spiff,
rpixoc, hair ; its stems being long and slender, and resembling
hairs.

1. C. verna L. (vernal IT.) ; fructiferous peduncles very short
with 2 falcate bracteas at their base, fruit regularly tetragonal,
each lobe keeled or slightly winged at the back. — a. lobes of
the fruit bluntly keeled. C. aquatica Huds. : E. B. t. 722. — fi.
lobes of the fruit slightly winged at the back. C. platycarpa
Kutz. : E. B. S. t. 2864.

Ditches, pools, and slow streams, abundant. ©. 4 — 9. This

varies much, as do almost all aquatic plants, in its foliage. Upper
and floating leaves generally oval and stalked, 2-ribbed ; lower ones
single-ribbed, linear ; rarely all linear ; in muddy places, where the
water has nearly dried up, there are no submerged or linear leaves,
all being oval or obovate. Our var. a. is said to have the styles

388

lxxix. ceratophyllacejE. [ Cera tophyllu m .

constantly erect, var. /3. to have them reflexed when in fruit ; but in
the former we find them to he usually as much reflexed as in the
other. Mr. Bentham considers that there is but one species of the
genus (O. aquatica ), which has been “variously divided into from 2
to about 20 supposed species ; but the distinctive characters which
have been given all fail when applied to a large number of specimens
collected in different parts of the world.”

2. C. pedunculuta DC. ( pedunculated W.) ; fructiferous pe-
duncles without bracteas at the’base, fruit, regularly tetragonal,
each lobe bluntly keeled at the back. C. autumnalis Hook, in
E. B. S. t. 2606 (ex cl. the syn.).

Ditches in Jersey, Sussex, Shropshire, Wales, &c. ©, 6 — 9. —

Fruit sometimes almost sessile.

3. C. autumnalis L, ( autumnal W.) ; fructiferous peduncles
very short without bracteas at the base, fruit irregularly tetra-
gonal, each lobe broadly and acutely winged at the back.
E. B. S. t. 2732. C. aquatica y. Huds.: E. B. t. 722 (the small
figure).

Ditches and lakes. Anglesea. Loch of Cluny, Perthshire ; Lochs
near Forfar ; Loch of Drum, Kincardineshire ; Scotland. Cong,
County Mayo. 0. 6 — 10.

Ord. LXXIX. CERAT0PHYLLACE2E Gray.

Flowers imperfect, monoecious. Perianth (involucre?) single,
free, 10— 12-clefr. — Barren jl. Anthers 12—20, sessile, 2-
celled, 2 — 3-cuspidate. — Fertile Jl. Ovary superior, solitary,
bicuspidate above the base, 1-celled, with one pendulous ovule.
Style oblique, filiform, at length hardened, persistent. Stigma
simple. Fruit an achene, 1 -seeded. Albumen 0. Embryo
straight ; cotyledons 2, oval, fleshy ; plumule many-leaved, highly
developed, its lower pair of leaves being separated from the
others by an nite’mode and close to the cotyledons, thus resem-
bling two narrow inner ones decussating with the outer ; radicle
inferior. — An aquatic Order comprising one genus of doubtful
affinity. Leaves ivhorled, rigid , dichotomous , with narrow ser-
rate segments.

1. Ceratophvllpm Linn. Hornwort.

Character same as of the Order. — Name: ki pac, ssparoc, a
horn, and QvWov, a leaf; from the forked leaves.

1. C. demersvm L. (common II.) ; achene armed with two
long rigid spines near the base and terminated by the longish
subulate style. — n. spines of the fruit terete. E. B. t. 947. C.
oxyacanthuin Cham. — d. * spines of the fruit laterally com-
pressed and winged at the base. C. platycanthum Cham.

Ceratophyllum.'] i.xxx. urticace.e.

389

Frequent in slow streams, ditches, and canals. y. 6, 7. —
Floating. Stem long, slender. Leaves 2 or 3 times forked, distantly
serrate. Flowers small, axillary. Our var. a. is the only one yet
observed in this country ; /8. is the most common in Germany, and
may have been passed over with us as the same as a.

2. C. submersum L. ( unarmed H.) ; acliene without spines
near the base terminated by the usually short style. — a. fruit
without 2 conspicuous tubercles at the base, style very short.
E. B. t. 679. C. muticum Cham. — 0.* fruit without 2 con-
spicuous tubercles at the base, style elongated. C. muricatum
Cham. — y* fruit with two tubercles at the basS otherwise
smooth, style elongated. C. submersum DC. C. apiculatum
Cham.

Ditches in the east and south of England, rare. y. 6, 7. —
Mr. Babington states that the ripe fruit of var. a. is covered with
tubercles; in our /3., according to Chamisso, it is similar. As far as
we know, neither /3. nor 7. have been found in this country; but as
this species very seldom bears flowers or fruit, it and its varieties can
rarely be distinguished. The var. 7. connects this with the last
species ; so that, taking also into consideration the great variation to
which aquatics are subject in all the organs of vegetation and repro-
duction, Mr. Betitham is probably correct when he unites the various
forms of the genus into one species.

Ord. LXXX. URTICACEiE Juss.

Flowers generally monoecious or dioecious (very rarely some
of them perfect), scattered, or amentaceous, or aggregate, on
a fleshy persistent receptacle. Perianth divided, persistent or
wanting. Stamens definite, distinct, opposite the lobes of the
perianth and inserted at its base when there is one. Ovary
free, 1 -celled. Ovule solitary. Fruit usually an achene, often
several combined and immersed in the persistent fleshy perianths
or upon or within large fleshy receptacles. Embryo with the
radicle superior. — Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with stipules, often
stinging and sometimes milky. — This has been divided into four
Orders or Sub-Orders. I. URTicEiE, containing the nettles, &c.,
the fibre of the inner bark of some of which is very tenacious.
II. Cannabine^e, yielding hemp from the genus Cannabis, and
a narcotic bitter from the same and also from the hop. III.
More.® (known by the flowers in heads, spikes, or catkins,
stamens incurved during aestivation, hooked embryo and fleshy
albumen) ; to which belong Morus alba, producing the mid-
berry; M. tinctoria, the dye called fustic ; Broussonetia or the
paper mulberry. IV. Artocarte/E (having the flowers in
dense heads, spikes, or catkins, stamens straight during aestiva-
tion, a very short radicle, milky juice, and almost always alter-

s 3

390 LXXX. URTICACE^E. [ Urtica.

nate leaves), to which are referred the famous bread-fruit or
Artocarpus incisa, and the jak- (or jack-) fruit , A. integrifolia ;
Antiaris toxicaria , the celebrated poison-tree , or upas , of Java;
and the ■ Galactodendron utile Humb., or cow-tree of South
America, from which flows a milk which is esteemed a most
nutritive beverage by the natives : also Ficus Carica, yielding
the luscious fig; Urostigma elasticum, one of the plants that
produce caoutchouc or India-rubber ; Dorstenia, a species of
which is the Contrayerva.

1. Urtica. Stamens 4. Perianth of fertile flowers 2-scpaled. Stigma 1,

sessile, penicillate.

2. Parietakia. Stamens 4. Perianth of fertile flowers 4-cleft. Style 1,

conspicuous. Stigma 1, penicillate.

3. Hciucnus. Stam. 5. Perianth of fertile flowers a mere scale. Stig-

mas 2, sessile, filiform.

Sub-Ord. T. URTICEJE. Flowers usually separate from, each
other. Filaments curved inivards during (estivation , then bend-
ing outwards. Anthers inverted in (estivation. Style and
stigma 1 . Ovule erect. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy
(but often thin) albumen. Stipules small.

1. Urtica Linn. Nettle.

Monoecious or dioecious. — Barren fl. Perianth of 4 sepals,
containing the rudiment of a pistil. Stam. 4. — Fertile fl. Pe-
rianth of 2 sepals, with sometimes 2 external smaller ones or
bracteas. Stigma 1, sessile, penicillate. Fruit an achene. —
Leaves opposite. — Named from uro, to burn; in allusion to its
stinging property.

1. U. * pilulif era L. (Boman N. ) ; leaves ovate or cordate
acuminate with transverse nerves, spikes in pairs, fertile ones
dense globular, achenes minutely granular shining, root an-
nual.— a. leaves usually coarsely toothed. E. B. t. 148. —
/3. leaves nearly entire. U. Dodartii L. U. integrifolia Lam.

Under walls and among rubbish, about towns and villages in Eng-
land, principally near the sea, but nowhere well established. Bally-
lickey, south of Ireland. — £. Copford, Essex; Upwell, Norfolk;
Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire. ©. 6 — 8. — The most venomous of

our British nettles. U. Dodartii is only known as a cultivated plant,
and therefore may be looked upon as a very suspicious native, al-
though the above localities have been given for it.

2. U. urens L. ( small N.) ; leaves elliptical serrate with about
5 nearly parallel ribs, spikes in pairs oblong nearly simple
shorter than the petiole, achenes obscurely granular opaque,
root annual. E. B. t. 1236.

Waste places and cultivated ground, frequent. 0. 6 — 9.

LXXX. URTICACEvE.

391

Humulus.']

3. U. dioica L. ( great N.) ; leaves ovate acuminate or ovate-
lanceolate serrate cordate or rounded at the base, spikes in
pairs mostly dioecious much branched longer than the petiole,
root perennial. E. B. t. 1750.

Waste places under walls and hedge-banks, frequent. If. . 6 — 9.

— When the leaves are broad they are cordate; when narrow, rounded
at the base ; but transitions may be observed on the same specimen.
Filaments transversely wrinkled and elastic as in Parietaria. Fertile
perianth often with two small bracteas at the base.

2. Parietaria Linn. Wall-Pellitory.

Polygamous. Perianth 4-fid. Slam. 4, wanting in some
flowers ;f laments transversely wrinkled, at first incurved, then
bending back with elastic force. Style filiform. Stigma peni-
cillate. Achene shining, enclosed by the perianth. — Leaves
alternate. — Named from paries , a wall ; the species frequently
growing on old walls.

1. P. officinalis L. (common TP.) ; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate attenuate at both ends 3-nerved above the base,
involucre of two 3 — 7-lobed segments with an alternating
bractea 3 — 7-flowered, flowers sessile, that between the seg-
ments with a pistil only, one only on each segment perfect at
length enlarged tubular coloured and longer than the stamens,
the others (when present) barren always short and campanu-
late. — a. involucres mostly 3-flowered, stems ascending or
diffuse. E. B. t. 879. P. ramillora Matnch. P. diffusa Koch.
— id involucres mostly 7-flowered, stem usually erect. P.
officinalis Spr. P. erecta Koch.

Old walls and waste places among rubbish. — A. more rare. Essex ;
Pembroke; North Wales. Stirling and Linlithgow. %. 6 — 9. —

Stems reddish, pubescent. Flowers hairy, clustered in the axils of the
leaves. The structure of the clusters in this genus we have explained
fully in the 6th and 7th editions of this Flora, to which we refer ;
and when correctly understood the difference between our two varieties
ceases to be of specific importance.

Sub-Ord. II. CANNABINE/E. Diceciovs. Barren fl. race-
mose or panicled. Filaments of stamens straight and anthers
erect during (estivation. Stigmas 2, sessile , filiform. Ovule
pendulous. Embryo hooked or spiral, ivith a long radicle,
without albumen. Stipules small. Juice watery.

3. Humulus Linn. Hop.

Barren fl. Perianth 5-partite. Siam. 5. Anthers with 2
pores at the extremity. Fertile fl. in a catkin, the scales (pe-

392 lxxxi. ulmacejE. [ U'lmus .

rianth ?) concave, entire, single-flowered, at first enveloping
the ovary , afterwards persistent and enlarged. Perianth 0, ex-
cept the scale. Embryo spiral. — Name: humus, rich soil, or
mould; in which the plant flourishes.

1. H. *Lupulus L. ( common H .): E. B. t. 427.

Thickets and hedges in various places ; indigenous ? in the south of
England. 2/.. 7,8. — Stems long, weak and twining, scabrous.

Leaves petiolate, opposite, 3 — 5-lobed, serrate, veiny, rough. Flowers
greenish- yellow.

Ord. LXXXI. ULMACEiE Mirb.

Flowers perfect or polygamous, not in catkins. Perianth
membranous, inferior, campanulate, and 3 — 8-cleft, or 5-partite;
segments imbricated in estivation. Stamens definite, inserted
into the base of the perianth, as many as and opposite to its
segments. Anthers 2-celled, erect in estivation. Ovary free,
1 — 2-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous or sus-
pended. Stigmas 2, distinct, elongated. Fruit 1- celled, 1-
seeded, indehiscent, dry, or drupaceous. Seed pendulous, with-
out or with little (fleshy) albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with
scabrous, alternate, distichous, stipuled leaves ; allied to Ilham -
nacee, according to Bindley ; but if Celtidee be combined with
them, they are scarcely distinguishable from Urticacee, of which
they are probably only a Suborder.

1. U'-Lmus Linn. Elm.

Flowers perfect. Perianth persistent, with 3 — 8 divisions,
campanulate or conical at the base. Stam. 5. Filaments straight
in aestivation, not bending back elastically. Ovary 2-celled.
Capsule compressed, winged all round (hence a samara.'). —
Xamed, according to Theis, from the Anglo-Saxon Elm ; and
Olm is still the Dutch, and Ulm the German word for this tree;
but all these are derived from the Hebrew ul, to be strong, or
vigorous, from the growth of the tree and quality of the timber.

[The English species belong to the subgenus Dryoptetea Spach ;
Pericarp subcvathiform-campanulate, equal, 4 — 6-cleft. Samara naked
at the margin. Pedicels short, densely fascicled. Leaves serrate.
Flowers before the leaves. — As in Rubus, Hieracium, and Salix, the
numerous supposed species of this genus require to be much reduced;
we shall follow Planchon in the Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3. x. p. 272, and
Phytol. iii. p 34.]

1. U. *suber6sa Ehrb. (common E.) ; leaves shortly acuminate
doubly or somewhat simply serrate, flowers (small) 4 — 5-cleft,
segments ciliate, samara broadest above the middle glabrous
shortly bifid at the apex, the seminiferous cavity chiefly above

LXXXI. ULMACE-®.

393

U'lniusJ]

the middle, and extending almost to the notch. — a. vulgaris ;
leaves rhomboid-obovate small (1 — 3 inches long) scabrous
above pubescent below. U. campestris Sm. (and most authors,
not L.) : E. 13. t. 1886 ( samara cuneate-oblong). U. suberosa
Ehrh.: E. B. t. 2161 ( samara roundish-obovate). — 0. major;
leaves larger (2£ — 5 inches long) scabrous above, pubescent
below. U. major Sm. : E. B. t. 2542 ? — y. Ice vis ; leaves more
or less coriaceous shining and smooth or slightly scabrous
above, nearly glabrous beneath except in the axils of the nerves,
younger ones stipules and samara with scattered stalked glands,
branches pendulous. U. glabra Mill. : E. B. t. 2248. U. car-
pinifolia Lindl. — c. fastigiata ; as in the last, but the branches
rigid erect and compact, and the leaves sometimes cuspidate.
U. stricta Lindl.

Woods and hedges. — a. Throughout England. — 0. in the neigh-
bourhood of London. — y. chiefly in the S. of England and Ireland.
— 5. Cornwall and North Devon. b . 3 — 5 — The first form of

our vnr. a., which grows principally in Norfolk and Sussex, yields
the best wood of all the elms. It is said to have been brought to
Europe from Palestine by the Crusaders. The other form, although
the common elm of England, was not believed to be indigenous so
long ago as in the time of Miller. U. major is generally considered
not to be a native, as the old name U. Hollandica imports. The var.
y. is the wych or witch-elm, this name having been applied to it, as
also to the next species, probably from having been used for divi-
ning rods (see Corylus Avellana ) : some specimens called U. glabra
belong however to the next. Of U. stricta of Lindley the fruit is
unknown.

2. U. campestris L. ( broad-leaved E., or Wych-Hazel) ; leaves
doubly serrate cuspidate, usually scabrous above and pubescent
beneath sometimes nearly glabrous, liowers 5 — 7-cleft, segments
ciliate, samara oblong or roundish broadest about or below
the middle shortly bifid at the apex, the seminiferous cavity
chiefly below the middle and distant from the notch. U. mon-
tana Bank.: Sm. : E. B. t. 1887.

Woods and hedges, frequent, certainly wild. Tj . 3, 4. — This is

certainly the U. campestris L. and of Swedish and Danish botanists, as
Mr. Borrer long since suspected, and which Dr. Bromfield proved
by consulting the Linnxan herbarium : it is the only species wild
in the north of Europe. Distinguished at first sight by its large
spreading branches and broad leaves appearing just as the “hop-
like fruit" comes to perfection, but with more certainty, by the rela-
tive position of the cavity and notch of the fruit, a character first
indicated by Gaudin, and which may even be observed in the ovary
when a little advanced. A variety is called the weeping elm. To this
Lindley refers also the giant elm and Chichester elm. The wood is
of inferior quality. The late Dr. Bromfield refers here rather than
to V. suberosa the V. glabra of botanists, and says that U. suberosa is
s 5

394

LXXXII. ELiEAGNACEAi. [ Hippophae .

marked by a disposition to emit suckers from the root, the seed
rarely coining to perfection ; while in U. montana the bark is smoother,
there are few or no suckers, and the fruit ripens perfectly.

** Barren flowers in catkins. (Ord. LXXXII. — LXXXVII.)

Ord. LXXXII. ELiEAGNACEiE Juss.

Flowers mostly dioecious. — Barren fl. somewhat amentaceous.
Perianth 2 — 4-parted. Stamens 3 or more. Anthers 2-celled.
— Fertile fl. Perianth tubular persistent, 2 — 4-toothed or
-cleft. Ovary 1, free, 1 -celled, with one erect ovule. Style
short. Stigma subulate, glandular. Fruit crustaceous, enclosed
within the fleshy perianth. Seed solitary, erect. Embryo with
a thin fleshy albumen ; radicle inferior. — Trees or shrubs, with
frequently leprous scales and no stipules.

1. Hippophae Linn. Sallow-thorn.

Dioecious. — Barren fl. collected into a small sort of catkin,
each scale bearing a flower. Perianth bipartite, segments round-
ish. Anthers 4, linear, nearly sessile. — Fertile fl. solitary.
Perianth single tubular, bifid at the summit. — Name: in
Greek 'nnroipan, apparently a corruption of inro<t>ar], from into,
under, and <paw, to shine ; in reference to the shining scales on
the under-sides of the leaves.

1. H. rhamnoides L. (common S., or Sea-Buckthorn ) : E. B.
t. 425.

Sand-hills and cliffs upon the east and south-east coasts of Eng-
land, as Kent, Essex. Norfolk, Lincoln, and Yorkshire. Aherlady
on the Forth, and Toward-point on the Clyde; also in Islay and
Kintyre, but scarcely indigenous in Scotland. h- 5 — 7.

Ord. LXXXIII. MYRICACEiE Rich.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, all amentaceous. Perianth 0.
— Barren fl. Stamens 2 — 8. Anthers 2- or 4-celled, opening
longitudinally. — Fertile fl. Ovary free, 1 -celled, with 1 erect
ovule, surrounded by hypogynous persistent scales. Stigmas 2.
Fruit drupaceous, often covered with waxy secretions, and with
the hypogynous scales becoming fleshy and adherent. Seed
solitary, erect. Embryo without albumen; radicle short, supe-
rior. — Shrubs, or small trees, often aromatic, with resinous
glands and alternate leaves. In Myrica cerifera, a copious wax
exudes from the berries, employed for economical purposes.

Betula.']

LXXXIV. BETULACEJE.

395

1. Myri'ca Linn. Gale.

Scales of the catkins concave. — Barren fl. Stam. 4 or 8. —
Fertile fl. Stigmas subulate. Hypogynous scales sessile, with-
out a gland on the inside. — Name : gvpua j, in Greek synonymous
with the tamarix.

1. M. Gale L. ( sweet G., Bog- or Dutch-Myrtle'); leaves
lanceolate broader upwards serrate, stem shrubby. E. B. t.
562.

Bogs and moory ground, most abundant, especially in Scotland.
Tj. 5 — 7. — The plant diffuses an agreeable smell: its leaves have
a bitter taste, whence they are sometimes employed instead of hops.

Ord. LXXXIV. BETULACE2E Rich.

Flowers monoecious, all amentaceous. — Barren fl. Scales of
the catkin peltate, 1 — 3-flowered with 2 — 5 bracteoles. Peri-
anth 4-partite or none. Stam. 4 and opposite the leaves of the
perianth, or 8 — 12 with 2 — 3 scales at their base. Filaments
very short, distinct. Anthers erect, 2- (or 1 - ?) celled. — Fer-
tile fl. Scales of the catkin entire or 3-lobed, 2— 3-flowered,
enlarging with the fruit. Perianth none, or of 4 scales at the
base of the ovary. Ovary free, 2-celled with a solitary pendu-
lous ovule in each cell. Style 0. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit
compressed, dry and indehiscent, 1-celled, 1 -seeded. Seed
pendulous. Albumen 0. Cotyledons flat ; radicle superior. —
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate , simple , with the. nerves often
running straight from the midrib to the margin. Stipules
deciduous.

1. Bettjla. Perianth of barren fl. 0. Stam. 8— 12. Achene winged.

2. Alnus. Perianth of barren fl. 4-partite. Stam. 4. Achene not

winged.

1. Betula Linn. Birch.

Barren fl. Perianth 0. Stam. 8 — 12, with 2 — 3 small scales
at. the base (indicating 2 — 3 flowers each of 4 stamens). — Fer-
tile fl. Scale of the catkin 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth 0.
Fruit with a membranous margin. — Name: derived from betu,
the Celtic name for the birch ( beath in Gaelic).

1. B. alba L. ( common B.) ; leaves ovato-deltoid acute
doubly serrate, scales of the fertile catkins 3-lobed, fruit broadly
obovate with a broad margin. E. B. t. 2198. — a. lateral lobes
of scales decurved. B. verrucosa Fries. — \i. lateral lobes as-
cending. B. glutinosa Fries.

Woods, especially in heathy soils and in mountainous countries,
h. 4, 5. — There is a var. of this tree (B. pendula Roth: Lindl. Syn,
p. 229), with remarkably drooping branches, which are more verru-

396

LXXXV. SALICACE^E.

\_Alnus.

cose than in the common appearance : it is not unfrequent in the
Highlands of Scotland, and generally known by the name of the
drooping or weeping birch. There is also another with the young
shoots and peduncles downy, which seems to be B. pubescens Lhrh.
The lateral lobes of the catkin-scales vary, beinsr either erect or
spreading, or even decurved, particularly in the drooping birch; and
although we have admitted the two extremes to marie our varieties,
we cannot admit such to be of specific importance.

2. B. ndna L. (dwarf B.) ; leaves orbicular obtusely crenate
glabrous, catkin scales tritid, fruit orbicular with a narrow
margin. E. B. t. 2326-

In several parts of the Highlands of Scotland. Rare in the Low-
lands. Tj. 5. — A small shrubby plant not exceeding 1 — 2 feet in
height. Leaves on short footstalks. Fertile catkins at the extremity
of the branches, small ; their scales cleft to the middle or sometimes
to near the base, variable in the same specimen.

2. A'ntics Tnurn. Alder.

Barren fl. Scale of the catkin 3-lobed, with 3 flowers. Peri-
anth 4-part, ite. Siam. 4. — Fertile fl. Scale of the catkin sub-
trifid, with 2 flowers. Perianth 0. Ovary with 4 minute scales
at its base. Fruit without a membranous margin, com-
pressed.— Name: derived by Theis from the Celtic, al, near,
and lan, a river ; but more probably from the Hebrew aelon, a
rigorous tree, and usually applied to the oak.

1. A. glutinosa Gmrtn. (common A.) ; leaves roundish-cunei-
form obtuse lobed at the margin and serrate somewhat glu-
tinous downy in the axils of the nerves beneath. Betula Alnus
L .: E. B. t. 1508.

Wet meadows and moist grounds by water, frequent. h • 3 — 4.

— Sterile catkins long, large, and cylindrical, pendent, their footstalks
branched. Fertile catkins small, ovate, with deep-red scales.

Okd. LXXXV. SALICACEiE Rich.

Flowers dioecious, all amentaceous. — Barren fl. Perianth
0 (replaced by 1 — 2 nectariferous glands), or oblique and entire.
Stamens 2 — 30 : anthers 2-celled. — Fertile fl. Perianth 0 or

turbinate. Ovary free, 1 -celled, with numerous erect ovules
attached to the bottom of the cell or to the base of 2 parietal
placentas. Style 1 or 0. Stigmas 2, entire or cleft. Fruit
coriaceous, 1 -celled (or by the inflexion of the edges of the valves
somewhat 2-celled), 2-valved, many seeded. Seeds erect, mi-
nute, covered with long silky hairs springing from their base.
Albumen 0. Embryo erect; radicle inferior. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves alternate. , simple, with often glands on their edge or on
the petiole. Stipules deciduous or persistent, sometimes none.

LXXXV. SALICACE.E.

397

Salix ]

1. Salix. Scales of the catkins entire, with 1 — 2 nectariferous glands,

and no perianth. Stain. 1 — 5.

2. Populus. Scales of the catkins usually incise, without nectariferous

glands. Perianth cup-shaped containing the stani. and pist.

Stamens 4 — 30.

1. Salix Linn. Willow. Sallow. Osier.

Scales of the catkins quite entire. Perianth 0, except 1 — 2
unilateral nectariferous glands between the stamens or pistil and
the raehis. — Barren fi. Stain. 1 (of 2 combined) or 2 — 5
— Fertile fl. Stigmas 2, entire or cloven into two. Caps.
1 -celled. — Named, according to Theis, from sal, near, and lis,
water, in Celtic ; but the Welsh and Celtic name of the tree is
helig, the Cornish one helak, and the Gaelic and Irish seileach,
from any of which Salix is rather derivable.

[The many important uses rendered by the different species of
willow and osier, serve to rank them among the first in our list of
economical plants. The' larger kinds, which are, too, of the most
rapid growth, yield timber and exceed 60 feet in height ; whilst the
least of them (5. herbacea ), which grows on the summits of our
Highland mountains, can scarcely be said to rise above the surface of
the soil in which it vegetates. Many are in great request for baskets,
hoops, and crates : their bark is used by the tanner, and that of one
species (S. fragilis var. Russelliana) as a substitute for the true Peru-
vian bark. A correct knowledge of them, then, is of primary im-
portance ; yet there is not in the whole range of the vegetable crea-
tion, a genus liable to more variation in properties, as well as in foliage
and general appearance, at different periods of growth, in different
soils and situations, and under different circumstances ; so that the
accurate determination of its species, or even what constitutes a species,
has baffled the researches of the ablest botanists. — We shall continue
to adopt, with few deviations, the arrangement proposed by Mr.
Borrer in the 5th and previous editions of the British Flora, and refer
our readers there for full notes on all the species or varieties. But it
is to be regretted that some general arrangement, not for a local flora
only, but for the species of the whole world, were not devised and
universally adopted ; perhaps none hitherto attempted is superior to
that of Koch, with some slight modifications.]

i. Filament I, with a 4-celled anther, or forked upwards and bearing
two ‘2-cel/ed anthers. Capsules sessile, very pubescent. Catkins ap-
pearing before the leaves, lateral, sessile, with 2 — 3 small leaf-like brac-
teas at the base ; scales dark or purple at the end. Leaves linear or
lanceolate, green or glaucous ( not white and silky') beneutli. Branches
twiggy. Monandrte Borr .'

1. S. purpurea L. ( purple IF.) ; filament 1, capsule ovate,
style very short or none, stigmas ovate entire or emarginate,

1 Mr. Bentham unites all of this group into one species under the name of S,
purpurea.

398

LXXXV. SALICACEA:.

[ Sdlix.

leases often opposite broader upwards acuminate serrulate,
stipules none. — a. decumbent, branches purple. E. B. t. 1388
(bitter purple W.). — (5. erect, young branches purplish or
yellow. S. Lambertiana Sm. : E. B. t. 1359 (Boyton W.,
leaves lanceolate .) S. Woollgariana Borr. : E. B. S. t. 2651
(Woollgar’s W., leaves cuneate-lanceolate).

Marshes and banks of rivers. b- 3 — 5. — Anthers in this and
S. Helix purple, becoming at length black.

2. S. Helix L. ( Rose IF.) ; filament 1, capsule ovate, style
conspicuous, stigmas bifid the segments nearly linear, leaves
often opposite lanceolate broadest upwards acuminate serrulate,
stipules none. E. B. t. 1343.

Marshes and the banks of rivers, b- 3, 4. — Mr. Leefe conjoins
this with the last: and it only differs by the much longer style, and
at length cloven stigmas : these last are sometimes entire when young,
in which case they are ovate, as in S. purpurea. Branches erect: their
bark glossy and yellow.

3. S. Forbydna Sm. ( fine Basket O.) ; “monandrous, erect,
leaves with small downy stipules lanceolate-oblong serrate
glabrous, style equal in length to the linear divided stigmas.”
Borr.: E. B. t. 1344.

Meadows and osier-grounds at Fincham and near Lynn, Norfolk ;
Cambridgeshire. b . 4. — “Stems yellowish-green, glossy. Allied

to S. Helix, especially in the fructification, but differing in foliage.
This species is much esteemed by basket-makers, for the finer sorts of
wicker-work.” All the flowering fertile specimens we have received
or seen cultivated under this name have, however, the stigmas linear
and entire, and do not differ from the next, with which Mr. Leefe
conjoins it on account of its having stipules and constantly alternate
leaves. The true sterile plant is as yet unknown ; but Smith, judging
from specimens in which some of the styles were converted into sta-
mens, has described the latter as having a simple filament : we do not
know the colour of the anthers.

4. S. rubra Huds. ( green-leaved O .) ; filaments 2, united at
the base, capsule oblong-ovate, style elongated, stigmas linear
undivided, leaves alternate linear-lanceolate (broader in the
fertile plant) acuminate serrate, stipules minute. E. B. 1. 1145.

Low meadows and osier-grounds, rare. Maidenhead ; Windsor ;
near Salisbury ; Cambridgeshire ; Carlisle. Frequent in hedges and
osier-grounds, Scotland. b- 4,5. — A small tree, with longer and
more lanceolate and acuminate leaves than any other in the present
group, in the latter particular approaching, as Sir J. E. Smith re-
marks, S. viminalis, but wanting its dense white pubescence. The
stamens are always more or less combined, below only, into one fila-
ment, as in S'. Croweana, which in other respects is quite a different
plant ; anthers yellow, becoming brown, but scarcely ever black, by
drying.

LXXXV. SAL1CACEJS.

399

Salix .]

ii. Stamens 3. Capsules stalked, usually glabrous. Catkins leafy, lax ;
their scales persistent of the same pale colour throughout : “ nectary
double ,” Leefe. Leaves between lanceolate and ovate, glabrous, serrate.
Stipule< shorter than the petiole. Trees or large shrubs, casting their
bark in autumn. Triandrae Borr.'

5. S. triundra L. (hlunt-stipided triandrous IF.) ; leaves ser-
rate, stipules half-cordate approaching to reniforni blunt,
scales of the catkins glabrous or slightly hairy, capsule glabrous,
stigmas nearly sessile. — a. leaves oblong-lanceolate, young
branches not furrowed. E. B. t. 1435 (long-leaved tr. W.). —
ji. leaves linear-lanceolate green on both sides, young branches
furrowed, capsule acuminate. S. contorta Crowe. — y. leaves
ovato-lanceolate acuminate, young branches not furrowed. S.
Hoffmanniana Sm. : E. B. S. t. 2 6 '20 (short-leaved tr. W.). — S.
leaves ovate or ovate-oblong glaucous beneath, young branches
strongly furrowed. S. amygdalina L. : E. B. t. 1936 (Almond-
leaved W.).

Banks of rivers and ditches and osier-grounds. h . 4 — 6. — The

stipules, being modified leaves, vary in shape according to the form
of the leaves themselves; but all the above have stipules of a very dif-
ferent form from the next species, to which however they approach in
other respects. Stigmas varying from entire to bifid.

6. S. * unduldta Ehrh. ( sharp-stipuled triandrous TF.) ; leaves
lanceolate much acuminate sharply and finely serrate often
wavy, stipules half-cordate acute, scales of the catkins very
villous, capsule glabrous (or silky) constricted above the
middle, style as long as the bifid or emarginate stigmas. S.
lanceolata Sm. : E. B. 1. 1436.

Near Lewes, Sussex (the fertile plant only, and it scarcely a native),
h • 4, 5. — A small tree, which casts its bark annually. It is cultivated
and cut down every year for the use of basket-makers ; but Mr.
Forbes observes that it is not so well calculated for the finer sorts of
wicker-work as S. triandra. Dr. Meyer of Gottingen has sent us
specimens of the S. undulata of Ehrh., compared with the Ehrhartian
herbarium ; and Mr. Borrer is satisfied that they are identical with
Smith’s lanceolata ; at least with the Sussex specimens communicated
by Mr. Woollgar to him, and which are probably the same as the
fertile individuals figured in E. Bot. Indeed that station is the only
one mentioned by Sir J. E. Smith as English. Mr. Borrer has
received German specimens of S. undulata with silky ovaries, and
they are probably the S', undulata of the Sal. Wob., which differs only
in that respect, and in its more wavy leaves, from our present plant.

iii. Stamens more than 2, usually 5, distinct. Capsules ovato-lanceolate,
stalked, glabrous. Catkins rather lax, appearing with the leaves on short

> Mr. Bentham unites both species of this section under the name of S. amyg-
dalina.

400

LXXXV. SALICACE^E.

[ Salix.

lateral leafy stalks ; the scales deciduous before the maturity of the
fruit , of the same pale colour throughout : “ nectary double Leefe.
Leaves between lanceolate and ovate , glabrous , glossy , and fragrant ,
exuding a resin from their glandular serratures. Petioles glandular ,
especially towards the top. Stipules very deciduous. Trees or large
shrubs. Pentandrae Borr.

7. S. perddndra L. ( sweet Bay-leaved W.) ; leaves elliptical-
lanceolate acuminate, stamens 5 or more, style short, stigmas
bifid, stalk of the ovary not exceeding twice the length of the
gland. E. B. t. 1805. S. Meyeriana Borr. in Hook. Brit. FI.
ed. 3. (not Wdld. ?).

Banks of rivers and watery places ; most frequent in the north,
k . 5,6. — In its wild state it is a bushy shrub, rarely above

6 — 8 feet high ; but when cultivated and protected from injury, it
becomes a tree 18 — 20 feet high. Its large and copious shining
foliage almost gives this plant the appearance of an evergreen. Sterile
catkins fragrant, as well as the leaves. In the wild plant the leaves, at
the time of flowering, rarely exceed | of an inch in breadth, while they
vary in length in specimens from the same marsh, from scarcely 2^,
when they are almost elliptical or ovate, to 3 inches, when they are
oblong or elliptical-lanceolate and much acuminate: in the cultivated
tree they are usually much broader and larger ; the sterile catkins
too are much larger and more handsome than in the wild one : the
stipules are said to be ovate oblong, straight and equal-sided ; but if
we are not confusing specimens of the next, they are sometimes ob-
lique and half-cordate, sometimes reniform on the autumnal shoots.

8. S . * cuspiddta Schultz (cuspidate W.) ; leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate much acuminate, “stipules half-cordate oblique, stamens
3 — 4,” style short, stigmas bifid, stalk of the ovary 3 — 4 times
as long as the gland. S. Meyeriana Willd.

Near Shrewsbury : Leighton. k • 6'. — Of this we have not seen

perfect specimens : the foliage is Scarcely different from what we have
observed in the last; but there appears to be a difference in the length
of the stalk of the ovary, if this be constant.

iv. Stamens 2, distinct. Capsules sessile, ovato-conical, glabrous. Style
elongated, bifid ; stigmas oblong or linear-oblong. Catkins lateral, ses-
sile, minutely bracteate, appearing before the leaves. Leaves lanceolate ,
acute, adult ones glabrous. Branches with a glaucous bloom, especially
when dried. Pruinosre Borr.

9. S. * acutifulia Willd. ( violet TF.) ; young shoots glabrous,
leaves linear-lanceolate elongate acuminate serrulate glabrous
somewhat glaucous underneath, stipules lanceolate acuminate.

Cleveland, and Wensleydale Dale, Yorkshire, k . 4 The sterile

plant has alone been met with in this country, and this is a sufficient
argument against its being a truly native species. We believe it is
commonly cultivated for its beautifully coloured blanches. It is
certainly the S. violacea of the Sal. Wob.

LXXXV. SALICACEJE.

401

Sulix.2

v. Stamens 2, distinct. Capsules elongated, glubrous. Catkins very
lax, appearing with the leaves on short lateral leafy shouts; their
scules deciduous. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with stipules. Petioles
scarcely glandular. Fragiles and Alba: Borr.

10. S.frdgilis L. (crack- W.) ; leaves glabrous or downy be-
neath when young, stipules halt-cordate, capsules more or less
stalked, style conspicuous, stigmas bifid. — a. leave® ovato-lan-
ceolate (glabrous or downy beneath), floral ones similar, ovary
oblong-ovate scarcely longer than t lie scales, style shorter than
the stigmas. E. B. t. 1807.— /3. leaves lanceolate tapering at
both ends (downy beneath when young), floral ones similar,
ovary lanceolate-acuminate nearly twice as long as the scale,
style the length of the stigmas. S. Russelliana Sm. : E. B.
t. 1808 (Bedford W). — v. leaves lanceolate (quite glabrous),
floral ones often obovate bluntish and recurved, “ovary taper-
ing, style longer than the stigmas.” S. decipiens Hoffm. : E. B.
t. 1937 (white Welsh or varnished W.).

Marshy woods and osier-grounds, in many places, b • 4, 5. —

Young branches brittle, especially in the var. a. ; but in 0. they are
in some situations equally so. Var. 0. is an extremely valuable tree,
and was first brought into notice by his Grace the late Duke of Bed-
ford. As to var. 7., its “bark is polished like porcelain: the buds
are black in spring: young shoots often crimson, the colour extending
occasionally to the midrib of the leaves.” ( Lee fe .) The leaves of var.
7. are quite glabrous, 4 pale and much reticulate beneath ; of vur. a.
often broad at the base, glabrous or slightly downy beneath when
young ; and of var. 0. narrower than the last and more downy beneath.
Var. 0. and 7. seem to occur nowhere in a wild state : of the former
the fertile, and of the latter the sterile, plants alone are, we believe,
known, at least in this country.

11. S. alba L. (common white W.); leaves elliptical-lanceolate
regularly glanduloso-serrate acute when young more or less
silky beneath often so above, capsules ovate-acuminate nearly
sessile glabrous, stigmas nearly sessile short recurved bifid,
scales short pubescent at the margin much shorter than the
stamens and about the length of the capsule. — a. young leaves
silky on both sides. E. B. t. 2430. — 13. under-side of the
leaves less silky ultimately quite glabrous and glaucous. S.
casrulea Sm. : E. B. t. 2431 (blue W.).

River-sides, moist woods, &c. I j. 5. — A well known tree of

considerable size, and of which the var. 0. is of such exceedingly
rapid growth, that it is by many still deemed a distinct species ; and
Mr. Forbes observes that the new leaves, after the wood has been cut,
are of a larger size, and, as well as the twigs, of a darker hue than the
real S. alba. They seem to be alike valuable for their bark and their
timber, and are both amply deserving of cultivation.

12. S. vitellina L. (yellow W., or golden O.) ; leaves lanceo-

402

LXXXV. SALICACEjE.

[ Salix.

late with glandular serratures acuminate more or less silky
beneath often so above, capsules lanceolate sessile glabrous,
style short, stigmas bipartite, scales lanceolate pointed longer
than either stamens or style. E. B. t. 1389.

Hedges and osier-grour.ds, in many places. h . 5. — This is

rendered striking by the bright yellow colour of its branches, and the
leaves often partake of the same tint. With this exception, the plant,
as Mr. Borrer observes, is “ extremely nearly allied to S. alba.’’ Mr.
Leefe, and many others, conjoin them ; and our only doubt arises
from the long scales of the catkin imparting quite a peculiar aspect,
a character, however, which Mr. Borrer does not notice, and none of
the others are of much value.

[vi. Stamens 2, distinct. Capsules on long stalks, silky. Catkins short,
lax, appearing before the leaves on short lateral stalks with sometimes a
few leafy bracteas at their base ; their scales dark at the point, short,
persistent. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, silky when young, with small
stipules. Grisete Borr.

13. S. * petioldris Sm. {dark long-leaved TF.) ; leaves when
young gray with long silky hairs especially beneath, capsules
ovato-laneeolate, stigmas ovate nearly sessile, scales villous
(black) scarcely longer than the pedicel. E. B. t. 1147.

Scotland : Dickson, h • 4. — Not uncommon in North America,

and certainly not a European species. It is not now (even in culti-
vation) in Possil-marsh, where it was said to have been found by
G. Don. A species very distinct from any of the preceding, nearly
allied to S. grisea Willd., if not the same ]

vii. Stamens 2, distinct {or sometimes combined at the base?). Cap-
sules distinctly stalked, silky. Style short. Catkins sessile, short and
rather dense, bracteated at the base ; scales discoloured at the end.
Leaves small or narrow, or with a satiny pubescence. Small, erect,
or procumbent shrubs. Argent ere Koch (Rosmarinifolue, Fuscre, and
Ambigute Borr.).1

14. S. * rosmarini folia L. {Rosemary-leaved TF.) ; erect
slender, leaves linear-lanceolate with a straight point silky (the
young ones especially) quite entire or with a few very minute
glandular teeth, catkins at first shortly ovate or oblong after-
wards more lax, ovaries stalked silky oblong-lanceolate acumi-
nate, style about as long as the linear divided or entire stigmas,
scales short villous. E. B. t. 1365.

> We have conjoined Mr. Borrer’s three groups. Between some forms of S.
fusca with the upper side of the leaves downy or silky and S. ambigua there is
absolutely no difference, except that the leaves of the former then exhibit less
evident serratures. a more prominent venation above, and have the point of the
leaves conspicuously bent back to one side. 5. fusca and S ambigua have broad
leaves: the first has them usually glahrous above, and there, when dried, pro-
minently reticulate and often black ; the latter always of an ashy colour. S.
rosmarinifolia has narrow silky leaves with linear stigmas ; S. angustrfoha narrow
leaves, broad erect stigmas, and lax short catkins ; S. Ooniana usually narrow
leaves and dense catkins. Mr. Bentham seems disposed to unite all the species of
this section into one.

Salix."]

LXXXV. SALICACEdG.

403

Found by Sherard. Sent by Mr. Dickson to Mr. Crowe ( Sm. )
Pj . 4. — A slender, upright shrub, 2 — 3 feet high, with silky leaves,

nearly glabrous in the adult plant. Whole plant, when dry, often
turning almost black, as does the following. Mr. Leefe observes
that 5. rosmarinifolia L. et Koch differs in the fertile catkins being
almost round arid very short, buried in the floral leaves, and not
curved as in E. Bot. : we find them to vary much in these respects.

15. S.* anguslifulia Wulf. ? (little Tree W.) ; erect slender,
leaves linear-lanceolate nearly glabrous with minute glandular
teeth the young ones silky glaucous beneath, catkins ovate
erect, ovaries ovate-acuminate silky stalked, style about as long
as the broad erect entire stigmas, scales very villous nearly as
long as the young ovaries afterwards often as short as the
stalk to the capsule. S. Arbuscula Sin. : E. B. t. 1366 (not of
continental authors).

Scotland. Clova mountains. Near Dumfries. Tj- 4. — We
have never seen wild specimens from this country, nor has Mr.
Borrer. The large broad leaves represented in E. Bot. cannot
belong to this species. Sir J. E. Smith in the E. FI. places this and
the last widely apart ; they are certainly so closely allied that the
difference lies almost entirely in their ovaries, which are broader at
the base in the present plant, with ovate and quite entire stigmas,
and more shaggy scales.

16. S. Donidna Sm. ( Don's W.) ; branches at first procum-
bent then erect and twiggy, leaves partly opposite oblong-
lanceolate broadest above the middle acute slightly serrate
eyen livid and somewhat silky beneath, stipules linear, catkins
erect cylindrical compact, ovaries stalked silky longer than the
obovate scale, stigmas short emarginate. E. B. S. t. 2599.

Scotland, h . 5. — Shrub 6 feet or more high, resembling S.

purpurea, but Mr. Borrer considers it correctly placed in the present
division, on account of its stalked ovaries, which have little resem-
blance to those of the Monandrce, but are closely analogous to those of
S.fusca, to which species he thinks there is considerable affinity in
the foliage also. We believe that the plant with sterile flowers is un-
known. Mr. Babington and Mr. Leefe, indeed, mention that the
stamens are said (on the authority of Koch) to be monadelphous, and
the anthers ultimately yellowish-brown, not black ; but perhaps one
of the Monandrce has been mistaken for it.

17. S.fusca L. (dwarf silky IF); leaves elliptical ir elliptic-
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate broadest about the middle acute
entire or with minute glandular serratures somewhat downy
glaucous and generally very silky beneath, ovaries upon a long
stalk lanceolate very silky, stigmas bifid. S. repens Hook.
Scot. 1. p. 284. — a. stem much branched upright decumbent
below, leaves elliptical-lanceolate with a straight, point. S.
fusca Sm. : E. B. 1. 1960. — /8. stem depressed with short up-
right branches, leaves elliptical-lanceolate with a straight point.

404

LXXXV. SALICACEiE.

[ Salix.

S. repens L. : E. B. t. 183 (with young leaves only). — 7. stem
prostrate with elongated straight branches, leaves elliptic-oblong
with a curved point. S. prostrata Sm. : E. B. t. 1959. — d. stem
recumbent, leaves elliptical. S. fcetida Sm. E. FI. vol. iv. p.
208. S. ascendens Sm. : E. B. t. 19G2. subvar. leaves smaller.
S. fcetida /3. Sm. E. FI. vol. iv. p. 208. S. parvifolia
Sm.: E. B. t. 1961. : Salict. Wob. p. 161. t. 81. — e. stem pro-
cumbent or erect, leaves elliptic-lanceolate with a recurved
point. S. incubacea L. : E. B. S. t. 2600 (soon glabrous
above). — subvar. leaves long, covered with dense gray pube-
scence above, and sometimes narrow. — £. stem erect or spread-
ing leaves elliptical, with a recurved point very silvery beneath
usually long, covered with gray pubescence above. S. argentea
Sm. : E. B. t. 1364.

Moist and dry heaths, moors, and sandy situations. h • 4, 5. —

Usually a small shrub, with rather long straight branches, hut varying
exceedingly, according to situation and other circumstances; as do the
leaves, which are more or less glabrous above in the first four varieties,
while in the last two they are often* downy above for a much longer
period, and do not acquire by drying the dark colour of the others :
all are more or less silky beneath where the nerves are prominent, and
prominently reticulate above.

18. S. ambigua Ehrh. (ambiguous TU. ); “leaves oval obovate
or lanceolate pubescent slightly toothed with a recurved point
somewhat rugose above glaucous with prominent veins beneath,
catkins stalked erect cylindrical, ovaries stalked densely silky,
style very short, stigmas short at length cloven.” Borr. in E.
B. S. t. 2733. — a. leaves oval or obovate moderately hairy. S.
ambigua Ehrh. (not of Pursh). S. versifolia Ser. — /3. leaves
obovate .very silky on both sides. — 7. leaves obovate lanceolate
or oblong moderately hairy or silky. S. spathulata Willd.

a. Gravelly heaths. Sussex, Essex, Suffolk. Perthshire, Aber-
deen, Inverness, Angus, Caithness, Orkney, and the Hebrides. — /3.
Hogs near Forfar. — 7. Epping Forest; Hopton, Suffolk. Between
Balnagard and Aberfeldie, Scotland. h- 5 — A straggling shrub,
with branches sometimes procumbent, sometimes rising a foot or two
from the ground ; at other times it is of an upright growth, 3 — 4 feet
high. Young twiys downy. Leaves thin, somewhat rugose, with
veins sunken above and prominent beneath ; upper side variable as to
pubescence and silkiness; under sometimes quite bare and glaucous,
but usually with copious adpressed silky or cottony hairs ; edges
more or less recurved. “ S. ambigua approaches on the one side to S.
aurita, with the smallest varieties of which it is most likely to be con-
founded, and on the other to S. fusca.’’ (Borr.) Koch regards it as a
hybrid between the two. They are altogether extremely ambiguous
plants. The var. /3. has a very peculiar aspect: we have never seen
any specimens, except those from Mr. Drummond, and what we our-
selves collected in Ilestennet Moss near Forfar.

LXXXV. SALICACEjE.

405

Sdlix.~]

viii. Stamens 2, distinct. Capsules crowded , sessile, oblong-ovate,
downy. Stigmas ovate, almost sessile. Catkins cylindrical, terminal,
stalked, appearing with the full-grown leaves. Scales pale brown.
Leaves roundish, extremely reticulate beneath. Dwarf alpine shrubs,
with the stem creeping below the surface of the ground. Reticulata:
Borr.

19. S. reticulata L. ( reticulate IF) ; leaves nearly glabrous
above, glaucous beneath. E. B. t. 1908.

Lofty mountains of the middle and north of Scotland. T? . 6, 7.

— A species said to have been found in England and Wales, but
not on good authority. Stem short, very woody, much branched,
procumbent, when cultivated forming a beautiful tuft of considerable
extent, with its curiously reticulate and large handsome leaves white
or glaucous on their under side. The catkins and stems have a reddish
or purplish tinge.

ix. Stamens 2, distinct. Capsules sessile, ovate, very downy or silky.
Catkins somewhat compact, lateral, appearing with the leaves; their
scales discoloured at the end. Leaves between roundish-ovate and
oblony-lanceolate, soft, hairy and silky, often white and cottony beneath.
Small erect shrubs. Glaueas Borr.

20. S. arendria L. ( downy Mountain TF.) ; leaves cottony and
sometimes also silky beneath, catkins usually naked at the base
rarely on lateral leafy shoots, style at length elongated bifid at
the apex with bipartite stigmas. — a. leaves with gray or whitish
wool or down on the upper side, which sometimes falls off
through age leaving the dull surface of the leaf, styles always
elongated, catkins leafless. E. B. t. 1809. S. Stuartiana Sm. :
E. B.t. 2586. S. limosa Wahl. — ,o*. leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
very soon quite glabrous and shining above, styles usually short
at first lengthening as the fruit ripens, catkins leafless (or rarely
on lateral leafy shoots. S. glauca Sm. : E. B. t. 1810.

a. Highland mountains, especially those of Breadalbane and Clova.
b . 6, 7. — It is almost impossible to refer the LinnEean synonyms

to these plants, without some objections being started. Our var. a.
is certainly the 5. arenaria L. ; but that name was given in consequence
of Linnaeus confusing with it X. fusca var. f., which alone merited it.
The X. arenaria Sm. appears to be the S. Lapponum L„ as to the
synonym of the Flvr. Lapponica (where he says folia subtus crassis-
simo vellere albo tecta ) and perhaps of the first edition of the Flor.
Syecica, but not that of the second, where S. sericea Vill. is described;
and this last, according to Smith, is the S. Lapponum of the Linnaean
herbarium : again, S. Stuartiana Sm. seems to be the state of S.
arenaria, of which a leaf is figured in the Flor. Lapponica. The
variety a. varies much in the foliage : we have collected specimens in
the Clova mountains with some leaves roundish-obovate and slightly
cordate, and others elliptic-oblong: this we suspect to be the S. lanata
of G. Don, both sides of the leaves being more white and woolly than
usual. S, arenaria Sm. is said to have the leaves ovate, acute, and only

406

LXXXV. SALICACEA2.

[ Salix.

slightly downy above, while in S. Stuartinna they are sometimes nar-
row oblong-lanceolate and very shaggy above; but these are extremes;
and there is a complete transition in the form and pubescence. For
our var. /3. we give no stations, because we have no reason to believe
it indigenous, Mr. Don’s specimens now before us from the Clova
mountains being the same as var. a., and belonging to S. urenaria E.

Bot. ; it is commonly cultivated, being a handsome plant, and is com-
mon in Switzerland, where we believe our var. a. does not occur.

x. Stamens 2, distinct. Capsules shortly stalked, or almost sessile,
somewhat lanceolate, hairy or silky. Style conspicuous. Catkins lateral,
nearly sessile, appearing with the leaves, with leaf-like bracteas at the
base ; their scales discoloured at the end. Trees cf a more or less
considerable size with long pliant branches. Leaves lanceolate. Vi-
minales Borr.1

* Stigmas long, linear, and slender.

21. S . vimindlis L. (common O.); leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate obscurely crenate white and silky beneath, stipules
very small sublanceolate, ovaries almost sessile. E. B. t. 1898.

Wet places, osier-grounds &c., frequent, h • 4, 5. — Branches

straight and twiggy. This is held in great esteSm for basket-work.

22. S. stipuldris Sm. ( auricled O ) ; leaves lanceolate very
indistinctly crenate white and downy beneath, stipules large
semicordate acute often with a tooth or lobe at the base, ovaries
nearly sessile. E. B.t. 1214.

Osier-grounds, hedges, and woods, near Bury St. Edmund’s.

3 — 5. — Allied to the preceding in fructification; differing in its
large and coarser leaves, less white beneath, and with large stipules on
the autumnal shoots.

23. S. Srnithidna Will'd, (sillty-leaved O.) ; leaves lanceolate
obscurely crenate white and satiny beneath, stipules very small
narrow acute, ovaries distinctly stalked. S. mollissima E. B.
t. 1509.

Meadows and osier-grounds. About Bury ; Glamorganshire ;
near Warrington. Scotland. b_ • 4,5. — We place no dependence

on the size of the stipules in this and the two preceding (which are
perhaps forms of the same species), and besides they are not available
to a student. The only other character between the present species
and S. stipidaris consists in the almost sessile or distinctly stalked
ovary, and we should therefore have conjoined them, did not Mr. Leefe
consider that of sufficient importance to remove S'. Smithiana to a
separate section, while he refers S. stipularis as a variety to S. vimi-
nalis. Mr. Bentham unites the three.

i We can scarcely paint out any certain character bv which to distinguish the
second subdivision of this section from the Cinerece : in all those which we have I
examined, the calkins of the present group appear along with the leaves, the cap-
sule is on a shorter stalk, and the stigmas are never sessile.

Sdli.i. J

LXXXV. SAI.ICACK.K.

407

** Stigmas thick, oblong, or linear-oblong. Ovary distinctly stalked;
the stalk scarcely twice as long as the nectary.

24. S. *acumiiidta Sm. ( long-leaved S.) ; leaves lanceolate-
oblong pointed wavy finely toothed glaucous and downy be-
neath, stipules half- ovate, stigmas oblong or oblong-linear.
E. B. t. 1434.

Rather moist woods and hedges, frequent, b* 4, 5. — A small
tree, seldom above 20 feet. Not to be distinguished from the two
last when in flower, except by the shorter stigmas. Mr. Borrer ob-
serves that it is the S. lanceolata of Seringe : in that species, however,
the stigmas appear to be constantly cloven, in ours constantly entire.

25. S. ferruginea And. ( ferruginous S.) ; leaves lanceolate
with wavy crenatures and small teeth minutely hairy on both
sides paler beneath, stipules small half-ovate, stigmas oblong.
E. B. S. t. 2665.

Near Carlisle; Kirkby-Lonsdale ; banks of the Thames; Nut-
hurst, Sussex. Fifeshire. h • 4, 5. — According to Mr. Forbes, a

shrub 12 — 14 feet high. Leaves less hairy than the last.

xi. Stamens 2, distinct. Capsules lanceolate acuminate, silky, tomentose,
conspicuously stalked; stalks three (or more ) times longer than the
nectary. Style none or much shorter than the ovate or oblong thick
stigmas. Catkins sessile, lateral, at first short, afterwards more lax,
appearing before the leaves ; their scales discoloured at the end. Leaves
more or less wrinkled and stipuled, very veiny beneath ; stipules with-
out glands on the inside. Trees or low shrubs. Cinerea Sorr .'

26. S. holosericea Willd. ? ( soft shaggy -flowered W.)-, “ leaves
lanceolate acuminate serrate glabrous above pale downy and
strongly veined beneath, catkins cylindrical, ovaries stalked
densely clothed with silky wool, stigmas ovate sessile, scales
(black) very shaggy.” Borr.

About Lewes, Sussex. h . 4, 5 This Mr. Borrer received

from Sir J. E. Smith, marked S', acuminata var. rugosa, but from
which he considered it must be separated by its sessile pale-coloured
stigmas and leaves more green and rugose above and more strongly
veined beneath ; and if the character from the stigmas be correct, it
ought to be removed from the Viminales to the present section ; our
specimens from Mr. Borrer are, however, destitute of flowers and
fruit. Mr. Babington, considering it distinct from Willdenow’s plant,
adopted the name of S’, rugosa in the 1st and 2nd editions of his
Manual ; in the 3rd and 4th he has united it, and also S. ferruginea,
to S. Smithiana.

27. S. cinerea L. (gray Sallow')', leaves obovate obovato-ellip-

* Mr. Bentham unites S. holosericea, cinerea, and Caprea under the latter name,
but distinguishes S. aurita thus : S'. Caprea, sterile catkins oblong very silky, cap-
sules 3-4 lines long, leaves ovate or oblong. S. aurita , sterile catkins cylindrical
rather silky, capsules 2-3 lines long, leaves mostly obovate.

408

LXXXV. SAI.ICACE/E.

[ Salix.

tical or obovato-lanceolate, autumnal ones pointed even serrate
reticulated with prominent veins nearly glabrous and glaucous
beneath with the margins somewhat recurved, stipules rounded
toothed upper ones often half-cordate, style very short or none.
E. B. t. 1897 (autumnal leaves narrow rigid and their margins
recurved). S. aquatica Sm. : E. B. t. 1437 (autumnal leaves
broader larger more pliant nearly flat). S. oleifolia Sm. : E. B.
t. 1402 (autumnal leaves narrower rigid nearly flat).

Banks of rivers, wet hedge-rows, moist woods, and swampy places,
abundant. h . 3, 4. — Often only a shrub, with an erect stem and

erect or spreading branches, but when protected it becomes a tree
20 — 30 feet high, with hanging branches. It is of no beauty and
little use. In specimens of “ S. cinerea," named by Sir J. E. Smith
himself, the lower stipules are as reniform as in the two other sup-
posed species, which we cannot distinguish as well marked varieties.

28. S. aurita L. ( round-eared S.) ; leaves obovate repando-
dentate wrinkled with veins more or less pubescent very downy
beneath tipped with a small bent point recurved at the margin,
stipules roundish, style very short. E. B. t. 1487.

Moist woods and thickets, abundant. h • 4, 5. — A tall shrub
or small bushy tree, with straggling branches. “ One of the least
equivocal species, although its leaves vary in length and roundness :
they are usually much wrinkled and vaulted, the stipules large and
stalked.” Borrer.

29. S. Cdprea L. ( great round-leaved S.) ; leaves roundish-
obovate or ovato-elliptical even acute, at first entire downy
above tomentose beneath, autumnal ones serrate and waved at
the margin nearly glabrous above downy beneath, stipules
somewhat reniform toothed, style very short or none. E. B.
t. 1488. S. sphacelata Sm. : E. B. t. 2333.

Woods and dry pastures, common, h ■ 4, 5. — A small tree, dis-

tinguished by being in spring loaded with handsome yellow blossoms
before any of its leaves appear. The catkins of both kinds are broader
and shorter than in most of the. species with crowded flowers. Various
species of Salix have occasionally their leaves sphacelate or discoloured
at the point; and such varieties may sometimes be propagated by
cuttings ; the one called S. sphacelata by Smith seems to be that state
of the present species, and is probably not unfrequent,
xii. Stamens 2, usually distinct. Capsules conspicuously stalked, coni-
cal-subulate. Style elongated, bifid. Stigmas short. Catkins lateral,
sessile, or on short bracteate but not leafy stalks ; the scales discoloured
at the end. Leaves crenato-dentate or serrate, between roundish-
obovate and lanceolate, stipules when conspicuous with glands on their
inside at the base. Shrubs or small trees. Phylicifolioe ( Nigricantes
and Bicolores Borr.J

30. S. nigricans Sm. (darlt-leaved S .) ; young shoots densely

1 Mr. Bentham unites all the species of this group under the name of S. phy-
licifolin.

LXXXV. SALICACE.-E.

409

Sdlix.^

pubescent or hairy towards the summit, leaves usually dull more
or less glaucous beneath turning black by drying (especially
the young ones). — a. ovaries and stalks silky, stems erect.
S. cotinifolia Sm.: E. B. t. 1403 (leaves elliptical-orbicular
and often cordate at the base). S. nigricans E. B. t. 1213
(leaves elliptic-lanceolate). S. Forsteriana Sm.: E. B. t. 2344
(leaves elliptic-obovate acute). — [J. ovaries glabrous at the base
where covered by the scale, stalk hairy, stems erect (leaves
elliptical acute H — 2 inches long). S. propinqua Borr. : E.B. S.
t. 2729. — y. ovaries silky or glabrous at. the base where covered
by the scale, stalk hairy, stems trailing (leaves elliptical-
obovate). S. rupestris Donn: E. B. t. 2342. — S. ovaries
glabrous, stems erect. S. hirta Sm. : E. B. t. 1404 (leaves
elliptic or elliptic-oblong, branches densely hairy, capsule net
wrinkled, its stalk very hairy). S. Andersoniana Sm.: E. B. t.
2343 (leaves elliptic oblong, branches minutely downy, capsule
not wrinkled, its stalk very hairy or quite glabrous). S.
Damascena Forb. : E. B. S. t. 2709 (leaves ovate or rhomboidal,
capsule not wrinkled, stalk hairy or glabrous). S. pet, rasa
And.: E. B. t. 2725 (leaves oblong, capsule wrinkled towards
the point, stalk hairy).

Fens, osier-grounds, sides of streams, and on the mountains, prin-
cipally in the north of England and Scotland, h- 4 — 6. — A most
variable species ; but in this country, whether cultivated or wild, the
foliage constantly turns black when pressed and dried, however care-
fully this be done. We must allow, however, that Swiss specimens
do not exhibit this character so decidedly, and hence M. Seringe con-
joins it with S. phy/icifolia, and indeed there is scarcely any other dif-
ference between them. Between the forms represented and described
in E. Bot. and the Supplement , and the Eng. Flora, are innumerable
intermediate ones ; so that if they be good species, we must increase
their number without end.

31. S. laurina Sm. (intermediate IF.) ; young shoots and
leaves densely pubescent or hairy towards the summit, leaves
at length glabrous glaucous beneath dull green above after
being dried (except the young ones which sometimes become
slightly black). — a. stalk of ovary hairy. S. tenuior Borr.:
E. B. S. t. 2650 (leaves narrow obovato-lanceolate 24 — 3
inches long, ovary silky, style longer than the stigmas). S.
laurina Sm. S. bicolor Sm.: E. B. t. 1806 (leaves elliptic-
oblong acute 24 — 4 inches long, ovary silky as long as the stig-
mas).— /3. ovary and stalk quite glabrous. S. tenuifolia Sm.:
E. B. S. t. 2795 (leaves elliptical acute or pointed more ser-
rate about 2i inches long).

Woods, thickets, and river-banks, principally in England. T> .
4, 5. — This species has the thinner and duller foliage of the last ; but
the leaves, except the upper ones on a shoot, do not turn black in

T

410

LXXXV. SALICACE.E.

[ Salix.

drying ; thus it appears to be intermediate between S', nigricans and
S. phylicifolia, and to unite the two. The form called S. laurina by
Smith (or S. bicolor E. B. ) has the leaves considerably larger than the
others, and it often becomes a small tree ; it thus is in some measure
allied with S. Caprea; the style likewise is shorter than we usually
find in this group, the stigmas are often bipartite, and the scales fre-
quently as long as or longer than the stalk of the ovary, contrary to the
description usually given. Of our var. fS. we have only seen the leaves.

32. S. phylicifolia L. ( Tea-leaved W.); branches twiggy,
shoots and leaves soon quite glabrous, leaves dark green
rigid shining above and glaucous beneath not becoming black
by drying, stigmas entire or bipartite before dividing oblong
or ovate(rarely linear?). — er. ovaries and stalk silky or hairy.
S. radicans Sm. S. phylicifolia E. B. t. 1958 (leaves obovate
or elliptic-lanceolate, style elongate). S. Davalliana Sm. :
E. B. S. t. 2701 (leaves obovato-lanceolate pointed, style as
long as the stigmas). S. Weigeliana Willd.: E. B. S. t. 2656
(leaves broadly elliptical rhomboidal or almost round with a
short point, style longer than the stigmas). S. amoena Borr. S.
nitens Ander. : Borr. in E. B. S. t. 2655 (leaves ovate or ellip-
tical acute or pointed, style longer than the stigmas). S. Crow-
eana Sm. : E. B. t. 1146 (leaves elliptic-obovate scarcely acute,
stamens united at the base, style about as long as the stigmas).
S. Dicksoniana Sm. : E. B. t. 1390 (leaves elliptic or elliptic-
obovate with a point, style about as long as the stigmas). —
/3. ovaries glabrous below silky towards the point. S. laxiflora
Borr.: E. B. S. t. 2749 (leaves broadly obovate narrowed at
the base, stigmas linear divided?). S. tetrapla Walk.: E.B.S.
t. 2702 (leaves elliptic oblong pointed). S. Weigeliana var.
Borr. sub E. B. S. t. 2656 (leaves elliptical rhomboidal or
almost round with a short point). — y. ovaries entirely glabrous.
S. Borreriana Sm.: E. B. S. t. 2619 (leaves broadly or ellipti-
cal-lanceolate, stalk of ovary hairy, style elongate). S.
philly reifolia Borr.: E. B. S. t. 2660 (ieaves elliptic-lanceolate
acute at each end, stalk of ovary glabrous, style as long as the
stigmas).

Principally in valleys in mountainous districts ; rarely in the low
parts, h" 4, 5.- — -Twiggy bushes. We can find no good characters
to distinguish the above numerous supposed species ; and notwith-
standing we have been supplied with cultivated specimens by Mr.
Borrer in illustration of the figures in E ■ Bot. and the Supp., we can-
not refer our wild ones (and those we have ourselves obtained from
gardens) with certainty to any of them, so variable is the foliage on
the same bush. The figure of S. Dicksoniana in E. B. is taken ap-
parently from a specimen in which the catkins are very young ; they
afterwards elongate, but are scarcely ever more than l| times their
breadth when the capsules are mature ; it is a smaller shrub than
usual in this species, and in that respect more like the next group :

LXXXV. SALICACEA5.

411

Sdlix."]

its stigmas are at length bifid. S', bicn’or Ehrh. (S. tenuifolia E. B.
t. 21 86, figure only, and S. floribunda Sal. Wob. t 54) appears to
belong to this species, but the fertile plant alone is known with cer-
tainty.

xiii. Stamens 2, distinct. Anthers yellow or brown when empty.
Ovaries oblong or ovate, densely pubescent, nearly sessile; stalk when

present muck shorter than the nectary. Style as long as the ovate
emarginate or cloven obtuse stigmas. Catkins appearing along with the
leaves, terminal on short few-leaved lateral shoots, at first very compact ;
scales of a uniform yellowish-brown colour when dried, half as long as
the ovary, hairy. Leaves more or less veiny above ; stipules none or
minute. Small erect or diffuse rarely prostrate shrubs : stems above
ground. Vacciniifolice Borr.

33. S. Arbuscula L.: Wahl. ( small Tree JV.); leaves lanceo-
late-ovate or ovate finely serrate. S. Myrsinites Light/. — a.
leaves opaque above glaucous beneath. S. vacciniifolia Walk.;
E. B. t. 2341 (leaves flat smaller narrower and less prominently
veined above). S. venulosa Sm.: E. B. t. 1362. (leaves flat
narrow-ovate very much veined above). S. carinata Sm. : E. B.
t. 1363 (leaves ovate folded so as to form a keel). S. pruni-
folia Sm.: E. B. t. 1361 (leaves broadly ovate flat). — /3. leaves
(broadly or roundish ovate prominently veined above) green but
scarcely shining on both sides.

a. Highland mountains, not unfrequent. — /8. Ben Lawers. Tj .
6,7. — “Twigs of the fertile plant red, of the sterile dull green.”
Lightf. All these are, we believe, decumbent shrubs on their native
mountains, but when cultivated, they become more erect and about
2 feet high. As a species this is closely allied to S. prostrata Ehrh.,
which however has narrow entire leaves. We cannot satisfactorily
distinguish Smith’s four species. Our var. ft. we never met with but
once, and long hesitated whether to refer it to the present or to the
next group : it is indeed precisely intermediate, and may perhaps be
a hybrid between some of the forms of S. Arbuscula and S. Myrsinites :
the leaves are not glaucous beneath, and the catkins are shorter and
more lax than in this group ; but the ovaries are almost sessile, and
the colour of the scales and the numerous lateral flower-shoots indi-
cate its greater affinity to S'. Arbuscula : in some respects it is very
closely allied to S. ovata Ser., but wants the silky hairs so abundant on
the young leaves of that species. Mr. Bentham remarks of the above
that they appear to him “ to be either varieties of S. Myrsinites of
rather larger growth with short peduncles to the catkins, and the
leaves rather glaucous beneath ; or perhaps in some instances small-
leaved varieties of S. phylicifolia." If Mr. Bentham be correct, he
ought to have united all of these, for the characters of S. arbuscula
are partly those of the one, partly those of the other.

xiv. Stamens 2, distinct. Anthers yellow or brown when empty. Ovaries
lanceolate, silky, stalked ; stalks usually as long as, or at length longer
than, the gland. Style more or less deeply bifd, as long as the cloven

T 2

412

LXXXYT SALIC ACE Ah

[ Salix. !

obtuse stigmas or longer. Catkins appearing with the full-grown :
leaves, terminal on lateral or terminal leafy shoots, soon becoming lax ;
scales blackish when dried , hairy and shining above, much shorter than 1
the ovary. Leaves veiny, never glaucous beneath ; stipules ovate or
lanceolate, conspicuous on the autumnal shoots. Small, much branched
shrubs ; stems above ground. Myrsinites Borr.

34. S. Myrsinites L. ( green Whortle-leaved W.) ; leaves
waved serrate with very prominent veins often hairy at length
shining blackish when dried, (catkins short, style cloven to the
middle, longer than the stigmas?). — a. leaves roundish or
elliptical or obovate. E. B. t. 1360. — /3. leaves (smaller)
somewhat cordate at the base. — y. leaves (smaller than a.) ovate
or oblong rather acute. S. arbutifolia Sm. S. Myrsinites
Linn. Lapp. t. 7. f. 6. t. 8. f. f.: FI. Dan. t. 1054. — c? leaves
lanceolate.

Highland mountains, but rare. — a. Craig-challeach ; Braigh-

riacli ; Clova mountains. — /3. Clova mountains (July, 1824). y.

Craig-challeach.. — 8. Clova mountains. Ij • 6. — We do not find

catkins on any of our Scotch specimens, and therefore cannot be quite
certain that this portion of the above character applies to them. The ,
figure in E. B. is from cultivated specimens ; Dr. Stuart’s plant from
Glencoe, referred to there, belongs to S. procumbens ; while Mr. Dick-
son’s was probably the same as our own, and from the Breadalbane
mountains. Of our var. S. we have only seen a single specimen ;
some of its leaves are 14 inch long and only 14 inch broad; they
are hairy, but shining when the hairs are rubbed off.

35. S. procumbens Forbes ( smooth-leaved, alpine W.) ; leaves
oval (rarely acute) obscurely serrate shining quite glabrous
not black when dried, catkins elongate, style cloven to the
middle (or below it) as long as the stigmas. Sal. Wuh. t. 61 :
E.B.S. t. 2753. S. retusa1 With. Bat. Arr. t. 31. S. kevis
Brit. FI. ed. 1, p. 432.

Highlands of Scotland. Glencoe. Breadalbane mountains, 1801.

Tj. 6. — A low procumbent shrub, bearing a considerable resem-
blance to the last, but distinct, if our description of its catkins applies
to British specimens. It was originally communicated to Withering
“ by Mr. Griffith, to whom Mr. Townson sent roots from Scotland
under the name of retusa,” and first noticed in one of the earlv editions
of his work: it is also inserted in Hull’s Brit. Flora in 1799. Mr.
Winch found it in 1801, but he retained no notes of the precise
locality, and it has not been rediscovered. Where Dr. Stuart met
with it in Glencoe we do not know. The catkins are in maturity

1 S. retusa L. is a prostrate glabrous shrub, with veiny obovate-elliptical or cu-
neate-oblong not glaucous leaves, glabrous ovate shortly stalked ovaries, the stalks
longer or shorter than the nectary in the same catkin, and catkins usually few-
flowered and similar to those of .S’, herbacea. Fries states that beautiful specimens
of the var. scrpyllifolia , collected by Mr. Winch in Breadalbane, are preserved in
Hornemann’s herbarium. This must be a mistake: Mr. Winch's S. retusa is that
of V\ ithering or S. procumbens Forbes, and is widely different from the true one,
which is not, we believe, a northern species, and is considerably unlike any either
of the present or last group.

LXXXV. SALICACEiE.

413

Sdlix.^

three or four times as long as those of S. Myrsinites ; the leaves are
flatter, less serrate at the margin, and of a yellowish-brown colour
when dried. Mr. Bentham, however, unites the two.

xv. Stamens 2, distinct. Anthers yellow or brown when empty. Ovaries
ovate-lanceolate, shortly stalked ; stalk mostly shorter than the gland.
Style bifid, as long as the obtuse bifid stigmas. Catkins appearing
with the full-grown leaves, terminal, few-flowered ; scales brownish,

' glabrous. Leaves roundish, serrate, with elevated, veins, glabrous, not
glaucous. Dwarf alpine prostrate shrubs, the stems creeping below the
surface. Herbaceae Borr.

3G. S. lierbdcea L. (least TF) ; leaves orbicular serrate gla-
brous shining veined, ovaries glabrous. E. B. t. 1907.

Snowdon and other Welsh mountains, Skiddaw. Plentiful upon
the summits of all the Highland mountains, k . 6. — The least of our
British species, though not so small as is generally supposed, for its
stems divide and creep below the surface of the earth, scarcely rising
an inch above. In the Botanic Garden of Edinburgh what was sup-
posed to be this species acquired a prostrate woody stem 2 — 3 feet
long and nearly as thick as the little finger; but it more resembles
the true S', retusa, and if really from the mountains of Sutherland,
whence it is understood to have been brought by the late Dr. Gra-
ham, it is worthy of being sought for.

xvi. Stamens mostly 2, and distinct. Anthers permanently yellow.
Ovaries glabrous, lanceolate, acuminate. Style elongate, bifid. Stigmas
entire or bifid. Catkins appearing before the leaves, sessile, terminal
and lateral, large, obtuse, with very shaggy and silky scales. Leaves
broadly elliptical or roundish, large, glaucous beneath ; stipules large
on the autumnal shoots. Shrubs 1 — 6 feet high, with numerous irre-
gular crooked branches and hairy young shoots. Hastata: Borr.

[37. S. * hastata L. ( Apple-leaved IF.); leaves broadly ellip-
tical waved thin and crackling quite glabrous usually serrulate,
stipules heart-shaped serrate about as long as the petiole,
catkins clothed with silvery hairs, ovaries distinctly stalked.
S. malifolia Sm. : E. B. t. 1617.

Sands of Barrie, near Dundee, Scotland. Norfolk? h • 5. —

It is most improbable that this plant, which is truly alpine on the
continent, growing in Switzerland only at great elevations, should be
even naturalized upon the sands of Barrie, where Drummond met
with it : the Norfolk station is entirely hypothetical, and equally un-
likely. Remarkable for its broadly elliptical, shortly acuminate
glabrous leaves, large stipules, and very shaggy compact catkins, about
1 i inch long.]

38. S. lanata L. (woolly broad-leaved TF.) ; leaves broadly
oval pointed entire shaggy, stipules oval pointed entire, barren
catkins clothed with yellow silky hairs, ovaries almost quite
sessile. E. B. S. t. 2624. S. chrysantha FI. Dan, t. 1057.
S. Caprea FI. Dan. t. 245.

414 lxxxv. salicace^e. [ Populus .

Scottish mountains, rare. Glen Dole, Whitewater, Canlochan, t
and Glen Callader, all in the Clova mountains, Angusshire ; Meal-
Cuachlar, 8 m. west of Killin. k • 5, 6. — About 2 (or when culti- i

vated 3) feet high, with large pale-grayish shaggy foliage, and golden
catkins that may be reckoned among the handsomest of the genus.
Style never cloven to the base ; stigmas usually entire, but sometimes
cloven on the same specimens. Stamens mostly 2, but occasionally
3; filaments quite distinct in our specimens, but we believe they have
been sometimes observed more or less combined. Stipules towards
the extremity of the autumnal shoots often longer than the petiole,
but lower down sometimes not half as long.

2. Populus Linn. Poplar.

Scales of the catkins usually incise, very rarely quite entire.
Perianth cup-shaped, oblique, entire, surrounding the stamens
and pistil; nectariferous glands 0. — Barren fi. Stamens 4 — 30.

— Fertile ft. Stigmas 2, bipartite or 3 — 4-cleft. Caps. 2-
celled by the introflexion of the edge of the valves, loculicidal. —
Name : populus , or the tree of the people , for such it was esteemed i
to be in the time of the Homans ; or rather from n-anraWtu, to
shake, on account of the tremulous motion of the leaves.

* Scales of catkins hairy or silky. Cathins in fruit dense. Stamens
4 — 8. Stigmus with narrow divisions. Leuce.

1. P. *ulba L. ( great white P., or Abele) ; leaf-buds downy
not viscous, leaves roundish-cordate lobed toothed glabrous and
shining above downy and very white beneath, old ones some-
times glabrous, fertile catkins while flowering more slender
than the barren ones, scales entire or incise only at the apex,
those of the barren flowers woolly of the fertile ones thinly
hairy, stigmas (yellow) bipartite their segments linear. E. B.
t. 1618.

Moist and mountain woods, h . 3, 4. — A large tree, with smooth
bark and spreading branches, of very rapid growth. Old leaves some-
times quite glabrous on both sides. Scales of the fertile catkins
caducous. It is impossible to say where this species, now so much
cultivated, is truly indigenous, or if it have the smallest pretensions
to he a native of this country. The late Dr. Graham informed us
that it never flowered about Edinburgh, indicating that it was a much |
more southern plant. All the British species have the young branches '
and shoots cylindrical.

2. P. *canescens Sm. (gray P .) ; leaf-buds downy not viscous, ’
leaves roundish deeply-waved toothed hoary and downy beneath,
old ones sometimes glabrous, fertile catkins as large as the bar-
ren ones, scales of both deeply palmatifid and sericeo-pilose,
stigmas (purple) cuneate irregularly 3 — 4-lobed. E. B. t. 1619.

Wet turfy meadows and dry heaths, scarcely indigenous. Frequent
in Norfolk: Sm. k . 3, 4. — Tree tall and handsome, of slower

growth than the preceding, and producing better wood. Usually con-

PdpuluS.'] LXXXVI. CUPL'LIFERiE. 415

founded with the last species on account of its downy leaves, and
those of the young shoots from the root being often also palmately
3 — 5-lobed. Dr. Bromfield thought it a variety; M. Spach, how-
ever, considers it in reality much nearer the next, from which it is
only to be distinguished with certainty by the leaf-buds and the leaves
of the root-shoots, which in P. tremula are never palmate. '

3. P. tremula L. ( trembling P., or Aspen) ; leaf-buds glabrous
shining slightly viscous, leaves nearly orbicular and bluntly
sinuate-toothed soon glabrous on both sides, fertile catkins as
large as the barren ones, scales of both deeply palmatifid and
serieeo-pilose, stigmas (purple) cuneate irregularly 3 — 4-lobed.
E. B. t. 1909.

Moist woods. Frequent in Scotland, even at a considerable eleva-
tion on the mountains. h- 3, 4. — The tree is well known by the
tremulous movement of its leaves with the slightest breath of wind,
which is aided by their stalks being much and laterally compressed ;
a character, however, to be observed in most other species. The figure
in E. Bot. and Smith’s description are not taken from the usual form
of the stigmas, although they may be occasionally divided as repre-
sented, the auricle being one of the lobes. This species alone, of all
those which are reputed British, “ occurs in the middle of our large
woods remote from the enclosed country : ” Bromf.

** Scales of catkins glabrous, ciliate at the apex. Catkins in fruit lax,
moniliform. Slam. 8 — 30. Stigmas reniform or roundish, crenate,
sometimes 2-lobed at the apex. Aigeiros.

4. P. *nigra L. (black P .); leaf-buds glabrous viscous, leaves
ovate deltoid or rhomboid cuspidate pointed crenate or serrate
quite glabrous on both sides, stipules ovate acuminate, stigmas
roundish 2-lobed at the apex. E. B. t. 1910 (not correct as to
the stigmas).

Watery places and river-banks, scarcely indigenous. Tj . 4. — A

very large tree of quick growth, producing a light not valuable wood.
The Italian or Lombardy poplar ( P. fastigiata Pers. ) is probably a
variety of P. nigra, with erect, instead of spreading, branches.

Ord. LXXXVI. CUPULIFER2E Rich.

Monoecious. — Barren fl. amentaceous or in a lax spike. Sta-
mens 5 — 20, inserted into the base of scales or of a membranous
valvate perianth, generally distinct. — Fertile fl. aggregate or
spicate or amentaceous. Ovary with several cells, crowned by
the rudiments of a closely adherent perianth, seated within a
coriaceous or somewhat leafy involucre ( cupule ) of various
forms. Ovules in pairs or solitary, pendulous or peltate.
Stigmas several, nearly sessile, distinct. Fruit a bony or
coriaceous 1 -celled nut (a gland), 1 — 3 together, more or
less enclosed in the involucre. Seed solitary. Albumen want-
ing. Embryo large : cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle minute,
t 4

416

LX XXVI. CUPULIFERJE.

\Fdgus.

superior. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves with stipules, alternate ,
simple , often with veins proceeding straight from the midrib to
the margin.

* Barren flowers in a globose catkin. Anthers 2 -celled.

1. Fagus. Fertile flowers 2 together within a 4-lobed prickly involucre.

Stigmas 3, filiform.

** Barren flowers in a long cylindrical catkin or spike.

| Anthers 2-celled.

2. Castanea. Fertile flowers 1 — 3 together within a 4-lobed muricate

involucre. Stigmas usually G (5 — 8), filiform.

3. Queecus. Fertile flowers solitary within a cup-shaped scaly at length

indurated involucre. Stigmas 3, oblong.

ft Anthers 1 -celled.

4. Coeylus. Fertile flowers aggregate in a short compact catkin.

Involucre of one piece, at length enlarged, leafy and laciniate,
containing a single nut. Stigmas 2, filiform.

5. Carpinus. Fertile flowers in a lax catkin. Involucre of 2 distinct

at length enlarged leaves, containing 2 nuts. Stigmas 2, filiform.

1. Fagus Linn. Beech.

Barren fl. in a globose catkin. Perianth campanulate, 6-cleft.
Stain. 8 — 15. Anthers ‘2-celled. — Fertile fl. 2 together within
a 4-lobed involucre. Perianth urceolate, with 4 — 5 minute lobes.
Ovary incorporated with the perianth, 3-celled, 2 cells becoming
abortive. Stigmas 3, filiform. Nuts triquetrous, in pairs within
the enlarged prickly involucre.— Name : tpayoc , in Greek, from
i payw , to eat; on account of the nutritive qualities of the fruit.

1. F. sylvdtica L. ( common B.) ; leaves ovate glabrous obso-
letely dentate their margins ciliate. E. B. t. 1846.

Woods, especially on a chalky soil. Scarcely wild in Scotland, but
abundant in forests in the south of England, h . 4, 5.

2. Castanea Tourn. Chestnut.

Barren fl. in a very long cylindrical interrupted spike. Pe-
rianth single, of 1 leaf, 5 — 6-cleft. Stam. 5 — 20. Anthers 2-
celled. — Fertile fl. usually 3 (1 — 3) within a 4-lobed involucre.
Perianth single, urceolate, 5 — 8-lobed, having the rudiments of
5 — 12 stam. Ovary incorporated with the perianth, 5 — 8-celled,
each cell 2-seeded, all the cells except one mostly abortive.
Stigmas 5 — 8, filiform. Nuts 1 — 2 together within the enlarged
prickly involucre. — Named from Castanea, in Thessaly, which
produced magnificent chestnut trees.

1. C. *vulgdris Lam. ( Spanish C .) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate
acuminate mucronato-serrate glabrous on each side. Fagus
Castanea L. : E. B. t. 886.

LXXXVI. CUPULIFEEiE.

417

Cory l us. ~\

Woods in the S. and S.W. of England. k ■ 5 — 7. — This noble

tree is much cultivated in plantations on account of its timber. Usually
the sterile flower has the perianth G-cleft; the fertile 12 rudimentary
stamens, 6 styles, and a 6 -celled ovary.

3. Quebcus Linn. Oak.

Barren jl. in a lax catkin or spiltc , without scales. Perianth
single, 5 — 7-cleft. Stamens 5 — 10. Anthers 2-celled. — Fertile
jl. aggregate or in a lax spike. Involucre 1 -flowered, of many
little scales united into a cup. Perianth single, closely investing
the ovary, 6-toothed. Ovary usually 3-celled. Style short.
Stigmas usually 3, oblong, compressed. Nut (or acorn ) solitary,
surrounded at the base by the enlarged cup-shaped indurated
involucre. — Named, according to Lepelletier, from the Celtic
quer, beautiful, and cuez, a tree; a term perhaps given to those
few oaks on which the mistletoe was found : but the proper
Celtic name was derw ; hence clarach, Gaelic ; Spvg, in Greek,
and dryades, as well as druids.

1. Q. Bobur L. (common British O .) ; leaves deciduous oblong-
obovate deeply sinuate, their lobes obtuse, fruits aggregate in
the axils of the uppermost leaves or along an axillary stalk,
involucre 3 — 4 times shorter than the mature nut its scales
oblong obtuse closely imbricate. — «. fruits 2 — 6 in a long-
stalked spike. E. B. t. 1342. Q. pedunculata Willd. — id-
fruits aggregate or on a rather shortly stalked spike. Q. ses-
siliflora Salisb.: E. B. t. 1845. Q. Robur Willd. Q. inter-
media D. Don.

Woods and hedges, not uncommon, particularly in the Highlands
of Scotland, h • 4, 5. — Dr. Greville ( Trans. Dot. Soc. Erl. i. p. 65,

t. 4, 5) has shown that there is no connexion whatever between the
relative length of the fruit-stalk and the petiole. The flowers are
sessile upon the peduncle in both varieties ; but in /3. the peduncle is
mostly very short, or almost wanting, in a. much elongated : between
these there is every gradation. Q. intermedia is said to have the lobes
of the leaves separated by obtuse angles, and the Q. Robur and Q.
sessitiflora by acute angles ; but both kinds may be observed on the
same branch, and sometimes on the same leaf. The word Robur is
derived from rove, another Celtic word for the oak ; whence arises
robur, strength, in Latin.

4. Cobylus Linn. Hazel-nut.

Barren flowers in a cylindrical catkin; its scales 3-cleft,
middle lobe covering the two lateral ones. Perianth 0, except
the two inner collateral scales of the catkin which cohere at their
base to the outer one (or true scale). Siam. 8. Anthers 1 -celled.
— Fertile jl. 1 — 2 together within a minute involucre of 2 — 3
cohering laciniate hairy scales, the whole collected into a short
gemmaceous bracteate catkin. Perianth closely investing the

t 5

418 Lxxxvn. conifers. [ Carpinus.

ovary , and scarcely distinguishable from it. Stigmas 2, filiform.
Nut invested with the enlarged, united scales of the involucre,
which are coriaceous at the base, and leafy and laciniate at the
summit. — Named from sopvc, a casque or cap; the fruit, with
its involucre, appearing as if covered with a bonnet.

1. C. Avellana L. ( common IN) ; stipules oblong obtuse,
leaves roundish- cordate pointed, involucre about the length of
the fruit, unarmed campanulate 2 — 3-partite rather spreading
torn at the margin. E. B. t. 723.

Hedges and copses, abundant, fi. 2 — 4. — The young forked
twigs of this plant constitute the celebrated divining rod ( virgula
divinatoria). From the Anglo-Saxons we have derived our word
hazel-nut, which they called hcesl-nutu ; from hcesel a cap, and hnut,
a nut,

5. Carpinus Linn. Hornbeam.

Barren fl. in a cylindrical catkin; its scales roundish. Slam,
8 — 14. Anthers 1-celled. — Fertile fl. in a lax catkin; its scales
small, deciduous. Involucre of 2 distinct stalked leaves ( catkin-
scales, Linn.), 2-flowered, ultimately large and foliaceous.
Perianth urceolate, toothed at the apex, incorporated with the
2-celled ovary , of which one cell is abortive. Stigmas 2. Nuts
in pairs, one attached to the summit of the stalk of each leaf of
the involucre, ovate, striate. — Named from car, wood, and pin,
a head, in Celtic ; the wood having been employed to make
yokes for oxen. The English “ hornbeam ” has the same
signification.

1. C. Betulus L. ( common Hi) ; leaves of the involucre of the
fruit deeply 3-lobed, central lobe oblong at least 2 — 3 times
longer than the lateral ones serrate or entire, limb of the
perianth with short somewhat ovate acute teeth, nut 7 — 11-
striate. E. B. t. 2032.

In woods and hedges, in a meagre, damp, tenacious soil, forming
the principal part of the ancient forests on the north and east sides of
London. b* 5. — Rather a small tree, with ovate or subcordate
doubly serrate acute leaves, of which the veins are somewhat hairy,
and which are beautifully plaited when young.

Ord. LXXXYII. CONIFERJE Joss.

(including Taxineaj Rich.

Monoecious or dioecious, without a perianth. — Barren flowers
in a deciduous catkin; scales peltate or erect, shortly stalked or
sessile, bearing near the base at the edge, or on the under side,
2 or more distinct anther-cells (2 or more monadelphous stamens
each with a single 1-celled anther?). — Fertile flowers generally
in many- or few-fiowered cones, sometimes solitary. Ovary, in

LXXXVII. CONIFERS.

419

Pinus.~\

the cones, spread open, having the appearance of a dry or
fleshy scale destitute of style or stigma , and arising from the
axil of a membranous bractea ; in the solitai'y flower sometimes
apparently wanting or adhering to the ovule. Ovules naked,
inverted or erect, with a large opening ( foramen ) at the
summit. Fruit consisting either of a naked seed seated in a
fleshy receptacle, or of a cone : the latter is formed of the
scale-shaped ovaries which become enlarged and indurated or
fleshy, and occasionally of the bracteas also, which are some-
times obliterated, and sometimes extend beyond the scales in
the form of a lobed appendage. Seeds with a hard crustaceous
integument. Embryo in the midst of fleshy and oily albumen ,
with 2 or more opposite cotyledons ; the radicle next the apex
of the seed, and having an organic connection with the albumen.
— Resinous trees or shrubs, of vast importance , inhabitants of
various parts of the world. W ood in concentric layers , destitute
of the large dotted ducts ( bothrenchyma ) so obvious in the Oak
and other Dicotyledonous trees.1 Leaves linear , acerose or
lanceolate rigid , entire at the margins , or dilated and lobed , always
with parallel veins, sometimes fascicled and sheathing at the base.
— From the pine, Pinus, we derive an immense quantity of
useful timber , turpentine, pitch, &c. ; P. Larix yields Venetian
turpentine ; P. Cedrus is the cedar of Lebanon.

1. Pixus. Fruit (dry) a manv-flowered cone ; scales closely imbricate,

all dry. Seeds 2 on the inner face of each scale, crustaceous,
winged at the end.

2. Jcniperus. Fruit (drupaceous) a small roundish few-flowered cone:

scales closely imbricate ; lower ones dry, empty ; 3 upper fleshy,
enclosing 1 — 3 bony wingless seeds.

3. Taxus. Fruit (drupaceous) composed of a cup-shaped fleshy recep-

tacle (with dry empty scales at its base), surrounding a single
naked bony seed.

I. Ovules inverted: foramen inferior. Pollen-grains oval, with
darkly granular extremities and an intermediate transparent
band; outer coat not ruptured readily by moisture. Abie-
TINEiE Br.

1. Pinus Linn. Fir.

Monoecious. — Barren fl. in crowded racemose catkins ; scales
attached by the base, with 2 anther-cells. — Fertile fl. in an
ovate or oblong many-flowered cone ; its scales closely imbri-
cate, dry, at length indurated ; lowest ones empty, the others

1 The cells or fibres ( pleurenchyma ) of which the wood is composed, not being
accompanied by vessels or ducts, are so pressed together that a transverse section
exhibits under the microscope a kind of network, with square meshes formed by
straight lines crossing each other at right angles , without any circular openings.
The woody cells or fibres are moreover furnished on their side with curious gland-
like disks, observable when a thin longitudinal slice is taken parallel to the me-
dullary rays, but not when at right angles to these.

T 6

420 lxxxyii. CONiFEKiE. \_Juniperus.

bearing two inverted ovules on the upper surface. Seeds 2 on
each scale, crustaceous, terminated by a long winged appendage.
— Name: pin or pen, in Celtic, means a head, or a prominent
crag, or mountain ; the pine delighting to grow in such places.
— From the great diversity of forms in this genus, attempts
have been made to subdivide it; but the only certain characters
for the new genera depend on the scales of the cones, and on
the form, position, and perennial nature of the leaves; we
therefore retain it entire.

1. P. sylvestris L. ( Scotch F.) ; leaves long and narrow rigid
evergreen fascicled by pairs all round the branch, cones ovato-
conical young ones stalked recurved as long as the leaves
generally in pairs, scales with a small deciduous point below
the summit where they are at length thickened, anther-scale
shortly prolonged beyond the cells which open longitudinally.
E. B. t. 2460.

Highlands of Scotland, where it constitutes vast natural forests,
b . 5,6. — A tree of great value, but only so when in a natural state

and in a congenial soil : it yields the red or yellow deal. P. sylvestris
and P. Pinaster, though not aborigines, are becoming established by
spontaneous dissemination over the vast moorlands and bog-tracts of
West Hants and Dorset.

II. Ovules erect; foramen superior. Pollen-grains globose ; the
outer coat easily ruptured by moisture and cast off. Ccpres-
siNEiE Br.

2. Juniperus Linn. Juniper.

Mostly diceeious. — Barren jl. in minute catkins ; scales sub-
peltate, with 3 — 6 anther-cells opening longitudinally. — Fertile
Jl. in a minute few-flowered cone ; scales closely imbricate,
lowest ones dry and empty, upper 3 bearing an erect ovule at
their base on the upper surface. Seeds usually 3 (1—3), bony,
wingless, enclosed within the 3 enlarged fleshy upper scales of
the cone, resembling a terry. — Name: probably from the Celtic
uaine, green, and bior, a prickle, on account of the evergreen
prickly foliage ; or from jeneprus Celtic, rough : Theis.

1. J. communis L. (common J.) ; leaves 3 in a whorl linear
mucronate keeled as long as or longer than the fruit.— a. altior ;
erect, leaves spreading linear-subulate nearly twice as long as
the fruit. E. B. t. 1100. — f3. nana; small procumbent, leaves
linear-lanceolate imbricate about as long as the fruit. J. nana
Willd.: E.B.S.t. 2743.

Woods and heaths, frequent. — /3. Abundant in the mountains of
Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, and on low ground in the northern
parts, h . 5, 6. — A shrub, extremely variable in size, bearing nume-

rous linear, mucronate, and pungent leaves. Flowers axillary, small.
Berries bluish-black.

Tuxus.]

MONOCOTYLEDONES.

421

3. Taxus Linn. Yew.

Dioecious. — Barren fl. in oval catkins , surrounded at the base
with imbricate bracteas, of which the inner ones are larger ;
scales crowded, peltate, with 3 — 8 anther-cells on the lower
surface. — Fertile fl. a solitary erect ovule , seated on a fleshy
disk, with a few imbricate scales at the base. Seed solitary,
bony, contained in an open fleshy cup-shaped receptacle, re-
sembling a drupe. — Name: probably from ro£ov, a bow, because
the wood was excellent for that purpose : rolov also means
an arrow ; perhaps arrows were poisoned with the juice of its
berries.

1. T. baccdta L. (common Y.) ; leaves crowded linear acute
flowers axillary sessile. —or. branches spreading leaves distichous.
E. B. t. 7,46. — fi. branches fastigiate, leaves scattered. T.
fastigiata Lindl. T. Hibernica Mack.

Mountain woods, b- 3. — Leaves linear, persistent, deep green.
Fruit red, esteemed poisonous. Our (3. is the Irish or Florence-court
yew: two plants of it were found among juniper bushes on the
mountains near Benoughlin (Lord Enniskillen’s estate) about the
middle of last century, by a tenant who brought one to Florence-
court. from which all those now in existence were propagated : it is
the pistillate plant, but it bears fruit if staminate flowers of the
common kind be in the neighbourhood ; the seeds, however, we un-
derstand, never yield the Irish form.

CLASS II.

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS', os ENDOGENOUS
FLOWERING PLANTS.

Cellular and vascular. Stem (when perennial) not in-
creasing by a succession of annual layers on tlie outside
of the old ones, usually with no distinction of bark, wood,
pith, or medullary rays, but consisting of cellular tissue,
in which the vascular is inserted in confused bundles, or
in a single ring, the newest formation being internal.
Leaves mostly alternate below, often sheathing, perma-
nent and withering on the stem, more rarely jointed
and deciduous, with usually parallel nerves connected by
simple transverse veins, rarely netted-veined. Flowers
with a single perianth (or without one), the parts mostly

1 From fxovos , one or single, and xorvXyduv, a cotyledon.

422

PETAL0IDEA5.

arranged in a ternary manner ( or 3 n ), sometimes when
in a double row the external one green and resembling a
calyx. Embryo with one cotyledon , or if apparently 2
they are alternate. Plumule and radicle either within
the cotyledon, or lodged in a cleft in its side, or attached
to its flat face.

Sub-Class I. PETALOID EiE. (Ord. LXXXVIIL— CY.)

Flowers never glumaceous, sometimes naked or nearly so (as in
Araceae, Pistiaceae, Naiadacese, and Juncaginacese), generally
with a more or less coloured perianth , the pieces of which are
in a single or double whorl.1

Conspectus of the Orders.

I. Ovary adnate with the tube of the perianth (inferior).

* Leaves with parallel nerves and simple transverse veins.

89. Orchidace.e. Flowers perfect, gynandrous; stamens and style

united.

88. Hydrociiaridace.e. Stamens free from the style. Three outer
segments of the perianth herbaceous. — Floating plants.

90. Iridace-E. Flowers perfect. Stamens 3, free from the style ; anthers

extrorse. Perianth wholly petaloid.

91. Amaryllid a c E/E. Flowers perfect. Stamens G, free from the style ;

anthers introrse. Perianth wholly petaloid.

** Leaves with netted veins.

92. Dioscoreace.e. Stamens and pistils in separate flowers.

II. Ovary superior, free, not adnate with the perianth.

* Flowers perfect, containing loth stamens and pistils, and with a perianth.
f Carpels and styles consolidated. Anthers introrse.

94. LiLiACEiE. Perianth petaloid, conspicuous. Flowers scattered.

103. Orontiace.-e. Perianth herbaceous and scale-like. Flowers on a
spadix. Fruit baccate.

97. J uncace.e. Perianth usually dry and scariose, sometimes herba-
ceous and petaloid, but becoming dry when withered. Flowers
scattered. Fruit capsular.

f f Carpels united or distinct. Styles distinct or none, and the stigmas
distinct.

J Leaves reticulate with branching veins. Fruit succulent, many-seeded.

93. Trilliace.e. Leaves not articulated with the stem. Stem simple,

1-flowered. Flowers perfect. Outer 3 sepals or all herbaceous.2

1 Thus excluding the Grasses and Cyperaceous plants, where the stamens and >
pistil are covered by alternate imbricate membranous scales or bracteas, hence
glumaceous.

- In the true Smilacece, to which the Sarsaparilla belongs, the leaves are stalked 1
and jointed with the stem, stem branched, many-flowered, flowers imperfect, sepals
ail petaloid, and the connectivum of the anthers is never prolonged beyond the
cells. From the imperfect-flowered Liliacew they principally difler by the struc- I
ture of the leaves.

L XXXVIII. HYDROCHARIDACEAS.

423

Leaves with parallel longitudinal nerves, connected hy simple transverse
veins.

95. Mela nth ACE/E. Anthers extrorse. Cells of ovary and fruit many-

seeded. — Terrestrial plants.

98. Butomace.e. Anthers introrse. Cells of ovary and fruit many-

seeded. — Water plants.

99. Ausjiacejs. Perianth conspicuous, 3 inner segments highly de-

veloped and petaloid. Cells of ovary and fruit 1 — 2-seeded. —
Water plants.

100. Juncaginace/E. Perianth inconspicuous; all the sepals similar,

herbaceous or scarcely petaloid. Lower flowers stalked. Cells of
ovary and fruit 1 — 2-seeded. — Marsh plants, but neither sub-
merged nor floating.

105. Naiadack.e. Perianth inconspicuous ; sepals all scale-like, cuneate
at the base. Flowers all sessile, on a common peduncle; cells of
ovary and fruit 1-seeded. — Submerged or floating plants.

** Flowers imperfect ( stamens and pistils in separate flowers') or without a
perianth.

105. Naiadace.e. Spadix thin or wanting. Spatha none or similar to
the leaves. Perianth none or inconspicuous. Carpels 1 — 1. —
Submerged or floating plants.

104. Pistiaceas. Spadix none. Flowers naked, 2 enclosed in a mem-
branous spatha. Carpels solitary, 1-celled. — Floating plants.

101. Typhace^e. Flowers crowded on a thick spadix, which is not

enveloped by a spatha.

102. Akace.-e. Flowers naked, crowded on a thick spadix, enclosed

within a spatha.

96. Restiace.e. Spadix none. Flowers bracteate, capitate. Ovary

2 — 3-celled, with solitary ovules. Fruit dry, capsular, loeulicidal.
94. Lii.iace.e. Spadix none. Flowers solitary (on the middle of the
leaf). Ovary 3-celled ; cells with several ovules. Fruit succu-
lent, indehiscent. — Shrubs.

99. Ai.ismace.e. Spadix and spatha none. Flowers stalked. Perianth
conspicuous, 3 inner sepals petaloid. Carpels numerous 1-celled.

Div. I. Ovary inferior , adnate with the tube of the perianth.

(Okd. LXXXYI1I. — XCII.)

* Leaves with nerves from the base to the point , connected by
simple transverse veins. (Ord. LXXXVIII. — XCI.)

Ord. LXXXYIII. IIYDROCHARIDACEiE Juss.

Flotvers perfect or imperfect, with a spatha. Limb of the
perianth usually 6-parted ; the 3 inner segments petaloid, rarely
wanting ; 3 outer herbaceous (very rarely petaloid ?). Stamens
free from the style. Ovary solitary, 1- (or spuriously 3 — 6-)
celled ; placentas parietal, sometimes projected into the axis and
meeting there. Ovules anatropal. Stigmas 3 — 6. Fruit coria-
ceous or fleshy, indehiscent, 1 — 6-celled. Albumen 0. Em-
bryo straight orthotropal. Radicle next the hilum. — Aquatics.

424

LXXXV1II. HYDROCHARIDACE^E. \_Andcharis.

Leaves radical , with usually a sharply serrate margin , often
floating, rarely rigid and submerged. Flowers whitish. — In
Boottia, an East-Indian genus, there are 9 — 15 stigmas and cells
to the ovary and fruit.

1. Anacharis. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 3. Leaves verticillate.

2. Hydrocharis. Ovary 6-celled. Stigmas G, euneate, bifid. Flowers

9 — 12-androus.

3. Stratiotes. Ovary 6-celled. Stigmas G, linear, bifid. Flowers

polyandrous.

1. Anacharis Rich. Anacharis.

Dioecious. Spatha tubular, bifid at the apex, nearly sessile,
containing a single flower. — Barren fl. Perianth 6-partite.
Stam. 9. — Fertile fl. Tube of the perianth filiform, elongate ;
limb 6-partite. Sterile stamens 3, subulate. Style filiform,
cohering with the tube of the perianth. Stigmas 3. Fruit
baccate, 1-celled, few-seeded. — Leaves verticillate or opposite,
sessile. — Name: ava, without, and xaPl£> elegance; apparently
in contrast to the next genus.

1. A . * Alsinustrum Bab. (long -flowered A.); leaves 3 — 4 in
a whorl linear- or oval-oblong minutely serrulate, spatha of
the fertile flower many times longer than the ovary, stigmas
ligulate. Bab. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. i. p. 83. t. 8. A.
Nuttallii Planch. Udora Canadensis Nutt. Elodea Rich.

Ponds, ditches, canals, and streams, now too generally diffused.
11. 7 — 10. — It is now known to be a purely American species,

but the mode in which it arrived in this country remains as great a
mystery as ever. The stigmas are usually 3, although 2 were observed
by Mr. Babington ; Mr. Kirk finds 3, but only 2 sterile stamens;
these are occasional aberrations, there being 3 of each, unless when
an accidental abortion has taken place. The stigmas are only emar-
ginate in the British plant, but have a longitudinal line indicating
a tendency to be bifid after being fertilised. The sterile plant has not
been observed in this country.

2. Hydrocharis Linn. Frog-bit.

Dioecious. — Barren fl. Spatha 2-leaved, .shortly stalked,
about 2 — 3-flowered. Perianth 6-partite. Stam 9 — 12, con-
nected at the base, surrounding 3 imperfect styles. — Fertile fl.
on a long stalk, within the radical 1 -leaved spatha. Tube
of the perianth scarcely longer than the ovary ; limb 6-cleft.
Sterile stamens 6. Stigmas 6, oblong euneate, bifid, the seg-
ments divaricating. Fruit coriaceous, roundish, 6-celled,
many-seeded. — Leaves stalked, reniform. — Named from vCuip,
water, and xaP‘C> elegance ; being showy aquatic plants.

1. H. Mdrsus- Ranee L. ( common F.) : E. B. t. 808.

LXXXIX. OKCIIIDACEiE.

425

St ra tiotcs.']

Ditches and ponds in England and Ireland, Not wild in Scotland.
y .. 7,8. — Floating, and sending down long radicles from its hori-

zontal stems. Leaves petioled, reniform, entire. Flowers subum-
bellate, large, white, delicate, arising from pellucid membranous
spathas.

3. Stkatiotes Linn. Water- Soldier.

Dioecious. Spatha 2-leaved, stalked. — Barren fl. numerous
in the spatha. Perianth 6-parted. Stam. 12 — 13, surrounded
by 23—24 imperfect linear ligulate ones. — Fertile fl. solitary in
each spatha. Tube of the perianth not longer than the ovary;
limb 6-parted. Sterile stamens numerous. Stigmas 6, linear,
bifid. Fruit baccate, 6-celled, many-seeded. — Leaves sessile,
radical, crowded, narrow. — Name: arpaTiwrys, a soldier; on
account of the numerous sword-like leaves.

1. S. aloides L. (Water- Soldier) ; leaves sword-shaped trian-
gular aculeate-serrate. E. B. t. 379.

Lakes and ditches, particularly common in the fenny parts of Nor-
folk and Lincolnshire. Rare in the north : planted in the Lochs of
Duddingston, Forfar, and Cluny, Scotland. V.. 7. — A singular

plant, with numerous radical leaves, thrown up from creeping runners,
which penetrate far into the mud. Scape 4 — 6 inches long, compressed,
2-edged. Flowers white, from a compressed 2-leaved spatha. The
flowers are dioecious, but sometimes the stamens on the fertile flower
become perfect.

Ord. LXXXIX. ORCHID ACEJE.

Perianth of 6 segments in 2 rows, mostly coloured ; one, the
lowest (so situated from the twisting of the ovary), usually
differing in form from the rest and often spurred. Stamens 3,
united with the style in a central column, the two lateral ones
usually abortive, or sometimes the central one (in Cypripedium).
Anther often deciduous, 2-, 4-, or 8-celled. Pollen powdery or
waxy, cohering in masses. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal
receptacles. Ovules anatropal. Style forming part of the
column with the stamens. Stigma a viscid space in front of the
column. Capsule (rarely a berry ) 3-valved. Seeds numerous ;
testa loose, reticulate. Albumen 0. Embryo solid, fleshy,
orthotropal ; radicle next the hilum. — Herbaceous plants,
the terrestrial species having often knob-like roots. Many
tropical species are epiphytes. Flowers generally handsome,
in spikes or racemes. — The knobs of several species afford
salep. The fragrant vanilla is the seed-vessel of Vanilla
aromatica.

426

LXXXIX. ORCHID ACEAS.

I. Anther 1, terminal. Pollen-masses smooth (not granular') : pollen cohe-

ring firmly in a definite number of simple lobes, each of which is a
pollen-mass, and finally waxy (or rarely pulverulent when bruised in
water).

1. Malaxis. Outer sepals widely spreading. Lip superior, quite entire

and similar to the other inner sepals. Spur 0. Anther opening
longitudinally. Pollen-masses 4, in a double row.

2. Lipaius. Outer sepals widely spreading. Lip inferior, quite entire,

larger than the other linear inner sepals. Spur 0. Anther opening
longitudinally. Polien-masses 4, in a single row.

3. Couallorhiza. Sepals converging. Lip inferior, with 2 small

lobes at the base. Spur free or adnate to the ovary. Anther
opening transversely. Pollen-masses 4, oblique.

II. Anther 1, attached to the bach of the column, or subterminal. Pollen-

masses granular : pollen in a lax state of cohesion, or combined into
granules or masses (which are not waxy) elastically cohering. Lip
inferior.

4. EripACTis. Perianth eonnivent or spreading. Lip free from the

column and not embracing it, much contracted or articulate in
the middle ; upper lobe entire at the apex, lower concave.

5. Listera. Lip linear or oblong, 2-lobed at the apex.

6. Spiranthes. Perianth ringent; the 2 lateral outer sepals erect,

placed under and including the base of the lip, oblique at the base
and more or less decurrent on the ovary. Lip beardless, canalicu-
late, embracing the column and cohering below with its produced
base, with 2 callosities below the middle, entire at the apex.

7. Goodyera. Perianth ringent ; the 2 lateral outer sepals spreading,

placed under and including the gibbous base of the lip. Lip entire
at the apex, free from the column, flat above and without cal-
losities.

III. Anther I, placed on the summit of the column. Pollen-masses farina-

ceous, collected into small lobes or granules elastically cohering together.
Lip superior.

8. Epipogium. Perianth spreading. Ovary not twisted.

IV. Anther 1 , adnate to the face of the stigma. Pollen-masses granular :

pollen cohering in an indefinite number of finally wuxy granules or
lobes, attached by an irregular elastic cellular tissue along the axis of \
the pollen-mass. Lip inferior.

9. Orchis. Lip spurred. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses

contained in a common little pouch.

10. Gymnadenia. Lip spurred. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel.

Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses naked, approximate.

11. IIabenaria. Lip spurred. Anther-cells separated, diverging at the

base. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses naked, distant.

12. Aceras. Lip without a spur. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-

masses contained in a common little pouch.

13. Herminium. Lip without a spur. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-

masses naked, distinct.

14. Ophrys. Lip without a spur. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-

masses each in a distinct little pouch.

V. Anthers 2, lateral, with a central one sterile and pctaloid.

15. Cypuipedium. Lip large, inflated.

427

Corallorhiza.'] lxxxix. orciiidace-E.

I. Anther 1. Pollen cohering firmly in a definite number of
simple smooth ( not granular or pulverulent ) lobes , each of
which is a pollen-mass and finally becomes waxy (or rarely
pulverulent when bruised in water). Malaxide^e.

1. Malaxis Sw. Bog-Orchis.

Outer sepals widely spreading : the two lateral inner ones
reflexed, smaller than the outer. Lip without a spur, very
small, superior, undivided. Column very short. Anther open-
ing longitudinally. Pollen-masses in two pairs, placed the one
behind the other. — Name : p«\«£ie, a softening , from paXarsow,
to soften ; on account of the tender nature of the plant.

1. M. pa/udusa Sw. (Bog- Orchis) ; leaves 3 — 5 oval very
concave papillose at the extremity, lip concave acute. E. B.
t. 72. Ophrys L.

Spongy bogs, in many places, but often overlooked on account of
its small size. Frequent in the valleys of Clova. If.. 7 — 9. — Stem
2 — 4 inches high. Flowers erect, minute, in a small greenish spike.
Outer sepals ovate, one of them recurved, the other two erect and with
their bases embracing the base of the lip, which is thus also erect ; the
two lateral inner ones recurved.

2. LfrARis Rich. Liparis.

Perianth spreading, uniform, with linear segments. Lip in-
ferior, undivided, reflexed. Column elongate. Pollen-masses
in 2 pairs in a single row. — Named from \nrapoc,fat, or unctu-
ous to the touch.

1. L. Loeselii Rich, (two-leaved Liparis) ; leaves 2 broadly
lanceolate, scape trigonal, lip entire longer than the unequal
leaves of the perianth. Malaxis Sw. Ophrys L.: E. B. t. 47.
Sturmia Reich.

Sandy bogs, in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. 71. 7. —

Stem 6 — 8 inches high. Flowers few, in a lax spike, yellowish-green.

3. Corallorhiza Hall. Coral-root.

Sepals converging. Lip inferior, produced at the base ; its
spur adnate with the ovary, or free. Column free. Anther
opening transversely, 2-lipped. Pollen-masses 4, oblique, not
parallel. — Name: nopnWiov, coral , and pi?a, a root; from the
curious ramification of the root.

1. C. innata Br. (spurless C.) ; spur very short adnate.
Ophrys Corallorhiza L. : E. B. t. 1547.

Marshy woods, and more rarely in sand, in several parts of Scot-
land. 7f. 7. — Foot of thick, interwoven, fleshy fibres. Stem 6 — 12

inches high, greenish-white, with 2 — 3 lanceolate, acute, sheathing

428

LXXXIX. ORCIIIDACEiE.

[. Ep ip act is .

scales rather than leaves. Flowers 6 — 8, in a short lax spike, pale

vellowish-green. Outer sepals linear-lanceolate, keeled ; 2 lateral
inner ones shorter, erecto-connivent. Lip oblong, white, nearly entire,
waved at the margin, with a few purple blotches, deflexed. Column •
elongate. — This genus holds a middle place between this section and
the next. Mr. Brown considered the pollen-masses to be truly pul-
verulent. Dr. Lindley asserts that they are really waxy, although
less so than in the preceding genera, and only show a pulverulent
structure when bruised in water.

II. Anther 1, attached to the bach of the column , or subterminal.
Pollen-masses granular ; pollen in a very lax state of cohesion
(farinaceous), or combined into lobes (but not waxy') elasti-
cally cohering (sectile). N eottide^e.

4. Epipactis Hall. Helleborine.

Lip free from the column, much contracted or articulate in
the middle : lower lobe very concave, upper one entire at the
apex. Pollen farinaceous. — Name given to some kind of Hel-
lebore by the Greeks.

* Upper segment of the lip with two projecting tubercles or plates at
its base above. Column short. Anther sessile. Ovary straight,
on a twisted stalk. Epipactis Rich.

1. E. latifulia Sw. ( broad-leaved H.) ; leaves oblong or ovate
many-nerved, upper ones narrower, raceme elongate many-
llowered, lower bracteas longer than the flowers, upper lobe of
the lip broadly ovate or deltoid acute somewhat cordate at the
base broadest below the middle with two tubercles at the base as
long as or a little shorter than the sepals nearly quite entire. —
a. leaves broadly ovate upper ones ovate-oblong, upper lobe of
the lip roundish broader than long shorter than the broadly
ovate sepals. Serapias E. B. t. 269. — j (3. leaves ovate-oblong,
upper ones lanceolate, upper lobe of the lip reniform broader
than long as long as the ovate acute sepals. E. ovalis Bab. :
E.B.S. t. 2884. — 7. leaves ovate-oblong, upper ones lanceo-
late, upper lobe of the lip triangular longer than broad shorter
than the ovato-lanceolate sepals (bracteas mostly all longer
than the flowers). E. purpurata Sin. : E. B. S. t. 2275. — d.
leaves ovate-oblong, upper ones lanceolate, upper lobe of the
lip triangular longer than broad as long as the ianceolate sepals.

E. media Fries: Bab. Man.

Woods in mountainous countries, not unfrequent. — /8. Settle, York-
shire ; Little Doward Hill, Herefordshire ; Ormeshead, Caernarvon-
shire.— 7. Woburn Abbey; Reigate, Surrey; Crawley, Sussex. —

5. Salop; Matlock; Abberley, Worcestershire. 11 • 7,8. — Rhizome
creeping, with long fibres. Stem 1 — 3 feet high ; lower leaves varying
much in breadth, the upper ones always narrower. Flowers in a very

Epipactis. ] lxxxix. ORcniDACEiE. 429

long lax raceme, greenish-purple, varying much in intensity, some-
times nearly green, sometimes all dark purple. We can perceive no
essential difference in these varieties, between which there arc inter-
mediate forms : the shape and size of the lip, although variable, as
well as its structure, distinguish this species from the next, which are
the only two European ones of this section we are able to recognise.

2. E. palustris Sw. (Marsh II.) ; leaves lanceolate, bracteas
mostly shorter than the slightly drooping flowers, upper lobe
of the lip roundish-oval or obovate broadest at or above the
middle undulato-crenate very obtuse or refuse with two crests
at the base longer than the sepals. Serapias Scop. : E. B. t.

270. S. longifolia L.

Moist and marshy places, especially in a chalky soil. If.. 7. —
Stem 1 foot high, purplish above. Outer sepals purple-green, inner
ones and lip white, with rose-coloured streaks at the base.

** Upper lobe of the lip naked, recurved. Column elongate. Anther
on a short thick stalk. Ovary sessile, twisted. Cephalanthera Rick.

3. E. grandi/lora Sm. ( large white II.) ; leaves ovato-lanceo-
late sessile, bracteas longer than the glabrous ovary, sepals
erect obtuse, upper lobe of the lip very blunt or rounded
shorter than the rest of the perianth. Serapias L.: E. B. t.

271. Cephalanthera Bah. E. pallens Sw.

Woods and thickets, chiefly in a chalky soil. If. 5,6. — Stem
a foot or more high. Flowers remote, racemose, quite erect; sepals
all nearly equal, large, oblong-ovate, obtuse, cream-coloured, concave,
including the small lip which is also white but yellowish within.
Dr. Lindley ascribes to this and the following species a truly terminal
anther, and therefore places them in the group Arethusece.

4. E. ensifulia Sw. (narrow-leaved, white H.) ; leaves lanceo-
late much acuminate subdistichous, bracteas subulate much
shorter than the glabi’ous ovary, sepals erect, outer ones sub-
acuminate inner acute, upper lobe of the lip roundish somewhat
obtuse or slightly pointed shorter than the rest of the perianth.
Serapias L. : E. B. t. 494. Cephalanthera Rich.

Mountainous woods, but not general. . 5, 6. — Flowers approxi-
mate, subspicate, more or less diverging, pure white.

5. E. ruhra Sw. (purple II.) ; leaves lanceolate, bracteas
longer than the downy germen, perianth spreading, upper lobe
of the lip acuminate as long as the inner sepals marked with
raised wavy lines. Serapias L. : E. B. t. 437. Cephalanthera
Rich.

Very rare in mountainous woods, in England. “ Bank sloping to the
south on Hampton Common, Gloucestershire:” Sm. 2f. 6,7. —

Sepals purplish-red. Lip almost white.

•130

LXXXIX. ORCHIDACEvE.

\_JAstera.

5. Listera Br. Bird’s-nest. Twayblade.

Lip 2-lobed at the apex. Column wingless. Anther fixed by
its base. Pollen farinaceous. — Named in honour of Dr. Martin
Lister , an eminent British naturalist.

* Column very short. Stem with leaves. Eulistera.

1. L. ovdta Br. ( common T .) ; stem with only 2 ovate-ellip-
tical opposite leaves, column of fructification with a crest in
which the anther is placed. Ophrys L.: E. B. t. 1548.

Woods and moist pastures, frequent. If.. 5 — 7. — Stem about 1 foot
high. Leaves striate. Flowers distant upon the spike, yellowish-
green. Outer sepals ovate ; two lateral inner ones linear-oblong ; lip
long, bifid, without any teeth at the base. Bracleas very short.

2. L. corddta Br. ( Heart-leaved T .) ; stem with only 2
cordate opposite leaves, column without any crest, lip with a
tooth on each side at the base. Ophrys L.: E. B. t. 358.

Sides of mountains in heathy spots, in the north of England and
Scotland. If. 6 — 8. — Boots a few long fleshy fibres. Stems 3 — 5
inches high. Flowers few, very small, spiked, greenish-brown. Sepals
somewhat spreading, outer ones ovate, lateral inner ones linear-oblong,
lip pendent, linear.

** Column elongated. Stem with scales, without leaves. Neottia L.

3. L. Nidus- A' vis Hook. ( common Bi) ; stem with sheathing
scales leafless, column without any crest, lip linear-oblong with
2 spreading lobes, toothless at the base. Ophrys L. : E. B. t.
48. Neottia L. : Rich.

Shady woods in many parts of England and Scotland. 2/.. 5, 6. —
Boot of many, short, thick, densely aggregate, fleshy fibres. Stem
1 foot high. Flowers spiked, of a dingy brown. Outer and lateral
inner sepals oblong-oval, nearly equal. Lobes of the lip spreading. —
Dr. Lindley has shown that the species without leaves cannot be
generically distinguished from the first group except by their habit,
the characters upon which reliance has been placed being less im-
portant in reality than at first sight they appear. It is the original
Neottia of Dodonaeus ; Linnaeus in 1740 adopted the genus, uniting
with it N. cestivalis , but afterwards removed it to Ophrys. The un-
employed name was then chosen by Jacquin, when he separated N.
cestivalis and its more immediate allies : there cannot, however, be a
doubt but that the appellation ought not to be given to that which
does not contain the Nidus-Avis, the only one having the root neot-
tious, or like a bird's nest.

6. Spiranthes Rich. Lady’s Tresses.

Perianth ringent : the 2 lateral outer sepals erect, placed
under and including the base of the lip, oblique at the base and

Goody era.] lxxxix. okchidaceje.

431

more or less decurrent on the ovary. Zip beardless, campami-
late, embracing the wingless column and cohering below with
its produced base, with 2 callosities below the middle, entire at
the apex. Pollen farinaceous. — Flowers in a spirally twisted
spike. — Named from tnrupa, a spiral, and avO og, a flower or in-
florescence.

1. S. autnmndlis Rich. ( fragrant L.) ; leaves radical oblong
subpefiolate, spike unilateral, bracteas pubescent shorter than
the flower, lip oblong. Ophrys spiralis L. : E. B. t. 541.
Neottia Sw. : Brit. FI.

Dry hilly pastures in various parts of England in a chalky or gra-
velly soil. H-. 8,9. — Knobs 3 — 4, oblong. Stem 4 — 6 inches high,
rather bracteate than leafy. Flowers singularly spiral on the stalk,
greenish-white. Upper outer and 2 lateral inner sepals combined.
Lip longer than the rest of the flower, oblong, broader and crenate at
the apex. Stigma and anther both acuminate.

2. S. cestivulis Rich. (Sttmmer L.) ; knobs long cylindrical,
radical leaves oblongo-lanceolate much shorter than the stem,
cauline narrow-lanceolate, spike lax, bracteas glabrous shorter
than the flower. Neottia Bab. in E. B. S. t. 2817 : Brit. FI.

Bogs and marshes. Between Lyndhurst and Christchurch in the
New Forest, Hants; Wire Forest, Worcestershire. St. Ouen’s Pond,
Jersey, i; 7, 8.

3. S. gemmipara Lindl. ( drooping L.~); knobs long cylin-
drical, radical leaves linear-lanceolate about as long as the
stem, cauline ones triangular lanceolate, bracteas glabrous
shorter than the flower, spike glabrous dense 3-ranked, sepals
equal obtuse cohering together, lip oblong twice as broad at
the base as at the obtuse crenulate apex, slightly constricted
in the middle, ovary pyriform. Neottia Sm. : E. B. S. t. 2786
(bad). N. cernua Brit. FI. Spiranthes Bab. in Linn. Soc.
Trans, xix. p. 262, t. 32.

Castletown, near Berehaven, Co. Cork, Ireland. 7J.. 8,9. — We

revert to the name gemmipara, as Dr. Lindley has shown that this
species is not the sqme as the true S. cernua Rich.

7. Goodyera Br. Goodyera.

Perianth ringent: the 2 lateral outer sepals placed under
and including the gibbous base of the lip. Lip entire at the
apex, free from the column, flat above and without callosities.
Pollen-masses sectile. Pollen angled. — Named in compliment
to Mr. John Goodyer, a Hampshire botanist of the time of Ge-
rarde.

1. G. repens Br. ( creeping G .) ; creeping, lower leaves ovate

432 lxxxix. orchidacejE. \_Epip6gium.

petiolate, sepals and lip ovato-lanceolate. Satyrium L. : E. B.
t. 289.

Old fir forests in the north, and especially in the N. Highlands of
Scotland (near Fullarton House, Ayrshire, introduced but now
naturalized). If. 3. — Leaves mostly radical. Stem a span high,
bearing bracteiform leaves. Flowers small, white. Column very short.
Pollen-masses broadly oval, composed of large granules.

III. Anther 1, attached to the apex of the column. Pollen-

masses granular : pollen in a lax state of cohesion (fari-
naceous), or collected into small granules or lobes (riot
waxy), elastically cohering (sectile). Aretiiuse.t:.

8. Epipogium Gmel. Epipogium.

Perianth resupinate. Sepals nearly equal, spreading. Lip
superior, 3-lobed, with an inflated short spur. Column with the
stigma at the base in front. Pollen-masses 2, sectile, stalked ;
the stalks attached to a triangular gland. Ovary straight (not
twisted). — Name: t-m, upon (or uppermost), and nwywv, a
beard ; an appellation given by Gmelin, because the lip (called
by him the beard.) is uppermost.

1. E. Gmelini Rich. (Gmelin's E.): Ledeb. FI. Ross. iv.
p. 77 : Hook, in Bot. Mag. t. 4821. E. aphyllum Reich. Sa-
tyrium Epipogium L. Limodorum Sw.

Stiff wet soil. Tedstone Delamere, Herefordshire: Mrs. W. Anderton
Smith. If . 8. — The root consists of thick branching fleshy fibres,

and resembles that of Corallorhiza. Scape simple, sheathed with
scales, tumid and jointed near the base. Flowers racemose, yellowish-
white, partially streaked with red. Sepals nearly equal. Lateral
lobes of the lip small, patent ; terminal one large, entire, concave,
studded with raised points in lines, furnished at the base with an in-
flated and ascending spur. Column short, bearing the large stigma in
front. Anther sunk in a cavity at the top of the column, 2-celled;
cells opening longitudinally.

IV. Anther 1, adnate to the face of the stigma. Pollen-masses

granular; pollen cohering in an indefinite number of
finally waxy granules or lobes, attached by an irregular
elastic cellular tissue along the axis of the pollen-mass
(sectile). Ophrydeje.

9. O'rchis Linn. Orchis.

Lip spurred. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses con-
tained in a common little pouch. — Name: opxic, an ancient
appellation of plants with a double tuberous root.

0'rchis.~\

LXXX1X. ORCIIIDACEiE.

433

* Stalks of the pollen-masses each with a distinct gland.
f Knobs 1 * * * V of the root 2, undivided.

| Bracteas 1 -nerved.

1. O. Mdrio L. ( green-winged. Meadow O) ; lip 3-lobed
somewhat crenate the middle lobe emarginate, sepals obtuse
ascending connivent, spur ascending blunt rather shorter than
the gertnen. E. B. t. 2059.

Meadows and pastures in England and Ireland. If.. 5, 6. — Stem
from 1 span to 1 foot liigh. Flowers few, in a lax spike. Outer sepals
purplish-green, forming a sort of helmet over the rest of the flower.
Lip purple, pale in the middle, with purple spots.

2. 0. mdscula L. ( early purple O.) ; lip 3-lobed somewhat cre-
nate the middle lobe emarginate, outer sepals acute, the two
lateral ones reflexed upwards, lateral inner sepals converging,
spur obtuse rather longer than the germen. E. B. t. 631.

Woods and pastures, frequent. If.. 4 — 6. — Stem 1 foot high.
Leaves generally marked with dark purple spots. Flowers in a lax
oblong spike, purple, sometimes fragrant ; the centre of the lip is
whitish at the base and spotted, sometimes altogether white. A plant
found by Mr. Moore in Co. Wicklow, Ireland, is referred by some
to 0. mascula ; by others to O. speciosa Host (which, however, seems
only a form of O. mascula with attenuated sepals) ; the leaves are
invariably without spots : we have seen no specimens.

3. O. vstuldta L. ( dwarf dark-winged O.) ; lip 3-partite
marked with discoloured raised spots, segments narrow the
middle one bifid, outer sepals connivent acute including the
two lateral inner ones, spur nearly half as long and bracteas
as long as the germen. E, B. t. 1 8.

Dry chalky pastures, in England. 5,6. — Stem 4 — 5 inches

high. Lip white, with purple, raised, not rough spots, while the rest
of the flower is a dark, dingy purple. Outer sepals forming a sharp
helmet-like covering, within which are the two small linear lateral
inner ones. Leaves lanceolate, acute.

4. 0. fusca Jacq. ( great brown-winged O.) ; lip deeply 3-
lobed with raised rough dark points, lateral lobes linear-oblong,
intermediate one large obcordate crenate and emarginate with
a point in the sinus, outer sepals rather obtuse connivent in-
cluding the two inner ones, spur obtuse about half as long as
the germen. 0. militaris Sm. : E. B. t. 16. O. purpurea Huds.

Chalky pastures and borders of woods in Kent. y. 5. — Stem
1—2 feet high. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse. Flowers forming a

1 Knobs or tubercles are simple roots which become succulent. In this Order

they are often called tubers, by mistake; for a true tuber is not a root, but “a

roundish underground succulent stem covered with buds (or eyes), from which new

plants or tubers are produced, — as the Potato.” Lined.

V

434

LXXX1X. ORCHID ACEiE. [ O’rchis.

handsome spike, with variegated purple inner sepals ; the outer ones of
a dark greenish-purple, the lip much paler.

5. O. militdris L. ( Military O .) ; lip deeply 3-lobed with
small raised rough points, the two lateral lobes linear-oblong
several-veined short, middle lobe dilated at the extremity and
deeply emarginate with an intermediate point, outer sepals
acuminate connivent including the 2 lateral inner ones, spur
obtuse about half as long as the germen, bracteas very short.
Bicheno in E. B. S. t. 2675.

Chalky hills, principally about Reading, on both sides of the
Thames. 14 . 5. — Intermediate, in the construction of its flowers,

between the preceding and the following, but most allied to the I
former. Outer sepals pale ash-coloured. Lip deep purple, white in
the middle. Leaves oblong, rather acute.

6. O. tephrosdnthos Vill. ( Monkey O.) ; lip 3-partite with
small raised rough points the two lateral lobes linear 1 -veined,
intermediate one deeply bifid with a point in the sinus, outer
sepals acuminate connivent including the two lateral inner
ones, spur half as long as the germen, bracteas very small.

0. maera Lindl. 0. Simia Bab. O. militaris ($. Sm. : E. B.
t. 1873 P

Chalky hills, in Berks, Oxfordshire, and Kent. 24. 5. — This

species Dr. Lindley pronounces to be quite distinct from O. tephros-
anthos of Villars ; but Mr. Borrer not only doubts its being so, but
whether it be even distinct from 0. militaris, from which it chiefly
differs by the narrower and less veined lateral lobes of the lip. Mr.
Bentham unites both O.fusca and tephrosanthos of British botanists
to O. militaris. Flowers pale purple, spotted. Segments of the lip
narrow, deep purple.

JJ Bracteas with 3 or more nerves.

7. O. laxifldra Lam. {lax -flowered O.) ; lip 3-lobed, the la-
teral lobes rounded in front crenulate longer than the trun-
cate slightly emarginate intermediate one, spur cylindrical
emarginate much shorter than the germen, lateral outer sepals
reflexed, middle one erect, lateral inner ones connivent. Bab.
in E. B. S. t. 2828.

Wet meadows and bogs, Jersey and Guernsey : Mr. Babinpton.
If. 5, 6. — “Allied to O. Morio, but that plant has single-nerved
bracteas, and all the segments of its perianth, except the lip, are
connivent. The short spur is also a valuable distinctive character.”
Bab.

■ft Knobs 2, palmate. Bracteas with 3 or more nerves.

8. O. latifdlia L. ( Marsh O.) ; lip indistinctly 3-lobed its
sides slightly reflexed crenate, outer sepals spreading, 2 lateral

LXXXIX. ORCIIIDACE^E.

435

0'rcltis.~\

inner ones connivent, spur cylindrical shorter than the germen,
bracteas as long as or longer than the flower. E. B. t. 2308.

Marshes and moist meadows, common, If.. 6, 7. — Stem usually
hollow. Flowers varying from pale rose-colour to crimson and deep
purple, the lip dotted and marked with purple lines, sometimes of a
lurid or brick colour on the west coast of Scotland, and white on the
sands of Barrie, near Dundee. The species is known by its slightly
lobed lip, with reflexed sides, and by the bracteas, which are leafy
and longer than the germen. The leaves are nearly erect, and usually
acuminate, but are sometimes bluntish and cucullate at the apex
( 0. incarnata Bab.).

9. 0. maculdla L. ( spotted palmate O .) ; lip plane 3-lobed
sometimes obscurely so, outer sepals spreading, 2 lateral inner
ones connivent, spur cylindrical shorter and bracteas usually
not longer than the ovary. E. B. t. 632.

Pastures and heaths, frequent. %. 5 — 7. — A foot high, slender.
Stem usually solid. Leaves distant, generally spotted with purple.
Flowers white or pale purple, more or less spotted or streaked,
especially the lip. The generally deeply lobed nearly flat lip, having
the lateral lobes rounded, central one rather the longest and ovate,
together with the usually small subulate bracteas, constitute the chief
marks of distinction between the common state of this species and 0.
latifolia. An intermediate form, however, occurs ( O. angustifolia
Reich., or 0. Traunsteineri Koch), with the lip of 0. latifolia, but
the short bracteas (particularly the upper ones) of O. maculata. We
doubt, therefore, if they be distinct ; a doubt in which, we under-
stand, Mr. Borrer joins.

** Stalhs of the pollen-masses connected by a common gland. Knobs
undivided.

■j Lip erect in (estivation.

10. O. pyramiddlis L. ( pyramidal O.) ; lip with 3 equal
entire lobes and 2 protuberances at the base above, lobes ob-
long truncate, middle lobe sometimes emarginate, outer sepals
spreading acuminate, spur subulate-filiform longer than the
germen, bracteas 3-nerved. E. B. t. 110. Anacamptis Rich.

Pastures and waste ground, England and Ireland, chiefly in a
chalky or clay soil. Mull of Galloway (on a sand-bank). Isle of
Colonsay, and Fit'eshire, Scotland. If.. 6 — 8. — Leaves very

acuminate. Flowers of a delicate rose-purple, sometimes white,
spirally arranged in a close, broad, and ovate spike.

ff Lip spirally twisted in (estivation.

11. 0. hircina Scop. ( Lizard O.) ; lip 3-partite waved at the
base downy, segments linear, intermediate one twisted very
long, outer sepals connivent including the small lateral linear

u 2

436 lxxxix. orchidaceaj. [Gymnadenia.

ones, spur very short. Satyrium L. ; E. B. t. 24. Loroglos-
sum Rich. Iiimantoglossum Spr.

Chalk-hills and bushy places, in Kent, Surrey, and Suffolk ; very
rare. 2/.. 7. — A most remarkable plant, which cannot be con-

sounded with any other. The smell of its flowers is detestable, and
similar to that of a goat , whence its Latin specific name. Lip purple
towards the extremity, white and spotted towards the base ; middle
fegment narrow, and more than an inch long.

10. Gymnadenia Br. Gymnadenia.

Lip spurred. Anther-cells contiguous. Glands of the stalks
of the pollen-masses naked, approximate. — Named from yvp-
voc , naked , and acgv, a. gland; one of the essential characters of
this genus.

1. G. conopsea Br. ( fragrant G.). Orchis L. : E. B. t. 10.

Dry pastures and heaths, in mountainous or hilly countries, espe-
cially in Scotland, scenting the atmosphere with its fragrance.

If- . 6 — 8. — Stem 1 foot high. Knohs of the root palmate. Leaves '
linear-lanceolate, keeled. Flowers rose- purple. Lip 3-lobed, the
lobes equal, entire, rounded : the two lateral outer sepuls spreading ;

2 lateral inner ones connivent. Spur filiform, twice as long as the
germen. The 2 cells of the anthers are separated at the base by a rostel-
late process as in Orchis, but each cell has there a perforation, through
which the naked, large, and oblong glands of the stalks of the pollen-
masses appear. — This genus is near the following in character, but it
differs in habit.

11. Habenarja Br. Habenaria. Butterfly-Orchis.

Lip spurred. Anther-cells separated, diverging at the base.
Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses naked, distant. —
Named from habena , a thong or strap ; which the lip sometimes
resembles.

* Spur very short. Peristylus Blume.

1. H. viridis Br. ( green IT, or Frog- Orchis ) ; spur very short
2-lobed, lip linear bifid with an intermediate tooth, anther-cells
without any process between their bases, bracteas much longer
than the flowers, knobs divided. Satyrium L.: E. B. t. 94.

Dry hilly pastures, not unfrequent. 2/.. 6 — 8. — Stem 6 — 8 inches

high; lower leaves nearly ovate, obtuse ; outer and lateral inner sepals -
connivent and forming a helmet, green. Lip small, greenish-brown.

2. H. dlbida Br. ( small white H.) ; spur obtuse much shorter
than the germen, lip 3 -cleft the segments acute, middle one the
longest, anther-cells with a rostellate process between their
bases, sepals all nearly equal ovate concave, knobs cylindri-
cal entire. Satyrium L. : E. B. t. 505. Gymnadenia Rich.

Ilerniinium.'] lxxxix. ORCiiiDACEiE. 437

Mountain-pastures, not unfrequent. 2f. 6 — 8. — About a span

high. Leaves oblong, striate, lower ones obtuse. Flowers white,
small, fragrant. • Lip scarcely longer than the other sepals, deflexed.

** Spur filiform, elongated. Knobs oval, entire. Platanthera Kick.

3. H. bifolia Br. ( lesser B.) ; inner sepals connivent obtuse,
spur twice as long as the gerinen, lip linear entire obtuse,
anther oblong-truncate, its cells parallel. E. B. S. t. 2806.
Orchis L. Platanthera Lindl.

Moist copses, meadows, and marshes, frequent. 2f. 6 — 8. —

Radical leaves usually 2, oblong-obovate, and attenuate at the base,
both in this species and the next ; cauline ones small, lanceolate.

4. H. chlordntha Bab. ( great B.) ; inner sepals connivent
obtuse, spur twice as long as the germen, lip lanceolate entire
obtuse, anther broadly ovate truncate, its cells converging
upwards twice as widely separated at the base as at the apex.
Platanthera Lindl, Orchis bifolia Sm. : E. B. t. 22.

Dry pastures and heaths, sometimes in moist places, frequent. It.
5 — 8. — A monstrosity has been sometimes found at Norris Castle
Isle of Wight, in which the spur is absent. We are not convinced
that this species is distinct from the preceding ; the two agree pre-
cisely in general appearance ; the difference consists merely in the
anther of H. chlorantha being more dilated at the base, which may
possibly be the effect of luxuriance; we admit it, however, because
II. bifolia is itself in the same way intermediate between H. chlorantha
and the genus Gymnadenia. In neither species of this section is there
a rostellate process at the base of the anther, between its cells.

12. A'ceras Br. Man- Orchis.

Lip without a spur. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses
contained in a common little pouch. — Name: a, without , and
Kepag, a horn ; in allusion to the absence of a spur.

1. A. anthropdphora Br. ( green M.) ; lip longer than the
germen. Ophrys A.: E. B. t. 29.

Dry chalky or clay pastures in the east of England. If . 6. —

Knobs ovate. Stem about a foot high. Flowers in a long spike. Lip
tripartite, with linear segments, yellowish, with a red or brown
margin, the middle lobe rather broad, deeply bifid. Helmet green,
composed of the 3 connivent, concave outer sepals, including the 2
small linear-lanceolate, obtuse, lateral inner ones.

13. Herminium Br. Musk-Orchis.

Lip without a spur. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses
naked, distinct. — Name: probably derived from topiv, ippivog,
the knob or foot of a bed-post ; in allusion to the root.

u 3

438 lxxxix. orchid ace*e. \_0'phrys,

1. H. Mondrchis Br. ( green M.) ; radical leaves 2 lanceolate.
Ophrys L. : E. B. t. 71.

Chalky pastures in the east and south of England'. %. 6, 7. —

Knobs 2, very unequal. Plant 4 — 6 inches high, slender, with two
lanceolate-oblong leaves at the base, and a small one on the stem or
scape. Flowers small, green. Perianth bent down from the top of
the erect germen. Outer sepals equal, ovate, shorter than the inner
ones ; lateral inner ones ovate, acuminate, undivided : lower or lip
3-fid ; the two side-lobes rather small ; intermediate one much
longer, linear. Pollen-mass on a short stalk, with a large white
gland.

14. O'phrys Linn. Ophrys. Insect- Orchis.

Lip without a spur. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses
each in a distinct little pouch. — Name: oQpvg, the eyebrow;
which Pliny says this plant was used to blacken. The flowers
of all the species more or less resemble certain insects.

1. O. apifera Huds. {Bee O.); lip scarcely longer than the
sepals tumid trifid, the intermediate lobe recurved at the margin
emarginate with a long subulate reflexed appendage in the
notch, anther elongated with a hooked point, outer sepals
coloured ovate inner ones oblong bluntish downy. E. B. t.
383.

Chalky and clay soils in various parts of England and Ireland, in
pastures and pits. I/.. (5,7. — Flowers large. Outer sepals purplish
or greenish-white, lateral inner ones oblong, very small, of the same
colour. Lip velvety or silky, rich brown variegated with yellow.

2. O. arachnites Willd. {late Spider O .) ; lip usually longer
than the sepals dilated somewhat tumid nearly entire or with
4 shallow marginal lobes and a terminal flattened somewhat
heart-shaped straight or ascending appendage, outer sepals
coloured, inner ones deltoid downy, anther with a straight or
hooked point. E. B. S. t. 2596.

Chalky downs of South Kent, between Folkstone and Sitting-
bourne. If.. 5,6.- — Allied to 0. apifera, with which, and probably
O. aranifera, the Rev. G. E. Smith considers that it forms frequent
hybrids ; the only positive distinctions are to be sought in the
straight and never recurved appendage at the extremity of the lower
lip, and in the more or less deltoid form of the purplish or green
inner sepals.

3. O. arattf/mtHuds. {Spider 0 .) ; lip longer than the sepals
tumid or convex rounded or obovate obscurely (or sometimes
distinctly) 3-lobed, middle lobe large entire or emarginate
without an appendage or with a mere gland or point in the
notch, outer sepals green, inner ones somewhat linear, anther
acute. — a. lip tumid, inner sepals glabrous. E. B. t. 65. — lip

XC. IttLDACEiE.

439

Cypripedium .]

usually convex, inner sepals scabrous. 0. fucifera Sm. : E. B.
S. t. 2649.

Chalky and clay pastures and pits. — (8. Kent and Sussex, if.
4,5. — Lip of var. a. shorter and broader than in O. apifera ; its
colour deep brown, with paler lines not unfrequently resembling the
Greek letter n, these lines being glabrous, while the rest of the lip is
clothed with short dense hairs. In var. fi. the lines are more irregular
in form, and the sides only of the lip are conspicuously hairy.
Usually the lip cf a. is obscurely lobed ; and in f3. almost entire, but
sometimes more distinctly lobed than in a.

4. 0. mustifera Iluds. ( Fly O .) ; lip oblong 3-fid middle
segment, larger 2-lobed, lateral inner sepals filiform, anther
short obtuse. E. B. t. 64.

Chalky and clay pastures in England ; abundant in many parts
of Norfolk, Suffolk, Surrey, and Kent. if. 5 — 7. — Well distin-
guished from all the preceding by its very slender, lateral inner
sepals, which resemble the antennae of an insect, and by its narrow
lip, 2-Iobed at the extremity, and having a broad pale bluish spot in
its centre.

V. Fertile anthers 2, lateral, with a central one sterile and
petaloid. CrPRiPEDiEiE.

15. Cypripedium Linn. Lady’s Slipper.

Lip large, inflated. Column with a large terminal, dilated
lobe (or sterile stamen ) separating the 2 anthers. Two lateral
or lower outer sepals often combined. — Named from Kvrpic,
Venus, and ttoSiov, a sock or slipper ; i. e. Venus' slipper.

1. C. Calceolus L. ( common Lady's Slipper ); stem leafy,
terminal lobe of the column nearly oval, lip shorter than the
calyx somewhat laterally compressed. E. B. t. 1.

Woods in the north of England, very rare (almost extinct). If..
5. — One of the most beautiful and interesting of our native plants.

Ord. XC. IRIDACE2E Juss.

Limb of the perianth 6-cleft, or 6-partite, sometimes irregular.
Stamens 3, inserted into the base of the outer segments. Fi la-
ments sometimes' united. Anthers fixed by their base, opening
outwards. Ovary 3-celled, many seeded. Style 1. Stigmas 3,
or 1 with 3 divisions, often petaloid or 2-lipped. Capsule 3-
celled, 3-valved ; valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle.
Seeds round, hard. Embryo inclosed within a horny or firmly
fleshy albumen, homotropal. Radicle next the hilum. — Herbs,
rarely undershrubs. Leaves usually equitant, distichous and

XC. LRIDACEAS.

440

| \Fris.

cauline, sometimes radical. Flowers spathaceous, sometimes partly
subterranean. — Orris-root is from Iris Florentina.

1. Iris. Perianth regular 6-cleft; alternate segments longer and re-

flexed. Stigmas petaloid, covering and opposite to the stamens.
Stamens distinct. (Leaves distichous.)
la. Sisyrinchium. Perianth 6-cleft; segments nearly equal, patent;
tube scarcely longer than the limb. Style short. Stigmas fili-
form, alternating with the stamens. Stamens monadelphous.
(Leaves distichous.)

2. Gladiolus. Perianth 6-cleft, almost in two lips. Style filiform.

Stigmas entire, widening upwards, canaliculate. Stamens distinct,
ascending. (Leaves distichous.)

3. Trichone.ma. Perianth 6-cleft ; segments equal ; tube shorter than

the limb ; style filiform. Stigmas bipartite, slender. Stamens
distinct. (Leaves radical.)

4. Crocus. Perianth 6-cleft; segments equal; tube very long (much

longer than the limb). Style filiform. Stigmas widening up-
wards, plaited, sometimes united to the middle. Stamens dis-
tinct. (Leaves radical.)

1. I'ris Linn. Iris. Flower-de-luce.

Perianth regular 6-cleft, each alternate segment longer and
reflexed. Stamens distinct. Stigmas 3, petaloid-dilated,
covering the stamens and opposite to them. — Named from
un<:, the rainbow , on account of the beautiful and varied
colours of its flowers.

1. I. Pseud-acorus L. ( yellow Water /., or Flag) ; leaves
sword-shaped, perianth beardless its inner segments smaller
than the stigmas, stem terete, seeds angled. E. B. t. 578.

Watery places, wet meadows and in woods, frequent. 2f. 5 — 8.

— Flowers large, deep (or rarely pale) yellow ( Bot . May. t. 2239).
Rhizome large, very acrid.

2. I. fcetidissima L. ( fetid I., or Gladdon) ; leaves sword-
shaped, perianth beardless its inner segments spreading about as
large as the stigmas, stem one-angled, seeds globose. E. B. t.
596.

Woods, thickets, and pastures; frequent in the western and southern
parts of England, particularly in Devonshire ; rare in the middle and
northern counties. South of Ireland. Not found in Scotland, p .
5 — 7. — Flowers much smaller than the last, dull livid purple, or
very rarely yellow. The leaves, when bruised, emit a very disagree-
able odour, which some have compared to roast-beef, whence its
common English name, roast-beef plant.

[/ris tuberosa L. (E. B. S. t. 281 8)- is a native of the Levant and
other countries bordering on the Mediterranean, formerly cultivated
for its medicinal properties, and cannot be admitted into our flora,
although established about Penzance and near Cork. For the same
reason we scarcely deem I. Xiphium, /. xiphioides, I. pumila, I. Susiana,

Crocus .]

XC. IRIDACE7E.

441

or I. Germanica worthy of notice, although all have been reported
“indigenous.” Nor can we admit Sisyrinchium unceps Lam., a well
known North- American plant, — indeed the genus is not European,
— and which has been found near Woodford, Co. Galway].

2. Gladiolus Linn. Gladiolus. Corn-Flag.

Perianth funnel-shaped 6-cleft ; segments oblique, arranged
somewhat in two lips. Stamens distinct, ascending. Stigmas
dilated upwards, canaliculate, entire. — Plants with a cormus,
and equitant cauline leaves. — Name: gladiolus, a little sword;
in allusion to the shape of the leaves.

1. G. *communis L. (common G. or C.) ; leaves ensiform
shorter than the stem, flowers and spathas unilateral, perianth
subringent upper segments conniving margin of the uppermost
covered by the two contiguous ones, lower three oblong-
spathulate and nearly equal, anthers linear shorter than the
filaments, seeds compressed winged. Curt. hot. Mag. t. 86 :
Gawl. in Bot. Mug. sub G. Byzanlino (t. 874, ad calcem).
G. imbricatus Bab. n\Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. xx. p. 158.

New Forest, Hants; probably introduced. If.. 6. — Allied to
G. segetum Gawl., which however differs by the larger flowers, the
uppermost division of the perianth incumbent over and not covered
by the two next it, anthers longer than the filaments, and globose
subbaccate seeds. Under Crocus serotinus in Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 1267,
it is shown that G. imbricatus L. is the same as G. segetum.

3. Trichonema Ker. Trichonema.

Perianth single, petaloid, in 6 deep equal segments, tube
shorter than the limb. Stam. distinct. Filaments hairy. Style
filiform. Stigmas bipartite, slender. Seeds globose. — Named
from Spi?, rpi^og, a hair, and vtjpa, a filament.

1. T. Columns Reich. (Columna’s T.) ; scape single-flowered
mostly solitary slightly drooping, leaves filiform compressed
furrowed flexuose, spathas longer than the tube of the corolla,
style shorter than the stamens, stigmas bifid at the apex. T.
Bulboco lium Sm. Ixia Sni. : JE. B. t. 2549 (not of Linn. ?).

Grassy pastures in Guernsey and Jersey. The Warren, Dawlish.
If. 3, 4. — A small bulbous plant, with a pale bluish-purple flower,
having a yellow centre.

4. Crocus Linn. Crocus.

Perianth single, coloured ; tube very long ; limb cut into 6
equal segments. Stam. distinct. Style filiform. Stigmas dis-
tinct or united to the middle, denticulate at the apex or incise,
u 5

442

XC. IRIDACE^E.

[ Crocus.

widening upwards, plaited. — Named from s-pox »/, a thread or
filament, from the appearance of the saffron of the shops, which
consists of the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus. — (In all this
Genus the germen is concealed under gi%und, elevated by a
short peduncle from the solid bulb ( cormus ), which peduncle
elongates, after the decay of the flower, and the capsules appear
above ground.)

* Flowers in spring, along with the leaves,
t Scapes enveloped, in a tubular sheath.

1. C. *vernus Willd. {purple Spring C.) ; spatha simple,
stigmas within the flower erect united to above the middle, free
portions wedge-shaped incise at the end, cormus clothed with
slender anastomosing fibres. E.B. t. 344. C. sativus L.

Meadows and fields. Plentiful about Nottingham. If.. 3.
ft Scapes naked.

2. C. * minimus Red. ( least purple C.); spatha double,
stigmas erect longer than the stamens included in the solitary
flower narrow denticulate at the end, leaves linear filiform,
cormus with a membranous coat. C. prtecox Haw. in E. B. S.
t. 2G45. C. reticulatus E. FI. vol. iv. p. 262 (not Bieb.). C.
biflorus Mill ?

The park at Barton, Suffolk. It. 3.

3. C. *aureus Sm. {golden C.) ; spatha simple, stigmas erect
shorter than the stamens united to above the middle, incise at
the end, segments of the corolla oblong incurvo-patent, cormus
coated with compact fibres. Sm. Prodr. FI. Gr. : E. B. S. t.
2646.

With the preceding, and equally the outcast of gardens. If.. 3. —
From this, C. vernus Curtis in But. Mag. t. 45 ( C. Meesiacus Gawl.,
but not of older authors) is perhaps not specifically distinct.

* * Flowers in autumn, before the leaves. Scapes enveloped in a tubular
sheath.

4. C. * sativus L. {Saffron C.) ; spatha double, stigmas linear
protruded drooping, cormus clothed with slender anastomosing
fibres. C. autumnalis Sm.: E. B. t. 343.

Meadows ; as about Saffron Walden in Essex, where it was
formerly cultivated for the sake of its fragrant stigmas, which con-
stitute saffron. If. 9. — We fear this plant, far from being a native,
is not even naturalized in this country.

5. C. *nudifl6rus Sm. {naked -flowering C.); spatha simple,
stigmas within the flower erect deeply laeiniate, cormus with
a membranous coat. — a. stigma equal iu height with the an-

Narcissus.^ xci. amaryllidaceae.

443

thers. E. B. t. 491. — 8. stigma considerably longer than the
anthers. C. speciosus Hook. {M. Bieb, ?, not Reich.) : E. B. S.
t. 2752.

Meadows. — a. Between Nottingham Castle and the Trent; near
the Railway Station, Derby. — j8. Meadows near Warwick, War-
rington, and about Halifax. y.. 9, 10. — This is the only species

of the genus which can have any claim to be considered indigenous ;
but this we are not disposed to concede even to it.

Ord. XCI. AMARYLLIDACE2E R. Brown.

Limb of the perianth coloured, 6-partite or 6-cleft. Stamens
6, inserted at the bottom of the segments, sometimes united by
a membrane. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary 3-celled ; the
cells many-seeded, or in those whose fruit is fleshy, 1 — 2-seeded.
Style 1. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit capsular: either dry with 3
valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle, 3 cells and many
seeds; or fleshy with 1 — 3 seeds. Integument of the seed not
crustaceous. Embryo straight, in the axis of a fleshy albumen ,
orthotropal. Radicle next the hilum. — Flowers large , generally
of a bright colour. Leaves fleshy, indistinctly nerved , all radical.
Roots bulbous.

1. Narcissus. Perianth tubular at the base, with a 6-partite limb, and

a campanulate crown or nectary.

2. Galanthus. Perianth 6-partite, campanulate, 3 outer sepals spread-

ing, 3 inner smaller, erect, emarginate ; crown none.

3. Leucojum. Perianth 6-partite, campanulate, sepals all equal and a

little thickened at the point ; crown none.

1. Narcissus Linn. Narcissus. Daffodil.

Perianth coloured, tubular at the base, with a spreading
6-partite limb , and a campanulate or cup-shaped crown or nec-
tary, within which are the stamens. Anthers dehiscing longitu-
dinally. Flowers from a spatha. — Named from vapKt], stupor;
in allusion to the powerful and injurious sinell of the flowers.
More immediately derivable from the youth Narcissus, who is
fabled to have been changed into this plant. An inhabitant
sometimes of watery places, by the banks of streams.

1. N. Pseudo-narcissus L. ( common D.) ; spatha single-
flowered, nectary campanulate erect crisped at the margin ob-
soletely 6-cleft, as long as the ovate segments of the perianth.
E. B. t. 17.

Moist woods and thickets. Rare in Scotland ; about Culross and
Dunoon, but scarcely indigenous. Near Templeogue, Ireland. If.
3, 4. — Flowers large, yellow.

u 6

444

XCI. A3IARYLLIDACEAJ.

[ Galanthus.

2. N. *poeticus L. (the Poet's N.) ; spatha mostly single-
flowered, nectary very short concave membranous and crenate
at the margin, leaves with an obtuse keel. E. B. t. 275.

Heathy open fields on a sandy soil ; Norfolk and Kent. fl. 5. —
Larger than the last, with a white Jiower of a very different structure,
and a reddish border to the yellow nectary.

3. N. *hijl6nis Curt. ( pale N.) ; spatlia usually 2-flowered,
nectary very short concave membranous and crenate at the
margin, leaves acutely keeled. E. B. t. 276.

Sandy fields ; apparently wild in the south of England. About
Dublin frequent. If.. 4, 5. — Similar to the last in the general
form of the flowers, but they are smaller, of a pale sulphur-colour,
and without the coloured border to the nectary.

(Besides the above, N. conspicuus, incomparabilis, minor, and
lobularis have been all enumerated as “ wild,” or “ naturalized,” in
England ; none of them have however any right to a place in our
Flora : and even two of those here admitted, because they were
sanctioned by Smith’s authority, and figured in E. Bot., ought to be
rejected.)

2. Galanthus Linn. Snowdrop.

Perianth campanulate, of 6 pieces ; 3 outer ones spreading,
3 inner smaller, erect, emarginate. Anthers opening by a pore.
Seed with a whitish skin. Flowers from a spatha. — Scape solid.
— Named from ya\a, milk, and avOoc, a jiower. The French
name, perce-neige , is very expressive.

1. G. * nivalis L. ( common S.) : E. B. t. 19.

Woods, orchards, meadows, pastures, & c., in very many places in
England, Scotland, and Ireland. 2j. 2, 3. — Bulb ovate. Leaves

2, linear, keeled, glaucous-green. Fiowers solitary, drooping, white,
inner segments greenish.

3. Leucojum Linn. Snowflake.

Perianth campanulate, of 6 equal pieces, a little thickened at
the point. Anthers opening by a slit near the apex. Seed with
a black and shining skin. Flowers from a spatha. — Scape
hollow. — Named from \tvsoc, white, and iov, a violet.

1. L. *cestwum L. ( Summer S .) ; spatha many-flowered, style
club-shaped. E. B. t. 621.

Moist meadows, in the south-east of England. 2j. 5. — Leaves

long, linear, keeled ; scape 2-edged. Flowers drooping, white, with
a greenish point.

Tdmus.~\

XCIII. TRILLIACEVE.

445

** Leaves with netted veins. (Orel. XCII.)

Obd. XCII. DIOSCOHEACEiE It. Brown.

Dioecious. Limb of the perianth with 6 divisions. — Sterile fl.
Stamens 6 from the base of the perianth. — Fertile Jl. Ovary
3-celled; cells 1 — 2-seeded. Style deeply trifid. Stigmas un-
divided. Fruit dry and Hat, with 2 of its cells frequently
abortive, or (in Tamus ) baccate. Embryo small, near the
kilum, lying in a large cavity of cartilaginous albumen. — Stems
twining, shrubby or herbaceous, mostly tropical. Leaves with
reticulating veins. Flowers small, bracteate. — Dioscorea sativa
affords the well-known yam.

1. Tamijs Linn. Black Bryony.

Barren fl. Perianth single, in 6 deep segments. — Fertile fl.
Perianth single, in 6 deep segments, contracted at the neck.
Stigmas 3. Berry of 3 cells. — Name : supposed to be the uva
taminia of Pliny, or black bryony.

1. T. communis L. ( common B.) ; leaves undivided cordate
acute. E. B. t. 91.

Hedges and thickets, England. 2/ . 5, 6. — Root very large,

acrid, black externally, fleshy. Stems long, twining, and reaching
among trees and bushes to a great distance. Flowers yellowish-
green, small. Berry red.

Div. II. Ovary superior, free, not adnate with the tube of the
perianth. (Ord. XCIII. — CV.)

* Perianth conspicuous. Seeds with albumen. (Ord. XCIII. —
XCVII.)

Ord. XCIII. TRILLIACE2E De Cand.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 6 — 10 (rarely 4), outer ones her-
baceous ; inner herbaceous or much larger and coloured, rarely
wanting. Stamens 6 — 10. Anthers linear, the cells fixed one
on each side near the middle or the apex of a subulate filament.
Ovary free, 3 — 5-celled, with as many distinct styles. Stigmas
inconspicuous. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, as-
cending. Fruit succulent, 3 — 5-celled. Seeds numerous ; the
skin brownish, leathery. Albumen fleshy, with a minute em-
bryo close to the hilum. — Stems simple, herbaceous. Leaves
sessile, verticillate, thin, ivith netted veins, not articulated with
the stem, marcescent. Flowers large, terminal, solitary.

446

XCIV. LILIACEiE.

\_Pdris.

1. Paris Linn. Herb-Paris.

Perianth, of 6 — 10 narrow, very patent or reflexed sepals,
inner ones scarcely coloured. Cells of the anthers fixed one on
each side near the middle of a subulate filament. Berry 3 — 5-
celled. — Named, it is said, from par, parts (equal) ; on account
of the regularity of its leaves and flowers.

1. P. quadrifolia L. (common 11.) ; leaves ovate 4 — 5 in a
whorl. E. B. t. 7.

Moist and wet shady woods, in many parts of England and
Scotland. Killarney, Ireland. 1). 5, 6. — Stem 1 ft. high, with 4,

rarely 3 or 5, whorled, large, ovate, acute leaves at its summit, the rest
leafless. Flower single, terminal, on a foot -stalk about 2 inches long.
Perianth of 8 (rarely 6 or 10) sepals; outer ones linear-lanceolate,
green ; inner similar to these, but narrower and more yellow.

Ord. XCIV. LILIACEiE Juss.

Flowers perfect or very rarely imperfect. Sepals 6 (rarely
4 or 8) all petaloid, regular or nearly so, occasionally cohering
at the base in a tube. Stamens 6 (rarely 3, 4, or 8) inserted
upon the sepals. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary free from
the perianth, 3- (rarely 2- or by abortion 1-) celled. Style 1,
undivided. Stigma simple or 3- (or rarely 2-) lobed. Fruit
succulent or dry and capsular, 3- (or rarely 2-) celled. Seeds
usually placed one above another in 2 rows in each cell, some-
times in pairs or solitary. Albumen fleshy. — Herbs, shrubs, or
trees, with bulbs or tubers or rhizomes or fibrous roots. Leaves
with parallel veins or nerves , never articulated with the stem,
mostly narroiv. Flowers usually large and showy, sometimes
small and greenish. — Many of the family contain a bitter juice.
The root of Scilla maritima (or Urginea Scilla) affords the
squill of the shops. Socotrine aloes are produced by Aloe So -
cotrina ; Barbadoes aloes by A. perfoliata. New Zealand fiax
is the fibre from the leaves of Phormium tenax. Gum-dragon is
the concrete juice of Dracaena Draco.

* Fruit fleshy. Roots never bulbous. (Ovules ‘l in each cell, and filaments
glabrous in British genera.) Asparage.e.

1. Asparagus. Perianth 6-partite, campanulate. Stam. 6, distinct.

Stigmas 3, reflexed.

2. Kuscus. Perianth 6-partite. Stamens connected at the base. Style

surrounded by a nectary (tube formed by the sterile stamens).
Stigma capitate. Flowers'imperfect.

3. Coxvallaria. Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-cleft. Stamens 6,

distinct. Stigma 1. Flowers perfect.

4. Poi.ygonatom. Perianth cylindrical, 6-cleft at the apex. Stam. 6,

distinct. Stigma 1. Flowers perfect.

447

Asparagus .] xciv. liliace^e.

5. Maianthemum. Perianth 4-partite, spreading. Stam. 4, diverging,
inserted into the base of the segments. Anthers ovate. Flowers
perfect.

** Fruit dry, capsular. Roots never bulbous. Flowers jointed with their
pedicel. Antherice.e.

G. Simethis. Flowers perfect. Perianth 6-partite, spreading, deciduous.
Stam. 6 ; filaments woolly. Ovules 2 in each cell.

*** Fruit dry, capsular. Root bulbous. Flowers usually on a leajless
scape, and with membranous bracteas or spathas, but no true
leaves at the base of the pedicels which are not jointed with the
flower. Ovules numerous in each cell. Scii.lk.-e.

f Sepals combined below or forming a campanulate perianth. Anthers
attached to the filament by their back above the base.

7. AoRArHis. Perianth G-partite, tubular-campanulate, sepals reflexed

at the extremity. Filaments longisb, decurrent.

8. Muscari. Perianth globose or subcylindrical, contracted at the

mouth, 6-toothed. Filaments very short.

|| Sepals distinct, spreading. Anthers attached to the filament by their
back.

9. Allium. Flowers umbellate, inclosed at first in a 1-2-leaved spatha.

10. Scilla. Flowers blue or purple, racemose or corymbose, on a scape.

Spatha 0. Perianth deciduous.

11. Ornithogalum. Flowers white, racemose or corymbose, on a scape.

Spatha 0. Perianth persistent.

**** Fruit dry, capsular. Root bulbous. Stem more or less leafy. Pedun-
cles (or pedicels') without membranous bracteas at their base,
springing from the axils of true leaves and not jointed with the
flowers. Sepals distinct. Ovules maty in each cell. Tulipk.e.

| Anthers erect.

12. Gagea. Flowers yellow, corymbose or umbellate. Sepals without

a nectariferous fold or depression. Style conspicuous.

13. Lloydia. Flowers white tinged with red, solitary or few and corym-

bose. Sepals with a transverse nectariferous fold near the base.
Style conspicuous.

14. Tulipa. Flowers usually solitary, rarely 2 on each stem. Style 0.

tt Anthers attached above the base in front.

15. Fritillakia. Sepals with a nectariferous depression at the base.

Style 3-cleft at the apex.

15a. Lilium. Sepals with a longitudinal nectariferous furrow at the
base. Style undivided. Stigma capitate.

* Roots never bulbous. Fruit fleshy. Testa of seeds whitish
(not black nor brittle). Asparage^:. (Gen. 1 — 5.)

1. Asparagus Linn. Asparagus.

Flowers perfect or occasionally imperfect.. Perianth cam-
panulate tubular at the base, 6-partite, deciduous. Stamens 6,

448

XCIV. LII.IACEiE.

\_Ruscus.

distinct. Anthers peltate. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in
each cell. Stigmas 3, reflexed. Berry globose, 3-celled. —
Name: aarrapayoi;, in Greek, from oirapaocnu, to tear; many of
the species being armed with spines.

1. A. officinalis L. ( common Asparagus ) ; unarmed, stem her-
baceous mostly erect terete very much branched, leaves se-
taceous fasciculate flexible, peduncles jointed in the middle.

E. B. t. 339.

In several parts of the west and south-west coasts of England. On
an island, thence called “ Asparagus Island Kynance Cove, Corn-
wall. Giltar Point, Pembrokeshire; south-west coast of Anglesea.
Links near Gosford, Scotland. If. 6 — 8.— Rhizome creeping,
throwing up numerous scaly erect or rarely procumbent stems, which,
when cultivated, are the Asparagus of our tables. Flowers drooping, j
greenish-white, often imperfect, with obsolete styles. Berries bright
red.

2. Ruscus Linn. Butcher’s Broom.

Dioecious. Perianth spreading, of 6 sepals, persistent. Fi- ■,
laments combined in a tube. — Barren fi. Anthers 3 or 6, reni-
form, placed on the summit of the stamen-tube. — Fertile fl.
Anthers 0. Style 1 , surrounded by the tube of the sterile sta-
mens. Stigma capitate. Ovary 1- (or 3-?) celled; ovules 2
collateral in each cell. Berry usually 1-seeded. — Name, an-
ciently bruscus; from beuskelen, Celtic, meaning box-holly.

1. R. aculeatus L. ( common B.) ; stem rigid branched, leaves
ovate*acuminate very rigid and pungent bearing the solitary
flowers on their upper surface. E. B. t. 560.

Bushy and heathy places and woods, especially in a gravelly soil.
Abundant in the south of England and Jersey. Bothwell woods,
and Skeldon woods near Ayr; but not truly wild in Scotland. h-
3, 4. — Flowers minute, white, arising from the disk of the evergreen
leaves. Berry red.

3. Convallaria Linn. Lily of the Valley.

Flowers perfect. Perianth deciduous, shortly campanulate,
deeply 6-cleft, segments recurved. Stamens 6, distinct, inserted
into the very base of the perianth. Anthers oblong-linear,
pointed. Ovary 3-celled, with 4 — 6 ovules in a double row in
each cell. Style short, thick. Stigma 1, obtuse. Berry 3-
celled, with 1 (or rarely 2) seeds in each cell. — Flowers race-
mose, with a membranous bractea at the base of the pedicels.

— Name: convallis , a valley ; from the locality of this pla,nt.

1. C. majdlis L. ( sweet-scented L.): E. B. t. 1035.

Woods and coppices, particularly in a light soil. Frequent in
England; more rare, if indigenous, in Scotland. V-. 5, 6

XCIV. LILIACEiE.

449

Maianthemum.']

Leaves 2, ovato-lanceolate, radical. Scape seinieylipdrical. Flowers
racemed, very pure white, fragrant, segments recurved. Berries red,

globose.

4. Polygonatum Tournef. Solomon’s Seal.

Flowers perfect. Perianth tardily deciduous, cylindrical,
shortly C-cleft at the summit, the lobes erect. Stam. 6, distinct,
inserted upon the middle of the tube of the perianth. Anthers
oblong-linear. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 — 6 ovules in a double
row in each cell. Style filiform, included. Stigma 1, obtuse.
Berry 3-celled; cells 1 — 2-seeded. — Peduncles or pedicels axil-
lary , without membranous bracteas at the base. — Named from
iroXvt;, many, and yom, youaroc, a knee or angle; on account of
the angled stems.

1. P. verticilldtum All. ( narrow-leaved S.) ; leaves linear-
lanceolate whorled. Convallaria L. : E. B. t. 128.

Woods and glens, very rare. Smalesmouth near Bellingham,
Northumberland. Den of Rechip near Dunkeld, Parish of Rattray

1 in various places), and Blair- Athole, Perthshire. If.. 6. — Stem

2 ft. high. Leaves numerous, bright green, 3 — 4 in a whorl.
Flowers solitary, or with branched footstalks, drooping.

2. P. multiflorum All. ( common S.) ; leaves ovate-elliptical
alternate half-embracing the rounded stem, peduncles one- or
many-flowered, filaments hairy. Convallaria L. : E. B. t. 279.

Woods and coppices, in various parts of England and the south of
! Scotland ; also at Kingcausie, 7 miles from Aberdeen. 2/.. 5, 6. —

Stems 2 ft. high, bare of leaves below. Leaves large, marked with
! longitudinal nerves, secund ; the flowers drooping in an opposite
j direction, white, greenish at the tips.

3. P. officinale All. ( angular Si) ; leaves ovate-elliptical al-
ternate half-embracing the angular stem, peduncles mostly
single-flowered, filaments glabrous. Convallaria Polygonatum
L. : E. B. t. 280.

Woods in England, rare. Northumberland; Yorkshire; Somerset,
y . 5, 6. — Smaller than the last. Flowers greener, fragrant.

5. Maianthemum Mcench. May-Lily.

Flowers perfect. Perianth deciduous, 4-partite, spreading.
Stain. 4, distinct, diverging, inserted into the base of the seg-
ments of the perianth. Anthers ovate. Ovary 2-celled with
2 collateral ovulesin each cell. Style short, thick. Stigma
bifid, the segments recurved. Berry with usually 1 seed. —
Raceme terminal, many -flowered, erect; bractea obsolete at the
base of the pedicels. — Name: Matof, the month of May in
inedimval Greek, and avOtyov, a flower.

450 xciv. LiliacevE. [ Simethis .

1. M. bifolium DC. (two-leaved M.). Smilacina Desf. Con-
vallaria L. : Bot. Mag. t. 510.

Dingley Wood near Preston, and Harewood near Blackburn,
Lancashire (Gerard.)-, Caen Wood near Highgate, Middlesex;
-Aspley Wood, Bedfordshire; Howick, Northumberland (now ex-
tinct) ; west side of Forge Valley near Hackness, 6 m. from Scar-
borough, Yorkshire ( James Braby, Esq.), y. 5, 6. — Nowhere in
this country can this plant be considered indigenous, or even natural-
ized, unless near Hackness ; where it has been found abundantly
on the brow of a steep cliff in peat soil (quite undisturbed), along |
with Trientalis, among low bushes, shaded by oak-trees. Rhizome
slender, branched. Stem erect, with 2 or sometimes 3 alternate
cordate leaves above the middle. Flowers small, on longish pedicels.

** Roots never bulbous. Fruit dry , capsular. Antiierice.-e. J
(Gen. 6.)

6. Simethis Kunth. Simethis.

Floivers perfect, jointed with the pedicel. Perianth 6-par-
tite, spreading, deciduous. Stam. 6, distinct. Filaments woolly
upwards. Anthers oblong, emarginate. Ovary 3-celled, with
2 superposed ovules in each cell. Style filiform. Stigma entire.
Capsule 3-celled; cells 2-seeded. Seeds black. — Named after
the Sicilian nymph Simethis or Simcethis. (See Ovid. Met.
xiii. 750.)

1. S. bicolor K. (variegated S .) : Kunth Enum. iv. p. 618.
Anthericum Desf. Phalangium DC. Anthericum planifolium
L. Phalangium Fers. Simethis Woods in E. B. S. t. 2952.

Barren heaths. Near Bournemouth, Dorsetshire, perhaps intro- i
duced with seeds of trees from France. Derry nane, Co. Kerry.
y. 6. — Leaves linear, flat, somewhat carinate and folded especially
at the upper part. Scape and leaves embraced by sheathing scales.
Flowers panicled, on long stalks, erect, white within, externally violet
or purple at the summit and on the margin. Pedicels with a mem-
branous bractea at their base.

*** Root bulbous. Fruit dry , capsular. Flowers usually on a
leafless stem or scape and with membranous bracteas or
spathas, but no true leaves , at the base of the pedicels which
are not jointed with the flower. Ovules numerous in each
cell of the ovary. Seeds ivith a black crustaceous shining coat.
Scille^;. (Gen. 7 — 11.)

7. A'gbaphis Link. Blue-bell.

Perianth 6-partite ; sepals connivent below and forming a
campanula te tube, somewhat connected at the base, recurved

XC1Y. LILIACEyE.

A' Ilium.]

451

at the extremity. Stamens 6, inserted below the middle of
the perianth, on which the filaments are decurrent; alternate
ones longer and somewhat exserted. Capsule obtusely 3-
angled, 3-celled, 3-valved at the apex, few-seeded. — Flowers
racemose , with membranous bracteas at the base of the pedi-
cels.— Named from a , not , and ypa<pw, to write or mark. These
plants which were supposed by some commentators to be the
flowers noticed by Virgil (Eel. iii. 106), whereon were in-
scribed the names of kings, but which now exhibit nothing
resembling written characters, were placed in the genus named
after the youth Hyacinthus, killed by Apollo, and by him
changed into a plant whose foliage bore in dark streaks the
initials of his name: the A. nutans having no mark or figure
on the leaf was hence called Hyacinthus non-scriptus , which
specific name is the same as Agraphis.

1. A. nutans Link ( wild Hyacinth , or 2?.); flowers in a ra-
ceme drooping, sepals revolute at the points, bracteas in pairs,
leaves linear. Scilla Sm. : E. B. t. 377. Endymion Dumort.
Hyacinthus non-scriptus L.

Woods, copses, and hedge-rows ; varying with white and more
rarely rose-coloured flowers. 2/. . 4 — 6. — Leaves long, linear, chan-

nelled, acuminate. Scape 1 foot high, with two bracteas at the base
of each short pedicel.

8. Muscari Tourn. Grape-Hyacinth.

Perianth of 1 piece, globose or subcylindrical, contracted at
the mouth, 6-toothed. Filaments very short, inserted about
the middle of the perianth and not decurrent on it, inflated
6-toothed. Capsule trigonous, with prominent angles; cells 2-
seeded. — Flowers racemose. — Named from p.oo\oQ, musk , a
smell yielded by one species.

1. M. *racemosum Mill ( Starch G.) ; flowers crowded ovate
upper ones nearly sessile abortive, leaves linear flaccid keeled
longer than the scape. Hyacinthus L. : E. B. t. 1931.

Grassy fields, &c. Sandy fields at Packenham, Suffolk, plentiful.
2f. 5. — Flowers deep blue, smelling like starch.

9. A'lliem Linn. Onion. Leek. Garlic.

Perianth petaloid, of 6 ovate spreading pieces. Stamens
inserted into the base of the perianth. Caps, triquetrous. —
Flowers umbellate, arising from a 1 — 2-leaved spatha. — Named
from the Celtic all, which signifies acrid, burning. ( Theis .)

452 xciv. liliacea:. [A'llium.

* Stem leafy. Leaves plane or keeled ( not fislulnse'). Alternate filaments
3-pointed, middle point bearing the anther.

1. A. * Ampel6prasum L. ’(great round-headed G.) ; umbels
globose, leaves linear keeled acuminate, stamens exserted,

3 alternate ones deeply 3-cleft, middle point about as long as
the entire part of the filament, spatha 1 -leaved long pointed.

— a. umbels compact without bulbs. E. B. t. 1657. — /3. 1
umbels loose, irregular, with many large bulbs. A. Babing- j
toni Borr. in E. B. S. t. 2905. A. Halleri Bah. Man. '
ed. 1.

Rare. — a. On Steep Holmes Island in the Severn (the remains t
of ancient cultivation). Guernsey. Great Arran Island, Galway *
Bay; Ireland. — 0. Grade and Ruan Minor, Cornwall, (but only in ;
or near orchards) ; near Little Bredy, Dorsetshire. Roundstone, t
and South Isles of Arran, Co. Galway. If.. 8. — Bulb compound, of
2 — 4 divisions. Stem 2 — 3 ft. high, with broad acuminate leaves, and ! I
large heads of purplish-white flowers. Allied to A. Porrum, the |
leek, in habit, but differing in its perennial and clustered young bulbs ;
and as Ray states his plant to have a simple bulb, Mr. P. B. Webb
concludes with justice that the one from Steep Holmes Island is A.
Porrum. It is not known as a native of the western districts of t
France, and A. Porrum itself is nowhere found truly wild. The speci- . I
tic name, from apneKos, a vine, and irpaaov, a leek, means leek of the 1
vineyard. Porrum, says Theis, is from pori, to eat, in Celtic ; whence |
comes our word porridge. — The var. 0. differs almost solely by having i
most of the flowers converted into large bulbs, a character which, j
although employed to distinguish the species of this genus, indicates t l
rather a disease than a distinct organism ; all the other characters I
may be the effect of such metamorphosis. Mr. W. Andrews finds it I
growing with A. Ampeloprasum in Great Arran Island, and considers |
it only a variety.

2. A. Scoroduprasum L. (Sand G.) ; umbels globose loose I
few-flowered with numerous spherical (small) bulbs, stem leafy <j
below, leaves linear flat, sheaths 2-edged, stamens included or ■
as long as the perianth, 3 alternate ones 3-cleft, middle point i
shorter than the lateral ones and the entire part of the filament, I
leaves of the spatha with a very short point. E. B. S. t. 2905. I
A. arenarium L.: Sm. in E. B. 1. 1358 (as to the description, |
but not the figure).

Mountainous woods and fields, in sandy soil, principally in the
N. of England and S. of Scotland, but not common. Portmarnock
sands, Ireland. 2/.. 7. — Bulb simple, with numerous stalked purple
offsets. Stem 2 — 3 ft. high, leafy below, terete, smooth, slender
and wavy, yet firm and solid. Spatha usually single, scariose, short
and broad, with a short point. Bulbs of flowers not so large as a pea.
Flowers mostly few, never so numerous as the bulbs, on stalks usually
much longer than the bulbs. This is not the Scoroduprasum of old
authors, that name being sometimes given to A. Ampeloprasum, and

XCIV. LILIACE^E.

453

A' Ilium.']

sometimes to a variety of tlie leek or A. Pnrrum ; nor even of some
modern botanists, whose plant is a large form of A. sativum : Borrer.

* * Stem terete , leafy. Leaves narrow, flat or heeled, or grooved above
( not flstulose). Filaments all simple, connected at the base. Spatha
2-talved, one valve with a long point.

3. A. olerdeeum L. ( Field G .) ; umbels lax bearing bulbs,
stem leafy below, leaves linear grooved above semiterete or flat
and ribbed beneath, stamens simple as long as or shorter than
the perianth. — a. leaves thick semiterete and 4-ribbed beneath
thinner towards the summit. E. B. t. 488. — /3. leaves
equally thick compressed and many-ribbed beneath. A. cari-
natum Sm. (not Linn .?) : E. B. t. 1658.

Borders of fields in Essex, about Bristol, in Norfolk, Westmore-
land, and Yorkshire. — j8. Sandy ground on the south-east coast, and
mountainous situations in the north of England. "!£. 7. — Stems

terete, leafy below. Flowers upon long wavy peduncles, pale-
brownish white. The true A. carinatum of Linnaeus is said to be
characterized by its exserted stamens.

*** Leaves flstulose. Filaments all simple, distinct.

4. A. Schcendprasum L. ( Chives , or Chive G.) ; umbels many-
flowered globose without bulbs, stem naked or with one leaf
terete, leaves subulate-filiform flstulose terete or grooved
above, spatha of 2 ovate leaves, stamens simple about half the
length of the perianth. — a. leaves and stem straight. E.B.
t. 2441. A. arenarium Sm. in E.B. t. 1358 (as to the figure).
— A leaves spreading curved, umbel drooping before the flow-
ers expand. A. Sibiricum L. : Borr. in E. B. S. t. 2934.

Meadows and pastures rare. Northumberland, Berwickshire, and
Argvleshire. — 0. between Kynance Cove and Mullion, and at Tin-
tagel, Cornwall. If.. 6, 7. — Stem 1 ft. high. Heads of flowers com-
pact, purplish. Stam. simple. Spatha of two short ovate leaves. Umbel
without bulbs. — Specific name ftom axoivos, a rush, and ir paaov, a
leek : i. e. rush-leaved onion. We consider the figure of A. arenarium
in E.B. to have been taken from this species, the leaf being erro-
neously represented.

**** Leaves flstulose. Alternate filaments 3-pointed, middle point bearing
the anther.

5. A. vi 'nettle L. (Crow G.) ; umbel globose bearing nu-
merous bulbs, stem leafy below, leaves flstulose cylindrical
slightly channelled above, spatha of one leaf short with long
slender points, stamens exserted 3 alternate ones deeply 3-cleft,
middle points half as long as the lateral ones and as long as the
entire part of the filaments. E. B. t. 1974.

Corn-fields, waste places, &c., not unfrequent throughout England
and the south of Scotland ; also near Dublin. 71. 6. — Stem 14 — 2

454

XCIV. LILIACEjE.

[ Scilla .

ft. high. Bulbs numerous. Spatha of one deciduous leaf Flowers
on longish peduncles, which are thickened upwards, few, erect, red-
dish, green on the keels, shorter than the stamens, whose filaments , as
well as the anthers, are protruded. A. compaction Thuill. is a form of
this species, in which the umbel is composed of bulbs only, without
flowers.

6. A. sphterocephalum L. ( [small round-headed G.) ; umbel
globose without bulbs, stem leafy below, leaves subcylindrical
channelled above smooth fistular, spatha 2-valved short, stamens
twice as long as the perianth the alternate ones 3-cleft, middle
point longer than the lateral ones as long as the entire part of
the filament, bulb accompanied by stalked offsets. E. B. S.
t. 2813.

St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol. Sands of St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey.
If- 6,7.

***** Leaves not fistulose, all radical. Stamens all simple,

7. A. *triquetrum L. {triangular- stalked G.) ; perianth sub-
campanulate, segments oblong about twice as long as the
stamens, leaves of spatha nearly equal, leaves linear acutely
keeled not attenuated into a petiole, scape acutely triangular.

Hedges in Guernsey. if. 5, 6. — Flowers white. This is a south
of Europe plant : even in France it is confined to the southern
provinces, so that we have no doubt that in Guernsey it has escaped
from gardens, or been intentionally sown ; it is now however quite
naturalized there.

8. A. ursinum L. {broad-leaved G., or Ramsons); perianth
spreading, umbel nearly plane, leaves ovato-lanceolate on foot-
stalks, scape bluntly triangular. E. B. t. 122.

Moist woods and hedge-banks, frequent, 'if., 4 — 6. — Flowers

white. Umbels without bulbs, level-topped. Spatha of 2 ovato-lan-
ceolate leaves.

[ Allium ambiguum Sm. (E. B. S. t. 2803) has been found a little
above Rochester, and at Eye-Castle Hill, Suffolk, but is not a
native of this country. It differs from the other two of this section
by the terete scape, umbels with bulbs, and flowers pink ; the leaves
are narrow, and do not taper into a petiole.]

10. Scilla Linn. Squill.

Perianth of 6 sepals, spreading and deciduous. Filaments
filiform, glabrous, inserted on the base of the perianth. —
Flowers blue or purple, racemose or corymbose , on a leafless
scape, without a spatha. Bracteas membranous or obsolete. —
Name: dsqyl, in Arabic; also rnaXXa, in Greek, perhaps from
okiWuj, to dry up ; in allusion to its medical properties.

1. S. verna Huds. {vernal S.); bulb coated, raceme in a
hemispherical few-flowered corymb, bracteas lanceolate obtuse

.

J

i

-

■

;

t

1

t!

c

.

XCIV. LELIACEvE.

455

Ornithogalum .]

as lontr as or longer than the pedicels, leaves linear channelled.
E. B? t. 23.

Common on the western and northern coasts of Great Britain, fre-
quent in Orkney and Shetland. Ireland. 2f. 4,5. — Plants — 5

inches high. Leaves few, nearly as long as the scape. Flowers fra-
grant, deep blue. Filaments dilated downwards, cells of ovary with 4
ovules in a double row.

2. S. * bifolia L. ( twin-leaved S.) ; bulb coated, raceme lax
subcorymbose, bracteas obsolete, leaves lanceolate 2 (rarely 3).
E. B. t. 24.

A very dubious native. It exists in Buddie's Herbarium, and was
received from the west of England by Mr. Sims of Norwich. 2/..
3, 4. — Flowers pale blue. Cells of ovary with 6 ovules in a double
row.

3. S. autumnalis L. (autumnal S .) ; bulb coated, raceme
scarcely corymbose, bracteas none, pedicels and stamens about
as long as the perianth, leaves linear numerous. E. B. t. 78.

Dry pastures and rocks. In the south and south-west of England.
Jersey. V-. 7 — 9. — Flowers pinkish-blue, in perfection before the

leaves appear. Cells of ovary with 2 collateral ovules.

11. Ornithogalum Linn. Star of Bethlehem.

Perianth spreading, of 6 sepals, persistent. Stam. hypogynous,
scarcely adhering to the perianth, alternately larger or dilated
at the base. Capsules with 3 angles and 3 furrows. — Flowers
usually white (not blue or purple), racemose or corymbose , on a
leafless scape. Bracteas membranous. — Named from opvig,
upviOoe, a bird, and ya\a, milk.

1. 0. Pyrendicum L. ( spiked Si) ; racemes elongated, fila-
ments dilated below with a long point, peduncles equal spreading
erect in fruit. E. B. t. 499.

Rare. Pastures in Somersetshire, Sussex, and Bedfordshire. %.
i 6,7. — Bulb ovate. Leaves long, linear, acuminate, channelled. Scape
1| — 2 ft. long. Raceme elongated. Flowers much smaller than in
the two following species, greenish-white.

2. O. * umbelldtum L. (common S.) ; racemes corymbose, pe-
duncles longer than the bracteas, filaments lanceolato -subulate
simple. E. B. t. 130.

Meadows and pastures in various parts of England. Near Glasgow;
Kinross-shire ; banks of the Jed, near the old castle of Fernihurst,
Jedburgh. 2/.. 5, 6. — Stem 8 — 10 inches high. Leaves linear,

acuminate, grooved. Flowers large, few, 6 — 9; lower pedicels very
51 long, so that their flowers reach to the same height with the upper
ones, thus forming a corymb, each having a membranous lanceolate
! j bractea. Segments of the perianth green, with a white margin and
white within.

456

xcrv. liliacejE.

[ Gagea.

3. O. * nutans L. (drooping S.) ; flowers pendulous unilateral,
filaments broad membranous trifid middle point very short
bearing the anther between the two longer lateral ones. E. B.
t. 1997.

Fields and orchards, in several parts of England. If. . 4,5. —

Flowers few, shortly pedicellate but in a true lax raceme, larger than
the last, and having the filaments of their stamens of a very different
structure.

*#** Fruit dry, capsular. Boot bulbous. Stem more or less
leafy. Peduncles (or pedicels) without membranous bracteas
at the base, springing from the axils of true leaves, not jointed
with the flower. Sepals distinct. Ovules many in each cell.
Tulipea:. (Gen. 12 — 15.)

12. Gagea Salisb. Gagea.

Perianth of 6 persistent pieces connivent below, spreading
above, without a nectariferous fold or depression at the base.
Filaments not dilated at the base. Anthers erect. Style erect,
trigonal, fistulose. Capsule triangular. Seeds subglobose. —
Flowers corymbose or umbellate, yellow, with foliaceous bracteas.
— Named in honour of the late Sir Thomas Gage, Bart., an
excellent British botanist.

1. G. lutea Ker (yellow Gagea) ; radical leaves 1 — 2 linear-
lanceolate longer than the angular scape, umbel simple, bracteas
linear-lanceolate longer than the umbel, leaves of the perianth
obtuse, bulb ovate solitary. Ornithogalum L. : E. B. t. 21.

Woods and pastures, in several parts of England and Lowlands of
Scotland. fi. 3 — 5. — All the species of this genus are so similar,
that more than one may exist in this country. The allied G. pra •
tensis is equally abundant on the continent, and is by some considered
a mere variety; it has, however, each bulb composed of 3 small
ones, the whole included within a common covering. In another
equally common species (G. arvensis ) the bulb is composed of 2
smaller ones.

13. Lloydia Salisb. Lloydia.

Perianth of 6 nearly equal, spreading, persistent pieces. Fila-
ments subulate, glabrous. Anthers erect. Style erect. Capsule
triquetrous, thin in texture. Seeds angled above and flat below.
— Flowers solitary or few and corymbose, white with red or green
veins. Bracteas foliaceous. — Named in honour of Mr. Edward
Llhwyd, a learned antiquarian and skilful naturalist of the l7th
century, who first discovered this plant in Britain.

1. L. serdtina Reich. (Mountain L.) ; leaves semicylindrical,

XC1V. LILIACEj-E.

Fritilldria.2

4.57

cauline ones dilated at their base, flowers mostly solitary, sepals
with a transverse nectariferous plait above the base. Antheri-
cum L. : E. B. t. 793. Phalangium Pair.

On the Caernarvonshire mountains, rare. Snowdon, on the
elevated rocks called Trigvylchau y Clogwyn du ymhen y Glyder,
Clogwyn yr Ardhu, Crib y Distlh, &c. ; near the summit of Glyder
Fawr ; Twll du on Cwm Idwel. If.. 6. — . Stem 5 — 6 inches high.

14. Tulipa Linn. Tulip.

Perianth campanulate, of 6 pieces, without a nectariferous
depression, deciduous. Anthers erect. Stigma sessile, 3-lobed.
Capsule trigonous. Seeds flat. — Flowers usually solitary,
rarely two on each stem. — Name : from tolibun, the Persian
name for a turban ; whose gay colours are similar to those of the
tulip. ( Theis .)

1. T. sylvestris L. (wild Tulip ) ; stem 1 -flowered somewhat
drooping, leaves of the perianth ovate-acuminate bearded at
the extremity, stamens hairy at the base, stigma obtuse. E. B.

t. 63.

Chalk-pits in Norfolk, Suffolk, Hertfordshire, and Middlesex ;
meadows near Doncaster, Yorkshire. In Scotland, near Hamilton
and Brechin ; in an old quarry at Binny Craig, near Linlithgow ;
Pitreavie, Otterstone, and Pitcullo Castle, Fifeshire. If.. 4. — Flowers
yellow, fragrant. Anthers and pollen yellow. Leaves linear-lanceolate.
The wild Tulip increases by throwing out a long stout fibre from its
root, at the extremity of which a bulb appears. Thus a new individual
is planted at a considerable distance from its parent.

15. Fritillaria Linn. Fritillary.

Perianth campanulate, of 6 pieces, each with a nectariferous
depression near the base, deciduous. Anthers attached to the
filament above the base in front. Style 3-cleft at the apex.
Capsule 3-eelled, 3-valved, oblong. Seeds flat. — Name ap-
parently from fritillus, a dice-box ; the chequered colours in the
flower resembling the board upon which the dice are thrown.

1. F. Meledgris L. ( common F., or Snake' s -he ad) ; stem sin-
gle-flowered, leaves alternate linear-lanceolate, points of the
perianth inflexed, nectary linear. E. B. t. 622.

Meadows and pastures, principally in the east and south of England.
11. 5. — Flowers dull red, rarely white, chequered with darker lines

and spots. Specific name derived from the Numidia Meleayris, or
Pintado, whose plumage is chequered in a somewhat similar manner.

[Lilium Martagon L„ or Turk’s-cap Lily, (E. B. S. t. 2799) is now
established in some parts of the country, and L. Pyrenaicum Gouan
has been observed in North Devon and Argyleshire ; other species
may also have escaped from our gardens, but none have any right
to be admitted into our Flora.]

X

458

XCV. MELANTHACEiE.

[ Colchicum.

Ord. XCV. MELANTHACE2E B. Brown.

Perianth petaloid, 6-partite or tubular by the cohesion of the
claws of the segments, which are often rolled inward before ex-
pansion. Stamens 6, perigynous. Anthers attached below the
middle, at first turned outwards, but sometimes afterwards in-
wards by resupination. Ovary free, with 3 cells and many
(rarely few) ovules. Style partly or entirely divided into 3.
Stigmas undivided. Capsule 3-celled, usually separable into 3
carpels each with several seeds. Integument of the seeds
neither black nor crustaceous, but membranous. Albumen
firm, fleshy. — Root sometimes bulbous. Leaves sheathing at the
base , with parallel nerves. — Strongly narcotic, diuretic, and
cathartic. Veratrine is extracted from Veratrum Subadilla.

1. Colchicum. Perianth tubular, very long; limb 6-partite. Styles

long. Root bulbous. Scape leafless.

2. Tofieldia. Perianth 6-partite. Styles short. Root fibrous, stem

with leaves.

1. Colchicum Linn. Meadow-Saffron.

Perianth tubular, very long, rising from a spatha ; limb cam-
panulate, 6-partite, petaloid. Styles very long. Cells of ovary
■md. fruit many-seeded. — Named from Colchis, where it was
said to grow abundantly.

1. C. autumndle L. (common 31.) ; leaves plane broadly lan-
ceolate erect. E. B. t. 133.

Meadows and pastures, chiefly in the north-west of England : Ray.
In Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Staffordshire, Cheshire, and other places.
Alloa, Scotland. It. 8 — 10. — The flowers appear in succession,
rising from the cormus, with a very long narrow tube, surrounded at
the base with a membranous sheath. The stamens are inserted on
the oblong-ovate segments of the pale purple perianth. Gcrmen at the
base of the cormus, the long thread-like styles running up the whole
length of the tube. The leaves and fruit appear in spring and are
withered before summer. In this species the flowers sometimes do
not appear till spring along with the leaves, and then they are of a
greenish white colour, violet at the base. ( E . B. t. 1482.)

2. Tofieldia Huds. Scottish Asphodel.

Perianth 6-partite, having a small 3-partite involucre. Styles
short. Cells of ovary and fruit many-seeded. — Named in
honour of Mr. Tofield, an English botanist.

1. T. palustris Huds. ( Mountain S.) ; spike ovate, stem
glabrous filiform nearly leafless, petals obovate obtuse, germen
3-lobed, involucre at the base of the pedicel. E. B. t. 536. T.
borealis Wahl. Anthericum cnlyculatum L.

XCVI. RESTIACE7E.

459

Eriocaulon.']

Mountains of England, Scotland, and Ireland, in boggy places; not
rare. If.. 7,8. — Rhizome slightly creeping or fibrous. Stem 4 — (7
inches high. Leaves mostly radical, in fascicles, linear, sword-shaped,
equitant. Flowers small, pale yellowish-white.

Ord. XCYI. KESTIACE2E R. Brown.

Flowers capitate or spiked, bracteate, glumaceous, or white
or colourless, 2 — 6-partite, seldom 0. Stamens hypogynous,
1 — 6; when 2 or 3, in a 4 — 6-divided perianth, opposite the
inner segments of the latter. Ovary free, with 1 or more cells.
Ovules solitary, pendulous, orthotropal? Fruit capsular or
uueumentaceous. Seeds solitary, inverted. Embryo lenticular,
at the opposite end from the hilurn and outside the mealy
albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs (and, in some species of
Eriocaulon, marsh-plants ) or under-shrubs. Leaves with
parallel nerves or veins simple, narrow or 0. Steins naked, or
more usually with sheaths slit on one side. Flowers generally
monoecious, separated by scales or bracteas.

1. Eriocaulon Linn. Pipewort.

Flowers white or colourless, collected into a compact, scaly
head. — Barren flowers in the centre. Perianth 4 — G-cleft, the
inner segments united nearly to their summit. Stam. 4—6.
Anthers 2-celled. — Fertile flowers in the circumference.
Perianth deeply 4-partite. Style 1 , very short. Stigmas 2 — 3,
entire or bifid. Capsule 2 — 3-celled. Seeds with longitudinal
rows of hairs. — Named from tpwv, wool, and Kuvhog, the
stem ; in allusion to the downy stems or scapes of the species
first known.

1. E. septanguldre With, (jointed P.) ; scapes striate longer
than the cellular compressed subulate glabrous leaves, flowers
4-cleft hairy at the extremities as well as the scales, stamens 4,
capsule 2-celled. E. B. t. 733. E. pellucidum Mich.

Lakes in mountainous countries, rare. In Skye, Coll, and a few
of the neighbouring islands of the Hebrides. Connemara, Ireland,
frequent. If.. 8. — Rhizomes creeping. Leaves pellucid, cellular,
as is the scape. Head of numerous, minute flowers ; each with an
obovate, membranous, concave scale, nearly as long as itself. Two
outer segments of the perianth duplicato-carinate, purplish; two inner
white ; those of the central sterile flowers united for a great proportion
of the length, so as to be two-lipped at the extremity; each lip bearing
a stamen, and above that a black sessile gland, and on each side, be-
tween the two lips, a stamen: in the centre between these are two
black, stalked glands (abortive styles ?). In the fertile flowers, the
4 segments are almost equally divided to their base, the inner having
a black, sessile gland at the extremity. Pistil shortly stipitate. Ovary
of 2 globose lobes. Stigmas 2, long, subulate.

460

XCVII. JUNCACE.-E.

\_Juncus.

Ord. XCVII. JUNCACEiE Juss.

Perianth 6-partite, subglumaceous (usually scarious, some-
times herbaceous and coloured internally, but ultimately dry and
hard), persistent. Stamens 6, inserted into the base of the seg-
ments, or sometimes 3, and then opposite the outer segments ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, imperfectly 3-celled and many-
ovuled, or 1 -celled and 3-o vuled. Ovules anatropal. Stylet.
Stigmas usually 3, sometimes 1. Fruit capsular, with 3 valves,
bearing the dissepiment in the middle, rarely closed and by
abortion 1 -seeded. Sheds erect, with a thin testa. Embryo
minute, next the hilum, and included within a firm fleshy or
cartilaginous albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs. Leaves
grassy or subulate , with parallel nerves or veins, sometimes wanting.

1. Juncus. Perianth glumaceous. Filaments glabrous. Stigmas 3.

Capsule mostly 3-celled, many-seeded.

2. Luzula. Perianth glumaceous. Filaments glabrous. Stigmas 3.

Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded.

3. Narthecium. Perianth coloured. Filaments woolly. Stigma 1.

Capsule 3-celled at the base, many-seeded.

1. Juncus Linn. Rush.

Perianth of 6 sepals, glumaceous. Filaments glabrous.
Stigmas 3. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved ; valves with the seed-bear-
ing dissepiments in their middle. Seeds numerous. (Leaves
rigid, mostly terete, rarely plane, glabrous.) — Named from
jungo, to join ; the leaves and stems of this genus having been
employed for cordage.

* Leaves none. Barren scapes resembling leaves. Panicle lateral.
Flowers scattered. Seeds with their coat close, not appendaged.

1. J. communis Meyer ( common R.) ; scapes very faintly
striate soft and pliable, panicle branched, sepals spreading
lanceolate nearly equal acute or acuminate rather longer than
the obovate retuse capsule. — a. effusus; panicle usually diffuse,
capsule not apiculate. J. effusus L.: E. B. t. 836. — /3. con-
glomeratus ; panicle usually dens.e and globose, capsule apiculate.
J. conglomeratus L. : E. B. t. 835.

Marshv ground, common. If.. 7. — This is distinguished from
J glaucus by its soft, pliable, almost smooth (scarcely striate) scapes.
Stain, usually 3, sometimes 6. The var. a. has sometimes the panicle
dense and globose ; and the var. /3. has it sometimes more or less
diffuse ; so that the two are only to be distinguished by the capsule.

2. J. glaucus Ehrh. ( hard R.) ; scapes striate rigid, panicle
loose much branched, sepals lanceolate subulate nearly equal
rather longer than the mucronate capsule, stamens 6. — a.

XCVII. JCNCACE/E.

461

Juncus .]

Ehrharti; scapes deeply striate, capsule elliptic-oblong. E. B.
t. 665. — ft. diffums ; scapes finely striate, capsule obovate ob-
tuse. J. difiusus Hoppe in Sturms Deutsch. Elora, 77, 10.

Wet pastures and by road sides. — 0. Rare, but pretty generally
diffused in England. Kincardine, Scotland. If.. 7. — Rhizome
creeping. Scapes 1 — 2 feet high, glaucous, rigid, covered at the base
with deep purple-brown, membranous, shining sheaths. Panicle
lax, erect. This is chiefly distinguished from the last by the rigid
and more striate scapes, and capsule not refuse ; but the var. 0. is
almost intermediate as to the capsule ; indeed Dr. Bromfield con-
sidered it a hybrid between them. The pith in var. a. is said to be
interrupted and in var. 0. continuous, but this Dr. Bromfield has
shown to be not always the case.

3. J. Bdllicus Willd. ( Baltic R.) ; scapes very obscurely
striate rigid, panicle erect branched, sepals nearly equal ovato-
lanceolate very acute as long as the elliptical scarcely trigonous
obtuse mucronate capsule, stamens 6. E. B. S. t. 2621. J.
arctious Hook, in FI. Loud. t. 151 (not Willd.).

Sandy sea-shores in Scotland. Sands of Barry, near Dundee;
between the Findhorn and Spey, and extending inland along the
banks of the Lossie for 7 miles, Elginshire; Farr and Cape Wrath,
Sutherland; Loch of Park, Kincardineshire. If.. 7. — This comes
very near the true J. arcticus ; it is, however, assuredly the J. Bal-
ticus of Willdenow, and differs from J. arcticus in its much taller
and more rigid scapes, larger and decidedly branched panicle, and
rounded, not trigonous, capsules. Both have exceedingly creeping,
root-like stems or rhizomes, more so than any other species with which
we are acquainted. Flowers dark brown, with a pale line down the
centre of each segment.

4. J. filiformis L. ( Thread R.) ; scapes filiform faintly
striate, panicle simple of few flowers from near the middle of
the scape, sepals lanceolate acuminate nearly equal larger than
the roundish-obovate obtuse mucronate capsule, stamens 6.

E. B. t. 1175.

Stony margins of lakes in Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lan-
cashire. Ben-Lawers, and several parts of Scotland; but we have
never seen Scottish specimens. 7f, 7,8. — Iihiznme creeping. Plant
remarkable for its slender scapes, extended greatly beyond the panicle,
its pale greenish flowers and short capsules.

** Leaves none. Barren scapes resembling leaves. Panicle terminal.
Flowers aggregate. Stamens 6. Seeds with a loose coat forming
an appendage at each end.

5. J. maritimus Sni. ( lesser sharp Sea R.); barren scapes
and outer bracteas pungent, panicle compound erect, clusters
4 — 8-flowered, sepals equal lanceolate, acute as long as the
elliptical mucronate capsule. E. B. t. 1725. J. acutus [3. L.

x 3

462

XCVII. JUNCACEiE.

\Juncus.

Salt marshes in various parts of England, but not frequent. St,
Andrew’s ; banks of the Clyde ; Arran ; coast of Ayrshire ; Scotland.
Kingstown and other places in Ireland. Tf.. 7, 8. — In this and the
following the outer bractea, or portion that rises above the panicle,
is broad and membranous at tbe base, and less like a continuation of
the scape than in tbe species of the preceding division.

G. J. acutus L. (great sharp Sea It.) ; barren scapes and
outer bracteas pungent, panicle very compound mostly compact,
clusters 2' — 4-flowered, sepals equal about half as long as the
broadly ovate suddenly acuminate capsule, interior 3 with a
broad membranous border at the apex. JE. B. t. 1614.

Sandy sea-shores, principally on the south and west of England and
Wales. Norfolk. Wicklow and Arklow, Ireland. 7L. 7. — Larger

and stouter than the last, especially the capsules, which are of con-
siderable size, much protruded, rich brown and glossy.

*** Stems leafy. Leaves terete or subcompressed, and usually dis-
tinctly jointed internally. Panicle terminal. Flowers aggregate
or fascicled. Seeds without an appendage at the ends.

7. J. acutfldrus Ehrh. (sharp-flowered jointed R.)\ stem and
leaves subcompressed, panicle very compound pyramidal, clus-
ters 5 — 6-flowered, sepals unequal lanceolate very acute nearly
as long as the narrow ovate subacuminate (pale brown) cap-
sule. Sm. in E. B. t. 2143 (ad calc.). J. articulatus L. :
E. B. t. 238.

Bogs, very common. 11. 6 — 8. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, erect.

Leaves 3 — 4 on a stem, distinctly nodoso-articulate when dry. Panicle
diffuse, in fruit spreading. Flowers several together, greenish brown.
General bracteas short, membranous, scarcely leafy. Capsules pale-
coloured.

8. J. nigritellus D. Don (black-headed jointed R.) ; stem
and leaves somewhat terete, panicle slightly compound erect,
sepals acute shorter than the linear-oblong trigonous rostrate
(nearly black) capsule, interior 3 rather longer and broader.
E. B. S. t. 2643.

Marshy spots on the mountains of Clova, Forfarshire. 2£. 7, 8.

— Similar to the next, but the sepals are all decidedly acute. Capsule
at length black and glossy, larger and more suddenly pointed than in
J. lamprocarpus, of which however we incline to think it only a variety.
Indeed it is probable that both, along with J. uliginosus, ought to be
united to J. acutiflorus, being chiefly distinguished from it by the
outer sepals being acute.

9. J. lamprocarpus Ehrh. (shilling-fruited jointed R.) ; stem
ascending and as well as the leaves compressed, panicle re-
peatedly compound erect or somewhat spreading, clusters 4 —

XCVir. JUNCACEvE.

463

Juncus.~\

8-flowered, sepals equal shorter than the acute triquetrous
oblong-lanceolate (dark brown) capsule, outer 3 acute, inner
ones obtuse. E. B. t. 2143.

Boggy grounds and watery places, frequent, Jf . 7, 8. — Capsules
dark brown and shining.

. •

10. J. uligindsus Sibth. ( lesser Bog jointed R.) ; stem erect
and often swollen at the base or decumbent and rooting, leaves
setaceous slightly grooved faintly jointed internally, panicle
nearly simple irregular, clusters few- or many-flowered, sepals
equal oblong nearly as long as the elliptical very obtuse mucro-
nate (pale brown) capsule, outer 3 acute, inner ones rather
obtuse. E. B. t. 801. J. bulbosus L. Sp. PL ed. 1. J. sub-
verticillatus Will/. J. supinus Mcench.

Boggy and swampy places, and often partly floating in shallow
water. If.. 6 — 8. — A highly variable plant, depending much for
its appearance on soil and situation. In rather dry places the stem is
often erect, with a swollen base (.7. bulbosus L.), but sometimes the stems
are spreading or procumbent (J. subverticillatus Wulf.); again, these
procumbent stems often take root, or, when growing in water, they
float and spread their long flaccid branches in all directions.

11. J. obtusijlorus Elirh. (blunt- flowered jointed R.) ; stem
and leaves erect terete, panicle very compound spreading and
divaricate, clusters 3— 6-flowered, sepals equal all obtuse about
equal in length with the ovate-acute trigonous (pale brown)
capsule. E. B. t. 2144.

Wet pastures and marshes, not unfrequent. If. 8.

**** Stems leafy. Leaves plane or grooved above , not distinctly jointed.
t Seeds with an appendage at each end.

12. J. castuneus Sm. (clustered Alpine R.) ; stem terete
2 — 3-leaved, leaves hollow semicylindrical grooved above, heads
of flowers terminal generally single sessile or peduncled shorter
than the bractea, capsules ovate-oblong pointed bluntly trigonal
nearly twice as long as the elliptic-lanceolate acute sepals.
E. B. t. 900.

Rare. Elevated mountains of Breadalbane ; rocks at the head of
Glen Callader, in Braemar. In the county of Durham ?. If. 7,8. —
“ Stem hollow. Leaves with the channelled side very thin and mem-
branous, and within are found distant transverse partitions. Upper
part of the leaf rounded and compressed. Sepals 3 -ribbed. Style
breaking off at ajoint. Capsule shining, and as well as the perianth
and inner bractea of a deep chocolate colour.” — W. Wilson.

13. J. trifidus L. (three-leaved R.)'; stem 1-leafed, sheaths

x 4

464

XCYII. JUNCACEA:.

\Juncus.

fringed those of the base of the stem leafless, bracteas 2 resem-
bling the setaceous solitary stem-leaf, heads of about three ter-
minal flowers, capsule rounded-elliptical beaked longer than
the acute sepals. E. B. t. 1482.

Rocky places on the Highland mountains of Scotland. If. 7, 8.
— Very unlike any other British Juncus. Rhizome creeping. Lower
sheaths with at most a short awn, scarcely to be termed a leaf. A
solitary leaf is on the stem, generally near the summit, 2 — 3 inches
long, linear, setaceous. Capsule with a furrowed beak.

ff Seeds without an appendage.

14. J. compressus Jacq. ( round-fruited. R.) ; stem erect more
or less compressed, leaves linear-setaceous grooved, panicle
terminal compound subcymose, capsules roundish-ovate or oval
mucronate equal to or longer than the oval oblong obtuse
incurved sepals. — a. panicle usually shorter than the bractea,
perianth shorter than the broadly ovate shortly mucronate
capsule. J. bulbosus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. : E. B. t. 934. — \i. pa-
nicle usually longer than the bractea, perianth as long as the
oval-oblong strongly mucronate capsule. J. coenosus Bich. :
E. B. S. t. 2680. J. Gerardi Loisel. J. Bothnicus Wahl.

Wet marshy places, common. — 13. In salt-marshes. 31. 6 — 8. —

Having seen various specimens of both varieties, we feel confirmed in
our opinion that they are merely extremes of the same species. In
Scotland it is only found in the vicinity of the sea.

15. J. * tenuis Willd. ( slender spreading R.) ; stem above
shortly dichotomous panicled, leaves linear setaceous grooved,
flowers solitary unilateral approximate mostly sessile, capsules
broadly elliptical obtuse mucronate shorter than the ovato-
lanceolate very acuminate sepals. J. gracilis Sm. : E. B. t. 2174.
J. Gesneri Sm. J. Smithii Kunth.

Moist mountains of Clova : G. Don. fl. 7. — We have specimens
from Don’s garden at Forfar, but we doubt much if the roots were
found in Clova. It is a common N. American species, and has been
long in cultivation in this country and on the continent. It is allied
to J. bufonius, yet. really distinct. Radical leaves several ; stem bare
of leaves up to the division near the top, where is one leaf imme-
diately beneath the foliaceous bracteas. In the axils of the forks are
2 or 3 large, nearly sessile Jlou-ers, and 2 or 3 unilateral ones on the
branches. The capsule is very different from that of the following
species.

16. J. bufonius L. ( Toad R.) ; stem dichotomous above
panicled, leaves filiform setaceous grooved, flowers solitary
unilateral mostly sessile, capsules oblong obtuse much shorter
than the very acuminate sepals. E. B. t. 802.

4

Juncus.'] xcvii. juncace^e. 465

Frequent in moist watery places, especially such as have been over-
flowed ill winter. ©. 8. — Stem 4 — 6 inches high. Leaves few,

slender, only one on the stem, generally near the middle. The divi-
sions or ramifications of the stem, as they are called, belong more
properly to the panicle, at the base of which are foliaceous bracteas.
Whole plant very pale-coloured. Flowers green, with white mem-
branous margins to the sepals.

***** Leaves all radical. Floivers terminal.

]■ Seeds without an appendage.

17. J. sqmrrdsus L. ( Heath R.’)', leaves setaceous rigid
grooved, panicle terminal elongale compound, capsules ellipti-
cal-ovate. E. B. t. 933.

Moors and heaths, abundant. It. 6, 7. — Whole plant exceedingly
rigid, 6 inches to 1 foot high. Leaves subsecund, about half as long
as the scape. Sepals ovato-lanceolate, glossy brown with a pale line
down the middle, scariose at the edges.

18. J. capitutusWe igel (capitate R.) ; leaves filiform (soft)
plane or grooved above, beads of flowers sessile terminal
shorter than the setaceous bractea, sepals ovato-lanceolate
acuminate-aristate twice as long as the truncate shortly mucro-
nate capsule. E. B. S. t. ‘2644. J. supinus Bicli. J. ericeto-
rum /3. y. DC.

Jersey : Mr. Hudson. 0. 5 — 7. — Plant 2 — 4 inches high,

flaccid. Leaves entirely radical, about half the length of the scape,
erect. Heads rather large in proportion to the size of the plant, of
8 — 6 sessile flowers, occasionally proliferous. Stamens usually 3,
sometimes 6. This species is well distinguished by the setaceous
inclined bractea (with its sheathing membranous base), which is
longer than the heads of flowers, and by the acuminate-aristate
sepals.

ft Seeds with an appendage at each end.

19. J. biglumis L. (two-floivered R.) ; leaves linear-subjilate
compressed (not channelled) gradually dilated into the sheath-
ing base, flowers 2 unilateral, one of them stalked mostly
shorter than the foliaceous involucre, capsule turbinate retuse
rather longer than the obtuse sepals. E. B. t. 898.

Boggy places on the Highland mountains, not unfrequent on the
Breadalbane range, but rare in other parts of Scotland, y.. 7, 8.

— Hoot fibrous. Stein 2 — 4 inches high, growing not in tufts, but
scattered : a much rarer species than the following, small specimens
of which have often been mistaken for it. “ Leaves with distant
trahsverse partitions within, but not longitudinally divided:” Mr. IV.
Wilson.

x 5

466

XCVIX. JUNCACE^E.

\_Luzula.

20. J. triglumis IL. (three-flowered R.) ; leaves linear-
subulate channelled bitubular their sheaths auricled above,
flowers mostly 3 generally as long as the membranous brac-
tea, capsule elliptical acute longer than the rather obtuse sepals.
E. B. t. 899.

Boggy places among the mountains in the north of England, Wales,
and especially the Highlands of Scotland, y. 7,8. — -Mr. Bentham
unites this and the last species; but BIr. W. Wilson, who had paid
much attention to the two, has observed of this plant: “ Sterns several
from the same root, perfectly rounded, not channelled on one side, as
in J. biglumis, naked above, and generally with 2, and sometimes 3
leaves near the base. Leaves with dilated sheaths, which are auricled
at the top, setaceous, channelled, bitubular, with transverse partitions ;
radical leaves also setaceous, more slender and longer than in J.
biglumis. Sometimes 4 flowers are found together, the additional
ones placed lower down and separated from the rest. Outer bractea
sometimes as large as in J. biglumis: each flower has one bractea at
its base. Sepals more membranous than in the last, narrower and
more acute. Capsule longer than the calyx, with a tapering rather
acute extremity, and with indistinctly furrowed sides ; colour almost
black.”

2. Luzui.a De Cand. Wood-rush.

Perianth of 6 sepals, glumaceous. Filaments glabrous. Stig-
mas 3. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved ; valves without dissepiments.
Seeds 3, at the bottom of the capsule. (Leaves soft, plane ,
generally hairy.) — Name: the Gramen Luzulce of Bauhin; and
Luzula, Smith tells us, is altered from lucciola , or luzziola, a
glow-worm ; because the heads of flowers, wet with dew and
sparkling by moonlight, gave some idea of those brilliant
insects.

1. L. sylvdtica Bich. (great hairy W.) ; leaves hairy, panicle
subeymose doubly compound, peduncles elongate of about 3
fascicled flowers, sepals aristate as long as the ovate mucronate
capsule, seed minutely tubercled at the end, filaments very
short. L. maxima DC. Juncus sylvaticus Huds.: E.B. t. 737.
J. pilosus S. L.

Woods, hilly places, and upon the mountains, frequent, y . 5, 6.
Stem 1 — 14 foot high, woody under ground. Leaves broad, shining,
striate. Floral bracteas ciliate. Caps, with a very sharp point, deep
brown. Seeds elliptic-ovate, with scarcely any crested appendage on
the top.

2. L. pilosa Willd. (broad-leaved hairy TF); leaves hairy,
panicle subeymose but little branched spreading, peduncles 1
— 3-fiowered bent back when in fruit, sepals acuminate rather
shorter than the retuse capsule, its valves truncate, recent seeds

Luzulct.~\

XCVII. JUNCACEiE.

467

with a long hooked appendage at the top, filaments flattened
about half the length of the anthers. Juncus Z.: E.B.t.
736.

Woods, frequent. If. 3 — 5. — Much smaller than the last, with
the flowers standing singly on the panicle, dark brown, Capsule
broadly ovate, contracted below the summit where it is so retuse as
to appear truncate. Appendage of the seeds hooked and recurved at
the point.

3. L. Fursteri DC. ( narrow-leaved hairy W.) ; leaves hairy,
panicle subcymose subtended by a narrow linear bractea but
little branched contracted, peduncles 1 -flowered nearly all
erect, sepals narrow acuminate a little longer than the acute
capsule, its valves acute or acuminate, recent seeds with a
straight obtuse appendage at the top, filaments compressed
ascending about as long as or slightly shorter than the anther.
Juncus E. B. t. 1293.

Groves and thickets, especially on a calcareous or gravelly soil.
More common in Surrey and Isle of Wight than L. pilosa. About

Forfar, and banks of the Doon, Ayrshire. If.. 3 — 6 Much more

slender than the last in every part, and taller. Seed with a large
oblong crested appendage on the top. Intermediate between this and
the last, is a plant found in the Isle of Wight, Sussex, and Hereford-
shire, which seems never to perfect its seeds: although larger, and in
some places more abundant than either, it seems to be a hybrid ; the
late Dr. Bromfield named it L. Borreri, and, if a species, it may
be characterised thus : — Leaves hairy ; panicle subcymose, slightly
branched, oblong, with long narrow acuminate bracteas at its base ;
peduncles 1 — 2 flowered, nearly all erect ; sepals acuminate, much
longer than the (unripe) capsule, its valves acute ; seeds with a
“straight blunt appendage or crest:” Bromf. Had the plant been
able to perfect its seeds, we would have agreed with Mr. Bentham in
uniting L. Forsteri to L. pilosa.

4. L. campestris Willd. ( Field W.) leaves hairy, spikes
dense somewhat umbellate or contracted into a rounded lobed
head, sepals acuminate longer than the obtuse apiculate cap-
sule, seeds with a short conical stalk-like appendage at the
base. — a. filaments about 6 times shorter than the anther,
seeds nearly globose. Juncus L. : E. B. t. 672. — j8. taller,
filaments from half as long to as long as the anther, seeds
twice as long as broad. L. congesta Lej.: E. B.S.t. 2718.
L. multiflora Lej.

Woods and dry pastures, frequent ; o. and jS. growing together.
11- 4, 5. — Stem 4 — 8 inches, or even one foot or more high.

Flowers collected into ovate or oblong nearly erect spikes, of a reddish-
brown colour, sometimes very pale. In /3. the spikes are often nearly
all sessile.

x 6

468

XCVII. JUNCACEiE.

\Narthecium.

5. L. arcudta Hook. ( curved Mountain W.) ; leaves channel-
led hairy, panicle subumbellate of few 3 — 5-flowered heads
with long drooping peduncles, bracteas membranous fringed,
capsule ovato-globose apiculate shorter than the broadly
lanceolate nmcronate-aristate sepals, filaments as long as the
anthers. E. B. S. t. 2688.

On the barren stony summits of the great Cairngorm range of
mountains; Fonniven, and Ben More in Assynt, Sutherland; Loch-
na-gar, Aberdeenshire. 11. 7. — The smallest of our Luzulae and

one of the rarest and most distinct. It comes nearer Mr. Brown’s
L. hyperborea than any other, but that wants the curved peduncles.
Seeds without an appendage at the top, and with scarcely any at the
base.

6. L. spicdta DC. ( spiked Mountain TF.) ; leaves slightly
channelled, spike solitary drooping compound, spikelets shorter
than their subdiaphanous mucronate bracteas, sepals narrow
mucronate-aristate about as long as the elliptical apiculate
capsule, filaments nearly as long as the anthers. JuncusZ. :
E. B. t. 1176.

High mountains in the north of England, and more abundantly in
Scotland. 11. 7. — Stem 7 — 8 inches high, slender. Leaves small,
narrow, hairy only at the margins of the sheaths. Spike dark-
coloured, interrupted near the base. Capsule shining, very dark
brown. Well distinguished by its drooping compound spike and
narrow leaves.

3. Narthecium Huds. Bog-Asphodel.

Perianth coloured, of 6 linear-lanceolate, spreading, at length
connivent sepals. Starn. woolly. Germen pyramidal. Stigma
entire. Caps. 3-celled at the base, 3-valved. Seeds numerous,
with an appendage at each extremity. — Named from vapQpl, a
rod ; probably from the elongate straight raceme of flowers.
It is remarkable that this word is an anagram of - Anthericum, a
genus with which Linnseus had united it.

1. N. ossi/ragum Huds. ( Lancashire B.) ; leaves linear uni-
form, pedicels with one bractea at the base and another above
the middle, stamens much shorter than the perianth. E. B. t.
535.

Wet places, in moors and mountains, frequent. 11. 6 — 8 Stem

f> — 8 inches high, decumbent at the base. Rhizome creeping. Leaves
all radical, uniform, equitant, striate, about ^ as long as the scape,
which has many scales or bracteas. Capsule loculicidal ; the dissepi-
ments united at the base, and there bearing the axile placentas , sepa-
rating upwards. Coat of seed chaffy, elongated into a filiform-
subulate appendage to each extremity ; that at the lower end resem-
bling a very long seed-stalk.

Butomus.~\

XCIX. ALISMACEA2.

469

** Perianth conspicuous; three inner or all the sepals much

developed and petaloid. Albumen wanting. Aquatic or

marshy plants with the nerves of the leaves longitudinal.

(Ok d. XCYIII. XCIX.)

Ord. XCYIII. BUTOMACEiE Rich.

Perianth of 6 sepals, the 3 inner petaloid. Stamens definite
or indefinite, hypogynous. Ovaries 6, or more, distinct, or
slightly cohering at the axis or at the base. Ovules nume-
rous in each cell or carpel, anatropal or rarely campulitropal.
Stigmas as many as ovaries, simple. Follicles several. Seeds
minute, numerous, attached to a reticulate placenta , covering
the whole inner surface of each follicle. Albumen 0. Embryo
straight with the radicle next the hilum, or very rarely curved
like a horse-shoe. — Aquatics, heaves very cellular. Flowers
umbellate, handsome.

1. Butomus Linn. Flowering-rush.

Perianth single, coloured, 6-partite, inferior. Stamens 9, 6
in an outer, 3 in an inner row. Follicles 6, rostrate, many-
seeded. Seeds longitudinally striate. Embryo straight. —
Named from povg, an ox, and repvco to cut; because the sharp
leaves injure the mouths of cattle that browse upon them.

1. B. umbellatus L. ( common F.) ; leaves linear-subulate
trigonous, spatha of 3 leaves. E. B. t. 651.

Ditches and ponds, frequent in England and Ireland. Duddingston
Loch, and Loch of Clunie, Scotland, but only where it has been
planted. if.. 6, 7. — Leaves all radical, 2 — 3 feet long, linear, acu-
minate, acutely triangular. Scape longer than the leaves, terete.
Umbel of many rose-coloured flowers, on pedicels about 4 inches long,
with scariose sheathing bracteas at the base, and these having a tri -
phyllous membranous spatha or involucre beneath them. Style about
as long as the ovary, recurved at the apex ; stigma lateral.

Ord. XCIX. ALISMACE.® R. Brown.

Perianth of 6 sepals : 3 outer ones herbaceous, 3 inner peta-
loid. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers introrse. Ovaries several,
distinct or slightly united at the base, each 1 -celled. Ovules
solitary, or 2 superposed, attached to the inner angle of the
carpel, campulitropal. Pericarps indehiscent. Seeds solitary,
or 2 attached to the suture at a distance from each other,
erect or ascending. Albumen 0. Embryo undivided, curved
like a horse-shoe. — Aquatics. Leaves radical on long stalks.

470 xcix. ALiSMACF.yE. \_Aclinocdrpus.

1. Actixocarpus. Flowers perfect. Stam. 6. Carpels 6 — 8, spreading.

each 2-seeded.

2. Alisma. Flowers perfect. Stam. 6. Carpels numerous, each 1-

seeded.

3. Sagittaria. Flowers monoecious. Stam. numerous. Carpels nume-

rous, each d -seeded.

1. Actinocarpus Br. Star-fruit. Thrumwort.

Flowers perfect. Stamens 6. Styles 6 — 8. Capsules inde-
hiscent, combined at the base, spreading in a radiated manner,
2-seeded. — Named from atcnv, a ray, and Kapjrog , a fruit; in
reference to its curiously radiated fruit, resembling a star-fish.

1. A. Damasdnium Br. ( common S. or T.) ; capsules 6 su-
bulate compressed opening longitudinally, leaves 5-nerved.
Alisma L. : E. B. t. 1615. Damasonium stellatum Pers.

Ditches and pools, mostly on a gravelly soil, and chiefly in the
middle and south-eastern counties of England. If.. 6,7. — Leaves
radical, on long petioles, floating, elliptical. Scapes with a terminal
vmbel, generally proliferous. Inner sepals obcordate, white, with a
yellow spot at the base. Capsules with two seeds upon evident stalks,
one horizontal from the upper angle, the other erect from the lower
angle of the axis, oblong, tubercled, and transversely striate, com-
pressed, with a deep furrow on each side.

2. Alisma Linn. Water-Plantain.

Flowers perfect. Stamens 6. Styles numerous. Achenes
many in ahead, distinct, one-seeded. — Named from alis, Celtic,
water; the genus is altogether aquatic.

1. A. Plantdgo L. {greater W.) ; leaves all radical corda-
to-ovate or lanceolate, scape panicled with whorled compound
branches, heads of fruit depressed, achenes obtuse with a
small rib on the back. — a. leaves broader more or less ovate.
E. B. t. 837. — (3. leaves lanceolate tapering below. A.
lanceolata With.

Near the margins of lakes, rivers, and ditches, frequent. If. . 6 — 8.
Plant 2 3 feet high. Leaves on long stalks. Scape branched up-
wards ; branches bracteate ; Jlowers of a pale rose-colour.

2. A. ranunculoides L. ( lesser IF.) ; leaves all radical linear-
lanceolate, scape with simple branches in 1 or 2 whorls, heads
of fruit globose squarrose, achenes obliquely ovate acute with
4 — 5 prominent ribs. — a. erect. E. B. t. 326. — ft. procum-
bent, umbels rooting and leafy. A. repens “ Davies Welsh
Bat. 36 ” : E. B. S. t. 2722.

Ditches and turfy bogs, not unfrequent in England, Scotland, and
Ireland. — 0. In lakes, North Wales. If.. 5 — 9. — In general appear-
ance allied to the preceding, especially the narrow-leafed variety of
that plant, but much smaller, with larger flowers, which are arranged

Sagittaria.']

C. JUNCAGINACEJE.

471

in often proliferous umbels ■ but the essential character is in the fruit.
The var. f): at first appears to be very different, having runners, and
the flowers are solitary on long simple radical peduncles ; but these
runners are the true scapes, the umbels having taken root, and thrown
out a few leaves.

3. A. nutans L. ( floating W.) ; radical leaves linear acu-
minate sessile, floating ones elliptical obtuse, stem floating and
rooting leafy, peduncles simple from the joints of the stem,
heads of fruit globose, achenes rostrate with 12 — 15 slender
ribs. E. B. t. 775.

Lakes in North Wales and Cumberland. Very rare in Scotland:
Black Loch, 6 miles from Stranraer. On Howth and in Connemara
Ireland. Jf.. 7,8. — At the base of the plant are long, linear-
lanceolate, membranous scales, or root-leaves reduced to mere petioles.
Stem-leaves floating, on long stalks, scarcely nerved. Achenes obliquely
oblong, compressed at the side, with many striae, slightly spreading,
pointed with the short persistent style.

3. Sagittaria Linn. Arrow-head.

Monoecious. — Barren fl. 'Siam, numerous. — Fertile fl.
Styles many. Achenes very numerous, distinct, collected into a
head , 1 -seeded, compressed, margined. — Named from sagitta,
an arrow , on account of the shape of its leaves.

1. S. sagillifdlia L. ( common A.) ; leaves arrow-shaped, the
lobes lanceolate straight, scapes simple with whorled simple
short branches. E. B. t. 84.^

Ditches and margins of rivers in England and Ireland. Near Glas-
gow, in various places, but scarcely indigenous. Tf. . 7 — 9. — Flowers
white. Leaves truly arrow-shaped, rising above the surface of the
water. Runners are thrown out from the base of the plant, each
terminating in a tuberous rhizome.

*** Perianth none or inconspicuous. Nerves of leaves usually
longitudinal. (Okd. C. — CV.)

•j- Plants sometimes , though rarely , aquatic , never ( except Spar-
ganium natans) submerged or floating. (Ord. C. — CIII.)

Ord. C. JUNCAGINACEiE Rich.

Flowers perfect, lower ones are all stalked or reflexed.
Perianth uniform, rarely none, sometimes coloured but scarcely
petaloid. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers extrorse. Ovaries
united or distinct. Ovules solitary or two, approximate at the
base, erect, anatropal. Styles or stigmas 3 — 6. Pericarps in-
dehiscent or 2-valved. Albumen 0, Embryo straight, with a
lateral cleft for the emission of the plumule ; radicle next the

472 c. JCNCAGiNACEiE. [ Triglochin .

hilum. — Marsh Herbs, with narrow radical leaves. Flowers
spiked or racemed.

1. Triglochin. Anthers almost sessile. Ovary 1, 3 — G-celled. Flowers

in a straight naked spike or raceme.

2. Scheuchzeria Anthers on a slender filament. Ovaries 3. Flowers

in a flexuose bracteate raceme.

1. Triglochin Linn. Arrow-grass.

Perianth of 6 erect, concave, deciduous sepals, 3 inner in-
serted a little higher than the 3 outer ones. Stamens 6,
inserted near the base of the sepals : anthers almost sessile.
Ovaries 3 — 6, united into one 3 — 6-celled. Stigmas 3 — 6,
sessile, plumose. Capsules 3 — 6, 1 -seeded, united by a longi-
tudinal receptacle , from which they usually separate at the base.
Flowers in a naked straight spike or raceme. — Named from
rpuc, three , and y\wxiv, a point; from the three points or valves
of the capsules in the common species.

1. T. palustre L. ( Marsh A.) ; fruit 3-celled nearly linear.
E. B. t. 366.

Wet meadows, and by the sides of rivers and ditches in marshy
situations, plentiful. 2f. 6 — 8. — Leaves all radical, linear, fleshy,

slightly grooved on the upper side, sheathing and membranous at the
base. Scape 8 — 10 inches high, terminating in a lax, simple spi/ie or

raceme. Flowers small, greenish. Capsules 3, linear, united by a com-
mon receptacle, so as to form a solitary long 3-celled fruit , each cell
separating at its base, and suspended by the extremity, containing
one seed, and not dehiscent.

2. T. maritimum L. ( Sea-side A.) ; fruit 6-celled ovate.
E. B. t. 255.

Salt marshes, not unfrequent. It. 5 — 9. — Larger than the last
and stouter, differing essentially in its fructification, which is formed
of 6 combined capsules, constituting a broadly ovate fruit, not sepa-
rating and suspended by their summits, as in T. palustre.

2. Scheuchzeria Linn. Scheuchzeria.

Perianth single, somewhat petaloid, of 6 reflexed sepals ; the '
inner ones narrower. Stamens 6. Filaments slender. Anthers '
erect, elongate. Ovaries 3. Stigmas sessile, papillose. Cap-
sules 3, inflated, 2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded. — Flowers racemose I
with a hractea at the base of their stalks. Named in honour of
the three Scheuchzers, Swiss botanists.

1. S . palustris L. ( Marsh S .) : E. B. t. 1801.

Marshes, rare. Leckby Car, near Thirsk : Thorne Moor, near
Doncaster; Bomere, near Shrewsbury; Wybunbury, Cheshire.
Methven, near Perth. If. 7. — Leaves few, semi-cylindrical, slender,

Cl. TYPHACEjE.

473

Typha.']

rush-like. Scape with large bracteas, terminated by a raceme of
greenish flowers. Perianth and stamens reflexed. Germens 3, ovate,
obtuse, with lateral, linear, downy stigmas.

Orb. CL TYPHACE.E Juss.

Flowers monoecious, numerous and very closely arranged
upon a cylindrical or spherical spadix without a sputha.
Perianth of 3 or more mere scales, or wanting and replaced by
hairs. — Barren Jl. Stamens 1 — 6. Filaments capillary, dis-
tinct or united. Anthers erect. — Fertile fl. Ovary solitary,
1 -celled, containing one solitary pendulous ovule. Style short.
Stigma simple, elongate, unilateral. Fruit somewhat dry or
spongy, drupaceous, indehiscent, 1-celled, at length angular by
mutual pressure. Seed solitary, pendulous, wit h a membranous
skin adhering to the pericarp. Embryo in the axis of mealy
albumen , straight, with a cleft on one side containing the
plumule. Radicle next the hilum. — Herbaceous plants , grow-
ing in marshes or ditches. Stems without nodes. Leaves rigid,
ensiform, with parallel veins.

1. Typha. Spadix cylindrical.

2. Sparganium. Spadix spherical.

1. Typha Linn. Cat’s-tail. Reed-mace.

Spadix cylindrical. Perianth 0, except hairs. — Barren Jl.
Stain. 1, or 2 — 6 and monadelphous, surrounded at the base
with 3 or more hairs (sterile filaments ?) : anthers somewhat
wedge-shaped. — Fertile jl. Pericarp stalked; the stalk with
hairs, either whorled or at its base (sterile filaments?). —
Name : rvpy, from nfog, a marsh ; where these plants grow.

1. T. latifulia L. ( great R.) ; leaves linear nearly plane
glaucous, sterile and fertile spikes contiguous, both cylindrical.
E. B. t. 1455.

Borders of ponds and lakes. It. 7, 8. — Stems 3 — 6 feet high.
Leaves very long, sometimes nearly an inch broad. Spikes very long,
close together ; fertile one greenish-brown ; sterile one yellow, with
one or two large membranous bracteas.

2. T. angustifolia L. (lesser R.) ; leaves linear grooved be-
low green, sterile and fertile spikes a little distant from each
other both cylindrical. E. B. t. 1456.

Pools and ditches, less frequent than the preceding. About London ;
not uncommon in the E. of England, as Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex.
Loch of Lindores, Fife ; Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire ; Colvend, Kirk-
cudbright. If.. 7. — Smaller than the last, with much narrower leaves
and catkins.

[3. T. * minor Sm. ( dwarf R.) ; leaves linear setaceous,

474

CI. TYPHACE^.

[ Sparganium.

barren and fertile spikes distant or contiguous the latter ellip-
tical. E. B. t. 1457. T. minima Willd. T. angustifolia
3. L.

Said, by Dillenius, to have been found by Mr. Dandridge on
Hounslow Heath. If. 7.]

2. Sparganium Linn. Bur-reed.

Spadix spherical. Perianth of 3 — 6 scales, which are broader
upwards (sterile stamens ?). — Barren fl. Stamens 3, distinct,
or nearly so: anthers ovate. — Fertile fl. Pericarp without
hairs at the base. — Name: a-apy avov, a little hand; from its
narrow and long leaves.

1. S. ramOsum Huds. (branched B.) ; leaves triangular at
the base their sides concave, common flower-stalk branched,
stigma linear, fruit sessile. E. B. t. 744. S. erectum L.

Banks of ditches, lakes, and stagnant waters. If. 7. — Stem 2 feet
and more high, with a few long, sword-shaped leaves or bracteas,
having broad membranous sheathing bases on the upper or branching
part. Root-leaves very long, linear, ensiform, triangular at the base,
their sides concave. Lower branches of the inflorescence with several
rather distant heads, of which 1 — 3 of the lower ones are composed of
fertile, the others of sterile flowers.

2. S. simplex Huds. (unbranched upright B.) ; leaves tri-
angular at the base their sides flat, common flower-stalk nearly

' simple, stigma linear, fruit subsessile. E. B. t. 745. S. erectum
(3. L.

Ditches and stagnant waters, especially in a gravelly soil. If. 7.

— Much smaller than the last. Common flower-stalk rarely, if at all, 1
branched, the branches or partial flower-stalks bearing only a single i
head of fertile flowers ; the other fertile heads and all the sterile ones I
are sessile. The sides of the leaves are plane, not concave or grooved ; I
the flowers pale yellow.

3. S. nutans L. ( floating B.) ; stem flaccid, leaves floating, I
common flower-stalk simple,’ fruit with a long beak stalked, :
heads of sterile flowers several. Fries Summ. p. 560. S.
affine Schn.

Lakes. Island of North Uist, and Galloway, Scotland. Snowdon, >
Wales. Connemara, Ireland. If. 3. — Of this we have seen no I
specimens. Fries says the fruit is furnished with a long stipes, which
seems to be formed by a contraction of its lower half. This appears fl
principally to differ from the rest by the fruit being more attenuate II
at both extremities.

4. S. minimum Bauh. (small B.) ; stem flaccid, leaves float- ' I
ing plane, common flower-stalk simple, stigma oblong, fruit with

a short beak sessile, head of sterile flowers solitary. S. natans
Sm.: E. B. t. 273.

CII. ARACEA5.

475

A'rum.~\

Lakes, ditches, and stagnant waters; abundant in the north. If..
7 Leaves very long, linear, pellucid.

Ord. CII. ARACE2E Juss.

Flowers monoecious, numerous, collected upon a spadix,
which is generally enclosed within a 1-leaved spatha; barren
and fertile ones usually on different parts of the spadix, some-
times intermingled. Perianth wanting. Stamens usually inde-
finite. Anthers turned outwards, nearly sessile or on flat
filaments, usually 2-celled, sometimes 1 -celled, sometimes 4- or
many-celled two or more being united. — Fertile fi. Ovary
free, with 1 or rarely more cells, sessile, solitary or aggregate.
Ovules solitary or several together, erect, horizontal, or pen-
dulous. Stigma sessile or nearly so. Fruit succulent. Seeds
pulpy. Embryo in the axis of fleshy or mealy (rarely without)
albumen, straight, with a cleft on its side for the emission of the
plumule. Radicle usually at the opposite extremity from the
hilum, rarely pointing to it. — Leaves sheathing at the base, con-
volute in (estivation , sometimes compound , often cordate , usually
with branching veins. — Acrid and poisonous; but if the juice is
dissipated by heat, or extracted by pressure, the leaves and
roots become esculent ; and the fecula of the latter is capable
of being converted into excellent bread. Thus the Colocasia
esculenta, and its allied species, are abundantly eaten in warm
countries.

1. A'rum Linn. Cuckoo-pint.

Spatha convolute at the base. Spadix with the fertile flowers
at the base. Stam. (sessile) near the middle of the spadix,
which is naked above. Ovules 2 — 6 in each carpel , horizontal.
Stigma sessile, somewhat excentric. Berry with 1 cell and 1
or few seeds. Embryo at the opposite extremity of the seed
from the hilum. — Name: apor, in Greek, probably from ar or
aur, in Hebrew and various old languages, denoting fire; on
account of the fiery or acrid taste.

1. A. maciddtum L. ( Cuckoo-pint , Wake-Robin, or Lnrds-and-
Ladies ) ; leaves all radical cordato-hastate or sagittate, lobes
acute or obtuse, spadix club-shaped obtuse, shorter than the
spatha. E. B. t. 1298. A. Italicum Hamb. .

Groves and hedges, frequent in England ; rare in Scotland and
Ireland. If. . 4,5. — .The rhizome affords an abundant amylaceous

substance. Leaves large, shining, often spotted with purple; or
sometimes, in the Isle of Wight, marked with white veins, when it
has been mistaken for the A. Italicum Mill., which has the spatha
large, flat above, and recurved at the end. Mr. Babington, in his
“Manual” (ed. 4), has described the true A. Italicum, but surely not

476

cm. orontiacejE.

IA

corns.

from British specimens. Spatha large, convolute; its margins in-
curved. Above the carpels, on the spadix, is a ring or circle of
2-celled, sessile anthers, and above them another ring of apparently
imperfect carpels. The extremity of the spadix is purplish. Berries
bright scarlet, persistent during winter, after the leaves and spadix
have decayed, crowded into a short spike.

Ord. CIII. OKONTIACEiE E. Brown : Lindl.

Flowers perfect, crowded on a simple thick spadix, usually
furnished with a spatha. Perianth of 4 — 8 scales. Stamens
hypogynous or pengynous, of the same number as the scales of
the perianth. Filaments flattened or filiform. Anthers 2-celled,
opening longitudinally or transversely. Ovary free, with 1 or
more cells. Ovules erect or pendulous. Style wanting or subu-
late. Stigma capitate. Fruit baccate. Embryo slit on one
side, usually in the axis of albumen. — Herbaceous plants, with
broad, entire or deeply divided, never floating leaves which are
sometimes sword-shuped and equitant.

1. A'coros Linn. Sweet-Flag.

Flowers arranged upon a sessile spadix. Spatha a mere con-
tinuation of the scape and similar to the leaves (not convolute).
Perianth of 6 persistent scales. Ovary 3-celled. Stigma ses-
sile. Fruit baccate, indehiscent, few-seeded. — Name: asopog,
probably from a, out , and k opiov, or Kopi), the pupil of the eye ;
the diseases of which it was supposed to remove.

1. A. Calamus L. (commoir S.) : scape ancipitate prolonged
into a leaf above the spadix. E. B. t. 356.

Watery places on the banks of rivers, in the middle and south-
east of England, abundant in Norfolk and Suffolk. Rare if truly
indigenous in Scotland ; water of Girvan, near the town, and bog of
Culzean near Maybole, Ayrshire ; Castle Semple Loch, Renfrew-
shire. 11. 6. — Rhizome aromatic. Scape, like the leaves, ensiform-

ancipitate.

ff Submerged or floating plants. (Ord. CIV. CV.)

Ord. CIV. FISTIACEHD Hick.

Perianth 0. Flowers 2, monoecious, enclosed in a spatha, but
not borne on a spadix. — Sterile fl. solitary. Stamens 1 — 2
and distinct, or the filaments united, thick, and bearing 3 — 8
anthers. — Fertile fl. solitary. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 or more
erect or horizontal ovules. Style short. Stigma simple. Fruit
somewhat membranous and indehiscent, or bursting trans-
versely, or baccate, 1- or more-seeded. Seeds with a coria-
ceous thick ribbed skin, and a thickened indurated foramen.

Lemna.']

civ. fistiace^:.

477

Embryo either in the axis of a fleshy albumen and having a
lateral cleft for the emission of the plumule, or at the apex of
the nucleus. — Floating frondose plants, minute and usually len-
ticular, or with large lobed fronds.

1. Lemna Linn. Duckweed.

Spatha membranous, urceolate. Stain. 1 — 2, distinct, each
bearing a 2-celled didymous anther (the cells bilocular?)
Fruit utricular. — Fronds without distinct stem or leaves, floating
on the surface of the water , and increasing, not only by seeds, but,
far more abundantly, by gemmae or buds, concealed, in lateral
clefts of the parent frond, which, growing out on 2 opposite sides
into new plants, and these again producing offspring in the same
way, while still attached to their parent, present a remarkable
appearance. — Name : \tyva, of the Greeks, it is said from XtTrtg,
a scale.

1. L. trisulca L. {Ivy -leaved D.) ; fronds thin elliptico-lan*
ceolate caudate at one extremity serrate at the other, roots
solitary. E. B. t. 926.

Clear stagnant waters. Less frequent in Scotland than in England.
©. 6, 7. — Fronds ^ J of an inch in length, pellucid at the

margins, reticulate. Hoots solitary, calyptrate at the extremity, as in
most of the genus. Stamens 2. Ovary with a single ovule. Seed
solitary, transverse, attached by a short stalk to the bottom of the
utricle.

2. L. minor L. ( lesser 71) ; fronds nearly ovate compressed,
roots solitary. E. B. t. 1095.

Stagnant waters, common. ©. 7. — About a line or aline and

a half long, of a rather thick and succulent, but compact texture,
slightly convex beneath. The young fronds constitute the Lemna
arrhiza of the French authors. Stamens 2. Ovary 1-ovuled. The
utricle is single-seeded ; seed transverse, with its hilum “ directed
towards the narrow end of the frond : ” Wilson.

3. L. polyrrhiza L. ( greater D.) ; fronds obovato-rotundate
compressed, roots numerous from the same point. E. B. t. 2458.
Spirodela Schleid.

Stagnant waters. Rare in Scotland: near Glasgow. ©. Flowers
unknown in Britain. — The largest of all the species, half an inch
long and nearly as broad, succulent, firm, faintly striate, a little
convex below, where, and at the margin above, the frond is of a deep
purple colour. Spiral vessels are conspicuous throughout the whole
plant ; but in all the other species there are either none, or they
are evanescent. Stamens 2 ; filaments tapering below. Ovary with
2 erect ovules. The mature fruit of this species has not been
observed.

4. L. gibba L. ( gibbous D.) ; fronds obovate nearly plane

478 CV. naiadacEjE. [ Potamogeton .

above, hemispherical beneath, roots solitary. E. B. t. 1233.
Telmatopbace Schleid.

Stagnant water, but not very frequent. Rare in Scotland. ©.
6 — 9. — Size of L. minor, but readily distinguished by its gibbous or
even hemispherical lower surface, which is, moreover, white, pellucid,
and beautifully cellular, upper side plane, green, opaque. Stamens 2.
Ovary with 2 — 7 erect ovules. Utricle at length bursting transversely.
Seeds usually 2 — 4, rarely more, or solitary, erect.

Okd. CY. NAIAD ACEiE Juss.

Flowers perfect 1 and all sessile, or imperfect and monoecious
or dioecious. Perianth ? of the perfect fl. of 3 — 4 wedge-
shaped or unguicula.te scales, or wanting ; of the imperfect ones
usually wanting, sometimes of 1—2 scales. Stamens definite,
hypogynous. Anthers 1 — 2-celled. Ovaries solitary or several,
1- celled. Ovules usually solitary, erect or pendulous, rarely 3
and erect. Style simple, or more or less deeply 2 — 3-cleft.
Pericarps dry, indehiscent, 1 -celled, 1- (or rarely 2-) seeded.
Embryo without albumen, with a thin skin, having a lateral cleft
for the emission of the plumule , straight or curved. Radicle
large. Submerged or floating aquatics, with very cellular leaves
and stems. Flowers inconspicuous, sometimes spiked.

1. Potamogeton. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 4 unguiculate sepals

Stamens 4. Anthers subsessile. Carpels 4, sessile. Stigma nearly
sessile, entire.

2. Ruppia. Flowers perfect. Perianth 0. Stamens 4. Anthers sessile.

Carpels 4, on long stalks. Stigma sessile, entire.

3. Zannichellla. Flowers imperfect, axillary. Stamen 1. Anther

on an elongated filament. Carpels 4 or more, sessile or on a
stalk not longer than the achene. Style evident, entire. Stigma
discoid.

4. Naias. Flowers imperfect, axillary, solitary. Carpels, solitary, sessile.

Style with 2 — 4 elongated stigmas.

5. Zoste'ra. Flowers imperfect, arranged on a flat spadix within a

foliaceous spatha. Carpels sessile. Style with 2 elongated stigmas.

* Pollen globose or oblong. Plants growing in fresh water ,
rarely in salt marshes. (Gen. 1 — 4.)

1. Potamogeton Linn. Pond-weed.

Flowers perfect, sessile, upon a spike (or spadix ?) which
issues from a sheathing bractea (or spatha ?). Perianth single, of

1 Dr. Lindley limits this Order to those genera which have imperfect flowers, and
removes Ruppia , Potamogeton , Aponogcton , and Ouviranda to the Juncaginacca.
According, however, to the views of Decaisne, Kunth, and some others, the sup-
posed sepals of these genera are merely bracteas, each stamen and carpel being a
distinct flower ; so that these plants have really all imperfect flowers, and are
properly placed here. The perianth, if such it be, is sessile, on a kind of spadix or
thickish peduncle : in the true Juncaginaccce the lower flowers at least are stalked,
thus obviating the ambiguity about the perianth or their being truly perfect.

CV. NAIAD ACE AS.

479

i

i

j

i

i

:i

It

r

t

if

i

i

e.

»

i

1

if

d

I

i

Potamogeton. ]

4 unguiculate scales. Stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled nearly sessile,
opposite the scales of the perianth. Pistils 4, which become 4
sessile ackenes. Stigmas nearly sessile, undivided. — Named
from TTOTap-oQ, a river, and yn-wv, a neighbour ; all the species
grow in the water. Chamisso and Schlechtendal have well
illustrated this genus. (See Linncea, ii. p. 159.)

* Leaves all opposite and submerged ; stipules none.

1 . P. densus L. ( opposite-leaved P) ; leaves crowded all
opposite pellucid amplexicaul ovate-acuminate or lanceolate,
spikes shortly stalked about 4-flowered finally reflexed. E. B.
t. 397.

Ditches, frequent. Tf.. 6,7. — Peduncles short. Head of flowers
small, globose. Leaves keeled below, middle nerve or rib of many
longitudinal cells, with 2 and sometimes 3 lateral parallel veins on
each side, the inner one the strongest.

** Leaves alternate, all submerged, with adnate stipules.

2. P. pectindtus L. ( Fennel-leaved P.) ; leaves distichous se-
taceous or linear sheathing by means of their adnate stipules,
upper ones 1 — 3-nerved, spike interrupted, achenes large 3-
ribbed at the back, the two lateral ribs sometimes obsolete. —

а. leaves setaceous 1-nerved canaliculate, achenes with the
lateral keels conspicuous. E. B. t. 323. P. marinus L. —
/3. leaves broader, upper ones 3-nerved, lower 5-nerved, achenes
with the latei’al keels inconspicuous. P. pectinatus var. vul-
garis Ch. et Schl. P. flabellatus Bab.

Rivers, lakes, ponds, and salt marshes. Near Ayr, Scotland. —

б. Denver and Burnham, Norfolk ; Coventry ; Bath ; Gravesend ;
Hull ; Yarmouth. If.. 6, 7. — P. flabellatus Bab. appears to us to
be what Chamisso and Schlechtendal consider the common form of
the species.

3. P. filifdrmis Pers. ( slender-leaved P.) ; leaves distichous
setaceous 1-nerved sheathing by means of their adnate stipules,
spike interrupted, achenes (small) convex but not ribbed on
the back. Cham, et Schlecht. 1. c. p. 167.

Lakes and ponds in Forfarshire and Berwickshire. It. 6, 7. —
So similar to our var. a. of the last that we know no distinguishing
character except the smaller flowers and fruit, and the achenes being
quite convex on the back after the cuticle has been removed : when
this is not removed, they sometimes appear 3-ribbed externally.
Kunth (En. iii. p. 136) and Mr. Bentham unite them.

*** Leaves alternate, linear, all submerged ; stipules free.

4. P. trichoides Cham. ( hair-like P.) ; leaves sub-setaceous,
1-nerved finely pointed, peduncles elongate, spike at length

480 cv. NAIADACE^E. [ Potamogeton .

somewhat lax, stem capillary nearly terete. Ch. et Schlecht.

1. c. p. 175.

Ponds and ditches at Bexley near Norwich, y. 7, 8. — We have
seen no British specimens, nor are we at all satisfied that the foreign
ones are specifically distinct from the next species, with which
Kunth also is inclined to unite them. The fruit has an obscure
tooth on the ventral suture near the base, which has not been
observed in P. pusillus. Mr. Bentham considers all of this section to
form only one natural species, which he calls P. pusillus, a name
however not very applicable to some of the forms.

[Mr. Babington mentions a plant found near Dunstanburg,
Northumberland, that he supposes to be P. gracilis Fr., “ which has
1-nerved attenuate-cuspidate leaves, terete stems, and globose-elliptical
fruit without a keel.” We have seen no specimens. P. gracilis Fr. is
however reduced by Reiciienbach (Ic. FI. Germ. vii. p. 14, n. 39)
to the next species, of which he considers it a variety with very
narrow 1-nerved leaves.]

5. P. pusillus L. ( small P .) ; leaves narrow-linear 3 — 5-
nerved with obscure connecting veins, peduncles 2 — 3 times
longer than the somewhat lax spike, stem slightly compressed.
— a. leaves 3-nerved, nerves in the middle between the midrib
and the margin. E. B. t. 215. — /L leaves broader with an
accessory nerve on each side between the margin and the
primary lateral ones. P. compressus L. : E. B. t. 418.

Ditches and still waters. y. 6, 7. — The leaves are more or less
acute; the spikes oblong, compact or a little interrupted. We quite
agree with Chamisso and Schlechtendal, who unite P. compressus
with P. pusillus.

6. P. gramineus L. ( grassy P .) ; leaves broadly linear obtuse
3-nerved with few and obscure connecting veins, peduncle
scarcely longer than the oblong oval dense spike, stem slightly
compressed. E. B. t. 2253. P. obtusifolius Mert. et Koch.

Ponds and ditches. Amberley, Sussex ; Orford, near Warrington,
Lancashire; Arburv Hall, Warwickshire; Deptford; Norwich;
Castle- Howard and Beverley, Yorkshire. Possil marsh, near Glas-
gow ; Kincardineshire, y. 7. — Nearly allied to the last, but stouter,
darker-coloured, and with short peduncles, scarcely longer than the
stipule of the leaf from the axil of wh ich they spring. The middle nerve
or rib is accompanied by many parallel oblong reticulations both in this
and the last species ; but there are none of the numerous longitudinal
parallel intermediate nerves seen in the two following. Occasionally
the peduncles are nearly twice the length of the spike, when it
becomes very difficult to distinguish this from var. P. of the last
species, with which it agrees in general appearance; but we believe
tiiat the latter has always the two supplementary nerves, whereas
P. gramineus has the leaves only 3-nerved. Judging from the speci- !
mens we have seen in herbaria, P. gramineus is more common than
P. pusillus &., while P. pusillus a. is more common than either of the
others.

Potamogeton.~\

CV. NAIADACEiE.

481

7. P. acutifolius Link ( sharp-leaved, P.) ; stem compressed,
leaves linear acuminate with 3 principal and numerous close
parallel intermediate nerves occupying the whole surface,
spikes oval compact about equal in length to the short peduncle.
E. B. S. t. 2609.

Rare? Marsh-ditches at Amberley, Henfield, and Lewes, Sussex;
Norfolk; Hertfordshire. If. 7. — The numerous closely placed
parallel nerves well distinguish this and the following species from
their congeners.

8. P. zostercefolius Schum. ( Grass-wrack-like P.) ; stems
compressed, leaves broadly linear acute with 3 principal and
numerous close parallel intermediate nerves occupying the
whole surface, spikes cylindrical upon long peduncles. E. B.
S. t. 2685. P. cuspidatus Schrad.

Rare ? Rivulet at Hovingham, Yorkshire ; River Sow, at Staf-
ford. Lakes of Rescohie and Forfar. If. 7. — Larger than the last,
with peduncles 2 — 4 inches long, and spikes cylindrical, sometimes an
inch in length. Mr. H. C. Watson states that he has specimens from
various other counties in England, but he gives no stations; it seems
to be a species very local in each district.

**** Leaves alternate, ovate , lanceolate,- or oblong, all pellucid and sub-
merged ; stipules free.

9. P. crispus L. ( curly P.) ; stem compressed, leaves lanceo-
late waved and serrate 3-nerved sessile, fruit-beaked. E. B. t.
1012.

Ditches and rivers, frequent. If.. 6, 7. — Peduncles elongated, not
thickened upwards.

10. P. perfolidtus L. {perfoliate P.) ; stem terete, leaves
cordate-ovate sessile and amplexicaul 7-nerved with smaller in-
termediate nerves. E. B. t. 168.

Ditches and lakes, frequent. Tf. 7. — Peduncles rather short,
thick, not swollen upwards. Spikes oblong-ovate.

11. P. preelungus Wulf. {long-stalked P.); leaves entire
narrow-oblong semiamplexicaul obtuse and cymbiform at the
end, with 3 principal and several lesser parallel nerves arising
from the base connected by reticulations, stipules not winged,
peduncles elongated, scarcely thickened upwards, spikes cylin-
drical many-flowered. E. B. S. t. 2858.

Lakes and pools. Ditch by Caversham bridge, near Reading;
River Sow, at Stafford ; Rydal Water, Westmoreland ; Malham,
Yorkshire, and several other of the eastern counties of England ;
Berwickshire; Moss of Litie, Nairnshire; Lochleven, Kinross-shire.
If. 7. — This is best distinguished by its oblong leaves, nerved from
the base, where they are semiamplexicaul, and by the lengthened
peduncle, which is sometimes slightly thickened upwards. In size it

T

482

CT. NA1ADACE.E.

[ Potamogeton.

almost equals P. lucens. Stipules large, lower ones sometimes 3
inches long, white, tinged with red, not green, and without the crests
or wings observable in the two next.

12. P. longifulius Gay ? (long-leaved P.) ; leaves entire all
elongato-lanceolate nearly sessile but attenuate below apiculate
and flat at the end with several longitudinal fine nerves spring-
ing from the prominent mid-rib connected by transverse veins,
stipules winged, peduncles very long thickened upwards, spikes
with a few subverticillate distant flowers. E. B. S. t. 2847.

Lougli Corrib, Galway, Ireland. 7,8. — “ Nearly allied to P.

pralongus, but has not the amplexicaul and hood-tipped leaves of that
plant Bab. What the Irish plant may prove to be, when found in
other localities, it is impossible to say. The foreign and true species
of the same name has the leaves often suddenly acuminate, with
sometimes a long point, and the spikes are cylindrical and densely
flowered, as in P. lucens, from some forms of which it does not appear
to differ; Chamisso and Schlechtendal, indeed, unite the two; and
even Reichenbach (Ic. FI. Germ. vii. p. 25), although he figures
them as distinct, seems to admit that P. longifolius is sometimes only |
to he distinguished by its longer and thinner bright green finally |
blackening leaves (not yellowish green or olive, as in P. lucens),
which have a thicker midrib and finer reticulation. Mr. Bentham
also unites the Irish plant to P. lucens, along with P. lanceolatus and
P. rufescens, while he retains P. hcterophyllus as a distinct species.

13. P. lucens L. (shining P.) ; leaves stalked minutely
denticulate elliptic-lanceolate flat at the end mucronate or
suddenly acuminate with sometimes a long point with several
longitudinal nerves springing from the prominent midrib con-
nected by transverse veins, stipules winged, peduncles elon-
gated thickened upwards cylindrical many-flowered. E. B. t.
376.

Lakes, pools, and streams, common. 7£. 6.7. — The largest of

our species, and very beautiful in the reticulation of its leaves. Sti-
pules large, with two prominent wings or crests at the back, as in the
last species. Upper leaves smaller than the lower ones, and all sud-
denly contracted towards the point. Coriaceous leaves are very
rare ; these are ovato-lanceolate, moderately acute, and less evidently
stalked than in P. heterophytlus ; Chamisso and Schlechtendal place
it along with those species which have sometimes floating and coria-
ceous leaves, and change its name to P. Proteus, considering P.
lieternp/iyl/us a variety of it. The decidedly stalked floating leaves of
this last appear to indicate a distinction, but aquatic plants of all kinds
are extremely liable to vary according to their place of growth.

***** Leaves alternate, upper ones floating, broader than the others.

Stipules free.

14. P. heterophijllus Schreb. (various -leaved P.) ; submerged
leaves sessile lanceolate attenuate at both ends apiculate denti-

CV. NAIADACEjE.

483

Potamogeton.']

culate or entire membranous, floating ones elliptical stalked
slightly coriaceous, stipules strongly ribbed, peduncles thickened
upwards. E. B. t. 1285.

Pools and ditches, in various parts of the country. y.. 6, 7. —

Mr. Wilson finds this sometimes without floating leaves, when it seems
intermediate between P. lanceolatus and P. rufescens. “•The stipules,
which are not dorsally winged, are short and broad, yet with 2 stout
principal ribs, ovate and blunt ; both they, and the leaves subtending
the flower-stalk, are widely spreading. Leaves distantly inserted on
the stem; upper ones considerably larger than the rest. — Distin-
guished by these marks, and the clavate flower-stalk from P. rufescens
and lanceolatus Wilson. Wahlenberg, Hartmann, and Fries are of
opinion that this is the true P. gramineus of Linnaeus; but Linnaius
adopted that name from Ray, and Itay’s P. gramineus is the species
commonly so called in this country.

[Between this and the next species Mr. Babington introduces
P. sparganiifolius Laest. ? found in the river at Maum, Galway: “sub-
merged leaves linear narrowed at both ends very long sessile entire
apiculate with many parallel veins next the midrib, floating leaves
subcoriaceous lanceolate long-stalked (often wanting), stipules very
long not winged.” With this we are quite unacquainted. Aquatics
appear to be subject to much greater variation in appearance and
structure than is generally supposed, so that the differential characters
assigned are often the result of locality, and what are supposed new
intermediate species are merely intermediate forms uniting those
formerly recognized.]

15. P. lunceolutus Sm. ( lanceolate P.) ; submerged leaves
lanceolate “ not apiculate ’’ tapering at the base entire mem-
branous with about 5 — 7 nerves connected by transverse
veins, floating leaves elliptic- lanceolate subcoriaceous many-
nerved petiolate sometimes wanting, peduncle about as long as
the leaves not thickened upwards, spikes elliptical. E. B. t.
1985.

Pools and ditches. Anglesey. Angus-shire; Kincardineshire;
Elgin, y.. 7. — Floating leaves are always found where the current

is slow. “ Small chain-like reticulations are distinguishable near the
midrib on the submerged leaves, but not on the floating leaves,
which are elegantly overspread by them:” Wilson. The portion of
chain-like reticulations increases gradually upwards. The difficulty
is to distinguish this plant from P. heterop/iyllus, than which, however,
it is much smaller and more delicate in all its parts.

1G. P. rufescens Schrad. (reddish P.) ; submerged leaves
lanceolate attenuate at both ends “not apiculate” entire
membranous many-nerved with connecting veins and many
linear reticulations at the midrib, floating ones subcoriaceous
oblong or obovate rather longer than their stalks, stipules not
winged, peduncles not thickened upwards. P. fluitans Sm. :
E.B. t. 1286.

v 2

484 cv. naiadaceyE. \_Potamngeton.

Ditches and slow streams, in many parts of England. Anglesea.
Near Glasgow and Forfar ; in the Gady at Premnay, and Aberdeen
canal, Aberdeenshire. 2f. 7. — This in some situations much re-

sembles P. lucens. Coriaceous floating leaves nearly as acute as the
lower ones, differing only in their firmer texture and in being stalked;
lateral ribs or nerves not separate to the base of the leaf, arising from
various parts of the central rib, and from 6 — 7 in number on each
side, 2 of them more evident than the rest; flower-stalk not thickened
upwards: Wilson. The plant is remarkable for its reddish-olive colour,
and is perhaps better known by its general aspect, size, and hue, than
by any character that can be applied to it.

17. P. plantaginens Ducr. ( Plantain-leaved P.) ; leaves all
membranous stalked, lower ones oblong, upper elliptical,
achenes minute obliquely ovate convex on the back when re-
cent acutely keeled when dry, spike slender cylindrical densely
flowered, peduncle long not thickened upwards. E. B. S. t.
2848. P. coloratus Horn. : Cham, et Schl. 1. c. p. 194.

Deep peaty pits and ditches, probably far from rare in England.
Oban ; Ferneyrig Loch, Berwickshire. If.. 6,7. — Distinguished from
P. nutans by its beautifully diaphanous reticulate leaves, none of
which are coriaceous, and its much smaller fruit. It is more allied
to P. oblongus, from which, according to Mr. Babington, its leaves, as
well as the acutely keeled back of the fruit when dry, clearly distin-
guish it. These characters, however, seem to be of little importance:
Mr. Bentham unites it along with the next to P. natans.

18. P. obldngus Yiv. (oblong -leaved P.) ; “leaves all
stalked, upper ones coriaceous floating oblong-elliptical, lower
linear-lanceolate, achenes minute with their back always obtuse
and rounded, spike slender cylindrical densely flowered upon a
long terete peduncle.” Bab : in E. B. S. t. 2849. P. natans
i. Mert. et Koch. P. polygonifolius Pourr. : Bab.

“ Far from uncommon, in wet ditches, small streams, ponds, and
bogs.” Frequent in Scotland. . 7. — “ It is distinguished from

P. natans, with which most botanists probably confound it, by the
form and size of its fruit, as well as by other characters:” Bab. We
fear the above characters are not constant, for we have examined speci-
mens where the achenes were decidedly marked on the back with 3
ridges, the middle one being acute. It is found usually in bogs and
ditches almost dry in summer, which may explain why the fruit is
not above haif the size of that of the next species.

19. P. natans L. ( sharp-fruited broad-leaved P.) ; lower
leaves linear submembranous or wanting, upper elliptical
coriaceous floating on long stalks many-nerved distinctly cel-
lular, fruit (large) keeled at the back. E. B. t. 1822.

Stagnant waters and slow streams, frequent. 2f. 6, 7. — Very

variable in general size, and in the shape of its floating leaves, which
are more or less elongated, sometimes linear-lanceolate, obtuse at the

Zannic/tellia. J

CV. NAIADACE^E.

485

base, or decurrent on the foot-stalks. The lower leaves appear to
differ from the submerged leaves of all the others, except P. oblongus ,■
in having their substance composed of the same small, but distinct,
cells or reticulations as the floating ones. These submerged leaves
are frequently wholly wanting, especially when the plant grows in
very shallow water.

2. Ruppia Linn. Ruppia. Tassel-Pondweed.

Flowers perfect, about 2 on a spike (or spadix ?) arising from
the sheathing bases of the leaves, which perform the office of a
spatha. Perianth 0. Stam.4. Anthers 1 -celled, sessile. Stigmas
sessile, undivided. Achenes 4, on long stalks. — Named after
Henry Bernard Ruppius, author, in 1718, of Flora Jenensis.

1. R. maritima L. (Sea R. or T.) : E. B. 1. 136 : Hook, in FI.
Lond. t. 50. — a. peduncles elongated, leaves broader, sheaths
inflated. — 0. peduncles shorter, leaves narrow, sheaths small
close. R. rostellata Koch.

Salt-water pools and ditches. fl. 7,8. — Stems slender, filiform,
flexuose, branched, leafy. Leaves linear, setaceous. Spadix at first
very short, included in the sheath or spatha, with 2 green flowers one
above another on opposite sides, and quite destitute of perianth.
Anthers large, sessile, bursting horizontally, 1-cellcd. Mertens and
Koch say that each pair forms the 2 cells of 1 anther ; and that there
are in reality but 2 sessile stamens. Pollen a tube, with 3 globules,

1 in the middle and 1 at each end of the tube. At the time of
flowering the spadix lengthens remarkably, to the height of 5 or 6
inches or more, and becomes spirally twisted. When the germens
swell, their base is elongated into a footstalk, one or two inches long;
each then becomes an oblique, ovate, acuminate, fleshy achene or drupe.
This drupe is sometimes more beaked than at other times, and the
sheaths of the leaves are occasionally but little dilated : then the plant
becomes R. rostellata Koch, and this is the more common state of the
plant with us. In R. maritima the anthers (anther-cells, Koch) are
said to be oblong, times longer than broad, in R. rostellata nearly
round or subquadrate.

3. Zannichellia Linn. Horned Pond-weed.

Flowers tnoncecious. — Barren fl. Perianth none. Siam 1.
Filament elongated. Anthers 2 — 4-celled. — Fertile fl. Peri-
anth single, of 1 scale. Germens 4 or more. Style evident,
undivided. Stigma peltate. Achenes sessile or shortly stalked.
— Named in honour of John Jerome Zannichelli, a Venetian
apothecary and botanist.

1. Z. paluslris L. (common H.) : E. B. t. 1844.

Hitches and stagnant waters. 0. 5 — 8. — Floating. Stems long,
filiform branched. Leaves opposite, linear, entire, sometimes emar-
ginute at the point. Flowers axillary, from a membranous bractea.

486

CV. NAIADACEAA

[Naias.

Fert. fl. upon a very short pedicel, from the base of which arises a
■single stamen composed of a long white filament and one anther with
2 — 4 cells. Style usually half as long as the fruit, sometimes 6 times
shorter ( Z. polycarpa Nolte), sometimes as long ( Z. pedicellata Fr.), or
longer (as from the north of India). Length of the stalk of the fruit
usually in proportion to that of the style. Aclienes sometimes smooth,
sometimes with a crenate or toothed ridge at the back. Stigma entire
or crenulate. This has been divided into several species or varieties
in various ways, according as an author considered the style, stigma,
fruit or its stalk, to yield the best characters. See Reichenbach PI.
Crit. viii. f. 1003 — 1006, and Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. p. 9. t. 16; Stein-
heil in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2. ix. p. 87 ; and Wilson in Comp. Rot.
Mag. i. p. 191.

4. Naias Linn. Naias.

Flowers imperfect, destitute of perianth , axillary, solitary.
— Barren fl. within a calyptriform spatha. Slam. 1, Anther
nearly sessile, 4-celled. — Fertile fl. without a spatha. Germen
1, sessile, with one erect ovule. Style 1. Stigmas 2 — 4, elon-
gated, linear. Fruit with 1 seed. — Named after the Naiades ,
or water-nymphs.

1. N. flexilis Rostk. (flexible N.) ; leaves narrow linear
very minutely denticulate, sheaths ciliato-denticulate. Cau-
linia Willd.

Bottom of lakes and streams; near Roundstone, Connemara, Gal-
way : Mr. D. Oliver. If.. 8 Leaves ternate or nearly opposite,

1-nerved, pellucid, sharply but minutely and remotely denticulate.
We have not been able to examine the flowers of any of the genus
in a recent state : the sterile plants have not, we believe, been found
in this country; we observe four stigmas in the Irish specimens, as
described by Kunth.

** Pollen confervoid. Plants growing in the sea.

5. Zostera Linn. Grass-wrack.

Flowers imperfect. Stamens and pistils solitary in each
flower, inserted in 2 rows upon one side of a flat thin spadix.
Spathp. foliaceous. Anthers ovate, sessile, alternating with the
ovate germens. Style 1 . Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Fruit
with 1 seed (bursting vertically : Wilson). — Named from fuiorijp,
a. girdle, or riband ; which the leaves somewhat resemble.

1. Z. marina L. ( broad-leaved G.) ; leaves linear 1 — 7-nerved,
spadix linear without appendages on the margin, achenes striate.
JE. B. t. 467. — a. leaves broader 3 — 5-nerved, peduncle of
the spatha thick shorter than the spadix. — /3. leaves narrow
1 — 3-nerved, peduncle of the spatha slender as long as or
longer than the spadix. Z. angustifolia Roth.

Zostera.

CYI. CYPERACE^E.

487

a. In the sea ; /3. creeks and salt-water ditches, and on the sea-
shore; both common, ty. 7,8 Stems various in length, as are

the linear obtuse, somewhat 2 — 7-nerved leaves, which have sheath-
ing bases. Spadix linear, arising from a sheathing portion of the
leaf, which thus forms the spatha. Flowers green, borne, in two rows,
on one side of the spadix, quite destitute of perianth. Pistils and
anthers alternate, generally 2 anthers and then 1 pistil, both ovate, or
oblong-ovate ; the germen terminated by a bipartite style and two
filiform stigmas. Anthers bursting irregularly.

2. Z. vdna Roth ( dwarf G .) ; leaves 1 -nerved, spadix short
few-flowered with extra-marginal appendages, aehenes nearly
even. Borr. in E. B. S. t. 2931.

Dover beach ; Poole Harbour, Dorsetshire ; Brading Harbour
and Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Emsworth Creek, between Sussex and
Hants; Blyth, Northumberland. Between Fairlie and Hunterston
Point, Ayrshire, covering hundreds of acres. g.. d — 8. — Leaves
slender, 3 — 4 inches or more in length. Spatlias oblong-lanceolate,
inflated. Fruit faintly striate (Fries}.

Sub-Class II. GLUMACE2E. (Ord. CYI. CVII.)

Flowers destitute of true perianth ( unless the urceolate or 2 — 3-
valved covering to the ovary in some Cyperacese, or the glumel-
las of the Gratninea?, he considered such), hut enclosed within
imbricate alternate chaffy scales or hracteas.

Conspectus op the Orders.

106. CyperacEjE. Embryo at the base of the albumen and enclosed

within it. Leaves with entire sheaths.

107. Gra-M1ne.e. Embryo lateral, naked. Leaves with split sheaths.

Ord. CVI. CYPERACE^l Juss.

Flowers perfect or imperfect, furnished each with a solitary
partial bractea called a glume , imbricated on a common axis
or rachis, the whole constituting a spikelet. Perianth ? (here
called perigynium ) only in the fertile imperfect flowers, rarely
membranous, 2 — 3-valved, the valves distinct or usually
united (in Care x), generally entirely wanting. Stamens hypo-
gynous, definite (1 — 12), usually 3, with sometimes an addi-
tional row of abortive filaments (called seta, or hypogynous
bristles). Anthers erect, 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1 -celled,
with one erect ovule at its base. Style single, 2 — 3-cleft.
Stigmas 2— 3. Fruit an achene, crustaceous, or with a corky
or fleshy, sometimes bony skin. Embryo lenticular, enclosed
in the base of copious albumen. — Stems often angular, frequently
icithout joints. Leaves with entire sheaths. Lower glumes in.
each spikelet often destitute of stamens or pistil.

y 4

488

CVI. CYPERACEJE.

[ Cyperus.

* Flowers perfect. Spikelets 2-ranked. Perigynium 0.

1. Cyperus. Spikelets many-flowered ; glumes keeled, mostly all fer-

tile, equal. Bristles none. Style deciduous.

2. ScHffiNus. Spikelets 1 — 4-flowered; lower glumes smaller, empty.

Style deciduous. Bristles 3 — 5 (in British species).

** Flowers perfect. Spikelets with the glumes imbricated on all sides.
Perigynium 0.

f Several of the lower glumes empty or smaller than the fertile ones.

3. Cladium. Spikelets with 1 — 3 perfect flowers. Aehene with a fleshy

or somewhat corky coat, pointed with the enlarged base of the
style. Bristles 0.

4. Khynchospora. Spikelets few-flowered. Aehene compressed, crowned

with the persistent dilated base of the style. Bristles C — 12.

ff Lowest (1 — 2) glumes empty or larger than the others, sometimes all
fertile.

f Bristles scarcely so long as the glumes, or wanting.

5. Blysmus. Spikelets bracteate, alternate, forming a distichous or

compressed spike. Achenes crowned with the persistent filiform
style.

6. Eleocharis. Spikelets solitary. Aehene crowned with the dilated

persistent base of the style. Bristles 2 — G.

7. Isolepis. Spikelets solitary or fascicled. Aehene pointed with the

narrow base of the style (the remainder of which is deciduous), or
pointless. Bristles 0.

8. Scirpus. Spikelets solitary or fascicled. Athene pointed with the

persistent narrow base of the style (the remainder of which is de-
ciduous), or pointless. Bristles about six.

JJ Bristles at length much longer than the glumes.

9. Eriophorum. Bristles straight, at length silky.

*** Flowers imperfect.

10. Kobresia. Spikelets 1 — 2-flowered. Perigynium 0 (or of 1 or 2?

distinct scales).

11. Carex. Aehene enclosed within an urceolate perigynium.

* Flowers perfect. Glumes of each spikelet imbricated in two
opposite rows. Perigynium 0. (Gen. 1, 2.)

1. Cyperus Linn. Cyperus. Galingale.

Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes keeled, imbricated in 2
opposite rows, mostly all fertile, equal. Hypogynous bristles 0.
Style 2 — 3-cleft, deciduous ; its base not dilated nor jointed
upon the germen. Aehene often tipped with the small base of
the style. — Name: Kvirtipog of the Greeks, an appellation given
to one of this genus, probably in allusion to the Cyprian god-
dess, the roots being reputed aphrodisiac.

CVI. CYPERACEyE.

489

Clddium.~\

1. C. Idngus L. (sweet C., or English G.) ; spikelets linear-
lanceolate ereeto-patent in doubly compound umbels, general
involucre very long leafy, partial small, stem triangular, stig-
mas 3. E. B. t. 1309.

Very rare. Marsh near St. David’s, Pembrokeshire; Walton-in-
Gordano, Somersetshire; near Swanage, Dorsetshire; near Sea-
brooke, Kent; Boyton, Wilts; Penzance, Cornwall; Iple of Wight.
Guernsey and Jersey. If.. 8, 9. — Rhizome creeping, very aromatic
and astringent.

2. C. fuscus L. (brown C.) ; spikelets linear-lanceolate
fasciculato-corymbose, glumes patent, involucre of 3 unequal
leaves, stem triangular, stigmas 3. E. B. S. t. 2626.

Eel Brook meadow, Little Chelsea, near Walham Green; pond
on Shalford Common, 2 miles from Godaiming, plentiful ; Codhill
bog, Guisborough Moor, Yorkshire. Jersey. 0. 8, 9. — A small
plant, only a few inches high. Root fibrous. Stamens usually 2.

2. Schce'nus Linn. Bog-rush.

Spikelets 1 — 4-flowered. Glumes 6 — 9, imbricated in 2 op-
posite rows ; lower ones smaller, empty. Hypogynous bristles
3 — 6, small or none. Style 3-fid, deciduous ; its base not di-
lated nor jointed upon the gertuen. Achene trigonous, tipped
with the slender base of the style, or pointless. — Name: from
rr^oivoc, a cord ; because a kind of cordage was anciently made
from plants of this tribe.

1. S. nigricans L. (black B.) ; stem nearly terete, spikelets
collected into a roundish head shorter than t<he outer bracteas,
glumes scabrous at the keel. E. B. t. 1121.

Wet moors and boggy places. Rare in Scotland, except on the
West coast. 2/.. 6, 7. — Remarkable for its rigid habit, nearly se-

taceous leaves, and the dark brown almost black heads of flowers.
“ Bristles small, 3 — 5, reddish-brown, spiny, the spines pointing
upwards : ” Mr. Wilson. On account of the bristles this belongs
to Mr. Brown’s genus Chcetospora, which merely differs by that cha-
racter.

# * Flowers perfect. Glumes of each spikelet imbricated on all
sides. Perigynium 0. (Gen. 3 — 9.)

3. Cladium Schrad. Twig-rush.

Spikelets 1 — 3-flowered. Glumes 5 — 6, imbricated on all

sides, the lower ones empty and smaller. Style deciduous ; its
base conical, not jointed upon the germen. Achene with a some-
what loose, fleshy, or corky coat, tipped with the persistent en-
larged base of the style. Hypogynous bristles none. — Named
y 5

490 cvi. cyperaceae. [ Rhynchospora .

from K\nCoc, a branch ; so called, perhaps, from the many branches
bearing spikelets.

1. C. Mariscus Br. ( prickly T.)\ panicle much divided
leafy, spikelets capitato-conglomerate, stem terete leafy, margins
of the leaves and keel rough. Schcenus L. : E. B. t. 950.

Boggy anc|| fenny places, in several parts of England and Ireland.
Galloway and Sutherlandshire, Scotland. It. 7, 8. — Rhizome creeping,

3 — 5 ft. high, leafy. Leaves rough, almost prickly at the margin and
keel. Glumes ovate, brown, 6 — 7 in an ovate spikelet ; inner ones
the longest, generally the two or sometimes three innermost ones
have flowers, the outer one sometimes with stamens only. Achene
almost as large as the spikelet. Stamens 2. Stigmas generally 2,
sometimes 3 or 4.

4. Rhynchospoea Vahl. Beak-rush.

Spikelets few-flowered. Glumes 6 — 7, imbricated on all sides,
the lower ones smaller, empty. Hypogynous bristles several,
included, toothed. Style subulate, bifid, usually deciduous ; its
base dilated but scarcely articulated upon the germen at the
base. Achene biconvex, crowned with the persistent base of
the style. — Named from pvyx°c, a beak , and anopa, a seed, i
(Very different in habit from Eleocharis, although near in
generic character.)

1. R. Alba Yahl ( white B.) ; spikelets in a compact corymb 1
as long as the outer bracteas, leaves narrow-linear, base of the
style without teeth, bristles about 10 (9 — 11) with deflexed
teeth, stamens 2. Schcenus L. : E. B. t. 985.

Wet pastures and turfy bogs. U . 6 — 8. — Spikelets of flowers \

white or whitish, collected so as to form a level surface at the top.
Achene in this and R. fusca obovate, compressed, smooth, distinctly
margined, tapering at the base into a short stalk. Style persistent,
dilated at the base, which is not articulated, nor so broad as the seed,
but easily distinguishable from the shining achene by its colour and
texture.

2. R. fusca Sm. (brown B.) ; spikelets in an oval head much
shorter than the outer bracteas, leaves nearly filiform, base of
the style with erect teeth, bristles 6 with ascending teeth, sta-
mens 3. Schcenus L. : E. B. t. 1575.

Bogs, principally in the south-west of England and Ireland. p.

7, 8. — Habit of the last, though very different in specific character.
Heads of flowers oval, rich brown ; spikelets larger, and the stigmas
more protruded. Smith and Sturm have figured and described only
3 bristles to each flower; we find 6 in both British and American
specimens, but. the three alternate ones are shorter, and sometimes
not longer than the achene.

Eleocliaris.~\

CVI. CYPERACE.E.

491

5. Blysmus Panz. Bljsmus.

Spikelets bracteate, arranged on a zigzag racbis into a dis-
tichous compressed spike. Glumes imbricated on all sides ; the
lower ones gradually larger, the two lowest empty. Style per-
sistent; its base not dilated nor jointed upon the germens.
Ihjpogynous bristles 3 — 6, or none. Achene plano-convex oval,
gradually tapering into the style. — Name : iSXvapog, source , or
spring ; near which the species usually grow.

1. B. compressus Panz. ( 'broad-leaved B.) ; lowermost bractea
subulate somewhat leafy, bristles 3 — 6 with reflexed teeth per-,
sistent as long as the style, leaves flat keeled rough on the
margins and keel. Schcenus L. : E. B. t. 791. Scirpus cari-
cinus Schrad. Carex uliginosa L.

Boggy pastures, by river-sides and near the sea, not uncommon.
It. 6, 7. — Stem 6 — 8 inches high, leafy. Glumes brown, striate.

2. B. rufus Link ( narrow-leaved B ) ; bracteas all equally
membranous, bristles none (or caducous ?), leaves very narrow
grooved smooth. Schcenus Iiuds.: E. B. t. 1010. Scirpus Schrad.

Marshy plains, especially near the sea ; particularly common in
Scotland, as far as Shetland. On the coast of Wales, west of Eng-
land, and west of Ireland. 7/.. 7.- — More slender, rigid, and upright
than the last : spikes darker ; the glumes more membranous, thin,
not striate, and more obtuse, in both very broad and convolute. We
have seen no hypogynous bristles; neither did Smith; Kunth also
found them absent, except in a single flower where there was a
slender one with spreading teeth.

6. Eleocharis Br. Spike-rush.

Spikelels solitary, terminal, many-flowered. Glumes imbri-
cated on all sides, uniform, scarcely any empty, one or two
lowest the largest. Hypogynous bristles (1 — 12) toothed, in-
cluded, rarely none. Style 2 — 3-fid ; its base dilated and jointed
upon the germen. Achene crowned with the broad indurated
corky base of the style. — Marsh plants. Stems simple , leafless,
sheathed at the base. — Name : sXoc, iXtoc, a marsh, and xaiPu, t°
delight in ; from the place of growth.

1. E. palustris Br. ( creeping S.) ; stem nearly terete, rhizome
creeping, stigmas 2, achene plano-convex crowned with the
compressed base of the style shorter than the (usually 4) per-
sistent bristles. Scirpus L.: E. B. t. 131. E. uniglumis
Link.

Sides of ditches and wet marshy places, frequent. If.. 6,7. —
Some botanical writers make two species of this: one with the outer
glume only half surrounding the spike at its base, the other, hence

y 6

492

CVI. CYPERACE7E.

[Isolepis-

called E. unighimis by Link, almost wholly surrounding it. For the
last the following stations are given : Aberdeen, Orkney, Barvas in the
Isle of Lewis, Parkstonein Dorset, and Sussex. Mr. Babington has
described a species under the name of E. Watsoni ; it is small, with
the rhizome scarcely creeping ; the achene is said to be longer than
the 4 — 6 bristles, and striate ; it is only known from two or three
stems having been found in Dr. Balfour’s herbarium among Scirpus
paucijlorus, which he had collected in Cantyre, and with which it
agrees in most of the characters.

2. E. multicaulis Sm. (many -stalked S.) ; stem terete, rhizome
scarcely creeping, stigmas 3, achene obovate triquetrous crowned
with the triquetrous base of the style longer than the 5 — 6
persistent bristles. Scirpus Sm.: E.B. t. 1187. Scirpus pa-
lustris j3. Linn. Lapp. ed. 2.

Probably not uncommon ir. marshy places throughout the king-
dom, but frequently passed by for E. palustris. 1/-. 7. — Closely

allied to the last, of which Kunth seems disposed to consider it a
variety ; like it, too, it has the outer glume either half surrounding
or almost wholly surrounding the spikelet : the latter state is the
E. uniglumis of many foreign collectors. The simplest and some-
times only distinguishing character between them is afforded by the
fruit.

3. E. aciculdris Br. (least S.) ; stem setaceous nearly terete,
sheaths leafless, spikelet ovate acute, glumes equal, stigmas
3, bristles 1 — 3 caducous. Scirpus L. : E. B. t. 749. Isolepis
Schleclit. Scirpidium Nees.

Sides of lakes, and wet, sandy, and marshy places, frequent. V .

7, 8. — The most slender and delicate of the genus. Root fibrous,
with filiform suckers. Glumes obtuse or slightly acute. Achene
obovate-oblong, biconvex, pale yellow, impressed with dotted lines,
tipped with the almost globose dark base of the style.

7. Isolepis R. Brown. Isolepis. Mud-rush.

Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes imbricated on all sides,
nearly all fertile and equal. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style I
2 — 3-fid deciduous ; its base not jointed upon the germen.
Acliene tipped with the narrow base of the style, or pointless.

— Named from iooq, equal , and \e-irtg, a scale ; on account of the
uniform size of the glumes which constitute the inflorescence.

* Stigmas 2. Achenes compressed. Spike solitary, terminal. Eleogiton.

1. I. fluitans R. Br. (floating I.); stem floating compressed
branched, spikes ovate, glumes nearly equal obtuse, stigmas 2,
achene obovate plano-convex tipped with the narrow base of |
the style. Scirpus L. : E. B. t. 216. Eleogiton Link.

Ditches and still lakes, and pools of water, which are sometimes
dried up. If. . 6, 7.

Scfrpus.^

CVI. CYPERACE7E.

493

** Stigmas 3. Achenes triquetrous.

| Spikes 1 — 3, often apparently lateral , from the lower hractea being a
continuation of the stem.

2. I. setdcea R. Br. ( Bristle-stalked, M.) ; caespitose, stem
filiform with 1 or 2 leaves at the base, spikelets about 2 terminal,
bracteas 1 or 2 very unequal lower one erect leafy much longer
than the spikelets, achene mucronate ribbed obovate and marked
with transverse lines. Scirpus L. : E. B. t. 1693.

Moist gravelly places, frequent. If.. 7, 8. — Stems 2 — 5 in. high,
very slender. Siam, usually 2. Stigmas 3.

3. I. Sdvii Schultes ( Savis M.) ; caespitose, stem filiform
leafy below, spikelets 1 — 3 terminal, bracteas 1 or 2 and unequal

— 14 times) as long as the spikelets, achene subglobose mi-
nutely dotted not furrowed. Scirpus Seb. et Maur. : E. B. S.
t. 2782. Scirpus filiformis Savi. — a. spikelets 2 — 3 shorter
than the 2 -leaved bractea. — (3. monostachys; spikelet solitary
longer than bractea. Hook. I. pygmsea Kunth. Fimbristylis
Vahl. Scirpus leptaleus Koch.

Wet bogs, Ireland, and in the west of England and Scotland ;
Shanklin, Isle of Wight, plentiful. Jersey. — /3. Dorsetshire; North
Devon ; near Ilyde, Isle of Wight, not uncommon. Cork, and other
places in Ireland. If.. 7. — In habit the var. a. much resembles
the last species, as the var. fi. does the Eleocharis acicularis. Stigmas
3. Achene usually rough, with slightly elevated points, but in some
specimens from Galloway, Scotland, it only appears to be rough on
account of numerous impressed dots, like a thimble.

Spikes numerous, collected into globular heads.

4. I. Holoschce'nus Roem. et Sch. ( cluster-headed M.) ; stem
terete, spikelets lateral collected into compact globular sessile
or stalked heads, leaves subulate channelled. Scirpus L. :
E. B. t. 1612.

Sandy sea-shores, very rare. Braunton, North Devon ; Watchet,
Somersetshire. 7f. 9.

8. Scirpus Linn. Club-rush. Bulrush.

Spikelets solitary or fascicled, many-flowered. Glumes im-
bricated on all sides, equal, one or two lowest the largest, some-
times empty. Hypogynous bristles about 6, usually retrorsely

I toothed, scarcely so long as the glumes, sometimes 0. Style
I deciduous ; its base not jointed upon the germen. Achene tip-
ped with the narrow base of the style, or pointless — Name, ac-
I cording to Theis, from cirs, Celtic, which makes cors in the
plural, whence chorda in Latin, and cord in English ; the stems
having been formerly employed for the same purposes as those
of Schamus.

494

cvi. cyperacejE.

[ Scirpus .

* Spihelets numerous. Stem terete.

1. S. lacustris L. ( Lake C. or B.) ; spikelets in compound
lateral umbels mostly shorter than the terete almost leafless
stem, glumes notched mucronate smooth eiliate, anthers bearded
at the end, style trifid, achene bluntly trigonous obovate shin-
ing and polished. E. B. t. 666.

Plentiful on the margins of lakes and ponds. If. 7,8. — Rhizome
much creeping. Inflorescence truly lateral, near the extremity of the
stalks, which are very variable in size, 2 — 8 feet high, and as thick
as a finger at the base. Spikelets often almost sessile. Glumes brown,
fringed. Achene obovate-triquetrous, with 6 bristles.

2. S. Tabernoemontani Gmel. ( glaucous C .) ; spikelets in com-
pound lateral umbels mostly shorter than the terete almost
leafless stem, glumes notched mucronate rough with raised
points eiliate, anthers glabrous at the end, style bifid, achene
elliptical compressed (pale brown). S. glaucus Sm. : E. B.
t. 2321.

Rivers and ponds, also where the water is brackish. Very abundant
on both sides of the Clyde between Bowling Bay and Glasgow. !(..
6 — 8. — United to the last by Mr. Bentham, who says that the
“ characters are very inconstant, and that there are often 2-cleft and
3-cleft styles in the same spikelet.” This we have not observed.

** Spihelets numerous. Stem triangular towards the apex. Panicle
naked, terminal, but often apparently lateral from the lower bractea
being a mere continuation of the stem. Style bifid. Achene lenticular ,
compressed. $

3. S. carinatus Sm. (blunt-edged C .) ; stem terete below
bluntly triangular upwards, its sheaths leafless or the uppermost
one with a leaf, cyme terminal decompound, bracteas two
unequal, spikelets oblong, glumes notched mucronate slightly
rough with raised points eiliate, stigmas 2, aehenes smooth.
E. B. t. 1983. S. trigonus Roth. S. Duvalii Hoppe.

Banks of rivers, very rare. About London, and on the banks of
the Arun, Sussex. If.. 7, 8. — Mr. Bentham says that this name is
sometimes given to a variety of S. lacustris (our S. Tabernctmontani )
with the stems rather more triangular at the top, sometimes to a slight
variety of S. triqueter : we have seen too few specimens to decide the
point.

4. S. triqueter L. (triangular C.) ; stem acutely triquetrous
Straight at the point, its upper sheath with a short broad tri-
quetrous leaf, spikelets ovate or oblong-ovate clustered lateral
sessile and stalked naked, glumes notched mucronate smooth
fringed their lobes rounded obtuse, stigmas 2, aehenes smooth.
E. B. t. 1694.

Muddy banks of the Thames, near London ; and the Arun, near

CV1. CYrERACETE.

495

Sclrpus."]

Ambcrley, Sussex. If. 8. — “Anthers with a short beardless
point,” Bab. ; “ denticulate at the point,” Kunlh.

5. S. prngens Yahl {sharp C.) ; stem triquetrous straight at
the point, sheaths with long narrow keeled leaves, spikelets few
sessile lateral, glumes bifid mucronate smooth slightly fringed
their lobes acute, stigmas 2, achenes smooth. E.B. S. t. 2819.
S. Rothii Hoppe. S. tenuifolius DC. S. triqueter /5. Sm.

On the wet sandy banks of St. Ouen’s Pond, Jersey, y. 6, 7.
— Distinguished from S. triqueter, by its acutely lobed glumes.
“ Anthers with a subulate fringed point : ” Bab.

*** Spikelets numerous. Stem triangular. Panicle leafy. Style usually
3 -fid. Achenes somewhat trigonous.

6. S. marUinius L. ( Salt-marsh C .) ; stem leafy triangular,
spikelets terminal clustered stalked or sessile, bracteas several
foliaceous, glumes with a inucro between the acute segments of
the notch. E. B. t. 542.

Salt-marshes, frequent. If.. 7,8. — Rhizome creeping, sometimes
swelling into knots or tubers. Leaves frequently longer than the
stem, Hat, acuminate. Stigmas 3, sometimes 2. Achene smooth,
obovate. Bristles 1 — 6, sometimes entirely wanting : Kunth.

7. S. sylvaticus L. ( Wood C.) ; stem triangular leafy, cyme
terminal many times compound, bracteas several foliaceous,
spikelets 3 or 4 together, glume entire obtuse with a small sharp
point. E. B. t. 919.

Moist woods and banks of rivers. Not generally frequent in
England, although abundant in South Kent. About Killin, Perth-
shire; Lanarkshire, and in many places in the south of Scotland, y.
7. — A handsome species, bearing innumerable small, greenish, ovate
spikelets. Rhizome creeping. Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves broadly
linear. Bristles 6, scarcely longer than the obovate achene, straight
and sharply toothed, the teeth pointing downwards. The allied S.
radicans Schk. is stoloniferous ; its spikelets are much larger and
solitary, the glumes pointless, and the bristles long, capillary, flexu-
ose, and puberulous at the apex.

**** Spike solitary, terminal. Style 3 -fid. Achene trigonous.

Bseothryon.

8. S. pauciflorus Lightf. ( Chocolate-headed C .) ; caespitose,
stem terete striate with a tight leafless sheath at the base, spike
few-flowered ovate naked about twice as long as the two low-
est obtuse glumes, achene reticulate-striate longer than the
retrorsely hispid bristles pointed with the longish base of
the style. E.B. t. 1122. S. Bseothryon Ehrh. Eleocharis
pauciflora Link.

Moors in Scotland, not unfrequent. In England, rare ; near

4S6

CVI. CYPERACEAS.

[. Eriophorum. .

Yarmouth, Norfolk ; Anglesea, and Bangor in Wales. If.. 7, 8. — .
Habit of small plants of Eleocharis palustris. Achene pale, obovate,
triquetrous, terminated by the rigid base of the withered style, which
is not swollen at the base nor jointed, but gradually tapering from the
obtuse apex of the fruit. Roots fibrous, sending out jointed runners.

[9. S. par vuliis Roem. et Sch. (least C.) ; csespitose, stems i
terete without leaves or sheaths with several barren filiform ones,
spike terminal few-flowered, glumes obtuse the two lowest
slightly longer than the others, hypogynous bristles retrorsely
hispid twice as long as the obovate oblong mueronate smooth
achene. Eleocharis Hook. Br. FI.

On a mud flat near Lymington, Hants ; not now to he met with.

Q 7. — Creeping at the base by means of capillary runners. Mr. 1
Babington describes this with “ one close-pressed leafless sheath” on
t lie stem, and “leaves filiform acute radical slightly dilated at the
base and clasping the stem,” probably meaning what we and others
consider barren stems. In habit it is most related to Isolepis fluitans, i
of which some consider it a dwarf variety.]

10. S. coespitusus L. (scaly -stalked C., or Deer's Hair) ; stem
nearly terete striate, sheaths with subulate leaves, the two
outermost glumes (fertile) with long rigid points equal to or
longer than the (small) few-flowered spikes, achene pointed with
the persistent base of the style shorter than the bristles. E. B.
t. 1029. Eleocharis Link.

Moors and moist heathy places, everywhere. 2/. . 6, 7. — Stems

3 — 12 inches high. Bristles 6, capillary, with a few erect teeth
near the point. Achene obovate, triquetrous, pale yellow, tipped
with a mucro, as in most of the true Scirpi. Upon Ben Lawers a
variety is sometimes found, having the larger of the two outer glumes
an inch long, 4 times the length of the spike.

9. Eriophorum Linn. Cotton-grass.

Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes imbricated on all sides, >.
nearly equal, all fertile or the lowermost sometimes empty.
Hypogynous bristles several, protruded, at length very long and
silky. Style 3-fid, deciduous, its base not jointed upon the
germen. Achene triquetrous, tipped with the narrow base of
the style or pointless. — Named from tpiov , wool, and <ptpw, to
bear.

* Spikelets solitary. Bristles 4 — 6, at length crisped.

1. E. alpinum L. (Alpine C.) ; stem triangular, leaves much I
shorter than the sheaths, spikes oblong-ovate. E. B. t. 311.

Moss of Restenet (now drained), near Forfar: Mr. R. Brown and
Mr. G. Don. Durness, Sutherlandshire : Prof. Balfour. If.. 6. (J
— Scirpus cccspitosus has been often collected for this rare species, but
in fruit they are readily distinguished by the bristles.

497

Eriophorum. ] cvr. cyperace^e.

** Spihelet solitary. Bristles very numerous , straight.

2. E. vaginatum L. ( Hare's-tail C.) ; stem terete below trian-
gular upwards, leaves long setaceous, upper sheaths leafless
obtuse inflated, spike ovate. E. B. t. 873.

Turf-bogs and barren moors, not unfrequent, especially in the
mountainous parts of the north. 3/.. 3 — 5. — Stems tufted.

3. E. *capitdlum Host ( round-headed C.) ; stem terete, leaves
short, upper sheaths leafless obtuse inflated, spike obovate
almost globose. E. B. t. 2387.

“ Ben Lawers, by the side of a rivulet, near perpetual snow:” G.

Don. y.. 7, 8 We fear that Mr. Don had accidentally mixed

some foreign or cultivated specimens with the E. vaginatum, which
is very common on Ben’ Lawers, and which alone is now to be foqnd
there: most specimens distributed by him belong to E. vaginatum.
The true E. capitatum is said to be creeping, but Kunth doubts if it
be a distinct species from the preceding.

*** Spikelets several to each stem, peduncled or fascicled.

4. E. latifolium Hoppe ( broad-leaved C.) ; stem triangular
upwards, leaves linear-lanceolate nearly flat below contracted
into a triangular point above the middle, stalks of the spikelets
scabrous (usually elongated), bristles 2 — 3-times longer than the
spikelets, achene cuneate-obovate, glumes 1 -nerved. E. poly-
s tachyon a. L. ? : Sm. in E. B. t. 563. E. pubescens Sm. :
E. B. S. t. 2633.

Bogs, marshes, and heaths, rather rare. Chiefly in the northern
counties of England. Anglesea. About Dublin and probably else-
where in Ireland. Bonnington Woods, Lanarkshire; and perhaps
in several other counties of Scotland, 3£. 5,6.

5. E. angustifolium Roth ( narrow-leaved C .) ; stem nearly
terete, leaves linear channelled and folded or sometimes nearly
flat towards the base triangular above the middle, stalks of the
spikelets quite smooth, bristles 4- (or more-) times longer than
the spikelet, achene obovate, glumes 1 -nerved. — a. leaves
narrow folded at the base. E. B. t. 564. E. gracile Sm. :
E. B. t. 2402. E. polystachyon /3 ?, y. Linn. Flor. Suec. — /3.
leaves broader and somewhat flat towards the base. E. poly-
stachyon Sm. (partly).

Turf bogs, meadows, and moors, common. If.. 5, 6. — Don’s spe-
cimens of Smith’s E. gracile, from Ben Lawers, belong to this species.

6. E. gracile Koch ( slender C .) ; stem somewhat triangular,
leaves narrow linear triquetrous throughout, stalks of the spikes
densely scabrous-pubescent, bristles, about twice as long as
the spikelets, achene narrow linear-oblong triangular shortly

498 CYi. cyperaceyE. {Kobresia.

stalked, glumes many-nerved. E.B.S. t. 2886. E. triquetrum
Hoppe.

Bogs in England, rare. Near Halnaby in Yorkshire, about 4 m.
from Darlington; in Whitemoor Pond, Surrey, half-way between
Guildford and the Woking station on the S. Western Railway,

6> 7. — Ihe above three species seem distinct: the first and last have
scabrous or downy stalks to the spikelets, particularly E. gracile,
but differ in the foliage and glumes : E. anyustifolium has an inter-
mediate kind of leaf, but the stalks of its spikes are quite glabrous.
Mr. Bentham says, however, that the characters “ do not appear to
be nearly so constant as has been supposed,” and he therefore unites
them all under the name of E. polystachyon L.

*** Flowers imperfect. (Gen. 10, 11.)

10. Kobresia Willd. Kobresia.

SpikeleUt 1 — 2-flowered, each with a broad sheathing glume
(bractea ?) at the base, several in each spike ; the spikes approx-
imate near the apex of the stem and forming a compound spike.
Flowers all imperfect. — Barren spikelets 1 -flowered. Scales
0. Stam. 3. — Fertile spikelets 1 — 2-flowered. Upper Jl. sterile
with 3 stamens, or rudimentary, or wanting. Lower jl. fertile
with a convolute scale (glume?) next the axis. Style 1. Stig-
mas 3. Perigynium 0 (except the scale). — In habit nearly
allied to Scirpus and Blysmus, but the flowers are monoecious ;
it also resembles some species of Carex, but has not the urceo-
late perigynium of that genus. — Named in honour of M. de
Kobres of Augsburg, a patron of botany.

1. K. caricina Willd. ( Sedge-like K.) ; scales obtuse without
an accessory process. Eiyna Mert. et Koch. Schoenus monoi-
cus Sin. : E. B. t. 1410.

Moors in Durham and Yorkshire ; Cronkley Fell, and about
Widdy Bank in Teesdale Forest. Schroine-ach-Lochan (? Sronach-
an-Lochan), Breadalbane. 11 . 8. — Stems scarcely a span high, tufted,
naked, longer than the narrow linear leaves at their base. Glumes
and scales convolute, brown. Scarcely two original describers have
defined this genus in the same way : some call the glume a brac-
tea, and the scale a glume ; others consider the glume and scale
to be two pieces of a perigynium, and that there is neither a brac-
tea nor a glume; by some there is said to be a glume and also a
perigynium of two pieces, while others think that the pistillum is
included within one scale, but that there is in the fertile floret a
second scale when there is also a floret with stamens ; lastly, some
consider what we have called a spike (composed of spikelets) to be a
spikelet compound at the base. The plant still requires to be care-
fully examined when recent in its different stages. In K. laxa
N. ab E. the scales are acute, with a filiform accessory process.

Carex.~\

CVI. CYPERACEiE.

499

11. Carex Linn. Carex. Sedge.

Spikelets several-flowered ; flowers imperfect, the two kinds
in the same or in different spikelets. Glumes imbricated on
all sides. — Barren fl. Stam. rarely 2. Fertile fl. Perigynium
of one piece, urceolate, enclosing the pistil. Style 1 . Stigmas
2 — 3. Achene compressed or triquetrous, very rarely (in C.
viicroglochin ) with an hypogynous bristle, included within the
persistent perigynium (which is therefore in this genus sup-
posed to form the external part of the fruit'). — Name : supposed
to be derived from gearr, Celtic, hence tcttpui in Greek, to cut
or shear ; in allusion to its sharp-angled leaves and Stems.1

i. Spikelet solitary, terminal. Stigmas 2.

* Dioecious.

1. C. dioica L. (creeping separate-headed C .) ,• spikelet simple
dioecious, fruit mostly ascending ovate shortly acuminate rough
at the margin upwards, leaves and terete stem slightly scabrous,
rhizome creeping. E. B. t. 543.

Spongy bogs. 2/.. 5,6. — About 6 inches high.

2. C. * Davallidna Sm. (prickly separate-headed C.) ; spikelet
simple dioecious, fruit ovate much acuminate recurvato-deflexed
rough at the margin upwards, leaves and slightly angled stem
more or less scabrous, root tufted. E. B. t. 2123.

Lansdown, near Bath ; now lost hy drainage. Kincardineshire.
H-. 6. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high. In Swiss specimens the stem

towards the apex is more angled than in the last species, but fre-
quently not more scabrous. In both the achene is obovate, tipped
with the persistent base of the style, compressed. The claim of this
species to be considered a native has been deemed doubtful by many,
it being supposed that C. dioica has been mistaken for it. This is
probable, but equally so that it has been passed over for C. dioica,
if indeed the two species be truly distinct. In the late Mr. Brodie’s

1 In this difficult genus, the species with glabrous fruit and terminal barren
spikelets require to be entirely rearranged, many of them not strictly agreeing with
the characters of the sections to which they are referred. Thus, some of those
placed in the section with single barren spikelets have occasionally as many as 3,
and a few of those of the section with 2 or more such spikelets exhibit frequently
only one. The length of the fertile spikelets is also uncertain ; and their being
stalked or sessile, erect or drooping (even although we refer only to the lowermost
one), are characters equally subject to variation in the same species. The pu-
bescence of the fruit is not always to be lelied on. The number of the stigmas is
generally constant, but occasionally we have seen only two in species which are
described as having always thrpe. The form of the achene varies considerably in
the same species, but usually within certain limits ; its surface, as to the marking,
appears to us to lie almost the same in every British species, being minutely and
closely dotted with impressed points, afterwards, when ripe, almost quite smooth,
and never rough with raised points or papillae. Some valuable remarks on several
of the species and their arrangement, have been made by Mr. John M' I.aren iu
the Botanical Gazette, voL iii. p. 17.

500

CVI. CYPERACEjE.

[ Carexi

Herbarium there are specimens given him in 1809 by Prof. Beattie
under the name of C. dioica, (the sterile from “ Rubislaw, &c.,”
the fertile from “ Garvock,”) which have apparently no creeping
rhizomes, and the fruit much acuminate and recurved : but the stems
are very slightly scabrous, and scarcely more angled than is usual in
C. dioica.

** Androgynous. ( Stamens and pistil in the same spikelet. )

3. C. pulicdris L. (Flea C.) ; spikelet simple, upper half with
barren flowers, fruit lax oblong-lanceolate acuminate reflexed.
E. B. t. 1051.

Bogs, frequent. If.. 5,6. — Stems 3 — 12 inches high, smooth.
Leaves setaceous or filiform. Fruit dark brown, shining, smooth.

ii. Spikelet solitary, terminal. Stigmas 3.

4. C. rupestris All. (Rock C.) ; spikelet linear with a few
fertile lax flowers at the base, fruit obovate triquetrous rostrate
adpressed with an entire orifice scarcely longer than the obtuse
or cuspidate persistent glume. E. B. S. t. 2814. C. petrsea
Wahl. C. attenuata Br.

Shelves of rocks ; top of Glen Callader, corrie of Loch Ceannor
(? Ceann-mor), Little Craigendal, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Dole, Clova;
Inchnadamff, Sutherland ; Ben Lawers. 7. — Rhizome creeping.

Stem 3 — 8 inches high, rough upwards. Leaves flat, ending in a long,
attenuate, tortuous, rough, triangular point.

5. C. paucflura Lightf. (few-flowered C .) ; spike simple of
few flowers the uppermost barren, fruit lax lanceolato-subulate
terete patent or reflexed longer than the deciduous glume. E.
B. t. 2041. C. leucoglochin Ehrh.

Not unfrequent on the Highland mountains, in moory places.
Lowther hills near Dalvene pass, and meadow above Drumlanrig
Castle, Dumfries-shire. Crag Lake, Northumberland; between
Pickering and Whitby, Yorkshire. 2f . 6, 7. — Rhizome creeping.

Fruit pale-yellowish, striate.

iii. Spikelets androgynous in a compound,spike. Stigmas 2.

* Spikelets capitate, barren at the end. Brncteas not foliaceous.

6. C. incurva Lightf. (curved C.) ; spikelets barren at their
extremity collected into a globular head, bracteas membranous
shorter than the spikelets, fruit broadly ovate acuminate nearly
entire at the point, stem obtusely angular, leaves channelled.
E. B. t. 927. C. juncifolia All.

Sandy sea-shores in the north of Scotland. H-. 6. — Rhizome

extensively creeping. Stems 2 — 4 inches high, curved. Head of
spikelets large.

Car ex. ]

CVI. CYPERACE.E.

501

** Spikelets alternate, sterile at the Vase. Bracteas not foliaceous.

Bhizome widely creeping.

7. C. *brizoides L. ( distichous C.) ; spikelets about 6 approxi-
mate curved arranged nearly in two rows, fruit rather longer
than the acute glume ovato-lanceolate compressed plano-convex

erved narrow-winged serrulate, the beak bifid.

Studley Wood, Yorkshire, y.. 7. — Although we do not doubt

that the plant said by Mr. Maclvor of the Drumlanrig Gardens to
have been found by him in 1 844 in the above artificial wood or
shrubbery may be the species of Linnaeus, we see no reason to believe
that it is indigenous there. We omitted it in former editions of the
Flora; Mr. Bentham also passes it over in silence in his Handbook ;
and by Mr. H. C. Watson it is looked on as a very suspicious native.
According to De Candolle and Duby it occurs in a wild state in
France only in the south or on the Jura, so that it is highly impro-
bable that it grows in this country unless where it had been planted.
Had Mr. Babington not admitted it into his Manual, we should not
have deemed it deserving of notice.

*** Spikelets alternate, barren at the base. Bracteas not foliaceous. Boot
tufted, without creeping rhizomes.

f Fruit with a narrow membranous wing or margin.

8. C. ovalis Gooden, (oval-spiked C.) ; spikelets about 6
barren at their base oval approximate, fruit as long as the glume
ovate-acuminate compressed plano-convex striate with a broad
membranous margin rough at the edge, the beak bifid. E. B.

1 t. 306. C. leporina Wahl. : Benth.

Bogs and marshy places. \ . 6. — Stems 1 foot high, triangular.

1 Spikelets brownish-green, shining. Glumes concealing the fruit.
Bracteas small, uppermost ones resembling the glumes.

ft Edges of the fruit acute or obtuse, not winged.

9. C. stelliddtu Gooden. ( little prickly C .) ; spikelets few (3 — 4)
barren at their base nearly globose rather distant, fruit larger
than the glume ovate much attenuate plano-convex sharply
angled striate spreading, beak bifid serrate at the margin.
E. B. t. 806.

Marshy and heathy places. %. 5, 6. — Stem 6 inches to a foot

high. Leaves nearly as long as the stem. Distinguished by its few,
much-beaked fruits, placed in small distant spikelets, and spreading,
when ripe, in every direction.

10. C. curta Gooden. ( white C.) ; spikelets 4 — 8 barren at
their base rather distant or sometimes approximate elliptical,
bracteas very minute (except the lower one), fruit erect broadly
ovate acute plane above slightly convex beneath rather bluntly
angled faintly striate longer than the membranous glume, beak

502

CVI. CYPERACE^E.

[ Cdrex.

short. C. canescens Wahl. — a. beak of fruit emarginate not
split. C. curta E. B. t. 1386. — 0. alpicolu; smaller, beak of
fruit sometimes split to its base. C. canescens /3. Wahl. C. Per-
soonii Sieher. C. vitilis Fr.

Bogs, in several places, not very general. Very common about
Glasgow.. — ft. Loch-na-gar ; Ben Lawers; Ben Wvvis. Snailesworth
dale, Yorkshire ; Durham; Caernarvon; Merioneth. It. 6. — Dis-
tinguished by its pale elliptical spikelets, and imbricate, compressed,
almost elliptical fruit. In a. the glumes are whitish with a green
keel ; in ft. they are usually brown with a white margin, but occasion-
ally they are as in a. The remaining character taken from the beak
of the fruit, even were it constant, would scarcely suffice to dis-
tinguish ft. except as a small or mountain variety.

11. C. leporina L. ( Hare's-foot C.) ; spikelets 3 rarely 4
ovate contiguous, fruit elliptical rostrate plano-convex smooth-
nerved with a scariose bidentate. finally entire orifice scarcely
longer than the ovate obtuse glume which is scariose at the
margin. Linn. FI. Lapp. ; FI. Suec. (in part): E. B. S. t. 2815.
C. Lachenalii Schk. Y. f. 79. C. l'agopina Wahl.

Rocks, on the west side of Loch-na-gar, and on Cairn-toul, Aber-
deenshire. 21. 7. — Hoot fibrous. Stem 4 — 8 inches high, smooth,

rarely rough below the spike. Leaves a line broad, shorter than the
stem. Spikelets brown. Bracteas broad, ovate, obtuse, the lowest
aristate, rarely foliaceous and larger than the spikelet. Achene
elliptical, plano-convex, pale yellow : Bbntt. Linnaeus seems to have
confounded this and C. ovalis under his C. leporina, but the description
and specimen preserved in his Herbarium refer to the present species.
This may be a reason for suppressing the 'name entirely and adopting
Wahlenberg’s as done by Mr. Babington, but not for transferring it to
C. ovalis, as done by Wahlenberg and Mr. Bentham.

12. C. elongala L. ( elongated C.) ; spikelets numerous oblong
lower ones sometimes rather distant upper approximate, bracteas
minute or wanting, fruit plano-convex oblong-acuminate many-
ribbed scarcely bifid at the point spreading longer than the
glume. E. B. t. 1920.

Marshes, rare. Aldwark, near Sheffield ; near Manchester ; Over,
Cheshire; Colemere Mere, Shropshire; Coggeshall, Essex ; \\ eybridge,
Surrey. Aghagallan, Co. Antrim. 6. — Boots tufted. Stems 1 — 1 4

foot high, with 3 acute angles, rather rough, as well as the leaves.
Spikelets brown. Fruit lax. Achene linear-oblong. A very distinct
species.

* * * * Spikelets alternate, barren at the base or apex or at both ends,
lower ones distant. Bracteas foliaceous. Root tufted.

13. C. remuta L. (distant- spiked C .) ; spikelets several (simple)
barren at their base very distant, fruit longer than the glume
oblong-ovate shortly acuminate plano-convex acutely angled

CVI. CYFERACEAS.

503

Cdrex.~\

bifid at the point, lower bracteas very long and narrow leafy
reaching beyond the spike. E. B. t. 832. C. tenella Schk.

Woods and moist shady places, y.. 6 Slender, pale green,

14 — 1 foot high. Resembling the following, but “the stem has
blunter angles ; the lowest bractea is much longer than in that
species; the leaves are compresso-canaliculate (with incurved sides)
and much narrower ; the glumes, too, are narrower, their nerve quite
smooth, discontinued below the membranous summit:” Wilson. Fruit
serrate above the middle. Achene ovate, pointed.

14. C. axillaris Gooden, (axillary -clustered C.) ; spikelets se-
veral very distant and compound below crowded and simple
above, fruit longer than the glume oblong-ovate shortly acumi-
nate plano-convex acutely angled, the beak deeply bifid, lowest
bractea foliaceous as long as or longer than the spike, the middle
ones setaceous shorter, upper ones with a point scarcely so long
as the spikelet. E. B. t. 993.

Marshes, rare. Middle and south of England; and as far north
as Lancashire and Yorkshire. 2J-. 6.— Stem with 3 acute angles;

spikelets with more numerous flowers than the last, lower one or two
compound. Glumes with 2, close, green, generally rough nerves,
reaching to the summit, hence more rigid. Fruit serrate above the
middle. Achene obovate, pointed.

15. C. Boenninghausiana Weihe (Boenninghausen's C.) ; spike-
lets several distant and more or less compound below crowded
and simple above, fruit as short as the glume ovate-acuminate
plano-convex acutely angled, the beak deeply notched on one
side, lower bractea foliaceous as long as the spike, middle ones
shortly setaceous scarcely so long as the spikelets, upper ones
pointless. Coleman in E. B.S. t. 2910. C. axillaris /3. Bromf.

Marshes and by the sides of ponds, rare. Balls Wood, Hertford ;
Esher, Surrey ; Pulborough and Hastings, Sussex. Killin, Perthshire;
Culreach near Gordon Castle, Banffshire; Crichton Castle near
Edinburgh. 7J.. 6. — Several (4 — 6) of the lower spikelets are com-
pound and distant. Very closely allied to the last, and most pro-
bably a mere variety of it ; the chief distinction lies in the more
luxuriant inflorescence, which is sometimes a foot long. Stem with
slightly convex sides and 3 rough angles. Glumes pale brown with a
scarious margin smooth. Fruit with the edges blunt at the base, sharp
and serrate from below the middle. Achene ovate-elliptical, pointed.

***** Spikelets alternate, barren at the extremity, the lowest or most of
them compound, all more or less approximate. Bracteas not
foliaceous. Root tufted.

16. C. paniculdta L. ( great panicled C.) ; spike panicled
consisting of ovate spikelets arranged on the elongated diverging
branches of a common axis, fruit ascending ovate plano-convex
gibbous on the back ; faintly many-nerved margined above and

504

CVI. CTPERACEiE.

[ Carex.

ending in an acuminate winged serrate bidentate beak, stem
triquetrous with the angles very sharp and scabrous and the
sides flat. E. B. t. 1064.

Swampy and spongy bogs. 2/.. 6. — Roots densely tufted. Much
larger than the next two, and rougher, often 5 feet high. “ Most
unpleasant to handle, and of all the British species the most harsh
and unmanageable :” Wilson. Leaves broad. Spike 2 — 4 inches long.
Rracteas ovate, acute or cuspidate, rarely with a setaceous point. Base
of the /nut broad, truncate, with a central notch resembling the next,
and less distinctly stipitate than in C. teretiuscula, obscurely many-
nerved on both surfaces. The ripe achene scarcely differs from what
we observe in C. paradoxa, except by being usually a little more
ovate, obtuse, and more flat on one side.

17. C. paradoxa Willd. ( paradoxical C.) ; spike panicled
consisting of spikelets arranged on short rather distant branches
of a common axis, fruit ascending ovate plano-convex gibbous
on the back with numerous short prominent ribs near the base,
beak bidentate serrulate, stem trigonous and scabrous in the
upper part with convex sides. E.B.S. t. 2896. C. paniculate
/3. McLaren.

Bogs. Askam bog, and Heslington field, York ; Hoveton, Nor-
folk. Tadiston near Mullingar, Ireland. If. 6, 7 An artificial

species. Root densely tufted, like that of C. panicuhita, and the spike
almost as compound. Stems and leaves nearly as in C. teretiuscula ;
leaves slender, rough at the edges, triquetrous at the end. Fruit
obscurely stipitate, with about 7 nerves on the convex side, and 9 on
the other, all disappearing about the middle. Achene unequally
convex on both sides, broadly ovate, pointed with the inconspicuous
base of the style, suddenly contracted below into a short stalk. This
is closely allied to the last and the next species ; Mr. Bentham,
indeed, unites the three.

18. C. teretiuscula Gooden. ( lesser panicled C.) ; spike com-
pound oblong or cylindrical consisting of ovate compact com-
pound or simple spikelets with acute membranous scales, fruit
subplano-convex gibbous on the back with 3 — 4 central nerves *
on the convex surface stipitate ending in an acuminate winged
serrulate bidentate beak, stem trigonous and scabrous in the
upper part with convex sides. E. B. t. 1065. C. Ehrhartiana
Hoppe.

Boggy watery meadows, in various places. If. 6. — This grows
usually in separate tufts, w ith much narrower leaves than C. paniculata,
of a glaucous hue, and with blunter stems, 18 — 30 in. high, their angles
roughish. Rracteas membranous, ovate, acute, the lowest sometimes
with a setaceous point. Spike 1 — 1^ inch long. Achene with a very
short point (base of the style), tapering at the base, convex, turbinate.

In this and in C. paniculata a central line runs from the convex
surface of the fruit, along the back, which is sometimes winged and

CVI. CYPERACE.E.

505

'• Car ex .]

then gives the beak a triangular form ; but tbe beak is often as
compressed as in C. paradoxa. A form of this species, with the
habit of C. paradoxa, occurs near Manchester, and at Malbarn Tarn
in Yorkshire.

19. C. vulpina { great C.) ; spikelets compound collected
into a cylindrical crowded spike, fruit ovate-acuminate plano-
convex nerved longer than the glume divergent, beak finely
serrate bifid, stem very acutely triangular the angles scabrous,
leaves broad. E. B. t. 307. C. neinorosa Willd.

Wet shady places, especially near water. %. 6. — Two feet or

more high ; stem stout, rough, as are the margins of the broad leaves.
Bracteas setaceous. Spike large, greenish. Fruit pale, not gibbous
as in the three preceding species, rough at the margin of the
lengthened beak, and bifid at the point. Achene oval, compressed,
with a very short beak ; the beak is slightly thickened at the insertion
of the greenish base of the style in this and several of the allied
species, and also in the two next; in C. vulpina it is usually 10 or 12
times shorter than the achene, and about twice as long as in C.
divulsa, while in C. muricata it is intermediate.

****** Spikelets simple, alternate, barren at their extremity. Root
tufted.

20. C. divulsa Gooden, {gray C.) ; spike elongated lax con-
sisting of 5 — 6 simple spikelets which are subremote below
with pale membranous acute scales; fruit ovate acute sube-
rect obscurely nerved rough at the point with blunt margins
longer than the mucronate pale membranous glume, stem with
rough angles. E. B. t. 629 {young). C. muricata (3. Wahl. :
MEaren.

Moist shady pastures, not rare. 2/.. 5, 6. — This species resembles
the next : the fruit is scarcely so acuminate, and somewhat erect
instead of diverging, and the achene is rather narrower ; the colour of
| the whole plant is paler, the spikes more elongated and slender, and the
spikelets more distant. “ The slight difference in the distance of the
spikelets is not a specific character, and I doubt whether the differ-
ence in the glumes is sufficient to constitute C. divulsa a distinct
species, especially when we find such a suspicious intermediate form
as the C. muricata virens of Andersson.” ■ — M'Laren.

21. C. muricata L. {greater prickly C.) ; spike oblong of
4 — 6 compact or approximate simple spikelets with brownish
ovate pointed scales, fruit ovate-acuminate spreading obscurely
nerved with acute rough margins longer than the mucronate
brown glume, stem with rough angles. E. B. t. 1097. C.
spicata Iiuds.

Marshy and especially gravelly pastures. 2/. . 5, 6. — Stem 1 — 2 ft.
high, slender. Bracteas small, lanceolate, subsetaceous. Fruit yel-
lowish-brown, broad, rather large.

Z

503

CVI. CYPERACEyE.

[ Car ex.

******* spikelets ( simple ) alternate, barren at their extremity.

Rhizome creeping.

22. C. arendria L. (Sea C.) ; lower spikelets fertile, upper
ones barren, intermediate ones barren at the end, all crowded
into an oblong interrupted spike, fruit ovate with a membra-
nous margin nerved shorter than the acuminate glume, bracteas
membranous lower ones somewhat leafy, stem triangular, leaves
plane. E. B. t. 928.

Sandy sea-shore, frequent, where it is of great service in binding
the soil. If. . 6. — Rhizomes excessively long and creeping. Stems

rough, 8 inches to a foot high. Fruit with a green membranous
wing.

23. C. intermedia Gooden. ( soft broivn C .): lower and
upper spikelets fertile, the intermediate ones barren, all crowded
into an oblong interrupted spike, fruit ovato-lanceolate with
an acute narrow margin serrate upwards nerved longer than
the glume whose midrib disappears below the summit, bracteas
membranous the lower ones somewhat leafy, stem triangular
with scabrous angles, leaves plane. E. B. t. 2042. C. disticha
Huds.

Marshy ground and wet meadows. If.. 6 Stems 1 — li foot

high. Spikes, or heads of spikelets, similar in general appearance to
the last. Fruit large, not so distinctly winged but gradually flattened
towards the margin, more striate on its flat or inner side, the beak
broader at its summit. Stem much taller, and the leaves less confined
to the lower part of it. The name disticha is certainly the oldest,
but is usually relinquished in favour of the more expressive one given
by Goodenough.

24. C. divisa Huds. ( bracteate Marsh C.) ; spikelets crowded
into a somewhat ovate head, the lower ones simple or compound
with a leafy erect bractea at their base, glumes with an excur-
rent midrib, fruit roundish ovate convex on one side slightly
concave on the other, beak acutely bifid with finely serrate
edges, stem roughish at the summit. E. B. t. 1096.

Marshy places, especially near the sea, principally in the east of
England, and in Angus-shire. If. . 5, 6. — Stems about 1 foot high;

lower bracteas mostly with a long leafy point.

iv. Terminal spikelct androgynous, the rest fertile. Stigmas 3.

25. C. Vdhlii Sehk. (close-headed Alpine C.) ; spikelets 1 — 4
oval or oblong obtuse aggregate the terminal one with barren
flowers at its base, stigmas 3, fruit obovate triquetrous with a
short notched beak scabrous above with crystalline points longer
than the ovate somewhat obtuse glutne, stem triangular rough
at the edges towards the summit. E. B. S. t. 2666. C. alpina
Wahl.

Rocks above the head of Loch Callader in Braemar ; Glen Fiadh

CarcxP)

CVI. CYPERACEjE.

507

(Fee) on the south side of Glen Dole, Clova. if.. 7. — We retain
what appears to us the oldest name, which was accompanied by a
description. Wahlenberg no doubt refers to Swartz as the authority
for C. alpina, but does not mention any work in which he had given
the name or a specific character. Willdenow adopts Schkuhr’s name,
and quotes as#a synonym C. alpina FI. Dan. t. 403 ; but our copy
of that volume (published in 1770) gives no specific or trivial name
to it.

26. C. canescens L. ( hoary C .) ; spikelets 3 — 5 oblong ter-
minal one barren at the base, fertile ones sessile contiguous to
the upper one except the lowest which is on a short stalk and
sub-remote, fruit oblong or oval obtuse compressed ultimately
trigonous nerved bidentate rough with crystalline points shorter
at the base of the spikelet than the ovate or oblong cuspidate
glume. C. Buxbaumii Wahl. : E. B. S. t. 2885. C. polygama
Schk. X. Gg. f. 76.

Near Toome Bridge, on a small island in Lough Neagh, Ireland.
It. 7. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high, erect, acutely triangular, rough, leafy
at the base, and there clothed with purple sheaths which are torn and
reticulate at their edges. leaves straight, shorter than the stem.
Middle spikes smallest, more or less approximate. Bracteas rough,
auricled but without sheaths, the lowest sometimes longer than the
stem, upper ones setaceous. Fruit glaucous-green, stained with brown.
Glumes brown with a pale green nerve. This is C. canescens of the
Linnean Herbarium, but it is probable that he intended to include also
C. curta j8. in his description.

27. C. atrata L. (black C .) ; spikelets 3 — 4 oblong, terminal
one barren at the base, fertile contiguous shortly stalked in-
clined, lowest one on a longer stalk and rather distant ultimately
drooping, lower bractea foliaceous, sheaths scarcely any, fruit
elliptical triquetrous (when ripe) broader but rather shorter
than the acute glume, beak terete short bifid at the point.
E. B. t. 2044.

On the Welsh mountains; Snowdon, rare. Rocky cliffs on the
top of a hill near Hartfell, Dumfries-shire ; Breadalbane, Clova, and
' other Highland mountains, Scotland. If.. 6, 7. — About 1 foot
high. Leaves usually broad for the size of the plant. Glumes dark
brown, opaque. Fruit pale yellowish-brown, at first compressed, but
J as it ripens exhibiting 3 angles towards the base.

v. Terminal spikelets barren , 1 — 3 (or more) ; the rest fertile.

Stigmas 2.

* Beak of fruit entire .'

f Margin of leaves involute when drg : sheaths not filamentose.

28. C. vulgaris Fries (common C.) ; spikelets cylindrical

1 TVTr 'Rontbom aeknonflodtroe ran 1 tr twn cnoninc rtf thic ornnn nnd tboco dmiht

508

CVI. CYPEEACEjE.

[ Car ex.

erect, 1 rarely 2 barren, fertile 3 — 4, lower one shortly stalked,
sheaths none, lower bractea subfoliaceous with small round dark
auricles, glumes elliptical or oblong obtuse, fruit plano-convex
elliptical or obtuse with filiform nerves which disappear up-
wards and an obsolete or evident entire beak. C. csespitosa
Gooden.: E. B. t. 1507. C. angustifolia Sm. 0. Goodenovii
Gay.

Marshes and wet pastures, frequent. If.. 5, 6. — A foot or more
high, slightly creeping. Stem weak, acutely triangular, laxly ccespitose.
Leaves slender, their sheaths not filamentose. Fruit flat at the back,
3 — 5-nerved ; convex in front; 7 — 9-nerved. Achtnes broadly oval,
compressed, with a short slender beak. We adopt the name given
to this extremely common, but confused species, by Fries, being cer-
tainly older than that of Gay.

[29. C. Gibsoni Bab. ( Gibson's C.) ; “spikelets erect, 1
barren, fertile 2 — 4 narrowed downwards slightly stalked,
bracteas foliaceous with short auricles, fruit lanceolate acute
with many nerves not reaching the summit and a short entire
beak, achene broadly obovate very blunt with a short thick
beak, stem acutely 3-angular or triquetrous rough towards the
top.” Bab. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. t. 5. C. casspitosa (3. chloro-
carpus Gibs. C. vulgaris (3. McLaren.

Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire ; now lost by drainage. 2/.. 6 — Creep-
ing. Stems 6 — 8 inches high. Leaves flat ; sheaths not filamentose.
Glumes a third shorter than the fruit, which is gradually narrowed
from below the middle to the top and nearly twice as long as the
achene. The perigynium having lengthened out much beyond the
achene, shows that this is in an abnormal condition, and probably of
some other species ; Dr. Boott suspects it to be C. acuta, whilst
Mr. Bahington thinks it more allied to C. vulgaris. We are not
acquainted with it.]

30. C. aquatilis Wahl. ? ( straight-leaved Water C.) ; spike-
lets erect, 1 or more barren, fertile 3 — 4 nearly sessile cylindri-
cal elongated attenuate below often acuminate with barren
flowers at the extremity, sheaths none, bracteas long foliaceous,
fruit broadly obovate without nerves broader than the glume
with a very short entire beak, stem smooth obtusely triangular,
leaves long straight narrow-linear. E ■ B. S. t. 2758.

On table-land in boggy situations in the mountains of Clova ; and
in the valley by the bridge at Clova. If.. 7, 8. — Stem 1 — 2 ft. high.
Achene obovate, blunt with a short beak. Dr. Boott doubts if this
be really the C. aquatilis of Wahlenberg, since that author describes
his plant as having glumes much narrower than the fruit, which is

spikelets ^ — 2 inches long (comprehending our sp. 28, 30. 31, and 33) ; 2. C. acuta,
glumes mostly narrow and pointed, fertile spikelets 3 inches or more long (our
sp. 32 and 29 ?) : and if they diffir by no more important characters than these they
ought to be conjoined.

Cdrex .]

CVI. CYPERACEiE.

509

not the case here, and the place of growth and size being so very
different; “ in ipsis fluviis et lacubns” — “ ssepe altitudinem huma-
nam attingens" — “ad radicein sxpius pollicem crassa.” It appears
to be the species intended by Fries.

•ff Margins of leaves revolute when dry.

31. C. rigida Gooden, (rigid C.) ; spikelets cylindrical or
oblong, 1 barren, fertile 2 — 4 approximate and subsessile lower
one shortly stalked, sheaths none, lower bractea subfoliaceous
with small black subrotund auricles, glumes elliptic or oblong
obtuse black, fruit oblong or elliptical obtuse plano-convex
without nerves with an obsolete entire beak, sheaths of leaves
not filamentose. E. B. t. 2047. C. saxatilis FI. Dan. (not L.)

On Snowdon ; the Cheviots, and Hartfell, Dumfries-shire, and
especially the summits of all the more elevated Highland mountains.
y . 6 — 8. — Stems 4 — 6 inches high, laxly caespitose. Leaves flat,

at length recurved at the margin, about as long as the firm acutely
triangular stem, which is rough at the top. Achene lenticular, with a
slender beak.

32. C acuta L. (slender- spiked C .) ; spikelets cylindrical
elongated slender, barren 1 — 3, fertile 3 — 4 more or less remote
and barren at top, lower one stalked often attenuate and inter-

i rupted at the base, sheaths none, bracteas long foliaceous,
lower often surpassing the stem with pale or ferruginous elon ■
gate auricles, fruit oval biconvex nerved green with rusty
stains, beak short entire, glumes dark lanceolate fertile ones
acute, sheaths of leaves not filamentose. E. B. t. 580. C.
gracilis Curt.

Moist meadows and wet pastures, frequent.. If.. 5. — Stems 2 — 3 ft.
high, acutely triangular, rough. Leaves broad, flat, sheathing, in
3 rows, green. Fertile spikelets often very long, verticillate at the
base, and pendulous in flower. Glumes about as long as the fruit,
generally longer at the base of the spikelets, and shorter near the
summit, but variable in that respect.

33. C. catspitosa L. (tufted Bug C .) ; spikelets cylindrical,
j 1 rarely 2 barren, fertile 2 — 3 often approximate erect thickish

lower one very shortly peduncled or sessile, upper often barren
at top, sheaths none, lower bractea subfoliaceous abbreviate
| with large oblong pale auricles, fruit compressed elliptical or
[ oblong closely imbricate nerved generally longer and broader
m than the black oblong obtuse or lanceolate glume, beak short
entire, sheaths of leaves filamentose. Gay in Ann. Sc. Nat.
2d ser. xi. p. 194. C. stricta Gooden. (1792) : E. B. t. 914.

Marshes, common. 1/.. 4 — 6. — Stems 2 ft. or more high, densely
I csespitose. Leaves subconduplicate, narrow, at length revolute on the
margin, glaucescent, shorter than the firm acutely triangular rough
z 3

510

CVI. CYPERACE7E.

[ Car ex.

stem. Fruit whitish, pulverulent, deciduous, always compressed, in
8 — 9 rows. — The name, and the remarks of Linnaeus (/ter Scania,
p. 207, 241 ), refer to this species. He however did not distinguish
it from C. vulgaris Fries, of which a specimen alone exists in his
Herbarium. Hence Goodenough considered the latter to be the true
C. caspitosa L., and called the present species C. stricta : a name,
however, that had been given to an American species by Lamarck
three years previously.1

* * Beak of fruit short, 2-toothed.

34. C. saxatilis L. (russet C .) ; barren spikelets 1 or rarely
2, fertile ones ovate obtuse erect the lowest stalked with a
foliaceous bractea, sheaths none, glumes oblong, fruit spreading
ovate inflated nerved (nerves often obsolete) with a very short
beak bifid at the point, leaves acuminate with trigonous points.
— a. fruit usually obscurely nerved chestnut-brown, glumes
dark purple tipped with white, their midrib dark purple. C.
pulla Gooden.: E. B. t. 2045. — ■ ji. taller, fruit prominently
nerved green or brown twice as long as the glume, glumes
fuscous the tip and midrib pale. C. Grahami Boott in E. B. S.
t.. 2923.

Near springs, on the higher regions of the Scottish mountains.
Ben Lomond ; Breadalbane range, not unfrequent ; Cairn Garadh,
near Ben Nevis; mountains about Loch Scavig in Skye. — P. Glen
Fiadh, Clova; Ben Cruban near Killin. If.. 6, 7. — Linnaeus could
not have confounded this species with C. rigida ; the characters in the
Flor. Lapp, and Species Plantarum clearly indicate C. pulla Gooden.,
and this is confirmed by the specimen in his Herbarium. We can-
not therefore yield to the fanciful idea of Wahlenberg, and some
modern Swedish botanists, that Linnaeus intended C. rigida, and so
transferred the name to that species. Stem 6 — 8 inches (or in j8.
sometimes 2 feet) high. Leaves remarkably acuminate, slightly
keeled at the back, ‘with trigonous points, resembling some of the
narrow-leaved species of Eriophorum. As to B-, the habit is con-
siderably different, the fruit larger and longer, but we can find no
certain character by which to separate it, except that the nerves of
the fruit ( perigynium ) are very prominent and conspicuous the whole
length, whereas in a. they are obscure, particularly in the upper

1 Fries still retains the name of stricta for this species, and considers the
C. caspitosa L. to be different both from it and from C. vulgaris, though nearer
the latter : he pronounces it a native of this country, on the authority of a speci-
men from Dr. Greville : his character is nearly as follows : — C caspitosa L. ; spikes
erect crowded, barren solitary, fertile subsessile oblong, bracteas with long auricles
the lowest only leaflike slender and short, fruit elliptical obtuse biconvex spreading
not nerved, equal to or longer than the scale, beak short entire, glumes lanceolate
(dark purple with a paler keel), stems slender triquetrous, lower sheaths leafless
slightly tilamentose, two upper ones with leaves, leaves of the sterile shoots broad
with a recurved margin. C. pacifica Drej.

The plant sent by Dr. Greville was, we believe, our C. aquatilis, with which,
however, this character agrees neither as to the bracteas nor leaves.

CVI. CYPERACE7E.

511

Carex.~\

part : Dr. Boott considers it identical with C. vesicaria f3. alpigena
Fries, but that species has 3 stigmas, while we find only two.

vi. Terminal spikelet barren, solitary ( sometimes 2 in 37, 38, 39, 41,
53, and 54). Fruit glabrous (or scabrous in 54). Stigmas 3.

* Fertile spikelets abbreviated and erect, (in 40 and 41 longish and
sometimes drooping ).

■f Beak of fruit bifid.

35. C. extensa Gooden. ( long-bracteate C.) ; sheaths very
short (scarcely any) with extremely long narrow canaliculate
foliaceous bracteas, fertile spikelets nearly sessile oblong, glumes
slightly mucronate, fruit ovate ribbed with a short straight
smooth acuminate beak bifid at the point, leaves very narrow
canaliculate, stem smooth. E. B. t. 833.

Marshes near the sea, rare; on the east and south of England;
near Liverpool. Shores of the Menai Straits. Coast of Fifeshire, Ayr-
shire, &c., Scotland. Ireland. 2). 6 About 1 foot high. Quite

distinct from C. fiava, with which it has been confounded, in its
very narrow canaliculate leaves, never spreading and short-beaked
fruit. Advene oblong-elliptical, tapering at both ends, triangular and
smooth.

36. C. fiava L. ( yellow C.)\ barren spikelet cylindrical
obtuse, fertile spikelets globose or oval nearly sessile, lowest
with a nearly included stalk, glumes obtuse, bracteas long
leafy, fruit obovate turgid ribbed spreading with a long more
or less deflexed or straight beak bifid at the point, stem
bluntly triangular smooth. — a. barren spikelets distinctly
stalked, fertile ones rather distant, beak of fruit long deflexed
distinctly rough-edged. E. B. t. 1294. — (3. spikelets all
approximate, beak of fruit long rough-edged straight. C. flava
(3. lepidocarpa Anderss. C. CEderi Ehrh.f: E. B. t. 1773.

— y. spikelets somewhat approximate paler small, fruit much
smaller suddenly attenuate into a short straight nearly smooth
beak. C. CEderi Anderss. C. extensa j3. McLaren.

Turfy bogs, frequent. — /8. moist sandy places or heaths.

— y. perhaps not rare; marsh near Prestwick, Ayrshire. If.
5, 6. — Stems 6 — 12 inches high. Bracteas very foliaceous, the
lower one resembling the broad acuminate leaves. Spikelets, and
indeed the whole plant, cf a yellowish hue. Achene obovate, with
3 nearly equal flat sides and thick angles, very minutely and closely
dotted with impressed points, at length nearly quite smooth. Our
/8. is the C. CEderi of E. IS. (as we have now ascertained by means of an
authentic specimen) and of most British collectors. The y. is C.
CEderi of Andersson and the botanists of the north of Europe, and has
much more the aspect of C. extensa, but the achene is the same as in
C. fiava.

512

CVI. CYPERACEAJ.

[ Car ex.

37. C. fulva Gooden. ( tawny C.) ; barren spikelets 1 or
rarely 2, fertile ones oblong-oval distant, sheaths elongated
shorter than the peduncles, bracteas foliaceous, fruit broadly
ovate ascending glabrous ribbed acuminate with a straight
rough-edged beak bifid at the point, glumes acute (not muero-
nate). — a. stem acutely 3-angular scabrous. E. B. t. 1295.
C. distans ^3. M'Laren. — /3. stem bluntly 3-angular smooth or
scabrous near the summit, fertile spikelets on longer stalks,
beak smoother with a more distinct membranous orifice. C.
speirostachya Sw. : E. B. S. t. 2770. C. Hosteana DC. C.
Hornschuchiana Hoppe. C. distans y. McLaren.

Boggy meadows, not unfrequent. — j8. West of Scotland. If.. 6.
— Stem 1 ft. high, with the habit of C. distans, but smaller; with
shorter, more lax, paler-coloured, and fewer-flowered, spikes, acute, 1
not mucronate, glumes, and an obovate, nearly smooth achene.

38. C. distans L. ( loose C.) ; barren spikelets 1 — 2 on long
stalks with obtuse scales, fertile 2 — 3 remote erect oblong
stalked the lower stalks about twice longer than the sheathing
bracteas upper ones included, glumes mucronate, fruit ovate
triquetrous equally ribbed pellucidly punctate smooth or rough
at the upper margins and at the edges of the narrow short bifid
beak. Boott. — E. B. 1. 1234.

Muddy marshes near the sea, probably in many places. Anglesea. I
Kent; Yorkshire. Guernsey. Montrose; near Inverkeithing, Fifeshire;

Edinburgh; Ayrshire; Argyleshire. If.. 6 Stems 8 inches to 1

or 1 ^ foot high, slender. Spikelets very distantly placed, their rather
long peduncles entirely concealed by the sheathing bases of the bracteas.
Glumes rather pale brown. Fruit green, inclining to brown when
ripe. Achene ovoid-oblong, pointed at both ends, nearly smooth.
To this species Mr. Bentham unites C. fulva, in which he is perhaps
right, and also C. loevigata, C. depauperata, and C. binervis which
certainly appear to us very different.

39. C. punctata Gaud, {dotted- fruited C.) ; barren spikelet 1
rarely 2 with obtuse ferruginous scales, fertile 3 rarely 4
cylindrical erect stalked with sheathing bracteas, fruit ovate
tumid glabrous shining pellucidly punctate diverging of a light
green obsoletely nerved except at the margins with a linear
bidentate beak larger than the ovate short aristate pale fer-
ruginous green-nerved glume. Boott. — Schk. Car. Suppl.
tab. 6. f. 1. C. Helvetica Schleich. C. distans Deslougck.

Marshy grounds near the sea. About a mile west of Charlestown,
Cornwall. Vazon Bay, Guernsey. Dingle, Co. Kerry ; Glengariff
and Berehaven, Co. Cork; Ireland. If.. 6. — Rhizome creeping,
composed of strong woody fibres. Stem 12 — 18 inches high, erect,
smooth, leafy at the base. Leaves shorter than the stem. Bracteas
with striate sheaths, varying in length. Peduncles rough. Glumes
of barren spikelets, rarely acute or subaristate, the lowest sometimes

Car ex. ^

CVI. CYPERACEJE,

513

bracteasform ; fertile spihelels more or less remote, the two upper
subapproximate, the lowest sometimes 3 inches from the middle one.
Beak about one third the length of the fruit. Achene triangular,
ovate-rhomboidal, pointed at both ends, very minutely and closely
dotted. Differs from C. distans in its smaller size, its light green,
more approximate spikes, its more erect stem, and in its fruit.

40. C. binervis Sm. ( green-ribbed C .) ; barren spikelet
solitary with obtuse scales, fertile 3 — 5 the upper ones some-
times subapproximate, the lower remote erect cylindrical often
elongate bearing barren flowers in their upper half and some
of them occasionally compound at the base, the lower stalks
longer than the sheathing bracteas, glumes mucronate, fruit
ovate triquetrous with a smooth rather broad bifid beak and
two principal green submarginal nerves on the outer surface.
Boott. — E. B. t. 1235.

Dry heaths and moors, frequent. If.. 6. — Generally taller, and
in every part more rigid, than the last. Glumes and especially the
fruit, more highly coloured, the latter more acutely triquetrous with
two nerves near the margin on the back, which are always green,
though the rest of the fruit be more or less brown. Achene obovate,
tapering at the base.

41. C. Icevigdta Sm. (smooth-stalked beaked C.) ; fertile spike-
lets remote erector drooping cylindrical stalked, stalks longer
than the elongated sheaths, bracteas foliaceous, all the glumes
acuminate or mucronate, fruit ovate triangular striate with
a rather long acuminate beak deeply bifid at the point. E. B.
t. 1387.

Marshes and boggy thickets, in several places both of England and
Scotland. Anglesea. Near Belfast. 2f. 6. — Stem 2 — 3 ft. high.

Leaves broad, but rather short. There is rarely more than one barren
spike, which is always triquetrous, with obtuse or sometimes acute
glumes. Achene obovate, tapering at the base. Often in the young
state confounded with C. sylvatica, and then most easily distinguished
by its more compact spikelets and darker glumes ; it flowers too a
month later.

42. C. depauperdta Gooden, (starved Wood C .) ; barren
spikelets solitary, fertile ones erect remote with very few
(3 — 4) flowers, the stalks much longer than the sheaths,
bracteas foliaceous, fruit large many-nerved nearly globose
inflated terminating in a long bifid beak with rough edges
longer than the (pale) ovate pointed glume. E. B. t. 1098.

Dry woods, rare. Godaiming, Surrey ; Charlton Wood, Kent.
Near Forfar: G. Don. 2f . 5,6. — Stem 1 — 1 j ft. high. Fertile

spikelets very distant ; their few flowers, and large inflated beaked
fruit, decidedly marking the species. Achene broadly obovate, with
three blunt angles. Mr. Don cultivated it in his garden, which
appears to have been the only locality for it “ near Forfar.”

514

CVI. CYPERACEA;.

[ Carex.

43. C. vagindta Tausch ( short brown-spiked C .) ; barren
spikelet solitary, fertile ones 1 — 3 subcylindrical erect lax-
flowered distant stalked, the stalks longer than the elongated
loose sheaths, bracteas subfoliaceous, fruit smooth obsoletely
nerved elliptic-lanceolate triangular with an acuminate ob-
liquely bifid recurved beak longer than the ovate glume. C.
phseostachya Srn. : E.B. S. t. 2731. C. salina Don: Herb.
Brit. n. 216. C. Mielichoferi Sm. (not Schk .) : E. B. t. 2293.
C. Scotica Spreng. C. panicea /3. Wahl.

Highland mountains. Craig Cailleach and Meal-cuachlar, near
Killin ; Cairngorm and Ben Mac Dhuie, Aberdeenshire ; about the
falls at the head of Glen Fiadh, and in the ravines of the White
Water, Clova. g. 7. — “Differs from C. panicea in its broader
leaves, shorter bracts with inflated sheaths, green triangular (not
inflated) fruit with an emarginate beak and obtuse ferruginous
glumes:” M'Laren. The name given by Tausch in 1821, being the
oldest, we adopt it. Mr. Bentham follows Wahlenberg in uniting it
to the following species.

If Beak of fruit entire.

44. C. panicea L. (pink-leaved C .) ; barren spikelet solitary,
fertile ones about 2 subcylindrical lax-flowered distant stalked,
the stalks longer than the close elongated sheaths, bracteas leafy,
fruit subglobose somewhat inflated obtuse glabrous with a short
terete beak. E. B. t. 1505.

Marshy places and bogs, common, g. 6. — Stems 1 — 1 4^ ft. high.
Leaves rather broad, glaucous, rough at the edges, much resembling,
as Sir J. E. Smith observes, the foliage of C. ylauca ; but the cha-
racters of the two are widely different. Glumes dark brown, the keel
green. Fruit greenish-brown.

45. C. pallescens L. (pale C .) ; barren spikelet 1 sessile, fer-
tile spikelets stalked oblong-cylindrical approximate scarcely
pendulous much longer than the very short sheaths, bracteas
foliaceous, fruit obovate-elliptical tumid striate obtuse gla-
brous. E. B. t. 2185.

Marshy places, frequent, g. 6. — A foot or more high. Leaves
slightly downy. Spikes obtuse, pale green. Fruit very obtuse, with-
out a beak. Acliene narrow-elliptical, tapering at both ends.

** Fertile spikelets abbreviated, stalked, drooping.
f Beak of fruit entire.

46. C. capilldris L. (dwarf capillary C .) ; fertile spikelets
few-flowered lax drooping, the stalks twice as long as and
included within a common sheath, fruit oblong-obovate with a
short beak rather longer than the membranous ovate obtuse
deciduous glume. E. B. t 2069..

Cur ex. ]

CVI. CYPERACE2E.

515

Plentiful on some of the Highland mountains, especially the
Breadalbane range; Ben-y-Gloe;, Hartfell, Dumfries-shire. Teesdale.
y. . 6, 7. — Stem 2 — 6 inches high. Leaves mostly radical, scarcely

half the length of the stem, soft. One single bractea includes, with its
sheathing base, the lower part of all the peduncles, which are thus
somewhat corymbose; rarely there is a distant fertile spikelet. Barren
spihelet single, frequently on a shorter stalk than the others, and
therefore appearing as if below them. Fruit dark brown, shining.
Achene obovate.

47. C. rariflora Sm. (loose-flowered Alpine C.) ; fertile
spikelets 2 — 3 upon long stalks narrow-oblong very few-
flowered lax drooping, sheaths very short mostly membranous,
bracteas subsetaceous, fruit bluntly triangular ovate with a short
entire beak faintly nerved nearly as long as the glume, glume
very broad and concave obtuse minutely apiculate folded round
the fruit. E. B. t. 2516. C. litnosa y. Wahl.

Bogs, rare. Head of Glen Dole, south-east side of the Little
Culrannoeb, and head of Canlochan, Clova mountains; Loch-na-gar,
and Cairngorm, Aberdeenshire. %. 6. — Creeping. Stems about

6 inches high. Leaves about half an inch long, but broader than
those of the next, with which it has been united by Wahlenberg,
Kunth, and Bentham. Glumes obtuse, very deep brown, with a
pale dorsal nerve usually running out and terminating in a very
minute mucro, forming a striking contrast with the pale-coloured
fruits.

48. C. limosa L. ( Mud C.) ; fertile spikelets 1—3 upon very
long stalks oblong-ovate densely flowered drooping, sheaths
very short, bracteas subsetaceous or lower ones leaflike, fruit
elliptical compressed ribbed with a very short beak about as
long as or shorter than the ovate pointed glume. — a. leaves
narrow linear channelled rough at their edges throughout,
bracteas subsetaceous, lower glumes slightly acuminate scarcely
longer than the strongly ribbed fruit, upper ones longer and
narrower. E. B. t. 2043. — f3. irrigua ; leaves broader flat rough
only near the point, the lower bracteas foliaceous, lower glumes
ovate- or narrow-lanceolate much acuminate longer than the
faintly ribbed fruit, upper ones often broader and shorter. C.
irrigua Hoppe : E. B. S. t. 2895. C. limosa 13. Wahl.

Bogs and marshes. Rare in England, mostly found in the northern
and mountainous parts; more frequent in Scotland and Ireland. — /3.
Muckle Moss, Northumberland. Terregles, Dumfries-shire; Ben-Im,
near Loch Lomond ; Clova mountains ; Hill of Knock, Dunferm-
line. 6. — Creeping. Stems 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves nar-

row. Fertile spikelets usually 2. Glumes dark brown, subapiculate.
Fruit greenish brown. In j9. the lower glumes are usually very
narrow and much attenuate, becoming broader and shorter upwards,
while this proportion is reversed in a. ; in both the narrowest glumes

z 6

516 cvi. cyperacevE. [ Cdrex.

are either empty or with stamens, and the broadest are scarcely so
broad as the fruit.

j-f Beak of fruit bifid.

49. C. ustulata Wahl. ( scorched Alpine C.) ; fertile spikelets
about 3 oval densely flowered drooping, the stalks about twice
the length of the loose sheaths, bracteas setaceous, fruit ellip-
tical compressed (black) shortly acuminate rough at the edges
near the apex, glumes ovate-oblong acuminate narrower and
rather shorter than the fruit. E. B. t. 2404. C. atrofusca
Schk.

Ben Lawers, very rare; G. Don (1 Aug. 1810). %. 7. —

Tufted, and scarcely creeping. Stem, in the only Scotch specimens
we have seen, from 3 to 8 inches, in Lapland ones about a foot high.
Leaves short, broad, principally from near the root. Fertile spikelets 2,
usually 3, on slender drooping stalks, and of a deep purple-black
colour ; barren one rather smaller, and of a dark rusty-brown. Fruit
very obscurely nerved, perhaps nerveless.

*** Fertile spikelets elongated ( sometimes short in 54), stalked, drooping.
f Beak of fruit bifid.

50. C. sylvutica Huds. (pendulous IVoodC.); barren spike-
let solitary, fertile about 4 filiform rather slender loose-
flowered slightly drooping, stalks about twice as long as the
elongated sheaths, bracteas foliaceous, glumes ovate acute
diaphanous with a green keel, fruit broadly ovate acuminate,
beak long smooth cleft at the point, leaves narrow. E. B.
t. 995.

Moist woods, frequent. If., 5,6. — Similar to C. strigosa ; but the
spikelets are shorter, broader, and on longer stalks ; fruit very different,
glabrous, and so acuminate as to terminate in a long&eai; glumes
longer in proportion. Spikelets sometimes compound.

51. C. Pseudo -ajperus L. (Cyperus-like C.) ; barren spikelet
solitary, fertile 3 — 6 densely flowered cylindrical upon long
stalks drooping, bracteas very leafy, lowermost sometimes
sheathing the others without sheaths, glumes setaceous sca-
brous, fruit oblong very much acuminate ribbed, beak long
deeply cloven. E. B. t. 242.

Moist places, by the sides of lakes and ponds ; not very general.
If.. 6. — Stems 2 — 3 feet high, acutely triangular. Leaves ^ an
inch broad. One of the best marked, and most beautiful of the
genus.

ff Beak of fruit entire or emarginate.

52. C. strigosa Iluds. (loose pendulous C.) ; barren spikelet
solitary, fertile about 4 slender filiform loose-flowered nearly

CVI. CYPERACEiE.

517

Ca r ex. ]

erect, the lower stalks a little longer than the elongated
sheaths upper about equal to their foliaceous braeteas, glumes
elliptic-lanceolate diaphanous with a green keel, fruit oblong-
lanceolate acuminate at both ends nerved slightly recurved
truncate at the point, beak scarcely any, leaves rather broad.
E. B. t. 994.

Groves and thickets, in several parts of the east and middle of
England ; Cotterell wood, Cheshire. Arniston woods, Edinburgh.
U. 5, 6. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Glume a little shorter than the

fruit.

53. C. pendula Iluds. ( great pendulous C.) ; barren spikelet
usually solitary, fertile 4 — 6 cylindrical densely flowered very
long and drooping, sheaths nearly equal to the stalks lower
elongated upper very short, glumes ovate mucronate, fruit
ovate with a short trigonous notched beak, leaves broad.
E. B. t. 2315.

Moist woods and shady places, not very general. It. 5, 6.

Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Well distinguished by its long, pendulous,
j cylindrical spikelets, and closely imbricate fruit. Achene elliptical,
pointed at both ends.

54. C. glauca Scop. ( glaucous Heath C.) ; barren spikelets
1 — 3, fertile 2 — 3 cylindrical or ovate ultimately drooping
densely flowered on long slender stalks, sheaths short scarcely
any, braeteas foliaceous, glumes ovate, fruit obovate-globose
scabrous or smooth, beak very short entire. — a. fertile spikelets
cylindrical, glumes acute. C. recurva Huds. : E. B. t. 1506. —
d- fertile spikelets cylindrical, glumes obtuse, fruit smaller.
C. Micheliana Srn.: E. B. t. 2236. — y. fertile spikelets ovate.
C. stictocarpa Sm. : E. B. S. t. 2772.

Moist meadows, moors, groves, and alpine rocks. If.. 6 Leaves

mostly radical, very glaucous. Stems usually about 1 foot, sometimes
2 feet high. Fruit closely placed, brownish when ripe, closely dotted
with depressed points, often pellucid, punctate when young, usually
scabrous with a kind of abortive pubescence, or rather scattered
papillae, which are sometimes quite wanting in y.

vii. Terminal spikelets (1 or more) barren. Fruit hairy or downy.

Stigmas 3.

55. C. clandestina Gooden. ( dwarf-silvery C.) ; barren spike-
let solitary, fertile 1 — 3 stalked remote about 3-flowered con-
cealed by the membranous sheaths of the leafless braeteas, fruit
broadly obovate-triquetrous slightly downy contracted at the
base with an entire oblique mouth, leaves longer than the steins
channelled rough rigid. E. B. t. 2124. C. humilis Leyss. C.
argentea Vill.

518

CVI. CYPERACE7E.

£ Car ex.

On the limestone rocks at St. Vincent’s, Bristol ; Downs near
Boyton, and in great abundance on Salisbury Plain between Stone-
henge and Heytesbury, Wiltshire ; Brean Down, Weston-super-
mare. g. 5. — Remarkable for the few flowers of its fertile spike-
lets, which are concealed by the comparatively large membranous
sheaths, as the short stems are by the leaves. The name given by
Leysser is unquestionably the oldest, hut has been generally aban-
doned in favour of the much more expressive one of clandestina.

56. C. digitdta L. ( fingered C .) ; barren spikelet solitary
sessile, fertile 2 — 3 distant on long stalks erect filiform lax longer
than the barren one, sheaths membranous obliquely truncate,
lower ones with a setaceous bractea, glumes broadly obovate
apiculate about the length of the fruit, fruit obovate-triquetrous
downy on a short stalk, beak short nearly entire, leaves plane.
E. B. t. 615.

Rare, in woods in limestone countries. Near Bath and Bristol ;
Wynd Cliff, Monmouthshire; wood on Great Doward Hill, Here-
fordshire; limestone ledges of Cleeve Hill, 4 m. from Cheltenham;
Thorp-Arch, and Mackershaw wood, near Ripon, Yorkshire, g.
5. — Root fibrous, tufted. Stem 8 — 10 inches high. I, eaves soft,
shorter than the stem.

57. C. proe'cox Jacq. {vernal C.) ; barren spikelet solitary,
fertile 1 — 3 oblong approximate sessile or on a peduncle the
length of the sheath, lowermost sheath short (scarcely any),
lower bracteas leafy short, glumes broadly ovate acuminate,
fruit downy obovate- oblong scarcely acuminate truncate at the
point trigonous the sides nearly flat, rhizome creeping. E. B.
t. 1099.

Dry pastures and heaths. If. 4, 5. — Stems 3 — 12 inches high.
Leaves short, rather broad. Lower bracteas small, but leafy ; upper
ones very minute. Achen.es obovate-oblong, trigonous, with nearly
fiat sides. The numerous yellow anthers are conspicuous at an early
season of the year.

58. C. collina Willd. ( mountain C .) ; barren spikelet solitary
quite sessile with obtuse or retuse glumes, fertile 1 — 3 ovate
approximate sessile sheaths short membranous lowermost with
usually a subulate bractea, glumes broadly ovate usually emar-
ginate mucronate, fruit very downy obovate-oblong trigonous
the sides nearly flat, beak very short notched, root tufted
fibrous. C. montana Schk. : E. B. S. t. 2924. C. pubescens
Gaud.

In a field by the roadside towards Eridge, about a mile south of
Tunbridge Wells, Sussex ; wood on Great Doward Hill, Hereford-
shire; Wynd Cliff, between Tintern and St. Arvans, about 4 m. from
Chepstow, Monmouthshire; near Penmoyle rocks, Gloucestershire.
If. 4, 5. — Somewhat creeping, but tufted. Stems 4 — 7 inches
high. Leaves narrow. Fruit densely pubescent, almost hairy, whitish,

CV1. CYPERACEjE.

519

Carex.]

the beak with a dark purple margin at its mouth. Achene obovate-
oblong, triangular, with a stout trigonous beak that projects be-
yond the mouth of the perigynium. Smith has shown (E. FI. iv.
p. 113) that C. montana L. is the same as C. pilulifera; and the name
having been applied to several other species, it is preferable to adopt
that given by Willdenow.

59. C. pilulifera L. ( round-headed C .) ; barren spikelet so-
litary with acute glumes, fertile 1 — 3 subglobose approximate
sessile, sheaths none, lowermost bractea subulate scarcely folia-
ceous, glumes broadly ovate mostly acuminate, fruit downy
obovate-globose with 2 principal opposite ribs, beak short
bifid, root tufted fibrous. E. B. t. 885. C. montana L.
C. filiformis FI. Dan. t. 1048.

Moory ground, frequent. . 6. — Stems 6 — 12 inches high,

slender. Achene subglobose, acuminate at the base, pointed with the
stout base of the style, which seldom projects beyond the mouth of
the perigynium.

60. C. tomentosa L. ( larger downy -fruited Cl) ; glabrous,
barren spikelet solitary with ovato-lanceolate glumes, fertile
1 — 2 somewhat approximate nearly sessile shortly cylindrical
obtuse, sheaths scarcely any, lowermost bractea foliaceous,
glumes broadly ovate acute, fruit densely downy obovate subtri-
gonous with convex sides slightly notched at the point with
scarcely any beak, rhizome creeping. E. B. t. 2046.

YVater-meadows at Marston Maisey, Wiltshire. If . 6 .A well-

marked and very rare species, no station but the above-mentioned
, being known for it in Britain. Achene obtuse with a short beak, con-
stricted at the base.

61. C. filiformis L. ( slender-leaved C.) ; glabrous, barren
spikelets 2 with oblong-lanceolate somewhat acute glumes, fer-

‘ tile 2—4 distant nearly sessile erect oblong-cylindrical, sheaths
' scarcely any, bracteas foliaceous long and narrow, glumes ob-
long-ovate cuspidate, fruit very pubescent ovate-oblong taper-
ing into a short deeply bifid beak, leaves slender channelled,
[ rhizome creeping. E. B. t. 904.

Boggy marshes, rare; chiefly found in Scotland. Leicestershire;
Shropshire; Suffolk. It . 5. — Stem 1 — 2 ft high. Leaves slender,

I their margins involute, filamentose at their base near the roots.
1 Closely allied to C. tomentosa, with which it was confounded by Light-
foot and Hudson.

62. C. hirta L. ( 'hairy C .) ; hairy, barren spikelets 2 — 3, fer-
tile 2 — 3 distant stalked nearly erect cylindrical, sheaths elon-
gated, bracteas long foliaceous, glumes elliptic-lanceolate much
acuminate ciliate towards the point, fruit hairy oblong-ovate
with a long beak deeply bifid at the point. — a. lower sheaths
elongated nearly equal to the stalks of the oblong cylindrical

520

CVI. CYPERACE2E.

[ Car ex.

fertile spikelets. E. B. t. 685. — /3. lower sheaths scarcely half
as long as the stalks, fertile spikelets loose-flowered compound
at the base.

Wet pastures and woods, frequent. — j8. Near Inellan, Argyleshire.
Yorkshire ? If. 5, 6. — Stems 1 — 2 feet high, more or less hairy in
every part, sometimes shaggy, especially on the side of the sheath
opposite to the bractea and near the apex : Mr. Babington, however,
mentions a glabrous form with which we are unacquainted. Mr.
Turner found a variety in Yorkshire, with the lower part of the fer-
tile spikelets compound at the base ; but we are not certain if it had
the long stalks of our var. sometimes attaining 7 inches, although
the sheath be not more than 2 inches', being thus protruded 5 inches
beyond it.

viii. Barren spikelets 2 or more. Fruit glabrous or scabrous. Stigmas 3
( sometimes 2 in 66).

* Bracteas with sheaths.

[63. C. *hordeifurmis Wahl. ( Barley C.) ; barren spikelets
usually 2, upper one on a long stalk, fertile 3 — 4 erect oblong
cylindrical or ovate, upper ones approximate on stalks about
the length of their sheath, lowermost remote on a stalk some-
times twice as long as the sheath, bracteas long leafy, glumes
broadly ovate with a hispid point or obtuse and pointless sea- ;
riose at the margin, fruit (large) scarcely twice as long as the
glume ovate or oblong acuminate nerved scabrous flat on the
one side rounded on the other with two ciliato-serrate winged
margins, beak bifid. C. secalina Sm. (not Willd.)

Forfarshire, rare: T. Drummond. 11 . 6. — We have reason to

believe that although Mr. Drummond supposed he had found the E
specimens in one of his excursions, but uncertain where, they had been I
accidentally collected in his own garden, where this species was j
cultivated along with other curiosities which the late Mr. Don had I
amassed there ; it is therefore as yet a very doubtful native of this
country.]

** Bracteas without sheaths.

64. C. ampulldcea Gooden. ( slender-beaked Buttle C.) ; barren
spikelet 2 — 3, fertile 2 — 3 distant shortly stalked cylindrical
erect, sheaths none, bracteas foliaceous, glume lanceolate about
half as long as the fruit, fruit crowded somewhat membranous
subglobose inflated striate suddenly contracted into a long
narrow beak bifid at the point, stem bluntly triangular. E. B.
t. 780.

Bogs and marshes, more abundant in Scotland than England. It .

6 Differs from C. vesicuria in the smooth and nearly rounded

stem, in the channelled glaucous leaves, and in the fruit, which is
brownish and not half so large, with a narrower beak and of a different

Cdrex. J

CVI. CYPERACEA2.

521

shape. According to Andersson this species becomes, at a considerable
elevation, C. rot undata ; while C. vesicaria becomes C. saxatilis : this
last we scarcely believe.

65. C. vesicaria L. ( short-beaked Bladder C.) ; barren spike-
lets 2 — 3, fertile 2 — 3 distant stalked cylindrical slightly droop-
ing, sheaths none, bracteas foliaceous long, glume lanceolate
much shorter than the fruit, fruit somewhat membranous broadly
ovate inflated striate gradually acuminated into a subulate beak
bifid at the point, stem acutely triangular. E. B. t. 779.

Bogs and marshes, apparently most frequent in the north. If..
5,6. — Stems 1^ — 2 ft. high, acutely angled. Leaves usually broad,
sometimes narrow and involute. Fruit tawny, very large shining,
much inflated, but not suddenly constricted. We possess what appears
to be an abnormal state of this species, in which there are 6 spikelets
all fertile, and all except the lowest one approximate.

66. C. paludosa Gooden, (lesser common (7.) ; barren spike-
lets about 3 with obtuse or slightly cuspidate glumes, anthers
with a very minute point or pointless, fertile spikelets about 3
cylindrical obtuse erect, sheaths none, bracteas very long foli-
aceous, glumes narrow pointed or awned, fruit subcoriaceous
ovate or oblong-ovate striate with a short usually bifid beak.
E. B. t. 807. C. Kochiana DC.

Banks of rivers and ditches, common. If . 5, 6. — Stem 2 — 3 ft.

high, with rough angles. Leaves very broad, keeled, rough. Fruit
compressed ; the beak sometimes entire at the point, according to
Kunth. Stigmas occasionally only 2, and achene lenticular : Boott.
Fertile glumes “commonly tipped with a brown rough point or awn:”
Sm. In specimens from a brackish marsh between Largs and Wemyss
Bay, in Ayrshire, we find usually only 2 stigmas and a linear oblong
achene, blit Dr. Boott considers them as certainly belonging to C.
paludosa; the barren glumes are apparently cuspidate from their being-
much corroded, but when entire are quite obtuse; the fruit does not
seem to ripen.

67. C. ripdria Curt, (great common Cl) ; barren spikelets
3 — 5 approximate with acuminate glumes, anthers tipped with
a short awn, fertile spikelets 3 — 4 broadly cylindrical acute
sessile or the lower ones stalked, sheaths none, bracteas very
long foliaceous, glumes oblong pointed, fruit oblong-ovate with
a short deeply bifid beak. E. B. t. 579.

Sides of ditches and rivers, common. 11 . 5. — Larger than the

last, with much broader leaves and spikelets. Fruit convex on the
back, sometimes on both sides. Distinguished from C. paludosa by
the acuminate glumes of the sterile spikelets and the conspicuously
mucronate anthers. Mr. Bentham, however, considers all the cha-
racters “ to be too variable to be relied upon as specific.”

CVII. GKAJIINE.E.

.522

Okd. CYII. GRAMINE2E Juss.1

(See Tabs. VI.— IX.)

Florets usually perfect, sometimes imperfect, sometimes neutei .
(without either stamens or pistil), solitary, or 2 or more imbri-
cated on a common axis or rachis contained within an involucre) 1
consisting of 2 (sometimes 1, rarely 0) glumes , the whole
constituting a spikelet. Perianth f glumaceous : that of the
fertile florets usually of 2 dissimilar glumellas ; lower or outer
simple, usually keeled or with a midrib ; inner or upper with 2
lateral or dorsal nerves (hence probably of 2 united) ; some-
times one, sometimes both are wanting : of the barren florets of
1 — 2 glumellas : of the neuter ones often rudimentary or want-
ing. Stamens hypogynous, 1 — 6, rarely indefinite, usually 3.
Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 ovule, Visually
with 2 (rarely 1, or 0) minute hypogynous scales. Styles 2,
rarely 1 (simple or bifid) or 3 (perhaps only 1, and 2 — 3-cleft).
Pericarp (a caryopsis) closely incorporated with the seed. : i
Embryo lenticular, external, lying on one side at the base of
the farinaceous albumen. — Stems or culms usually fistulose, ge-
nerally simple and herbaceous, knotted, sometimes branched, rarely i
shrubby. Leaves one to each node, with a sheath slit longitu- \
dinally on one side, having often a membranous appendage (ligule) !
at its summit (Tab. 9. f. 42. b.) Flowers small, solitary, or in

1 Here we have a structure in the flower, and a habit in the whole plant so dif-
ferent from those of other flowering-plants, that, in the former especially, peculiar
names have been given to its different parts, which it may be desirable to explain.
The floral coverings, as they are termed, are glumaceous or chaffy. The outer of
these, which do not immediately contain stamens or pistil, and are composed of one
(see Tab. 8. f. 36. a.) or two (Tab. 6. f. 3. a.) pieces, were called by Linnaeus the
calyx ; the pieces are the glumes or valves , and they resemble a calyx in the two-
valved, single-flowered genera, but often they include many flowers (Tab. 7.f. *23 a.),
and with justice are considered bracteas or leaves of an involucre: in Lecrsia and
Nardus they are wanting. The inner, generally of a thinner texture, was by
Linnaeus and Smith named corolla ; its pieces one (Tab. 6. f. 3. b.) or two (Tab. 6.
f. 5. b.) in number, glumes or valves : these constitute the tru e perianth of Brown
and are called palece by Beauv. and Kunth, valvular by Brown, Trinius, and Esen-
beck, and glumelhs by Link ; which last we adopt as having a special reference to
this order. Mr. Bentham restricts the term paleae to the inner glumella , calling
the outer one a flowering glume. Within these, and at the base of the germen, are
generally 2 collateral (rarely 1) small scales (Tab. 9. f. 42. a.}, nectary of Linn,
and Sm., lodiculce of Beauv. and most others, and squamular hypogyrus of Brown.

— In this order few botanists are yet agreed what ought to constitute a genus, and
therefore we have not, with very lew exceptions, either subdivided the genera, or
changed the nomenclature adopted in previous editions ; indeed, in a local Flora
we do not think it desirable, if characters are thereby required of greater difficulty
than can easily be surmounted by a student. We have likewise, for a similar
reason, retained nearly the same arrangement of the genera as formerly, although it
is certainly liable to great objections : the number of flowers in a spikelet vary in 1
the same genus and even in the same species, as in Catabrosa , some species of Poa
and Melica, &c. ; and there is a variety of one species of Bromtts, which we can
only distinguish by very minute generic characters from Poa ( Glycerin on one
hand, and Lolium on the other, although the genera themselves are naturally
distinct.

CVII. GUAMINEAS.

523

spikelets, which are panicled (Tab. 9. f. 42. d.) racemed or spiked
(Tab. 9. f. 42. c. e.f.g.). — A most natural Order, and one of
the highest importance in the whole Vegetable Kingdom, com-
prehending the true Grasses.

A. Stamens 2. Styles 2.

1. Anthoxanthom. Panicle spike-like. Spikelets awned, with one

central fertile floret.

23. Hierochloe. Panicle lax. Spikelets awnless, with one central per-
fect diandrous floret, and a barren triandrous one on each side.

32. Bro.mus. Spikelets panicled, awned, with 3 or more perfect flowers.

B. Stamens 3. Style and stigma 1. Glumes 0.

2. Narpijs. Spike simple, unilateral. Florets sessile, solitary. Glu-

mellas 2, outer one with a long subulate point.

C. Stamens 3 ( very rarely 1) in some or all of the florets. Styles or
Stigmas 2.

a. Spikelets pedicellate, panicled or racemose. Panicle often very compact,
so as to resemble a spike.

* Spikelets with one perfect floret ; barren florets 0 ; neuter ones, when
present, either rudimentary or consisting of empty glumellas, much
smaller than the perfect one.

f Glumes 0.

3. Leeksia. Panicle spreading. Spikelets awnless.

f f Glumes 2.

$ Panicle spike-like. Glumes as long as or longer than the floret.

4. Alopecurus. Glumes awnless. Glumella 1, with a dorsal awn.

5. Phalaris. Glumes awnless. Glumellas 2, awnless, glabrous, or

equally pubescent, ultimately hardening.

8. Psamma. Glumes awnless. Glumellas 2, awnless, subcoriaceous
below, and with a tuft of short silky hairs at the base.

G. Phleum. Glumes pointed, or with a short terminal awn, parallel.
Glumellas 2, membranous, awnless.

7. Lagurus. Glumes tapering into a long subulate point. Glumellas
2, membranous; outer one with two terminal bristles, and a
dorsal awn.

10. Gastridium. Glumes acute, awnless. Glumellas 2, membranous,
with a long awn below the point.

12. Polypogox. Glumes awned. Glumellas 2, unequal ; outer one
obtuse, awned almost at the very extremity.

++ Panicle lax, spreading or contracted (not spike-like ).

§ Glumes as long as or longer than the floret.

5. Phalaris. Panicle somewhat contracted. Glumes keeled. Glu-
mellas uniformly hairy, awnless, ultimately hardened on the
caryopsis.

524

CVII. GRAMINEyE.

9. Milium. Panicle spreading. Glumes flattish on Ihe back. Glu-i
mellas glabrous, aivnless, ultimately hardened on the caryopsis.

11. Stipa. Panicle erect. Glumellas cartilaginous, outer one involute,
ending in a very long twisted awn.

13. Calamagrostis. Panicle loose. Floret surrounded with long silky

hairs. Glumellas membranous.

14. Agrostis. Panicle loose. Floret glabrous, or with a small tuft of1

hairs at the base. Glumellas membranous.

§§ Glumes shorter than the floret, unequal.

17. Molinia. Panicle somewhat contracted. Glumes acute, lower one )

1-nerved. Glumellas ultimately cartilaginous.

18. Meltca. Panicle lax. Glumes broad, several-nerved. Glumellas

ultimately cartilaginous.

15. Catabrosa. Panicle spreading. Glumes obtuse, lower one 1-nerved.

Glumellas membranous.

** Spikelets 2 — 3-flowered ; perfect florets 2, or solitary with 1 — 2 barren
(' di - or triandrous ) florets or a neuter floret as large as the perfect one.

f Spikelets compressed laterally or somewhat terete.

J Panicle lax, spreading or contracted.

§ Fertile florets 2. Barren ones none.

15. Catabrosa. Spikelets scarcely compressed, awnless. Glumes ob-

tuse shorter than the florets. Glumellas truncate and erose at the
end, glabrous on the keel and at the base.

26. Poa. Spikelets compressed, awnless. Glumes shorter than the

florets. Glumellas herbaceous, entire ; outer one keeled and hairy
on the keel below the middle, scariose and bluntish at the end
(not acuminate).

31. Festuca. Spikelets compressed, awnless. Glumes narrow and acute,
shorter than the florets. Glumellas herbaceous ; outer one convex
on the back below, acuminate, not silky on the ribs.

16. Aira. Spikelets compressed. Glumellas hairy at the base ; outer

one awned at the back, toothed or entire or bifid, but not seti-
gerous, at the end.

33. Avena. Spikelets compressed. Glumellas hairy at the base, ulti-
mately cartilaginous and firmly inclosing the caryopsis ; outer one
with a long twisted awn, with 2 points or bristles at the summit.
18. Melica. Spikelets convex on the back, awnless. Glumes as long
as the florets nearly equal. Outer glumella convex on the back,
entire, glabrous, ultimately cartilaginous. Neuter floret club-
shaped.

17. Molinia. Spikelets awnless. Glumes acute, much shorter than

the florets, unequal. Outer glumella convex on the back, entire,
glabrous, ultimately cartilaginous. Neuter floret subulate.

27. Triodia. Spikelets compressed, convex on the back, awnless.

Glumes as long as the florets. Glumellas hairy at the base ; outer
one 3-toothed at the end.

§§ Spikelets with one perfect and 1 — 2 barren florets.

19. Holcus. Florets 2, triandrous ; lower perfect ; upper barren, awned.

20. Arrhenatherum. Florets 2, triandrous ; upper perfect, with a

short bristle at the point ; lower barren ; with a long twisted
awn.

evil. GRAMINEvE.

525

23. Hieeochloe. Florets 3, awnless ; central one perfect, diandrous ;

barren ones lateral, triandrous.

JJ Panicle spike-like.

21. Koeleria. Panicle cylindrical. Spikelets without a bractea at the

base. Glumes unequal. Outer glumella entire, pointed. Stigmas
plumose.

22. Sesleria. Panicle cylindrical. Spikelets without a bractea at the

base. Glumes nearly equal. Outer toothed, with a short bristle
at the end. Stigmas filiform.

30. Cynosures. Panicle unilateral. Spikelets with a pectinate bractea
at its base. Glumes equal. Outer glumella linear-lanceolate,
mucronate or awned at the end.

ft Spikelets broader than thick, dorsally (not laterally ) compressed. Perfect
floret 1, its glumellas hardening on the caryopsis ; barren 0; neuter
as large as the perfect one, of one glumella.

9. Milium. Panicle lax, diffuse. Spikelets without bristles at the
base, awnless. Glume 1.

ftf Spikelets flat in front, gibbous or very convex on the back (not late-
rally compressed). Perfect floret 1, its glumellas hardening on the
caryopsis ; barren or neuter as large as the perfect one, of 1 — 2 glu-
mellas.

24. Panicum. Panicle in a racemose somewhat unilateral compound

spike. Spikelets without bristles at the base, awned. Glumes 2 ;
lower one the smaller.

44. Digitaria. Spikelets without bristles at the base, awnless, forming
a digitate or shortly racemose compound spike. Glumes 2 ; lower
one the smaller and sometimes obsolete.

25. Setaria. Panicle in a compound cylindrical dense spike. Spikelets

1—3 together, surrounded by an involucre of bristles.

*** Spikelets with 3 or more perfect florets, laterally compressed.
Glumes 2.

t Outer glumellas with a dorsal awn from or below the middle.

16. Aira. Outer glumella toothed at the end; awn slender.

33. Avena. Glumellas herbaceous but ultimately cartilaginous and
firmly inclosing the caryopsis ; outer one with two points or
. bristles at the summit ; its awn long, twisted.

tf Outer glumellas with or without a terminal or subterminal awn or bristle,
but no dorsal awn.

J Florets not mixed with long silky hairs.

§ Glumes about as long as the rest of the spikelet.

17. Triodia. Spikelets racemose. Outer glumella somewhat coriaceous,

convex on the back, hairy at the base, 3-toothed at the end,
middle tooth straight. Stigmas plumose.

22. Sesleria. Panicle cylindrical. Glumellas naked at the base,
membranous ; outer one keeled, toothed, and with a short bristle
at the end. Stigmas filiform.

.526

CV1I. GRAMINE7E.

§§ Glumes conspicuously shorter than the rest of the spihelet.

|| Panicle spiked, or somewhat contracted and rigid.

21. Koeleria. Panicle cylindrical. Spikelets without a pectinate
bractea. Glumellas membranous; outer one 3-nerved, keeled,
pointed, entire.

30. Cynosurus. Panicle unilateral. Spikelets with a pectinate bractea

at the base. Glumes shortly awned. Glumellas membranous,
linear-lanceolate ; outer one mucronate or awned at the end.

26. Poa. Panicle unilateral. Spikelets without a pectinate bractea.
Glumes awnless; outer glumella scarious on the margin, pro-
minently 5 — 7-nerved, obtuse or mucronate.

1111 Panicle or raceme more or less lax, spreading or contracted.

15. Catabrosa. Panicle spreading. Spikelets awnless, scarcely com-
pressed, ovate, with 3 fertile florets. Glumellas glabrous on the
keel, and at the base, membranous, very obtuse. Caryopsis free.
17. Moi.inia. Panicle contracted, but rather lax. Spikelets lanceolate,
awnless, with 3 perfect semicylindrical florets and a subulate rudi-
mentary neuter one. Glumellas 3 — 7-nerved, glabrous, entire
at the end, ultimately cartilaginous and inclosing the caryopsis.
26. Poa. Panicle lax or contracted. Spikelets ovate or linear, and
compressed, or cylindrical, awnless. Outer glumella somewhat
ovate, bluntish, rarely tipped with a minute point, herbaceous,
with a scarious margin. Caryopsis free.

28. Briza. Panicle lax. Spikelets awnless, much compressed laterally,

cordato-deltoid, with 3 perfect florets. Outer glumella navicular,
obtuse, convex on the back, ultimately coriaceous and inclosing the
caryopsis.

29. Dactyi.is. Panicle with the secondary branches short and very

dense, subsecund. Spikelets with 3 — 4 perfect florets, compressed.
Outer glumella lanceolate, keeled, and ciliate on the back, with a
short bristle close to the summit, inclosing the caryopsis.

31. Festuca. Panicle lax or coarctate. Spikelets many-flowered, more

or less laterally compressed. Outer glumella lanceolate, convex
on the back, very acute or awned at the point, the lateral nerves
slightly converging and disappearing below the summit. Styles
terminal.

32. Bromus. Panicle lax, spreading, or coarctate. Spikelets many-

flowered, more less laterally compressed. Outer glumellas convex
on the back, 2 of the lateral nerves usually uniting and forming
an awn below the bifid summit. Styles from below the summit
of the caryopsis.

Florets enveloped in long silky hairs attached to the axis.

34. Phragmites. Panicle lax. Spikelets with 3 — 4 distant perfect
flowers and a barren 3-androus one at the base. Outer glumella
tapering with a long narrow subulate point.

b. Spikelets spiked, either quite sessile or shortly stalked, and arranged in a
simple or compound spike or spike-like raceme.

* Spikelets inserted on different sides of the rachis. sometimes slightly unilateral.
Spikes usually simple. Styles short. Stigmas thick plumose.

35. Ei/ymus. Spikelets in pairs, each with 2 — 4 perfect florets. Glumes
collateral, awnless.

evil. GRAMINE7E.

527

3G. IIordeum. Spikelets tevnate, 1 — 2 usually neuter or barren ; fertile
ones with one perfect floret and a rudimentary neuter one. Glumes
collateral, awned.

37. Triticum. Spike simple. Spikelets solitary, sessile, transverse to

the rachis, many-flowered. Glumes opposite, nearly equal ; outer
one with several nerves. Inner glumella minutely ciliate on the
nerves.

26. Poa. Spike simple or compound, somewhat unilateral. Spikelets
approximate, without a pectinate bractea at the base, several-
flowered. Glumes opposite ; outer one 1-nerved.

30. Cynosures. Spikelets approximate, with a pectinate bractea at the

base, shortly stalked, with 2 — 5 perfect florets. Glumes equal,
1 -nerved.

38. Brachypodium. Spike simple. Spikelets solitary,’ sessile, trans-

verse to the rachis, remote, many-flowered. Glumes opposite,
unequal; outer one with several nerves, much shorter than the
contiguous lowermost floret. Inner glumella strongly ciliate on
the nerves.

31. Festuca. Spikelets distant, solitary or in pairs, placed edgewise to

the rachis, with 6 — 10 fertile florets, awnless. Glumes opposite,
very unequal, much shorter than the lowermost contiguous floret,
outer one the smallest, sometimes minute.

39. Louum. Spike compressed, simple, or sometimes slightly compound.

Spikelets solitary, approximate, sessile, placed edgewise to the
rachis, with 3 or more perfect florets. Glumes solitary, or 2
opposite ; one next the rachis small ; outer with several nerves, as
long as or longer than the lowest contiguous floret.

40. Lepturus. Spike simple, cylindrical. Spikelets solitary, imbedded

in alternate cavities on opposite sides of the rachis. Glum'es 2,
cartilaginous, collateral on the outside of the cavity and cover-
ing it.

** Spikelets ( with 1 perfect floret') unilateral, arranged on both sides
of a simple rachis. Styles distinct, very short. Stigmas elongated,
filiform.

41. Knappia. Glumes nearly equal. Outer glumella toothed at the

end.

*** Spikelets ( with 1 perfect floret) arranged only on one side of the partial
rachis, and forming a racemose or digitate compound spike or raceme.
Styles elongated.

42. Spartina. Partial spikes erect. Spikelets laterally compressed.

Glumes very unequal. Glumellas acuminate. Styles united to
near the middle. Stigmas elongated.

43. Cynodon. Partial spikes spreading. Spikelets laterally compressed,

with a rudimentary neuter floret. Glumes nearly equal. Outer
glumella cvmbiform. Styles distinct.

44. Digitaria. Partial spikes spreading, digitate. Spikelets without

bristles at the base, dorsally compressed, awnless, with a neuter
floret of one glumella in front as large as the perfect one. Glumes
very unequal.

24. Panicum. Partial spikes spreading, racemose. Spikelets with a few
long bristles at the base, dorsally compressed, awned, with a neuter
floret of two glumellas in front as large as the perfect one. Glumes
very unequal.

528

CVII. GRAMINEiE.

[. Anthoxanthum .

A. Stamens 2. Styles 2. (Gen. 1.)

1. Anthoxanthum Zmre. Vernal-grass.

(Tab. VI. f. 1.)

Panicle spike-like. Spikelets with 1 perfect central floret, and
two outer larger neuter ones. Glumes 2, very unequal : upper
the longer. Glumellas of the perfect floret 2, awnless ; of the
neuter florets single, awned. — Name: avUoc, a flower, and
Z,avOo£, yellow ; from the yellowish hue of the spikes, especially

1. A. odordtum L. ( sweet-scented V .) ; panicle spike-like ob-
long often interrupted at the base, awn of the upper neuter
glumella longer than the upper glume. E. B. t. 647 : Pam.
Gr. t. 8. 1

Meadows, woods, and pastures, abundant, often very alpine. If .
5, 6. — A foot high, its agreeable smell in the act of drying, like
that of Woodruff ( Asperula odorata ), gives the well-known scent to
new-made hay. Leaves short. Panicle compact, yellow in age.
Glumes very unequal. Mr. Brown first pointed out the true
structure of the spikelets of this genus: previously the two neuter
florets were considered by some an inner pair of glumes, by others
an outer corolla or perianth. In A. gracile the awns of both the
neuter florets are shorter than the upper glume. Stamens only 2,
whereby this genus differs perhaps from all our other grasses, except
some species of Bromus, and Hierochloe, in which last however the
two lateral barren florets are triandrous. Stigmas very long, linear.

B. Stamens 3. Style and Stigma 1. (Gen. 2.)
2. Nakdus Linn. Mat-grass. (Tab. VI. f. 2.)

Spike simple, unilateral. Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes 0.
Glumellas 2 ; the outer one keeled with a long subulate point.
Stigma elongate, filiform, papillose. — Name: from vapeoc, for-
merly given to an odoriferous substance, but not applicable in
this case.

1. N. stricta L. ( Mat-grass ): E. B. t. 290 : Pam. Gr. t. 2.

Moors 'and heaths, most abundant. If. 6. — A grass of simple
structure, growing in short tufts so coarse and rigid that cattle will
not eat it. Culms and leaves setaceous. Spike long, erect, slender,
grooved, and toothed at short distances for the insertion of the florets.
Glumellas lanceolate : outer one coriaceous, purplish-green, tapering
gradually into an awn ; inner smaller, awnless, membranous. The
only species of the genus.

1 We refer here to Dr. Parnell’s Grasses of Britain : the plates especially of
the 2d part are very accurate, except perhaps as regards the hypogynous scales
and the styles and stigmas.

Alopecurus.~\

CVII. GRAMINE^E.

529

C. Stamens 3 (or very rarely 1) in some or all of the florets.

Styles or stigmas 2. (Gen. 3 — 44.)

a. Spihelets very rarely sessile and spiked , usually pedicellate and
paraded, sometimes racemose. (Tab. IX. f. 42. d.) Panicle
often very compact so as to resemble a spike. (Tab. IX.
f. 42. c.) (Gen. 3—34.)

* Spikelets with a single perfect floret, and no barren ones ;
neuter florets, when present, either rudimentary or consisting
of empty glumellas much smaller than the perfect ones.
(Tab. VI. f. 3—13.) (Gen. 3 — 14.)

■f Glumes 0. Stigmas elongated, plumose.

3. Leersia Soland. Cut-grass.

Panicle lax, often contracted. Spikelets compressed laterally.
Glumes wanting. Glumellas 2, chartaceous, navicular, much
compressed, awnless, inclosing the loose caryopsis ; lower one
much the broader. Stamens 3 or 6, rarely 1. Styles short or
elongated. — Named in honour of John Daniel Leers, a German
botanist, who published in 1757 the Flora Herbornensis.

1. L. oryzoides Sw. (European C.) ; panicle diffuse the
branches wavy, spikelet half-elliptical strongly ciliate trian-
drous, leaves very rough, ligule short. E. B. S. t. 2908.

Ditches, drains of water, meadows, brooks, and pools; rare. Near
Henfield, and Arundel, Sussex ; Mole river, Surrey ; Boldre river,
near Brockenhurst Bridge, Hants. !(.. 8 — 10. — Styles shorter than
the germen ; in L. Viryinica and L. Mexicana they are much longer

ff Glumes 2. Styles elongated. Stigmas elongated, filiform.

4. Alopecurus Linn. Fox-tail-grass. (Tab. VI. f. 3.)

Panicle spike-like. Spikelets compressed laterally. Glumes 2,
nearly equal, usually connate at the base, membranous, about
as long as the floret. Glumella solitary, with a dorsal awn
above the base. Styles elongated. Neuter florets 0. — Named
from aXamyZ, a fox, and ovpa, a tail.

1. A. agrestis L. (slender F.) ; culm erect scabrous above,
panicle cylindrical acuminate, glumes acute almost glabrous
united as far as the middle, awn more than twice the length of
the glumella. E. B. t. 848 : Pam. Gr. t. 3.

Fields and way-sides, in England ; scarcely indigenous in Scotland.
0. 5 — 11. — Readily known by its annual root, attenuate panicles

or spikes frequently of a purplish colour, and by the lanceolate acute
ylumes united to the middle, which are glabrous, or a little rough at
the keel. Glumella quite smooth.

A A

530 cvn. graminejE. [ Alopecurus .

2. A. pratensis L. ( Meadow F.) ; culm erect smooth, panicle
cylindrical obtuse, glumes lanceolate acute hairy united at the
base, awn twice the length of the glumella. E. B. t. 759 :
Pam. Gr. t. 4.

Meadows and pastures, common, y. 5,6. — An excellent grass
for cattle. Culm 1 J to 2 ft. high. Panicle of a yellow-green colour,
with suvery hairs. Glumes and glumellas much ciliate, and, as in all
the species, remarkably compressed.

3. A. bulbdsus L. ( tuberous F.) ; culm erect smooth, panicle
cylindrical acuminate, glumes acute slightly hairy free, awn
twice the length of the glumella. E. B. t. 1249: Pam. Gr. t.
76.

Salt-marshes in the east and south of England ; rare. In Cardiff
marshes, Wales. If.. 5 — 7. — The inflorescence, though very dense,
is not a true spike. The pedicels mostly bear single flowers, but often
another very small abortive one. Glumes entirely distinct to the
base. It is difficult to point out in words how this differs from
A. pratensis ; at the same time Mr. Bentham prefers uniting it and ,
A. fulvus to the next species.

4. A. geniculatus L. ( floating F.) ; culm ascending bent at
the joints smooth, panicle cylindrical obtuse, glumes united at
the base obtuse slightly hairy and fringed, awn twice as long as
the glumella and inserted near its base, anthers linear. E. B. t.
1250 : Pam. Gr. t. 5.

In pools, and wet and marshy places, sometimes on dry ground.
y. 5 — 8. — Anthers linear as in the rest of the genus, except in the
next species. We are informed by Mr. H. C. Watson that Mr.
Mitten found in July 1854 at Albourne Place, near Hurstpierpoint,
a form which he calls A. pronus, and which he distinguishes from
A. geniculatus (with which it was growing) by “barren stems short
with subopposite leaves, fertile ones procumbent sprawling, ligule
short truncate jagged, spikes thicker more spindle-shaped, glumes
more acute.” Of this we have not seen specimens : there is however
in the above character nothing sufficiently positive to indicate it
either as a distinct species or well-marked variety.

f

5. A. fulvus Sm. (Orange -spiked F.) ; culms ascending bent
at the joints smooth, panicle cylindrical obtuse, glumes united at
the base obtuse slightly hairy and fringed, awn the length of
the glumella and inserted near its middle, anthers oval short.
E. B. t. 1467 : Pam. Gr. t. 5. A. geniculatus Host Gram.
Aastr. ii. t. 32.

Ponds and ditches. Near Birmingham; Norwich ; Essex; Surrey; 1
Wrexham. Angus and Fifeshire. y . 7. — Closely allied to A.

geniculatus, but the awn is inserted higher up, and is much shorter,
and the spike is more slender and paler. Anthers orange-coloured.

6. A. alpinus Sm. ( Alpine F.) ; culm ascending smooth, pa-

evil. graminejE.

531

Phalaris."]

nicle ovate obtuse, glumes ovate abruptly acute hairy united
at the base, awns scarcely longer than the glumella, upper
sheath inflated thrice as long as its lanceolate leaf. E. B.
t. 1126 : Pam. Gr. t. 4.

Loch-na-gar, Aberdeenshire. Sides of streams among the Clova
and Canlochen mountains, frequent, particularly near Loch Wharral,
banks of the Glashie burn, Glen Prosen, and the marshy ground be-
tween Clova and Loch Lee. If.. 7, 8. — This plant is at first sight
distinguishable by its ovate panicle and short broad upper leaf with
its inflated sheath, as also by the short awns. The late Mr. Brown dis-
covered this on Loch-na-gar, not, as stated in the Flor. Scotica, on
Ben Lawers, where it has not been met with.

5. Phalaris Linn. Canary-grass. (Tab. VI. f. 4.)

Panicle spike-like or spreading. S pikelets laterally compressed.
Glumes 2, nearly equal, erect, navicular, membranous, longer
than the floret. Glumellas 2, awnless, glabrous or equally
hairy, ultimately hardening and investing the caryopsis. Styles
elongated. Neuter florets 1 — 2, rudimentary, sessile, and scale-
like.— Named from <pa\og, shining; canary-seed being very
glossy.

* Glumes winged on the keel. Panicle spihe-like.

1. * P. Canariensis L. (cultivated C.) ; panicle spike-like
ovate, wing of glumes entire at the point, neuter florets 2 scale-
like half the length of the perfect one. E. B. t. 1310 : Para.
Gr. t. 9.

Naturalized in many parts of England and Scotland, but not a
native of Europe. ©. 7. — Culm 1 — 2 ft. high, glaucous. Leaves

broad. Spikes handsome, composed of large, pale, yellow-green
glumes, marked with deeper lines and singularly keeled at the back.
Canary-seed, as we see it, is the seed of this plant invested closely with
the pericarp, and that again with the hardened glumellas, thus
occasioning its glossy appearance and pointed form.

[P. paradoxa L. an allied species, but with a blunt toothed wing to
the glumes, and the two neuter florets rudimentary and much shorter
than the perfect one, was found in a field near Swanage, Dorset, in
1847, but disappeared the next year. It is a south of Europe species.]

** Glumes not winged at the keel, panicle with spreading branches.

Digraphis.

2. P. arundindcea L. ( Reed C .); panicle erect its branches
patent, florets crested secund, neuter florets consisting of 1 — 2
small hairy valves. E. B. t. 402, and t. 2160. f. 2. (under
Calamag. stricta ) : Pant. Gr. t. 9. Digraphis Trin.

Sides of lakes and rivers, common. 2f. 7,8. — A variety with
a a 2

532

CVTI. GRAMINEjE.

\JPhleum.

leaves variegated with white lines (Parn. Gr. t. 82) is frequent in
gardens, and called ribbon-grass, striped-grass, or gardener s garters.
Very different from the last in general habit, but not in essential
cnaracter. Panicle large, 4 — 8 inches long, often brownish or
purplish- green. Useful for securing river banks ; it has a creeping
rhizome, and is here and there tufted.

6. Piileum Linn. Cat’s-tail-grass. (Tab. VI. f. 6.)

Panicle spike-like. Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumes 2,
nearly equal, parallel, acuminate or mucronate-aristate, longer
than the floret. Glumellas 2, membranous, glabrous, awnless.
Styles elongated. Caryopsis free. — Named from cpXtog, or
i phone , formerly applied, it is supposed, to the reed-mace
( Typha ), to which our grass bears some distant resemblance.

* Glumes truncate and scarious below the apex .

1. P. pratense L. ( common C., or Timothy-grass) ; panicle
cylindrical, glumes truncate mucronate-aristate ciliate at the
back at least twice as long as the awn, neuter floret wanting.
E. B. t. 1076 : Parn. Gr. t,t. 6, 77, 78.

Meadows and pastures, very common. If . 6 — 1 0. — Rhizome

sometimes tuberous, and then the plant is the P. nodosum Linn.
Glumes, as in all the species, extremely compressed, keeled with a
dorsal green nerve running out into a spreading awn, scarcely half as
long as the glume.

2. P. alpinum L. ( alpine C.) ; panicle oblong or ovate-
oblong, glumes truncate mucronate-aristate ciliate at the back
scarcely as long as the awn, neuter floret wanting. [ — a. awn
ciliate, upper sheath scarcely inflated and about twice the
length of the leaf, uppermost ligule oblong acute.] — /3. awn
scabrous, upper sheath inflated 3 — 4 times the length of the
leaf, uppermost ligule very short obtuse. E. B. t. 519 : Parn.
Gr. t. 6. P. commutatum Gaud.

13. Banks of mountain-streams, rare. Breadalbane mountains ;
Feula burn, Canlochen Glen, Glashie burn, White Water above Glen
Dole, Glen Fiadh, and rocks near Loch Brandy, Clova ; Loch-na-gar
and Braeriach, Aberdeenshire; Garvie moor, Invernesshire. If.. 7.
— Spihe purplish, variable in length, sometimes only half an inch,
sometimes lg inch long. The awns in our Scottish plant “are gene-
rally scabrous ; but in some instances the scabrous processes towards
the base are so elongated as to become cilias:” Gardn. The car. a.
has not yet occurred in this country.

** Glumes acuminate or contracted into a short point but not truncate.

3. P. usperum Jacq. (rough C.) ; annual, panicle cylindrical,
glumes wedge-shaped tumid upwards mucronate rough, neuter

Psamma.']

CVII. GRAMINEJE.

533

floret subulate, stem often branched. Pam. Gr. t. 79- P.
paniculatum Huds. : E. B. t. 1077.

Rare in dry open fields, in the western and midland parts of Eng-
land. 0. 7. — Culms very leafy; the long spikes are partly con-

cealed among them.

4. P. Boehmeri Wibel {purple- stalked C .) ; perennial, panicle
cylindrical, glumes linear-lanceolate suddenly acuminate-aristate
hispidly ciliateon the keel above the middle, neuter floret subu-
late. Parn. Gr. t. 80. Phalaris phleoides L. : E. B. t. 459.

Dry sandy and chalky fields, rare ; principally in Norfolk and
Cambridgeshire. 2/.. 7. — Culms simple, erect, sparingly leafy,

slender, shining purple.

[5. P. * Michelii All. ( Micheli's C .) ; perennial, panicle
nearly cylindrical, glumes lanceolate acuminate strongly ciliate
at the back the whole length. E. B. t. 2265 : Parn. Gr. t. 7.

Rocky parts of the high mountains of Clova, Scotland : C. Don.
U. 7,8. — Distinguishable at once from the preceding species by
its gradually tapering glumes, and from the next by the perennial root.
No one has succeeded in verifying Don’s discovery ; all the specimens
communicated by him were from his garden at Forfar.]

6. P. arendrium L. ( Sea C .) ; annual, panicle obovato-
cylindrical, glumes lanceolate acute ciliate at the back above
the middle. Parn. Gr. t. 7. Phalaris Huds.: E. B. t. 222.

On loose sand, especially near the sea. ©. 5, 6. — Culms 5 — 6

inches high, many from the same root. Glumellas half as long as the
glumes, membranous, truncate.

Iff Glumes 2. Styles very short. Stigmas elongated , hairy
or plumose.

7. Lagtjrus Linn. Hare’s-tail-grass. (Tab. VI. f. 7.)

Panicle spike-like. Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumes 2,
lengthened into a long subulate point, fringed to the end,
longer than the floret. Glumellas 2, membranous ; outer one
bifid, ending in 2 long bristles, with a dorsal twisted jointed
awn. Stigmas slender, slightly hairy. — Named from Kayuioc,
a hare, and ovpa, a tail.

1. L. ovdtus L. (ovate H.) : E. B. t. 1334: Parn. Gr. t. 88.

Very rare. Sandy grounds in the north and west of Guernsey.
©. 6. — The only species of the genus. Remarkable for its soft and

pale heads of flowers, from among which the long awns are protruded.

8. Psamma Beauv. Sea-reed. (Tab. VI. f. 5.)

Panicle spike-like. Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumes 2,
nearly equal, keeled, membranous, diverging, longer than the
A a 3

534

CVII. GRAMINE^E.

\_Milium.

floret. Glumellas 2, subcoriaceous below, each with a tuft of
short silky hairs at the base ; outer one mucronulate or with a
very short awn below the point. Stigmas cylindrical, plumose.
Neuter floret 1, rudimentary and very minute, coriaceous,
sessile, often obsolete. — Named from ipappri, sand.

1. P. arenaria Roem. et Sch. ( common S., Marram, or
Mat-weed) ; panicle cylindrical acuminate, glumes acute, hairs
three times thicker than the floret. P. littoralis Beauv.
Arundo arenaria L. : E. B. t. 520. Ammophila arundinacea
Host: Pam. Gr. t. 8.

Sandy sea-shores, frequent. If.. 7. — Rhizome extensively creeping.
Leaves long, narrow, rigid, involute, glaucous. Culms 2 — 3 ft. high.
Glumellas far more rigid than the glumes; the larger one with a
small sinus below the point.

fyyj" Glumes 2. Styles short. Stigmas thick, oval or oblong,
plumose.

9. Milium Linn. Millet-grass. (Tab. VI. f. 8.)

Panicle spreading. Spikelets somewhat dorsally compressed,
awnless. Glumes 2, nearly equal, flattish, herbaceous, rather
acute, scarcely longer than the floret. Glumellas 2, nearly
equal, glabrous, ultimately hardening and enclosing the caryopsis.
Neuter florets 0. — Named either from mille, a thousand, on
account of its fertility ; or, according to Theis, from the Celtic
mil , a stone, from the hardness of its fruit.

1. M. eflfusum L. ( spreading M.) ; panicle glabrous its
branches subverticillate, leaves lanceolate, ligule obtuse. E.
B. t. 1106: Pam. Gr. t. 17.

Moist shady woods. %. 5 — 6. — Culms 3 — 4 feet high. — We

have above, for the sake of simplicity, given this genus a character
very different from what it ought actually to have, and which would
remove it to near Panicum and the tropical genus Paspalum : it has
only one true glume, the lower being entirely absent, while what we
have called the second glume is a neuter floret composed of one
glumella as large as, and precisely similar to, the glume.

10. Gastridium Beauv. Nit-grass. (Tab. VI. f. 9.)

Panicle contracted, spike-like. Spikelets scarcely com-
pressed. Glumes 2, acute, awnless, ventricose at the base,
keeled upwards, membranous, much longer than the floret.
Glumellas 2, membranous ; outer one truncate or toothed at
the end with (or without) a long straight awn below the
point. Neuter florets 0.— Named from yaorpdwv, a ventricle,
or little swelling, as is seen at the base of the spikelet.

1. G. lendigerum Gaud. ( owned N.); glumes lanceolate

CVII. GRAMINEAL

53 5

Po1ypogon.~\

acuminate shorter than the awn of the gluniella. Pam. Gr.
t. 86. Milium L. : E. B. t. 1107. Agrostis australis L.
Gastridium Beauv.

Places where water has stagnated generally near the sea, rare.
Gillingham and Cley, Norfolk ; Little Baddow and Great Leighs,
Essex; Isle of Sheppey and Erith, Kent; Surrey; Sussex; Isle of
Wight (abundant) ; Weymouth, Dorset; Devon; Somerset; Glou-
cester. Glamorgan and N. Wales. If. 6 — 10. — Culms 4 — 8
inches high, with numerous glossy florets , singularly swollen at the
base.

11. Sti'fa Linn. Feather-grass. (Tab. VI. f. 11.)

Panicle erect, contracted (but not spike-like). Glumes 2,
longer than the floret, membranous. Floret stipitate. Glumel-
las cartilaginous ; outer one involute, terminated with a very
long twisted awn ; awn jointed at the base, and finally separating
at the joint. Neuter florets 0. — Named from orumi, tow of flax:
from the flaxen or silky appearance of the common species of
the gardens.

[1. S. * penndta L. ( common F .); leaves rigid setaceous
grooved, awns exceedingly long feathery to the point. E. B. t.
1356 : Pam. Gr. t. 87.

Limestone rocks overhanging the valley of Long Sleddale 6 m. N.
of Kendal, Westmoreland : Dr. Richardson and Mr. Lawson ( Dillen . ).
It. 6. — This beautiful grass, if it were not then an escape from
a garden, has not been found since 1720.]

12. Polypogon Desf. Beard-grass. (Tab. VI. f. 10.)

Panicle compact, spike-like. S pikelets laterally compressed.
Glumes 2, equal, longer than the floret, each notched and
with a long straight awn at the extremity. Glumellas un-
equal; the outer obtuse, usually awned almost at the very
extremity. Neuter florets 0. — Named from woXuc, many , and
irwywv, a heard ; from the bearded appearance of the panicle.

1. P. Monspeliensis Desf. (annual B.) ; awns 2 — 3 times as
long as the rather obtuse rough glumes, root annual. Pam.
Gr. t. 11. Agrostis panicea Ait. : E. B. t. 1704.

Rare, in moist pastures near the sea. Hampshire ; Purfleet,
Essex; Northfleet Hope, Kent; Cley, Norfolk: Gloucester; Dur-
ham (on ballast hills). Guernsey. Inverkeithing, Fifeshire. Q.
6 — 8. — Culms usually 12 — 18 inches, but in Hampshire are some-
times found 4 feet high.

2. P. littoralis Sm. (perennial B.) ; awns equal in length to
the almost glabrous acute glumes, root perennial. Pam. Gr.
t. 81. Agrostis Sm. : E. B. t. 1251.

A a 4

536

evil. grajmlnEyE. [ Calamagrostis.

Muddy salt-marshes, very rare. Near Cley, Norfolk ; coast of
Essex ; near the powder magazine, Woolwich ; Saltmarsh pool, near
Porchester, Hants (#here the culms are 6 feet long and decumbent

below). If.. 7 The glumes are more acuminate than in P.

Monspeliensis, and taper more gradually into the much shorter awn ;
outer ghimella truncate ; both toothed at the points. — Long supposed
peculiar to England, but forms of it have been found in Germany,
Prance, and Spain, although described under different names.

13. Calamagrostis Adans. Small-reed. (Tab. VIII. f. 12.)

Panicle loose or close. Spikelets laterally compressed.
Glumes 2, nearly equal, longer than the floret, which is sur-
rounded by scaly hairs at the base. Glumellas 2, membran-
ous ; outer one (sometimes shortly) awned at the point or back,
very rarely awnless. Neuter floret wanting, or reduced to a
short scale or pedicel. — Named from k aXagoc, a reed, and
aypoorig, a genus of grasses.

1. C. Epigeios Roth (Wood S.) ; panicle erect close, spike-
lets crowded unilateral, glumes subulate their keel rough,
outer glumella with a dorsal awn from about its middle
nearly as long as the glumes, hairs longer than the glumellas,
neuter florets none. Pam. Gr. t. 16. Arundo L. : E. B.
t. 403.

Moist shady places in England and Ireland, not very common.
Dalrvmple Wood, Ayr; Isle of Mull, Argyleshire ; Braemar, Aber-
deenshire; Scotland. If. 7. — Some authors still retain the name
Arundo for this genus, but the Roman name Arundo was applied partly
to Phragmites, partly to the Donax of the Greeks, not to any species
of Calamayrostis.

2. C. lanceolata Roth (purple-flowered S.) ; panicle erect
loose, spikelets scattered spreading, glumes lanceolate their
keel smooth, outer glumella with a very short terminal awn
between the two segments of the bifid point and scarcely longer
than it, hairs longer than the glumellas, neuter florets none.
Pam. Gr. t. 84. Arundo Calamagrostis L. : E. B. t. 2159.

Moist hedges, in fenny countries, rare. If. 6. — Panicle much
smaller and looser than the last; spikelets more purple and shining.

3. C. stricta Nutt, (narrow S.) ; panicle erect close, glumes
lanceolate acute a little rough on the keel with 3 or more
nerves, outer glumella bifid nearly as long as the upper glume
longer than the hairs, with an awn equal to it in height inserted
below the middle, neuter floret rudimentary, leaves of the
barren shoots slender. Pam. Gr. t. 16. C. Lapponica Hook.:
Pam. Gr. t. 85. Deyeuxia Kunth. Arundo stricta Schrad. :
E. B. t. 2160.

Bogs and marshes, very rare. Oakmere in Delamere Forest,
Cheshire. White Muir Marsh and Rcscobie Loch, near Forfar, now

Agrdstis.']

CVII. GRAMINEiE.

537

extirpated by drainage. Lough Neagh, and other places in the
county of Antrim. I/.. 6,7. — Culms — 3 ft. high. Leaves of
the culm broad; of the barren shoots narrower, rigid, and convolute
when dry. Panicle 1 — 4 inches long, at first spreading, afterwards
compact. Hairs not half the length of the glumellas. The Irish
plant is C. Lapponica of the 4th and 5th editions of this work, but in
the true C. Lapponica Hartm., the glumes are described as I-nerved,
the awn is bent, and the hairs are scarcely shorter than the glumellas.

14. Agrostis Linn. Bent-grass. (Tab. VL f. 13.)

Panicle loose. Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumes 2,
acute, membranous, longer than the floret, awnless. Floret
sessile, glabrous or with 1 — 2 tufts of very short hairs at the
base. Glumellas 2, unequal ; the inner sometimes wanting, the
outer with or without an awn. Caryopsis free, oblong, or linear.
— Name; given by the Greeks to grasses, from a-ypog, a field,
because they are so abundant in open places.

* Upper glume the smaller. Neuter floret 0.

1. A. canina L. ( brown B.) ; branches of the panicle long
slender erecto-patent, glumes unequal lanceolate rough on the
keel, outer one 1 -nerved, outer glumella erose at the end 5-
nerved the middle nerve terminating below the middle at the
insertion of the dorsal awn, inner wanting (or very minute ?),
leaves linear, sheaths smooth, ligule oblong acute. E. B. t.
1856 : Pam. Gr. t. 15.

Moist heaths and moory places, abundant. If.. 6, 7.— Very vari-
able in the size and colour of its flowers, purple or green, and in the
length of the dorsal awn, which is sometimes included within the
glumes, at other times considerably exserted. We have never seen
more than one glumella, not even the rudiment of a second ; but, as
in the next species, Smith and Leers have detected an inner one.

2. A. setdeea Curt. ( Bristle-leaved B.) ; branches of the pani-
cle short close spreading in flower, glumes unequal lanceolate
rough on the keel, outer glumella erose at the end 4-nerved
with a long geniculate twisted awn from its base, inner very
minute, leaves setaceous, sheaths rough, ligule oblong acute.
E. B. t. 1188 : Pam. Gr. t. 83.

Very local, almost wholly confined to the dry downs of the extreme
south and south-west parts of England, as Hampshire, Devonshire,
and Cornwall. 2/.. 6, 7. — Larger glumella white, thin, and mem-

branous, truncate at the top, with 4 green nerves, of which two, the
lateral ones, project into mucros : its awn from the very base, rough,
truly geniculate and twisted ; inner one very small, truncate and
toothed, accompanied on each side at the base by a tuft of white hairs.

3. A. vulgaris With. ( fine B.) ; branches of the panicle
smoothish its branchlets spreading after flowering, glumes nearly

A A 5

533

CVn. GRAMINEAh

[Agrostis,

equal, outer one rough on the keel above, outer glumella 3-
nerved twice as long as the inner, ligule extremely short and
truncate. — a. mutica ; spikelets awnless. E.B. t. 1671 : Pam.
Gr. t. 12. — f3. aristata; spikelets awned. Pam. Gr. 1. 13. A.
canina With. — y. pumila ; scarcely 3 inches high, spikelets
often awned. Pam. Gr. t. 12. A. pumila Light/. Scot. p. 1081
{Jig. in title-page).

Meadows, pastures, and banks, common everywhere. 21. 6,7. —
Rhizome creeping, throwing out many, mostly ascending culms, 1 or
] ^ foot high. Sheaths usually smooth. Panicle purplish ; rachis
smooth, and the branchlets nearly so. Glumes lanceolate, glabrous,
shining, rough on the back. Ghimellas 2, thin, delicate, membranous,
unequal ; outer one a little shorter than the glumes, 3-nerved, tridentate,
awnless in a. ; bearing an awn of uncertain length in /3. , but mostly
short, arising from the central nerve a little below the middle of the
back ; inner glumella half as small, 2-nerved, bifid. Specimens of this
species sometimes, though very seldom, occur, bearing the rudiment
of a second floret upon a rather long stalk, in the same calyx.

4. A. alba L. ( Marsh B.) ; branches of the panicle hispid its
branchlets erect after flowering, glumes nearly equal, outer one
rough on the keel all over, outer glumella 5-nerved twice as
long as the inner, ligule elongated acute. — a. culms erect. E.
B. t. 1189: Parn. Gr. tt. 13, 14. — d. stolonifera; culms with
long prostrate scions. Pam. Gr. t. 14. A. stolonifera L. : E.
B. t. 1532. — y.maritima; culms procumbent rooting at the
joints, panicle small lobed.

Pastures, road-sides, and in various other situations, abundant, TJ..
7,8. — Very closely allied to the last, and united to it by Mr. Bentham.
Culms ascending, often rooting at the base, or throwing out scions
( stolones ). Panicle rather contracted, pale green or purplish, branch-
lets patent during flowering, more erect afterwards, and giving the
panicle a compact appearance. Glumes like those in A. vulgaris, as
are the ghimellas ; but the outer one has 5 nerves and as many teeth,
and the inner one is only faintly 2- or 3-nerved at the base, nearly
entire and obtuse at the extremity. In some specimens there is a
short awn at the base of the outer glumella : this constitutes the A.
compressa Willd. ; and occasionally the flowers are viviparous, when
it is the A. sylcatica Linn.

** Upper glume the larger, 3-nerved, as long as the lower glumella ; lower

1 -nerved. Outer glumella with a long awn from near its summit.

Neuter floret filiform. Apera.

5. A. Spica-venti L. ( spreading silky B.) ; panicle spreading,
glumes unequal lanceolate rough on the keel, outer glumella
bifid with a subterminal long straight awn, inner one smaller
with a small stalk-like neuter floret at its base, anthers linear-
oblong. E. B. t. 951. Apera Beauv. Anemagrostis Trin. .
Parn. Gr. t. 17.

Catabrosa.']

CVII. GRAMINEyE.

539

Rare ; in sandy fields which are occasionally flooded by the Thames
and the Ouse; in Cheshire, Lancashire, and Yorkshire. ©. 6, 7. —
A beautiful grass, with very' slender branches to its ample panicle,

| which is wavy and glossy like silk, well named by Parkinson “ Gramen
' agrorum venti spica." Awn many times longer than the spikelet, rough.
Inner glumella not much less than the outer; at its base is a little
neuter floret, resembling a pedicel destitute of flower, which has a
small tuft of hairs on each side.

6. A. interrupt a L. ( dense-flowered silky B.) ; panicle long
contracted narrow, branches half-whorled the lower ones remote,
glumes unequal lanceolate rough on the keel, outer glumella
bifid with a subterminal long straight awn, inner one smaller
with a small stalk-like neuter floret at its base, anthers broadly
oval. Apera Beauv.: E. B. S. t. 2951. Anemagrostis Trin.

Sandy pastures, rare. About Thetford ; Pampisford and Chippen-
ham, Cambridgeshire. 0. 6, 7. — So closely allied to the last thac

Mr. Bentham has united them : it only differs by the contracted
panicle and shorter anthers, agreeing in all the other characters.

** Spikelets 2 — 3 -flowered: perfect florets 2, very rarely 3 ; some-
times solitary , with 1 — 2 imperfect barren florets or a neuter
one which is as large as the perfect one or sometimes (in
Catabrosa, Molinia, and Melica) rudimentary. (Tab. VI.
f. 14. VII. f. 15—22.) (Gen. 15—25.)

| Styles short. Stigmas plumose , much thicker than the style.

15. Catabrosa Beauv. Whorl-grass. (Tab. VI. f. 14.)

Panicle spreading. Spikelets scarcely compressed, ovate, awn-
less, with 1 — 3 perfect florets and often 1 — 2 neuter ones.
Glumes 2, membranous, 1 -nerved, much shorter than the
spikelets, convex on the back, very obtuse, lower one the
smaller, upper crenate or toothed at the end. Glumellas 2,
coriaceous, membranous only at the extremity, 3-ribbed, trun-
cate and erose at the end, nearly equal. Caryopsis free. —
Named from KaraSpiooig, a gnawing; from the erose extremity
of the glumes.

1. C. aqudtica Beauv. (Wafer TV.) ; panicle with wlmrled
patent branches, leaves broadly linear obtuse. — a. larger,
spikelets 2 — 3-flowered. Pam. Gr. t. 20. Aira L. : E. B. t.
1557. — 1 3. littoralis; small, spikelets 1 -flowered. Pam. Gr. t.

102.

Banks of rivers, and floating in pools of water. — 0. on the sea-
shore in the west of England and Scotland. If. 5, 6. — This is very
different in habit and generic character from Aira, and from any other
grass with which we are acquainted. Mertens places it in Poa among
those with long spikelets, which now, according to Smith, form the
a a 6

540

CVII. GRA.MINEJS.

[. Aira .

genus Glyceria; but it does not naturally combine with them. Rhizome
very long, branched, floating, jointed, sending from the joints fibrous
radicles below, and cvlms above, a foot or more long, stout, with
short broad leaves. Glumes with only a single nerve or midrib,
thin and membranous, broadly oval, obtuse. Glumellas of a thick
texture, brownish-green, white and diaphanous at the blunted ex-
tremity.

16. Aira Linn. Hair-grass. (Tab. VII. f. 15.)

Panicle lax (rarely contracted). Spikelets laterally com-
pressed, with 2 (or rarely 3 or only 1) perfect florets and some-
times a neuter one which is usually rudimentary. Glumes 2,
unequal, about as long as the florets , the outer 1 -nerved. Glu-

mellas membranous and thin, hairy at the base ; the outer one
awned at the back, with or without faint lateral nerves, toothed
or entire or bifid but not setigerous at the end. Caryopsis
glabrous. — Named from aipw, to destroy. This name was an-
ciently applied to the Lolium temulentum (bearded darnel), on
account of its injurious effects, and now to the present genus of
Grasses, although it has little in common with it.

* Outer glumella erose or toothed at the end. Caryopsis free. Neuter
floret subulate.

1. A. C(espit6sa L. (tufted II.) ; panicle diffuse, branches sca-
brous, glumes slightly rough on the midrib, upper 3-ribbed’,
florets hairy at the base rather longer than the glumes, awn
straight inserted near the base of and seldom exceeding in
length the outer glumella. — a. vulgaris ; sheaths of leaves rough,
awn the length of the floret. E. B. t. 1453 : Pam. Gr. tt. 23,
104. — S. brevifolia; radical leaves short, sheaths smooth, pa-
nicle small, awn the length of the floret. Pam. Gr. t. 106. —
y. longiaristata ; sheaths smooth, awn projecting one third be-
yond the floret. Pam. Gr. t. 105.

Moist shady places, and borders of fields, plentiful. — A and y.
on the mountains. If. 6, 7. — Much tufted. Culms 2 — 4 ft. high.
Leaves linear, acuminate, rough on the margin. Liyule long, acute,
entire. Panicle large, silvery-gray or greenish, much branched, smaller
and purplish in j8. Spikelets acute. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, sub-
glabrous, rather acute, erose. Florets with a few longish hairs at the
base, upper ones pedicellate ; their glumellas ovate, obtuse, erose, the
outer one with 4 short teeth, the inner bifid. Var. A is frequently
collected for the next species, from which it can only be certainly
known by the position of the awn ; var. y. has sometimes but one
fertile floret, when it is A. conglomerata Don.

2. A. alpina L. (smooth Alpine H.) ; panicle subcoarctate,
branches and pedicels perfectly or nearly smooth, glumes smooth
on the midrib, upper 3-ribbed, florets as long as the glumes,

evil. GRAMINE-E.

541

Aira.] '

awn (in the flowering specimens) inserted above the middle and
scarcely exceeding the glumes in length. Pam. Gr. tt. 23,
109. A. laevigata Sin. : E. B. t. 2102.

Moist rocks on the higher Scottish mountains and in Wales, usually
viviparous. fl. 6, 7. — Perhaps a mere variety of the last species,
from some states of which it is only to be distinguished by artificial
characters. About 1 foot high, very smooth. Leaves only scabrous
to the touch on the upper side, short. Panicle rather small, branches
erect; the lower ones, when viviparous (which they mostly are),
patent and even drooping. Spikelets not numerous, larger than in
A. ccespitosa a., and more resembling, as does the whole plant, the
var. 0. and A. flexuosa. Glumes equal, quite smooth. Florets with
a short tuft of hairs at the base. Glumellns lanceolate, not compressed,
outer one slightly toothed at the end. Awn flat at the base and usually
twisted in flowering specimens; but in viviparous ones straight and
subterminal, often a mere point, while the florets are almost quite
glabrous at the base.

3. K. fiexu6sa L. ( waved i/.) ; panicle (when flowering) dif-
fuse, glumes roughish on the midrib, upper with a central and 2
obscure lateral ribs, florets villous at the base as long as the
glumes, awn bent slightly twisted inserted near the base of but
much longer than the glumella, leaves setaceous. — a. lower
floret scarcely longer than the glume. E. B. t. 1519: Pam.
Gr. tt. 24, 107. — /3. montana; more slender, lower floret longer
than the glume. Parn. Gr. t. 108.

Heaths and hilly places ; abundant. — 0. Highland moors, among

heather. If.. 7 Habit of the last, but taller. Florets larger than

in the two preceding species, and with the awns protruded consider-
ably beyond the glumellas : the last are much the same in all the
three. Ligule of the uppermost leaf bifid.

** Outer glumella bijid, ultimately somewhat cartilaginous and enclosing
the caryopsis. Awn bent, twisted, Iiudimentary neuter floret none.
Glumes both 1 -nerved.

4. A. caryophyllea L. (silvery H.) ; panicle divaricate, spike-
lets obtuse at the base, florets scarcely villous at the base shorter
than the glumes, awn inserted below the middle longer than the
glumes, leaves setaceous. E. B. t. 812 : Parn. Gr. t. 24.

Gravelly hills and pastures, frequent. 0. 6, 7. — Culms tufted,

2 — 6 or 8 inches high. Leaves short, few. Panicle trichotomous.
Florets silvery-gray. Glumes nearly equal, ovate, gibbous at the base,
1-nerved, the upper part pellucid and white. Glumellas scabrous at
the back, ultimately brown, firm, and inclosing the caryopsis; apex
bifid.

5. A. prce'cox L. (early H.) ; panicle contracted oblong,
spikelets somewhat acute at the base, florets scarcely villous at
the base about as long as the glumes, awn inserted below the

CVII. GRAMINE^E.

542

\JMolinia.

middle and usually near the base longer than the glumes, leaves
setaceous. E. B. t. 1296 : Pam. Gr. t. 25.

Sandy hills and pastures. ©. 5, 6. — Culms tufted, 1 — S inches
high. Panicle few-flowered, pale silvery-green. Glumes ovato-lanceo-
late, scabrous ; when seen under the microscope both are 1 -nerved;
glumellas narrow, acuminate, scabrous, the point bifid. — These two
last species have the habit of Aira, but are scarcely distinct in cha-
racter from the 2-flowered species of Avena, except by both glumes
having only a central nerve.

*** Outer glumella entire at the end; awn jointed in the middle with a
tuft o f hairs at the joint, upper portion clavate. Neuter floret
wanting. Glumes both 1 -nerved. Corynephorus.

6. A. canescens L. ( gray H.) ; panicle rather dense, florets
shorter than the calyx, awn clavate shorter than the calyx,
leaves setaceous. E. B. t. 1190: Pam. Gr. t. 110. Coryne-
phorus Beauv.

On the sandy sea-coasts of Norfolk and Suffolk. Jersey. !£. 7. —
Remarkable in this genus for having its awn clavate, and bearing at
the joint a tuft of hairs ; a character which distinguishes it from all
other British grasses.

17. Molinia Sclirank. Molinia.

Panicle somewhat contracted or spreading. Spikelets awnless,
oblong-cylindrical, with 1 — 5 (or more) perfect florets and
usually a subulate rudimentary upper neuter one. Glumes 2,
acute, shorter than the florets, unequal, lower one 1 -nerved.
Glumellas 2 ; outer one convex on the back, glabrous, entire
at the end, ultimately cartilaginous and inclosing the free ca-
ry apsis. — Named in honour of Don Giovanni Ignatio Molina ,
who wrote an account of the natural history of Chili, published
in 1782.

1. hi. ccerulea Moench ( purple M.) ; panicle erect somewhat
contracted, spikelets erect, outer glumella usually 3-nerved, culm
with a single node near the base. — a. panicle bluish-purple,
spikelets 2 — 3-flowered, outer glumella 3-nerved. Pam. Gr.
tt. 20, 103. Melica L. : E. B. t. 750. — j3. panicle pale greeD,
spikelets 1 -flowered, outer glumella 3 — 5-nerved. Molinia

depauperata Lindl. : Pam. Gr. t. 19. Melica alpina Don.

Wet heathy places and moors, frequent. — fl. Clova mountains at
an elevation of 3000 feet. 21. 7, 8. — Culms 1 — 2 ft. high or more.
Leaves long, linear, and acuminate. Panicle 2 — 8 inches in length,
bluish-purple, rarely green. Glumes lanceolate, nearly equal. Florets
generally 2 perfect and 1 sterile; but if M. altissima of Link be a
variety, as supposed by Kunth, the spikelets are sometimes many-
flowered. Anthers large, purple.

H ulcus.']

CVII. GRAMINEjE.

543

18. Melica Linn. Melic-grass. (Tab. VII. f. 16.)

Panicle lax. Spikelets ovate, awnless, with 1 — 2 perfect
florets and a club-shaped rudimentary neuter one. Glumes 2,
nearly equal, shorter than the florets, several-nerved. Glu-
mellas 2 ; outer one convex on the back, entire at the end, ulti-
mately cartilaginous and enclosing the free caryopsis. — Name:
Melica or Melliga, given in Italy to the Sorghum vulgare on
account of the sweet flavour of its stem ( mel , honey), was applied
by Linna3us to this somewhat allied genus.

1. M. nutans L. ( Mountain M.) ; panicle a nearly simple lax
secund raceme, spikelets drooping ovate 2-flowered. E. B.
t. 1059 : Pam. Gr. t. 18.

Woods in somewhat mountainous countries, especially in the north
of England and Scotland. I/.. 5, 6. — One foot or more high, leafy.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; lipule short and obtuse. Glumes ovate,
convex, nerved, deep purple-brown, margin pale. Outer glumellas
large, cartilaginous, unequal, nerved. Between the two perfect florets
is the rudiment of a third, which is pedicellate, consisting of 2 hardened
glumellas without either pistil or stamen.

2. M. uni flora Retz ( Wood M.) ; panicle branched slightly
drooping, spikelets erect ovate with only one glabrous perfect
floret. E. B. ,t. 1058 : Pam. Gr. 1. 18.

Shady woods, frequent. 1 L. 5 — 7- — Imperfect floret on rather
a long stalk. I.eaves broader than the last, and whole plant larger.
Scale of one piece, orange-coloured, thick, “ covered by the outer
glumella : ” Wilson.

19. Holcos Linn. Soft-grass. (Tab. VII. f. 17.)

Panicle lax. Spikelets laterally compressed, 2-flowered.
Glumes 2. Lower floret perfect, triandrous : glumellas 2, outer
one awnless or very rarely avvned. Upper floret barren, trian-
drous : glumellas 2 ; outer one awned. Caryopsis covered by
the indurated glumellas. — Named o\koc, from t\icw, to extract;
because it was supposed to have the property of drawing out
thorns from the flesh !

1. II. mdllis L. ( creeping S.) ; glumes acuminate, awn of
barren floret exserted at length geniculate scabrous all over,
culm with spreading hairs at the nodes, rhizome creeping. E.
B. t. 1170: Pam. Gr. tt. 21, 22.

Pastures and hedges, common, "if.. 7. — Mr. Wilson well observes
that this species is distinguished by the acute (or almost acuminate)
glumes and bearded nodes of the culm.

2. II. landtus L. ( Meadow S.) ; glumes rather obtuse mucro-
nate, awn of barren floret included within the glumes ultimately

544

evil. GRAMiNE.®. \_Arrhenaiherum.

curved glabrous except near the end, culms uniformly downy,
root fibrous. E. B. t. 1169: Pam. Gr. t. 21.

Meadows, pastures, and woods; common. 2/.. 6,7. — Much re-

sembling the last in general appearance, but clothed with a softer and
more abundant pubescence.

20. Arrhenatherdm Beauv. False Oat-grass.

(Tab. VII. f. 18.)

Panicle lax. Spikelets laterally compressed, 2-flowered, with
an upper rudimentary neuter one. Glumes 2, nearly equal;.}
membranous, as long as the florets. Lower floret barren, tri-
androus: glumellas 2; outer one with a long twisted geniculate I
awn above the base. Upper floret perfect, triandrous: glu- 1
mellas 2 ; outer one with a short straight bristle below the point. ,
— Named from apppv, male, and a6r]p, an awn. This genus has
altogether the habit of Arena, from which it differs in the num- !
ber and structure of its florets.

1. A. avendeeum Beauv. (common F.) ; leaves flat. Holcus
Scop.: E. B. t. 813. Avena elatior L. — a. culm inconspicu-
ously knotted at the base, its nodes usually glabrous. Pam.
Gr. t. 25. — 1 8. bulbosum; culm with large knots or bulbs at the
base, its nodes downy. Pam. Gr. t. 26.

Hedges and pastures, frequent. Tl. 6,7. — The Arrh. bulbosum
Dunal and L\nd\. (Avena nodosa of Cullum and /tv. precatoria Thuill.)
is merely a variety with the lowest internodes of the culm much
swollen, so as to resemble knots or bulbs. Culm 2 — 3 feet high.
Panicle long, loose. Spikelets greenish-brown.

21. Koeleria Pers. Koeleria.

Panicle spike-like, subcylindrical. Spikelets laterally com-
pressed, distichous, with 2 or more perfect florets. Glumes 2,
unequal, membranous, keeled, shorter than the florets. Glumel-
las 2, membranous, naked at the base ; outer one keeled, entire,
pointed or with a straight subterminal bristle. Caryopsis free.

— Named in honour of George Louis Koeler , author of a work
on German and French Grasses, published in 1802.

1. K. cristuta Pers. (crested K.) ; panicle interrupted below,
outer glumella acute 3-ribbed, leaves narrow ciliate at the
margins or hairy. Aira L. : E. B. t. 648. Airochloa Link :
Pam. Gr. t. 19.

Dry pastures; most frequent in the north, and especially near the
sea. If. 6,7. — Culm 6 — 8 inches high, sometimes more. Leaves
linear, short in dry places, but sometimes as long as the culm in damp
situations. Leaves and spikelets very variable as to pubescence, being
sometimes glabrous, sometimes villous. Glumes acute or slightly

Hierochloe .]

CVII. GRAMlNEvE.

545

acuminate, lanceolate, compressed. Inner ylumdla white, delicate,
reticulate, bifid, with two longitudinal folds.

ff Styles very short. Stigmas elongated , filiform , united to the
middle.

22. Sesleria Scop. Moor-grass. (Tab. VII. f. 20.)

Panicle spike-like, somewhat terete or slightly unilateral.
Snikelets laterally compressed, with 2 or more perfect florets.
Glumes 2, somewhat unequal, 1 -nerved, about as long as or
longer than the florets. Glumellas 2, naked at the base, mem-
branous ; outer one keeled, incise and with a short bristle at the
end. Caryopsis free. Style very short. Stigmas filiform, papil-
lose, united to above the middle. — Named after Leonard Sesler,
an Italian physician and botanist.

1 . S. ccerulea Scop. (J)lue 31.) ; panicle ovate bracteate slightly
unilateral, outer glumella with 2 — 4 teeth at the apex the mid-
rib rough and terminating in a short bristle. E. B. t. 1613 :
Pam. Gr. t. 27. Cynosurus L.

Mountains in the north of England, Scotland, and west of Ireland ;
especially abundant in limestone regions. If. 4 — 6. — One of our
earliest grasses, and a very beautiful one. The roots much tufted.
Culms 6 — 18 inches high. Leaves linear, obtuse, with a minute rough
point. Spike of a shining bluish-grav, with large yellow anthers
tipped with purple. Spihelets generally in pairs, oblong-ovate, the
lower ones with an ovate ciliate and toothed bractea at the base.
Glumes ovato-lanceolate, 3-toothed, middle tooth lengthened into an
awn and often bifid, pubescent at the keel and margin. Florets longer
than the glumes. Outer glumellas 1-ribbed, pubescent or ciliate, with
1 or 2 teeth on each side of the bristle or short awn ; inner one bifid
at the point.

fff Styles elongated. Stigmas plumose , much broader than
the style.

23. Hierochloe Gmel. Holy-grass. (Tab. VII. f. 19.).

Panicle mostly lax. Spihelets laterally compressed, 3-flowered,
without neuter florets. Glumes 2, nearly equal, membranous,
about as long as the spikelet. Central floret perfect, diandrous;
glumellas 2, permanently membranous. Lateral florets bar-
ren, triandrous. Caryopsis free. — Named from tepog, sacred, and
X^oa, or a grass ; so called because, in some parts of

Prussia, it is strewed before the doors of the churches on festi-
val-days.

1. H. borealis R. et S. (Northern H.) ; panicle subsecund,
peduncles glabrous, florets awnless, outer glumellas ciliate at
the margin. E. B. S. t. 2641 : Pam. Gr. t. 31. Holcus
Schrad. Holcus odoratus L.

546

CVII. GRAMINE.32.

\Panicum.

In a narrow mountain valley, called Kella (Cally?) in Angusshire:
G. Don. Near Thurso, Caithness: Mr. Robert Dick (1854). I/..

5. — About 1 foot high, glabrous. Leaves linear-acuminate. Panicle
brownish, glossy. Spihelets broadly ovate. Glumes ovate, acute,
rather unequal, sometimes a little serrate at the point. Florets rather
longer than the glumes ; the outer glumellas are of a firmer texture,
scabrous when highly magnified, distinctly fringed at the margin, the
point sharp, but not awned. Central floret the smallest. Smell re-
sembling that of Anthoxanthum odoratum. Don’s station has not been
verified; but the plant is abundant near Thurso.

24. Paniccm Linn. Panic-grass. (Tab. VII. f. 21.)

Spikelets flat in front, convex on the back, 2-flowered, with-
out bristles at the base, usually on one side of the partial rachis,
and arranged in a compound spike, raceme, or panicle. Glumes
2 ; lower one (in front) small, upper as long as the spikelet.
Lower (or anterior) floret as long as the upper, barren and
triandrous or neuter: glumellas 1 — 2; outer with the texture of
and as long as the upper glume. Upper floret perfect ; glumellas
2, cartilaginous, enveloping the caryopsis, neither awned nor
setigerous, very rarely mucronulate. — Named from panis , bread;
the seeds of some species being used for bread. — The British
species belongs to that section called by Beauvois Echinochloa ,
and distinguished by the spikelets in a compound raceme , the
upper glume and lower glumella of the sterile floret with a long
awn-like bristle.

1. P. (Ech.) *Crus-galli L. (loose P.) ; “culms erect tufted
at the base, leaves linear acuminate more or less scabrous on
the upper side, sheaths glabrous, ligule none, spike compound
erect, partial ones alternate unilateral somewhat close-pressed
to the compressed triquetrous common rachis, spikelets ovate
turgid hispid (greenish), lower glume broadly cordate-ovate
with an embracing base mucronate thrice shorter than the
spikelet, upper ovate acuminate 5-nerved, neuter floret with
2 glumellas the lower with a longish bristle, caryopsis even
gibbous ovate with a hispid point.” E. B. t. 876. Echinochloa
Beauv. : Pam. Gr. t. 67.

Fields near London. Waste ground near Thetford, Norfolk. 0.
7. — The whole group called Echinochloa is in so great confusion,
that we scarcely know what the naturalized British species really is, or
whether there are not several. The above character of the true P.
Crus-galli by Nees v. Esenbeck is derived from foreign specimens.

25. Setaria Beauv. Bristle-grass. (Tab. VII. f. 22.)

Panicle compound, somewhat cylindrical, spike-like. Spihe-
lets flat in front, convex on the back, 2-flowered, 1 — 3 together,

CYII. GRAM1NE.E.

547

Port.]

surrounded by an involucre of bristles (abortive spikelets) and
falling away from it. Glumes 2, awnless ; lower one small,
upper as long as the spikelet. Lower Jloret as long as the
upper, barren and triandrous or neuter: glumellas 1 — 2; outer
one with the texture of the upper glume and as long. Upper
jloret perfect: glumellas 2; outer the largest, cartilaginous, en-
veloping the caryopsis. — Named from seta, a bristle. — To this
genus the true Millets belong.

1. S. *verticilldia Beauv. (rough B.) ; panicle lobed below
branches whorled, bristles of the involucre rough with reversed
teeth, outer glumella of the fruit nearly even, lower floret neuter
with 1 glumella. Parn. Gr. t. 69. Panicum L. : E. B. t. 874.

In cultivated fields, about London and Norwich. 0. 7, 8.

2. S. * viridis Beau v. (green B.) ; panicle continuous, bris-

1 ties of the involucre rough with erect teeth, outer glumella of
i the fruit nearly even, lower floret neuter with one glumella.
Parn. Gr. t. 68. Panicum L. : E. B. t. 875.

Fields about London, Thetford, and Norwich. ©. 7, 8.

3. S. *glauca Beauv. (glaucous B.); panicle continuous,
bristles of the involucre rough with erect teeth, outer glumella
of the fruit conspicuously wavy wrinkled transversely, lower
floret triandrous with 2 glumellas.

Weybridge, Surrey: Mr. Borrer. Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire. Q.
9. — Culm ascending, branched, angled under the inflorescence. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, bearded at the base. Spikelets about 2 in each in-
I volucre, and only half its length ; bristles many, rigid. Lower jloret
with 3 stamens and 2 glumellas. Distinguished by the shorter and
: more rigid bristles and larger spikelets from S. penicillata, which,
along with S'. Italica, will, we have no doubt, be also found ere long
1 in our cultivated fields.

*** Spikelets with 3 or more , occasionally with only 2, fertile
flowers. Glumes 2. (Tab. VII. f. 23— 26, and VIII.
f. 27— 31.) (Gen. 26— 34.)

f Styles short. Stigmas much thicker and often longer than the
styles.

26. Poa Linn. Meadow-grass. (Tab. VII. f. 23.)

Panicle lax or contracted, rarely a simple or compound spike.
Spikelets awnless, ovate or linear and compressed, or subcylin-
drical, with 3 or more (rarely 2) fertile florets. Glumes 2,

, more or less membranous and unequal, shorter than the florets.
Glumellas 2 herbaceous ; outer one subovate, bluntisli, rarely
tipped with a minute point. Caryopsis free. — Name : ~oa, grass
or pasturage, from Train, to feed; the whole genus affording an
abundant pasturage for cattle.

548 CVII. GRAMINE^E. \_P6d.

* Spikelets linear or subcylindrical {rarely ovate, with the glumes 1 -nerved).

Florets convex on the back at the base.

f Outer glumella with 7 prominent ribs and a scarious margin, neither
hairy on the ribs, nor webbed at the base, subcylindrical, obtuse.
Glumes 1 -nerved, conspicuously unequal. Glyceria Br.

1. P. aqudtica L. (Reed M.) ; panicle erect large and much
branched spreading, branches scabrous, spikelets linear oblong
of about 5 — 10 florets, outer glumella with 7 ribs, sheaths of
leaves cylindrical. E. B. 1. 1315 : Parn. Gr. t. 44. Glyceria Sm.

Sides of rivers, ponds, and ditches. Tf.. 7, 8. — Rhizome creeping.
Culms 4 — 6 feet high, erect. Leaves erect, linear-lanceolate, rough on
the edges. Ligule short, obtuse. Glumes small, ovate, obtuse. Outer
glumella twice as large as the glumes ; inner narrower and bifid at the
point.

2. P .fluitans Scop. ( floating M., or true Manna croup-grass );
panicle unilateral or nearly erect, spikelets linear of 7 — 20
florets, outer glumelias obtuse or slightly acute with 7 ribs and
short intermediate ones at the base, sheaths of leaves compressed.
Festuca L. Glyceria R. Br. — a. sheaths of leaves even or striate,
panicle spreading in flower but erect in fruit, rachis smooth,
outer glumella nearly thrice as long as broad, anther 4£ — 5
times longer than broad. Parn. Gr. t. 95. — f3. sheaths of leaves
sulcate, panicle always spreading, outer glumella scarcely twice
as long as broad, anther about three times longer than broad.
E B. 1. 1520: Parn. Gr. t. 45. Glyceria plicata Fries. G. pe-
dieellata Towns, in Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. v. p. 105.

Ditches and stagnant waters, abundant. If. 7, 8. — A variable
species, sometimes confounded with Festuca pratensis 13., but distin-
guished by the 1 -nerved glumes and 7-ribbed glumelias. Culms
creeping, or floating and rooting near the base; flowering ones 1 — 3
ft. high, thick and succulent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled, more
or less folded at the keel %vhen young ; lower ones floating. Sheaths
of a. sometimes so striate as almost to appear sulcate. Ligule oblong,
pointed. Panicle with the branches more or less spreading in flower,
adpressed (in a. ) or divaricate (in (8.) when in fruit, nearly simple
(forming a raceme or loose spike) or with simple or compound
branches. Glumes unequal, small, ovate, obtuse. Glumelias ovate-
oblong, sometimes thrice as long as the glumes, but variable in that
respect ; outer ones scabrous, sometimes toothed. Hypogynous scales
thick, fleshy, usually united into one piece. There are two forms of
B.; one (G. plicata Fr.) with the branches of the panicle simple or
compound, and small sessile or shortly stalked spikelets ; the other
(G. pedicellata Towns., and perhaps P. fluitans Parn. Gr. t. 45) with
the panicle unilateral and the branches always simple, and spikelets
nearly as large as in a. on smooth and usually slender stalks. All
these and other forms, although distinguished from each other with

CVII. GRAMIXE-ffi.

549

.Pea.]

difficulty, particularly when dried, are readily so from any other
species of the genus.

|| Outer glumella with 5 usually faint but distinct nerves, cylindrical
beloiv, often keeled at the apex , or with a very minute mucro, not
webbed at the base. Glumes ‘i-nerved, unequal. Glyceria Sin.
Sclerochloa Beauv.

| Creeping, or with rooting ascending scions.

3. P. maritima Huds. ( creeping Sea M.) ; panicle erect sub-
coarctate (rigid), spikelets linear of 5 — 10 obtuse apiculate
florets which are faintly 5-nerved, the midrib reaching to the
point, leaves usually convolute. E. B. t. 1140: Pam. Gr. tt.
42, 99. Glyceria Sm. Sclerochloa Lindl.

Sea-coast, frequent. If. 7. — Culms 8 — 15 inches high, rigid,
glaucous. Lower branches of the panicle usually in pairs, but some-
times 3 — 5 in luxuriant specimens. Leaves involute, somewhat pun-
gent. Ligule ovate, bluntish. Glumes rather acute, shorter than the
lowest contiguous floret, with 3 ribs. Outer glumella firm, purplish,
slightly silky at the base, on the central and two lateral ribs.

|| Root tufted. Scions wanting. Rachis and branches of the panicle
rough.

4. P. distorts L. ( reflexed M.~) ; panicle spreading, branches
at length deflexed, spikelets linear of about 5 (3 — 6) obtuse
florets which are faintly 5-nerved, the midrib not reaching to
the apex, leaves mostly plane, stem decumbent at the base.
E. B. t. 986 : Pam. Gr. tt. 41, 96, 97. Glyceria Sm. Scle-
rochloa Bab.

Sandy ground, principally near the sea. Near Dublin. If.. 7, 8.
— One foot high. Leaves linear, plane, not pungent. Ligule short,
obtuse. Branches of the panicle deflexed, slender ; lower ones usu-
ally 4 — 5 together. Spikelets not nearly so long as in the last species.
Glumes much shorter than the contiguous florets, unequal, obtuse,
obscurely 3-nerved. Outer glumella silky on the midrib, with two
lateral nerves at the base. Allied to the last, but distinct in the
panicle, smaller spikelets, and tufted root without rooting scions.

5. P. Borreri Hook. (Borrers Sea M.) ; panicle spreading,
in fruit ascending and patent, spikelets linear of 4 — 7 florets,
outer glumella obsoletely 5-nerved obtuse with a minute point
formed by the excurrent midrib, leaves flat. Pam. Gr. t. 98.
Glyceria Bab. in E. B. S. t. 2797. G. conferta Fries. Scle-
rochloa Borreri Bab.

Brackish places in the south-east of England, not uncommon, often
growing with P. procumbens and P. distans. If. ?. 7. — “ May be

distinguished from P. distans by its ascending branches when in fruit,
the spikelets seldom more than 4- flowered, the exterior glumella
pointed, and its dorsal nerve extending to the apex ; — from P. pro-

550

CYII. GRAMINEjE.

\_P6a.

cumbens by its patent branches, its spikelets not more than half the
size, and the erect culm ; — from P. maritima by the patent branches,
its spikelets about half the size, and the flat leaves Bub. Intermediate
between P. distorts and P. procumbens, but chiefly allied to the former
(of which it is perhaps only a variety) by the larger and looser pani-
cles, and obscure nervation of the outer glumella.

6. P. procumbens Curt. ( procumbent Sea M.) ; annual, panicle
compact ovato-lanceolate disticho-secund (rigid), spikelets
linear-lanceolate of about 4 florets, outer glumella 5-ribbed ob-
tuse with a minute point formed by the excurrent midrib, leaves
flat with inflated sheaths. E. B. t. 532: Pam. Gr. t. 42. Gly-
ceria Sm. Sclerochloa Beauv.

Salt-marshes, in various places, apparently not uncommon in Eng-
land. Very rare in Scotland and Ireland. 0. 6, 7. — Root fibrous.
Culms procumbent, 6 — S inches long, glaucous. Leaves linear, obtuse.
Ligule short, very blunt. Panicle about 2 inches long ; branches patent,
distichous, their spikelets secund. Glumes smaller than the florets,
obtuse, strongly ribbed. Florets oblong, distant upon the partial rachis,
slightly silky at the base.

Outer glumella with 5 faint but distinct nerves, membranous,
cylindrical below, naked on the nerves and at the base. Glumes
1 -nerved, unequal. Catapodium.

7. P. rigida L. (hard M .) ; annual, panicle lanceolate (or
sometimes a linear simple spike-like raceme) disticho-secund ri-
gid, spikelets linear acute of 7 — 10 florets, outer glumella faintly
5-nerved obtuse with a inucro, glumes acute unequal, upper
one reaching to the base of the third floret. E. B. t. 1371:
Pam. Gr. t. 43. Glyceria Sm. Sclerochloa Panzer.

Walls, rocks, and dry barren soils, frequent. ©. 6. — Whole

plant very rigid and wiry, 3 — 6 inches long, ascending or erect.
Leaves rigid, linear, setaceous. Ligule oblong, incise. Rachis angled,
sometimes at once bearing the spikelets (when it much resembles the
next species), but more usually throwing out branches. Glumes nearly
as long as the contiguous florets. Florets linear-oblong, rather dis-
tant, smooth, bluntish ; outer glumella 5-nerved; the two lateral nerves
broad with a white line down the middle, the two intermediate ones
very faint.

8. P. lolidcea Huds. ( dwarf Wheat M.) ; annual spike rigid
usually simple unilateral (rarely branched), spikelets linear-
oblong of about 8 — 12 florets, outer glumella faintly 5-nerved
obtuse with a mucro, glumes obtuse nearly equal, upper one
reaching to the base of the fourth floret. Pam. Gr. t. 43.
Triticum Sm.: E. B. t. 221. Catapodium Link. Sclerochloa
Woods.

Sandy sea-shores of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex. North Wales and
Isle of Man. East coast of Scotland, and Galloway. Q. 6, 7. —

ft

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551

Poa •]

Stiff and wiry (as much so as P. rigidu , which it resembles), branching
from the very base, S — 4 inches high. Leaves linear, rigid, plane.
Spikelets more or less distant, secund, lower ones sometimes compound.
llachis grooved between the joints on the side next the spikclet, as in
Triticum and Brachypodium.

** Spihelets ovate or oblong-ovate. Outer glumella with 3 — 5 parallel
jierves, herbaceous below, scarious at the end, compressed, keeled,
pointless. Upper glume 3-ribbed. Poa.

f Rhizome creeping or with long scions.

9. P. compressa L. ( flat-stemmed 31.) ; creeping, panicle sub-
secund spreading (afterwards subcoarctate), spikelets oblong of
5 — 7 obtuse florets, upper sheath as long as or shorter than its
leaf, culm compressed, ligule short obtuse. — a. florets usually
connected by a web, outer glumella with 3 silky nerves and
sometimes 2 glabrous intermediate ones. E- B. t. 365 : Pam.
Gr. t. 37. P. subcompressa Pam. Gr. t. 90. — /3. florets not
connected by a web, outer glumella 5-nerved. P. polynoda
Pam. Gr. tt. 39, 91, 92.

On walls, and in dry barren ground, frequent. Tf.. 6,7. — One
foot or more high, rather glaucous. Culms compressed, procumbent
at the base: in a. the uppermost node is about the middle of the
stem ; in 0. there are 7 or 8 nodes, of which the second is usually
about the middle of the stem, the uppermost a little above it. Leaves
short, linear, acute, upper one as long as or longer than its sheath.
Panicle not much branched. Florets by no means always connected
by a web. In 0. the two lateral nerves and the midrib of the outer
glumella are sometimes silky, sometimes only the former, sometimes
all are naked.

10. P. pratensis L. {smooth- stalked, 31.); creeping, or with
scions above ground, panicle diffuse, spikelets oblong-ovate of
about 4 florets which are acute 5-nerved webbed, marginal
nerves and keel of the outer glumella silky, culm and sheath
smooth, upper sheath much longer than its leaf, ligule short.
Pam. Gr. tt. 31, 32, 33, 34. — a. culm tall, leaves broad. E. B.
t. 1073. — /3. leaves narrow. P. angustifolia L. — -y. subcarnlea ;
smaller and glaucous. P. subeserulea Sm.: E. B. t. 1004

Meadows and pastures, frequent. — 0. in shady places y. on walls

or dry places, especially in alpine countries. If.. 6, 7. — Sheaths in
some situations very slightly rough ; when cultivated the two lateral
nerves of the glumella become sometimes less silky, but never quite
glabrous. Allied to the last in character, although unlike in general
appearance, and more resembling P. trivialis, which differs by both
the ligule and the root, as well as by the marginal nerves of the outer

glumella being always glabrous 0. and y. appear to be starved

states.

552

CVII. GRAMINEyE.

IPoa

ff Root fibrous. Rhizome slightly creeping , without long scions. Kee
of the outer glumella silky.

| Marginal nerves of the outer glumella glabrous.

11. P . trividlis L. ( roughish M.) ; panicle diffuse, spikelets
oblong-ovate of about 3 florets, which are acute 5-nerved con-
nected by a web, outer glumella silky only on the midrib, upper K
sheath much longer than its leaf, culms and sheaths roughish,
ligule oblong acute, root tufted. E. B. t. 1072: Pam. Gr. t. 35.

Meadows and pastures, common, If.. 6, 7. — Culm 1 — 2 ft. high.
Leaves linear, acute. Panicle much branched.

|| Marginal nerves of the outer glumella silky.
|| Root perennial.

:

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iliji

12. P. bulbdsa L. (bulbous M.) ; stems swollen at the very
base, panicle close subspicate, spikelets ovate 3 — 1-flowered,
florets silky on the keel and marginal nerves connected by a
web, leaves flat acute with a white narrow serrate cartilaginous
margin, upper sheath much longer than its leaf, ligule promi-
nent acute. E. B. t. 1071 : Pam. Gr. t. 89.

East and south of England, principally on sandy sea-shores. If.. 4,5.
— A well-marked species, soon withering after flowering, and then
its bulbs are blown about in large quantities on the surface of the
sand.

13. P. alpina L. (alpine M.) ; tufted, panicle erect spreading
when in flower, afterwards somewhat ovate, spikelet ovate of
3 — 5 acute free (not webbed) florets, outer glumella silky on
the keel and marginal nerves and downy between them, upper
sheath longer than its leaf, leaves broadly linear obtuse mu-
cronate, uppermost cymbiform at the apex, ligule of the upper
leaves oblong acute, of the lower ones short obtuse. E. B. t.
1003 : Pam. Gr. tt. 37, 94. P. caesia Sm. ? : E. B. t. 1719. ?

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Extremely abundant on the lofty mountains of Scotland and Wales,
and very generally viviparous. If., ti, 7. — Culms 6 — 12 inches high,
nearly erect. Leaves mostly short, flat, linear, obtuse, with a very
small mucro : uppermost “ folded, compressed, and rounded behind
tlie summit : ” Parn. Spikelets rather large, close. Glumes ovato-
lanceolate, much compressed ; dorsal rib scabrous, terminating in a
very short point or awn, with two short lateral ribs or nerves at the
base. Outer glumellas ovato-lanceolate, acute. This species is more
allied to the last than is generally supposed ; and indeed the points
of distinction are scarcely greater than may arise from difference of
situation.

14. P. laxa Haenke (u-avy M.) ; tufted or slightly creeping,
panicle contracted lax slightly drooping, spikelets ovate, of

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CVII. GRAMINE7E.

553

Poa. ]

3_4 acute florets, outer glumellas silky at the keel and marginal
nerves glabrous between them, upper sheath longer than its
leaf, upper ligule long and acute, leaves all flat narrow linear
acuminate. P. flexuosa Sm. : E. B. t. 1123. — «. panicle some-
what erect, florets connected by a web, outer glumella with two
intermediate glabrous nerves. P. minor Gaud. — /?. panicle
lax slightly drooping, florets without a web, outer glumella
without intermediate nerves. P. laxa Pam. Gr. t. 38 (and
most others).

Ben Nevis, Loch-na-gar, and Clova mountains. I/.. 7, 8. —

Very slender, scarcely able to support the weight of its own panicle ,
slightly glaucous. Leaves more numerous than in P. alpina, and
much narrower. Florets very obscurely ribbed, all very acute, green
and purple, with diaphanous margins, sometimes connected by a web,
sometimes free, often viviparous. Glumes nearly equal. Both vari-
eties have been found in each of the above localities.

15. P. nemoralis L. ( Wood M.) ; tufted or slightly creep-
ing, panicle slender, spikelets ovate or lanceolate of 2 — 5
florets, florets silky at the keel and marginal nerves, uppermost
sheath usually as short as its leaf, ligule obtuse or truncate. —
a. upper sheath as short as the leaf, ligule extremely short
truncate, florets slightly webbed. E. B. t. 1265: Pam. Gr. t.
36. — [3. uppermost sheath usually longer than its leaf, ligule
extremely short truncate, florets free. P. glauca Sm. (partly).
P. Parnellii Bab.: E. B. S. t. 2916: Pam. Gr. t. 93. — y.
uppermost sheath as short as the leaf, its joint about the middle
of the culm, ligule prominent obtuse, spikelets greenish, florets
free. P. montana Pam. Gr. t. 39. — 8. uppermost sheath as
short as its leaf, its joint near the base of the culm, ligule pro-
minent obtuse, spikelets purplish, florets free. P. glauca Sm.
in E. B. t. 1720? — f. uppermost sheath as short as its leaf,
ligule prominent obtuse, florets webbed. P. Balfourii Pam.
Gr. t. 66: E. B. S. t. 2918.

Common in woods and thickets. — 0. Upper Teesdale. — y. Ben
Lawers. — S. and e. Mountain-tops in Upper Teesdale, Wales, and
Scotland. If.. 6, 7. — A very variable species, to which we have no
hesitation in referring all the above as varieties : and, indeed, although
we have arranged them as such, in order that our readers may see
the differential characters assigned to them, we remain of the opinion
stated in former editions, that there is no valid reason for distinguish-
ing any of the mountain forms. As to P. ccesia of Smith, referred by
Smith himself to his P. glauca, there is some doubt, the figure in
E. B. t. 1719 being rather ambiguous ; Mr. Borrer informs us that
he has never seen it except in gardens, and perhaps it is merely the
fertile form of P. alpina , the root, which, according to Smith, is
tufted, agreeing with that species ; what is usually so called is re-
ferable chiefly to our var. 5., and sometimes to e. ; Mr. Mackay’s speci-
B B

554

CVIX. GRAJIINEiE.

[ Triedia.

mens, however, from Ben Lawers, referred to by Smith, belong to
var. /3. . We do not know what species Dr. Parnell ( Gr. t. 40) and|
Mr. Babington intend by their P. ctesta, which they describe with a
perfectly fibrous root, but otherwise having all the characters of i
our 5.; to it Mr. Babington refers E. B. t. 1719. Mr. Babington!
attributes very short ligules to our y. as well as to a. and /8., cha-
racterizing P. Bafourii alone by the prominent obtuse ligule ; but
our authentic specimens of P. montana also had long ligules. Our
S. and e. having broader spikelets than in /8. or 7., of 3 — 5 florets,
and usually of a purplish colour, are only to be distinguished from
each other by the web of the florets : and this is sometimes almost
inconspicuous in Dr. Balfour’s own specimens, and disappears by !
cultivation.

|| || Boot annual.

16. P. annua L. (annual M.) ; panicle subsecund divaricate
somewhat triangular, spikelets oblong-ovate of about 5 slightly
remote 5-ribbed webless florets, the midrib and all the nerves
more or less silky, upper sheath longer than its leaf, ligule ob-
long acute, culm ascending compressed, root fibrous. E. B.
t. 1141 : Pam. Gr. tt. 40, 41.

Meadows and pastures, and by road-sides, everywhere. ©. 4 — 9.

— Culms 6 — 10 inches long, below prostrate and throwing out roots.
Leaves distichous, linear, rather blunt, flaccid, often waved, bright
green. Glumes very unequal, ovatoOanceolate, rough at the back,
3-nerved. Outer glumella ovato-lanceolate, acute, white and diapha-
nous at the margin.

27. Triodja Brown. Heath-grass. (Table VII. f. 24.)

Panicle a nearly simple raceme. Spikelets compressed
with 2 — 4 fertile florets. Glumes 2, about equal, 3-ribbed, as
long as the florets. Glumellas 2; outer somewhat coriaceous,
convex on the back, hairy at the base, 3-toothed at the sum-
mit; teeth nearly of the same length, middle one straight
(sometimes bristle-shaped). — Named from rpug, three , and
oSove, a tooth.

1. T. decumbens Beauv. (decumbent II.) ; spikelets few
racemose, pedicels long erect, ligule a tuft of hairs. Pam. Gr.
t. 30. Poa HVrt.; E. B. t. 792. FestucaT. Danthonia DC.

Abundant in dry mountain-pastures, heaths, and moors. If. 7.

— Culm 1 foot long, procumbent at the base : flowering culms only
erect. Leaves linear, acuminate, hairy as well as the sheaths. Glumes
nearly equal, as long as the whole spikelet, lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved
with broad thin margins, scabrous on the keels. Outer glumella ovate,
5-nerved or ribbed for its whole length, having a small tuft of hairs
011 each side at the base ; apex with three teeth. Inner glumella
obtuse, entire at the point, ciliate at the ribs and there folded.

Ddctylis.']

CVII. GRAMINEiE.

555

28. Bri’za Linn. Quaking-grass. (Tab. VII. f. 25.)

Panicle lax. Spikelets much compressed, ovate or deltoid,
with 3 — 8 closely imbricate florets. Glumes 2, nearly equal,
broad, much shorter than the spikelet. Glumellas 2, awnless :
outer cymbiform, obtuse, at length cartilaginous and convex
on the back below, with a scarious margin ; inner small and
flat. Caryopsis included within the glumellas. — Name:
some kind of corn; probably from PpiOu, to droop or bend
doum, in allusion to the spikelets, which are most delicately sus-
pended.

1. B. media L. ( common Q.) ; spikelets broadly ovate of
about 7 florets, glumes shorter than the lowermost florets,
ligule truncate or obtuse usually very short. E. B. t. 340 :
Parn. Gr. t. 30.

Meadows and pastures, frequent. It. 6. — Whole plant very
elegant. Culms slender, I ft. or more high. Leaves short, linear-
acuminate. Branches of the panicle filiform, divaricating, purple.
Spikelets very smooth, shining, purple, more or less green or greenish-
white at the edges. Glumes very concave, subcompressed. Outer
glumella resembling the glumes, slightly gibbous at the back, but
less so than in the next species.

2. B. minor L. ( small Q .) ; spikelets triangular about 7-
flowered, glumes longer than the florets, ligule elongate lan-
ceolate acute. E- B. t. 1316 : Parn. Gr. t. 101.

Fields in the extreme south of England, very rare. About Bath
and in Cornwall. Guernsey and Jersey. Q. 7. — Whole plant
much smaller than the last.

29. Dactylis Linn. Cock’s-foot-grass. (Tab. VII. f. 26.)

Panicle with the secondary branches short and very dense,
subsecund. Spikelets with 3 or more florets, compressed, with-
out a bractea at the base. Glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the
spikelet ; lower one keeled. Glumellas 2 ; outer one keeled, and
ciliate at the back, 5-nerved, lanceolate, with a short bristle
close to the point, inclosing the caryopsis. — Except in habit,
this genus is scarcely distinguishable from Poa, Koeleria, and
Festuca. — Name: SuktuXoc, a finger; from a fancied resem-
blance in the division of the panicle.

1. D. glomerdta L. ( rough C.) ; branches of the panicle
with ovate clusters of spikelets, leaves linear flat the margins
scabrous, stem erect, root tufted. E. B. t. 335 : Parn. Gr.

t. 29.

Way-sides, meadows, and woods ; abundant. If. . 6, 7. — Culm

b b 2

556

CVII. GRAMINEiE.

[ Cynosurus.

1 — 2 feet high. ' Leaves rather broadly linear, acuminate, scabrous.
Panicles secund. Spikelets of 3 — 4 florets, thickly clustered on the
branches, clusters ovate: branches sometimes long distant and spread-
ing, sometimes short and approximate, when the whole panicle
resembles a single cluster. Glumes membranous, smaller than the
lowermost floret, lanceolate, acuminate, unequal, glabrous, scabrous at
the back, more or less obliquely keeled. Outer glumella subcartilagi-
nous, lanceolate, much compressed, scabrous, 5-ribbed, ciliate at the
keel, with a short awn close to the point.

30. Cinosurus Linn. Dog’s-tail-grass. (Table VIII. f. 27.)

Panicle spike-like, unilateral. Spikelets with 2 — 5 perfect
florets , distichous, with a pectinate bractea or involucre (an abor-
tive spikelet) at its base. Glumes 2, equal, membranous, much
shorter than the spikelet, 1 -nerved, keeled, shortly awned.
Glumellas 2, membranous, linear-lanceolate ; outer awned be-
low the extremity or mucronate, faintly 5-nerved. — Named
from k-uaii', a dog , and ovpa, a. tail; from the shape of its spike.

1. C. cristdtus L. ( crested D.) ; raceme linear spike-like,
florets with a very short awn. E. B. t. 316 : Pam. Gr. t. 28.

Dry pastures, frequent. 7/.. 7. — Culm 1 — l^foot high, slender.

Leaves narrow, linear, acuminate. Raceme secund. Involucres beauti-
fully pectinate, one at the base of each spikelet, their divisions linear,
acute, greenish, subglumaceous, a little curved, rough. Spikelets
3 — 5-flowered. Glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, membranous, rough
at the keel, as long as the floret. Outer glumella lanceolate, obscurely
nerved, green, scabrous, especially at the keel, terminating in a short
rough awn ; inner one white, bifid, pubescent at the angles of the
fold. — A valuable agricultural grass.

2. C. echinatus L. ( tough -D.); raceme in an ovate spike,
florets with awns as long as the glumellas. E. B. t. 1333 :
Par n. Gr. tt. 28, 129.

Sandy sea-shores. Guernsey and Jersey. Occasionally, when
introduced, in the extreme south of England. ©. 7.

31. Festuca Linn. Fescue-grass. (Tab. VIII. f. 28.)

Panicle lax or coarctate. Spikelets many-flowered, more or
less laterally compressed, without a bractea at the base. Glumes
2, unequal, membranous, usually keeled, much shorter than the
spikelet. Glumellas 2, lanceolate ; outer convex on the back,
acuminate or awned at or close to the summit, the lateral
nerves slightly converging and disappearing below the summit;
inner minutely ciliate at the ribs. Styles short, terminal.
Caryopsis glabrous free. — Name from fest, Celtic, food or
pasturage.

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Festiica. ] evil, graminea:. 557

* Root-leaves very narrow, not broader than those of the culm. Awn of
the floret terminal.

| Florets usually monandrous, shorter than their awns. Glumes very
unequal. Vulpia.

1. F. uniglumis Soland. (single-glumed F.) ; panicle a
simple erect two-ranked subsecund raceme, lower glume very
minute, florets compressed keeled not ciliate. E. B. t. 1430:
Pam. Gr. t. 112.

On the sandy sea-coast. South-east and south of England ;

Wales. Ireland. 0. 6 A plant remarkable for the minuteness

and apparent suppression of one of its glumes, by which the species is
at once known. Stamens often 2 or 3.

2. F. bromoides L. (barren F .) ; panicle secund, glumes
very unequal the upper one as long as the lowermost contigu-
ous floret, florets terete not ciliate scabrous towards the sum-
mit.— a. flowering panicle erecto- patent, lower branches
slender, culm above leafless. E. B. t. 1411 : Parn. Gr. tt. 54,
55. F. sciuroides Roth. — 13. panicle drooping at the end,
lower branches very short, culm sheathed and leafy to near the
panicle. F. Myurus Sm. (not L .) : E. B. t. 1412. F. pseudo-
myurus Koch: Parn. Gr. t. 111.

Dry pastures and on walls, less frequent in Scotland, but not rare
about Edinburgh. — ft frequent in England ; rare in Scotland, as at
Forfar. ©. 6. — Culms 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves linear, seta-

ceous, complicate. Glumes very unequal, lanceolate, acuminate,
rough at the keel ; lower one sometimes minute, occasionally half as
long as the upper, usually about a third of its length, 1-nerved;
upper 3-nerved, and scarcely ever shorter than the lowest floret
(exclusive of its awn) on the same side. Lower glumella scabrous
towards the point. Awn often twice as long as its floret. Stamens
3, 2, or 3. In F. Myurus L. {Parn. Gr. t. 55.) the upper glume is
only half as long as the lowermost contiguous floret, and the florets
are tubercular-scabrous on the back above the middle ; whether a
species or only a variety it has not occurred in this country.

ft Florets triandrous longer than their awns.

3. F. ovina L. (Sheep's F.) ; panicle subsecund subcoarc-
tate, spikelets oblong of about 4 — 7 florets with short awns,
leaves flat or involute-setaceous, ligule 2-lobed. — a. tufted,
culms short somewhat 4-angled and scabrous-pubescent below
the small panicle, leaves involute-setaceous. E. B. t. 585 :
Parn. Gr. tt. 56, 57. F. vivipara Sm. : E. B. t. 1355. F.
cassia Sm. : E. B. t. 1917. F. tenuifolia Sibth. — i 6. tufted or
slightly creeping, culms taller many-angled and somewhat
glabrous below the broader panicle, leaves of the culm often
flat but afterwards usually involute. F. duriusculaZ. : E. B.

B b 3

558

CVII. GRAMIKEAS.

\Festuca.

W

t. 470: Tarn. Gr. tt. 58, 59, 60. — y. extensively creeping,
culms usually tall many-angled and glabrous below the often
broadish panicle, leaves of the culm flat at length sometimes in-
volute. F. rubra L. : E. B. t. 2056. F. duriuscula var.
Pam. Gr. t. 59, 60.

a. Abundant in dry and elevated pastures. — 0. Pastures and

waste ground 7. Light sandy or rarely in wet places. Tf.. 6, 7.

— Whole plant more or less glaucous, and having a purple tint in
the spikelets. Hoot of a. much tufted and with scarcely any creeping
rhizomes or suckers, with numerous, mostly short, often curved
leaves, which afford excellent food for sheep in hilly situations; 0. is
less tufted and shows a greater tendency to creep; in 7., at least
when growing in sand, there is an extensively creeping rhizome ; in
/8. and 7. there is frequently also a lateral shoot or sucker from the
rhizome ending in erect shoots with distichous leaves. Panicle of a.
usually small and narrow, often scarcely 1^ inch long; in 0. and 7.
it varies from 1^ to 4 inches long. Glumes nearly glabrous, scarcely
half the length of the lowermost floret on the same side. Florets in
all the varieties sometimes nearly glabrous, sometimes pubescent
upwards or even hairy all over, terminating in an awn which very
rarely exceeds half the length of the glumella and is often considerably
shorter and sometimes obsolete. The two first varieties are fre-
quently viviparous in mountainous situations. After a careful recon-
sideration of these plants, we recur to the opinion, given nearly 40
years ago in the Flora Scotica , that F. rubra is not distinct from
F. duriuscula ; this is confirmed by the remarks made by Mr. Woods
in P/iytol. iii. p. 261.

** Root-leaves flat, broader than those of the culm. Bristle or awn
( when present ) arising from below the summit of the outer glumella.
Schedonorus Beauv.

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f Ligule of the uppermost sheath prominent, obtuse. Outer glumella
3-nerved.

4. F. sylvdtica Vill. ( Reed F.) ; panicle subsecund much
branched spreading nearly erect, spikelets of 2 — 5 acute awn-
less scabrous 3-nerved florets, outer leaves linear-lanceolate.
— a. leaves broad, florets 3 — 5. Poa Pollich : Pam. Gr. tt.
44, 100. F. Calamaria Sm. : E. B. t. 1005. — iS. minor;
leaves narrower, florets about 2. F. decidua Sm. : E. B. t.
2266.

Mountain woods, not uncommon. If. 7. — Culms 2 — 3 feet high,
with broad leaves. Glumes narrow, linear-lanceolate, very unequal,
smaller one single-nerved, larger one thickened at the margin and as
if 3-nerved. Florets rather distant on the rachis. Outer glumellas
lanceolate-acuminate, scabrous, often also denticulate on the midrib
throughout.

Festucci.~\ cvn. gramine^e. . 559

|f Ligule of the uppermost sheath very short, scarcely perceptible. Outer
glumetla 5-nerved. Bucetum Pam.

5. F. pratensis Huds. ( meadow F .) ; panicle close never
divaricate, branches in pairs one bearing a single spikelet, the
other one or several spikelets sometimes wanting, spikelets
5 — 10-flowered, outer glumella 5-ribbed with a very short or
obsolete awn, leaves linear-lanceolate —a, some or all of the
branches of the panicle in pairs, one usually with several spike-
lets. E. B. t. 1592 : Bucetum Pam. Gr. t. 46. — /3. litliacea;
branches of the panicle solitary reduced to a single spikelet
which is sessile or shortly stalked below. ( — 1. larger glume
with many (7 — 9) prominent ribs. F. loliacea Iluds.: E. B. t.
1821. Bucetum Parn. Gr. t. 1 13. — 2. larger glume with 3 — 5
nerves. Bucetum Parn. tt. 45, 114.)

Moist meadows and pastures, banks of rivers, &c., common. — /3-
more rare. I/.. 6, 7. — Mr. Bentham unites this species to the

next.

6. F. eldtior L. ( Tall F .) ; panicle diffuse patent much
branched, branches divaricate during or after flowering mostly
in pairs each with 2 or more (usually numerous) spikelets,
spikelets 5 — 6-flowered, outer glumella 5-ribbed with a very
short or obsolete nearly terminal awn, leaves linear-lanceolate.
E. B. t. 1593. Bucetum Parn. Gr. tt. 46, 47. F. arundina-
cea Sclirel).

Moist pastures and hanks of rivers, not unfrequent. 71 . 6, 7. —

There appears to he two forms of this species : one, F. elatior, with
branches of the panicle short, divaricate in flower, hut afterwards
ascending ( Parn. Gr. t. 47); the other, F. arundinacea, with branches
of the panicle longer, divaricate after flowering ( Parn. Gr. t. 46) : hut
these points of difference seem to he caused by the greater or less
luxuriance of the plant.

7. F. gigantea Vill. ( tall-bearded F.) ; panicle branched
drooping towards one side, spikelets lanceolate 3 — 6-flowered
awned, outer glumella 5-nerved usually shorter than its infra-
terminal awn, leaves linear-lanceolate ribbed. — a. panicle
larger and more drooping, spikelets about 5-flowered. E. B.
t. 1820. Bromus L. Bucetum Parn. Gr.t.47. — /3. panicle
smaller and more erect, spikelets fewer about 3-flowered,
leaves narrower. F. triflora Sm. : E. B. t. 1918.

Shady woods and moist hedges. 71. 7, 8. — A tall grass 3 — 4

feet high, with broad leaves, having the habit and some of the
characters of Bromus. Ligule of the uppermost sheath very short.
Panicle large. Glumes very unequal, larger ones with 3 ribs.
Outer glumella lanceolate, obscurely ribbed, nearly glabrous, membra-
nous at the edge upwards ; the dorsal rib nearly smooth, not extend-
ing to the apex, but terminating in a distinct aiun, which is thus
inserted a little below the bifid point, and is sometimes twice as long
B B 4

560 .

evil. grahinejE.

\_Brdmus.

as the glumella, but occasionally only half its length. The inner
glumella, which is scabrous or very minutely ciliate on the nerves,
and the terminal styles show that this belongs to Festuca.

32. Bromus Linn. Brome-grass. (Tab. VIII. f. 29.)

Panicle lax or coarctate. Spikelets many-flowered, more or
less laterally compressed. Glumes 2, unequal, usually keeled,
equal to or shorter than the lowermost florets. Glumellas 2 :
outer one herbaceous, convex on the back, two of the lateral
nerves usually uniting with the middle one and forming an awn
below the bifid extremity ; inner one conspicuously ciliate on
the ribs. Styles short, from below the summit of the caryopsis,
which is villous at the apex and “ adheres to the upper
glumellas.’’ — Name : from fipnpoc, a kind of oat so called by the
Greeks, and that again from flpw/n/, food.

* Lower glume with one, upper with 3 — 5 nerves. Florets lanceolate.

1. B. er ectus Huds. ( upright B.); panicle simple erect,
spikelets linear-lanceolate, florets subcylindrical remote about
twice as long as the straight awn diverging in flower afterwards
erect, outer glumella obscurely 7-nerved, that of the lowermost
floret one third longer than the smaller glume, sheaths some-
what hairy the hairs pointing upwards, radical leaves very
narrow ciliate. — a. spikelets glabrous. E. B. t. 471 : Pam.
Gr. t. 51. — fi. culms and spikelets hairy.

In fields and by road-sides, especially in a sandy soil over chalk.
South and east of England. Wales. Near Dumfries ; King’s Park,
Edinburgh; Fife; Scotland, p.. 6, 7. — Culms 2 — 3 feet high.

This is truly perennial, which does not appear to be the case with
any other Bromus unless perhaps the next. Its habit is that of Bra-
chypodium sylvaticum. The root-leaves are narrow : upper leaf much
broader. Spikelets erect. Awn shorter than the larger glume.

2. B. asper L. ( hairy Wood B.) ; panicle slightly branched
drooping, spikelets linear-lanceolate, florets remote subcylindri-
cal downy or shortly hairy about twice as long as the straight
awn diverging in flower afterwards erect, outer glumella 5 — 7-
ribbed, that of the lowermost floret twice as long as the smaller
glume, sheaths hirsute with hairs pointing downwards, leaves
uniform the lower ones hairy. E. B. t. 1172: Pam. Gr. t. 51.

Moist woods and hedges. © or (Sm.) or P ( Schrarl. ). 6,7.

— Culm 4 — 6 feet high ; leaves broad. Awn shorter than the larger
glume.

3. B. sterilis L. (barren B.) ; panicle drooping slightly
branched, spikelets linear-lanceolate, florets remote subcylin-
drical scabrous shorter than the straight awn diverging during

CVII. GRAMINE^E.

561

Br omits.']

and after flowering, outer glumella with 7 distinct equidistant
ribs, leaves and sfieaths pubescent. E. B. t. 1030: Pam. Gr.
t. 50.

Waste ground, fields and hedges ; common. Q. 6. — Culm 2 feet
high. Remarkable for its long, narrow, much-awned, and drooping
spikelets.

4. B. Madritensis L. ( upright annual B.) ; panicle erect
slightly branched, spikelets linear-lanceolate, florets remote
subcylindrical subscabrous about as long as the straight awn
diverging during and after flowering, outer glumella 7-ribbed

; scarcely longer than the inner one, rib on each side of the dor-
sal one obscure the two marginal ones approximate, lower sheaths
with hairs pointing downwards. — a. stem glabrous, rachis and
I pedicels scabrous. B. diandrus Curt.: E.B. t. 1006 : Pam.
Gr. t. 50. — (3. panicle compact, upper part of the stem rachis
glumes and very short pedicels pubescent. B. rigidus Roth.

Rare, on sandy barren wastes, principally in the south of England.
About Edinburgh and coast of Fife, Scotland (occasionally). ©.

6, 7 One foot high. Stamens usually 2 but sometimes 3 ; hence

we have reverted to the name originally given to this species. Allied
to B. sterilis ; but the panicle is smaller, erect, or erecto-patent, often
purplish. From this, B. tectorum (introduced at Hoddesdon, Hert-
fordshire) is principally distinguished by the unilateral drooping
panicle, and the outer glumella much longer than the inner one.

5. B. mdximus Desf. ( great B.) ; panicle erect lax ultimately
drooping slightly branched, spikelets lanceolate downy long-
stalked after flowering, florets remote subcylindrical downy
about half the length of the straight awns diverging during and
after flowering distinctly 7-ribbed, outer glumella of the lowest
floret equal to the larger glume, leaves downy on both sides.
E. B. S. t. 2820: Pam. Gr. t. 115.

On the sands of St. Aubin’s Bay, the Gieve d’Azette and the
Quenvais, Jersey. ©. 6,7. — Stamens often only 2. Distinguished
by its long awns, the larger glume being as long as the adjacent
glumella, the conspicuous equidistant 7 nerves to the glumella, and
“ by a sharp conical point at the base of the florets:” Parnell.

** Lower glume with 3 — 5, upper with 7- — 9 nerves. Florets oblong,
turgid, erect. Serrafalcus Pari. 1

f Outer glumella 7-nerved.

6. *B. seculinus L. ( smooth Rye B.) ; “panicle loose droop-
ing in fruit, lower peduncles slightly branched, simple pedun-

1 Mr. Bentham considers that all the members of this group (with, perhaps, the
exception of B. squarrosus) form only one natural species, B. arvensis. There
are certainly too many artificial ones. Dr. Schultz proposes to unite our 6, 7, 8,
while he distinguishes B. mollis by the sheaths and leaves being furrowed with
elevated nerves.

b b 5

562

CVII. GRAMTNEA5.

\_Br6mus.

cles about equalling the oblong compressed spikelets, florets at 1
first imbricated afterwards distinct cylindrical, the incurved I
edges of the outer glumella not overlapping those of the floret I
above them, awn straight about as long as the floret, leaves I
hairy but the sheaths nearly glabrous.” Watson in Hook.
Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 85. Serrafalcus Bab. — a. spikelets j
shining scabrous but not downy. E. B. t. 1171 {good, but f
panicle too long): Barn. Gr. tt. 49, 121, 122. — f3. spikelets II
downy. Pam. Gr. t. 123. B. velutinus Sm. B. multiflorus. I
Sm. : E. B. t. 1884.

Corn-fields, not rare, but scarcely indigenous. Q or 6, 7. I
— Culm 2 — 3 feet high. Known in fruit by its hairy panicle, and I
separately rolled up flowers. Distinguished also from its allies by I
“the apex of the larger glume being situated half-way between the I
base of the glume and the summit of the second floret on the same I
side and by having the outer glumella “ rounded on the upper 1

half its length rarnell.

7. B. commutdtus Schrad. ( [tumid Field B.) ; “ panicle loose I
slightly drooping in fruit, lower peduncles often elongate and 1
branched, simple peduncles equalling or exceeding in length I i
the oblong-lanceolate spikelets, florets loosely imbricate,” 1
outer glumella longer than the bluntisk inner one, “ when in I

hairy.” Watson: Pam. Gr. tt. 124, 125. Serrafalcus Bab. I
B. arvensis Pam. Gr. t. 49. B. pratensis Sm.: E. B. t. 920? j
{small specimen).

Road-sides and corn-fields, frequent. 0 or $ . 6, 7. — Known bv 1
its grayish-green usually glossy glabrous (sometimes downy) spikelets |
acquiring a brownish tinge in sunny spots, its peduncles longer I
and harsher than those of B. mollis and racemosus, and its glumellas
larger and more inflated than in B. secalinus and arvensis: IVatson.
Apex of the larger glume half-way (or a little more) between its base
and the summit of the second floret on the same side. Inner glumella
only reaching to the base of the awn, which is rather shorter than its |
floret ; outer glumella when flattened, twice as long as broad. Mr.
Baker finds in Yorkshire a meadow form, which has the spikelets quite
separate, in fruit, as in B. secalinus.

8. B. racemdsus L. {smooth B.) ; “panicle elongate erect
in fruit, peduncles nearly simple about equal to” or shorter j
than “ the ovate subcompressed glabrous spikelets, florets im-
bricate compressed,” midrib of glumes and glumellas scabrous
towards the apex, “ awn straight about as long as the glume,
sheaths of the leaves slightly hairy. ” Watson : E. B. t. 1079 :
Pam. Gl-. tt. 48, 1 1 9. Serrafalcus Pari.

Meadows and pastures. 0 or 6. — In dry sandy ground

margin, with the breadth (when flattened) considerably greater than

fruit only slightly overlapping at the edges near the base, awn
straight about as long as the floret, leaves and their sheaths

Bromus.~\

CVII. GUAMINE7E.

563

all the peduncles are very short and nearly quite simple, hut in
moister situations many of them are as long as the spikelets. To us
this species appears scarcely different from the last, except in being
more glabrous : as in it, the summit of the larger glume is midway
between its base and the summit of the third floret on the same side.
Dr. Parnell remarks that when the outer glumella is opened out, its
upper margins form an angle at the point, giving it a lanceolate or
acuminate form, instead of being very obtuse as in B. mollis.

9. B. mollis L. (soft B.) ; “ panicle close ovate erect in fruit,
slightly branched, simple peduncles shorter than the crowded”
or quite simple “ ovate somewhat compressed pubescent spike-
lets, flowers closely imbricate,” midrib of glumes and glumellas
downy, “ awn straight about as long as the florets, sheaths of
the leaves pubescent or hairy. ” Watson : E. B. t. 1078 (good) :
Pam. Gr. tt. 48, 116, 117, 118. Serrafalcus Pari.

Meadows, pastures, banks, road-sides, fields, &c. everywhere. ©
or <?. 6. — In sandy ground in Devon and Cornwall, a form occurs

with the leaves and spikelets densely pubescent, and all the peduncles
quite simple and very short. Culm 1—2 ft. high. Panicle 2 — 3 inches
long. Spikelets nearly erect. Florets5 — 10. Outer glumellas convex, but
by no means forming such cylindrical florets as in the last two species.
Apex of the larger glume half-way between its base and the summit
of the third floret on the same side, sometimes a little longer, as in
Dr. Parnell’s var. ovalis , tab. 117 (where the spikelets are shorter
than usual), and sometimes reaching almost half-way to the summit
of the fourth floret on the same side (var. pratensis, tab. 118). The
glumes and outer glumellas are downy, but are not toothed on the
midrib : in the last species they are scabrous although otherwise
glabrous, but the midrib is toothed towards the summit. Parnell.

[10. B. * arvensis L. (taper Field B.) ; “panicle spreading
loose slightly drooping in fruit, lower peduncles much elongate
simple or branched, simple peduncles longer than the linear-
lanceolate compressed spikelets, florets imbricate in fruit,”
inner glumella acute and as long as the outer one which is
“shorter than the awn and with 2 prominent ribs on each side
near the margin.” Watson : E. B. t. 1984 (glumes too narrow) :
Pam. Gr. t. 126. Serrafalcus Godr.

Southampton Bay; coast of Durham; near Hebden Bridge,
Yorkshire; Box-Hill. Fife. 0. 7, 8. — Certainly introduced, and

not even naturalized. “This has longer peduncles than the 3 pre-
ceding species, and the smallest glumellas, the latter resembling those
of B. commutatus in acquiring the purple tinge, but differing in the
prominent ribs or nerves on each side : ” Watson. Distinguished
from B. commutatus by the inner glumella being acute and as long
as the outer one, which has 2 prominent ribs near each margin.
Apex of the larger glume reaching half-way from its base to the
summit of the second floret on the same side. Awns rather longer
than the glumellas, straight, slightly spreading when dry. Anther
four times as long as broad.]

b b C

564

CV1I. GRAMINE-®.

[Arena.

ff Outer glumella usually 9-nerved.

[11. B. *pditulus Koch ( spreading B.)\ panicle spreading
loose drooping in fruit, lower peduncles much elongate simple
or branched, simple peduncles scarcely longer than the linear-
lanceolate compressed spikelets, florets imbricate in fruit,
outer glumella longer than the inner one rather shorter than
the nearly straight awn with usually 9 (sometimes 7) ribs the
two lateral ones on each side prominent. Pam. Gr. t. 127.
Serrafalcus Pari.

Near Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire : Mr. Gibson. ©. 6. — Intro-

duced and not even naturalized. Inner glumella only reaching to the
base of the awn. Awns slightly spreading when dry. Apex of the
larger glume reaching midway from its base to the summit of the
second floret on the same side. Anthers twice as long as broad.
This seems too closely allied to the last.]

[T2. B. * squarrdsus L. ( Corn B.)-, panicle drooping, pedun-
cles simple lower ones about as long as the oblong or ovato-
lanceolate subcompressed spikelets, florets imbricate in fruit
nearly glabrous, glumellas about as long as the ultimately divari-
cating awns with 3 prominent ribs on each side, leaves pubes-
cent. E. B. t. 1885 : Pam. Gr. t. 128. Serrafalcus Pari.

Corn-fields ; Somerset, Essex, Kent, and Surrey. 0. 6, 7

This species is remarkable for its spreading awns : it is however
certainly an introduced plant. Inner glumella shorter than the outer,
and reaching only to the base of the awn. Apex of the larger glume
reaching half-way from its base to the summit of the second floret on
the same side. Anthers twice as long as broad.]

33. A vena Linn. Oat. Oat-grass. (Tab. VIII. f. 30.)

Panicle lax. Spikelets laterally compressed, with 2 or more
perfect florets and sometimes 1 or more rudimentary neuter
ones. Glumes 2, membranous, upper one 3- or many-nerved.
Glumellas 2, lanceolate, hairy at the base, herbaceous, ulti-
mately cartilaginous and firmly inclosing the caryopsis ; outer
one with a long twisted geniculate dorsal awn, with two points
or bristles at the summit. — Name of doubtful origin, which we
cannot trace to any language older than the Latin ; perhaps,
therefore, from feenum, hay.

* Smaller glume 5 — 7 -nerved, larger one 5 — 1 1 .nerved. Outer glumella
6 — 8-tierved. Spikelets ultimately drooping. Ovary hairy at the
apex. Caryopsis with a longitudinal furrow on one side. Annual
plants.

1. A. fdtua L. (wild O., or Haver); panicle erect, spikelets
drooping of about 3 scabrous long-awned florets smaller than
the glumes with long fulvous hairs at the base, outer glumella
bifid at the summit. E. B. t. 2221 : Pam. Gr. t. 27.

Arena.]

evil. GRAMINE.E.

56o

Corn-fields, frequent. ©. 6 — 8. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves
linear-lanceolate. Ligule obtuse, or emarginate. Glumes large,
membranous, ovato-lanceolate, shining at the margins, keeled, acumi-
nate, many-ribbed. Outer glumella with long fulvous hairs at its
base, bifid at the point. Awn of each floret long and twisted, very
hygrometrical. — The cultivated oat, A. sativa, differs from it in
having one or more upper florets imperfect and awnless, in the shorter
awn and absence of fulvous hairs at the base of the florets. Mr.
Bentham unites it, and also the following, to A. fatua.

2. A. strig6sa Sehreb. ( Bristle-pointed. O.) ; panicle erect,
branches all secund, spikelets of 2 perfect florets each awned as
long as the glumes and terminated by 2 long straight bristles.
E. B. t. 1266: Pam. Gr. t. 26.

Corn-fields ; common both in England and Scotland. 0. 6, 7.

— Ligule oblong, often incise. Very much like A. sativa, but readily
distinguished from it, as well as from A. fatua, whether as a variety
or a species, by the florets ending in two long bristles.

** Smaller glume 1 — 3- nerved, larger one 3-nerved. Outer glumella
distinctly 5-ribbed. Spikelets erect. Ovary hairy at the apex.
Carynpsis furrowed along one side. Ligule acute. Perennial
plants.

3. A .pratensis L. (narrow-leaved perennial ().); panicle erect
simple or slightly compound lax, spikelets erect oblong com-
pressed of 3 — 6 florets, lower floret scarcely as long as the larger
glume, leaves glabrous but more or less scabrous on the surface.
— a. vulgaris; lower leaves involute, sheaths cylindrical nearly
smooth, spikelets 3 — 5-flowered. E. B. t. 1204. Trisetum
Pam. Gr. t. 52. — f3. longifolia ; lower leaves long flat and linear,
sheaths much compressed slightly keeled roughish. Trisetum
Pam. Gr. t. 52. — y. alpina; lower leaves short flat, sheaths cy-
lindrical or compressed roughish, spikelets 5 — 6-llowered. Tri-
setum Pam. Gr. t. 53. A. alpina Sm. A. planiculmis Sm. :
E. B. t. 2141.

Dry pastures, heathy and mountainous places. — /3. “ moist shady
woods near the sea, in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh.”— y. High-
land mountains. If.. 6, 7. — Tufted, or with a very shortly creeping
rhizome. Lower peduncles mostly in pairs, one longer than the
other, and both simple; sometimes the longer one bears 2 or rarely
3 distant spikelets, so that the whole panicle has a lax appearance,
very different from what we find in the next ; but as it is now ascer-
tained that A. pratensis has occasionally the sheaths flattened, there is
a possibility that A. planiculmis may be only another form of it.
Mr. Bentham unites them as also A. pubescens.

4. A. planiculmis Schrad. (flat-stemmed O.) ; panicle erect
compound interrupted, spikelets erect nearly cylindrical linear-
oblong of 5 — 7 florets, lower floret longer than the longest

566

CVII. GRAMINE2E.

\_PhragmUes.

glume, leaves scabrous broadly linear suddenly acute minutely
serrate, sheaths flat sharply carinate scabrous, lower part of
the culm slightly compressed two-edged. E. B. S. t. 2684.

Glen Sannox, on the ascent of Goat-Fell from Loch Rannoch, Isle
of Arran, Scotland: Mr. Stuart Murray ( 1826). 7J- . 7. — This has

been cultivated ever since 1826 (from the roots brought by Mr.
Murray, and who alone has found it) in the Glasgow Botanic
Garden, where it preserves all its characters. Panicle with many,
erect, rather rigid branches. Spikelets much longer and larger than
in A. alpina, the larger glume scarcely reaching half-way to the sum-
mit : in A. pratensi.i and A. alpina Sm. the larger glume is about two
thirds (or more) of the length of the whole spikelet.

5. A . pubescens L. ( downy O .) ; panicle erect nearly simple,
spikelets erect of about 2 or 3 florets scarcely longer than the
glumes, lower leaves flat downy not scabrous at the edge, sheaths
downy. E. B. t. 1640. Trisetum Pers.: Parn. Gr. t. 53.

Dry pasture, especially in chalky or limestone countries. 2/.. 6, 7.

*** Smaller plume 1 -nerved, larger 3 -ribhed. Outer plumella keeled
•with faint lateral nerves, ending in two bristles. Spikelets erect.
Ovary glabrous. Caryopsis not furrowed. Ligide short and
obtuse. Perennial plants.

6. A. Jlavescens L. (yellow O ') ; panicle much braifched lax,
spikelets of about 3 florets equal in length to the longer of the
very unequal glumes, outer glumella with two terminal bristles,
lower leaves and sheaths hairy. E. B. t. 952. Trisetum Beauv. :
Parn. Gr. t. 54.

Dry meadows and pastures, frequent. 2(. 7. — This has the smallest
flowers of all our species, and may readily be distinguished by that
circumstance as well as by the outer glumella, and the glumes. Pedicels
of the florets downy with a small tuft of hairs at the apex. Terminal
floret abortive, reduced to a stalked bristle, hairy at its base.

jj Styles elongate.

34. Piiragmites Trin. Reed. (Tab. VIII. f. 31.)

Panicle loose. Spikelets distichous, with 1 — 5 distant perfect
florets and a barren one at the base, which are all enveloped in
long silky hairs attached to the rachis of the spikelet. Glumes
2, membranous, unequal, shorter than the floret, the lower
much smaller. Glumellas 2, membranous ; outer ending in a long
subulate awnless point. — Name: eppaypirnc, materials for an
enclosure; these reeds being used for that purpose.

1. P. communis Trin. ( common R.); panicle spreading, spike-
lets coloured usually 3 — 5-flowered longer than the glumes.

CVII. GRAMINE^E.

567

Hordeum.~\

loaves lanceolate acuminato-euspidate. Arundo Phrngmites
L. : E. B. t. 401.: Pam. Gr. t. 29.

Abundant in ditches, margins of lakes, rivers, &c. If.. 7,8. —
Culms 6 ft. or more high, usually erect, rarely prostrate and very long
(20 — 40 feet) : Bromfield. Panicle large, purplish-brown, ultimately
drooping. Glumes very unequal : lower ovato-lanceolate, many-

ribbed ; upper twice as long, thin, membranous, obsoletely ribbed.
As the flowers advance, the tufts of hair increase, at length becoming
very silky. A variety is found abroad with only one perfect floret.

b. Spikelels spiked , either quite sessile or shortly stalked, and
arranged in a simple or compound spike or spike-like raceme.
(Tab. IX. f. 42. e.f. g.) (Gen. 35—44.)

* Spiltelets inserted on different sides of the common axis or
rachis. Styles short. Stigmas thick, plumose. (Tab. IX.
f. 42. e. /.) (Gen. 35—40.)

f Rachis alternately grooved between the joints.

35. F/lymos Linn. Lyme-grass. (Tab. VIII. f. 32.)

Spikelcts in pairs from the same joint of the rachis, each with
2 — 4 fertile florets. Glumes 2, collateral (both on one side of
the spikelet), awnless. Glumellas 2, covering and usually in-
corporated with the caryopsis. — Name: i\vpoQ, given by the
Greeks to the Panic-grasses, but why is not known.

1. E. aren&rius L. ( upright Sea L .); spike close erect, rachis
flat not winged, florets as long as the lanceolate downy glumes.
E. B. t. 1672: Pam. Gr. t. 64.

Sandy sea-shores, frequent. 2/.. 7. — Rhizome extensively creep-

ing in the loose soil. Culms 3 — 4 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves glaucous,
involute, pungent. Spike 4 — 6 in. long. Spiltelets of about 3 flowers.
Glumes 2, lanceolate, acuminate, downy. Outer ylumella resem-
bling them, but broader ; inner bifid at the point.

2. E. geniculdtus Curt, {pendulous Sea Z.) ; spike lax bent
downwards, rachis winged, glumes subulate glabrous longer than
the florets. E. B. t. 1583: Pam. Gr. t. 131.

Near Gravesend, in a salt marsh : very rare. %. 7. — Apparently
quite distinct from the preceding; but requiring careful examination
in the only locality recorded for it in this country : it is said to have
been likewise found in Holland. We possess a diseased state of
E. arenarius, very like it gathered in Scotland by Mr. M‘Nab : Mr.
Bentham indeed unites the two species.

36. IIordeum Linn. Barley. (Tab. VIII. f. 33.)

Spikelets in threes from the same joint of the rachis, 1—2
usually neuter or barren: fertile ones with a perfect floret and

568

CVII. GRAMIXE.'E.

[ Triticum.

a rudimentary neuter oue. Glumes 2, collateral, awned. Glu-
mellas 2, outer one awned covering and adhering to the caryop-
sis. — Name of dubious origin.

* Lateral spikelets perfect, middle ones usually neuter (or imperfect').

1. H. sylvaticum Huds. (Lyme-grass, or Wood B.) \ all the
glumes setaceous and scabrous (not ciliate), outer glumella of
all the spikelets half the length of its awn. Pam. Gr. t. 130.
Elymus Europaeus L. : E. B. t. 1317.

Woods and thickets, especially in a chalky soil, apparently not
rare in the midland and northern parts of England, but not found in
Scotland. 2/.. 7, 8.

** Lateral spikelets neuter, middle one perfect.

2. IT. pretense Iluds. ( Meadow B.) ; all the glumes setaceous
and scabrous (not ciliate), outer glumella of the middle spike-
lets about as long as its awn, of the lateral ones with a short
awn. E. B. t. 409: Pam. Gr. t. 11.

Moist meadows and pastures in England, frequent ; rare in Scot-
land, as about Edinburgh and Ayr, but only occasionally, and perhaps
introduced. %. 6,1.

3. II. murmurn L. ( Wall or Mouse B., or Way-Bennet) ;
glumes of the middle spikelet linear-lanceolate ciliate, of the
lateral ones setaceous scabrous, outer glumellas of all the spike-
lets shorter than their awns. E. B. t. 1971 : Pam. Gr. t. 10.

Waste grounds, by walls and road-sides ; common in England ;
more rare in Scotland, but not uncommon along the east coast from
Edinburgh to Bervie in Kincardineshire. ©. 6, 7.

4. H. maritimum With. ( Sea-side B ., or Squirrel-tail-grass ) ;
inner glume of the lateral spikelets semi-ovate, the rest setace-
ous, all scabrous (not ciliate), awn of the outer glumella in the
middle spikelet longer than those of its glumes in the lateral
ones half as long. E. B. t. 1205: Pam. Gr. t. 10.

Light dry pastures and sandy ground near the sea, not rare in Eng-
land. ©. 6. — All our British grasses of this genus are admirably

characterized by the form, & c., of their plumes. The present is the
smallest species, procumbent at the base and glaucous.

37. Triticum Linn. Wheat. Wheat-grass. (Tab. VIII. f. 34.)

Spikelets solitary, transverse (the sides, not the backs, of
the glumes and florets directed to the rachis), compressed, many-
flowered. Glumes 2, opposite, nearly equal, both with 3 or
more nerves or ribs. Glumellas 2; outer one lanceolate, acumi-
nate or awned at the summit; inner bifid at the point, minutely
ciliate on the ribs. Caryopsis free. — There are two natural

evil. GRAMINE-iE.

569

Triticum .]

groups in this genus: 1st, the large annual species foreign to
our country, which are cultivated so extensively as bread-corn;
and, 2ndly, the smaller perennial species, many of which are
natives with us. These some authors look upon as 2 distinct
genera, Triticum and Agropyrum ; we have only the latter genus
or group in Britain. — Name: Triticum , “quod tritum est e
spicis ; ” because it is thrashed or beaten from the spikes.

[1. T. *cristatum Schreb. ( crested IF.) ; spike short with
closely imbricate 3 — 5-flowered spikelets, glumes subulate
with a terminal awn 6-nerved, outer glumellas 5-nerved with
an awn as long as themselves, rachis of the spike and spikelets
slightly downy, leaves hairy on their upper surface, culm rough.
E. B. t. 2267: Pam. Gr. t. 61.

“ On steep banks and rocks by the sea-side between Arbroath and
Montrose:” G. Don, who alone has found it. It- 7. — A plant al-
most peculiar to the east of Europe and Asia, rarely occurring (and
perhaps only when introduced) in the south of Europe, not, we be-
lieve, a native of France, and which cotild not have been indigenous
to the station assigned above. On one side of the midrib (or that
which runs into the awn) of the glumes there are 2, on the other
3 ribs. It somewhat resembles Hordenm maritimum, but is at once
distinguished by the solitary several-flowered spikelets.]

2. T. junceum L. (rushy Sea IF.) ; glaucous, spikelets distant
4 — 6-flowered, glumes obtuse or apiculate many-ribbed, outer
glumella obtuse or slightly mucronulate 5-nerved, rachis of the
spike glabrous brittle at the nodes in fruit, leaves involute pun-
gent downy above with numerous soft very short spreading
hairs on each rib, rhizome creeping. E. B. t. 814: Pam. Gr.
t. 63.

Sandy sea-shores, frequent. 1/.. 7, 8. — Whole plant glaucous,

rigid, lit — 3 feet high. Spike long. Spikelets oblong, much com-
pressed, their rachis glabrous or slightly downy, especially on the
angles. Glumes oblong-lanceolate, often 3-toothed at the summit,
oblique, 6 — 10- (usually 6-) ribbed ; the midrib, which is the longest,
and sometimes forms a small apiculus, is not in the centre, but has
more ribs or nerves on one side than on the other ; besides these
principal ribs, there are usually intermediate smaller ones at the base,
which disappear about the middle. Outer glumellas similar to the
glumes, but equal-sided, all or the upper ones with a blunt mucro
formed by the excurrent midrib.

3. T. laxum F ries ( fiat-leaved Sea IF.) ; glaucous, spikelets
often approximate 5 — 8-flowered, glumes obtuse or mucronate
about 7-ribbed, outer glumella obtuse apiculate 5-nerved, rachis
of the spike smooth or minutely toothed on the angles tenacious,
of the spikelets downy, leaves usually flat scabrous above with
many acute points on each rib involute when dry, rhizome more
or less creeping. T. junceum j3. Br. FI. ed. 6.

570

evil. GRAMINEiE.

[ Triticum.

Sandy sea-shores, not uncommon, y. 7, 8. — We admit this as
a species with great hesitation. It has been long known to British
collectors, and considered by most to be a form of T. repens with
blunt glumes; by others, however, as T. junceum with flat leaves.
In T. junceum. the leaves are always involute and pungent at the
point: when unrolled the ribs are seen covered witli close-set soft
down composed of numerous short hairs pointing obliquely and
reaching to the similar hairs on the adjacent rib, thus forming a cover
to the stria: between the ribs. In T. laxum these hairs are reduced
to mere points arranged on the ribs almost in the same manner, but
from their shortness cause the leaves to be scabrous to the touch ;
the leaves are usually flat, but Mr. Baker has observed them to be
involute when the plant grows in dry sand. On the whole, this sup-
posed species holds a middle place between T. repens and T. junceum.
Mr. Bentham unites the three : as a single species, it is readily dis-
tinguished from T. caninum by the creeping rhizome.

4. T. repens L. ( creeping W., or Couch-grass ) ; spike elon-
gate, spikelets 4 — 8-flowered, glumes acuminate awned or
awnless 5 — 7-ribbed, outer glumella acuminate or with a short
awn 5-nerved, rachis of the spikelets scabrous, leaves plane or
involute at the edge with a single row of hairs or points on the
ribs on the upper side, rhizome creeping. — a. green, rachis of
the spike glabrous or downy rough with ascending short bristles
on the angles, leaves flat. E. B. t. 909: Pam. Gr. tt. 62,
63. — 1 3. glaucous, rachis of the spike nearly quite smooth,
leaves more or less involute at the edges. T. littorale Host.

: n
hm

5

inti

Gin

I®:

inm

b

Thi

In

ini

I l'r

I tii

Fields and waste places everywhere. — 0. near the sea. If. 6 — 8. —
Awns scarcely as long as the glumella, often not exceeding half that J
length. In habit between the preceding and the following species. I ‘
In a. there are numerous hairs on the nerves of the leaves, but mixed
with points which are abortive hairs; in 0. the hairs are few, and are ; j:,
sometimes all abortive. Var. 0. is best distinguished from T. laxum I j
by the acute, or (in this country we believe always) awned florets. I
The common variety is the pest of corn-fields. 1 1 ;

5. T. caninum Huds. ( fibrous-rooted TF.) ; spike elongate,
spikelets approximate 2 — 5-flowered, glumes 3 — 5-ribbed and
as well as the 5-ribbed outer glumella acuminate awned, rachis
of the spike hispid on the angles, of the spikelets harshly downy,
leaves flat, root fibrous (perennial). — a. spikelets 4 — 5-flowered,
awn of the florets usually longer than its glumella, leaves rough :
on both sides. E. B. t. 1372: Pam. Gr. t. 62. Elymus L. —

(3. spikelets 2 — 4-flowered, awn of the florets 3 (or more) times
shorter than its glumella, leaves nearly smooth except on the
margin. T. biflorum Mitten in Loud. Journ. Bot. vii. p. 532 1 1 j.
(scarcely of Brignoli). T. alpinum Don.

Woods and banks, frequent. — 0. Ben Lawers : G. Don. y. 7. I(

• — Best distinguished from the three preceding by the want of a

571

Brachypodium.'] cvn. graminete.

creeping rhizome. The glumes have only 3 principal nerves or ribs,
but occasionally a smaller and shorter one may be seen on the
side between the lateral nerve and the midrib. What the true T. bi-
florum of Brignoli is, we do not know, further than that he describes
it with an annual root, and constantly 2-flowered spikelets, and that
he never found more than one tuft of it.

38. Brachypodium Beauv. False Brome-grass.

(Tab. VIII. f. 35.)

Spikelets solitary, transverse to the rachis, usually alternate
and remote, linear, cylindrical-compressed, many-flowered.
Glumes 2, opposite, unequal, shorter than the contiguous lowest
floret, about 7-ribbed. Glumellas 2 ; outer one convex on the
back, with several ribs, setigerous or awned at the extremity;
inner one retuse, coarsely fringed on the ribs above. — Ligule
short and irregularly incise. — Named from fipaxv e, short, and
nodiov, a little foot ; from the sessile or nearly sessile spikelets.
This genus holds an intermediate place between Bromus and
Triticum: from the former it differs by the sessile spikelets,
and the terminal awn ; from the latter, by the unequal glumes,
long, almost cylindrical spikelets, and inner glumellas coarsely
fringed on the ribs above the middle.

1. B. sylvdticum Beauv. (slender F.) ; spike drooping, spike-
lets solitary nearly cylindrical distichous, awns of the upper
florets longer than their glumellas, leaves flat, root fibrous.
Festuca Buds. Bromus Poll.: E. B. t. 729. Triticum Mcench :
Pam. Gr. t. 61.

Woods and hedges, not unfrequent. If. 6, 7. — Culms 2 feet
high. Leaves broadly linear-lanceolate, usually flaccid and hairy on
the upper surface. Sheaths usually hairy. Glumes unequal, lanceo-
late-acuminate, about 7-nerved. Outer glumella linear-lanceolate,
about 7-nerved, scabrous or sometimes hairy. Whole plant some-
times as glabrous as the next species, and then only to be distinguished
by the longer awns and the root.

2. B. pinndtum Beauv. (Heath F.) ; spike erect, spikelets
nearly cylindrical distichous, awns of the upper florets shorter
than their glumellas, leaves rigid, rhizome creeping. — o. leaves
flat. Festuca Huds. Bromus L. : E. B. t. 730. Triticum
Moencli: Pam. Gr. tt. 132, 133, 136, 137. — 0. leaves involute.
" am . Gr. t. 134.

Open fields and heathy places in England, on chalky soil. — /S. near
Bath. 7/.. 7. — Spikelets scabrous or hairy. Glumes and outer

glumellas about 7-nerved. A monstrosity occurs with a tuft of spike-
lets at the same point of the rachis. (Pam. Gr. t. 135.)

572

CVII. GRAJIINEjE.

[ Lolium.

39. Lolium Linn. Rye-grass. (Tab. VIII. f. 36.)

■

Spikelets solitary, compressed, approximate, placed edgewise
to the canaliculate rachis, alternate, with 3 or more perfect
florets. Glumes solitary, or 2 placed edgewise to the rachis and
the one next it small ; lower one with several nerves, about as
long as or longer than the lowest contiguous floret. Glumellas
2, outer one awnless or awned. — Name: \aiov o\eiv, to destroy
the crop ; or rather from loin, the appellation in Celtic of L. ie-
mulentum, to which the ancients as well as the moderns attri-
buted poisonous qualities. In some countries, it is erroneously
believed that the wheat changes into darnel.

O'
jjssi

111!

lave

ltd

1. L. perenne L. ( perennial or beardless R.) ; spikelets 6 — 8-
flowered, glume solitary scarcely longer than the lowest floret,
florets lanceolate awnless or nearly so, root producing leafy
barren shoots. E. B. t. 315 : Pam. Gr. t. 65.

*1“

eii|

.

Way-sides, pastures, and waste places, frequent. If. or 6, 7.
— Culms I — 2 feet high. Spike with the general aspect of Triticum
repens, sometimes, from luxuriance when cultivated, compound.
Florets linear-oblong, nerved. The root, which is perennial in the
wild plant, ceases to be so in particular situations, and becomes
biennial even when the greatest care has been taken to obtain the
seed from genuine perennial plants.

[2. L. * Itdlicum A. Braun ( Italian R.) ; spikelets 6 — 14-
flowered, glume solitary scarcely as long as the lowest floret,
florets lanceolate with a long awn, roots producing leafy barren
shoots. L. perenne var. Pam. Gr. tt. 138, 139, 140, 141. L.
perenne /3. aristatum Bab. f L. multiflorum Brit. FI.

Many parts of England and Scotland, but apparently only near
places where it had been cultivated. If or J . 6. — The perennial

state of this species appears to be the wild one, the root having,
like the preceding species, become biennial by over-cultivation ;
we fear too that L. multijlorum Lam. is another degenerated form,
the root having become annual, and no longer capable of producing
leafy barren shoots. It appears to us to differ in no respect from the
preceding species, except by the awn. Some botanists however con-
sider that both have sometimes awned spikelets and that they differ
by L. perenne having the young leaves simply folded, the other with
their margins involute.]

[3. L. * linicola Sonder (annual or Flax R.) ; spikelets oblong
or ovate 7 — 11 -flowered, glume solitary reaching to the middle
(or further) of the spikelet, florets shortly awned or awnless
elliptical in fruit tumid, root annual without barren leafy

Lepturus.

CVII. GRAJIINEiE.

573

shoots. — Mitten in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. p. 531: E. B. S.
t. 2955.

On cultivated land, amongst various crops, about Ilurstpierpoint,
Sussex; field near Catterick Bridge, Yorkshire. ©. 7. — With

this we are scarcely acquainted, and authentic specimens appear to
have been equally unknown to Kunth. It seems only to differ front
the next by the glumes being considerably shorter than the spikelets.]

4. L. temulentum L. ( Darnel ) ; spikelets about 6-flowered
equal to or shorter than the glume, florets awned or awnless
elliptical in fruit tumid, root annual without barren shoots. —
a. florets with rigid awns about as long as or longer than the
glumella. E. B. t. 1124: Barn. Gr. tt. 64, ”142. — /3. florets
with soft imperfect awns or awnless. L. arvense With.: E. B.
t. 1125.

Corn-fields. Not common in Scotland. 0. 6 — 8. This is best

distinguished from L. perenne by the truly annual root (without
barren shoots), and the tumid florets.

|| Bachis alternately excavated between the joints.

40. Lepturus B. Brown. Hard-grass. (Tab. VIII. f. 37. )l

Spike terete, solitary, separating at the joints. Spikelets soli-
tary in each joint, imbedded in cavities alternately on opposite
sides of the rachis and placed edgewise to it, with 1 (or 2) fer-
tile florets and a superior minute rudimentary (sometimes ob-
solete) neuter one. Glumes (1 or) 2, collateral, on the oppo-
site side from the rachis and covering the floret, cartilaginous,
several-nerved. Glumellas of the fertile floret 2, scarious, awn-
less.— Name from Xsirro?, slender , and ovpa , a tail; in allusion to
the slender spikes.

1. L. incurvatns Trin. (Sea Hi) ; annual, spike subulate,
glumes 2, without a membranous keel. — a. spike curved.
Rottboellia L. : E. B. t. 760 : Pam. Gr. t. 2. — f3. spike filiform
nearly or quite erect. L. filiformis Trin. Rottboellia Both. R.
incurvata var. filiformis Hook. : Pam. Gr. t. 3.

Sea-shores, but not common. Frequent on the Irish coast. /3.

many places along the coast of England. Rare in Scotland, as
near Aberlady. 0. 7. — Culms 2 — 8 inches high, more or less

curved, especially the spike.

1 Although for aiding the student we describe the spikelets as solitary with 2
glumes, this is not the case, the spikelets being actually, in pairs in Lepturus
(Diplerma) incurvatus and filiformis ; the fertile one is sessile, having a single
glume; the other which is pedicellate, is reduced to the mere pedicel resembling
the glume of the sessile spikelet, and is usually described as a second glume be-
longing to it. In the true species of Lepturus „ there is only one spikelet at each
joint, and it is sessile and with one glume.

574

evil. GRAMINEjE.

[Knappia.

** Spikelets with one per fect floret inserted on different sides of
the compressed rachis, unilateral, forming a simple spike-like
raceme. Styles very short. Stigmas elongate filiform.

41. Knappia Smith. Knappia. (Tab. IX. f. 39.)

Spikelets very shortly stalked, solitary, arranged on two sides
of the simple rachis and forming a simple unilateral spike-like
raceme , 1 flowered, awnless. Glumes 2, opposite, truncate, nearly
equal, rather longer than the floret, membranous, 1 -nerved.
Outer glumella hairy, membranous, deeply toothed at the end;
inner narrower, sometimes wanting. Styles distinct, very short.
Stigmas filiform. — Named in honour of Mr. Knapp , an English
botanist, author of a work on British grasses.

1. Iv. agrostidea Sm. ( early K.) : E. E. t. 1127 : Pam. Gr.
t. 73. K. verna Trin. Agrostis minima L. Chamagrostis
Borkh. Sturmia Hoppe. >3. verna Pers. Mibora Adans.

Sandy pastures by the sea, rare. Essex, near the mouth of the
Thames. Wales, and S. W. coast of Anglesea, frequent. Gullane
Links, Haddington : introduced. Jersey. ©. 3, 4. — A beautiful

and minute grass, of which only a solitary species is known. Root
fibrous. Stems several from the same root. Leaves short, linear,
rough, equalling in length their white inflated sheaths. Glumes
purplish. Glumellas sometimes 2, white, delicate, the outer one much
the larger and embracing the inner, which last is often wanting.

*** Spikelets (with one perfect floret) arranged only on one side
of the p>artial rachis and forming a racemose or digitate
compound spike or raceme. Styles elongate. (Tab. IX.
f. 42. g.) (Gen. 42 — 44.)

42. Spartina Schreh. Cord-grass. (Tab. VIII. f. 38.)

Spike compound. Partial spikes erect, racemose. Spikelets
sessile, awnless, arranged alternately in two rows on one side
of the partial rachis , laterally compressed, with one fertile and
scarcely any rudiments of a neuter floret. Glumes 2, unequal,
lanceolate, compressed. Glumellas 2, compressed, lanceolate,
acuminate. Styles elongate, united half-way up. Stigmas
elongate. — Ligules very short. — Name derived from its simi-
larity to the Lygeum Spartum, or Bastard mat-weed, and that
from airaprov , applied to plants of which the bark, branches,
and leaves are tough, and made into cords, ropes, &c.

1. S. stricta Both (twin-spiked C.) ; partial spikes 2 — 3, larger
glume and outer glumella 1 -nerved hairy, partial rachis scarcely
produced beyond the terminal spikelet, leaves shorter than the
spikes tapering at the base articulated upon the sheath lower
ones deciduous. Parn, Gr. t. 74. Dactylis Soland. : E. B.
t. 380.

Digitaria.~\

CVII. GRAMINEjE.

575

Muddy salt-marshes, on the east and south-east coasts of England.
if.. 8. — A remarkably stiff rigid plant. Culms 1 — 2 ft. high,
covered with the sheathing bases of the short pungent leaves (involute
when dry). Inner glumella longer than the larger glume, which is a
third longer than the smaller one.

2. S. alternijlora Loisel. ( many-spiked C.) ; partial spikes nu-
merous, larger glume 5-nerved fringed with a few distant short
bristly hairs on the keel otherwise glabrous, outer glumella 3-
nerved glabrous slightly toothed on the keel above, partial
rachis much produced beyond the spikelets with a tlexuose awn-
like point, leaves equal to or longer than the spikes dilated at
the base continuous with the sheath and all persistent. E. B. S.
t. 2812 : Pui'ii. Gr. t. 75. S. glabra Muhl. S. laevigata Link.

Itchin Ferry, Southampton. 2). 8. — Inner glumella longer than
the outer one, but shorter than the larger glume, which is 2 — 3 times
longer than the smaller one. Much taller than the preceding; but
Mr. Bentham states that in North America, where it is frequent, it
passes gradually into the other.

43. Cynodon Rich. Dog’s-tooth-grass. (Tab. IX. f. 40.)

Spike compound. Partial spikes spreading, digitate or race-
mose. Spikelets almost sessile, awnless, arranged in a single
row on one side of the partial rachis , laterally compressed, with
one fertile and a rudimentary neuter floret. Glumes 2, nearly
equal, spreading. Glumellas 2, compressed, outer one cymbi-
form, at length hardened and inclosing the caryopsis. Styles
2, elongate, distinct. Stigmas oval. — Named from k vmv, a dog,
and odove , a tooth.

1. C. Ddctylon Pers. ( creeping D.) ; partial spikes 3 — 5 digi-
tate, outer glumella longer than the glumes glabrous on the
sides somewhat ciliate on the keel and margins, leaves downy
beneath, stem creeping at the base. E. B. t. 850 : Pam. Gr.
t. 72.

On the sandy sea-shore, rare. Cornwall, near Penzance ; Stud-
land, Dorset; Devonshire. If. 7, 8. — Culms 4 — 6 inches high.
Leaves on the barren shoots flat and spreading, on the stems usually
folded. Ligule a tuft of a few hairs. Spikelets purplish. Neuter
floret a mere beardless bristle thickened at the end, more than half
the length of the glumellas.

44. Digitaria Scop. Finger-grass. (Tab. IX. f. 41.) 1

Spikes compound. Partial spikes somewhat digitate. Spike-
lets in pairs on short unequal pedicels, arranged on one side of

1 Although, to simplify the arrangement, we have placed this genus at a consi-
derable distance from Fantcunt. most of the species scarcely differ from it, while
some foreign ones have beeu referred to Faspalum.

576

ACOTYLEDONES.

[. Digitaria .

the partial rachis , awnless, flat in front, convex on the back,
with one perfect floret, and one barren or neuter in front.
Glumes 2, lower one much smaller or obsolete. Barren or
neuter floret as large as the fertile one, with 1 — 2 glumellas;
outer glumella resembling the upper glume. Outer glumella of
the upper or fertile floret convex, embracing the inner one, at
length hardened and enclosing the caryopsis. Styles 2, elon-
gate, distinct. Stigmas ovate. — Named from digitus , a finger.

[1. D. * sanguinulis Scop, (hairy F.) ; culm creeping at the
base, leaves and tuberculate sheaths hairy, stipules membranous,
partial spikes 3—5 somewhat digitate, partial rachis flexuose,
spikelets oblongo-lanceolate, lower glume minute acute nerveless,
upper lanceolate almost glabrous about half the length of the
fertile floret, neuter glumella glabrous or slightly pubescent on
the margin. Barn. Gr. t. 70. Panicum L. : E. B. t. 849.

Occasionally in sandy cultivated fields near London. 0. 7, 8.

— About a foot long, branched at the base, erect or ascending.
In this and the next the spikelets are secund, adpressed to the
flattened rachis, 2 together, one nearly sessile, the other on a distinct
short stalk.]

2. D. * humifusa Rich, (glabrous F.) ; culms depressed,
sheaths and leaves glabrous, stipules membranous, partial spikes
2 — 4 somewhat digitate, partial rachis nearly straight, spikelets
ovate-elliptical, lower glume very minute truncate or wanting,
upper oblong pubescent nearly as long as the fertile floret,
neuter glumella pubescent. E. B. S. t. 2613 : Pam. Gr. t. 71.
Syntherisma glabrum Schrad. Panicum Gaud.

Rare. On loose sand at Weybridge, Surrey; Hants; Ipswich,
Suffolk; Norfolk. 0. 7,8.' — Generally smaller and more depressed
than the preceding, and of a more purple hue. Partial spikes usually
fewer. Spikelets more ovate, more convex on the back and more
pubescent. Neuter glumella purplish.

CLASS III.

ACOTYLEDONOUS', or FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Plants without real flowers analogous to what are found
in the Dicotyledonous or Monocotyledonous classes or
anything that can be considered as true Stamens and

1 From without , and xorvfa ;day, a cotyledon.

FILICES.

577

Pistils. The organs of reproduction, called by some
seeds, but by others spores or sporules, are without any
distinct embryo as in true seeds, and consequently with-
out any cotyledon. This Class corresponds with the 24th,
Cryptogamia, in the Linnasan System.

Sub-Class I. FILICES1 Linn. (Ord. CVIII.-CXIIL)
(Tab. IX. f. 1—4, X. XI.)

Fructification generally of one, but sometimes of two kinds,
consisting of seeds, spores, or sporules, included in capsules (called
also thecae or sporangia) sometimes surrounded with an elastic
x’ing, and these either naked or covered by a membrane (in-
dusium or involucre) ; generally collected into clusters (sori), ox-
spikes, situated at the back of the fronds, or marginal, .terminal,
axillary, or radical. — Usually perennial plants, with tubular
vessels among the cells, hearing fructification during a great part
of the year. In most, as in the true Ferns, the leaves are connate
with the stem, so as to constitute fronds ; in others, the leaves are
distinct, as in Lycopodium, which in general appearance comes
nearest to the Mosses.

Conspectus of the Orders.

108. Polypodiaceye. Capsules dorsal or marginal, surrounded by a

ring, reticulate and pellucid, opening transversely and irregularly.
Fronds circinate in vernation.

109. Osmundace.e. Capsules clustered on the margin of a transformed

frond, with an obscure ring, reticulate and pellucid, opening by
two regular valves. Fronds circinate in vernation.

110. Opiiioglossace.e. Capsules arranged on the margin of a con-

tracted frond, sessile, without reticulation or a ring, coriaceous,
opaque. Fronds straight in vernation.

111. Lycopodiace.e. Capsules without a ring, sessile in the axils of

leaves or bracteas, or lodged in a cavity in their base. Leaves cau-
line or rarely all radical. Vernation straight (not circinate).

112. Mars ire ace ye. Capsules without a ring, within coriaceous invo-

lucres that are situated near the root of the plant, not sunk in the
leaves. Vernation circinate or involute.

113. Equisetace.e. Fructification in terminal spikes or catkins, con-

sisting of peltate polygonous scales, on the under side of which
are involucres, which contain numerous globose bodies enfolded
by 4 clavate filaments. Vernation straight.

1 The Filiccs are here considered as a Sub-class, of which the groups or Orders
are very distinct one from another and easily recognized ; we have therefore given
short, but we trust sufficient characters of them.

578

CVIII. P0LTP0DIACE7E.

Ord. CVIII. POLYPODIACEJE R. Br. (Tab. IX. f. 1—4,
X. and XI. f. 1.)

Capsules dorsal or marginal, surrounded by a ring, reticulate
and pellucid, opening transversely and irregularly. Fronds
circinate in vernation.

A. Capsules opening transversely, placed on the bach of the frond, but some-
times close to its ma rgin ; their ring vertical, usually incomplete.

* ’Sori neither furnished with a conspicuous involucre nor covered by the
reflexed margin of the frond.

1. Ceterach. Sori linear, on reticulate veins, covered with, chaffy

scales.

2. Gymnogramme. Sori oblong or linear, on forked veins, naked.

3. Polypodium. Sori roundish.

** Sori with an involucre, or covered by the reflexed margin of the frond.
f Sori roundish. Involucres placed upon the back of the lateral veins.

J Fertile fronds remaining similar to the barren ones.

4. Woodsia. Sori roundish. Involucre below the sori, more or less

cut at the margin. Veins forked. .

5. Aspidium. Sori roundish. Involucre above the sori, circular

( Polystichum ) or reniform (Licstrea). (Veins forked in British
species ).

G. Cystopteris. Sori roundish. Involucre cucullate at the base,
attached below. Sorus on one side.

Fertile fronds very dissimilar to the barren ones, each pinnule wrapt
round the sori on it, and resembling a berry.

(>. Onoclea. Sori much approximate, afterwards confluent.

If Sori oblong or linear. Involucres attached by the one side to the lateral
veins, opening at the other.

7. Asplenium. Involucre single, linear or oblong-linear, or oblong-

reniform, arising from lateral veins, opening towards the midrib.
(Veins forked in British species.)

8. Scolopendrium. Involucre linear and long, double, the two portions

opening towards each other.

Iff Sori marginal or parallel to the midrib, covered either by an involucre
or by the reflexed margin of the frond.

J Fertile and barren fronds similar.

9. Pteris. Sori continuous, linear, at the margin of the frond. In-

volucre consisting of the reflexed margins.

12. Adiantum. Sori oblong or roundish, marginal. Involucre formed
of the reflexed margins or lobes of the frond, and bearing the cap-
sules.

ft All or most of the fertile fronds dissimilar to the barren ones.

10. Cryptogramme. Sori roundish at the margin of the frond, at length
confluent and covered by the reflexed margins meeting in the
middle.

Gymnogramme .] cvni. polypodiaceje.

579

11. Blechnum. Sori linear, parallel on each side of the midrib, distant
from the margin.

B. Capsules opening irregularly, placed on a receptacle at the margin of the
frond and terminating a vein ; their ring transverse.

13. Trichomanes. Sori marginal. Involucre monophyllous, subcylin-

drical. Receptacle filiform.

14. Hymenophyli.um. Sori marginal. Involucre 2-valved. Recep-

tacle subclavate.

A. Capsules opening transversely, placed on the hack of the frond
but sometimes close to its margin ; their ring vertical, usually
incomplete. Cellular tissue of the frond compact.1 Poly-
poDtEiE. (Gen. 1 — 12.)

1. Ckteeach Willd. Ceterach. (Tab. IX. f. 1.)

Sori oblong or linear straight, scattered, arising from reticu-
late veins, covered (as is the whole back of the frond) with
chaffy scales. Involucre none (or obsolete). — Name: from the
Celtic cedor wracli, double rake ; or perhaps from chetherak,
a similar plant employed by the Arabian and Persian physicians
for obstructions in the viscera.

1. C. offeindrum Willd. (common C., or Scale-fern') ; fronds
pinnatifid covered beneath with imbricate chaffy scales, seg-
ments ovate obtuse, scales entire. Newm. p. 293.2 Grammitis
Ceterach Sw. Scolopendrium Sm. : E. B. t. 1244. Asple-
nium L. Notolepeum Newm. ed. 3, p. 277.

Rocks and old walls, chiefly in limestone districts in England
and Ireland. Rare in Scotland ; near Perth ; Paisley ; Glasgow ;
walls about Drumlanrig, Dumfriesshire ; Kilfinnan, Argyleshire.
If.- 4 — 10. — Mr. IV. Wilson finds traces of an involucre on the lower
side of the sorus, viz. “a narrow membrane, fringed with the same
chaffy scales which cover the back of the frond : ” see also Bauer and
Hooker’s Genera of Ferns, t. 113, a.

2. Gymnogramme Desv. Gymnogram.

Sori oblong or linear on forked free veins, not covered with
scales. Involucre none. — Name: from yvpvoc, naked , and
ypappi], a line.

1 The compactness of the tissue arises not only from the small size of the cel-
lules, but also from there being several in the thickness of the frond, giving it a
certain degree of opacity: in the next group (B.), the cellular tissue is lax and
almost transparent, from the larger size of the cellules, and their being often only
one in the thickness of the frond, in this respect resembling the leaves of most
Mosses , but differing from them by having the nerves and veins composed of that
kind of vascular tissue called ducts.

2 We shall refer to the figures in Newman’s History of British Ferns, edition
second, by merely quoting the page; and to the third edition by the addition of
ed. 3. When the name only is referred to, we shall merely indicate the authority
by Newm.

C C 2

580

CVIII. POLYPODIACEyE.

\_Polyp6dium.

Ji

1. G. Icptnphylla Desv. {slender G., or annual Maiden-hair) ;
slender fragile, fronds ovate or oblong thin bitripinnate, pinnae
obovato-cuneate bi-trifid or lobed, lobes obtuse, sori often con-
fluent, rachis dark brown glossy winged above, root fibrous
annual. Hook, et Grev. Ic. Fit. t. 25 : Newm. ed. 3, p. 11.
Polypodium ? L.

.a-

tar

But

Moist banks in Jersey. Q. 3 — 5. — The plant is truly annual,
the root and fronds dying away entirely in May, and springing
again from seed in the autumn. Height of the plant from 2 to 4, or
rarely 6 inches.

3. Polypodium Linn. Polypody. (Tab. IX. f. 2.)

Sori roundish. Involucre 0. Margin of the frond not re-
flexed.— Veins simple or simply branched {in the Bi'itish species').
— Named from iroXvc, many , and ttoSiov, dim. of ttovc, a foot;
from the numerous roots, or from the segments of the fronds.

Veins branched, the lowest veinlet on the side next the midvein short ,
bearing a sorus at its apex ; the others barren , and disappearing near
the margin.

spa

1. P. vulgare L. {common P.) ; fronds deeply pinnatifid, the
segments linear-lanceolate obtuse crenulate approximate, upper
ones gradually smaller. E. B. t. 1149: Neivm. p. 111. Cteno-
pteris Neivm. ed. 3, p. 41.

Rocks, walls, trunks of trees, and banks; frequent. 71. 6 — 9. — 1

Rhizome creeping, very scaly. The lobes of the fronds are sometimes
deeply serrate and even pinnatifid or laciniate, as it has been found in
Ireland and Wales, when it becomes the P. Cambricum L.

ini

mi

tat

iki

mi

** Veins simple, all reaching to the margin or nearly so, and bearing sori
near the apex.

2. P. Phegopteris L. {mountain P., or Beech-fern) ; fronds \ nl
pinnate, pinnae pinnatifid the two lowermost ones distinct point-
ing downwards and forwards, their segments linear-lanceolate | ex
obtuse entire ciliate the lowermost ones adnate-decurrent, veins | fa
hairy, sori marginal. E. B. t. 2224 : Newm. p. 122. Gymno-
carpium Newm. ed. 3, p. 49. P. Thelypteris E. B. t. 1018.?

Damp shady places, in mountainous countries. 7/.. 6 — 8.

ra

3. P. Dryopteris L. {tender three-branched P., or Oak-fern) ;
fronds ternate bipinnate thin and glabrous, divisions spreading
and deflexed, the segments obtuse subcrenate, sori marginal.
E. B. t. 616 : Newm. p. 123. Gymnocarpium Newm. ed. 3,
p. 57.

Dry shady places, in mountainous countries. Common in Scot-
land. Tf.. 7. — Rhizome filiform, extensively creeping.

lo:

b

P.

P,

A

B

Woodsia .]

CVIII. POLYPODIACEzE.

581

4. P. calcdreum Sm. ( rigid three-branched, or limestone P.) ;
fronds subternate bipinnate rather rigid subpubescent and
always minutely glandular beneath, divisions sometimes spread-
ing and deflexed, segments obtuse somewhat crenate, sori
marginal finally confluent. E.B. t. 1525 : Newm. p. 135. P.
llobertianum Hoffm. Gymnocarpium Newm. ed. 3, p. 63.

On broken limestone ground in the northern and western parts of
England. 21 . 7. — Rhizome stouter and less extended than in the
preceding ; from which it is also distinguished by its thicker and
more rigid texture, consequently more erect habit, its more pectinate
subdivision, and by the minute glandular pubescence covering the
rachis and midrib of the pinna; ; but we consider it a very doubtful
species.

5. P. alpestre Iloppe ( Alpine P ) ; glabrous, fronds oblong-
lanceolate bipinnate, pinnules oblong-ovate sometimes slightly
falcate subacute sessile more or less deeply pinnatifid, segments
ovate inciso-serrate, stipes short with large scales. — a. elutius ;
stipes rather short, pinna narrow-lanceolate broadest at the
base spreading or ascending, pinnules crowded. Pseudathyrium
Newm. ed. 3, p. 199. Aspidium Schk. Fil. p. 58, t. 60 (A.
umbrosum on the plate) excellent. — ft. humile ; stipes scarcely
any, pinnae short ovato-lanceolate spreading or deflexed, pinnules
rather distant. Pseudathyrium flexile Newm. ed. 3, p. 203.

Mountains of Invernesshire, Aberdeenshire, Forfarshire, and Perth-
shire ; at an elevation of from 2000 to 4000 feet. — j3. Glen Prosen,
and probably elsewhere, mixed with a. 21 . 7, 8. — Very similar to

and easily mistaken for Aspleninm Filix-fcemina : the fructification,
however, will at once distinguish it.

4. Woodsia Br. Woodsia. (Tab. IX. f. 3.)

Sori scattered, roundish, having beneath them an involucre
which is cut at the edge into many, often capillary, segments.
— Named in compliment to Joseph Woods , Esq., author of an
excellent “Monograph of the British lioses,” “Tourist’s Flora,”
&c.

1. W. hyperborea Br. ( round-leaved IF.) ; fronds lanceolate
pinnate, pinna bluntly triangular or oval inciso-pinnatifid,
rachis and stipes with scattered hairs. Polypodium Sw. W.
alpina Gray: Newm. p. 143; ed.3, p. 79. — a. pinna broadly oval,
lobes 3 — 5 roundish-obovate. Pol. hyperboreum a. Wahl. FI.
Lapp. p. 279. — f3. pinna longer more pinnatifid, lobes 5 — 9 oval.
P. hyperboreum /3. gracile Wahl. : E. B. t. 2023.

On Snowdon, Caernarvonshire. Ben Lawers and near Crieff,

Perthshire ; Glen Fiadh, Clova 0. Ben Lawers. 1/. . 7. — About

the same size as the next, and perhaps not specifically distinct. Mr.
Babington and Mr. Bentham unite them.

C C 3

582

CVIII. I'OLYPODIACEiE.

[. Aspidium .

2. W. Ilvensis Br. ( [oblong TF.) ; fronds lanceolate pinnate,
pinnffi oblong deeply pinnatifid with many oblong segments,
rachis and stipes with numerous chaffy scales. E. B. S. t. 2616 :
Newm. p. 136, 137 ; ed. 3, p. 71, 73. Acrostichum L.

Mountains, rare. Caernarvonshire. Falcon Clints near Caldron-
Snout, Teesdale in Durham. Hills to the north of Moffat; Clova
mountains. 2/.. 7 — 9. — Plant small, — 5 inches high.

5. Aspidium Sw. Shield-fern. (Tab. IX. f. 4.)

Sori roundish, scattered. Involucre above the sori circular,
or reniform. — Veins simple or forked (in the British species ). —
Xame: aamcwv, a small shield ; which its involucres resemble,
especially in the species of the first division.

* Involucre circular, attached l>y the centre, hence peltate. Aspidium Br.
Polystichum Roth (in part). (Tab. IX. f. 4. a. b .)

1. A. LoncMtis Sw. (Alpine S ., or Holly- fern) ; fronds rigid
linear-lanceolate pinnate, pinnse lanceolate-falcate acute ciliato-
serrate, the upper base acutely auricled the lower one cuneate,
superior pinnrn bearing the sori, stipes chaffy. Polypodium L. :
E. B. t. 797. Polystichum Roth : Newm. p. 166, 167; ed. 3,
p. 107, 108.

Shady clefts of rocks and under stones, on high mountains. York-
shire ; Caernarvonshire. Scotland. Ireland. If.. 6,7.

2. A. lobdtum Sw. (close-leaved prickly S .) ; fronds oblong-
lanceolate bipinnate (or when starved pinnate), pinnules rigid
convex ovate sublunate acuminate aristate oblique and cuneate
at the base and decurrent, the margins faintly serrate spiriulose,
with a distinct tooth at the base of the upper side, the one next
the main rachis longer than the rest, stipes and rachis more or
less chaffy, sori confined to the upper half of the fronds. E. B.
t. 1563. Polystichum aculeatum Neivrn. (in part) p. 169; ed.
3, p. 111.

Moist woods, shady banks, and rocky places. "if.. 7. — A stunted
form of this sometimes occurs with the pinnules combined, so as to
form only a pinnate frond. This is A. aculeatum 0 Sin. and Filix
lonchitidi affiuis of Ray : but as cultivation in a better soil causes
the root to produce bipinnate fronds, it can scarcely be deemed a
distinct variety.

3. A. aculeatum Sw. (common prickly S.) ; fronds broadly lan-
ceolate bipinnate, pinnules subrigid somewhat convex slightly
stalked ovate sublunate acuminate or acute aristate obliquely
truncate and auricled at the base on the upper side, the one next
the main rachis somewhat larger than the rest, the margins
distinctly serrate and spinulose, stipes and rachis chaffy, sori

CVIII. POLYPODIACE-ffi.

583

Aspidium.~\

copious. E.B. t. 1562 (bad). Polystichum Roth : Newm. ( in
part).

Woods and hedge-banks in England and Ireland ; rare in Scot-
land. 7. — This is exactly intermediate between the last and

the next species, and so partakes of the characters of both that by
some botanists it is referred to A. lobatum, by others to A. angvlare. It
appears to us that all of them must be united as in Mr. Bentham’s
Handbook, or constitute three species, as done by Smith.

4. A. anguldre Willd. (angular-leaved S.) ; fronds flexible
broadly lanceolate bipinnate, pinnules subrigid plane stalked
ovate sublunate obtuse or oblong and acute aristate obliquely
truncate at the base with a large auricle on the upper side, the
margins deeply serrate spinulose,the lowermost onesoften deeply
pinnatifid or pinnate, stipes and rachis very chaffy, sori copious.
— a. pinnules next the main rachis scarcely longer than the rest
subpinnate. E. B. S. t. 2776. Polystichum Newm. p. 174; ed. 3,
p. 118. A. lobatum Willd.? — subtripinnate, pinnules espe-
cially the lower ones and the much larger one next the main
rachis distinctly pinnate. Newm. p. 182; ed. 3, p. 121.

Woods and hedge-banks, frequent in England, as far north as
Yorkshire and Westmoreland. N. Wales. Pease Bridge, Berwick-
shire; Skelmorlie, Ayrshire. Colin Glen, Belfast. If. 7.

** Involucre orbicular-reniform , attached by the sinus. Nephrodium
Rich, (in part). Lastrea Bory. (Tab. IX. f. 4. c. d .)

Lateral veins of the pinnules or segments simple or forked. Sori on
the simple veins, or on either or both branches of the forked ones.

5. A. Thelypteris Sw. (Marsh-fern) ; fronds pinnate, pinna
linear-lanceolate pinnatifid and as well as the rachis slightly
pubescent, the segments ovate acute entire, veins nearly all
forked, sori parallel to the margin contiguous ultimately con-
fluent. Polypodium L. Lastrea Presl : Newm. p. 183, 186.
Hemestheum Newm. ed. 3, p. 123, 128.

Marshy and boggy places. Not uncommon in England. Various
places in Ireland. Rare in Scotland. V . 7, 8. — Rhizome creeping.
Frond pubescent but not glandular. The sori, if examined when
young, are half way between the midrib and the margin ; but when
old, they cover nearly the whole under side of the segments or appear
marginal from the margin becoming recurved.

6. A. Oreopteris Sw. (Heath S., or Mountain- fern) ; fronds
pinnate, pinnm lanceolate pinnatifid glabrous glandular beneath,
the segments lanceolate obtuse entire, lowermost ones larger,
veins nearly all simple, sori submarginal. Polypodium Ehrh.:
E.B. t. 1019. Lastrea Bory: Newm. p. 187, 190. L. mon-
tana Newm. ed. 3, p. 129, 133.

c c 4

584 cviii. polypodiacEjE. [ Aspidium .

Mountainous countries, in heaths and dry pastures. Abundant in
Scotland. 2f . 7. — Iihizome tufted. Involucres small, inconspi-

cuous. Segments of fronds not recurved at the margin.

j’f Lateral veins of the pinnules branched or forked. Snri upon the

lower veinlet on the side next the midvein, the other veinltts barren.

| Involucre very convex.

7. A. Filix-mds Sw. (Male-fern.') ; fronds bipinnate or rarely
pinnate glabrous, lower pinnae smaller than those next them, pin-
nules oblong with abroad base conspicuously serrate or incise but
not spinulose, sori near the midvein, stipes and rachis chaffy, in-
volucre persistent not ciliate with glands. Lastrea Presl: Newm.
p. 197, 201. Dryopteris Newm. ed. 3, p. 183, 186. — a. vulgatum ;
frond bipinnate, pinnae crowded elongate acuminate, pinnules
blunt serrate, the lower ones distinct. E. B. t. 1458 and t. 1949
(A. cristatum). — 13. incisum; pinnules less crowded oblong-lan-
ceolate inciso-dentate. A. erosum Schkuhr Fil. t. 45. ? A.
affine Fisch. Dryopteris Newm. ed. 3. — y. abhreviatum; fronds
pinnate, pinnae oblong obtuse pinnatifid or incise or crenate
with one row of sori on each side of the midrib. Lastrea Newm.
p. 202. Polystichum abhreviatum DC. Dryopteris Newm.
ed. 3, p. 193.

Woods and shady banks, frequent. — 0. Rather rare in Scotland.
— y. Ingleborough and Teesdale, Yorkshire ; Cumberland ; Wick,
Gloucestershire. Snowdon. Ennis, Co. Clare. Glen Isla, Forfar-
shire. If.. 6,7. — The involucres, when young, quite enclose the
sori, the margin being bent in under the capsules. A beautiful
though very common fern, the fronds in o. and /3. being sometimes
3 — 4 feet high, and growing in a circle. Mr. Borrer finds a state of
our a, common in Devonshire, with more copious and brighter-
coloured scales, and with a bright golden-yellow tinge on the whole
frond ; the pinnules are more blunt (almost truncate) and less
distinctly serrate at the sides than usual ; the same has also been
found in Yorkshire, various parts of Durham, and in Scotland, and is
probably not uncommon : it is the Dryopteris Rorreri of Newman.
As to our var. y. we should have considered it a mere stunted form
of a., but Mr. Moore states it to be reproduced from seed ; he does so,
however, also of the golden-scaled one noticed above, to which we
cannot assign better distinguishing characters than the unimportant
ones already mentioned.

8. A. remdtum A. Braun ( Braun's S.) ; fronds oblong-lanceo-
late bipinnate glabrous, pinnm acuminate lower ones smaller
than those next them, lower pinnules distinct oblong acute
shortly stalked deeply pinnatifid, their segments and upper pin-
nules oblong obtuse witli a broad base mucronato-serrate but
not spinulose, sori near the midvein, stipes and rachis chalfv, in-
volucre persistent not ciliate with glands. Polystichum Koch.
Lastrea Moore in Joitrn. Proceed. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 193.

Aspidium.']

CVIII. POLYPODIACEAC.

585

Windermere, Westmoreland. 1i. 8, 9. — This we have not seen;

from Mr. Moore’s description it appears to be merely a luxuriant state
of the last species, with the lower pinnules more developed and assum-
ing the form of small pinna: ; their segments however, and the upper
pinnules, are as in A. Filix-mas.

9. A. rigidum Sw. (rigid S .) ; fronds lanceolate bipinnate
glandular beneath, lower pinnae as long as those next them,
pinnules narrow-oblong obtuse slightly pinnatifid contracted at
the base the segments broad and rounded deeply 2 — 5-dentate
(without spinulose points to the teeth), stipes and rachis chaffy,
involucre persistent fringed with stalked glands. E. B. S. t.
2724. Lastrea Presl: Newm. p. 191, 196. Lophodium Newm.
ed. 3, p. 175, 180.

On Ingleborough, and rocks above Ingleton and Settle, Yorkshire ;
Arnside Knot, Westmoreland, abundant. 71. 7, 8. — Fronds 1 — 2

feet long ; pinnae very numerous, closely set, of nearly the same width
throughout (often widest in the middle), with numerous rounded
lobes ; teeth 2 — 3 rarely more, broad and triangular. The involucre
agrees with that of A. dilatatum a. in having a glandular margin,
and in not being bent in under the sorus, but it is permanent, large,
and conspicuously convex as in A. Filix-mas. It agrees also with
this last in the oblique insertion of the pinna: on the rachis, so that
they lie in different planes, but it differs in not having the lower
pinna: gradually diminished.

|| Involucre flat or nearly so.

10. A. cristdtum Sw. (crested S .) ; fronds erect glabrous linear-
lanceolate pinnate, pinute deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, pinnules
plane, the segments oblong-ovate acutely serrate ; serratures
mucronate or spinulose, involucres entire eglandulose fiat some-
what permanent, scales of the stipes ovate obtuse usually
(always?) with a slender point. — a. Ccdlipteris ; fronds linear,
pinnas only pinnatifid, superior and inferior lowest pinnules
about equal, serratures scarcely spinulose. E. B. t. 2125 (not
t. 1949). Lastrea Presl: Newm. p. 203. Lophodium Callipte-
ris Newm. ed. 3, p. 169. Polypodium Ehrli. — j3. uliginosum;
fronds narrow linear-lanceolate, pinnae of barren ones as in a., of
fertile ones more deeply divided almost pinnate at the base,
superior and inferior lowest pinnules about equal, segments of
the fertile ones with spinulose serratures. Polypodium L. (in
part). Lastrea uliginosa Neivm. in Phyt. Lophodium Newm.
ed. 3. — y. spinosum ; fronds oblong-lanceolate bipinnate, inferior
lowest pinnule much longer than the superior one, serratures
spinulose. Polypodium L. (in part). Asp. spinulosum Sw. ? :
a. Brit. FI. ed. 7. Lastrea Bub. L. spinosa Newm. p. 209.
Lophodium Newm. ed. 3, p. 157.

a. Boggy heaths, rare. Near Holt, Lynn, Norwich, and Fritton,
Norfolk; Ipswich and Westleton, Suffolk ; Oxton bogs and Bulwell
c c 5

586

CVIII. POLYPODIACEiE.

\_Aspidium.

marshes, Notts; Madeley and Newcastle-under-Lyne, Staffordshire;
Wybunbury bog, Cheshire. — 0. Usually along with a. ; also at Wy-
mondham, Norfolk. — 7. Marshy places and damp woods; notun-
common In the south of England, more rare in the middle and north.
Very rare in Ireland and Scotland. 7/.. 8. — Rhizome decumbent

or slightly creeping. Frond without pubescence or glands. Between
var. a. and 7. there is so wide a difference in general appearance, that
the latter has always appeared to us to be naturally more allied to
A. dilatutum, with which therefore in former editions we have united
it ; the discovery however of the var. uliginosum growing along with
a., and precisely intermediate between a. and 7. indicates that all the
above form probably only one species. As it is however the opinion
of others, who have bad more opportunities of studying these when
recent, that the above three are more closely linked together than
any of them are with A. dilatatum, we have at present deferred to it,
availing ourselves of the artificial distinction, chiefly to be observed
in the living plant, afforded by the scales and involucre.

11. A. dilatutum Sw. (broad prickly-toothed S.) ; fronds
drooping bi-tripinnate when young usually with stalked glands
beneath, pinnules oblong distinct inciso-pinnatifid convex
above or below, segments spinuloso- serrate, involucre toothed
or glandular on the margin soon recurved and evanescent,
scales of the stipes lanceolate much acuminate. — a. multi-
Jlorum ; fronds usually ovate rarely linear, pinnules convex
above, involucre usually ciliate with stalked glands, scales
entire or fimbriate usually thicker and darker-coloured along
the middle. E. B. t. 1461. Lastrea Presl. A. spinulosum
Willd. A. dumetorum Sin. Polystichum multiflorum Roth.
Lastrea Neicm. p. 215, 222, 223. Lophodium Newm. ed. 3,
p. 147, 153. L. collinum Newm. ed. 3, p. 145. L. glandulosum
Newm. ed. 3 (fronds more glandulose beneath). — ji.recurvum ;
fronds triangular-ovate, pinnules concave above, involucre with
a few minute teeth or subsessile glands along the margin, scales
uniform in colour usually divided into a few narrow laciniae
sometimes only fimbriate. A. spinulosum Sm. : E. B. t. 1460.
A. recurvum Bree. Lastrea Newm. p. 225. Lastrea Foenisecii
Wats. Lophodium Newm. ed. 3, p. 135.

Moist woods, moors, and shady and rocky places. — a. Every-
where from the sea-shore to near the summits of the highest moun-
tains.— 0 Chiefly in mountainous districts; Cornwall, Sussex,
Devon, Hereford, Cumberland, &c. Ireland, very common. In
Scotland principally in the West Highlands and Arran. . 8, 9.

— We can scarcely indicate any character hy which this may be
known from the last except the. acuminate scales. To distinguish 0.
from a. is still more difficult, if not quite impossible in the her-
barium ; in a. the involucre has sometimes only sessile glands, some-
times cilias without glands, so that it is impossible to distinguish it
at all times from that of 0.; nor are the scales on the stipes to be
relied on, for on both varieties these are sometimes fimbriate. The

587

Cystopteris .] cviii. polypodiacea:.

synonyms of A. dilatatum, cristatum, and spinulosum are almost inex-
tricable, on account of specimens of some other form than that
described, under the impression that they were the same species,
being retained for the herbarium or given away to others. Poly-
podium cristatum of Withering seems to be this species, while his
P. spinulosum appears to be either o. or jS. of A. cristatum.

6. Ctstopteris Bernhardt. Bladder-fern. (Tab. X. f. 1.)

Sori roundish, situated on the back of a vein or veinlet at
the middle. Involucre thin and membranous, inserted by its
broad cucullate base, at the under side of the sorus and cover-
ing it, opening by a free, generally lengthened extremity, which
points towards the apex of the segment, ultimately reflexed. —
Veins pinnate and forked ; veinlets free, terminating a little
within the margin. — Name: compounded of kvotic, a bladder,
and Trripic, a fern.

1. C. fragilis Bernh. ( brittle B.) ; fronds lanceolate bipin-
nate (or rarely pinnate), pinme ovate or ovato-lanceolate,
pinnules variously toothed or laciniate or pinnatifid, the seg-
ments approximate entire or again toothed, rachis winged.
Newm. ed. 3, p. 87. — a. vulgaris ; fronds bipinnate, pinnse
ovato-lanceolate, pinnules slightly stalked ovate obovate or
lanceolate somewhat cuneate at the base incise or pinna-
tifid, segments toothed, sori generally crowded at a little dis-
tance from the margin. Newm. p. 155, 156 (subvar. angustata).
Cystea Sm.. Cyathea Sm. : E. B. t. 1587. Cystea angustata
Sm.: E. B. S. t. 2790. Polypodiuin Rhajticum Dicks. — /3.
dentata ; fronds subbipinnate, pinna; ovato-lanceolate, pinnules
sessile ovate or oblong obtuse bluntly and unequally toothed
rarely pinnatifid, sori submarginal. Newm. p. 154. C. dentata
Hook. Cyathea Sm. : E. B. t. 1588. Cystea Sm. — y.
Dickieana ; fronds pinnate or subbipinnate, pinnse ovate obtuse
deflexed, segments obovate or ovate obtuse erenate, pinnae or
segments crowded overlapping each other, sori submarginal.
C. Dickieana Sim. in Gard. Journ. (1848) p. 308: Newm.
ed. 3, p. 93.

Rocks and walls, in mountainous districts. — /8. Cumberland. Wales.
Breadalbane; Tarbet, by Loch Lomond. — y. Sea cave, at Cove, near
Aberdeen; Dunkeld. 71. 7. — The mature sporules are echinate

in most (or all) of this genus; these in var. /3. and y. we sometimes
find mixed with others, which are slightly tubercular ; the echinate
ones are most frequent in (3. the tubercular in y. The involucre is
usually acuminate in C. fragilis, and roundish and lacerate in
C. alpina ; but in cultivated specimens of the latter we have seen it
acuminate, while in the large form of C. fragilis, known to some
cultivators as C. Rhcetica, and to others as C. angustata, we find it
rounded. In y we have not observed an involucre even when the
sori were very young. Native specimens of var. y. (see Newman’s
C C 6

588 cvm. polypodiacejE. \_Asplenium.

figure) present a different appearance from the other forms of this
species; but when cultivated the pinnae become deeply pinnatifid and
almost pinnate, and Mr. Moore (Brit. Ferns, Nat. pr.) mentions an
intermediate variety from the coast of Fife.

2. C. *alpina Desv. ( laciniate B.) ; fronds lanceolate bipin-
nate, pinnules ovate- oblong deeply pinnatifid or pinnate spread-
ing the segments rather distant obtuse broadly linear and
entire or cuneate with 2-3 blunt erect teeth, rachis winged.
Aspidium Sw. : Cystea regia Sm. JE. FI. (excl. the alpine
stations) : Newm. p. 157. Cystopteris Presl. Cyathea incisa
Sm.: E. B. t. 163.

On an old garden wall at Low Leyton, Essex ; once plentiful, but
now very scarce. If. 6. — Certainly the Aspidium alpinum of Swartz.

3. C. montuna Link ( Mountain B.) ; fronds triangular short
on long slender stipes tripinnate, pinnte and pinnules spread-
ing, ultimate pinnules narrow oblong inciso-dentate or pinnati-
fid, the segments toothed at the apex, rachis not winged,
involucre roundish very obtuse. Newm. p. 159. C. myrrhidi-
folia Newm. ed. 3, p. 97. Aspidium montanum Sw.

Breadalbane and Clova mountains. Ben Lawers ; Meal Cuachlar;
Glen Isla. If. 8. — Well distinguished by its triangular, very com-
pound fronds, and long stipes.

[ Onoclea sensibilis L.,a North- American fern, has become naturalized
in one spot near Warrington, and in the north of Yorkshire.]

7. Asplenium Linn. Spleenwort. (Tab. X. f. 2.)

Sori oblong or linear. Involucres of the same shape or ob-
long-reniform, arising from the lateral veins and opening on one
side longitudinally towards the central nerve or midrib. —
Veins forked in the British species. — Name: a, nut , and
the spleen ; the plant having been supposed to destroy the spleen ,
if used in excess.

* Involucre linear or oblong, straight, entire or erose at the margin.

Asplenium.

•(■ Ultimate divisions of the frond without a midvein.

1. A. septentriondle Hull ( forked S.) ; fronds simple and
linear, or 2 — 3-cleft with linear-lanceolate acutely laciniate-
toothed pinnae, sori very long, involucre quite entire. E. B.
t. 1017 : Newm. p. 269. Acrostichum L. Amesium Newm.
ed. 3, p. 265.

Clefts of rocks and on walls in mountainous parts. Near Oare, on
the borders of Devon and Somerset ; Ingleborough, Yorkshire ; Kyloe
Crags, Northumberland; Ambleside, Westmoreland; Cumberland,
in various places. Caernarvonshire, in several places. Near Kelso
and Minto Craigs, Roxburghshire ; Arthur’s-seat and Blackford Hill,

Asplenium.'] cvm. polypodiacea:.

589

near Edinburgh ; Stenton Rock, near Dunkeld ; Pass of Ballater,
Aberdeenshire. 2f. 6 — 10.

2. A. Germdnicum Weiss (alternate-leaved S .) ; fronds pin-
nate (or rarely sub-bipinnate), pinnae alternate cuneato-lanceo-
late toothed at the apex, lower ones trifid and toothed, sori
linear often elongate, involucres quite entire. Newm. p. 265.
Amesium Newm. ed. 3, p. 258. Asplenium alternifolium Wulf. :
E. B. t. 2258.

Rocks, very rare. Kyloe Crags, Northumberland ; Helvellyn and
Borrowdale, Cumberland. Near Llanrwst. Denbighshire ; between
Llanrwst and Capel Ceng, and on both sides of the Pass of Llan-
beris, Caernarvonshire. Rocks near Kelso, and Minto Craigs, Rox-
burghshire ; Dunfermline, Fifeshire ; Stenton Rock, near Dunkeld.
2f. 6 — 10. — This species is found sparingly in every locality, and

in each is almost always associated with A. septentrionale, with which
it agrees in the involucre, and of which it may only be a variety ;
from states of the next with a less compound frond and longer
pinnules than usual, it is best known by the involucre.

3. A. Ruta-murdria L. (Wall- Rue, or Tentwort ); fronds
bipinnate especially below, pinnules cuneate-obovate (sometimes
cuneato-lanceolate) lobed or toothed at the apex, sori linear
sometimes elongate, involucre erose at the margin. E.B.
t. 150 : Newm. p. 261, 264. Amesium Newm. ed. 3, p. 253, 256.

Walls and fissures of rocks, frequent. %. 6 — 10. — More com-

pound than the three following species, but with the habit of the two
preceding.

Ultimate divisions of the frond, with a vein along the middle.

4. A. Triclwmanes L. (Common or Maidenhair S.) ; fronds
pinnate, pinnte usually roundish-oblong crenate (sometimes
deeply pinnatifid and serrate) truncate or cuneate at the base,
stipes and rachis all dark purple and shining. E. R. t. 576:
Newm. p. 285 ; ed. 3, p. 249. A. anceps Sol. : Hook, et Grev.
Ic. Fit. 1. 195.

Rocks and walls, common. If.. 5 — 11. — The state of the plant
with pinnatifid pinnules is figured in Newm. p. 287 ; ed. 3, p. 252.

5. A. vrride Huds. (green SI) ; fronds pinnate, pinnae
roundish- ovate obtusely serrate cuneate at the base, stipes
purple at the base only elsewhere and the rachis green. E.B.
t. 2257 : Newm. p. 281 ; ed. 3, p. 243.

Moist rocks in the mountainous districts of England, Wales, and
Ireland. Frequent in the Highlands of Scotland. If.. 6 — 9.

6. A. marinnm L. (Sea S.) ; fronds pinnate, pinnte oblong
obtuse inciso-serrate, the superior base rounded and sub-auri-
culate the inferior one truncate, rachis winged. E. B. t. 392 ;
Newm. p. 275 ; ed. 3, p. 235.

590

cvjn. polypodiaceyE.

\_AspUnium.

In clefts and caves of rocks on the sea-coast ; not unfrequent,
especially in the north. If.. 6 — 10.

7. A. lanceolalum Huds. ( lanceolate S.) ; fronds lanceolate
bipinnate, pinnules obovate attenuate at the base deeply and
sharply serrate thos-e of the lower pinnae somewhat lobed, sori
at length confluent, principal rachis with minute hair-like scales
not winged. E. B. t. 240: Newm. p. 249; ed. 3, p. 219.

Rocks, rare. Jersey. Near Tunbridge, in Kent and Sussex ;
Devon; Cornwall; Oxfordshire (not now found there); Somerset;
Gloucestershire; Ramsay Island,. Pembroke; Glamorgan; Bar-
mouth, Merionethshire ; Tremadoc, Pwllheli, and Beddgelert,
Caernarvonshire; Llanrwst, Denbighshire. Kinsale, Cork. If..
G— 10.

8. A. Adidntum-mgrum L. (black S .) ; fronds triangu-
lar acuminate bi-tripinnate, pinnae triangular the lower pair
longer than the others, pinnules ovato-lanceolate'inciso-pinna-
tifid toothed, principal rachis winged, sori at length confluent.
— a. lower pinnas deltoid subpinnate, pinnules and lobes very
broad obtuse. Newm.. p. 257 a ; ed. 3, p. 227 (on the right).
A. obtusum Kit. — 13. lower pinnae triangular acuminate pin-
nate, ultimate segments of pinnules somewhat ovate obtuse.
E. B. 1. 1950 : Newm. p. 255, 257 b, c ; ed. 3, p. 225, 227 (two
upper figures). — y. lower pinnae triangular-acuminate bipinnate,
ultimate segments linear very acute. A. acutum Bory : Newm.
ed. 3, p. 231. A. productum Lowe.

Banks, walls, and fissures of rocks; common. — y. Killarney,
Co. Kerry; near Tralee, Cork. Jersey. If. 6 — 10. — Stipes
dark purple as in the preceding species. The most common variety
is our /3. : a. seems to be merely a more stunted form ; while
y. is a very luxuriant one, all its parts being drawn out by greater
heat and moisture. The var. A mentioned by Smith, and by some
supposed to be our var. y. proves, according to Mr. Moore, to be a
form of A. Filix-fcemina.

9. A. fontdnum Bernh. (smooth Bock S.) ; fronds linear-
lanceolate bipinnate (rarely bipinnatifid), pinnules cuneate-
obovate (small) with few large deep and sharp teeth, principal
and partial rachis winged throughout without scales. Aspi-
dium Sw.: E. B. t. 2024. Athyrium Both. Aspidium Halleri
Willd. Athyrium Both. Asplenium refractum Moore ?

Walls and rocks, very rare. Tooting, Surrey ; Matlock, Derby-
shire ; Swanage Cave, Isle of Purbeck, Dorsetshire ; Petersfield,
Hants. Between Tan-y-Bwlch and Tremadoc, Merionethshire.
If.. 6 — 9. — It appears that Hudson’s plant, usually referred here,
was Cystopteris frayilis. Other stations are sometimes given, but
they, and indeed most of the above, require confirmation, at least as
to their permanency.

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Scohpendrium.~\ cvin. polypodiacEjE.

591

** Involucre oblong, soon curved back like a horse-shoe, laciniate-fringed.

Athyrium.

10. A. Filix-fce'mina Bernli. ( short-fruited S., or Lady-fern ) ;
fronds lanceolate bipinnate (sometimes only subbipinnate),pinnaj
linear, pinnules lanceolate linear-oblong or ovate more or less
decurrent inciso-serrate or pinnate, serratures 2 — 3-toothed.
Aspidium Sw. : E. B. t. 1459 (not good). Athyrium Newm.
p.237; ed. 3, p. 207. — a. incisum; fronds large dark green
bipinnate, pinnules oblong-lanceolate distinct deeply pinnatifid,
segments of lower ones incise and toothed partial rachis very
slightly margined below each pinnule. Athyrium Roth. A.
incisum Newm. p. 244 b ; ed. 3, p. 213 b. — (3. irriguum ;
fronds smaller bright or pale green, bipinnate or subbipinnate,
pinnules deeply incise or only crenate semidecurrent or decur-
rent and forming a wing to the rachis. Aspidium irriguum
Sm. : E. B. t. 2199. Athyrium Rbaeticum Roth. A. con-
vexum Newm. p. 244 c ; ed. 3, p. 213 a. A. trifidum Roth.

A. ovatum Roth. A. tnolle Roth. : Newm. p. 244 a ; ed. 3, p.
213 c. A. Iatifolium Bab.

Moist places, abundant. . 6, 7. — Of this species Mr. Moore

gives descriptions of and names to 22 varieties besides 9 monstrosities ;
we cannot distinguish more than the above two, and even these appear
to us only two extremes between which there are numerous grada-
tions ; usually our a. grows in a deep soil, not much in woods, but
rather where it is exposed to the light, as among hedges, sides
of ditches, and low thickets ; 0., where the soil is scanty, in the
shade, and often on wet rocks in woods; both yield fronds with flat
or convex fertile pinnules, occasionally from the same root. Our fi.
is smaller and less divided, and has the pinnules often with a cuneate
or ovate base ; whereas in a. the lower segments of the pinnules,
particularly on the upper side, are so much larger than the others
as to give the whole a triangular or hastate appearance ; in both the
more flat the pinnules are, the more crowded they appear to be ; all
these forms appear to us to depend on a greater or less luxuriance of
the plant.

8. Scolopendrium Sw. Hart’s-Tongue. (Tab X. f. 3.)

Sori linear, transverse, on lateral nerves. Involucre double,
occupying both sides of the sorus, opening, as it were, by a
longitudinal suture. — Veins forked. — Named from the lines
of fructification resembling the feet of a Scolopendra.

1. S. vulgdre Sym. ( common II.) ; fronds simple oblong-
ligulate acute heart-shaped at the base, stipes very scaly. E.

B. t. 1150: Newm. p. 289, 292. S. officinarum Sw. Aspleuium
Scolopendrium L. Phyllitis Newm. ed. 3, p. 271, 275.

Shady hanks and rocks, in cold and damp situations. 7, 8. —

Fronds from o' inches to 2 feet long.

592

CVin. POLYPODIACE.E.

\_Pteris.

9. Pteris Linn. Brake. (Tab. X. f. 4.)

Sori continuous, linear, marginal. Involucres formed of the
reflexed margin of the frond, frequently dilated into a mem-
brane, opening internally. — Fertile fronds similar to the barren
ones. Veins forked in the British species. — Name: tt rtpit;,
a fern ; from irrtpvZ, a plume , or feather.

1. P. aquilina L. (common B.) ; fronds tripartite, branches
bipinnate, pinnules linear-lanceolate superior undivided inferior
pinnatifid, the segments oblong obtuse. E. B. t. 1679:
Newni. p. 93, 101. Eupteris Newm. ed. 3, p. 23, 31.

Woods, heaths, and stony or sandy soils ; abundant. %. 7, 8. —

Fronds to 6 feet high.

10. Cryptogramme Nr. Rock-brake. (Tab. X. f. 5.)

Sori roundish, ultimately confluent, marginal. Involucre
formed by the revolute margins of the pinnules, which in a
young state meet at the back. — Fertile fronds dissimilar to the
barren ones. Veins forked. — Name: icpwroc, concealed , and
ypap.pt], a line ; from the concealed lines of capsules.

1. C. crispa Br. ( curled R., or Parsley -fern) ; barren fronds
bipinnate, pinnules bi-tripinnatifid, segments cuneate or linear-
oblong, often bidentate at the extremity, fertile fronds bipin-
nate tripinnate below, pinnules linear-oblong rather obtuse
entire narrow at the base. Pteris L. : E. B. t. 1160. Allo-
sorus Bernh. : Newm. p. 103, 108 ; ed. 3, p. 35, 39.

Among loose stones in mountainous countries in the north : more
abundant in the north-west of England than in Scotland.

11. Blechnum Linn. Hard-fern. (Tab. X. f. 6.)

Sori linear, longitudinal, contiguous, parallel, one on each
side of the rib or midvein. Involucre continuous, opening on
the side next the niidvein. — Fertile fronds usually dissimilar to
the barren ones in the British species. Veins forked. — Name :
fiXt/xror, or fiXtixpor, a fern.

1. B. boredle Sw. ( Northern II)', barren fronds pectinato-
pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate somewhat obtuse, central
fertile fronds pinnate, pinnae linear acuminate, with the margin
recurved. E. B. t. 1159. B. Spicant Roth: Newm. ed. 3, p.
18, 21. Lomaria Desv. : Newm. p. 90, 92.

Woods and heaths, abundant ; especially in a poor light soil. 2/..
7, 8. — In spring several pinnate fertile fronds arise from the centre
of a tuft of barren ones, and these two kinds are very dissimilar. But
during summer some of the outer flat fronds are occasionally found
fertile ; in these the involucre is easily seen to he by no means mar-
ginal, as in Lomaria, to which this species is more allied in general
appearance than to Blechnum.

593

Trichomctnes.'] cvm. polypodiaceae.

12. Adiantcm Linn. Maiden-hair. (Tab. X. f. 7.)

Sori oblong or roundish, marginal. Involucres formed each
of a separate reflexed portion of the margin of the frond, open-
ing on the inner side, bearing the capsules on a vein continued
from the frond. — Veins forked in the British species. — Name:
ahav TOf, that which is of a dry nature.

1 . A. Capillus- Veneris L. ( true M.) ; frond bipinnate, pin-
nules thin broadly obovate cuneate towards the base inciso-
sublobate, segments of the fertile pinnules terminated by a
linear-oblong sorus, sterile ones serrate. E. B. t. 1564 : Newm.
p. 83 ; ed. 3, p. 1.

Moist rocks and walls, especially near the sea, rare. Jersey. Ilfra-
combe, Watermouth, Brixham, and Mewstone bay, Devon; Carclew,
Penzance, and various places between St. Ives and Hayle, Cornwall;
Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset. Barry Island, Porthkerry, Aberthaw, and
Dunraven, Glamorganshire. Isle of Man. South Isles of Arran,
and near Roundstone, Galway; near Tralee, Kerry; Bally vaughan,
Clare: Ireland. If.. 5 — 9. — A most delicate and graceful fern,
very abundant in the south of Europe.

B. Capsules opening irregularly , placed on a receptacle at the
margin of the frond and terminating a vein; the ring trans-
verse, complete. Cellular tissue lux. Hymexophylle.e.
(Gen. 12, 13.)

13. Tkichomanes Linn. Bristle-fern. (Tab. X. f. 8.)

Sori marginal. Capsules upon a long filiform receptacle ,
within a cylindrical, or suburceolate, monophyllous involucre ,
which is of the same texture as the frond, opening vertically. —
Veins forked. — Name: rpixoyaviQ (from 9pt if, rpixoc, hair, and
pai'oc, sparse ), applied formerly to the Asplenium Trichomanes
of Linnaeus, supposed to have the property of restoring the
hair where thin, and now to the present genus, which has
numerous slender stems and hair-like receptacles.

1. T. radicans Sw. ( rooting B.) ; fronds 3-4-pinnatifid gla-
brous, segments linear entire or bifid obtuse, involucres solitary
in the axils of the upper segments margined cylindrical, the
mouth scarcely 2-lipped shorter than the protruded receptacle.
— a. Swartzii ; fronds triangular, involucres scarcely winged.
Newm. ed. 3, p. 283. T. brevisetuni Br. T. speciosum Willd. :
Newm. p. 305. Hymenophyllum alatum Sm.: E. B. t. 1417. H.
Tunbridgense /3. Sm. FI. Br. — 13. Andrewsii; fronds lanceo-
late, sori copious, receptacles longer, involucres winged. Newm.
p. 315 ; ed. 3, p. 292.

Wet rocks in mountainous countries, rare. Formerly abundant at
Bellbank, near Bingley, Yorkshire ; not now found there. Hermi-
tage Glen and Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow ; near Youghal, Cork,
Bantry, and in other places in Co. Cork ; Turk Waterfall, Cro-

594

cix. osmundacEjE. [ Hymenophyllum .

maglaun mountain, Mount Eagle near Dingle, Iveragh, &c., Co.
Kerry. — /3. Glouin Caragh, Iveragh, Co. Kerry: IV. Andrews , Esq.
y.. 6 — 9. — This rare and beautiful fern, together with the species of

the following genus, have a habit very different from the rest of our
ferns, and belong to a group which abounds in the tropics. Their
fronds are membranous and elegantly reticulated ; their depressed
sessile capsules have a jointed ring which completely surrounds them
transversely, and they are attached to the receptacle at a distance from
the ring.

14. Hymenophyllum Sm. Filmy-fern. (Tab. XI. f. 1.)

Sori marginal. Capsules upon a narrow receptacle, within a
2-valve<l involucre which is of the same texture as the frond,
opening vertically. — Veins forked. — Named from vpqv, iiptvoc, a
membrane, and cpvWov, a leaf; an admirably characteristic ap-
pellation.

1. H. Tunbridgense Sm. ( Tunbridge F.) : fronds tender pin-
nate, pinnae distichous vertical pinnatifid, the segments linear
undivided or bifid and as well as the axillary solitary suborbi-
cular compressed involucre spinuloso-serrate, rachis strongly
winged. E. B. t. 162 : Newm. p. 321 ; ed. 3, p. 297.

Moist rocks among moss, in mountainous countries. First found
at Tunbridge. Abundant in the north-west of England and in Wales,
and many parts of Ireland. Banks of the Clyde ; Luss by Loch Lo-
mond ; Arran; Drumlanrig, Dumfrieshire. y. 6, 7. — Habit
tender and delicate. Pinna pointing in two opposite directions, flat
and vertical, on the same plane with the winged rachis. Involucres
slightly swollen at the base, the rest compressed, especially at the
margin of the valves.

2. Ii. Wilsoni Hook. ( Scottish F.) ; fronds rigid pinnate, pin-
nae recurved subunilateral wedge-shaped and 4 — 6-lobed, the
segments linear undivided or bifid spinuloso-serrate, involucres
axillary solitary ovate inflated entire, rachis only slightly mar-
gined towards the extremity. E. B. S. t. 2686 : Neivm. p.
325. H. unilateral Willd.?: Newm. ed. 3, p. 301.

Wet rocks. Devon, Cornwall, and north of England; rare.
Wales. Abundant in the Highlands, especially in the west of
Scotland, and in many parts of Ireland. 2/.. 6, 7. — More rigid,

and with larger reticulations than the last ; distinct in its mode
of growth, for all the pinna are strongly curved backwards, in a
direction contrary to that of the fructification ; the involucre is larger,
of a more rigid texture, truly ovate, each valve remarkably convex for
its whole length, the edges only of the valves being applied to each
other, and they are quite entire.

Ord. CIX. OSMUND ACEiE B. Br. (Tab. XI. f. 2.)

Capsules clustered on the margin of a transformed frond,
with an obscure ring, reticulate and pellucid, opening by two
regular valves. Fronds circinnate in vernation.

i

nl

Pv

Os,

Ml

m

am

oct

U;

:

iv

mu:

10

(

In

I cot

I l.i

U

1

i

for

hi

]

the

P

lb

k

1st

Ii,

con

hil

Pa:

I Cl.

Opkioglossum.'] cx. ophioglossace^e.

595

1. Osmunda Linn. Osmund. (Tab. XI. f. 2.)

Capsules subglobose, pedicellate, clustered, striate, half 2-
valved. Involucre none. — Veins forked. — Name: probably
given, as Sir J. E. Smith suggests, in honour of some person.
Osmund , in Saxon, signifies domestic peace ; from hus, a house, and
mund , peace. Linnaeus derives it from osmundare, to wash the
mouth; but why is not obvious.

1. O. regdlis L. ( royal O., or Flowering-fern) ; fronds bi-
pinnate, pinnules oblong nearly entire the lower base somewhat
auricled, the inferior ones opposite, fertile panicle bipinnate
occuping the extremity of the frond. E. B. t. 209 : Newm.
p. 331 ; ed. 3, p. 307.

Boggy places, and wet margins of woods. Very frequent in the
W. of Scotland, and S. of Ireland. It. 6 — 8. — The noblest and
most striking of our ferns. Fronds usually 2 — 3 ft., but occasionally
10 or 12 ft. high.

Ord. CX. OPHIOGLOSSACEuE K. Br. (Tab. XI.
f. 3, 4.)

Capsules arranged on the margin of a contracted and separate
branch of the frond, sessile, without reticulation or a ring,
coriaceous, opaque. Fronds straight in vernation.

1. OrmoGLOssuM. Capsules connate on a 1-celled 2-ranked spike.

2. Botryciiiujm. Capsules arranged on one side of a pinnate racliis.

1. Ophioglossum Linn. Adder’s-tongue. (Tab. XI. f. 4.)

Capsules 1-celled, 2-valved, opening transversely, connate,
forming a compact simple 2-ranked spike ■ Involucre none.
— Veins reticidate. — Name: o</.ic, a serpent, and yXoinnn, a
tongue ; which the spike of fructification somewhat resembles.

1. O. vulgdtum L. ( common A.). — n. ovaturn; -barren branch of
the frond ovate obtuse. E. B. t. 108 : Newm. p. 349; ed. 3,
p. 325. — /3. Lusitanicum; small, barren branch of the frond
linear-lanceolate or oblong. O. Lusitanicum L. : Hook, et Grev.
Ic. Fil. t. 80 : Newm. ed. 3, p. 331.

Moist pastures and in woods. — j3. Summit of rocks near Petit Bot
bay, on the south coast of Guernsey: Mr. G. Wolsey. If.. 5, 6. —
There are all intermediate gradations, from the largest and broadest
cordate or ovate barren fronds to a narrow linear-lanceolate form not
half an inch long ; indeed, in the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage,
Part II., Flora of New Zealand, vol. ii. p. 49, Dr. Hooker has re-
duced all the supposed species of this genus to one.

596

CXI. LYCOPODIACE-iE.

\Botrychium.

2. Botrychium Sw. Moon-wort. (Tab. XI. f. 3.)

Capsules subglobose, sessile, clustered at the margin and on
one side of a pinnate rachis, 1 -celled, 2-valved, compressed,
opening transversely. Involucre 0. — Veins forked- — Name :
fiorpvQ, a hunch of grapes ; from the appearance of the branched
clusters of capsules.

]. B. Lunaria Sw. (common M.) ; barren branch of the frond
usually solitary linear pinnate, pinnae usually lunate or subfla-
belliform crenate or toothed with radiating veins. Newm. p.
337 ; ed. 3, p. 313. Osmunda L. : E. B. t. 318.

Dry mountain pastures and downs or links by the sea. 2/.. 6 — 8.
— Specimens of this are occasionally found with more than one barren
branch to the frond.

[2. B. rutdceum Sw. (rue-leaved M-) ; barren branch of the
frond solitary deltoid subpinnate, pinnae few (3 — 4 pairs), linear
or cuneate incise or pinnatifid with a midvein. Newm. ed. 3.
p. 322, 324. B. Lunaria d. Sm. : Newm. p. 348.

Mountain pastures and links near the sea. Westmoreland (Ray).
Sands of Barrie : Mr. Cruickshank. If.. 8. — We have not ourselves
seen British specimens; B. simplex Hitchc. (Hook, et Grev. Ic. Fil.
t. 82) appears to be the same species. It is probable that Smith was
correct in referring it to B. Lunaria, none of the varieties he mentions
being “ so numerously distinct as to have the appearance of a different
species ” : an observation that applies well to this one, only three speci-
mens having been found on the Sands of Barrie, and none elsewhere
since the days of Ray.]

Ord. CXI. LYCOPODIACEiE Sw. (Tab. XII. f. 1, 2.)

Capsules sessile in the axils of leaves or bracteas, or lodged
within a cavity in their base, without a ring, 2 — 3-valved
or indehiscent. Involucre 0 (unless a cavity in the base of the
leaves). Sporules or seeds sometimes of two kinds, which are
then contained in different capsules. Leaves and bracteas cau-
line, rarely all radical and then arising from a cormus (solid
bulb). Vernation straight (not circinate).

1. Lycopodium. Stems leafy. Capsules 1-celled, 2-3-valved, free from

the leaves or bracteas. Terrestrial plants.

2. Isoetes. Leaves all radical. Capsules indehiscent, seated in a

cavity at the base of the leaves. Aquatics.

1. Lycopodium Linn. Club-moss. (Tab. XII. f. 1.)

Stems leafy. Capsules 1-celled, 2-valved, containing nume-
rous minute powdery granules (f. 1, c, d, e) ; sometimes with
others that are 3-valved, containing a few large smooth seeds

CXI. LYCOPODIACE-E.

597

Is6etes.~\

or sporules (f. 1 ,f,g, h). — Named from \vkoc, a wolf, and ttociov
dim. of 7 rove, a foot; which the branches of some species were
supposed to resemble.

1. L. clavatum L. ( common C.) ; spikes in pairs cylindrical
stalked, their bracteas scale-like acuminate eroso-dentate, stem
(long) creeping, branches ascending, leaves scattered incurved
hair-pointed. E. B. t. 224 : Neivm. p. 353.

Heathy pastures, especially in mountainous countries, "g. 7,8. —
Stems many feet long.

2. L. annutinum L. ( interrupted C.) ; spikes oblong-cylin-
drical solitary sessile terminal, stem (long) creeping, branches
ascending dichotomous, brar.chlets simple, leaves in about 5
rows linear-lanceolate mucronate serrulate patent. E. B.
t. 1727 : Newm. p. 361.

Stony mountains of North Wales, Cumberland, and the Highlands
of Scotland. Not unfrequent on the Cairngorm range, g. O' — 8.

3. L. inunddtum L. ( Marsh C.) ; spikes terminal sessile leafy
solitary, stem (short) creeping, branches simple few, leaves
linear scattered acute curved upwards. E. B. t. 239 : Naum.
p. 369.

Moist heathy places, but not very common, g. 6 — 8.

4. L. Selaginoides L. ( lesser alpine C .) ; spikes terminal
solitary sessile, stem creeping, branches few ascending simple,
leaves scattered lanceolate subpatent ciliato-denticulate. E. B.
1. 1148: Neivm. p. 371. Selaginella spinosa Beauv.

Boggy and springy spots, by the sides of mountains in the north
of England and Wales ; not unfrequent in Scotland and Ireland.
Sandy coast of Lancashire and Anglesea. g. 8. — This is the only
British species which has capsules and sporules of two kinds.

5. L. alpinum L. ( Savin-leaved C.) ; spikes terminal solitary
sessile short cylindrical, stem (long) prostrate, branches dicho-
tomous and fascicled, leaves in 4 rows oblong keeled acute
adpressed. E. B. t. 234 : Neivm. p. 365.

On the more elevated mountains of the north, frequent, g. 8.

6. L. Seldgo L. (Fir C.) ; capsules in the axils of the com-
mon leaves (not spiked), stem dichotomously branched erect
fastigiate, leaves crowded uniform in about 8 rows linear-lan-
ceolate acuminate entire imbricate rigid. E. B. t. 233 : Neivm.
p. 375.

Heathy and stony soils, more abundant in mountainous countries,
g. 6—8.

2. Isoetes Linn. Quill-wort. (Tab. XII. f. 2.)

Leaves all radical, arising from a cormus (solid bulb). Cap-

598

cxii. marsileace^e.

\Pilularia.

sules indehiscent, lodged each within a cavity in the dilated base
of the leaves ; those at the base of the outer leaves containing
a few large sporules or seeds which are rough with minute (f. 2,
g) points ; those at the base of the inner ones having numerous
minute granules (f. 2, e,f ); in both the granules are inserted
on radiating slender receptacles. — Aquatics. — Named from kjoc,
equal or alike , and troc, the year ; or ever-green.

1. I. lacustris L. ( European Q.) ; leaves subulate bluntly
4-angular with 4 longitudinal internally jointed tubes. E. B.
t. 1084: Newm. p. 381, 386.

Bottoms of lakes in mountain districts in the north of England,
Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. If.. 5 — 7. — There is probably only
one species of the genus, although very variable in the length of the
leaves, and in the plants being solitary or in tufts. Leaves cellular.
Cormus about as large as a hazel-nut, and eaten by water-fowl.
Although an aquatic like the Marsiteacece , the fruit is more that of
Lycopodium. Dr. Lindley, in his Veget. Kingdom, characterizes his
I.ycopodiacecc so as to include it, but nominally arranges it with
Marsiteacece,

Ord. CXII. MAR SILE ACE2E R. Br. (Tab. XII. f. 3.)

Involucres distinct from the leaves, situated near the root of
the plant, coriaceous ; each usually with several cells, contain-
ing capsules of two kinds. Capsules indehiscent without a
ring. Stems creeping or floating. Vernation circinate or in-
volute.— Aquatics.

1. Pilularia Linn. Pill-wort. (Tab. XII. f. 3.)

Involucres solitary, nearly sessile, globose, coriaceous, 4-
celled ; each cell containing 2 different kinds of bodies, one a
membrane or capsule containing many minute granules (f. 3 ,g) ;
the other a 1 -seeded capsule (or solitary large granule) (f. 3, h).
— Name : pilula, a little pill; which its fructification resembles.

1. P. globulifera L. ( creeping P., or Pepper-grass ) : E. B.
t. 521 : Newm. p. 393.

Margins of lakes and ponds, and in places that are partially over-
flowed. p. 6 — 8. — Stems creeping, long, and entangled. Leaves
setaceous, erect, 2 or 3 from one point, 4 — 5 inches long, circinate
in vernation. Involucres at the base of the leaves, about the size of
small peas, brown, downy on the outside.

Ord. CXIII. EQUISETACE.E Be Cand. (Tab. XII. f. 4.)

Fructification terminal in spikes or catkins, consisting of pel-
tate polygonous scales, on the under side of which are from 4 — 7

CXIII. EQUISETACEvE.

599

EquisetumJ]

involucres, which open longitudinally and contain numerous
globose bodies enfolded by 4 filaments clavate at their extre-
mities.

1. Equisetum Linn. Horse-tail. (Tab. XII. f. 4.)

Character of the Genus the same as that of the Order. —
Named from equus, a horse, and seta, a hair, or bristle ; whence
the English name horse-tail.

* Fertile stems unbranched *, succulent, appearing before the barren ones,
which have whorled branches.

1. E. Telmateia Ehrh. ( great-water II.) ; barren stems nearly
smooth with very numerous (about 30) striae and nearly erect
simple branches, sheaths of the branches with 4 close small subu-
late 2-ribbed teeth, fertile stems (short) clothed with ample
loose sheaths. Newm. p. 67, 76. E. fluviatile Sm. : E. B.
t. 2022.

Wet damp ground, sides of ditches, clay banks, and swampy bogs,
frequent. y. 4. — The largest of all our species, its barren stems
or fronds being 3 — 4 feet high.

2. E. umbrosum Willd. ( blunt-topped H.) ; sterile frond very
obtuse at the extremity its stem especially upwards scabrous
with prominent points and about 20 strias, branches simple
slender patent, the teeth of the sheaths 3 — 4 short acute with
one rib disappearing before the apex, fertile stem with approxi-
mate sheaths. Newm. p. 63. E. Drummondii Hoolt. : E. B. S.
t. 2777.

Wet places, rare. Mere Clough, near Manchester ; Yorkshire ;
Northumberland ; Westmoreland. Aberdeenshire; near Forfar, and
banks of the Isla and Esk, in Forfarshire, extending up the val-
leys to their sources; by the Caledonian Canal; Falls of Moness;
Ochills; Campsie Glen; Bonnington woods, Lanarkshire; Wood-
cock Dale, Linlithgowshire. Near Belfast. y. 4. — Allied
to the following species. Its colour is greener and less glaucous ;
its stems rougher, with closely set raised points ; its angles and
branches much more numerous, and the whole barren frond is sin-
gularly blunt (in its outline) at the extremity. In general ap-
pearance the barren plant resembles E. sylvaticum, from which it is
at once distinguished by the simple, not compound branches. Mr.
Bentham considers this to be E. pratense Ehrh., but that species is
said by Ehrhart to differ from E. arvense by the fertile stem being
branched ; and if the same as E. umbrosum it must be in an abnormal
condition, but most probably it belongs to a species of the next sec-
tion; it was quite unknown to Willdenow except by description.

1 In most of the species of this section the fertile stems occasionally produce
whorled branches, the catkins and branches appearing at the same time : so that
l this sectional character must not be taken in an absolute sense, but will indicate
ihe usual or normal condition of the fronds.

CXIII. EQUISETACE^E.

600

[ Equisetum .

3. E. arvense L. ( corn H.) ; frond attenuate upwards, barren
stem slightly scabrous with 12-14 furrows, branches simple
ereeto-patent, teeth of their sheaths 3 — 4 lanceolato-subulate
1 -ribbed to the apex, fertile stem with its sheaths remote loose.
E. B. t. 2020 : Newm. p. 77.

Corn-fields and road-sides, frequent. y. 4. — The sheaths of the
fertile fronds have the nerves of the teeth deeply furrowed, so as to
resemble two nerves.

** Fertile stems similar to the barren ones, simple or branched.

4. E. sylvdticum L. (branched Wood H.) ; barren and fertile
stems with about 12 furrows, sheaths lax with about 3 or 4
long membranous obtuse teeth, branches compound whorled
deflexed their sheaths with 3 subulate long teeth each 1 -ribbed to
the apex, catkin terminal obtuse. E. B. 1. 1874 : Newm. p. 59.

Moist woods, hedge-banks; abundant in the north. y. 4, 5. —
A graceful species, less rigid and more herbaceous than any of the
following. Stems annual. Sterile plants pyramidal in their outline;
fertile ones abrupt at the top, especially after the fructification has
passed away.

5. E. limosum L. (smooth naked II.) ; stems nearly smooth
striate, strise about 16 — 18, teeth of the sheaths short rigid
distinct, branches nearly erect simple whorled often abortive,
catkin terminal upon the stem. E. B. t. 929. E. fluviatile
Newm. p. 51. — a. stems quite smooth, branches short and rigid
nearly equal throughout as long as the internodes, spike nearly
sessile. E. limosum Fries. — j3. stem somewhat scabrous above,
branches long slender tapering to the point longer than the in-
ternodes, spike stalked. E. fluviatile Linn. : Fries.

Lakes, sides of rivers and pools; frequent, y. 6,7. — Stems
annual. Next in size to our E. Telmateia, but very different; it has
fewer angles and teeth and fewer branches in a whorl, and these latter
are often short and imperfect, or wanting ; differing, too, by the
catkins being upon stems that are similar to the barren ones. Mr.
Baker, in Phytol. iv., p. 1118, describes and figures a double row of
tubes in the substance of the tubes of the stems in var. a. ; one row
in /3. Mr. Newman (Br. Ferns, ed. 2, p. 7) appears to be of
opinion that the E. limosum Linn, prefers boggy or muddy localities
to actual water, and never under any circumstances becomes branched.
If this view be correct, our var. a. ought to be limited to the perfectly
simple forms, while the others would be conjoined with our f). : but
we find both growing intermingled and otherwise undistinguishable
by the eye.

6. E. palustre L. (Marsh H.); stems deeply 4 — 8-furrowed,
teeth of the sheaths wedge-shaped acute brown at the point
and membranous at the margin, branches simple whorled
gradually shorter upwards (sometimes abortive), catkin ter-
minal obtuse. — a. vulgare; stem with 6 — 8 furrows, branches

CXI1I. EQUISETACEvE.

601

Equisetum .]

barren, catkin terminal on the stem. E. B. t. 2021 : Newm.
p. 43. — p’. alpinum; much smaller, with 4 — 5 angles and teeth
to the sheaths, upper branches abortive, catkin terminal on
the stem. Newm. p. 49. — y. polijstachion ; branches termi-
nating in catkins. Willd. : Newm. p. 47 : Bay's Syn. t. 5, f. 3.

Boggy soils, frequent. — B. and y. not so common. If.. 6, 7. —
Stems annual.

7. E. tracliyodon A. Braun ( long-stemmed H.) ; stems branched
at the base, branches long flexuose simple or again irregularly
branched towards the apex very scabrous furrowed, sheaths ul-
timately wholly black with 6 — 13 narrow somewhat persistent
subulate teeth, catkins terminal mucronate. E. Mackayi Newm.
p. 25 : Brit. FI. ed. (1 and 7.

Mountain glens near Belfast, and elsewhere in the north of
Ireland. Bed of the river Dee, in the parish of Banchory ; Den of
Airly; Scotland. 11. 7. — Stems perennial. Nearly as rough as the
following, hut the ramification and the teeth of the sheaths are
different ; sheaths close. We refer this species to E. tracliyodon of
Braun on the authority of Mr. Babington, but we have seen no
authentic specimens.

8. E. hyemdle L. (rough II ., or Dutch Bushes ) ; stems throw-
ing up simple branches only from the base very scabrous fur-
rowed, sheaths black at the bottom and top otherwise whitish
with 12 — 18 black membranous bristle-pointed teeth, the bristle
deciduous, catkin terminal mucronate or conical at the point. —
a. perenne; stems perennial, sheaths close, teeth obtuse, deci-
duous bristle black. E. B. t. 915 : Newm. p. 17.— 3. ? Moorei;
stems annual, sheaths loose, teeth truncate, deciduous bristle
white. E. Moorei Newm. in Phyt. v. p. 19.

Bogay woods, principally in the middle and north of England.
Also in Scotland and Ireland. — B. Clay banks facing the sea at

Rockfield, Co. Wicklow. 11. 7, 8 The circumstance of the stems

dying down every autumn, in place of remaining over the winter,
and the loose sheaths, do not appear of sufficient importance to dis-
tinguish B- as a species : but we have seen no specimens.

9. E. variegdtum Schleich. (variegated rough II.) ; stems fili-
form rough branched only at the base with 4 — 10 furrows,
sheaths green below black above with white or black-edged
membranous obtuse somewhat bristle-pointed teeth, catkin
terminal mucronate. Newm. p. 31. — a. stems decumbent
slender 6 — 8 inches long, teeth of the sheaths cuneate. E. B.
t. 1987. E. arenarium Newm. — 3. erect stouter 12 to 20 inches
high, teeth of the sheaths ovate obtuse. E. variegatum Web. et
Mohr. — y. erect very tall 2 — 3 feet high and more smooth,
teeth of sheaths short obtuse. E. Wilsoni Newm. p. 39.

a. Sandy sea-shores. New Brighton, Cheshire ; Bootle, and South-
port, Lancashire. Portmarnock sands. Sands of Barrie. — B- on

D D

602

CELEULARES.

the wet banks of canals, rivers, anil ditches in Yorkshire, Durham,
Northumberland and Cumberland in various places. Banks of the
Dee, Kincardineshire. — 7. in water. Muckruss; Dublin canal;
Mullingar, Co. Westmeath. Banks of the Dee, with /3. 11. 7, 8.

— Stems perennial. The above varieties seem to depend on locality.
It is very doubtful if the colour of the sheaths or the number of their
teeth afford sufficient distinguishing characters, so that Mr. Newman
was probably correct when he gave his opinion that all of the group
with simple or irregularly branched stems formed only one species.

Sub-Class II. CELLULARES. (Ord. CXIV. — CXIX.)

Fructification very various. — Plants truly cellular , icithout
tubular vessels.

114. Musci. Sporules contained in thee® closed by an operculum or

lid which falls off, or is rarely adnate. Stem with leafy appen-
dages.

a. Bryacex. Capsule without valves.

b. Andraacecc. Capsule opening at the side by 4 valves.

115. Hepatic.t:. Sporules contained in thee®, which are destitute of

an operculum. Plants usually with leafy appendages.
a. Jungermanniaceoe. Capsules opening by a definite number of equal
valves, furnished internally with spiral filaments or elateres.
h. Marcliantiacece. Capsules without valves, or bursting irregularly,
with elateres.

c. Ricciacete. Capsules with neither valves nor elateres.

116. Lichen es. Plants not growing in water, without leafy appendages.

Sporules lying in superficial disks.

117. Fungi. Plants when perfect not growing in water, and without

leafy appendages. Sporules in the substance of the plant, the
whole of which may be viewed as organs of reproduction.

118. Charace.e. Tubular symmetrically branched plants, without

leafy appendages, growing in water, furnished with spiral-coated
nucules filled with starch.

119. Alga!. Plants without leafy appendages, and with very few ex-

ceptions found in water. Branches when present unsymmetrical.
Sporules ofteii of two kinds, variously disposed; spiral-coated
nucules none.

a. Fucacea. Vesicular, cellular, filamentary, membranous, or tubular

plants, not covered by silex.

b. Diatomacea. One-celled very minute plants, furnished when perfect

with a siliceous coat, multiplying by each cell dividing into two,
and then either separating or cohering in threads. Endochrome
brown.

The genera and species of these orders have been described in
the 5th volume of “ English Flora,” or the 2nd volume of the 2nd
and 3rd editions of the present work.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page Line

1. 14. For XXIII. read XXII.

4. 11 from bottom. After common T. insert, Virgin's Bower, or

Old Mail's Beard

6. 0. After Wood A. insert , or Wind-flower

9. 8 from bottom. For . read 0.

12. 30. After stinking H. insert , Setter-wort, or Bear’s-fluot

13. 18. Fur 2/.. read ©.

17. 17. After red P. insert , or Corn-rose

18. 10. For ©. read © or $.

19. 20. For globose obtuse, read subglobose or obovate obtuse or

truncate,

13 from bottom. Add : — We did not receive our copy of

Vol. IV. No. 16 of the Journal of the Proceedings of
the Linn. Society, until after this sheet was printed.
We there find, at p. 157, that Mr. Babington proposes
to follow M. Jordan and some other continental wri-
ters in separating this species into five. These are
all included under our Fumaria capreolata, but may be
distinguished as varieties as follows: — a. fruit obtuse,
longer than broad, contracted near the base and there
narrower than the summit of the recurved or spread-
ing pedicels. F. pallidiflora Jord. — /3. fruit truncate,
broader than long, contracted into a stalk-like base,
and there scarcely so broad as the summit of the
spreading pedicel. F. Bonei Jord. — y. fruit very
obtuse, its base conspicuously broader than the sum-
mit of the spreading pedicel. F. confusa Jord.
F. agraria Mitt. — 5. fruit obovate very obtuse, its base
broadly obconical, a little narrower than the summit
of the erecto-patent pedicel. F. muralis Sond. — [e.
fruit obovate obtuse longer than broad, its base obconi-
cal and as broad as the pedicel, pedicels reflexed in
flower and fruit. F. capreolata L. F. speciosa Jord.~]
— This last has not occurred in Britain. The points
of distinction between the above, even although con-
stant, do not appear of specific importance, or to
imply any organic difference.

v> d 2

604

ADDITION'S AND CORRECTIONS.

Page Line

20. 1. A fter See. insert ©. 6 — 9.

22. 7. For 23 read 24.

24. For 24 read 23.

25. 23. After Partick, insert Glen Devon ; and for © rean ©

or $ ( Link ).

3 from bottom. For DC. read Lam.

26. 15 from bottom. For Coral-root read Coral-wort.

27. 11. After common B . insert , Ladies' Smock, or Cuckoo-flower

12 from bottom. For Linn, read Link.

37. 13 from bottom. After broad-leaved P. insert , or Dit-

to nder

41. 2 from bottom. For glabrous read glabrous or hispid with

reflexed hairs

46. 15. After Cistus insert polifolius

47. 3 from bottom. A fter this line insert :

, | Stigma more or less deflexed, not capitate.

49. 16. After Pansy V. insert , Love-in-idleness,

50. 7 from bottom. After 868. add D. intermedia Hayne.

61. 10 from bottom. For 2300 read 3200

68. 10. Add: — In his Flora of Cambridgeshire, p. 304, Mr.

Babington has lately described, as British, A. Icptu-
clados Guss. ; this is allowed by most botanists to be
merely a more slender and small-flowered variety of
A. serpyll folia.

29. After 538. add Stellaria Scop.

71. 9 from bottom. Add: — In the Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 3rd, iii. p. 20, Mr. Babington endeavours to show
that Cerastium pumilum is distinct from both C
viscosum and C. semidecandrum : what he has in view
appears to be a form of the latter, but we have not
seen his specimens.

74. 1 from bottom. After purging F. insert , or Mill-moun-

tain.

75. 11. After Thyme-leaved F. insert , or All-seed

79. 13 from bottom. After Tutsan insert , or Park-leaves

10 from bottom. After 164. add Androstemum officinale
All. : Reich. FI Germ. vi. p. 70, t. 352. f. 5192.

3 from bottom. Delete from this to line 26 in next page,
and insert :

3. H. *elatum Ait. (large-flower cd Tutsan') ; styles
nearly straight about as long as the stamens and
petals and twice the length of the calyx, capsule
when ripe 3-valved at the apex nearly dry, stem
shrubby 2-edged above, sepals unequal oval sub-
acute reflexed after flowering persistent, leaves
ovate sessile. Androssemum parviflorum Spach.
A. grandifolium Reich. FI. Germ. vi. p. 70, t. 352,

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

605

Page Line

f. 5193. H. Anglicum Bertol. H. Androsm-
lnum Sin. in E.B. t. 1225.

Hedges and shrubby places in sheltered situations
near the sea, in the south-west of England, west of
Scotland, and Ireland. Cliff above Falmouth harbour ;
Helston near Falmouth. Hills behind Greenock; Crinan
Canal, Argyleshire; Culross, Perthshire; Arran; Scot-
land. Galway ; Uonard Lodge, Co. Down; Ireland, b .
8, 9. — Scarcely naturalized in any of these localities.
In favourable situations the lower part of the stem is
quite woody, and sometimes two inches thick; it is
more tender than II. hircinum, and is probably a native
of the Azores. Its large beautiful glossy foliage and
copious lemon-yellow blossoms make it deserving of a
place in our green-houses; it is so easily injured by
frost that it has now almost disappeared from botanical
gardens. The peduncles are never 2-winged on recent
specimens, although they sometimes appear so after
being dried. The figure in E.B. represents the sepals
too acute, and the stamens too few and only in three
bundles. H. grandifolium of Choisy is perhaps
different. The allied H. hircinum L. is now natura-
lized in some places in the south and west of Ireland.

80. 13 from bottom. For . read If.

SI. 8. After St. J. insert , or St. Peter' s-wort

92. 24. After common .S', insert , or Prichwood

93. 25. After Alder B. insert , or Black-alder

96. 24. After Dyer’s G. insert , or Woad-waxen

108. 10 from bottom After sweet M. insert , or Wild Liquorice

115 18. After this line add :

4a. L. * tuherosus L. ( Earthnut Pea) ; peduncles
3 — 6-flowered longer than the leaflets, legumes
compressed with longitudinal elongate reticula-
tions, seeds smooth, tendrils with 2 oblong-ellip-
tical mucronulate leaflets, stipules semisagittate
narrow acuminate, calyx-teeth triangular acu-
minate, lower ones as long as the tube, upper ones
slightly shorter, stem diffuse acutely 4-angled
without wings. Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 111.

Borders of fields. Fyfield near Ongar, Essex, ex-
tending at intervals for several miles. If. G— 8. We
understand that there is a specimen in Petiver’s
herbarium, from near Lincoln, where it may have
been cultivated. For our information about the
Essex plant, and specimens, we are indebted to Mr.
G. S. Gibson, of Saffron- Walden; it has been ob-
served by an old farmer growing in the same fields for
D D 3

606

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page Line

60 years. As the flowers fall off without bearing
fruit, doubts may well be entertained about its being
indigenous, or even fully naturalized ; in the middle
and south of Europe, however, where it is a native, it
seeds freely ; and our character of the fruit has been
obtained from foreign specimens. The plant creeps
much under ground, giving rise to many stems above
and tubers below, so that it is not readily extirpated.
The keel and style are curved (not bent at an angle).
Formerly it was much cultivated in Holland (and
probably also in some parts of England) for the sake
of the esculent tubers, about the size of a walnut,
which were sold in the market under thd name of
Macusson.

116. 23. For macrorhizus read macrorrhizus

119. 15. After Sloe insert or Blackthorn

120. 13 from bottom. After Meadow-sweet insert , or Queen of

the Meadow

121. 24. After common A. insert , or Herb-Bennet

125. 10. For we do see read we do not see

128. 17. — Mr. Babington in his Flora of Cambridgeshire, p. 305,

has now withdrawn R. nemorosus and substituted for
it: — R. altheeifolius Host, with basal leaflets not in-
cumbent and prickles from a compressed base: and
R. tuberculatus Bab., with basal leaflets incumbent
and prickles from a tubercular base : both have the
leaves 3 — 5-nate, and sepals ovate and more or less
acuminate.

135.

136.

137.

138.
141.

155.

156.

157.
160.
163.
170.
172.

173.

186.

192.

195.

2 For 9, 7. read 6, 7.

4. For pimpinollifolia read pimpinellifolia
20. For set. read set*.

6. After true S. insert , or Eglantine
18. After Mountain-ask insert , Quicken-tree,

8. Add : Navelwort.

4 from bottom. After white S. insert , or Prickmadam
18 from bottom. For Yorkshire, read Wiltshire.

5 from bottom. After Pride, insert St. Patrick’s Cabbage,
14. After Mossy S. insert , or Lady's Cushion

10. After wild C. insert , or Smallage
1. After Hedge B. insert , or Stnneivort
13. After common G., insert Herb-Gerarde, Ash-weed,

9 from bottom. After tuberous C. insert , or large Pignut
17. After common E. insert , or Pignut
13. For E.B. read E.B.S.

20. After dwarf E. insert , Wallwort,

12. For yellow B. read yellow or Ladies' B., or Cheese-ren-
net

20. For Mugwort read Mugweed

20. After small T. insert , or Shepherd’s-rod

203.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

607

Page

213.

223.

237.

241.

242.

259.

260.
263.
273.
2S6.
290.
312.

314.

315.

327.

336.

338.

350.

353.

354.

361.

362.
365.

368.

370.

375.

383.

384.
400.
403.
409.
432.
436.

441.

444.

445.

446.
448.
450.

Line

8 from bottom. For dser read dsper
17. For 2906. read 2915.

8. After creeping P. insert , or Way-tliistle
11. After greater K. insert , or Mutfelon

4. After yellow S. insert , or St. Barnaby’s-thistle

13 from bottom. After stinking C . insert , or Mayweed
6. After Sneeze-wort insert , or Goose-tongue

2 from bottom. After Nettle-leaved B. insert . or Throatwort

3 from bottom. After Marsh A. insert , or Wild Rosemary
14. For Calystegia. read Bearbind.

3. After narrow-leaved L. insert , or Cowslips of Jerusalem
24. After Marsh L. insert , or Red-rattle

3 from bottom. After Snapdragon, add Calvcs’-snout.

26. After great M. insert , High Taper, Cow’s Lungwort, or

Shepherd’s Club

10 from bottom. After Wood G. insert , or Wood Saye
6. After Ground-Ivy insert , Gill, or Alehoof

6. For cilia, read cilias,

11. For ( Brookweed , L. read L. ( Brookweed ,

18 from bottom. After greater P. insert , or Way-bread

6 from bot tom. After Buch’s-liorn P. insert , or Star of the

earth

1. After Nettle-leaved G., insert , or Sowbane

27. After Mercury G., insert All-good,

8. After entire, insert perianth of the fruit rhomboidal
usually tubercular on the back united below the
angles,

10. & 13. Delete rhomboidal

1 1. Delete smooth on the back

14. Delete usually tubercular on the back

16 from bottom. For erect patent read erecto-patent

4 from bottom. After common B. insert , or Brank

10 from bottom. For cordate oblong read cordate-oblong
3 from bottom. For linear lanceolate read linear-lanceo-
late

20. For 3-cleft read 3, bifid

7 from bottom. After Sun S. insert , or Wartwort
1 5 from bottom. For f> . read If .

24. For ovate oblong read ovate-oblong

5. For et read and of

16. For elliptic oblong read elliptic-oblong
5. For If. . 3. read If . 8.

1. For 24. read 34.

8. For fegment read segment
5. For Gladiolus, read Gladiole.

7. After pale TV. insert , or Primrose Peerless

17. After common B. insert , or Lady's Seal

7. After common II. insert , Truelove, or One-berry
20 from bottom. After common B. insert , or Knee-holly
24. For bicOlor read bicolor
• d d 4

608

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page

463.

464.

465.
469.
496.
503.
520.

538.

543.

Line

12. After obtuse, insert — a. anthers as long as their filaments.

13. After Moench. insert — 0. anthers elliptical half the length

of the filaments. J. nigritellus Koch.

15. After water, insert — 0. Ivy Bridge, Devon. Connemara,
Galway.

14. For oval oblong read oval-oblong
10. After Heath B. insert , or Goose-corn

19. After common F. insert , or Water Gladiole

10. For obovate oblong read obovate- oblong

23. For Bpenninghausidna read Boenninghauseniuna
21 from bottom. For rounded read convex
10 from bottom. For spikelet read spikelets
3 from bottom. For rounded read terete
19. After Marsh B. insert , or Fiorin
2, 3. For the description of the Spikelets substitute: — Spike-
lets ovate, awnless, with 2 — 5 florets , of which the 1 — 3
upper ones are rudimentary and neuter, and usually
pedicellate.

11. For 2 flowered read with 2 perfect florets and 1 — 2

stalked neuter ones.

21, 22. For glabrous perfect floret read perfect glabrous
floret and a stalked neuter one.

16. Add : — Mr. Babington in his Flora of Cambridgeshire,
p. 310, has referred this species to T. acutum DC. and
added to the British Flora T. pungens Fers. ; this last
is extremely common and is another of the forms
which unite T. junceum to T. repens : it scarcely
differs from T. laxum.

23. for below. Sorus read below the sorus.

578.

INDEX

D D 5

LATIN INDEX

TO

THE CLASSES, SUB-CLASSES, NATURAL ORDERS, AND
GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES.

*** The synonyms and names of plants merely mentioned are in Italics .

Page

Page

Page

Abietinejs

.

419

australis -

-

- 535

Allium

-

451

Acer -

.

-

83

canina

-

537, 538

ambiguum

-

454

campestre -

-

-

83

compressa

-

- 538

Ampeloprasum -

-

452

Pseudo-platanus

-

83

interrupta -

-

- 539

arenarium

452

453

ACER ACE*®

_

-

82

liltoralis -

-

- 535

Babingtoni

-

452

Aceras

_

437

minima

_

- 574

carinatum

-

453

anthroponhora

-

-

437

panic c a

-

- 535

compactum

.

454

ACHILLjEA -

-

-

260

pumila

-

- 538

Halleri

-

452

alpina

-

-

260

setacea

-

- 537

oleraceum

-

453

decolorans

-

.

260

Spica-venti

-

- 538

P or rum -

-

452

dent ij era -

.

-

260

stolvnifera -

-

- 538

Schoenoprasum

-

453

magna

-

-

260

sylvatica -

-

- 538

Scorodoprasum -

-

452

Millefolium

-

_

260

vulgaris

-

- 537

Sibiricum -

-

453

Ptarmica -

-

-

260

Aira -

-

- 540

spha?rocephalum

-

454

serrata

-

-

260

aqj/atica -

-

- 539

triquetrum

-

454

tanacetifolia

-

-

260

alpina

-

- 540

ursinum -

-

454

tomentosa -

-

-

261

caespitosa -

-

- 540

vineale

-

453

Achyrophorusmaculatiis 21 1

canescens -

-

- 542

A/losorus crispus

-

592

Acinos vulgaris.

-

-

337

caryophyllea

-

- 541

Alnus -

-

396

Aconiitjm -

-

-

13

conglomerata

-

- 540

glutinosa -

-

396

Napellus -

-

-

13

cristata

-

- 544

Alopecurus

-

529

Acorus

-

-

476

flexuosa -

.

- 541

agrestis

-

529

Calamus -

-

-

476

IcEvigata -

-

- 541

alpinus

-

530

ACOTYLEDONES

.

676

praecox

-

- 541

bulbosus -

.

530

Acrostichum Ilvtnse

-

582

Airochloa cristata

- 544

fulvus

-

530

septentrionale

-

-

588

Ajuga -

-

- 328

geniculatus

-

530

Act/EA

-

-

13

alpina

-

- 329

pratensis -

.

530

spicata

-

-

13

Chama?pitys

-

- 329

pronus

-

530

Actinocaepus

-

-

470

Genevensis

-

- 329

Alsine fastigiata -

-

67

Damasonium

-

-

470

pyramidalis

-

- 329

marina

-

153

Adiantum -

-

-

593

reptans

-

- 328

media

.

69

Capillus-Veneris

-

593

A LC HEM ILL A

-

- 132

prploides -

-

65

Adonis

-

-

6

alpina

-

- 132

rubella

-

66

autumnalis

-

-

6

argentca -

-

- 132

rubra

-

153

Adoxa -

-

-

189

arvensis -

-

- 133

stricta

-

66

moschatellina

_

-

189

conjunct a -

-

- 132

tenuifolia -

-

67

JECOPODIUM

-

-

1 72

hybrida

-

132, 133

vliginosa -

-

66

Podagraria

-

-

172

montan a -

_

- 132

verna

-

G6

TEthusa

-

-

177

vulgaris

.

- 132

ALSINEA5 -

_

62

Cynapium -

-

.

177

A LI SM \

-

- 470

Alth.ea

-

77

Agra ph is

.

-

450

Damasonium

-

- 470

hirsuta

.

77

nutans

-

-

451

lanceolatum

-

- 470

officinalis -

-

77

Agrimonia -

-

-

131

natans

-

- 471

Alyssinbas

.

28

Eupatorium

_

-

134

Plantago -

-

- 470

Alyssum

-

22

odorata

-

.

134

ranuneuloides

.

- 470

calycinum -

-

30

Aguostemma

_

-

62

repens

-

- 470

iticanum -

-

30

Githago -

.

-

62

AL1SMACEJE

-

- 469

maritimum

.

30

Agrostis

_

-

537

Alliaria

-

- 35

sativum

_

36

alba -

"

■

538

officinalis -

dd6

- 35

AMAKANTIIACEiE -

357

612

INDEX,

Page

Page

Page

Amaranthus

-

-

358

repens

-

-

316

maritima -

350

Blitum

-

-

358

spurium -

-

-

315

plamaginea

_

351

retroflexus

-

-

358

supinum -

-

-

317

pubescens -

.

351

AMARYLLIDACEiE

443

Apargia

.

-

210

pubigera -

_

351

Amesium Germanicum

58!)

autumnalis

-

.

210

vulgaris -

.

350

Ruta-muraria

-

_

589

liispida

-

-

210

Armouacia -

.

28

sepientrionale

-

-

588

Apera interrupta

-

539

Americana

_

29

Ammophila arundinacea 534

Spica-venti

-

-

538

amphibia -

_

28

Amygdale^e

-

_

118

Aphanes arvensis

-

-

133

natans

_

29

- i n aca mptis V uramidalis

435

Apium -

-

-

170

Rivini

_

29

Anacharis -

_

-

424

graveolens

-

-

170

rusticana -

_

29

Alsinastrum

-

-

424

Petroselinum

-

-

170

Arnoseris pusilla -

_

233

NuttaUii -

_

_

424

Al’OCYNACEJE

-

279

Arrhenatherum

_

544

Anacyclus -

.

_

207

AQUIFOLIACEiE

-

277

avenaceum

_

544

radiatus -

.

-

259

Aquilegia -

-

-

12

bulbosum -

_

544

A NAG ALLIS -

-

-

348

vulgaris -

-

-

13

Artemisia -

_

244

arvensis

-

-

349

A R ABIDED

-

-

23

Absinthium

_

244

cesrulea

-

-

349

Arabis-

-

-

25

campestris

_

244

ten el la

.

349

ciliata

-

-

26

caerulescens

_

245

Anchusa

_

-

294

hirsuta

-

-

26

Gallica

.

245

officinalis -

-

-

294

liispida

-

-

26

maritima -

_

245

sempervirens

-

-

294

petra?a

-

-

25

vulgaris

.

244

Andromeda -

-

-

273

stricta

-

-

25

Arthrolobium -

.

109

polifolia -

.

-

273

Thaliana -

-

-

35

ebracteatum

_

110

Androscemum grandi -

Turrita -

-

-

26

Arum -

.

475

folium -

_

-

604

A RACINE -

-

-

475

llalicum -

_

475

officinale -

-

79,

604

ARALlACEiE

-

-

189

maculatum

_

475

parvifloruin

-

80, 604

Arbutus

-

-

274

Arundo arenaria

-

534

Anemagrostis inter runta 539

alpina

-

-

274

Calamagrostis -

_

536

Spica-venti

-

-

638

Unedo

-

-

274

Epigcios -

.

536

Anemone

-

-

5

Uva-ursi -

-

-

274

Phrag mites

.

567

Apennina .

.

-

6

Archangelica officinalis

180

stricta

-

536

nemorosa -

_

.

6

ARCTIUM

-

-

234

Asarum

_

380

Pulsatilla -

-

.

5

Bardana -

-

-

234

Europaeum

-

380

ranunculoides

.

-

6

intermedium

_

-

234

Asparageje

447

Anethum Fceniculum

-

178

Lappa

-

-

234

Asparagus -

_

447

Angelica

-

-

iso

majus

-

-

234

officinalis -

-

448

Archangelica

-

-

180

minus

-

-

234

Asperugo -

_

296

sylvestris -

-

-

180

pubens

-

-

234

procumbens

.

296

Antennaria

_

_

246

tomentosum

.

-

234

Asperula

.

199

dioica

.

_

246

Arctostaphylos

_

274

arvensis -

_

199

hyperborea

-

-

246

alpina

-

-

274

Cynanchica

-

199

margaritacea

-

-

246

Uva-ursi -

-

274

odorata

-

199

Anthemis -

-

258

Arena ria -

-

-

66

Taurina -

-

199

Anglica

.

_

258

ciliata

-

-

67

Aspidium

.

582

arven>is

-

.

259

fasciculata

-

-

67

aculeatum -

.

582

Cotula

-

-

259

fastigiata -

-

-

67

affine

-

584

maritima -

_

-

-

fiaccida

-

-

154

alpestre

.

581

nobilis

-

-

25S

Gerardi -

-

-

66

alpinum -

_

588

tinctoria -

-

-

258

leptoclados

-

-

604

angulare -

-

583

Anthericeje

-

-

450

marina

-

-

153

cristatum -

-

585

Anthericum bicolor

-

450

media

-

-

153

dilatatum -

_

586

calyculatum

-

-

458

mucronata

-

-

67

dumetorum

-

586

planifolium

-

-

450

Norvegica-

-

-

67

erosum

-

584

serotinum -

-

-

457

peploides -

-

-

65

Filix-foemina

-

591

Anthoxanthum

.

-

528

quadrivalvis

-

-

66

Filix-mas -

_

584

gracile

-

-

528

rubella

-

-

66

fontanum -

-

590

odoratum -

-

_

528

rubra

-

-

153

Halleri

-

590

Anthriscus -

-

-

184

serpyllifolia

-

-

68

irriguum -

-

591

Cerefolium

-

_

185

stricta

-

-

67

lobatnm -

582

5 S3

sylvestris -

-

185

tenui folia -

-

-

67

Lonchitis -

.

582

vulgaris -

_

-

185

trinervis -

-

68

montanum

_

588

Anthyllis -

-

-

98

uliginosa -

-

-

66

Oreopteris

-

583

Vulneraria

-

-

verna

-

-

66

recurvum -

.

5h6

Antirrhinum

_

.

314

Arethuse*e

-

-

432

remotum -

-

584

Ci/mbnlaria

-

_

315

Aristolochia

-

-

380

rigidum

-

585

FJatine

_

-

315

Clematitis

-

-

3H0

spinulosum

585,

586

Linar ia -

-

316

AR1STOLOCHIACE/E 379

Thelypteris

-

583

majus

.

.

315

Armeria

-

-

350

umbrosum

.

5 si

Orontium -

-

-

215

duriuscula

-

-

351

Asplenium -

-

583

INDEX,

613

Page

Page

Page

acuium

-

•

590

nodosa

-

-

544

adpressa -

-

-

41

Adiantum-nigrum

-

690

planiculmis

-

•

565

alba -

-

-

42

alternifolium

-

-

589

prat en sis -

-

-

565

campestris

-

-

40

onccps

-

-

589

precatoria

-

-

544

Cheiranthus

-

-

41

Ceterach -

-

.

579

pubescens -

_

.

566

Erucastrum

_

.

41

Filix-fcemina

-

_

591

sativa

_

_

565

Monensis -

.

.

41

fontanum -

.

.

590

strigosa -

_

_

565

muralis

.

_

42

Germanicum

-

-

589

Azalea

.

_

273

Napus

-

-

40

lanceolatum

-

-

690

procumbens

-

-

273

nigra

-

-

41

marinum -

-

-

589

oleracea

.

-

40

obtusum

_

-

590

Ballota

_

-

330

orientalis -

-

_

36

production

-

-

590

borealis

-

.

330

Rapa

.

.

40

refraction -

-

-

590

feetida

-

-

330

Sinapistrum

-

-

42

Ruta-muraria

-

-

589

nigra -

.

-

330

tenuifolia -

-

-

42

Scolopendrium

-

-

591

ruderalis -

-

-

330

B R ASSICEiE

-

-

30

septentrionale

-

-

5SS

BALSAMINACEJE

_

87

Briza -

-

-

555

Trichomanes

-

-

589

BaRBAREA 1

.

_

24

media

-

.

555

viride

_

-

589

arcuata

_

.

25

minor

-

-

555

Aster -

.

-

251

praecox

_

.

25

Bromus

-

-

560

Tripolium

•

-

251

stricta

-

.

25

arvensis

-

562,

5G3

ASTKAG ALEiE

-

-

107

vulgaris -

-

-

24

asper

-

-

560

Astragalus

-

-

108

Bartsia

.

_

308

commutatus

-

-

562

alpinus

.

.

109

alpina

_

_

309

diandrus -

-

_

561

campestris

-

1 On

Odontites -

_

-

309

erectus

-

-

5G0

glycyphyllos

-

108

viscosa

_

.

309

giganteus -

_

-

559

hypoglottis

.

_

109

Bellis -

.

.

256

Madritensis

.

-

561

sordidus -

.

-

ins

perennis -

-

-

256

maximus -

-

-

561

Uralensis -

-

-

108

BERBEK1DACE.E

_

14

mollis

-

_

563

Asi'RANTIA -

-

-

165

Berberis

-

_

14

multiflorus

-

-

562

major

-

_

168

vulgaris -

-

-

14

patulus

-

-

564

Athamantii Libanotis -

178

Berteroa -

-

-

22

pinnatus -

-

-

571

Meum

-

-

179

incana

-

_

30

pratensis -

-

-

562

Athyrium convex ion

-

591

Beta -

-

.

359

racemosus

-

-

562

Filix-fcemina

.

-

591

maritima -

_

-

359

rigidus

-

-

561

fontanum -

-

-

590

vulgaris

-

.

359

secalinus -

-

.

561

Halleri

-

-

590

Betonica

.

-

333

squarrosus

-

-

564

incision

-

4

591

officinalis -

_

_

334

sterilis

_

-

560

latifolium -

-

-

591

Betula

-

-

395

sylvaticus -

-

571

molle

-

-

591

alba -

-

_

395

teclorum -

.

-

561

ovatum

-

-

591

Alnus

-

_

3 6

velutinus -

.

.

562

Rhceticum -

-

-

591

glutinosa -

.

-

395

Bryonia

-

-

150

trifidum -

-

-

591

naria -

-

-

396

dioica

-

-

150

Atriplex

-

-

362

pendula

-

395

Bucetum elatius

.

-

559

angustifolia

-

-

365

pubcscens -

.

-

396

gignnleum

-

-

559

arenariu -

-

-

363

verrucosa -

-

.

395

loliaceum -

-

-

559

Babingtoni

-

-

364

BETULACEjE

_

-

395

pratense -

-

-

559

calotheca -

.

.

364

Bidens -

.

-

243

Buffonia

_

-

64

crassifolia -

_

_

364

cernua

_

.

243

annua

-

-

65

deltoidea -

-

-

364

tripartita -

-

-

243

tenuifolia -

-

-

65

erecta

-

-

365

Blechnum -

-

-

592

B uni as Cakile

-

-

34

hastata

.

-

364

boreale

_

_

592

Bunium

-

-

173

hortensis -

-

.

365

Spicant

_

-

592

Bulbocastanum -

-

172

laciniata -

-

-

36*3

Blysmus

_

491

flexuosum

-

-

173

littoralis -

-

-

365

compressus

-

-

491

Bupleurum

-

-

174

marina

-

-

366

rufus -

_

_

491

aristatum -

-

_

174

micro sperina

_

.

361

BOB AGINACEiE

-

288

falcatum -

-

.

175

nitpns

-

-

365

Borago

_

-

295

Odontites -

-

-

174

patula

-

364

365

officinalis -

-

-

295

rotundifolium

-

-

175

pedunculata

-

-

363

Borkhausia

-

.

215

tenuissimum

-

-

175

portulacoides

-

-

363

feetida

-

215

BUTOM ACE7E

.

469

prostata -

-

-

364

setosa

-

-

215

Butomus

-

-

469

rosea -

-

363,

364

taraxacifolia

_

-

215

umbellatus

-

-

469

Atriplice/e

-

_

362

Botrychium

_

_

596

Buxus -

-

-

386

Atropa

-

_

298

Lunaria -

_

_

596

sempervirens

-

-

387

Belladonna

- ■

-

298

rutaceum -

-

596

Avena -

-

-

564

simplex

-

-

596

Cakile

-

-

33

alpina

.

-

565

Brachypodium

-

.

571

maritima -

-

-

34

elatior

-

-

544

pinnatum -

-

-

571

C AKILI NE/E

-

-

33

fatua -

_

_

561

sylvaticum

_

_

571

Calamagrostis

-

.

536

■flavescens -

-

-

566

Brassica

-

-

39

Epigeios -

-

-

536

614 INDEX.

lanceolata

Page
- 536

angust (folia

Paget
- 508

petrcc a

Page |
- 500 !

n

Lapponica

-

-

536

aquatilis -

-

-

508

phceostachya

-

.

514

Sf

stricta

-

536

arenaria -

.

-

506

pilulifera -

-

-

519

so

Calamintiia

-

-

336

a r gent e a -

-

-

517

polygama -

-

-

507 1

Ira

Acinos

•

-

337

atrata

-

-

507

pnecox

_

_

518

ft'

Clinopodium

-

-

338

atrofusca -

-

-

516

Pseudo-cvperus

-

516 1

a

Nepeta

-

-

337

attenuata -

-

-

500

pubescens

.

.

518

ru

officinalis -

-

-

337

axillaris -

-

-

503

pulicaris -

-

500

Cev

sylvatica -

338

binervis -

-

.

513

pulla -

.

510

lor

CALLITKICH ACE.E

387

Boenninghauseniana

503

punctata -

-

_

512

m

Callitriche

-

-

387

brizoides -

-

.

501

rariflora

-

.

515

Oft

aquatic a -

- 387

388

Buxbaumii

-

-

507

recurva

-

-

517

r

autumnalis

-

-

388

caespitosa -

-

508,

509

remota

-

.

502

ru

pedunculata

-

-

388

canescens -•

-

502,

507

rigida

-

_

509

Cer

plafycarpa

-

-

3K7

capillaris -

-

-

514

riparia

-

-

521

al

verna

-

.

387

clandestina

-

-

517

rot undo fa -

-

-

521

a<i

Calluna

-

-

272

collina

-

-

518

rupestris -

-

.

500

ar

vulgaris

-

-

272

curta -

_

_

501

salina

_

.

514

at

Caltha

-

-

11

Davalliana

_

.

499

saxatilis

509,

510,

521

minor

-

-

11

depauperata

-

-

513

Scolica

.

-

514

f

palustris -

_

-

11

digitata

-

-

518

secalina -

-

_

520

la

radicnns -

-

-

11

dioica

-

-

499

speirostachya

-

-

512

CALYCU-'LOR/E

-

89

distans

-

-

512

spicata

-

-

505 ,

n

Calystegia

-

-

286

disticha

-

.

506

siellulata -

-

-

501

se

sepium

-

-

286

divisa

-

-

506

stictncarpa

-

-

517

te

Soldanella

-

.

286

divulsa

_

-

505

stricta

_

509

tot

Camelina

-

-

36

Ehrhartiana

_

-

504

strigosa -

-

-

516

tr

sativa

.

-

36

elongata -

-

-

502

sylvatica -

.

-

515

tr

CAMELlNEiE

-

-

36

extensa

_

.

511

tenella

.

_

503

Campanula

-

-

262

filiformis -

_

.

519

teretiuscula

-

_

504

Tl

glomerata

-

-

264

flava -

-

-

511

tomentosa

-

-

519

CE1

hederacei -

-

-

264

fulva-

-

-

512

uliginosa -

-

-

491

hybrida

-

-

264

Gibsoni

-

-

508

ustulata -

.

-

516

Cef

latifoiia

-

-

263

glauca

-

-

517

vaginata -

.

-

514

Of

patula

-

.

262

Goodenovii

-

-

508

Vahlii

-

-

SOS

de

persici folia

-

-

263

gracilis
Grahami -

-

-

509

vesicaria -

.

511

521

rapunculoides

-

-

263

*

-

510

vitilis

-

-

502

m

Rapunculus

-

-

262

Helvetica -

-

-

512

vulgaris -

-

-

507

or

rotundifolia

-

-

253

hirta

-

-

519

vulpina

.

-

505

Trac helium

-

-

263

hordeifonnis

.

-

520

Carlina

_

.

239

CAMPANULACEJE

-

262

Ho rnschuck ia n a

-

512

racemosa -

_

-

239

tl

CaNNABINE/E

.

.

391

Hosteana -

-

-

512

vulgaris -

.

-

239

0

CAPRIFOLIACK.E

-

191

kumilis

-

-

517

Carpinus

-

-

413

C«L

Capsella

-

-

37

incurva

-

-

500

Betulus

-

-

413

a

Bursa-pastoris

-

-

37

intermedia

-

-

506

Carrichtera Vella:

-

43

a

Card amine -

-

-

26

irrigua

_

-

515

Carum -

-

-

172

amara

-

-

27

junci folia -

_

-

500

Bulbocastanum

-

172

te

bell id t : folia

-

-

27

Kochiana -

-

-

521

Carui

-

-

172

&

flexuosa

-

-

27

Lackenalii -

-

502

verticillatum

-

-

173

Oa

has tula fa -

-

-

26

la?vigata -

-

-

513

CARYOPHYLLACEjE 54

hirsuta

.

-

27

lagopina -

-

-

502

Casta ne a -

-

-

416

Cia

impatiens -

-

-

27

leporina

-

501

502

vulgaris -

.

-

416

Cl!

pratensis -

-

-

27

leucoglocliin

-

-

500

Catabrosa -

-

-

3

c

sylvatica -

-

-

27

limosa

-

-

515

aquatica

-

-

/r

Carduus

-

-

235

Michcliana

-

-

517

Catapodium loltaccum

550

tr

acanthoides

-

-

236

Mielichoferi

-

-

514

Caucalis

-

-

18!

acaulis

-

-

238

montana -

-

518

519

Anthnsctis

-

-

188

Ch

ar vens is -

-

-

237

muricata -

-

-

505

daucoides -

-

-

1*7

i f

crisp us

-

-

236

nemorosa -

-

-

505

infest a

-

-

188

lanceulatus

-

.

236

GEderi

-

-

511

latifoiia

-

-

1 88

Marian us -

-

-

236

ovalis

-

-

501

nodosa

.

.

188

nutans

-

-

235

pacifica

-

-

510

Canliniaflcxilis

-

-

4*6

Cp

palustris -
pratensis -

-

-

237

pall. scens -

-

-

514

CELASTRACKJE

-

92

CH

-

-

238

paludosa -

-

-

521

Cental rea -

-

-

239

ft

pycnocephalus

-

-

236

panicea

-

-

514

a'ptra

-

-

241

Cn

tenuiflorus

-

-

236

paniculata

-

-

503

Calcitrapa -

-

-

2(1

c

Carex -

-

-

499

paradoxa -

-

-

504

Cyan us

-

-

241

a

acuta -

-

-

509

pauciflora -

-

-

500

Isnardi

-

-

241

alp in a

.

.

506

peudula

-

-

517

Jncea

-

-

240

arapullacea

”

“

520

Per soon ii -

"

'

502

nigra

'

“

240

l

INDEX.

615

Page

Page

Page

nigrescens

240 ;

fruticosum

367

lanceolatus

-

-

236

Scabiosa -

‘ill

glaucum -

361

oleraceus -

-

-

238

solstitialis -

242

hybridum -

361

palustris -

-

-

236

transalpina

210

intermedium

360

pratensis -

-

-

238

Centranthus

200'

maritimum

367

tuberosus -

-

-

237

Calcitrapa

200

morale -

361

If oodirardii

-

-

238

ruber -

200

oliduni -

860

CoCHLEARIA -

.

.

29

Centunculus

349

polyspermum -

360

Anglica

-

29

lanceolatus

349

rubrum *

362

Armor acia

-

-

29

minimus -

349

serotinum -

361

Danica

-

-

29

Ceplialanthera ensifolia

429

urbicum -

360

Grccnlandica

-

-

29

grundi flora

4 29

viride -

361

officinalis -

-

-

29

rubra -

429

Vulvaria -

360

Colchicum -

-

-

458

Cerastium -

71

Cherleria

65

autumnale -

.

-

458

alpinum -

72

sedoides -

65

Comarum

_

-

128

aquaticum -

68

Chironia Centaurium -

281

palustre

.

-

129

arvense - - -

72

littoralis -

282

COMPOSITE

_

-

204

atrovirens -

72

pulchella -

281

CONIFER7E

-

-

418

glaciate -

73

Chi.oha -

284

CONIUM

-

-

183

glomeratum

71

perfoliata -

284

maculatuni

-

-

183

latifolium -

73

Chrysanthemum

257

CONVALLARl A

-

_

448

pedunculatum -

7‘2

Leucanthemum

257

bijolia

-

-

450

pumilum -

71

segetum - - -

257

majalis

-

-

448

semidecandrum

71

Chrysncnma Linosyris

240

multiflora -

.

-

449

tetrandrum

72

CHR YSOSPLENIUM

164

Polygonatum

-

-

449

tomentosum

73

alternifolium

164

verticillata

.

_

449

trigynum - - -

73

oppositifolium -

164

CONVOLVULACEJE

285

trivia le -

71

ClCENDI A

2S0

Convolvulus

-

_

286

viseosum -

71

Candollei -

281

arvensis

-

286

vulgatum -

71

filiformis -

281

sepium

-

286

CERATOPHYLLA-

pusilla -

281

Soldanella -

_

286

CE JE -

388

ClCHORACE£ -

208

Conyxa squarrosa

-

255

Ceratopiiyllum -

388

ClCHORIUM -

233

Co RALLORH1ZA

.

_

427

apiculatum

389

Intybus -

23

innata

-

-

427

demersum

388

ClCUTA- -

169

CORIANDRUM

.

•

182

tnuricatmn

389

virosa -

169

sativum

.

_

182

muticum -

389

Cineraria campcstris -

254

CORNACE7E

_

_

190

oxyacanlhum -

388

integrifolia

254

Cornus

-

190

platycanthum -

388

palustris -

254

sanguinea -

-

-

190

submersum

389

ClHC/EA -

145

Suecica

-

191

Ceterach -

579

alpina - - -

146

CoROLLIKLORiE

_

268

officinarum

579

intermedia

146

Corunopus didyma

_

39

Chjerophyllum -

185

Lutetiana -

145

Ruellii

_

_

39

aromaticum

186

Cirsium Anglicum

238

CoRRIGIOL A -

.

_

151

aureum -

186

setosum - - -

237

littoralis -

.

_

151

sylvcstre -

185

CISTACEiE

45

Couydalis -

-

_

20

temulentum

185

Cist us Anglic us -

45

claviculata

_

_

20

Chcetospora nigricans

489

canus - - -

45

lutea -

_

20

Cliamceledon procum-

guttatus -

45

solida

.

_

20

bens -

273

Helianihemum -

46

Corylus

_

_

417

Chamagrostis minima -

574

Italicus -

45

Avellana -

_

.

418

Cheiranthus

24

ledifulius -

45

CORYMBIFER

JE

-

242

Cheiri

24

marifohus

45

Co ry n epkorus ca n e sec ns

542

fruliculosus

24

(Elandicus

45

Coton raster

-

_

140

incanus -

24

polifolius -

46

vulgaris

-

-

140

sinuatus -

24

Surrejanus

46

Cotyledon -

-

_

155

Chelidonium

18

tomentosus

46

lutea

_

155

corniculatum -

18

Cladium -

489

Umbilicus

_

.

155

Glaucium -

is

Mariscus -

490

Crambe

_

_

43

hybridum -

18

Clematis -

4

maritima -

-

_

43

majus -

18

Vitalba -

4

CRASSULACE.D

154

Che no poor ® -

359

Clinopodium vvlgare

338

Crat/f.gus -

-

_

140

CHENOl’ODIACEiE

358

Clypeola maritima

30

monogyna -

-

_

140

Chenopodit/a maritima

3*7

Cnicus -

236

Oxyacantha

-

_

140

Cbbnopodium

359

acaulis -

238

torminalis

_

_

141

acutifolium

350

arvensis -

237

Crepis -

.

_

214

album -

301

dubius -

238

biennis

_

214

215

Bonus-Henricus

362

eriophorus

237

fwtida

-

_

215

botryodes -

362

Forsteri -

238

paludosa -

_

_

215

fieifolium -

361

i heterophyllus -

237

pulchra

-

-

214

616 INDEX.

Page

Page i

Page

setosa

-

215

montana -

_

588

D ROSE REiE | -

_

50

succisaefolia

-

214

myrrhidifolia -

-

588

Dryas -

_

121

taraxacifolia

-

215

regia -

_

588

depressa -

-

121

tectorum -

-

214

llhceiica -

-

587

octopetala

-

121

virens

-

211

Cytisus scoparius

-

97

Dry op ter is abbreviata -

584

Crithmum -

-

179

offinis

_

584

maritimum

-

179

Dabeocia polifolia

-

273

Borreri

_

584

Crocus

-

441

Dactylis -

-

555

Filix-mas -

.

584

aureus

-

442

glomerata-

_

555

autumnalis

-

442

stricta

-

574

Echinochloa C?‘us~g

alii

546

bijiorus

.

442

Damasonium stet latum

470

Echinophora

.

189

Moesiacus -

-

442

Danthonia dccumbens

-

534

spinosa

.

189

minimus -

-

442

Daphne

_

378

E CHIXOSPERMUM -

_

288

nudiflorus -

-

442

Laureola -

_

378

dejlexuni -

_

296

preecox

-

442

Mezereon -

-

378

Lappula -

-

296

reticulatus

-

442

Datura

.

297

Echium

_

289

sativus

-

442

Stramonium

-

297

Jtalicum -

_

289

speciusus -

-

443

Daucus

.

186

violaceum

-

289

vermis

-

442

Carota

_

187

vulgare

.

289

CRUClFERiE -

-

21

gummifer -

_

187

ELiEAGNACE/E

_

394

Cryptogramme -

-

592

maritimus-

_

187

ELATINACEiE

_

53

crispa

-

592

Delphinium

_

13

Elatine

-

53

Ctenopteris vulgaris

-

580

Consolida -

_

13

hexandra -

-

54

Cucudalus -

-

55

Dentaria -

-

26

Hydropiper

-

54

baccifer

-

58

bulbifera -

-

26

major

-

54

Behen

-

58

Deyeuxia Lapponica

-

536

nodosa

-

54

Otites

-

59

Dianihus -

_

56

tripetala -

54

CUCURBITACE.E

-

149

Armeria -

.

56

Eleocharis -

-

491

C U P K B S S I N E JE

-

420

caesius

_

57

acicularis -

492

CUPULIFERiE

-

415

Caryonhyllus -

_

56

ccespitosa -

-

496

Cuscuta

-

286

deltoides -

_

57

muiticaulis

-

492

Epilinum -

-

287

glaucus

-

57

palustris -

-

491

Epithymum

"

287

plumarius

-

57

parvula -

-

496

Europaea -

286

‘-87

prolifer

-

56

p and flora -

-

495

Hassiaca -

-

287

DICOT VLEDONES

1

uniglumis -

-

491

Trifolii

-

287

Digitalis -

.

314

Watsoni -

-

492

Cyathea dentata -

-

587 purpurea -

.

314

Eleogiton fluitans

-

492

fragilis

-

587

Digitaria -

-

575

E/odea Canadensis

-

424

incisa

-

588

humifusa -

-

576

Elymus

-

567

Cyclamen -

-

346

sanguinalis

-

576

arenarius -

-

567

Europceum

-

346

Digraphis arundinacea

531

caninus - -

-

570

hederaefolium -

-

346

DIOS CORE ACE.E

-

445

Europceus

-

568

CYNAROCE PHALiE -

233

Diotis - - -

-

243

geniculatus

-

567

Cynodon

-

575

maritima -

-

243

Elyna caricina -

.

498

Dactylon -

-

573

Diplotaxis -

-

42

EM PETll ACE.E

-

381

Cynoglossum

-

296

muralis

-

42

Empetrum -

-

381

montanurn

-

296

tenuifolia -

-

42

nigrum

-

381

officinale -

-

296

DIPSACACEJE -

-

202

ENDOGENJE -

-

421

sylvaticum

-

296

Dipsacus

-

202

Endymion nutans

-

451

Cynosurus -

-

556

Fullonum-

-

203

Epilobium -

-

142

ccerulcus -

-

545

pilosus

-

203

alpinum -

-

144

cristatus -

-

556

sylvestris -

-

203

alsinifolium

-

144

echinatus

-

556

Doronicum -

-

254

anagalhd folium

-

144

CYPERACE/E -

-

487

Pardalianches -

-

255

angustifolium -

-

142

Cyperus

-

488

plantagineum -

-

255

a ng ust is si mu m

-

142

fuscus

-

489

scorpioides

-

255

hirsutum -

-

142

longus

.

489

Draba -

-

30

Lamyi

-

144

Cypripedieas -

_

439

aizoides

-

31

lanceolatum

-

143

Cypripedium

-

439

brachysteinon -

-

31

macrocarpum -

-

142

Calceolus -

-

439

hirt a

-

31

montanurn

-

143

Cystea angustata -

-

587

incana

-

31

obscurum -

-

144

dentata

_

587

muralis

-

31

palustre -

-

144

frag ills

-

587

rupestris -

-

31

parviflorum

-

143

regia

-

588

verna

-

30

roseum

-

143

Cystopteris

.

587

Drosera

-

50

rosma rin ifolium

-

142

alpina

-

588

Anglica -

-

51

tetragonum

-

144

angustata -

-

587

intermedia

-

50

virgatum -

-

144

dentata

.

587

longifolia -

-

50

Epi.medium -

-

14

Dickieana -

_

5S7

roiundifolia

-

50

alpinum -

-

15

fragilis

-

587

DROSERACE/E

-

50

Epipactis -

-

428

en si folia -

Page
- 421*

gr and i flora

.

429

lati folia

_

428

media

-

428

oval is

-

428

pallens

-

429

palustris -

-

429

purpurala

-

428

rubra

-

429

Epipogium -

.

432

aphyllum -

-

432

Gmelini -

-

432

EQUISETACE.E

-

598

Equisetum -

-

599

arenarium

-

601

arvense

-

601

Drummondii -

-

599

fluviatile -

599

GO:'

nyemale -

-

601

liinosum -

-

600

Mack ay i -

-

601

Moorei

-

G01

palustre -

-

600

prate nse -

-

599

sylvaticum

.

GOO

Telmateia

.

599

trachyodon

-

601

umbrosum

-

599

variegatuin

-

601

IVilsuni

-

GUI

ERs/NTHIS -

_

4

hy emails -

.

12

Erica -

-

270

carnea

.

272

ciliaris

270

272

cinerea

_

271

Dabeoci -

_

273

Mackayi -

-

271

Mediterranea -

-

272

multi flora

-

271

Tetralix -

-

270

vagans

-

271

vulgaris -

-

272

ERICACEAE

-

269

Erigeron -

-

250

acris -

-

251

alpinus

.

251

Canadensis

.

250

uniflorus -

-

231

Ekiocaulon

_

459

pellucidum

.

459

septangulare -

-

459

Ebiophorum

-

496

alpinum -

-

49G

angustifoliura -

-

497

capitatum

-

497

gracile

-

497

latifolium -

.

497

polystachyon -

-

497

pubescens -

-

497

triquetrum

-

498

vaginatum

_

497

Erodium

-

86

cicutarium

.

87

maritimum

_

86

moschatum

-

86

Erophila vulgaris

-

3d

Erucastrum incanum -

41

Ervurn gracile

.

114

hirsuium -

-

114

INDEX.

Page

tetraspennwn -

-

114

Eryngium -

-

1G9

campestre -

-

169

maritimum

-

1G9

Erysimum -

•

36

Alliaria -

-

35

Barbarea -

-

24

cheiramhoides -

-

36

officinale -

-

34

orientale -

-

36

prcecox

-

25

Eh YTHRiEA -

-

281

Centaurium

-

281

lati folia

.

282

linarifoiia-

-

282

littoralis -

-

282

pulchella -

-

281

Eufragia viscosa -

-

3' 9

Eu^nymus -

-

92

Europams -

-

92

Eupatorium

-

245

cannabinum

.

243

Euphorbia

-

383

amygdaloides -

-

386

Characias -

-

386

coralloides

-

384

Cyparissias

-

385

Esula

-

385

exigua

-

386

Ilelioscopia

-

383

Hiberna -

_

384

Lathvris -

_

386

palustris -

-

384

Paralias -

-

385

Peplis

-

383

Peplus

-

386

pilosa

-

384

platyph3’lla

-

383

Porilandica

.

385

pubescens

.

384

segetalis

-

385

strict a

-

384

sylvatica -

-

386

EUPIIGKBIACE.E

-

384

Euphrasia -

.

310

nemorosa -

-

310

officinalis -

-

310

Eupteris aquilina

-

592

Exacumflli forme

-

231

EXOGK&ffi

-

1

Fagopyrum esculcnium

370

Fag us -

.

416

Castanea -

.

416

sylvatica -

-

416

Farsetia incana -

-

30

Fedia -

.

201

Auricula -

.

201

carinata -

o

201

dentata

-

202

eriocarpa -

-

202

mixta

-

202

olitoria

.

201

tridentata -

-

201

Festuca

-

556

arundinacea

-

559

bromoides

-

557

ccesia

-

557

Calainaria

-

558

decidua

-

558

617

Page

decumbens

_

-

554

duriuscula

.

.

557

elatior

•

.

559

fluitans

-

-

548

gigantea -

-

-

559

loliacea

-

-

559

Myicrus -

-

-

557

ovina

-

-

557

pinnata

-

-

571

pratensis -

-

-

559

pseudo-myurus

-

557

rubra

_

-

558

sciuroides -

-

-

557

sylvatica -

- 558

571

tenuijolia -

-

-

557

triflora

-

-

559

uniglumis -

-

-

557

vivipara -

-

-

557

Ficaria ranunculoides

10

Filago

-

-

248

apiculata -

-

-

249

arvensis -

-

-

248

Gallica

-

-

248

Germanica

.

-

249

lutescens -

-

-

249

minima

-

-

248

mon tan a -

-

.

248

spathulata
FIL1CES -

-

-

249

-

.

577

Fimbristylis pygmcea

-

493

F(ENICULUM -

-

-

177

dulce

-

-

178

vulgare

-

-

178

Fragaria -

-

-

128

elatior

_

.

128

sterilis

_

-

131

vesca

_

-

128

Frankenia -

_

.

53

lcevis

_

-

53

pulverulenta

-

-

53

FHANKKN1ACEJE

-

53

Fraxinis

-

-

278

excelsior -

-

.

279

heterophrylla

-

-

279

Fritillaria

_

-

457

Meleagris -

_

_

457

Fumaria

-

-

19

agraria -

-

19, 603

Borcei

-

603

capreolata

-

19

603

claviculata

.

-

21

confusa

-

-

603

lutea -

_

-

20

micrantha-

_

-

20

muralis -

.

_

603

officinalis -

.

.

19

pullidfiora

-

-

603

parviflora -

-

-

20

solida

-

-

20

speciosa -

-

603

v Vaillantii -

_

•

19

FUMAKlACEiE

“

19

Gagea -

_

456

arvensis -

_

.

456

lutea -

_

.

4 56

pratensis -

-

-

456

Galanthus -

-

-

444

nivalis

.

444

Galeobdolon

•

-

332

618

INDEX,

Page

Page

Pace

luteum

-

-

332

rotundifolium

-

_

86

liirta -

.

_

210

Galeopsis -

-

-

331

sanguineum

-

-

84

hispid a

-

-

210

btjida

-

-

331

striatum -

.

.

84

Taraxaci -

-

_

210

canescens -

-

-

331

sylvaticum

_

.

84

Hedysarc^e

_

109

Ladanum -

-

.

331

Geum -

_

_

121

Hedysarum Onobrychis

110

ochroleuca

-

-

331

intermedium

.

_

121

Helianthemum

-

-

45

Tetrahit -

-

-

331

rivale

.

-

121

Apcnninum

_

_

46

versicolor -

-

-

331

urbannm -

_

-

121

Breweri -

.

_

45

villosa

.

-

331

Git/iago segctum

_

-

62

canum

-

_

45

Galium

-

-

195

Gladiolus -

-

_

441

guttatum -

-

-

45

Anghcum -

-

-

197

communis -

.

_

441

ledifolium -

-

-

45

Aparine -

.

_

198

imbricatus

.

_

441

polifolium

_

_

46

aristaium -

-

-

19(5

scgetum -

-

-

441

vulgare

-

-

46

boreale

m

— -

197

Glaucium -

-

_

18

Helleborus

-

-

12

cinereum -

-

_

196

luteum

_

18

fcetidus

_

_

12

commutatum

-

-

195

phcc-niceum

_

-

18

officinalis -

-

-

12

cruciafum -

.

-

195

viulaceum -

-

_

18

viridis

-

-

12

diffusion -

-

-

196

Glaux -

_

_

346

Helminthia

-

209

elongatum

-

-

196

maritima -

_

_

346

echioides -

_

-

2"9

erect uin

-

-

196

Glechoma hrdcracea

-

336

Helosciadium

-

-

171

Insubricum

-

-

197

OlIUUCE JB

_

-

487

innndatum

-

-

171

lit in ios 11 til -

.

-

197

Glyceria aquatica

-

548

nodifiorum

-

_

171

Mollugo -

.

_

196

Borreri -

.

-

549

Hemestheum Thelypleris

583

montanum

-

-

195

conferta -

-

-

519

Heracleum

.

-

181

pal ust re -

-

-

196

d is tans

-

-

549

angustifolinm

-

-

182

Parisiense-

-

-

197

fiuitans

-

.

548

Sphondylium

-

-

181

pusillum -

-

-

195

maritima -

_

_

549

Herminium -

-

-

437

saccharatum

-

-

197

pedicellata

_

-

548

mouorchis

-

-

433

saxatile

-

-

195

plicata

.

-

548

Herniaria -

-

-

151

spurium -

-

-

197

procumbcns

-

-

550

ciliata

-

-

152

sylvestre -

-

-

1S6

rigida

-

-

550

glabra

-

-

151

tricorne -

-

-

198

Gnaphalium

.

-

246

hirsuta

_

-

152

uliginosum

-

.

196

dioicum

-

_

246

Hesperis

_

-

34

Vaillantii

-

-

198

G alii cum -

_

_

248

inodora

-

-

34

verrucosum

-

197

Germanicum

.

-

249

matronalis

.

.

34

verum

-

_

195

luteo-album

_

.

247

Hieracium -

-

.

216

Witheringii

.

-

196

margaritaccum

-

246

aggregatum

.

-

226

Gastkidium

-

-

534

minimum -

.

_

248

alpinum -

-

218,

220

austral: -

-

-

535

Norvcgicum

-

-

247

amplexicaule

-

_

222

lendigerum

-

_

531

rectum

-

_

247

Anglicum -

-

-

222

Genista

-

-

96

supinum -

.

.

247

argenteum

-

-

225

Anglica -

-

-

96

sylvaticum

-

-

24 7

atratum -

-

-

221

pilosa

-

_

96

uliginosum

-

_

217

aurantiacum

-

-

218

tincloria -

-

.

96

Goodyera -

_

_

431

Auricula -

_

_

218

Genisteje-

_

_

95

repens

_

_

431

boreale

-

_

232

Gentiana -

.

-

28 -a

GR A MINE/E

_

-

522

caesium

_

-

227

acaulis

.

.

282

Grammitis Cctcrach

_

579

calcndulifiorum

-

219

Amarella -

-

-

283

GUOS SUL Alii AC EiE

158

cerinthoide6

_

.

222

campestris

-

-

283

Gymnadenia

.

_

436

chrysanthum

-

-

221

filifonnis -

.

-

281

albida

_

_

436

cinerascens

-

.

224

Gernumica

-

•

283

conopsea -

-

-

436

corymbosum

_

-

232

nivalis

-

-

283

Gymnocarpiuin Druop-

cro’catum -

-

-

231

Fneumonanthe -

.

282

teris

_

_

580

dcnticulatum

-

-

230

vernn

-

-

282

Phcgopteris

_

-

580

divaricatum

-

-

221

GENTIAN A CEiE

_

280

Rohcrlianum

_

581

Dovrense -

-

_

229

GEKANIACIiiE

_

83

Gymnogramme

.

-

579

dubium

-

.

218

Geranium -

-

_

83

leptophylla

_

.

580

eximium -

-

.

219

columbinum

-

_

86

fl icculosum

-

_

227

dissectum -

-

_

86

Hahenaria -

-

-

436

Gibsoni

-

-

225

Lancastricnse

-

-

84

albida

-

_

436

glaciate

-

-

218

lucidum -

.

-

85

bi folia

.

-

437

globosum -

-

-

220

molle

.

_

85

chlorantha

.

.

437

Gothicum

-

-

228

nodosutn -

-

-

84

viridis

_

.

436

gracilentum

-

-

219

phasum

-

_

84

/ la l ini us pedunculatus

363

holosericeum

-

218

pratense -

.

-

84

portulacoides

-

-

363

Hypochceridis

-

-

225

purpureum

-

-

85

11 ALORAGACEiE

-

146

in abides -

-

-

231

pusillum -

-

.

85

Ilaloscias Scutica

-

178

Iricum

-

-

223

Pyrenaieum

_

-

85

H ED ERA

_

_

190

Lapeyrousii

-

-

223

Raii -

_

_

85

Helix

_

_

190

lasiophyllum

-

-

224

Robertianum

-

*

85

Hedypnois autumnalis

210

Lawsoni -

-

-

222

INDEX,

619

Vage

Page

Page

lingulatum

-

-

221

vulgaris -

- 168

fluitans

-

- 492

macula! urn

-

-

2*28

HYMtNOPHYLLUM

- 594

Holoschcenus

-

- 493

melanocephalum

218

219

alatum

- 593

pygmesa -

-

- 493

molle

_

-

215

Tunbridgense -

- 594

Savii

-

- 493

murorum -

_

_

226

uni laterals

- 594

setacea

-

- 493

nigrescens

_

_

221

Wilsoni -

- 594

lx in Bulbocodium

- 441

nitidum

_

-

225

Hyoscyamus

- 298

Norvegfcum

_

229

niger

- 298

Jasione

-

- 265

obt us > folium

.

_

227

Hyoseris pusi/la -

- 233

montana -

-

- 265

pallidum -

.

223

HYPEKICACEJE

- 78

JUNCACEJE

-

- 460

paludosum

.

_

215

Hypericum -

- 79

JUNCAGINACE.E

- 471

Pilosella -

.

_

217

Androsaemum 79

80, 605

JUNCUS

-

- 460

prenanthoides

-

-

230

An git cum -

79, 605

acutiflorus

-

- 4G2

7 mlmonarium

_

-

22 1

barbatum -

- s _

acutus

-

- 462

rigidum

.

230

232

calycinum -

- 79

arclicus

-

- 461

rupestre -

.

_

221

dubium

- 8(i

articulatus

-

- 462

Sabaudum

_

.

232

elatum

80, 604

Balticus -

-

- 461

saxifragum

-

_

221

Elodes

- 8*2

biglumis -

-

- 465

Schmidtii -

-

.

224

grandifolium -

- 605

Bothnicus -

-

- 464

senes ce ns -

.

_

221

hire inum ••

- 605

bul'onius -

-

- 464

stelligerum

-

-

227

hirsutum -

- 81

bulbosus -

-

463, 464

stoloniferum

-

-

218

humifusum

- 81

campcstris

-

- 467

strictum -

-

-

230

linarifolium

- 81

capitatus -

-

- 465

sylvaticum

-

228

maculatum

- 80

castaneus -

-

- 463

tridentatum

_

_

229

montanum

- 82

ccenosus -

-

- 464

umbellatum

-

_

231

perforatum

- 80

communis

.

- 460

villosum -

-

-

219

pulchrum -

- 81

compressus

-

- 464

vulgaium -

-

-

228

quadrangulum -

. 81

conglomeratus

-

- 460

Hierochloe

-

545

Hypochobris

- 211

diffusus

-

- 461

borealis -

.

-

545

Balbisii

^ 211

cjfusus

-

- 460

Himantoglossum

hirci-

glabra

- 211

ericetorum

-

- 465

num

_

_

436

maculata -

- 211

filiform is -

-

- 461

Hippocrepis

.

no

radicata -

- 211

Forsteri -

-

- 467

comosa

-

no

Gerardi -

.

- 464

glauca

.

-

110

Iberis -

- 33

Gesneri -

-

- 464

Hippophae -

-

-

394

amara

- 33

glaucus

-

- 460

rhamnoides

-

_

394

nudicaulis

- 33

gracilis

_

- 464

Hippuris

_

.

146

Ilex -

- 278

lamprocarpus

-

- 462

vulgaris

-

.

147

Aquifolium

- 278

maritimus

-

- 461

Holcus

_

-

543

Illecebrum -

- 152

nigritellus

-

- 462

avena ceus -

_

-

544

verticillatum -

- 152

obtusiflorus

_

- 463

borealis

-

-

545

Impatiens -

- 87

pilosus

-

- 467

lanatus

-

-

543

fulva

- 88

Sin it hi i

-

- 464

mollis

-

-

543

Noli-me-tangere

- 87

spicatus

-

- 468

odoratus *•

_

-

545

Impcratoria Ostruthium 1 8

squarrosus

_

- 465

Holostf.um -

-

-

70

Inula -

- 255

subverticillatus

- 463

umbellatum

-

.

70

Conyza

- 255

supinus

_

463, 465

Homogyne -

-

-

207

critlimoides

- 266

sylvalicus -

-

- 46G

alpina

-

-

250

dyscnterica

- 256

tenuis

-

- 464

Honckenya -

-

-

65

Helenium

- 255

Irifidus

-

- 4G3

oblongifolia

.

_

66

Pulicoria -

- 256

triglumis -

-

- 466

peploides -

-

-

65

IRIDACEiE

- 439

uliginosus

-

- 463

Hordeum -

-

-

567

Iris -

- 440

JUNIPERUS -

-

- 420

maritimum

-

-

568

feetidissima

- 440

communis

-

- 420

murinum -

-

-

568

Germanica

- 441

nana -

_

- 420

pratense -

-

-

668

Pseud-acorus -

- 440

sylvaticum

-

-

568

pumila -

- 440

Knappia

- 574

Hottonza -

-

-

344

Susiana -

- 44'

agrostidea

.

- 574

palustris -

-

-

344

tuber osa -

- 440

verna

_

- 574

Humulus

-

-

391

xiphiuidcs -

- 440

Knautia

_

- 204

Lupulus -

-

-

392

Xiphium -

- 440

arvensis -

_

- 204

Hutchinsia

-

-

32

I S ATIDEE -

- 39

Kobresia

.

- 498

petra?a

-

-

33

I SATIS -

- 39

caricina -

_

- 498

Hyacinthus nonscriptus

451

tinctoria -

- 39

laca

_

- 498

racemosus

-

.

451

ISNAKDIA

- 145

Koeleria

_

- 544

HYDliOCHARIDA

palustris -

- 145

cristata

_

- 544

CE7E -

-

-

423

ISOETES

- 597

Koniga

- 30

Hydrocharis

-

.

424

lacustris -

- 598

maritima -

_

- 30

Morsus-rame

_

.

424

ISOLEPIS

- 492

Hydrocotyle

-

-

168

acicularis -

- 492

LABIATE

-

- 320

620 INDEX.

Page

Page

Page

Lactuca

-

.

211

Leonurus

.

-

330

Lithospermum

-

.

290

muralis

-

.

212

Cardiaca -

.

-

330

arvense

_

_

290

saligna

-

_

212

LEPIDINEiE

_

-

37

maritnuum

_

_

291

saliva

-

-

212

Lbpidium

-

-

37

officinale -

_

_

290

Scariola -

-

-

212

campestre

-

-

3*

purpureo-CcPruleum

-

290

virosa

-

-

212

didymum -

-

-

39

Littouella

-

-

355

Lagurus

-

-

533

Drab i

.

3*

lacustris -

_

.

355

ovatus

-

-

533

hcterophyllum

-

.

38

Lloydia

-

-

456

Lamium

-

-

332

hirlum

-

-

38

serotina -

-

_

456

album

.

-

332

latifolium -

_

_

37

Lobelia

.

266

amplexicaule

-

-

333

peirannn -

.

_

33

Dortmanna

_

_

266

Galeobdolon

.

-

332

ruderale -

_

-

37

urens

.

_

266

incisum

.

-

333

Smithii

-

.

38

LOBELlACEiE

_

_

265

intermedium

.

-

333

V irginicum

-

-

38

Lotseleuria procumbens

273

hevigatum

-

.

332

Lepigoiium marinum

-

153

Lolium

-

-

572

maculntum

-

-

332

rubrum

-

-

153

arvense

-

573

purpureum

-

-

333

Lipturus -

-

-

573

Italicum -

-

-

572

rugusum -

-

-

332

jiliformis -

-

.

573

linicola

-

-

572

vulgatum -

-

-

332

incurvatus

-

-

573

multifiorutn

-

-

572

Lapsana

-

-

233

Leucojum -

-

-

444

perenne

-

-

572

communis -

-

-

233

aestivum -

-

.

444

temulentum

-

-

573

pusi'la

-

-

233

Libanotis monlana

-

178

Lomaria Sjiicant

-

-

592

Larbrea nliginosa

-

70

Ligusiicum -

.

_

178

Lomceiia

-

-

193

Lastrea cristaia

.

-

585

Cornubiense

-

-

183

Caprifolium

.

.

193

dilatata

-

-

586

Scoticum -

-

-

178

Periclyinenum

-

.

193

Filix-mas

-

.

584

Ligustrum -

-

-

278

Xylosteum

-

-

193

Fccnisecii

-

-

586

vulgare

-

-

278

Lophodium Callipteris

585

monlana -

-

583

L1LIACE.E

-

_

446

collinum -

-

.

586

multiflora

.

-

586

Lilium

-

-

447

Fccnisecii

-

-

586

Oreuptcris

-

-

583

Martagon -

-

-

457

glandulosum

-

-

586

recur v a -

-

-

586

Pyrcnaicum

-

-

457

multijlorum

-

-

586

remold

-

584

Limnanthcmum

nym-

rigidum

-

-

585

rigida

-

_

585

phceoides

-

-

284

spinosum -

-

-

585

spit/ os a

-

-

585

Limodurum Epipugium

432

uliginosum

-

-

585

spinulosa

-

-

585

Limosella -

-

-

317

LORANTHACE/E

-

191

Thelypteris

.

-

583

aquatica -

-

-

317

Loroglossuin hircinum

436

uligi/iosa -

_

.

5S5

LINACEJE -

-

-

73

Lotus -

.

-

106

LATHRaiA

_

.

303

Linaria

-

-

315

angustissimus

-

-

107

squatnaria -

,

.

303

Bauhini -

-

_

316

corniculatus

-

-

106

Lathyrus -

.

_

114

Cymbalaria

-

-

315

dijffusus

.

-

107

Altaicus -

.

-

116

Elatine

-

-

315

kispidus -

-

-

107

Aphaca

-

_

114

Italica

-

-

316

major

-

-

107

hirsutus -

_

..

115

marilima -

-

-

317

tenuis

-

-

106

latifolius -

.

_

115

minor

-

-

317

Ludwigia palustris

-

145

macrorrhizus

.

_

1*6

Pelisseriana

-

-

316

Luzula

.

-

466

maritimus

-

.

11*

purpurea

-

-

317

arcuata

-

-

468

niger-

.

-

1 16

Pyrenaica

-

-

317

Borreri

-

-

467

NiS'Olia -

-

-

114

repens

-

-

316

campestris

-

-

467

palustris -

-

-

115

sepium

-

-

316

congcsta -

-

-

467

pratensis -

_

.

115

speciosa

-

-

316

Forsteri -

-

-

407

sylvestris -

-

.

115

spuria

.

-

315

hyperborea

-

-

468

tuberosus -

.

.

605

striata

-

-

316

maxima

.

-

466

Lavatera -

-

_

75

supina

-

-

316

multijiora -

-

-

467

arborea

-

.

75

vulgaris

-

-

316

pilosa

-

-

466

Leersia

-

_

529

Linnjea

-

-

193

spicata

-

-

468

Mexicana -

_

.

529

borealis

-

-

194

sylvatica -

-

-

466

oryzoides -

_

_

529

Linosyris -

-

.

245

Lychnis

.

.

61

Virginica -

-

_

529

vulgaris -

-

-

246

alpina

-

-

61

LEGUMINOS.E

_

93

Linum -

-

-

74

dioica

-

61, 62

Lemna

_

_

477

angustifolium

-

-

74

diurna

.

•

G2

arrhiza

_

_

477

catharticura

.

-

74

Flos-cuculi

.

-

Cl

gibba

.

_

477

perenne -

-

-

74

Gilhago

-

-

G2

minor

-

-

477

lladiola

-

-

75

vespertina

-

-

61

polyrrhiza

_

_

477

usitatissimum

-

-

74

Viscaria -

-

-

61

trisulca

_

-

477

Lipauis

-

-

427

LYCOPODIACE.E

-

596

LE NT1BULARI ACE/E34U

Loeselii -

-

-

427

Lycopodium

-

-

596

Leontodon -

-

-

216

Listera

-

-

430

alpinum

-

-

597

hispidum -

_

-

210

cordata

-

-

430

anuotinum

-

-

597

palustre -

.

216

Nidus-avis

-

-

430

clavatum -

-

-

597

Taraxacum

-

216

ovata

-

-

430

inundatum

-

-

597

INDEX,

G21

Page

Page '

Page

selaginoides

-

-

597

alpina

-

-

542

caerulea -

542

Selago

-

-

597

cierulea

-

-

542 1

depanperata

542

Lycopsis

_

.

294

nutans

.

-

543 |

Monesfs -

275

arvensis

.

.

295

uni flora

.

.

M3

grandi flora

275

Lycopus

_

.

322

Melilotus -

.

_

100 1

Monochlamydeje -

355

Europaeus

.

-

322

alba -

-

.

100

MONOCOTYLEDO-

Lysimachia

_

.

347

arvensis

.

.

loo

NES

421

ciliata

_

348

leucantha -

-

.

100

Monotropa -

277

nemorum -

_

.

348

officinalis -

.

.

100

Hypopitys

277

Numinularia

_

_

348

parviflora -

-

-

100

MONOTROP ACEiE

276

punctata -

_

-

347

vulgaris -

-

-

100

Mon ti a -

150

thyrsiflora

.

_

348

Melissa

-

-

321

fontana -

150

vulgaris

.

.

347

Calamintha

-

-

337

Mulgedium -

212

Westphalica

-

-

347

Nepcla

-

-

337

alpinum - - -

212

•LYTHKACE/E

-

-

147

(ifficmalis -

-

-

338

Muscari -

451

Lythrum

_

_

148

Melittis

-

-

338

racemosum

451

hyssopi folium

_

-

14S

grandiflora

-

-

338

Myosotis -

291

Salicaria -

.

.

148

Melissophyllum

-

338

alba -

293

Mentha

-

-

323

alpestris -

292

Maianthemum

.

-

449

acutifolia -

-

-

325

arvensis -

293

bifolium -

-

-

450

agrestis

-

-

325

caespitosa -

292

Malachium -

_

-

68

aquatica -

-

-

324

collina - - -

293

aquaticum

-

-

68

arvensis -

-

-

325

hispida -

293

Malaxide/&

_

-

427

citrata

-

-

321

intermedia

293

Malaxis

.

-

427

crispa

-

-

324

palustris -

291

Loeselii -

-

-

427

gentilis

-

-

325

repens -

292

paludosa -

-

-

427

gracilis

-

-

325

rupicola -

292

'Malcolm i a -

-

-

23

hirsuta

-

-

324

scorpioidcs

291

maritima -

-

34

odor at a

-

-

324

stricta -

293

Malva -

.

-

76

piperita

-

-

324

strigulosa -

291

borealis

_

-

76

pratensis -

-

-

325

suaveolens

292

moschata -

.

-

76

Pulegium -

-

-

326

sylvatica -

292

ne gleet a -

.

-

76

rotundifolia

-

-

323

versicolor -

293

pusilla

_

-

76

rubra

-

-

325

Myosurus -

G

rot undifolia

_

_

76

sativa

-

-

325

minimus -

6

sylvestris -

_

-

76

sylvestris -

-

-

323

Myrica -

395

verticillata

-

-

77

viridis

-

-

323

Gale - - -

395

vulgaris -

_

-

76

Menyanthes

-

-

284

MYRICACE® -

394

MALVACEiE

_

-

75

nympliceoides

-

-

284

Myriophyllum -

147

Marrubicm -

-

-

336

trifoliata -

-

-

284

alterniflorum -

147

vulgare

-

-

336

Menziesia -

-

-

272

pectination

147

MARS1LF, ACEiE

.

598

Ccerulea

-

-

273

spicatum -

147

Matricaria

_

-

257

polifolia -

-

-

273

verticillatum -

147

Chamomilla

.

-

258

Mercurialis

-

_

382

Myrrhis -

186

inodora

_

-

257

ambigua ~

-

-

383

odorata - - -

186

maritima -

_

-

257

annua

-

-

383

Parthenium

-

-

257

ovata

-

-

382

NAIAD ACE.® -

478

Matthiola -

.

-

23

perennis -

-

-

382

Naias -

486

incana

-

_

24

Mertensia -

-

-

260

flex i 1 i s -

486

sinuata

-

_

24

maritima -

-

-

291

Narcissus -

443

Meconopsis -

_

-

17

Mespilus

-

.

139

biflorus -

444

Cambrica -

_

.

17

Germanica

-

-

139

conspicuus

444

Medicago -

-

-

98

Oryacantha

-

-

140

incomp arabilis -

444

denticulata

_

.

99

Meum -

-

-

179

lobular is - - -

444

falcata

-

-

88

Athamanticum -

.

179

minor -

441

lupulina -

-

-

99

Mibora verna

-

-

574

poeticus -

444

maculata -

-

-

99

Microcala filiform is

-

281

Pseudo- narcissus

443

minima

.

-

99

Milium

-

-

534

Nardosmia/ragrans -

250

muricata -

.

-

99

effusum

-

-

534

Nakdus -

528

polytnorpha

-

-

99

lendigerum

-

-

535

stricta - - -

528

sativa

-

-

99

Mimulus

-

-

304

Narthecium

468

sylvestris -

-

-

98

guttatus -

-

-

313

ossifragum

468

Mela mpy rum

.

_

311

luteus

-

-

313

Nasturtium

27

arvense

-

-

311

rivularis -

-

-

313

amphibium

28

cristatum -

_

•

311

Moehringia muscosa

-

68

natans -

29

montanum

-

-

311

trinervis -

-

-

68

officinale -

28

pratense -

-

.

311

MtENCHlA -

-

-

70

palustre -

28

svlvaticum

.

-

312

erecta

-

-

71

svlvestre -

28

mei.anthace^e

-

458

Molinia

-

-

54

terrestre -

28

Melica

-

-

542

altissima -

-

-

542

Naumbcrgia thyrsiflora

348

622

INDEX.

Ncoitia aestivalis

rage

Page

Page

-

-

431

angusti folia

-

-

435

Uralensis -

_

_

108

cernua

-

.

431

bifolia

-

-

437

gemmipara

-

-

431

conopsea -

-

-

436

P^EONIA

.

_

14

Kid us -avis

.

-

430

fusca

_

-

433

cnrallina -

.

14

spiralis

-

-

431

hircina

.

-

435

Panicum

_

546

Neottide.e

-

_

428

incur nata -

-

_

435

Crus-jjalli

_

_

546

Nepeta

-

-

335

latifolia

.

-

434

glabrum -

_

_

576

Cataria

-

-

335

laxiflora -

-

-

434

sanguinale

_

_

576

Glechoma -

-

-

336

maculata -

_

_

435

vcrticiUatum

_

_

547

Notolepeum Cetcrach

-

579

macra

_

_

434

viride

_

_

547

Nuphar

-

-

15

mascula

-

-

433

Papaver

_

_

16

Kalmiana

-

-

16

militaris -

_

433

434

Argeinone

_

_

17

lutea -

-

-

15

Morio

-

_

433

Cambricum

-

_

17

minima

-

-

16

purpurea -

_

_

433

dubium * -

_

_

17

pumila

-

-

16

pyramidalis

_

435

hybridum -

_

_

17

NyMPH/EA

-

_

15

Simia

.

-

434

Rhceas

_

.

17

alba -

-

-

15

specios a

-

_

433

somniferum

_

_

17

lutea -

-

-

15

tephrosanthos

_

-

434

PAPA VE RACE JE

16

NYMPH;EACEv£

.

15

Traunsteineri

_

-

435

Parietauia -

_

391

ustulata -

-

_

433

diffusa

_

_

391

Obione pcdunculata

-

363

Origanum -

.

_

327

erecta

_

_

391

portulacoidcs

-

-

: 63

Onites

.

.

327

officinalis -

_

-

391

Odontites rolundata

_

309

vulgare

-

_

327

ramiflora -

_

.

391

CEnanthe -

.

_

175

Ornithogalum

_

.

455

Paris -

_

446

crocata

-

_

170

lutsum

-

_

456

quadrifolia

.

_

446

fistulosa -

-

_

175

nutans

_

_

456

Parnassia -

_

_

51

fluviatilis -

_

_

177

Pyrenaicum

_

_

455

palustris -

_

_

51

Lachenalii

_

_

176

umbellatum

.

-

455

P arnassie®

.

_

51

pcucedanifolia

_

_

176

Ornithopus

.

_

109

PAROXYCHlACEiE

150

Phellandrium

-

_

177

perpusillus

-

_

109

P ASTI N AC A -

_

_

181

pimpinelloides

_

_

176

OROBAN CHACE.E -

299

sativa

-

.

181

silaifolia -

-

_

176

Orobanciie -

_

-

299

Pedicularis

-

_

312

CEnothkra -

-

_

145

amethystea

-

_

302

palustris -

.

_

312

biennis

.

-

145

arenaria -

-

-

302

sylvatica -

.

_

312

oleaci t:

_

_

278

barbata

_

_

302

Peplis -

.

_

148

ONAGRACE.E

_

_

141

caerulea

_

_

303

Portula

.

.

148

Onobrychis

_

_

110

caryophyllacea

»

_

300

Petaloide^

-

_

422

sativa

-

_

110

elatior

-

-

301

Peta sites -

-

-

249

Onoclea

-

_

578

Fpitliymum

.

-

300

alba -

-

_

250

sensibilis -

-

-

588

Eryngii

.

-

302

Jragrans -

-

-

250

Ononis

_

-

97

Galii

-

-

300

vulgaris

-

-

249

Antiquorum

-

-

97

Hedera* -

-

-

302

Petroselinum

-

-

170

arvensis .

-

_

97

major

-

.

300

sativum -

-

-

170

cam pcs Iris

-

_

97

minor

-

-

301

segetum -

-

-

170

reclinata -

_

98

Picridis -

-

_

301

Peucedanum

_

_

180

Onopordum

_

_

239

ramosa

-

-

304

officinale -

_

_

180

Acanthium

-

_

239

liapum

-

_

300

Ostruthium

-

181

OPHIOGLOSSACE.E

595

rubra

-

.

300

palustre -

.

_

181

Ophioglossum

-

_

595

Orobus vigor

m

116

Silaus

-

-

179

Lusitanicum

_

_

595

sylvaticus

-

-

113

P/iaca astragahna

.

109

vulgatnm -

_

_

595

tenuifolius

-

.

116

Phalangium bicolor

-

450

O PH R YDfiiE

-

.

432

tuberosus -

-

116

planijolium

-

_

450

Ophrys

.

_

438

ORONTIACE.E

_

476

serotinum -

-

_

457

anthropophora

.

-

437

OSMUNDA

-

-

595

Pa ALAR IS

-

-

531

apifera

_

_

438

Lunar ia -

-

-

596

arenaria -

-

-

533

arachnites

_

_

438

regal is

-

_

595

arundinacea

-

-

531

aranifera -

_

..

*438

OSMUNDACE/E

-

594

Canariensis

-

-

531

Cprallorhiza

-

.

427

OXALIDACEJE

-

88

paradox a -

-

-

531

cordata

-

-

430

OXAL1S

-

-

88

phleoides -

-

-

533

fucifera

-

.

439

Acetosella

-

-

88

Phelipeea arenaria

-

302

Loesclii

-

-

427

corniculata

-

-

88

Phellandrium aquaticum 1 77

manor chis -

_

-

438

stricta

-

-

88

Phleum

-

-

532

muscifera -

-

-

439

Oxyococcus palustris

-

267

alpinum -

-

-

532

Nidus-avis

.

-

430

Oxyria

-

-

377

arenarium

-

-

533

ovata

_

.

430

acida

.

-

377

asperum -

-

-

532

paludosa -

-

.

427

reniformis

-

-

377

Bcehmeri -

-

-

533

spiralis

_

.

431

Oxytropis -

.

-

107

commutatwn

-

-

532

Oporinia autumnalis

_

210

campestris

-

-

108

Michelii -

-

-

533

ORCHIDACE.E

.

425

Jiallcri

.

-

108

nodosum -

-

.

532

Orchis

-

-

432

sordida

-

-

108!

paniculatum

-

-

533

INDEX.

623

Page 1

Page

P 0 M E JE

Page

pratense -

-

-

532

subcompressa - - 551

-

-

139

pHRAGMlTES

.

-

566

sylvatica - 558

Populus

-

-

414

communis -

_

-

566

tiivialis - 552

alba -

-

-

414

Ph y llit is Scolopendrium

591

POLEMONIACEJE - 285

canescens -

-

-

414

3 hyllodoce taxi folia

-

273

POLEMONIUM - - 285

fastigiata -

-

-

415

Physospermum

_

-

183

caeruleum - 285

nigra

-

-

415

aquilegifolium

.

_

183

PoLYCARPON - - 152

tremula

-

-

415

Cornubiense

.

-

183

tetraphyllum - - 153

POItTULACACEiE

150

^HYTEUMA -

.

-

264

Polygala - 52

POTAMOGETON

-

-

478

orbiculare -

.

.

265

amara - - - 52

acutifolius

-

-

481

spicatum -

•

-

265

Austriaca 52

color atus -

-

-

484

Picris -

.

-

209

calcarea - - - 52

compressus

-

-

480

e chi o ides -

-

-

209

depressa - 52

crispus

.

-

481

hieracioides

-

-

209

myrtifolia - - - 52

cuspidatus

-

-

481

’iLULARIA -

-

-

598

oxyptera - - - 52

densus

-

-

479

globulit'era

-

-

59S

ul/ginosa - - 52

fili form is -

-

-

479

?IM PIN ELLA -

-

-

173

vulgaris - - 52

flabellatus -

-

-

479

dioica

-

-

171

POLYGALA CE.E - 51

fluitans

-

-

483

magna

-

.

173

POLY GO N ACE JE - 369

gracilis

-

-

480

nigra

-

-

173

Polygon atum - - 449

gramineus

- 480

483

Saxifraga -

-

-

173

multiflorum - - 449

heteroplnllus

-

-

482

PlNGUICULA

.

341

officinale - 449

lanceolatns

-

-

483

alpina

-

341

verticillatum - - 449

longifolius

-

-

482

grandiflora

-

-

341

Polygonum - 369

lucens

-

-

482

Lusitanica

-

-

342

amphibium - - 371

marinus -

-

-

479

vulgaris -

-

-

341

aviculare - 370

natans

-

484

Pinus -

-

-

419

Bistorta - 369

oblongus -

-

-

494

Pinaster -

-

-

420

Convolvulus - - 371

obtusifolius

-

-

480

sylvestris -

-

420

grassinerve - - 370

pectinatus

-

-

479

PISTIACEiE

-

-

47G

dumetorum - - 371

perfoliatus

-

-

481

Pi sum maritimum

-

116

Fagopyrum - - 370

plantagineus

-

-

484

PLAN TAG IN ACE JE

353

Hydropiper - - 373

po/ygonifolius

-

-

484

Plantago -

_

-

353

incanum - 372

prtelongus

-

-

481

altissima -

-

-

354

lapathifolium - - 372

Proteus

-

482

Coronopus

-

»

354

lax uni - 372

pusillus

-

-

480

Lag opus -

.

-

354

lit tor ale - - - 370

nifescens -

-

-

483

lanceolata

-

-

354

maritimum - - 370

spargan iifolius

-

-

483

major

_

-

353

minus - 372

trichoides -

-

-

479

maritima -

-

-

354

mite - 372

zosteraelolius

.

-

481

media

-

-

353

nodosum - 372

Potentilla -

-

-

129

Platanthera bifolia

-

437

Persicaria - - - 371

alba -

-

-

131

chlorantha

437

Rail - - - - 370

alpestris -

-

.

130

PLUMUAGINACEJE

350

Roberti - - - 370

anserina -

-

-

129

POA

-

-

547

viviparum - 369

argentea -

-

-

129

alpina

-

-

552

POLY POD I ACE JE - 578

a urea

-

-

130

angustifolia

-

-

551

Polypodium - •• 580

Coni arum -

-

.

129

annua

-

-

554

alpestre - 581

Fragariastrum

-

-

131

aquatica -

-

-

548

calcareum - - 581

fruticosa -

-

-

129

Balfourii -

-

-

553

Callipteris - - 585

intermedia

-

-

130

Borreri

-

-

549

Cambricum - - 580

mixta

-

-

131

bulbosa

-

-

552

cristatum - 585

opaca

-

-

130

ccesia -

-

552

553

Dryopteris - - 580

reptans

-

-

130

coinpressa

-

-

551

hyperboreum - -581

rupestris -

-

-

129

decumbens

-

-

554

leptophyllum - - 580

Salisburgensis

-

-

130

distans

-

-

549

Lonchitis - 582

Tormentilla

-

-

131

flexuosa

_

553

Oreopteris - - 583

trident. ita -

-

-

131

fluitans

-

-

548

Phegopteris - - 580

verna

-

-

130

glauca

-

-

553

Rhceticum - 587

Poteiuum -

-

-

133

laxa -

.

-

552

Robertianum - - 581

muricatum

-

-

134

loliacea

-

-

550

Thelypteris - 580, 583

Sangnisorba

-

-

134

maritima -

-

-

549

vulgare - 580

Prenanthes muralis

_

212

minor '

-

-

553

Polypogon - 535

Primula

_

_

344

montana -

-

-

553

littoral is - 535

acaulis

_

.

345

nemoralis -

-

-

553

Monspelieusis - - 535

elatior

_

_

345

Parnellii -

-

-

553

Polystichum abbreviation 584

farinosa

_

_

345

poly no da -

-

-

551

aculeatum - - 582, 583

grandiflora

-

_

345

procumbens

-

-

550

angulare - 583

officinalis -

-

.

345

pratensis -

-

-

551

Lonchitis - 582

Scotica

_

.

346

rigida

-

55o

multiflorum - - 586

veris -

.

_

345

; subceerulea

-

-

551

remotum - 584

vulgaris -

-

-

314

624

INDEX

Page

Page

Page

PRIMULACEiE

.

343

ccenosus

_

-

8

c'lllina

.

.

139

Prunella -

_

-

339

confusus -

-

.

7

Dicksoni -

_

.

135

vulgaris -

.

-

339

Drouetii -

-

-

8

Doniana -

_

_

137

Prunus

-

-

118

Ficaria

-

-

10

dumetorum

-

137

1 3H

austera

.

.

119

Flammula

-

-

9

Forsteri -

_

_

138

Avium

-

-

119

floribundus

-

_

7

gracilis

-

137

Cerastis -

-

_

119

fluitans - •

-

-

7

Hibernica -

_

_

136

communis

-

.

118

gramineus

-

-

10

inodora -

.

.

137

domcslica -

_

-

119

hederaceus

-

-

8

involuta -

_

_

136

insit ilia

.

-

118

heterophyllus

-

-

7

micrantha

-

.

137

Padus

-

-

119

hirsutus -

-

-

11

mollis

_

•

137

spinosa

-

-

118

Lenormandi

-

-

8

pimp inellifol ia

_

-

136

PSAMMA

-

-

533

Lingua

-

-

9

rubella

_

.

136

arenaria -

-

-

534

ophioglossifolius

-

9

rubiginosa

_

_

138

littoralis -

-

-

534

parviflorus

-

-

11

Sabini

-

-

136

Fseudathijrium alpestre

581

par vnlus -

-

-

11

sarmentacea

-

_

138

flexile

-

-

581

peltatus

-

-

7

scabriuscula

-

_

137

Pteris -

-

-

592

Philonotis

-

-

11

semper virens

_

-

139

aquilina -

-

-

592

repens

- ’

-

10

sepium

.

-

138

crispa

-

-

592

rep tans

-

10

spinosissima

-

-

135

PULICAU! A -

-

-

256

sceleratus

-

10

surculosa -

_

_

138

dysenterica

-

-

256

trichophyllus

-

-

8

systyla

-

-

139

vulgaris

-

-

25.6

triparritus

-

-

8

tomentosa

-

-

137

PULMONARIA

-

-

289

R APHANEiE

-

-

43

villosa

.

_

137

angustifolia

.

290

Raphanus -

-

-

43

Wilsoni -

.

_

136

maritima -

-

_

291

Landra

-

-

43

ROSACEiE

_

_

117

officinalis -

-

-

289

maritimus -

-

-

43

RoSEiE

_

_

120

Pyrethrum inodorum

-

257

Raphanistrum

-

-

43

Ruitboellia flliformis

_

573

maritirnum

-

-

257

Reseda

-

-

44

incur vata

_

_

573

Partheniwn

-

.

257

alba -

-

-

44

Rubia -

_

_

194

Pyrola

_

-

275

fruticulosa

-

-

41

peregrina -

_

_

195

maritima -

.

-

276

lutea -

-

-

44

RUBIACEiE

_

-

194

media

.

-

276

Luteola

-

-

44

Rubus -

.

.

122 1

minor

.

-

276

svffruticulosa

-

-

44

*affinis 1 -

_

-

126 !

rosea

.

.

276

RESEDACE/E

-

-

44

*altha?ifoIius

_

_

006 I

rotunHifolia

-

-

275

RESTIACEJE

-

.

459

* ampUjicatus

_

_

126

secunda -

_

-

275

RHAMNACKJE

.

-

92

arcticus

-

_

124

uniflora -

.

-

275

Rhamnus

-

•

93

*argenteus

.

.

126

PYUOLACEiE

_

-

275

catharticus

-

-

93

* Habingtonii

.

127

Pyrus -

_

-

NO

Frangula -

.

-

93

*Balfourianus

_

_

128

Aria ••

_

_

141

Rhinanthus

-

.

310

*Bellardi -

_

.

128

aucuparia -

_

_

141

angustifolius

.

-

310

*Blo\amii

-

.

127

communis

-

_

140

Crista-galli

.

-

310

*Borreri -

-

_

126

domestica -

-

141

glaber

-

-

310

caesius

-■

_

124

Fennica

.

.

141

hirsutus -

-

.

311

*cresius

-

.

1 28

intermedia

•

.

141

major

-

-

311

* calvatus * -

.

_

126

IVlalus

.

-

140

minor

-

-

310

carpinifolius

-

-

123

pinnatifida

.

-

141

villosus

-

-

311

*carpinifolius

_

_

126

Scandica -

_

-

141

Uhodiola rosea

-

-

156

Chamsemorus

-

-

124

torminalis -

•

_

141

Khynchospoua

-

-

490

* Colemanni

.

.

127

alba -

-

-

490

corylifolius

_

.

124

Quercus

-

-

4!7

fusca

-

-

490

*corylifolius

.

-

129

intermedia

_

_

417

Ribes -

-

-

158

*dentatus -

.

128

pedunculata

-

.

417

alpinum -

-

-

159

^discolor -

-

.

126

Robur

_

-

417

Grossularia

-

-

159

*fissus

-

_

125

sessiliflora

-

417

nigrum

-

.

159

*/oliosus -

-

-

128

petreeum -

-

-

158

fruticosus

.

.

123

Radiola

.

75

rubrum

-

-

158

*fruticusus

-

-

126 j

milleerana

.

75

spicatum -

-

-

158

*fusco-ater

*

-

127

RANUNCULACE.E

3

Uva-crispa

-

-

159

*fuscus

.

-

128

Ranunculus

.

.

7

Roemeria -

-

-

18

glandulosus

-

-

123

acris -

_

-

10

hybrida

-

-

18

*glandulo$us

-

.

128

alpestris -

-

.

9

Rosa -

-

-

135

♦Grabowskii

-

.

126

aquaticus -

-

.

9

arvensis -

-

-

139

♦Gnntheri

-

-

127

aquatilis -

-

-

7

Borreri

-

-

137

*hirtus

-

-

128

arvensis -

-

-

11

bractescens

-

-

13“

*Hystrix -

-

-

127

auricomus

_

.

10

caesia

_

-

138

Baudot ii -

_

_

7

canina

-

-

i38

1 Those marked *

are in

bulbosus -

-

.

10

capreolata

-

-

139

the Synopsis of Mr. Babittg-

circinatus -

-

-

7

cinnamomea

*

135

ton s species.

INDEX.

Page

Page

ida?us

_

_

122

Steinii

m

-

376

erisea

*imbricatus

_

125

viridis

m

■

375

nastata

*incurvatus

.

.

126

Ruppia

-

-

485

Helix

Koehler i -

.

_

123

maritima -

.

-

485

herbacea -

*Koehleri -

.

.

127

rostellata -

-

-

485

hirta -

*latifolius -

.

.

125

Ruscus

.

-

418

Hqffinanniaiia

*Leightoni

-

_

127

aculeatus -

-

448

holosericea

Lees ii

_

_

122

incubacea -

*lentiginosus

.

.

126

Sagtna

-

-

62

Icevis

leucustachys

-

-

123

apetala

-

-

62

La7nbcrtiana

*leucostachys

-

-

126

cerastoidcs

-

-

72

lanata

* Lind lei/ anus

_

_

125

ciliata

-

-

63

lanceolata -

* Lingua -

-

-

127

erect a

-

-

71

Lapponum

macrophi/llus

-

.

123

Linneei

-

-

64

launna

*macrophyllus

126

maritima -

-

-

63

lariflura -

* Menkii -

_

_

128

nivalis

.

-

64

limosa

*muCronatus

_

_

126

nodosa

-

.

64

vialifolia -

*neniorosus

-

128, 606

procumbens

-

63, 64

Meyeriana

*nitidus -

.

-

125

saxatilis -

_

-

64

7 nollissmia

*pallidus -

-

-

127

subulata -

-

-

64

Myrsinites

*pampinosus

-

-

126

Sagittaria -

-

-

471

nigricans -

pticatus -

-

-

123

sagittifolia

-

-

471

nitens

*plicatus -

-

•

125

SAL1CACE/E

-

-

396

olei/olia

*pyramidalis

_

•

127

Salicorneas

-

.

366

ovata

*Radula -

_

-

127

Salicornia -

-

-

366

parvifolia

rhamnifolius

-

-

123

annua

-

-

366

pentandra

*rhamnifolius

-

-

126

fruticosa -

-

.

366

petiolaris -

* rosace us

-

127, 128

herbacea -

-

.

366

petrcea

*rotu7idifolius

-

-

128

procumbens

-

-

366

phillyrei folia

*rudis

.

-

127

radicans -

-

.

3 66

phylicifolia

♦Salteri -

.

-

126

Salix -

-

-

3«*7

procumbens

saxatilis -

.

-

124

acuminata

-

-

407

propinqua

*scaber

_

-

127

acutifolia -

-

-

400

prostrata -

*Schlechtendalii

-

126

alba -

-

-

401

prmiifolia -

*Schleicheri

-

-

127

ambigua -

-

-

404

purpurea -

*Sprengelii

-

-

126

afnoena

-

-

410

radicans -

suberectus

-

-

123

amygdalina

-

-

399

repens

*suberectus

_

_

125

Andersoniana

-

-

409

reticulata -

*sylvaticus

-

.

126

angustifolia

-

-

403

retusa

*tenui-armatits

-

12S

aquatica -

-

.

408

rosmarinifolia

*lenuis

-

-

128

Arbuscula

.

403, 4 1 1

rubra

*thyrsoideus

-

-

126

arbutifolia

-

-

412

rugosa

*tuberculatus

_

•

606

arenaria -

-

-

•11 5

rupestris -

*U77lbrOS7lS

.

-

125

argentea -

-

.

404

Russclliana

*villicuulis

-

-

126

ascendens -

-

-

404

sericea

Rumex

_

.

373

aurita

-

-

408

Smithiana

Acetosa -

_

-

376

hi color

-

409, 411

spathulata

Aceto5ella

-

-

377

Horreriana

-

410

sphacelata

acutus

-

-

375

Caprea

.

408

413

supularis -

alpinus

-

-

374

carinata -

-

-

411

Stuurtiana

aquaticus -

-

373

374

ccerulea

-

-

401

tenuifolia •

aureus

-

-

375

chrysantha

-

-

413

tenuior

conglomerate

-

-

375

cinerea

-

-

407

te trap la

crispus

-

-

373

contorta

-

-

399

triandra -

digynus

-

-

377

cotinijolia -

-

-

409

undulata -

domesticus

.

-

375

Crowe ana -

-

.

410

vacciniifolia

Hippo la patJm in

-

371

cuspidata -

-

-

400

venulosa -

Hispa7iicus

_

-

376

Da77iasce/ia

-

-

409

versifolia -

Hydrolapathum

-

373

Daval liana

-

-

410

viminalis -

Htuosus

-

-

376

decipiens -

-

•

401

violacca

long ifol ins

-

-

375

Dicksoniana

-

-

410

vitellina -

maritimus

-

375,

376

Doniana -

-

-

403

Weigeliana

Nemo lap alhu77i

-

375

ferruginea

-

-

407

Woollgariana

obtusifolius

-

-

371

fioribunda

.

-

411

Salsola

oxyotus

-

-

377

foetida

-

-

404

fruticosa -

palustris -

-

-

376

Forbyana -

-

-

Kali -

pratertsis -

.

-

374

Forsteriana

-

-

409

Salvia

pulcher -

-

-

375

fragilis

-

-

401

clandestina

sanguineus

-

-

375

fusca

-

-

403

obtusata -

scutatus -

-

377

glauca

405

prcecox

625

Page

- 40*2

- 413

- 398

- 413
409

- 399

- 407

- 404

- 412

- 398
405, 413
399, 407

- 405

- 409

- 410

- 405

- 413

- 4C0

- 408
411, 412

- 408

- 410

- 408

- 411

- 404

- 400

- 4' 12

- 409

- 410

- 410

- 412

- 409
404, 411

- 411

- 397

- 410
403, 404

- 405

- 412

- 402

- 398

- 407

- 409

- 401

- 405

- 406

- 404

- 408

- 406

- 405
409, 411

- 409

- 410

- 399

- 399

- 411

- 411

- 404

- 406

- 400

- 401

- 410

- 398

- 367

- 367

- 368

- 322.

- 323

- 3*3

- 323

E E

626

INDEX.

Page

Page

Page

pratensis -

-

-

3 22

SCHEUCHZERI A

-

-

472

vernal is

-

314

Verbenaca

-

-

322

palustris -

-

-

472

Scutellaria

-

339

Sambucus -

-

-

192

Schoberia fruticosa

-

367

galericulata

-

339

Ebulus

-

-

192

maritirna -

-

-

367

minor

-

339

nigra

-

.

192

Schcenus

-

489

Sedum -

-

155

Samolus

-

-

350

albus

-

-

490

acre -

-

157

Valerandi -

-

-

350

compressus

-

-

491

album

-

156

Sanguisorba

-

-

133

fust us

-

-

490

Anglicum

-

156

Canadensis

-

-

133

Mariscus -

-

-

490

dasyphyllum

-

156

media

-

-

133

monoicus -

-

-

468

elegans

-

158

officinalis -

-

-

133

nigricans -

-

-

489

Fabaria -

-

156

Sanicula

-

-

168

rufus

-

-

491

Forsterianum -

-

158

Europa?a -

-

-

168

Scilla -

-

-

451

g/aucum -

-

157

SANTALACE.E

-

378

autumnalis

-

-

455

purpurascens -

-

156

Santolina maritirna

--

243

bifolia

-

-

455

pur pure um

-

156

Sarothamnus

-

-

97

nutans

-

-

451

reflexum -

-

157

patens

-

.

97

verna

-

-

454

Rhodiola -

-

156

scoparius -

-

-

97

S C I L L E .E -

-

-

450

rupestre -

-

157

Saponaria -

-

-

57

Scirpidium aciculare

-

492

sexangulare

-

157

officinalis -

-

-

57

SCIKPUS

-

-

493

Telephiuin

-

156

Satvrium albidutn

-

456

acicularis -

-

-

492

villosum -

-

157

Epipogium

-

-

432

Bceothryon

-

-

495

Selaginclla spinosa

-

597

hircinum -

-

-

436

czespitosus

-

-

496

Selinum palustre -

-

181

repens

-

-

43'

caricinus -

-

-

491

SKMPERVIVUM

-

155

viride

_

.

436

carinatus -

-

-

494

tectorum -

-

155

Saussorea -

.

-

235

Duvalii

-

-

494

Senebiera -

-

38

alpina

-

-

235

filiformis -

-

-

493

Coronopus

-

39

Saxifraga -

-

-

160

fluit tins

-

-

492

didyma

-

39

affinis

-

-

163

glaucus

-

-

494

Senrcio

-

252

aizoides

-

-

162

Holoschcenus

-

-

493

aquaticus -

-

253

Andrewsii

-

-

161

lacustris -

-

-

494

campestris

-

254

czespitosa -

-

-

163

leptaleus •

-

-

493

eruccefolius

-

253

cernua

.

.

162

maritimus

-

-

495

Jacobaea -

-

253

decipiens -

.

163

multicaulis

-

-

492

lividus

.

253

denudata -

.

-

163

paluslris -

-

-

491

paludosus -

.

253

elegans

-

-

160

parvulus -

-

-

496

palustris -

-

254

eUmgett a -

_

-

163

pauciflorus

-

-

495

Saracenicus

.

254

geranuides

-

-

164

pun gens -

-

-

495

squalidus -

-

253

Geum

.

«

160

radicans -

-

-

495

sylvaticus -

-

252

granulata -

.

.

162

Rothii

-

-

495

tenuifolius

-

253

Grcenlandica

-

-

164

rufus

-

-

491

viscosus -

-

252

Hirculus -

_

-

162

Savii -

-

-

493

vulgaris

-

252

hirsuta

_

.

160

setaceus

-

-

493

Serapias ensifolia

-

429

hirta

-

_

163

sylvaticns -

-

-

495

grandifiora

-

429

hypnoides -

-

-

163

Tabernaemontani

-

494

latifotia

-

428

incurvifolia

-

-

163

tenuifolius

-

-

495

longifolia -

-

429

Icetevirens

-

-

163

trigonus -

-

-

494

palustris -

-

429

leptophijlla

-

-

164

triqueter -

-

-

494

rubra

-

429

ligulata

.

-

161

’'CLEKANTHACEiE

368

Serrafalcus arvensis 562

5€fe

muscoides

_

164

SCLERANIHUS

-

-

368

commutatus

-

562

nivalis

_

-

161

annuus

-

-

368

mollis

-

5(33

oppositifolia

-

-

161

perennis -

-

-

368

pa! ulus

-

564

palmata

-

-

163

Scteroch/oa Borren

-

549

racemosus-

562

pedatifida -

-

-

164

distans

-

-

549

secalin us -

.

562

platypetala

-

-

163

loliacea

-

-

550

squarrosus

-

564

punctata -

.

-

161

maritirna -

-

-

549

Serratula -

-

234

rivularis -

_

-

162

procumbens

-

-

550

alpina

-

235

stellaris

.

-

161

rigida

-

-

550

tinctoria -

.

235

tridactylites

_

-

163

SCOLOPENDRIUM

-

-

591

Seseli -

.

178

umbrosa -

_

-

161

Ceterach -

-

-

579

Libanotis -

.

178

SAXIFRAGACE.i:

-

159

officinarum

-

-

591

Sesleria

-

545

SCABIOSA

_

_

203

vulgare

-

-

591

cserulea

-

545

arvensis -

.

_

204

SCROPHULARIA-

Setaria

-

549

Columbaria

_

-

204

CEiE -

-

-

30-3

glawca

-

547

succisa

_

.

203

SCROPHULARIA

-

-

313

Italica

-

547

Scandix

•

•

184

aquatica -

-

-

313

penicillata -

-

547

Anthriscus

-

-

185

Balbisii

-

-

313

verticillata

-

547

Cerefulium

.

.

185

Ehrharti -

-

-

313

viridis

-

547

odorala

.

186

nodosa

-

-

313

Sherakdia -

-

198

Pecten

-

-

184

Scorodonia

-

-

313

arvensis -

-

198

SiPBll

proci

SlBTHO

Euro

SllAlJ

prnt-

SlLtVE

ar.iui

dpi!

An?l

Arm

conn

infix

lull

man

coct

nuu

Otu

pan

pat'

fin

Sue

v.

SlMH

bit*

pim

alt

an

Cfc

ire

Jit
m
nii
If n

Sbo

Ar

Ml

n

r<

Sis

SlSY

l'-'

lr

31

ffl

y

ci

>1

t(

lr

1

to

a

Su

1

Si

s<

'I

S:

INDEX. 627

Page

Page

Page

SlBBALDIA -

-

-

132

nigrum

_

-

299

occidentalis

-

- 352

procumbens

-

-

132

Soli d ago

-

.

251

plantaginea

-

- 351

SlBTHOHPl A -

-

-

317

Cambrica -

.

252

r art flora -

.

- 351

Europaea -

-

-

318

lanceolata

.

■

252

reticulata

-

- 352

SlLAUS -

-

-

179

Virgaurea -

-

252

spaikula/a

-

- 352

pratensi* -

-

-

179

Sonchus

-

.

213

Sti cn hammer a marilima 291

Silene -

-

-

58

arvensis -

.

_

213

Stellaria -

-

- 68

acaulis

-

-

58

asper

-

.

213

aquat/ca -

-

- 68

alpeslris -

_

-

GO

cceruleus -

_

.

213

cerastoides

-

- 73

Anglica

_

-

59

oleraceus -

-

_

213

glauca

-

- 69

Armeria -

-

-

60

palustris -

-

•

213

graminea -

-

69, 70

conica

-

-

GO

Sorbus aucuparia

-

141

Holostea -

-

- 69

inflata

-

-

58

domestica

„

_

141

media

.

- 69

Italica

.

.

GO

Spaiu.anium

.

.

474

nemorum

-

- 68

maritima -

-

-

59

affine

.

-

474

scapigera -

-

- 69

noctiflora -

-

-

60

erectum -

.

-

474

uliginosa -

-

- 70

nutans

-

-

59

minimum -

_

-

474

Stipa -

-

- 535

Otites

-

-

59

natans

_

-

474

pennata

-

- 535

paradoxa -

-

-

59

ramosum -

-

-

474

Stratiotes -

-

- 425

patens

_

-

GO

simplex

_

-

474

aloides

-

- 425

quinquevulnera

-

59

Spartina

_

-

574

S/urmia Loeselii

-

- 427

SllENEJE -

-

-

56

alterniflora

.

_

575

minima

- 574

Silybum Marianum

-

236

glabra

_

_

575

verna

.

- 574

Sim etuis

-

-

450

Icevigata -

_

-

575

Suteda -

-

- 367

bicolor

-

-

450

stricta

_

-

574

fruticosa -

-

- 367

plant folia -

.

-

450

Spartium scoparium

.

97

maritima -

-

- 367

SlNAPIS

-

41

Specular i a hybrida

.

264

Su^DEiE -

-

- 367

alba -

-

-

42

Spergula

-

-

154

SUBULARIA -

-

- 36

arvensis

.

_

41

arvensis -

_

-

154

aquatica -

-

- 36

Cheiranthus

.

-

41

nodosa

.

-

64

SlVERTIA

-

- 280

incana

-

-

41

pentandra

_

-

154

perennis -

_

- 283

Monensis -

-

-

41

saginoides -

-

-

64

Symphytum

-

- 295

?nuralis

-

-

42

stricta

_

-

66

officinale -

.

- 295

nigra -

-

-

41

subulata -

_

-

64

tuberosum

-

- 295

tenuifolia -

-

-

42

Spergularia

-

-

153

Syntherisma c lab rum

- 57G

Sison -

-

-

171

marina

_

-

153

Amomum -

-

-

172

rubra

-

-

153

TAMA RICACE.E

- 149

inundalum

.

_

171

Spir.^a

_

-

120

Tamarix

-

- 149

segetum

-

-

170

Filipendula

-

-

120

- Anglica

-

- 149

verticillatum

_

-

173

Salicifolia

_

_

120

Gallica

-

- 149

SlSYMBRIETE

-

-

34

U1 maria -

.

.

120

Tamus

-

- 445

Sisymbrium -

-

-

34

Spiranthes -

-

-

430

communis

-

- 445

amphibium

-

-

28

aestivalis -

_

-

431

Tanacetom

-

- 244

Irio -

-

-

35

autumnalis

-

-

431

vulgare

-

- 244

Monense -

-

-

41

cernua

-

-

431

Taraxacum Dens-Lconis 2 1 6

murale

.

-

42

gemmipara

-

431

officinale -

-

- 216

Nasturtium

-

-

28

Spirode/a polyrrkiza

-

477

palustre -

-

- 216

officinale -

-

-

34

Stachys

.

.

334

Taxus -

-

- 421

polyceratium

-

-

35

alpina

.

-

335

baccata

-

- 421

Sophia

-

-

35

arnbigua -

-

-

334

fastigiata -

-

- 421

sylvestre -

-

.

28

annua

-

-

335

Hibernica

-

- 421

tenuifolium

-

-

42

arvensis -

-

-

335

Teesdalia -

-

- 33

terrestre -

-

-

28

Betonica -

_

_

334

nudicaulis -

.

- 33

Thalianum

-

_

35

Germanica

-

-

335

Telmatophace gibba

- 478

Si SYR INCH I U M

-

-

440

lanata

-

-

335

Teucrium -

-

- 327

anceps

-

-

441

palustris -

-

-

334

Botrys

-

- 328

SlUM -

-

-

174

sylvatica -

-

-

334

Chamaedrys

-

- 328

angustifolium

-

-

174

Staphylea -

-

-

91

Chamcepitys

-

- 329

inundatum

-

-

171

pinnata

-

.

92

flavum

-

- 328

latifolium -

-

•

174

STAPHYLEACE/E

-

91

palustre -

-

- 328

7iodiJiorum

-

-

171

Statice

-

-

351

■regium

-

- 328

repens

-

171

Armeria -

_

350

scordioides

-

- 328

S'tiilacina bifolia

-

.

450

auriculce folia

-

-

352

Scordium -

-

- 328

Smyrnium -

-

-

184

Bahusiensis

-

_

351

Scorodonia

_

- 327

Olusatrum

-

-

184

binervosa -

-

-

352

Thalamiflorjs

1

S O D E jE - -

.

.

367

cancellata -

_

-

352

Thalictrum

.

4

SOLANACEiE

-

-

297

Caspia

-

-

352

alpinum -

.

5

SOLANU M

.

_

298

cordata

-

-

352

calcar eum

.

5

Dulcamara

-

-

298

Dodartii -

-

-

352

flavum

-

5

miniatum

-

-

299

Limonium

- 351

352

dexuosum -

-

5

E E 2

628 INDEX.

Page

Page

Paee

fcetidum -

-

-

5

arvense

-

103

hybrida

-

249

Kochii

-

-

5

Bocconi -

-

103

Petasites -

-

219

majus -

-

-

5

conge stum

-

104

Typha-

-

473

minus

-

-

5

elegans

.

101

angustifolia

.

473

nutans

-

-

5

filiforme -

-

106

latifolia

-

473

pubescens -

-

-

5

fragiferum

-

105

minima

-

474

saxalile

.

-

5

glomeratum

-

104

minor

-

473

Thesium

.

-

379

incarnatum

102

TYPHACEiE -

.

473

divaricatum

-

.

379

maritimum

-

102

Udora canadensis

-

424

humifusum

-

-

379

medium -

.

102

Ulf-x -

.

95

humile

-

-

379

micrantkum

-

106

Europaeus-

.

95

linophyllum

-

-

379

minus

-

106

Gallii

.

96

ramosurn -

.

-

379

ochroleucum -

-

102

nanus

-

95

Thlaspi

.

.

32

officinale -

-

100

strictus

-

95

alpestre

-

-

32

ornithopodioides

-

101

ULMACEiE

-

392

arvense

-

-

32

parvijiorum

-

104

Ulmus -

-

392

Bursa-pastor is

-

-

37

pratense -

-

102

campestris

-

393

campestre -

-

-

38

procumbens

105

106

carpinifolia

-

393

hirtum

-

-

38

repens

-

101

glabra

-

393

occitanum

-

.

32

resupinatum

-

105

Hollandica

-

393

perfoliatum

-

-

32

scabrum -

-

103

major

-

393

virens

.

.

32

stellatum -

-

103

numtana -

-

393

Thlaspide*

_

.

32

striatum -

-

103

stricta

.

393

Thrincia

_

-

210

strictum -

.

104

suberosa -

.

392

hirta -

.

.

210

subterraneum -

.

104

UMBELLIFERiE

_

165

THYMELACEjE

_

377

suffocatum

-

104

Urtica

-

390

Thymus

_

_

326

VaiUantii -

-

101

dioica

_

391

Acinos

.

_

337

Triglochin

-

472

Dodartii -

-

390

Calaminlha

.

-

337

maritimuin

-

472

integrijoUa

-

390

Chamccdrys

_

.

326

palustre -

-

472

pilulifera -

-

390

Nepeta

.

_

337

Trigonell\

-

101

urens

.

390

Serpyllum

.

-

326

ornithopodioides

-

101

URTICACE.E -

-

389

Tilia -

_

.

78

Trilliace^ -

.

445

Urticeje -

.

390

Europaea -

78

Tkinia -

-

170

Utricularia

-

342

grandifolia

-

-

78

glaberrirna

-

171

intermedia

.

342

intermedia

_

_

78

vulgaris -

-

171

minor

.

343

microphylla

_

-

78

Triodia

-

554

neglecta

_

342

parvilblia •

.

.

78

decumbens

-

554

vulgaris -

_

342

TILIACE.E

.

_

77

Tripolium vulgar e

.

251

Tillaja

-

•

154

Tr is ft urn flavescens

-

566

Vaccaria -

-

55

muscosa -

-

-

154

pratense -

.

565

vulgaris -

-

58

Tofieluia -

.

-

458

pubescens -

-

566

VACCINIACEiE

_

266

borealis

-

-

458

Triticum -

-

56s

Vaccinium -

-

267

palustris -

.

-

458

acuturn

.

608

7nacrocarpum -

.

268

Tordylium -

-

.

182

alpinum -

-

570

Myrtillus -

-

267

maximum

-

.

182

biflorum -

-

570

Oxycoccus

-

267

officinale -

-

.

182

caninum -

-

57C

uliginosum

-

267

Torilis

_

188

cristatum -

-

569

Vitis-Ida?a

.

267

Anthriscus

-

.

188

junceum -

-

569

Valantia Aparinc

-

197

infesta

.

.

188

laxum

5G9,

608

Valeriana -

-

200

nodosa

_

_

188

littorale

.

570

angustifulia

.

200

Tormentilla officinalis

131

loliaceum -

-

550

dcntata

-

202

reptans

-

-

131

pinnalurn -

•

571

dioica

-

200

Tragopogon

-

_

208

pun gens -

-

608

Locusta

-

201

major

-

-

209

repens

-

570

officinalis -

-

200

minor

-

.

209

sylvaticum

-

571

procurrens

-

200

porrifolius

-

-

209

Trollius -

-

12

Pyrenaica -

-

200

pratensis -

-

-

209

Europaeus -

-

12

rubra

-

200

Trichomanes

-

-

593

Tulipa

-

457

sambucifolia

-

200

brevisetum

-

.

593

sylvestris -

-

457

uliginosa -

-

200

radicans

.

_

593

TULIPE/E -

_

456

VALERIANACE/E

>

199

speciosum -

.

.

593

Turgenia latifolia

-

188

Valerianella Auricula

201

Trichonema

_

_

441

Turritis

-

25

carinata -

-

201

Bulbocodium

_

441

alpina

.

26

dentata

201

202

Columnae -

.

-

441

glabra

-

25

eriocarpa -

.

202

Trientalis -

.

.

347

hirsuta

_

26

Morisonii -

-

202

Europa?a -

_

.

347

Tussilago -

.

250

olitoria

-

201

Trifolie^e*

.

-

98

alpina

-

250

Vella -

>

42

Trifolium -*

.

101

Farfara

-

250

annua

-

43

agrarium -

-

-

105

fragrans -

-

250

V E L L E /£ -

-

42

INDEX.

629

Page

Page

Page

Verbascum -

-

.

318

saxatilis -

-

-

305

j Curtisii

.

_

49

Blattaria -

-

.

319

scutellata -

-

.

3<6

| Jiavicornis

-

48

ferrugineum

-

-

320

serpyllifolia

-

-

305

hirta -

.

.

47

Jloccosum -

.

-

319

spicata

-

-

301

imberbis -

.

•

47

Lychnitis -

•

-

319

triphyllos -

-

-

308

laden

.

.

48

nigrum

.

-

320

verna

-

-

308

lancifolia -

.

_

48

phi omo ides

•

m

320

Viburnum -

-

-

192

lutea

.

49

phccniceum

_

-

320

Lantana -

-

-

192

montana -

•

.

49

pulverulentum

-

m

319

Opulus

-

-

193

odorata

_

_

47

thapsiforme

-

-

318

VlCIA -

-

-

111

palustris -

.

.

46

thapsoidcs -

-

-

318

angustifolia

-

-

111

pumila

.

_

48

Thapsus -

-

-

318

Bithynica -

-

-

112

stagniua -

-

-

48

virgamm -

.

-

319

Bobarlii -

•

-

111

stneta

-

_

48

Verbena

.

-

310

Cracca

-

-

113

syivatica -

.

.

48

officinalis -

.

.

340

gracilis

-

.

114

tricolor

.

_

49

VEIIBENACE7E

.

310

hirsuta

.

_

114

VIOLACE^E

_

_

46

Veronica -

_

.

304

hybrida

-

.

112

VlSCUM

.

_

191

acini folia -

.

.

308

Icevigata -

-

-

111

album

.

_

191

agrestis

alpina

■

307

305

lathyroides

lutea-

-

■

111

112

Wahlenhergia hederacea

264

Anagallis -
arvensis -

_

-

306

Orobus

.

.

113

WOODSIA

-

-

58!

_

308

sativa

_

.

111

alpina

-

-

581

Beccabunga

.

_

306

sepium

_

112

hyperborea

-

-

581

Buxbaumii

.

.

307

syivatica -

-

-

113

llvensis

“

-

582

Chamajdrys

-

-

307

tetrasperma

-

-

113

Xanthium -

261

fruticulosa

-

-

305

V I c I E JE -

-

-

110

strumarium

_

_

261

hederzefolia

-

-

307

VlLLARSIA -

-

-

284

hirsuta

.

_

306

nymphaeoides

.

.

284

Zannichellia

.

.

485

humifusa -

_

-

305,

Vinca -

-

.

279

palustris -

-

-

485

hybrida

•

.

305 1

major

_

-

280

pedicellata

-

-

486

limosa

-

.

306 1

minor

-

-

279

poly car pa -

-

-

486

m on tana -

_

-

306

Viola -

.

46

Zoster a

-

486

officinalis -

-

-

306

am con a

-

-

49

angustifulia

-

-

486

opaca

.

-

307

arvensis -

-

-

49

marina

-

-

486

polita

-

-

307

canina

-

47, 48

nana -

-

-

487

E E 3

ENGLISH INDEX

TO

THE GENERIC AND MOST POPULAR SPECIFIC NAMES.

*#* The names of plants and vegetable substances incidentally referred to are in
Italics. In the case of the additional names, given in the “ Additions and Cor-
rections,” the figures within parentheses denote the genus or the genus and
species to which they belong.

Page

Page

Page

Abele -

_

.

-

414

Bartsia

-

-

308

Bladderwort

-

.

342

Aconite

_

_

12, 13

Basil-thyme

-

-

336

Blinks -

-

_

150

Adder’s-tongue

-

595

Bastard alkyiet

-

-

290

Blue-bell

-

-

450

Agrimony

_

.

-

134

Bastard balm

-

-

333

Blue-bottle -

_

.

239

Alder -

-

-

-

396

Bastard pimpernel

-

349

Blysmus

-

-

491

Ale-hoof

.

(15. 2) 336

Bastard stone-parsley

-

171

Bog asphodel

_

-

468

Alexanders

_

-

-

184

Bastard toadflax

-

-

379

Bog-myrtle -

-

-

395

Alkanet

.

-

-

294

Beaked-parsley

-

-

184

Bog-orchis -

-

-

427

All-good

-

(2, 10) 362

Beak-rush -

-

-

490

Bog-rush

-

-

489

All-heal

.

.

.

200

Beam-tree -

-

-

14]

Borage

-

-

295

Allseed

_

(2, 1) 75, 152

Bearberry -

-

-

274

Borkhausia -

-

.

215

Almond

_

.

-

117

Bearbind -

-

(2) 286

Bottle-gourd

-

•

150

Aloe

_

.

_

446

Beard-grass

-

-

535

Box

_

•

386

Alyssum

.

-

-

30

Bear’s-foot -

.

(9,2) 12

Brake -

_

.

592

Amaranth

_

_

-

358

Bed-straw -

.

-

195

Bramble

-

_

122

Ammoniac

_

_

_

165

Beech -

.

-

416

Brandy-bottle

.

.

1C

Anacharis

-

-

-

424

Beech- fern -

-

-

580

Brank -

(1, 6) 370

Andromeda

-

-

-

273

Beet

-

-

359

Bread-fruit -

-

.

390

Anemone

_

_

5

Bell-flower -

_

-

262

Bristle-fern -

.

_

593

Angelica

-

-

-

180

Bent-grass -

-

-

537

Bristle-grass

-

-

546

Apple-tree

-

-

-

140

Betony

-

-

333

Brome-grass

-

-

560

Archangel

-

-

-

332

Bilberry

-

-

267

Brooklime -

-

-

306

Arrow-grass

_

.

472

Bindweed

-

-

286

Brookweed -

_

.

350

Arrow-head

-

-

471

Birch -

-

-

395

Broom

-

_

97

Artichoke

_

-

-

233

Bird-cherry -

-

-

119

Broom-rape

-

-

299

Asarabacca

-

-

-

380

Bird’s-foot -

-

-

109

Bryony

-

150

445

Ash

.

.

.

278

Bird’s-foot trefoil

-

JOG

Buckbean

-

_

284

Ash-weed

-

-(10, 1) 172

Bird’s-nest -

-

-

277

Buckthorn -

.

-

93

Asparagus

-

_

-

447

Bird’s-nest orchis

-

430

Buckwheat -

-

-

370

Aspen -

-

-

„

415

Birthwort -

-

-

380

Buffonia

-

.

64

Asphodel

-

-

458, 468

Bishopweed -

-

-

172

Bugle -

-

-

328

Assafoetida

_

-

-

165

Bistort

-

-

369

Bugloss

-

.

294

Avens -

.

-

-

121

Bitter-apple

-

-

150

Bullace-tree

.

.

119

Awhvort

-

_

36

Bitter-cress -

.

-

26

Bulrush

-

_

493

Azalea -

_

_

273

Bitter-sweet

-

-

298

Burdock

.

-

234

Bitter-vetch

-

-

114

Bur-marigold

_

243

Bald-money

_

-

179

Black-alder -

-

(1.

2)

93

Burnet

-

-

133

Balm -

-

-

-

338

Black-bryony

-

445

Burnet-saxifrage

.

173

Balsam

-

-

-

87

Black-saltwort

-

-

346

Bur-parsley

-

_

187

Bane-berry

.

.

-

13

Blackthorn -

(1,

1)

119

Bur-reed

.

.

474

Barberry

_

-

-

14

Bladder-fern

.

587

Bur-weed

_

.

261

Barley

-

-

-

567

Bladder-nut

-

-

91

Butcher’s-broom

.

448

Barrenwort

-

-

-

14

Bladder-seed

-

-

183 Butter-bur -

-

-

249

632

ENGLISH INDEX,

Page

Page

Page

Butterfly-orchis

-

-

436

Corn-marigold

-

-

257

Dyer’s woad

-

- 39

Gill

Butterwort -

-

-

341

Corn-rose -

.

(1,4) 17

Cillj

Corn-salad -

-

.

201

Earthnut

-

172. 173

Gins

Cabbage

-

-

39

Corydalis

-

-

2C

Karthnut-pea

-

- 605

Gips

Calamint

-

-

33G

Cotoneaster

-

-

140

Ebony -

_

- 94

Glad

Calves’-snout

-

(9) 314

Cotton -

-

-

75

Eglantine

(14, 13) 138

Gl?.'

Campion

-

58, 61

Cotton-grass

-

-

49b

Elaterium -

- 149

Gh

Canary-grass and -seed

531

Cotton-thistle

-

-

239

Elder -

.

- 192

Glo

Candy- tuft -

-

-

33

Cotton-weed

-

-

243

Elecampane -

-

- 255

Goa

Caoutchouc 94,

279,

382, 390

Couch-grass

-

-

570

Elm

-

- 392

Gol

Capsicum

-

-

297

Cowbane

-

-

169

Enchanter’s nig

htshade 145

Gol

Caraway

-

-

172

Cowberry -

-

-

267

Endive -

_

- 233

Gol

Carex -

-

-

499

Cowilch

-

-

94

Epipogium -

-

- 432

Gol

Carline-thisile

-

-

239

Cow-parsnep

-

-

181

Eryngo

_

- 169

Gol

Carnation -

-

-

56

Cowslip

-

-

344

Euphorbium

-

- 382

Goo

Carrot -

-

-

186

,, of Jerusalem -

(2,2) 290

Evening primrose

- 145

Goo

Cascarilla

-

-

382

Cow’s-lungwort

(13, 1) 318

Everlasting

-

- 246

Goo

Cassava

-

-

382

Cow • tree

-

-

390

Everlasting-pea

-

- 114

Got

Castor oil

-

-

382

Cow-wheat -

-

-

311

Eye-bright

-

- 310

Goo

Catch fly

-

58, 61

Crab-tree -

-

-

140

Cat-mint

-

•-

335

Crakeberry -

-

-

381

False brome-grass

- 571

Goo

Cat’s-ear

-

-

211

Cranberry -

-

-

267

False oat-grass

-

- 544

Gor

Cat’s-foot

-

-

246

Crane’s-bill

-

-

83

Featherfoil -

_

- 344

G(«

Cat’s-tail

-

-

473

Cresses

-

-

21

Feather-grass

.

- 535

Go

Cat’s-tail-grass

-

-

532

Cress-rocket

-

-

35

Fennel

-

- 177

Gra

Cedar of Lebanon

-

419

Crocus

-

.

441

Fenugreek -

-

- 101

Gra

Celandine -

-

10, 18

Crosswort -

-

-

195

Ferns

_

- 577

Gra

Celery -

-

170

Croton-oil -

m

-

382

Fescue-grass

_

- 556

Gra

Centaury

-

-

281

Crowberry -

-

-

381

Feverfew

-

- 257

Gr

Ceterach

-

-

579

Crowfoot

-

_

7

Field-madder

-

- 198

G

Chaffweed -

-

-

349

Cuckoo-flower

-

(7,2)

27

Fig-tree

-

- 390

Gr

Chamomile -

-

-

258

Cuckoo-pint -

-

-

475

Figwort

-

- 313

Gr

Charlock

-

41, 43

Cucumber -

-

-

150

Filago

-

- 248

Gr

Cheese-rennet

-(2

, 1) 195

Cudweed

-

-

246

Filmy-fern -

-

- 594

Gr

Cherry -

-

118

Currant

-

-

158

Finger-grass

-

- 575

Go

Chervil

-

-

185

Cut-grass

-

-

529

Fiorin -

(14, 4) 538

Gu

Chestnut

.

-

416

Cyperus

-

-

488

Fir

-

. 419

Gi

Chickweed -

-

69, 7 2

Cyphel

-

-

65

Flag - -

-

- 440

Gh

Chickweed wintergreen

347

Flax -

-

- 74

Gu

Chicory

-

-

233

Daffodil (Daffy-down-

Flax-seed -

-

- 75

Gu

Chives -

-

453

dilly)

-

-

443

Fleabane

-

250, 256

Gi

Cicely -

•

.

186

Daisy -

_

-

256

Fleawort

-

- 252

r,f

Cicendia

-

-

280

Dame’s violet

-

-

34

Flixweed

-

- 35

Gy

Cinquefoil -

.

128

129

Dandelion -

-

-

216

Flower-de-luce

-

- 440

Clary -

-

-

322

Danewort -

-

-

192

Flowering-fern

-

- 595

H

Cleavers

-

-

198

Darnel

-

-

573

Flowering-rush

-

- 469

H

Cloud-berry

-

-

124

Dead-nettle

-

-

332

Fluellen

-

- 315

H

Clove-gillyflower

-

56

Deadly nightshade

-

298

Fool’s-parsley

-

- 177

H

Clover -

_

-

101

Deal wood -

-

-

420

Forget-me-not

-

- 291

H

Club-moss -

.

-

596

Deer’s-hair -

-

-

496

Foxglove

-

- 314

H

Club-rush -

-

-

493

Devil’s-bit -

-

-

203

Fox-tail-grass

-

- 529

H

Cockle -

-

-

62

Dewberry -

-

-

124

Fritillary

-

- 457

H

Cock’s-foot-grass

-

555

Dittander

(25,1)

37

Frog-bit

-

- 424

H

Coffee-tree -

-

-

194

Dock -

-

-

373

Fumitory

-

- 19

' H

Cole-seed

-

-

40

Dodder

-

-

286

Furze -

-

- 95

H

Colocynth

-

-

150

Dog-rose

-

-

135

Fustic wood

-

- 389

H

Colt’s-foot -

-

-

250

Dog’s mercury

-

-

382

1

Columbine -

-

-

12

Dog’s-tail-grass

-

-

556

Gagea -

-

- 456

1

Colza -

_

40

Dog’s-tooth-grass

-

575

Gaibanum -

_

- 165

H

Comfrey

-

.

295

Dogwood

-

-

190

Gale

-

- 395

H

Contrayerva

-

-

390

Dove’s foot -

-

-

85

Galingale

-

- 488

H

Convolvulus

-

-

286

Dropwort

“

-

120

Gambeer

-

- 194

H

Copaiva

.

-

94

Dryas -

-

-

121

Gardener’s garters

- 532

Coralroot

-

.

427

Duckweed -

-

-

477

Garlic

-

- 451

\

Coralwort -

.

.

26

Dutch clover

-

-

101

Garlic-mustard

-

- 35

\

Cord-grass -

-

_

574

Dutch myrtle

-

-

395

Gean -

-

- 119

[

Coriander

.

.

1*2

Dutch rushes

.

-

601

Gentian

-

- 282

1

Cornel

.

190

Dwale -

-

29*

Gentianella -

-

- 282

1

Corn-cockle -

62

Dyer’s green-weed

-

96

Geranium -

-

- 83

}

Corn-flag L-

-

44

Dyer’s rocket

-

‘

44

Germander -

"

- 327

H

ENGLISH INDEX,

633

Page

Page

Page

Gill -

(15

2)

336

Hemp-nettle

-

-

331

Lady’s cushion

(I, 13) IG3

Gillyflower -

24,

56,

350

Henbane

-

-

298

Lady’s fingers

-

98

Ginseng

.

.

189

Henbit -

.

-

333

Lady’s mantle

-

132

Gipsywort -

_

.

322

Henna -

-

-

148

Lady’s seal -

- (1, 1) 445

Gladdon

.

.

440

Herb-Bennet

.

(4, 1)

121

Lady’s slipper

-

439

Gladiole

- 411,

4'i'i

Herb-Christopher

13

Lady’s smock

- (7, 2)

27

Glasswort -

.

-

366

llerb-Gerarde

(10, 1)

72

Lady’s tresses

-

430

Globe-flower

_

.

12

Herb-Paris -

.

_

446

Lamb’s lettuce

-

201

Goat’s-beard

•

208

Ilerb-Robert

-

_

85

Lancashire asphodel -

468

Gold-of-pl ensure

.

_

36

Herb-Twopence

-

-

348

Larkspur

-

13

Golden-rod -

.

-

251

High-taper -

-

(13, 1) 18

Leek -

-

451

Golden-samphire

-

256

Hog’s-fennel

-

-

180

Leopard’s-bane

-

254

Golden-saxifrage

-

-

164

Hogweed

-

-

181

Lesser celandine

-

10

Goldvlocks -

-

-

245

Holly -

-

.

278

Lettuce

-

211

Good King Henry

-

362

Holly-fern -

-

-

582

Lily

-

457

Goodyera

-

-

431

Holy-grass -

-

-

545

Lily of the valley

-

448

Gooseberry -

_

.

158

Honewort -

-

-

170

Lime-tree -

-

78

Goosecorn -

(1,

17) 465

Honeysuckle

-

-

193

Linden-tree

-

78

Goosefoot

.

359

Hop

-

-

391

Ling -

-

272

Goosegrass -

_

-

198

Horehound -

-

330

336

Linnaea

-

193

Goosetongue

(46

1) 260

Hornbeam -

-

-

4 is

Linseed

.

74

Gorse -

_

.

95

Horned-pondweed

-

485

Liparis

-

427

Gourd -

.

.

1 19

Horned-poppy

-

-

18

Liquorice

- 94,

108

Gout weed -

.

.

172

Hornwort

-

-

388

Livelong

-

1 56

Grape-hyacinth

-

.

451

Horse-radish

-

-

28

Lloydia

-

456

Grasses

_

.

523

Horse-shoe vetch

-

110

Lobelia

-

266

Grass of Parnassus

-

51

Horse-tail

-

-

599

Logivood

-

94

Grass-vetch -

-

-

114

Hound’s-tongue

-

-

296

London pride

-

160

Grass- wrack

.

_

486

Houseleek -

-

-

155

London rocket

-

35

Greenweed -

.

_

96

Hutchinsia -

-

-

32

Loosestrife

- 148,347

Gromwell

.

-

290

Hyacinth

-

-

451

Lords and ladies

-

475

Ground-ivy -

.

335

Hya-Hya

-

-

279

Lousewort -

-

312

Ground-pine

-

.

329

Lovage

-

178

Groundsel -

-

_

252

India-rubber 94,

279, 382, 390

Love-apple -

_

297

Guelder-rose

_

.

192

Indigo -

-

-

94

Love-in-idleness

-(1,7)

49

Gum-anime

.

_

94

Insect-orchis

-

-

438

Lucerne

99

Gum-arabic

-

-

94

Ipecacuanha

-

-

194

Lungwort -

- 289,

318

Gum-dragon

.

94

446

Iris

-

-

440

Lychnis

-

61

Gum-lac

_

.

94

Isnardia

-

-

115

Lyme-grass

- 567,

568

Gum-ladanum

-

-

45

Isolepis

-

-

492

Gum-lragacanlh

_

.

94

Ivy

-

-

190

Madder

_

194

Gymnadenia

.

-

436

Madwort

-

296

Gymnogram

-

•

579

Jack-by-tbe-hedgp

-

35

Maidenhair - 580, 589,

593

Jacob’s Ladder

-

-

285

Male-fern -

.

584

Habenaria -

»

436

Jagged chick weed

-

70

Mallow

76

Hairbell

m-

-

263

Jak-fruil

-

-

390

Mandragora

.

297

Hair-grass -

_

_

540

Jalap -

-

-

285

Mangel-wurzel

-

359

Hard-l'ern -

_

.

592

Jasmine

.

27 S

Manna

- 149

278

Hard-grass -

-

.

573

Jointed-charlock

-

43

Mannacroup-grass

548

Hare’s-ear -

-

36

1 7 1

Joint-vetch -

-

-

109

Man-orchis -

.

437

Hare’s-tail-grass

-

533

Jujubes

-

-

93

Maple -

_

83

Hart’s-tongue

-

_

591

Juniper

.

-

420

Mare’s-tail -

-

146

Hartwort

-

.

182

Marigold

11, 243,

257

Haver -

.

.

564

Kale

-

-

43

Marjoram -

_

327

Haw kbit

_

_

210

Kidney-vetch

-

-

98

Marram

.

534

Hawk’s-beard

.

-

214

Knappia

-

-

574

Marsh-cinquefoi!

_

128

Hawkweed -

-

.

216

Knapweed -

-

-

239

Marsh-fern -

_

583

Hawthorn -

.

.

140

Ivnautia

_

.

204

Marsh-mallow

.

77

Hazel-nut -

_

_

417

Knawel

.

-

368

Marsh-marigold

.

H

Heart’s-ease

.

_

49

Knee-holly -

-

(2, 1) 448

Marsh-pennywort

168

Heath -

-

_

270

Knot-grass -

_

152,370

Marsh-trefoil

.

284

Heath-grass

.

554

Kobresia

.

_

498

Marshwort -

_

171

Hedge-hyssop

-

_

304

Koeleria

.

.

544

Masterwort -

_

181

Hedge-mustard

.

34

Koniga

_

-

30

Matfelon

(23, 4) 241

Hedge-parsley

-

-

188

Mat-grass

-

528

Hellebore

-

12

Lace-bark -

-

-

378

Mat weed

.

.534

Helleborine -

-

-

T2S

Lady-fern -

.

.

591

May

.

140

Hemlock

-

-

183

Lady’s bedstraw

(2, 1) 195

May-lily

_

449

Hemp -

-

-

3*9

Ladv’s bower

-

(1,1) 4

Mayweed

(45, 5) 259

Hemp-agrimony

-

245

Lady’s comb •>

(33, 1) 184

Meadow-grass

-

547

634

ENGLISH INDEX,

Page

Page

Page

Meadow-rue

-

-

4

Olive -

-

_

278 Primrose-peerless

(1, 3) 444

Meadow-saffron

-

-

458

One-berry -

-0,

1) 446

Privet -

-

-

278

Meadow-saxifrage

-

17N

Onion -

.

451

Purple-loosestrife

-

148

Meadow-sweet

-

_

120

Ophrys

.

.

438

Purslane

.

-

150

Medick

-

-

98

Opium -

im

.

17

Medlar

-

-

139

Orache

.

-

362

Quaking-grass

-

-

555

Melic-grass -

-

-

543

Orchis 427, 432

436, 437,

43S

Queenof themeadows(2,3) 1 20

Melilot

-

-

100

Orpine

-

-

155

Quicken-tree

(18,5) 141

Melon -

.

_

150

Orris-root -

•

-

440

Quillwort

-

-

597

Menziesia -

-

-

272

Osier -

_

_

397

Mercury

_

-

382

Osmund

-

_

595

Radish -

-

.

43

Meu

-

-

179

Ox-eye

-

.

257

Ragged Robin

-

-

61

Mezereon

_

-

378

Oxlip -

.

-

344

Ragwort

-

-

252

Michaelmas daisy

-

251

Ox-tongue -

-

_

209

Rampion

-

262, 264

Mignonette -

-

-

44

Oxytropis -

-

-

107

Ramsons

-

-

454

Milfoil

-

147

200

Oyster-plant

-

-

291

Rape -

-

-

40

Milk-parsley

-

-

181

Raspberry -

-

-

122

Milk-thistle -

_

.

236

Paeony -

-

-

14 Hattie -

-

-

310

Milk-tree

-

-

279

Paigle -

_

-

345

Red rattle -

-

(6,0

312

Milk-vetch -

.

_

108

Panic-grass -

-

.

546

Reed -

-

_

566

Milkwort

_

_

52

Pansy -

-

.

49

Reed-mace -

-

-

473

Mill-mountain

0,4)

74

Paraguay tea

-

-

277

Rest-harrow

-

-

97

Millet -

-

-

547

Park-leaves -

-a.

2)

79

Rhododendron

.

-

270

Millet-grass

-

-

534

Parsley

170

Rhubarb

-

-

369

Mint -

_

_

323

Parsley-fern

_

-

592

Ribbon-grass

-

-

532

Mistletoe

_

.

191

Parsley-piert

-

.

1 33

Ribwort

-

.

354

Mithridate mustard

•

32

Parsnep

_

.

181

Roast-beef plant

-

-

440

Mcenchia

_

-

7c

Pasque-flower

-

-

5

Rock-brake -

-

-

592

Molinia

.

.

542

Pea

.

.

114

Rock-cress -

_

_

25

Moneses

_

_

275

Pear-tree

_

-

140

Rock-rose -

-

-

45

Moneywort

.

317, 348

Pearlwort -

-

-

62

Rocket

-

-

42

Monk’s-hood

-

-

13

Pellitory of the wall

•

391

Roemeria

-

-

18

Monk’s-rhubarb

.

_

374

Penny-cress

_

-

32

Rose -

-

-

135

Moonwort -

.

-

596

Penny-royal

-

-

326

Kose-bay

-

-

142

Moor-grass -

-

_

545

Pennywort

- 155,

168

Rosemary, wild

-

(5, 1) 273

Moschatel -

-

-

189

Pepper-grass

-

-

598

Rose-root

-

-

156

Motherwort -

_

-

330

Pepper-mint

.

-

324

Rowan-tree -

-

-

141

Mountain-ash

-

.

141

Pepper-saxifrage

-

179

Royal-fern -

-

-

595

Mountain-fern

-

-

583

Pepperwort -

-

-

37

Rupture- wort

-

-

151

Mountain-sorrel

_

377

Periwinkle -

_

•

279

Rush -

-

-

460

Mouse-ear chickweed 68,71

Persicaria -

_

_

371

Rye-grass -

-

-

572

Mouse-tail -

_

-

6

Peruvian bark

..

_

194

Mud-rush -

_

_

492

Petty-whin -

-

-

96

Saffron

-

-

442

Mudwort

_

_

317

Pheasant’s-eye

.

6

Sage -

-

-

322

Mugweed

-

-

195

Picris - -

_

-

209

Saintfoin

-

-

110

Mugwort

-

_

244

Pignut (11,2;

12,1)172,173

St. Barnabv’s-thistle -

242

Mulberry

-

_

389

Pilewort

-

-

10

St. Dabeoc’s- heath

-

273

Mullein

.

.

318

Pillwort

-

.

598

St. John’s-wort

-

-

79

Musk-orchis

-

-

437

Pimpernel -

_

.

348

St.Patrick’s-cabbagef 1,2) 160

Mustard

.

.

41

Pine

-

.

419

St. Peter’s-wort

-

(1,8)

81

Pink -

.

_

56

Salad-burnet

133

Naias -

•

-

486

Pipewort

-

-

459

Sa/ep

.

-

425

Narcissus

-

443

Pitch -

_

_

419

Sallow

-

-

397

Navelwort -

-(

2, 1) 155

Plantain

-

-

353

Sallow-thorn

-

.

394

Navew

-

39

Ploughman’s spikenard

255

Salsify -

-

209

Needle-whin

.

-

96

Plum -

-

-

118

Saltwort

-

346

367

Nettle -

-

-

390

Plume-thistle

-

-

236

Samphire

-

-

179

New Zealand flax

-

446

P lyanthus-primrose

.

345

Satidalwood -

-

.

378

Nightshade -

.

145

298

Polypody

-

-

580

Sandwort -

-

-

66

Nipplewort

-

-

233

Pondweed -

-

-

478

Sandwort-spurrey

-

153

Nit-grass

-

-

534

Poor man’s weather-

Sanicle

-

-

168

None-so-pretty

-

-

160

glass

-

_

349

Sarsaparilla

•

-

422

Nonsuch

_

-

99

Poplar -

-

_

414

S luce-alone

-

.

35

Nut-tree

.

-

417

Poppy -

-

-

16

Saunders-wood

-

-

94

Potato -

-

_

297

Saussurea -

-

.

235

Oak -

.

_

417

Prickly fern

_

.

582

Sawwort

-

.

234

Oak-fern

.

M

580

Prickly samphire

_

189

Saxifrage

-

-

160

Oat, or Oat-grass

-

564

Prickmadam

- (4

5) 156

Scabious

-

-

203

Old-man’s beard -

(1,1) 4

Prickwood -

- (1

1)

92

Scale-fern

-

-

579

Oleander

-

279

Primrose

344

Scammony -

“

-

285

ENGLISH INDEX

635

Page

Page

Page

Scheucbzeria

-

-

472

Squill -

-

446,

454

Upas-tree -

-

390

Scorpion-grass

-

-

291

Suuinancy-wort

-

-

199

Scottish asphodel

-

468

Squirrel-tail-grass

-

568

Valerian

-

200

Scottish thistle

-

_

239

Star of Bethlehem

-

455

Vanilla

-

425

Scurvy-grass

-

_

29

Star of the earth

-

(1,5) 354

Venus’ comb

-

184

Sea-blite

_

.

367

Star-fruit

-

-

470

Verbena

.

340

Sea-buckthorn

_

.

394

Star-thistle -

-

-

239

Vernal-grass

-

528

Sea-gillyflower

_

.

360

Starwort

-

-

251

Vervain

.

340

Sea-heath -

_

.

53

Stitchwort -

.

-

68

Vetch -

_

111

Sea-holly

.

.

169

Stock -

.

_

23

Vetchling

-

114

Sea-kale

-

.

43

Stock-gillyflower

-

24

Villarsia

-

284

Sea-lavender

.

.

351

Stonecrop -

-

-

155

Violet -

-

46

Sea-mat weed

.

-

534

Stonewort -

-

(9, 1)

172

Viper’s bugloss

_

289

Sea-milkwort

_

_

346

Stork’s-bill -

-

86

Virgin’s bower

-(!, l)

4

Sea-parsnep

-

-

1K9

Strapwort -

-

-

151

Sea-pea

(18,8) llfi

Strawberry -

-

-

128

Wake-robin

-

475

Sea-pink

-

-

350

Strawberry-tree

-

-

274

Wall-cress -

-

26

Sea-purslane

-

65, 363

Striped-grass

-

-

532

Wall-flower

-

24

Sea-radish -

-

_

43

Succory

-

-

233

Wall-pellitory

-

391

Sea-reed

.

.

533

Sulphur-weed

_

-

180

Wall-pepper

-

157

Sea-rocket -

_

_

33

Sundew

.

.

50

Wall-rue -

.

589

Sedge -

.

.

499

Sweet-briar -

-

-

135

Wall-wort -

-(1, 1)

192

Self-heal -

-

.

339

Sweet-flag -

-

-

476

Wart-cress -

38

Seim a -

-

-

94

Sweet potato

-

-

285

Wart wort

(2, 2) 383

Service-tree

_

_

140

Swine’s-cress

_

.

39

Water-chickweed

150

Setter-wort -

-

(9, 2)

12

Sycamore

-

-

83

Water- cress

-

27

Shamrock -

.

_

88

W ater-dropwort

.

175

Sheep’s-bit -

.

-

265

Tamarisk

-

-

149

Water-gladiole

(1, 1) 469

Sheep’s-scabious

-

.

265

Tanghin

-

-

279

Water-hemlock

-

169

Shepherd’s club

(13, 1) 318

Tansy -

-

-

244

Water-lily -

-

15

Shepherd’s needle

-

184

Tare

-

-

111

Water-milfoil

_

147

Shepherd’s purse

.

37

Tassel-pond weed

-

485

Water-parsnep

.

174

Shepherd’s rod

-

(1,31

2('3

Teak

-

-

340

Water-plantain

-

470

Shield-fern -

_

_

582

Teasel -

_

_

202

Water-purslane

_

148

Shoreweed -

.

_

355

Teesdalia

-

_

33

Water-soldier

_

425

Sibbaldia

_

-

132

Tentwort

-

_

589

Water-starwort

.

387

Sibthorpia -

-

_

317

Thale-cress -

_

35

Water-violet

_

344

Silver-weed

.

.

129

Thistle

-

_

235

Water- wort -

_

53

Simethis

_

_

450

Thorn-apple

_

.

297

Way-Bennet

_

568

Skull-cap

.

-

339

Thorow-wax

-

-

175

Way-bread -

(I, 1) 353

Sloe -

_

_

119

Thrift -

_

-

350

Way-thistle -

(20, 3) 237

Smallage

-

(5, 1)

170

Thrincia

-

.

210

Wayfaring-tree

192

Small-reed -

.

536

Throatwort -

-

(1,7) 263

Weasel-snout

„

332

Snake’s-head

_

_

457

Thrum wort -

_

_

470

Weather-glass

_

349

Snakeweed -

-

-

369

Thyme

_

_

326

Weld .

_

44

Snapdragon -

-

-

314

Tiglium oil -

-

-

382

Welsh poppy

-

17

Sneezewort -

-

_

260

Tillaea -

-

-

154

Wheat, or Wheat-grass

568

Snowdrop

_

.

444

Timothy-grass

-

.

532

Whin -

-

95

Snowflake

_

_

444

Toadflax

_

_

315

White beam-tree

141

Soap wort

_

.

57

Tobacco -

.

.

297

White horehound

336

Soft- grass -

.

_

543

Tonquin bean

.

-

94

White-rot -

_

168

Solomon’s seal

.

-

449

Toothwort -

-

_

303

YVhite-thorn

140

Sorrel -

.

_

376

Tormentil -

.

_

131

Whitlow-grass

_

30

Southernwood

•

_

244

Touch-me-not

_

_

87

Whorl- grass

539

Sowbane

(2, 4) 361

Tower-mustard

•

-

25

Whortleberry

_

267

Sow-bread -

-

_

346

Tower- wallcress

-

-

26

Wild-basil -

_

336

Sow-thistle -

.

212

213

Traveller’s joy

_

.

4

Wild -chamomile

257

Soy

-

-

94

Treacle-mustard

-

-

36

Wild-liquorice

(i2, n

108

Spearwort -

-

-

7

Tree-mallow

-

-

75

Wild-rosemary

- (S. 1) 273

Speedwell

-

-

304

Trefoil

.

_

101

Willow

_

397

Spignel

.

_

179

Trichonema

.

_

441

Willow-herb

-

142

Spikenard -

_

.

199

True-love -

-

(1, 1) 446

Wind-flower

(3, 2)

6

Spike-rush -

.

-

491

Tulip -

_

-

457

Winter-aconite

12

Spina ge

-

-

35 s

Turk’s-cap lily

-

-

457

Winter-cherry

_

297

Spindle-tree

-

-

92

Turnip

.

-

39

Winter-cress

-

24

Spiraea -

-

-

120

Turnsol

-

.

382

Win ter- green

_

275

Spleen wort -

-

—

588

Turpentine -

.

-

419

Witch-elm -

_

393

Spurge -

-

-

383

Tutsan

_

_

79

W oad -

_

39

Spurge-laurel

.

-

378

T way blade -

-

.

430

Woad-waxen

- (2, 1)

96

Spurrey

-

154

Twig-rush -

-

-

489

Wolf’s-bane

13

636

ENGLISH INDEX.

Woodbine -

Page
- 193

Wormwood -

Page
- 244

Yellow-cress

Page
- 27

Woodruff'

- 199

Woundwort -

- 334

Yellow-flag -

- 440

Wood-rush -

- 466

Wych-elm -

- 393

Yellow-rattle

- 310

Wood-sage -

- (6, 1) 327

Wych-hazel

- 393

Yellow-rocket

- 24

Wood- waxen
Wood si a

- (2, 1) 96
- 581

Yam -

- 445

Yellow-weed

Yellow-wort

- 44

- 284

Wood-sorrel

- 88

Y arrow

- 260

Yew -

- 421

' Worm-seed

- 36

Yellow bird’s nest

- 277

THE END.

LONDON

PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODS AND CO.
NBW-STREET SQUARE.

The Binder will observe that these explanations must be placed
opposite their respective Plates.

Fig. 1.
‘Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.

TABLE I.

UMBELLIPER/E.

IIydrocotyle. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Sanicula. — a. Barren flower, b. Fruit.

Eryngium. — a. Petal, b. Flower with a 3-cleft scale
at its base. c. Fruit.

Cicuta. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.

AriuM. — a. Petal, b. Fruit, c. Transverse section
Petroselinum. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Trinia. — a. Barren flower, b. Fruit, c. Transverse
section.

Helosciadium. — a. Petal, b. Fruit, c. Transverse
section.

Sison. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
xEgopodium. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Carum. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.

Bunium. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Pimpinella. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.

Sium. — a. Petal, b. Fruit, c. Transverse section of
a single carpel.

Bupleurum. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.

tJTT

TAB 1! .

W. Fitch Uth

K I P Hauhart imp*

TABLE II.

Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.

Fig. 28.

Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.

umbeleifer.e — continued.

CEnanthe. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
vEthusa. — a. Petal, b. Fruit, c. Transverse section
Fcenicuecm. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Seseli. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Ligusticum. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Silaes. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.

Meum. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.

Crithmum. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Angeeica. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Peucedanum. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Pastinaca. — a. Fruit. Z|. Transverse section.
Heracleum. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section of a
single carpel.

Tordylium. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section of a
single carpel.

Coriandrum. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Conium. — a. Petal, b. Fruit, c. Transverse section.

TABLE III.

Fig. 31.
Fig. 32.
Fig. 33.

Fig. 34.
Fig. 35.
Fig. 36.
Fig. 37.
Fig. 38.
Fig. 39.
Fig. 40.

um belli flr/h — continued.

Puysosfermum. — a. Fruit. I). Transverse section.
Smyrnium. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Scandix. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section of a single
carpel.

Anthriscus. — a. b. Fruits, c. Transverse section.
Ch.erophyllum. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.
Myrrhis. — a. Fruit, b. Transverse section.

Daucus. — Transverse section of a single carpel.
Caucalis. — Transverse section of a single carpel.
Toiulis. — Transverse section of a single carpel.
Echinophora. — Fruit, with its prickly receptacle.

COMPOSITE.

A. Leontodon. — (For the explanation of these figures, see
p. 208, foot-note.)

TAB IV

TABLE IV.

composite — continued.

A. Cakduus. ) (For the explanation of these figures, see

B. Centaurea. j p. 234, foot-note.)

C. Diotis. ) (For the explanation of these figures, see p. 242,

D. Bellis.) foot-note.)

TAR V

W Fitch Utb

If A N Hanhart Imj)'

TABLE V.

COMPOSITE.

Anomalous Genus.

Xanthidm. — (For the explanation of these figures, see p. 261,
foot-note.)

TAB ■*!

W Rtch lot

M k fi Hanhilt Imp'

TABLE YI.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.

GRAMIISEiB.

Anthoxanthom. — a. Spikelet. b. The same from
which the glumes are removed, showing the two
neuter glumellas. c. The glumellas of the inner
awnless and fertile floret.

Nardus. — a. The two glumellas destitute of glumes.
b. Pistil with its single style and stigma.

Alopecurus. — a. Spikelet with its two glumes.
b. Solitary glumella with its awn.

Phalaris. — a. Glumes, b. Glumellas of the fertile
floret, with the glumellas of two other neuter
florets.

Psamma. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret with the tuft of
hairs at the base.

Phleum. — a. Glumes, b. Floret with its glumellas.

Lagurus. — a. Glumes, b. Floret with its glumellas.

Milium.— a. Spikelet. b. Floret.

Gastridium. — a. Glumes, swollen at the base.
b. Floret with its two glumellas.

Polypogon. — a. Glumes, b. Floret with its glu-
mellas.

Stipa. — a. Spikelet with the very long twisted awn
terminating the floret, b. Glumes, c. Glumellas,
the long awn being cut away from the outer one.

Calamagrostis. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret, surrounded
by hairs at the base.

Agrostis. — a. Glumes, b. Floret with the glumellas.

Catabrosa. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret.

IAE VII.

to to

TABLE VH.

. 15.

. 16.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 18.

Fig. 19.

Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.

Fig. 22.

Fig 23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.

gramine.e — continued.

Aira. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret with its glumellas.

Melica. — a. Glutnes. b. Two fertile florets from the
spikelet, with the rudiment of a third floret (neuter)
between them. c. One fertile floret from the spike-
let, with its neuter floret.

Holcus. — a. Glumes, b. Two florets from the spike-
let; the upper one barren (with stamens only) and
awned ; the lower one perfect and awnless.

Arriienatherum. — a. Spikelet, with two florets ; the
lowest floret barren, with a long twisted awn ; the
upper (shown separately at b ) perfect, with a short
straight bristle.

Hierochloe. — a. Glumes, b. The three florets, of
which the two lateral ones are triandrous, and
without a pistil ; the middle one perfect, and
diandrous.

Sesleria. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret.

Panicum. — a. Unequal glumes, with the neutral floret
inside the smaller glume, b. Fertile floret.

Setaria. — a. Bristly involucre with the spikelets.
b. Unequal glumes, with the neuter floret inside
the smaller one. c. Perfect floret.

Poa. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret.

Triodia. — a. Spikelet. b. Glumellas of a floret.

Bkiza. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret.

Dactylis. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret.

to fcfj

TABLE VIII.

Pis. ‘27.

Fig. 28.

Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.
Fig. 31.
Fig. 32.

Fig. 33.

Fig. 34.

. 35.

36.

Fig. 37.

Fig. 38.

GRAMiNEiE — continued.

Cynosurus. — a. Spikelet, with the pectinate invo-
lucre. It. Floret.

Festuca. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret.

Bromus. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret.

A vena. — a. Floret, b. Spikelet.

Phragmites. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret.

Elymus.— a. Two spikelets from the same joint of
the rachis, each with two florets, b. Floret.

IIordeum. — a. Three spikelets from the same joint
of the rachis, each with a single floret, b. One of
the lateral (barren) florets, c. Central (perfect)
one.

Triticum. — a. Two spikelets, one from each joint of
the rachis. b. Floret.

Brachytodium. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret.

Lolium. — a. Spikelet, with its single glume.
b. Floret.

Lepturus. — a. Spikelet on the rachis, with the two
collateral glumes, b. Floret.

Sfartina. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret, c. Pistil.

TABLE IX.

gramineae — continued.

Fig. 39. Knappia. — a. Spikelet. b. Floret and glumellas.

Fig. 40. Cynodon. — a. Portion of a spike, b. Spikelet.

Fig. 41. Digitaria. — a. Spikelet. b. Fertile floret and glu-
mellas.

Fig. 42. a. Pistil of a grass with its hypogynous scales, b.

Portion of the stem of a grass, with the ligule upon
the leaf, and the sheath slit on one side, c — g.
Examples of the inflorescence of grasses, c. Spike-
like panicle, as in Anthoxanthum. d. Panicle, as in
Briza minor, e. Spike, the spikelets distichous, as
in Lolium. perenne. f. Spike, the spikelets imbri-
cated on all sides, as in Triticum cristatum. g. Par-
tial spike unilateral, or with the flowers pointing
one way, as in Spartina stricta.

Filices.

POLYPODIACEAE.

Fig. 1. Ceterach. — a. Segment of a frond, from part of
which the scales have been removed, b. Capsule.

Fig. 2. Polypodium. — a. Segment of a frond, b. Portion of
the same.

Fig. 3. Woodsia. — a. Pinna, b. Involucre, most of the cap-
sules removed.

Fig. 4. Aspidium. — a. Pinna of first division ; b. sorus and
involucre, c. Pinnule of second division ; d. sorus
and involucre.

V fitch klh

M&K Uanhart Imp1'

TABLE X.

Filices.

polypodiace.e — continued.

Fig. 1. Cystopteris. — a. Pinnule, b. Sorus and involucre.

Fig. 2. Asplenium. — a. b. Pinnules.

Fig. 3. Scolopendrium. — Portion of a frond.

Fig. 4. Pteris. — a. Segment of a frond, b. Smaller portion
of the same.

Fig. 5. Cryptogramme. — a. Portion of a barren frond, b.

Portion of a fertile frond, c. Involucre laid open.

Fig. 6. Blechnum. — a. Segment of a barren frond, b. Pin-
nule of a fertile frond, c. Portion of a sorus
and involucre.

Fig. 7. Adiantum. — a. Pinnule, b. Sorus; the involucre
laid open, and part of the capsules removed, c.
Capsule.

Fig. 8. Trichomanes. — a. Portion of a frond, b. Involucre
laid open. c. d. Capsules.

TAB XI

TABLE XI.

Filices.

poly podiace j?e — continu ed.

Fig. 1. Hymenophyllum. — a. Fertile portion of a frond /.
Involucre laid open. c. Capsule.

OSMUNDACEAl.

Fig. 2. Osmunda. — a. Portion of a fertile panicle, b. Portion
of a barren frond, the lower part fertile, c. d. Cap-
sules.

OPHIOGLOSSACEiE.

Fig. 3. Botbychium. — a. Frond with its fructified portion.
b. Barren pinna, c. Capsules on the rachis.

Fig. 4. Ophioglossum. — a. Frond with its fructified portion
b. Portion of the frond, c. Portion of the fertile
spike.

TAB XII

pi on - dire u I at i m-