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BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

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BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

By WR KIRBY, a OR

AUTHOR OF ‘“ Seren Rae AND MOTHS OF EUROPE,’ ETC.

WITH 120 COLOURED PLATES, SHOWING THE MOST
IMPORTANT CHARACTERS OF EACH PLANT FIGURED;
AND 119 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

LONDON
Sa DW E.Y: Aree L Eee

1906

Qh 306
as I A

COPYRIGHT 1906
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PRUE Pe Ger

HE present little book occupies an inter-
mediate place between the numerous popu-
lar works in which the principal feature is the
illustration of wild flowers, and more purely
technical works (whether illustrated or not) in
which most stress is laid on botanical details
It is hoped, therefore, that it
may serve as a useful companion to the former
class, and as an introduction to the latter.
The recognised classification of British Flowering
Plants, as adopted in most recent English works

and descriptions.

on the subject, does not differ very much; and
we have decided to follow that adopted in the
ninth edition of Babington’s ‘‘ Manual of British
Botany,” edited by Henry and James Groves
(1904), as the latest, though we have not always

used the exact names employed therein for some
of the plants.

In this work ninety-two Orders of British flower-
ing plants are recognised ; in the fifth edition of
Bentham and Hooker’s ‘“ Handbook to
British Flora” (1887), in which the general ar-

the

rangement is approximately the same, eighty-nine
Orders are described.

A few of our illustrations represent plants not
found in the British Islands; but, with a single
exception (Globulariacee) every Order figured is
represented in our British Flora,

We have endeavoured to point out the most
important botanical characters of every British
Order in the following pages, especially as regards
the structure of the flower; and most of the more

vi PREFACE

important Orders are illustrated by one or more
plates. We have not, however, been able to
notice every species, or even every genus of British
plants; but the number of British genera in each
Order is noted after its name. Some of the more
useful or interesting foreign plants belonging to
the various Orders are occasionally mentioned.
In order to avoid interrupting the text, a detailed
explanation of the plates has been given in a
separate Index.

With the view of increasing the interest of the

book, some of the most important insects (especially

CHISWICK,
June 1906.

caterpillars of butterflies and moths) which feed
upon or frequent various plants have been briefly
described. Casual notes on legends and _ super-
stitions in regard to plants have also been
occasionally included.

Almost every plant has its medical uses, and
various notes on this subject have been con-
tributed by Dr. W. Egmont Kirby.

It will be seen that we have endeavoured to
include as varied an assortment of interesting
matter as our moderate limits would permit within
the compass of the present work.

W.. F. KIRBY.

PREFACE: . :
CONTENTS .
INTRODUCTION .
STRUCTURE OF A PLANT:

Roots

STEM

LEAVES ‘

FLOWERS

ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS

FRUIT.

PHANEROGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS:

DICOTYLEDONES
MONOCOTYLEDONES
EXPLANATION OF PLATES

INDEX : 3 ;

CONTENTS

vii

» at Bea

INTRODUCTION

Borany is the Science of Plants; and the series of
plants inhabiting any particular country is often
called the Flora of that country, after Flora, the
Roman Goddess of Flowers.

A considerable number of plants are found grow-
ing wild in the British Islands, and many others
have been introduced into gardens, and have then
run wild, and become naturalised; while foreign
trees have been planted in woods or shrubberies.
Many plants, again, especially weeds, are liable to
be introduced by accident, as when their seeds are
mixed with seed corn. So that it does not follow
that every plant found growing apparently wild is
truly indigenous.

On the other hand, building, drainage, enclosure,
cultivation, clearing, weeding, etc., greatly tend to
reduce the number of species of our wild plants.
Nor is this the case in Britain only. I was once

walking along a country road in Germany with an
artist friend, and we saw a man cutting down the
wild flowers that bordered the path. We asked
what he was doing this for, and he answered, ‘‘to
beautify the road.” ‘The much greater interest now
taken in natural objects likewise contributes towards
the extermination of our more conspicuous wild
flowers. It is, therefore, by no means superfluous
to advise that in gathering wild flowers (especially if
only for a temporary purpose, such as decorations
or a nosegay), very few of the same kind should
be taken unless they are plentiful ; and this applies
still more to roots than to flowers. Reasonable
care should accompany interest, or we are liable
only to destroy what we admire. This is equally
true abroad. Even in Switzerland, where wild
flowers are far more plentiful and varied than with
us, complaints are made that the rarer species are
I

2 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

rapidly being exterminated in many places by
reckless gathering and uprooting.

Plants are divided into two principal sections:
Phanerogamia, or those which produce true flowers
and seeds ; and Cryptogamia, or those which do not.
Flowering plants only are included in the present
work. The flowerless plants, including Ferns,
Mosses, Seaweeds, Lichens, Fungi, Diatoms, Bac-
teria, and various other low forms of plant life, may
perhaps find place in a later volume of this series.

Flowering plants again belong to two main
classes—Dicotyledones and Monocotyledones. In
Dicotyledones the seed is divided into two halves,
each of which throws up a primary leaf when the
seed germinates. In Monocotyledones there is
often only one primary leaf, and the general
formation of the plant is very different. The
former class includes by far the larger number
of plants. To the latter belong many more or
less bulbous plants, such as Orchids, Flags, Lilies,
etc. ; many water-plants, like Reeds, Rushes, and
Sedges; and the great Order of Gvaminea, or
Grasses,

STRUCTURE OF A PLANT

A plant consists of the following principal parts :
the roots, the stem, the leaves, the flowers, and the
fruit.

Roots

The roots are fixed in the ground, to support
the plant, but in climbing plants, like Ivy, for
instance, we meet with aerial roots, which cling to
the bark of trees or other supports. At the ex-
tremity of the rootlets we generally find a “ root-
cap,” which protects the growing extremity of the
root, and enables it to penetrate hard ground. As
the root grows, the root-cap also continues to grow.
the portion behind the tip dying off. Behind the
root-cap are the root-hairs. Their function is to
absorb water containing nourishing salts which
have been dissolved from the surrounding soil,
and to convey it to the actual roots.

Roots are divided into primary and adventitious.
The primary root is formed by the prolongation of
the stem downwards, which, when well developed,
is termed a tap-root. In many plants (Orchidaceae,

INTRODUCTION 3

for example) the primary root dies away annually,
and is renewed. The aerial roots of Ivy, and of
many tropical plants, and the sucking-roots of the
Dodder, are adventitious roots.

The tubers of the Potato and the bulbs of Onions

Fig.

are not true roots, but underground portions of the
stem.

STEM

The stalk, stem, or trunk of a plant rises up-
ward; it bears the leaves and flowers, and is
generally more or less branched. The points of
attachment of the leaves are called nodes, and the

intermediate space is called an internode. The
nodes are marked by a thickening of the stem in
Knot-grass, and in grasses generally ; and in such
plants the nodes are often called knots, and the
internodes joints. In grasses, the joints are of

considerable length ; but in some plants the nodes
are so close together that the leaves are crowded
into a mass called a “head,” as in Lettuce, etc.

The stem may be either simple or branching,
woody or herbaceous, and differs much in shape,
etc., in different plants (fig.1, a—z). Thus, the stem
may be either cylindrical or angulated, rounded or
filiform, erect or decumbent, and so on.

The stem is called sinuous when it curves
backwards and forwards, jointed when it is inter-
rupted at the nodes, as in Grasses, winding when
it supports itself by other objects, as in Hops
and Beans, climbing when it supports itself by
thorns or aerial roots (Climbing Rose, or Ivy),
clasping when it attaches itself by tendrils (Red
Bryony, or Vine), erect when it rises straight, like
the trunk of a tree, decumbent when it rests on
the ground or rises obliquely (Mountain Pine),
recumbent when it rests on the ground without
rising (as in some species of Awdus), and creeping
when it clings to the ground by roots (Strawberry).

LEAVES

It is not sufficient for the sustenance of plants
merely to absorb water and other liquid nutriment
through the roots, but it is also necessary for them
to breathe air, and this is the principal function of
the leaves. The green colour of plants is due to a
peculiar substance called chlorophyll, which, under
the influence of warmth and sunlight, absorbs from

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

the surrounding air the gases required for the use
of the plant. But plants (except fungi and other
low plants, in which chlorophyll is not found)
breathe in the opposite way to animals, for animals
absorb oxygen to aerate their blood, and exhale
carbonic acid, which, in quantity, is poisonous to
them ; whereas plants require carbon for building
up their tissues, and therefore absorb the carbonic
acid from the air, and exhale oxygen. Thus,
during the day, plants greatly assist in purifying
the air which animals breathe; but at night this
process is somewhat reversed, for while it is
necessary to their life for animals to breathe day
and night, in plants the function of chlorophyll
ceases at night, and any superfluity of carbonic
acid which has been inhaled during the day is
then exhaled. Consequently, it is not healthy to
allow many plants to remain in a sleeping-room at
night. But just as chlorophyll is wanting in some
low groups of plants, so is it present in the Hydra
and in some other low forms of animal life.

Leaves vary much in form, and are usually
attached to a branch or stem by a stalk or petiole.

INTRODUCTION 5

When a leaf stands independently on a single 5. Elliptical, when they are twice as long as
stalk it is called simple. Among the various broad (fig. 6).
forms of simple leaves we may mention the 6. Orbicular, when they are about as long as
following :— broad (fig. 7).

1. Needle-shaped, when they are long and 7. Rhomboidal, when four-sided (fig. 8).
equally thick and broad (fig. 2). 8. Triangular (fig. 9).

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Be ae 4) Sb i?

2. Linear, when they are several times as long g. Ovate, when the upper end is narrower than
as broad, with parallel sides (fig. 3). the lower, and the leaf is not more than twice as

3. Lanceolate, when they are three or four times _ long as broad (fig. 10).
as long as broad, and pointed at the end (fig. 4). 10. Obovate, when the lower part is narrower

4. Elongate, like the last, but with obtuse ends than the upper (fig. 11).
(fig. 5). 11. Conical, when the upper portion is broader

6 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

than the lower, and the borders are not indented
(fig. 12).

12. Spatulate, when broader above than below,
with the sides sloped inwards (fig. 13). and indented below (fig. 17).

VRedDA
hopa yy

13. Reniform, broader than long, with an in- 17. Hastate, very similar to the last, except that
dentation below (fig. 14). there is no indentation at the base, which is
14. Cordate, longer than broad, and with an horizontal (fig. 18).
indentation below (fig. 15).

15. Obcordate, with an indentation above, at the
broadest end of the leaf (fig. 16).

16. Sagittate, or arrow-shaped, pointed above

The general form of the leaf is not the only point

INTRODUCTION yf

to be observed in examining a plant. The shape of _ broken off (fig. 24), rounded (fig. 25), incised (fig. 26),
the base, tip, and margins have also to be considered. emarginate (fig. 27), obtuse (fig. 28), acute (fig. 29),
The base may be cordate (fig. 19), sagittate spinose (fig. 30), or pointed (fig. 31).

AYATAVATATALOIA

29 230 3!

f

92 33 34. 35 36 37 38

(fig. 20), hastate (fig. 21), attenuated (fig. 22), or The margin of the leaf is entire when it is not
rounded (fig. 23). indented (fig. 32), serrated when it has small acute
The apex of the leaf may be truncated, as if indentations and projections (fig. 33), crenated

8 BRITISH PLOWERING PLANTS

when it has small acute indentations and rounded
projections (fig. 34), dentated when it has obtuse
incisions and pointed projections (fig. 35), sinuated
when it has obtuse incisions and rounded pro-
jections (fig. 36), ciliated when the margin is set
with fine hairs (fig. 37), incised when the margin

WEG

a9 44

exhibits alternately larger:and smaller indentations
and projections (fig. 38).

On examining a leaf we find that the softer
surface is traversed by hard lines, which are
called veins or nerves, and which may be either
simple or branched, and sometimes
network.

|
|

form a

When the veins run straight they are called
parallel (figs. 39 and 40), but they are frequently
curved. Reticulated leaves are called digitate
when equally thick veins subdivide towards the
ends (fig. 41), and pinnate when there is one
midrib forming a continuation of the leaf-stalk,

\
py Wi
43 44 45 46.

and throwing out slender branching veinlets on
the sides (fig. 42).

Hitherto we have been speaking of simple and
undivided leaves, but many plants exhibit leaves
more or less divided.

When the division is incomplete the leaf is

INTRODUCTION 9

said to be lobate, but when completely divided
into several distinct leaflets it is said to be
compound.

A leaf is said to be palmately lobed when the
divisions do not extend to the middle (fig. 43),

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fissured when they reach nearly to the middle
(fig. 44), cleft when they reach beyond the middle
(fig. 45). It is simple or entire when undivided
(fig. 50).

A palmate leaf is called compound when it
divides into several radiating leaflets at the end
of the leaf-stalk (fig. 46).

A leaf is pinnately lobed when the incisions are
only slight (fig. 47), and fissured or cleft when
they are deeper (figs. 48 and 49).

Leaves may also be entire (fig. 51), lobate
(fig. 47), or fissured or cleft (figs. 48, 49).

To Leer

Fig. 52 illustrates a pinnate leaf which has
several secondary leaves, called leaflets, on the
sides of the leaf-stalk.

When a palmate leaf consists of three leaflets,
as in clover, it is called ternate or trifoliate
(fig. 53); and a greater number of leaflets, simi-
larly arranged, is shown at figs. 54-6.

10 BRITISH- FLOWERING PLANTS

When, in a pinnate leaf, the leaflets are arranged
on the sides of the leaf-stalk with a terminal leaflet,
the leaf is called imparipinnate (fig. 57) ; when the
terminal leaflet is wanting, paripinnate (fig. 58) ;
interruptedly pinnate when the pairs of leaflets are

alternately larger and smaller (fig. 59); and _ bi-
pinnate when the leaflets are themselves er
(fig. 60). Other forms of compound leaves are
palmate-partite (fig. 61), lyrate (fig. 62), and pedate
(fig. 63).

Many leaves are divided into three principal
parts : the lamina, or surface of the leaf; the foot-

stalk ; and the clasping base, embracing a portior
of the stem of the plant (fig. 64).

When the leaf-stalk is absent, the leaf is said
to be sessile (fig. 65). When the sessile leaf

encloses the stem, it is called amplexicaul (fig. 66) ;

and when the stem grows through it, it is said to
be perfoliate (fig. 67). Sometimes small leaves
are formed near the base of the leaf-stalk. These
are Called stipules, and the leaf is then said to be
stipulate (figs. 68-71).

Occasionally, as in the Plantains,
“rosette?

thereyis'a
of leaves close to the ground (fig. 72) ;

INTRODUCTION 7

12 BRITISH) FLOWERING. PLANTS

but they are more usually arranged round the
stalk.

When leaves stand at different elevations on
opposite sides of the stalk they are called alternate
(fig. 73); when they are arranged in pairs, at
the same elevation, opposite (fig. 74); and when
several are placed at the same height, verticillate
or whorled (fig. 75).

Tendrils are regarded as slender branches, or
leaf-stalks, which assume a spiral form, and twine
round various objects for support (fig. 71). Thorns
are either the ends of twigs produced into a sharp
point, or similarly modified portions of leaves and
leaflets. Prickles are hard, erect portions of the
surface of the plant. Thus we find thorns on
the Hawthorn and Sloe, but prickles on the Rose,
Bramble, and Gooseberry.

Hairs are outgrowths from the superficial cells
of the stem, leaf, or root. They are generally
tubular. Stiff hairs are called bristles or sete.
When they form a cluster, as in Barley, etc., the
cluster is called a beard; when they contain an
irritating fluid, as in Nettles, they are called stings ;

and when they exude any peculiar secretion, they
are called glandular hairs.

FLOWERS

Flowers are structures preparatory to the forma-
tion of the seed, and in many cases are the most
conspicuous parts of the plant.

A perfectly formed flower consists of the calyx,
which is generally green; the corolla, which is
often brightly coloured; the stamens; and the
pistil. In imperfect flowers the calyx or corolla,
or both, may be wanting ; or they may be replaced
by a single cup, called the perianth.

A perfect flower contains both stamens and
pistil Such flowers are called hermaphrodite.
Other flowers are called moncecious, and in these
only the stamens are developed, in which case
they are male flowers; or only the pistil, when
they are female flowers.

In some plants the stamens are united with the
pistil ; others, as said above, have only stamens
(as wild Hop and male Hemp) ; and others, again,
only the pistil (cultivated Hop and female Hemp).

INTRODUCTION 13

In some cases flowers bearing stamens or pistil
grow on the same plant, but separately. Thus,
in Maize, the upper, tassel-like flowers contain
only the stamens, and the lower only the style
and carpels or seed-vessels.

The leaves of which the calyx is composed are
called sepals. These may be coalescent, separate,
divided, fissured, lobate, dentated, regular or
irregular, bilobate, tubular, pitcher-shaped, bell-
shaped or campanulate, etc.

The leaves of which the corolla is composed
are called petals. Sometimes these are completely
separated (fig. 76); or they may be more or less
closely united, sometimes forming only a single
piece.

When the corolla is united below, and more or
less divided above, it is said to be lobated,
dentated, or segmented, according to the depth
and character of the incisions, and the undivided
portion is called the cup or tube.

Soon after the plant has flowered the corolla
falls off. It serves chiefly to attract insects, which
in many cases are necessary to fertilisation.

The stamens likewise differ much in form and
structure, according to the requirements of the
plant. They are sometimes free, and sometimes
conglomerated. At the summit of the stamens
stand the anthers, which secrete a dust (generally
yellow) called pollen.

Sometimes the stamens are fused into a single
tube (fig. 77); sometimes they form three clusters
(fig. 78); or, again, they may form a single cluster
(fig. 79). In other cases we find six stamens, four
of about equal length and two shorter (fig. 80) ;
or four, two long ones and two short ones
(fig. 81).

The pistil is composed of the ovary or seed-
vessel, the style, and the stigma. The ovary is
often more or less divided into segments called
carpels. It is generally surmounted by the style,
at the end of which is the stigma. In order that
seed should be matured, it is necessary for the
pollen secreted by the anthers to be transferred
to the stigma. Sometimes this is effected auto-
matically, especially in perfect flowers; in other
cases the pollen is carried from one flower to

14 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

another by the wind; and very frequently it is
transferred from plant to plant by bees and other
insects.

The style is sometimes very short, and placed
directly on the ovary; but is often very long. It
consists of the stigma, on which the pollen-grains
fall, and the tube-like stem. Beneath is the ovary.
Sometimes the style is absent, and we find only

a stigma placed directly on the ovary itself. The
stigma is then said to be sessile. The ovary
may be—

(2) Superior, when it is placed higher than the
calyx, corolla, and stamens (fig. 82).

(6) Medium, when the calyx, corolla, and
stamens stand in a pitcher-like prolongation of
the axis of the flower (fig. 83).

(c) Inferior, when the calyx, corolla, and stamens
stand on the ovary itself (fig. 84).

In double flowers, like garden Roses and
Dahlias, the stamens, and in part the styles, are
metamorphosed into petals; and such flowers are
infertile. The outer flowers of the wild Guelder-
rose, and all the flowers of the garden plant,
are likewise infertile.

banc, UI Soy

In many flowers the corolla
tormed.

Among these are the Papzlionacee, or butterfly-
flowers, such as those of Peasand Beans. They are
so called from their resemblance to white butter-
flies ; and the corolla is composed of five petals—
one upper (the flag or standard), two lateral

(wings), and two lower. The last are generally

is irregularly

-

INTRODUCTION 15

fused into one, and are then called the keel
(fig. 85, a, 4, c).

In the Ladzate there are five petals fused to-
gether into an upper and lower lip, the upper lip
being bifid and formed of two petals, and the lower
trifid, formed of three. In the Snap-dragon, the

tube of the corolla is closed by a curve of the
lower lip.

At the base of many flowers we find a gland
secreting honey, and called the nectary.

ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS

Flowers are called simple or compound according
to whether one or more rise from a common stalk.

Simple flowers may be either (a) terminal, when
they rise at the end of astalk (as in the Snowdrop) ;
or (4) lateral, when they are placed in the axil of
a leaf.

Compound flowers have received various names
according to the manner in which they are arranged.

a 1/ N

85 ¢

Among the more important of these are the spike,
the raceme, the panicle, the umbel, the cyme, and
the head.

A Spike has a long axis, and sessile or very
shortly stalked flowers (fig. 86). A spike of corn
is called an ear.

A Cob (of Maize) is a spike with a thickened
axis ; a catkin is a spike with unisexual flowers (as

16 BRITISH: FLOWERING PLANTS

in the Hazel), and a Cone is a spike with ligneous
bracts.

A Raceme has a long axis, and long-stalked
flowers (fig. 87).

When the lower stalks are longer than the upper,

QA
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es)
86 SC 38

so that all the flowers stand at a nearly equal level,
we have a corymb (fig. 88).

A panicle is a branched raceme (as in Oats,
fig. 89).

In an umbel the main axis is short, and numerous
stalked flowers stand at the end (@nanthe, fig. go).

When the branching stalks support small umbels

instead of a flower, this is called a compound
umbel (Parsley, fig. 91).

In a cyme the axis terminates in a flower,
whereas in an umbel the stalks rise from a point, and
consequently the axis bears no flower (Elder, fig. 92).

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mee te
i]

A flower-head has a very short axis, and very
short or sessile flowers (Clover, fig. 93).

FRUIT

After the flower has faded, the ovary continues
to develop, and as many fruits are produced as the
flower contains fertilised ovules or germs. The

INTRODUCTION 17

term fruit is applied to the seed or seeds and _ to allow of the escape of the seeds, or else fall off
their adhesive and protective coverings. without opening. Dehiscent fruits, which are short
A simple or single fruit is produced by a single and broad, are generally called capsules ; and when

flower (a Nut), and an aggregate fruit is formed by long, and containing several seeds in a row, they

the union of several flowers (a Mulberry). Fruits are pods or legumes. Sometimes the pod is

may be either dry or succulent, dehiscent or longitudinal, divided by a partition through the

indehiscent; that is, they either open when ripe middle into two seed-chambers (figs. 94-6); in
2

18 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

other cases, as in Peas and Beans (fig. 96) there
is no division. The carpels of the Peony open

longitudinally (fig. 97).
A capsule may open in different ways :
(2) At the extremity, by valves or teeth (as in
the Pink) (fig. 98).

(6) By a lid, or pyxis, as in the Henbane
(fig. 99).
(c) By open pores, as in the Poppy (fig.
100).
(2) By longitudinal clefts, as in the Meadow
Saffron (fig. 101).
Among indehiscent seeds some divide longi-

tudinally along the lines of the capsules, and are
called schizocarps. Sometimes these split in two,
as in the Fennel, or Sycamore ; the latter divides
into two winged seeds (fig. 102), called keys (like
the single-winged seeds of the Ash-tree) or samaras.
In other plants the fruits split longitudinally into

103

four carpels, five carpels (the Geraniums), or a
larger number (the Mallows).

Single indehiscent seeds are generally called
nuts, achenes, or grains. The pericarp or outer
integument is either woody or leathery, as in the
Hazel-nut (fig. 103) and acorn (fig. 104); or the
fruit is winged, as in the Elm (fig. 105) and Ash

INTRODUCTION 19

(fig. 106); or the pericarp is united with the palea,
or inner covering of the seed, as in the Grasses ;
or the ovary is inferior, and partly combined with
the nut (or achene as it is sometimes called), as
Not infrequently a seed or

in the Dandelion.

seed-case bears at the extremity a bristle, called
an awn; or a feathery appendage, called a pappus.
In succulent fruits the outer covering or pericarp
is fleshy or juicy.
A berry is a fruit enclosed in a leathery skin
(epicarp) and enclosing one or more seeds

embedded in pulp. Such are Gooseberries and
Currants, and (botanically) even the fruit of such
exotic plants as Cucumbers and Melons.

A drupe is a fruit in which the seed (one or
more) has a membranous or woody covering

within the pulp. When the covering of the
seed is hard and woody, as in the Plum, Cherry,
and Walnut, the fruit is called a_ stone-fruit
(figs. 107 a, 6, c); but the compound fruits of
the Strawberry and Raspberry are also ranked as
drupes.

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BRITISH: FLOWERING: PLAN ES

In order to distinguish one plant from another,
and that they may easily be spoken of, and identi-
fied without any doubt or difficulty, the great
Swedish botanist Linné, or Linnzus, who lived in
the eighteenth century, improving on the work of
his predecessors, established an arrangement by
which every animal and plant (for he was a
zoologist as well as a botanist) is known by two
names—the Genus and the Species. These are
thrown into a Latin form, and in most cases the
generic name is derived from Greek and the
specific name from Latin. These names are
known and recognised all over the world; so that,
no matter in what country we are, or what language
is spoken there, every botanist will immediately
know, if we speak of Quercus robur, that we mean
one particular species of Oak-tree. Many English
names of animals and plants have been applied to

21

very different species in different parts of the
country, or at different periods, or in different
countries ; while, even when this is not the case,
popular names are frequently wrongly translated in
the best dictionaries. Thus, to take an extreme
instance, a robin in England means a small brown
bird with a red breast; in America it means a
much larger bird, which is really a kind of thrush.
But if the Latin names are used, no confusion
is possible.

The generic name is placed first (Quercus, for
instance), and this is applied to all trees which
possess a certain number of characters in common.
Thus it corresponds to a surname, except in
position. The specific name (vodur) indicates
one particular kind of Oak-tree, and corresponds
(collectively) to a Christian name.

The genera are grouped together in larger

22 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

divisions (Classes, Orders, etc.), according to their
characteristics, which are largely taken from the
structure of the flowers. The general explanations
are given in the Introduction, and we will now
proceed to notice the various Orders, etc., which
include British plants, with special reference to
those figured. It will be good practice for the
beginner to compare the plants themselves with
our figures and descriptions, and verify the
characters which we have given. All botanists
do not follow the same arrangement in classifying
the Orders of plants. That followed here will
be found to correspond nearly with that employed
in the latest English scientific compendium :

Babington’s ‘‘ Manual of British Botany,” edition 9
(1904).

Plants with flowers in which distinct stamens
and pistils are visible are called Phanerogamia, or
Flowering Plants, and these alone are discussed in
the present work.

Plants without real flowers, and multiplying by
spores, are called Cryptogamia. ‘These are Ferns,
Mosses, Seaweeds, Lichens, Fungi, Diatoms,
Bacteria, etc.; and the lowest organisms merge
into the Protozoa—extremely rudimentary forms,
which cannot be satisfactorily regarded as either
animals or vegetables, but are not yet differentiated
into either one or the other.

PHANEROGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS

The number of British genera is added in brackets after each family

CLASS I
DICOTYLEDONES

Seeds formed of two or more cotyledons.
Stems formed of vascular tissue, sometimes en-
closing pith, and surrounded by rind or bark.
In trees the trunks are formed of concentric layers,
one of which is supposed to be added every year.
Leaves with branching and reticulating veins.
Young plants always furnished with a tap-root.
Flowers (when the corolla is present) with 4 or 5
petals (most frequently 5), rarely more.

Sup-ctass I. Thalamiflorze

Petals separate, and rising, as well as the
stamens, near the ovary, and not from the calyx.

23

Order I.

These are herbaceous plants, with brightly
coloured flowers. The calyx is always present;
it has from 3 to 6 sepals, and is often brightly
coloured, resembling a corolla. The corolla is
sometimes composed of from 4 to 15 petals, in
one or several rows, but is frequently rudimentary
or absent. ‘The stamens are numerous, and the
anthers burst longitudinally. The carpels are
usually numerous.

Though the flowers are attractive to insects,
by which they are often fertilised, many of the
plants belonging to this Order are extremely acrid,
and frequently highly poisonous, though the
poisonous principle is volatile, and may sometimes
be dissipated by heat.

Ranunculacee (15 genera)

24 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Traveller's Joy—Clematis Vztalba
(Plate I)

This is an exceedingly graceful climbing plant
with slender stems, which often runs thickly over
banks and hedges in the south of England, pre-
ferring a chalky soil. The leaves are oval or heart-
shaped, and pointed. The flowers grow in small
clusters; the corolla is absent; and the calyx,
which has 4 or 5 sepals, is yellowish green on the
outside, and white within; it is about one-third
of an inch in diameter. The seed-vessels are
adorned with long feathery awns.

The plant is highly acrid, and in former days
it is said that beggars used to bind leaves over
scratches, and thus produce ulcers to move the
compassion of the charitable.

Upwards of 20 species of insects are recorded
as feeding upon this shrub, some being peculiar
to it. Among these are several species of
Geometride, or Looper Moths, the caterpillars of
which have only ro legs, 6 situated on the thorax
and 4 near the end of the body, and therefore

move by fixing their four hinder-legs, stretching
forward and fixing their six front-legs, and then
drawing up their hindlegs towards the others, thus
arching their bodies into a loop. Often, however,
they fix themselves by the hindlegs and stiffen
themselves, when they present the appearance of
a bare green or brown twig.

One moth, PAibalapteryx vitalbata, has been
named after the plant. The caterpillar is bluish
green, with a yellow line on the sides, and feeds
on Clematis in autumn. ‘The moth has rather
pointed forewings, an inch and a quarter in
expanse ; it is light brown, with transverse brown
lines, and a blackish oblique streak tapering from
the inner margin of the forewings to the tip.

The following lines have been written on this
plant :

The Traveller’s Joy is a darling thing,
None loveth it more than I;
T’ve seen it in courtly gardens cling,
I’ve seen it ’mid rocks and ruins spring,
I know hedgerows where it’s wandering,
And I smile as I pass it by—TWAMLEY.

RANUNCULACE 25

Another name by which it is known in England
is the Virgin’s Bower.

Pasque Flower—Axemone Pulsatilla
(Plate II)

This is a spring flower, met with occasionally in
dry pastures, in chalk or limestone districts, in
several parts of England, but not commonly. The
flowers grow up before the leaves expand, the
stalk lengthening till it is 5 or 6 inches high. The
leaves, when they expand, are bifid or trifid, and
deeply cleft at the extremities of the leaflets.
The outside of the calyx (of 6 sepals), the stalks,
etc., are very silky; the corolla is absent. In
the ripe fruit the carpels are separate, round,
and surrounded by long tufts of white hairs
or awns.

The fresh juice of the plant has an irritant effect
on the skin. Preparations from the plant are
sometimes employed in cutaneous diseases, and
also in whooping cough. It is, like aconite and

belladonna, one of the principal medicines used
by homceopathists.

Wood Anemone—A nemone nemorosa

This is a much commoner flower in Britain than
the last. It is a smaller and much more slender
plant, with the leaves less deeply cleft, and a white
flower of 6 sepals, often more or less tinged with
delicate pink on the outer sides. The carpels are
pointed, but destitute of an awn. It is very
common on hedge-banks, open places in woods,
and similar localities in spring.

On this plant feeds the larva of Adela Degeerella,
one of the most beautiful of the smaller moths,
which appears in June, and sports in the sun. The
forewings are of a long oval, three-quarters of an
inch in expanse, and are varied with yellow and
violet-brown ; beyond the middle is a transverse
yellow band; the hindwings are brown, and are
fringed with long hairs. But what renders this
pretty moth and its immediate allies remarkable
is the extraordinary length of the slender antenne,

26 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

which are about twice as long as the expanse of
the wings. The pale yellowish larva, with a black
head, forms a flattened pear-shaped case of frag-
ments of leaves, in which it lives, feeding on
chlorophyll, till it reaches its full growth, when it
becomes a pupa within the case itself.

Buttercup—Ranunculus auricomus
(Plate IIT)

The genus Ranunculus, to which the Buttercups
and Crowfoots belong, contains a great number of
species, some of which are very abundant in woods
and pastures. The flowers of the Buttercups

generally with 5 sepals and petals) are of a paler
or deeper yellow, while the Water Crowfoots are
white.

The species which we have figured grows about
a foot high, and is common in woods, where it
flowers in April and May. The root-leaves are
smooth, kidney-shaped, and notched or lobate ;
while the leaves on the stem are pinnate, sessile,
entire or dentated, and the flower-bearing stalks

are erect. The root is fibrous. The stem is
upright, cylindrical, smooth, and simple, or branch-
ing above. The flower-stalks rise from the axils
of the leaves, or from the upper part of the stem.
The flowers are large, with a golden-yellow corolla.
The petals are round, entire, veined, and provided
with a very short base. The sepals are about half
as long as the petals, and are yellowish, pubescent,
and obtuse. The seeds are gathered into a round
cluster, and each seed has a curved beak at
the extremity. This species is sometimes called
‘**Goldilocks,” a translation of its Latin name.

Among the Buttercups found in meadows, one
of the commonest is Raxunculus bulbosus, easily
distinguished by the upper part of the root forming
a small white bulb.

All the Buttercups are very acrid plants, and
cattle will not eat them in the fresh state; but
when dried among hay they are harmless. It is,
therefore, quite a mistake to suppose that the
yellow colour of butter is due to cows eating
buttercups, though it is almost certain that butter-
cups derived their name from their being more

‘I

CG ees = :
Buttercup. (Ranunculus auricomius.) Monkshood. (Aconitum Napellus.)

,

nu) hy A Pe no Po

or less ‘‘ butter-coloured.” In the country a bigger
child will often hold a buttercup under the chin
of a smaller one to see, by the yellow reflection,
whether the little one “‘ is fond of butter.”

The white Water Crowfoots, found in shallow
pools and slowly running or standing water, are
not acrid.

Comparatively few insects feed on Buttercups ;
but some small beetles, about a quarter of an inch
in length, may sometimes be found in the flowers.
One of these, Prasocuris marginella, is black, with
the thorax and wing-cases bordered outside with
dull orange ; another, Cryptocephalus sericeus, is of
a bright golden green. Besides these, the larve
of various small saw-flies and two-winged flies mine
in the substance of the leaves.

The Marsh Marigold (Cadtha palustris) grows
commonly in marshy places in large clusters, and
has large leaves and bright orange flowers, resem-

_ bling those of a gigantic buttercup, and composed

of 5 sepals, the petals being obsolete. ‘The Globe-
flower (TZrollius europaeus) is yellow, with from 10
to 15 broad yellow sepals converging inwards, and

t
=F

RANUNCULACEZ es 27

forming a kind of globe nearly concealing the rest
of the flower. It is common in mountainous
Gistricts both in Britain and on the Continent.

Monkshood—A conztum Napellus
(Plate IV)

This is a tall, erect plant, 2 or 3 feet high, with
slender, deeply cut leaves, and large purplish blue
flowers,
rudimentary. It is sometimes called ‘“ helmet-
flower,” from the shape of the upper sepal; and
also “wolfs-bane,” having formerly been used by
hunters to poison wolves. It is one of the most
poisonous of all our native plants. With us it is
more of a garden than a wild plant; but on the
Continent it is very abundant in many mountainous
districts, though not found everywhere. It is a
dangerous plant in a garden, for after the plant
has died down the fleshy roots have sometimes
been mistaken for horse-radish, and have been
eaten with fatal results.

Nevertheless, several insects feed on this plant,

composed of 5 sepals; the petals are

s™=

;

2G mares

28 BRITISH FLOWERING (PLANTS

the most interesting being the green caterpillar of
a moth (Plusia moneta), allied to our common
Gamma Moth (Plusia Gamma), which, a few
years ago, spread from Central Europe into Holland
and England. /. moneta, which measures about an
inch and a half across the wings, is pale golden-
grey, with some silvery markings in the middle of
the forewings, and is varied with pale violet towards
the borders.

The leaves and root of Monkshood are used in
medicine, chiefly to lower the temperature of the
body in cases of fever.

In cases of poisoning by aconite an emetic should
be given, followed by stimulants (such as brandy),
and warmth and friction should be applied to the
body. Digitalis and strychnine may be employed
as antidotes.

Bane-berry—Actea spicata
(Plate V)

This is a plant growing from 1 to 2 feet high,
with large trifid bipinnate leaves. The small

flowers grow in clusters. The calyx and corolla
are yellowish white (with 4 sepals and petals), and
the berry is black. The plant grows in shady
woods and thickets, and flowers in May. It is
a local plant in Britain, and is only found in the
north of England and Scotland. The leaves, like
those of various other Aanunculacee@, will raise
blisters on the skin. The berry also is of course
poisonous; hence its name. It is an irritant,
causing sickness and diarrhcea. No British insect
is recorded as feeding on this plant.

Several other plants belonging to the Ranuncu-
Jacee are more frequently found in gardens than
wild in Britain, and some of these are probably
introduced rather than truly native species.
Among these we may mention the Pheasant’s
Eye (Adonis autumnalis), which is about 1 ft. in
height, and bears a bright scarlet flower, with a
black centre; the Hellebores, or Christmas Roses,
bearing large green flowers, composed of 5 broad
sepals (the petals being rudimentary) incurving
towards the extremity, and highly poisonous ; the

EE seeue, OV os iial© Vi.

3 + OWN Rf Aes
Baneberry. (Actea spicaia.) Barrenwort. (Epimedium alpinum.)

ae ste _* a! a eh te |

Columbine, a pretty drooping blue flower, not
uncommon in woods; the Larkspur, an upright
plant with a flower much resembling Monkshood,
but of a brighter blue ; and the Peony, which is
naturalised on an island in the Severn, but which
is really a South European plant.

@rder 11.

This is a small family, comprising shrubs the
flowers of which have petals and sepals opposite
to each other, variable in number, and one 1-celled
ovary. ‘There are only two British species, neither
of which is perhaps truly indigenous. Of these
the best known is the Barberry (Beréeris vulgaris),
which is an ornamental shrub with oval dentated
leaves, drooping clusters of yellow flowers (with
6 sepals, petals, and stamens), which emit an
unpleasant odour, and smooth, glossy oval or curved
fruit, of a bright scarlet, a quarter of an inch in
length, and about three times as long as broad.
The berries are intensely acid, but when tied in

_ small clusters and boiled in syrup make a very

Berberidaceé (2 genera)

Be

~

BERBERIDACE 29

nice preserve. The tree is set with strong trifid
spines. The flowers are remarkable for their
peculiar irritability. If one of the stamens is
moved or touched with a needle at the hase, it
suddenly bends over on the pistil, resuming its
erect position after a short time, thus ensuring
the fertilisation of the seeds. A yellow dye is
obtained from the roots and bark of the Barberry.
The Corn Mildew (Puccinia graminis), which
attacks corn and grain, passes through an alter-
nate stage on the leaves of the Barberry, from
whence the spores are again transferred to grass
or corn. The Barberry is common in hedges in
many parts of the British Islands, and is a very
favourite plant in shrubberies.

Barrenwort—Lpimedium alpinum
(Plate VI)
This plant is a native of the Eastern Alps, but
is occasionally found half-naturalised in Britain.

The root is perennial, creeping, and the stalk is
clothed with brown scales towards the base. The

7 >
sane)

30 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

stem divides into a thick leaf-stalk and a slender
flower-stalk. The leaves are thin, stiff, drooping,
and heart-shaped; they are green above, and
whitish green beneath. They are entire, but the
borders are set with slender prickles. The flowers
are attached to a slightly branching panicle, and
at the base of each fork is a small oval leaf-scale.
They have 4 sepals, petals, and stamens. The
petals are oval, obtuse, concave, and blood-red ;
the exterior of the flower is yellow. The flowers
appear in April and May.

Order III. Mympheacee (2 genera)

In the Water-lilies the calyx is composed of from
4 to 6sepals. The corolla has numerous petals,
gradually passing into the stamens, which, as well
as the carpels, are also numerous. The plants
are rooted at the bottom of the water ; the broad
leaves float on the surface, and the buds, when
fully developed, also rise and expand on the
surface. Three species only, one white and two
yellow, are found in Britain, and are not un-

common in ponds and backwaters in most parts
of our islands. Many of the tropical species are
blue or red, some of them, as the South American
Victoria regia, attaining a very large size, the leaves
being 3 or 4 feet in diameter,

White Water-lily—Wymphaea alba
(Plate VIT)

The White Water-lily, with its snow-white flowers
with a yellow centre, is the largest and most
beautiful of our water-flowers, flowering in June
and July, and often measuring four inches in
diameter, and the leaves twice as much. It
varies, however, considerably in size. The leaves
float on the surface of the water, and the flowers,
which are scentless, expand in the morning and
close in the evening. ‘The sepals are white above
and green below. The inner petals are smaller
than the outer ones. The stigmas are yellow, and
the outer ones are broader below than the inner,
and are, like the petals and carpels, attached to.
a disk called the receptacle. The carpels form a

Vil.

Filate VIIT.

SAY
ae
(NWN

9

10

Wyo
9

y A 1 i,
White Water-Lily. (Nymphea alba.) Corn Poppy. (Papaver Rheas.)

_ cluster, and the fruit is rounded and obtuse. Each
seed is enclosed in a reticulated membrane.

The Yellow Water-lily (Vuphar lutea) is also
common. The flower is of a deep yellow, not
exceeding 23 inches in expanse, and smells some-
thing like brandy. Another much smaller yellow
species (Vuphar pumila) is very local, and is
chiefly found in Scotland.

Insects which live on water-plants are less par-
ticular about their food than others ; and those
which feed on Water-lilies will also feed, as a rule,
on other plants. Among these are several small
brilliant metallic-green, coppery, or blue beetles
belonging to the genus Donacia, and the dingy
white caterpillars of the China Marks (/ydrocampa
Nypheata and Potamogata), elegantly-marked moths
about an inch in expanse, with long slender bodies
and legs, and oblong wings varied with clear
white and brown, and slightly interlined with

yellow.

A fluid extract obtained from the white and

yellow Water-lilies has been used as an astringent
in diarrhoea, and also for sore throat.

4 eves 3H. . i ite, ae,

“a a ee ee ee a L >in.

Order IV. Papaveracee (5 genera)

In the Poppies the calyx has two sepals, and the
corolla four petals (rarely three), all falling off after
a short time; the seeds are enclosed in a large
capsule. The stem is generally set with stiff hairs,
and the plants contain a milky secretion of a white
or yellow colour. From that yielded by some
species opium is prepared. Most of the British
Poppies are red or yellow.

Opium is a powerful narcotic, and is used to cause
sleep and to ease pain. A poisonous dose causes.
insensibility, and contraction of the pupil of the eye,,
and the breathing becomes slow and stertorous. In.
cases of poisoning by opium an emetic should first
be given, and then strong coffee. The patient:
should also be roused, if possible, and kept walking:
about to counteract the tendency to sleeping.

Corn Poppy—VPapaver Rheas
(Plate VIII)

This bright-coloured flower is a very common
weed among corn, or on waste land. The stem is

PAPAVERACE& | . cy wa

32 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

upright and forking, and the stem, leaves, and outer
side of the calyx are set with stiff hairs. ‘The root-
leaves are entire, oval and serrated, but those of
the stem are pinnate and deeply fissured. The
bright scarlet petals of the corolla are darker at
the base, and fan-shaped. The sepals are oval
and concave. The seed-capsules are oval, with
Io or 15 ridges on the outer side. The whole
plant has a very disagreeable odour.

The Garden Poppy (Pafaver somniferum) is a
larger and less hairy plant, with a bluish-white
flower. When the capsules and stem are scored,
a white bitter juice exudes from them, which soon
hardens into brown opium.

The White or Garden Poppy is widely spread in
Europe and Asia, and is naturalised in some parts
of Britain ; and although most of the opium used
here comes from Turkey or Asia Minor, the plant
is occasionally cultivated in Britain for the sake
of the poppy-heads, which are used in medicine,
and the seeds, which are employed in confectionery,
or to prepare oil. Much opium is grown in
India, chiefly for export to China. The stamens

in Garden Poppies often become changed into
petals, rendering the flower double, more handsome,
but sterile.

One of the most interesting of the wild poppies
is the beautiful Yellow Horned Poppy (Glaucium
luteum), which grows all round our coasts on the
shingle of the seashore, a little above high-water
mark.

The flowers are of a bright yellow, and the
leaves glaucous green. In place of a capsule, we
find a long double pod, 6 or 8 inches in length,
containing the seeds. There is a somewhat similar
arrangement in the seed-pod of the Columbine, a
plant with large compound deeply lobate leaves
and small yellow flowers, which exudes a highly
acrid and fcetid yellow juice, and which is included
in the present Order. It is not uncommon in
waste places in Britain and on the Continent.
In California there is a genus allied to the Poppies
named L£schscholtzia, after the famous traveller
and naturalist Eschscholtz. They are low-growing
plants, with handsome yellow or white flowers
nearly 2 inches in expanse, and the seeds are

(Sinapis alba.)

White Mustard.

Fumitory. (Fumaria officinalis.)

yrme he a gee tis a) They grow well
in Britain, and if not interfered with, they scatter
“their seeds so abundantly as to overrun a garden
like weeds.

Order V. Fumariacee (2 genera)

A small Order, including plants bearing flowers
with 2 small sepals (or none) and 4 petals, forming
2 lips, the upper ones spurred. There are 6
Stamens, and 1 ovary. The fruit is either a nut

with a single seed, or a pod containing several
seeds. By some authors this Order is included
i in the Papaveracee.

\ : ' ia bn
| Fumitory—Fumaria officinalis

(Plate IX)

This is an annual plant, with a slender, fibrous
t, and a branching, ridged stem, covered, like the
ole plant, with a glaucous bloom. The leaves
bipinnate, with deeply cleft leaflets, and clusters
red or white flowers. The sepals are small,
» and soon shed. Our figures represent the

large and small varieties of the plant.
common plant in Britain, chiefly in fields, but has
perhaps been introduced with cultivation.

Order VI.

This is an extensive Order, including a large
number of useful plants, such as Mustard, Cress,
Cabbage, Radish, etc., besides other plants grown
for the sake of their flowers, such as Wallflower,
Rocket, and Candytuft.

The Crucifere have 4 petals (rarely absent)
arranged in a cross (whence their name), and 6
stamens. The calyx has also 4 sepals, but is soon
shed. The flowers are generally small, and form
clusters at the ends of the branches, and develop
successively, so that the lower part has often
ripened its seeds while the upper part is still
flowering. Many are provided with nectaries to
attract insects, but others are self-fertilised. The
fruit is a pod (siliqua), long and broad, or short
and broad, or constricted, as in the Radish.

Crucifere (31 genera)

‘It is a

7
Jt, ae a ee ed ae

Tt- ia nr
divided by a sepiment into two ome ae:

34 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

containing the seeds. Several species yield a
strong essential oil. We have only space to
notice one or two plants belonging to this extensive
Order in detail.

White Mustard—Sznapis alba
(Plate X)

Mustard is a troublesome weed in arable land,
and all the more so because it harbours various
insects which are very injurious to cultivated crops,
especially the dreaded “Turnip Fly.” T his is a
collective name for several small species of shining
metallic greenish or bronzy beetles, with or without
yellow markings, which have thickened hindlegs
and skip about like fleas. They belong to the
genus Ha/tica and its allies.

The flowers of the White Mustard are yellow,
and the flower-stalks are angular, and stand erect
when they bear the pods. The pods are very
pilose, and are furnished with a long sword-shaped
beak. The seeds are white or brown, and number
from 3 to 5 in a pod. This plant is some-

times cultivated, and mustard is prepared from
the ground seeds. It is in daily use as a con
diment; and is of great value as a household
medicine, either mixed with water as an emetic,
or as a poultice for chest complaints.

Woad—Jsatis tinctoria
(Plate XI)

This plant is largely cultivated in many parts of
the Continent, especially in Eastern Germany and
Austria, for the preparation of indigo from the
root. It is so scarce and local in England that
botanists have doubted whether it is truly in-
digenous, although it is with the juice of this
plant that the Britons are said to have stained
their bodies blue in the time of Ceesar.

The root is turnip-like and biennial, and the
plant flowers in the second year. The root-leaves
are oval, smooth, narrower at the base, and
notched on the borders. The stem grows to the
height of 2 or 3 feet, and is enclosed by the leaves.
The stem divides into several branches, which

Plate XII.

ie pe Clue, omer a |

Qeeapt NWinlat

pees ey ea |

eat

bear thick clusters of yellow flowers. The pods
are smooth, hang downwards, and only contain
one seed, which is very rich in oil.

Nasturtium officinale (Watercress), is a common
plant in ditches and in shallow water generally,
and also at the borders of streams. The stem is
rather stout, fleshy, branching, and sometimes
creeping ; the flowers are small and white. The
pods are about three-quarters of an inch in length,
and are arranged in a double row. It is generally
only a few inches long, but sometimes grows to
a length exceeding 2 feet. It has, however, been
introduced into Australia and New Zealand, where
it has suddenly begun to grow with such luxuriance
that it often reaches a length of 5 or 6 feet, and
threatens to block up the rivers.

The name Nasturtium is often incorrectly
applied to a handsome garden flower, also called
with equal impropriety “Indian Cress” (Zvropao-
lum majus). It really belongs to an exotic Order
allied to the Geraniums, called Zropeolacee. It
is grown either low or as a creeper; the leaves are
large, very thick, and the whole plant has a strong

,

Oe, 2, Re ee en UL ee ree ek ee ete

CRUCIFERZ 35

odour resembling that of mustard and cress. It
bears large showy red or yellowish flowers (only
one on a stalk), yielding large green carpels, which
are sometimes pickled.

Many cruciferous plants are cultivated, but they
suffer much from the attacks of various insects,
for numerous wild plants belong to this Order,
and as the insects which attack them are usually
not very particular in their choice of food, they
spread and multiply on cultivated plants, to which
they often cause serious injury. We have already
mentioned the small beetles which are so destruc-
tive to Turnips; but there are many other insects
which are almost equally destructive to Cabbages,
Turnips, etc. Among these are the caterpillars
(mostly green) of no less than five white butter-
flies: the Large White (Pieris brassice), the Small
White (2. rapa), the Green-veined White (P.
napi), the Bath White (P. daplidice), and the
Orange Tip (Zuchloé cardamines). The caterpillars
of all these butterflies are green, though sometimes
inclining to yellowish or bluish. The Large and
Small White are almost always common in gardens ;

36 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

they are white, with the tips of the forewings dark,
and some dark spots on the forewings above in the
females ; the former generally exceeds 2 inches in
expanse, and the latter rarely reaches this size.
The Green-veined White Butterfly resembles the
Small White ; but the underside of the hindwings
is distinctly streaked with yellowish green. It
frequents woods and lanes oftener than gardens.
The Bath White is a very rare butterfly in Britain.
The forewings have a black, white-spotted border
on the apical half, and a large dark spot on the
front edge; the hindwings beneath are tesselated
with dull green and white. It is generally found
in stubble-fields. It is said to have derived its
name from a young lady having worked a picture
of a specimen taken near Bath on a sampler. The
caterpillar feeds on Wild Mignonette, as well as on
various species of Crucifere. The Orange-tip is
a very pretty spring butterfly found in meadows
and lanes. The hindwings are chequered beneath
with bright green mixed with yellow scales, and
the male has a bright orange patch at the tip of
the forewings. The female has no orange patch,

and has sometimes been mistaken for the Bath
White, but the forewings are only narrowly edged
with black at the tip, and there is only a small
dark spot in the centre.

Many moths are very destructive to Cabbages,
etc. The Cabbage Moth (Alamestra brassice) is
brown, with a white mark in the middle of the
forewings. It measures about an inch and a half
across the wings, and its green or brown caterpillar
eats into the heart of the cabbage. Other cater-
pillars, generally pale grey in colour, are called in
America ‘“cut-worms,” because they eat through
the roots of plants below the surface of the ground.
The moths are generally about an inch and a half
in expanse ; most of them are brown, but one of
the commonest in Britain is the Yellow Underwing
(Triphena pronuba), which has light brown fore-
wings and bright yellow hindwings with a black
border. It is often flushed in the daytime, when
it flies wildly, and looks very conspicuous on the
wing, but soon drops down among the herbage,
folds its dull-coloured forewings over the hind-
wings, and becomes practically invisible.

CISTACE 37

The Diamond-backed Moth (Plutella crucifer-
arum) belongs to another group, and is much
smaller, measuring scarcely three-quarters of an
inch across the wings, which are brown, narrow,
and fringed; the forewings are bordered behind
with a white undulating stripe. The green cater-
pillar is extremely destructive to Cabbages, Turnips,
etc., wherever it is found, and it has now been
carried nearly all over the world.

Order VII.

This is a small family, most numerously repre-
sented in the Mediterranean Region, but one or
two species are common, chiefly on chalk or lime-
stone, in the British Islands, and other parts of
Northern Europe. These are the Wild Mignon-
ette (Reseda lutea) and the Weld (R. Zuteola).
They have pale yellowish green flowers, much
resembling those of the Garden Mignonette (2.
odorata, originally an Egyptian species), but scent-
less. Another species, the White Mignonette
(R. suffruticulosa), with nearly white flowers, found

Resedacee (1 genus)

in sandy places, chiefly in the south, is believed
to be introduced.

The Wild Mignonette has 6 sepals and petals,
divided leaves, and most of the petals also divided.
The White Mignonette has 5 or 6 sepals and
petals, the petals and leaves mostly divided ; and
the Weld has 4 sepals and petals, the latter partly
divided, but the leaves lanceolate and undivided.
The peculiar ridged seed-capsule, open at the
upper end, is very characteristic of these plants.
This capsule is much longer in the Wild Mignon-
ette than in the other species. A yellow dye is
obtained from the Weld.

One of the most interesting insects associated
with the esedacee is the scarce Bath White
Butterfly, already noticed under Cruciferae.

Order VIII.

This family, like the last, is chiefly Mediter-
ranean. Many are shrubs; but the few species
found in Northern Europe are low-growing plants,
belonging to the genus He/ianthemum. The best-

Crstacee (1 genus)

38 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

known species, the Rock-Rose (Helianthemum
vulgare) has branching recumbent or ascending
stems, about a foot long, with oval leaves placed
in pairs opposite each other on the stem, which
are green above and whitish below, and slightly
curved downwards at the edges. The flowers are
yellow, with 5 sepals, the two outermost small ; 5
widely expanding petals, and numerous stamens ;
in size and colour the flower is not unlike that of a
Buttercup. There is 1 style and stigma, and the
capsule has 1 or several valves. The plant is
common on dry sunny slopes in England and
Scotland.

Order IX. Volacee (1 genus)

The Violets have 5 sepals and petals, generally
irregular, 5 stamens, and a single style, with an
oblique stigma. There is 1 ovary, and the
capsule has 3 valves.

All the North European species belong to the
single genus Viola. The large-flowered species of
Viola, which are favourites in our gardens, are

generally called Pansies. Some of these are culti-
vated varieties of the Wild Pansy, and others are
derived from various European species, not found
wild in Britain.

Sweet Violet— Vola odorata
(Plate XII)

This plant grows wild in woods and hedges,
generally in shady places, but is largely cultivated
in gardens for the delicious perfume of the flowers,
which are usually of a deep purplish blue colour,
but .occasionally white. The leaves are heart-
shaped, only slightly tapering, with the edges
denticulated, and the surface smooth and reticu-
lated with nervures. They rise on long or short
stalks from a branching root. At the base of the
leaf-stalks are small oval pointed root-leaves.
Between the leaf-stalks the flower-stalks rise imme-
diately from the root ; and above the middle they
are provided with two leaf-like appendages called
“bracts.” The flower has 5 stamens, and the
lowest petal forms a hollow spur behind.

fe bi Plate XIII. Plate XIV.

Heartsease or Wild Pansy. (Viola tricolor.) Waterwort. (Elatine triandra.)

VIOLACE 39

The Dog Violet (Viola canina) is generally of a
paler blue, and scentless. It is as common as the
Sweet Violet, if not more so, and grows freely in
open places. An infusion of the leaves has lately
been tried as a cure for cancer, both as a drink
and locally. But the experiment does not seem
to have led to any improvement.

The Yellow Violet (Viola Zutea) is found on
some of the English, Welsh and Scotch mountains.

Heartsease or Wild Pansy— Vola tricolor
(Plate XIII)

This plant is very common on waste ground,
and also grows as a weed in gardens and corn-
fields. The stem is decumbent, branching and
spreading. The leaves are placed alternately, and
are oval and denticulated. The leaflets are clustered,
pinnate, the pinnz long, with smooth edges ; and
the terminal pinna is the longest. The flower-
stalks rise singly in the axils of the leaves ; they are
long, quadrangular, and furrowed at the back. The
_ calyx is smooth, and the corolla is twice as large

Rss

, 27
sas ; y
r'"t, Je ae

as the calyx. The lower petal is rather larger than
the rest, and marked towards the tube with 7
lines ; it passes into an obtuse spur at the base.
The flower is very variable both in size and colour.
It seeds and spreads much faster than most species
of Viola. A fluid extract of the leaves has been
used as an expectorant in cough.

Most of the insects recorded as feeding on
different species of Vzola are the caterpillars of
butterflies and moths. Among the most notice-
able are some of those beautiful butterflies called
Fritillaries. There are different species, measuring
from an inch and a half to three inches and upwards
across the wings; but all of a rich tawny, with
black spots, on the upper surface, and with silvery
white spots or streaks on the under-surface of the
hindwings. Their caterpillars are dark-coloured
and spiny ; but the hairy caterpillars of the White
and Buff Ermine Moths (Sf7/osoma menthastri and
S. lubricifeda) will also feed on Violets as well as
on other low plants. These caterpillars are also
brown, with a yellow stripe or yellow spots. The
moths are white or dull yellow, with numerous

40 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

black spots, and thick yellow bodies, with rows of
longitudinal black spots.

Order X. Droseracee (1 genus)

This is another small Order, represented in
Britain by only one genus. ‘Three species are not
uncommon in swampy places. They are low-
growing plants; the flowers have 5 sepals, petals
and stamens, and the leaves are set with long hairs
which exude a viscid substance. When an insect
settles on the leaf, the leaf bends over and captures
it, and does not again unfold till the juices of the
prey have been absorbed. But the plant does not
catch more insects than it requires, ceasing to do
so when it has obtained sufficient for its needs.
An American species, Venus’s Fly-trap (Dionea
muscipula), often to be seen in botanic gardens, is
particularly celebrated for its fly-catching pro-
pensities ; but our British Sundews have the same
habit, though their leaves do not close so com-
pletely in the rat-trap fashion of Dzonea, which
has the edges of the leaves set round with long
spine-like hairs.

In the Common Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia)
the leaves are nearly circular, the stem is erect, and
the capsule is not furrowed. The Oblong Sundew
(D. longifolia) has erect stems, a furrowed capsule,
and erect leaves, much longer than broad. The
English Sundew (D. anglica) which, notwith-
standing its name, is less common in England than
in other parts of the British Islands, has erect
leaves, much longer and narrower than in the
other species.

The flowers are white, at the end of a stalk from
2 to 8 inches high, and expand in the sunshine.
Hybrids between the different species are not
uncommon.

A preparation of Drosera rotundifolia has been
employed as a sedative in asthma and whooping
cough.

Order XI.

The only British representative of this Order, the
Sea Heath (Frankenia levis) is a low decumbent
spreading plant with shoots 6 inches long or more,
with small opposite leaves, small pink flowers,

Frankentacee (1 genus)

ELATINACE/E 4I

with rt sepal cleft into 5 divisions, placed at the
ends of the shoots, and a 1-celled capsule, with
numerous seeds. The plant is found near the
seashore in the south-east of England.

Order XII.

Many of the foreign species of this Order are
shrubs, but the only European genus is Polyga/a,
comprising the Milkworts, which are perennials,
the root-stem throwing up shoots several inches
long. The leaves are entire, alternate, and the
flowers are terminal, and form clusters. The
flowers are of the type called “‘ Papilionaceous,” or
butterfly-like ; but it is here the calyx, and not the
corolla, which assumes this form. It is composed
of five sepals, the two inner ones, or “wings,”
being considerably larger than the others. The
latter are green. The three petals are small.
The capsule is compressed, and contains two
seeds ; the lowest forms a keel. The root-leaves
are clustered together into a rosette. There
are 8 stamens, divided above into two clusters.

Polygalacee (1 genus)

The common Milk-wort (Polygala vulgaris) is
found in dry places ; the flowers are blue or pink,
and occasionally white. Some of the Continental
species have yellow flowers.

Order XIII.

This family only includes a few small water-
plants, with from 3 to 5 sepals, and the same
number of petals, styles, and stamens; or the
stamens may be more numerous. The capsule
has from 3 to 5 divisions, and contains numerous
seeds.

Elatinacee ({ genus)

Waterwort—Z£latine triandra
(Plate XIV)

The plants creep on the ground in swampy
places, close to, or even under the water.

The species figured has sessile pink flowers,
with 3 petals and 3 stamens. It is a Continental
species, but there are two British species, both
rather scarce, with pink and white flowers respect-
ively. The Water-Pepper (Z/atine hexandra) has

42 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

stalked flowers with 3 petals and 6 stamens; and
the Eight-stamened Elatine (Z/atine hydropiper)
has sessile flowers with 4 petals and 8 stamens.

Order XIV. Caryophyllacee (19 genera)

This is a large family, including the Pinks and
Carnations and many other handsome flowers,
both wild and cultivated. There are generally 4
or 5 sepals and petals, the sepals often connected,
and forming a tube, the outer rim of which is
dentated. The petals when present are equally
numerous, the stamens are twice as many, and
the styles number from 2 to 5. The fruit usually
forms a capsule, and the leaves are opposite to
each other, entire, and generally narrow.

The genus Dzanthus, which includes the true
Pinks, is easily recognisable by possessing bracts
at the base of the calyx. As wild flowers they are
scarce and local in Britain, though many species
are favourite garden flowers. Rabbits are however
so fond of these plants, that when they are
numerous they often keep them eaten off so close

as to prevent them flowering at all, unless they are
protected by wire netting.

Carthusian Pink—Dzanthus Carthusianorum
(Plate XV)

The handsome species which we have figured
as a representative of the true Pinks is not un-
common on grassy slopes in many parts of Central
and Southern Europe from June to September,
but is not a native of the British Islands. The
flowers grow two or three together on very short
stalks, or stunted plants may bear only a single
flower. They are remarkable for their dentated
petals.

Soapwort—Saponaria officinalis
(Plate XVI)

The Soapwort is found in hedges, on hill-sides,
or on the borders of streams. It has perennial
creeping roots, and spreads very rapidly. The
leaves are clustered together, with three or more
strongly marked longitudinal ribs. The flowers —

Plate XV.

XVI.

ay
palo
SA)

Plate

Carthusian Pink. (Dianthus Carthusianorum.) Soapwo . (Saponaria officinalis.)

A.

~ CARYOPHYLLACE

are also clustered together, almost without separate
stalks. They are of a pale pink, or frequently
white, and their odour is very sweet. A decoction
of the plant in water or alcohol froths like soap
when stirred up. Although the plant is not
uncommon in many parts of England, botanists
are inclined to regard it rather as a garden plant
run wild than as a true native.
A fluid extract of the root has been used in gout,
chronic rheumatism, and cutaneous affections.

Corn Cockle—Agrostemma Githago
(Plate XVII)

This is a common weed among corn, and nearly
equals it in height. It may easily be recognised
by the greyish down clothing the stem, leaves, and
lower part of the calyx, and the large pink flowers
growing singly on long stalks, with the long pointed
teeth of the calyx projecting beyond the petals.
The leaves are long and pointed, and the seeds
are said to be poisonous.

_ Among other notable plants of this Order we

ih

may notice the Bladder Campion and the Sea
Campion (Szlene Cucubalus and maritima), with
white flowers, rising from a greatly inflated calyx ;
the Red Campion (Zychnis dioica), a common
hedgeside plant, 2 feet high, with red flowers smaller
than those of the Corn-cockle and richer in colour ;
the White Campion (Zychnis alba), a similar plant,
but with white flowers, which grows in fields and
waste places; the Ragged Robin (Lychnis Flos-
cucult), with red quadrifid petals, a common plant
in damp meadows; the Starwort (S¢e//aria Holostea)
a star-shaped flower with narrow white expanded
petals, common in hedges in spring; and the
Chickweed (Ste¢daria media), a common garden
weed with a small white flower.

A large number of insects feed on various species.
of Caryophyllacee, chiefly hiding in the seed-
capsules, and devouring the seeds; others feed on
the roots, leaves, or flowers, and some live in the
capsules when young, and when older feed on
the leaves. Among the leaf-feeders are several
beautiful Tortoise-beetles, belonging to the genus
Cassida. They are about a quarter of an inch long,

<=.

4A

with short legs and antenne, and broad flattened
thorax and wing-cases, projecting over and con-
cealing the head and abdomen, giving them a
fancied resemblance in shape to a tortoise. The
handsomest species is Cassida nobilis, which is
yellowish, with a shining silver or golden band on
the wing-cases; the under-surface of the body is
black.

The Sea Campion (Sz/ene maritima) is especially
worthy of the attention of entomologists. It grows
abundantly on the sea-slopes of the Hill of Howth,
near Dublin, on the sea-cliffs near Douglas, Isle of
Man, and in other localities, where many rare
moths, the caterpillars of which feed in the pods
or on the leaves, may be found flying over the
flowers in the evening. Several of these belong to
the genus Dianthecia, which includes various brown
or grey stout-bodied species, more or less varied
with white, and measuring about an inch and a
half across the wings. Other moths keep them
company ; among others the elegant Netted Pug
(Eupithecia venosata), a moth rather less than an
inch in expanse, with very slender body and long

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

delicate wings, which are grey, with white markings,
and short black almost reticulated lines.

Order XV. Malvacee (3 genera)

The Mallows are herbaceous or shrubby plants,
more or less hairy, with alternate palmate leaves,
and large bright-coloured flowers, with 5 sepals and
petals, and numerous stamens, fused together into
a tube; the carpels are clustered round an axis,
and resemble a green miniature cheese in shape.
They are often called “‘cheeses” by children in the
country, and eaten. The plants grow in hedges,
or by roadsides, and the flowers are generally rose-
coloured, but occasionally bluish.

The Marsh Mallow (Althea officinalis) is
clothed with a thick pubescence on the stems and
leaves. The stem is upright and woody, and the
leaves are ovate, and more or less lobate. The
shoots grow to the height of two or three feet, and
bear clusters of pale rose-coloured flowers towards
the extremity. The plant is very mucilaginous, and
is cultivated in some places, a preparation of the

Plate XVII.

——

ab | 2

1 4 3
(Hypericum perforatum.)

Corn-Cockle. (Agrostemma Githago.) St. John’s

ort.

root being used to relieve coughs and colds. The
root is also used to dress wounds.
One of the showiest of our garden flowers, the
_Hollyhock (A/thea rosea), belongs to the same
genus as the Marsh Mallow, but is a much larger
plant. Other important foreign plants allied to the
Mallows are the Cotton Plants (Gossypium), which
have large lobate leaves, and bell-shaped red or
yellow flowers. The capsules are filled with a
cottony substance, surrounding and protecting the
seeds.

Order XVI.

The Linden, or Lime Tree (Zilia europea), is
much grown for its shade, and, like so many orna-
_mental or useful plants, is considered to be rather
naturalised than indigenous in Britain. Like most
_ of our forest trees, it bears small and comparatively
‘inconspicuous flowers. They are pale green, and
hang in clusters. They have 5 sepals and petals,
and yield small nuts, generally containing only a
single seed. The leaves are broadly heart-shaped,
ith denticulated borders. The flowers exhale a

Tiliacee (1 genus)

TILIACEA 45

peculiarly sweet and powerful odour, which is
perceptible at some distance from the tree, and
is very attractive to insects.

More than a hundred species of insects of various
Orders are recorded as feeding on this tree, the
great majority being the caterpillars of moths.
Two among them may be specially noticed. One
is the Lime Hawk-moth (Smerinthus tilig). The
caterpillar is two inches long, green and rough,
with oblique stripes on the sides, red above and
yellow below, and a rough horn on the back, near
the extremity of the body, blue above and yellow
below. The moth is two or three inches in expanse,
with long and rather narrow irregularly dentated
wings, varied with grey, yellowish, and lighter or
darker green. It is perhaps the commonest of the
Hawk-moths in the neighbourhood of London. The
other Moth we propose to notice is the Canary-
shouldered Thorn (Zxnomos tiliaria), which has
a brown humped looper caterpillar; but the Moth
itself is stouter-bodied than Looper Moths generally
are. It is yellow, with brown lines on the fore-
wings, and the head and thorax are clothed with

a
4 ’ ‘ +

a} olla
a

46 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

canary-coloured down.
a half across the wings.

It measures an inch and

Order XVII. Aypericacee (1 genus)

These are herbaceous or shrubby plants, growing
to the height of one or two feet, and bearing yellow
flowers, with five sepals and petals, numerous
stamens, gathered into three or five bundles, three
styles, and a capsule with three divisions. The
plants generally grow in or near woods.

St. John’s Wort—Aypericum perforatum
(Plate XVIII)

This handsome species is common in the British
Islands. The root is long, and veryramose. The
stem is upright, with two opposing ridges, and is
smooth, and throws out numerous branches. The
leaves are regular, ovate, and smooth, with the
borders entire, and are furnished with black or
semi-transparent glandular dots, which may be
seen on holding them up to the light. The sepals
are lanceolate and pointed, and the petals are oval,

marked with a row of short black lines on the
borders. There is a black glandular spot at the
extremity of the double anthers. The stigma is
purple. The capsule is oval and cylindrical. The
black glandular spots contain a blood-red liquid.

The plant has been used medicinally in catarrhal
affections of the lungs and bowels, and also as an
application to wounds.

Order XVIII.

This Order contains two well-known British
trees, the Maple (Acer campestre) and the Sycamore
(Acer Pseudo-Platanus). ‘The flowers have a deeply
cleft calyx of 5 sepals, anda corolla of 5 petals,
8 stamens, and x style. The fruit is remarkable,
being formed of two united nuts, with a spreading
wing-like lamina on each side. When the seeds
fall from the tree, they turn round and round with
a fluttering motion till they reach the ground ; and
children often amuse themselves by throwing them
up into the air to see them fly, and call them
pigeons.

Aceracee (1 genus)

GERANIACE ) 47

The Maple has palmate, lobate leaves, downy
beneath, and small sweetly-smelling greenish-yellow
flowers, growing in erect clusters. The bark is of
a cork-like texture. The wood is mottled, and is
much used for furniture.

The Sycamore is a larger tree, and the leaves
are lobate, pointed, with the edges irregularly
notched, and bluish green beneath. The flower-
clusters are green and drooping. It is a tree
which rapidly multiplies itself, and though of
very quick growth, the wood is useful and
durable.

The various species of Maple and Sycamore
yield a sweet sap from which sugar can be
obtained ; and maple-sugar, made of sap for
which the Sugar-Maple (Acer saccharinum) is
tapped, is an important commodity in Canada
and the northern United States.

Order XIX. Geraniacee (2 genera)

The Geraniums and Crane’s Bills include only
two British genera—Geranium and Lrodium.

They have small pink or purple flowers, with 4
sepals and petals, and ro stamens, of which 5 are
rudimentary in Zvodium. The style forms a long
beak, curving upwards in Geranium and twisted in
Lrodium. ‘The leaves are opposite, and more or
less deeply divided. The flowers generally grow
singly, or two together on short stalks.

These plants have a peculiar and rather un-
pleasant smell, more or less pronounced according
to the species, and not confined to the flowers.
Many foreign species are grown in our gardens,
some of which are shrubby climbing plants, and
though generally grown low, can easily be trained
over a wall.

Mountain Geranium—Geranium pyrenaicum
(Plate XIX)

This is a somewhat scarce species in the British
Islands, but is found in many places growing on
waste ground, though probably naturalised rather
than truly indigenous. It flowers from July till
late in autumn, and has a perennial root which

48

throws up several flower-stalks to the height of
two or three feet. The root-leaves, which stand
on long hairy stalks, are round, and brownish red
on the margins, which are obtusely and irregularly
dentated, and divided by 6 irregular and deeper
incisions, and clothed with fine down both above
and below. The fiower-stalks are round and
hairy, and divide into several branches. At each
fork stands a pair of opposite, stalked, den-
tated and 5-lobate leaves, which become smaller,
shorter-stalked, and trilobate as they approach the
end of the stalk. The budding flowers hang down,
but rise erect when they open. The sepals of the
calyx are furnished with a scent-gland at the
extremity : the petals are deeply bifid, and are pale
purple, or sometimes almost white, each marked
with five darker lines. There are 10 stamens, 5
of which are larger than the others, and are
developed first. The ovary terminates in a long
straight style or beak.

The best known of the British Wild Geraniums
is Herb Robert (Geranium Robertianum), a plant
rarely exceeding a foot in height, with reddish

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

flowers, and emitting a very strong odour. It is
common under almost every hedge.

The commonest British species of Zvodium is
the Crane’s Bill (Z. cicutarium), a hairy viscid plant
a foot high, bearing clusters of from 2 to r2 small
pink flowers; it is found in rough fields and by
roadsides.

Comparatively few insects feed upon the Gera-
niums, but among them are the caterpillars of two
interesting butterflies, both of which, however, will
eat other low plants. The black spiny caterpillars
of the Greasy Fritillary (4Ze/itea Artemis) hibernate
under a web, and disperse in spring, when they feed
singly on Geranium, etc. The butterfly measures
an inch and a half across the wings, and is fulvous,
with more or less regular transverse black bands.
The under-surface is yellow, with a peculiar shiny
appearance, as if greasy. The other insect is the
short, stout, green, woodlouse-shaped caterpillar
of the Brown Argus (Polyommatus Astrarche), a
brown butterfly rather more than an inch in
expanse, with a row of bright orange spots before
the borders of all the wings.

Plate XIX. Plate XX.

)
Mountain Geranium. (Geranium pyrenaicum. ) Procumbent Oxalis. (Oxalis corniculata.)

patel) cae

Order XX. Balsaminacee (1 genus)

The only truly indigenous British species is the
Yellow Balsam (Jmpatiens (Noli-me-tangere), which
is found in damp places in woods or in ditches,
but is not very common in our islands. The plant
grows to the height of one or two feet, with large
drooping yellow flowers, spotted with orange ; three
or four in acluster. There are 3 or 5 yellow sepals,
the hindermost very large, produced into a spur
behind, and the first two very small or absent ;
and there are 5 petals, the lateral pairs being
united. There are 5 stamens, and 1 stigma, not
raised on a style. If the 5-lobed ripe capsule is
touched, it bursts open suddenly, and scatters
the seeds.

Order XXI. Oxalidacee (1 genus)

This small family, represented in Britain by the
single genus Oxa/is, has 5 sepals and petals of
equal size, and 1o stamens, united at the base;
the seed-capsule is long and in 5 cells, but not

XALIDACEA |

beaked. The leaves are completely divided into
3 leaflets of equal size.

Procumbent Oxalis—O-xalzs corniculata
(Plate XX)

This is a low plant, with stems about 6 inches
high, sometimes erect, and sometimes recumbent
or creeping. ‘The leaves stand on long stalks, and
are trifid, the separate leaflets being again cleft,
and thus heart-shaped. The small yellow flowers,
2 to 5 in number, are placed in the axils of the
leaves. This plant is found occasionally on waste
ground in the south of England, but it is not nearly
so common as the Wood Sorrel (Oxa/ts acetosella),
which grows in shady woods. The latter is a low-
growing plant, only a few inches high, with larger
leaves and flowers than those of the Recumbent
Oxalis, rising singly from a stouter root-stalk. The
leaves are broad, trifoliate, and slightly notched
into heart-shape. The flowers are white, with a
slight bluish tint, and the bud is not unlike that of
a White Violet. The leaves have a slight acid taste,

4

wore

49

.

50 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

but should not be eaten freely, as this is due to
the presence of oxalic acid, a deadly poison which,
when concentrated, is often improperly called
* salts of lemon.”

The ripe seed-capsules of both species of Oxadis
split open and scatter their seeds, when touched,
as in the case of the Yellow Balsam, already
noticed.

Order XXII.
Flax—Linum usitatissimum
(Plate XXI)

Flax is cultivated in some parts of the country,
but is also found occasionally growing wild. It is
an annual, and grows to the height of two or three
feet, the stem being set round with narrow pointed
leaves, smooth, undivided, and sessile, of a
greyish green colour. As the plant ripens, the
leaves drop off. At the top the stem branches out,
and bears bright blue flowers, on slender stalks,
which flower in June and July. The calyx is

Linacee (2 genera)

short, with 5 lanceolate sepals ; there are also 5
petals, and as many stamens. The fruit is a
capsule, imperfectly divided into 1c carpels, each
of which contains a seed. The capsule is nearly ©
round, pointed above, and ripens in August
and September. The shining brown oval seeds
are called linseed. There are several varieties of
Flax, and the wild plant does not grow so high as
the cultivated forms. Sometimes the capsules are
allowed to explode in the sun and scatter the seed,
and sometimes the plant is threshed out. The
stalks have to undergo several processes before
thread can be prepared from them, ready for
spinning. They are first steeped, to rot the woody
portions, and are then dried, broken up, and the
woody particles removed by combing, or “carding”
as it is called. The remaining silver-grey fibre is
spun into thread. Linseed-oil is pressed out from
the seeds, which are then used for cattle-food, under
the name of “‘ oil-cake.”

Flax-seed is used to make “linseed tea” for
colds and coughs, and when crushed is used for
poultices. Linseed oil is much used for lubricating

Plate XXI. Plate XXIT.

6 see
Common Flax. (Linum usitatissimaun.) Spindle-tree. (Huonymus europeus.)

Pdelicate machinery, and when mixed with equal
parts of lime-water it is employed as an application
to burns under the name of “ carron-oil.”

Besides the cultivated Flax, one or two wild
species, also with blue flowers, are found in
Britain. There is also the Purging Flax (Zimum
catharticum), a small plant rarely exceeding 6 inches
in height, which is common in waste places, and
bears a small white flower. A still smaller plant
of the Flax family is called “ All-seed” (Radiola
millegrana), which grows in tufts, the stem, only an
inch or two high, forking very much, and bearing
small white flowers with only 4 sepals and petals.

It is common in damp places, either sandy or

_ boggy.

_ Several of the foreign species of Linum have

pink or yellow flowers.

Sus-ctass II. Calyciflore

In this section of plants the petals are generally
distinct, and the stamens are either attached to the
yx, or are placed upon the ovary.

CELASTRACEz 51

Order XXIII.
Spindle Tree—Euonymus europaeus
(Plate XXII)

The only British species of this Order is a
common shrub in woods and hedges, or is grown
as an ornamental plant. The bark is ash-coloured,
and the branches are quadrate when young, and
afterwards rounded, opposite to each other, and
the outermost horizontal. The leaves are also
opposite, short-stalked or sessile, lanceolate,
pointed, and finely denticulated on the edges.
They are smooth, and pale green, but change to
a translucent red in autumn.

In the axils of the leaves rise singly, smooth
slender flower-stalks, which bear a cluster of
from 3 to 5 greenish-white flowers. The flower is
formed of a calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, and as many
petals, alternating with as many stamens, and
placed on the edge of a disk. The capsule has
from 3 to 5 carpels, and the seeds are surrounded
with pulp. There are 4 nectaries at the base
of the flower. The stigma is awlshaped. The

Celastracee (1 genus)

52 BRITISH FLOWERING (PEANTS

bright red fruit ripens in October and November,
and when ripe opens at the corners, but the seeds
do not fall out. The seeds are oval, and enclosed
by a dark yellow shining membrane. The wood was
formerly much used for spindles, whence the name
of the tree. It is tough and delicately veined, and
is used for a variety of small useful and ornamental
articles ; it also makes very good drawing-charcoal.
The plant has a very unpleasant smell, and is more
or less poisonous.

Order XXIV. Rhamnacee (1 genus)

The only British species of this Order are the
Buckthorn (ARhamnus cathartica) and the Alder-
Buckthorn or Black Alder (Rhamnus Frangula).
They are common shrubs, with broad leaves, and
small green flowers, with 4 or 5 petals, inserted
Opposite to an equal number of stamens on
a disk at the bottom of the calyx, which has
4 or 5 teeth, and is attached to the ovary. The
fruit is a berry containing 2 or 4 hard stones.
The bark and the fruit of the British and of various
foreign species are powerful purgatives, and are

also used to produce green and yellow dye-stuffs.
The fruit of some foreign trees of this Order,
however, is edible, and of considerable importance ;
among others, that of the Jujube Tree (Zizyphus
Jujuba) and other allied Mediterranean and Oriental
species.

The Buckthorn has strong thorns at the ends
of the branches; the greenish flowers grow in
clusters, and have 4 petals and stamens. The
fruit is black, about as large as a pea, and contains
4 cells. The leaves are elliptical, rounded or
heart-shaped at the base, and regularly serrated at
the edges. The medical properties of the plant
resemble those of Rhubarb.

The Alder-Buckthorn is without thorns; the
leaves are thick and glossy, with the margins entire,
and the greenish white flowers have 5 petals and
stamens, and grow two or three together, not in
clusters. The fruit contains only 2 seeds. It is
red when unripe, but afterwards turns black.

Many insects feed on these shrubs, the most
interesting being the smooth green caterpillars
of the Brimstone Butterfly (Gonepteryx rhamnt).

Plate XXIV.

Plate XXIII.

JSS /,

(Cytisus capitatus.)

Bean-bush.

(Rham nus aipina. }

Alpine Buckthorn.

a

The butterfly may be found on the wing throughout
a great part of the year, and is one of the earliest
to appear in spring; it is also usually to be found
in good condition, tattered or ragged specimens
being rarely met with. It measures about two
inches and a half across the wings, each of which is
furnished with an angular projection ; the antennz
are red and short, and the body is clothed with
white silky hairs. The wings are bright yellow in the
male, and greenish white in the female, and each is
marked in the middle with a small orange spot.

The term “butterfly” is usually explained to
mean “the fly which is seen in the butter season” ;
but this explanation never seemed to me to be
satisfactory, and I consider it far more probable
that the word originally meant “the butter-coloured
fly,” in allusion to the male of the Brimstone
Butterfly.

Alpine Buckthorn—Rhamnus alpina
(Plate XXIII)
As a representative of this Order, we have figured

species which is common on the lower slopes of
Sees Atte TOON

were ee RHAMNACEE

53

the Alps, Pyrenees, etc., but which is not found

in the British Islands. It is an upright branching
shrub, about 7 or 8 feet high. The bark is smooth
and shining, and of a reddish brown. ‘The leaves
are broad, shining, and strongly veined, with
serrated margins. They are placed singly or alter-
nately on short stalks, and are oval, more or less
pointed, and green on both surfaces. The flowers
are placed at the base of the young shoots, or in
the lowest axils of the leaves, in small clusters,
and the sexes are separate, as is the case also with
the Buckthorn; whereas in the Alder-Buckthorn
the flowers are bisexual or hermaphrodite.

The male flowers consist of a green calyx with
4 sepals, which are oval, concave, and pointed,
and slightly curved at the tip. There are also
4 very small petals, which are narrow, brownish,
and scale-like; 4 stamens, a short style, and a
rudimentary ovary. The female flowers resemble
the male, and contain a globular ovary, with a
trifid style, and short thick rounded stigmas.
The berry is round, first pale green and then
black ; it is trilocular, and contains 3 seeds.

q ia
ae TA we,
ee ae fk

4 y
i A ae
Pie Se
oe he

54 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Order XXV. Leguminose (19 genera)

This is a very large and important Order, con-
taining a great number of plants useful either for
food or fodder. Many species are low-growing
plants, others are climbing plants; while others
again are shrubs or trees. They are often called
Papilionacee, from the resemblance of the flowers
of many species to a butterfly. The calyx has 5
more or less distinct teeth, and is often bilobate.
The corolla generally consists of 5 petals—a large
upper one, the standard ; 2 lateral ones, called the
wings; and 2 lower ones, usually united, called
the keel. There are 10 stamens, either all enclosed
in a sheath, or g are thus united and the tenth
is free.

The leaves may be either entire, trifid, or highly
compound. The fruit is a pod, or legume, con-
taining several seeds.

A number of very handsome plants belong to
this Order, a large proportion of them with yellow
flowers. One of these is the Furze or Gorse ( Ulex
europeus), a dark green thorny bush, common

throughout Western Europe, but very local in Cen-
tral, and absent in Northern Europe. It begins to
flower very early in the year. It is common in the
British Islands ; and when Linnezeus visited England
he fell on his knees in rapturous devotion at the sight
of the masses of sweet-scented blooming furze. He
afterwards tried in vain to grow it in a hot-house
in Sweden, for it could not stand the winter.

An equally beautiful and very similar effect is
produced by the fields of sweet-scented yellow
Lupines, grown on the Continent to improve the
soil, In the autumn the lupines are ploughed in,
and it is said that very fine crops of corn are grown
in the fields next year. The Lupines (best known
to us by the blue garden flowers) belong to the
same Order. So also does the Broom (Savo-
thamnus vulgaris), a shrub which is common in
woods and on heaths, with yellow flowers like the
Furze, but with slender thornless branches.

Seven thousand species are included in this
extensive Order. The cultivated plants belonging
to it are only secondary in value to the various
kinds of corn.

Plate XXV.

Plate XX VI.

ea

Meadow Clover. (Trifolium medium.) Cr

\

imson Clover. (

4
fi

©

Bes
a cs

Bean-bush—Cyzzsus capitatus
(Plate XXIV)

; This is a handsome shrub (allied to the Laburnum,
or Golden Rain as the Germans call it), which,
though not British, is common in hilly districts in
_ Central Europe, especially on a calcareous soil.

It flowers in June and July. The root throws up

several unbranched woody stems. The stems are
_ dark coloured, and set with short hairs, The
_ leaves are trifid, and placed alternately on short
_ hairy stalks, intermingled with smaller leaves.

They are of a long oval shape, dark green, with
ashort spine at the tip, and furnished with a few
long soft hairs on both sides. The flowers stand
at the end of the stem on short hairy stalks, in
clusters of 6 or 8 together. The calyx is inflated,
pale green, hairy, bilobate, with the upper lobe
broadest, and bifid ; the lower is trifid. The corolla
is golden-yellow, with a large oval veined and
indented standard, larger than the wings and keel.
The pod is long, flattened, brown, and very hairy ;
the oval seeds are brownish.

LEGUMINOS/# 55

On waste ground we often meet with the
Rest-harrow (Oxonis spinosa), a creeping woody
plant, under a foot high, with pretty pink flowers
and strong spines. It is so tough that it is difficult
to break the stalks with the finger.

Meadow Clover—T7vifolum medium
(Plate XXV)

This species prefers dry hilly pastures, and
flowers in June and July; it is a perennial. The
stalks are three-sided below, and more rounded
above, erect, but throwing out side-stems at an
angle, from a thickening at the base of each.
The leaves are long and narrow, smooth, and
diverging from the stalk. The leaflets become
more lanceolate with age. On the upper surface
they are only slightly veined, and are often marked
with two pale crescent-shaped longitudinal spots.
On the under surface they are greyish green, more
distinctly veined, fringed with rather long slender
hairs, and finely denticulated. The flower-head is
round at first, but afterwards becomes more oval.

er: ee

56 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

The calyx is pale, the two upper teeth are equal,
the two lower ones are rather longer, and the
lowest is the longest. The corolla is purple.

Crimson Clover—77folium incarnatum
(Plate XXVI)

This is the most richly coloured of all the
cultivated species of clover, but though sometimes
grown in England for fodder, it is much less
frequently seen than the Purple Clover (Z7ifolium
pratense), which is closely allied to the Meadow
Clover just described. Nor does the typical
Crimson Clover appear to be a truly British
plant, though a yellow variety is indigenous in
Cornwall.

The Crimson Clover has a weak upright stem,
with few or no side-shoots. The leaves are of
moderate size, with rounded leaflets, with the
lower borders parallel, and the extremity rounded
and finely dentated. The leaf-stalk is long, hairy,
and channelled on the upper surface. The flower-
head is long or cylindrical, and obtuse above. The

calyx is hairy, 1o-striped, and terminates in 5
rather long teeth of nearly equal length. The
teeth are at first erect, but afterwards spread stiffly
out. The corolla is long, and bright crimson.
The standard is obtuse, and considerably longer
than the other petals, and separated from them
almost to the base. It flowers from June to
October.

Other familiar plants allied to Clover are Lucerne
(Medicago sativa), a fodder plant, with pretty
blue or yellow flowers, and curious downy twisted
pods; the Sainfoin (Oxobrychis sativa), which
bears a pink flower in clusters, and has compound
leaves, like the Vetches ; and the different species
of Trefoil (Zotus), with rather narrow trifid leaves
at the base of which are usually a pair of
rudimentary ones, and yellow flowers. Sometimes
these flowers are called Lambs’ Toes. In Ireland
they are sometimes known as Shamrock ; but this
name is also applied to a small species of Clover
(Trifolium minus) with pale yellow flowers, which
is common in dry places in many parts of Great
Britain and Ireland.

Plate XXVII. Plate XX VIIL.

—)
a |,
WP

~—
=

Kidney Vetch, or Lady’s Finger.

(Anthyllis Vulneraria.) ufted Vetch.

( Vieta Cracea.)

:

Kidney Vetch, or Lady’s Finger—
Anthyllis Vulneraria

(Plate XXVIT)

This is a plant which is common in most parts
of Central Europe (including Britain) in dry stony
places, and by roadsides, etc. It is occasionally
grown as a fodder-plant, but is not of much value.

The root is slender and woody, pale brown
outside and yellowish inside, and throws off
numerous rootlets. The stems are erect, cylindrical,
downy, and yellowish green. The root-leaves
spread out on the ground, and are long, with long
stalks, and undivided. They are smooth, of a
pale green, and the leaf-stalks are rather thicker
at the base than at the extremity. On the
stems the leaves are without stalks, and impari-
pinnate ; they consist of 3 or 4 pairs of regularly
arranged narrow lanceolate leaflets, with a ter-
minal leaflet much larger than the others. The
flower-head at the end of the stalk is supported
by large leafy bracts. The calyx is inflated,
yellowish green, hairy, tubular, and consists of

2

LEGUMINOS | 37

5 teeth of unequal length. The flowers vary from
dark yellow to reddish.

Tufted Vetch— Vzcza Cracca
(Plate XXVIII)

This is a common plant in hedges and thickets,
and also grows among corn as a weed; it flowers
in June and July. The root is creeping and
perennial, ‘The stems are weak, erect or climbing,
angular, furrowed, and downy. ‘The leaves are
numerous, often paired at the base, and stand on
long forked downy stalks. The leaflets are sessile,
or with very short stalks, and are pale green,
entire, lanceolate, and downy on both surfaces.
They terminate in three tendrils, which frequently
subdivide. The stipules are semi-sagittate, and
pointed, with even margins. The flowers stand
on long furrowed downy stalks, forming a long
cluster, drooping on one side of the plant. The
calyx is short, slightly reddish, and dentated. The
flowers are violet-blue, and the seed-pods are
smooth, brown, pendent, and contain black or

58 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

brown seeds. The plant grows to the height of
two or three feet.

There are many other important plants, British
and foreign, belonging to the Leguminosae.
Among useful cultivated plants we have the Peas
and Beans, both remarkable for the sweet odour
of the flowers, though the variegated Sweet Peas of
our gardens are mostly scentless. Lentils may also
be mentioned. A species of Acacia is now largely
grown as an ornamental tree: its large compound
leaves and clusters of white flowers are very hand-
some; but it is somewhat a disadvantage that it
comes into leaf late, and sheds its leaves early.
From an African Acacia gum-arabic is obtained.
Gum-tragacanth is also obtained from an Arabian
species of the genus Astragalus ; and senna-leaves
from various species of Cassta. Several important
fruit-trees belong to the same family, such as the
Tamarind and the Locust-tree.

The Locust-tree, Carob, or St. John’s Bread, is
a tree common round the Mediterranean, which
bears large pods filled with sweet pulp between

the hard seeds. The pods are eaten by the natives
where the tree grows, and are also used for feeding
cattle. They are supposed to be “the husks that
the swine did eat” in the parable of the Prodigal
Son; and the name “St. John’s Bread” is derived
from the strange idea that it was the fruit of the
so-called ‘‘ Locust-tree” on which John the Baptist
fed in the wilderness. Very possibly the fruit may
have formed part of his diet; but as locusts them-
selves are a staple article of food among desert
tribes in the East, there is not the slightest reason
to suppose that St. John did not eat the insects
themselves.

The Mimosas or Sensitive Plants are also inter-
esting; they are natives of India, Africa, and
Australia. They are shrubs or small trees, usually
with bipinnate leaves. When the leaves are touched,
the leaflets close up, and the entire leaf sinks down,
and only resumes its natural position after some
little time.

There are probably few places more attractive
to an entomologist than a Clover-field in full
flower. Not only do the larve of a great number

LEGUMINOS 59

of butterflies, moths, and beetles actually feed on
the plants, but the flowers will not set their seeds
unless fertilised by insects ; and when Clover was
introduced into New Zealand, it was necessary to
import British humble-bees too before it could be
cultivated with any chance of success. Besides,
the sweet odour and the abundant honey in
the flowers attract insects from far and wide,
whether their larvee actually feed on the plant
or not.

The caterpillars of many conspicuous butterflies
and moths feed on Clover and allied plants. Most
of these caterpillars are green or yellowish, quite
irrespective of the colours of the perfect insects.
Most notable of all is the richly coloured Clouded
Yellow Butterfly (Codias edusa), 2 inches across the
wings, which are chrome-yellow, bordered with black
above, and with hindwings green beneath; itis a very
conspicuous butterfly, with an extremely rapid flight.
It is sometimes accompanied by the Pale Clouded
Yellow (Colias hyade), a much paler, and in Britain
a much scarcer, insect. The short, thick caterpillars
of several species of small butterflies also feed on

Clover; and the butterflies, which generally measure
an inch and a quarter, or rather more, across their
blue or brown wings (sometimes varied with red
marginal spots, and generally grey on the under
surface, with dark pale-centred spots), fly over the
flowers. Among moths, the caterpillars of several
species of Burnet Moths (Anthrocera) feed on
Clover. The caterpillars are yellow, with black
spots, and spin curious boat-shaped cocoons of
yellow silk. The moths have rather long wings,
expanding nearly an inch and a half, with five or
six crimson spots on a deep greenish blue or pur-
plish ground-colour, and crimson purple-bordered
hindwings ; more rarely the spots on the fore-
wings are replaced by longitudinal stripes. Other
butterflies and moths are also abundant as
casual visitors, or their caterpillars have perhaps
fed on grass or other plants among the Clover,
such as (where it occurs) the Swallow-tail; the
nettle-feeding Small Tortoiseshell ; several species
of Fritillaries, rich tawny, with black spots on the
upper surface, and often spotted or streaked with
silver on the lower ; brown or tawny butterflies, such

60 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

as Meadow Browns, Small Heaths, etc., with one
eye-spot at Jeast near the tip of the forewings ;
also the small brown or tawny butterflies called
Skippers, from their erratic flight, with large heads
and slightly hooked antennz. Moths, too, often
swarm ; among others, the purplish-brown Gamma
Moth, or Silver y (Plusta Gamma), so called from
the peculiar mark in the middle of the forewings.
These are accompanied by many other butterflies
and moths, bees, grasshoppers, and swarms of other
insects.

The grubs and caterpillars of several interesting
insects feed on Peas and the seeds of other
leguminous plants in their pods. Among these
are the green or brown slug-shaped caterpillars of
the Tailed Blue Butterfly (Zampides beticus), which
is very common throughout Africa and Southern
Asia, and reaches the extreme north-western limit
of its range as an occasional visitor in the Channel
Islands and in the south of England. The butter-
fly measures about an inch and a half across the
wings, which are violet-blue in the male and brown
in the female. The hindwings are provided

with a short tail, almost as in the Hairstreak
Butterflies, and are streaked with white on the
underside.

But a far more injurious insect is the Pea Weevil
(Bruchus pisi). It is a small black beetle, clothed
with whitish down, and the first four joints of the
antennz and the tarsi (or foot-joints), and part at
least of the tibize (or shanks), are red. It is oval,
with a short broad snout, and measures less than
a quarter of an inch in length. The beetles are
frequently to be seen on the blossoms of the peas,
but their grubs often commit great ravages by
devouring the peas in their pods. Another dis-
agreeable quality of the weevils which infest peas
and beans, as well as those which attack corn, is
that they impart a poisonous quality to the pulse
or grain on which they feed.

Order XX VI.

This Order is very extensive, and not only in-
cludes the Roses, but nearly all our most important
fruits, both native and foreign, such as Straw-

Rosacee (18 genera)

/

Plate XXIX. Plate XXX.

3

Blackthorn, or Sloe. (Prunus spinosa.) Spring Cinque-foil. (Potentilla verna.)

vy! r.
Soeneaa rs |
Thea ly ee

iy Tag Fane

berries, Raspberries, Blackberries, Apples, Pears,
Quinces, Medlars, Plums, Cherries, Almonds,
Peaches, Apricots, etc. It has even been asserted
that no plant of this Order bears poisonous fruit,
and that any strange or unknown plant belonging
to it may be eaten with perfect safety. However,
many plants of this Order contain more or less
prussic acid in their pips and kernels, and often
in the flowers or leaves or other portions of the
plants ; and the fruit of the laurel is poisonous,
while bitter almonds contain a dangerous amount
of poison, and it is very imprudent to eat more
than a few kernels of any stone fruit, such as
cherries, plums, apricots, etc.

The Roses generally have a 4- or 5-lobed calyx,
a corolla with as many petals, an ovary of several
carpels, and numerous stamens. Some are low-
growing plants, but a large number are bushes or
trees. The fruits differ much ; some are dry, and
others are succulent. The leaves are generally
pinnate, with serrated edges. The Order includes
about 2000 species, and is well represented in
most parts of the world.

ROSACEA 61

Blackthorn, or Sloe—Prunus spinosa
(Plate XXIX)

The Sloe, or Wild Plum, is a very common
bush or small tree in hedges and thickets, especially
on hill-sides. Its abundant white flowers appear
in early spring, generally before the leaves.

The roots are very spreading, and throw up
numerous suckers; the bark is rough, brownish
black, and frequently studded with strong thorns.
The leaves are smooth, lanceolate, and finely
dentated on the margins. The fruit is rather
smaller than a cherry. It is at first green, but
when it ripens in October the skin becomes purple,
and is covered with a bluish bloom. The pulp
has avery sour, astringent taste, and cannot be
regarded as edible. Within it is a hard stone,
containing the kernel or seed.

Spring Cinquefoil—Potentilla verna
(Plate XXX)

This is a small plant which grows in dry hilly
districts, and flowers in April. The leaves are

2S BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

oval, hairy, and multilobate—most often quinque-
lobate. The petals are heart-shaped, larger than
the calyx, and the lateral shoots of the plant droop
downward.

Wild Strawberry—Fragaria vesca
(Plate XX X4)

The Wild Strawberry is common in open places
in woods, on grassy slopes, and in similar situations.
It flowers in April and May, and the fruit ripens in
June and July. The root is perennial, reddish brown
outside, and white inside. The plant throws out
long creeping runners, which afterwards develope
leaves, strike down roots, and become fresh plants.
The stem is upright, 5 or 6 inches high, round, hairy
above and bare below. The leaves are trifid, and
stand on long stalks. The white flowers are also
stalked, and stand at the summit of the plant.
The calyx is flattened and hairy, and the petals
are white and oval. ‘The fruit is bright red, and
very juicy. It is much smaller than the cultivated

varieties of the strawberry, but many people prefer
the flavour of the wild plant.

Many insects often hide among cultivated straw-
berry plants, especially if they have been somewhat
neglected and allowed to run at all wild. Among
these are several kinds of Yellow Underwing
Moths, brown, stout-bodied, downy moths, 2 inches
in expanse, with bright yellow hindwings, with a
black band varying in width according to the
species, before the hind border.

The fruit, especially when over-ripe, is very
liable to be attacked by slugs, earwigs, a small
bright red centipede almost of the colour of a
strawberry, and other pests.

The Genus Rubus

Rubus is a rather extensive genus, including
low-growing or climbing shrubby and thorny
plants. The flowers have 5 petals and sepals, and
numerous stamens ; and are succeeded by berries
consisting of juicy carpels clustered round a
tough central receptacle. The leaves are lobed,

Plate XXXL. (;'\\\Plate XXXIL.

rN \\ { 2
= \\ I} “ey f

if 9
ot% aL

\N* 7
\

Wild Strawberry. (Fragaria vesca.) Cloudberry. (Rubus Chamemorus.)

segmented, or compound; rarely simple. One of
the most typical species is the Blackberry (Audus
fruticosus), but there are a large number of closely
allied species or varieties, respecting which the best
botanists hold very various views as to which of
them should be regarded as truly distinct. The
blossoms are sometimes white, and sometimes pink.
In some the carpels are very numerous and crowded
together ; in others they are larger, less numerous,
and less crowded. The unripe fruit is first green
and afterwards red, becoming black as it ripens.
Some forms are perfectly black, but others, like the
Dewberry (Rubus cesius), bear fruit covered with
a glaucous bloom. There are, however, some
native species of Auwbus which are perfectly distinct
from the Blackberry and its numerous. allied
forms. One of these is the Raspberry (udus
deus), well known as a garden plant, but also
common in many places at wood-sides, in thickets,
or on heaths. The wild plant is, however, not so
large as the garden Raspberry.

The most interesting insect which feeds on
Raspberry, Blackberry, etc., is the green, slug-

oe aie mental D

7 Te a ee

' ROSACEE 63

ee ee eee we eee ee eee a ee

shaped caterpillar of the Green Hairstreak Butterfly
(Callophrys rubi). The butterfly, which measures
an inch across the wings, is brown above and green
beneath, and flies about brambles and. other
bushes in spring.

Cloudberry—Rubus Chamemorus
(Plate XX XIT)

One of the most distinct species of Rubus is
the Cloudberry, which we have figured as a repre-
sentative of the genus. It is a low-growing plant,
found on moors in mountainous districts, chiefly in
the north of the British Islands. It bears a white
flower, which is succeeded by a large berry, red at
first, but turning more orange as it ripens.

Dog-rose—Rosa canina
(Plate XX XIII)

The Wild Roses much resemble the Brambles
in habit, being either low-growing plants or climbing
shrubs; and in either case woody and prickly.

64

The flowers also are somewhat similar, though
larger ; but the fruit is very different, consisting of
a tough calyx-tube enclosing a number of seeds
surrounded with stiff and sometimes almost bristly
hairs; this pod is called a hip. As in the case
of the Blackberry, there are a great number of
varieties or closely allied species resembling the
Dog-rose, which are the despair of botanists. The
slender stem grows from 3 to g feet in height, and
is set with strong hooked thorns. The stem and
branches are enclosed in a reddish-green bark.
The leaf-stalks are furnished with glands, and on
the lower surface with thorns. The leaves are
compound, and are composed of from 7 to 9
leaflets, which are oval, pointed, and irregularly
serrated on the margins. The leaves are smooth
and dark green above, but more bluish green
below. The fiower is simple, of moderate size, with
heart-shaped, indented petals, and sweet-scented.
The flowers vary from white to pink, and the in-
terior is white or yellow. The stamens are short,
and of the sepals 2 are pinnate, 2 not pinnate, and
I pinnate on one side only. The ovary is smooth

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

The fruit is oval, smooth and shining,
The seeds are

and oval.
and of a bright scarlet when ripe.
yellowish, and very hard.

Among the other Wild Roses the most remark-
able are the Sweetbriar (Rosa Eglanteria), with
rather small pink flowers, and leaves which exhale
a delicious odour when bruised; and the Burnet
Rose (Rosa spinosissima), a low-growing, very
prickly plant, with pink or white flowers, and red
or black hips. It is common in many places on
the sea-shore.

A great number of interesting insects feed on
the Wild Roses, as well as on those of our gardens.
One of the most brilliantly coloured of our British
beetles is called the Rose Chafer (Cetonia aurata),
because it likes to settle on Roses as well as on
other flowers, to devour the pollen. It is nearly an
inch long, and almost as broad, and has rather short
antenne, apparently knobbed at the end, but really
terminating ina series of closely appressed lamellz.

It is bright metallic green above, with a few small —
white markings on the wing-cases, and coppery ©

beneath. Its larva lives in the ground on decaying

j

Plate XXXIV.

Serviee-tree. (Sorbus domestica,)

‘s
‘s
PS

ro)
ks
Ay

. (Rosa canina.)

Dog-Rose.

¢
<o
ie
eis
oe

ROSACE# 65

vegetable matter, and is often found in ants’
nests. Roses and Oaks are peculiarly liable to the
attacks of Gall-flies, and the Wild Rose frequently
bears a green mossy excrescence, as large or
larger than a walnut, called a bedeguar. This
shelters the grub of a Saw-fly (2hodites rose).
The fly is black, with four greyish transparent
wings, a red abdomen tipped with black, and
red legs, more or less black at the base. But gall-
making insects are infested by parasites to a most
extraordinary extent ; and a great variety of small
Ichneumon-flies, with four transparent wings, but
in many cases brilliantly coloured bodies, may be
bred from the bedeguar, or from other galls, besides,
or instead of, the original occupant for which it
was intended.

Roses are also very liable to be attacked by
swarms of Aphides; plant-lice, or smother-flies, as
they are frequently called; and the leaves and
shoots are sometimes completely covered with these
small green winged or wingless insects, and their
sweet sticky secretion called honeydew.

The solitary Wild Bees belonging to the genus

Megachile cut neat circular pieces out of rose-
leaves, as well as from other leaves and flowers, to
line the burrows in which they deposit eggs and
food for their grubs when hatched.

Service Tree—Sorbus domestica
(Plate XXXIV)

This is a tree which grows toa height of upwards
of thirty feet. It is scarcely to be regarded as
indigenous in England, but it is common in many
parts of the Continent, especially in mountainous
districts, and is largely cultivated for the sake of
its fruit, which is extremely astringent when raw,
but when cooked is much esteemed. It is also
used to prepare a fermented drink. The bark is
smooth, and ashy-grey; the young shoots are
downy. ‘The flowers are placed in clusters at the
end of a branch, and expand in May and June.
They are white, with 5 styles, and the fruit
resembles a small red pear, with 5 seeds. The
wood forms valuable timber.

5

66 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

By some botanists the Service-tree is considered
to be only a larger variety of the Rowan, or Moun-
tain Ash (Sorbus Aucuparia). This is an extremely
handsome tree, but rarely attains a great height.
It is frequently planted in shrubberies or along
roads for ornament, but grows freely in woods,
especially in hilly and mountainous districts. In
many countries, as for instance in Scotland and
Finland, it is regarded as a sacred tree. In Ice-
land, where the so-called ‘‘forests” at present chiefly
consist of small scrubby birch or willows from 4 to
6 feet high, a Mountain Ash, 22 feet high, is said
to be the largest tree on the island, and is looked
upon with great admiration. The fruit is frequently
reputed to be poisonous ; but is not so in reality,
though it has a very disagreeable taste when
raw. However, jelly can be prepared from it,
which is eaten with game; and, like that of the
Service-tree, the fruit is sometimes used to make a
fermented drink.

There are other interesting plants belonging to
the Rosacee which we have not yet mentioned.
The Meadow-sweet (Spir@a ulmaria) is a very

conspicuous plant in damp meadows and swampy
places. It has large compound pinnate leaves, and
yellowish-white flowers, small, but gathered together
in large clusters at the ends of the stalks, and very
sweetly scented. The Dropwort (Spirea filipen-
dula) is a very similar plant, but the flowers are
more or less reddish at the tips. Foreign species
of Spirea are often grown in gardens or kept in
rooms in pots. ‘They closely resemble the British
species, but are scentless.

Among trees, the Hawthorn, Whitethorn, or
May (Crategus oxyacantha), sometimes grows as a
small tree, but more frequently forms a thick bush,
and is the principal tree used for making quickset
hedges in Britain. When the hedge is well grown,
the thicker stems are partly cut through, and then
bent down into the hedge. They continue to
grow, and the interlaced branches and strong thorns
render such a hedge almost impenetrable, when
well made. Latterly, however, barbed wire and
other fences have come into use, and a real old
fashioned hedge is not nearly so common nowas it
was some years back. The compound leaves, and

ROSACEZ:

the clusters of sweet-swelling white flowers, more or
less varied with pink, and in cultivated varieties
often wholly pink, are well known to every one.
The fruit consists of a hard seed covered with a
yellowish wax-like substance, and bright red out-
side. These fruits are called haws, and are
edible, but rather tasteless. There is a popular
idea that when hips and haws are numerous we
may expect a hard winter, because a good provision
has thus been made for the birds during the cold
weather.

Many insects feed on Hawthorn, but most of
them will also eat Blackthorn and other trees as
well. Among these are the caterpillars of several
interesting butterflies and moths; among others,
those of the Black-veined White Butterfly (Aforia
crategi). ‘The caterpillar is grey below, and black,
with two reddish stripes, above; the butterfly,
which measures 23 inches in expanse, is white, with
slender black veins, but no spots. It appears in
June, and has become very rare in England of
late years, though formerly more common. The
Brimstone Moth (Rumia crategata), also named

67

after the Hawthorn, is, however, very abundant.
The caterpillar is green or brown, with 3 small
projections on the back, and 14 legs; the moth
measures about an inch and a half in expanse; it °
has a slender body, and broad yellow wings, with
some reddish brown spots on the front edge.

Another interesting insect attached to the Haw-
thorn is a large Saw-fly (Zrichiosoma lucorum). Its
green grub has 22 legs, which is alone sufficient to
distinguish it from the caterpillar of a butterfly or
moth, and it forms a hard brownish oval cocoon,
which opens at the end like a round lid. The
Saw-fly is nearly two inches in expanse ; the body
is black, stout and hairy, the four wings are trans-
parent, with narrow brown borders, and the antennz
are knobbed at the end, almost like those of a
butterfly.

The various wild species of Cherry are not the
original stock of our orchard cherries, and their
fruit is hardly edible; but the Crab Apple, the
Wild Pear, and the Medlar are the trees from
which most of the cultivated varieties of apples,
pears and medlars have been derived. The Apple

68

and Pear belong to the genus Pyrvus; and a
handsome shrub (Pyrus japonica), with bright red
flowers, is often grown in gardens, or trained over
walls as an ornament. It bears a large green fruit
with a woolly rind, which is horribly acrid, and
quite uneatable.

Apple and Pear-trees are attacked by hundreds
of different species of insects, especially by the
caterpillars of moths. Among these are those of
the Eyed Hawk-moth (Smerinthus ocellatus), which
are green tinged with blue, with white stripes on
the sides and a blue horn on the back. The
moth is 3 inches in expanse ; the wings are varied
with pink and brown, and on the hindwings is
a large black spot ringed with blue. The yellow
black-spotted caterpillar of the Wood Leopard
Moth (Zeuzera esculi) feeds inside the branches ;
the moth is 24 inches in expanse, white, with blue-
black spots; and different species of Small
Ermine Moths (4/ysonomeuta) make white webs
over Hawthorn, Apple, Box, and other trees,
which, when numerous, they often strip completely
of their leaves. The moths are white, spotted

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

with black, and their narrow fringed wings measure
about three-quarters of an inch in expanse.

Order XXVII. Lythracee (2 genera)

Only 3 species of this small family are found
in Britain. ‘They are low-growing plants. In the
flowers the calyx is dentated and tubular, and
the petals of the corolla (4 to 6 in number) are
inserted near the top of the tube, and the stamens
within it. The stamens are equal in number to
the petals, or are twice as numerous. There is
1 style with a simple stigma, and the capsule is
membranous.

The Purple’ Loose-strife (Zythrum salicaria)
grows in damp meadows and ditches, and flowers
from May to September. ‘The leaves are regularly
arranged, and are heart-shaped at the base, and
then lanceolate. The flowers are large and purple,
forming a clustered terminal spike. There are
12 stamens. This is a handsome plant, growing
to the height of 2 or 3 feet ; whereas the following
species, figured as a representative of the Order,
hardly exceeds as many inches in length.

Plate XXXV. } | Plate XXXVI.

Water Purslane. (Peplis Portula.) Rosemary Willow-herb. (Zpilobium Dodonai.)

ONAGRACE/E

Water Purslane—Peplis Portula
(Plate XXXV)

This little plant is common in most parts of
Europe in ditches and swampy places, sometimes
actually floating on the water. It has a creeping
fibrous root, and creeping stems, which generally
throw out roots at the joints. The leaves are
stalked, smooth, oval, with the upper end
rounded, and the flowers stand at the base of
the leaves. The corolla is very small, or wanting;
the petals, when present, are purplish. The calyx
is smooth, dentated, greenish white, with red
stripes.

Order XXVIII.

Although the Tamarisk is called Zamarix
anglica, it is not believed to be indigenous in
Britain. It is a green, feathery shrub, always
found near the sea, and is planted abundantly
for ornament on sea-slopes in many seaside resorts
of the South of England.

Tamariscinacee (1 genus)

69
Order XXIX. Onxagracee (4 genera)

These are erect plants, growing to a height of
from 1 to 5 feet, with large and handsome (or
sometimes small) flowers, and long narrow leaves,
generally entire, and not unlike those of a willow.
In the flower the calyx is usually adherent to
the ovary, and the sepals and petals are equal in
number. The stamens may be equal in number
with the petals, or more or less numerous. There
is one filiform style, and the seed capsule is
composed of 2 or 4 divisions.

Several species of Willow-herb (Z/zlodium) are
found in the British Islands, chiefly in damp
places, and they derive their name from the
resemblance of their leaves to those of a willow,
as already mentioned. The flowers in all the
species are red or pink.

The Rose-Bay (Zpilobium angustifolium) is found
in damp woods in many places, but is not one of
the commonest British species; it grows to the
height of 3 or 4 feet. It has long, lanceolate, sessile
leaves, entire, or with the margins finely denticu-

pt ee Se Oh eel, A Ee r, rE

70 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

lated. They are grey-green on the under-surface,
with very prominent veins. The corolla has four
obovate, reddish-purple petals. The fruit is a
quadrifid capsule, and the seed is furnished with
a feathery awn. It is an astringent plant, some-
times used in medicine.

Rosemary Willow-herb—Epzlobium Dodonei
(Plate XXXVI)

This species is not British, but grows in the
gravelly soil near rivers and streams, chiefly in
mountainous districts, in Eastern Germany, Swit-
zerland, etc. The root throws off thick lateral
shoots of a purple colour, and clusters of stalks
which are woody beneath the rind. The leaves
are grass-green on both surfaces, rather fleshy, and
are obtusely pointed. They are mostly entire, but
often finely denticulated. ‘The flower has 4 sepals,
4 petals, and 8 stamens. The stamens slope less
than in the last species, but the style bends down
in a curve.

Many caterpillars of Hawk-moths feed on differ-

ent species of Willow-herb, especially those of the
Large and Small Elephant Hawk-moths (Chero-
campa Elpenor and C. Porcellus). These caterpillars
are green or brown; the former with a short horn on
the back, wanting in the latter. The front segments
of the body are retractile, giving the caterpillars
a fanciful sort of resemblance to an elephant’s
trunk, whence the name. The moths are very
handsome; 14 or 2 inches respectively across the
long and rather pointed wings, which are banded
with green and rosy in the former species, and
yellow with rosy borders in the latter.

Evening Primrose—Cxothera biennis
(Plate XXXVIT)

This is an American plant, which was brought
from Virginia in the year 1614, and has run wild
in sandy places in many parts of Europe—in
England more especially on the coast of Lanca-
shire. The root is spindle-shaped and soft, yellow
outside and white inside. The stem is erect, some-
what angular, rather rough and hairy, branching

N

Plate XX XVII. _ Plate XXXVIIL

SS

A ~ Horn-nut. rapa natans.)

ONAGRACEZ 71

below, and growing to the height of 3 feet or more.
The root-leaves have long stalks; and the other
leaves are sessile ; the flowers rising singly in the
axils of the latter at the ends of the stem and
branches. The flowers are very short-stalked, and
have 4 broad bright yellow petals, inserted in the
tube of a long narrow calyx, the sepals of which are
recurved. They do not expand in bright weather,
but only in dull weather, or in the evening, when they
unclose with a slight sound after sunset. They only
last a day. The root is sometimes used in salad.

The Green Humming-bird Hawk-moth (Pterogon
Proserpina) was named Sphinx enothere by some
Austrian entomologists, because its dark green or
grey caterpillar, which has a yellow spot centred
with black in place of the usual horn, sometimes
feeds on Evening Primrose, though its usual food
is Willow-herb, The moth expands about an inch
and a half across the wings, which are irregularly
dentated on the hindmargin. The forewings are
green and the hindwings orange, with a black
border. It is found in Southern and South-Central
Europe, but not in Britain; and it is somewhat

singular that this moth is attached to an American
plant, for though it is not found in America, its
nearest relationships are with American rather than
with European species. The late Mr. H. T.
Stainton called this moth “the most beautiful of
the Sphingina.”

Another interesting plant belonging to the
Onagracee is the Enchanter’s Nightshade (C7zrcea
lutetiana), which is found in damp shady places.
It has only 2 white petals, more or less suffused
with reddish, 2 stamens, and the fruit consists of
1 or 2 cells and is set with hooked bristles. The
leaves are stalked, opposite, and more or less oval
and pointed.

Horn Nut—TZvapa natans
(Plate XXXVIII)

This very curious water-plant is a native of
Central and Southern Europe, but does not now
grow wild in the British Islands, though it was
formerly a British plant, having been found by
Mr. Clement Reid in the Pleistocene deposits

72 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

at Pakefield, Suffolk. It is a summer plant,
growing in lakes, ponds, and standing water where
the bottom is of clay, and it flowers from June till
late in autumn. When the fruit ripens in autumn,
it sinks to the bottom of the water, but does not
germinate till the following spring, Then the first
shoot throws out roots which fix themselves in
the mud; and it also sprouts out digitate leaves
under water. After this, it sends up a stalk,
from which fresh shoots, leaves and stalks rise
till the surface of the water is reached, when the
true leaves at the end of the stem spread out
in a circle on the water. They are placed on
long stalks, and are trapezoidal, with denticulated
margins, and are thick, smooth above, and brown
and downy beneath. At first the leaf-stalks are
round, but as the flowering season approaches
they swell up, becoming bladder-like as the fruit
ripens, thus buoying up the whole plant. When
the fruit is quite ripe they sink down. The white
flowers in the middle of the floating leaves produce
a nut, which is first greenish black, then brownish
black, and very hard and angular. The nuts are

provided with 4 horns, which are developed from
the calyx. They contain a white heart-shaped
kernel, which looks like a chestnut, and is much
eaten in China, to which the range of the plant
extends.

Order XXX. Halorrhagacee (2 genera)

A small Order, represented in Britain by the
Water Milfoils and the Mare’s Tail. The Slender
Milfoil (AZyriophyllum alterniflorum) has _ only
a few flowers on a spike, and the calyx of the
male flower is quadrifid. There are 4 petals,
8 stamens, and 4 styles. The flowers are very
small, and the corolla is reddish. The male
flowers are at first drooping, but when fully
developed, erect, at the summit of a spike, and
the female flowers form a whorl at the base. The
plant is common in ditches and shallow ponds,
and grows under water, only the flower-stalks
rising above the surface. There are two other
closely allied species in Britain, differing slightly
in the arrangement of the flowers.

Plate XX KIEX

Red Bryony. (Bryonia dioica.)

PORTULACACE 73

Mare’s Tail—Appuris vulgaris
(Plate XXXIX)

This curious water-plant has perennial fibrous
roots, thrown off at the joints of the submerged
root-stalk, which is hollow and jointed, and some-
times grows to the length of 2 or 3 feet in still
water. The long narrow leaves are arranged round
the stem in whorls of from 8 to 12, and stand
out stiffly. The submerged leaves are drooping,
linear, and without veins. The ovary is placed
without a stalk in the axils of the leaves, and bears
a single style and stamen. When the sexes are not
united in the same flower, the upper ones are
generally male and the lower female. The plant
is widely distributed in ditches and ponds.

Order XXXI. Cucurbitacee (1 genus)
Red Bryony—Sryonta dioica
(Plate XL)

This is the only British representative of the
Order to which it belongs, and it is a common

plant in hedgerows. The calyx is only half as
long as the corolla, and the flowers are of a greenish
white. The leaves differ considerably in form, and
are more or less lobate. The stem is slender and
climbing, and at each leaf-stalk rises a tendril which
at first is straight. Afterwards the front part twists
to the right, then towards the base, then to the left,
and then sometimes turns to the right again. The
berries are bright red, and, like the whole plant,
are poisonous. The root has been employed in
dropsy.

To this Order belong Gourds, Cucumbers,
Melons, etc. Many species are edible, but others
are poisonous, and every unknown plant of the
Order should be regarded with suspicion.

Order XXXII.

A small Order in Britain, of which the different
species of Purslane (Portulaca), which are garden
herbs, are typical. They are South European
plants, more or less naturalised in Central Europe.
In Portulaca the leaves are more or less fleshy,

Portulacacee (2 genera)

_—

74 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

and alternate ; there are 2 sepals, 5 yellow petals,
and from 8 to 15 stamens, often united at the
base. There is a single capsule, with many
seeds.

The Water-Chickweed (Montia fontana), of
which there are several slight varieties, is the only
truly indigenous British representative of this
Order. It isa small plant, growing in tufts, and
not exceeding 6 inches in height, growing in or by
the side of shallow flowing water. The leaves are
opposite, the corolla tubular, with 5 short but
unequal white petals, and 3 stamens. The leaves
are yellowish green, and the small flowers grow
on short stalks, 1, 2, or 3 together, in the axils
of the leaves. The seed-capsule explodes when
ripe.

Order XXXIII. Paronychiacee (3 genera)

These are low plants, growing in sandy places,
with trailing branches and small white or greenish
flowers, with 5 sepals and 5 petals, which are
frequently rudimentary or obsolete, and, if present,

alternate with as many stamens.
stigmas, sometimes sessile.

The species are all scarce or local in England.
The best known is the Rupture-wort (Herniaria
glabra), which has yellowish-green flowers, with
the petals reduced to filaments.

There are 2 or 3

Order XXXIV. Crassulacee (4 genera)

The plants of this Order may generally be
recognised by their thick fleshy leaves, which are
single, and generally opposite. There are from 3 to
20 sepals (most frequently 5), more or less united
at the base, and as many petals. The stamens
are as many, or twice the number. The carpels
are equally numerous; below them stands a small
scale. The plants prefer dry sunny situations, and
the flowers are generally white, yellow, reddish, or
bluish.

The largest genus includes the Stonecrops
(Sedum), and is very numerous on the Continent,
chiefly in mountainous regions; less so in Britain,
though we have several British species, chiefly

RIBESIACE 7 75

growing in rocky or stony places. The Orpine
(Sedum telephium) throws up annual stalks a foot
high, with large oblong dentated leaves, largest at
the base ; and with a cluster of purple flowers at the
summit. The White Sedum (Sedum album), with
white, sometimes rose-tinted flowers, and purplish
leaves, only grows to the height of 6 inches ; and
the Wall Pepper. (Sedum acre) has yellow flowers,
and rarely exceeds 3 inches in height. The last
species has a sharp flavour when chewed, like
pepper.

The House-leek (Semperuvivum tectorum), an
introduced plant, common especially on the roofs
of old houses in the country, has a rosette of very
thick leaves, from which the flower-stem rises to
the height of a foot, bearing rose-coloured flowers,
with more numerous sepals, petals, and stamens
than in Sedum.

The most interesting insect that feeds on these
plants is the black, red-spotted caterpillar of the
beautiful Alpine butterfly Parnassius Apollo. It
will eat Saxifrages too, but its favourite food is
Sedum telephium. The butterfly is white, from 2

to 4 inches across the wings, and has several black
spots on the forewings, and two large red spots,
ringed with black and centred with white, on the
hindwings. It is common in most of the moun-
tainous parts of Europe, but is not British.

Order XXXV. Rebesiacee (1 genus)

This Order is included by some botanists in the
Saxifrages, with which it agrees in its principal
characters ; but it is now usually considered to be
distinct, on account of the fruit, which is a juicy,
many-seeded berry, in a tough skin, and surmounted
by the ‘‘ fluff,” or the remains of the withered calyx.
The only British genus is Azdes, including the
Gooseberry and Currants.

Smooth Gooseberry—Ribes Grossularia,
var. Uva-crispa
(Plate XLI)

The Gooseberry is known as a garden plant;
but a variety with small yellowish fruit grows

76 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

wild in woods and hedges in many parts of
the British Islands. It has small palmate and
more or less lobate leaves, small green flowers,
single or in pairs, and is set with numerous strong
thorns, standing singly, or two or three together.
The fruit of the cultivated Gooseberry is much
larger, and is sometimes smooth, as in the variety
figured, or else hairy. It varies in colour, shape,
and size, being sometimes round, sometimes oval,
and either green, yellowish green, or red.

Three species of Currant (two red and one black)
are found wild in the British Islands. They differ
from the Gooseberry in being destitute of thorns,
and in the fruit growing in clusters. The leaves
are larger than in the Gooseberry.

Mountain Currant—LR2zbes alpinum
(Plate XLII)

This species has trilobate leaves, with the under-
surface smooth and shining, and erect flower-clusters,
with lanceolate bracts, longer than the flower-stalks.
The flowers are’ often dicecious. In the male

flowers the stamens are perfectly developed, but
the ovary is absent. In the female flowers the
stamen is absent, but the style is complete. The
corolla is greenish white, and the berries are
round, bright red, and flavourless. This shrub
grows in the north of England, but is not very
common.

The Red Currant (ides rubrum) resembles the
last species, but the flowers are perfect, the leaves
are larger, and the bracts are oval. The flowers are
larger and yellower, and the berries are red, grow
in larger bunches, and have much more flavour.
The cultivated White Currant is considered to be
a variety of this. Both this species and the next
are found in woods in many parts of the British
Islands.

The Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) has numerous
glands on the under-surface of the leaves, which
emit a strong and peculiar scent when bruised.
The bracts are subulate, the calyx-tube is bell-
shaped, and the corolla is reddish. The berries
are black, and have a peculiar flavour, somewhat
resembling the scent of the leaves.

ae

Plate XLIL.

(Ribes alpinum.) 1

4
=}
e
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ow
=|
Oo
a=!
fas]
+
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f= |
3
KH
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- 3
2 =
os s
ial ey IS
Cg:
a

w/ (\% ag

Gooseberry. (Ribes- Grossularia

RIBESIACEZ®

Currants are much used for jam, and _ black-
currant jam has frequently been used to disguise
the flavour of nauseous medicine, especially in the
case of children.

Gooseberry and currant bushes are very liable
to the attacks of caterpillars, chiefly of moths and
saw-flies, which often strip them entirely of their
leaves.

The brown spiny caterpillar of the Comma
Butterfly (Vanessa C-album) feeds on these as well
as on other trees and bushes; its back is varied
with reddish and yellowish. The butterfly is about
2 inches in expanse, and is easily recognised by
its deeply and irregularly dentated wings, which
are tawny, spotted with black, above, and blackish
beneath, with a white mark like a C in the middle
of the hindwings. It was formerly common in
England, but, like several other butterflies, has been
getting increasingly rarer and more local during the
last century.

Three moths may here be specially noticed. One
is the Currant Clearwing (Zvochilium tipuliforme),
the whitish caterpillar of which feeds on the pith

77

of currant bushes, inside the shoots. The moth
is black, with long narrow wings, three-quarters of
an inch in expanse, transparent in the middle, and
bordered with black, varied with orange ; the thorax
is black, striped with yellow, and the long slender
abdomen has three yellow belts and a_ black
terminal tuft.

The caterpillars of most butterflies and moths
have sixteen legs; but those of a large group of
moths to which we have already alluded, called
Loopers or Geometers, have usually only ten legs.
Most of the moths have slender bodies, and broad,
brightly coloured wings. Two species which
feed on gooseberry and currant bushes are very
common. One of these is the Magpie Moth
(Adraxas grossulariata). It is about an inch and
a half in expanse ; the wings are white, varied with
black and orange ; and the caterpillar is also white,
with black spots, and a yellow line on each side.
This is one of the very few moths in which the
moth and caterpillar have any resemblance in
colouring. The other moth is the V-moth (Hadia
wavaria). It is smaller, measuring only an inch

78 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

and a quarter across the wings, which are ashy-
grey, with four black spots on the front edge of
the forewings, the second of which joins an angular
mark in the middle of the wing, forming a black
V or L.

Far more injurious than all the insects men-
tioned put together, however, are the “false
caterpillars” of several species of saw-flies: little
yellow black-spotted grubs with eighteen or twenty
legs, which often leave scarcely a single leaf on
the bushes. The most destructive develop into
different species of the genus MVematus: small
four-winged flies with shining bodies, varied with
black and yellow, and four transparent wings about
half an inch in expanse.

Order XXXVI. Saxifragacee (3 genera)

The British representatives of this Order are
low-growing plants with alternate leaves, flowers
with 4 or 5 lobes, petals 5 (or wanting in the
Golden Saxifrage, Chrysosplenium), and 5 or 10
stamens. ‘The flowers are mostly white or yellow,

but occasionally pink or purple. The species
are found growing either in rocky places, often
at a great elevation, or in damp places near
water.

One of the commonest species is the Meadow
Saxifrage (Saxifraga granulata), which is found on
dry slopes and meadows. ‘The stalk grows nearly
a foot high, and bears only a few small leaves
near the top; the lower leaves are larger, more
numerous, and stalked. The root is formed of a
number of small onion-like bulbs. The flowers
are white, and rather large. The pink-flowered
London Pride (Saxifraga umbrosa), so common
in gardens, notwithstanding its name, is scarcely
indigenous in the British Islands, except in one or
two localities in the west of Ireland.

The Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris)
has large heart-shaped stalked leaves near the
root; an upright stem, bearing only one sessile
leaf, and large white flowers with longitudinal
veins. There are 10 stamens, 5 rudimentary, and
a tuft of white filaments tipped with yellow. It is
found in swampy places.

Plate XLIII. Plate XLIV.

} Mi

4
Hare’s-ear. (Buplewrum rotundifoli . r
P ifolium. ) Coriander. (Coriandrum sativum.)

UMBELLIFER 79

Order XXXVII.

The Umbellifere are a very numerous Order
of plants. They are generally perennials, the
root-stock throwing up fresh shoots every year in
place of those which died off the year before.
The stem is hollow and ridged, and the leaves
are generally compound and much divided. The
flowers grow in a large cluster at the ends of
slender branching stalks (umbels), like the ribs of
an umbrella, whence the name of the Order. The
flowers are generally small, and very similar ; most
frequently white, but sometimes yellow or red.
The seeds are contained in doubleridged carpels
(one in each carpel), and frequently contain an
aromatic oil. Many species are of considerable
economic value; others are poisonous.

Umbellifere (41 genera)

Hare’s Ear—Bupleurum rotundifolium
(Plate XLITI)

This curious plant grows as a weed among corn
on a calcareous soil in many places in England, and

flowers from June to August. It has an erect,
smooth, round branching stem, about a foot high,
which is surrounded by alternate leaves, which are
traversed at the base by the stalk and branches.
The leaves are succulent, oval, entire, of a bluish
green colour, and terminate in an obtuse point.
The flower-clusters consist of only 4 or 5 umbels,
with a common inyolucre; the partial involucres
consist of about 5 long pointed bracts, which
extend beyond the small yellow flowers.

This plant is sometimes called Throw-wax or
Thorough-wax, probably from the curious simi-
larity of its flowers to yellow wax.

Coriander—Coriandrum sativum
(Plate XLIV)

This is an introduced plant in Britain, and is
an annual. The stem grows to more than a foot
in height, and is erect, ridged, smooth, and bifur-
cating ; the leaves are smooth, and those on the
lower part of the stem are pinnate, oval and

80 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

obtuse, and obliquely lobate at the base; the
terminal leaflet is trilobate. The leaves on the
middle of the stem are bipinnate, and the leaflets
more deeply lobate and indented. The upper
leaves are bipinnate, narrower, and much divided,
the divisions being linear. The umbels are ter-
minal, and are usually 6 in number, and set with
many white diverging flowers. ‘The Coriander is
much cultivated for its aromatic seed, which is
frequently used in prescriptions, in combination
with rhubarb and senna.

Among the wholesome plants of this Order,
which are wild or naturalised in England, and
most of which are cultivated, we may notice Celery
(Apium graveolens), Parsley (Petroselinum sativum),
Caraway (Carum carvi), Pig-nuts (Bunium flexu-
osum and bulbocastanum), Fennel (Feniculum
vulgare), Samphire (Crithium marittmum), Parsnip
(Pastinaca sativa), Carrot (Daucus carota), and
Chervil (Cherophyllum sativum).

On the Continent they do not bank up Celery,
as is done in Britain, but they tie a knot in the
young tap-root, which then swells up into a ball as

large as a small turnip. I have seen these in
Covent Garden Market, labelled ‘‘ Celerine from
the South of France.”

The Pig-nuts or Earth-nuts have tuberous roots
(white within, with a black outer skin) instead of
fibrous ones. They are found in dry pastures, and
might be cultivated to ascertain if they could not
be improved into useful vegetables.

Samphire is a seaside plant, best remembered
by the celebrated passage in King Lear, relating
to Shakespeare’s Cliff at Dover, which is now
falling into the sea.

Among poisonous Umbellifere we may mention
the Cowbane (Cicwta virosa), the Water-Dropworts
(genus Cnanthe), and the Hemlock (Conium
maculatum). The last is a handsome plant,
2 or 3 feet high, with a hollow branching stem,
spotted with purple. All these have white flowers.
Hemlock is celebrated as the poison with which
Socrates was put to death, and is used medicinally
in asthma and other convulsive diseases.

Large species of this Order, 6 or 8 feet high,
and with flower-clusters several inches across, are

—

—————<x- i -

Di i

XLY. Plate XLVI.

a4)

e 3 5 6
i, rey, “(Cornus sanguinea.)

Mistletoe. (Viscum album.)

sometimes grown in shrubberies for ornament, but
more often on the Continent than in Britain.

The most notable insect that feeds on Umbel-
liferous plants is the caterpillar of the Swallowtail
Butterfly (Papilio Machaon). The caterpillar is
green, with a black transverse band spotted with
orange On each segment, and a red retractile
fork on the neck, which it shoots out when dis-
turbed. The butterfly measures 3 or 4 inches in
expanse, and is black and yellow, with a long
tail on the hindwings, and a large red spot at
their inner angle. It is the largest British butter-
fly, but is now seldom found except in a few
marshy places in the eastern counties of England,
where the caterpillar feeds chiefly on Hog’s
Fennel (Peucedanum palustre). On the Continent,
however, the butterfly is not local, as with us,
but is generally distributed, and feeds on a great
variety of Umbelliferous plants, and often on the
common Carrot. The butterfly is found, slightly
varying, throughout Europe, North Africa, Asia
to the Himalayas and Japan, and even in North
America, west of the Rocky Mountains.

ARALIACEAE

8I

Order XXXVIII—Avaliacee or Hederacee
(I genus)

The only British plant belonging to this Order
is the Ivy (Hedera helix). It is the largest and
most conspicuous of our native climbing plants,
trailing on the ground, or over walls or trees, and
fixing itself by its numerous root-like tendrils.
The leaves are thick, glossy green, and vary
considerably in size and shape, but are generally
more or less lobate. As the plant is an evergreen,
it does much to relieve the bare appearance of
the woods in winter. Late in autumn it bears
clusters of yellowish-green flowers, with the calyx
5-toothed, and 5 petals and stamens, succeeded by
clusters of black berries, which have a purgative
action. The flowers, appearing as they do in
October and Novembet, when most wild flowers
are over, are extremely attractive to bees in the
daytime and to moths in the evening ; and it may
almost be said that the season for collecting moths
opens with sallow bloom and closes with ivy
bloom.

6

82 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Order XXXIX. Cornacee (1 genus)
Dogwood— Cornus sanguinea

(Plate XLV)

This is a tall shrub which is common in woods,
bushy places, and rocky slopes in England and
Ireland. The branches are opposite to each other,
and are blood-red in autumn and winter, so that
the plant is always easily recognisable. The young
shoots are clothed with appressed hairs in the
young plant only, but the leaf-stalks, the branching
flower-stalks, and the calyx are always hairy. The
leaves are opposite, elliptical, pointed, and with
almost entire margins. They are dark green above
and paler below, and turn red in autumn. The
veins of the leaves are parallel, and extend almost
to the tip. The flower-clusters are terminal, are
placed on a long stalk without bracts, and are
only slightly convex. At the base of the flower-
stalks are small narrow stipules, which are soon
shed. The flowers are white. The calyx is
quadridentate, and there are 5 petals and stamens.
The petals are lanceolate, and downy on the

outside. The glandular ring is yellow. The
fruit ripens in autumn, and consists of round black
berries with whitish dots. They are not edible.

The only other British species of this Order is
the Dwarf Cornel (Cornus suecica), a small plant
throwing up annual shoots about 6 inches high,
found on moors in Scotland and the North of
England. The Dogwood grows to the height of
5 or 6 feet.

Sup-cutass III. Corolliflorz

The corolla is inserted on the ovary, and the
stamens are attached to the petals.

Order XL. Lovanthacee (1 genus)
Mistletoe—Vzscum album
(Plate XLVI)

This a parasitic shrub, and the only representative
of its Order in Britain. It grows on Apple, Poplar,
and other trees, to which it is highly injurious,
its roots penetrating beneath the bark. The stem
is much branched, the leaves long and leathery,

{

{

a0
Ay “an
PV AATY,

yers Madder. (Rubia tinctorum.)

Flate ALVII.

Plate XLVIII.

A\
(

Valerian. (Valeriana officinalis.)

Leese oP ee Oe

CAPRIFOLIACEZ:

the flowers terminal, and the bracts yellowish-
green. The calyx is absent in the male flowers,
and undivided in the female; and there are
4 petals and stamens. The berries are white, and
very viscid ; they are ripe at Christmas, and as the
plant is an evergreen, it is much used at this season
to decorate houses. The berries are used to
prepare birdlime.

The mistletoe was regarded as a sacred plant
by the Druids, especially when found growing
on the oak—a very rare occurrence, as it
very seldom attacks that tree. It was also
regarded as sacred by the ancient Germans,
because it never touches the ground. In the
Scandinavian mythology we find it in another light.
The goddess Frigga, when omens threatened her
son Balder with death, took oaths from all existing
things that they would not hurt him; only she
thought the mistletoe too weak to be dangerous,
and passed it over; and subsequently a spear was
made of it, with which Balder was killed—for the
Scandinavian Gods were not immortal. A poem,
translated from the Swedish of Tegner on this

83

subject, will be found in any edition of Long-
fellow’s works under the title of Zegner’s Drapa.

Order XLI. Caprifoliacee (5 genera)

Most of the plants belonging to this Order are
tall shrubs or climbing plants. The calyx and
ovary are combined ; the former is usually 5-cleft,
and there are 4 or 5 petals and stamens, the
stamens being inserted in the tube of the corolla,
The fruit is a berry with from 1 to 5 seeds. ‘The
leaves are opposite.

The Elder (Sambucus nigra) is a large bushy
shrub or small tree, which grows and spreads very
rapidly. The leaves are pinnate, and the leaflets
are long, pointed, and serrated. The white
flowers form large more or less rounded and
flattened clusters, called cymes, and are used to
prepare an infusion known as “ elder-flower water.”
The fruit is a black berry about the size of a
pea, containing several small seeds. It somewhat
resembles a small grape in appearance, and also
(slightly) in flavour. It was formerly much used

84 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

for making “elder wine,” which was drunk hot,
as a cure for colds; but of late years this, like
many other household remedies, has gone con-
siderably out of fashion.

The Mealy Viburnum (Viburnum Lantana) is
not an uncommon hedgerow bush in England,
chiefly on chalk and limestone. The leaves are
downy, dentated at the edges, but not lobate.
The flowers grow in cymes, they are white, all
fertile, and the corolla forms a tube with five
divisions. The fruit is at first red, but turns
black as it ripens.

The Guelder Rose, or Snowball Tree (Viburnum
Ofulus), has trilobate leaves, which are smooth
above and downy below. The middle flowers of
the cymes are small, sometimes yellowish, and
fertile ; but the outer flowers are large, white, and
sterile. Ihe ripe berries are dark red. It is
much grown in shrubberies, and the flowers of the
cultivated shrub are all large, white, and barren,
forming a round cluster.

The Honeysuckle (Lontcera Periclymenum) is
a common climbing plant in woods and hedges.

The leaves are ovate or entire, slightly downy
beneath ; and the flowers are terminal, and grow
several together. ‘They are white or yellow, and
form a long tube, from which the stamens project
conspicuously. The odour of the flowers is very
sweet and strong. The berries are red, and about
the size of large peas.

The Snowberry Tree (Symphoricarpus racemosus),
which is common in shrubberies, and is sometimes
met with half-naturalised in hedges, also belongs
to this Order. It is a slender shrub, with rounded
and entire leaves, bluish green beneath. The
flowers are small, pink, and downy within. The
fruit consists of snow-white berries, rather larger
than those of the mistletoe, which they considerably
resemble, except for their purer white colour. It
is a North American plant.

The large flower-heads of the Elder are very
attractive to insects. So are also those of the
Honeysuckle, from their powerful scent; and
many of the large Hawk-moths may be found
from time to time hovering over the tubular flowers.
Several caterpillars likewise feed on Honeysuckle,

riate AliA,

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Colt’s-foot. ( Tussilayo Farfara.) Ox-eye Daisy. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum.)

te ie eee) oe dike ee Lr es. ae

RUBIACE/E 85

the most interesting being those of the White
Admiral Butterfly (Zimenitis Sibylla), and of the
Twenty-plume Moth (Alucita hexadactyla). The
White Admiral is a black butterfly with a white
band of connected spots across the wings, which
measure nearly 23 inches in expanse. A century
ago it was common in almost every wood in
England ; but, like so many other butterflies it
has been growing more and more rare and local,
till very few places are left (except, perhaps, the
New Forest) from which it has not almost or
entirely disappeared.

The Twenty-plume Moth is the only British
species in which each wing is divided almost to
the base into six distinct feathers. It is a slender
grey or yellowish moth, with broad wings, which
it is fond of spreading widely as it sits on a wall
or fence. In this position the wing-clefts are not
seen, and it resembles one of the small brown
Looper Moths called Pugs (genus Lupithecia).
It measures rather more than half an inch across
the wings. It is common in gardens in autumn,
and its flesh-coloured caterpillar feeds in the un-

expanded buds of the honeysuckle.
is brownish yellow.

The chrysalis

Order XLII.

This is an extensive Order, comprising many
plants of great economic importance, but it is poorly
represented in Europe by a few herbaceous plants.
They have angular stems and entire leaves, and
stipules simulating and forming whorls with them,
In the flower the calyx is combined with the ovary,
and the corolla is more or less tubular, with 4 or 5
terminal lobes, alternating with the stamens. The
fruit consists of two united carpels, each containing
a single seed, and is dry or berrylike.

Rubiacee (4 genera)

Dyer’s Madder— Rubia tinctorum
Plate XLVII
This is not a British plant, but it closely
resembles our Wild Madder (Rubia peregrina).

Dyer’s Madder is largely cultivated in Central and
Southern Europe for the red dye obtained from

86 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

the roots. The root is perennial, creeping, and
reddish yellow. It throws out in spring trailing
quadrangular stems and shoots to the length of
4 or 5 feet, which are set with small prickles
on the angles of the stem. The leaves are oval,
stiff, and pointed, and the midribs and borders
are also prickly. The leaves are arranged round
the stem in threes or sixes. The flowers are
yellow, and are placed at the ends of the stem
and shoots.

The berries are smooth and round ; the fruit is
first red, and then black. The plant can be grown
either from seed or cuttings. It is a native of
South Europe.

A small plant, about 6 inches high, with pink
or blue flowers, which is common in cornfields, is
the Field Madder (Sherardia arvensis). The fruit
is surmounted by the lobes of the calyx.

Several species of Bedstraw (Ga/ium) are found
in fields, hedges, and marshy places. They are
moderate-sized plants, with heads of white or
yellow flowers, the yellow-flowered Ladies’ Bed-
straw (Galium verum) being one of the commonest

and most familiar. The caterpillars of a great
number of handsome moths feed on Gadium,
among others those of the Humming-Bird Hawk-
moth (Macroglossa stellatarum) and the Madder
Hawk-moth (Deilephila Galt). ‘The caterpillar of
the former is greenish, with a white line on the
back, and a bluish tail near the extremity of the
body ; the moth measures nearly two inches across
the forewings, which are dark brown; the hind-
wings are dull orange, and there is a large tuft at
the extremity of the body. It hovers over flowers,
both in the daytime and at dusk, in the manner
of a humming-bird, from which allied American
species cannot be distinguished on the wing. It
never settles, except on walls or tree-roots, where
its colour conceals it from observation. The
Madder Hawk-moth is a much rarer species in
England. The caterpillar is green, with a yellow
line and a grey horn on the back, and a row of large
yellowish black-bordered spots on the sides. The
moth, which flies over flowers at dusk, measures
nearly three inches across the forewings, which are
rather narrow and pointed, and dark green, with a

Plate LI. Plate LIL.

—

EVAR =

i}

Arnica. (Arnica montana.) Giant Bell-flower. (Campanula latifolia.)

VALERIANACE:

whitish stripe from the middle of the base to the
tip ; the hindwings are black, bordered and banded
with pale pink.

The Sweet-scented Woodruff (Asperula odorata)
is an erect plant with whorled leaves, considerably
resembling the Madder, and with small white
flowers. It is a common plant, and is used in
Germany to flavour Rhine Cup, a favourite summer
drink in that country.

Among important foreign plants of this Order
we may mention three in particular.

The Coffee Tree (Coffea arabica) is an ever-
green, bearing white flowers in the axils of the
leaves, which are succeeded by red_ berries
resembling cherries. They contain two seeds
surrounded by a parchment-like skin, which are
known as “coffee-beans.” Coffee is grown in
Arabia, its native country, and also in Ceylon,
the Sunda Islands, Brazil, and other tropical
countries.

Its chief use in medicine is as an antidote in
cases of narcotic (especially opium) poisoning.

Several species of evergreen trees belonging to

87

the genus Cimchona are found in the Andes of
South America, and are cultivated in the mountains
of India and elsewhere for their yield of “ Peruvian
Bark,” from which quinine, one of the most valu-
able medicines in cases of fever, especially of the
intermittent type, is prepared. It is a bitter tonic,
and is much used as such in cases of debility
arising from illness or overwork. It cannot, how-
ever, be used in all cases, for in some patients it
causes severe headache.

Another important shrub belonging to this Order
is Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, a Brazilian plant, from the
roots of which the valuable medicine known as
Ipecacuanha is prepared. Ipecacuanha is especially
useful in small doses as an expectorant, and in
larger doses as an emetic.

Order XLIII.

The flowers are tubular at the base, with 5 petals,
and not more than 3 stamens inserted in the tube.
The ovary is 3-celled, but only 1 cell contains a
dry seed.

Valerianacee (3 genera)

88 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Valerian— Valeriana officinalis
(Plate XLVITI)

This plant grows in damp places, near water, or
in swampy woods. It flowers in spring and sum-
mer. It has a perennial root, and an upright
hollow stem, 2 or 3 feet high, surrounded by
pinnate leaves, generally opposite, and divided
above. The lowest leaves have the longest stalks.
They are very long and broad, and consist of 9 or
Io pairs of lanceolate alternating leaflets, dentated
at the edges; and 1 terminal leaflet. ‘The flowers
are white or pink, and the fruit is dry, and sur-
mounted by a feathery pappus formed by the
withered calyx. The flowers have a strong odour,
which is very attractive to insects, and also to cats
according to popular ideas. Medicinally the plant
is employed in cases of hysteria.

There are a few other British species of this
Order, among which is the Corn Salad ( Valerianella
olitoria), which has smooth lanceolate dark green
leaves with the borders entire. It is a small plant,
not much more than 6 inches high, and the small

white flowers grow in dense cymes. It grows
in fields and gardens, and is sometimes used
in salad.

Order XLIV. Dzpsacacee (3 genera)

This is a small Order in which the flowers are
clustered together into one head, within an outer
covering or involucre; and the calyx proper is
double, enclosing the ovary in the separate flowers.
There are 4 free stamens, inserted in the tube of
the corolla, and the anthers are likewise free. The
flowers are generally blue.

The Teazel (Dipsacus fullonum) is probably a
naturalised plant, but is considered to be hardly
distinct from the White Teazel (Difsacus sylvestris),
from which it differs by its hooked bristles. ‘The
cultivated plant, the heads of which have a general
resemblance to those of a large thistle, is a native
of South Europe, and is used for carding cloth.
It grows to a height of 4 or 5 feet, and the stem
and flower-stalks are prickly. The calyx is without
bristles, but the scales of the receptacle are lanceo-

Plate LIV.

Bog-Whortleberry. ( Vaccinium uliginosum.)

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COMPOSIT

late, spiny, very stiff, and, as before mentioned,
hooked in the cultivated plant. The outer invo-
lucre is 8-furrowed. ‘The corolla is lilac, and the
flower-heads are very large, at first oval and after-
wards more rounded.

In the Field Scabious (Avautia arvensis), the
stem is without bristles, and the receptacle is not
spiny, but hairy. It sometimes grows to the height
of 3 feet, but is usually smaller. The corolla is
quadrifid, blue or lilac, and the outer calyx is not
furrowed. The leaves are more or less lobate or
pinnate, and hairy. It grows in woods and fields.

The Devil’s-bit Scabious (Scadiosa succisa) is
generally a smaller plant, common in fields and
waste places. The root-leaves are entire and
pointed, and the leaves on the stem are pinnate.
The flowers are bright blue, with long stalks. The
peculiar shape of the lower part of the stem in
this species has given it the odd name by which
it is known. It looks as if the end had been
bitten off.

A considerable number of insects feed on Sca-
bious, among others the caterpillar of the Narrow-

89

bordered Bee Hawk-moth (Hemaris bombyliformis),
which feeds on Field Scabious. It is green, with
a nearly straight horn, and reddish brown spots on
the sides. The moth, which much resembles the
Humming-bird Hawk-moth in size and habits, has
transparent wings bordered with brown; the body
is green, and the abdomen is belted with black
and yellow and tufted with black and yellow. It
flies by day. The flower-heads of the Scabious are
very attractive to many insects, such as Fritillaries,
Blues and Coppers among butterflies, and to
numerous moths, especially the blue-black crimson-
spotted Burnet Moths (Axthrocera).

Order XLV. Composite (48 genera)

This is an extensive Order of plants, which is
easily recognised by the separate flowers or florets,
which are generally small, being massed together
into a flower-head, surrounded by an outer inyo-
lucre of green bracts. The flowers are inserted
on a common base or receptacle, and the corollas
are either all tubular, or all ligulate; or both.

go BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Very frequently the tubular flowers are in the
centre, and there is a ring or border of ligulate
flowers round, as in the daisy, etc. The calyx of
the separate flowers consists of a tube, often forming
a downy or feathery crown or pappus, on the
borders of the ovary. There are generally 5
stamens fixed in the tube of the corolla, and the
anthers are fused together into a tube round the
style. The fruit is dry.

Most of the Composite are low-growing plants ;
while others, like the thistles, though growing to
the height of several feet, are annuals. Many
of the British species of this extensive Order are
among our commonest and most familiar plants.
Our space will only allow us to mention a few
representative species.

Colt’s-foot—Tussilago Farfara
(Plate XLIX)

This is a very abundant plant on waste ground,
preferring a damp clay soil, or chalk, or limestone;
it often grows freely on railway banks. It spreads

very rapidly, and flowers in March and April.
The stem is whitish, woolly, and thickly set with
scaly bracts. The flower is golden-yellow. The
seeds are surmounted by a long, shining, silky
pappus. ‘The leaves, which appear later than the
flowers, are heart-shaped, angular, and serrated.
They stand on moderately long stalks, and are
clothed with a whitish wool on both surfaces,
especially beneath. A decoction of this plant is
still used as a remedy for colds in country places.

Ox-eye Daisy—Chrysanthemum
Leucanthemum

(Plate L)

This handsome flower is common in meadows,
and is very similar to the favourite decorative
flowers popularly called “‘ Marguerites,” the French
name for a daisy. It flowers in May and June.
It has an upright, slightly branching stem. The
root-leaves are stalked, oval, and dentated on the
edges. Those surrounding the stem are longer,
narrower, and serrated. At the summit of the

Common Winter-green. (Pyrola minor.)

Yellow

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(Monotropa Hypopitys.)

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stalk stands a single large flower-head, with white
rays and a yellow centre. The seeds are black,
lined with white, and end in a small yellow
knob.

The Ox-eye Daisy grows to a height of 2 feet;
but there are two other common plants which
much resemble it in their flowers, with yellow
centres and white rays. One is the Chamomile
(Anthemis nobilis), which is common on waste
ground, and may be recognised by its branching
stem, bipinnate leaves, and peculiar odour. There
are several other British species of Chamomile
belonging to the genera Anthemis and Matricaria.
The centre of the flower-head is always yellow, but
the ray is white in some species and yellow in others.
Chamomile tea is a household remedy for colds,
but if drunk too freely will act as an emetic. An
infusion of the flowers is sometimes used as an
eye-wash, and a poultice of the flowers is used to
relieve toothache or neuralgia.

The Daisy (Bellis perennis) grows everywhere
in short grass, and has rather long, slightly dentated
leaves, and flowers on long stalks, which grow to

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COMPOSIT Zz gl

the height of from 2 to 6 inches. The flowers are
yellow-centred, with white rays more or less tipped
with pink.

Arnica—Arnica montana,
(Plate LI)

This is not a British plant, but is found in open
places in woods in hilly districts in various parts
of Europe. It flowers in June and July. The
stem is round, upright, and somewhat hairy and
viscous. At the root is a rosette of three or four
sessile, oval, and pointed leaves, not dentated, but
clothed with hairs on both sides, not unlike the
root-leaves of the plantains. The ray-flowers are
large, and are tridentate at the extremity. The
bracts of the involucre are reddish at the tips, and
the seeds are surmounted with a hairy pappus.
The flowers turn towards the sun, like the large
yellow American Sunflower (/edianthus annuus),
which derives its name from this habit. The seeds
of the Sunflower yield an oil very similar to olive
oil. Arnica lotion is much used to apply to bruises,

92 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

or the stings of insects, but in some persons causes
irritation of the skin.

There are many interesting British plants of this
Order with yellow flowers. The Groundsel (Senecio
vulgaris) is Common on waste ground, or as a
garden weed, and grows about a foot high. It is
a branching plant with yellow flowers, generally
without a ray, and the seeds are surmounted by
a silken pappus like that of the Dandelion, but
much smaller. This plant is much used for feeding
canaries.

The Ragwort (Senecio Jacobea) is a much larger
plant belonging to the same genus, with branching
stems 2 or 3 feet high, and yellow flowers, sur-
rounded by a yellow ray. It is generally found
growing in or near woods, or in hilly districts.
The plants will often be found to be attacked by
the gregarious caterpillars of the Cinnabar Moth
(Euchelia Jacobee). These are black, conspicuously
banded with orange; and the moth has black
forewings, with two crimson longitudinal stripes,
and two large spots of the same colour beyond,
and crimson hindwings with narrow dark borders.

It measures about an inch and a half in expanse.
It flies by day, and is not uncommon.

One of our commonest composite flowers besides
the Daisy is the Dandelion (Zaraxacum officinale) ;
and, unlike the Daisy, it grows as freely in North
America as in Europe. The leaves are long and
large, generally more or less divided ; the root is
thick and perennial, and the flowers are large, of a
bright yellow, and are succeeded by a large downy
pappus over the seeds. The flowers are supported
on long, hollow stalks, and the whole plant exudes
a bitter milky-white juice when bruised. The root
is sometimes used to make a sort of imitation
coffee, and the young leaves can be eaten as salad,
tasting something like Lettuce, which also belongs
to the Composite.

The Woolly Bear, a large black caterpillar with
long black and reddish hair, tipped with white,
which rolls itself into a ball when disturbed, feeds
on Dandelion, and on a great variety of other low
plants. It is the caterpillar of the Tiger Moth
(Arctia caja), a moth two or three inches in
expanse, which is common both in Europe and

Plate LVI. late LVIIL.

8
Holly. Ilex Aquifolium.) Ash. (Fraxinus excelsior. )

ee heel ee

COMPOSITA& 93

North America. The forewings are brown, with
broad white ramifying streaks, and the hindwings
are red, with blue-black spots. The abdomen is
also red with black spots.

The Sow-thistle (Soxchus oleraceus) is a common
weed, much taller than the Dandelion, though the
yellow flowers are smaller, and stand several to-
gether at the end of a hollow stem 2 or 3 feet
high. The borders of the leaves, the leaf-stalk and
stem are more or less prickly, and the plant when
bruised exudes a bitter milky juice, like the
Dandelion.

Botanists distinguish nearly a hundred British
species of Hawkweed (Hieracium), most of which
bear yellow or (more rarely) reddish flowers, very
like those of the Dandelion, but smaller, and the
flower-stalks, which are either single, as in the
Dandelion, or radiating from a stem, as in the
Sow-thistle, are slender, solid, and often more or
less hairy.

- The Chicory (Cichorium Intybus) has a branching
bristly stem 2 feet high, bearing large flowers on the
sides and extremities of the branches, resembling

those of the Dandelion, but of a bright blue. It
grows on waste ground, and the large perennial
tap-root is used to adulterate coffee, a mixture which
some people prefer to genuine coffee. It is con-
sidered to increase appetite and aid digestion.

To the Composite the numerous species of
Thistles belong, easily known from other plants
by their prickly stems and leaves, large flowers,
generally red, and the conspicuous pappus, or
thistledown, which, like that of the Dandelion and
other plants of this Order, may often be seen
floating in the air, or resting on the ground, some-
times at a considerable distance from the plant
which produced it. Hence the rapidity with which
these plants with wind-borne seeds spread.

The last British composite plant we propose to
notice here is the Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), a
common plant in fields and on waste ground,
with a creeping perennial root, very tough short
branches, with much divided leaves, and clusters
of small white or pink flowers.

Asters, Dahlias and many other garden plants
also belong to this Order.

94 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Order XLVI.

Campanulacee (6 genera)

In this Order the leaves are alternate, and the
flowers are either single or composite. The
calyx is 5-lobed, and is attached to the edge of
a cup-shaped receptacle. There are 5 stamens
inserted alternately with the lobes of the corolla on
the borders of the receptacle, and the anthers are
free, or united into a tube at the base. The
British species have blue, or, more rarely, white
flowers.

The Water Lobelia (Lobelia Dortimanna) grows
in lakes in Scotland, Ireland and Wales, and in the
West of England. The leaves form a thick rosette
at the bottom of the water, and are hollow, linear,
and truncated at the extremity. The flower-stalks
are almost leafless, and the pale blue flowers rise
several inches above the water. The corolla is
irregular, and bilobate, the upper lip smallest, and
bifid, the lower one less deeply trifid.

A plant about a foot high, bearing a composite
blue flower, three or four branching from the end
of the stem, is common on hillsides and waste

places. It is called the Sheep’s Scabious ( /Jasione
montana), and flowers in summer.

Giant Bell-Flower— Campanula latifolia
(Plate LI1)

This is a very handsome plant, which flowers in
June and August. It is found in woods, and is
commoner in the north of England than in the
south. The branching root throws up one or several
stems, which are bare, or sometimes slightly hairy
below, and ridged. The leaves are strongly
serrated, and pointed at the tip; and are set with
short bristles on the under-surface. The lower
ones are oval, with long stalks, and the leaf-stalk
is somewhat expanded; the middle ones are
longer, oval or lanceolate, and the stalks are shorter;
while the upper leaves are sessile, and reduced to
bracts between the terminal flowers. The flowers
are placed singly in the axils of the leaves, and
are very large. The calyx is smooth, or near the
receptacle slightly downy. The lobes are long,
narrow, pointed, and set with fine hairs. The

— -

Plate LIX. Plate LX.

7 FIN Sex ir
a 7 NV UN

j f’ 4 :
Centaury. ( Erythrea Centaurium. ) Obtuse-leaved Gentian (Gentiana obtusifolia. }

wll el
4

corolla is violet-blue, rarely white. A South
European species, which is known in English
gardens as the “Canterbury Bell” (Campanula
medium), has equally large blue flowers.

There are several other British species of
Campanula, the commonest being the Harebell
(Campanula rotundifolia), a small delicate plant
only a few inches high, and bearing a drooping
blue flower. It is specially fond of hillsides, and
is the Bluebell of Scotland; though in England
the Wild Hyacinth is known by that name. It is
met with occasionally, like other plants of this
Order, with white flowers.

Order XLVII.

Ericacee (12 genera)

The plants belonging to this Order are generally
low shrubs; more rarely herbaceous plants or
trees, generally with drooping bell-shaped flowers,
with the calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed: the
stamens are generally twice as numerous, and are
inserted in the tube of the corolla ; and the anthers
have two round or linear openings at the extremity.

ERICACEZ: 95

The fruit is a juicy berry containing several seeds,
or is dry.

The Strawberry Tree (Avdutus Unedo) is a native
of South Europe, which reaches the extreme north-
western limit of its range at Killarney, where it
is abundant. It grows freely, when planted, at
Dublin, and in other parts of Ireland; but does
not grow wild in Great Britain. It is a thick,
bushy evergreen shrub, with rough bark, slightly
serrated leaves, and small drooping green or pinkish
flowers, succeeded bya large soft berry, resembling
a strawberry in appearance. In Ireland it hardly
grows to more than the size of a large shrub, and
the fruit is insipid; but in the Levant it is said
to grow to the height of a tree, with fruit resem-
bling the strawberry in flavour as well as in
appearance.

The Bearberry (Arctostaphylus Uva- er is a
small trailing evergreen shrub with red flowers
shaped like those of the Arbutus, and round
red berries; it is found on heaths in the north
of Great Britain and Ireland, but not in the
south.

96 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Flesh-coloured Heath—Zvica herbacea

(Plate LIII)

This plant, which we have selected to illustrate
the Heaths, is not British, but is found in the
mountainous districts of the Continent in open
woods and clearings, and prefers dry sandy slopes.
The roots are woody, strong and ramifying, and
penetrate rather deeply into the ground; and they
throw up woody stems, which divide into many
offshoots. The leaves are small and dark green.
The flowers either stand singly in the axils of the
leaves, or form clusters on one side of the shoots.
The calyx is quadrifid, rather long and pointed,
and persistent. The corolla is flesh-coloured and
tubular. There are 8 stamens, and the stigma is
fringed with reddish hairs. The capsule has 4
cells, containing many small seeds: The flowers,
like those of many other Heaths, are very attractive
to bees.

Several species of Heath grow abundantly on
waste ground or hillsides in the British Islands ;
but the many handsome species grown in our

conservatories chiefly come from South Africa,
where they are very numerous and beautiful.

The caterpillars of many handsome moths feed
on Heath, among which is that of the Emperor
Moth (Saturnia Pavonia-minor), the only British
representative of the family Saturniide, the Eyed
Silkworm Moths, to which the largest moth known,
the Indian Atlas Moth (A/tacus Atlas) belongs.
The full-grown caterpillar of the Emperor Moth
is bright green, with transverse black bands on
which stand pink tubercles, each of which bears a
circle of stiff diverging hairs. The cocoon is flask-
shaped, open at the narrowed end. The moth
is grey, and measures 24 or 3 inches across the
wings, which are bordered with brownish white,
and adorned in the centre with a large black spot,
surrounded with paler and darker rings, and
marked with slender red and blue crescents. In
the male the antennz are strongly pectinated, and
the hindwings are yellow.

Among foreign species of Lvrcacee, the Azaleas
and Rhododendrons are chiefly Asiatic mountain
shrubs and trees, though a few small species are

Elate iA.

e%

Plate LXII.

Greater Dodder. (Cuscuta europea. ) Large Wax-Flower. (Cerinthe major.)

found in Europe, and one (Azalea procumbens)
even on the mountains of Scotland. It bears small
rose-coloured flowers.

Bog Whortleberry— Vaccinium uliginosum
(Plate LIV)

This plant is chiefly found in swampy places in
mountainous districts, and flowers in April and
May. It shoots up many woody, smooth, erect
stems, which throw off alternate side-shoots. The
leaves grow alternately on short stalks, and are
obovate, smooth, obtuse, and sometimes slightly
concave at the tip. The upper surface is green
and shining, and the underside greyish green, with
slender veins. The young leaves are fringed with
hairs, which they afterwards lose. The flowers are
white, or pale reddish, and stand in clusters at the
ends of the twigs. The berries are large and blue-
black, with no remarkable flavour.

The commonest plant of this genus is the

Bilberry (V. Myrtil/us), which grows in dry woods

ERICACE

97

and on heaths, and has black berries like the plant
we have just described. The red-berried Cowberry
and Cranberry (V. Vitis-idea and V. Oxycoccos) are
more local in the British Islands. On the Con-
tinent Bilberries are considered to be a remedy for
diarrhcea.

Common Winter Green—Pyrola minor
(PiateL.V)

This plant is found in shady woods, and is
commoner in Scotland than in England or Ireland.
It has a creeping root. All the leaves grow close
to the root, and lie crosswise round the stem.
They have short stalks, and are oval, and pointed
at the extremity. They are smooth and stiff, with
the edges slightly crenate; dark green above and
paler below. From between the leaves rises an
erect, perfectly smooth and bare red stalk, which
terminates in a small head of round white or
somewhat reddish flowers. The short stalks are
protected by narrow lanceolate whitish bracts.
The teeth of the calyx are long and pointed, and

7

98 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

red at the tips. The style is straight, and the
stigma quinquepartite. The seeds resemble chaff,
and are pointed at both ends.

Yellow Bird’s Nest—Monotropa Hypopitys
(Plate LVI)

This curious plant grows in shady woods at the
roots of large trees, especially pine and fir trees.
It is not a truly parasitic plant, but its ramifying

roots absorb decaying vegetable matter. It flowers
in June and July. It has an erect stem clothed
with oval scales, but no proper leaves. The root

is perennial, and strikes deeply into the soil, where
it forms an onion-like tuber, and the filaments
attach themselves to the roots of trees. At the
end of the stalk is the flower-head. The upper-
most flower generally has 10 petals and stamens
and a 5-celled capsule, while the other lateral
flowers have only 8 petals and stamens and a
4-celled seed-capsule. The seeds are very small,
and are easily scattered by the wind.

Order XLVIII. Aguzfoliacee (1 genus)
Holly—llex Aquifolium
(Plate LVIT)

The only British plant of this Order is the Holly
(Llex Aguifolium), a slow-growing shrub, which
frequently attains the size of a tree in the British
Islands, where it grows to most perfection. In
France it is common, in Italy local; and though
widely distributed in north-western Germany, is
there often dwarfed to mere underwood. In
England it is universally employed (alone, or with
ivy, mistletoe, and other evergreens) to decorate
houses, churches, shops, etc., at Christmas. The
bark of the young tree is green, or ash-coloured,
and smooth, but in older trees becomes grey and
rough. The wood is very firm, hard, of fine
texture, and white or yellowish. The bark of
the young trees is used for making bird-lime.
The leaves grow alternately, on short stalks on
the young shoots, and are dark green, very thick,
smooth, glossy, and oval. Those growing near

Plate, LXIII. LXIV.

)
18 \

4
Borage. (Borago officinalis.) Forgetmenot. (Myosotis

10

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’ aa , . | Pilea

OLEACE# 99

the top of the tree are mostly smooth and entire,
but the lower leaves have very jagged edges, and
the projecting points are armed with strong
prickles. (Compare Southey’s poem on the Holly
Tree.) The tree bears clusters of small whitish
flowers in May, in the axils of the leaves ; some-
times the flowers are complete, and sometimes the
sexes are divided, some trees bearing only male
and others only female flowers. The calyx has
4 or 5 teeth, and there are as many alternating
petals and stamens. The scarlet berry is sur-
mounted by the teeth of the calyx, and contains
4 seeds. The berries remain on the tree till
spring. Some of the cultivated varieties have
white-bordered or mottled leaves.

The leaves often exhibit whitish tortuous lines.
These are produced by the _ yellowish-white
mining grubs of a small black two-winged fly
(Phytomyza tlicis),

Maté, or Paraguay Tea, much drunk in South
America, is the infusion of the leaves of a plant
allied to the Holly (lex Paraguensis). It has a
bitter taste, and resembles coffee in its properties.

Order XLIX. (Oleacee 2 genera)

The plants of this Order are trees or shrubs,
with opposite leaves, and the flowers in clusters,
with 2 stamens, and the calyx and corolla either
quadrifid or absent. There are 2 stamens,
attached to the tube of the corolla, when it exists ;
and the ovary and fruit are 2-celled.

There are only two British plants belonging to
this Order—the Privet and the Ash; but several
important cultivated and foreign plants, such as the
Lilac, Jasmine, and Olive, likewise belong to it.

The Privet (Zigustrum vulgare) is an evergreen
shrub (except in severe winters), and is much used
for garden hedges. It bears clusters of white
flowers and black berries, sometimes used to form
a gargle, or a wash for scurvy or soreness in the
mouth. On its leaves, and on those of allied trees
and shrubs, feeds the large green caterpillar of the
Privet Hawk-moth (Sphinx Jligustri). It has
oblique white, lilac-bordered stripes on the sides,
and a black and yellow horn on the back. In
repose it holds the front of its body erect, in an

100

attitude which suggested that of a Sphinx to the
older entomologists, whence its name. But not-
withstanding the size and beauty of the caterpillar,
its colours assimilate so well with the plant that
its presence is often only detected, even by
entomologists, by noticing its droppings under the
bushes. The moth is pale brown, varied with
grey and whitish, and expands 4 inches across
the rather narrow and pointed forewings. The
hindwings are banded with black and pink, and
the rather stout abdomen is also transversely
banded on the sides with pink. Many other
insects feed on privet, etc., one of them being
the caterpillar of an extremely delicate little moth
(Gracilaria syringella), only half an inch across its
narrow yellowish brown-spotted fringed wings.
The caterpillar is whitish, and makes conspicuous
mines in the leaves of the trees on which it lives.

Ash—fraxinus excelstor
(Plate LVIII)

The Ash is a lofty tree which flourishes best in
a rather damp soil. The trunk is erect, and the

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

bark is greyish brown, and smooth, except in old
trees, when it becomes rugged. The buds are
large and black, and surrounded with soft hairy
scales. The leaves are opposite, unequally pinnate,
and the leaflets are long, lanceolate, with a
prominent apex, and coarsely serrated ; the base
is narrowed, entire, and almost sessile. ‘The leaves,
unlike those of the privet, are deciduous. The
flower-clusters rise from the sides of the leaf-buds,
near the tips of the young shoots, and the stamens
are attached opposite to each other on the sides of
the ovary ; but many trees bear only male or only
female flowers. The flowers appear in April or
May before the leaves. The seed-capsule is long
and tough, almost leathery, expanding into a
wing above. It is two-celled, but only one seed
ripens. The clusters are called ash-keys, or
samaras.

The Blister Beetle (Cantharis vesicatoria), a
narrow, brilliantly metallic green beetle, about
half an inch long, feeds on the Ash, and a tree
loaded with them is a magnificent sight. The
insect, however, is scarce in Britain. It is the

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Plate LAY.

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Woody Nightshade, or Bittersweet. oe

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APOCYNACE/E

insect from which cantharides is chiefly obtained,
though some yellow and black Chinese beetles
are also used for that purpose.

Another conspicuous insect, very rare with us,
but common on the Continent, the ashy-grey
caterpillar of which feeds on the ash and several
other trees, is the Clifden Nonpareil (Catocala
Jraxini). The moth measures nearly 4 inches
across the broad forewings, which are bluish grey,
varied with paler markings, and with zigzag black
lines. The hindwings are black, with a broad
pale blue central band. Notwithstanding its
rarity, it is widely distributed in England, and
a few years ago a specimen was taken in Hyde
Park.

The Lilac (Syringa vulgaris), a native of Persia,
is largely grown in gardens and shrubberies for
its fragrant clusters of lilac or white flowers. The
leaves are smooth, long, broad, and entire. The
flowers form large upright clusters, and appear
in May, and the long, compressed, pointed seed
capsules ripen in September.

The Olive Tree (Oa europea), which also

ee) Bes “seein

IOI

belongs to this Order of plants, is universally
cultivated in Southern Europe and other regions
bordering on the Mediterranean. It is an ever-
green tree with entire leaves, and small clusters of
white flowers, yielding a purple stone fruit, from
which the valuable yellow olive oil is obtained.
The fruit is also pickled in salt and water as an
after-dinner relish. In England olive oil is chiefly
taken with salad. It is also used in the manu-
facture of soap, and medicinally as an application
to burns.

Order L. Afocynacee (1 genus)

Our British representative of this Order is the
Periwinkle (Vinca minor), which is found in bushy
places and shady woods. It has a creeping stem,
and smooth shining evergreen leaves, elliptical or
inclining to lanceolate, on short stalks. The blue
(or rarely white) flowers are tubular, with the calyx
and corolla 5-lobed, and 5 stamens. There are
2 ovaries, united above, with a common style and
stigma, and the seed capsule is double; the seeds

102

are very small. A larger species (Vinca major),
also with blue or white flowers, but with the
borders of the divisions of the calyx and of the
leaves fringed with hairs, is also occasionally met
with.

Allied to the Periwinkle is the beautiful but
poisonous shrub so common round the Mediter-
ranean, the Oleander (Werium Oleander). It has
-green lanceolate leaves, and red, or occasionally
white or yellow, flowers. The caterpillar of one
of the most beautiful of the European Hawk-
moths, the Oleander Hawk-moth (Dafhnis neriz)
feeds on this shrub as well as on Periwinkle. It
is green or yellowish, with a white line on each
side, a blunt yellow horn on the back, and the
front of the body yellow, with two blue spots
surrounded with black on the back of the third
segment behind the head. The moth is 4 inches
in expanse, and is also green, varied with pink
and violet. It is common throughout Africa and
the warmer parts of Europe and Asia, but is only
found in England as an occasional visitor of great
rarity.

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Order LI.

This Order resembles the last in its large tubular
flowers, generally blue, pink, or yellow; but the
corolla has from 5 to 8 lobes, and the two ovaries
are not united.

Gentianaceeé

Centaury—Evythrea Centaurium
(Plate LIX)

This pretty little plant is common in fields and
meadows, preferring open sunny places, and flowers
from June to September. It is an annual, and
throws up from the root one or more smooth erect
branching stems. The leaves are ovate or lanceo-
late, smooth, sessile, and opposite; and larger
leaves form a thick rosette round the root. The
flowers are pink, the tube of the corolla is longer
than the calyx, and the open part is divided into
5 oval petals. The stigma of the ovary is rounded
and cleft. The whole plant is very bitter, and,
like many species of Gentian, has been employed
in medicine as a valuable tonic.

Plate LXVII.

Henbane. | Tyoscyamus niger.) F oxglove. (Digitalis purpurea.)

CONVOLVULACE

Obtuse-leaved Gentian—Gentiana obtusifolia
(Plate LX)

We have several British species of Gentian, all
with blue or lilac flowers, but they are much more
numerous on the Continent; and the species
figured on our plate is a mountain form (not
British), which flowers in August. The fibrous
root is almost woody, and throws off several root-
lets. The root-leaves spread out in a rosette, and
are ovate; the leaves on the stem are sessile,
opposite, and lanceolate, half embracing the stem
at the base. The stem is angular, smooth, and
branching. The calyx is bell-shaped, quinque-
partite for half its length, narrowed towards the
base, and then somewhat inflated, with lanceolate
bracts. The corolla also divides into 5 blue
petals above the tube, which are pointed at
the tip, fringed with long hairs inside, and yellow
towards the base. The stamens are separate,
and project from the opening of the tube of the
corolla.

| FRAP pe

103

Order LII.

The only British representative of this Order is
called Jacob’s Ladder (Polemonium cesulum), and
is a rather scarce plant found in damp meadows,
or on the borders of woods. The leaves are
pinnate, the leaflets ovate-lanceolate and alternate.
The stem is nearly two feet high, and the flowers
are terminal, rather numerous, and blue, or
occasionally white. They are bell-shaped or
wheel-shaped, the tube being short; the calyx
and corolla are quinquepartite, and there are 5
stamens, 3 stigmas, and 3 cells in the ovary and
seed-capsule.

To this Order belong the favourite garden flowers
known as Phlox.

Polemoniacee (1 genus)

Order LIII.

These are climbing or trailing plants, with regular
flowers, the calyx with 4 or 5 sepals, the corolla
tubular and almost trumpet-shaped, with 4 or 5
petals, and as many stamens.

Convolvulacee (2 genera)

104

There are three British species of Convolvulus,
or Bindweed, and other species are grown in our
gardens, often with very ornamental flowers. The
Small Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), has ovate
or lanceolate leaves, and the flowers are pink or
white. There are two small bracts on the stalk,
not close to the flower. It is common in fields
and waste places, trailing over the other herbage,
often in large masses. The Larger Convolvulus
(Convolvulus sepium) has broad leaves, expanded
at the base and pointed towards the tip, and large
white or occasionally pink flowers, and is usually
met with climbing up hedges or bushes. Near the
flowers are two large bracts. The Sea Convolvulus
(Convolvulus soldanella), has large pink flowers,
and grows on sandy ground near the sea. The
bracts are placed as in the last species.

Among others, the caterpillars of three very
interesting moths feed on Convolvulus. One is
the Convolvulus Hawk-Moth (Sphinx convolvult).
The caterpillar is brown or green, with dull yellow
stripes on the sides, and the moth, which measures
4 or 5 inches across the wings, is varied with

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

brown and grey, and the abdomen is marked with
interrupted pink transverse bands.

Emmelia trabealis 1s a small slender moth
nearly an inch across the wings, which are sulphur-
yellow, with black lines and spots; the hindwings
are brown. It is found by day in weedy places
(especially on the edges of cornfields), where its
caterpillar, which is green or brown with a yellow
stripe on the sides, feeds on bindweed. It is not
common in Britain, but is found occasionally in
the eastern counties of England.

The caterpillars of several Plume Moths belong-
ing to the genus /¢erophorus, in which the fore-
wings are more or less divided into two distinct
feathers, and the hindwings into three, feed on
Convolvulus; among others, that of the largest
species, the White Plume Moth (Pterophorus penta-
dactylus), a very delicate creature, with snow-
white wings often exceeding an inch in expanse,
and long slender legs, which, but for their white
colour, might almost remind us of those of a
Daddy Longlegs. It is often common in weedy
places, looking like a snowflake.

Plate LXIX. Plate LXX.

SSS Ss

a a

—4))

King Charles’s Septre,

Vins ue Me Se any, Ley OR erenee ey. 9 Sore, Fearn oY

Sage. (Salvia officinalis.)

BORAGINACE® 105

Greater Dodder—Cuscuta europea
(Plate LXI)

We have figured this plant as the representative
of a very curious genus of which we have several
British species. They are without proper leaves
or roots, and are entirely parasitic, consisting only
of a bundle of long bare reddish filaments, twining
round nettles, flax, and similar plants. The stems
twist round each other, as well as round the
plants which they infest. The pale reddish flowers
stand 10 or 12 together in small clusters at
intervals on the stems; they are without stalks.
Both the calyx and corolla are sometimes 4-lobate
and sometimes 5-lobate. The small seeds germi-
nate in the ground, and as soon as the young
filament touches a suitable plant it embraces it,
attaching itself by its sucking tubercles; and the
lower part of the thread, by which it was at first
attached to the ground, withers away. It greatly
impedes the development of the plants to which it
attaches itself. Another species of Dodder (Cuscuta
trifolit) attacks Clover, and is often very destructive.

A

Order LIV. BSovaginacee (11 genera)

The plants included in this family are generally
herbaceous, more or less hairy, with alternate
leaves, the flowers regular, with the calyx and
corolla 5-lobed, 5 stamens, and the ovary of
4 divisions, each containing a seed. The colour
of the flowers is most frequently blue.

Large Wax Flower—Cerinthe major
(Plate LXII)

This handsome plant grows wild in Southern
Europe, and is naturalised here and there in some
parts of Central Europe, in waste hilly districts,
but it is not found in the British Islands. The
stem is upright, the leaves are sessile, long, oval,
or heart-shaped, and embrace the stem. They
are sea-green or bluish, and their borders are
smooth or hairy. The leaves are often spotted
with white, or studded with small white warts on
the upper surface. The flowers hang in terminal
clusters, and contain honey. ‘They have bracts.

106

between them, and are yellow or red, or yellow
varied with red or blue. They derive their name
from their peculiar wax-like appearance.

Borage—Borago officinalis
(Plate LXIIT)

This plant is not uncommon on walls and on
waste ground (especially if sandy), and is some-
times grown in gardens. It shoots up erect
branching and succulent stems to the height of
a foot, covered, like the leaves and the calyx,
with coarse stiff hairs. The leaves are sessile,
somewhat drooping, and embrace the stem. They
are ovate, obtuse, entire, veined, and wrinkled.
At the ends of the shoots rise forking flower-stalks,
and the flowers droop to one side. The corolla is
bright blue (or rarely white). If the dried plant
is thrown into the fire it slightly explodes. The
fresh plant tastes something like cucumber, and
may be used in salad. The flowers are much
frequented by bees.

Viper’s Bugloss (Zchium vulgare) is a similar

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

plant, but more low-growing, and the hairs are so
thick as to be almost prickles. The flowers are
first red and then blue.

The Comfrey (Symphytum officinale), is a larger
and handsomer plant, which is common in water-
meadows and by streams. The leaves are rather
large and long, and the flowers are purple, yellow,
or white.

Forget-me-not. J/yosotis palustris

(Plate EXIV)

There are several different kinds of Forget-me-
not—some, like the plant figured, growing best in
very wet places, while others prefer drier situations.
The present species has a creeping root, an erect
5-ridged stem, brown below and green above,
which is hollow, succulent, and more or less hairy.
The stem branches, and the leaves are tongue-
shaped, bright green, and recurved at the ends,
with the surface smooth or hairy. The flower-
stems are erect, with a double row of flowers,
not exceeding 20, with short stalks. The calyx is

Plate LXXI. Plate LXXII.

ares

Common Calamint. (Calamintha officinalis.) Hemp Nettle. (Galeopsis pubescens.) te

Pe en ae ae ee
SOLANACE/A

somewhat open, with 5 equal teeth. The corolla
is large, and the tube is as long as the calyx, and
colourless. The border is longer than the tube,
and bright blue. The lobes are rounded, slightly
notched, and at the base are yellow oval glandular
scales. The stamens are very short, and are in
the middle of thetube. The anthers are lanceolate,
and the ovary rather small. The seeds are ova!.

The plant derives its name from an old legend,
according to which a lover, venturing too far into
a river to gather one of these flowers for his
lady, was carried away by the stream, but threw
the flower on shore, crying out, ‘‘ Forget me
not.” The German name is practically identical—
“* Vergissmeinnicht.”

Order LV. Solanacee (4 genera)

This is a somewhat extensive Order, though
poorly represented in Britain. It contains several
plants of considerable economic value, among
others the Potato (Solanum tuberosum), the Love
Apple or Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and the

107

Tobacco Plant (WVicotiana tabacum). It also in-
cludes different species of Nightshade, and other
plants which are dangerous poisons, but some of
which are much used in medicine. They are
shrubs or low-growing plants, with alternate leaves,
large handsome’ brightly-coloured flowers, mostly
tubular or bell-shaped, the calyx and corolla 5-lobed
(rarely 4-lobed), and an equal number of stamens.
The fruit is a 2- or 4-celled capsule, or a berry in.
many divisions.

Woody Nightshade, or Bittersweet—Solanum
Dulcamara

(Plate LXV)

This is a handsome climbing plant, common in
hedges and among bushes, preferring a damp soil,
though often met with in dry places. The peren-
nial root throws off slender woody brittle shoots,
which either straggle over the ground or climb up:
any plants within reach. The leaves and side-
shoots are alternate. The leaves have long stalks,
a smooth margin, and are cf different shapes.

' me a

108 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

The lower ones are quite simple, ovate-lanceolate,
and the upper ones have at the base 2 small ear-
shaped leaflets. The flowers grow towards the
ends and at the sides of the shoots, and stand
on branching bifurcating stalks, forming irregular
clusters. The flowers are dark violet-blue, and
each petal of the corolla has 2 green spots towards
the base. The fruit is an oval juicy bright scarlet
berry. It is poisonous, like most plants of this
Order; and is often mistaken, by those who are
not botanists, for the Deadly Nightshade, a much
more dangerous plant, which is not nearly so
common in Britain.

The Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is a
smaller plant, about a foot high. The flowers
are white, with a yellow centre, and much
resemble those of the Potato, which is placed by
botanists in the same genus. The Black Night-
shade is highly poisonous, and the berries are
generally black, but varieties with green or red
berries are also met with. It is not a climbing
plant. It grows on waste ground, or as a garden
weed.

Deadly Nightshade—Atropa Belladonna
(Plate LXVI)

This is one of the most poisonous of our British
plants, but is by no means so common as formerly.
It is met with occasionally, however, on waste,
stony, and bushy ground, sometimes growing to
the height of 4 or 5 feet, though usually smaller.
The leaves are large, oval, and glossy, and the
bell-shaped flowers are pale violet, as large as
those of the great Campanula figured on Plate LIL.,
and are enclosed for half their length by the
sepals of the calyx. The berry is nearly as large
as a cherry, and is likewise enclosed by the calyx.
It is green when unripe, and _ purplish-black
when ripe. When many large plants are growing
together, in full flower and fruit, they present a
beautiful appearance, and I think it not improbable
that this was the plant which suggested the deadly
shrub described by Aubépine in his story of
‘* Beatrice,” better known by Nathaniel Haw-
thorne’s translation, under the title of “‘ Rappaccini’s
Daughter.”

Plate LXXIY.

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(sf
:6
(

Vervain. (WVerlera officinalis.)

‘
Xs
<
Le
-
9
*

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109

teil SOLANACE/#

Belladonna is much used in medicine, especially
for the relief of pain, either as an internal medica-
tion or as an external application, generally com-
bined with heat. It is also used in ophthalmic
surgery, and has the peculiar property of dilating
the pupil of the eye. In poisoning by this plant,
death is due to failure of the heart’s action.

Henbane—Ayoscyamus niger
(Plate LXVIT)

This is another handsome plant, which grows
to a height of about two feet on waste ground,
especially on a chalky soil. It is a biennial, and
flowers in July and August. It has a long white
fleshy root and an upright stem. The leaves and
branches are alternate. The leaves are sessile,
pinnate, and deeply dentated, and embrace the
stem at their base. The flowers are sessile, and
at the end of the stalk and branches they form
a small loose head, surrounded with small bracts.
The corolla is dull yellow, with a network of
purplish veins ; the tube is dark red. The whole

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; sear’
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plant is hairy, succulent, and viscid, and emits a
very unpleasant odour. It is well known as a
poisonous plant, though it is very doubtful whether
Shakespeare’s story of the murder of Hamlet’s
father, by pouring the “ juice of cursed hebenon ”
into his ears, would have been possible. Like
belladonna, it is a sedative, and is used to relieve
pain.

Another poisonous plant naturalised in Britain
is the Thorn Apple (Datura Stramonium), origin-
ally a native of America. It is an annual, growing
upwards of two feet high, and has very large
toothed leaves, a very long tubular calyx, and a
large white 5-lobed corolla. The fruit is green
outside, and covered with spines; it is as large as
a walnut. The plant is found occasionally growing
on waste ground. Its medicinal action resembles
atropine, and its principal use is in asthma.

The caterpillar of the largest of our British
moths, the Death’s-head Hawk-moth (Acherontia
Atropos), feeds chiefly on Solanacee, and more
especially on the leaves of the Potato. It is
yellow, greenish, or blackish, with oblique purplish

Yo Lote

| Ke)

Stripes on the sides, and a rough rather twisted
horn on the back. The large shining brown
chrysalis, 2 inches long, is often dug up in potato
fields. The moth, which is common almost
throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa, is 5 or 6 inches
across the forewings, which are brown, varied with
ochreous ; the hindwings are straw-colour, with two
black bands. The body is black; on the thorax
are Curious pale grey marks, not unlike a skull in
appearance, and the abdomen is black varied with
blue, with a row of oblong straw-coloured spots on
each side.

Order LVI.

Orobanchacee (2 genera)

This is a small Order of parasitic plants.
‘They have white stalks destitute of chlorophyll, and
the leaves have degenerated into scales. The
‘calyx is 2- or 4-lobed, and the corolla is usually
bilobate, blue or purple, and traversed by darker
veins. The seeds are small and glutinous. The
species of Broom-rape (Ovobanche) are all very
similar white or yellowish plants with blue flowers.

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

The Toothwort (Zathrea Sguamaria) is pale rose-
colour, with darker red flowers, in a cluster, but
pendent. It is usually found growing on the roots
of hazel bushes.

Order LVII.

This is a large and important Order of herba-
ceous plants. ‘The calyx and corolla are either
bilobate or 4- or 5-lobed. The ovary and capsule
have generally two divisions, and the style is
simple and the stigma bilobate. The seeds are
numerous.

The species of Mullein (Verbascum) are con-
spicuous plants, 3 or 4 feet high, very woolly, with
large leaves, and erect spikes of large flowers,
generally white or yellow. The leaves are some-
times rolled into cigarettes, and are thought to be
beneficial in asthma.

On Mullein feed the caterpillars of several of
the long-winged moths called Sharks (genus
Cucullia). The moths are light brown or grey,
and about two inches in expanse ; but the cater-

Scrophulariacee (16 genera)

Plate LXXV. Plate LXXVI.

atten Bladdorwort! (Utricularia vulgaris.) Cowslip. (Primula veris.)

pillars are very handsome, being yellow, spotted
with black, and as they feed gregariously, are very
easily observed.

Foxglove—Dzgitalis purpurea
(Plate LXVIII)

The Foxglove grows on banks, and on the borders
of woods, and is one of the most beautiful of our
summer flowers. It is a biennial, and flowers from
June to August. The stem is erect, and grows 3
or 4 feet high; it is rounded, clothed with fine
hairs, and branching. The leaves are very large,
alternate, and bright green. They curve away
from the stem, are finely hairy on both surfaces,
and the edges are denticulated. ‘The flowers form
a long spike at the end of the stem. They are
large and red, spotted within with darker red.
They stand on separate stalks, and droop down on
one side of the stem. The upper lip of the flower
isentire. ‘The seed-capsule has four divisions, and
contains a number of minute seeds. Medicinally
ae ,

Nye.

SCROPHULARIACE

1 1 |

this is a most valuable drug, and is much used in
diseases of the heart. It slows the heart, while
increasing the force and regularity of the beats.
In poisoning, the circulation is checked, and death
results from cardiac failure.

Occasionally a Foxglove is met with with white
instead of red flowers ; and there are some species
on the Continent with yellow flowers. The name
Foxglove is believed to be a corruption of ‘‘ Folk’s
Glove,” z.e. Fairy’s Glove ; the legendary connection
between flowers and fairies being often very close ;
indeed, George Macdonald says, ‘“‘ Those whom
you call Fairies in your country are mostly the
young children of the Flower-fairies.”

Allied to the Foxglove are the Snapdragons and
their allies, in which the bifid lip of the corolla
meets a lower lobe called the palate, completely
closing the tube. They are best known as garden
flowers, but one red or white species (Antirrhinum
majus) grows in rocky places, and more especially
on old walls, both in Britain and on the
Continent.

A smaller Snapdragon with purple flowers

112

(Antirrhinum Orontium) is met with occasionally
in waste stony places.

There are several British species of Toadflax
{(Zinaria), with blue, white or yellow flowers,
resembling the true Snapdragons, but with the
calyx projecting from beneath the corolla in a long
spur. Of these the commonest is the Yellow
Toadflax (Zinaria vulgaris) found in fields and
hedgerows. ‘The corolla is yellow (or more rarely
white), and the palate is orange, which has given
rise to the name of “ Butter-and-eggs,” by which
the flower is often known in the country. The
leaves, both in the Snapdragons and Toadflaxes,
are rather small, long and narrow, and entire.

King Charles’s Sceptre—Pedicularis Sceptrum-
Carolinum

(Plate LXIX)

We have a few species of Lousewort (Pedicularis)
in Britain, though the species here figured is
not British, but is found on swampy moors in
Northernand Eastern Germany. The root consists

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

of long thick fibres, and is perennial. The stem
is erect, round, reddish, and for the most part
smooth. The root-leaves are numerous, and form
a rosette. They are erect and pinnate, with
reddish veins. The leaflets are oval, notched, and
slightly curved over at the edges. Below the
middle of the stem are from two to four smaller
sessile leaves. Oval, hollow, obtuse, and almost
entire bracts, which are generally smaller than the
calyx, stand singly under each flower. The flowers
are large and very handsome, and are yellow, with
the extremity blood-red. They are generally
arranged three together in whorls, and form a
long loose spike. The corolla is smooth, straight,
tubular, and closed at the extremity. The calyx
is oval, rather long, smooth, and its lobes are very
strongly dentated. The capsule has two cells.
Most of the British species of Scrophularia and
of the allied genus JZelampyrum (Cow-Wheat) have
purplish flowers ; but some are yellow. A commoner
and better-known plant, however, is the Yellow
Rattle (RAinmanthus Crista-Galz), which grows
plentifully among grass, and has conspicuous yellow

Plate LXXVII. Plate LXXVIIL.

GAYS 1

SSM CIO,
Upright Globularia. (Globularia vulyaris.}

f
Sow-bread. (Cyclamen europeum.)

— a OS ee
4 nid P
h -

LABIAT

flowers, and a round flat capsule, containing large
seeds which make a rattling sound when dry.

Among the smaller plants belonging to this
Order we may mention the different species
of Lyebright (ELuphrasia), small plants, with
white, reddish or yellow flowers, growing among
grass; and Speedwell (Veronica), with blue or
occasionally white flowers, not unlike those of a
Forget-me-not; but the leaves are broader and
denticulated.

In former times a preparation of Eyebright was
used as a specific for the eyes; and Milton tells
us that when the archangel Michael was about
to show Adam visions of the future of the
world, he

‘*purged with euphrasy and rue
The visual nerve, for he had much to see.”

Order LVIII. ZLadzate (18 genera)

This is a large group of herbaceous plants and
shrubs, with opposite leaves and tubular flowers,
with the corolla usually bilobate. There are 2

Teen '= 4

113

stamens, or 4 in pairs, the ovary has 4 cells, each
containing a single seed, and a single style rises
from the centre of the carpels.

Several of the plants included in this Order are
aromatic, such as Mint, Sage, Marjoram, Thyme,
Lavender, etc.

Sage—Salvia officinalis
(Plate LXX)

This is a common garden plant, but is a native
of Southern Europe, and is not indigenous in
Britain, though there are a few wild species
belonging to the same genus. The root throws
up several woody stems, and the leaves are stalked,
rather long and narrow, and wrinkled. They are
soft to the touch, and of a pale green colour.
The flowers stand in whorls at the ends of the
stems, and form a long loose spike. ‘They are
most often blue, but sometimes white or lilac.
The calyx has 5 pointed teeth. The corolla has
2 stamens, and the style is long and curved. The
leaves are used for flavouring.

8

114
Common Calamint—Calamintha officinalis
(Plate LXXI1),

This is a widely distributed plant, but is less
common in Britain than on the Continent. The
fibrous root thickens considerably in loose soil.
The stem is upright or creeping, quadrangular,
and clothed with straight hairs. In the angles
of the leaves rise short infertile offshoots, and the
stem generally divides into from 3 to 5 flowering
branches. The leaves are opposite, stalked, oval,
and serrated, except at the base and tip. They
are grass-green, strongly veined, hairy on both
surfaces, and thickly covered with impressed glands
beneath. The loose, leafy flower-heads, in which
the stem and branches terminate, are formed of
clusters of 3, 5, or more flowers on the same
level. The calyx is generally reddish brown,
covered with very short down. ‘The upper lip is
curved upwards, and has large oval teeth; the
lower is formed of two long pointed teeth, and is
curved slightly inwards. ‘The hollow of the calyx
is shghtly hairy. The corolla is pale pink, shading

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

into bluish, with purple spots at the base of the
lower lip. The upper lip is straight, and deeply
emarginate at the extremity. The carpels are
globular, brown, smooth, with two shallow cavities
at the axis. The plant varies considerably in
size, sometimes exceeding 2 feet in height; and
the leaves also vary in size and denticulation.

Hemp Nettle—Gadleopsis pubescens
(Plate LX XIT)

This is not a British plant, but is common in
Central Europe. There are, however, several
British species of the same genus. The stem is
clothed with appressed down, and beneath the
joints it is expanded and bristly. The leaves are
broad, oval, and pointed ; the tubes of the corolla
are longer than the calyx; the middle lobe of the
lower lip is almost quadrangular, smooth, finely
notched, slightly emarginate, and marked with two
yellow spots before the tube.

There are several British species of Dead-nettle
(Zamtum), with white, red, or yellow flowers.

4

Plate PR. G.e

Perennial Goosefoot. (Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus.)

Plate LXXIX.

Lamb’s

(Plantago media.)

Hoary Plantain, or

VERBENACE/

They derive their name from their general re-
semblance to Nettles, but they do not sting. They
are also smaller, seldom exceeding a foot in height.
The White Dead-nettle (Zamzum album) is one of
the commonest of our wild flowers, on every hedge
and bank, and its large white flowers make it very
conspicuous. It flowers from spring to autumn.
On the Continent a preparation of this plant is
used internally to check hemorrhage.

Upright Woundwort—Svachys recta
(Plate LXXIIT)

This plant is common in Central and Southern
Europe in rocky places, and flowers from the end
of June till autumn. It is not British, though
other species of the genus are found in the
British Islands. The root is woody, branching
and nodular. The stems are erect or ascending,
simple or branched, quadrangular, and hairy, like
the Calamint. The leaves are longer or shorter,
lanceolate, with serrated edges, and narrowed into
a short stalk. The lower leaves are obtuse, the

'

ITS

upper ones pointed, and those which stand among
the flowers gradually pass into oval sessile awn-
bearing bracts. The flower-whorls consist of six
or more flowers together, and finally form a
long interrupted flower-spike. The calyx becomes
gradually broader above; its tube is not hairy,
and the teeth end in a bare prickly awn. The
tube of the corolla is rather obliquely constricted
below the middle, and is furnished with an oblique
fringe of hairs at the constriction.

The Bugle (Ajuga reptans) is a common plant
in swampy places, growing to the height of nearly
a foot, and bearing a thick spike of conspicuous
blue flowers.

Order LIX. Verbenacee (1 genus)
Vervain— Verbena officinalis
(Plate LXXIV)

This is the only British plant of its Order, and
it is not uncommon in waste places both in Britain
and on the Continent. It has an upright quad-
rangular stem nearly two feet high, which throws

116

out obliquely ascending branches on opposite
sides. The leaves are sessile, opposite, and hairy
on both surfaces. The upper leaves are almost
entire, but the lower ones are mostly divided into
three long lanceolate lobes with jagged edges; 3 At
the end of the stem and branches rise several long
upright slender flower-spikes, with pale bluish or
reddish flowers, having 4 stamens of unequal
length. The ovary is undivided, and is surmounted
by a style; otherwise this Order much resembles
the last in its characters.

Order LX. Lentebulariacee (2 genera)

This is a small Order of aquatic plants. The
calyx has two or more lobes, and the corolla is
bilobate, with a spur at the base. There are
2 stamens. The ovary forms a single cell, but
contains several seeds. The capsule is round,
and divided into two or more cells. There are
several British species of the Order.

The Butterwort (Pingwicula vulgaris) is not un-
common in boggy places in mountainous districts.

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

The leaves are light green, and form a rosette
round the root; the flower-stalks grow nearly

6 inches high, and the corolla is purplish blue, and .

always marked with two white spots. The spur is
straight, pointed, and almost as long as the corolla.

Greater Bladderwort— Utricularia vulgaris
(Plate Moxy }

This curious plant grows in standing or slowly
running water, and flowers in June and July. The
root is fibrous, and passes gradually into the stem,
which is round, smooth, and forking, and extends
under water. The leaves are pinnate and much
divided, and the divisions are hairlike, and are
covered with rounded, rather compressed bladders ;
the outer ones end in a pair of bristles. The
flower-stalk is erect, round, with a few scales, and
bears from 4 to 10 flowers. ‘The flowers stand at
the extremity on slender stalks, and are furnished
at the base with an oval coloured bract. The calyx
is bilobate, coloured, and permanent. ‘The corolla
is yellow. The upper lip is erect, oval, almost

eS a a

Plate LX XXII.

¢

Elate LAAAL.
=

ee

Lt

t,

\ f_
- / > Z
J { y
\. \—, = v 3
‘ a " > 3 7 U D 5
\ ~ Wy, , Ses 4 > 2 Bb
Y =. Dn mi, | May Re
> q Vis ee , pe ze Ml p L ae SS
\ \. a / "Sai Oks: ~

|

\4

a
a /

~~
Le

=
77

{=

1
Garden Orache. (Atriplex: hortensis.) Broad Dock. (Jumex obtusifolius.)

PRIMULACE/# 117

trilobate, obtuse at the extremity, and slightly
waved at the edges. The lower lip is rounded,
curved downward at the sides, and slightly folded.
The lower part of the corolla is cordate, orange,
and as long as the upper lip. The nectary is a
conical spur rising from the base of the corolla,
and projecting from the lower lip. There are 2
stamens with anthers turned inwards connected
with the stigma. The pistil has a round ovary,
and a cylindrical permanent style, ending in a
short tooth, and in the flattened depressed stigma.
The stigma is bare on the side turned towards the
stamens, but clothed with fine hairs on the other
side. The capsule is round, opening circularly,
r-celled, and surmounted by the persistent style.
The seeds are 6-cornered, raised in the middle
on both sides, and attached to the loose seed-
capsule.

The leaf-bladders are filled with water at first,
and hold the plant under the surface. But before
the plant flowers, the bladders become full of air,
and float it up to the surface. When the flowering-
time is over, the air is expelled from the bladders,

f. +4? .
pei? ae J
Vee oo ee

and they again become full of water, and the plant
sinks below the surface as before.

Order LXI.

This Order includes low plants, with rather large
leaves. The calyx is persistent, and has from 5 to
7 sepals ; the corolla has 5 petals (rarely 4 or 7), or
is absent. The stamens are opposite to the petals,
and equal them in number. The ovary consists of
only 1 cell, and the style and stigma are of ordinary
form. The flower is succeeded by a capsule.

Primulacee (9 genera)

Cowslip—Primula veris
(Plate LXXVI)

The Cowslip is common everywhere in meadows,
and flowers in May. ‘The root is white, and con-
siderably forked. The leaves, which cluster round
the root, are stalked, oval, obtuse, wrinkled and
notched, and are gradually narrowed into the stalk.
The stem is simple, smooth, round, and com-
paratively tall. The flowers, which are arranged

118 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

in small clusters, are placed on short stalks, and are
all pendent. The calyx is ovate, with 5 short teeth,
and like the tube of the corolla, is slightly inflated.
The corolla is quinquelobate, fragrant, and is
lemon-yellow, spotted with red at the base. The
stamens are placed at the bottom of the tube, to
which they adhere. The ovary is round, with a
cylindrical style and globular stigma. Cowslip-
wine, and sometimes cowslip tea, is made of the
flowers.

The Primrose (Primula acaulis) is closely allied
to the Cowslip, but has larger and paler flowers,
each growing singly on astalk ; and in mild winters
it flowers almost all the year round. It is fonder
of shade than the Cowslip, and is more frequently
found on hedge-banks or in woods than in the open
fields.

Sow-bread—Cyclamen europeum
(Plate LX XVII)

This curious plant, though naturalised in Eng-
land, is more often to be seen on artificial rockeries

than wild. It is common in mountainous countries
in different parts of Europe, and also grows in
shady woods. The root is perennial, and consists
of a fleshy bulb, brownish yellow outside but white
within, from which rise several broad heart-shaped
leaves with sinuated borders, on long stalks. The
upperside of the leaves is dark green varied with
whitish, and the under-surface is purplish. The
flowers appear before the leaves, and rise on long
stalks directly from the root. Every stalk bears only
one flower, which is purple, red or white, and more
or less fragrant. When they first expand, the petals
are closely connected, but as they expand they
turn back, and the tube becomes conspicuous,
The pistil is longer than the stamens. When the
flowers are over, and the ovary begins to expand,
the flower-stalk twists spirally back to the ground,
and then the fruit ripens. The fruit is a capsule,
filled with white pith, which contains the seeds.
Pigs are very fond of the tubers, whence the popular
English name of the plant.

A smaller and commoner plant of this Order,
very unlike those already described, is the Scarlet

eo

Plate DAAXITL Plate LXX XIV.

Y

X

4

yaa,
=

Knot-grass. ( Polygonum aviculare. ) Oleaster. (Hlaagnus angustifolia.)

GLOBULARIACE#

Pimpernel (Axagadlis arvensis), which is common
in cornfields and on waste ground. It bears a small
flower, generally of a bright scarlet, but sometimes
pale pink, white, or even blue. In cloudy weather
the petals close over the flowers, from which it is
sometimes called the Poor Man’s Weather-glass.

Order LXII.

The species belonging to this Order are usually
found growing near the sea. They are small tough
plants. The leaves are long, narrow, and near the
root ; the calyx is tubular and persistent, and, like
the corolla, 5-lobed. The 5 stamens are inserted
at the base of the tube of the corolla, and there are
5 styles or stigmas.

The Sea Lavender (Limontum vulgare) has long
slender ribbonlike root-leaves several inches long,
and stalked ; and flower-stems exceeding a foot in
length, forked above, and bearing a terminal spike
of purple flowers. It is found in salt marshes, etc.

The Thrift (Statice maritima) grows commonly
on slopes near the sea, forming thick grasslike

Plumbaginee (2 genera)

119

tufts of long leaves, from which rise bare stems
3 or 4 inches high, bearing a head of pink or,
more rarely, white flowers. Though by preference
a seaside plant, it thrives well in gardens, and is
often used for borders.

Order LXIII.

This is a small Order not found in Britain, but
in Alpine and Southern Europe and in Africa. It
is classed by some authors with the Scrophulariacee.
The calyx has 5 teeth, the corolla is persistent, and
bilobate, the upper lip being bifid and the lower
trifid. There are 4 stamens, inserted high in the
tube of the corolla, and 1 style and stigma.

Globulariacee

Upright Globularia—Glodularia vulgaris
(Plate LXXVIII)

This plant grows in sunny, rocky places, and
flowers in May. The root is perennial, and fibrous,
and from this rises a smooth pale green angular
unbranched stalk, somewhat curved at the base.

120

The root-leaves are oval, obtuse, of a bright green,
with white veins, and smooth. The leaves are
alternate, entire, but last year’s leaves are emarginate
at the extremity, with a short spike in the middle
of the depression ; the young leaves are tridentate.
They have rather long stalks. The leaves on
the stem are alternate, sessile, lanceolate, pointed,
smooth and shiny ; and the upper leaves gradually
become smaller and narrower. At the end of the
stem the flowers form a single round conglomerate
flower-head, which is supported by an involucre
formed of scale-like bracts one above another.
Between each separate flower stands a hairy lanceo-
late and almost prickly bract, on the common
receptacle. ‘The true calyx is tubular and 5-cleft,
with the incisions pointed and hairy. The small
blue corolla is tubular at the base, and unequally
bilobate. The upper lip divides into 2 very short
and narrow lobes; the lower lip into 3 similar
ones of unequal length. The 4 anthers and
stamens are blue. The style is also blue, and
nearly as long as the stamens. The seeds are oval.

The Scarce Green Forester (Adscita globularia)

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

is named after this plant. It is a day-flying moth,
about an inch in expanse, with green or greenish-
blue forewings, light brown hindwings, and long
pointed antenne. It is found on the Sussex
Downs. In England its black, green-spotted
caterpillar feeds on Knapweed (Centaurea scabiosa),
a plant belonging to the Order Composite, which
bears a purple flower.

Order LXIV. Plantaginacee (2 genera)

In these plants the calyx is persistent, and the
calyx and corolla are quadrifid. There are 5
stamens alternating with the petals, inserted in the
tube of the corolla, or on the receptacle, and
curved inwards in the bud. The style is long and
threadlike, and the fruit is a capsule.

Hoary Plantain, or Lamb’s Tongue—P/antago
media
(Plate LX XIX)

This and several allied plants are common every-
where in fields and waste places ; it flowers in May

fh, haem,

Plate LXXXV,

Mezereon. (Daphne Mezereum.) Birthwort. (Aristolochia Clematitis,)

ib Ab dee eee Se ee

CHENOPODIACE: 121

and June. The leaves are short, broad, and
stalked, and rest flat on the ground, forming a
rosette. The flower-heads are rather thick, and
incline to reddish. The leaves are elliptical and
entire, or slightly serrated, and clothed with short
hairs on both surfaces. The flower-stalks are
curved at the base, but then rise straight upwards ;
they are slightly ridged, and downy. The bracts
are oval, with membranous edges, and the teeth of
the calyx are broad, oval, obtuse, membranous,
and whitish, with a green keel. The tube of the
calyx is bare. The capsule generally contains
4 seeds.

A great number of caterpillars feed on Plantain ;
among others, the black spiny caterpillars of three
British species of Fritillary butterflies (A7Zed:tea
Artemis, Cinxiaand Athalia). They are all tawny,
with black lines and spots, but with no silver spots
beneath, and measure about an inch and a half
across the wings. The Greasy Fritillary (AZ. Artemis)
has a peculiar glazy lustre on the hindwings
beneath ; the Glanville Fritillary (AZ. Cinmxia) has
large black spots towards the base of the hind-

wings beneath ; and the Pearl-bordered Likeness
(44. Athalia) has neither of these special charac-
teristics. Owing to the increase of cultivation all
are becoming scarce and local in Britain at present,
though formerly common and widely distributed.

Sup-cLass IV. Monochlamydeze

In the Orders belonging to this Sub-class there is
no proper calyx or corolla, but they are replaced
by a single circle of petals, called a perianth, which
is sometimes wanting.

Order LXV. Chenopodiacee (7 genera)

The perianth is green, most frequently with
5 lobes, but sometimes with only 3 or 4. The
stamens are inserted at the base of the perianth,
opposite to the petals, and are of equal number or
fewer. There are 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and
sometimes only 1. There is a single ovary, with
r ovule at the base. The fruit is generally
dry.

122

Many plants of this Order, to which Spinach,
Beet, and other plants useful for food or medicine
belong, prefer a saline soil.

Perennial Goose-foot—Chenopodium Bonus-

Hlenricus
(Plate LXXX)

This is a naturalised plant, found in waste
places. It has a thick root and large leaves, and
grows to the height of a foot. It was formerly
much grown in kitchen gardens; as also the
following plant.

Garden Orache—A¢riplex hortensis
(Plate LXXXI)

This is hardly naturalised, but is met with occa-
sionally, having probably escaped from cultivation.
As in the case of the Beet, which is allied, this plant
sometimes shows a tendency to assume a red instead
of a green colour. Among the British species of this
Order are several belonging to the genera Cheno-

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

podium, Atriplex, etc. Some of these are sea-
shore plants, as also the Sea Beet (Beta maritima),
which is closely allied to the cultivated plant, if
not the wild original from which the latter was
derived.

There are several cultivated varieties or closely
allied species of Beet, in some of which the thick
fleshy root assumes a round form and large size.
Among these are the Red Beet (used for pickling) ;
the White Beet, or Sugar Beet, largely grown on
the Continent for the manufacture of sugar; and
the Mangold Wurzel (properly Mangel Wurzel, or
Famine Root), extensively grown in Britain as
winter provender for cattle.

Order SL XVib

An Order of moderate extent, distinguished
by the stem being surrounded by a circle of
bracts. The flowers have a divided perianth,
and several styles and stigmas. The ovary is
single, with a single ovule, which develops into
a small nut.

Polygonacee (4 genera)

Plate LXXXVII. ae’ ie “iigig

Sea sii ge. (Luphorbia Paralias.)

Asarabacea. (Asarwn ewropceum.)

aye Pee ey
POLYGONACEZ:

Broad Dock—Rumer obtusifolius
(Plate LXXXIT)

The different species of Dock and Meadow
Sorrel belonging to the genus Auwmex are very
similar, and several are very common in Britain,
either in fields, like the present species, or in
swampy places. The Broad Dock grows 2 or
3 feet high, and the stems, flowers, and leaf-veins
are reddish. Several other species are more or
less red, like this ; but others are green. ‘The Great
Water-Dock (Rumex hydrolapathum) is common
in fenny districts, and grows to the height of 5 or
6 feet. The leaves of the species of Aumex are
very succulent, and those of two small meadow
species (Rumex acetosa and FR. acetosella) have a
pleasant acid flavour when chewed, and are called
Meadow Sorrel, or Sheep’s Sorrel.

The green wood-louse shaped caterpillars of
the Copper Butterflies feed on Dock. The Small
Copper (Lycena phizas) is still common; it is
bright coppery-red, with black spots, and measures
an inch and a quarter across the wings. The

123

Large Copper (Zycena dispar), more than twice
the size, with fewer black spots above, and the
hindwings blue beneath, which used to feed on the
Great Water-Dock in the Fens, was exterminated
by the draining of the Fens about sixty years ago.

Knot-grass—Polygonum aviculare
(Plate LXXXITT)

The species of Polygonum are straggling plants,
with slender hollow stems with numerous knots
and simple alternate leaves. ‘The small flowers
grow in whorls and clusters. Some of the species,
like that figured, are found in dry fields, and are
troublesome weeds ; others grow in swampy places,
or by the sea-shore. This plant is so great a
favourite with caterpillars that it is a rule among
entomologists to offer it to any caterpillar about
the food of which they are uncertain ; and in many
cases it is accepted, and the insects are reared
upon it without difficulty.

Among cultivated plants of this Order we may
mention the Rhubarbs and the Buck-wheat. The

124

former are grown for food or medicine; and the
latter, which stands about a foot and a half high,
and bears large heads of white flowers stained with
pink, is occasionally grown in Britain as food for
pheasants; but much more extensively on the
Continent, where it is used for cakes.

Order LXXVII.

Eleagnacee (1 genus)

This is a small Order including much-branched
shrubs or trees, with long entire alternate leaves,
and small flowers, the perianth with 2 or 4
stamens, inserted in the tube of the male flower,
and a single style and stigma in the female flower.
The latter is succeeded by a stone fruit, surrounded
by the enlarged and succulent perianth. The
plants are thorny, and more or less covered with
silvery scales.

The Sea-Buckthorn (Wippophaé rhamnoides) is a
thorny shrub with willow-like leaves and orange-
coloured flowers growing near the sea in the south
of England. It grows to the height of 5 or 6 feet.
The perianth of the male flower is deeply bifid;

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

that of the female flower is tubular and _ bifid.
The leaves are smooth above, and clothed beneath
with silvery-white scales. The berries are rust-
coloured.

Oleaster—Eleagnus angustifolia
(Plate LXXXIV)

The Sea-Buckthorn is the only British species
of this Order; but we have figured the Oleaster
or Wild Olive, a small tree about twenty feet high,
which is a native of south-eastern Europe, and
being largely cultivated or grown for ornament in
other parts of the Continent, has naturalised itself
here and there. The young shoots and leaves are
clothed with silvery-white scales, and feel velvety
to the touch. The leaves are long, pointed, and
entire, and the branches are covered with long
and short thorns. The small flowers are silvery
on the outside and yellow on the inside, and stand
on short stalks, singly or together, in the axils of
the leaves. They have an agreeable odour, which
is perceptible at some distance. The fruit resem-

4

Rose

Willow.

(Salix prerpurea.)

Piate LXXXIX.

ees

6 5 4
Alder. (Aline glutinosa,)

Plate AC.

SANTALACE/

bles a small olive (whence the name of the tree),
with sweet white firm pulp, and a long stone.

Order LXXVIII.
Mezereon—Daphne Mezereum
(Plate LXXXV)

Only two shrubs belonging to this Order are
found in Britain, both belonging to the genus
Daphne: the Mezereon (Daphne Mezereum), with
red berries ; and the Spurge Laurel (Daphne Lau-
reola), with dark purplish berries. The Mezereon
grows wild in damp woods, but is oftener to be
seen in shrubberies, being a very ornamental plant,
which begins to flower as early as February. It
grows to the height of 2 or 3 feet, and the twigs
are slender and flexible. The bark is smooth and
yellowish grey. The leaves stand on short stalks
towards the ends of the branches, and are smooth,
entire, flexible, and of a pale green. The pink
flowers appear before the leaves, and form small
clusters of two or three together round the branches
near their extremity. They have a sweet and

Thymelacee (1 genus)

125

penetrating odour. The perianth has 4 petals,
and 8 stamens inserted in the tube. ‘The anthers
open longitudinally. There is 1 short style, with
a stigma; and a 1-celled ovary, with 1 pendent
ovule. The leaves do not fully appear till the
flowers have fallen. The berries are almost round,

smooth, and juicy, and contain a rather large

yellowish seed. They are ripe in July. All parts
of this shrub are extremely acrid and poisonous ;
and even the odour of the flowers, though fragrant,
has been known to produce headache and sickness.
The berries have at first a sweetish taste.

It will be remembered that Daphne was the
name of the nymph who was changed into a laurel
tree as she was fleeing from Apollo, as related in
the first book of Ovid’s ‘‘ Metamorphoses.”

Order LXXIX. Santalacee (1 genus)

A small family, to which the fragrant Sandal-
wood of the East Indies belongs; represented in
Britain by a single species only. The Flax-leaved
Thesium (Zhesium linophyllum), is a plant with a

126

woody root, parasitic on the roots of other plants,
and throwing out recumbent shoots round it several
inches long. It is confined in Britain to chalky
districts. The small greenish yellow flowers, with
white petals, have the perianth deeply cleft, and
united to the ovary; 4 or 5 stamens opposite the
petals ; and a single style. Ovary with 1 cell and
2 pendent ovules.

Order LXXX. Aristolochiacee (2 genera)

This is another small family, chiefly tropical and
subtropical, represented in Britain by 2 species
only. They have tubular flowers, with an oblique
lobe, the perianth united with the ovary, and
several stamens placed on the ovary, which is
formed of several cells containing many seeds.

Birthwort—A ristolochia Clematttis.
(Plate LXX XVI)

This is a South European plant, naturalised in
various places in Central Europe, in hedges, on
rubbish-heaps, especially about vineyards ; and in

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

England chiefly about ruins. It has an upright
smooth stem, nearly 2 ft. in height, large smooth
heart-shaped leaves, and yellow flowers in the axils
of the leaves. The root is sometimes used in
medicine.

Asarabacca—A sarum europeum
(Plate LXXXVIT)

This is a widely-distributed but not very common
plant, found under hedges and in damp woods.
The large leaves grow two together from the root-
stem, and are entire, leathery, shining above, and
of a paler green below, reticulated with veins ; the
borders are entire. The perianth is greenish red
outside, and dark purple inside. It is trifid, and
attached to the ovary; and has, like the root, a
sharp penetrating odour, due to an essential oil
which it contains.

Order LXXXI. Empetracee (1 genus)

There is only one British species of this Order,
the Crowberry (Zmpetrum nigrum), which is found

il i tn

4

Plate XCI. Plate XCII.

Yew. (Taxus baccata.) Herb Paris. (Paris quadrifolia.)

It is a small shrub with a

on high-lying moors.
procumbent stem and erect thickly-leaved branches.
The leaves are rather long and narrow, with the
edges curled over, and are arranged in whorls.
The small purple flowers stand in the axils of the

leaves, and the sexes are generally separate. The
perianth is composed of a double row of three
lobes each (called by some writers calyx and
corolla), and is surrounded by bracts. There are
3 stamens, and a short style of several divisions.
The fruit is a small black berry, containing several
seeds.

Order LXXXII. Euphorbiacee (3 genera)

A large and important Order, but poorly
represented in Britain. The plants are herbs
or shrubs, with the stamens and pistil either on
separate flowers, or, in Zuphorbia, the stamens
are gathered round a single female flower, within a
common involucre. The ovary generally consists
of three carpels, separating round an axis in

be i BS ae ee

re ree

EUPHORBIACE/E | 127

ra. awl

ee ee) piel ‘ L Ain

The Box Tree (Buxus sempervirens) is a shrub
or small tree with small, thick, entire, evergreen
leaves. The yellowish-white flowers stand in small
clusters in the axils of the leaves. It is much
grown in gardens and shrubberies, and a dwarf
form is used for borders, but it is not often
seen growing wild in any abundance, except at
Box Hill, near Dorking, where it forms a large
wood. The tree is poisonous, like most plants
of the Order. It grows very slowly, and the
wood is extremely hard, and much used by
turners, etc.

The Dog’s Mercury (Mercurialis perennis) grows
a foot high in bushy places, and flowers in April
and May. The stem is round and not branched,
and the green flowers are placed two or three
together, rather far apart, on long flower-stalks.
The leaves are long, oval, pointed, and dentated.
The capsule is hairy. The plant is a dangerous
poison, and has a close ally, the Annual Mercury
(Mercurialis annua), which is common on waste
ground, and may be distinguished by its being
much branched.

i
ee

128

Sea Spurge—Euphorbia Paralias
(Plate LXXXVIIT)

Several species of Spurge are found in Britain,
some on waste ground, others in woods, and
others, like the plant figured, on sand-hills near the
sea. It has a strong root, and a stem about a foot
high, forking towards the top, and bearing heads of
green and yellow flowers. The leaves are narrow
towards the root of the plant, and broad towards
the summit. All the species of Spurge contain a
highly acrid milky juice, and are dangerous poisons.
Nevertheless many interesting insects feed upon
them, the most beautiful being the caterpillar of
the Spurge Hawk-moth (Deilephila euphorbie).
It is black, with red head, legs, tail, and horn,
and red and yellow spots and lines. The moth
is olive-green, the forewings being rosy-grey,
obliquely banded with olive-green, and the
hindwings red and black. It is a very rare
species in Britain, but about a century ago it
seems to have been common on Sea Spurge
at Braunton Burrows, in Devonshire, for a few

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

seasons, and then, for some unexplained reason,
disappeared entirely.

Order LXXXIII. Ceratophyllacee (1 genus)

The Hornwotrts (Ceratophyllum demersum and
C. submersum) are small plants found in standing
water. They have greenish flowers, with a
cluster of small bracts in place of a perianth,
surrounding numerous stamens, and a rough
fruit, which in the first species is spined on
each side.

Order LXXXIV. Cadlltrichacee (1 genus)

This is another small Order, including a few
species known as Water Starworts (genus Cadlitriche),
found floating in stagnant or slowly running
water. The lower leaves are linear, with three
nervures; the upper ones are broader, and form
a floating rosette. The flowers are generally
accompanied by two sickle-shaped bracts.

{ y Plate XCIII. 1 Plate XCIV.

"- eee }
Frogbit. (Jiydrocharis morsus-ranw.) Karly Purple Orchis. (Orchis mascula.)

eS eS yas ee. CUT
«

Order LXXXV.

Urticacee (2 genera)

The few British species of this Order are plants
with strong fibrous stems, alternate hairy leaves,
and small clusters of flowers, with the perianth
quadrilobate (or sometimes bilobate in the female
flowers), and 4 stamens.

The most typical plants of this Order are the
Nettles (genus Urtica), which are easily recognised
by their large toothed leaves, covered with stinging
hairs, and green flowers. ‘There are three different
kinds in Britain, from 1 to 3 feet high, two being
annuals, and one having a perennial creeping root,
which renders it very difficult to extirpate. The
young leaves may be boiled in spring, and eaten
like spinach. In tropical countries (as in some
parts of Australia) there are species of Nettle which
attain the height of trees, and sting with such
severity as to be fatal to man and beast. -

The only other British plant belonging to this
Order is the Wall Pellitory (Parietaria officinalis),
in which the leaves are ovate-lanceolate, scarcely
toothed, downy, and covered with shining sub-

Be

URTICACE/®

129

hyaline spots. The flower is bell-shaped. It
grows in waste places.

A considerable number of insects feed on Nettle ;
among them the black or grey spiny caterpillars
of three of our handsomest butterflies—the Small
Tortoiseshell, the Peacock, and the Red Admiral
(Vanessa Urtice, Jo, and Atalanta). The last
butterfly is black, banded with red, and spotted
with white towards the tips, and is an especially
beautiful butterfly. It appears late in the summer,
and being fond of decaying fruit, is often seen in
orchards as well as in flower gardens. Several
slender-bodied moths are also frequently dis-
turbed among clumps of Nettles, on which their
caterpillars feed. One is the Snout (Ayfena
proboscidalis), a brown moth, with darker lines,
measuring an inch and a half across the rather
broad wings. The forewings are pointed at the tips,
and the palpi extend like a beak in front of the
head. ‘The caterpillar is green. The Mother-of-
Pearl Moth (Botys verticalis) has narrower and
more rounded wings, of a shining yellowish grey ;
the caterpillar is greenish, and semi-transparent.

9

130

The Small Magpie Moth (Botys urticata) is about
an inch and a quarter across the brown and
white wings ; the thorax is yellow, and there are
two yellow marks at the base of the forewings.
The larva is whitish, with a green line on the back.
Another insect sometimes found among Nettles is
the curious little Coccide (Dorthesia urtice), which
is covered with a snow-white waxy secretion.

Order LXXXVI.

The only British representative of this Order is
the Hop (Humulus lupulus). It is a climbing
plant found in hedges, and largely cultivated in the
south of England (especially in Kent) for favouring
beer. The perianth is quadrilobate; the male
flowers grow in small clusters, and the females in
catkins ; the perianth of the latter is pitcher-shaped.
The stem is rough, and the leaves are 3- or 5-lobed.
They grow on long stalks.

The Ghost Moth (Hepialus humuli) is named
after the Hop, because its whitish subterranean
caterpillar feeds on the roots of Hop, as well as on

Cannabinacee (1 genus)

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

[Div. I

those of Nettle and many other plants. The male
is white above and brown below; the female is
also brown below, but the forewings are yellow,
with reddish markings, and the hindwings dull
reddish. The hovering flight of the white male on
summer evenings appears to have suggested the
name. It is common in meadows, and likewise,
doubtless, in country churchyards.

Closely allied to the Hop is Hemp (Cannabis
sativa), an Indian plant cultivated in some parts of
Europe for its fibre. It has stems thickly clothed
with short hair, and pinnate leaves, with 5 or 7
serrated lanceolate leaflets.

The fibres of Hemp have been used from very
early times to make rope and clothing. The dried
leaves are chewed or smoked in the East to
produce intoxication, and are called Bhang or
Hashish. Medicinally Hemp is used to quiet the
nervous system and to relieve pain, especially in
cases of asthma and mania.

The allied Order Moracee is not represented
in Britain. It includes the different species of
Mulberry, which have juicy fruit resembling a

:
b
.

VI.
(|

A
ae

h NX

Plate XC
ig
| |
f \
| al 5
i
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N 4

, a, Ae
TN a
iV \ Se a

Lady’s Slipper. (Oraaaini calceolus.) German Flag. (Tris germanica.)

AMENTIFER/#

large blackberry; and the leaves are of great
value for feeding silkworms. Among the J/oracee
we also find the Fig, the Bread-fruit tree, the
India-rubber tree, the Banian tree, and other useful
or interesting plants. By some authors, however,
both the Cannadinacee and Moracee are included
in the Urticacee.

Order LXXXVII.

A small Order, represented in Britain by
two species only—the Elm and the Wych
Elm (U/mus campestris and U. glabra). The
flowers are bisexual, and the perianth is bell-
shaped, with from 4 to 6 teeth. The ovary is
2-celled, but rarely produces more than one seed,
which forms the centre of a winged nut. The
leaves are alternate and irregular, for the leaf-stalk
does not run straight through the middle, but
divides them into two unequal halves.

The caterpillars of two important butterflies feed
on Elm: the Large Tortoiseshell (Vanessa Poly-
chloros) and the White Letter Hair-streak (Zhecla

Ulmacee (1 genus)

131

W - album). The caterpillar of the former is
greyish brown and spiny ; the butterfly is fulvous,
with black spots, and a marginal row of blue spots
on the hindwings only; it measures nearly three
inches in expanse. The Hair-streak is a dark
brown, almost black, butterfly, measuring less than
an inch and a half across the wings ; on the hind-
wings is a short slender projection called a tail.
There is an orange spot near the hinder angle of
the hindwings above. Beneath, the hindwings have
a row of marginal black spots adjoining an orange
band; and a very distinct white line crosses both
wings nearer to the base, and is sharply angulated
into a W on the hindwings.

Order LXXXVIII.

This is an extensive Order, to which most of
our deciduous forest trees belong, and also a few
shrubs. The male flowers are always, and the
female flowers very frequently, agglomerated in
small clusters, mixed with scale-like bracts. In the
female flowers a perianth (cleft or entire) is some-

Amentifere (10 genera)

132

times present, and the fruit is often hard and
solid ; rarely a berry.

There are a great number of different species
of Willow, some of which are high trees, and
others tall shrubs; and many of the species are
fond of wet situations, and grow close to the
water. Several small trailing species are, however,
found in mountainous regions, or with dwarf birch
in the Arctic regions. The shrub-like Willows
are called Osiers or Sallows, and the Osiers are
largely cultivated, and used for basket-work.

Rose Willow—Salx purpurea
(Plate LXXXIX)

This Willow grows on river banks, and in ditches
and marshes, and is one of the species cultivated
as Osiers. It flowers in March and April. The
shoots are upright, very slender, and covered with
blood-red bark. The leaves are lanceolate and
alternate. The male catkins are at first clothed
with blood-red scales.

Most species of Willow and Sallow flower quite

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

early in the spring, from February to April; and
they are very attractive to wild bees and also to
moths. The season for collecting moths opens
with Sallow-bloom and closes with Ivy-bloom.
There are also large numbers of insects
which feed on Willow, at least in their earlier
stages. Among these are the black, red-spotted
spiny caterpillars of the Camberwell Beauty
(Vanessa Antiopa). The butterfly, which measures
nearly three inches in expanse, is chocolate-brown,
with a broad whitish or pale yellow border, within
which is a row of blue spots. The trunks of the
larger species of Willow are liable to be riddled
by the flesh-coloured boring caterpillars of the Goat
Moth (Zrypanus Cossus). They will attack other
trees, but are most often found in Willows. The
moth is a thick-bodied insect, with broad grey
wings lined with black, and often measures over
three inches in expanse.

The caterpillar of the Puss Moth (Cerura vinula)
feeds on Willow. It is a stout green caterpillar,
with a blunt head, reddish-brown in front, and a
wide, reddish-brown, saddle-like mark over the

Plate XCVHIITI.

A\\ —
=
eat, Reta

Md |
+) i yy \
Gladiolus. (Gladiolus communis.) Spring Crocus. (Crocus vernus.)

Pye ee

“TT: 1
=

AMENTIFERA#

back; at the end of the body are two long
appendages containing retractile reddish filaments,
with which the caterpillar tries to whip away any
cause of annoyance. The moth is two or three
inches across the wings, and is white and fluffy,
with a few black lines and streaks.

The green caterpillar of the Herald Moth
(Scoliopteryx libatrix) also feeds on Willow. The
forewings of the moth, which measure an inch and
a half in expanse, are reddish brown, blotched with
red, and angulated and scalloped; the hindwings
are pale grey. The moth hibernates, and is often
disturbed in winter.

Willows are also greatly infested by “false
caterpillars,” or the larvze of saw-flies, especially
by black and yellow species of the genus Vematus,
allied to those which infest gooseberry and currant
bushes. Some of these form small galls on the
willow leaves.

The different species of Poplar (Populus) are
allied to Willow ; but are erect trees, throwing off
short branches which slope upward. The leaves
are oval, more or less dentated, and downy below,

133

and the catkins are surrounded by a small perianth,
which is wanting in the Willow.

The caterpillar of the Poplar Hawk-moth is
green, with yellow dots and oblique lines, and a
yellowish horn. The moth (Smerinthus popult) is
light brown, with a large red blotch at the base of
the hindwings. It measures three inches in
expanse.

The Bog-Myrtle (AZyrica gale) is a low bush with
resinous, ovate, and more or less dentated leaves,
which emit a delicious odour when bruised. It is
a plant that only grows in very boggy places, and
has been exterminated in many parts of the British
Islands by drainage.

The Birch (Betua) is a tree with a very slender
stem in proportion to its height, and hence often
grows more or less stooping rather than erect.
The bark is white, and flakes off easily. The
twigs are used for brooms, or for birch-rods for
flagellation (more frequently a century ago than
at present); but in the north of Europe they are
freely used for self-flagellation in the vapour-baths,
to stimulate the circulation.

134
Alder—Aluus glutinosa

(Plate XC)

The Alder, like the Willows, is a water-loving
tree, and flourishes best in swampy woods, where
it often grows in large thickets. The bark is
brownish red, and when old is fissured. The
wood is red when fresh, and the freshly gathered
leaves feel sticky. They are alternate, and irre-
gularly dentated, with prominent veins on the
under-surface. The male catkins are long and
pendulous. They appear towards the end of
autumn, and in spring lengthen, and shed their
pollen. The female catkins are oval, and first
appear as green and then as blackish tassels. The
seeds are not winged, and ripen late in autumn.

The Beech (agus sylvatica) is a large tree
with smooth bark and slightly serrated leaves.
It bears small triangular nuts, which are called
beech-mast, and which are sometimes used for
feeding pigs. Readers of ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
will remember the clever negro who pushed a
beech-nut under the saddle of Haley’s horse to

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

cause a stampede, and thus to delay the pursuit
of Eliza.

The Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa), so abun-
dant in Southern Europe, is met with in some
parts of England ; but whether truly indigenous or
naturalised has been much disputed by botanists.
The sweet nuts, white, with a tough brown skin,
enclosed on the trees two or three together in
a green bristly case, are to be bought in any shop,
being largely imported. The branches are spread-
ing, and, like those of the oak, sweep on the ground
round large trees, if not trimmed. The long spikes
of greenish-white flowers have an extremely sweet
and sickly odour.

The so-called Spanish Chestnut, which is not a
British tree, is so frequently planted that it is much
more often seen in England than the Sweet Chest-
nut. It is allied to the Maple. (Compare p. 46.)

The Oak (Quercus robur), of which there are
several varieties, is easily recognised by its rugged
bark, irregular branches, deeply-cleft leaves, and
the peculiar round or oval fruit, called an acorn.
An acorn is surrounded by a tough green skin,

p>.
4)
td

Plate: XCEX:

INAH r

Sad ' N 1
Summer Snow-flake. (Leucoium cwstivum.) Flowering Rush. (Butomus umbellatus.)

and is enclosed in a scaly involucre called a cup.
Acorns are very bitter, especially when ripe, but
are much used for feeding pigs. Some of the
South European species of oak, however, bear
sweet instead of bitter acorns. Oak-bark has long
been used for tanning leather; cork is obtained
from the bark of some species; and ink is manu-
factured from the galls which grow on others.
Hundreds of different species of insects feed on,
or are associated with, the Oak. Among beetles
the large Stag-Beetle (Zucanus cervus) lives as a
white grub in the wood of the Oak and other
trees. It varies much in size: some of the large
males are nearly 3 inches long, while others are
much smaller, and with much smaller mandibles.
The mandibles of the females are small, and
not branched, but nip severely. The beetles are
blackish, with reddish-brown wing-cases. These
beetles feed on the sap of trees; their grubs, as
already mentioned, on the solid wood of trees.
The white grubs of different species of Cockchafers
(brown or grey beetles with the end of the antennz
formed of expanding laminz like a fan) do much

ed
Be oF

AMENTIFERA# 135

harm by feeding on the roots of grasses; but the

_ beetles themselves, when abundant, are almost

equally injurious to trees, flying round them in
the evening, and sometimes, when excessively
numerous, devouring the leaves of whole forests,
almost like a swarm of locusts.

Two very interesting butterflies, both of a prevail-
ingly blue or purple colour, are associated with the
Oak. The Purple Hairstreak (Zephyrus Quercus)
is found commonly flying about Oaks in summer.
It has a short tail on the hindwings; and the under-
surface is bluish grey. It measures an inch and
a half across the wings. The caterpillar feeds on
Oak; it is of a yellowish grey with yellow spots,
and woodlouse-shaped. The Purple Emperor
(Apatura Iris) is a much larger butterfly, measur-
ing 3 inches across the wings, which are brown,
banded with white, and marked with a black spot
in a yellow ring near the hinder angle of the hind-
wings. The male is magnificently shot with purple.
The green caterpillar, with two horns on its head,
lives on Sallow; but the butterflies, especially the
males, are fond of flying round the summits of the

136

tallest forest trees, especially Oaks, and are very
difficult to capture.

The hairy caterpillar of two large stout-bodied
moths feed on Oak. One of them is the Lappet
Moth (Gastropacha quercifolia). The caterpillar is
grey or brown, with two transverse blue bands
near the front of the body. The moth has brown
dentated wings, averaging 3 inches in expanse, and
is marked with transverse black lines.

The Oak Eggar (Zasiocampa Quercus) derives its
name from the tough egg-shaped cocoon. The
caterpillar is brown, with white spots on the back
and sides. The moth is about the same size as
the last, but the wings are entire, tawny brown
with a yellow band in the male, and tawny with
a yellow border in the female. In the centre of
the forewings is a white spot.

One of the commonest moths which lives on
Oaks is the Green Oak Tortrix (Zortrix viridana).
The forewings are green, less than an inch in
expanse, broad, and square at the tip; the hind-
wings are rounded, and brown. It is a most
abundant insect, and often, when an oak bush

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

is shaken, numbers of the moths will flutter down
to the ground, while the small green caterpillars
will drop themselves down and remain swinging
at the end of a long thread, waiting till the danger
seems to be past, when they will climb up again.

The oak-shoots and leaves are very much
infested by galls and oak-apples, the former hard
and the latter soft excrescences produced by small
transparent-winged, four-winged flies, as a nidus
for their brood. These flies have generally very
smooth shining rounded red or black bodies. But,
in addition to the proper tenant, these galls are
infested by an enormous number of small parasites,
mostly belonging, like themselves, to the great
Order Hymenoptera, of which Bees, Wasps, and
Ants are more familiar examples.

The Hazel, or Nut Tree (Corylus avellana), is
a bushy shrub 5 or 6 feet high, which grows
abundantly as underwood, or in hedges. The
leaves are nearly rounded, with denticulated edges,
and the flowers appear very early in the spring, the
male flowers being long yellow drooping catkins,
and the female flowers small, with short crimson

Plate CI.

Arrow-grass, ( Triglochin maritinam.)

Lily of the Valley.

e CII.

(Convallaria majalis.)

a "ates es Fe

CONIFER:

stigmas. The fruit is the well-known brown hazel
nut (or the Spanish nut of the shops), and is
surrounded, not by a cup, like the acorn, but by
a green husk, formed of enlarged bracts, which
turns brown when it withers.

We often see nuts with a hole in, and on
breaking them, find inside a white maggot, some
black dust, and more or less of a partly devoured
nut. The insect is the grub of the Nut Weevil
(Balaninus nucum), a small black beetle, about
a quarter of an inch long, with a long pointed
snout and red legs.

The Hornbeam (Carfinus betulus), resembles
the Hazel-nut, but grows to a larger size ; both the
male and female flowers are pendent, and the nuts
are small and angular, and placed at the base of
long leafy bracts, hanging in small clusters.

Sus-cLass V. Gymnospermez
This sub-class only includes the

Order LXXXIX. Conifere (3 genera)

To this the Pines and Firs belong. They are
evergreen trees, with needle-like leaves and resinous

137

sap; and the flowers have neither calyx, corolla,
nor perianth, the flowers either hanging in catkins,
or placed singly at the end of a twig. The fruit
is either a cone, in which the seeds are clustered
round an axis among scaly bracts; or else is a
berry.

Yew Tree—Zarus baccata
(Plate, XCI)

The Yew grows as a close shrub or hedge, or
as a detached tree. The leaves are dark green
above and pale green below. It is an extremely
poisonous plant, and the clippings are often fatal
to cattle. It bears a bright red berry, the pulp of
which is harmless, though insipid; it is the only
part of the plant which is not poisonous, for even
the seed which it contains is so.

Yew-berries are ripe in autumn, and, like Ivy-
blossom, are very attractive to moths in the even-
ing, and many rare species have been found
feeding on them.

The Juniper (/uniperus communis) is a thick
branching bush or shrub, growing on dry hills,

138

and producing a blue-black berry, which is used
for flavouring gin. Oil of juniper is distilled from
the unripe fruit, and in Lapland the bark is twisted
into ropes. The oil is used medicinally to increase
the action of the kidneys, especially in cases of
dropsy.

The Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris) is a spreading
tree, and varies considerably in colour and dura-
bility; the best variety has rough reddish bark
and reddish wood. Although it is the only species
of Fir or Pine tree which is considered to be truly
indigenous in the British Islands, there are several
other species which are easily acclimatised, and are
frequently planted. Some of these are European
trees, such as the Pinaster (7inus pinaster); the
Stone Pine (Pinus pinea), which bears edible fruit ;
the Larch (Larix europea); and the Spruce Fir
(Abies excelsa), Others are altogether of foreign
origin, such as the Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus
Libani), and the great Mammoth Tree (Seguoia
gigantea), and Redwood (S. sempervirens) and the
Douglas Pine (Adzes californica), from the Western
States of America. The Mammoth Tree grows

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

to the height of 300 feet, and is one of the tallest
trees known, except some of the Blue Gum Trees
(Lucalyptus) of Australia. It has not, however,
been planted ‘sufficiently long in Britain for speci
mens to have yet attained any very considerable
size in this country.

CLASS II
MONOCOTYLEDONES

In these plants the stem is fibrous, and the plant -
springs from a single shoot, instead of rising in
two uniform leaves. The leaves are simple or
entire; and the calyx and corolla, when present,
are usually combined into a 6-lobed perianth.

To this Class belong reeds and grasses, as well
as many bulbous plants, like Orchids, Onions, and
Lilies.

Sus-cLass I. Dictyogenze

Leaf-veins reticulated ; flowers without glumes.

Plate CIY.

KS
\) KKK : Z

SVETEES

(Allium ursinum.)

Broad Garlic.

Tulina sylvestris.)

(

ee are ee

Order XC. Tyrilhacee (1 genus)
Herb Paris—FParis quadrifolia
(Plate XCII)

This is the only British species of its Order,
and is easily recognisable by its creeping root,
simple stem, 4 whorled and veined leaves (less
frequently 3 or 5), and terminal green flower. The
perianth is composed of 8 or 10 narrow segments,
with an equal number of stamens; and the ovary
has 4 or 5 cells, and an equal number of free
stamens. The berry is blue-black. The plant
grows in shady woods and thickets, but is not very
abundant. It is a dangerous poison. It flowers
in May and June.

Order LXXV. Dzeoscoreacee (1 genus)

This is a small family of climbing plants, rising
from a thick and often tuberous root-stalk. The
species of the typical genus Dioscorea are cultivated
like potatoes in tropical countries, and are called

ee

HY DROCHARIDACE/=

139

Yams. The only British species is the Black
Bryony (Zamus communis), which is a beautiful
hedge-plant, with some resemblance to the Red
Bryony (our Plate XL) in general appearance,
though the large heart-shaped leaves are undivided,
the flowers are much smaller, greener, with a 6-lobed
perianth and 6 stamens, and are succeeded by a
close cluster of rather large berries, first green and
then red. Itis a poisonous plant, like the Red
Bryony, and the fresh root will raise a blister.
The extract or tincture is employed in dropsy and
chronic bronchitis.

Sup-cLass II. Floridze

Leaf-veins parallel, flowers without glumes.

Order XCI. Aydrocharidacee (3 genera)

A small family of plants growing in or under
water, of which there are three species in
Britain. The leaves are sometimes long and
narrow, but at other times broad. The flowers

2 ula

140

are coloured, and are remarkable for their trilobate
perianth.

Frogbit—Hydrocharis Morsus-rane
(Plate XCIIT)

This curious plant grows in ponds and ditches,
and the leaves float on the surface of the water.
The flowers are white, and the male flowers are
larger than the female ones. The name appears
to be derived from the truncated appearance of
the seed-capsule.

Another plant belonging to this Order is the
American Water-weed (Z/lodea canadensis), acci-
dentally introduced into England about sixty years
ago. It has whorls of ovate leaves, and small
pink flowers with a long tube, ending in a 3- or
6-lobed perianth on the surface of the water. At
one time it spread so rapidly through the rivers
and canals of England that it threatened to
block them up; but at present its vitality seems to
be failing, as none but female plants have reached
England, and it therefore spreads only by budding.

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Order XCII.

This is a rather large and important Order of
plants, of which we shall only be able to notice a
few representative species. ‘The root is fibrous,
sometimes thickened into one, two or four bulbs
or tubers. ‘The leaves are generally long, narrow,
and pointed. ‘The perianth, which is usually placed
on the ovary, is tubular, terminating in three outer
and two inner segments of the upper lip or flag,
beneath which the third segment of the inner row
forms the lower lip or labellum, sometimes ending
in a hollow pointed spine. The ovary is often
twisted, and in the: middle the three stamens are
generally united into a column. Most of the flowers
are extremely handsome, and often sweetly scented.
They frequently (even in British species, and much
more in tropical countries, where many species are
epiphytes, or tree-parasites), assume very curious
forms ; leading to their being called Fly Orchis,
Bee Orchis, Spider Orchis, Green Man Orchis,
etc. In Europe many species prefer a calcareous
soil, while others grow in meadows. They are not

Orchidacee {18 genera)

Flate CY. Plate CVI.

1 .
Yellow ee (Hemerocallis flava.) Mewdae Saffron. (Colchicum autumnale.)

ee te re eee

regarded as poisonous, and a drink called salop
used to be prepared from the tubers. Many of
the species are fertilised by pollen being conveyed
from one plant to another by bees and other
insects ; a subject to which Charles Darwin and
other eminent naturalists have devoted much
attention.

Early Purple Orchis—Orchis mascula
(Plate XCLV)

This is one of the species in which we find two
tubers at the base of the plant. Each year a new
one is formed on the side of that which has
flowered, while the older one on the other side
decays, next year’s plant growing from the new
tuber ; and thus the plant moves slowly in one
direction year by year. The Early Purple Orchis
flowers in spring, and is one of the handsomest
and commonest of our meadow species. It grows
to the height of upwards of a foot, and bears a
large spike of purple, or more rarely pink or white
flowers. Most of the leaves form a rosette round
the root; they are long, narrow, and spotted with

re > A wa al Tn 2
he

IRIDACE I4I

purple—a very frequent characteristic of our British
Orchids.

Lady’s Slipper—Cypripedium Calceolus
(Plate XCV)

This is a rare species in the north of England, and,
though commoner on the Continent, is one of those
plants which have been exterminated by reckless
botanising in many places where it was formerly
met with. The fibrous root, oval veined leaves, and
remarkably handsome flower are well shown in our
figure. The plant grows to the height of 18 inches,
and occasionally bears two flowers instead of one.

Order XCIIL. Lvidacee (5 genera)

These are plants with a thick fibrous or bulbous
root-stalk, long, radical leaves, embracing the stem,
and large handsome flowers, the perianth with 6
petals, 3 stamens, and a 3-celled ovary and seed-
capsule.

The British species are not numerous. We have
given illustrations of three of the principal genera.

}

142
German Flag—Js germantca

(Plate XCVI)

This species, which much resembles some of
our common garden Flags, is found in dry places
(hills and walls) in various districts of Central and
Southern Europe. The perianth is 6-lobed, and
unites below into a tube which surrounds the pistil,
which terminates in 3 large petal-like stigmas,
which curve over the stamens.

Although one of our native flags is sometimes
pale blue, our commonest species is the Yellow
Flag (/ris pseudacorus), which grows everywhere
in ditches and swamps. The Blue Flags, common
in North America, are also found in marshy places.

Gladiolus—GJladiolus communis
(Plate XCVIT)

This is a flower which is more often seen in
gardens than wild, for it is not very abundant on
the Continent ; and in England it is very scarce,
the New Forest and (once) the Isle of Wight being

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

the only recorded localities. It grows from a tuber,
and the spike of reddish-purple flowers extends
on one side only of the flower-stalk. The perianth
is formed of 6 petals, united and tubular at the
base, and then forming an upper and lower lip
of 3 petals each. There are 3 stamens, and the
single stigma is surmounted by 3 spatulate stigmas.
Except in colour, the spike has some slight
resemblance to the wild hyacinth (bluebell). It
varies somewhat in colour in different localities.
The British plant belongs to var. clyricus; it
flowers in June.

Spring Crocus—Cvocus vernus
(Plate XCVIII)

The true Crocuses are easily distinguished by
their very long tube and divided stigma. The
leaves and flowers are enclosed in a thin scaly
sheath. The plant grows from a bulb, and |
flowers in spring, the flowers being either purple
or yellow. The Spring Crocus is a very local
plant in England.

Diate UVil. see eee ee) pes ee ee

\

We |
CSP

Great Wood-Rush. (Luzula sylvatica.)

B Hy ier —F

Order XCIV. Amarylhidacee (3 genera)

This Order includes the Daffodils and Snow-
drops, which, like so many of our handsomest wild
flowers, are far more frequently seen growing in
gardens than in the open fields and woods. The
root is a bulb, from which spring long narrow
veined leaves, and a flower-stalk, generally bearing
one or several white or yellow flowers, with a
6-lobed perianth, and 6 stamens. The ovary is
3-celled, and the fruit is a capsule or berry.

Of the genus JVarcissus we have two native
species. The Daffodil (1V. Psewdo-Narcissus) bears
one large yellow scentless flower on a stalk; and
the Two-flowered Narcissus (ZV. diflorus) is sweet-
scented, and bears two flowers, with white petals
and a yellow centre, on each stalk. They are
meadow plants, and more or less poisonous.

Summer Snowflake—Leucotum cestivum
(Plate XCI1X)

This is a plant very similar to the well-known
Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), which also ranks

ALISMACEZ#

143

as a British species; but it grows to the height
of upwards of a foot, and flowers in early summer.
There are 6 stamens, and a large clavate style,
which serves to attract insects.

Order XCV. Alsmacee (6 genera)

This is a small Order of water-plants, of which
we have several representatives in Britain. The
perianth of the flower is formed of 6 petals;
the three inner ones are often smaller than the
others. The flower-heads form spikes or panicles.

Flowering Rush—Sutomus umbellatus
(Plate C)

This is one of the prettiest of our water-plants,
and is common in ponds and near the banks of
slowly flowing rivers among reeds and sedges. It
is a conspicuous plant, growing to the height of
upwards of 2 feet. The leaves are long and narrow,
and the flowers grow in an umbel, 20 or 30
together, and are protected by bracts at the base
of the umbel. The large flowers have 3 red and

144

Z white petals, g stamens and 6 pistils. The fruit
is 6-celled, opens towards the centre, and contains
numerous seeds.

Arrow-grass—Tviglochin maritimum

(Plate Cl)

This is a plant which grows in small tufts near
the sea. The stalk is long, slender, and rather
thicker at the base, with long slender straight
leaves, and small flowers on a long stalk. They
have 6 petals stamens and pistils soldered
together. The fruit is a capsule, with 6 carpels,
each containing a seed. The pistils mature before
the stamens, and the flowers are fertilised by the
wind.

Order XCVI.

In this Order the perianth has 4, 6, or 8 lobes,
and there are an equal number of stamens. The
styles, if more than one, are united at the base;
but the fruit is a berry, and not a capsule, and the
root is not bulbous.

A sparagacee (5 genera)

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Among the plants included in this Order is
the Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), which grows
wild in some places on the west coast of England,
Wales, and the opposite coast of Ireland. Itisa
branching feathery plant, with small green flowers
and red berries.

Lily of the Valley—Convallaria majalis
(Plate CIT)

The Lily of the Valley grows in shady woods,
and is local in Britain, though common where it is
found, as it is a gregarious plant, with a creeping
root-stalk, and multiplies rapidly. The flowers are
sweet-scented bells, drooping on one side the stalk ;
with a 6-lobed perianth and 6 stamens. They
are succeeded by a red berry. The leaves are
long and broad, tapering at each end, and generally
rising in pairs within a sheath. A preparation of
the flowers is used in heart disease, its action being
similar to that of Digitalis.

Allied to this are the different species of
Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum), grown in gardens,

rlave ULA. Flate UA.

4

Marsh Arum. (Calla palustris.) Lesser Duckweed. (Lemna minor )

paul et = 2 aad pea Soh fe
io i ‘J

but also met with wild. They are larger plants
with more numerous leaves, and with rather long
and narrow greenish-white flowers, drooping on one
side of the flower-stalk, like the Lily of the Valley.

Order XCVII.

Though considerably restricted by the removal
of several small groups of plants, the Zz/zace@ still
include a considerable number of plants, with large
handsome flowers, with a 6-lobed perianth and
6 stamens, and generally a bulbous root and large
leaves. To this Order, as restricted, belong the
Tulips, Lilies, Onions, Hyacinths, etc.

Liltace@ (11 genera)

Wild Tulip—Zulkpa sylvestris
(Plate CII)

The Wild Tulip flowers in May and June, but
is a scarce flower in the south of England. The
bulb is succulent throughout, not fibrous. The
flower-stalk bears only a single yellow flower, of an
agreeable odour. There are 3 long and 3 short
stamens, which are rough and hairy at the base.

LILIACEA

145

Broad Garlic—A lium ursinum
(Plate CIV)

This is one of the commonest species of wild
Garlic in the British Islands; though there are
several others. It usually grows in damp woods.
The flower-stalk is almost bare, the flower-heads
are arranged in equally long umbels, and the leaves
are stalked, broad, and lanceolate. The roots
consist of long whitish bulbs, clustered together.
There are about 12 white, strongly smelling flowers
in each flower-head. The seed is almost kidney-
shaped, black and wrinkled.

Yellow Day-flower—Hemerocallis flava
(Plate CV)

This is not a British plant, but is allied to the
Hyacinths, among which the Bluebell (Zxdymion
nutans), with its long leaves, hollow stalk, and
heads of bright blue flowers, is common in woods
in spring in most parts of the country.

The Yellow Day-flower is found in swampy woods

10

ileal

146

in some parts of Germany, ‘Austria and Switzerland,
and flowers in June. It grows to the height of 2
feet, the roots are fleshy, and the leaves are linear,
and all radical. The flowers are large, and grow
in panicles, on short stalks. The petals are equal,
yellow and fragrant, and the petals are curved
inwards. ‘The fruit is a capsule containing a few
black seeds.

Meadow Saffron—Colchicum autumnale
(Plate"CVT)

The Meadow Saffron and one or two allied
plants are sometimes separated from the Lz/iacee
as a distinct Order, under the name JZelanthacee
or Colchicacee, because the styles are not united
but separate. The species figured has a large
bulb (or corm) covered with brown scales, from
which rise long broad leaves in spring, which
afterwards wither, and are succeeded in autumn by
a purple flower with a very long tube, traversed
by three styles throughout its whole length. Our
figures are much reduced; the leaves are often

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

g or 10 inches long, and the tube of the flower is
funicular. It isa common meadow plant in many
parts of the country, but is carefully extirpated by
farmers, for it is a powerful poison, and sheep and
cattle sometimes die from its effects.

In poisonous doses the plant produces vomiting
and purging ; but a medicine is obtained from the
corm and seeds, which is of great value in easing
gout, and is also useful in dropsy, liver complaints,
and asthma.

Order XCVIII. /uncacee (2 genera)

These plants are called Rushes, and there is a
considerable number of species. Nearly all the
species of the typical genus /wcus inhabit more:
or less swampy places, while the Wood Rushes
(Zuzula) prefer dry places. They have a thick
creeping root called a rhizome, from which rise
hollow green stems containing pith, with long,
narrow, cylindrical, sharp-pointed or grass-like
leaves, and panicles of dry flowers resembling those
of grasses. The perianth has 6 segments, with

Plate CXI. Plate CXIL.

Broad Pond-weed. ( Potamegeton natens.) Cotton-grass. (Hriophorum latifolium.)

he ‘a ta tey we? oe me sa ra ik = = _-— 4s

eae ie

6 stamens (sometimes 3), and the ovary 3-celled.
There is 1 style with 3 stigmas, and the fruit is a
capsule.

Great Wood-Rush—Luzula sylvatica
(Plate CVII)

This is one of the larger species, growing to
the height of 2 feet, and is not uncommon in
dry woods. The leaves are very long and hairy
at the edges, and are sometimes jointed. The
flowers are reddish.

Order XCIX. Eviocaulacee (1 genus)

The only British species is found in the Hebrides
and West of Ireland; and being unknown on the
continent of Europe, though a native of North
America, presents one of those curious problems
in the geographical distribution of animals and
plants which we have not yet sufficient data to
solve. The Pipewort (Zriocaulon septangulare) is
a tufted plant, with a white jointed root creeping

a See —e

TYPHACEZ:

147

in the mud at the bottom of lakes, tufts of
pointed leaves, and a compact flower-head, with
4 lobes in the perianth, the inner ones scarcely
divided in the males, 4 stamens and 2 stigmas.
The flowers are very small, and rise above the
surface of the water.

Order C. Typhacee (2 genera)

A small family of water-plants, including two
British genera, Zypha and Sparganium. They re-
semble reeds, and the flowers are closely clustered
together round long stalks, the male flowers above
and the female flowers below. The perianth con-
sists of 3 or more scales or bristles, and there are
3 stamens and 1x ovary. ‘The fruit is nutlike, and
contains a single seed.

The Reed-Mace (7Zypha latifolia) is one of our
tallest water-plants, 6 or 7 feet high, with long
sword-like leaves, and a flower-spike several inches
long, the upper part yellow when in flower, and
the lower part brown and downy. Several of the
beautiful metallic beetles of the genus Donacia,

2

148

which we have mentioned while noticing the
Water-lilies, frequent the Reed-Mace, as well as
other water-plants; and the pale-coloured cater-
pillars of more than one species of the ochreous-
brown or greyish moths of the genus Wonagria
feed on the pith inside the thick stems. The
moths measure 15 or 2 inches across the wings, and
their bodies are moderately stout and long; they
belong to the great group of Noctuz, so called
because most of the moths included in it fly in
the evening or at night.

In the species of Sparganium the flower-heads
are rounded, and the round prickly seed-clusters
of some species have been compared to a hedge-
hog.

Order CI. Avacee (2 genera)

This family includes the Arums, which are poorly
represented in Europe. The perianth is either
wanting or replaced by a few small scales, and are
gathered round a flower-spike generally enclosed
by broad leaves, called a spathe, which fall away

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

when the clusters of red berry-like fruit are ripe.
The roots are thickened into tubers.

Cuckoo-pint—A rum maculatum
(Plate CVITI)

This plant is common under hedges in spring,
and the green spathe, and, later in the year, the
red berries on a bare stalk, make it very con-
spicuous. ‘The leaves are on long stalks, large, and
shaped like a spear-head, and are often spotted.
The club is violet, and the flowers are clustered
at the lower end, the male flowers above and the
female flowers below. Between them are nectaries.
After flowering, the root-stalk swells into a tuber,
the club falls off, and the berries only remain.
They are first green and then bright red. It is
a highly poisonous plant, though the roots are
farinaceous, and can be made to yield a whole-
some flour, as in the case of the equally poisonous
Mandioca (a Euphorbiaceous plant), from which
tapioca is obtained. When the root is macerated
in water it froths like soap.

Plate CXIII.

Plate CXIV:

r

Bath Cap x

\, ie: nape f, Say Bye
‘(Carex Davalliana. ) K Ox-grass. (Carex rulpina.)

PO" rAM Or
sh A: Baa, aioe
? ae * ‘

BAe | (Plate CIX)

This is hardly a British plant, though common
_ in many parts of central and northern Europe,
and naturalised in one or two places in England.
The root-stock creeps in the water, the leaves are
cordate, and the club is small and covered with
flowers. The spathe is short, green outside and
white inside. It is a poisonous plant like the
last, but is used like fir-bark, moss, and other
substitutes for wholesome food, in times of
famine, in Finland, the roots being pounded in a
mortar.

Another plant of this Order, the Sweet Flag
(Acorus calamus), is much used in medicine,
being a stimulating aromatic tonic, prescribed in
cases of dyspepsia. It is found chiefly, as a British
species, in the eastern counties of England, where

it grows to the height of several feet. It has long

‘g ama leaves, and the spathe is a con-

1" Pu a os *

Wi inl? ‘ie ¢ en
ute ¢
clustered. The whole plant is

when crushed.

Order CII. Lemnacee (2 genera)

These are plants which swim on the surface of
the water, with single flowers on the side of an
expanded leaf-like swimming stalk, composed of
two or more similar segments. The perianth is
undivided, containing 2 stamens and a single ovary
with from 2 to 4 seeds. The species are all very
similar, and often: cover the surface of stagnant
water.

y odoriferous

Lesser Duckweed—Lemuna minor
(Plate CX)
In this species the fronds are oval,
smooth, each with a single rootlet.
common in ditches and ponds.

Order CIII. Potamogetonacee .
(3 genera) nage
These are water-weeds, with the perianth en sth a
divided, or waabng:. hese are 1 i or4s

almost
It is very

150

and 4 or more ovaries, each containing a single
seed, and x style or sessile stigma. The fruit is a
small nut.

Broad Pond-weed—Potamogeton natans
(Plate CX)

The species of Potamogeton are very numerous
and variable, and special attention has been paid
to them by several eminent botanists. ‘The flowers
in this genus are furnished with 4 stamens and
ovaries, surrounded by 4 scales resembling petals.
The leaves grow on long stalks, and vary in shape.
The plants swim on the surface of stagnant or
slowly-flowing water.

The Sea-Grass, or Grass Wrack (Zostera marina),
one of the few flowering plants inhabiting sea-water,
is placed by some writers in a separate Order
(Waiadacee). The long grass-like leaves may
often be seen among cast up seaweed on the sea-
shore. It has no perianth, and onlya single ovary.
The fruit is a small white nut.

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Sus-cLass III. Glumiferz

This section includes the Sedges and Grasses,
and may be distinguished by the long leaves with
parallel veins, and the scaly bract-like flowers
arranged in ears or panicles.

Order CIV. Cyperacee (10 genera)

The flowers grow in spikes or racemes, each
accompanied by basal bracts. The perianth is either
absent, or consists of several long bristles, threads
or scales.
2 or 3 stigmas. Most of the species are found in
wet places, or on poor soil.

Cotton-grass—L viophorum latifolium
(Plate CX)

The different species of Cotton-grass are found
only in boggy places, or in very damp meadows,
The white bristles surrounding the flowers grow
to a considerable length, looking, after the plant
has flowered, like balls of white cotton. The

There are 3 stamens and 1 style with -

XV. Plate CXVI.

i; V4, 4 LY ‘ed

Acute Carex. ( Carea: acuta.) Vernal Grass. (Anthoxanthum odoratun.)

coy y

’ J
> rare .
as a

: idely distributed | in the British

1 not one of the commonest. It

grov 4 to he Bbisht of upwards of a foot; there

are several flowers on a spike, and the Pores are
, more flattened than in the allied species.

a vm :
ee

Carex Davalliana
2 (Plate CXIII) |

_ The species of Carex are very numerous, and
nearly eighty are recorded as British. They are
_ grass-like plants, and are generally known as Sedges.
Most of them, but not all, grow in wet places.
The Bath Carex grows about 6 inches high, and is
found on peaty moors. It used formerly to grow
near Bath, but is now believed to be extinct in
Britain. It is found in damp meadows in South
+ France, Switzerland, North Italy, and Eastern
_ Germany, being particularly common near Stettin ;
, af flowers from April to June. The male aaa
. ale flowers grow on separate stalks, some
sting of stamens only, and others of a pistil

“ A M IN : ;. — “ oF

Fox Sedge—Carex vulpina
(Plate CXIV)

This is a handsome and easily recognisable
species, which grows plentifully in ditches, swampy
places, etc. It grows to the height of 3 or 4 feet,
and the spike is broken up into several divisions,
having male flowers on the upper portion with
3 stamens, and female flowers on the lower portion
with a pistil with two stigmas. It flowers in summer.

Acute Carex—Carex acuta
(Plate CXV)

This is a common species in swampy places
and water-meadows. It grows to the height of 2
or 3 feet, and flowers in early summer. In most
species of Carex the stem is rough and triquetral,
and sufficiently hard in large specimens to draw
blood if pulled quickly through the hand.

Order CV. —Graminee (50 genera)
The Grasses are plants with fibrous roots a

hollow stem, cote containing siti iiie nt
te Se ‘gs Sa

Ree

re a

152 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

by knots, where the stem is thickened, and the
hollow space within is closed by a partition. The
leaves are long, narrow, and entire, and sheathe
the stem at their base. Where the leaf-sheath
passes into the blade there is a delicate membrane
called the ligula. The flowers are arranged in
terminal spikes or panicles; they are very small, and
are surrounded by scaly bracts called glumes; they
are succeeded by hard seeds. When the flower-
head forms a spike it is called an ear in the case
of corn ; for the various kinds of corn are really
cultivated grasses. Our native species are only a
few feet in height, but in foreign countries they
grow much taller; and the Bamboos of the tropics,
which grow to the height of 100 or 200 feet, are
really different species of large grasses.

The flowers are generally arranged in the spikes
or panicles in threes. These clusters are called
spikelets, and usually one flower only of the three
is fertile. Each flower is enclosed by two small
boat-shaped bracts called glumes. The flower
proper consists of an ovary with 2 small feathery
stigmas and 3 stamens. The ovary is enclosed

by two very delicate scales, representing the
perianth.

The British grasses are very numerous in genera
and species, and we have only space to notice a
few representative species.

Vernal Grass—A xzthoxanthum odoratum
(Plate CX VI)

This is a sweet-scented grass, to which the
odour of new-made hay is largely due. It is a
perennial plant, upwards of a foot high, with a
straight, slender, smooth stalk, and rather short
leaves. The flowers are purple or yellow, and
stand at the extremity of a loose rather pointed
spike. They are composed of 2 stamens and 1
style.

Fox-tail Grass—A lopecurus pratensis
(Plate sCXV ID

This is another common meadow-grass. It is
a perennial, growing to the height of 2 or 3 feet,

ee ee

EE a

Plate CXVII.

Plate CX VIII.

eh

Quaking Grass. (Briza media.)

GRAMINEZA£

with a nearly straight stem and narrow leaves.
The flowers are placed on a long obtuse spike,
and have 3 stamens and 1 style.

Quaking Grass—A4rzza media
(Plate CX VIII)

This is a less succulent grass than the two
preceding species, and is found less abundantly
in dry meadows. It is about eighteen inches
high, and has a very slender straight stem and
short pointed leaves. The flowers are gathered
several together in small pendent green and purple
oval spikelets, which sway in the wind. When
gathered they do not usually drop, like other
grasses, but may be dried and preserved for a
long time.

Dog’s-tail Grass—Cynosurus cristatus
(Plate CXIX)

This is another common species which. prefers
dry fields to damp meadows. It has a straight

153

slender stalk about two feet high, with smooth
linear leaves, and terminates above in a rather
long ear or spike, composed of numerous spikelets
of two different kinds; glumes furnished with
pistils and stamens, and barren glumes destitute
of either, resembling small crests, from which the
plant derives its Latin name.

Cock’s-foot Grass—Dactylis glomerata
(Plate CXX)

This grass is common in woods and pastures,
and sometimes grows to a height of upwards of
two feet. It is rough to the touch, and the leaves
are long and smooth. The numerous flowers are
gathered into large compact clusters, each hanging
on one side of their stalk, and forming an inter-
rupted spike.

Among the various plants of economic importance
at home and abroad which belong to the Grasses,
we may mention wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize
or Indian corn, rice, sugar-cane, etc.

The ‘‘ beard” of wheat and barley is composed

154

of the long persistent bristles projecting beyond
the glumes. The cultivation of rice is peculiar:
it is sown in shallow ponds, which dry up as the
plants grow. In Germany the word Korn is applied
to rye, other words being used in the general sense
in which we use our word corn. This is a good
illustration of the manner in which the same word
alters its meaning in different languages. But a
still better illustration of this is to be found in
the Latin word domus (original meaning, a house) :
it has been adopted into most European lan-
guages, but in some it means a house, in others a
cathedral, and in English simply a cupola (dome).

One of the commonest caterpillars which feed
on grasses is that of the Drinker Moth (Odonestis

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

potatoria). It is dark brown, with yellow stripes

and white tufts on the sides, and two black —

pointed tufts on the back—one near the head and
one near the tail. The male moth is brownish
yellow, and the female brighter yellow, with an
oblique black line running nearly to the tip of the
rather pointed forewings. The female measures
23 inches in expanse; the male is smaller.

There is a genus of small moths called Z/achista,
the caterpillars of which mine in the leaves of
grasses. They often measure considerably less
than half an inch across the wings; the forewings
are generally dark, with white or golden markings,
and the hindwings have long fringes ; a few species,
however, are grey or whitish, with dark markings.

Plate CXIX. CXX.

Cock’s-foot Grass. (Dactylis glomerata. )

Dog’s-tail Grass. ((ynosurus eristatus.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLaTE I, Frontispiece PLATE III. Facing page 26
Traveller's Joy—Clematis Vitalba (page 24) Buttercup—Ranunculus auricomus (page 26 )
Fig. 1. Plant Fig. 1. Plant
» 2 Stamen » 2. Root-leaf
» 3- Carpel », 3. Flower (natural size)
» 4. Fruit with awns > 4-and?s. Petals
» 5. Achene » 6. Cabys:
, 6. Section of achene
Pirate II. Frontispiece PLaTEe IV. Facing page 26
Pasque Flower—Anemone Pulsatilla (page 24) Monkshood—Aconitum Napellus (page 27)
Fig. 1. Plant Fig. 1. Upper portion of plant (reduced)
ave. eat ae Soak
» 3- Upperside of leaflet , 3. Flower (spread out)
» 4. Lowerside of leaflet Rare peesuabeny
» 5. Stamens » Se Sollicle
» 6. Ripe seed, with awn »» 6. Seed

155

156 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

PLaTE V. Facing page 28 Fig. 6. Petal (outerside)

Baneberry—Actza spicata (page 28 » gen Nectanes
‘ i ae ; » 8. Calyx (much enlarged)

Fig. 1. Upper portion of plant » 9. Stamen
» 2, Calyx » 10. Pistil
» 3. Sepal (natural size)
» 4. Flower PLATE VII. Facing page 30
‘ s Seen es ed) White Water-Lily—Wymphea alba (page 30)
, 7. Pistil, with four petals (enlarged) Fig. 1. Flower (reduced)
» 8. Pistil alone (much enlarged) » 2 Leaf (reduced)
ie Oo aoerry » 3. An outer stamen
» loand1i. Transverse and longitudinal sections » . 4. Two inner stamens
of berry , 5 and6. Seeds in reticulated envelope
Pie. (Seeds , 7 and 8. Seeds without covering
» 13. Longitudinal section of seed 3) Qs, denuit
» 14. Cluster of fruit » 10; Cluster of carpels
PiaTE VI. Facing page 28 PiaTE VIII. Facing page 30
Barrenwort—LZ£pimedium alpinum (page 20) Corn Poppy—Pafaver Rheas (page 31)
Fig. 1. Plant (reduced) Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)
» 2and3. Flower (upperside—natural size and jee, dnetal
enlarged) » 3- Opening bud
» 4. Flower (lowerside) » 4. Pistil and stamens
» 5- Petal (innerside) » 5. Stamen (enlarged)

EXPLANATION OF
Fig.

Fig. 6 and 7. Seed capsules
» 8. Section of seed capsule
» 9gandtio. Seeds

PLaTE IX. Facing page 32
Fumitory—Fumaria officinalis (page 33)
Fig. Var. major, leaves and flowers
Leaf
Flower
Sepal
Ovary
Fruit
Seed
Var. minor, leaves and flowers
Leaf
Flower
Sepal
Fruit

_
Bel SOOO) SE A) Cars Fe Ca a et

al
N

PLATE X. Facing page 32
White Mustard—Sznapis alba (page 34)

Fig. 1. Flowering plant (reduced)
» 2. Root-leaf

PLATES 157

3. Flower (upperside)

4. Flower (lowerside)

5 Petal

6 and 7. Stamens, pistil, and calyx (natural

size and enlarged)

8 and g. Short and long filaments
1Ioand iI. Pistil

12. Unripe pod
13. Part of pod and spines (magnified)
14. Ripe pod

15. Open pod

16 and 17. Seeds

PLaTE XI. Facing page 34
Woad—Jsatis tinctoria (page 34)

1. Plant (reduced)

2 and 3. Flower (natural size and enlarged)
4. Flower without petals (much enlarged)

5 and 6. Calyx (underside)

7. Closed pod

8. Open pod

g. Transverse section of pod
Io. Longitudinal section of ovary
Il and12. Seeds

158

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

PLATE XII. Facing page 34

Sweet Violet—Vzola odorata (page 38)

I. Plant (half natural size)

2. Flower

3. Calyx (with part of stalk, showing bracts)
4. Stamens

5and6. Pistil

7, Stamen (without appendage)

8. Stamen (with appendage)

g. Seed capsule
10. Seed capsule (open)
Il and 12. Seeds

PLATE XIII. Facing page 38

Wild Pansy, or Heartsease—Viola tricolor (page 39)

Fig.

I. Plant (reduced)

2. Flower from a cultivated plant
3. Calyx

4. Seed capsule

5 and 6. Seeds.

PLATE XIV. Facing page 38
Waterwort—ELlatine triandra (page gr)

Fig. 1. Plant (natural size)
, 2. Asingle shoot (slightly enlarged)
» 3 and4, Flower (natural size and enlarged)
» 5 and 6. Seed capsule (natural size and
enlarged)
» 7. Seed (highly magnified)

PLATE XV. Facing page 42

Carthusian Pink—Dzanthus Carthusianorum (page 42)

Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)

Portion of stem (showing bracts connected
at base)

Tip of leaf, showing 3 veins and serrated
margin

Flower

Petal

Calyx (with bracts)

Stamen (front and back view)

Anther (enlarged)

Ovary with two styles

N

Oo

Oo ONE

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 159

Fig. lo. Ripe open seed capsule, enclosed below Fig. 3. Calyx
by calyx ,» 4. Petal and stamen
» II. Ripe open seed capsule, without calyx » 5. Pistil with 5 stamens
y 42 and ¥3,. Seeds. », 6. Capsule enclosed in calyx
», 7. Capsule (uncovered)
: , 8. Section of capsule
PLATE XVI. Facing page 42 ieeah os, eee

Soapwort—Safonaria officinalis (page 42)

Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)
» 2. Flower (natural size) PrAnd SVE Ae baci 44
» 3. Petal with two scales at the base pe aliens
» 4. Petal of an unopened flower, with a St, John’s Wort—Hyfericum perforatum (page 46)
stamen
» 5. Calyx nae Fig. 1. Plant (much reduced)
» 6, Stamens and pistil », 2. Transverse section of stem
»» 7 Seed capsule enclosed in the calyx me hk
» 8 Denuded seed capsule » 4, Flower (natural size)
» 9. Section of seed capsule , 5. Pistil
» loandir, Seeds ,, 6. Style and stigma (enlarged)
» 7. Stamen and anthers (enlarged)
PLaTE XVII. Facing page 44 » 8 Calyx
» 9. Seed capsule

Corn Cockle—Agrostemma Githago (page 43) 10, Section of seed.capsule

Fig. 1. Plant (reduced) » Itand 12. Seeds
» 2. Flower (slightly reduced) 13. Section of seed

160

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

PLATE XIX. Facing page 48

Mountain Geranium—Gevanium pyrenaicum (page 47)

Plant (reduced)

Flower (natural size)

Calyx

Sepals with scent-gland

The 10 stamens; the 5 upper ones have
already shed their pollen

Pistil

Seed capsule enclosed in calyx

Achene with appendage

Seed (enlarged)

PLaTE XX. Facing page 48

Procumbent Oxalis—Ovalis corniculata (page 79)

)

Plant (reduced)
Flower (natural size)
Calyx
Stamens
Pistil
Seed capsule
and 8. Seeds enclosed in a
membranous covering
Seeds stripped of their covering

transparent

PLATE XXI. Facing page 50

Flax—Linum usitatissimum (page 50)

1. Plant (reduced)

2. Flower (upper-surface—natural size)
3. Flower (under-surface)

4. Calyx

5. FPistil and stamens in natural position
6. Stamens spread out

7. Stamen from an unopened flower

8. Pistil

g. Unripe capsule

I1. Section of ripe capsule
Io and 12. Seeds

PLATE XXII, Facing page 50

Spindle Tree—Euonymus europaus (page 57)

Fig.

1. Flowering branch (reduced)
2. Flower (upper-surface)
3. Flower (lower-surface—enlarged)

4and5. Calyx
6. FPistil and disc with 4 nectaries
7. style

8. Stamen

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 177

PLaTE LXXXIX. Facing page 124

Rose Willow—Salix purpurea (page 132)

Fig.

CGO KNAV PHY o

_—
N oe
: .

oe

Twig with male catkins
Bud

Scale

Scale with unopened anther
Flowering male catkin
Male flower

Female catkin

Separate flower

Innerside of female flower
Catkin in seed

Twig with opening leaves
Young leaf-shoot

Twig with developed leaves

PLaTeE XC. Facing page 124
Alder—A/nus glutinosa (page 134)

1. Branch in leaf

2. Young male catkin

3. Flowering male and female catkins
4and 5. Male scale and flower (upperside)
6. Male scale and flower (lowerside)

Fig.

”

7, Flower
8. Female catkin
g. Scale from above
10, Scale from below (with styles)
11. Young seed catkin
12. Ripe seed catkin
13 and 14. Scale, with seed
15 and 16. Seeds
17. Transverse section of seed
18. Longitudinal section of seed

PLaTE XCI. Facing page 126
Yew Tree—TZaxus baccata (page 137)

1, Spray with berries (reduced)

2. Leaf with male flower in axil (natural size)
3. Male flower, showing stamens (enlarged)

4. Connectivum (upperside)

5. Connectivum (lowerside)

6. Female flower (natural size)

7. Female flower (magnified)

8. Unripe fruit

g. Ripe fruit
10 to 12, Seeds

12

178 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

PLaTE XCII. Facing page 126

Herb Paris—Paris quadrifolia (page 139)

Fig. 1. Plant
» 2. Flower (natural size)
, 3and4. Stamen
» 5and6. Pistil
» 7. Berry, and withered flower
, 9% Section of berry
» gandio, Seeds

PLaTE XCIII. Facing page 128

Frogbit—Hydrocharis Morsus-rane (page 140)

Fig. Male plant (natural size)

Female flower

Two stamens from outer row

Stamen from inner row, with rudimentary
style at the base

5 and 6, Abortive pistil of male flower

» 7 toto. Pistil and 6 bifid styles

» 1%. Fruit

» 12. Section of fruit (enlarged)

3 ish Seal

is
Ze
me 8:
4.

PLaTE XCIV. Facing page 128
Early Purple Orchis—Ovrchzs mascula (page rz)

Fig. 1. Plant
» 2. Flower, denuded of perianth
» 3. Pollen mass

PLATE XCV. Facing page 130
Lady’s Slipper—Cyprzpedium Calceolus (page 14Z)

Fig. Plant

Flower with the labellum removed

Pistil and anthers

Column, or abortive anther, with fertile
lateral anthers

Upperside of column

Seed capsule, with withered flower

Section of seed capsule

» gandtio. Seeds

>» Lt. Labellum

aa Sta

eS ON

PLATE XCVI.
German Flag—/rzs germanica (page 142)

Flower and buds (reduced)
Lower part of plant

Facing page 130

Fig. I.
» 2.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 179

Fig. 3. Petal Pirate XCIX. Facing page 134
» 4. Lobate stigma and stamen

» 5. Hind view of lobate stigma and stamen Summer Snowflake—Leucoium estivum (page 143)

Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)

a ? » 2 Flower
Pirate XCVII. Facing page 132 » 3. Pistil and etemena
Gladiolus—G/adiolus communis (page 142) » 4. Style
» 5. Seed capsule
Fig. 1. Plant (reduced) » 6. Seed

Root-scales

Petal of upper lip, with stamens and pistil
Petals of lower lip

Stigmas

Seed capsule

Section of seed capsule

Seed Fig.
Section of seed

Pirate C. Facing page 134
Flowering Rush—Butomus umbellatus (page 143)

1. Plant (reduced)

2. Portion of stalk

3. Flower (natural size)
i» &. ea

5.

6.

CEI AN PY BP

PLrate XCVIIL Facing page 132 Stamen

Spring Crocus—Crocus vernus (page 142) " Fruit

» 7. Section of fruit
Fig. 1. Plant » 8andg. Seeds
» 2. Flower-stalk, with stamens and pistil » 10. Transverse section of seed

» 3- Style and trifid stigma » It. Longitudinal section of seed

180

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

PLATE CI. Facing page 136

Arrow-grass—T77viglochin maritimum (page 144)

Fig.

”

”

I
I

1. Plant (reduced)

2. Flower-spike (natural size)

3. Flower (enlarged)

4and 5. Six-lobed capsule

6. Section of capsule

7 to 9. Separate carpels, with and without
seeds

oandii. Seed

2. Section of seed

PLATE CII. Facing page 136

Lily of the Valley—Convallaria majalis (page 144)
Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)

”

2.
3.

2 ONAN S

Flower (natural size)

Flower opened out to show stamens and
pistil

Pistil

Stamen

Berry

Transverse section of berry

Longitudinal section of berry

Seeds

PLATE CIII. Facing page 138

Wild Tulip—TZulipa sylvestris (page 145)

_

Noe

©) SCI E OwCas des Ce

Plant (reduced)

Section of bulb, showing germ springing
from near the roots

Flower

Inner petal

Outer petal

Stamens

Pistil with two stamens

Seed capsule

Seed

Section of seed

PiaTE CIV. Facing page 138

Broad Garlic—Allium ursinum (page 145)

Plant (reduced)

Flower

Petal and stamen

Pistil

Ripe seed capsule

Ripe seed capsule, open
and 8. Seeds

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 181

PLate CV. Facing page 140 Pirate CVII. Facing page 142
Yellow Day-flower—Hemerocallis flava (page 145) Great Wood-rush—Luzula sylvatica (page 147)

iy th nspoeaae: Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)

A) ng ase of leaf » 2. Portion of leaf

n 3 a as Sg os » 3. Panicle (natural size)

? i sa Ew OU » 4and5. Capsule in perianth

isti é ;

4 . i Oy le without

» 6. Portion of style with trilobate stigma ee gee ee

» 7. Unripe seed capsule (reduced)

8. Ripe seed capsule (open)

» gandtio. Seeds ;
» It. Flower (natural size) Pirate CVIII. Facing page 142

Cuckoo-pint—Arum maculatum (page 148)

PLATE CVI. Facing page 140 Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)
2. Spadix with male flowers in the middle

Meadow Saffron—Colchicum autumnale (page. 146) ” fmkccesies deuce, coved. ane a

Fig. 1. Plant in flower (reduced) female flowers below
» 2. Pistil and 3 styles a 3. Nectary
» 3- Stamen » 4. Anthers
» 4and5. Seeds » 5. Female flower
» 6. Section of seed capsule » 6. Ripe berries
» 7. Seed capsule » 7. Longitudinal section of berry
8. Plant in leaf and seed » Sandg. Seeds

182 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

Pirate CIX. Facing page 144 PLaTE CXI. Facing page 146
Marsh Arum—Cadla palustris (page 149) Broad Pond-weed—Potamogeton natans (page 150)
Fig. I. Plant Fig, 1. Plant (reduced)

» 2. Section of spadix » 2and3. Flower (natural size and magnified)
» 3. Pistil and stamens ; ands.” Petal
e4= Dery, » ©6and7. Stamen
» 5and6, Seeds ,» Sands. Pistil
» 7. Cluster of fruit 10. Four seeds

» II. Single seed
PLaTE CX. Facing page 144

Lesser Duckweed—Lemna minor (page 149)
PLATE CXII. Facing page 146
Fig. 1. Plants (natural size)
, 2. Flower-bearing leaf, with stamen projecting Cotton Grass—Lvzophorum latifolium (page 150)
from the perianth
» 3. Under-surface of leaf of an old plant with Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)
eggs of water-animals » 2. Flowering stalk (natural size)
» 4. Perianth, with developed stamen projecting, » 3 Flower
and undeveloped stamen within » 4. Flower with bract (magnified)
» 5. Upper end of stamen with open anthers » 5. Flower (more strongly magnified)
, 6. Flower with perianth removed, and ovary , ©. Barren flower
in the centre. Stamen on the left still » 7. Fruit with bristles (natural size)
undeveloped » S8andg. Fruit without bristles

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 183

PLaTE CXIII. Facing page 148 Fig. 3. Male flower spike (natural size)
he e » 4. Male flower
Bath Carex—Carex Davalliana (page 151) » 5. Portion of stalk with lowest female flower
Fig. 1. Male plant spike
, 2. Glume and male flower (enlarged) » 6. Female flower with ovary, 2 stigmas, and
» 3. Female flower-head (enlarged) glume
» 4. Female flower » 7. Fruit with glume
» 5- Glume of female flower , 8. Fruit without glume
peeordnde7., Pruitt » 9. Section of seed
7, Os tse!
PLaTE CXIV. Facing page 148 yw Te Section of seed
Fox Sedge—Carex vulpina (page 157)

Fig. 1. Plant (reduced) PLATE CXVI. Facing page 150

» 2. Male flower spike

, 3. Female flower spike Vernal Grass—Anthoxanthum odoratum (page 152)

» 4. Male flower Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)
» §5and6. Female flowers x 2. Spike (natural size)
isa (7s , PEt a Se Bud
Los Section of fruit » 4. Glumes
» 5+ Open flower
PLATE CXV. Facing page 150 » 6. \Glumes
Acute Carex—Carex acuta (page 151) : : eae ee
Fig. 1. Flowering plant (reduced) » 9. Nectary (inner view)
» 2. Upper portion of stalk » Ioand tr Seeds

184 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

PLATE CXVII, Facing page 152 PLaTE CXIX. Facing page 154
Foxtail Grass—Alofecurus pratensis (page 152) Dog’s-tail Grass—Cynosurus cristatus (page 153)
Fig, 1. Plant (reduced) Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)
» 2. Spike or ear (natural size) », 2. Flowering spike or ear (slightly enlarged)
» 3+ Opening flower » 3and4. Flowering spikelets
» 4and5. Front view of open flower » 5- Sterile spikelet
» 6. Back view of closed flower, showing glumes » 6. Closed flower
» 7 Open glumes » 7 Flowers and glumes
wo. Glume ,, 9%. Pistil and stamens (natural size)
» 9. Pistil and stamens » 9. Pistil and stamens (magnified)
» 10, Anthers just emerging from the glumes » TIoandii. Nectary
lz ands Seeds
PLATE CXVIII. Facing page 152
Quaking Grass—Bviza media (page 153) PLaTE CXX. Facing page 154
Fig. 1. Plant (reduced) Cock’s-tail Grass—Dactylis glomerata (page 153)
» 2. Flowering spikelet Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)
» So (Gilerenss » 2 Flowering spray
» 4. Flower enclosed by glumes » 3and4. Spikelet
» 5 Lower glume nbee G eliaken
yO: Upper glume a O.. Glumes
» 7. Pistil and stamens » 7. Flower between glumes
Os dStil , 8. Pistil and stamens
» 9. -Nectary Oi eesti
eLOnandiii. seeds » Ioand1i. Seeds

rND

EX

[The numbers in brackets denote the pages opposite to which the plates will be found. |

Abies californica (Douglas Pine) 138

— excelsa (Spruce Fir), 138

Abraxas grossulariata (Magpie Moth), 77

Acacia, 58

Acanthoxanthum odoratum, 152, 183, pl. cxvi (150)
Acer campestre (Maple), 46

— Pseudoplatanus (Sycamore), 47

— saccharinum (Sugar-Maple), 47

Aceracee, 46

Achenes, 18, 19

Acherontia Atropos (Death’s-head Hawk-moth), 109
Achillea millefolium (Yarrow), 93

Aconitum Napellus (Monkshood), 27, 155, pl. iv (26)
Acorn, 18, 135

Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag), 149

Actea spicata (Baneberry), 28, 156, pl. v (28)
Acute Carex (Carex acuta), 151, 183, pl. cxv. (150)
Adela Degeerella (Long-horned Moth), 25

Admiral Butterfly, Red (Vanessa Atalanta), 129

185

Admiral White (Zzmenztis Szbylla), 85

Adonis autumnalis (Pheasant’s Eye), 28

Adscita slobularie (Scarce Green Forester Moth), 120
Adventitious Roots, 2, 3

Aerial Roots, 2, 3, 4, 81

Aggregate Fruit, 17, 19

Agrostemma Githago (Corn Cockle), 43, 159, pl. xvii (44)
Ajuga reptans (Bugle), 115

Alder (Alnus glutinosa), 134, 177, pl. xc (124)

— Black (Rhamnus Frangula), 52

— Buckthorn (Rhamnus Frangula), 52

Alismace@, 143

Allium ursinum (Broad Garlic), 145, 180, pl. civ (138)
All-seed (Radiola millegrana), 51

Almond, 61

Alnus glutinosa (Alder) 134, 177, pl. xc (124)

Alopecurus pratensis (Foxtail Grass), 152, 184, pl. cxvii (152)
Alpine Buckthorn (Rhamnus alpina), 53, 161, pl. xxiii (52)
Althea officinalis (Marsh Mallow), 44

186

Althea rosea (Hollyhock), 45

Alucita hexadactyla (Twenty-plume Moth), 85

Amaryllidacee, 143

Amentifera, 131

American Robin, 21

— Water-weed (Elodea canadensis), 140

Anagallis arvensts (Scarlet Pimpernel), 118, 119

Anemone nemorosa (Wood Anemone), 25

— fulsatilla (Pasque Flower), 25, 155, pl. ii (Avoztzsprece)

Annual Mercury (Mercurialis annua), 127

Anthemis nobilis (Chamomile), 91

Anthers, 13

Anthrocera (Burnet Moths), 59, $9

Anthyliis vulneraria (Kidney Vetch, or Lady’s Finger), 57,
162, pl. xxvii (56)

Antirrhinum majus and Orontium (Snapdragon), 111, 112

Ants, 136

Apatura [ris (Purple Emperor Butterfly), 135

Aphides (Plant Lice), 65

Apium sraveolens (Celery), 80

Apocynaceé, 101

Apollo Butterfly (Parnassius Apollo), 75

Apollo and Daphne, 125

Aporia crategi (Black-veined White Butterfly), 67

Apple, 19, 61, 68

Apricot, 61

Aguifoliacee, 98

INDEX

Aracee, 148

Araliacee, 81

Arbutus Unedo (Strawberry Tree), 95

Arctia caja (Tiger Moth), 92

Arctostaphylus Uva-urst (Bearberry), 95

Aristolochia Clematitzs (Birthwort), 126, 176, pl. lxxxvi (120)
Aristolochiacee, 126

Arnica (Arnica montana), 91, 167, pl. li (86)

Arica montana (Arnica), 91, 167, pl. li (86)

Arrow-grass (7riglochin maritimum), 144, 180, pl. ci (136)
Arum maculatum (Cuckoo-pint), 148, 181, pl. cviii (142)
Arum, Marsh (Cad/a palustris), 149, pl. cix (144)
Asarabacca (Asarum europeum), 126, 176, pl. Ixxxvii (122)
Asarum europeum (Asarabacca), 126, 176, pl. Ixxxvii (122)
Ash-tree (Fraxinus excelsior), 18, 99, 100, 169, pl. lviii (92)
Ash-keys, 18, 100

A sparagacee, 144

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), 144

Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus), 144

Asperula odorata (Sweet-scented Woodruff), 87

Asters, 93

Astragalus, 58

Atlas Moth (Attacus Atlas), 96

Atriplex hortensis (Garden Orache), 122, 175, pl. xxi (50)
Atropa Belladonna (Deadly Nightshade), 108, 171, pl. Ixvi(100)
Attacus Atlas (Atlas Moth), 96,

Aubépine, story of Beatrice, 108

INDEX

Awn, 19
Azalea procumbens, 97
Azaleas, 96

Babington’s ‘‘ Manual of British Botany,” 22

Bacteria, 2, 22

Balaninus nucum (Nut-Weevil), 137

Balder (God), 83

Balsam, Yellow (/wzpatiens Noli-me-tangere), 49

Balsaminacee, 49

Bamboos, 152

Baneberry (Actea spicata), 28, 156, pl. v (28)

Banian Tree, 131

Barberry (Beréberis vulgaris), 29

Barley, 12, 153

Barrenwort (Zp2medium alpinunc), 29, 156, pl. vi (28)

Bath Carex (Carex Davalliana, 151, 183, pl. cxiii (148)

Bath White Butterfly (Pierzs daplidice), 35, 36, 37

Bean-bush (Cytzsus capitatus), 55, 161, pl. xxiv (52)

Beans, 4, 14, 16, 58, 60

Bearberry (Arctostaphylus Uva-urst), 95

Beard of Barley, etc., 12, 153

Beatrice, Aubépine’s story of, 108

Bedeguar (Gall on Wild Rose), 65

Bedstraw, Ladies’ (Gakum verum), 86

Bee Hawk-moth, Narrow-bordered (Hemaris bombyliformis),
89

187

Bee Orchis, 140

Beech (Fagus sylvatica), 134

Bees, 14, 132

— fertilising Orchids, 141

— Wild, 65

Beet, 122

Belladonna, 109

Bell-flower, Giant (Campanula latifolia), 94, 167, pl. lii (86)

Bellis perennis (Daisy), 191

Berberidacee, 29

Berberis vulgaris (Barberry), 29

Berry, 19

Beta maritima (Sea Beet), 122

Betula (Birch), 133

Bhang (Indian Hemp), 130

Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus), 97

Bindweed (Convolvulus), 104

Birch (Betula), 133

Bird’s Nest, Yellow (Monotropa Hypopitys), 98, 168, pl. lvi
(90)

Birthwort (Aréstolochia Clematitis), 126, 176, pl. lxxxvi(120

Bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara), 107, 171, pl. lxv (100)

Black Alder (Rhamnus Frangula), 52

Blackberries, 61

Blackberry (Rudes fruticosus), 63

Black Bryony (Zamus communis), 139

— Currant (Rebes nigrum), 76

188

Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum), 108

Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), 61, 162, pl. xxix (60)

Black-veined White Butterfly (Aporza crateg2), 67

Bladderwort, Greater ( Utricularia vulgaris), 116, 173, pl. xxv
(110)

Bladder Campion (Sz/ene Cucubalus), 43

Blister Beetle (Cantharis vesicatoria), 100

— Beetles (Chinese), 101

Bluebell (Z7zdymion nutans), 142, 145

— of Scotland (Campanula rotundifolia), 95

Blue Butterflies, 89

— Butterfly, Tailed (Lampzdes beticus), 60

— Flags (/7zs), 142

— Gum Trees (Eucalyptus), 138

Bog-Myrtle (AZyrica Gale), 133

Bog Whortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), 97, 168, pl. liv
(88)

Borage (Sorago officinalis), 106, 170, pl. lxiii (98)

Boraginace@, 105 ;

Borago officinalis (Borage), 106, 170, pl. Ixiii (98)

Botany, I

Botys urticata (Small Magpie Moth), 130

— verticalis (Mother-of-Pearl Moth), 129

Box Hill, Surrey, 127

— Tree (Buxus sempervirens), 68, 127

Bracts, 38

Bramble, 12, 63

INDEX

Bread-fruit Tree, 131

Brimstone Butterfly (Gonepteryx rhamnz), 52

— Moth (Rumia crategata), 67

Bristles, 12, 19

Briza media (Quaking Grass), 153, 184, pl. cxviii (152)
Broad Dock (Rumex obtusifolius), 123, 175, pl. Ixxxii (116)
— Garlic (Allium ursinum), 145, 180, pl. civ (138)

— Pond-weed (Potamogeton natans), 150, 182, pl. cxi (146)
Broom (Sarothamnus vulgaris), 54

Broom-rape (Ovobanche), 110

Brown Argus Butterfly (Polyommatus Astrarche), 48
Bruchus pist (Pea Weevil), 60

Bryonia dioica (Red Bryony), 73, 165, pl. xl (72)

Bryony, Black ( Zamus communis), 139

— Red (Bryonta dioica), 4, 73, 139, 165, pl. xl (72)
Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), 52

— Aider (Rhamnus Frangula), 52

— Alpine (Rhamnus alpina), 53, 161, pl. xxiii (52)
Buckwheat, 123

Buff Ermine Moth (Sfzlosoma lubricipeda), 39

Bugle (Ajuga reptans), 115

Bugloss, Viper’s (Echium vulgare), 106

Bulbs, 3

Bunium flexuosum and bulbocastanum (Pig-nuts), 80
Bupleurum rotundifolium (Hare’s Ear), 79, 165, pl. xliii (78)
Burnet Moths (Azthrocera), 59, 89

Burnet Rose (Rosa spinosissima), 64

INDEX

Butomus umbellatus (Flowering Rush), 143, 179, pl. c (134)
** Butter and Eggs” (Linaria vulgarts), 112

Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), 116

Buttercup (Ranunculus auricomus) 26, 155, pl. iii (26)

— (Ranunculus bulbosus), 26

Buttercups, 26

Butterfly, Origin of name, 53

Butterfly-like Flowers, 14, 41

Buxus sempervirens (Box Tree), 127

Cabbage, 33

— Moth (Mamestra brassicae), 36

Calamint, Common (Calamintha officinalis), 114, 172, pl. }xxi
(106)

Calamintha officinalis (Common Calamint), 114, 172, pl. 1xxi
(106)

Californian Poppies (Eschscholtzia), 32

Calla palustris (Marsh Arum), 149, 182, pl. cix (144)

Callitrichacez, 128

Callitriche (Water Starworts), 128

Callophrys rubi (Green Hairstreak Butterfly), 63

Caltha palustris (Marsh Marigold), 27

Calyctflor@, 51

Calyx, 12

Camberwell Beauty Butterfly (Vanessa Antiopa), 132

Campanula, 108

— latifolia (Giant Bell-flower), 94, 167, pl. lii (50)

Campanula medium (Canterbury Bell), 95

— rotundifolia (Harebell), 95

Campanulacee, 94

Campion, Bladder, Sea, Red and White (Sz/ene Cucubalus,
maritima, atotca and alba), 43, 44

Canary-shouldered Thorn Moth (Zxzomos tiliaria), 45

Candytuft, 33

Cannabinacee, 130, 131

Cannabis sattva (Hemp), 130

Canterbury Bell (Campanula medium), 95

Cantharts vesicatoria (Blister Beetle), 100

Caprifoliacee, 83

Capsules, 17, 18

Caraway (Carum carvz), 80

Carex acuta (Acute Carex), 151, 183, Be cxv (150)

— Davailliana (Bath Carex), 151, 183, pl. cxiii (148)

— vulpina (Fox-sedge), 151, 183, pl. cxiv (148)

Carnations, 42

Carob-tree, 58

Carpels, 18

Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam), 137

Carrot (Daucus carota), 80

Carthusian Pink (Dianthus Carthusianorum), 42, 158, pl. xv
(42)

Carum carvi (Caraway), 80

Caryophyllacee, 42, 43

Cassta, 58

190

Cassida (Tortoise-beetle), 43, 44

— nobilis (Tortoise-beetle), 44

Castanea sativa (Spanish Chestnut), 134

Catkin, 15

Catocala fraxini (Clifden Nonpareil Moth), 1o1

Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus Libanz), 138

Cedrus Libani (Cedar of Lebanon), 138

Celastrace@, 51

*¢ Celerine from the South of France,” 80

Celery (Apzwm graveolens), 80

Centaurea scabtosa (Knapweed), 120

Centaury (Zrythrea centaurium), 102, 169, pl. lix (94)

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 87

Ceratophyllacee, 128

Ceratophyllum demersum and submersuim (Hornwort), 128

Cerinthe major (Large Wax-flower), 105, 170, pl. lxxii (106)

Cerura vinula (Puss Moth), 132

Cetonta aurata (Rose Chafer), 64

Cherophyllum sativum (Chervil), 80

Chafer, Rose, Cetonza aurata), 64

Chamomile (Anthemzs nobilis), 91

Charles’s Sceptre, King (Pedicularis Sceptrum-Carolinum),
112, 172, pl. lxix (104)

Chenopodiacea, 121

Chenopodium Lonus-Henricus (Perennial Goose-foot), 122,

175, pl. xxx (114)
Cherry, 19, 61

INDEX

Cherry, Wild, 67)

Chervil (Cherophyllum sativum), 80

Chestnut, Spanish, 134

— Sweet (Castanea sativa), 134

Chickweed (Stellaria media), 43

— Water (Montia fontana), 74

Chicory (Czchorium Intybus), 93

China-mark Moths (Aydrocampa Nympheata and Potamo-
gata), 31

Chinese Blister Beetles, to

Chlorophyll, 4

Cherocampa Elpenor and C. Porcellus (Large and Small
Elephant Hawk-moths), 70

Christmas Roses, 28

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum (Ox-eye Daisy), 90, 167,
pl. 1 (84)

Chrysosplentum (Golden Saxifrage), 78

Cichorium Intybus (Chicory), 93

Cicuta virosa (Cowbane), 80

Cinchona, 87

Cinnabar Moth (Zuchelia Jacobee), 92

Cinquefoil, Spring (Potentilla verna), 61, 162, pl. xxx (60)

Circea lutetiana (Enchanter’s Nightshade), 71

Cistace@, 37

Classes, 22

Clematis Vitalba (Traveller’s Joy), 24, 155, pl. i

Clifden Nonpareil Moth (Catocala Fraxint), 101

INDEX

Climbing Rose, 4

Clover, 16

— fertilisation of, by insects, 59

— Crimson (77zfolium incarnatum), 56, 161, pl. xxvi (54)

— Meadow (77rifolium medium), 55, 161, pl. xxv (54)

— Purple (7rifolium pratense), 56

— Dodder (Cuscuta trifolit), 105

Clover-fields, Insects in, 58

Cloudberry (ARudus Chamemorus), 63, 163, pl. xxxii (62)

Clouded Yellow Butterfly (Colzas edusa), 59

Clouded Yellow Butterfly, Pale (Co/zas hyale), 59

Cob of Maize, 15

Cocctde (Scale Insects), 130

Cockchafers, 135

Cock’s-foot Grass (Dactylis glomerata), 153, 184, pl. cxx
(104)

Coffea arabica (Coffee Tree), 87

Coffee Tree (Coffea arabica), 87

Colchicacez, 146

Colchicum autumnale (Meadow Saffron), 146, 181, pl. cvi
(140)

Colias edusa (Clouded Yellow Butterfly), 59

— hyale (Pale Clouded Yellow Butterfly), 59

Colt’s-foot ( Zusszlago Farfara), 90, 167, pl. lxix (104)

Columbine, 29, 32

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale), 106

Comma Butterfly (Vanessa C-album), 77

IQI

Common Calamint ( Ca/amintha officinalis), 114, 172, pl. xxi
(106)

— Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), 40

— Winter Green (Pyrola minor), 97, 168, pl. lv (90)

Composite, 89, 93, 120

Compound Flowers, 15

— Fruits. 19

Cone, 16

Contfer@, 137

Contum maculatum (Hemlock), 80

Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley), 144, 145, 180,
pl. cii (136)

Convolvulacee, 103

Convolvulus arvensis (Small Bindweed), 104

— soldanella (Sea Convolvulus), 104

— sepium (Larger Convolvulus), 104

Convolvulus Hawk-moth (Sphinx convolvult), 104

Copper Butterflies (Lycena phieas and dispar), 89, 123

Coriander (Cortandrum sativum), 79, 165, pl. xliv (78)

Cortandrum sativum (Coriander), 79, 165, pl. xliv (78)

Cork, 135

Corn, 15, 153, 154

— Cockle (Agrostemma Githago), 43, 159, pl. xvii (44)

— Mildew (Puccinia gramintis), 29

— Poppy (Papaver Rheas), 31, 156, pl. viii (30)

— Salad ( Valerianella olttoria), 88

Cornacee, 82

192

Cornel, Dwarf (Cornus suecica), 82

Cornus sanguinea (Dogwood), 82, 166, pl. xlv (80)

— suecica (Dwarf Cornel), 82

Corolla, 12

Corollifiora, 82

Corylus Avellana (Hazel, or Nut-tree), 136

Corymb, 16

Cotton Grass (Z7zophorum latifolium), 150, 182, pl. cxii (146)

— Plant (Gossypium), 45

Cotyledons, 23

Cowbane (Cicuta virosa), 80

Cowberry (Vaccinium Vitis-2dea), 97

Cowslip (Przmula veris), 117, 174, pl. lxxvi (110)

Cow-wheat (AZelampyrum), 112

Crab-Apple, 67

Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos), 97

Crane’s-Bill (Zvodium cicutarium), 48

Crane’s-Bills, 47

Crassulacee, 74

Crategus oxyacantha (Hawthorn, Whitethorn, or May), 66

Cress, 33

Crimson Clover (772folium incarnatum), 56, 161, pl. xxvi
(54)

Crithium maritimum (Samphire), 80

Crocus vernus (Spring Crocus), 142, 179, pl. xcviii (132)

Crowberry (Zmpetrum nigrum), 126

Crowfoots, 26

INDEX

Crucifera, 33

Cryptogamia, 2, 22

Cryptocephalus sericeus (Beetle), 27

Cuckoo-pint (Arum maculatum), 148, 181, pl. cvili (142)
Cucullia (Shark-moths), 110

Cucumbers, 19, 73

Cucurbitacee, 73

Cup of Flower, 12, 13

Currant, 19, 75

— Black (Rzbes nigrum), 76

— Mountain (Aebes alpinum), 76, 165, pl. xlii (76)

— Red (Rebes rubrum), 76

— White (Ribes rubrum, var.), 76

— Clearwing Moth ( Zrochzlium tipuliforme), 77
Cuscuta europea (Greater Dodder), 105, 170, pl. lxi (96)
— trifolit (Clover Dodder), 105

Cut-worms (caterpillars), 36

Cyclamen europeum (Sow-bread), 118, 174, pl. Ixxvii (112)
Cynosurus cristatus (Dog’s-tail Grass), 153, 184, pl. cxix (154)
Cyme, 15, 16

Cyperacee, 150

Cypripedium Calceolus (Lady’s Slipper), 141, ae
Cytisus capitatus (Bean-bush), 55, 161, pl. xxiv (52)

Dactylis glomerata (Cock’s-foot Grass), 153, 184, pl. cxx.

(154)
Daffodil (Warcissus Pseudo-Narcissus), 143

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 177

PLateE LXXXIX. Facing page 124 Fig. 7. Flower

Rose Willow—Salix purpurea (page 132) ‘e : see beara

Fig. 1. Twig with male catkins » 10, Scale from below (with styles)
eee ze bud » IL. Young seed catkin
* 3. seale » 2. Ripe seed catkin
, 4. Scale with unopened anther , 13 and14. Scale, with seed
» 5. Flowering male catkin » 15 and 16, Seeds
» 6. Male flower , 17. Transverse section of seed
» 7+ Female catkin , 18. Longitudinal section of seed
» 8. Separate flower
» 9. Innerside of female flower
, 10. Catkin in seed PLaTE XCI. Facing page 126
» Il. Twig with opening leaves
,, 12. Young leaf-shoot Yew Tree—Zaxus baccata (page 137)

» 13. Twig with developed leaves

Spray with berries (reduced)

Leaf with male flower in axil (natural size)
Male flower, showing stamens (enlarged)
Connectivum (upperside)

Connectivum (lowerside)

I

2
PLaTE XC. Facing page 124 ils 3

4

5:

Fig. 1. Branch in leaf » 6. Female flower (natural size)

ri

8

be

°

Alder—Alnus glutinosa (page 134) i

, 2. Young male catkin Female flower (magnified)
» 3. Flowering male and female catkins Unripe fruit

» 4and5. Male scale and flower (upperside) . Ripe fruit

» 6. Male scale and flower (lowerside) » s£o.te 12. Seeds

12

178

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

PLaTE XCII. Facing page 126

Herb Paris—Paris quadrifolia (page 139)

Fig.

1. Plant

2. Flower (natural size)
3.and 4. Stamen

5 and6. Pistil

7. Berry, and withered flower
8. Section of berry

g and io. Seeds

PLaTE XCIII. Facing page 128

Frogbit—Hydrocharis Morsus-rane (page 140)

Fig.

1. Male plant (natural size)

2. Female flower

3. Two stamens from outer row

4. Stamen from inner row, with rudimentary

style at the base

5 and 6, Abortive pistil of male flower

7 to1o. Pistil and 6 bifid styles
11, Fruit
12. Section of fruit (enlarged)
13.. Seed

PLATE XCIV. Facing page 128
Early Purple Orchis—Ovchzs mascula (page 14z)

Plant
Flower, denuded of perianth
Pollen mass

Fig.

QO Nw

PLaTE XCV. Facing page 130
Lady’s Slipper—Cypripedium Calceolus (page r4r)

Fig. Plant

Flower with the labellum removed

Pistil and anthers

Column, or abortive anther, with fertile
lateral anthers

Upperside of column

Seed capsule, with withered flower

Section of seed capsule

» gandio. Seeds

» Il. Labellum

wm & WN we

GoEStEON

PLATE XCVI. Facing page 130
German Flag—/rzs germanica (page 142)

Fig. 1. Flower and buds (reduced)
,, 2. Lower part of plant

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Fig. 3. Petal
» 4. Lobate stigma and stamen
» 5. Hind view of lobate stigma and stamen

Pirate XCVII. Facing page 132

Gladiolus—Gladiolus communis (page 142)

Plant (reduced)

Root-scales

Petal of upper lip, with stamens and pistil
Petals of lower lip

Stigmas

Seed capsule

Section of seed capsule

Seed

Section of seed

Fig. 1
2
3
4
i.
» 6.
7
8
9

Pirate XCVIIL Facing page 132

Spring Crocus—Crocus vernus (page 142)

Fig. 1. Plant
», 2. Flower-stalk, with stamens and pistil
» 3. Style and trifid stigma

179
Pirate XCIX. Facing page 134

Summer Snowflake—Leucoium estivum (page 143)

Fig.

I. Plant (reduced)

2. Flower

3. Pistil and stamens
4. Style

5. Seed capsule

6... Seed

PLaTE C. Facing page 134

Flowering Rush—Butomus umbellatus (page 143)

Fig.

1. Plant (reduced)

2. Portion of stalk

3. Flower (natural size)
4. Pistil

5. Stamen

y Fruit

Section of fruit
3 andg. Seeds
10. Transverse section of seed
11. Longitudinal section of seed

180

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

PLaTE CI. Facing page 136

Arrow-grass—Triglochin maritimum (page 144)

Fig.

1. Plant (reduced)
2. Flower-spike (natural size)
3. Flower (enlarged)

4and 5. Six-lobed capsule
6. Section of capsule

7 to 9. Separate carpels, with and without
seeds

Ioand Iii. Seed

I

2. Section of seed

PLATE CII. Facing page 136

Lily of the Valley—Convallaria majalis (page 144)
Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)

2.
3.

Noy. fe) SU ens

Flower (natural size)

Flower opened out to show stamens and
pistil

Pistil

Stamen

Berry

Transverse section of berry

Longitudinal section of berry

Seeds

a
ga
4

PLATE CIII. Facing page 138

Wild Tulip—Tulipa sylvestris (page 145)

Woh

SO ONAN EY

_

Plant (reduced)

Section of bulb, showing germ springing
from near the roots

Flower

Inner petal

Outer petal

Stamens

Pistil with two stamens

Seed capsule

Seed

Section of seed

PLATE CIV. Facing page 138

Broad Garlic—Aliium ursinum (page 145)

a

Plant (reduced)

Flower

Petal and stamen

Pistil

Ripe seed capsule

Ripe seed capsule, open
nd 8. Seeds

EXPLANATION

PLtaTtE CV. Facing page 140
Yellow Day-flower—Hemerocallis flava (page 145)

Plant (reduced)

Portion of leaf

Front view of stamen

Hind view of stamen

Pistil

Portion of style with trilobate stigma
Unripe seed capsule (reduced)

Ripe seed capsule (open)

» gandtio. Seeds

» II. Flower (natural size)

Fig.

SN Au & ON =

PLaTE CVI. Facing page 140

Meadow Saffron—Colchicum autumnale (page 146)

Fig. 1. Plant in flower (reduced)
» 2 Pistil and 3 styles
» 3. Stamen
» 4and5. Seeds
» 6. Section of seed capsule
» 7. Seed capsule
» 8. Plant in leaf and seed

OF PLATES 181
PLaTE CVII. Facing page 142
Great Wood-rush—Luzula sylvatica (page 147)

Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)

2. Portion of leaf

» 3- Panicle (natural size)

» 4and5. Capsule in perianth
» 6. Capsule without covering

PiaTe CVIII. Facing page 142
Cuckoo-pint—Avum maculatum (page 148)

Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)

2. Spadix with male flowers in the middle
between double rows of nectaries, and
female flowers below

3. Nectary

4. Anthers

5. Female flower
», ©. Ripe berries

7:

8

Longitudinal section of berry
and g. Seeds

182 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

PiaTE CIX. Facing page 144 PLATE CXI. Facing page 146
Marsh Arum—Calla palustris (page 149) Broad Pond-weed—Potamogeton natans (page 150)
Fig. 1. Plant Fig, 1. Plant (reduced)
» 2. Section of spadix » 2and3. Flower (natural size and magnified)
» 3. FPistil and stamens » | 4nd 5. Petal
» 4. Berry » ©and7. Stamen
» 5 and6. Seeds |, sand 6) Pistil
maz. . Cluster of truit » 10. Four seeds

» II. Single seed

PLATE CX. Facing page 144

Lesser Duckweed—Lemua minor (page 149)
PLATE CXII. Facing page 146
Fig. 1. Plants (natural size)
, 2. Flower-bearing leaf, with stamen projecting Cotton Grass—Eviophorum latifolium (page 150)
from the perianth
» 3. Under-surface of leaf of an old plant with Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)
eggs of water-animals , 2. Flowering stalk (natural size)
» 4. Perianth, with developed stamen projecting, 0) go blower
and undeveloped stamen within » 4 Flower with bract (magnified)
Upper end of stamen with open anthers » 5. Flower (more strongly magnified)
6
7
8

oe

Flower with perianth removed, and ovary ” Barren flower
in the centre. Stamen on the left still 1% Fruit with bristles (natural size)
undeveloped ” and g. Fruit without bristles

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 183

PLATE CXIII. Facing page 148 Fig. 3. Male flower spike (natural size)
. » 4. Male flower
Bath Carex—Carex Davalliana (page 151) » 5. Portion of stalk with lowest female flower
Fig. 1. Male plant spike
» 2. Glume and male flower (enlarged) » 6. Female flower with ovary, 2 stigmas, and
» 3. Female flower-head (enlarged) glume
» 4, Female flower » 7. Fruit with glume
» 5. Glume of female flower » 8. Fruit without glume
» 6and7. Fruit » 9. Section of seed
4) LOR poeed
PLaTE CXIV. Facing page 148 » Il. Section of seed
Fox Sedge—Carex vulpina (page 151)

Fig. 1. Plant (reduced) Prate CXVI. Facing page 150

» 2. Male flower spike

3. Female flower spike Vernal Grass—Anthoxanthum odoratum (page 152)

» 4. Male flower Fig. 1. Plant (reduced)
» 5and6, Female flowers » 2. Spike (natural size)
» 7. Fruit ‘oo ge Bed
» 8. Section of fruit » 4. Glumes
» 5+ Open flower
PLaTE CXV. Facing page 150 » 6, Glumes
Acute Carex—Carex acuta (page 151) ni : ee ee
Fig. 1. Flowering plant (reduced) » 9. Nectary (inner view)
» 2. Upper portion of stalk » lIoandtir. Seeds

184

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS

PLATE CXVII, Facing page 152

Foxtail Grass—A/lopecurus pratensis (page 152)

Fig,

Fig.

1. Plant (reduced)

2. Spike or ear (natural size)

3. Opening flower

4and 5. Front view of open flower

6. Back view of closed flower, showing glumes
Open glumes

Glume

Pistil and stamens

Anthers just emerging from the glumes

Lo NONE Ps

PLaTe CXVIII. Facing page 152

Quaking Grass—4viza media (page 153)

I

1. Plant (reduced)

2. Flowering spikelet

3. Glumes

4. -Flower enclosed by glumes
5. Lower glume

6. Upper glume

7. Pistil and stamens
8. Pistil

9g. Nectary

fe)

and 11. Seeds

PLATE CXIX. Facing page 154

Dog’s-tail Grass—Cynosurus cristatus (page 153)

Fig.

Plant (reduced)

Flowering spike or ear (slightly enlarged)
nd 4. Flowering spikelets

Sterile spikelet

Closed flower

Flowers and glumes

Pistil and stamens (natural size)

9. Pistil and stamens (magnified)

lo and 11. Nectary
12 and 13. Seeds

ie
2
3a
5.
6.
7

8

PLaTE CXX. Facing page 154

Cock’s-tail Grass—Dactylis glomerata (page 153)

Fig.

1. Plant (reduced)

2. Flowering spray

3.and 4. Spikelet

5. Perianth

6. Glumes

7. Flower between glumes
8. Pistil and stamens

g. Pistil

lio andi. Seeds

IND

EX

[The numbers in brackets denote the pages opposite to which the plates will be found. |

Abies californica (Douglas Pine) 138

— excelsa (Spruce Fir), 138

Abraxas grossulariata (Magpie Moth), 77

Acacia, 58

Acanthoxanthum odoratum, 152, 183, pl. cxvi (150)
Acer campestre (Maple), 46

— Pseudoplatanus (Sycamore), 47

— saccharinum (Sugar-Maple), 47

Aceracee, 46

Achenes, 18, 19

Acherontia Atropos (Death’s-head Hawk-moth), 109
Achillea millefolium (Yarrow), 93

Aconitum Napellus (Monkshood), 27, 155, pl. iv (26)
Acorn, 18, 135

Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag), 149

Actea spicata (Baneberry), 28, 156, pl. v (28)
Acute Carex (Carex acuta), 151, 183, pl. cxv. (150)
Adela Degeerelila (Long-horned Moth), 25

Admiral Butterfly, Red (Vanessa Atalanta), 129

185

Admiral White (Lzmenztés Szbylla), 85

Adonis autumnaiis (Pheasant’s Eye), 28

Adscita globularieg (Scarce Green Forester Moth), 120
Adventitious Roots, 2, 3

Aerial Roots, 2, 3, 4, 81

Aggregate Fruit, 17, 19 :

Agrostemma Githago (Corn Cockle), 43, 159, pl. xvii (44)
Ajuga reptans (Bugle), 115

Alder (Alnus glutinosa), 134, 177, pl. xc (124)

— Black (Rhamnus Frangula), 52

— Buckthorn (Rhamnus Frangula), 52

A lismace@, 143

Allium ursinum (Broad Garlic), 145, 180, pl. civ (138)
All-seed (Radtola millegrana), 51

Almond, 61

Alnus glutinosa (Alder) 134, 177, pl. xc (124)

Alopecurus pratensis (Foxtail Grass), 152, 184, pl. cxvii (152)
Alpine Buckthorn (Rhamnus alpina), 53, 161, pl. xxiii (52)
Althea officinalis (Marsh Mallow), 44

186

Althea vosea (Hollyhock), 45

Alucita hexadactyla (Twenty-plume Moth), 85

Amaryllidacee, 143

Amentifera, 131

American Robin, 21

— Water-weed (Elodea canadensis), 140

Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet Pimpernel), 118, 119

Anemone nemorosa (Wood Anemone), 25

— Pulsatilla (Pasque Flower), 25, 155, pl. ii (Avontespiece)

Annual Mercury (Mercurialis annua), 127

Anthemzs nobil’s (Chamomile), 91

Anthers, 13

Anthrocera (Burnet Moths), 59, $9

Anthyllis vulneraria (Kidney Vetch, or Lady’s Finger), 57,
162, pl. xxvii (56)

Antirrhinum majus and Orontium (Snapdragon), III, 112

Ants, 136

Apatura [ris (Purple Emperor Butterfly), 135

Aphides (Plant Lice), 65

Apium graveolens (Celery), 80

Afpocynaceé, 101

Apollo Butterfly (Parnassius Apollo), 75

Apollo and Daphne, 125

Aporia crategi (Black-veined White Butterfly), 67

Apple, 19, 61, 68

Apricot, 61

Aquifoliacee, 98

INDEX

Aracee, 148

Araliacee, 81

Arbutus Unedo (Strawberry Tree), 95

Arctia caja (Tiger Moth), 92

Arctostaphylus Ova-urs¢ (Bearberry), 95

Aristolochia Clematitzs (Birthwort), 126, 176, pl. lxxxvi (120)
Aristolochiacee, 126

Arnica (Arnica montana), 91, 167, pl. li (86)

Arnica montana (Arnica), 91, 167, pl. li (86)

Arrow-grass ( 7riglochin maritimum), 144, 180, pl. ci (136)
Arum maculatum (Cuckoo-pint), 148, 181, pl. cviii (142)
Arum, Marsh (Ca//a palustris), 149, pi. cix (144)
Asarabacca (Asarum europeum), 126, 176, pl. Ixxxvii (122)
Asarum europeum (Asarabacca), 126, 176, pl. Ixxxvil (122)
Ash-tree (Fraxinus excelsior), 18, 99, 100, 169, pl. lvili (92)
Ash-keys, 18, 100

Asparagacee@, 144

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), 144

Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus), 144

Asperula odorata (Sweet-scented Woodruff), 87

Asters, 93

Astragalus, 58

Atlas Moth (Attacus Atlas), 96

Atriplex hortensis (Garden Orache), 122, 175, pl. xxi (50)
Atropa Belladonna (Deadly Nightshade), 108, 171, pl. xvi (100)
Attacus Atlas (Atlas Moth), 96.

Aubépine, story of Beatrice, 108

INDEX

Awn, 19
Azalea procumbens, 97
Azaleas, 96

Babington’s ‘‘ Manual of British Botany,” 22

Bacteria, 2, 22

Balaninus nucum (Nut-Weevil), 137

Balder (God), 83

Balsam, Yellow (/vzpatiens Noli-me-tangere), 49

Balsaminace@, 49

Bamboos, 152

Baneberry (Actea spicata), 28, 156, pl. v (28)

Banian Tree, 131

Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), 29

Barley, 12, 153

Barrenwort (Zpimedium alpinum), 29, 156, pl. vi (28)

Bath Carex (Carex Davalliana, 151, 183, pl. cxiii (148)

Bath White Butterfly (Pzerzs daplidice), 35, 36, 37

Bean-bush (Cy¢zsus capitatus), 55, 161. pl. xxiv (52)

Beans, 4, 14, 16, 58, 60

Bearberry (Arctostaphylus Uva-urst), 95

Beard of Barley, etc., 12, 153

Beatrice, Aubépine’s story of, 108

Bedeguar (Gall on Wild Rose), 65

Bedstraw, Ladies’ (Galium verum), 86

Bee Hawk-moth, Narrow-bordered (Hemaris bombyliformis),
89

187

Bee Orchis, 140

Beech (Fagus sylvatica), 134

Bees, 14, 132

— fertilising Orchids, 141

— Wild, 65

Beet, 122

Belladonna, 109

Bell-flower, Giant (Campanula Jatifolia), 94, 167, pl. lii (86)

Bellis perennis (Daisy), 191

Berberidacee, 29

Berberis vulgaris (Barberry), 29

Berry, 19

Beta maritima (Sea Beet), 122

Betula (Birch), 133

Bhang (Indian Hemp), 130

Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus), 97

Bindweed (Convolvulus), 104

Birch (Betula), 133

Bird’s Nest, Yellow (Monotropa Hyfpopitys), 98, 168, pl. lvi
(90)

Birthwort (A7istolochia Clematitis), 126, 176, pl. Ixxxvi(120

Bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara), 107, 171, pl. lxv (100)

Black Alder (Rhamnus Frangula), 52

Blackberries, 61

Blackberry (Rudus fruticosus), 63

Black Bryony (Zamus communis), 139

— Currant (Ribes nigrum), 76

188

Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum), 108

Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), 61, 162, pl. xxix (60)

Black-veined White Butterfly (4 forza crategz), 67

Bladderwort, Greater ( Utricularia vulgaris), 116,173, pl. xxv
(110)

Bladder Campion (Sz/ene Cucubalus), 43

Blister Beetle (Canthavis vestcatoria), 100

— Beetles (Chinese), 101

Bluebell (Zzdymion nutans), 142, 145

— of Scotland (Campanula rotundifolia), 95

Blue Butterflies, 89

— Butterfly, Tailed (Lampides beticus), 60

— Flags (/77s), 142

— Gum Trees (Zucalyptus), 138

Bog-Myrtle (MZyrica Gale), 133

Bog Whortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), 97, 168, pl. liv
(38)

Borage (Borago officinalis), 106, 170, pl. lxili (98)

Boraginacez, 105

Borago officinalis (Borage), 106, 170, pl. lxiii (98)

Botany, I

Botys urticata (Small Magpie Moth), 130

— verticalis (Mother-of-Pearl Moth), 129

Box Hill, Surrey, 127

— Tree (Buxus sempervirens), 68, 127

Bracts, 38

Bramble, 12, 63

INDEX

Bread-fruit Tree, 131

Brimstone Butterfly (Gonepteryx rhamntz), 52

— Moth (Rumia crategata), 67

Bristles, 12, 19

Briza media (Quaking Grass), 153, 184, pl. cxvili (152)
Broad Dock (Rumex obtusifolius), 123, 175, pl. [xxxii (116)
— Garlic (Aliium ursinum), 145, 180, pl. civ (138)

— Pond-weed (Potamogeton natans), 150, 182, pl. cxi (146)
Broom (Savothamnus vulgaris), 54

Broom-rape (Ovobanche), 110

Brown Argus Butterfly (Polyommatus Astrarche), 48
Bruchus pist (Pea Weevil), 60

Bryonia dioica (Red Bryony), 73, 165, pl. xl (72)

Bryony, Black ( Zamus communis), 139

— Red (Bryonia dioica), 4, 73, 139, 165, pl. xl (72)
Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), 52

— Aider (Rhamnus Frangula), 52

— Alpine (Rhamnus alpina), 53, 161, pl. xxiii (52)
Buckwheat, 123

Buff Ermine Moth (Spz/osoma lubricipeda), 39

Bugle (Ajuga reptans), 115

Bugloss, Viper’s (Zchzawm vulgare), 106

Bulbs, 3

Bunium flexuosum and bulbocastanum (Pig-nuts), 80
Bupleurum rotundifolium (Haxre’s Ear), 79, 165, pl. xliti (78)
Burnet Moths (Azthrocera), 59, 89

Burnet Rose (Rosa spznosisstma), 64

INDEX

Butomus umbellatus (Flowering Rush), 143, 179, pl. c (134)
‘** Butter and Eggs ” (Linarta vulgaris), 112

Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), 116

Buttercup (Ranunculus auricomus) 26, 155, pl. iii (26)

— (Ranunculus bulbosus), 26

Buttercups, 26

Butterfly, Origin of name, 53

Butterfly-like Flowers, 14, 41

Buxus sempervirens (Box Tree), 127

Cabbage, 33

— Moth (Mamestra brassicae), 36

Calamint, Common (Calamintha officinalis), 114, 172, pl. Ixxi
(106)

Calamintha officinalis (Common Calamint), 114, 172, pl. Ixxi
(106)

Californian Poppies (Zschscholtzia), 32

Calla palustris (Marsh Arum), 149, 182, pl. cix (144)

Callitrichacee, 128

Callitriche (Water Starworts), 128

Callophrys rubt (Green Hairstreak Butterfly), 63

Caltha palustris (Marsh Marigold), 27

Calyciflore, 51

Calyx, 12

Camberwell Beauty Butterfly (Vanessa Antiopa), 132

Campanula, 108

, — latifolia (Giant Bell-flower), 94, 167, pl. lii (50)

Campanula medium (Canterbury Bell), 95

— rotundifolia (Harebell), 95

Campanulacee, 94

Campion, Bladder, Sea, Red and White (Sz/ene Cucubalus,
maritima, dioica and alba), 43, 44

Canary-shouldered Thorn Moth (Zxnomos tiliaria), 45

Candytuft, 33

Cannabinaceé, 130, 131

Cannabis sativa (Hemp), 130

Canterbury Bell (Campanula medium), 95

Cantharts vesicatoria (Blister Beetle), 100

Caprifoliacee, 83

Capsules, 17, 18

Caraway (Carum carvz), 80

Carex acuta (Acute Carex), 151, 183, pl. cxv (150)

— Davalliana (Bath Carex), 151, 183, pl. cxiii (148)

— vulpina (Fox-sedge), 151, 183, pl. cxiv (148)

Carnations, 42

Carob-tree, 58

Carpels, 18

Carpinus betulus (Hormbeam), 137

Carrot (Daucus carota), 80

Carthusian Pink (Dianthus Carthustanorum), 42, 158, pl. xv
(42)

Carum carvi (Caraway), 80

Caryophyllacee, 42, 43

Cassia, 58

190

Cassida (Tortoise-beetle), 43, 44

— nobiles (Tortoise-beetle), 44

Castanea sativa (Spanish Chestnut), 134

Catkin, 15

Catocala fraxini (Clifden Nonpareil Moth), 101

Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus Libanz), 138

Cedrus Libanz (Cedar of Lebanon), 138

Celastrace@, 51

*< Celerine from the South of France,” 80

Celery (Apzum graveolens), 80

Centaurea scabzosa (Knapweed), 120

Centaury (Zrythrea centaurium), 102, 169, pl. lix (94)

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 87

Ceratophyllacee, 128

Ceratophyllum demersum and submersum (Hornwort), 128

Cerinthe major (Large Wax-flower), 105, 170, pl. lxxii (106)

Cerura vinula (Puss Moth), 132

Cetonta aurata (Rose Chafer), 64

Cherophyllum sativum (Chervil), 80

Chafer, Rose, Cetonza aurata), 64

Chamomile (Azthemzs nobzlis), 91

Charles’s Sceptre, King (Pedicularis Sceptrum-Carolinum),
112, 172, pl. lxix (104)

Chenopodiacee, 121

Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus (Perennial Goose-foot), 122,

175, pl. Ixxx (114)
Cherry, 19, 61

INDEX

‘Cherry, Wild, 67'

Chervil (Cherophyllum sativum), 80

Chestnut, Spanish, 134

— Sweet (Castanea sativa), 134

Chickweed (Stel/aria media), 43

— Water (Montia fontana), 74

Chicory (Czchorium Intybus), 93

China-mark Moths (Hydrocampa Nympheata and Potamo-
sata), 31

Chinese Blister Beetles, ror

Chlorophyll, 4

Cherocampa Elpenor and C. Porcellus (Large and Small
Elephant Hawk-moths), 70

Christmas Roses, 28

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum (Ox-eye Daisy), 90, 167,
pl. 1 (84)

Chrysosplentum (Golden Saxifrage), 78

Cichoriun Intybus (Chicory), 93

Cicuta virosa (Cowbane), 80

Cinchona, 87

Cinnabar Moth (EZuchelia Jacobee), 92

Cinquefoil, Spring (Potenti//a verna), 61, 162, pl. xxx (60)

Circea lutetiana (Enchanter’s Nightshade), 71

Cistacee, 37

Classes, 22

Clematis Vitalba (Traveller’s Joy), 24, 155, pl. i

Clifden Nonpareil Moth (Catocala Fraxinz), 101

INDEX

Climbing Rose, 4

Clover, 16

— fertilisation of, by insects, 59

— Crimson (7rzfolium incarnatum), 56, 161, pl. xxvi (54)

— Meadow (77rzfolium medium), 55, 161, pl. xxv (54)

— Purple (77ifoliwm pratense), 56

— Dodder (Cuscuta trifoliz), 105

Clover-fields, Insects in, 58

Cloudberry (Rubus Chamemorus), 63, 163, pl. xxxii (62)

Clouded Yellow Butterfly (Colzas edusa), 59

Clouded Yellow Butterfly, Pale (Colas hyale), 59

Cob of Maize, 15

Coccide (Scale Insects), 130

Cockchafers, 135

Cock’s-foot Grass (Dactylis glomerata), 153, 184, pl. cxx
(104)

Coffea arabica (Coffee Tree), 87

Coffee Tree (Coffea arabica), 87

Colchicacee, 146

Colchicum autumnale (Meadow Saffron), 146, 181, pl. cvi
(140)

Colias edusa (Clouded Yellow Butterfly), 59

— hyale (Pale Clouded Yellow Butterfly), 59

Colt’s-foot ( Zusstlago Farfara), 90, 167, pl. Ixix (104)

Columbine, 29, 32

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale), 106

Comma Butterfly (Vanessa C-album), 77

IgI

Common Calamint (Calamintha officinalis), 114, 172, pl. 1xxi
(106)

— Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), 40

— Winter Green (Pyrola minor), 97, 168, pl. lv (90)

Composite, 89, 93, 120

Compound Flowers, 15

— Fruits, 19

Cone, 16

Conifer@, 137

Contum maculatum (Hemlock), 80

Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley), 144, 145, 180,
pl. cii (136)

Convolvulacee, 103

Convolvulus arvensis (Small Bindweed), 104

— soldanella (Sea Convolvulus), 104

— sepium (Larger Convolvulus), 104

Convolvulus Hawk-moth (Sphinx convolvul?), 104

Copper Butterflies (Zycena phleas and dzspar), 89, 123

Coriander (Corzandrum sativum), 79, 165, pl. xliv (78)

Coriandrum sativum (Coriander), 79, 165, pl. xliv (78)

Cork, 135

Corn, 15, 153, 154

— Cockle (Agrostemma Githago), 43, 159, pl. xvii (44)

— Mildew (Puccinia graminis), 29

— Poppy (Papaver Rheas), 31, 156, pl. viii (30)

— Salad ( Valerianella olitoria), 88

Cornacee, 82

192

Cornel, Dwarf (Cornus suectca), 82

Cornus sanguinea (Dogwood), 82, 166, pl. xlv (80)

— suecica (Dwarf Cornel), 82

Corolla, 12

Corollifiore, 82

Corylus Avellana (Hazel, or Nut-tree), 136

Corymb, 16

Cotton Grass (Eriophorum latifolium), 150, 182, pl. cxii (146)

— Plant (Gossypzuz), 45

Cotyledons, 23

Cowbane (Cicuta virosay, 80

Cowberry (Vaccinium Vitis-tdea), 97

Cowslip (Przmula veris), 117, 174, pl. lxxvi (110)

Cow-wheat (Melampyrum), 112

Crab-Apple, 67

Cranberry (Vaccinzum oxycoccos), 97

Crane’s-Bill (Zvodium cicutarium), 48

Crane’s-Bills, 47

Crassulace@, 74

Crategus oxyacantha (Hawthorn, Whitethorn, or May), 66

Cress, 33

Crimson Clover ( 772folium incarnatum), 56, 161, pl. xxvi
(54)

Crithium maritimum (Samphire), 80

Crocus vernus (Spring Crocus), 142, 179, pl. xcvili (132)

Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), 126

Crowfoots, 26

INDEX

Crucifera, 33

Cryptogamia, 2, 22

Cryptocephalus sericeus (Beetle), 27

Cuckoo-pint (Arum maculatum), 148, 181, pl. cvili (142)
Cucullia (Shark-moths), 110

Cucumbers, 19, 73

Cucurbitacee, 73

Cup of Flower, 12, 13

Currant, 19, 75

— Black (2Rzbes nigrum), 76

— Mountain (Rzbes alpinum), 76, 165, pl. xlii (76)

— Red (Ribes rubrum), 76

— White (Ribes rubrum, var.), 76

— Clearwing Moth (TZvochilium tipuliforme), 77
Cuscuta europea (Greater Dodder), 105, 170, pl. lxi (96)
— trifolit (Clover Dodder), 105

Cut-worms (caterpillars), 36

Cyclamen europeum (Sow-bread), 118, 174, pl. Ixxvii (112)
Cynosurus cristatus (Dog’s-tail Grass), 153, 184, pl. cxix (154)
Cyme, 15, 16

Cyperaceé, 150

Cypripedium Calceolus (Lady’s Slipper), 141, 178
Cytisus capitatus (Bean-bush), 55, 161, pl. xxiv (52)

Dactylis glomerata (Cock’s-foot Grass), 153, 184, pl. cxx.

(154)
Daffodil (Warcissus Pseudo-Narcissus), 143

INDEX

Dahlia, 14, 93

Daisy (Bellis perennis), 91

— FOx-eye (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum), 90,
pl. 1 (84)

Dandelion ( Zaraxacum officinale), 19, 92

Daphne and Apollo, 125

Daphne Laureola (Spurge Laurel), 125

— Mezereum (Mezereon), 125, 176, pl. Ixxxv (120)

Daphnis neriz (Oleander Hawk-moth), 102

Darwin, Charles, on Bees, 141

Datura Stramonium (Thorn Apple), 109

Daucus carota (Carrot), 80

Dayflower, Yellow (Hemerocallis flava), 145, 181 pl. cv. (140)

Dead-nettle (ZLamzum), 114

— White (Lamzum album), 115

Deadly Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna), 108, 171, pl. lxvi
(100)

Death’s-head Hawk-moth (Acherontia Atropos), 109

Dehiscent Fruits or Seeds, 17

Deilephila euphorbie (Spurge Hawk-moth), 128

— Galiz (Madder Hawk-moth), 86

Dewberry (Rubus cesius), 63

Devil’s-Bit Scabious (Scabzosa succisa), 89

Diamond-backed Moth (Plutella cruciferarum), 36

Dianthecia (moths), 44

Dianthus Carthustanorum (Carthusian Pink), 42, 158, pl. xv

(42)

167,

193

Diatoms, 2, 22

Dicotyledones, 2, 23

Dictyogene, 138

Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove), 111, 144, 172, pl. lxviii (102)

Dionea muscipula (Venus’s Fly-trap), 40

Dioscorea (Yams), 139 ©

Dioscoreacee, 139

Dipsacacee, 88

Dipsacus fullonum (Teazel), 88

— sylvestris (White Teazel), 88

Dock, Broad (Rumex obtustfolius), 123, 175, pl. Ixxxii (116)

— Great Water (Rumex hydrolapathum), 123

Docks, 123

Dodder, 3

— Clover (Cuscuta trifoliz), 105

— Greater (Cuscuta europea), 105, 170, pl. 1xi (96)

Dog Rose (Rosa canina), 63, 163, pl. xxxiii (64)

— Violet (Vola canina), 39

Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea), 82, 166, pl. xlv (80)

Dog’s Mercury (Mercurialis perennis), 127

Dog’s-tail Grass (Cynosurus cristatus), 153, 184, pl, cxix
(154)

Donacia (Water-Beetles), 31, 145

Dorthesia Urtice (Coccide, or Scale Insect), 130

Double Flowers, 14

Douglas Pine (Adzes calzfornica), 138

Drapa, Tegner’s, 83

13

194

Drinker Moth (Odonestzs potatoria), 154

Dropwort (SAivea filipendula), 66

— Water (Cxanthe), 16, 80

Drosera rotundifolia, longifolia, and anglica (Common,
Oblong, and English Sundew), 40

Droseracee, 40

Druids, 83

Drupe, 19

Dry Fruits or Seeds, 17

Duckweed, Lesser (Lema minor), 149, 182, pl. cx (144)

Dwarf Cornel (Cornus suecica), 82

Dyers Madder (Radia ténctorum), 85, 166, pl. xlvii (82)

Ear of Corn, 15

Early Purple Orchis (Ovchzs mascula), 141, 178, pl. xciv (128)
Earthnuts (Bunzwum flexuosum and bulbocastanum), 80
Echium vulgare (Vipers Bugloss), 106

Eggar Moth, Oak (Laszocampa Quercus), 136
Eight-stamened Elatine (Z/atine hydropiper), 42

LElachista (moths), 154

Eleagnacez, 124

Eleagnus angustifolia (Oleaster), 124, 175, pl. lxxxiv (118)
Llatinacee, 41

Elatine hexandra (Water-pepper), 41

— hydropiper (8-stamened Elatine), 42

— triandra (Waterwort), 41, 158, pl. xiv (38)

Elder (Sambucus niger), 16, 83, 84

INDEX

Elephant Hawk-moths, Large and Small (Cherocampa
Elpenor and Porcellus), 70

Elm (U/mus campestris), 18, 131

— Wych (Wmus glabra), 131

Ellodea canadensis (American Water-weed), 140

Emmelia trabealis (moth), 104

Emperor Butterfly, Purple (Agatura [rzs), 135

— Moth (Saturnia Pavonia-minor), 96

LEmpetracee, 126

Empetrum nigrum (Crowberry), 126

Enchanter’s Nightshade (Cz7c@a /utetiana), 71

Endymion nutans (Bluebell), 143

English Sundew (Drosera anglica), 40

Lnnomos tiliarie (Canary-shouldered Thorn Moth), 45

Epicarp, 19

Epilobium (Willow-herb), 69

— angustifolium (Rose Bay), 69

— Dodonez (Rosemary Willow-herb), 70, 164, pl. xxxvi (68)

LE pimedium alpinum (Barrenwort), 29, 156, pl. vi (28)

Lyrica herbacea (Flesh-coloured Heath), 96, 168, pl. liii (88)

LEricacek, 95

Lriocaulacee, 147

Eriocaulon septangulare (Pipewort), 147

Eriophorum latifolium (Cotton-grass), 150, 182, pl. cxii (146)

Ermine Moths, White and Buff (Spz/osoma menthastri and
lubricipeda), 39

— Small (Hyponomeuta), 68

————

INDEX

Erodium, 47

— cicutarium (Crane’s-Bill), 48

Erythrea Centaurium (Centaury), 102, 169, pl. lix (94)
Eschscholtzia (Californian Poppies), 32

Eucalyptus (Blue Gum Trees), 138

Euchelia Jacobee (Cinnabar Moth), 92

Euchloe cardamines (Orange-tip Butterfly), 35

Euonymus europeus (Spindle-tree), 51, 160, pl. xxii (50)
Euphorbia (Spurge), 127

— Paralias (Sea Spurge), 128, 176, pl. Ixxxvili (122)
Euphorbiacee, 127

Euphrasia (Eyebright), 113

Lupithecia (Pug Moths), 44, 85

— venosaia (Netted Pug Moth), 44

Evening Primrose ( @zothera biennis), 70, 164, pl. xxxvii (70)
Eyebright (Ezphrasia), 113

Eyed Hawk-moth (Smerinthus ocellatus), 68

Fagus sylvatica (Beech), 134

False Caterpillars (of Sawflies), 133
Fairies, George Macdonald on, 111
Famine Root (Mangel Wurzel), 122
Fennel (Feniculum vulgare), 18, 80
— Hog’s (Peucedanum palustre), 81
Ferns, 2, 22

Fertilisation of Clover by Insects, 59
Field Madder (Shervardia arvensis), 86

195

Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis), 89

Fig, 131

Fir, Scotch (Pinus sylvestris), 138

— Spruce (Adces excelsa), 138

Fir Trees, 137

Flag, or Standard of Flower, 14

Flag, German (/77s germanica), 142, 178, pl. xcvi (130)

— Sweet (Acorus calamus), 149

Flags ({zs), 2, 142

Flax (Linum usttatisstmum), 50, 160, pl. xxi (50)

— Purging (Linum catharticum), 51

Flesh-coloured Heath (Zr%ca herbacea), 96, 168, pl. liti (88)
Flora, 1

Florida, 139

Flower-head, 15, 16

Flowering Plants, 2, 21, 22, 23

Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus), 143, 179, pl. ¢ (134)
Flowerless Plants, 2, 22

Flowers, 12

— Gathering, I

Fly on Holly (Phytomyza ilicts), 99

Fly Orchis, 140.

Forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris), 106, 171, pl. Ixiv (98)
Feniculum vulgare (Fennel), 80

Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), 111, 172, pl. Ixviii (102)
Fox Sedge (Carex vulpina), 151, 183, pl. cxiv (148)

Foxtail Grass (A/lopecurus pratensis), 152, 184, pl. cxvii (150)

196

Fragaria vesca (Wild Strawberry), 62, 163, pl. xxxi (62)
Frankenia levis (Sea Heath), 40

Frankeniace@, 40

Fraxinus excelstor (Ash-tree), 99, 100, 169, pl. lviii (92)
Frigga (Goddess), 83

Fritillary Butterflies, 59, 89

Fritillary Butterfly, Glanville (de/itea Cinxia), 121

— Butterfly, Greasy (AZelitea Artemis), 48, 121

— Butterfly, Pearl-bordered Likeness (M/ehit@a Athalia), 121
Frogbit (Hydrocharis Morsus-rane), 140, 178, pl. xciii (128)
Fruit, 16

Fumaria officinalis (Fumitory), 33, 157, pl. ix (32)
Fumariacee, 33

Fumitory (/umaria officinalis), 33, 157, pl. ix (32)

Fungi, 2, 4, 22

Furze (Ulex europaeus), 54

Galanthus nivalis (Snowdrop), 143

Galeopsis pubescens (Hemp Nettle), 114, 172, pl. lxxii (106)
Galium verum (Yellow Ladies’ Bedstraw), 86

Gall-flies, 65

Galls, 136

Gamma Moth (Plusia Gamma), 28, 60

Garden Mignonette (Reseda odorata), 37

— Orache (Atriplex hortensts), 122, 175, pl. Ixxxi (116)
— or White Poppy (Papaver somniferum), 32

Garlic, Broad (Aliium ursinum), 145, 180, pl. civ (138)

INDEX

Gastropacha quercifolia (Lappet Moth), 136
Gathering Flowers, 1

Gentian, Obtuse-leaved (Gentiana obtustfolia), 103, 170,
pl. lx (94)

Gentiana obtusifolia (Obtuse-leaved Gentian), 103, 170,
pl. Ix (94)

Gentianacee, 102

Genus, 21

Geometride, or Looper Moths, 24, 45, 77, 85

George Macdonald on Fairies, 111

Gerantace@, 47

Geranium, Mountain (Geranium pyrenaicum), 47, 160,
pl. xix (48)

Geranium pyrenaicum (Mountain Geranium), 47, 160,
pl. xix (48)

— Robertianum (Herb Robert), 48

Geraniums, 18, 35, 47

German Flag (/ris germanica), 142, 178, pl. xcvi (130)

Ghost Moth (Hepzalus humulz), 130

Giant Bell-flower (Campanula latifolia), 94, 167, pl. lii (86)

Gin, 138

Gladiolus (Gladiolus communis and var. zllyricus), 142, 179,
pl. xcvii (132)

Gladiolus communis and var. zlyricus (Gladiolus), 142, 179,
pl. xevii (132)

Glandular Hairs, 12

Glauctum luteum (Yellow Horned Poppy), 32

INDEX

Globe-flower (7rollias europaeus), 27

Globularia, Upright (Glodularia vulgaris), 119, 174, pl.
xxviii (112)

Globularia vulgaris (Upright Globularia), 119, 174, pl.
Ixxvili (112)

Globulariacee, 119

Glumifer@, 150

Goat Moth (7rypanus Cosszus), 132

Golden Rain (Laburnum), 55

— Saxifrage (Chrysosplenium), 78

** Goldilocks” (Ranunculus auricomus), 26, 155, pl. iii (26)

Gonepteryx rhamni (Brimstone Butterfly), 52

Gooseberry, 12, 19

— Smooth (Rzbes Grossularia, var. Uva-crispa), 75, 165,
pl. xli (76)

Goosefoot, Perennial (Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus), 122,
175, pl. Ixxx (114)

Gorse (Ulex europaeus), 54

Gossypium (Cotton Plant), 45

Gourds, 73

Gracilaria syringella (Moth), 100

Grains, 18

Gramine@, 2, 151

Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris), 78

Grass Wrack (Zostera marina), 150

Grasses, 2, 3, 4, 19, 150, I51

Greasy Fritillary Butterfly (A/editea Artemis), 48, 121

197

Great Water-Dock (Rumex hydrolapathum), 123

— Wood-Rush (Lzzz0la sylvatica), 147, 181, pl. cvii (142)

Greater Bladderwort (Utricularia vulgards), 116, 173, pl.
Ixxv (110)

Greater Dodder (Cvzscata europea), 105, 170, pl. Ixi (96)

Green Forester Moth, Scarce (Adscita Globularie), 120

— Hairstreak Butterfly (Callophrys rubt), 63

— Humming-bird Hawk-Moth (Pterogon Proserpina), 71

— Man Orchis, 140

— Oak Tortrix ( Zortrix viridana), 136

Green-veined White Butterfly (Pverzs napz). 35, 36

Groundsel (Senxecto vulgaris), 92

Guelder Rose (Viburnum Opulus), 14, 84

Gum-Arabic, 58

Gum-Tragacanth, 58

Gymnosperme@, 137

Hairs. 12

Hairstreak Butterflies, 60

— Butterfly, Green (Cadllophrys rubz), 63
— — Purple (Zephyrus Quercus), 135.

— — White Letter (7hecla W-album), 131
Halia wavaria (V-moth), 77
Halorrhagacee, 72

Haltica: Turnip Fly (beetles), 34
Hamlet’s Father, Murder of, 109

Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia), 95

198

Hare’s Ear (Bupleurum rotundifolium), 79, 165, pl. xliii (78)

Hashish (Indian Hemp), 130

Hawk-moth, Convolvulus (Sphinx convolvult), 104

— Death’s-head (Acherontia Atropos), 109

— Eyed (Smerinthus ocellatus), 68

— Green Humming-bird (Pterogon Proserpina), 71

— Humming-bird (Wacroglossa stellatarum), 86

— Lime (Smerinthus tilie), 45

— Narrow-bordered Bee (Hemaris bombyliformis), 89

— Oleander (Daphnis neriz), 102

— Poplar (S7merinthus popult), 133

— Privet (Sphinx Megustrz), 99

— Spurge (Dezlephila euphorbie), 128

Hawk-moths, 86, 88

— Large and Small Elephant (Cherocampa Elpenor and
C. Porcellus), 70

Hawk-weed (Hieractum), 93

Haws, 67

Hawthorn (Crategus oxyacantha), 12, 66, 68

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, ‘‘ Rappaccini’s Daughter,” 108

Hazel (Corylus Avellana), 16, 18, 136

Head, Flower-, 16

— Of divettuce, etc: 3

Heartsease, or Wild Pansy (Vzola tricolor), 39, 158, pl. xiii
(38)

Heath Butterfly, Small, 60

Heath, Flesh-coloured (Zrica herbacea), 96, 168, pl. liii (88)

INDEX

Heath, Sea (Frankenia levis), 40

Heaths 96

‘* Hebenon”’ (Henbane ?), 109

Hedera helix (Ivy), 2, 3, 4, 81

Lederacee, 81

Hedge, Quickset, 66

Lelianthemum vulgare (Rock Rose), 37

Helianthus annuus (Sunflower), 191

Hellebore, 28

Hemaris bombyliformis (Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-
moth), 89

Hemerocallis flava (Yellow Day-flower), 145, 181, pl. cv (140)

Hemlock (Conzum maculatum), 80

Hemp (Cannabis sativa), 12, 130

Hemp Nettle (Galeopszs pubescens), 114, 172, pl. xxii (106)

Henbane (Ayoscyamus niger), 18, 109, 171, pl. Ixvii (102)

flepialus humuli (Ghost Moth), 130

Herald Moth (Scoltopteryx libatrix), 133

Herb Paris (Larzs egrandifolia), 139, 178, pl. xcii (126)

Herb Robert (Geranzum Robertianum), 48

Hermaphrodite Flowers, 12

Herniaria glabra (Rupture-wort), 74

Hieracium (Hawkweed), 93

Hippophaé rhamnoides (Sea Buckthorn), 124

Hippuris vulgaris (Mare’s Tail), 74, 162, pl. xxxix (72)

Hips, 64, 67

Hoary Plantain (Plantago media), 120, 174, pl. Ixxix (114)

INDEX

Hog’s Fennel (Peucedanum palustre}, 81

Holly (lex Aguzfoliunc), 98, 169, pl. lvii (92)

Hollyhock (4/thea rosea), 45

Honey of Flowers,. 14

Honeydew, 65

Honeysuckle (Lonicera Periclymenum), 84

Hop (Humutles lupulus), 4, 12, 130

Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), 137

Horn Nut (7vafa natans), 71, 164, pl. xxxvili (70)

Hornworts (Ceratophyllum demersum and submersum), 128

Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum), 75

Humming-Bird Hawk-Moth (Wacroglossa stellatarunt), 86

—- — Green (Pterogon Proserpina), 71

Humulus lupulus (Hop), 4, 12, 130

Hyacinths, 145

flydra, 4

Hydrocampa Nympheata and Potamogata (China-mark
Moths), 31

LHydrocharidacee, 139

Hydrocharis Morsus-rane (Frog-bit), 140, 178, pl. xciii (128)

Hymenoptera, 136

Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane), 129, 171, pl. Ixvi (102)

Hypena proboscidalis (Snout Moth), 129

fy pericacee, 46

Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort), 46, 159, pl. xviii

(44)
Hyponomeuta (Small Ermine Moths), 68

Ichneumon Flies, 65

Llex aquifolium (Holly), 98, 169, pl. lvii (92)
Impatiens noli-me-tangere (Yellow Balsam), 49
Indehiscent Fruits or Seeds, 17, 18, 19
India-rubber Tree, 131

Indian Corn, 153

— Cress (Zropeolum majus), 35

— Hemp (Bhang or Hashish), 130

Ink, 135

Insect-fertilisation of Plants, 13, 14, 23, 59
Internode, 3

Tridace@, 141 .

Tris germanica (German Flag), 142, 178, pl. xcvi (130)

— pseudacorus (Yellow Flag), 142

Tsatis tinctoria (Woad), 34, 157, pl. xi (34)
Ivy (Hedera helix), 2, 3, 4, 81

Ivy-bloom, 132

Jacob’s Ladder (Polemonium ceruleum), 103
JSastone montana (Sheep’s Scabious), 94
Jasmine, 99

Joints, 3

Jujube Tree (Zzzyphus Jujuba), 52
JSuncacee, 146

Juncus (Rushes), 146

Juniper ( Junzperus communis), 137
Juniperus communes (Juniper), 137

199

200

Keel of Flower, 14

Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria), 57, 162, pl. xxvii (56)

King Charles’s Sceptre (Pedicularis Sceptrum-Carvolinunt),
112, 172, pl. lxix (104)

Knapweed (Centaurea scabzosa), 120

Knautia arvensis (Field Scabious), 89

Knot-grass (Polygonum aviculare), 3, 123, 175, pl. Ixxxili
(118)

Knots, 3

Labiate, 15, 113

Laburnum, 55

Ladies’ Bedstraw (Galzum verum), 86

Lady’s Finger (Anthyllis vitlneraria), 57, 162, pl. xxvii (56)
— Slipper (Cypripedium Calceolus), 141, 178, pl. xcv (130)
Lambs’ Toes (Trefoil), 56

— Tongue (Plantago media), 120, 174, pl, 1xxix (114)
Lamium (Dead-nettle), 114

— album (White Dead-nettle), 114

Lampides beticus (Tailed Blue Butterfly), 60

Lappet Moth (Gastropacha quercifolia), 136

Larch (Larix europea), 138

Large Copper Butterfly (Lycena dispar), 123

— Elephant Hawk-moth (Cherocampa Elpenor), 70

— Tortoise-shell Butterfly (Vanessa Polychloros), 131

— Wax Flower (Cevinthe major), 105, 170, pl. lxii (96)
— White Butterfly (P2eris brassice), 35

INDEX

Larger Convolvulus (Convolvulus sepium), 104

Larix europea (Larch), 138

Larkspur, 29

Lastocampa Quercus (Oak Eggar Moth), 136

Lathrea Sguamaria (Toothwort), 110

Lavender, 113

— Sea (Limonium vulgare), 119

Leaves, 4

Lebanon, Cedar of (Cedrus Libanz), 138

Legumes, 17

Leguminos@, 54

Lenina minor (Lesser Duckweed), 149, 182, pl. cx (144)

Lemimacee, 149

Lentibulartacee, 116

Lentils, 58

Lesser Duckweed (Lemna minor), 149, 182, pl. cx (144)

Lettuce, 3, 92

Leucotum estivum (Summer Snowflake), 143, 179, pl. xcix
(134)

Lichens, 2, 22

Ligustrum vulgare (Privet), 99

Lilac (Syringa vulgaris), 99, 101

Liliacee, 145, 146

Lilies, 2, 138, 145

Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis), 144, 180, pl. cii
(136)

Lime Hawk-moth (Smerinthus tilie), 45

Lime Tree ( 7t/a europea), 45

Limenitis Sibylla (White Admiral Butterfly), 85
Limonium vulgare (Sea Lavender), 119
Linacee, 50

Linaria vulgaris (Yellow Toadflax), 112
Linden Tree ( 7i/ia europea), 45

Linnzus, 21

Linné, 21

Linseed, 50

Linum catharticum (Purging Flax), 51

— usttatissimum (Flax), 50, 160, pl. xxi (50)
Lobelia Dortmanna (Water Lobelia), 94
Locust Tree, 58

Locusts as food, 58

London Pride (Saxifraga umbrosa), 78
Longfellow, 83

Long-horned Moth (Adela Degeerella), 25
Lonicera Periclymenum (Honeysuckle), 84
Looper Moths, or Geometridae, 24, 45, 77, 85
Loose-strife, Purple (Lythrum salicaria), 68
Loranthacee, $2

Lotus (Trefoil), 56

Lousewort (Pedicularis), 112

Love-apple (Solanum lycopersicum), 107
Lucanus cervus (Stag-Beetle), 135

Lucerne (Medicago sativa), 56

Lupines, 54

INDEX

Luzula (Wood Rushes), 147

— sylvatica (Great Wood-Rush), 147, 181, pl. cvii (142)
Lycena dispar (Large Copper Butterfly), 123

— phleas (Small Copper Butterfly), 123

Lychnis alba (White Campion), 43

— dioica (Red Campion), 43

— Flos-cuculi (Ragged Robin), 43

Lythracée, 68

Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loose-strife), 68

Macdonald, George, on Fairies, I11

Macroglossa stellatarum (Humming-bird Hawk-moth), 86
Madder, Dyer’s (Audia tinctorum), 85, 166, pl. xlvii (82)
— Field (Sherardia arvensts), 86

— Wild (Rubia peregrina), 85

— Hawk-moth (Detlephila Galit), 86

Magpie Moth (Aédraxas grossulariata), 77

— — Small (Botys urticata), 130

Maize, 13, 15, 153

Mallows, 18, 44

Malvacee, 44

Mamestra brassicae (Cabbage Moth), 36

Mammoth Tree (Sequoia gigantea), 138

Man Orchis, Green, 140

Mandioca, 148

Mangel Wurzel (Famine Root), 122

Mangold Wurzel, 122

201

202

Maple (Acer campestre), 46, 47

Mare’s Tail (Azppuris vulgaris), 72, 73, 164, pl. xxxix (72)

Marjoram, 113

Marsh Arum (Calla palustris), 149, 182, pl. cix (144)

— Mallow (4/thea officinalis), 44

— Marigold (Caltha palustris), 27

Matricaria (Chamomile), 91

May (Crategus oxyacantha), 66

Meadow Brown Butterfly, 60

— Clover (7rifolium medium), 55, 161, pl. xxv (54)

— Saffron (Colchicum autumnale), 18, 146, 181, pl. cvi (140)

— Saxifrage (Saxifraga granulata), 78

— Sorrel (Rumex acetosa), 123

Meadowsweet (Spirvea ulmaria), 66

Mealy Viburnum (Viburnum Lantana), 84

Medicago sativa (Lucerne), 56

Medlar, 61, 67

Megachile (Wild Bees), 65

Melampyrum (Cow-Wheat), 112

Melanthacee, 146

Melitea Artemis, Cinxia and Athalis (Greasy, Glanville and
Pearl-bordered Likeness Fritillary Butterflies), 48, 121

Melons, 19, 73

Mercurialis annua (Annual Mercury), 127

— jperennis (Dog’s Mercury), 127

Mercury, Dog’s, and Annual (Mercurialis perennis and
annua), 127

INDEX

Mezereon (Daphne Mezereum), 125, 176, pl. Ixxxv (120)

Mignonette, Wild, Garden, and White (Reseda lutea,
odorata, and suffruticulosa), 37

Mildew, Corn (Puccinia graminis), 29

Milfoil, Slender (AZyriophyllum allerniflorum), 72

Milkwort (Polygala vulgaris), 41

Milton on Euphrasy (Eyebright), 113

Mimosa, 58

Mint, 113

Mistletoe (Viscum albumz), 82, 166, pl. xlvi (80)

Monkshood (Aconztum Napellus), 27, 155, pl. iv (26)

Monochlamydee, 12%

Monocotyledones, 2, 138

Moncecious Flowers, 12

Monotropa Hypopitys (Yellow Bird’s Nest), 98, 168, pl. lvi
(90)

Montia fontana (Water Chickweed), 74

Moracee, 130, 131

Mosses, 2, 22

Mother-of-Pearl Moth (Botys vertzcalis), 129

Mountain Ash (Sorbus Aucuparia), 66

— Currant (Azbes alpinum), 76, 165, pl. xlii (76)

— Geranium (Geranium pyrenaicum), 47, 160, pl. xix (48)

— Pine, 4

Mulberry, 17, 130

Mullein ( Veréascum), 110

Mustard, White (Szvapzs alba), 33, 34, 157, pl. x (32)

INDEX

Myosotis palustris (Forget-me-not), 106, 171, pl. lxiv (98)
Myrica Gale (Bog-Myrtle), 133
Myriophyllum alterntfiorum (Slender Milfoil), 72

Natadacee, 150

Narcissus biflorus (Two-flowered Narcissus), 143

— Pseudo-Narcissus (Daffodil), 143

Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth (Hemarzs bombyliformis),
89

Nasturtium (Zrop@olum majus), 35

Nasturtium offictnale (Watercress), 35

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s (‘‘ Rappaccini’s meientee” *), 108

Nectary, 14

Nematus (Saw-flies), 78, 133

Nerves, 4

Netted Pug-moth (Zupzthecta venosata), 44

Nettle, Hemp (Cacopsis pubescens), 114, 172, pl. xxii (106)

Nettle (Urtica), 12, 129, 130

Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco), 107

Nightshade, Black (Solanum nigrum), 108

— Deadly (Atropa Belladonna) 108, 171, pl. Ixvi (100)

— Enchanter’s (Cirvc@a lutetiana), 71

— Woody (Solanum Dulcamara), 107, 171, pl. lxv (100)

Noctuze (moths), 148

Nodes, 3

Nonagria (moths), 148

Nuphar lutea and pumila (Yellow Water-lilies), 31

203

Nut, 17, 18, 19

Nut-tree (Corylus Avellana), 136

Nut-Weevil (Balaninus nucunt), 137

Nymphea alba (White Water-lily), 30, 156, pl. vii (30)
Nympheacee, 30

Oak-apples, 136

Oak-bark, 135

Oak Eggar Moth (Laszocampa Quercus), 136

— galls, 135, 136

— Tortrix, Green (7Zortrix viridana), 136

Oak-tree (Quercus robur), 21, 134, 135, 136

Oblong Sundew (Drosera longifolia), 40

Obtuse-leaved Gentian (Gentiana obtustfolia),
pl. ix (94)

Odonestis potatoria (Drinker Moth), 154

(nanthe (Water Dropwort), 16, 80

G@nothera biennis (Evening Primrose), 70, 164, pl. xxxvii (70)

Oil of Juniper, 138

Oil-cake, 50

Olea europea (Olive), 99, 101

Oleacee, 99

Oleander (Merium Oleander), 102

— Hawk-moth (Daphnts neriz), 102

Oleaster (Eleagnus angustifolia), 124, 175, pl. Ixxxiv (118)

Olive (Olea europea), 99, 101

— Wild (E/eagnus angustifolia), 124, 175, pl. lxxxiv (118)

103,, 170;

204

Onagracee, 69

Onions, 3, 145

Onobrychis sativa (Sainfoin), 56

Ononts spinosa (Rest-harrow), 55

Opium, 31

Orache, Garden (Adriplex hortens?s), 122,175, pl. 1xxxi (116)

Orange-tip Butterfly (Zzchloé cardamines), 35

Orchidacee, 2, 140

Orchids, 2, 138, 140

Orchis, Early Purple (Orchis mascula), 141, 178, pl. xciv
(128)

Orders, 22

Orobanchacee, 110

Orobanche (Broom-rape), 110

Orpine (Sedum telephium), 75

Osiers, 132

Ovary, 13, 14, 19

Ovules, 16

Ox-eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum), 90, 167, pl. 1
(84)

Oxalidacee, 49

Oxalis acetosella (Wood Sorrel), 49

— corniculata (Procumbent Oxalis), 49, 160, pl. xx (48)

Oxalis, Procumbent (Oxalis corniculata), 49, 160, pl. xx (48)

Peony, 18, 29
Pale Clouded Yellow Butterfly (Co/¢éas hyale), 59

INDEX

Palea, 19

Panicle, 15, 16

Pansies, 38

Pansy, Wild ( Vzola tricolor), 39, 158, pl. xiii (38)

Papaver Rheas (Corn Poppy), 31, 156, pl. viii (30)

— somniferum (White or Garden Poppy), 32

Papaverace@, 31

Papilio Machaon (Swallowtail Butterfly), 59, 81

Papilionacee, 14, 54

Papilionaceous Flowers, 41

Pappus, 19

Parietaria officinalis (Wall Pellitory), 129

Paris, Herb (Parts guadrifolia), 139, 178, pl. xcii (126)

Parts quadrifolia (Herb Paris), 139, 178, pl. xcii (126)

Farnassta palustris (Grass of Parnassus), 78

Parnassius Apollo (Apollo Butterfly), 75

Paronychtiacee, 74

Parsley (Letroselinum sativum), 16, 80

Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), 80

Pasque Flower (Azemone Pulsatilla), 25,155, pl. ii (4rontes-
prece)

Pastinaca sativa (Parsnip), 80

Pea Weevil (Bruchus pist), 60

Peach, 61

Peacock Butterfly (Vanessa fo), 129

Pear, 68

—Wild, 67 ‘

INDEX

Pears, 61

Peas, 14, 18, 58, 60

Pedicularis Sceptrum-Carolinum (King Charles’s Sceptre),
112, 172, pl. lxix (104)

Pellitory, Wall (Parcetarta officinalis), 129

Peplis Portula (Water Purslane), 69, 163, pl. xxxv (68)

Perennial Goosefoot (Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus), 122,
175, pl. Ixxx (114)

Perianth, 12

Pericarp, 18, 19

Periwinkle (Vzzca minor and major), 101, 102

Peruvian Bark, 87

Petals, 13

Petroselinum sativum (Parsley), 80

Peucedanum palustre (Hog’s Fennel), 81

Phanerogamia, 2, 22

Pheasant’s Eye (Adonis autumnalis), 28

Phibalapteryx vitalbata (moth), 24

Phlox, 103

Phytomyza ilicis (Fly on Holly), 99

Pieris brassicae, rape, napz, and daplidice (White Butter-
flies), 35, 36, 37

Pignuts (Bunzum flexuosum and bulbocastanunc), 80

Pimpernel, Scarlet (Avagallis arvensis), 118, 119

Pinaster (Pinus pinaster), 138

Pine, Douglas (Adzes californica), 138

— Mountain, 4

205

Pine Stone (Pinus pinea), 138

Pinguicula vulgaris (Butterwort), 116

Pinus pinaster (Pinaster), 138

— pinea (Stone Pine), 138

— sylvestris (Scotch Fir), 138

Pink, 18

— Carthusian (Dianthus Carthustanorum), 42, 158, pl. xv (42)

Pipewort (Zrzocaulon septangulare), 147

Pistil, 12

Plant-lice (Aphides), 65

Plantaginace@, 120

Plantago media (Hoary Plantain, or Lamb’s Tongue), 120,
174, pl. Ixxix (114)

Plantain, Hoary (Plantago media), 120, 174, pl. Ixxix (114)

Plantains, 10, 120

Plants, Science of, I

Plum, 19, 61

— Wild (Prunus spinosa), 61, 162, pl. xxix (60)

Plume Moths, 104

Plusia Ganma (Gamma Moth, or Silver Y Moth), 28, 60

— moneta (moth), 28

Plutella cruciferarum (Diamond-backed Moth), 37

Pods, 17

Pollen, 13

Polemoniacee, 103

Polemonium ceruleum (Jacob's Ladder), 103

Polygala vulgaris (Milkwort), 41

206

Polygalacee, 41

Polygonace@, 122

Polygonatum (Solomon’s Seal), 144

Polygonum aviculare (Knot-grass), 123, 175, pl. Ixxxiii (118)

Polyommatus Astrarche (Brown Argus Butterfly), 48

Pond-weed, Broad (Potamogeton natans), 150, 182, pl. cxi
(146)

Poor Man’s Weather-glass (Scarlet Pimpernel), 119

Poplar (Populus), 133

— Hawkmoth (Smerinthus populz), 133

Populus (Poplar>, 133

Poppies, 18, 31

Poppy, Corn (Papaver Rheas), 31, 156, pl. vili (30)

— White, or Garden (Papaver somniferum), 32

Portulaca (Purslane), 73

Potamogeton natans (Broad Pond-weed), 150, 182, pl. cxi
(146)

Fotamogetonacez, 149

Potato (Solanum tuberosum), 107, 109

Potentilla verna (Spring Cinquefoil), 61, 162, pl. xxx (60)

Prasocurts marginella (beetle), 27

Prickles, 12

Primary Roots, 2

Primrose (Przmzla acaulis), 118

Primrose, Evening (@nothera biennis), 70, 164, pl. xxxvii
(70)

Primula acaulis (Primrose), 118

INDEX

Primula veris (Cowslip), 117, 174, pl. Ixxvi (110)
Primulacee, 117

Privet (Ligustrum vulgare), 99

— Hawk-moth (Sphinx ligustrt). 99

Procumbent Oxalis (Oxalis corniculata), 49, 160, pl. xx (48)
Prodigal Son, 58

Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn, or Sloe), 61, 162, pl. xxix (60)
Pterophorus pentadactylus (White Plume Moth), 104
Puccinia graminis (Corn Mildew), 29

Pug Moth, Netted (Zupzthecia venosata), 44

Pug Moths (Zzpithecia) , 44, 85

Purging Flax (Liznzum catharticum), 51

Purple Clover (77zfolium pratense), 56

— Emperor Butterfly (Afatura Tris), 135

— Hair-streak Butterfly (Zephyrus Quercus), 135

— Loose-strife (Lythrum salicaria), 68

— Orchis, Early (Orchis mascula), 141, 178, pl. xciv (128)
Purslane (Portulaca), 73 :

— Water (Peplis Portula), 69, 163, pl. xxxv (68)

Puss Moth (Cerzra vinula), 131

Pyrola minor (Common Winter-Green), 97, 168, pl. lv (90)
Pyrus, 68

— japonica, 68

Pyxis, 18

Quaking Grass (Briza media), 153, 184, pl. cxviii (152)
Quercus rober (Oak), 21, 134, 135, 136

INDEX 207

Quince, 61
Quinine, 87

Raceme, 15, 16

Radiola millegrana (All-seed), 51

Radish, 33

Ragged Robin (Lychnzs Flos-cucult), 43

Ragwort (Sezeczo Jacobea), 92

Ranunculacez, 23, 28

Ranunculus auricomus (Buttercup), 26, 155, pl. ii (26)
— bulbosus (Buttercup), 26

“ Rappaccini’s Daughter,” by Nathaniel Hawthorne, 108
Raspberry (xudzzs /deus), 19, 61, 63

Rattle, Yellow (Rkzvanthus Crésta-Gall), 112
Red Beet, 122

— Bryony (4ryonza diozca), 4, 73, 165, pl. xl (72)
— Campion (Lychuis dioica), 43

— Currant (A7bes rubrum), 76

Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), 138

Reed-mace (7ypha latifolia), 147, 148

Reeds, 2

Reseda lutea (Wild Mignonette), 37

— luteola (Weld), 37

— odorata (Garden Mignonette), 37

— suffruticulosa (White Mignonette), 37
Resedacee, 37

Rest-harrow (Oxonzs spinosa), 55

Rhamnacee, 52

Rhamnus alpina (Alpine Buckthorn), 53, 161, pl. xxiii (52)

— cathartica (Buckthorn), 52

— Frangula (Alder-Buckthorn or Black Alder), 52

Rhinanthus Crista-Galli (Yellow Rattle), 112

Rhine Cup, 87

Rhodites rose (Sawfly), 65

Rhododendrons, 96

Rhubarb, 123

kibes alpinum (Mountain Currant), 76, 165, pl. xlii (76)

-— Grossularia, var. Uva-crispa (Smooth Gooseberry), 75,
165, pl. xli (76)

— nigrum (Black Currant), 76

— rubrum (Red and White Currant), 76

Ribestacee, 75

Rice, 154

‘Robin, 21

Rock Rose (Helianthemum vulgare), 38

Rocket, 33

Root-cap, 2

Root-hairs, 2

Roots, 2

Rosa canina (Dog Rose), 63, 163. pl. xxxiii (64)
— Leglanteria (Sweetbriar), 64

— spinosissima (Burnet Rose), 64

Rosacee, 60, 66

Rose, 12, 14, 19

208

Rose, Climbing, 4

— Bay (Epilobium angustifoliunt), 69.

Rose Chafer (Cetonia aurata), 64

— Willow (Salix purpurea), 132, 177, pl. lxxxix (124)

Rosemary Willow-herb (Zfilobium Dodonet), 70, 164,
pl. xxxvi (68)

Roses, 60

Rosette, 10

Rowan-tree (Sorbus Aucuparia), 66

Rubia peregrina (Wild Madder), 85

— tinctorum (Dyer’s Madder), 85, 166, pl. xlvii (82)

Rubiacee, 85

Rubus, 4, 62, 63

— cestus (Dewberry), 63

— Chamemorus (Cloudberry), 63, 163, pl. xxxii (62)

— fruticosus (Blackberry), 63

— Ideus (Raspberry), 63

Rumex acetosa (Meadow Sorrel), 123

— acetosella (Sheep's Sorrel), 123

Rumex hydrolapathum (Great Water-Dock), 123

— obtusifolius (Broad Dock), 123, 175; pl. xli (34)

Rumia crategata (Brimstone Moth), 67

Rupture-wort (Hernzaria Glabra), 74

Rush, Flowering (Butomus umbellatus), 143, 179, pl. c (134)

— Great Wood (Luzula sylvatica), 147, 181, pl. cvii (142)

Rushes (Juncus and Luzu/a), 2, 146

Rye, 153, 154

INDEX

Saffron, Meadow (Colchicum autumnale), 18, 146, 181
pl. evi (140)

Sage (Salvia officinalis), 113, 172, pl. lxx (104)

Sainfoin (Oxobrychis sativa), 56

St. John’s Bread, 58

— John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatim), 46, 159, pl. xviii (44)

Salix purpurea (Rose Willow), 132, 177, pl. lxxxix (124)

Sallows, 132

Salop, 141

Salvia officinalis (Sage), 113, 172, pl. 1xx (104)

Samaras, 18, 100

Sambucus niger (Elder), 83

Samphire (Crzthium maritimum), 80

Sandalwood, 125

Santalacee, 125

Saponaria officinalis (Soapwort), 42, 159, pl. xvi (42)

Sarothamnus vulgaris (Broom), 54

Saturnia Pavonia-minor (Emperor Moth), 96

Saturniide (Eyed Silkworm Moths), 96

Sawflies, 65, 67, 78

Saxifraga granulata (Meadow Saxifrage), 78

— umbrosa (London Pride), 78

Saxtfragacee, 78

Saxifrage, Golden (Chrysosplenium), 78

— Meadow (Saxifraga granulata), 78

Saxifrages, 75, 78

Scabiosa succisa (Devil’s Bit Scabious), 89

INDEX

Scabious, Devil’s Bit (Scabzosa succisa), 89

— Field (Knautia arvensis), 89

— Sheep’s (Jasione montana), 94

Scarce Green Forester Moth (Adsczta globularie), 120
Scarlet Pimpernel (Azagallis arvensts), 118, 119
Schizocarps, 18

Science of Plants, I

Scoliopteryx libatrix (Herald Moth), 133

Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris), 138

Scrophularia, 112

Scrophulariacee, 110, 119

Sea Beet (Beta maritima), 122

— Buckthorn (Azppophaé rhamnoides), 124

— Campion (Sz/ene maritima), 43, 44

— Convolvulus (Convolvulus soldanella), 104

— Grass (Zostera marina), 150

— Heath (Frankenia levis), 40

— Lavender (Limontum vulgare), 119

— Spurge (Zuphorbia Paralias), 128, 176, pl. \xxxviii (122)
Seaweeds, 2, 22

Sedges, 2, 151

Sedum (Stonecrop), 74

— acre (Wall Pepper), 75

— album (White Sedum), 75

— telephium (Orpine), 75

Seed-chambers, 17

Seeds, 17, 19

209

Sempervivum tectorum (House-leek), 75

Senecio Jacobea (Ragwort), 92

— vulgaris (Groundsel), 92

Senna, 58

Sensitive Plants, 58

Sepals, 13

Sequoia gigantea (Mammoth Tree), 138

— sempervirens (Redwood), 138

Service Tree (Sorbus domestica), 65, 163, pl. xxxiv (64)

Sessile Flowers, 15

Sete, 12

Shakespeare’s Cliff, 80

Shamrock, 56

Shark-moths (Czcullia), 110

Sheep’s Scabious (_/Jastone montana), 94

— Sorrel (Rumex acetosa), 123

Sherardia arvensis (Field Madder), 86

Silene Cucubalus and maritima (Bladder and Sea Campion),
43, 44

Silkworm Moths, Eyed (Saturnzide), 96

Silkworms, 131

Silver Y Moth (Plusia Gamma), 28, 60

Simple Flowers, 15

Sinapis alba (White Mustard), 34, 157, pl. x (32)

Skipper Butterflies, 60

Slender Milfoil (AZyrzophyllum alterniflorum), 72

Sloe (Prunus spinosa), 12, 61, 162, pl. xxix (60)

14

210

Small Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), 104

— Copper Butterfly (Lycena phleas), 123

— Elephant Hawk-moth (Cherocampa Porcellus), 70

— Heath Butterfly, 60

— Tortoiseshell Butterfly (Vanessa Urtice), 59, 129

— White Butterfly (Prerzs rape), 35

Smerinthus ocellatus (Eyed Hawk-moth), 68

— Fopulé (Poplar Hawk-moth), 123

— Tilie (Lime Hawk-moth), 45

Smooth Gooseberry (Ribes grossularia, var. Uva-crispa), 75,
165, pl. xli (76)

Smother-flies (Aphides), 65

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus and orvontiun), 15, 111, 112

Snout Moth (Hypena proboscidalis), 129

Snowball Tree (Vzburnum Opulus), 84

Snowberry Tree (Symphoricarpus racemosus), 84

Snowdrop, 15

Snowflake, Summer (Leucotum cestivum), 143, 179, pl. xcix
(134)

Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), 42, 159, pl. xvi (42)

Solanacee, 107, 109

Solanum Dulcamara (Woody Nightshade or Bittersweet),
107, 171, pl. lxv (100)

— Lycopersicum (Love-Apple or Tomato), 107

— nigrum (Black Nightshade), 108

— tuberosum (Potato), 107

Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum), 144

INDEX

Sonchus oleraceus (Sow-thistle), 93

Sorbus Aucuparia (Mountain Ash), 66

— domestica (Service Tree), 65, 163, pl. xxxiv (64)

Sorrel, Meadow (Rumex acetosa), 123

— Sheep’s (Rumex acetosella), 123

— Wood (Oxalis acetosella), 49

Southey on Holly Tree, 99

Sowbread (Cyclamen europeum), 118, 174, pl. Ixxvii (112)

Sow-thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), 93

Spanish Chestnut, 134

Spargantum, 147, 148

Species, 21

Speedwell (Veronzca), 113

Sphinx convolvilé (Convolvulus Hawk-moth), 104

— ligustri (Privet Hawk-moth), 99

Spider Orchis, 140

Spike of Flowers, 15

Spilosoma menthastri and lubricipeda (White and Buff
Ermine Moths), 39

Spinach, 122

Spindle Tree (Zuonymus europaeus), 51, 160, pl. xxii (50)

Spirea filipendula (Dropwort), 66

— ulmaria (Meadowsweet), 66

Spring Cinquefoil (Potentilla verna), 61, 162, pl. xxx (60)

— Crocus (Crocus vernus), 142, 179, pl. xcvili (132)

Spruce Fir (Adzes excelsa), 138

Spurge Hawk-moth (Dez/ephila Euphorbia), 128

INDEX

Spurge Laurel (Daphne Laureola), 125

— Sea (Euphorbia Paralias), 128, 176, pl. lxxxviii (122)

Stachys recta (Upright Woundwort), 115, 173, pl. 1xxili
(108)

Stag Beetle (Zucanus cervus), 135

Stalk, 3

Stamens, I2

Standard or Flag of Flower, 14

Starwort (Stel/aria Holostea), 43

— Water (Callitriche), 128

Statice maritima (Thrift), 119

Stellaria Holostea and media (Starwort and Chickweed), 43

Stem, 3

Stigma, 13, 14

Stings, 12

Stonecrop (Sedum), 74

Stone-fruit, 19

Stone Pine (Pinus pinea), 138

Strawberry, 4, 19, 60

— Wild (Fragaria vesca), 62, 163, pl. xxxi (62)

— Tree (Arébutus Unedo), 95

Structure of a Plant, 2

Style, 13, 14

Succulent Fruits, 17, 19

Sucking-roots, 3

Sugar Beet, 122

— Maple (Acer saccharinum), 47

211

Summer Snowflake (Leucocum estivum), 143, 179, pl. xcix
(134)

Sundew, Common, Oblong, and English (Drosera rotundi-
folia, longifolia, and anglica), 40

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), 91

Swallow-tail Butterfly (Papzlio machaon), 59, 81

Sweetbriar (Rosa Eglanteria), 64

Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa), 134

— Flag (Acorus calamus), 149

— Peas, 58

— Violet (Viola odorata), 38, 158, pl. xii (34)

Sweet-scented Woodruff (A sperula odorata), 87

Sycamore (Acer Pseudoplatanus), 18, 46, 47

Symphoricarpus racemosus (Snowberry Tree), 84

Symphytum officinale (Comfrey), 106

Syringa vulgarts (Lilac), 101

Tailed Blue Butterfly (Zampides beticus), 60
Tamariscinee, 69

Tamarisk ( Zamarix anglica), 69

Tamarix anglica (Tamarisk), 69

Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion), 92

Tamus communis (Black Bryony), 139

Tapioca, 148

Taxus baccata (Yew-tree), 137, 177, pl. xci (126)
Teazel (Dipsacus fullonum), 88

— White (Difsacus sylvestris), 88

212

Tegner’s Drapa, 83

Tendrils, 4, 12

Thalamiflore, 23

Thecla W-album (White Letter Hair-streak Butterfly), 131

Thestum linophyllum (Flax-leaved Thesium), 125

Thistles, 93

Thorn Apple (Datura Stramonium), 109

— Moth, Canary-shouldered (Zxnomos tiliaria), 45

Thorns, 4, 12

Thorough-wax (Bupleurum rotundifolium), 79, 165, pl. xliii
(78)

Thrift (Statice maritima), 119

Throw-wax (Bupleurum rotundifolium), 79, 165, pl. xliii
(78)

Thyme, 113

Thymelacee, 125

Tiger Moth (Arctia Caja), 92

Tilia europea (Lime or Linden Tree), 45

Tiliacee, 45

Toadflax, Yellow (Lznaria vulgaris), 112

Tobacco Plant (WVicotzana tabacum), 107

Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum), 107

Toothwort (Lathrea Squamaria), 110

Tortoise Beetles (Cassida), 43, 44

Tortoiseshell Butterfly, Large ( Vanessa Polychloros), 131

— Small (Vanessa Urtice), 129

Tortrix, Green Oak (Zortrix viridana), 136

INDEX

Tortrix viridana (Green Oak Tortrix), 136

Trapa natans (Horn Nut), 71, 164, pl. xxxviii (70)

Traveller’s Joy (Clematis Vitalba), 24, 155, pl. i (Frontispiece)

Sirees acs

Trefoil (Lotus), 56

Trichiosoma lucorum (Saw-fly), 67

Trifolium incarnatum (Crimson Clover), 56, 161, pl. xxvi
(54)

— medium (Meadow Clover), 55, 161, pl. xxv (54)

— minus (Shamrock), 56

— pratense (Purple Clover), 56

Triglochin maritimum (Arrow-grass), 144, 180, pl. ci (136)

Trilliacee, 139

Triphena pronuba (Yellow Underwing Moth), 36

Trochilium tipuliforme (Currant Clearwing Moth), 77

Trollius europeus (Globe Flower), 27

Tropeolacee, 35

Tropaolum majus (Nasturtium, or Indian Cress), 35

Trunk, 3

Trypanus Cossus (Goat Moth), 132

Tube of Flower, 13

Tubers, 3

Tufted Vetch (Vicia Cracca), 57, 162, pl. xxviii (56)

Tulip, Wild ( Zudépa sylvestris), 145, 180, pl. ciii (138)

Tulipa sylvestris (Wild Tulip), 145, 180, pl. ciii (138)

Turnip-fly (Haltica) (beetles), 34

Tussilago Farfara (Coltsfoot), 90, 167, pl. xlix (84)

INDEX

Twamley on Traveller’s Joy, 24
Twenty-plume Moth (A/uctta hexadactyla), 85
Typha latifolia (Reed-mace), 147

Typhacee, 147

Ulex europaeus (Furze, or Gorse), 54

Olmacea, 131

Ulmus campestris (Elm), 131

— glabra (Wych Elm), 131

Umbel, 15, 16

Umbeliifere, 79, 80

“Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” 134

Upright Globularia ( G/lodularia vulgaris), 119, 174, pl. Ixxviii
(112)

— Woundwort (Stachys recta), 115, 173, pl. xxiii (108)

Urtica (Nettle), 129

Orticacee, 129, 131

Utricularia vulgaris (Greater Bladderwort),
pl. Ixxv (110)

REO}. 175;

V-moth (alia wavaria), 77

Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry), 97

— Oxycoccos (Cranberry), 97

— uliginosum (Bog Whortleberry), 97, 168, pl. liv (88)
— Vitis-idea (Cowberry), 97

Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis), 88, 166, pl. xlviii (82)
Valeriana officinalis (Valerian), 88, 166, pl. xlviii (82)

213

Valerianacee, 87

Valerianella olitoria (Corn Salad), 88

Vanessa Antiopa (Camberwell Beauty Butterfly), 132

— Atalanta (Red Admiral Butterfly), 129

— C-album (Comma Butterfly), 77

— Jo (Peacock Butterfly), 129

— Polychloros (Large Tortoiseshell Butterfly), 131

— Ortice (Small Tortoiseshell Butterfly), 129

Veins, 8

Venus’s Fly-Trap (Dionea muscipula), 40

Verbascum (Mullein), 110

Verbena officinalts (Vervain), 115, 173, pl. Ixxiv (108)

Verbenacee, 115

Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), 152, 183, pl. cxvi
(150)

Veronica (Speedwell), 113

Vervain (Verbena officinalis), 115, 173, pl. Ixxiv (108)

Vetch, Kidney (Anthy/lis vulneraria), 57, 162, pl. xxvii (56)

— Tufted (Vicia Cracca), 57, 162, pl. xxviii (56)

Vetches, 56

Viburnum Lantana (Mealy Viburnum), 84

— Opulus (Guelder Rose, or Snowball Tree), 84

Vicia Cracca (Tufted Vetch), 57, 162, pl. xxviii (56)

Victoria regia, 30

Vinca major (Periwinkle), 102

— minor (Periwinkle), 101

Vine, 4

214

Viola, 38

— canina (Dog Violet), 39

— lutea (Yellow Violet), 39

— odorata (Sweet Violet), 38, 158, pl. xi1 (34)

Viola tricolor (Wild Pansy, or Heartsease), 39, 158, pl. xiil
(38)

Violacee, 38

Violets, 38, 49

Viper’s Bugloss (Zchzwm vulgare), 106

Virgin’s Bower (Clematis Vitalba), 25, 155, pl.i( Avontzsprece)

Viscum album (Mistletoe), 82, 166, pl. xlvi (80)

Wall Pellitory (Parietaria officinalis), 129

— Pepper (Sedum acre), 75

Wallflower, 33

Walnut, 19

Wasps, 136

Water Chickweed (Wontia fontana), 74

Watercress (Vasturtium officinale), 35

Water Crowfoot, 26, 27

— Dropwort (@xanthe), 16, 80

Water-lilies, 30

Water-lily, White (Vymphea alba), 30, 156, pl. vii (30)
— Lobelia (Lobelia Dortmanna), 94.

— Milfoil, 72

— Pepper (Z/atina hexandra), 41

— Purslane (Peplis Portula), 69, 163, pl. xxxv (68)

INDEX

Water-lily, Starwort (Cadltriche), 128

Water-weed, American (Z/odea canadensis), 140

Waterwort (Z/atine triandra), 41, 158, pl. xiv (38)

Wax-Flower, Large (Certnthe major), 105, 170, pl. lxii (96)

Weevil, Nut (Balaninus nucum), 137

Weevils, 60

Weld (Reseda luteola), 37

White Admiral Butterfly (Zzmenztis Scbylla), 85

— Beet, 122

— Butterflies (Prerzs brassicae, rape, napi, and daplidice),
35, 36

— Campion (Lychnzs alba), 43

— Dead-Nettle (Lamzum album), 115

— Ermine Moth (Sfzlosoma menthastrz), 39

— or Garden Poppy (Papaver somniferum), 32

— Letter Hairstreak Butterfly (Z%ecla W- album), 131

— Mignonette (Reseda suffruticulosa), 37

— Mustard (Szxapzs alba), 34, 157, pl. x (32)

— Plume Moth (Pterophorus Pentadactylus), 104

— Sedum (Sedum album), 75

— Teazel (Dipsacus sylvestris), 88

Whitethorn (Crvategus oxyacantha), 66

White Water-lily (Vymphea alba), 30, 156, pl. vii (30)

Whortleberry, Bog (Vacctnzum uliginosum), 97, 168, pl. liv
(88)

Wild Geranium (Geranium Robertianum), 48

— Madder (Rubia peregrina), 85

INDEX

Wild Mignonette (Reseda lutea), 37

— Olive (Eleagnus angustifolia), 124, 175, pl. Ixxxiv (118)
Wild Pansy (Viola tricolor), 39, 158, pl. xiii (38)

— Pear, 67

— Plum (Prunus spinosa), 61, 162, pl. xxix (60)

— Roses, 63, 64

— Strawberry (/ragaria vesca), 62, 163, pl. xxxi (62)

— Tulip (7udipa sylvestris), 145, 180, pl. ciii (138)
Willow, Rose (Salix purpurea), 132, 177, pl. Ixxxix (124)
Willow-Herb (Zfzlodium), 69

—, Rosemary (Zpilobium Dodonez), 70, 164, pl. xxxvi (54)
Willows, 132

Winged Seeds, 18

Wings of Flower, 14

Winter-Green, Common (Pyrola minor), 97, 168, pl. lv (90)
Woad (Jsatis ténctoria), 34, 157, pl. xi (34)

Wolfs Bane (Aconztum Napellus), 27, 155, pl. iv (26)
Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa), 25

— Leopard Moth (Zeuzera escul), 68

— Rush, Great, 147, 181, pl. cvii (142)

— Rushes (Lwuzwz/a), 146

— Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), 49

Woodruff, Sweet-scented (Asperula odorata), 87

215

Woody Nightshade (So/anum Dulcamara), 107, 171, pl. lxv
(100)

Woolly Bear (Avctza caja), 92

Woundwort, Upright (Stachys recta), 115, 173, pl. lxxiii (108)

Yams (Dvoscorea), 139

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), 93

Yellow Balsam (/mpatiens Noli-me-tangere), 49

—- Bird’s nest (Monotropa Hypopitys), 98, 168, pl. lvi (go)
— Day-flower (Hemerocallis flava), 145, 181, pl. cv (140)
— Flag (/77s pseudacorus), 142

— Horned Poppy (Glauctum luteum), 32

— Ladies’ Bedstraw (Galium verum), 86

— Rattle (Rhiinanthus Crista-Gallz), 112

— Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris), 112

— Underwing Moth (77¢phena pronuba), 36, 62

— Violet (Vola lutea), 39

— Water-lilies (Vuphar lutea and pumila), 31

Yew Tree (Zaxus baccata), 137, 177, pl. xci (126)

Zeuzera esculi (Wood Leopard Moth), 68
Zizyphus Jujuba (Jujube Tree), 52
Zostera marina (Sea-grass, or Grass Wrack), 150

Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury.

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