l'V'oJ, it- / ^^ BRITISH FUNGUS-FLOEA, BRITISH FUNGUS-FLORA. A CLASSIFIED TEXT-BOOK OF MYCOLOGY. BT GEOEGE MASSEE, AV TUMEE VOLUMES. VOL. I. N; '. YORK ^ b/JlAMCAL (lAkDElN LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YOEK ST., COVENT GARDEN, AND NEW YOKK. 1892. V, I M5?7 LONDON: I'lUNTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, Limited, STAMFORD iSTKEET AND CHAKING CKOSS. C-iB9ARY NLVV YORK BOTANICAL QARDtiN PREFACE. It is now twenty-one years since the last complete British Mycological Flora was published — Cooke's "Handbook of British Fungi " — the number of sj)ecies therein described being 2810, Avhereas the species now number 4895, and are distributed as follows : — Basidiomycetes, 1930 ; Ascomycetes, 1275 ; Sphaeropsideae, 685 ; Hyphomycetes, 580 ; Uredineae and Ustilagineae, 230 ; Phycomycetes, 145. In the Basidiomycetes, with which the present volume deals, the specific characters are mainly derived from morphological features, with the additional physiological characters furnished by colour, smell, and taste, and are consequently not so readily determined as in some of the other groups, where the size of the siDores in microns is by many considered, along with a knowledge of the host, to be all that is required for the discrimination of species ; and when we bear in mind that no two persons ever succeed in making the same measurements of the spores of a given species, else the spores are very variable in the same species, the great increase in number of microscopic fungi is not to OQ be wondered at. CD There are no better marked species to be met with anywhere r—^ in the vegetable kingdom than in the Agaricinae, but the c) majority of species vary witliin certain limits. I have CL CO VI PREFACE. observed this varietal diifereiice to be very clearly raarked between many species common to the north and south of England respectively, and the differences are in many cases yet move strongly emphasized in forms of the same species from different countries. To the expert, these modifications rarely cause embarrassment, but with the beginner the case is very different, and trivial modifications that do not in any way affect the true specific character, are not unfrequently considered as indicating a distinct species. It is one thing to recognise a species by some unimportant mark that may be constant in one locality, and another to thoroughly grasp the true specific characters that remain constant in every locality. "With the object of lessening the difficulties indicated above, in addition to the specific diag- nosis, extracts have been given from one or more authorities, describing minor variations of colour, texture, form, &c., in the case of species prone to variation. The various works of the late Professor Elias Fries of Upsala, bave served as the basis from whence specific characters have been drawn up, and in cases where the description covers the typical British form, have been given intact. It is hoped that all sources of information have been acknowledged. As all the individuals of a given species are not cast in the same mould, it will bo understood that the various measure- ments given apply to the average size of the part indicated. G. MASSEE. Kew, Surrey, 1892. CONTENTS. Introduction BASIDIOMYCETES Gastromycetes Hymenogastreae Octaviania . Melanogaster Hydnangium Hysterangium KliLzopogon Hymenogaster Sclerodermeae Scleroderma Polysaccum Nidularieae Cyathus Crucibuliim Nidularia . Spliaerobolus Thelebolus Lycoperdeae Lycoperdon Geastei Tulostoma . Battarrea . Phalloideae Ithyphallus PAGE 1-4 5 6 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 21 21 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 29 29 36 41 42 44 44 Vlll CONTENTS. Mutinus Clathrus Aseroe Pilacreae Htmenomtcetes Tremellineae Auricularieae Auricularia Hirneola Tremellineae Exidia Ulocolla Tremella . Naematelia Gyrocophalus Tremellodon Dacryomycetae Dacryomyces Dacryoi^sis Guepinia Ditiola Apyrenium Oalocera Clavarieae Sparassis Clavaria Pterula Typhula Pistillaria Thelepkoreae Coniopbora Aldridgea . Thelepliora Soppittiella Exobasidium CONTENTS. IX I'eiiiopliorn Hymenochiiete Corticium . Stereum Cladoderris Craterellu:< Cyphella Solenia Hydneae Hydiium Caldesiella Sistotrema Irpex Kadulum Phlebia Grandinia Porotheliuin Odontia Knieftia Mucronelhi Polyporeae Merulius Daedalca Trametes I'oria . Polystictus Fomes Polypnrus Fistuliiia Boletus Agaricineae Melanosparae Coprinus Anellaria . Panaeolus . VOL. I. loy 114 118 128 135 i3t; 137 143 145 148 166 167 167 170 173 175 177 17'J 180 181 lS:i 185 19(1 103 197 210 216 226 255 258 298 301 304 330 332 X CONTENTS. P.siitliyr.lla. Gomijliidius Forphyrosponie Psathyra . Psilocybe . Hyphnlninn Strophariii . Pilosace Agaricus . Chi ton ia PAGE 838 346 350 352 363 378 395 408 , 409 417 ( :^i ) LIST OF FIGURES. Agaricus caiupestris Aoraricus comptiilus Aldridgea gelatinosa Anellaria separata . Auricularia mesenteiica Battarrea phalloides Boletus luteiis . Caldesiella ferrugiuot^a Calocera viscosa Chitonia rubriceps . Cladoderris minima Clathrus caneellatus Clavaria abietina Clavaiia inaequalis . Clavaria pistillaris . Coniophora olivacea Coprinus atramentarius ( 'oprinus comatus . Coprinus congregatus Coprinus fimetarius Coprinus narcoticus. Coprinus platypus . Coprinus Spraguei . Corticium salicinum Craterellus cornucopioidcs Crucibulum vulgare Cyathus striatus Cyathus vernicosus . Cyphella capula. Dacryomyces chrysocoma Dacryomyces stillatus Dacryopsis nxida Daedalea quercina . Exidia glandulosa . Exidia recisa Exobasidium vaccinii PAGE 351 351 97 303 56 28 185 149 56 351 97 43 74 74 74 94 303 303 303 303 303 803 :!03 94 94 20 28 20 94 56 56 56 185 56 56 97 Fistuliua hepatica . Fomes igniarius Geaster hygrometricus Gomphidius viscidus Grandinia granuloma Cruepinia peziza . Gyrocepbalus rufus Hireuola auricula-judae Hydnangium carneum Hydnum aureum Hydnum repanduni Hymenocbaete ruhiginosa Hymenogaster citrinus Hymeuogaster decorus Hymenogaster tener Hypboloma hypoxantbus Hypholonia oedipus Hypboloma sublateritius Hysterangimii nepbriticuiu Irpex obliquus . Itbypallus impudicus . Kneiffia f^etigera Lycoperdon nigrescens Lycoperdon pyritbrme . Melanogaster variegatus Merulius corium Mucronella calva Mutinies caninus Naematclia encephaia . Nidularia pisitbrmis Octaviania asterosperma Odontia fimbriata . Panacolus retirugis Peniopliora cinera . Phlebia radiata . Pilacre Petersii . PACK KS5 185 28 303 149 56 56 56 11 149 149 94 11 11 11 351 351 :!5] 11 149 43 149 28 28 11 185 149 43 56 28 11 149 303 94 149 43 Xll LIST OF FIGURES. Pilosace algerien.sis. I'Ac.i; . 351 Pistillaria quisquilaris . . 74 Pistillaria tenuipes . 74 Polypoius fumosus . . 185 Polyporus pereiiuis . . 185 Polysaccum pisocarpium . 20 Polystictus versicolor . . 185 Poria (iordoniensis . . 185 Poria niedulla-panis . 185 Porothelium confusum . 149 Psatliyra gyroflexa . . H51 Psathyra urticaecolu . 851 Psatliyrella arata . . 303 Psathyrella disseminata . 303 Psilocybe luliis . . 351 Radulum orbiculare . 149 Rhizopogon ru1:)escens . . . 11 Scleroilenna vulgare . . 20 Sistotrema coufluens . . 149 Sulenia anomala . 94 PAGK Soppittiella oristata ... 97 Sparassis crispa .... 74 Sphaernbolus stellatus . . 20 Stereum ochroleucum ... 97 Stereum purpureum ... 97 Stereum Sowerbei .... 97 Stiobilomyces strobilaceus . 185 Stiopliaria aeruginosa . . .351 Stropharia melasperma . . .351 Stropharia semiglobafci . . . 351 Thelebolus terrestris . . . 20 Th(^lephora laciniata ... 97 Trametes gibbosa . . . . 185 Trcinella lutescens .... 56 Tremella mesenterica ... 56 Trcmellodon gelatinosum . . 43 Tulostoma mammosum ... 28 Typhula erytliropus ... 74 Ullocolla saccharina ... 56 FUNGUS-FLOEA. INTRODUCTION. Nature and Origin of Fungi. In a systematic work the very fascinating study of fungi, comprising general morphology, life-history, &c., can receive hut very brief attention; nevertheless, a clear knowledge of such is indispensable to an intelligible appreciation of systematic work, wdiich, if based on the system of natural affinities, is the outcome of a correct knowledge of the morphological and physiological peculiarities of the members under consideration. Fungi belong to the division of plants known as Crypto- gams, amongst which they are conspicuous by the entire absence of chlorophyll. This peculiarity determines the mode of life of the fungi, and limits their distribution to those places where organic matter is jjresent, which serves as food, as owing to the absence of chlorophyll inorganic matter cannot be assimilated. Those fungi that feed on dead organic substances, as decaying wood, vegetable humus, &c., are called sap-oxAytes : whereas those that derive their food from living plants or animals are known as parasites. Some species are saprophytes during one period of their existence and parasites at another. Fungi are not the only Cryptogams devoid of chlorophyll ; two other groups, the Myxomycetes or Mycetozoa, and the Schizomycetes or Bacteria agree in this point, but these latter are distinguished by the absence of hyphae or my- celium. The tissues of fungi always consist of rows of cells, called hjphae; these may consist of very long continuous cells without transverse septa, or septa may be present, when VOL, I. B A FUNGUS-FLORA. the liypha consists of a row of superposed cells. In numerous species tlie h3'phae form a loose, yieldiug structure, as in tbe common mushroom, where they are arranged in a more or less parallel manner in the stem or s^jpe, or intricately inter- woven, as in the cap or pilcus. In perennial species, on the other hand, the hyphae are compacted to form a dense, elastic, corky tissue ; or, in some species of Pohjporus, the substance becomes dark-coloured and as hard as wood. 'J'he loose, floccose hyphae forming the vegetative portioi\ of the fungus is called the mycelium, or spawn. In many species certain of the hyphae become differentiated into laticiferous hypJiae, and contain a dense, granular liquid called latex, or ' milk,' as usually described in systematic works ; such cells are exceedingly abundant in the genus Ladarius, and con- stitute one of its specific characters, the 'milk,' or latex, escaping in drops when the tissue is broken. Laticiferous cells are also present in many other genera. The Fungi are considered as having descended from tlie algae, the initial phase of departure being the suppression of chlorophyll, after which they gradually adopted an aerial mode of life ; and at the present day we recognise two l)rimary lines of departure and specialisation, the Ascomycetes and the Basidiomycetes. The first-named group is oldest in point of time, and, as would be expected, is structuially most in touch with the algae, especially the lower or algal-like forms, such as Pythium, Sajjroler/nia, &c., which differ from certain algae, as Vaucheria, more especially in the absence of chlorophyll, in other respects the general structure is almost identical ; such fungi are in many instances aquatic, and ])0ssess sexual organs of functional value, an antheridium, or fertilising body — male — and a large cell, or oogonium — female — the contents of which, after fertilisation, become capable of reproducing the species ; the fertilised bodies con- tained within the oogonium, or mother-cell, are called oospores, and tlio leading idea of the Ascomycetes is that of liroducing the reproductive bodies or spores in a mother-cell, where they remain till mature. As the evolution of the Ascomycetes proceeds, the sexual organs are gradually suji- pressed, until eventuall}'^ the spores are ])roduced in a mother- cell or ascMS without the intervention of any sexual process. Along with the above mode of reproduction, a second or INTRODUCTION. 6 asexual mode is iisually present in most species, consisting of minute, differentiated, spore-like bodies, borne at the tips of special branches, and not enclosed in mother-cells or asci, but naked. Such reproductive bodies are termed conidia, which in many instances have been proved to reproduce the fungus either directly or indirectly, as the spores produced in asci — ascospores — do. In many of the Ascomycetes the conidia and higher asco- spores are produced by the same structure, the two forms of reproductive bodies either appearing at the same time, or more frequently the conidia appear first, the ascospores being produced at a later stage. In other species the conidia and ascospores are respectively borne by two morphologically and organically distinct structures, which are often so dis- similar in general appearance, that before the relationship between the two was known they Avere placed in different genera, or even in different families. As already mentioned, a marked feature in the evolution of the Ascomycetes is the gradual suppression of the sexual organs of reproduction, accompanied by a corresponding evolution and differentiation of the sexual mode of reproduc- tion. On the total disappearance of the sexual mode of reproduction, we find the second great group of fungi — the Basidiomycetes — gradually evolving through the Ustilagineae, and the Uredineae, families including the well-known ' bunt,' ' rust,' and ' smut ' of oiir cereals, until finally, the character- istic features of the Basidiomycetes are clearly indicated in the Tremellineae, and the Thelephoreae, the most prominent character lieing the jiroduction of naked spores — that is, not formed in a mother-cell — at the tips of large, terminal cells known as hasidia ; as a rule each basidium bears four spores, sometimes called hasidiospores, at its apex. The basidia are packed side by side, their tips bearing the spores forming the free surface of the structure, the whole constituting the hymenium, or spore-bearing surface. The further evolution of the Basidiomycetes is moht evident in connection with the development of the sporophore for the two purposes of pro- viding the greatest possible area of hymenium or spore- bearing surface with the least possible expenditure of material, and also for the most eifective means of spore dissemination. B 2 4 FUNGUS-FLORA. The mycelium or vegetative portion of a fungus, being concerned in obtaining and assimilating food, is iisually buried in the substratum or matrix from wliich the fungus obtains its food, whereas the portion that appears in the air has to do entirely with the reproductive phase, in other words is either directly or indirectly concerned with the production of spores, and collectively constitutes the sporo- plwre, which in turn receives special names in the diiierent groups, or in complicated cases different parts are in- dividualised ; for example, in the common edible mushroom (^Agaricus cam/pestris), the vegetative portion or mycelium is buried in the ground, the whole of the above-ground structure being the highly differentiated sporophore, con- sisting of a stipe or stem, and a pilcus or cap, A veil is al.so present in the form of a thin membrane stretched from the stem to the margin of the pileus for the purpose of protecting the gills during the young stage, while the spores are growing, the whole of this complex sporophore being for the purpose of producing spores on the gills or lamellae, protecting them during their development, and assisting in their dispersion at maturity. In addition to the two primary groups of fungi indicated above there exist others, included under the families known as Hypliomycetes, Melanconieae, &c. Most of the forms in- cluded in these families are minute, and popularly known as * moulds,' ' mildews,' &c. ; many such have of late years been proved to be phases in the life-cycle of higher fungi, mostly belonging to the Ascomycetes. Kumerous species, however, yet remain without any indicated connection with higher forms, and consequently must for the present be considered as species. Fuller morphological and physiological information re- specting the fungi, in addition to their evolution and inter- relationship, will be found in a work I have previously written on Cryptogamic Botany.* * ' The Evolution of Plant Life : Lower Forms.' 5 BASIDIOMYCETES. Naked spores borne on basidia are, as already stated, the morphological features that are supposed to be indicative of relationship amongst thousands of fuugi, which in every other particular are frequently very dissimilar. A typical basidium is the club-shaped terminal cell of an ordinary hypha that becomes densely filled with protoplasm. From the rounded apex of the basidium four very slender spine- like processes — the steru/mata — are produced ; the tip of each sterigma becomes swollen, the swollen portion becoming differentiated into a spore. In primitive types of Basidiomycetes the hymenium covers the entire exposed surface of the sporophore, which shows but little differentiation, as in Tremella, Corticium, &c. In the last-named genus and its allies, the sporophore resembles a crust-like expansion closely adnate or attached to the 'natrix throughout its entire surface, when it is said to be resujjinate, the upper or free surface being entirely covered by the hymenium. The next phase of evolution towards the highest form is where a greater or less portion of the crust- like sporophore is free fiom the matrix and rejtexed or curved downwards ; this condition of things is seen in many species of Stereum. A third type, the dimidiate stage, is illustrated by many species of Poli/jiorus that are attached by a broad edge to the matiix, the fungus standing out at right angles to the matrix, and often of a more or le.-^s semicircular form, the upper barren surface being the pileus, the under fertile surface the hynienium. Following on, we come to species with a lateral stem, due to the broad base of attachment of the dimidiate type l>eing narrowed to stem-like dimensions. Finally we come tc) mesoj)od or central-stemmed species, as seen in the mush- room. In all the higher forms, Ihe hymenium is continuously spread over both surfaces of thin plates t)f tissue, which are variously arranged in different grou2)s, and furnish important 6 rUNGUS-FLOKA. characters ; these plates take the form of gills or lamellae in Agai'icus, &c., j^ores in Pohjyorus, Boletus, (fee, or are variously contorted and form a cavernous structure in Lycoperdon, Mhizojwgon, &c. No trace of sexual organs is known to exist in any member of the group. The Basidiomycetes are divided into two primary groups, briefly characterised as follow^s : — Hymenomycetes. Hymenium exposed from the first, or in all cases before the spores are mature. Gastromycetes. Hymenium enclosed within a continuous membrane or peridium until the spores are mature. GASTEOMYCETES. Opinion differs as to the origin or starting-point of the peculiar featui'es that give individuality to the present group. The late Professor De Bary saw in some points of resemblance with certain species of Bolyporus the probable starting-point of the group under consideration.* The Hymenogastreae, including the comparatively simple sub- terranean species, are universally considered as the starting- point from which all the other families of the Gastromycetes have been derived, and I have indicated the very close agreement in many important points of structure, habitat, ifec, f between the Hymenogastreae and the Tuberaceae, an ascigerous family of subterranean fungi including the truffle, and consider that the Gastromycetes have evolved from the Tuberaceae through the Hymenogastreae, due to the gradual conversion of asci into basidia. In the simplest subterranean forms there is a continuous external compact wall or peridium, which remains perfectly closed until the spores are mature, and even then shows no * ' Fungi Mycetozoa and Bacteria.' Fnfj. Ed. t 'A Monograph of the British (;! astromycetcs,' 'Annals of Botany,* vol. iv. 1885). GASTROMYCETES. 7 special arrangement for dehiscence or opening, but has to decay before the spores are liberated. In species that become raised above ground during their development the peridium is usually differentiated into two or more layers, as, for instance, in the species of Lijcoperdon, where the outer layer is usually resolved into warts or spines, the inner layer remaining continuous, or in Geaster, where the numlier of la^-ers is greater, an outer portion (exoperidium) eventually splitting from the apex into a variable number of pointed portions, the inner, as in Lycoperdon, remaining intact and dehiscing by a more or less definite aperture at the apex. The entire contents of the closed peridium are collectively known as the gleha, which in the immature stage, before any disintegration has taken place, consists of thin plates of tissue continuous with the inside of the peridium and anastomosing at numerous points, thus forming an irregular labyrinthi- form or cavernous structure consisting of variously- shaped cavities bounded by thin plates, which are in every respect, except that of arrangement, identical with the gills of Agarics, and consequently bear the basidia on their free surfaces, which is equivalent to saying that the walls of the cavities are covered with basidia bearing spores and forming the hymenium. The central portion of these plates consists of hyphae running more or less parallel with the two surfaces and constituting the trama, lateral branches of which bend outwards on both sides and bear the basidia. In addition to the basidia, certain tramal hyphae give origin in many species to elongated, thick- walled, simple or branched hyphae which collectively form the capilUtium or dense mass of threads mixed with the mature spores in Lycoperdon, Geaster, &c., and which, in its most highly-evolved phase acts as a dispersive organ. In many genera, as Bovista, Lycoperdon, &c., after the spores are formed the basidia, along with the tramal plates, deliquesce and totally disappear, becoming partly resolved into water that saturates the gleba of im- mature puff-balls ; finally, this moisture disappears, the spores become mature and form a dusty mass, mixed with the capillitium threads. In the species of Cyathus and Nididaria the tramal plates do not deliquesce at maturity, but split along a central line. 8 FUNGUS-FLORA. thus forming a number of free, closed, hollow bodies or 2)eridiola, the inner surface being lined with basidia. These fungi are popularly known as birds'-nest fungi, the open peridium corresponding to the nest and the peridiola to the eggs. In some of the subterranean species the basal portion of the peridial wall is more or less thicker than the remainder, and in the above-ground species this thickened portion or sterile base is much more highly developed, and, as its name denotes, is sterile, or does not produce basidia and spores. In the species oi Lycoperdon, &c., the sterile base is developed downwards as a stem, in other species it grows upwards into the glelja as a more or less cylindrical, compact, sterile, hemisphei'ical, or column-like pillar, called the columella. In the sub-family Phalloideae the outer covering or peri- dium is termed the volva, and the hymenium is elevated on a variouslj^-formed receptacle. When the spores are formed the hymenial elements, basidia, &c., deliquesce and form in most sjiecies a very strong-smelling, green, semi-liquid, dripping mass, in which the spores are imliedded. This green substance contains a considerable amount of a sac- charine substance, which is greedily soiight after by flies, through whose agency the spores are supposed to be dis- persed. In many species the receptacle is brilliantly coloured, thus serving as an additional attraction to their insect visitors. No trace of a capillitium is present. GASTEOMYCETES. Subterranean, or appearing above-ground when mature ; hymenium concealed within a continuous peridium or volva until the sjiores are formed. Basidia variable, cylindrical, clavate, or sub-globose ; spores })roduc(jd laterally (Tiilostama) or at the apex of tlie basidia, variable in number, often moi'e than four, always continuous (= one-celled or without septa). Capillitium often present. Fam. I. IIVAIENOGASTREAK. Subterranean. Peridium indehiscent ; cai)illitium absent. GASTEOMYCETES. 9 Fmn. 11. SCLERODEEMEAE. Appearing above ground at jnaturity. Peridium thick, not composed of distinct layers, dehiscing irregularly ; capillitium absent. Fam. III. NlDULARIEAE. Peridiola globose or compressed, free at maturit}- witliin the peridium. Fam. IV. Lycoperdeae. Peridium consisting of two or more distinct layers ; sjiores forming a powdery mass at maturity, and mixed with a well-develoi3ed capillitium. Fam. V. Phalloideae. Volva at first continuous, with a middle gelatinous stratum, spores when mature immersed in a greenish mucilage, and elevated out of the volva on a variously-shaped receptacle. ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. Hymenogastreae. Octaviania. — Sterile base of peridium well develojied ; spores globose, warted. Melanogaster. — Sterile base of peridium absent ; spores elliptical, smixjth. Hydnangium. — Peridium without a sterile base ; spores globose, warted. Hysterangium. — Gleba cartilagineo - glutinous ; spores minute, elliptical, smooth. Rhizopogon. — Peridium with vein-like fibres on the sur- lace ; spores smooth. Hymenogaster.— Sterile base of peridium well developed ; spores large, elliptical or fusiform, rugulose or nodulose. 10 FUNGUS-FLOKA. SCLERODERMEAE. Scleroderma. — Surface of peridium with persistent warts or granules. Polysaccum. — Surface of peridium smooth. NiDULARIEAE. Cyathus. — Peridiola several, umbilicate, attached by a cord to wall of peridium. Crucibulum. — Peridiola several, not umbilicate, attached 1 ly a cord to wall of peridium. Nidularia. — Peridiola several, not attached by a cord to the peridium. Sphaerobolus. — Peridium globose, containing a single sporidiolum. Thelebolus. — Peridium sessile on a broad base, containing a single peridiolum. Lycoperdeae. * Stem absent, or very thick and continuous ivith the jjeridium. Lycoperdon. — Exoperidium either in the form of warts, spines, or flaking off in patches ; sterile base either present or absent. Geaster. — Exoperidium splitting in a stellate manner. ** Stem elongated, slender. Tulostoma. — Peridium subglobose. Battarrea. — ^ Peridium vertically compressed. Phalloideae. Ithyphallus. — -Pileus reticulated, free and sheathing the apex of the stem-like receptacle. Mutinus. — Pileus adnate to the apex of the long stem-like receptacle. Clathrus. — Eeceptaclo forming a hollow net. GASTKOMYCETES. U FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE IIYMENOGASTBEAE. Fig. 1, Octaviania asterosperma, portion of a tramal plate sliowing tlifi hyphae of the trama bending outwards and bearing tlie basi. 11.) Hubglobose or irregular, whitish, becoming bluish-black ill places, sterile base distinct; cavities irregular, central ones largest; spores globose, warted, brown, 14-15, /x. Ociaviana asterosperma. Vitt., Mon. Tub., t. iii. p. 7 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1045; Perk., Outl. 292; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 31, \. 2. ocTAViANiA — :melanogaster. 13 Adhering to branches, leaves, Sec, underground. From ^ to ItV in. across, mycelium cottony, aljundant ; whitish, becoming stained with greenish-blue or black when bruised and exposed to air. Octaviania Stephensii. Tul. Irregularly elongated, rufous, base more or less plicate, with branched cord-like mycelial strands; within white, becoming red when exposed ; cavities minute ; spores globose, echinulate, pale brown, 11-17 /x. Octaviania Stephensii, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 78, pi. xxi., f. vi. ; Mass., Mon. Gast. p. 3'2, f. 3. Hydnangium Stevensii, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 70. Amongst loose soil; from ^ to f in. across; giving out a white milk-like fluid when cut. Octaviania compacta. Tul. Small, gregarious, irregularly globose, whitish, minutely cottony, furnished with a dense mass of white mycelium ; cavities irregular, septa indistinct ; spores minutely warted, yellow, 5-6 /x. Octaviana compacta, Tul., Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. p. 56 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 32, f. 12. Underground or partly exposed ; from :f to ^ in. across. MELANOGASTEE. Corda. (fig. 6, p. 11.) Peridium without a distinct sterile rooting base, branched root-like mycelial strands springing from every part of tlie surface ; cavities of gleba small at the circumference, larger in the centre ; tramal plates thick ; spores smooth, coloured or colourless. Melanogaster, Corda, ap. Sturm., Deutsch. Fl. iii. 11, p. 1 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 33. The present genus is characterised by the smooth spores, absence of sterile rooting base, and the cord-like strands of mycelium springing from various points of the surface of the peridium. Melanogaster variegatus. Tul. (fig. 6, p. 11.) Subglobose, oehraceous or yellowish, then ferruginous ; tramal plates changing from white to orange; spores brown, elliptic-oblong, 10 x 5 /a. : 14 FUNGUS-FLORA. Melanogaster variegafiis, TuL, Fung. Hypog. 92, t. xi. f. 4, anubglobose, bristling with crowded, long, pyramidal purple-brown spines ; between which are minute brown warts; dehiscing by a small irregular opening; sterile basal stratum well developed, pale ochraccous, passing downwards into long root-like white strands ; mass of spores purple-umber ; capillitium dense, threads irregularly branched ; spores spherical, coarsely warted, 5-6 fx. Lycoperdon echinatum, Pers., Symb. Myc, p. 36 ; Mass , Mon. Gast., p. 67, f. 32. On the ground in woods, amongst leaves. Generally solitary, 1-2 in. high, 1-li in. across, the spines are often curved and split at the base; after falling away, smootli scars are loft on the wall of the peridium, each surrounded by a ring of minute warts, giving to the surface a tesselated appearance. Lycoperdon Hoylei. Berk. Subglobosc, densely covered with stout, straight or curved pyramidal, purple - brown, deciduous sjiines ; between the spines are minute jiersistent brown warts ; sterile base very compact, bright olive, passing into white, cord-like rooting strands ; mass of spores purplo amber, with olive tinge ; capillitium dense, threads olive, sparsely branched ; spores globose, minutely warted, 5 /x. Lycoperdon Hoylei, V>. & 13r., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1037 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 68, f. 68. LYCOPERDON. 31 On the ground amongst leaves under trees. Peridinni 1-2 in. across, superficially resembling L. eckinatum, but dis- tinguished by the very compact bright olive basal stratum. Lycoperdon atropurpureum. Vitt. Subglobose or pyriform, plicate below, sessile, or the cellular, well-developed, dark-brown sterile stratum con- tinued as a short stem-like base; peridium thin, flaccid, with slender brownish spines which soon fall away towards the apex, dehiscing bj' a small irregular opening at the apex ; mass of spores blackish-purple ; capillitium dense ; spores spherical, warted, 6-7 fx. Lycoperdon atrojntrpureum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1085 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 68, f. 71. In woods, size variable, 1-2^ in. across, known from H. echinatum and H. Hoijlei, by the dark- brown sterile base, slender spines, and larger spores. Lycoperdon excipuliforme. Scop. Subglobose or depressed, sterile basal stratum continued downwards as a stout stem, plicate at the base ; peridium covered with slender spinose warts that soon fall away, leaving the surface tomentose ; mass of spores brownish-olive ; threads of capillitium flexuous, sparingly or not at all branched ; spores globose minutely warted, 4-5 /j.. Lycoperdon excipuliforme, Yitt., Mon. Lye. 193; Mass., Mon. Gast., p, 69, f. 64. In woods and meadows. From 1—i in. high. Often closely resembling L. saccatum in general appearance, but distin- guished by the sub-simple flexuous threads of the capillitium, and the smaller, minutely warted spores. Lycoperdon saccatum. Vahl. Spherico-depressed, plicate below, with small spinuloso warts that become smaller downwards, dehiscing by a small apical aperture ; sterile base, porous, convex, passing down- wards as a stout, elongated stem ; mass of spores olivaceous- umber; capillitium dense, threads branched; spores globose, strongly warted, 5-6 /j.. Lycoperdon saccatum, Berk., Outl. 302 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1087 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 69, f. 60. Amongst moss in open woods, &c. From 2-5 in. high. Oi 2 FUNGUS-FLORA. peritliiini thin, becoming stnootli, nsiuilly plicate below, stem 2-4 in. high, 1 in. thick, sometimes the whole fungus is much lar(.. Lycoperdon plumbeum, Vitt., Mon. Lye, p. 174. Batista plumbea. Berk., Outl., p. 301, pi. 20, f. 6; Cke., Ildbk., n. 372 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 63, f. 63. Dry grassy and heathy ])laces. About 1 in. across. Lycoperdon nigrescens. Vitt. (fig. 5, p. 28.) Globose, outer layer of jjeridium whitish, thin, fragile, soon breaking away, inner layer tough, persistent, shining, blackish-umber, dehiscing by a small irregular opening; mass of spores umber with a decided purple tinge ; threads of LYCOPERDON. 35 capillitiiim thick, much branched, tapering towards the tips ; spores globose, smooth, pedicellate, 5-6 fx. Lycoperdon nigrescens, Vitt., Mon. Lye, p, 176, Bovista nigrescens. Berk., Outl., p. 301, t. 20, f. 5 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 371 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 63, f. 89. Dry pastures and heathy places. From 1-2 in. across. Closely related to L. plumheum, differing in being generally larger, and in having a decided purple tinge in the mass of spores. Lycoperdon olivaceum. Mass. Globose, outer layer of peridium whitish, very thin and fugacious, inner thick, soft, white or pale ochraceoxis, becoming brittle and breaking away in patches above ; mass of spores yellow, then olive ; threads of dense capillitium thin, pale, flaccid, mostly unbranched ; spores globose, smooth, sometimes pedicellate, 5 /a. Bovista olivacea, Cke. and Mass., Grev. xvi. p. 77 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 64, f. 67. On downs. Externally resembling small forms of L. bovista, but there is no trace of a thickened sterile basal stratum, 1-2 in. across. Lycoperdon ammophilum. Lev. Broadly obovate, plicate below, and passing into a long, tapering root, outer layer of peridium broken up into tomentose warts, inner layer thin, whitish, dehiscing by a small irregular opening ; mass of spores olive ; threads of capillitium branched, thick walled ; spores globose, smooth, pedicellate, 5-6 /x. Bovista ammophila. Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. ix. p. 129, pi. 9, f. 5 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 04, f. 40. On the ground in sandy places. From i-1^ in. high, remarkable for the long, tapering root. Lycoperdon cepaeforme. Bull. Sessile, subglobose, outer layer of peridium white, papery, minutely furfuraceous, breaking away in patches, inner persistent, dehiscing by a small apical opening; root long, cord-like ; mass of spores yellow with olive tinge ; threads of capillitium much branched ; spores smooth, globose, often with a short, thick pedicel, 4 /a. D 2 o 6 FUNGUS- FLORA. Lycoperdon cepaeforme, Bull., t. 403, f. 2 (upper row). Bovista capaeforme, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 65, f. 72. On the ground. Distinguished from L. ammophila, which it resembles in the long, cord-like root, in the globose peridium and smaller spores. Lycoperdon pusillum. Fr. Subglobose, slightly attenuated at the base and continued as a long, slender, tapering root ; peridium flaccid, with minute adpressed scurfy squamules, becoming smooth, de- hiscing by a small opening ; mass of spores olive ; capillitium dense, threads much branched ; spores globose, smooth, about 4/.. Lycoperdon pusillum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1086 ; Mass., Mon. Lycop., n. 106; Bolt., t. 117, f. 6. Bovista pusilla, Mass., Mon. Gast., -p. 65, f. 59. In pastures and on hedge-banks, &c. Our smallest puff ball, ^1 in. across. ** Spores elliptical. Lycoperdon ovalisporum. Mass. Subglol)Ose, sessile ; outer layer of peridium whitish, fragile above and falling away, persistent below, inner layer thin, lead-colour, dehiscing by a small opening ; mass of spores umber ; threads of capillitium much and irregularly branched, tips tapering; spores elliptical, umber, with a hyaline border, pedicels long, stout, 6 X 4 /x. Bovista ovalispora, Cke. and Mass., Grev. xvi., p. 46; Mass. Mon. Gast., p. ()2, f. 62. On the ground. Superficially resembling L. nigrescens, but differs in having no tinge of purple in the gleba and the elliptical spores. The last character also separates the present species from L. plumbeum. GEASTEE. Michcli. (fig. 2, p. 28.) Peridium at first entire, composed of three layers, the two outermost (exoperidium) usually continuous, splitting from the apex into several pointed segments which become expanded ; inner layer (endoperidiu)ii) sessile or pedicellate, furnished at the apex wdth one or more definite orifices ; GEASTEK. 37 columella prominent or obsolete; capillitium well deve- loj)ed. Geaster, Mich., Nov. PI, Gen., p. 220 ; Mass., Mon. Gast, p. 76. Characterised by the exoperidium splitting into several segments which spread out in a stellate manner. Subgen. Mi/riostoma. Orifices and pedicels of endoperidium indejinite in number, Geaster coliformis. Pers. Exoperidium cut into several acute segments; endo- peridium spherico-depressed, supported on several distinct pedicels ; orifices several, ciliated ; spores umber in the mass ; threads of capillitium usually unbranched ; spores globose, warted, 5-6 /x. Geaster coliformis. Berk., Outl. 210 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1070 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 77, f. 66. In sandy places; known by the endoperidium being furnished with several orifices for the escape of the spores, and in being supported on several pedicels or stalks. Endo- peridium 3— i in. across when expanded. Subgen. Monostoma. Endoperidiimi ivith a single orifice and pedicel, or the latter may he absent. A. Endoperidium distinctly pedicellate. Geaster Bryantii. Berk. Exoperidium cut into 8-10 acute segments, which become incurved ; endoperidium subglobose, pedicellate, with a distinct groove round the top of the pedicel ; peristome conical, sulcato-striate ; mass of spores dark brown ; threads of capillitium usually unbranched; spores globose, warted, 4-6 ij.. Geaster Bryantii, Berk., Outl., p. 300; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1073 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 77, f. 56. On the ground amongst leaves, &c. Distinguished by the groove round the top of the peduncle, and the elongated, conical, fluted peristome forming the orifice ; 1^2 in. across when expanded. Var. minor, Beik. Smaller than typical form, under 1 in. when expanded. 38 FUNGUS-FLORA. Geaster Schmideli. Vitt. Exoperidinm split to the centre into a variable number of acute segments, pale inside ; endoperidium globose-ovate, pedicellate, lead-colour, peristome long, fluted, tip fimbriate ; spores in the mass blackish-umber; columella distinct; spores globose, warted, 4-G fi. Geaster Schmideli, Vitt., Mon. Lye, p. 157, t. 1, f. 7 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 78, f. 74. On the ground, in open places. Known amongst British species by the whitish inner surface of the exoperidium and lead-coloured endoperidium. Geaster Berkeleyi. Mass. Exoperidium thinnish, split to the centre into a variable number of acute segments ; endoperidium broadly ovate, pale brown, coarsely papillose, pedicel short, thick, peristome prominent, fluted, surrounded by a smooth, depressed, silky zone ; columella distinct, short ; mass of spores brown ; threads of capillitium simple ; spores globose, warted, 4-6 jm. Geaster Berkeleyi, Mass., Mon, Gast., p. 79, f. 41. On the ground. Distinguished from G. striatus, to which the present species is most closely allied, in the smooth, depressed zone surrounding the peristome ; 3-31 in. across when expanded. The rays of the exoperidium become slightly incurved when dry. Geaster limbatus. Fr. Exoperidium cut into many unequal, acute segments ; endoperidium subpyriform, pedicel short, stout, peristome conical, fimbriato-ciliate, surrounded by a pale, silky circle ; spore-mass purple brown ; columella almost obsolete ; spores globose, warted, 3-5 /x. Geaster limbatus. Berk., Outl., p. 300 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1074 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 79, f. (J9. On the ground amongst leaves, &c.. Superficially re- sembling G. rufescens, distinguished by the pedicellate endoperidium. Geaster fornicatus. Fr. Exoperidium split into 4-5 STibequal acute segments, the two layers separating, outer, cup-shaped, remaining attached to the ground at the base, inner becoming convex GEASTEK. 39 upwards and attached to the outer by the tips of the segments only ; endoperidium shortly pedicellate, oljpyriform, peristome conical, ciliato-sulcate ; spore-mass dark brown with purple tinge ; columella slender ; spores globose, warted, 3-5 fx. Geaster fornicatus, Berk., Outl., p. 299 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1071 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 80, f. 42. On the ground amongst leaves, &c. Distinguished by the inner layer of tlie exoperidium becoming arched and attached to the outer layer by the tips of the rays only. Very variable in size. B. Endoperidium sessile or suhsessile. Geaster striatus. D.C. Exoperidium split into a variable number of thin, coriaceous, acute segments ; endoperidium subsessile, globose, usually minutely rough with projecting points, peristome prominent, conical, fluted ; spore-mass umber brown ; spores globose, warted, 4—5 • 5 /x. Geaster striatus, Berk., Outl., p. 300; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1072; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 85, f. 28. On the ground. Distinguished by the absence of a pale silky ring round the peristome from G. limhatus. Measuring lV-2fl^ in. when expanded. Geaster Michelianus. W. G. Sm. Exoperidium thick, often cracked outside, splitting to the middle into 4-6 acute segments, inner layer thick, crumbling away; endoperidium subsessile ovate, peristome piano- conical, ciliato-flmbriate, pale ; spore-mass brownish umber ; columella large, clavate ; spores globose, warted, 4-5 /a. Geaster Michelianus, W. G. Smith, Gard. Chron. (1873), n. 18 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 84, f. 27. Geaster lageniformis, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1079, fig. 113 ; Grev. ii. p. 35, pi. 13. On the ground. The young plant is ovate-acuminate before the splitting of the endoperidium. Distinguished by the thick, rigid endoperidium, and the large club-shaped columella ; 2-3 in. across when expanded. Geaster lageniformis. Vitt. Exoperidium ovate-acuminate, splitting into a variable 40 FUNGUS-FLORA. number of acute segments, inner stratum disappearing ; endoperidium subglobose, sessile, peristome piano-conic, silky, striate, surrounded by a silky zone ; spore-mass umber with olive tinge ; columella clavate ; spores globose, veiy minutely warted, 3-4 /x, Geaster lagcniformis, Vitt., Mon, Lye, p. 160, t, i. f. 2 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 84, f. 75. On the ground. Superficially resembling G. 3Iic1ieliaims, but at once distinguished by the silky zone surrounding the peristome, sessile endoperidium, and smaller spores. Geaster mammosus. Chev. Exoperidium split nearly to the base into a varying number of acute segments ; endoperidium sessile, pale ; peristome conical, acute, fimbriato-ciliate, surrounded by a pale, narrow, silky circle ; spore-mass dark brown with purple tinge ; columella short ; spores globose, warted, 4-6 fi. Geaster mammosus, Berk., Outl. 300; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1076 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., 81, f. 78. Lycoperdon recolligens, Sow., Fungi, t. 401. On the ground. Exoperidium hygrometiic, the segments being much incurved when dry ; 1-2 in. across when expanded. Somewhat resembles G. hygromeirinis, but distinct in the presence of a columella and prominent peristome surrounded by a pale, silky ring. Geaster rufescens. Pers. Exoperidium rigid, thick, split nearly to the base into a variable number of acute segments which become revolute ; endoperidium sessile, subovate, pale, peristome dentate ; spore-mass blackish brown ; spores globose, warted, 3-5 fx. Geaster rufescens, Berk., Outl., p. 300 ; Cke., lldbk., n. 1077 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 82, f. 79. In pastures and woods. From 2-4 in. across when ex- panded, resembling most closely G. fimhriatus, but dis- tinguished by the peristome being surrounded by sub- triangular, pointed teeth, and in the segments of the thick exoperidium being revolute when dry. Geaster fimbriatus. Fr. Exoperidium flaccid, split into a variable number of acute segments, iuner layer soon disappearing; endoperidium TULOSTOMA. 41 siabglobose, sessile, peristome indetermiuate, piloso-fimbriate ; spore-mass blackish umber ; spores globose, minutely warted, 3—4 fjL. Geaster fimbriatus, Berk., Outl., p. 300, pi. 20, f. 4 (peristome not correctly represented); Cke., Hdbk., n. 1075; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 81, f. 77. On the ground. From 1-2 in. across when expanded. The number of segments into which the endoj)eridium splits varies from 5-15 in different individuals, and these remain spread out almost flat. Geaster hygrometricus. Pers. (fig. 2, p, 28.) Exoperidium split into a varying number of acute lobes, which are rigidly inflexed when dry ; endoperidiiim sessile, usually depressed, subreticulate, rarely smooth, dehiscing by an irregular, small apical month ; spore-mass dark brown ; columella obsolete ; spores globose, warted, 7-10 fx. Geaster hygrometricus, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1078; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 83, f. 70. On the ground. Exoperidium hygroscopic, segments rigidly incurved when dry, 2-2>}^ in. across when expanded. Opening of endoperidium irregular, without a defined peristome ; in this respect resembling some species of Lycoperdon. Distinguished from G. fimbriatus, where the mouth is also indeterminate, in the incurved segments and the much larger spores. TULOSTOMA. Pers. (emended), (figs. 3, 4, p. 28.) Peridium consisting of two layers, the outer deciduous, inner persistent, dehiscing by a small apical opening, columella absent ; capillitium present, threads septate, swollen at the septa. Tulostoma, Pers., Disp., p. 6 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 85. Kesembling a Lycoperdon with a long slender stem, dis- tinguished by a groove between the apex of the stem and the septate threads of the capillitium. Tulostoma mammosum. Fr. (figs. 3, 4, p. 28.) Peridium subglobose, smooth, mouth small, prominent, entire ; stem thin, ei[ual, more or less squamulose ; s})orc- mass dirty cinnamon ; threads of capillitium colourless, thick- 42 FUNGUS-FLOEA. walled, septate, slightly thickened at the septa ; spores globose, minutel}' waited, 5 /x. Tulostoma mammosum. Berk., Outl. 299 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 106!t, f. 112 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 86, f. 33. Tulostoma brumalc, D.C., Fl. Fr. ii. p. 269. On old walls, dry banks, &c. From 1-3 in. high ; peridium ■^5 in. across, furnished with a minute umbo at the apex, which eventually forms the mouth, through which the spores escape ; stem equal, about two lines thick, smooth, or gene- I'ally furnished with minute recurved scales that are some- times arranged in circles like frills. Whitish when fresh, becoming dirty ochraceous when dry. BATTARREA. Pers. (figs. 9, 10, p. 28.) Yolva universal, central layer gelatinous. Peridium very much depressed, bursting through the volva and raised above ground on a long stem ; capillitium present ; columella absent. Battarrea, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 129 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 86. The very much depressed peridium, which is concavo- convex in section, with the convex side uppermost, distin- guishes the present genus. Battarrea phalloides. Pers. (figs. 9, 10, p. 28.) Stem elongated, slightly tapering downwards, hollow, externally broken up into coarse fibres ; furnished with a loose volva at the base ; mass of spores yellowish brown ; capillitium threads branched, collapsing, mixed with a few thicker threads having the wall thickened in a spiral manner ; spores globose, minutely warted, 6 fi. Battarrea plialloides. Berk., Outl., p. 299 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1068, f. Ill ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 87, f. 29. Lycoperdon jjholloules, Sow., Fung., t. 390. Sandy places and in hollow trees at the base. The plant is at first buried deep in the sand, and enclosed in a volva as in Phallus. After the complete difi'erentiation of the gleba, the peridium is elevated above ground on a long stem from 10-14 in. long and ^—5 in. thick in the centre. If the fungus is drawn up by the stem, the volva generally remains behind. Peridium 1-1^ in. across. PHALLOIDEAE. 43 FIGURES ILLUSTEATING THE PHALLOIDEAE. Fig. 1. — Mutinus canmug, entire plant, showing volva at base; lialf nnt. size ; — Fig. 2, Clathrus cancellatus, showing split volva at hase and can- cellate receptacle ; half nat. size ; — Fig. 3, Ithyphallm impiidicns, showing torn volva at base, long, hollow receptacle supporting the free pileus at itdapex; one-quarter natural size; — Fig. 4, Clathrus cuncellatiis, basidia bearing six to eight spores each ; highly mag. 44 FUNGUS-FLORA. FAM. V. PHALLOIDEAE. Eeceptaclo and gleba at first enclosed in a universal volva composed of three distinct layers, the central one being gelatinous at maturity ; spores minute, elliptic-oblong, smooth, when mature involved in mucus. Phalloideae, Fr., Syst. Myc. ii. p. 281; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 87. Complete differentiation of the various parts up to the spore formation takes place undergroiind, and while yet enclosed in the white, sub-elastic volva. When the spores are mature and involved in the green mucus resulting from the disintegration of the elements of the hymenium, the volva is ruptured by the rapid expansion of the receptacle, which elevates into the air the mucus containing the spores, ITIIYPHALLUS. Fischer, (fig. 3, p. 43.) Receptacle elongated, hollow, cellular, perforate at the apex ; pileus I'eticulated, attached only to the apex of the receptacle. Ithi/phalliis, Fischer, Ueber die Phalloideen, p. 41, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 87. Phallus, Mich., Gen., p. 201. Distinguished by the pileus being attached only to the perforated margin of the receptacle. Ithyphallus impudicus. Fisch, (fig. 3, p. 43.) lieceptacle elongato-fusiform, colourless ; pilous reticu- lated externally; spores immersed in an olive-green, very strong-smelling gluten ; spores cylindrical, 3-5 X 2 /a. Itliyphallus impudicus, Fischer, Ueb. die Phalloid., Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 88, f. 44. Phallus iriqmdicus, Grev., Scot. Cr, FL, t. 213; Berk., Outl. 297, t. 20, f. 3; Cke., Ildbk., n. 364, f. 108. Phallus iosmos. Berk., Fng. Fl. v. p. 227. On the ground in woods, &c. The fungus frequently attains the size of a hen's egg before bursting through the ITHYPHALLUS— MUTINUS, 45 volva, and is then white, soft and elastic to the touch. When fully developed varies from 5-7 in. high, and readily detected at a distance of several yards by its abominable smell. There is a wide-spreading, white cord-like mycelium underground, from which several individuals generally spring. MUTINUS. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 43.) Receptacle elongated, hollow, wall with a single row of cavities, apex closed or perforated ; pileus apical, not free from the receptacle. 3Iutimis, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. ii. 1849 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 89. Ci/nuphallus, Berk., Outl., p. 298. Distinguished from Itliijx>hallus by the pileus being adnate to the receptacle. Mutinus caninus. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 43.) Eeceptacle elongato-fusiform, cellular, white or rosy ; pileus short, subacute, rugulose, red; spores cylindrical, involved in green mucus, 3-5 X 2 /a. Mutinus caninus. Fries ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 89, f. 43. Phallus (Cynophallus) caninus. Berk., Outl., p. 298; Cke., Hdbk., p. 365, f. 109. Phallus inodorus, Sow., Fung., t. 330. In woods and bushy places. Sporophore from i-| in. before the volva is ruptured. When fully evolved 3-4 in. high. Sometimes scentless, at others with a distinct odour, but never so strong and disagreeable as in ItJiyjjhallus im- pufJicus. Mutinus bambusinus. Fischer. Keceptacle elongato-fusiform, the upper half occupied by the red adnate pileus ; spores cylindrical, 4 x 1 " 5 yu,, involved in green mucus ; very foetid. Mutinus hamhusinus, Fischer, Ann. du Jardin Bot. de Buitzenzorg, vol. vi. p. 30, t. iv. figs. 2G-31 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 89. An East Indian species, probably introduced with plants from Java. Somewhat resembling M. caninus, but distinguished by the much longer pileus, which covers the upper half of the 46 FUNGUS-FLORA. receptacle, and "by the foetid smell, whicli is even worse than in Ithyphallus impucUcus. CLATHEUS. Mich. (figs. 2 and 4, p. 43.) Volva universal, becoming torn into irregular lobes at the apex ; receptacle forming an obovate or globose, hollow net- work, walls cellular, covered with mucus containing the spores. Clathrus, Micheli, Gen. PI., p. 214; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 90. Distinguished by the peculiar receptacle, which consists of a hollow sphere bounded by thick, cellular, anastomosing branches. Clathrus cancellatus, Tournef. (figs. 2 and 4, p. 43.) Eeceptacle obovate or subglobose, vermilion or dingy red, at first covered with olive mucus containing the cylindrical spores, 3-5 X 2 /x ; extremely foetid. Clathrus cancellatus. Berk., Outl. 298 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1067 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 90, f. 46. In woods. A very beautiful but extremely foetid fungus, receptacle from 2-4 in. across. [ASEEOE. La Bill. Eeceptacle stipitate, expanded at the apex into a disc, from the margin of which radiate several tapering, straight or curved rays ; spores contained in mucus situated on the disc. Aseroe rubra. La Bill. Stem red or pale rose, apex, perforated disc and bifid rays bright red. An Australian species introduced at Kew along with plants. The whole fungus resembles a red sea-anemone.] Genera excluded. Polyangium. — An insect production. Cenococcum. — Belongs to the Tuheraceae. PILACRE. 47 PILACREAE. The present group, established by Brefeld, is in every respect anomalous, and in reality appears to occupy a tran- sitional position between the Gastromycetes and the Hyme- nomycetes. The single genus, Pilacre, consists of minute fungi rarely exceeding half an inch in height, and resembles a long-stalked pufifball, or rather a Tulostoma in miniature, consisting of a more or less globose head supported on a slender stem. The stem is continued into the head or gleba as a compact, subglobose columella, from which spring a large number of hyphae that produce clusters of basidia. These basidia agree with those met with in the sub-Family Auricularieae of the Tremellineae in being cylindrical and transversely sejDtate ; this feature is considered by Brefeld as indicating an affinity with the Tremellineae, from which the species differ widely in every other particular. The mass of basidia-producing hyphae, along with others that are sterile, are at first enclosed in an outer weft of hyphae that may be compared with, the peridium in the Gastromycetes ; in fact, the reproductive portion is at first concealed in a peridium that eventually disintegrates, a character that suggests affinity with the Gastromycetes. Nevertheless, the above account shows that the group under consideration is not typical of either of the above-named groups, hence its present intermediate position. In Saccardo's Sylloge the genus is placed in the Hyphomy- cetes ; this, however, is the outcome of mere superficial resem- blance, and directly opposed to all morphological characters. PILACEE. Fries, (figs. 1, 2, 3, p. 48.) (emended). Peridium subglobose, stipitate, wall single, fibrillose, at length evanescent ; stem continued into the gleba as a colu- mella, from which originate numerous hyphae that produce lateral branches terminating in 1-4 transversely Be2)tate, cylindrical basidia, and usually terminate in sterile, spirally twisted branchlets ; spores coloured, circular in outline, 48 rUNGUS-FLOKA. iimbilicate, sessile, j)roduced laterally, one on eacli of the cells of a basidium, Pilacre, Fries, Syst, Orb. Veg. 1, p. 3G4 ; Brefeld, Unter- sucli. vii. Heft., p. 27. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE PILACREAE, ALSO THE TREMELLINEAE IN PART. Fig. 1, Pilacre Petersii, natural size ; — Fig. 2, section of same, mag. ; — Fig. 8, cluster of transversely septate basidia of same, bearing lateral spores ; highly|mag. ; — Fig. 4, Tremellodon gelatinosum, a small specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 5, basidium of same, -with the four long, stout sterigmata bearing spores ; highly mag. Pilacre faginea. B. & Br. Gregarious, Tip to } in. high, head about 1^ lines across, whitish with a brown tinge ; stem blackish ; threads of gleba tortuous, spores subglobose, yellow-brown, 5 yut. Pilacre faginea, B. and Br,, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 380, t. xi. fig. 5 ; Sacc. Syll. 4, n. 2748. On rotten beech-wood. Pilacre Petersii. B. & G. (figs. 1, 2, 3, p. 48.) Stem 2-3 lines high, whitish, head 2-3 lines across ; spores circular and sub-umbilicato, brown, 5 fx diameter. HYMENOMYCETES. 49 Pilacre Pefersii, Berk, and Curt., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 824 ; Sacc. Syll. 4, n. 2572. On trunks of hornbeam, holly, beech, &c. Gregarious, often covering half-dead trunks for a considerable distance. HYMENOMYCETES. In tracing the evolution of the sporophore from the most primitive, entirely resupinate forms, I have repeated what I previously wrote on this subject.* " Eveiy type of hymenophore known in the Hymenomy- cetes is met with in such genera as Stereum and Thelephora, and in some instances even in the same species. The following are the most marked phases of sporophore evolution as occuriing in the Hymenomycetes, illustrated by Stereum Mrsutum, Fries, one of the Thelephoreae : — (a) The most primitive type is where the sporophore is spread out as a thin layer attached to the substratum by the whole of the under surface, the upper surface being covered with the hymenium. In many of the simpler Thelephoreae this mode of growth is permanent ; but in species like Stereum Mrsutum, which may be described as inclined to ' sport,' or, more correctly, where epinasty, the cause of the («) type of sporophore, is strongly manifested, the above mode of growth occurs when developing on a broad horizontal substratum. (b) When the substratum is vertical, which may be the side of a prostrate trunk, or an erect one, growth commences as in type (a), and after extending from a centre for some time, and assuming a more or less circular outline, the upper- most margin becomes free, and continues to grow away from the substratum, and at right angles to the attached portion. In this type we get the first transition from the superior to the inferior hymenium imperfectly indicated ; and it is in- teresting to remember that the first step towards the inver- sion of the hymenium — itself the most pronounced result of * 'A Monograph of the Thelephoreae.' Part I., Luin. Soc. Journ. Botany, vol. xxv. p. 107 (3 pi.)- VOL. I. E 50 FUNGUS-FLORA. development in the sub-group — is not the outcome of a new initial force, but simply the continuation of ejDinasty, which kept type (a) all pressed to the horizontal substratum. When growing in what may be termed an unnatural position, the dominant directive force, epinasty, directs the plant along the old hereditary lines, and as soon as possible the horizontal position is resumed with the free margin incurved. To prove that this change of direction of growth is due to the position of the substratum, it is only necessary to place a prostrate branch with the plant growing on it, as in the (a) type, in a vertical position, when further development will follow (fc) type ; and microscoi^ic examination will clearly reveal the epinastic curvatures of the hyphae in the thallus, as in the section of Stereum hirsutum given by De Bary.* The above is a remarkable illustration of a new type of structure due entirely to surroundings, (c) In type (h) three-fourths or more of the plant is usually attached to the substratum, and this is more especially the case when growing on the side of a prostrate trunk or large branch, where the side presents, compared to the size of the plant, a practically flat vertical surface, which appears in some way to neutralise, to a great extent, the epinasty of the plant ; whereas, when growing on the side of a small prostrate branch, when the antagonistic flat surface is reduced to a minimum, the plant often becomes free soon after the commencement of growth, the upper, free horizontal portion still continuing to develop in a more or less circular manner, which results in a structure that can be understood by compai'ing it to a reniform leaf attached by a short, flat petiole to the branch, the lamina being free, more or less depressed in the centre, and incurved at the mai'giu. Tliis stage ilbistrates the origin of a central stem and um- brella-shaped pileus, which is perfected in (tZ) by the two lateral lol)es becoming united behind, which results from the plant growing from a point where it is free to expand equally on every side from a short stem-like base. Passing to the highest order of the Ilymenomycetes, the Agaricineae, we meet Avith the same se(iuence of sporophore development. In the genus Pleurotus, such simple, stemless forms as P. applicatiis, Batsch, illustrate the (a) type, being * • Fungi, Bacieria and Mycetozoa.' Engl. Ed., p. 53, fig. 23. HYMENOMYCETES. 51 attached to the substratum by the barren surface, with the hymenium uppermost. P. hypnophUus, Berk., and P. cMoneus, Pers., follow the (h) type ; P, ostreatm, Fr., the various stages of (c) to the highest condition of {d). Here again, within the range of a single genus, we have a repetition of what has already been de- scribed as occurring in the Thelephoreae, and also the result of similar external influences, modifying in various ways the inhereut epinastic tendency. The character of primary importance in distinguishing the orders of the Hymenomycetes consists in the arrangement of the hymenium or sj^ore-bearing surface, which may be briefly described as follows : — Agaricineae : hymenium spread over radiating plates or gills. Polyporeae ; hymenium lining variously shaped pores or depressions. Hydneae : hymenium covering spine-like or granular projections. Clavarieae : hymenium continuously covering the greater portion of the clavate or variously branched hymenophore. In the Thele- phoreae we find clearly indicated all the above types of hymenium." The Tremellineae, although evidently allied to the Hyme- nomycetes in the presence of basidia, exhibit none of the characteristic sequences of development indicated above, but, as first pointed out by De Bary, connect the true Hyme- nomycetes with the tremelloid Uredines, which are shown by the same author to belong to the Ascomycetes. Hence we must consider the Basidiomycetes as being derived from the Ascomycetes through the Tremellineae as a connecting- link. For a fuller explanation of this subject relating to the evolution of the Basidiomycetes along the lines indicated, the reader is referred to the ' Monograph of the Thelephoreae' already alluded to. E 2 52 FUNGUS-FLOEA. HYMENOMYCETES. Fungi membranaceous, fleshy, corky, or woody, usually large ; growing on the ground or on wood, hymenium distinct and continuous, ex]iosed from the first or at an early stage of development ; basidia usually tetrasporous ; cystidia often present ; spores septate or more frequently continuous, colourless or coloured, epispore smooth or verruculose. ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES. * Suhstance gelatinous. Fam. I. Tremellineae. ** Substance not gelatinous. I Hymenium even. Fam. II. Clavarieae. Sporophore erect, clavate, branched, or foliose, entirely covsred by the hymenium. Fam. III. Thelephoreae. Sporophore resupinate or eifuso-reflexed ; hymenium uni- lateral. If Hymenium not even. Fam. IV. Hydneae. Hymenium spinulose or covered with protuberances or granules. Fam. V. PoLYPORiaE. Hymenium porous or tubular. Fam. VI. Agaricineae. Hymenium spread over radiating gills or lamellae. TREMELLINEAE. 53 FAM. L TREMELLINEAE. Fries. Entire fungus homogeneous, gelatinous, collaiising when dry, regaining its form when moistened, traversed internally by branched hyphae which terminate in basidia at the periphery ; basidia variable in form, elongate or fusoid, trans- versely septate or continuous, undivided or with the apex forked, or subglobose and cruciately divided and bearing two or four sterigmata ; spores hyaline, from globose to sausage-shaped and curved, continuous or septate, often becoming variously septate on germination and producing sporidiola of various forms. Tremellineae, Fries, Syst. Myc. I., p. 2; Sacc. Syll, vi. p. 760. The Tremellineae are characterised by their more or less gelatinous consistency. In Tremella, the central genus, the substance is in some species so tender as to lose its form and almost deliquesce on being handled, whereas in Auricularia the texture is coriaceous and retains its form. This pecu- liarity is due to the fact that the external portion of the walls of the intricately interwoven hyphae are diffluent, forming a quaking jelly when moist, hard and horny when dry, becoming soft again when moistened. In the lower forms, as Tremella, Dacryomyces, &c., the hymenium covers every portion of the exposed surface, whereas in the higher types, as Auricularia, Guepinia, &c., the hymenium is confined to one surface of the sporophore, and in most instances this surface has a more or less marked tendency to point down- wards or away from the light. Being at the base or starting-point of the Basidiomycetes, the basidia, which constitute the principal feature of the group, are what may be termed in an unstable condition, not having in any member of the present family assumed the structure so constant within narrow limits and charac- teristic of the following families. In Auricularia the basidia are very primitive and transversely septate, each joint or cell of the basidium producing near or at its apex a single 54 FUNGUS-FLORA. sterigma. A second type occurs in Dncryomyces and Guephiia, where the hasidium is more or less cylindrical and bifurcate at the apex, each branch terminating in a sterigma that bears a spore. A third type occurs in Tremella, where the basidium at first appears as a subglobose or pear-shaped body terminating a hypha ; this body is early divided into four portions at its apex by two septa that cross at right angles, then each of the four divisions grows out into a long sterigma that eventually bears a spore. In the two last- named types the basidia are not transversely septate. The spores are always hyalme or colourless, and the present family is the only one included in the Basidiomycetes where some of the sj^ecies have septate spores. The spores on germina- tion produce in many species characteristic secondary spores or sportdiola. Brefeld has recently rearranged the genera, based on the form and an-angement of the sporidiola to a great extent ; time will prove whether this one character is of more value than the sum of characters previously con- sidered in the natural delimitation of genera. Brefeld has also shown that conidia are not uncommon in various mem- bers of the family ; in Tremella lutescens these are produced on corymbose branches in the substance of the sporophore, while in Guepinia they are produced on the side opposite to the hymenium. Microscopic examination is best eifected after the specimens have been hardened in alcohol or good methylated spirit, when satisfactory sections can be cut, which is not possible with the fresh gelatinous material. Sub-Fam. I. Auricularieae. Basidia elongated or fusoid, simple, transversely septate. Sub-Fam, II. Trkmellineae. Basidia subglobose, at maturity' longitudinally quadripar- tite in a cruciate manner, and producing at the apex two, or usually foiir, elongated sterigmata. Suh-Fam. III. Dacryomyceteae. Basidia cylindrical or clavate, divided at the apex into two long sterigmata, not septate. TREMELLINEAE. 55 ANALYSIS OF THE GENEBA. AURICULAKIEAE. Auricularia. — Broadly attached, margin free and reflexed. Hirneola. — Cartilaginous, ear-shaped, attached by a point. Tremelli^eae. Exidia. — Cup-shaped, truncate, or irregularly lobed ; spores reniform, producing curved sporidiola on germina- tion. Ulocolla. — Pulvinate and gyrose ; spores reniform, produc- ing rod-shaped sporidiola on germination. Tremella. — Brain-like or lobed ; spores globose or ovoid. Naematelia. — Firm, convex, with a central, hard nucleus. Gyrocephalus. — Erect, spathulate. Tremellodon. — Gelatinous, tremelloid, fan-shaped, fleshy ; hymenium with distinct spines. Dacryomyce:teae. Dacryomyces. — Small, pulvinate and gyrose. Guepinia. — Irregularly cup-shaped, hymenium on one sur- face only. Dacryopsis. — Hymenium at the apex of a short stem, bear- ing conidia and spores. Ditiola. — Stem distinct, bearing the hymenium at its expanded apex. Apyrenium. — Subglobose or lobed, hollow. Calocera. — Subcylindrical and erect, simple or branched. 56 FUNGUS-FLORA. FIGUEES ILLUSTRATING THE TREMELLINEAE. Fig. 1, Aiiricidaria mesentcrica, a small specimen; nat. size; — Fig. 2, basidium and spore of same ; liighly mag. — Fig. 3, Nacmatelia encephala, section of, showing the central nucleus; nat. size;^-Fig. 4, Uirneola anricula-judae, small specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 5. Dacryopsin nuda; nat. size ; — Fig. G, portion of head of same, showing the densely fasciculate conidiophores with conidia, also basidia bearing three septata basidia sjjores; higldy mag.; — Fig. 7, VlncoUa gaccluirimi, spore germinating and producing straight, rod-like sporidiola ; higldy mag. ; — Fig. 8, Exidia recisa, small specimens; nat. size; — Fig. i), Exidia gJandidosa, spore germinating and ^jroducing curved 8i)oridiola ; liighly mag. ; — Fig. 10, Gyrocephulus rufus; nat. size; — Fig. 11, Calccra viscosa; nat. size; — AUEICULAEIA. 57 AURICULARIEAE. AUEICULAEIA. Bull, (emended), (figs. 1, 2, p. 56.) Hymenium inferior, remotely and vaguely costate or plicate, inflated and gelatinous when moist, collapsing when dry. Basidia cylindrical, 3-5 septate, each joint or cell producing a single slender sterigma from its apical region. Spores oblong, curved, producing on germination a branched promycelium, bearing several strongly curved sporidiola. Habit exactly that of Stereum, but fructification entirely distinct. Auricularia, Bull., Champ., p. 277 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 762. Auricularia mesenterica. Fries, (figs. 1 and 2, p. 56.) Pilei resupinate, reflexed above, velvety, zoned, greyish- brown, margin not lobed ; hymenium brownish-violet, spores oblong, reniform, 18-20 X 7 /x. Auricularia mesenterica, Fries, Epicr., p. 555 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 319. On trunks. Often very broadly effused and with numerous partly free imbricated pilei. Auricularia lobata. Sommerf. Pileus effuso-reflexed, margin lobed, surface velvety, zoned, whitish-brown; hymenium livid fulvescent, spores as in A. mesenterica. Auricularia lobata, Sommerfeldt, Mag. Nat. Vidensk., 1827 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 320. On bark of trees. Closely allied to A. mesenteria, from which it is mainly separated by the lobed margin of the jDileus. Fig. 12, Bacryomycis s^tillutm ; nat. size ;— Fig. 13, Dacryomyccs chrysocoma, bifurcate basidium and spores ; bigLly mag. ;— Fig. 14, Tremdla mesenterica ; nat. size of a fciuall specimen ;— Fig. 15, Tremella lutescens, bhowing the basidia in various stages of developmeut, the sterigniata vary from two to four; highly mag. ;— Fig. IG, Gutpinia pcziza; uat. size. 58 FDNGUS-FLORA. HIRNEOLA. Fr. (emended), (fig. 4, p. 56.) Cartilagineo-gelatinous, soft and tremelloid when moist. Sporophore cup-shajDed, rigid when dry, reviving when moistened, but not becoming inflated. Basidia rod-shaped or fusoid, transversely septate, cells each bearing a single monosporous sterigma ; spores oblong, curved. Hmieola, Fries, Fung. Natal, p. 24; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 764. In the British species the hymenium is variously plicate, the pileus or barren surface minutely velvety. Hirneola auricula-judae. Berk. (fig. 4, p. 56.) Thin and elastic when moist, becoming blackish or dark- brown ; hymenium venoso-plicate ; spores reniform, 20-25 X 7-9 IX ; pileus greyish-olive, minutely tomentose. Hirneola auricula-judae. Berk., Outl., p. 289, t. 18, f. 7 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 349. On elder and elm. From 1-3 inches broad. [Hirneola jjolytricha, Mont. Has occurred on imported timber, but is not a British species.] TREMELLINEAE. EXIDIA. Fr. (emended), (figs. 8, 9, p. 56.) Gelatinously distended, tremelloid, submarginato or effused, often papillose ; basidia globose or ovoid, typically longitudinally cruciately divided, bearing four elongated, stoiit sterigmata ; spores reniform, for a long time continuous, becoming 1-niany septate on germination, each cell or loculus of the spore giving origin to a very short promy- celium bearing a crown of strongly curved sporidiola. Exidia, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 220 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 772. Exidia glandulosa. Fries, (fig. 9, p. 56.) Flattened, thick, gelatinous, becoming blackish ; disc covered with minute papillae ; below greyish and sub- tomentose; spores reniform, 12-14 x 4-5 fj.. EXIDIA — ULOCOLLA. 59 Exidia glandulosa, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 224 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 349, On dead branches of oak, e^c. Varying from gi-ey to brown, at length black ; often wrinkled above and plicate below, ^-1^ in. across. Exidia recisa. Fries, (fig. 8, p. 5G.) Soft and gelatinous, hymeniuni plane, often wavy, amber- brown, tapering downwards to a narrow, usually excentric point of attachment, scabrous below ; spores oblong, 13-20 X 5-7 /x, Exidia recisa, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 223 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 348. On dead branches of willow, reaching to 1 inch in diameter. Exidia albida. Brefeld. Gelatinous, expanded, undulate, white, becoming brownish with age and pruinose with the white spores ; spores oblong, curved, 12-14 x 4-6 fi. Exidia albida, Brefeld. Tremella albida, Cke., Hdbk., p. 346. On dead branches. Bursting through cracks in the bark and forming waved, subgyrose, white, semipellucid folds that become yellowish or brown with age. Up to 1 inch across. ULOCOLLA. Bref. (fig. 7, p. 56.) Sporophore convex, pulvinate, gyrose, cerebriform, gela- tinous, rather large ; basidia globose, soon longitudinally or obliquely cruciate] y partite ; sterigmata, elongated, thick ; spores for a long time continuoiis, then 1-septatc, reniform, each loculus on germination giving origin to a very short promycelium bearing at its apex a crown ot straight, rod-like sporidiola. Ulocolla, Brefeld, Untersuch. vii. p. 95 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 777. Ulocolla saccharina. Bref. (fig. 7, p. 56.) Tuberculose, eftused, thick, gj-rose and undulate, fulvous- cinnamon, here and there papillose ; spores reniform, 10-12 X 5-6 fjL ; conidia about equal to the spores. 60 FUNGUS-FLORA. Ulocolla saccharma, Brefeld. Exidia saccharina, Cke., Hdbk., p. 349. On fallen pine-trunks. The colour of crystallized sugar when young, afterwards with a fulvous tinge. Ulocolla foliacea. Bref. Tufted and much lobed and waved, segments thin, springing from a plicate base ; colour variable, diaphanous, pinkish-cinnamon, rarely deep brown or even violet ; spores reniform, 10-12 X 5-6 /a; conidia similar to the spores. Ulocolla foliacea, Brefeld. Tremella foliacea, Cke., Hdbk., p. 345. On stumps of pine and other trees, reaching to 1-2 inches diameter. TREMELLA. Dill, (emended), (figs. 14, 15, p. 56.) Gelatinous, tremelloid, immarginate, generally smooth (i.e. not papillose) ; basidia globose, longitudinally cruciately (quadripartite, each quadrant of the basidium elongating into a long, stout sterigma ; spores snbglobose, continuous ; on germination a tube is formed that is covered with broadly elliptical sporidiola ; conidia snbglobose, racemose in sporiferous conceptacles in the sporophore, have occurred in some species. Tremella, Dill., Hist. Muse, p. 41 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 780. Sect. I. Mesenteriformes. Cartilagineo-gelatinous, lobes large, foliaceous, naked (i.e. not pruinose with the spores). Tremella fimbriata. Pers. Very soft and gelatinous, tufted, erect, lobes flaccid, corrugated, margins cut, blackish-olive, spores subpyriform. Tremella fimhriata, Persoon, Obs. 2, p. 97 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 344. On dead branches. Two to three inches high audthe same in diameter when well developed. Easily recognised by its dark colour. Tremella frondosa. Fries. Gelatinous, tufted, large; lobes undulate and contorted. TEEMELLA. Gl smooth (not corrugated); base firmer, plicate; pale pinkish- yellow ; spores subglohose, apiculate, 7-9 /x. Tremella frondosa, Fries, Syst. Myo. ii. p. 212 ; Cke., Hclbk., p. 344. On trunks of oak, &c. The largest species of the genus sometimes 4 in. high and broad, or even more. Tremella31utescens. Pars. (fig. 15, p. 56.) Very soft and gelatinous, lobes crowded, entire, undulately gyrose, pale then yellowish; spores subglohose, 12-16 //, diameter ; conidia globose, 1 • 5-2 fx diameter. Tremella lutescens, Persoon, Syn., p. 622; Cke., Hdbk,, p. 345. On fallen branches, stumps, &c. Very soft and tremulous, 1—2 inches broad. The conidia are produced at the tips of densely corymbose branches in the substance of the fungus. Sect. II. Cerehrinae. Lobes short, contorted, brain-like, pruinose with the white spores. Tremella mesenterica. Eetz. (fig. 14, p. 56.) Gelatinous but firm, bright orange-yellow, variously con- torted ; lobes short, smooth, pruinose with the white spores at maturity ; spores broadly elliptical, 6-9 /j. diam. ; conidia 1-1 • 5 fi diam. Tremella mesenterica, Eetz. in Vet. Ak. Handl. 1769, p. 249 ; Cke., Hdbk. p. 345. On dead branches. Very variable in form, but known by the bright orange colour. From J-2 inches across. Tremella intumescens. Eng. Bot. Gelatinous; subcaespitose, rounded, broken up into nu- meroTis tortuous lobes, brown, shining, obscurely dotted, becoming darker when dry ; spores oblong, slightly curved, 12-14 X 3-4 fji. Tremella intumescens, Eng. Bot., tab. 1870 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 346. On trunks of beech, &c. From 1-2 inches across. C2 FUNGUS-FLORA. Tremella vesicaria. Bull. Gelatinous but externally firm, soft and bladder}^ within, much contorted, pallid or yellowish ; spores 10 X 6 /x. Tremella vesicaria, Bnlliard, t. 427, f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 345. On the ground. Erect, tufts reaching 2 in. high and broad, or even more ; brownish when old. Sect. III. Crustaceae. Effused and applanate. Tremella viscosa. Berk, Small, depressed, undulate, white then grey, spores broadly elliptical, 7-9 X G fJi. Tremella viscosa, Berk., Outl., p. 288 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 347. Thelephora viscosa. Berk., Engl. FL, vol. v. p. 171. On dead wood. Forming grey, adpressed, small gelatinous patches. When dry resembling a thin, closely adpressed skin of a brown colour. Tremella epigaea. B. & Br. Gelatinous, eti'used and depressed, undulated and con- torted, thin, white, at length pruinose ; spore subglobose, G X 4: fX. Tremella epigaea. Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 373 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 348. On the naked soil. Forming a thin, white stratum. Sect. IV. Tuherculiformes. Small, suberumpent. Tremella indecorata. Somm. Gelatinous, erumpent, sessile, rounded, moist, opaque, plicate, dingy-olive, becoming blackish-brown when dry; spores globose, 7-9 /a diameter. Tremella indecorata, Sommerf. Lapp., p. 306 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 34G. On willow, poplar, &c. Erumpent, 3-4 lines across, dirty- grey, livid, or olive-brown, pitch-brown when dry. Tremella moriformis. Berk. Sessile, erumpent, roundish or oblong, sinuated, black. TREMELLA. 63 with purple tinge, interually deep purple, opaque, firm ; spores subglobose, apiculate, 5 x 4 /x,. Tremella moriformis. Berk., Outl., p. 287 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 346. On rotten wood. Small, resembling mulberries in minia- ture. Gives out a purple colour when treated with potassic hydrate. Tremella versicolor. Berk. Gelatinous but firm, orbicular, orange, at length brown ; spores broadly elliptic-apiculate, 6 X 4 /a. Tremella versicolor, Berk,, Outl., p. 288 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 347. On Corticium nudum. Forming minute orange, tear-like, convex spots on the hymenium of the Corticium, paler when young, at length assuming a rufous tinge. (Berk.) Tremella atrovirens. Fries. Minute, erumpent, minutely papillate and rugose, sooty- green when moist, blackish when dry ; gregarious or con- fluent; spores ellipsoid, subapiculate, 12-15 x 10-13 yu,. Tremella atrovirens, Fries, Sjst. Myc. ii. p. 232. On dead branches of Sarothammis. One to three lines in diameter. Tremella clavata. Pers. Solitary, simple, incrassated, reddish flesh-colour, becoming black at the base. Tremella clavata, Pers., Ic. Pict., t. 10, f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 347. On stumps. About 1 inch high, 2 lines broad, blackish below and slightly twisted TBerk.). The present species has not occurred recently, unless indeed it is a form of Tremella sarcoides, mentioned below. Tremella tubercularia. Berk. Erumpent, stem cylindrical, greyish, head subglobose, smooth or plicate, whitish, becoming dark when dry ; conidia 2 X ■ 5 /x, straight or slightly curved. Tremella tubercularia, Berk., Outl., p. 288 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 347. On fallen branches, especially oak. Consisting of a rather thick stem with a more or less rounded head, 2-4 lines high. W hen dry of a semi-transparent horny appearance. 64 FUJ^GUS-FLORA. The present species is certainly not a TrcmeUa, but the conidial form of some sj^ecies ; but is left where placed by Berkeley until its true position is ascertained. Tremella sarcoides. Sm, The conidial stage of OmhrojMa sarcoides, an ascigerous fungus. Caespitose, subgelatinous, flesh-colour or purplish, club- shaped, then compressed, lobed and plicate, conidia elliptical, 4-6 X 3 fi. On stumps and trunks. NAEMATELIA. Fries, (fig. 3, p. 56.) Subgelatinous but firm, convex, solid, with a firm nucleus ; basidia subglobose, cruciate ; spores broadly elliptical, con- tinuous. Naematelia, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 227 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 350. Eeadily distinguished by the presence of a central solid portion composed of interwoven hyphae, everywhere above covered with a thick gelatinous spore-beai-ing portion. Naematelia encephala. Fries, (fig. 3, p. 56.) Subsessile, pulvinate, variously plicate and contorted, firm ; pale flesh-colour ; nucleus large, white ; spores pear-shaped, 15-18 fjL diameter. Naematelia encepJiala, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 227 ; Cke., Hdbk. p. 350. On pine, &c. From 1-2 inches across, pulvinate, with a stem-like base entering the matrix. Naematelia nucleata. Fries. Sessile, flattened, gelatinous, more or less contorted, white, then yellowish, nucleus small, white ; spores broadly elliptical, 7 yu. long. Naematelia nucleata. Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 227 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 350. On rotten wood. From l-r^ inch across, depressed, superficially reseml)ling Exidia alhida, but distinguished by the central hard, white nucleus. When dry the outermost gelatinous portion contracts, the nucleus alone being visible. GYROCEPHALUS — TREMELLODON. 65 Naematelia virescens. Corda. Small, subgelatiuous, sessile, suborbicular, depressed, con- torted, dingy green ; spores elliptical, apiculate, 18 X 11 /u. Naematelia virescens, Corda, Icon. iii. f. 90 ; Cke,, Hdbk., p. 350. On In-anches of furze, &c. About i in, across, but size variable, greenish. GYROCEPHALUS. Pers. (f. 10, p. 56.) Sporophore erect, substipitate, subspathulate, irregular, tremelloso-cartilaginous : basidia globose, soon longitudinally and crucially septate, sterigmata 2 or 4, elongated, thick ; ^pores ovate-pirifurm, continuous, not producing sporidiola on germination so far as is known. Gyrocephalus, Pers., Mem. Soc. Linn., Paris, iii., p. 77 (1824) : Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 795. Distinguished by being more or less distinctly stipitate, sporophore flattened, spathulate, hymenium confined to one surface only. Gyrocephalus rufus. Jacq. (fig. 10, p. 56.) Erect, cartilagineo-gelatinous, stem very variable in length, subspathulate, or variously contorted or lobed ; orange with a rosy tinge ; hymenium inferior, very smooth ; spores elliptical, apiculate at the base, 12-15 x 8-10 /a. Gyrocephalus rufus, Jacq. Misc. 1, p. 143, t. 14. Guepinia helvelloides. Fries, Hyiu. Eur., p. 697. On the ground, also on fragments of wood, &c. Ex- ceedingly variable, stem elongated or almost wanting ; pileus spathulate, variously contorted, entire or lobed. One inch or more in height. D TREMELLODON. Pers. (figs. 4-5, p. 48.) Gelatinous ; pileate ; hymenium inferior, covered with acute gelatinous spines ; basidia subglobose, cruciately divided, producing four stout, elongated sterigmata, spores subglobose, continuous. Tremellodon, Pers., Myc. Eur. ii. p. 172 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 247. VOL. I. F 66 FUNGUS-FLORA. Eydnum, Cke., Hdbk., p. 298. A very remarkable genus, with the gelatinous consistency, hasidia, and spores of the Tremellini, but superficially re- sembling the genus Hydnum in the distinct spines present on the hymenium. Tremellodon gelatinosum. Pers. (figs. 4-5, p. 48.) Gelatinous, tremelloid, dimidiate or fan-shaped, 1-3 in. across, thick, extended behind into a lateral thick, stem-like base, pileus brownish with opalescent shades, very minutely granular ; hymenium watery-grey ; teeth stout, acute, 1-2 lines long, whitish ; spores subglobose, 7-8 [x diam. Tremellodon gelatinosum, Pers,, Myc. Eur. ii. p. 172; Stev., Fung., p. 247. Hydnum gelatinosum, Cke., Hdbk., p. 298. On pine stumps and on the ground. Gregarious, very variable in form and size but unmistakable, being our only tremelloid fungus with true spines. DACRYOMYCETEAE. DACEYOMYCES. Nees. (figs. 12, 13, p. 56.) Gelatinous, homogeneous, rather plicato-gyrose, every- where covered with the hymenium ; basidia terminating ordinary hyphae, tereti-clavate, bifurcate at the apex when mature ; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, at maturity or during germination variously septate, sometimes becoming muril'orui ; in conidia-bearing sporophores the conidia, which more or less resemble the spores in size and form, are pro- duced in chains. Daeryomyccs, Nees, Syst., p. 89 ; Sacc, Syll. vi. p. 796. Minute gelatinous fungi occurring on dead wood, often of an orange or yellow colour. Dacryomyces macrosporus. B. & Br, Gelatinous, tiibcrculate, rosy ; spores cylindric-oblong, becoming 3-5 septate, constricted at the septa. DACRYOMYCES. 67 Dacryomyces macrosporus, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. n. 1374, t. 7, f. 1 ; Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 698. On dry branches. Forming thin patches \ in. long. Dacryomyces deliquescens. Duby. Gelatinous, roundish or irregular, convex, gyrose, yellow, hyaline, basal portion root-like and entering the matrix, spores cylindrical, obtuse, curved, 3-septate, 15-17 X 6-7 fx. Dacryomyces deliquescens. Duby, Bot. Gall., p. 729 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 351. On pine wood. In perfection during the winter months. Forming yellow subcircular convex masses 1-4 lines broad, often growing in long lines out of cracks in the wood. Dacryomyces stillatus. Nees. (fig. 12, p. 56.) Gelatinous, rounded, convex, more or less plicate, persist- ently orange; spores cylindrical, curved, multi-septate, 18-22 X 7-8 ya. Dacryomyces stillatus. Nees, Syst., p. 89, f. 90 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 352. On pine and other decaying wood. Distinguished from D. deliquescens by its rather smaller size, firmer substance, deeper orange colour, and larger, multi-septate spores. Usually barren. Dacryomyces chrysocomus. Fries, (fig. 13, p. 56.) Gelatinous, orbicular, when young spherical, soon becoming collapsed and saucer-shaped, at length almost flat, golden yellow, not wrinkled ; spores elliptical, multi-septate, 18-25 x 9-10 IX.. Dacryomyces chrysocomus. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 699 ; Cke. Hdbk., p. 352. On rotten fir-wood, &c. Distinguished by being very thin, pellucid, and saucer-shaped, like a minute Peziza or Calloria. About 1 line across. Dacryomyces succineus. Fries. Subgelatinous, gregarious, smooth, amber-colour, paler ex- ternally when moist, rather thick, collapsing when dry ; spores cylindrical, straight, ends obtuse, 14 x 2 //, 2-gut- tulate. Dacryomyces succineus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 699. On pine leaves. The present minute species is stated by F 2 68 FUNGUS-FLORA. Phillips to be the conidial stage of Peziza eleetrica, Phil, and Plow. inGrevillea, June, 1880. Dacryomyces sebaceus. B. & Br. Gelatinous but firm, cup-shaped, whitish, spores cylin- drical, slightly curved, multi-septate, 12-13 X 7-8 /a. Dacryomyces sebaceus, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1305 ; Cke., Hdbk.. p. 351. On branches. Conspicuous in wet weather, 2-4 lines broad. Dacryomyces torta. Massee. Gelatinous, rounded, depressed, gyroso-tuberculate, yellow or orange; spores cylindrical, curved, 3-septate, 12 x 4-5 [x. Dacryomyces torta, Mass. TremeUa torta. Berk., Outl., p. 288. On decorticated oak branches. Distinguished from Da- cryomyces deliquescens by the smaller spores. From 3-4 lines across. Dacryomyces {?) vermicularis. B. & Br. Minute, grey, worm-shaped, sporophores globose, 12*5 yu, ; spores globose, pallid rufous, 5 /x. diameter. Dacryomyces (?) vermicularis, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1700. On rotten wood. No specimen exists in Berkeley's her- barium, hence it remains doubtful as to the correct posi- tion of the present species, which does not appear from the brief description to agree with Dacryomyces as at present understood. DACRYOPSIS. Massee. (figs. 5, 6, p. 5(5.) Small, subgelatiuous, stipitate, fertile portion capitate, at first covered with conidiophores ; conidia terminal at apex of conidiophores or short lateral brauchlets ; conidia minute, hyaline, continuous, forming a dense stratum; basidia cylin- drical, bifurcate, aseptate, springing from the interlaced hyphao at the apex of tlie stem, either contemporaneous with or later than the conidia. Spores elongated, colourless, con- tinuous, or septate. DACEYOPSIS — GUEPINIA. 69 Dacryopsis, Massee, Journ. Mycol. (1891), p. 180 ; Grevillea, 1891, p. 23. Coryne, Berk, (in part). Ditiola, Fries (in part). During the conidial stage the structure is identical with that of Tuhercularia, and later on the basidia appear on the same stroma. Dacryopsis nuda. Massee. (figs. 5 and 6, p. 56.) Gregarious ; head hemispherical, flattened below, reddish- orange, 3-4 mm. diameter ; stem short, stout, white or tinged yellow, minutely tomentose; 3-4 x 2-2-5 mm.; conidiophores appearing before the basidia, linear straight, aseptate, simple or rarely with 1-3 short branchlets near the apex, 35-40 x 1*5 /a ; conidia elliptic-oblong, 3 x 1 /a ; ba- sidia projecting above the conidiophores, cylindrical, bifur- cate, 56-60 X 5-6 /A ; spores elliptic-oblong, with an oblique apiculus, 3-septate, 14 X 5 /a. Dacryopsis nuda, Massee, Journ. Mycol. (1891), p. 181; Grev. (1891), p. 24. Ditiola nuda. Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. ii., vol. ii. p. 267. On fir stumps, &c. GUEPINIA. Fr. (fig. 16, p. 56.) Fungi cartilagineo-gelatinous, versiform, the two surfaces diverse in structure ; substipitate ; hymenium unilateral ; basidia linear, deeply bifurcate, bisporous ; spores curved. Chains of conidia produced at the tips of hyphae springing from the surface opposed to the hymenium. Guepinia, Fr., Elenchus ii. p. 30 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 805. Guepinia peziza. Tul. (fig. 16, p. 56.) Cup-shaped, subsessile, yellow or orange, everywhere gla- brous, attached obliquely by the back ; stem slender ; sporo- phores subclavate ; spores elliptic-oblong, at first continuous, then l-3-.septate, 10 x 4 jx. Guepinia peziza, Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1853, p. 224. On dead branches, trunks, &c. Cup oblique, often irre- gular, about I in. across, often minutely hoary above; tinged with pink when drv. 70 FUNGUS-FLORA. DITIOLA. Fries. Stroma firm, more or less stem-like ; hymenium discoid, gelatinous ; basidia furcate ; spores at first continuous, then 1-septate. Ditiola, Fries, Sj'st. Mj'c. ii. p. 170. Ditiola radicata. Fries. Stroma rooting, exposed portion thick, firm, simple or branched, white, villous, expanded at the apex and ter- minated by the plane or sliglitly depressed, golden-yellow hj^menium ; spores elliptic-oblong, mostly curved, uni-septate, 8-12 X 4-5 /t. Ditiola radicata. Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 170 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 353, fig. 101. On wood, amongst pine leaves, &c. Stem i-j in. high, hymenium 2-5 lines across. APYEENIUM. Fries. Subgelatinous, subglobose, hollow ; hymenium covering the whole of the outer surface ; spores continuous. Apyrenium, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand., p. 470 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 352. Distinguished amongst the Tremellineae by being inflated and constantly hollow. A spurious genus, the forms being the conidial stage of species of Hypocrea. Apyrenium lignatile. Fries. Sessile, rounded and variously deformed, smooth, internally and externally pallid or yellowish, collapsing when dry and becoming rugulose ; spores rounded. Apyrenium lignatile. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 700 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 352, fig. 100. On pine wood, decaying fungi, tfec, in damp places. About the size of a pea, sometimes with a reddish tinge. The conidial stage of Hypocrea rufa. Apyrenium armeniacum. B. & Br. Subgelatinous, lobed, peach colour; spores obovate, 13 x 8 fj.. APYRENIUM — CALOCERA. 71 Api/renium armeniacmn, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1141, pi. ii., f. 2 ; Cke., Hdhk., p. 352. On oak chips, decaying fungi, &c. Smaller tlian A. ligna- tite and more irregularly lobed. The conidial stage of Hypocrea gelatinosa. CALOCERA. Fr. (fig. 11, p. 56.) Gelatinoso-cartilaginous, horny when dry, vertical, suh- cylindrical, simple or branched, viscid, without a distinct stem. Hymenium covering every part of the hymenophore ; basidia terete, apex furcate or bilobed, each lobe bearing a single 1-spored sterigma. Spores oblong, curved, septate on germination and producing heads of ellip.soid sporidiola. Calocera, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 485 ; Sacc, Syll. vi. p. 732. In habit resembling the genus Clavana, but distinguished by being subgelatinous and viscid when moist, rigid and horny when dry, and more especially by the furcate basidia. * Branched. Calocera viscosa. Fries, (fig. 11, p. 56.) Branched, viscid and tough when moist, rooting, smooth, orange- yellow; branches straight, repeatedly forked ; spores cylindric-oblong, apiculate, slightly curved, 9-10 X 4-5 /x. Calocera viscosa, Fries, S. M. i. p. 486 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 339. On pine stumps, &c. Generally tufted, 1-2 in. high, root pale, often very long and penetrating the wood. * Unbi'anchedy caespitose. Calocera tuberosa. Fries. Caespitose, tough, simple, linear, sub-acute, yellowish ; two or three springing from a thick, strigose, subglobose rooting tuberous base. Calocera tuberosa. Fries, S. M. i. p. 486 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 339. Oq trunks. Clubs up to 2 in. high, slender. 72 FUNGUS-FLOEA. Calocera cornea. Fr. Tufted, rooting, clubs smooth, viscid, subulate, simple or rarely with a minute branchlet, orange-yellow or pale yellow, several connate at the base ; spores cylindric-oblong, 7-8 X 5 /x. Calocera cornea. Fries, S. M. i. p. 486; Cke., Hdbk., p. 339. On stumps and decorticated trunks, especially oak. Eigid when dry. Known by the tufted, tapering and pointed sporophores, which vary from \-% in. high. *** TJnhranclied, solitary. Calocera stricta. Fr. Simple, solitary, i-1 in. high, linear, even when dry, yellow; base abrupt, encircled with white tomentum. Calocera stricta. Fries, Epicr., p. 581 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 340. On trunks. Occasionally two sporophores spring from the same base, but they are not habitually caespitose as in C. cornea. Var. epiphylla, Fr., differing from the type in being 2-3 in. high, smooth at the base, and abruptly rooting and growing amongst pine leaves, has not, so far as I am aware, occurred in this country. Calocera striata. Fr. Simple, solitary, about I in. high, acute, longitudinally striate or rugose when dry, "yellow; spores cylindric-oblong, 8 X 4 /A. Calocera striata, Fries, Epicr., p. 582 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 681. On trunks. Somewhat resembling C. cornea, but dis- tinguished by being solitary, and striate when dry. Calocera glossoides. Fr. Simple, solitary, yellow, somewhat tremellose, round and slender at the base, incrassated and compressed above, obtuse; spores elliptic-oblong, sliglitly curved. Calocera glossoides, Fries, S. M. i. p. 487. On trunks. About i in. high. CLAVARIEAE. 73 FAM. II. CLAVARIEAE. Fleshy, not coriaceous ; erect, simple and club-shaped or TarioiTsly branched ; hymenium covering the whole of the sporophore. Distinguished from the Thelephoreae, as Lachiodadium (not British), that grow erect, and are branched and Clavaria- like by being soft and fleshy and not subcoriaceous, and also in having the hymenium completely surrounding the hymeno- phore, and not confined to one side, as in Lachnocladium. KEY TO THE GENEBA. * Very much, hranched, branches compressed, plate-lihe, crisped. Sparassis. ** Club-shaped and simple or variously branched, branches terete. f Stem distinct from hymenophore. Typhula. ff Stem not distinct from hymenophore. Clavaria. — Fleshy, simple or branched, branches terete. Pistillaria. — Minute, club-shaped, simple, rigid when dry. Ptenila. — Small, branches very numerous and very slen- der, forming a brush-like tuft. 74 FUNGUS-FLOEA. Fig. 1, section of Sparassis crispa, much reiluced :— Fig. 2, Clavaria ahietina, nat. size;— Fig. 3, spores of same, highly mag. ;— Fig. 4, Clavaria inaequalis, nat. size;— Fig. 5, Typhula erythropus, nat. size ;— Fig. 6, FistiUaria tenvipes, nat. size ;— Fig. 7, spores of same, highly mag. ;— Fig. 8, Clavaria pisfillari>t, basidium bearing four spores, higlily mag. ;— Fig. 9, ristillaria quisquilaris, nat. size. SPARASSIS. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 74.) Fleshy, branched, branches flattened, laciniate, variously contorted and grown together, entirely covered with the hymenium. SiJarassis, Fries, Ilym. Eur., p. 66G ; Cko., ITdbk., p. 330. Forming large, irregularly globose, compact tufts, the brittle branches variously flattened and contorted, with the tips much cut. Sparassis crispa. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 74.) Fragile; very much branched, branches very irregular, SPAEASSIS — CLAVAEL\. 75 forming a compact head, springing from a thick, stem-like, rooting base, whitish or pale ochraceous ; spores pale ochra- ceous, 5-6 X 3-4 /x. Sparassis crispa, Cke., Hdbk., n. 958, f. 87 ; Stev., Brit. Fung, ii. p. 289 ; Hogg and Johnst., t. 24. Amongst heather, in fir woods, &c. Variable in size, some- times forming masses 18 in. across. CLAVAEIA. Yaill. (figs. 2, 3, 4, 8, p. 74.) Sporophore erect, simple, and more or less club-shaped, or variously, often excessively branched ; hymenium covering every part of the sporophore, which is not furnished with a distinct stem; basidia tetrasporous ; spores colourless or coloured. Clavaria, Yaill., Paris, p. 39 (in part) ; Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 465. Growing on the ground or rarely on wood. Fleshy and brittle, often very bright-coloured. Calocera, a genus re- sembling a branched Clavaria in habit, is distinguished by its viscidity and subgelatinous nature, also by the sub- globose, cruciately septate basidia. I. EAMARIA. Branched, hrancJies attenuated upicards. * Leucosporae. Spores ichite or dingy ; not ochraceous. f Colour clear yellow, red or violet. Clavaria botrytes. Pers. Fragile, basal portion thick, fleshy, passing into numerous irregular, crowded, thick branches, which are thickened at the extremity and broken up into numerous densely-crowded, reddish, toothed branchlets ; spores white, 8 x 5 /x. Clavaria hotrytes, Cke., Hdbk., n. 959 ; Badham, Esc. Fung, i. t. 16, f. 2 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 290. In woods. Large, from 3-6 in. across, 3-4 in. high ; the subglobose ends of the branches are composed of numerous crowded, small branchlets varying from rose-colour to dingy 76 . FUNGUS-FLORA. red ; branches and flesh white. Looks like the heart of a cauliflower. Clavaria amethystina. Bull. Violet, fragile, very much branched, branches round, smooth, even, obtuse ; spores elliptical, pale ochraceous, 10-12 X 6-7 IX. Clavaria amethystina. Berk., Outl. 279, t. 18, f. 2 (small, subsimple form, not bv any means typical) ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 960 ; Stev., Brit. F., p. 291. Amongst grass in woods and pastures. From 1-3 in. high, very much branched or almost simple. Known by the violet colour. Clavaria fastigiata. Linn. Tufted, very much branched, branchlets fastigiate at the tips, rather tough, egg-yellow; spores white, irregularly globose, 4-6 //.. Clavaria fastigiata. Berk., Outl. 279 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 961 ; Stev., B. Fung.'ii. 291. Clavaria pratensis, Berk., Eng. Fl. v. 5, p. 174. Amongst grass in pastures. About 1 in. high, distinguished by clear egg-yellow colour. Clavaria muscoides. Linn. Clear yellow, slightly tufted, stems slender, toraentose at the base, once or twice branched above, axils rounded ; spores white, subglobose, 5-6 yu,. Clavaria muscoides. Berk., Outl. 279 ; Cke., Ildbk. n. 962 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. 291. In pastures. "From 1-Uin. high, somewhat resembling G. fastigiata, but the stems" are more slender, tomento.se at the base, and are not branched so near to the base nor so repeatedly ; branchlets thin, tapering, axils rounded. Clavaria curta. Fries. Greenish yellow, much branched, branches short, closely crowded, tii)s blunt, stem not distinct; spores colourless, subglobose, 5-6 /u,. Clavaria curta, Fr., Ilym. Eur., p. 668 ; Stev., Brit. Fung, ii. 291. In grassy places. A small species not 1 in. high. CLAVAEIA. 77 ff Colour tvJiite or grey. Clavaria coralloides. Linn. Eather fragile, white, partly hollow ; trunk rather thick, short, breaking up into numerous repeatedly forked branches, axils rounded, branches unequal, subcompressed ; ultimate branchlets crowded, acute ; spores subglobose, apiculate, pale ochraceous, 10 x 8 ^. Clavaria coralloides, Linn., Suec, n. 1268; Stev., Fung., p. 292. On the ground in woods. Usually caespitose, growing into each other, 2— i in. high. Sometimes scattered and with- out the branches developed, then approaching C. rugosa, but not longitudinally wrinkled. Other forms approach C. cris- tata, with which it agrees exactl}^ in the spores, but differs in the numerous small pointed branchlets at the tips of the branches. Clavaria cinerea. Bull. Stem short, thick, whitish, branches livid grey, brittle, stuffed, numerous, irregular, sometimes compressed, wrinkled ; spores white, subglobose, 5 ya or 6 x 5 /a. Clavaria cinerea, Cke., Hdbk., n. 265 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 292 ; Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl., t. G-l. In woods. Often gregarious or crowded, 1-2 in. high, branches numerous, irregular, with a few short branchlets, or flattened and cut at the tip into several slender, pointed branchlets. Distinguished by the bright grey colour. Clavaria umbrinella. Sacc. Pale umber, about 1 in. high, sparingly branched, branches and branchlets cylindrical, obtuse, forked, axils usually rounded; spores subglobose, apiculate, 9-10 x 7-8 fx. Clavaria umbrinella, Sacc, Syll. vi. n. 7948. Clavaria umhrina, Berk., Outl, 279, t. 18, f. 4. Berkeley's specific name was antedated by Leveille. On the ground. Tufts usually' small, stem sometimes rather thick and minutely velvety. Probably nothing more than a small dingy form of C. cristata. Clavaria cristata. IJolmsk. Tough, white or tinj^ed with dirty ochre, base short, stout, 78 FUNGUS-FLOKA. dividing into numerous irregular branches that become flattened uj:) wards and cut at the apex into acute branchlets ; spores pale ochraceous, subglobose. apiculate, 10 X 8 /*. Clavaria cristnta, Grev., Scot, Cr. Fl., t. 190; Cke., Hdbk., n. 9G6 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 292. Clavaria fuliginea. Pars. In woods. Forming tufts 1-2 in. high, known b}'' the flattened branches being divided into several pointed branchlets at the tips like a stag's horn ; this last character is the only one that separates the present species from C. coralloides. Clavaria Krombholzii. Fr. Tufted, fragile, white, shining, even, sparingly branched, branches more or less compressed, acute ; spores white, broadly elliptical, 10-11 X 7-8 yu,, Clavaria Krombholzii, Fr., Hym. Eur. G69 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. 293. In pastures. Somewhat resembling C. rugosa, differs in being brittle and even, not wrinkled, 1-3 in. high. Clavaria rugosa. Bull. Eathor tough, whitish, thickened upwards, simple or with a few irregular obtuse branches, longitudinally rugose ; spores white, irregularly globose, 8-10 /a. Clavaria rugosa. Berk., Outl., t. 18, f. 3 ; Cke., Ildbk., n. 9G7 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 293. In woods. Solitary or gregarious, 2-4 in. high, up to ^ in. thick, white or dingy; simple and club-shaped or variously branched, tips blunt. ])istinguished by the dis- tinct, irregular longitudinal wrinkles. Clavaria Kunzei. Fries. Tufted, shining white, rather fragile, very much branched from the base ; branches long, frequently forked, of about equal height, axils compressed ; spores white, broadly ellip- tical, 9-11 X 8 IX. Clavaria Kunzei, Fries., Hym. Eur., p. 699 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 293. In woods. Tufts 1-2 in. high, distinguished amongst the white species by the numerous, crowded, erect, repeatedly forked equal branches of about equal length. CLAVAEIA. 79 Clavaria pyxidata. Pers. Tufted, pale, becoming rufescent, trunk variable in length, breaking up into numerous suberect, forked brancbes, all the tips hollowed out in a cup-like manner and usually with slender branchlets springing from the margin of the cup : spores white, svibglobose, 4 x 3 yu.. Clavaria pyxidata, Pers., Comm., t. 1, f. 1 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 293. On rotten wood, rarely on the ground, and then probably springing from buried branches, &c. Tufted, 1-2 in. high, known by the hollowed-out tips of the branches. ** Ochrosporae, Spores ocJiraceoiis or cinnamon. f Colour yellow, pinJcish-yelloic, or dingy ochraceous. Clavaria aurea. Schoeif. Trunk thick, elastic, pallid, flesh white, dividing into numerous thick branches that become repeated I3' divided in a dichotomous manner upwards, and terminate in slender, erect, round, yellow branchlets; spores pale ochraceous, elliptical, 10-11 x 5-6 /x. Clavaria aurea, Berk., Outl., p. 280 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 909 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. 294. In woods. Forming large tufts 2-3 in. high, colourless or almost so below, tips yellow. Clavaria formosa. Pers. Base thick, elastic, dividing into numerous, crowded, erect branches that become thinner upwards and divided at the apex into several thin, straight, simple or toothed, yellow branchlets, base and main branches pale dirty ochraceous with a red tinge, flesh same colour inside ; spores ochraceous, 9x3-4 //. Clavaria formosa, Cke., Hdbk. n. 970 ; Stev., Brit. F. ii. p. 294. On the ground in woods. Forming large tufts 3-4 in. high, often crowded and extending for several feet. The basal portion of the stem is sometimes whitish. Clavaria spinulosa. Pers. Trunk stout, pallid ; branches numerous, elongated, erect. 80 FUNGUS-FLORA. crowded, tapering upwards, brownish cinnamon ; spores ochraceous, elliptical, 11-13 X 5-6 /x. Clavaria spinulosa, Pers., Obs. ii. t. 3, f. 1 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. 294. In pine woods. From 2-3 in. high, stem |-1 in., some- what resembling some forms of C. ahietina, but distinguished by the very much larger spores and not becoming green when bruised. Clavaria abietina. Schum. (figs. 2, 3, p. 74.) Stem short, thick, white, downy ; branches numerous, crowded, frequently divided, erect, ochraceous, becoming greenish when bruised ; spores ochraceous, elliptical, 6 X 3-4 IX. Clavaria ahietina, Cke., Hdbk., n. 971 ; Stev., Brit. Fung, ii. p. 294 ; Greville, Scot. Cr. Fl. t. 117. In fir woods. From 1-3 in. high, very much branched from a stout base, branches deep ochre, sometimes rather thick, equal, repeatedly divided, axils rounded, tips abrupt, cristate, at others divided into numerous thin erect branches, the whole plant resembling a birch besom. Taste bitter. Branches longitudinally wrinkled when dry. Clavaria flaccida. Fr. Slender, very much branched, flaccid, ochraceous, stem very short, branches crowded, repeatedly forked, upper axils rounded, and the acute terminal branchlets converg- ing ; spores ochraceous, broadly elliptical, 4—5 x 3 /a. 'Clavaria flaccida, Berk., Outl., 280 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 972 ; Stev. Brit. Fung. ii. p. 295. Amongst moss in woods. From 1-2 in. high, closely related to C. spinulosa, but colour clearer than ochraceous without any tinge of brown, and the terminal branches con- verging like forceps. Does not turn green when bruised like C. ahietina. Mycelium whitish, floccose, creeping over leaves. Stem sometimes j in. long, at others almost obsolete. Clavaria crocea. Tors. SafiTron-yellow, stem slender, pale, at the apex dividing into a few branches, which again divide in a dichotomous manner ; spores ochraceous, elliptical, G-7 x 3-4 fx.. CLAVARIA. 81 CJavaria crocea, Berk., Out!. 280 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 973 ; Stev., Brit, r., ii. 295. On the ground. From ^-| in. high, stem slender, for some distance unbranched, bearing at the apex a variable number (if dichotomously divided branches; a thin, slender, elegant fungus. a' ff. Colour whitish, grey or violet. Clavaria grisea. Pers. Ashy-grey, stem stout, fleshy, branches long, irregular, tapering, rugose, branchlets obtuse ; spores pale brown, subglobose, 9 X 7-8 fx. Clavaria grisea, Pers., Comm., p. 44 ; Berk., Outl. 281 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 974; Stev., B. Fung. 295. On the ground in woods. From 1^-3 in. high, stem about 1 in. long, 4-| in. thick, branches stout; resembling robust forms of G. cinerea, best known by the large, coloured spores. Clavaria condensata. Fr. Eeddish-tan colour, very densely branched from the base, branches crowded, parallel, even, fastigiate at the apex, where they are yellowish, not changing coloiir when bruised; spores l^ale ochraceous, 9x7//.. Clavaria condensata, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. G72 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 295. On the ground. Tiunk absent, the densely crowded, straight, subequal branches springing from the base; 3-4 in. high ; mycelium white, fleecy, running amongst leaves, ttf . Groiving on wood. Clavaria stricta. Pers. Pale dull yellow, becoming brownish when bruised ; stem distinct, short, branches numerous, straight, crowded together, tips acute ; spores pale ochraceous, 6-8 X 4—5 /x. Clavaria stricta. Berk., Outl. 281, t. 18, f. 5: Cke., Hdbk., n. 970 : Stev., Brit. Fung. 295. On trunks in woods. Densely branched, branches crowded, repeatedly forking, tips usually with 2-3 pointed acute branchlets; about 2 in. high. VOL. I. o 82 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Clavaria crispula. Fr. Tau-colour, becoming ocliraceous, stem rather slender, with downy rooting strands of mycelium ; branches numerous, wavy, spreading, repeatedly dividing, terminal branchlets acute, spreading ; spores pale yellow, elliptical, 5 X 3 /a. Clavaria crispula. Berk., Outl. 281 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 976 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. 290. At the base of trunks. Stem thin, branches numerous, lax, rather wavy or flexuous, 2-3 in. high. II. SYNCOEYNE. Cluhs almost simple, tufted at the base. I Beddish. Clavaria purpurea. Fr. Purple, tufted, simple, acute, becoming hollow and com- pressed ; spores colourless, elliptical, with a minute ajiiculus, 8 X 4-5 /x. Clavaria j^urpurea, Berk., Outl., p. 281 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 977; Stev., Fung. Brit. ii. p. 296. Amongst grass. Simple, caespitose, 3-5 in. high ; tip tapering, acute, 3-4 lines thick in the centre, sometimes tinged with brown or red. Clavaria rufa. Fl. Dan. Eeddish brown, gregarious, not tufted, simple or slightly cleft at the obtuse aj)ex, straight or generally' flexuous or variously deformed ; spores colourless, elliptical, 7 x 5 ya. Clavaria rupa, Fl. Dan., t. 775, f. 1 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 296. On the ground. Scattered, simple or with 1-2 irregular branchlets, tip blunt or acute, often cleft, 1-1?. in. high, 2-3 lines thick, very frequently curved or twisted and com- pressed. Clavaria rosea. Fr. Eose-colour, deep or pale, in small tufts ; simple, fragile, stuffed, often becoming yellowish at the apex ; spores colour- less, globose, 3 /x. Clavaria rosea, Berk., Outl. 281 ; Cke., Ildbk., n. 978 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 290. CLAVAKIA. 83 Amongst grass or moss. Generally sparingly tufted, rose- pink, 1-1.^ in. high. f f Yellowish or White. Clavaria fusiformis. Sow. Tufted, connate at the base, elongato-fusiform, primrose- yellow, simple or rarely unequally branched above, tip con- tracted into a short, brownish, spine-like point, smooth, soon hollow; spores pale yellow, globose, 4-5 jx. Clavaria fusiformis, Sowerby, Fung., t. 224; Cke., Hdbk., n. 979, fig. 89 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 297. Clavaria ceramides, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 297 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 980. In woods, &c. Tufted, rather brittle, 2-3 in. high, 2-3 lines thick, becoming hollow, often compressed and collapsed, straight, or sometimes rather flexuous, sometimes with one or more short branches. Clavaria inaequalis. Fl. Dan. (fig. 4, p. 74.) Yellow, gregarious or fasciculate, fragile, stuffed, clavate, apex obtuse, simple or sometimes forked ; spores colourless, elliptical, 9-10 x 5 fi. Clavaria inaequalis, Berk., Outl. 282 ; Cke., Hdbk., n, 981 ; Stev., F. Brit. 297. In woods and pastures amongst grass. Scattered or in small loose tufts, clubs clavate or cylindrical, apex obtuse, sometimes forked, or variously cut at the tip now and then compressed. Distinguished from C. fusiformis in the tips not being apiculate and brown, 2-3 in. high. Clavaria argillacea. Fr. Loosely tufted, simple, fragile, club-shaped, or cylindrical , from whitish to pale drab, stem yellowish ; spores colourless, elliptical, 7-9 x 5-6 /x. Clavaria argillacea ; Berk., Outl. 282 ; Cke., Hdbk. 982 ; Stev., B. Fung. 297. Amongst moss and grass. Loosely tufted, from g-li in. high, whitish to dirty pale drab, stem pale yellow or whitish ; clubs variable, clavate or cylindrical, obtuse or subacute, often more or less compressed. Clavaria vermicularis. Scop. Densely tufted, biittle, altogether white, stuffed, simple, cylindrical, ajjex pointed ; spores white, elliptical, 4 x 3 /a. G 2 84 FUNGUS-FLORA. Clavaria vermicularis, Cke., Hdbk., n. 984; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 298. f, xcii. Amongst grass. Densely tufted, white, about 2 in. high, straight or sometimes flexuous. Clavaria fragilis. Holmsk. White, sometimes with a yellow tinge, loosely tufted, very brittle, simple, stuifed, becoming hollow and variously com- pressed, and twisted, spores white, elliptical, 10-12 x 4-6 fx.. Clavaria fragilis, Berk., Outl., 283 ; Cke., Hdkb., n. 985 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 298. Amongst grass. Clubs generally simple, rarely with 1 or more short branches, variously compressed, twisted or curved, soon hollow, very brittle, 1-3 in. high. Not so closely com- pacted as in G. vermicularis, and the tips not so pointed. Iff Colour smohy or hlacJcish. Clavaria fumosa. Pers. Greyish-browu or dusky-ochre, fasciculate, fragile, soon hollow, clubs straight or flexuous, tips usually pointed and curved, very much attenuated downwards ; spores colourless, elliptical, 6-8 X 4 /x. Clavaria fumosa, Cke., Hdbk., n. 986 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 298. Amongst grass. Tufted, varying from smoke-brown to dingy ochre, 2-3 in. high. In Kromlioltz, fig. 18, quoted by Fries under the present species; the clubs are very flexuous, tips aciculate, curved, very much attenviated below, dirty ochre, 2-3 in. high. III. HOLOCORYNE. Clubs almost simple, distinct at the hase. f Colour whitish. Clavaria canaliculata, Fr. Solitary, white, simple, smooth, rather tough, soon hollow, then becoming compressed, and longitudinally furrowed; spores colourless, broadly elliptical, 10-12 x 9-10 ft. Clavaria canaliculata, Fr,, Hym. Eur., p. 678 ; Stev,, Brit. Fung. ii. p, 300, CLAVARIA. 85 On the ground. Solitary, or sometimes in pairs, 2-4 iu. high, 2-3 lines thick, longitudinally grooved, sometimes splitting, apex tapering ; not rooting. Clavaria acuta. Sow. White, solitary, simple, erect, clavate, apex acute, prui- nose ; spores colourless, subglobose, about 4 /a. Clavaria acuta. Sow., Fung,, t. 333 ; Berk., Outl., p. 283 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 991 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 301. On soil in plant-pots, &c. From ^-l^^ in. high. Clavaria uncialis. Grev. Whitish, tough, simple, smooth, obtuse, attenuated below ; spores colourless, elliptical, 5 x 3 /x. Clavaria uncialis, Grev., Scot. Or. FL, t. 98 ; Berk., Outl. 284; Cke., Hdbk., n. 992; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 301. On dead stems of herbaceous plants, especially ura- bellifers. Scattered, J— 1 in. high, becoming rather carti- laginous and pale amber colour when dry. Distinguished by its habitat. ff Colour yelloio or pallid, becoming darker. Clavaria pistillaris. Linn. (fig. 8, p. 74.) Simple, clavate or obovate, stuffed, minutely velvety, whitish, then dirty yellow, finally dingy brown ; spores white, elliptic-oblong, 9-11 x 5-6 /x. Clavaria pistillaris, Cke., Hdbk., n. 987 ; S^ev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 299. Sow., Fung., t. 277. In woods. Variable in size, from 4-12 in. high, 1-? in. thick at widest part ; either club-shaped with a narrow base or sometimes irregularly subglobose or broadly elliptical ; flesh whitish, stufi'ed in the centre, that is, the texture is loose and cottony. Clavaria ligula. Fr. Gregarious, clavate, obtuse, much attenuated downwards, base villous, simple, pale ochraceoiis, the clubs with rufes- cent tinge, stuffed; spores colourless, elliptical, 11-13 x 4-5 fx. Clavaria ligida, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. i>7G ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 299; Fl. Dan., t. 837, f. 1. 8(3 FUNGUS-FLOEA. In woods. From 2-3 in. high, \ in. thick above, very obtuse at the apex, very thin and villous at the base, by which it is attached to twigs, &c. Smaller than C. pistillaris, and not so dark coloured, also differs in the pilose base. Clavaria contorta. Holmsk, Erumpent ; in clusters of 2-5, simple, stuffed, variously contorted and wrinkled, joruinose, yellowish, often with red or brown tinge ; spores white, subglobose, 5 X 4 or 5 /x. Clavaria contorta. Berk., Outl. 283 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 988 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 299. On fallen branches. Easily known by its erumpent habit, that is, bursting through the bark ; about 1 in. high. Clavaria fistulosa. Fr. Simple, slender, thickened upwards, obtuse, hollow, elongated, straight, pale yellow, then rufescent ; root short, villose ; spores colourless, elliptical, 14-15 X 6-7 jx. Clavaria fistulosa, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 677; Stev., Brit. Fung.ii. p. 300. On branches, &c. Solitary or 2-3 together, 2-3 in. high, 1^—2 lines thick at apex, short, distinct root villous or downy. Clavaria tuberosa. Sow. Yellow, cespitose, or solitary, simple, straight, slightly thickened upwards, tough, base thickened, strigose, rooting ; spores colourless, ellijitical, 9-10 x 6 /x. Clavaria tuberosa. Sow., Fung., tab. 199 : Berk., Outl., p. 284; Cke., Hdbk,, n. 994; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 300. On decayed wood. From 2-4 in. high, 1-3 springing from a thickened, subglobose, tomentose or strigose base. Clavaria juncea. Fr. Oregarious, very slender, elongated, flaccid, becoming hollow, apex acute, the long, creeping, stem-like base villose, pale dingy yellow, then rufescent; spores colourless, obovate or subglobose, 4—5 fx. Clavaria juncea. Berk., Out!., p. 283 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 990 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 300. Gregarious on dead leaves, twigs, Arc, in woods. From 3-G in. high, 1-2 lines thick; distinguished from C. fistulosa TTERULA. 87 hy the small, subgloboso spores, longer and more slender, flaccid, acute clubs, and in the gregarious habit. Iff Broionish or flesh-colour. Clavaria Ardenia. Sow. Ferruginous, becoming darker, elongated, simi^le, thickened upwards, obtuse, hollow, base tomentose, not rooting ; spores colourless, elliptical, l-l-lo x 7-9 /x,. Clavaria Ardenia, Sow., Fung., t. 215 ; Berk., Outl., p. 283 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 989; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 300. On fallen branches, &c., in woods. Varying from 5-12 in. liigh, and reaching \ in. thick upwards; apex often acute when young, becoming obtuse and sometimes more or less hollowed out. Clavaria incarnata. Weissm. Simple, gregarious, cylindrical, apex obtuse, flesh-colour, pruinose, internally 2:)urple ; spores colourless, elliptical, 8 X 4-5 IX. Clavaria incarnata, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 678 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 301. On the ground. Simple, varying from }f-l^ in. high. Distinguished from C. rosea in the duller red colour and in being purple inside. PTERULA, Fr. Subcartilaginous, filiform, simple or densely branched, branches equal, hymenium covering every part. Pterula, Fr., Linn. 1830, p. 351; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 303. The two British species form dense tufts composed of equal, thread-like branches, distinguished amongst the Clavariei by the cartilaginous substance, especially when dry, and in this character agreeing with the Tremellineae, but distinct from the latter in the basidia producing four sterigmata at the apex, which support the spores. Pterula subulata. Fr. Tufts densely branched, branches very slender, equal, not much divided except at the tips, where they divide into 90 FrNGUS-FLOKA. Ttjplmla muscicola, Fries, Epicr., 585; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 305. On living mosses. Typhula filiformis. Fr. Entire jilaiit l-.'5 in. long; stem slender, more or less lirancbed and decnmbent, hrown, clubs snbcylindrical, rather tbicker tban the stem, whitish ; spores about 5-4 /a. Typlmla filiformis. Fries, Epicr., p. 586 ; Stcv., Ikit. Fung., p. 306. Amongst dead leaves. Typhula gracilis. Berk. Minute, 1-3 lines high, slender, stem short, distinct, smooth or minutely strigose ; club pallid, subacute, simple, or forked ; spores ellijitical, 6-7 x 4 /x ; cystidia numerous, large, sub- acute. Typhula gracilis, Berk., Outl., p. 285 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 306. On rotten leaves. Tip of club often acuminate. Typhula pusilla. Scbroet. "White, very minute, linear, smooth ; spores colourless, elliptical, 5 X 3 /x. Typhula pusilla, Schroeter, Schles., p. 439. Pistillaria pusilla. Berk., Outl., 286; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1011 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 308. On dead eciuisetum, fallen leaves, &c. Very minute, not more than 1 line hifth. '&^ [Doubtful species. Typhula gracillima. White. Wbite, ^-^ in. high, very slender, curved, smooth, club elongated. Typhula gracillima, Wbite, in B. and Br., Notices of Brit. Fung., n. 1699 ; Stev., Fung., p. 306. On various lierT)aceous |iia:its. I have examined an au- thentic specimen of the uIjovo in Berkeley's herbarium at Kew, and can find no trace of basidia or hymenial surface of any kind. (I listening when dry. PISTILLARIA. 91 Typhula translucens. B. & Br. Typhda translucene, B., and Br., Ann. Nat, Hist., n. 1589; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 306. An examination of the type specimen shows that this is not a fungus. PISTILLAEIA. Fr. (figs. 6, 7, and 9, p. 74.) Small ; club-shaped, either sessile or attenuated downwards as a continuous stem-like base which is not distinctly defined, becoming cartilaginous when dry. Pistillaria, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 686 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 342 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307. Closely related to Clavaria, if indeed distinct as a genus ; known by the smaller size of the species, and more especially by becoming cartilaginous and rigid when dry, Pistillaria tenuipes. Mass. (figs. 6, 7, p. 74.) Pale drab ; apex inflated, obtuse, wrinkled, stem slender, flexuous, somewhat distinct from the hymenophore; spores colourless, subglobose, 6 X 4-5 /x. Clavaria tenuipes, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 369, t. 9, f. 2 ; Berk., Outl. 282 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 983. On bai-e heathy ground. Solitary or gregarious, |— 1 in. high, head up to -i- in. across, more or less distinct from the stem ; in this character the present species agrees with the genus Pistillaria, as also in being cartilaginous when dry. Pistillaria micans. Fr. Eosy, shining, club-shaped, obtuse, stem short, whitish ; spores white, elliptical, 8-10 x 4-6 /x. Pistillaria micans. Berk., Outl. 285; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1007 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307. On dead thistles, &c. Scattered or gregarious, about a line high, distinguished by the rose-coloured, pruinose heads, Pistillaria culmigena. Fr. Whitish, hyaline, ovate, obtuse : stem distinct, very short ; spores colourless, elliptical, 4 x 2-2 • 5 yu,. Pistillaria culmigena. Berk., Outl. 285 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1008 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 307. 90 FUNOrS-FLOKA. Ti/phda muscicola, Fries, Epicr., 585 ; Stev., Brit. FuBg., p. 305. On living mosses. Typhula filiformis. Fr. Entire plant 1-3 in. long; stem slender, more or less branched and decnmbent, lirown, clubs snbcylindrical, rather thicker than the stem, whitish ; spores about 5-4 fx. Typhda filiformis, Fries, Epicr., p. 586 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 306. Amongst dead leaves. Typhula gracilis. Berk. Minute, 1-3 lines high, slender, stem short, distinct, smooth or minutely strigose ; club pallid, subacute, simple, or forked ; spores elliptical, 6-7 x 4 /x ; cystidia numerous, large, sub- acute. Typhda gracilis. Berk., Outl., p. 285 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 306. On rotten leaves. Tip of club often acuminate. Typhula pusilla. Schmet. White, very minute, linear, smooth ; spores colourless, elliptical, 5 x 3 /^i. Ti/phula pusilla, Schroeter, Schles., p. 439. Pistillaria pusilla, Berk., Outl., 286; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1011 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 308. On dead equisetum, fallen leaves, &c. Very minute, not more than 1 line high. ' Douhtfid species. Typhula gracillima. White. White, ^-f in. high, very slender, curved, smooth, club elongated. Typhula gracillima. White, in B. and Br., Notices of Brit. Fung., n. 1699 ; Stev., Fung., p. 306. On various herbaceous iila:its. I have examined an au- thentic specimen of the above in Berkeley's herbarium at Kew, and can find no trace of basidia or hymenial surface of any kind. Glistening when dry. PISTILLAKIA. 91 Typhula translucens. B. & Br. Typhula translucens, B., and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1589; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 306. An examination of the type specimen shows that this is not a fungus. PISTILLAEIA. Fr. (figs. 6, 7, and 9, p. 74.) Small ; club-shaped, either sessile or attenuated downwards as a continuous stem-like base which is not distinctly defined, becoming cartilaginous when dry. Pistillaria, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 686 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 342 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307. Closely related to Clavaria, if indeed distinct as a genus ; known by the smaller size of the species, and more especially by becoming cartilaginous and rigid when dry. Pistillaria tenuipes. Mass. (figs. 6, 7, p. 74.) Pale drab ; apex inflated, obtuse, wrinkled, stem slender, flexuous, somewhat distinct from the hymenophore; spores colourless, subglobose, 6 x 4-5 /a. Clavaria tenuipes, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 369, t. 9, f. 2 ; Berk., Outl. 282 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 983. On bare heathy ground. Solitary or gregarious, |-1 in. high, head up to ^ in. across, more or less distinct from the stem ; in this character the present species agrees with the genus Pistillaria, as also in being cartilaginous when dry. Pistillaria micans. Fr. Kosy, shining, club-shaped, obtuse, stem short, whitish ; spores white, elliptical, 8-10 X 4-6 /x. Pistillaria micans. Berk., Outl. 285 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1007 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307. On dead thistles, &c. Scattered or gregarious, about a line high, distinguished by the rose-coloured, pruinose heads. Pistillaria culmigena. Fr. Whitish, hyaline, ovate, obtuse : stem distinct, very short ; spores colourless, elliptical, 4 x 2-2 • 5 fj.. Pistillaria culmigena. Berk., Outl. 285 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1008 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 307. 92 rUNGUS-FLOEA. On grass stems. Scattered, very minute, not exceeding two lines in height, often smaller. Cartilaginous when dry. Pistillaria quisquilaris. Fr. (fig. 9, p. 74.) AVhitish, club-shaped, often more or less compressed, and sometimes forked, soft, becoming rigid when dry, stem thin, springing from a minute sclerotium; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, 13-15 X 6-7 jjl. Pistillaria quisquilaris, Berk., Outl. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1009, f. 93 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307. Clavaria ohtusa, Sow., Fung., t. 334, f. 1. On dead fern stems, leaves, &c. Gregarious, reaching -} in. high, resembling Clavaria uncialis, but at once dis- tinguished by the large sausage-shaped or allantoid spores, Pistillaria furcata. Smith. Clubs white or yellowish, waxy, then tough, compressed, broad at the apex, attenuated downwards, generally furcate and caespitose. Pistillaria furcata, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1012; Stev., Brit. Fung, ii., p. 307. In greenhouses. Caespitose, l-l^^ in. high. Pistillaria puberula. Berk. White, minute, obovate, stem distinct, thin, equal or attenuated upwards, pellucid, tomentose ; spores colourless, elliptical, 5 X 3 /x,. Pistillaria jjuherula, Berk., Outl., p. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk. 1010 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 308, fig. xcv. On dead bracken. Scattered, about 1 line high, distin- guished from P. quisquilaris by its smaller size, tomentose stem, and different spores. THELEPHOREAE. Ol; o FAiM. IIL THELEPHOREAE. In the present group we meet with a very varied collection of genera agreeing in having a well-defined hymenium, which is either perfectly even, as in Corticium, or at most slightly rugulose, as in Thelepliora. The basidia are typically clavate, tetrasporous, and aseptate, thus differing from the Tremellineae, where the basidia are either transversely or criiciately septate, or if aseptate, deeply bifurcate and bisporous, and the whole fungus is of a gelatinous con- sistency when moist. In some genera included in the Thele- pJioreae the substance is more or less gelatinous, but, as stated above, the basidia are tetrasporous and aseptate. In the Clavarieae the hymenium is also even, but the sporophore is always erect, either club-shaped or more or less branched. The Tremellineae and the Clavarieae may be considered as terminal groups, in the sense of not having given origin to any of the more highly organised divisions of the Hijmeno- mycetes, whereas in the Theleplwreae we have clearly indicated all the various types of hymenophore which respectively characterise the Hijdneae, Polyporeae, and the Agaricineae. It must be understood that the above remarks apply to the Thelephoreae in its entirety and not only to the genera included in the British Flora, which are thirteen in number, whereas altogether the group contains nineteen genera. Craterellus connects with the Agaricineae, being closely allied to Caniharellus. Coniophora leads up to the Polyporeae, throiigh Meridius. Exohasidium forms a transition to the Tremellineae. Beccaria, an exotic genus, connects through Raduliim with the Hydneae ; while Lachnocladium, also an exotic genus, leads up to the Clavarieae through Clmaria. Finally the Thelephoreae lose the leading feature of the Basidiomycetes — a continuous hymenium of compacted basidia — in the genus Heterobasidium, which connects with the Hypliomycetes through the genus Chromatosporium. 91 FUNGUS-FLOltA. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE GENERA OF THE TIIELEPHOREAE. Fig. 1, Coniophora olivacea, portion of fungus, nat. size, growing on wood ; — Fig. 2, section of Bamc seated on wood, nat. .size ; — Fig. 3, section of portion of liymenium of same, showing basidia witli four sterigniulu, each bearing a coloured spore ; between tlie basidia arc clavatc parajjiiysca ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 4, section through portion of hymenium of Curticium THELEPHOREAE. 95 THELEPHOEEAE. Sporophore erect and stipitate, with a central stem, eflfused, with the upper portion free and reflexed, or entirely re- supinate ; hymenium perfectly even or radiato-rugulose, glabrous or minutely setulose with projecting cystidia ; basidia normally tetrasporous ; spores continuous f (aseptate), colourless or coloured. ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. A. Spores coloured. * Spores smooth. Coniophora. — Eesupinate, dry and pulverulent. Aldridgea. — Eesupinate, soft and subgelatinous. salicinum, showing paraphyses and basidia bearing four (solourless spores each, the above elements spring directly from loosely interwoven hyphae ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 5, section through plant of same growing on wood, and showing the free upturned margin ; nat. size ; — Fig." 5a, section throu"-li portion of hymenium of Ilymenochaete ruhirjinom, showing basidia with spores, paraphyses, and long, coloured, spine-like, rigid cystidia,; these last give a velvety appearance to the hymenium when examined 'with a pocket-lens, and con.stitute the leading character of the genus ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 6, Craterellus cornucopioides, a small specimen, nat. size. ; — Fig. 7, section through hymenium of Penwphora cinerea, showing basidia bearing globose spores, paraphyses, and large colourless, projecting cystidia rough at the tip with minute particles of lime ; these latter give- to the hymenium a minutely hispid or velvety appearance when viewed through a pocket-lens, and constitute the leading generic character; highly mag. ;— Fig. 8, section through two specimens of Solenia anomala ; mag. ; — Fig. 9, a group of specimens of Cyphdla cnpuln ; growing on a twig; nat. size; — Fig. 10, two specimens of the same; mag. t In Ilfterohasidium, a transition genus between the Thelephoreae and the Hijphomycetes, the spores are septate. 9G FUNGUS- FLORA. ** Spores loarted or echinulate. Thelephora. — Dry and fibrous, hymenium rugulose. Soppittiella. — Subgelatinous, effused or variously in- crusting, hymenium even. B. Spores colourless. * Parasitic on living leaves or stems. Exobasidium. — ** Saprophytes, growing on dead wood, Iranches, dc. f Hymenium minutely setidose with projecting cystidia. Peniophora. — Cystidia colourless, rough at the tip with particles of lime. Hymenochaete. — Cystidia brown, smooth. Il Hymenium glabrous. Corticmm. ^ — Entirely resupinate, hymenium usually cracked when dry. Stereum.| — Effuso-reflexed, pileus silky or strigoso, hy- menium even. Cladoderris. — Horizontal and attached by a narrow point behind, hymenium radiato-rugulose. Craterellus. — Large, erect, funnel-shaped. Cyphella. — Minute, cup-shaped, mouth open. Solenia. — Minute, cylindrical, gregarious or crowded, tubular, mouth contracted. X In certain species of Slereum the spores are coloured. THELEPHOEEAE. 97 FIGUKES ILLUSTRATINfl THE GENERA OF THE THELEPHOBEAE. Fig. 11, Stereum ocltroleucum, showing the effused lower portion anil the upper free, reflexed portion ; nat. size ; — Fig. 12, section of same ; nat. size ; — Fig. 13, Stereum Sfjicerhei, a small specimen, showing a mesopod form ; nat. size ; — Fig. 14, section through tlie hymenium of Stercnm VOL. I. H 98 FUNGUS-FLOEA. CONIOPHORA, D.C. (emended), (figs. 1-3, p. 94.) Broadly effused, adnate ; margin defined or indeterminate ; hymenium withont cystidia, when mature powdered with the smooth, coloured spores. Coniopliora, D.C, Flor. Fr. vi. p. 34 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 128. Corticium, sub-gen. Coniophora, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 153; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 657 ; Cke., Grev. v. 8, p. 88. The species constituting the present genus usually form broadly expanded patches on dead wood or baric, agreeing in this respect with the species of Corticium and PeniopJiora, but readily' distinguished by the coloured spores. In some species of Hijmenochaete the spores are coloured, but the hyme- nium bristles with projecting coloured spines or cystidia, which give to the surface a velvety appearance under a pocket-lens. In the genus ThclepJiora, again, the spores are generally coloured, but rough with minute warts, and the hymenium has a tendency to become uneven, whereas in Coniopliora the hymenium is even, but may appear to be nodulose or irregular when very thin, and following the inequalities of the matrix. The leading features of the present genus are, the close attachment of every portion of the fungus to the substratum, and the even, smooth hyme- nium powdered with the smooth, coloured spores. The species are closely allied, and represent a very primi- tive type of the Basidiomycetes ; the hymenium is uppermost, and there is no tendency shown by an}' one species to depart purpnrt'um, showing tlic clenients of the hymenium — basidia and para- pliyses — s])rinf^ing from a denstdy compacted stratum of hyphae, below which there is a hiyer of loosely interwoven mycelium; tlie presence of this dense subhynieniid layer is an important morpholDgieal distinction between Stereuia and tlie allied genus Corticium: highly mag.; — Fig. 15, Clndoih'rrix minima; nat. size; — Fig. 1(J, a single specimen of same; slightly mag. ; — Fig. 17, spores of same; liigldy mag.; — Fig. 18, Soppit- liella cridata; nat. size; — Fig. 19, basidium and spons of same; highly mag. ; — Fig. 20, Aldridffca rfcJatinom, portion of a specimen; nat. size; — Fig. 21, basidium and spores of same ; higiily mag. ; — Fig. 22, Exohaddium vacrinii, showing the buUate i)atches formeil by tiie fungus on the leaves of Vaccinium myrlillua; iiiit. size ; — l^'ig. 23, portion of the under side of Thelephora laciniata, showing tiie rugose hymenium and laciniate margin ; nat. size ; — Fig. 24, basidium and spores of same ; highly mag. CONIOPHORA. 99 from this primitive condition, as usually first indicated by the margin becoming free and more or less elevated. Coniophora olivacea. Mass. ffigs. 1-3, p. 94.) Membranaceous, inseparable, margin byssoid, whitish ; hymeninm olive, glistening with crystals, pulverulent, some- times cracked ; spores elliptical, ochraceous-olive, 14-17 x 10-12 fx. Coniophora olivacea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 129. Corticeum oUvaceum, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 283. On decaying pine-trunks. Broadly effused, often covering nearly the whole surface of fallen trunks. The glistening- appearance of the hymenium, due to minute crystals, is very evident in fresh specimens, but disappears on drying. Hy- menium ochraceous-olive, or brownish when dry, sometimes cracked ; margin pale, byssoid, or altogether indeterminate. Superficially resembling Periopliora olivacea, but distinguished by coloured spores and absence of cystidia. Coniophora arida. Karst. Membranaceous, very thin, not removable from the matrix, broadly effused, margin fibrillose whitish; hymenium con- tinuous, even, dingy sulphur or ochraceous, pulverulent, becoming brownish ; spores ellipsoid with a minute apiculus at the base, ochraceous, 11-12 x 6-7 /x. Coniophora arida, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132 ; Karst., Myc Fenn., p. 319. Corticium aridum, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 282. On decaying pine-wood. Often broadly eifused, entire fungus closely adglutinated, dry and powdery when mature, varying from almost clear sulphur-yellow to brownish-ochre, becomiug dusky when old and dry ; margin radiato-byssoid, whitish. Spore measurements will distinguish the present from closely allied species. Coniophora sulphurea. Mass. Broadly etfused, margin bright sulphur-yellow, often fibril- lose and running out in cord-like radiating strands ; hyme- nium thick, compact, almost waxy, brownish Avith yellow tinge, cracking when dry ; spores broadly elliptical, brownish- yellow, 11-12 X 8-10 fx. Coniophora sulphurea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132. H 2 100 FUNGUS-FLORA. Corticium sulpluremi. Berk., Ontl., p. 274 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 929 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 276. On wood, bark, and leaves. Often broadly effused, the hymenium is not nsually perfect, being spongy, bright coloured, and barren, or with only patches here and there producing basidia. Var. ochroidea. Berk. Hymenium ochraceous ; spores elliptical with a minute apiculus at the base, olive, 16-18 X 9-10 /x. Coniophora sulplmrea, var, ochroidea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 133. On wood and bark. In general structure and habit the variety agrees with the typical form, differing in the ochra- ceous tint of the hymenium and the larger elliptical spores. May possibly i)rove to be a distinct species. Coniophora ochracea. Mass. Very broadly effused, submembranaceous, usually indeter- minate ; hymenium pulverulent, whitish then ochraceous ; spores yellowish, subglobose, 8 x 6-7 /a. Coniopliora ochracea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 137. Spreading continuously as a thin insepai'able film over the inside of elm-bark which had become partly detached from the fallen trunk. In its most highly developed condition presenting some resemblance to Gonioinlwra sulphurea, from which it is distinguished by the smaller subglobose spores, and indeterminate margin. The subhymonial hyphae are very thick, measuring up to 18 /x in diameter, and are pale yellow. Coniophora subdealbata. Mass. Effused, determinate, thin; hymenium ochraceous olive, pulverulent at maturity; spores elliptical with a minute basal apiculus, ocliraceous, 11-12 X 7-8 /a. Coniophora siihdenlh((ta, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 135. Corticium suhdralhatum, V>. & Br., Grev. On bark and wood. Tliin, often broadly effused, ochra- ceous-olive, hymenium pulverulent, often with paler barren patches. Coniophora pulverulenta. Mass. Broadly effused, margin tliin. byssoid, whitish ; hyme- CONIOPHOKA. 101 niiim rusty-brown, pulverulent, even, entire ; spores ellip- tical, yellow-brown, 1-1-15 x 9-10 /x. ConiopJiora jjulverulenta, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 129. Telephora pidverulenta, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., scr. iii., vol. v. p. 149 (1846). On wood. Tbe rusty-brown or sometimes dark brown hymenium, white byssoid margin, and large spores charac- terise the present species. Coniophora Cookei. Mass. Effused, fibrilloso-membranaceous, margin byssoid, whit- ish ; hymenium olive with a rusty tinge, even, pulverulent ; spores elliptic, ochraceous, 9-11 x 6 /x. Coniopliora CooJcei, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 136. On rotting wood. Closely resembling externally Corticium laxuiii, Fr., but this species, as proved by a specimen from Fries in the Berkeley collection, Kew, No. 3655, is a true Thelephora. Coniophora membranacea. D.C. Broadly effused, subrotund, thin, fragile when mature, separable from the matrix, margin minutely fibrillose, yellow- ish ; hymenium minutely pulverulent, pallid then dirty pale feruginous ; spores elliptical, yellow-brown, 10-15 x 5-6 //,. Coniophora membranacea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 137. On wood, walls, &c. Forming broadly expanded, thin patches often a foot or more in diameter, becoming cracked and peeling off in shreds when dry. Coniophora umbrina. Mass. Effused, adnate, soft and fleshy at first, margin radiato- villose, umber ; hymenium tuberculose, then irregularly contracted during drying, rusty-umber, spores elliptical with a minute apiculus at the base, pale umber, 12-14 x 8- 10 /x. Coniopliora umhrina, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 131. Corticium iimhrinum, Stev., Brit. Fung., vol. ii. p. 282. On wood, branches, twigs, and on the ground. Eather thick and fleshy, irregular, incrusting various substances. Coniophora cinnamomea. Mass. Commencing as isolated patches, which soon become con- fluent and form a broad, irregularly efiused patch, with a Tliel., p. 130. Fung. ii. 276. rather ' soft, becoming dingy brown. Super- 102 FUNGUS-FLORA. coarsely fibrilloso margin ; liymenium fleshy, clingy cinna- mon, cracked when dry; spores elliptical with a minute basal apiculus, pale cinnamon, 11-12 x 7-8 jx. Coniojjhora cinnarnomea, Mass., Mon. Corticium cinnamomeum, Stev., Brit. On wood and bark. Fleshj^ and cracked during drying, sometimes ficially resembling dark forms of Peniopliora velutina, but distinguished by the coloured spores and absence of cystidia. Coniophora incrustans. Mass. Effused, indeterminate, inseparable ; hymenium pale ochra- ceous or dirty white, j)ulverulent ; sjDores elliptical, very pale ochraceous, 15-17 x 8-10 fj.. Coniophora incrustans, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132. Running over leaves, tAvigs, &c. Usually forming a thin inseparable film ; when perfectly developed the hymenium is compact and almost waxy in consistence, but pulverulent with the mass of spores. Coniophora Berkeley!. Mass. Effused, determinate, thick ; hymenium becoming much cracked, interstices silky, yellow-brown, assuming a purple tinge with age ; sjiores ellipsoid with a minute apiculus at the base, yellow-brown, 11-12 x 0-7 /x. Coniojjhora BerJccleiji, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 135. On decorticated wood. Very thick and compact for a Conio2)hora, hymenium becoming much cracked owing to contraction during drying; the margin is sometimes minutely byssoid. Sui)crficially resembling Corticium lactcscens, Berk., but readily distinguished by the coloured spores. Coniophora puteana. Mass. Broadly eilused, rather thick, separable, margin minutely byssoid, whitish ; liymenium dirty yellow, becoming olive- brown, pulverulent, sometimes cracked ; spores brownish- olive, 14-16 X 8-9 ix. Coniophora puteana, Mass., ]\Ion. Thel., p. 129. Corticium putcanum, Stev., Brit. Fung. 281. On bark and wood. Effused, rather thick, waxy when young, sometimes separable as a thick, tough membrane. ALDEIDGEA — THELEPHORA. lOS ALDEIDGEA. Mass. (nov. gen.) (figs. 20, 21, p. 97.) Eesnpinate, eflfnsecl, fleshy, subgelatiuous when growing, cartilaginous or rigid and collapsed when dry ; hymenium smooth, even ; basidia tetrasporous ; spores continuous, coloured, smooth. Allied to ConiojjJiora in the large coloured spores, but dis- tinguished by the subgelatinous consistency when growing. Named after Miss Emily Aldridge, a Sussex mycologist. Aldridgea gelatinosa. Mass. (figs. 20, 21, p. 97.) Broadly effused, rather fleshy, subgelatinous, pallid, be- coming collapsed, rigid, and purple-brown when dry, margin determinate ; spores broadly elliptical, obliquely apiculate, olive, smooth, 10 X 6-7 fx. On sawdust. Extendino- for several inches, the irresru- larities of the hymenium being due to the substratum. THELEPHOEA. Ehrh. (emended), (figs. 23, 24, p. 97.) Mesopod or dimidiate with the hymenium inferior, or resupinate with the hymenium exposed to the light ; pileus coriaceous, destitute of a distinct cuticle, usually fibrillose;. hymenium even or generally rugulose ; basidia tetrasporous, spores continuous, spherical, coloured, minutely warted or echinulate. ThelejjJiora. Ehrh., Crypt., p. 178; emended in Massee, Monogr. Theleph. The genus as defined above contains a considerable number of species scattered over the globe, characterised by the loose, filjrillose texture of the pileus, the usually rugulose hymenium, and the coloured, sub-globose, minutely-warted spores. Brown, with a vinous or purple tinge is the pre- dominating coloTir. Many of the species are soft and pliant when growing, but never gelatinous. * Growing erect, stijntate or sessile, frequently deeply cut or laciniate. Thelephora anthocephala. Fr. Eusty-browu, inodorous, villose, cut into wedge-shaped 104 FUNGUS-FLOEA. segments with whitish, fringed tips ; hymcniiim almost even ; spores subglobose, vinous, verruculose, 8-9 /x, Thelephora antlwccphala, Berk., Outl., 267, t. 17, f. 4; Cke., Hdbk. n. 893 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., 263. On the ground in woods. Tufted, l-2in. high, often cut to the base into wedge-shaped segments, or the segments very- narrow and branched. There is often a vinous tinge about the lower portion of the segments. Thelephora caryophyllea. Pers. Brownish-purple, inodorous, stem short, pileus depressed, n:iargin variable, lobed or cut into narrow segments; hymenium almost even; spores globose, warted, brown, 7—8 p.. Tlielcphora caryopluillea, Berk., Outl., 267 ; Sound, and Sm. t. 41, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., n. 894; Stev., Brit. Fung., ii. 262. _ On the ground amongst grass, under trees. Tough, 2-3 in. high, pilei usually densely caespitose, cup-shaped with a central stem or very much cut and irregular. Thelephora clavularis. Fr. lieddish-brown with vinous tinge, soft, branches very irregular, crowded, rounded or subcompressed, smooth, jirui- nose, tips acute, whitish, downy; stem very short, sub- tuberous ; spores subglobose, vinous, warted, 8 x 6-7 /a. Theleplwra clavularis, Fr., Ilym. Eur. 634; Stev., B. Funjr. 263. On the ground. Branches densely fasciculate, rounded or compressed, ending in one or more whitish, pubescent, acute tips ; l-H in. high. Thelephora palmata. Fr. Foetid ; browni,sh-])iirple, soft, divided from the stem-like base into numerous flattened, palmately -branched segments, tips whitish, fringed ; spores subglobose, vinous, warted, 8-11 fx. Thelephora pjalmata, Fr., Berk., Outl., p. 267 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 895 ; Stev., B. Fung. 263. On the ground in woods. Forming dense clusters 1-21- in. high, distinguished by the foetid odour and wedge-shaped branches. THELEPHORA. 105 Thelephora intybacea. Pers. Caespitose, soft, whitish, then reddish-hrown ; stems more or less confluent ; pileoli imbricated, fibrous, margin ex- panded, whitish, becominglobose, rougli, vinous, 9-11 /x. Thelephora hiennis, Berk., Outl., p. 268 ; Cke., Hdbk. 900 ; Stev., B. F. ii. 264. On the ground, stones, wood, &c. Often broadly effused, incrusting everything near, pale ochraceous, greyish-brown 106 FUNGUS-FLORA. or vinous, the pilei are sometimes rudimentary, at others well developed, with free reflexed mai'gins. Known from T. terrestris hy the even, not radiato-rugulose hymenium and from T. laciniata by the tomentose and not coarsely fibrillose pileus. Thelephora mollissima. Pers. Whitish, becoming tinged brown, incrusting, very soft, either continuous or cut up into spreading, acute-pointed segments ; hymenium almost even, smooth, vinous-brown ; spores subglobose, rough, vinous, 7-9 [x. Thelephora mollissima. Berk., Outl., p. 263, t. 17, f. 5; Cke., Hdbk., n. 898 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 265. On the ground, twigs, &c., in woods. Sometimes forming broadly eftused, irregular incrusting masses without distinct pilei ; at others erect and as much cut up as T. palmata. Very soft, SOPPITTIELLA. Mass. (figs. 18, 19, p. 97.) Effused or variously incrusting, soft, fleshy, and sub- gelatinous when growing, collapsing when dry ; hymenium smooth, naked ; basidia tretrasporons ; spores subglobose, echinulate, continuous, coloured ; cystidia absent. The present genus is established for the reception of certain species previously included in Thelephora, from which it differs in being soft and subgelatinous when moist, and compact, not strigose pileus ; forming either effused patches or dendritic masses on twigs, grass, &c. The genus is named after Mr. ]f. '1'. Soppitt, a Yorkshire mycologist. Soppittiella sebacea. Mass. AVhitish at first, fleshy, soft, then becoming rigid, in- crusting, form very variable ; hymenium collapsing when dry and often more or less tinged brown or cinnamon ; spores subglobose, spinulo^e, vinous, 9-10 /u, diameter; basidia tetrasporous. Thelephora sehacea, Berk., Outl., p. xvii. t. 17, f. 6; Cke., Hdbk., n. 904. On stumjps, twigs, giass, &c. Variously incrusting, SOPPITTIELLA. 107 forming veiy irregular stalactitic or tuberculose crust-like patches. Wliite, soft, and fleshy when growing. Smell none. The present species has nothing in common with Sehacinia incrustans, Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. (1872), t. x. f. 5-10. Soppittiella caesia. Mass. Eflused, thin, soft, bright grey, determinate ; inseparable ; spores subglobose, spinnlose, vinous, 10 /x diameter. Theleplwra caesia, Persoon, Obs. Mjc. i. t. 3, f. 6. On wood, moss, &c., on the ground. Forming thin, determinate j)atches 1-4 or 5 in. across, soft and almost subgelatinous when growing, hymenium not cracked when dry ; hyphae brownish. Superficially resembling a thin soft Corticium, but ^vith the pale vinous or brownish echinulate spores of the present genus. The present species requires to be care- fully distinguished from PeniojjJiora Crosslandi, which, under a pocket-lens is minutely setulose with the white, projecting cystidia. Soppittiella fastidiosa. Mass. AVhite, broadly effused, incrusting, shapeless or forming irregularly flattened branches, very foetid ; hymenium papil- lose becoming rufescent ; spores elliptical, rough, almost colourless, 6-7 x 4-5 /j.. Tlieleplwra fastidiosa, Berk., Outl., p. 268 ; Cke., Hdbk. 901 ; Stev., Brit. F. 265. On the ground, leaves, &c. White becoming cream- coloured, running as a thin film, over everything in its way, sometimes passing into free, flattened branches. Dis- tinguished from T. cristata by its disagreealjle odour. Silky and byssoid when young. Soppittiella cristata. Mass. (figs. 18, 19, p. 07.) Pallid, incrusting, rather tough, here and there passing into irregular branches with awl-shaped or fringed tips ; hymenium papillose ; spores subglobose, rough, pale vinous, 7-8 X Q iJ.. Thelephora cristata, Fr., Berk., Outl., p. 268 ; Sow., t. 158 ; Cke., Hdbk. 897 ; Stev., Brit. F. 265. On the ground, or incrusting leaves, mosses, &c. Very variable, forming thin, paint-like patches running over 108 FUNGUS-FLORA. leaves, twig-s, Sec, or passing; into cristate ascending 'branches -^—1 in. higii. Kot byssoid and silky when young, Soppittiella Crustacea. Mass. Umber-brown with sometimes a purple tinge, broadly incrusting, rather fleshy, margin fibrillose, whitish; hy- nienium irregularly papillose ; spores globose, rough, vinous- brown, 9-11 IX. Thelcpliora Crustacea, Fr., Hym. Eur. G37; Stev., Brit. Funo-, 206. Eunuing over the ground, moss, &c. Distinguished by the brown colour and white fibrillose mai-gin ; sometimes effused in an irregular manner for several inches. EXOBASIDIUM. Woronin. (fig. 22, p. 97.) Parasitic on living plants, leaves more especially, which in consequence become vaiiously deformed ; basidia crowded, cylindric-clavate, tetrasporous; spores elliptic-oblong, often unequilateral, continuous, colourless. Exohasidium, Woronin, in Verhandl. Nat. Ges. Freib. iv. fasc. iv. (1867); Sacc, Syll. vi. p. 664. A very peculiar and anomalous genus, the vegetative hyphae remain immersed in the root, the basidia, which are closely packed and form a hymenium, being alone developed on the surface. Most nearly allied to Cor«ic7MH?, but distin- guished by being a true parasite. Exobasidium vaccinii. Woronin. (fig. 22, p. 97.) Innate, effused, form various, usually orbicular or elon- gated, fleshj^ often becoming confluent; hymenium protruding from the under surface of the leaves or the stem, flesh- coloured with a white bloom ; spores elongato-fusoid, colour- less, straight, 5-8 x 1-2 fx. Exohasidium vaccinii, Woronin, in Nat. Ges. Z. Freib., b. iv. Heft iv. ; Sacc, Syll. vi. n. 7795, Oi> living leaves, rarely on stems and petioles of Vaccinium myrtiUus. lied or pur})le patches occur on the upper surface of the leaves opposite to the portion occupied by the fungus below. The fungus occurs on other species of Vaccinium, also ■ on species of Andromeda and Acrosta^ihjlos in various parts of Europe. EXOBASIDIUM— PENIOPHOEA. 109^ Exobasidium rhododendri. Cramer. Formino- g-all-like, buUate excrescences, that are at first pale, then reddish and shining, ^-1 in. across, on the under surface of the leaves, also on the petioles and stems ; spores 7-8 X 3 ^, often slightly cui-ved. Exobasidium rJwdodendri, Cramer, in Eab., Fung. Eur., n. 1910 ; Sacc, Syll. vi. n. 7797. On the leaves and twigs of Bhododendron ferrugineum and other species. PENIOPHOEA. Cooke, (fig. 7, p. 94.) Entirely adnate or with the margin free and more or less elevated ; hymenium even, furnished with projecting, fusi- form, colourless cystidia, which are covered with minute particles of oxalate of lime ; spores colourless. PenipJiora, Cke., Grev., v. viii. p. 20 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 140, pi. xlviii. figs. 14-19. The species constituting the present genus were formerly included in the old genus Corticium. The leading idea of the genus Peniophora consists in the presence of numerous pro- jecting cells which give to the hymenium a minutely velvety appearance when seen under a pocket-lens. These projecting cells were called metuloids by Cooke, but they are evidently homologous with the bodies called cystidia by the old myco- logists. In the present genus the cystidia are unicellular, colourless, more or less fusiform and with the portion pro- jecting above the surface of the hymenium studded with numerous minute particles of oxalate of lime. While con- stituting an excellent generic character, cystidia are variable in size in the same species, and even in the same specimen, the measurements given refer to the length above the surface of the hymenium and width at the widest part, and represent the average size. In old specimens the cystidia often break away, leaving the surface of the hymenium glabrous, but the persistent bases can always be seen in a section under the microscope. A. Margin free, more or less upturned. Peniophora quercina. Cooke. Subcartilaginous, at first adpressed, the margin eventually 110 FUNGUS-FLORA. becoming more or less involute, under surface smooth, blackish ; hymenium reddish-lilac ; cystidia fusoid, 50-70 X 15-20 ^•, spores elliptic-ohlong, slightly curved, 12-14 X 5 /x. Peniophora qxiercina, Cooke, Grev., viii. p. 20, pi. 125, f. 13 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 141. Corticium quercinmn, Fr., Epicr. 563; Cke., Hdbk., n. 936; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 278; Grev., Scot. Cr. Fl., t. 142; Berk., Outl., p. 275. On branches, especially oak. Variable in size, sometimes :i— ^ in. across vi^ith the margin upturned and attached by a central point, at others extending for several inches, ap- planate with the extreme edge only free. Hymenium varying from flesh-colour to lilac, when old often slate-colour. Peniophora pezizoides. Mass. Erumpent ; subcoriaceous, at first cup-shaped, then ex- panded, outside pale, villose ; hymenium ochraceous, minutely velvety; cystidia fusoid, 50-60 x 15-20 /x; spores globose, 4-5 fji. Peniopliora pezizoides, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 141, pi. xlvii. figs. 17-19. On branches of horse-chestnut. Bursting through the l)ark, attached by a central point, at first with the margin strongly involute, becoming expanded ; from ^-!f in. across. Allied to PeniopJiora quercina, bvit distinguished by the small globose spores and the pale villous exterior. Periophora gigantea. Mass. Very broadly effused, margin free, strigose ; substance rather flesliy, when dry cartilaginous ; hymenium minutely velvety, whitish, becoming tinged with brown when old ; cystidia fusoid, 50-GO X 15-25 jx ; spores elliptical, 9-10 x 5—6 /A. Peniophora gigantea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 142. Corticium giganteum, I'erk., Outl., p. 272; Cke., Hdbk., n. 922; Stev., Brit. Fung. 274. On fir bark and wood, leaves, &c. Often broadly eifused, forming patches a foot or more in extent, when young and moist rather soft and fleshy, becoming thin and cartilaginous when dry ; hymenium at first almost white, becoming tinged PENIOPHORA. Ill with brown or lilac. lu old specimens the cystidia fall away, leaving the hymenium smooth. B. Margin adjjressed, often indeterminate. Peniophora limitata. Cooke. Subrotund, closely aduate, firm and rather thick, margin black ; hymenium dirty ochraceous, becoming pale, minutely velvety; cystidia fusoid, 30-40 X 15-20 /x; spores elliptic- oblong, with a minute apiculus at the base, slightly curved, 20-22 X 6 /x. Peniophora limitata, Cke., Grev, viii. p. 21, jjl. 123, f. 7; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 145. Corticium limitatum, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 280. On bark and wood. Well marked by the dingy, pale hymenium being circumscribed by a well-defined black margin. Peniophora rosea. Mass. Broadly efi"used, thin, closely adnate, margin fimbriate, whitish ; hymenium rosy, becoming pale, minutely velvety, often cracked when dry ; cystidia fusoid, 40-60 X 18-25 /x ; sjiores elliptic-oblong, curved, 13-15 x 4—5 /x. Peniophora rosea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 146. Corticium roseum, Berk., Outl., p. 273; Cke., Hdbk., n. 926 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 275. On wood and bark. Sometimes in small scattered patches, but usually broadly effused, clear rose-pink with a white byssoid margin when fresh, when dry pale ochraceous with traces of pink only. Peniophora incarnata. Mass. Inseparable, rather waxy when fresh, margin byssoid, or altogether indeterminate ; hymenium reddish or orange, not becoming pale, minutely velvety ; cystidia fusoid, 25-30 X 12-18 yx ; spores elliptic-oblong, curved, 18-20 x 5-6 /x. Peniophora incarnata, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 147. Corticium incarnatum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 938; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 227. On wood and bark. Often broadly eflTused, closely adglu- tinated, hymenium usually becoming dull orange with age, but never becoming colourless, as in P. roseum. When old 112 FUNGUS-FLOEA. the cystidia fall away, leaving the hynienium glatrous, but the microscope alwaj's reveals their presence. Peniophora ochracea, Mass. Broadly effused, inseparable, margin radiato-byssoid, soon disappearing ; hymenium ochraceous, sparkling with minute crystals of lime when fresh, cracked when dry; cystidia fusoid, 40-50 X 20 /x ; spores elliptical, 10 x 5 /x. Peniophora ochracea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 150. Corticium ochraceum, Ft., Epicr, 563 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 635 ; Berk., Outl., p. 274; Stev., B. Fung. ii. 378. On bark and wood. Closely resembling in general hahit, colour, and in jDresence of sparkling atoms on the hymenium, Ooniophora olivacea, but distinguished by the cystidia and smaller coloi^rless spores. Peniophora cinerea. Cooke, (fig. 7, p. 04.) Commencing as isolated rounded patches, which usually become confluent, forming broadly effused patches, rigid ; hynienium ashy or with brown tinge, margin similar; cystidia I'usoid, 30-50 x 15-20 fx ; spores globose, 5-7 (jl. Peniophora cinerea, Cke., Grev. viii. p. 20, pi. 123, f . 8 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 148. Corticium cinereum, Berk., Outl., p. 275 ; Cke., Hdbk,, n. 937; Stev., Brit. F. ii. 279. On bark and wood, especially ash. Often commencing^ as detached, circular patches of a brownish colour, these usually soon grow into each other, forming irregular patches, sometimes extending for several inches. The hymenium is minutely velvety, and varies from brownish-grej", through lead-colour to greyish-lilac when dry. Peniophora velutina. Cooke. Broadly effused, rather fleshy, inseparable, margin running out into long branching strands ; hymenium velvety, cream colour, often slightly tinged with pink or buff; cystidia cylindrical or attenuated upwards, GO-80 x 10-15 /x; spores elliptic with a minute apiculus, 10 x 5 /x. Peniophora velutina, Cke., Grev. viii, ]>. 21, pi. 125, f. 15 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 152. Corticium velutinum, Berk., Outl., p. 273 ; Cke., Hdbk., n, 927 ; Stev., Brit. F. ii. 275. PENIOPHORA. 113 On wood and bark. When perfectly developed, the hy- menium bristles with cystidia, which are more cylindrical and less incrusted with lime than usual. In some specimens the hymenium is very much cracked, in others quite con- tinuous. The marginal radiating strands of mycelium often extend for many inches and connect several fertile patches. Peniophora rimosa. Cooke. Broadly effused, inseparable, margin indeterminate ; hy- menium ochraceous, when dry cracked, minutely velvety, cystidia scattered or in clusters, fusoid, 70-100 x 15-18 /u.; spores elliptic-oblong, slightly curved, 15-17 x 6 /x. Peniophora rimosa, Cke., Grev., ix. p. 94; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 153. On bark and wood. Very closely resembling cracked forms of Peniophora velutina, from which it diifers in the larger spores. The hymenium is usually cracked into nu- merous irreg-ular polygonal portions. Peniophora Scotica. Mass. Broadly effused, margin fibrillose, radiating; hymenium pale cinnamon, minutely velvety ; cystidia sub-cylindrical, 80-120 X 15-20 ;a; spores elliptical, 8-10 x 6-7 fx. Peniophora Scotica, Mass., Mon. Thel., jo. 152. Broadly effused over the inside of bark. Closely related to Peniophora velutina, differing in colour and absence of the radiating marginal strands of mycelium, the cystidia are also larger in the present species. Peniophora phyllophila. Mass. Broadly effused, membranaceous, margin fibrillose, often indeterminate ; hymenium cream-colour, continuous, cystidia fusoid or cylindrical, with the apex sometimes thickened, 60-80 x 20-30 /x; spores elliptic. 12 x 6 /a. Peniophora pihijllophila, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 150. On dead leaves. Closely resembling in habit and colour Corticium epiphyllum, P., but distinguished by the numerous cystidia. Peniophora pubera. Mass. Broadly effused, thin, inseparable, indeterminate, hymenium whitish or dirty pale buft", minutely velvety, cracked when VOL, I. I 114 FUNGUS-FLOE A. dry; cystidia cylindrico-fusoid, 80-120 x 15-20 /j.; spores elliptic-oblong, 10-12 X 4 /x. Peniophora puhera, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 149. Corticimn puberum, Stev., Brit. Fung. 277. On bark and wood. Often very broadly effused, margin usually altogether indeterminate. Accompanying the typical cystidia are elongated, hair-like bodies, Peniophora terrestris. Mass. Effused, very thin, indeterminate ; hymenium pale grey or buff, velvety, cystidia cylindrico-fusoid, 80-90 x 15-20 /xj spores elliptical, 10 x 6-7 /x. Peniophora terrestris, Mass., Grev. xv. p. 107 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 153. Euuning over branches, leaves, and the naked ground. Forming pale grey or buff patches, resembling a mould in appearance. Sub-gen. Scopuloides. Cystidia arranged in fascicles. Peniophora hydnoides. Cke. & Mass. Broadly effused, indeterminate, subinnate ; hymenium grey, setulose; cystidia cylindrico-fusoid, aggregated in clusters, 70-120 X 12-14 /J. ; spores globose, 4-5 fx. Peniophora hydnoides. Cke. and Mass., Mon. Thel,, p. 154, pi. xlvii., figs. 15, 16. On bark. Eesembling under a pocket-lens several of the adnate species of Hydnmn and Grandinia, but on microscopic examination the sjiine-like projections on the hymenium are seen to consist of clusters of typical cystidia, HYMENOCHAETE. Lev. (fig. 5a, p. 94.) Sporophore entirely resupinate, effuso-reflexed, or entirely free from the matrix and furnished with a central stem ; hymenium minutely velvety with rigid, smooth, coloured, projecting cystidia (setae) ; basidia tetrasporous ; spores continuous, hyaline or coloured. Eymcnochaete, Leveille, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, p. 150; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 95. A well-marked genus, characterised by having the HYMEXOCHAETE. 115 hymennim studded with projecting, smooth, thick-walled, coloured, sharp-pointed cystidia (or setae), which are un- doubtedly modified cystidia. A few abeiTant species with thin-walled, pale-coloured setae more or less studded with lumps of lime connect the present genus with Peniojihora. The species were formerly included in Stereum and Corticium. I. Upper portion of sporopliore usually free and refiexed. Spores colourless. Hymenochaete rubiginosa. Lev. (fig. 5a, p. 94.) Coriaceous, rigid, effused, reflexed, velvety then glabrous, ferruginous-brown, intennediate stratum foxy rust-colour ; hymenium rust-colour, setae conical-acute, or cylindrical and obtuse, 80-100 x 5-8 /x ; spores elliptical, 5 X 3 yu. Bymenocliaete rubiginosa, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, v. p. 151 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 97. On wood. Sometimes altogether resupinate or with the margin only free, or with little reflexed pileoli springing as it were from the surface of the adnate portion, or broadly reflexed and densely imbricate, ferruginous brown, often with a purple tinge ; margin usually brighter and becoming- smooth. Hymenium sometimes concentrically undulate. In addition to the normal setae, stout cylindrical, obtuse, thin- walled, pale-brown bodies intermediate l^etween setae and cystidia are sparingly met with in the hymenium ; somewhat resembling H. tahacina, but distinguished at once by the colourless spores. Hymenochaete avellana. Cooke. Coriaceous, hard ; efiused margin obtuse, free, narrowly reflexed, reddish-brown velvety ; hymenium minutely velvety, pale brown, readily becoming stained with red on being bruised; setae cylindrical, obtuse, 80-140 x 7-9 fx: spores cylindric-elliptical, 6-7 X 3 [x. Hymenochaete avellana, Cke., Grev. viii. 140 ; Mass., Mon, Thel., p. 103. Stereum avellanum, Fries, Epicr. 551. On hazel, beech, &c. Patches small as a rule, sometimes efifused ; margin free all round or reflexed above; hymenium when dry dingy ferruginous, pruinose. I 2 116 FUNGUS-FLOKA. II. Entirely resupinate. * Spores colourless. Hymenochaete nigrescens.. Cooke. Peltate, applauate, solitary or gregarious and sometimes confluent, rigid, margin sometimes free and sliglitly reflexed ; liymenium setulose, brown then blackish ; setae conical, blackish, 80-140 X 10-12 /x ; spores elliptical, 10 x 5 /x. Hi/mcnochaete nigrescens, Cooke, in herb ; Mass., Mon. Theieph., p. 104. On dry wood. Sub-circular, 1-2 in. across. Adnate, margin often free and upturned, almost smootli and greyish below. Commencing as circular patches which usually soon become confluent. Often radially cracked through the entire substance. Hymenium blackish-umber, setulose, setae almost black and opaque, numerous. Hymenochaete Stevensonii. B. & Br. Pale fawn-colour, rigid, margin obtuse, elevated ; setae rigid, 20-40 x 8-10 /x; spores elliptic-fusoid, 6-7 x 3-4 /x. Bi/menochaete Stevensonii, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, V. iii. (1879), p. 211 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. lOG. On yew. A very distinct species with an abrupt margin wln'ch is sometimes a little thickened or raised ; hymenium livid, or greyish pink, with a tinge of lilac when dr3^ Patches about 1 in. across. Hymenochaete leonina. Berk. A; Curt. Entirely resupinate, orange-ferruginous ; margin tomen- toso ; hymenium unequal, inseparable, not cracked ; setae acuminate, thick, 20-30 x 12-15 /x ; spores subglobose, 6 X 5 IX. Hymenochaete leonina, B. and C. ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 107. On dead wood. Broadly effused for several inches, thin, firmly aduate ; margin almost indeterminate ; setae rare ; hymenium variable in colour, often ferruginous-orange with patches of jiure yellow. Hymenochaete fuliginosa. Lev. Efi'iisod, coriaceous, compact, obscure smoky-brown ; hy- HYMENCCHAETE. 117 meninm even, densely setulose, setae 30-50 x G-8 fjL ; spores subglobose, o X 4 yu. HymenocJiaete fuliginosa, Lev., Ann. Sci., Nat., ser. 3, 184G,. p. 152 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 109. On wood. Thin, closely adnate, margin very thin, yellowish rust ; often much broken into patches and almost indeterminate ; hymeniiim umber with rust or purple tinge, appearing almost smooth Tinder a lens, sometimes minutely cracked and brighter in colour. The setae are often clear purple by transmitted light, instead of brown, the usual colour. ** Spores coloured, usualhj olive. Hymenochaete corrugata. Lev. Broadly effused, closely adnate, rigid, pale cinnamon ; hymenium setulose ; when dry very much cracked ; setae conico-acuminate, 70-120 X 8-10 /a ; spores elliptical, olive, 7-8 X 4-5 jji. HymenocJiaete corrugata, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, v. p. 152 ; Mass., Mon. thel., p. 110. On wood. Broadly effused, closely adnate, so that the irregularities of the matrix are followed ; hymenium varying from dark brown, through ferruginous to cinnamon and dirty grey when dry, there is no 'tinge of purple. Cracked into polygonal areas when diy. Hymenochaete croceo-ferruginea. Mass. Broadly effused, incrusting, closely adnate, very thin, varying from orange-ferruginous to brownish ; hymenium very minutely velvety ; cracked when dry ; setae cylindrical, inflated at the base; 70-100 x 30-35//,; spores subgiobose, olive, 7 X 6 /A. HymenocJiaete croceo-ferruginea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 110. On dead rose stems. Margin sometimes byssoid, at others indeterminate. Eesembling H. corrugata, but differing in the very much swollen bases of the setae and the subgiobose spores. Hymenochaete tabacina. Lev. Subcoriaceous, thin, flaccid, effused, margin often reflexcd, silky, at length smooth, subferruginous, intermediate stratum and margin bright golden-yellow; hymenium cinnamon or 118 FUNGUS-FLOEA. ferniginotis with a purple tinge, usually cracked, minutely velvety; setae conico-acumiuate, 80-130 X 10-14 /x; spores elliptical, olive, o-O X S jx. Hijmenocliaete tahacrna, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser, 3, v. p. 152 .; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 112. On trunks, &c. Distinguislied by the golden yellow margin and coloured spores. Sometimes almost completely covering the under side of fallen logs. When moist dirty ferruginous passing to mulberry-colour. Eigid when dry, adnate, margin broadly free all round and more or less lobed, or free and reflexed above, rugulose. Hymeninm often cracked when dry in lines radiating from the centre, or from several starting-points in broadly effused sjDecimens. *** Setae mhclavate, often rough at the apex imtli particles of lime. Hymenochaete crassa. Cke. Resupinate, coriaceous, minutely velvet}^ pale rufoxis, maigin thickened, at length free; hymenium unequal, velvety, rufous ; setae subclavafe, often rough at the ajiex ; 70-130 X 7-14 yu.; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 7-8 X 4 yu.. Hymenochaete crassa, Berk., Cke., Grev. viii. p. 148 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 114. llieh'phora crassa, Lev., Voy. Bonite, t. 139, f. 1 B. On trunks. From 1-2 in. across, known by the thickened, more or less free maigin and the clavate setae. CORTICIUM. Fr. (emended), (figs. 4, 5, p. 94.) Hymenophore l)roadly effused, entirely rcsu])inate or with tlie extreme margin free; hymenium smooth, waxy, polished, composed of basidia and paraphyses only (no cystidia), which originate directly from the mycelium withoiit an intermediate compact stratum ; sjiores continuous, colourless. Corticium, Fries, Epicr., p. 55G (in part) ; emended in Mass., Mon. Theleph., p. 117. Thelcphora (in jiart) of most old authors. As defined above, the leading features of the genus are : — Hymenium covering the whole free surface of the fungus, wiiich is closely adnate by the avIioIc of the under surface to CORTICIUM. 119 the substratum ; in a few species of high development the extreme margin is free and sometimes more or less upraised. The hymenium is perfectly glabrous and waxy, owing to the entire absence of projecting cj'stidia, which give it a velvety or minutely hispid appearance in the genera Peniojphora and Hymenochaete. When dry the hymenium is often cracked, owing to contraction. The nodulose or uneven appearance of the hymenium in some species is mainly due to having grown on an uneven surface, as bark, &c. * Margin determinate, free. Corticium salicinum. Fr. (figs, 4, 5, p. 94.) Coriaceous, soft, rigid when dry, fixed by the centre, margin raised all round ; hymenium blood-red ; w^hitish and villous below; spores cylindric-oblong, 14-16 x 5-6 /x. Corticium salicinum, Yries, Hym. Eur., p. 657 ; Stev., Fung., p. 647 ; Mass., Mon. Theleph., p. 118, pi. vi. f. 1. On willow, poplar, &c. When young resembling a Peziza, often becoming effused for 1 in. or more, margin always up- turned. Corticium evolvens. Fr. Patches marginate, often eflfuso-reflexed, soft, whitish and tomentose below^; hymenium subrugose, pale brown then ochraceous or whitish, cracked when dry ; spores el- liptical, 10-12 X 5 fjL. Corticium evolvens, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 646 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 118, pi. vi. f. 4. On bark, especially of rosaceous trees. Often commencing as detached minute round patches, which sometimes assume a saucer-like form and remain solitary ; more frequently several become confluent and form irregular patches, with the margin more or less upraised and filnillose below ; hy- menium dirty ochraceous, sometimes with a lilac tinge, cracked when dry, and showing the fibrillose subiculum, Corticium porosum. B. & Curt. Often efiused for several inches, margin sometimes deter- minate and slightly raised, at others almost indeterminate ; hymenium when well developed, waxy, even, pallid, with 120 FUNGUS-FLOEA. little scattered pits or depressions; spores elliptic-oblong, 7 X 4: fl. Corticium porosum. Berk, and Curt., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, iii. (1870), p. 211 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 121. On wood. Colour of -wash leather; hyraenium often sterile, and then spongy and porous. When dry often cracked into large pieces, gaping, the edges curling up. The pores look as if little dewdrops had settled on the hyraenium, which had in consequence contracted, or rather retracted. (B. & C.) Corticium populinum. Fr. Usually commencing as minute silky patches that become confluent and effused, and with the margin involute; hy- menium uneven, greyish ferruginous ; white and downy below ; spores subglobose, 7-8 /x diameter. Gorticium 2iopulmiim, Fries, Epicr. 559 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 121. On poplar. Often springing from old Sphaeriae; distin- guished amongst its allies by the ferruginous hymenium and subglobose spores. Corticiuin lycii. Cooke. Commencing as small round patches that run into each other and form an irregular, effused thin patch, margin usually free, but not always, hymenium bright lilac, when old often with a tinge of ochre, not cracked when dry ; spores elliptical, 8 x 4 /a. Corticium. lycii, Cooke, in Mass., Mon. The]., p. 122. Thelejphora lycii, Pers. On Lycium and Syringa. Care must be taken not to confound the present species with young resupinate speci- mens of Stcreum puijiureum. **• Margin not free, indeterminate, hyssoid or strigose. I llymenium whitish or ochraccous. Corticium calceum. Fr. Thin, Ijroudly cft'u.scd, margin usually determinate, but closely adglutinated, hymenium smooth, polished, whitish, COKTICII'M. 121 often tinged with lilac or pale ochre when drj^ ; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 8 x 4 yu. Corticium calceicm, Fr., Ilym. Eur., p. 652 ; Mass., Mon. The!., p. 127. On wood. Often effused for several inches, thin, when dry sometimes cracked, at others not. Corticium sebaceum. Mass. Effused, rather flesh3% often incrtisting twigs and grass in a stalactitic manner, white ; hymenium collapsing when dry, pruinose; spores elliptical, apiculate at the base, 14-16 X 7-9 /x. Corticium sebaceum, Mass., Mon. Theleph., p. 127. Thelepliora sehacea, Berk., Outl., 1. 17, f. 6; Cke.Hdbk.,n. 904. On the ground, or running up grass, twigs, &c. Whitish, rather pulpy when fresh ; the hymenium when perfectly formed smooth and waxy, becoming pallid when dry. Corticium. scutellare. B. & C. Broadly effused, thin, inseparable from the matrix, margin indistinct, white then dirty tan-colour or tawny; hymenium waxy, smooth, very much cracked in an areolate manner, interstices silky, white ; spores elliptical, 5 x 3 /x. Corticium scutellare, Berk, and Curt., Grevillea, ii. p. 4 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 128. On wood, herbaceous stems, &c. Eecognised by the areo- lately cracked, tan-coloured hymenium and small spores. Corticium foetidum. B. & Br. Foetid, effused, crust-like, velvety below ; h^'menium whit- ish, then pale tan ; spores elliptical, 7x4 /j.. Corticium foetidum, Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, iii. 1879, p. 211 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 131, pi. vi. f. 3. Forming a thin crust on sawdust ; hymenium pallid when dry, even or rather rugged from inequalities of the matrix. Very foetid when fresh. Corticium. lacteum. Fr. Broadly effused, snbmembranaceous, usually more or less irregularly lobed and broken up, under surface and margin fibrillose ; hymenium waxy, cracked, showing the fibrillose 122 FUNGUS-FLORA. substratum, wliitisli, pale ocliraceous or buff when dry; spores subglobose, 5-6 /x. Corticium ladeum, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. C49 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132. On wood. Broadly effused, often in very irregular patches ; whitish, ochraceous, or pale buff Avhen drj- ; margin inde- terminate, fibrillose, often radiating in long, thick, mycelial strands in a frondose manner for several inches ; hymenium when perfect smooth, cracked. Differs from C. radiatiim in the cracked hymenium, and from C. radians in the subglobose spores. Often imperfect and barren. Corticium confluens. Fr. Closely adnate, thin, margin radiating but not fibrillose ; liymenium hyaline, whitish when dry ; spores cylindric- ellipsoid, 20 x 10 fi. Corticium confluens, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. G55 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 133. On bark, usually beech. Often originating as isolated rounded patches, which soon become confluent ; closely ad- nate, thin. Corticium arachnoideum. Berk. Thin, effused, white or pallid, margin not determinate, fibrillose or sulifloccose below, margin fimbriated with white fibrils ; hymenium waxy, continuous, when dr}^ becoming cracked ; spores globose, 6-7 fx diameter. Corticium arachioideum, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. (1844), p. 345 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 135. On wood, bark, running over moss, &c. Forming delicate, effused, arachnoid patches of a snowy white ; threads by no means forming fibres, but s})reading like a delicate web and often remaining barren ; but mider favourable circumstances giving rise to a smooth hymenium, consisting of elliptic sporo])]i()res arranged in little bundles. Its habit is not unlike that of Thehjyhora hombi/cina, 1>. (Berk.) The specimens on which Berkeley founded the species were in the liypoclmoid condition, but afterwards numerous well-developed sjiecimens were ctjllected, showing the hy- menium continuous for several inches, pale ochraceous (when dry) or often with a tinge of glaucous green, slightly cracked ; margin shading off into radiating mycelium, cobweb-like or COKTICIUM. 123 mealy; frequently when growing in damp dark places the whole plant remains arachnoid, with basidia in scattered tufts, and not forming a continuoi;s hymenium. Corticium typhae. Fuckel. Yery thin, longitudinally effused, at first appearing as small, distinct, white, byssoid sjwts ; hymenium at first smooth, then minutely meal}', and sometimes slightly cracked; margin sometimes indeterminate and mealy ; spores elliptical, 6 x 3-i /x. Corticium Ujphae, Fuckel, Symb., p. 27 ; Mass., IMon, Thel., p. 137. On dead dry leaves of Tyjjha, Carex, &c. Forming small, elongated patches, hymenium dull bufi' when dry. Corticium sambuci. Fr. Broadly eftused, subinnate, incrusting and often surround- ing the branch or trunk, indeterminate, pure white, con- tinuous when growing, collapsing and often more or less powdery when dry ; spores elliptical, 8-10 X 5-G /*. Corticium samhuci. Fries., Hym. Eur., p. 660 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 137. On elder trunks. Forming broadly effused, thin, insepar- able white patches. Corticium lactescens. Berk. Broadlj' eftused, closely adnate, rather thick, exuding a whitish watery milk when broken ; margin lather thin, byssoid, sterile; hymenium when dry, smooth, polished, ochraceous, or sometimes reddish, becoming cracked ; spores globose, 4 jx. diameter. Corticium lactescens. Berk., Outl., p. 274; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 138. Thelepkora salicina, Pers., Myc. Eur. i. p. 133. On oak, willow, &c. Forming thickish, broadly eftused patches that give out a white milk when broken. Hy- menium usually much cracked when dry. Corticium lacunosum. B. & Br. Broadly effused, soft, m3'celium cinnamon or dirty ochraceous, felt-like, lacunose ; hymenium ochraceous or cinnamon, waxy, polished, not cracked when dry, spores elliptical, 7 x 4—5 /a. 124 FUNGUS-FLORA. Corticium jyorostim, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xi. p. 343 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 138. On wood. Broadly and irregularly effused, generally loosely fibrilloso and spongy, with variously-sized pores or lacunae on the surface ; vaguely spreading on the surface of wood and passing on to surrounding bodies on the ground, sometimes forming a thick felt with scattered tufts of sporophorcs, as in the imperfect forms of Cort. arachnoicleum ; sometimes passing from the above stage into a compact, con- tinuous, waxy hymenium of an ochraceous or pale cinnamon colour when dry. The hyphae are 4-5 /x. thick, and fur- nished with numerous clamp-connections; resembling in habit Corticium porosum, differs in the spores and in the hymenium not being cracked when dry. Corticium. radiosum. Fr. Subrotund, thin, closely adnate, margin white, fibrillose, radiating ; hymenium dingy ochraceous, not cracked when dry ; spores subglobose, 5-(3 /x. diameter. Corticium: radiosum, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. G49 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 139. Athelia ochracea, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 84. Corticium radians, B. and Br. On rotten wood. Somewhat resembling C. lacteum in habit, but distinguished by the dark ochraceous hymenium, which does not crack when dry. ** Hymenium hriyldhj coloured. Corticium roseolum. ]\Iass. Very broadly eirused, indeterminate, very thin and_ in- separable from the matrix; hymenium continuous, bright rose-coloured, becoming pale; spores subglobose, apiculate 7 X 8-0 /x. Corticium roseolum, Massee, in IMon. Thel., p. 140. On old worked wood. Spreading irregularly for many inches on smooth wood, exceedingly thin, adglutinatcd, margin vague ; hymenium not cracked when dry, at first of a bright rose-colour, then becoming pale and i)ersisting as pale ochraceous, with only a tinge of ro.so when dry. Spores very abundant, resembling in habit Pcnioj^hora incarnaia CORTICIUM. 125 (^Corticiuni incarnatum, Fr.), also PeniojjJiora rosea (Cortichim roseum, Fr.), but separated from both by the absence of pro- jecting cystidia and different spores. Corticium aurora. Berk. Very thin, effused, closely adglutinated, rosy, becoming pale, margin indeterminate ; spores ellipsoid, apiculate, 10-11 X 7-8 fx. Corticium aurora, Berk., Outl., p. 270 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 141. On dead leaves of Carex, &c. Verj^ thin, effused, pink, becoming whitish. Distinguished from Corticium typliae by the large subpyriform or pip-shaped spores. Corticium anthochroum. Fr. Broadly effused, thin, bright rose-colour or brick-red with a rosy tinge, becoming pale, margin byssoid, paler ; spores elliptical, 11-13 x 8-9 p.. Corticium anthochroum. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 661, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 141. Thelephora anthochroa, Pers., Syn., p. 576. On bark. Hymenium when perfect, waxy and sometimes cracked when dry; usually sterile and minutely velvety under a lens. Corticium molle. Fr. Subrotund, fleshy, texture loose, soft, margin naked ; hymenium pallid, more or less spotted with red, waxy, papillose, cracked when dry ; spores cylindric - ellipsoid, obtuse at both ends, 7 X o /jl. Corticium molle, Fries, Hym. Eiir., p. 660; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 143. On wood and bark of pines. Known by the thick, soft, fleshy substance. Corticium polygonium. Fr. Closely adnate, determinate, margin byssoid ; soon in- durated ; hymenium pinkish, pruinose, usually much cracked; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 14— 16 x 5-7 /x. Corticium polyr/onium. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 655 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 145. On bark, especially poplar, also on wood. Usually 126 FUNGUS-FLOEA. appearing under the form of small, distinct Tuhercularia- like pustules, wliicli generally become confluent, thick, and again separating more or less when dry, giving the patch a much cracked appearance ; sometimes continuous, then tuberculose ; margin thin, adnate, hyssoid ; hymenium prui- nose, pinkish, lilac, or dirty ochraceous. Corticium sanguineum. Fries. Broadly efl'used, indeterminate, loosely attached to the substratum, cottony below and with the radiating marginal strands blood-red ; hymenium smooth, even pale red, then pallid ; spores elliptical, (5 x 4 yu.. Corticium sanguineum, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 650 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 14G. On wood, fallen branches, &c. Irregularly and often very broadly eifused, thin, margin fibrillose or byssoid, running off into spreading strands of mycelium of a blood-red colour, mixed with thicker blackish-red radiating cord-like threads, which penetrate and stain the wood red. Hymenium rarely red, generally pinkish or dirty ochraceous when dry, .slightly cracked, often barren and minutely fibrillose. Usually rare, but during the rainy season of 181>1 was found abundantly in the New Forest, near Lyndhurst, covering the under surface of branches lying on the ground. Corticium Carlylei. Mass. Forming closely adnate, elongated patches, waxy, thin, polished, margin white, soon disappearing ; hymenium naked, dingy orange, not cracked when dry ; spores cj'lindric- ellipsoid, both ends obtuse, curved, 18-20 x 5-6 /t. Corticium Carlylei, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 148. Forming ehmgated patches, often several inches long by about 1 in. broad, very closely attached to the matrix, and when dry, contracting below the level of the bark. Hyme- nium rather shining, of a dingy orange, Avith sometimes a foxy tinge ; when in full vigour there is usually a narrow whitish margin, which, however, generally disappears with age. The hymenium does not change colour in drying, neither does it become in the least cracked. Corticium flaveolum. Mass. Effused, membranaceous, loosely attached to the matrix. COETICIUM. 127 margin determinate ; hymenium glabrous, jjale-primrose- yellow ; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, both ends obtuse, 7 x o fj., Corticium flaveolum, Massee, Mon. Thel., p. 150. On trunk of tree-fern in a conservatory. Two to three inches broad, suborbicuLir or variously lobed, clear but pale primrose-yellow. Corticium. coeruleum. Fr. Broadly effused, adnate, tomentose, bright blue, byssoid margin whitish, extreme margin sometimes free ; hymenium waxy, rather soft, pale when dry ; spores elliptical, 8 X 4 yx. Corticium coeruleum. Fries, Hyra, Eur., p. 651 ; Mass., Mun. Thel., p. 151. Auricularia pJiosjiJtorea, Sow. t. 350. On wood. Irregularly effused, adnate or sometimes the extreme margin free ; margin fibrous, radiating, buff, or whitish ; hymenium when in full vigour intense l)lue, satiny,, often becoming pale in the centre. Said to be phosphorescent. Corticium violaceo-lividum. Fr. Forming closely adnate, hard patches 1 in. or more across, dingy reddish-purple, margin paler ; hymenium usually corrugated or tuberculose, covered at first with white-bloom ; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 8 x 4 /a. Corticium violaceo-lividum, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 655 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 280 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 151. On wood. Hymenium dingy purple when dry, not cracked. Corticium. lividum. Pers. Thin, effused, cLjsely adnate, waxy and soft, variously coloured, bluish-grey, dingy purple, &c., margin similar ; hymenium even, naked (not pruinose), subviscid at maturity, cracked when dry ; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 7-8 X 4 /x. Corticium lividum, Persoon, Obs., i. p. 38 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 152. On wood. Distinguished from C. violaceo-lividum by the hymenium n(jt being pruinose, cracked when dry, and by having the margin coloured like the hymenium. Corticium. atro-virens. Fr. Irregularly effused, very thin, blackish-green, under surface and indeterminate margin tomentose, similarly coloured ; 128 FUNGUS-FLORA. hymenium when perfectly developed," paler, glaucous, and wax}" ; spores suliglobose, 4-5 [x. diauietei". Cortidum airo-virens, Pries, Hym. Eur., p. 651 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 156 ; Stev., Fung., p 277. On rotten wood, leaves, sticks, &c. *** Developing on twigs helow the harJc, tcJiicJi is pushed off. Corticium comedens. Fr. Efifused, innate, inseparable from tlio luatiix, exposed by tbe rupture of tlie bark, dingy lilac, then becoming pale ; hymenium even, glabrous, cracked when dry ; spores cylin- dric-ellipsoid, at length, curved, 14—10 x 6- 7 ;u. Corticiurn comedens, Fries, Hym. 'EinT.,i>. 056; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 155. On branches, especially hazel. Originates below the bark, which^ eventually becomes torn and reflexed, exposing the hymenium, which is at first purplish, becoming almost white ; slightly viscid when moist. Corticium nigrescens. Fries. Effused, interrupted, exposed by the rupture of the bark, closely adnate, thin, yellowish, then becoming blackish; hymenium sometimes papillose, waxy, slightly pruinose ; spores cylindric-oblung, obtuse at both ends, curved 18-20 x 5-6 /x. Corticium nigrescens, Fries, Epicr., p. 565 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 155, On branches. Originating beneath the bark, resembling C comedens in habit, but distinguished by being pale at first, and then becoming blackisii, whereas the last named is purjile when growing and becoming whitish with age. Eii'used, very thin, closely adglutiuated, indeterminate ; hymenium waxy, powdered with tlie very large colourless spores. STEKEUM. Pers. (emended), (figs. 11-14, p. 97.) Furnished witli a distinct central stem, horizontal and attached by a broad base, or entirely resupinate ; hymenium smooth, even, inferior in the stipitato or reflexed forms, superior in resujiinate species, originating from a comi)act STEEEUM. 129" intermecliate layer ; basidia tetrasporoiis ; spores continuous, hyaline or coloured. Stereum, Persoon, Obs. Myc, p. 35 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 158. The leading characters of the present genus are the smooth, even hymenium, and the velvety or strigose pileus. In Peniojjlwra and Hymenochaete the habit is the same as those- of resupinate or reflexed species of the present genus, but in both the hymenium is minutely velvety or setuiose. In the present genus there is an unbroken sequence from the Mesopod or central-stemmed type, with a more or less funnel- shaped pileus and inferior hymenium, through the lateral- stemmed or flahelUform, to the effused stage with a more or less developed free margin, or several free margins springing from the effused and adnate portion in a superposed, imbricate or dimidiate manner. This last leads by degrees to the lowest type, where the whole fungus is closely adnate to the substratum by its under surface, and consequently, having the hymenium uppermost, thus closely agreeing with the normal condition in the genus Corticimn, but distinguished by the presence of a layer of closely compacted hyphae, which directly gives origin to the elements of the hymenial layer ; from the underside of this compact layer a loose felted layer of hyphae rests on and penetrates the substratum. In Corticium no such layer exists. Again, in Stereum, as a rule the hymenium does not become cracked when dry, as is fre- quently the case in Corticium, and in the resupinate forms the margin is rarely indeterminate, but usually more or less- free and strigose. * Pileus infundihuliform, stem central. Stereum Sowerbei. Massee. (fig. 13, p. 97.) Snow-white, pileus infundibulifjrm, 1-1 in. across, rather rough with projecting points, but not velvety, margin vari- ously incised ; hymenium smooth ; spores elliptical, 5x3 /x. Stereum Sowerhei, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 104. Thelejjhora Sowerhei, Berk., Outl., p. 206. Ehella jjanuosa, Sow., Fung., t. 155. On the ground. A very beautiful species, snow-white, tinged with pale buff" when old, and of a waxy appearance VOL. I. K 130 rUNGUS-FLOEA. when fresh ; sometimes with a distinct round stem \ in. or more in height, at otliers several plants grow close together, having their stems more or less confluent at the base. It has 110 relationship with Cladoderris, as suggested by Fries in Summa, Veg. Scand., p. 332. Stereum tuberosum. ]\[ass. AVhite, becoming pallid or reddish, pileus cut nearly or quite down to the tuberous base into narrow irregular seg- ments arranged in an infundibuliform manner ; stem when distinct, slender ; hymenium almost even ; spores elliptical, colourless, smooth, 7-8 x 5 /a. Thelephora tnherosa, Fr., Grev., Sc. Or. FL, t. 178; Berk., Outl., p. 267 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 802 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. 262. On the ground. About 1 in. high. Pileus infundibuliform but cut into narrow segments, removed from Thelephora on account of the smooth hymenium and elliptical smooth, colourless spores. Distinguished from S. Soicerhel by the pileus being cut down nearly to the base into narrow segments, and the tuberous base t(j the stem. Stereum undulatum. Mass. Pileus whitish becomii)g tan, depressed, minutely fibrillose, margin undulated, stem short, villous ; hymenium minutely velvety, pale tan ; spores broadly pip-shaped, 10 x 6 /x. Thelephora undulata, Fr., Hym. Eur., 663 ; Stev., B. Fung. 262. On the ground. From ^—1 in. high, pileus depressed or funnel-shaped, stem short, remarkable for the minutely velvety, buff hymenium. Stereum multizonatum. 15. k Br. Tough and caitilaginoiis when fresh, ])ileus deeply infun- dibuliform, variously cut and lobod and jjassing into a short stem, bright brownish flesh-colour, zoned with darker bands ; hymenium smooth, paler than the pileus, rugulose, powdered wdth the white spores ; numerous pilei are varioiisly grown together, the stems are also confluent at the base, thus forming dense tufts ; spores elliptical, colourless, 8-0 x 4— .5 fx. Stereum wuUizonatum, Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat, Hist., Ser. 3, XV. ji. 321, j.l. xiii. f. 4; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 167. STEREUM. 131 On the ground. Forming dense tufts 6-10 in. across and 2-3 in. high. Substance of pileus thin, crisp and carti- laginous when fresh, and of a beautiful flesh-colour. The dark zones vary much in intensity in different specimens. ** Horizontal and attached hy a hroad base, or resupinate mtli a refiexed upper margin. Stereum hirsutum. Fr. Wholly resupinate, or usually effuso-reflexed ; pileus coarsely strigose, dingy ochraceous, becoming pale and greyish, indistinctly zoned, substance thin and coriaceous ; hj^menium even, glabrous, naked, bright ochraceous or pale tan-colour ; spores globose, 5 /x diameter. Stereum hirsutum. Fries, Epicr., p. 549 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 181. On trunks and branches. Very variable in form, when growing on a broad surface often wholly resupinate or wi th a very narrow free portion. When developed on smaller branches there is often a broad, free, refiexed portion, or several such arranged in an imbricated fashion. Pileus coarsely velvety or strigose ; hymenium usually- bright ochraceous, often with varying shades of pin k: or grey. Var. subcostatum. Karst. Hymenium naked, A-agriely costate or rugose, yellowish- white, bright flesh-colour or yellowish-red towards the base. Stereum subcostatum, Karsten, Hedwigia, 1881, p. 178. Certainly not a good si)ecies, intermediate forms leading up to the typical form of S. hirsutum being not uncommon. Var. cristulatum. Quelet. Pileus strigose, grey ; hj-menium flesh-colour. Quelet, Fung. Jura, iii., t. 1, f. 15. Stereum ochroleucum. Fr. (figs. 11, 12, p. 97). Horizontal and attached by a narrow or broad base, effused, with the upper free margin rcflexcd, or entirely resupinate ; pileus coriaceous, rather thick, flaccid, silky, zoned, greyish- white ; hymenium pale ochraceous, smooth, cracked, espe- cially when dry ; spores broadly elliptical, 8 x G /u.. K 2 132 FUNGUS-FLORA. Stereum ochroleiicum, Fries, Hym. Eiir,, p. 639 ; Mass., Mou. Thel., p. 184. Corticiinn och-oleucum, Fries, Eincr., p. 577. On wood and bark. Silky or strigose, becoming smooth when old. It is not unusual to meet witli all stages from flal)elliform to entirely resupinate. Distinguished from S. stri(/(isum by the very pale ochraceous hymcniuni that becomes much cracked when dry ; the sjiores are also difterent. Stereum purpureum. Pers. (fig. 14, p. 97.) Coriaceous but pliant, effuso-reflexed, more or less imbri- cated, tomentose, zoned, whitish or pallid ; hymenium naked, smooth, even, pale clear purj^jle, becoming dingy ochraceous with only a tinge of purple when dry; spores elliptical, 7-8 X 4/x. Stereum pwyureum, Persoon, Obs. Myc. ii. p. 92 ; Ma?s., Mon. Thel., p. 186. On trunks, branches, &c. Variable ; often broadly adnate, with the extreme margin only free and reflexed, or broadly reflexed and imbricate, when the individuals are often small, not more than |— 1 in. across, but sometimes much larger, rather thin, rigid and incurved when dr}^ Pilcus silky, tomentose, not coarsely strigose as in S. liirsutum, and often with one or two narrow black zones near the margin ; hymfi- nium more or less purple, becoming dingy ochre when dry. Stereum sanguinolentum. Fr. Efluso-rcjflcxed, thin, coriaceous, pileus silky-adpresscd, substriate, pallid, margin acute, whitish ; hymeniiim even, glabrous, very delicately pruinose when old, becoming stained with dingy red when rubbed ; spores cylindrico- ellijjsoid, slightly curved, 8-0 x 4-5 /x. Stereum sanguinolentum, Fries, Epicr., p. 540 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 189. On pine and other wood. Densely gregarious; at first resui)inatc and circular, at length dimidiate or with the margin more or less reflexed all round, silky or almost strigose, zoned, the zones darker ; hymenium rough from the inequalities of the matrix, otherwise smooth, pale greyish- brown, when scratched or bruised becoming instantly blood- red. (Berk.) STEREUM. 133 Stereum rugosum. Fr. Broadly eflfused, sometimes shortly reflexcd, coriaceous, at length thick and rigid, pileiis at length smooth, brownish ; hjTnenium pale greyish-yellow, changing slightly to red when bniised, pruinose ; spores cylindrico-elliptical, straight, 11-12 X 4-5 yu. Stereum rugosum. Fries, Epicr., p. 552 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 191. Theleiiliora lauro-cerasi, Berk., Engl. Fl. v. p. 173. On trunks, &c. Very variable in form, wholly adnate, partly reflexed, or pezizaeform. Agrees with S. sangumo- lentum in becoming red when bruised, but differs in the thicker, rigid substance, and in the larger, straight spores. The hymenium is sometimes pale-yellow, at others pale- grejish and livid. Stereum spadiceum. Fr. Coriaceous, thin, effuso-reflexed, villous, sub ferruginous, the obtuse margin whitish ; hymenium smooth, brownish flesh- colour, becoming red when bruised ; spores elliptical, 8 x 5 yu,. Stereum spadiceum. Fries, Epicrisis, p. 549 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 190. On trunks, &c. Distinguished amongst the species that turn red when bruised by the dark colour of the hymenium. Stereum disciforme. Fr. Subcoriaceous, white, resupinate, determinate, the thin margin free, naked, disciform ; the hymenium rigid, uneven, pulverulent, pallid; spores subglobose, 16-18 /x, or 18 x 15-16 IX. Stereum disciforme., Fries, Epicr., p. 522 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 189. Feniophora disciforme, Cke., Grevillea, viii. p. 20, t. 122, f. 2. On oak. Forming patches from i to 1 in. across, firm and rigid. Stereum vorticosum. Fr. Pileua coriaceous, effuso-reflexed, obscurely zoned, coarsely hirsute, pallid, margin similarly coloured ; hymenium slightly rugulose, purple or lilac ; spores elliptical 7x4/*. Stereum vorticosum,, Fries, Obs. ii. p. 275; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 194. 134 FUNGUS-FLORA. On bark and -wood. Intermediate beweon Stcreum liirsutnm Hnd S. jyiirjmreiiiii, agrccu^Q wh]i the former in the coarsely strigose pileus, and with the latter in the colour of the hyme- ninm ; known by its thinner substance, which becomes more or less torn when dry. *** Entirely resupinate, margin scarcely or not at all free. Stereum rufum. Fr. Coriaceous-cartilaginous, erumpent, at fii'st tuberculiform, tlien expanding and forming small circular patches ; hyme- nium rufous, then brownish, powdered with a grey bloom, more or less tuberculose, at length cracked ; spores elliptical, 6-7 X 4 fi. Stereum rufnm, Fries, Epicr,, p. 552; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 198. On bark, usually lime. Bursting through the bark as rounded patches, which spread for some distance, keeping more or less circular in outline, thin, extreme margin free ; looking like a Corticium in habit; hymenium with small tubercles that are often arranged in indistinct concentric circles. Stereum frustulosum. Fr. Tuberculose, woodj', crowded and almost confluent, hence looking like one much cracked specimen, under surface and margin glabrous, brownish-black ; hjmienium convex, cin- namon, becoming pale, pruinose; spores elliptical, ends sul)acuto, 4-5 x 3-3*5 fx. Stcreinn frustulosum. Fries, Epicr., p. 552 ; Mass., Mon. TheL, p. liJ9. Tlieh'ijhora frustulosa, Fries, Syst. Mycol. i. p. 445. On wood and bark. Some states superficially resemble Cmbvanac(M)Us, sulisessik', cui)-sha]ied, cornuous, minutely fibrillose, whitish ; margin irregularly torn and wavj, downy ; hymenium oven ; spores subglobose, pale brown, C-7 /A. Cyphella iiiuscicola, Wvvk., (Jutl., p. 277; Cke., Ildbk., n. 94'J; Stev., Brit. Fung. 28G. SOLENIA, 143 On mosses. About two lines across, wliitisli, the whole plant dirty ochraceous when dry. Cyphella ocliroleuca. B. & Br. Yery pale ochraceous, memln-anaceons, -villous, cup-shaped, margin becoming torn, sessile ; hymenium ochraceous ; spores very pale ochraceous, elliptical, 6 x 4 yu. CyphAla orhroleuca, B. & Br., Berk., Outl., p. 277; Cke., Hdbk., n. 948 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. 285. On dead bramble stems. Scattered, 1-li lines broad. SOLEXIA. Hoflfm. (fig. 8, p. 94.) Sporophore cylindrical, more or less contracted at the mouth ; cavity everywhere covered with the hymenium ; basidia tetrasporous. Solenia, Hoiimann, Deutschl. Fl., t. 8; Cooke, Hdbk. 1, ji. 329. The species are all minute, rarely exceeding 1 line in height narrowly cj^liudrical and tubular, the tube being- more or less contracted at the mouth, and internally every- where covered with the hymenium. The species grow on rotten wood, and are often densely crowded. Closely allied to Cyphella, distinguished by the contracted mouth of the tube and the crowded habit. At one time the species were considered as Ijelonging to the genus Peziza, before the microscope revealed the presence of basidia. Fries places the genus in the Pohjporeae, but each tube in the present genus is an individual or sporophore, and not simply a hymenophore. The external hairs are in most species rough with particles of lime. * Externally white. Solenia maxima. Mass. (u. sp.) Gregarious and subfasciculate, but not crowded ; subcy- lindrical, slightly contracted at the base, externally villous, with slender aseptate hyphae rough with minute particles of lime, whitish or pale buff, about 1 line high ; spores ellip- tical, minutely and obliquely apiculate, i) x 3 fx. On rotten wood. Forming patches l in. across. Distin- guished by its large size. 144 FUXGUS-FLOKA. Solenia fasciculata. Pers. Gregarious and usuallj' fasciculate, ^-^ line high ; cylin- diic-clavate, white, externally minutely silky and almost smooth ; spores subglobose, about 4 fx diameter. Solenia fasciculata, Pers., Myc. Eur. i., p. 335, t. 12, f. 8, 9 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. n. 6588. Solenia Candida, Hoffm., Cke., Ildblc, p. 329. Distinguished amongst British species by its white colour and subglobose spores. ** Externally ochraceous. Solenia anomala. Fr. Usually densely crowded and forming effused patches, about ;\ line high, pyriform, margin of hymenium incurA-ed, externally pilose, varying from dingy ochraceous to ferru- ginous ; spores, cylindric-oliloug, 7 X 4 /x. Solenia anomala, Fries, Ilym. Eur., p. 596; Sacc. Syll. vi. n. GGOO. On rotten wood, bark, &c. Densely crowded, either form- ing compact scattered patches i in, or more across, or con- tinuous for several inches, and superficially resembling a species of Poria. Var. ochracea. Mass. Distinguished from the type form by the scattered habit, and rather smaller size ; in colour, form, and size, spores similar. Solenia ochracea, Hoffm., Deutsch. Fl., t. 8, f. 2 ; Cke., Ildbk., p. 329. On rotten wood, bark, &c. Usually gregarious, liut not densely packed, sometimes scattered, at others rather crowded. HYDNEAE. 145 FAM. IV. HYDNEAE. In the preceding families the hymenium was perfectly even in the majority of species, with just an indication of rugosity in the highest genera of the Thelephoreae, as Craterellus, Cladoderris, and Beccaria ; the last is an exotic genus, and forms a transition from the Thelephoreae to the Hydneae, agreeing with the former in habit and the structure of the sporophore, with the latter in the configuration of the hymenium, which is furnished with radiating ridges that are more or less toothed or nodulose at the ede:e, shadowine: the type of structure that is more highly developed in Irpex, where the teeth spring from ridges or folds of the hymenium. In the Hydneae the hymenium is, from the earliest stage of its development, imeven, the inequalities — on which the true hymenial surface is produced — taking the form of spine or wart-like prominences ; in the simpler genera nearest to the Thelephoreae, these prominences take the form of crowded or scattered granules or hemispherical prominences of small size, the whole fungus being a thin resupinate film covered on its free surface with these structures, whereas in the higher genera the projections of the surface take the form of blunt tooth-like outgrowths, as in Irpex and Baduliim, whereas in Hydniim, which illustrates the highest phase of development to which the Hydneae have attained, the out- growths from the sporophore which constitute the hymeno- phore appear as elongated, tapering, pointed spines. It is in this genus also that the hymenophore attains its highest development, passing from the simpler, membranaceous, resupinate forms to the pileate condition, supported on a central stem. A peculiar feature in some of the simpler genera consists in the fact that the warts are more or less excavated or hollowed at the tip, as in Grandinia, Porothelium, and even in some of the simple resupinate species of Ilydnum, VOL. I. L 146 FUNGUS-FLORA. or at all events in some species whicli liitlierto have been considered as belonging to Hydtium. On the other hand, in the genus Odontia the warts or spines are more or less fim- briated or penicillate at the tip. Up to the present the genus Porotlielium has been included in the Polyporeac, and considered by Fries as having an affinity with, or at all events being analogous to, Fistidhia in the distinct warts being at first closed, eventually becoming elongated, and more or less excavated at the apex. This rela- tionship was indicated on the supposition that the hymenium lined the cavities, as in the Polyporeae, but microscopic examination shows that the hymenium covers the outer surface of the warts, as in the Hydneae ; hence Porothelium must be included in the last-named family, and not far removed from the genus Grandinia. HYDNEAE. Hymenium inferior in the stipitate and dimidiate, hori- zontal species, superior in the effused and resupinate species, bearing from the first spines, teeth, tubercles, wart-like granules, or irregular folds, either entire or more or less fimbriated at the tips ; basidia in most genera tetrasporous ; in one or two ill-understood genera {Knieffia and Mucronellci) monosporous. Hydneae, Fries, PI. Horn., p. 80. The majority of species are efifuso-resupinate or entirely resupinate, hence the present family is lower in the scale of development of the sporophore than the A S I ■ '"'i' •--•,T,' . '- hi FIGUEES ILLUSTRATING THE HYDNEAE. Fig. 1, Hydnum repandum, section through the entire fungus, showinc" the inferior hymenium, consisting of subulate spines ; stem excentric ; huif nat. size ; — Fig. 2, Hydnum aureum, section showing the superior hymenium in a resupinate species; nat. size; — Fig. 3, Cfddmdla ferrugi- nom, spores, highly mag. ; — Fig. 4, Sistotrema confluent, single specimen, showing the more or less jagged plate-like teeth ;— Fig. 5, Section of same, nat. size ; — Fig. 6, Irpex ohliquus, portion of specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 7,, Section of same, showing the unequal, more or less torn, oblique teeth ; nat. size ; — Fig. 8, Mucronella calva, showing a few of the erect, elongated teeth, springing directly from tlie substratum of wood, without any trace of a subiculum or resupinate layer of hyphae ; nat. size ;— Fig. !), Itadidum orhicidnre, portion of a plant ; nat. size ;— Fig. 10, 1'hhhia radiata, portion of a plant, showing the radiating margin, and folds or wrinkles of the hymenium; nat. size;— Fig. 11, Basidium and spores of same; highly mag. ;— Fig. 12, Grandinia granulom ; nat. size ;— Fig. 13, Section of same, showing the crowded subrotund granules covering the hymenium ; slightly mag; — Fig. 14, Foroihelium confusum, portion of plant; nat. size; — 150 FUNGUS-FLOKA. I. MESOPUS. With a central stem. * Pileiisjlcslii/, somewhat hrittle. Hydnum imbricatum. Linn. Pileus 3-4 in. across, fleshy, plane, or slightly depressed, umber, scaly ; spines crowded, up to ^ in. long, greyish, recurrent ; stem 1-3 in. long, 1-2 in. thick, even ; spores broadly elliptical, minutely warted, G-7 x 5 /x, coloured l^ale yellow-brown. Eijdnnm. imhricatum, Linn., Succ, n. 1257; Stev. Fung., p. 234. In pine woods. Flesh dirty white. There are two forms, one with a plane pileus covered with thick, persistent scales, the other with the pileus subinfundibuliform with thinner scales that eventually disajipear. (Fries.) Pileus 2-5 inches broad, thick and fleshj'-, plane or slightly convex, and rounded at the margin, at length somewhat hollowed in the centre, pretty regular in form, varying in colour from reddish to a kind of mouse-brown, scaly ; scales imbricated, numerous, the central ones being often mere cracked portions of the pileus, which renders that part tessellated. Flesh pale, buffish, or reddish. Hymenium com- posed of numerous, very short, obtuse, greyish-white, entire spines of nearly equal length. Stipes central, 1-2 inches long, often above 1 inch thick, firm, irregular, whitish. No plant can be better characterised than tlie present one by its scaly pileus and short thick stem. (Grev.) Hydnum squamosum. Schaeflf. I'ileus ii-2J, in. broad, fleshy, rufous-brown, smooth Fig. 15, Section of same, sliowing the scattered warts that are more or less excavated or tiiLuIar at tlie ai)cx (tlic warts arc niucli too long in tlio section); slif,']itly nia^'. ; — Fig. I(J, Kini/lid, K(ti(i<'r. i^' I'r.) Hydnum nigrum. Fr. I'ikus lil;iekish-blue, usually without zones, margin i)alo ; corky, rigid, convex, then depressed, tuberculose, tomentose, 2-4 in. across; flesh blackisli ; spines white, delicate, short; stem about 1 in. long, stout, une<|ual, often rooting, black witliout and within ; spores glubosc, 0 fx diam. Hifdaum nhjrum. Fries, S. M. i. j>. I<)4; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 238. HYDXUM. 155 In pine woods. Gregarious and often confluent. Margin white when in full vigour ; flesh black. Inodorous, woody. Pileus unequal, flattened and depressed, with a whitish margin, spines slender, equal, becoming cinereous. Very distinct and easily recognised Ity its black, zoneless flesh. Spores white, round, papillose, diameter •00017 in. In my specimens of this species the pileus is distinctly zoned, as it is in Fries' own figure in his recently published Icoue?. (W. G. Smith.) Hydnum graveolens. Delast. With an odour like melilot. Pileus 1-1^ in. across, coriaceous, thin, soft, zoneless, rugulose, smooth, blackish- brown, gre}^ when dry, margin pale, flesh brownish ; spines decurrent, short, grey; stem 1-1^ inch long, about 1 line thick, tough, blackish-brown, polished. Hydnum graveolens, Delast. in Litt. Fr. Epicr., p. 509 ; Stev,, r. Brit, p. 238. In fir woods. Gregarious, retaining its scent for years. When fresh it is extremely beautiful, being dark in the centre with a white border. The spines are pale, and the spores evidently white. The whole plant smells extremely strong of melilot, and after it has been dried three or four years the scent is as strong as ever. (B. & Br.) Hydimm melaleucum. Fr. Pileus plane, 1-lf in. across, thin, rigid, dry, irregular, striate, with little elevations at the centre, black, margin white ; spines short, white ; stem i-J in. long, slender, smooth, black ; spores globose, 2 • 5-3 /x diam. Hydnum melaleucum. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 400 ; Stev., Fung., p. 238. In fir woods. Inodorous. Hydnum cyathiforme. Schaeff. Pileus 1-2 in. across, coriaceous, thin, plane, then deeply depressed (infundibuliform), zoned, centre somewhat tomen- tose, pale grey, margin white ; spines white, short, ci'owdeil ; stem 1 in. or more long, slender, smooth, pale grey ; spores globose, 3 /A diam. Hydnum cyathiforme, Schaeflfer, t. 139; Stev., Fung., p. 239. 156 FUNGUS-FLORA. In fir woods. Gregarious and commonlj- confluent or growing into each other. IL PLEUEOPUS. Stem lateral Hydnum auriscalpium. Linn. Pileus -1— J in. across, thin, dark brown, hairy, reniform ; stem very slender, 2-3 in, long, dark, rooting ; spines crowded, 2-3 lines long, dark ; spores subglobose, 5 x -i /x- Hydnum atir i scalp iiim, Linn., Siiec, n. 12G0; Stev., Fung., p. 239. On fir cones ; amongst fir leaves, &c. Pileus 0,-1 in. broad, subrotund, thin coriaceous, often somewhat lobed, the margin of the pileus entire, more or less zoned, tomentose, purjdish or reddish-brown, sometimes pale ; spines subcinereous, or a dilute shade of the pileus, the tips often darker, but not always so, more or less hoary from the spores. Stem l)nried to some depth amongst fir leaves, 2-3 in. high, often confluent, slender, dark-brown, tomentose, attached by a shaggy or spongy base. (Berk.). Pileus roundish, al)out ^ in. in breadth, nearly jilane, or somewhat convex, entire at the margin, of a leather}'- substance ; surface tomentose, obscurely zoned ; colour pur])lish-brown. Spines of the hymenium generally paler than Ihe pileus, darkest at their apex, which is entire. Stipes often branched at the base, 2-4 in. long, erect, lateral, cylindrical, tomentose, bi'own, terminating in a shaggy root, which is alwaj's fixed to the cone of some Bjiecics of fir. (Grcv.) 111. MERISMA. Vcri) much brintchcd, or tuhcrcullfurm. Hydnum coralloides. Scopoli. Pure white, yellowisli Avith age, entirely brokeu up into tapering interlaced branches ; branches .V in. thick or more at the base, about 1 line at the tip ; spines growing from one side of the branches, pendulous, 3-G lines long, awl-shaped, entire ; spores globose, 4-G //, diam. Jfildnum coralloides, Scop., Carn., 2, p. 472; Stev,, Fung., p. 239. HYDNUM. 157 On decayed wood, fir, beech, &c. A very beautiful plant, somewbat resembling a coral, or as some say, a cauliflower, 6 in. to half a yard across. When old it forms tufts, a foot or more in length, with flexuous, angular branches, beset with incurved ramuli, bearing spines on the under side. (Cooke.) Hydnum erinaceum. Bull. Pileus 2-8 in. across, white, then yellowish, elastic, irregularly tuberculose, pendulous, fibrillose ; spines crowded, straight, pendulous, pale, 1-2^ in. long ; spores subglobose, smooth, 5-G /x diam. Hydnum erinaceum, Bulliard, t. 34 ; Stev., Fung., p. 449. On trunks, oak, beech, &c. Internally lacunose, sometimes with an indistinct lateral stem. Pileus a span or more broad, the base projecting, soft, torn into subfasciculate fibrillae (abortive spines) ; margin obtuse, gradually giving out true spines, often imbricated with smaller pilei; spines l\-2^ in. long, pendulous, thick set, very regular, soft, equally attenuated, connected two or three together at their bases, fastigiate ; substance thick, tough, fleshy, very soft, elastic, white, not changing colour. (Fries.) States occur, depending probably on situation, with densely anastomosing branches, stemless, or with a horizontal stem. (Berk.) Hydnum caput-medusae. Bull. Pileus fleshy, 3-4 in. diameter, white, becoming dingy grey, tuberculiform, tapering to a stem-like base, covered all over with spines, those on the upper surface distorted, those on the under side \-'^ in. long, straight. Hydnum caput-medusae, Bull., t. 412 ; Stev., Fung., p. 240. On trunks. Distinguished by the presence of spines on every surface of the pileus. Large and fleshy, at first snowy-white, then dingy cinereous ; stem dilated into the pileus ; all the spines at first straight, slender, long, the upper ones at length bent and contorted. (Cooke.) 158 rUNGUS-FLulIA. IV. APUS. Sessile, dimidiate. Hydnum cirrhatum. Pers. Pileus 2-4 in. across, simple or imbricated, fleshy, colour variable, wliite, ])ale yellow, or witb a reddish tinge, attached by a broad lateral surface, exjianded ; the upper surface vith long, curled, abortive spines ; spines equal, thin, rather tough, pale, i-J in. long ; spores globose, 3 /x diam, Hydnum cirrhahm, Persoon, Syn., p. 558; Stev., Fung., p. 240. On trunks of varioxis trees. Hydnum diversidens. Fries. Pileus 2-3 in. across, fleshy and irregularly tuberculose or lobed, sometimes substipitate, whitish or yellowish, upper surface with erect, irregularly-notched teeth ; the margin clothed with clul>sliaped processes; under surface with simple awl-shaped, regular spines, 3-G lines long. Hydmm diversidens. Fries, 8. M. i. p. 411 ; 8tev,, Fung., p. 240. On Ijeech, hornbeam, birch, kc. Remarkable for the three forms of teeth. Often very irregular in form. Hydnum ochraceum. Pers. Pilei 1-3 in. across, thin, coriaceous, zoned, ochraceous, efi'uso-reflexed or entirely resupinate ; spines very minute, ochraceous with a pink linge ; spores subglobose, 5 yx diam. Hydnum oclracntm, Pers., Syn., p. .550 ; Stev., Fung., p. 241. On dead branches. Peadily separable from the matrix. Intermediate between the dimidiate and truly resupinate species. V. RESUPIKATI. Entirely rcsiqnnate. * Siiines fuHcnns or ferrut/inous. Hydnum squalinum. Fr. Suliicnliim palo wood-colour, Arm, coriaceous, thick, subor- bicular, 2-3 in. across; spines crowded, stout, compressed, ferruginous, then brownish, 3-4 lines long. HYDNUM. 159 Hydnum squalinum, Fries, S. Mj'c. i. p. 420 ; Stev., Fung., p. 241. Ou trunks. Not collected during recent years ; admitted on the authority of the figures of Eay and Bolton. Hydnum membranaceum. Bull. Subiculum thin, smootli, closely adnate, effused for 1-2 inches ; spines awl-shaped, crowded, equal, about 1 line long, acute, and like the subiculum, tawny ferruginous. Hydnum membranaceum. Bull., t. 481 ; Stev., Fung., p. 242. On fallen branches. Sometimes paler and yellowish, spines often arranged in little groups, pale then brown. A glandular appearance on the upper part of the spines is figured by Bulliard and Sowerby. The specimen represented by Sowerby is cracked into little areolae, each of which bears a fascicle of spines. (Berk.) Hydnum molluscum. Fries. Subiculum membranaceous, dry, readily separable from the matrix, whitish ; teeth short, slender, reddish. Hydnum moUusciim, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 327 (note). Hydnum memhranaceum. Berk., Exs., n. 142. On wood. Distinguished from H. memhranaceum by readily separating from the matrix, and by the white subiculum. Hydnum Weinmanni. Fr. Subiculum thin, closely adnate, smooth, buff, with a grey tinge ; spines rather distant, minute, acute, equal, not 1 line long, coloured like the subicuhim. Hydnum Weinmanni, Fries, Ele-ch., p. 13G; Stev., Fung., p. 242. On fallen branches and rotten wood. Effused for 1-2 inches, grey when dry. Most general on poplar branches, according to Fries. Allied to Hydnum memhranaceum ; very broadly effused, not cracked ; excepting the spines, quite even, very smooth, as is also the margin ; not truly innate with the matrix, but appearing as if adglutinated. With the habit of a young specimen of Thclephora livida. Spines not crowded, short, but acute, slender, all equal, and up to the present I have always seen them straight. Colour peculiar, sordid. (Fries.) IGO FUNGUS-FLOKA. Hydnum crinale. Fries. Subiciilum effused for 1-2 in. ; very tliin, texture fibrillose, umber, or with a rusty tinge ; spines very thin and slender, hair-like, crowded, 2 lines long or more, umber with rusty tiuge. Hydnum crinale. Fries, Epicr,, p. 516; Stev,, Fung., p. 242. On dead wood. Distinguished by the crowded hair-like epines. Hydnum variicolor. Fr. Subiculuni white, forming a furfuraceous, adnate, in- separable crust, spreading for 1-2 inches ; spines very minute, crowded, conical, unequal, bi'ownish, usually more or less closely adpressed to the subiculum ; spores subglobose, 3-4 fx diam. Hydnum variicolor. Fries, Epicr., p. 516. On trunks, especially oak. ** Spines yellowisli or greenish. Hydnum aureum. Fries, (fig. 2, p. 140.) Every part golden yellow ; subiculum determinate, circum- ference with radiating tooth-like processes ; subcartilaginous, smooth; spines about 1 line long, awl-shaped, crowded; spores subglobose, muriculate, 4-5 /a diam. Hijdnuhi (inrcum, Fr., Elench., p. 137 ; Stev., Fungi, p. 243. On dead branches. Mycelium penetrating the wood, and forming a yellowish circumscribing zone. Hydnum denticulatum. Pers. Subiculum longitudinally effused, often for several inches, rather mealy, briglit yellow ; spines same colour, crowded, slightly toothed here and there. Hydnum denticuhiiuiii, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 181 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 243. On rotten wood. Hydnum alutaceum. Fr. Subiculum lungitudinully elVused for several inches, crustose, inseparable, margin naked, pale ochraceous; siDiues similarly coloured, minute, crowded, unequal, acute. HYDNUM. 161 Hijdnnm alutaceum, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 417 ; Stev., rung., p. 243. On dead wood. Eesembling GrancUnia granulosa in colour and general appearance, but quite distinct in the acute spines. Hydnum sordidum. Weinm, Subiculum eflused, often for many inches, thin, readily separating from the matrix, subgelatinous, dingy yellow, margin irregularly porous, sulphur-yellow; spines very much crowded, often fasciculate, compressed, incised, sub- acute, 1-1^ lines long. Hydnum sordidum, Weinmann, Eossic, p. 70 ; Stev., Fung., p. 243. On rotten wood. Hydnum viride. Fr. Subiculum broadly effused, softly tomentose, green, becom- ing yellowish with age ; spines straight, about 1 line long, rather thick, irregular, more or less toothed, green. Hijdnum viride. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 421 ; Sacc, Syll., vi. n. 6794. On rotten wood. Often extending in patches 8-10 in. long. Hydnum limonicolor. B. & Br. Adnate, bright citron-yellow; spines crowded, acute, short ; mycelium white, scanty or almost obsolete. Hydnum limonicolor, B. & Br., Ann. Kat. Hist., n. 1686; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 244. On a stone buried amongst pine leaves. Distinguished from its nearest ally, Hydnum sepultum, in the exceedingly scanty subiculum and the absence of a persistent, white, barren marg-in. ■■&' Hydnum spathulatum. Fr. Subiculum yellowish - white, effused, membranaceous, separable, circumference fimbriated, under surface villous; spines spathulate, oblique, orange ; spores colourless, broadly elliptical, apiculate, 8 x 5 /x. Hydnum spathulatum. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. G14; Stev,, Brit. Fung., p. 244. VOL. I. M 162 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Slstotrcma spnthnJata, Sz., Car., ii. 993. On decayitiy; avocmL Forming j^atclies 1-2 in. across, spines 1-2 lines long. In some specimens flattened and acicnlar spines are mixed. Spines, however, scarcely orange, yet agreeing with autlientic specimens from Schweinilz; separable. (Berk.) Hydnum multiforme. B. & Br. Yer}- pale buft' or whitisli, at first even and resembling a Corticium, at length producing spines here and there, often in clnsters, either acute or more or less flattened and fim- briated ; spores colourless, subgiobose or very broadly pip- shaped, obliquely apicnlate, 9 x 6-7 yu,. H?/dnum multiforme, Berk. A: Broome, Ann. Nat. His., n. 1G87; Stev., Brit. Fiing., p. 244. On dead wood. Eather broadly eftused, inseparable, margin often thin and indeterminate, waxy and becoming cracked wlien dry. It is almost certain that the j^rescnt species is a irue Corticium, the hymenium is produced on the plane, waxy surface, and not on the spines, which are in some i^ortions of the type specimen absent altogether, and when present, are sterile, irregular, and altogether morbid productions, from 1-2 lines in lengtli. Hydnum anomialum. B. & Br. Pallid light yellow ; stratum thin, gelatinous ; tcetli in the form of granules, then stipitate and obtTiselj' divided upwards ; spores globose, shortly pedicellate. Ilydnnm anomalum, ]>erk. tt Broome, Ann. Nat. Ilist., n. 14:5S, witli fig. ; Stev., lirit. Fung., p. 244. In the inside of a very rotten ash-tree. Substance of teeth tough, with large ovate or globose vesicles immersed in it. (B. & Br.) I cannot find a trace of an^-thing like the above on the piece of wood that represents the type s})ecimcn. Apparently not a good Uijdmnn ; may possibly prove to be a resu})inate form allied to Trcmclhnhin, and the ovate or globose vesicles in tlie spines to be basidia. Hydnum melleum. B. Sc Br. lloncy-coloui-, effused, thin, teeth acute, sometimes divided HYDNUM. 163 at the apex, "basal portion along with the suhicuhim pul- verulent; spores coloiirless, cylindrical, 7-10 X 2-5 /x. Hydnum melleum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1436 ; Stev., Fung., p. 244. On fallen rails. Forming an exceedingly thin lioney- coloured film, margin minutely byssoid. Spines about 1 line long, often scattered, stout and blunt or slender and acute, or again, blunt and divided at the apex. At best but a doubtful species of Hijdnum. Hydnum sepultum. B. & Br. Eesuj)inate, golden-yellow, margin white ; sj)ines acute, medium-sized ; spores globose, 5 /x diameter. Hydnum sepultum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1813 ; Stev., Fung., p. 244. On stones buried amongst pine leaves. Forming little scattered patches ; spines about 1 line long. Distinguished from other resupinate yellow species by the persistent, white, sterile margin and the globose spores. *** Sj^ines flesh-colour, lilac or rufescent. Hydnum udum. Fr. Flesh-colour, then pale yellowish, subgelatinous, effused for several inches ; spines crowded, unequal, about 1 line long, awl-shaped or compressed, simple or toothed, coloured like the subiculum. Hydnum udum, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 422 ; Stev., Fung., p. 24.5. Forming elongated, dingy, subgelatinous expansions on dead branches ; not separable from the wood. Forming- elongated patches 4—5 in. l<•• lladulmii orbiculare, Fr. Flench., p. 149 ; Stev., Fung., p. 251. KADULUM. 171 On dead bark of various trees. Patches 1-6 in. across, closely adnate, thickness variable, tubercles often adpressed or pendulous. Very variable, generally originating beneath the epidermis ; 2-3 in. broad, quite membranaceous or above 2 lines thick, margin byssoid, occasionally showing a disposition to become reflexed ; hymenium consisting of irregularly disposed, oblique or erect, tooth-like, obtuse, entire or laciniated, often fasciculate tubercles ; the apices sometimes somewhat tomentose. Occasionally they are much scattered and almost resemble spines. (Berk.) Pileus entirely resupinate, one to several inches in diameter, at first circular, afterwards irregular and often confluent, of a white colour, mostly changing (especially in the centre) to a pale orange-yellow ; margin filamentous, radiating, somewhat raised, or rather thickened. Hymenium composed of processes, irregularly distributed over the surface of the pileus, and more or less distinct. They are singularly variable in their form, but are mostly 2-3 lines in length, slightly compressed, and somewhat broader at the apex than at the base. Often several are confluent, and altogether deformed. At their apex they are generally entire, and sometimes naked, but more frequently villose. In regard to direction, I have seen them both erect and oblique, or even closely appressed. (Grev.) Radulum quercinum. Fr. Closely adnate subrotund, then irregularly and broadly effused for several inches ; white, then pallid or with a flesli tinge sometimes ; tubercles stout, 2-3 lines long, often fas- ciculate, apex minutely spinulose ; spores broadly elliptical with an oblique apiculus, 7 x 5 /x.. Radulum quercinum, Fries, Epicr., p. 525 ; Stev., Fung., p. 494. On dead wood. Distinguished by the villose or spinulose tips of the tubercles and the spores. The above measure- ments are from a specimen from Fries in Berkeley's herba- rium. Often confounded with species of Iri)ex in herbaria. Adnate, persistent, 2-3 in. long, according to Fries, but Berkeley has seen specimens as follows : sometimes a foot or more broad, white when young, then yellowish rufous. 172 FUNGUS-FLORA. membranaceoiis, composed of the finest down, margin byssoid, pure Avhite. Radulum. tomentosum. Fr. Eflfuscd irregular for l-o in., rather thick, innate, whitish, margin more or less free and erect, distinctly tomentose ; tubercles short, crowded, irregular, subangular and often confluent, smooth ; spores cylindric-oblong, slightly thinner, curved, and a^^iculate at the base, 8 X -i /x. Badulum tomentosum, Fr., Epicr., 525 ; Stev., Fung., p. 252. On Pyrus, Salix, &c., also on pine sawdust. Distinguished by the peculiarly-shaped spores and the tomentose margin, which is sometimes brownish when dry. Radulum deglubens. B. & Br. Orbicular, about ^ in. across, margin broadly free and upturned, smooth below, flesh-colour with rust tinge, dia- plianouR, sub-cartilaginous and rigid when dry ; tubercles aliout 1 line long, very irregular, scattered, cylindrical or compressed, plate-like and toothed, interstices mealy with the white spores, which are cylindric-obloug, ends obtuse, 14-16 X 7-8 yu,, often slightl}'' curved. Badulum deglubens, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1410 ; Stev., Fung., p. 252. On ash. Described from Berkeley's typo specimen. Radulum corallinum. B. & Br. EfTiised for 2-.'5 in., whitish, very thin and pelliculose, shining, sterile portions flaking off, tubercles in scattered fascicles i-1 in. across, very irregular, coralloid, 2-3 lines long ; spoi'cs subglobose, a]iiculate, about 5 /jl diam. liaduhim coraUivum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1441 ; Stev., Fung., p. 252. On oak branches. Remarkable for the A'^ery thin, shining subicnluni, producing isolated, coral-like clusters of very irregular, crowded tubercles. Radulum epileucum. B. i^' Br. Effused for several inches, very fhin, entirely adnata; subiculuni white, mucedinous ; hymenium waxy, polished, pale ochraceous ; tubercles sparsely scattered, variable in PHLEBIA. 173 size, up to 2 lines in length, apex often fimbriated, brittle; spores cj^lindrical, slightly ci;rved, 6-7 x 3-3 • o jx. Baduhim epileucum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1442 ; Stev., Fung., p. 252. On decorticated wood. Distinguished by the thin, even, polished, pale ochraeeous surface and the much scattered tubercles. ** Innate, i.e., developing helow the barJc, lohicJi is pushed off. Radulum fagineum. Fr. Broadly effused, inseparable, removing the bark, whitish, the margin often broad, sterile, densely velvety and rusty- orange ; tubercles irregular in form and size, entire and obtuse, or variously toothed and acute, subiculum rather thick, soft and spongy, and often irregularly pitted or porose ; spores cylindrical, slightly curved, 11-12 X 6 /x. Badidiim fagineum, Fries, Elenchus, p. 152; Stev., Fung., p. 252. On dead beech. Surrounding the branches and resembling stalactite. Becoming dingy pale ochraeeous with age. Radulum aterrimum. Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 624; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 253. Hijdnum erectum. Sow., Herb. This fungus is not a Radulum, and does not even belong to the Basidiomycetes. . PHLEBIA. Fr. (figs. 10, 11, p. 149.) Eesupinato-effused, hymenium covering the entire free surface, rather soft, subgelatinous, from the first covered with crowded, irregular wrinkles or ridges that have the edge usually quite entire, everywhere covered witli tetra- sporous basidia. Phlehia, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 426 ; Stev., Fung., p. 253. Subgelatinous when moist, cartilaginous when dry, known from other resupinate genera as Corticium, &c., by the crowded, irregularly interrupted small wrinkles or folds that cover the hymenium. 174 FUNGUS-FLORA. Phlebia merismoides. Fr. Broadly efiused, thin, tremelloid when fresh, flesh-colour, then with dingy, purple tinge ; even or irregular when in- crusting, margin strigose, orange, Avith white doA\-n on the under surface ; wrinkles of hymenium crowded, never form- ing pores or reticulations; spores 3 x I'O /x. Phlehia merismoides, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 427 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 253. On trunks ; running over moss, &c., 1-3 in. across. Pileus carnose, not a line in thickness, either growing upon the bark itself, or (more frequently) spreading for two or three inches over the mosses upon it, especially near the ground ; often completely enveloping their stems, in which state it bears no inconsiderable resemblance to a stalactite incrustation. The colour is more or less orange, or red ; that in the centre being more and more dull as the plant grows older, but the margin is delicate and very bright ; beneath the pileus is whitish and doM'n3\ The surfsice of the hymenium partly depends upon the subjacent bodj' ; but it is always either more or less tuberculated or folded ; when growing on mosses, the folds or rugae often pass into pro- minent somewhat elongated papillae ; when the subjacent surface is plane, the rugae are more perfectly developed, and pass towards the circumference in a tolerably direct manner. The margin is byssoid. (Grev.) Phlebia radiata. Fr. Cfigs. 10, 11, p. 149.) Eeddish-flesh colour or almost orange, thin, subrotund, glabrous on both surfaces, margin with radiating tooth-like processes ; folds or wrinkles more or less straight and radiating; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, 4-5 x 1-1 "5 /x.. Phlehia radiata. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 427 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 254, On dead wood, bark, Sec. Patches reaching to 3 in. or more across, thin, bright-coloured. Between fleshy and membranaceous, tough ; at first orbicular, then dilated, confluent, 1-3 in. broad, margin free, smooth, but beautifully fabroso-radiated. Folds radiat- ing from the centre, short, interwoven, very close. (Fries.) One of the specimens gathered by Captain Carmichael is four inches long and appears to have been originally still GRANDIXIA. 175 longer. In tliis the character of the radiated margin is entirely lost and the folds are very short, so as to resemble blunt compressed teeth ; but there is still something like order visible in their disposition. (Berk.) Phlebia contorta. Fr. Effused, rather firm, smooth on both surfaces, margin indeterminate ; wrinkles of the hymenium often branched, waved, and irregularly arranged; dingy flesh-colour, then brownish; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, 3-5 x 1-1 • 5 fj.. Phlehia contorta, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 427; Stevenson, Brit. Fung., p. 254. On decaying wood. Closely allied to P. rad'iata and dis- tinguished chiefly by the irregularly arranged, contorted folds. Phlebia vaga. Fr. Effused, closely adnate, margin fibrillose or bj'ssoid, of a dirty yellowish shade, hymenium grejash-yellow, or some- times with a dingy lilac shade ; wrinkles slender, waved and intricately interwoven, when in perfect condition covered with granules ; spores 3-4 x 1-2 /a. Phlebia vaga, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 428 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 254. On dead wood. Hymenial rugae or wrinkles intricately arranged, ridges papillose. Phlebia lirellosa. B. & Br. Eesupinate, margin free, greyish-umber, 1-2 in. across, wrinkles thin, straight, branched, or in some instances anas- tomosing to form pores. Phlebia lirellosa, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1973; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 254. Daedalea lirellosa, Persoon, Myc. Eur., iii. p. 2, t. 18, f, 2. On branches, wood, &c. GEANDINIA. Fr. (figs. 12, 13, p. 149.) Crustaceous, effused, thin ; hymenium covering the entire free surface, warted or granulose ; warts entire, smooth, crowded, apices usually indented, basidia tetrasporous. Grandinia, Fr., Epicr., p. 527 ; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 255. 176 FUNGUS-FLORA. Distingiiislicd l)y the minutely granular or warted hy- menium, the warts are rounded, not pointed as in the resupinate species of Hydnum, often slightly excavated or porous at the apex, as in PorotheJium. Ilymenium amphigenous, contiguous, waxj^, papillose, warty, or granulosa ; the granules globular or hemispherical, entire, obtuse, crowded, regular, glabrous, persistent, incrust- ing, spreading, soft fungi. (Fries.) Grandinia granulosa. Fr. (figs. 12, 13, p. 149.) Waxy, buft' or whitish, broadly effused, closely adnate, margin determinate, smooth ; hymenium crowded with equal minute granules ; spores spherical, 2 • 5-3 fx diameter, hyaline. Grandinia gramdosa, Fr., Epicr., p. 527 ; Ster., F. B., p. 255. On dead wood, branches, &c. Forming a thin, closely adnate stratum, often effused for several inches. Forming a thin, adnate, whitish, or sub-ochraceous stratum, following the irregularities of the wood, with scarcely any definite circumference, beset with crowded, rather sharp granules. (Berk.) Grandinia papillosa, Fr. \\ hite, membranaceous, separating from the matrix, yel- lowish below ; hymenium much cracked, granules minute, crowded, subequal, almost spherical. Grandinia impillosa, Fr., E])icr., j). 528 ; Stev., F. B., p. 256. On sticks, bark, &c. Effused for 1-2 in., very thin, and when in good condition separable as a very thin sheet. Grandinia ocellata. Fr. Waxy, closely adnate, livid with a dull purple tinge, margin indetui'minate, barren ; hymenium witli minute, unequal obtusely conical warts that becomo minutely col- lapsed at the apex. Grandinia ocellata, Fr,, Epicr., p. 527 ; Stev., B. Fung., p. 255. On dead trunks. Not cracking when dry. Often effused for several inches. Grandinia crustosa. Fr. White, or with a yellow tinge, irregularly effused, closely POPtOTHELIUM. 177 adnate, thin, crustaceous, rather mealy ; warts crowded, sub- globose, minute, often collajDsing at the apex, unequal. Grandinia crustosa. Fries, Hj-m. Eur,, p. 627; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 256. On bark of willow, pine, &o., and on Polyporus versicolor. Often forming a crust that extends for several inches. Grandinia mucida. Fr. Waxy and somewhat gelatinous, effused, subinnate, pale dull yellow ; hymenium crowded with rather large, unequal, hemispherical, soft granules. Grandinia mucida, Fr., Elench., p. 217; Stev.,Fung., p. 255. On rotting wood. Effused for several inches. Subgela- tinous when moist, corrugated when dry. POEOTHELIUM. Fries (emended), (figs. 14, 15, p. 149.) Thin and entirely resupinate, the surface covered with small warts that eventually become more or less perforated at the apex, basidia tetraspoi'ous, borne on the outer surface of the warts as in Hydnum. Porothelium, Fries, Obs. ii. j). 272 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 231. The present genus was placed by Fries in the Folyporeae, and considered as showing some afSnity with Fistulina in the structure of the pores, which are at first solid, then exca- vated, but in reality the basidia do not line the pores, as in the Polyporeae, but the hymenium covers the outer surface of the warts or projections as in the Hydneae, and the species are very close to certain of the resupinate Hydnums that have the tips of the spines more or less excavated. Porothelium Keithii. B. & Br. ClosL'ly adnate, inseparable, thin, at first subgelatinous, forming patches 1-2 in. across, pale umber, margin very thin, subpulverulent ; warts scattered, short, at length col- lapsing, gelatinous in the centre ; spores linear-oblong, 5x2//,. Porothelium Keithii, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1084; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 231. On dead fir. Distinguished amongst British species by VOL. I. N 178 FUNGUS-FLOKA. the flingy pale nmber colour and subgelatinous consistency when growing. Porothelium Friesii. Mont. Forming Lroadly efiused, thin, inseparable white or pale ochraceous patches of irregular form 1-3 in. across, flocculoso- mcmbranaceoiis ; margin thin, sterile, minutely fibrilloso- radiate ; warts immersed, perforated at the apex, yellowish, scattered, at length becoming ojDen ; spores colourless, ellip- tical, 5 X 3 /A. Porothelium Friesii, Montagne, Ann. Sci. Nat. (1836), vol. v. p. 339 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 840, fig. 69. On bark and wood. Resembling a thin Corticiiun, and care must be taken not to confound the present species with thin forms of Coriicium lacunosum and C. porosnm, both of which are distinguished hy the waxy, polished hymenium. Porothelium confusum. P.. &r,r. (figs. 14, 15, p. 149.) Broadly and irregularly elfused, closely adnate and insepa- rable, thin, pallid, waxy-looking and rather polished, margin byssoid ; pai)illae scattered, distinct, very short, excavated at the tip ; spores 4-5 x 1 • 5 /x. Porotlielium confusum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. v., vol. i. p. 24, no. 1685; Stev., Fung., p. 231. On wood, sticks, &c. Often vaguely and irregularly effused, thin, dirty white, dingy pale buff when dry; pa- pillae or pores not more than | line long. Porothelium Stevensoni. B. & Br, Substance rather thick, gelatinous, effused, closely adnate, whitish, margin rather coarsely hispid, at length almost smooth ; papillae distinct, scattered, bearing at the apex a diaphanous yellow globule, interstices waxy, polished ; spores 4 X 1 • 5 /i. Porothelium Stevensoni, B. X' Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1683; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 231, fig. Ixxi. On old pine-rail. Almost white when fresh, becoming yellowisli when old. The limi)id globule is at first pale. When fnll grown the ])apilla is from four to five times as long as the diameter of the globule. The mycelium imparts a sweet scent to the wood. Found in greatest perfection ODONTIA. 179 on the under side of very old pine-rail lying on the ground. (B. & Br.). Warts not more than ^ line high, the limpid globule consists of resin derived from the matrix. ODONTIA. Pers. (figs. 18, 19, p. 149.) Eesupinate, effused, consisting of interwoven hyphae, dry, not waxy ; surface warted, rarely spinulose, warts or spines cristate at the apex. Odontia, Pers., Obs;. ii. p. 16; Stev., B. Fung., p. 256. Thin, resupinate fungi, known by the crested or penicillate apices of the warts or spines. Hymenium formed of fibres interwoven into papillose warts, rarely awl or bristle-like, furnished at the apex with a multifid crest. Eesupinate, spreading fungi, dry, not waxy, approaching more to Hi/dnum. (Fries.) Odontia fimbriata. Pers. (figs. 18, 19, p. 1-19.) Cinnamon or pale buff, often tinged lilac, thin, broadly effused, traversed by prominent branching veins, margin fringed ; warts small, tips crested. Odontia fimbriata, Pers., Obs. i. p. 88 ; Stev., B. Fung., p. 257. On dead wood. Often very broadly effused, entirely resupinate, usually a beautiful fawn-colour, appearing to the naked eye as being densely covered with small granules, which, when magnified, are seen to be fringed at the tips. In young perfect specimens the membrane is furnished with branched ribs, which adhere less firmly to the matrix. Margin most elegantly radiato-fibrillose, wliite. T)rj speci- mens are of a uniform fawn-colour, sometimes the fimbri- ated margin is entirely absent. Warts at first granular, minute, at length elongated. (Berk.) Odontia barba-jovis. Fr. White, then pale yellowish-tan, membranaceous, effused ; warts conical, ?-} in. long, with an orange fringe at the apex ; spores subglobose, 5-6 /a diam. N 2 ISO FUNGUS-FLORA. Odontia harla-jocis, Fr., Hyin. Eur., p. G27; Stev., B. F,, p. 257. On decaj-iug wood. Spreading 12 in. and more. Distin- guished from BaduluM querchmia by the finiLriated orange tips of the spines. On the under side of wood \yn\^ on the ground. Some- times a foot or more broad ; white when young, then yel- lowish rufous ; membranaceous, composed of the finest down, margin byssoid, pure white. Spines simple, about 2 lines long, their tips somewhat penicillate. (Fries.) KNIEFFIA. Fr. (figs. 16, 17, p. 149.) Hymenium covering the whole exposed surface, destitute of granules and warts, but bearing scattered or fasciculate bristles. Basidium bearing a single sterigma. Broadly effused, thin, and encrusting, or m the most perfect form growing out of cracks in the bark, and assuming various shapes. Knifffia, Fr., Epicr., p. 529 ; Stev., Fung., p. 257. Tiio minute bristles do not bear the hymenium, as is the case with the spines in Ui/dninii, but are barren outgrowths from the flat liymenial surface, and in this respect only diilering from Corticiuru. In Penlojihora the minute spines covering the hymenium ditier in consisting of single large cells — cystidia. Knieffia setigera. Fr. (figs. 16, 17, p. 149.) White, i)ale butf Avlien dry, broadly effused, sometimes ratlier thick and flesh}', at others a mere film, bristles very minute, hyaline, scattered. Knir[)ia svthji'ra, Fr., Epicr., p. 529 ; Stev., Fung., ]>. 25(). Form very variable. Fries says that large specimens reach the size of an apple, but commonly thin and eifnsed. J British specimens, so far as I am aware, are always eifused and entirely resupinate, forming a thin white layer that follows the irregularities of the matrix; superficially re- sembling Grandiuia (jrannhmi, but distinguished under a pocket-lens by the minute, bristle-like .spines. Kniefiia subgelatinosa. B. k Br. Thin, Bubgelatinous, yellowish, then pale bulf; spines very minute, scattered ; spores broadly elliptical, apiculate, 4 X 2 • 5 /x. KNIEFFIA — MUCRONELLA. 181 Knieffi,a subgelatinosa, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1-444; Stev., B. F., p. 258. On fir stnmps. Forming a very thin, broadly effused subgelatinoiis film. ^o^ MUCRONELLA. Fr. (fig. 8, p. 149.) Sporophore obsolete ; spines subulate, simple, acute, gla- brous, scattered or fasciculate, and then more or less con- nate at the base ; basidia monosporous. Mucronella, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 629 ; Sacc, Syll. vii. p. 512. Mihcronia, Fries, S. V. S., p. 329 (not Mucronea of Ben- tham). A peculiar genus, resembling Uijdnum in the aculeate spines, but differiug in the absence of the sporophore or resupinate })ortion from which the spines originate in Hijd- num. Also differing in the monosporous basidia, which, in Mucronella calva, the only species I have examined, are but slightly or not at all inflated upwards, and suggest the conidiophores of some Ilypliomycetous fungus, as Isaria. It may possibly be shown at some time, that the species of Mucronella are conidial conditions of some higher form, as Ptijchoruwn or dark brown in the centre, shading oft" to the tumid, sterile, silky, Avhite or yellow sterile margin; folds large, gyrose, sometimes irregTilarly toothed; spores rusty yellow, obliquely elliptical, 10-12 x 5-6 /x. Merulius lacrijmans, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 328 ; Stev., Fung., p, 230. On trunks, worked wood, carpet, &c. Patches varying from 2-3 in. to a foot and more in diameter, }, in. or more thick at times. Very variable, but distinguished by the slightly gelatinous substance, irregularly rngulo.se hymenium, and briglit rusty orange spores. Exuding drops of water when growing. Whole plant generally resupinatc, soft, tender, at first very light, cottony and white. When the veins ap])('ar they are of a fine yellow-orange or reddish- brown, foruiinsr irre- gular folds, most frequently so arranged as to have the appearance of 2)ores, but never anything like tubes, and r., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 35G._ On bark. Thickness, including pores about J in. thick ; pores very shallow, pit-like, about I mm. across. The entire fungus becomes pale ochraceous with age. POEIA. l97 Trametes mollis. Fr. Eesuj)iuate, often broadly effused, determinate, submem- branaceous, separable, pale wood-colour then brownish, margin at length more or less reflexed, umber and pubescent below ; pores large, unequal ; dissepiments often torn. Trametes mollis, Fries, Hym. Eui'., p. 585 ; Stev., Fung., p. 223. Polyporus cervinus, Pers., Myc. Eur. ii. p, 87 ; Berk., Outl., p. 247. On wood and branches, especially beech. Well marked by the resupinate habit and large, irregular, shallow pores, measuring on an average, 5-I mm. when angular or roundish, often larger and elongated, but not sinuous as in Daedalea. Becoming blackish ; often subcircular at first, then elongated for several inches. Trametes Terrei. B. & Br. Eesupinate, pulvinate, about 3 in. across, 1 in. thick in the centre, thinning away on every side to the margin; substance white, corky, firm; pores angular, rather large, here and there sinuate, pallid. Trametes Terrei, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. n. 1571 ; Stev,, Brit. Fung., p. 223. On beech. The type specimen, fortunately, is in a good state of preservation, and is likely to remain unique, as suggesting a " sport " more than the type of a new species. The pores average about ^| mm., here and there elongated and more or less wavy or sinuous. POEIA. Pers. (figs. 11, 12, 21, p. 184.) Entirely resupinate, forming more or less extended patches or thin membranaceous expansions; pores forming a con- tinuous stratum, springing from a thin woody or waxy layer which in some instances is exceedingly thin and rudimen- tary. Poria, Persoon, Syn., p. 542 (as a subgenus) ; Sacc, Syll. vi. p. 292. Pohjporiis (resupinatae) of most authors. Separated from the old genus Pohjporus on account of the entirely resupinate habit. It is probable that many f jrms at present considered as species will prove to be resupinate 198 rUNGUS-FLOKA. conditions of Poli/siidus and Fomes ; however, until evidence is forthcoming, such must be considered as entities. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF PORIA. I. Pores persistently white, or hecoming pallid or pale ochraceous when drj', hut never assuming bright tints. II. Pores white, changing to brown, green, red, or some colour other than pallid or ochraceous Avhen dr3^ III. Pores white, with a more or less decided tinge of red or flesh-colour when growing. IV. Pores when growing, bright yellow, ochraceous, or honey-colour. V. Pures, umber, rufous, brown, purple, flesh-colour, or cinnamon. I. Pores persistently ichitisli. Poria vaporaria. Fr. Broadly effused, thin, inseparable, the white mycelium penetrating the matrix ; pores large, angular, white then cream-colour, forming a continuous stratum. Pohiporus vaporarim. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 382 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 219. On dead trunks, branches, &c. Often broadly effused, inseparable, pores very variable, large, angular, often ir- regularly torn and more or less oblique, appearing as if sunk into the matrix, usually bark, whitish or i^allid, becoming pale ochraceous when dry. Pores often reach- ing 1 mm. in length. Var. secernibilis, P.. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1022; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 219. White, lioney-coluur when dry, separable from the matrix. On fir leaves under moss. Poria mollusca. Fr. Effused, thin, soft, white, margin filirillosc, radiating ; pores short, minute, roundish, very thin and unequally torn, occupying the central iiortiun of the patch or here and there in scattered clusters, j— a nnn- diameter. PoJi/porm mollui^rns. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 384; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 218. POKIA. 199 On rotten wood, also on dead leaves. Sometimes broadly effused, known by the fringed, fibrillose margin ; the partitions of the pores are very thin and usually toothed or torn. Sometimes tinged with yellow. At fir.st forming a mere fringed byssoid membrane, which gradually acquires moderate, rigid, subrotund, and angular pores, the partitions of which are so thin that they very generally become lacerated. (Berk.) Poria vulgaris. Fr. Broadly eft'used, white, flesh obsolete, consisting almost entirely of closely packed, minute, round, subequal tubes about i— 1 line long ; margin soon even and smooth. Poria vulgaris. Fries, Syst. Myc. i., p. 381. Polyporus vulgaris, Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 218. On dead wood, branches, &c. Often effused for 8-12 in., inseparable except in fragments. Pores vertical or oblique, sometimes yellowish, i-i mm. across. Poria medulla-panis. Fr. (fig. 11-12, p. 184.) White, effused, circumference naked, determinate, more or less marginate ; flesh obsolete, consisting almost entirely of rather long, entire, medium-sized pores. Polijporus medulla-panis. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 380 ; Stev., Fung., p. 216. On rotten wood, branches. Sec. Forming patches 2-4 in. across, about 2 lines thick. Becoming rigid and separable when dry. Sometimes tinged yellow when old. Said to grow on the grotmd. Effused, white, becoming yellowish in age, roundish, tolerably defined, dry, thickish, following in some degree the inequalities of the wood. Pores elongated, roundish, straight or oblique, according to situation. Flesh almost none. (Grev.) Pores about :[-^- mm. across. Poria vitrea. Pers. Broadly and unequally effused, separable, whitish, sub- hyaline, indeterminate, margin thin, villous ; pores minute, entire, rather long, roundish, straight or oblique according to situation. 200 FUNGUS-FLORA. Polyporus vitrens, Pers., Obs. i. p. 15; Stev., Brit, Fung., p. 217. Ou rotten wood, esjieciall}^ fir. Sliining, 2 lines thick or more ; recognised L}- the rather thick clastic flesh below the pores, which separates readily from the matrix. Pores about I mm. diameter. Distinguished by its distinct xylostromatoid substratum, which separates easily from the matrix. (B. & Br.) Poria Hibernica. B. & Br. Apjiearing as Binall, orbicular spots which soon become confluent and form broadly extended white patches, adnata, inseparable, white, margin narrow, very thin, radiato- byssoid; jiores very short, dissepiments thin, Arm, acute, almost entire, openings small, polygonal ; spores elliptical, 5 X S IX. JPoljiporus (resupinatus) Hihernicus, Berk, and Broome, Ann. Kat. Hist., n. 1291 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 579. On decorticated pine. Distinguished from Porta Gor- doniensis by being inseparable, and from P. radula and P. vaporaria by the size of the spores, also by the smaller and more regularly angular openings of the pores, and by the thin, firm, usually entire and acute dissepiments. Pores \—\ nmi. across. Poria Gordoniensis. B. & Br. (fig. 21, p. 184.) Eftused fur 1-2 in., very thin and meuibranaceous but separable from the matrix, i)crsistently white ; margin shortly fimbriate ; poi'cs minute, unequal, angular, dis- sepiments very thin, minutely toothed at the margin. Pohiporiis Gonhiiiii'uNis, ]5crk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1028; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 210. On fir poles. An extremely delicate s[)ecies, but, not in the slightest degree innate. The margin remains snow-white, and the pores themselves change colour only very slightly in drying. (B. & Br.) Forming patches 1 in. across or more; pores 3 to 4 in the space of 1 mm. Superficially resembling P. hibernica, but distinguished l)y tlio toi-n margins of the dissepiments, and in being separable from the matrix. POKIA. 201 Poria blepharistoma. B. & Br. Entirely resupinate, very thin, snow-wliite, mycelium cobweb-like, somewhat pulverulent ; pores small, dissepi- ments thin, edge finely toothed, spores elliptical, apiculate, colourless, 5 x 3 /x. Pohjporus hlepharistoma, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1434 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220. On dead wood, branches, &c. Forming exceedingly thin, persistently snow-white patches 1-2 iu. across. Pores exceedingly shallow, about -^- mm. across. Poria farinella. Fr. White, broadly and irregularly effused, thin, mycelium floccose or pulverulent, not interwoven ; pores forming a continuous stratum, unequal, somewhat flexuous and intri- cate, dissepiments thin. Pohjporus farinellus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 384; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220. On dead beech wood, &c. Very variable, almost dis- appearing on being touched, with the substance of Corticium sambuci. Pores about l- mm. across. Poria reticulata. Fr. Orbicular, white, thin, soon disappearing, margin floccose, byssoid, radiating, pores distant, resembling cup-shaped depressions in the substance. Poljiporus reticulatus, Fries, Syst., Myc. i. p. 355 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220. On rotten wood. The dissepiments of the rather large, shallow pores resembling a network, pores about -^ mm. across. Poria Vaillantii. Fr. White, thin, the cord-like spreading mycelium connected imperfectly by a membranaceous exi:)ansion ; pores short, rather large, unequal, produced here and there in clusters, dissepiments thin. Pohjporus Vaillantii, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 383; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 219. On dead wood. Perhaps an abnormal or imperfectly developed condition of some species. The principal feature is the spreading, cord-like, white mycelium connected by a 202 FUNGUS-FLORA. thin membranaceous film that liere and there produces clusters of large, irregular pores averaging about ^ mm. across. Forming a thin, white, or slightly rufescent, bj^ssoid, broadlj' efl'used, close membrane, here and there traversed by- rooting ribs. (Fries.) Poria callosa. Fr. Broadly ell'used, white, equal, tough, separable like a sheet of leather, flesh thick, firm, but not ligid, 1-2 lines thick, everywhere covered with round, equal, quite entire pores that form a firm stratum, spores obliquely elliptical, 6 X 3 • 5 /x,. Poll/poms callosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 381 ; Stev., Brit Fung., p. 217. On rotten Avood. Readily known by the thick, leather- like flesh, and by separating readily from the substratum. Poria mucida. Fr. White, then ^lallid, rather thick, soft, subimmersed, margin indeterminate, byssoid, pores medium-sized, unequal, torn, seated on the flesh formed by the mj^celium. Polyporus miicidus, Fries, Sj'st. Myc. i. p. 382; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 217. On rotten fir wood. Forming patches .5-6 in. or more long, I in. or more thick. Varies, softer or firmer according to the position, but is moderately persistent, generally moist, much thicker than P. mollusca. Tubes 1-3 mm. long, pores l—)j mm. across. Poria hybrid a. V>. & Br. White, inyccliuin forming rather thick, felt-like patches or branched, creeping strands ; pores long, minute, slender, in scattered patelies, not forming a continuous hymenium ; spores elliptic-oblong, colourless, 4 x 2 /t. Pohjporiis liijhridua, Berk. & Broome, in Berk., Outl., p. xviii ; Stev., Fung., p. 221. On oak wood. Causing tlio dry-rot of oak ships. Sup- posed by Fries to be a nun bid form of some species (perhaiis P. destructor), its [)eculiarities caused by the abnormal con- dition under which it occurs. Pores about } mm. diameter, 2—4 mm. long. PORIA. 203 Poria collabefacta. B. & Br. Forming white, very smooth, Corticium-like patches ; the formation of the pores appears to be dixe to the collapsing of the substance, short; margin obtuse; spores colourless, elliptic-oblong, 4 x 1 " 5 /x. Pohjporus collabefactus, B, & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1432 ; Stev., Fung., p. 21*8. On dead wood. The barren parts resemble exactly a very smooth Corticium after the fashion of C. calceum ; the pores seem first to arise from the mere collapsing of the substance, always shallow ; margin obtuse. (B. & Br.) Size of depressions or pores very variable, ■^— | mm. across. Much more like an abnormal Corticium than a Poria. Poria radula. Fr. Effused, thin, white, formed entirely from the loose, dry mycelium, villous below ; pores medium-sized, angular, dissepiments toothed, pubescent when young. Pohjporus radula. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 578 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 219. On wood, dry branches, &c. With the habit of P. sanguino- lenta, but much looser and drier in texture, also separable from the matrix and not turning red when bruised. Pores about I mm. across, sometimes oblique, usually bounded by a sterile margin. Poria obducens. Pers. White, effused, incrusting, innate, inseparable, pores, minute, short, flesh almost obsolete, distinctly stratose, stratified portion pale bufi"; spores elliptical 4x2//,. Polyporus obducens, Persoon, Myc. Eur., ii. p. 104 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 217. On rotten wood. During the first year somewhat re- sembling P. vulgaris, afterwards becoming stratose, a single stratum of pores about 1 line thick being formed annually on the surface of the layer of the previous season. Some- times small pileoli are formed, and in all probability the present is only a resupinate condition of Fomes connatus. Poria hymenocystis. B. & Br. Snow-white, mycelium below and at the margin cobweb- like ; pores shallow, large, at length pallid, the very thin 204 FUNGUS-FLORA. scarious dissepiments at length collapsing; spores colourless, subglohose, minute, 3 x 2 /u,. Poh/jyorus hymenocystis, 13. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1810 bis ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220. On dead Avood, Exceedingly thin, margin minutely byssoid, in some places almost indeterminate, pores about ^ mm, across, readily known by the large pores, collapsing dissepiments, and especially the minute, subglobose spores. 11. Wliite, changing to some other colour when dry. Poria subfusco-flavida. Eost. Patches broadly efi'usod and becoming confluent, thin, coriaceous, dry, closely adnate, changing from white to yellowish brown ; margin thin, byssoid, white, determinate; pores minute, irregular. On old dead oak wood, planks, &c. Extending for 8-12 in. The pores appear when viewed one, way of a greyish- brown, and the other white. (B. k Br.) Poria viridans. Berk. Effused, thin, crustaceo-adnate, at first white, becoming ])allid green when dry, margin tomentose ; pores minute, angular, dissepiments very thin ; spores, 4 /a 2-5 ^. Poh/porus viridans. Berk. & Br., n. 347 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 21G. On rotten wood. Eflfused, forming patches a few inches long, perfectly white at first, but in drying assuming a deli- cate pale green, with a honey-like tinge in parts ; border pulverulento-tomentose, very thin; pores minute, angular, dissepiments thin. This pretty species has the habit of P. vulgaris. (B. & Br.) Bores about -[ mm. across. Poria Renneyi. B. & Br. Subiculum rather thick, at fir.st somewhat frothy, then dry, white, changing to citron- yellow when dry; jtores white, scantily produced, elongated, dissepiments thin ; sjiores numerous, colourless, elliptical, minute, 3 x 1*5 /x. Puhjporus Benneyi, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1433 ; Stev./ Brit. Fung., p. 215. PORTA. 205 On stumps, and running on the ground. Pores 2-3 mm. long, openings rather irregular, averaging about ^ mm. across. Poria terrestris. Fr. Effused, very thin, composed of delicate byssoid hyphae, white, evanescent ; pores central, very minute, white, then rufescent. Pohjporus terrestris. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 383 ; Sacc.,Syll. vi. n. 6150; Stev. Fung., p. 216. On the ground or on rotten wood in close damp places. Very thin, almost disappearing when touched. Pores angular, very shallow, about i mm. across. Poria cincta. Berk. White, turning pallid, forming small, erect, scattered tufts, each tuft encircled by radiating strigose fibres ; pores exceedingly minute, pallid ochraceous, darker when dry, angular dissepiments very thin, minutely toothed at the edge ; spores subglobose, colourless, 4-5 [x. Pohjporus cinctus, Berk., Outl., p. 250 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 215. On old deal boards. Some of the patches are barren, and some at leng-th become confluent. Under favourable circum- stances a distinct hymenium, 1^ line thick, with a free, even, abrupt, vertical circumference, is formed in the centre of each tuft. Pores so minute as to be scarcely visible to the naked eye. The colour of the whole plant is pale ochraceous, more or less tawny when dry. (Berk.) Tubes two lines long, pores -^— ^t- mm. across. Whole fungus brown and rigid when dry, Poria subgelatinosa. B. & Br. Orbicular, margin raised, subgelatinous, whitish tomen- tose, becoming blackish ; pores grey, small, edge of the dissepiments acute, entire; spores colourless, broadly ellip- tical, 4 X 2-5-3 /x. Pohjporus subgelatinosus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1569; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 216. On dead wood, parasitic on Pohjporus amorphus. This singular species forms little pulvinato masses, with an obtuse raised border, which is at first tomentoso and pallid, of a subgelatinous consistence, and turning black. 206 FUNGUS-FLORA. The pores are of a pale delicate grey, with an acute, even edge, about J„ of an inch in diameter. We cannot point out any species to wliich it is allied. (B. & Br.) Bores about \ ram. across, angular, very shallow. Poria sanguinolenta. A. & S. Nodulose, soon confluent, effused, soft, white, but becoming blood-red when touched ; the byssoid margin soon disappear- ing : pores roundish, small, unequal, becoming torn. Poh/poriis sanquinohntus, Albertini and Schweinitz, Lusat., p. 257 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 218. On dead branches, rails, Szc. First appearing as small, detached mycelioid tufts, which soon become confluent and form a continuous, often broadly effused, thin stratum ; sul^stance soft and becoming red at once when injured, in this respect resembling Corticium sangnineum. Pores very irregular in form, about ^ mm. across. The plant usually contracts much during drj-ing, and is consequently torn into in-egular patches. III. Pores white, tinged red or Jiesh-colour. Poria rhodella. Fr. Effused, soft, thin, closely attached to the matrix, white, with a pink or rosy tinge, margin determinate, naked ; pores minute, short, subrotund, not at all torn. Poljiporus rliodellus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 380 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 213. On trunks of beech, fir, &c. Poria micans. Fr. Effused, orliicular, usually becoming confluent, soft, white, with a flesh-tinge ; margin white byssoid ; pores very shallow, angular, resembling honeycomb, walls exceedingly thin, somewhat toothed under a lens. Pohjijoriis micans. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 383 ; Stev., Fung., }). 213. On dead wood, rotten trunks, &c. Distinguished from P. rhodelhis by the angular pores and white byssoid margin. Pores very irregular in size and form, always angular, ^— ^ mm. diameter. POEIA. 20i IV. Pores yelloio, ochraceous, or honey-colour. Poria Laestadii. Fr. & Berk. Snlostance thin, white, very brittle, separable ; hymeBinm tuberculose here and there ; pores short, bright citron- yellow, circular or rather elongated and sinuous, very minute ; spores 5 X 2'5 fx. Polyporus Laestadii, Fries & Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 2025. On the underside of a deal board in a hot-house. Colour bright persistent yellow ; forming confluent patches many inches in length ; substance from 1-2 lines thick, compact, white, surface irregular, nodulose, the lumps varying in size from a pin's head to that of a pea and larger ; pores exceed- ingly short, sometimes circular, 4-5 in the space of 1 mm. or elongated and curved. Judging from the specimens, the fungus appears to be perennial, a new stratum of pores developing each year, the latest stratum bright primrose- yellow. Poria nitida. A. & S. Effused, subadnate, determinate, margin villous, yellow or almost golden ; pores short, minute, round, equal, shining. Polyporus nitidiis. Alb. & Schw., Lus., p. 258 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 214. On rotten wood. Eecognised by its bright yellow colour. Crust-like, adnate. Poria bombycina. Fr. Effused, silky-membranaceous, loosely attached to the matrix, dirty yellow, margin velvety ; j)ores large, angular and sinuous ; spores elliptic-oblong, 6-7 X 4 /a. Polyporus homhycinus, Fries, Elench. i. p. 117 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 214. On rotten wood, &c. Pores at first appearing as roundish depressions in the loosely silky substance of the fungus, then becoming angular and sinuous, when regular about -^ mm. across. Poria ramentacea. B. & Br. Somewhat orl>icular ; subicnlum white, tomentose, margin obsolete ; pores honey-colour, large, somewhat hexagonal, dissepiments thin, rather rigid, entire ; spores 6 x 3 /x. 208 FUNGUS-FLORA. Polyposis ramcntacens, B. & Br., Aun. Nat. Hist., n. 1809 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 214. On dead branches. Pores ^— | mm. across. Fungus car- tilaginous and horny when dry. V. Pores timber, rufous, brown, purjjle, Jiesli-colour or cinnamon. Poria umbrina. Fr. Kesupinatc, effused, up to ]y in. thick; surface rather uneven, umber with a rufous tinge, pores minute, roundish, tmequal ; margin smooth, paler than the hymenium. Poli/porus nmbrimis, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 571 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.', p. 211. On trunks. Extending for 2-3 in., flesh almost obsolete ; distinguished amongst its allies by the dingy umber colour and pale, smooth margin. Poria rufa. Fr. Effused, thin, closely adnate, coriaceous, determinate, blood-red with a rufous tinge; pores minute, thin. Poli/jporus rufiis. Fries, Epicr., p. 484 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 2i;i. On branches and prostrate trunks. Margin byssoid Avhcn young. Poria aneirina. Sommcrf. Effused, thin, subinnate, margin white, byssoid ; pores large, wax}^, angular, even, fulvous. Poh/jjorus aneirinus, Sommerfeldt, Lapp., j). 276; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 214. On dead wood and branches, of poplar more especiallv. Commencing as in P. bomhycina as a b^'ssoid membrane from which the pores are formed, which at length become waxy, generally exMctlj- hexagonal, and tawn}^ or fulvous, ?;-l mm. across. Distinguished by its large pores, the hymenium of which has a peculiar smooth, waxy as2)ect. (B. & Br.) Usually beconiing much contracted and cracked nr torn during drying. Poria incarnata. Fr. Broadly ell'used, corky-coriaceous, persistent, firm, upper margin frequently reflexed ; hymenium liesh-colour, pores elongated, unequal, commonly oblique. POEIA. 209 Poh/porus incarnatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 378 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 213. On rotten pine and fir trunks. Often efifused for 3-6 in. in length, upper margin frequently shortly reflexed. Care must be taken not to confound the present species with Poli/stidus abietinus, which differs in the large, lacerated violet pores, that eventually become pale and more or less cinnamon colour. Efifused, irregular, thin, coriaceous, marginate, or im- marginate ; margin white, cottony, rather thick, as if there was a tendency to become reflexed. Pores about ^ mm. diameter, minute, very short, round, sub-equal, straight or oblique, of a fine flesh-colour, approaching in some cases to orange. Sometimes small cottony protuberances occur amongst the pores, which have the appearance of small pilei with tubes underneath. (Grev.) Poria violacea. Fr. Efifused, determinate, thin, violet-colour, closely adnate, pores very shallow, cellular as if formed by upraised veins or ridges, entire ; spores elliptical, 7 x 4 /x., tinged yellow. Pohjponis violaceus, Fries, Obs. ii. p. 263; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 212. On fir stumps, trunks, poles, &c. Somewhat resembling Merulius in the shallow pores. Care must be taken not to confound the pi-esent species with Polystictus abietinus, which differs in the deeper torn pores, and is also usually more or less reflexed. Pores from ^f mm. across. Allied to Merulius, for which a young specimen might easily be taken. (Cke.) Poria purpurea. Fr. Broadly and irregularly efifused, the white flocculose mycelium creeping over the surface of rotten wood and pro- ducing here and there groups of minute, unequal, purple- lilac pores about 1 line long. Polyporus purpureus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 379 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 212. On rotten trunks of beech and willow. Often broadly effused. The violet colour usually disappears during drying. Pores about ^ mm. across. VOL. I. p 210 FUNGUS-FLORA. Poria contigua. Fr. EfFiiscd, altuiit .V in. thick, firm, when young cinnamon, dingy when old ; pores rather large, equal, entire ; margin at first villose. Puhjijorus coniiguus. Fries, Hym. Syst. Myc. i. p. 378 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 212. On rotten wood, fallen branches, &c. Not so broadly effused as P. ferrnginea, from which it is also known by tlie absence of a rust-coloured tinge. There is often a yellowish- orange tinge about growing specimens ; when dry often obscure brown ; pores about ^ mm. across. Doubtful species. Poria bathypora. Kostk. Effused, white, margin thin, byssoid ; pores rather large, cup-shaped, margin of dissepiments toothed. Pohjiwrus hatliijporus, Rostk. in Sturm's Deutschl. Cr. FL, p. 4, t. 59 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220. On dead wood. In the British specimen referred by Berkeley to the above species, the pores are shallow and varying from ]— J mm. across. POLYSTICTUS. Fr. Pileus coriaceous, membranaceous, or rather spongy, ino- dermeous, i.e. cuticle thin and loosely fibrous. Tubes first a])peariiig in the centre and successively developing towards the margin ; at first superficial and distinct, then becoming deeper and more crowded, not stratose. Pohjstirtus, Fries, Nov. Symli., p. 54; Cke., Prae. Poly,, Grev., p. 77, 188G. Polyporus, of most authors. Separated from the genus Polyporus in the old sense, by certain ])eculiaritie8 of structure ; the species are thin, usually flaccid, never hard and woody, mesopod, dimidiate, and imbricated, or effuso-reflexed and almost resupinate, pileus velvety or strigos(>, ])ores shallow, never stratose, towards the margin (jften sterile or with imperfect pores. In Pohjporus, as understood in the present work, and Fames, the tubes are fully formed from Iho first, i.e., not at POLYSTICTUS. 211 first superficial and developing by degrees. Poh/sf ictus differs from Tramctes, to which genus it is closely allied, by the unequal length of the tubes in the latter, which run to various depths into the flesh, whereas in Polystictus, as also in Poli/porus, Fomes, and Poria, the tubes are of equal length, i.e. originate from the sporophore at one common level, a character seen in a section of the fungus through the sporo- phore and stratum of tubes. I. MESOPUS. Stem central. Polystictus perennis. Fr. (figs. 16, 17, p. 184.) Pileus plano-infundibuliform, 1-3 in. across, thin, cori- aceous, tough, velvety becoming smooth, zoned, clear cinna- mon, then yellowish brick-red ; stem firm biit not hard, ■§—1^ in. high, thickened below, minutely velvety ; pores very short, minute, angular, dissepiments becoming torn ; at first with a white bloom, then naked ; spores elliptical, hyaline, 4-5 X 2-5 fji. Pohfporus perennis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 350 ; Sowei'by, Brit. Fung., t. 192. On the ground under trees, &c. ; also on trunks. Pileua funnel-shaped or expanded and only umbilicate ; stem central, whole plant elastic when growing. Autumn and winter, remaining through the following summer in a growing state. Pileus 1^2 in. broad, varying in depth of colour, cup-shaped when young, nearly plane when old ; often confluent, zoned, soft and velvety and marked with little raised radiating lines, giving it a striated appearance ; margin fimbriate or laciniated. Pores small, roundish or angular, at length torn, decurrent. Stem 1 in. high, vaiying greatly in thickness, very tough, velvety, bulbous at the base. (Berk.) Polystictus cinnamomeus. Sacc. Pileus rather corky, flaccid, piano-depressed or subinfun- dibuliform, velvety, becoming smooth, vivid cinnamon, shin- ing, with evanescent brown zones, f-ll in. across, pores rather large, angular, brownish-cinnamon, when dry fulvous ; stem 1-li in, long, 2 lines thick, velvety, for the most part p 2 212 FUNGUS-FLOKA. attenuated downwards, but tlie base is sometiiucs tuberous, coloured like the pileus ; flesli similarly coloured, rather nauseous ; spores subgloboso-ellipsoid, yellow, G-7 x 4—5 /x. Poh/jwrus cinnamomeiis, Saccardo, Michelia, i. p. 362 ; Bre- sadola, Trid., p. 89, t. 99. Boletus cinnainomeus, Jacq. Collect, i. p. 116, t. 2. On the ground imder trees. Generally solitarj', rarely subcacspitose. Distinct from P. jperennis in the larger pores. II. APUS. Sessile, dimidiate. * Pileus dark coloured. Polystictus versioolor. Fries, (figs. 18, 19, p. 184.) Pileus horizontal, thin, coriaceous, rigid, flat, slightly depressed behind, densely velvety, shining, with variously coloured concentric zones ; pores ver^'- short, minute, dissepi- ments acute, becoming torn, white, then very pale buff. Polyporus versicolor. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 368 ; Sowerby, Fung., t. 229. On trunks, stumps, branches, &c. Often semicirciilar or flabelliform and imbricated, 2-3 in, across, \ in. thick, mar- gin thinner ; pileus dark green with brown or orange narrow concentric zones, lint colours variable. Hymenium plane, pores white, then cream-colour, often obsolete towards the margin, about \ mm. across. Variable ; sometimes quite rcsupinate, or with the margin reflexed ; more generally dimidiate and densely imbricated, occasionally'^ spuriously stipitate, more or less lobed, villous, marked witli regular concentric smooth shining zones of vari(jus colours, sometimes entirely white, and not unfre- quently the whole surface is villous, and the zones mere dejiressions. (Berk.) Tufted, subimbricated, thin, velvety, not strigose, margin often almost glal>rous, iiallid. Pores white, shining. The pileus is sometimes yellowish clay-colo\ir ; the zones also vary in colour through rufous, rusty, yellowish, white, &c. Var. fuscatus. Fr. ZonelesB, 1)r(jwii, pcjres yellow, torn into teeth. (Fries.) POLYSTICTUS. 213 Polystictus radiatus. Fr. Pileus corky, coriaceous, rigid, radiato-rugose, at first vel- vety, foxy, then glabrous and rusty-brown, margin spread- ing, wavy; pores minute, pallid, with a silvery sheen, at length rust-coloured. Polyporus radiatus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 3G9 ; Cke., Hdbk,, p. 278. Boletus radiatus, Sow., t. 196. On alder, hazel, &c. Tawny specimens of Polystictus versicolor sometimes occur, very much resembling this species ; but it appears from Sowerby's own specimens, as well as the opinion of Fries, to be altogether distinct. (Berk.) Imbricated, about 1 in. across, ferruginous, radiating from the base, paler towards the sinuous margin, indistinctly zoned. Pores minute, rounded, white, or dingy yellow. (Fries.) Polystictus polymorphus. Eostk. Pileus 1 in. and more across, resupinate, effused, coriaceous, margin reflexed, crisped, glabrous, umber ; pores rather large, angular, torn, pallid. Polijporus j^olymorjjJius, Rostk., 4, t. 56; Stev., Brit. Fung,, p. 209. On branches, worked wood, <)4. On white poplar. Iml)ricatcd, grown together at the dccurrent base, trans- versely dilatfd. J have the same on black ])oplar nearly solitary, pileus at first floccoso-mealy, very hard and woody when old. Both are white within, not stratose. (Fries.) FOMES. 219 Fomes cytisinus. Berk. Dimidiate, imbricated, 8-12 in. long, 4-6 in. broad, pileus coarsely tuberculated, hard, woody, margin slightly incurved, flesh about 1 in. thick behind, becoming thin towards the margin, fibrous but hard and compact, whitish ; tubes 1 in. long behind, shorter in front, pores minute, rounded, whitish ; spores subglobose, 5 /x. diameter. Pohjporus cytisinus. Berk., Engl. Flora, vol. v. p. 142 ; Berk., Outl., p. 247 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 207. Boletus suberosus. Sow., t. 288. On laburnum. Imbricated, above a foot across, dimidiate, quite smooth (at least when dry), but coarsely tuberculated. Substance slightly zoned, very thick and close, pale, evidently com- posed of two or three successive layers. This is certainly the same as Boletus suberosus, Sowerby. (Berk.) Fomes connatus. Fr. Between corky and woody, effuso-reflexed, densely im- bricated, growing into each other, velvety, grepsh-white ; flesh white, zoned; tubes stratose, pores minute, roundish, white. Pohjporus connatus. Fries, Epicr., p. 472 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 278. On old trunks. Often running up the trunk for one or two feet in an imbricated manner, the pilei growing into each other; margin usually obtuse, often only slightly reflexed from a continuous, effused basal portion. From 2-4 in. across or more. The colour of the jiores varies when viewed in diflferent directions, in some positions glistening with a satiny sheen. ** Pileus rose-colour. Fomes roseus. Fr. Somewhat caespitose. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, ?-l in. thick, corky, inclining to woody, hard, triangular, even, somewhat banded, rose-colour, more or less obscured by a greyish-black bloom ; internally floccoso-fibrous, rose-colour ; pores niinnte, round, rose-colour ; spores G [jl. long. Polyjxmis roseus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 372 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 206. 220 FUNGUS-FLORA. On worked wood. Eose-colonr without and within, but tinged wirh smoke- colour, especially the pileus, 2-4 inches broad, ^-1 inch thick. Margin subacute. (Fries.) *** Pileus ferruginous, hroicnish, taicny, &c., alicays coloured. Fomes fomentarius. Fr. Iloof-shaped, 4-7 in. across, 3-5 in. thick at tho base ; pileus distantly concentrically sulcate, glabious, opaque, fuliginous, or dingy brown, cuticle thick, hard, persistent, margin at first with a white bloom, then ferruginous ; flesh rather soft, compactly floccose, foxy rust-colour ; tubes very long, J,-2 in. or more, distinctly stratosc, ferruginous, pores subangular, about \ mm. across, powdered with white at first then ferruginous ; spores brown, elliptical, base abruptly truncate, 6x3* 5— i /jl. Foh/porus fomentarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 374; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 204. Plane below, tapering towards the margin all round from the very thick base, hence more or less triangular in section. Sometimes when old, especially when growing on birch, nearly white, occasionally tinged with bright yellow, (P.evk.) In the young plant the upper surface of the pileus is brown, with a thick rounded Avhite edge. Pores varying from white to brown. It throws off most copiously, from everjr part of its surface, a powder of the colour of Spanish snuff; this alone will distinguish it from every other species. It is also an annual; Poli/jwrus igniarius, on the contrary, is a perennial. (Purton.) Large, externally hard, with grey or blackish zones, especially near tho margin. I'ores stratose, forming long, very slender tubes, naked. Substance spongy, foxy, good for making tinder. (Fries.) Pileus large, 3-8 in. in diameter, externally hard, some- what banded, particularly towards the margin, with grey and dark zones, strongly resembling a horse's hoof, some- times much flattened. I'ores stratified, or in a succession of layers, long, very slender, naked ; substance reddish-brown and spongy. (Grev.) FOMES. 221 Pomes igniarius. Fr. (fig. 20, p. 184.) Piletis at first tubercTiloso-globose, iiumarginate, even, with a thin, floccnlose, adpressed hoary covering, thin hoof- shaped, ferruginous then blackish-brown, opaque, cuticle very hard, uneven ; flesh zoned, ferruginous, very hard, margin rounded ; tubes 1-2 in. long, very small, stratose, convex, cinnamon, when old filled with white mycelium, pores ^-^ mm. across, rounded, at first hoary ; spores sub- globose, hyaline, 6-7 /x. diameter, cystidia few, 10-25 x 5-6 ij.. Poh/porus igniarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375 ; Stev,, Brit. Fung., p. 205. On trunks of various trees. ■ Diifers from Fames fomentarius and F. nigricans in its entire nature and life-history. The new spring growth adds to the entire substance of young specimens, in larger specimens adds mostly to the margin and hymenium. (Fries.) Pileus somewhat like a horse's hoof, irregular, rugose, banded with convex zones, reddish -brown, at length blackish, smooth, hard throughout, and not fit for converting into amadou. Pores very minute, slender, yellowish, or greenish- grey, at length cinnamon. The pileus is apt to change its form according to its situation ; and when growing on the under surface of a horizontal cherry-tree branch, it becomes as it were perpendicular, and the pores form a horizontal and circular surface beneath. (Grev.) Forties nigricans. Fr. Hoof-shaped or pulvinate, very thick, 4-6 in. broad, 3-4 in, thick, at the base ; pileus densely and concentrically sulcate, cuticle very hard, with a crusty varnished layer, black, smooth, shining, margin very obtuse, ferruginous; flesh very hard, ferruginous; tubes elongated, 2-3 in,, distinctly stratose, ferruginous, pores ^ mm. across, obsoletely angular, naked from the first ; spores ellii^tical, both ends rouhded, brown, 5 x 3 /x ; cystidia abundant, 10-25 X 6 /x. Polyporus nigricans, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 204, On living and dead birch. The blackish, lacquered, shining pileus distinguishes the present species amongst its allies, but a form is described by Fries with the pileus 222 f:;ngus-flora. triangular, rugose, opaque, which ai^proachcs Fomes tgni- ariiis. Fomes salicinus. Fr. Woody, very hard, undulate, the greater portion usually resupinato, with a narrow, undulated, smooth, free margin, that is obtuse and patent, cinnamon then greyish ; pores minute, rounded, ferruginous-cinnamon, as is also the flesh ; spores 5 X 3 /x; cystidia plentiful, 12-35 x 6 /a. Pohjporus salicinus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 376 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.', p. 206. On willow trunks. Pileus 12 in. and more across. Eelated to F. fomentarius and F. igniarius. Entirely resupinato, or in vertical positions with the upper margin narrowly reflexed. There is a form with the free margin striato-plicate. A foot or more long, often interrupted, glabrous, woody. Pores rounded, equal, or when growing in an oblique direc- tion, gaping. (Fries.) Fomes fraxineus. Fr. Pileus between corky and woody, glabrous, rather flattened, zoneless, white when young, then reddish-brown, at first even, then concentrically sulcate, pale within ; tubes short, pores minute, rusty-red, at first covered, as is also the margin, •with a white pubescence ; spores subglobose, G-7 /u, long. Poljiporus fraxineus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 374; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 207. On old ash trunks. Variable in form, softer when young, but not fleshy, truly perennial. (Fries.) Solitary or imbricated. Smell strong and penetrating. (Berk.) Pileus 3-9 inches and more broad ; tubes 2-4 lines long, pores about J mm. across. Femes pectinatus. Klotzsch. Pileus rusty-brown, corky, inclining to woody, hard, triangular, concentrically lamelloso-plicate, tomentosely scaly; margin and the short, minute, obtuse pores, pale yellowish- red, naked. Pdli/porHS pectinatus, Klotzsch, Linnaoa, viii. p. 485 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 205. FOMES. 223 On wood, Pileus 1-2 in. broad. In the original descrip- tion it is queried as to whether the pores and margin are always naked. Fomes vegetus. Fr. Pileus horizontal, 8-12 in. broad, flattened, glabrous, opaque, brown, concentrically sulcate, annual zone broad, flesh floccose, loose, very thin, coloured; cuticle of the second year thick, separable ; tubes umber, stratose, seceding, each yearly stratum separated from the preceding by a floccose layer; mouths of the tubes minute, roundish, white at first. Polyporus vegetus, Fries, Epicr., p. 464 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 274. On trunks of lime, elm, &c. Amongst the largest of species, often reaching a foot across diiring the first season. Allied to Fomes applanatus, from which it is distinguished by the very thin flesh, and the distinctly stratose tubes, eacii annual formation being separated from the preceding by a floccose layer. Plane below, at first white, margin very smooth, shaning, sterile, narrow. Fomes fulvus. Fr. Exceedingly hard, convex above and below, attached by a broad base, hence triangular in section ; pileus even (not concentrically zoned), at first villous, fulvous then greyish, flesh subferiniginous ; pores short, about \ in. rounded, minute, cinnamon, at first with a greyish-yellow bloom. Polyporus fulvus. Fries, Epicr., p. 565; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 205. On decaying trunks, especially poplar. Pores not distinctly stratose. Fomes annosus. Fr. Very irregular in form, often horizontal and imbricated ; pileus convex, becoming plane, tuberculoso-zoned, coarsely radiately rugulose, during the first year brown, silky, margin whitish, second season covered with a glabrous blackisli- brown rigid crust; flesh rather thick, whitish; pores at first pure white, about i in. deep, medium size ; spores colourless, elliptic-oblong, G x -i (j- Polyporus annosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 208. 224 I'UNGUS-FLORA. About the roots of decayed trees, stumps, Szc, especially pine. Very irregular in growth, often forming a continuous stratum following the irregularities of the wood, and entirely resujiinate, at others wdth several pilci more or less imbri- cated. Pileus hard, coarsely radiato-rugose, margin and pores white, Fomes applanatus. Wallr. Horizontal, semicircular, attached by a broad base; pileus flattened, tuberculose, indistinctly zoned, outer crust rigid, at length brittle, cinnamon or brown, then often greyish with age ; rather shining, margin tumid, white, then cinna- mon : flesh thick, floccose and soft ; stratum of pores short, sul>ferruginous, exceedingly minute, roundish, surface of poi'ous stratum pure white, brownish when bruised. Pohjporns applanatus, Wallr., D. Kr. Fl. ii. p. 591 ; Berk., Outl., p. 245. On trunks. Sometimes imbricated, 2 in. or more in thick- ness, 4—8 in, across ; distinguished by the brown, tiibercu- lose, and vaguely concentrically zoned, glabrous pileus, and the oven white hymenial surface with very minute pores. Fomes conchatus. Fr, Thin, rigid, eiiuso-reflexed, the reflexed portion somewhat shell-shaped ; pileus dark brown, concentrically grooved, minutely silky, margin acute, pores short, very minute, coloured like the pileus ; spores 4-5 fx ; cystidia scanty, l".-;}0 X 7-9 p.. Pohiporns conchatus. Fries, Syst, Myc, i, p. 376 ; Stev,, r,rit. i'ung., p. 206. On trunks of willow, Sec. From 2-3 in. across, about ^ 111. thick, hard, altogether inside and outside dark brown, ■with a tinge of ferruginous or chocolate; often imbricate, sometimes entirely resupinate. Closely allied to F. ifjmarins, but smaller and thinner, closely concentrically sulcate, concave below, margin acute, (Fries.) Fomes variegatus. Seer. Pileus between corky and woody, rather flattened, even, glabrous, zoneless, shining, orange variegated with bay ; FOMES. 225 pallid within; tubes short, pores rounded, minute, unequal, torn, yellowish, Polyporus variegatus, Secretan, Myc. Fl. Suis., n. 45 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 563 ; Sow., t. 368 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 277. On trunks. Sowerby's figure has the pilei dimidiate and imbricated, 3-5 in.across, margin wavy, pileus tawny orange, attached by a broad decurrent base. Fomes ribis. Fr. Horizontal, imbricated, coriaceous, rigid, flattened, almost even, velvet}^, ferruginous then umber, margin acute ; pores short, minute, naked, and with the thin flesh, fulvous. Polyporus rihis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 206. On currant and gooseberry bushes. Imbricated, from 2-4 in. across, pores about 1 line long. Perennial, stratose. Pileus often indistinctly zoned, but not concentrically sulcate as in F. conchatus; the latter is not so distinctly velvety as the present species. Imbricated, 3 in. or more broad, thin, zoned and velvety, of a rather rich tawny-brown, the margin paler and brighter. Substance soft, silky, fit for making tinder. Pores short, larger than in the foregoing species ( = Fomes igniarius), brownish-grey. (Berk.) Imbricated, unequal, up to 4 in. broad, substance spongy, soft, foxy-yellow, not thick, the base often thinner than the margin. Velvety and yellowish when young, then almost glabrous, indistinctly zoned. Pores plane. 1 line long. (Fries.) Fomes carneus. Nees. Pileus effuso-reflexed or dimidiate, 2-6 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, woody, hard, rather thin, glabrous, zoneless, radiately rugose, dingy flesh-colour, flesh similarly coloured ; tubes short, stratose in old specimens, pores roundish, minute, decurrent at the expanded base, paler than the pileus. Polyporiis carneus, Nees, in Nov. Act. Nat. Curios, xiii. t. 3 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 208. On trunks, stumps, &c. Pores \-}^ mm. across. Often extending for several inches, the reflexed portion remaining narrow, imbricated, rarely solitary. Smaller and thinner VOL, I. Q 226 FUNGUS-FLORA. than Fames fraxineus or F. variegatiis, hut hard and perennial, resembling F. annosiis in the radiately rugose bard pileus, but quite distinct in the absence of the white sterile margin, &c. Fomes resupinatus. Massee. Coriaceous but rather spongy, sessile, often broadly effused, and either plane or furnished here and there "with nodulcse outgrowths ; altogether ferruginous, flesh very thin, fibrous ; tubes stratose, 2-5 mm. long, openings nearly circular. ^-\ mm. across, dissepiments thin, entire, acute; spores colour- less, elliptical, 4 x 1'5 jx. Boletus resu2nnatus, Bolton, Fung. Halifax, t. 165, p. 165. Fomes sjyonrjiosus, Sacc, Syll., vi. n. 5525. Boletus s^ongiosus, Persoon, Syn., jj. 543 (according to Saccardo). On trunks and branches. Often broadly incrusting, closely aduate, the hynienium often more or less nodulose from the outgrowth of abortive or imperfectly developed rudimentary pilei ; in other examples the hymenium remains plane and even, and then resembling in general appearance and habit Fomes ferruginosus, Fr., but at once distinguished on a micro- scopic examination by the absence of large, coloured cystidia projecting from the hymenial surface. Saccardo, in Sacc, Syll. Fung. vi. n. 6525, has given the present species as a synonym under Fomes spongiosus, Pers. ; there is no evidence, however, that the two arc identical, whereas there are specimens in the Kew Herbarium agreeing exactly with Bolton's species, and determined as such by the Rev, M. J. Berkeley. This curious Piolctus (= Fomes), most frequently creeps or spreads upon its back, sometimes it is formed into lum])s of a rude turban-shape; in either case it consists of a thin brown crust, which closely embraces the wood on which it grows, and serves as a base or groundwork to the tubes. The tubes are long, erect, and constitute almost the whole substance of the plant ; in spreading or creeping specimens, tlie margin is une(j[ually lobed and blunt ; the surface made uneven by swelling bunches ; the colour, like all the other parts, is a rusty brown. The pores round, but are too small POLYPORUS. 227 for the inspection of the naked eye. The length of the tubes is different in the creeping and the turbanated specimens, being shorter in the first, longer in the last variety. I gathered specimens of this plant on dry decayed hazel boughs, near Burks Hall, in February, 1790. (Bolton.) Pomes ferruginosus. Mass. Broadly effused, closely adnate, from |— 1 in. thick, surface either even and nearly plane, nodulose, or with numerous more or less reflexed, imbricated, imperfectly formed pi lei, bright ferruginoiis-brown, becoming dusky ferruginous when old, margin sterile ; pores subrotund, torn, very long ; spores 6-7 X 4 yu, ; cystidia numerous, acuminate, clear brown, 30-40 X 5-6 IX. Polyporus ferruginosus. Fries, S. Myc. i. p. 378; Hym. Eur., p. 671 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 212. Polyporus cryptorum, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 376. Boletus cryptorum. Bull., t. 478. On trunks, posts, &c. Often very broadly effused, thick- ness variable, flesh almost obsolete. When growing and at its best, the barren margin is very bright rust colour. Pores 8-4 in the space of 1 mm. The bright yellow-brown, spine- like cystidia are very abundant in the hymenium. All the species of Fames having the hymenium furnished with cystidia have been arranged under a new genus —Mucrono- porus — by Ellis. At first appearing under the form of a confervoid stratum, which gradually thickens and acquires pores in the centre ; generally wholly resupinate, but occasionally slightly reflexed. Pores minute, roundish, unequal ; specimens sometimes occur many inches in length, and in parts ^ in. thick, from several individuals having become confluent. (Berk.) POLYPOEUS. Mich. Central or lateral stemmed, dimidiate, &c. Pileus fleshy, tough, rather soft and moist, at length becoming harder (rarely of a cheesy texture and fragile), externally neither sulcate nor zoned, but the internal texture consisting of Q 2 228 FUNGUS-FLORA, radiating fibres often more or less zoned. Fores never stra- tose. Sporophore descending into the hymenophore and forming the trama (or dissepiments), hence the tubes (hyme- nophore) are not separable from the sporophore; pores at first obsolete or none, then rounded, angialar, or torn. Pohjporus, Mieheli, Gen., p. 129, emended by Fries, Nov. Symk, p. 30; Ckc., Praec, Grev., p. 80, 188G. Distinguished from Polystidus by the thiolver flesh, which is soft and moist at first, also by the absence of zones on the pilous. The species of Folyporus with elongated sinuous pores are distinguished from haedalea by the flesh being soft and juicy at first, the slender narrow pores, thinner disse})iments, and absence of a difierently coloured trama. Fonics diifers from the present genus in the pileus being hard and woody from the first, and in the stratose tubes. ANALYSIS OF TEE SPECIES. I. Mesopus. Stem simple, central or excentric, not black at the base. II. Pleuropus. Stem simple, excentric or lateral, base black. III. Merisma. Numerous pileoli bonic on a common simple or much- branched stem or short, thick tubercle. IV. Arus. Pileus sessile, dimidiate or elTuso-rcflexed. * Pileus ferruginous, brownish, or dark fuliginous. ** I'ileus white, pale ochraceous, yellowish, &c. POLYPORUS. 229 I. MESOPUS. Stem quite distinct, vertical or excentric, simple, not blacJc at the base. Pileus entire or excentric. Polyporus leucomelas. Fr. Pileus 2-5 in. across, expanded, margin often irregular, silky or minutely squamulose, smoky black, sometimes with dark olive tinge, flesh thick except at the extreme, acute margin, whitish ; pores about ^ in. deep, rather large, un- equal, greyish, decurrent ; stem 1-3 in. long, stout, rather tomentose, similar in colour or paler than the pileus ; spores cylindric-fusoid, pale brown, 10-12 x 4—5 [x. Polyporus leucomelas. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 346 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 187. In pine woods, &c. Pileus often deformed, rather fragile, stem variable in length, flesh turning red when bruised, pores become blackish in drying, also inside of stem. Spores of the Boletus type. Pores about | mm. diam. Polyporus lentus. Berk. Pileus 1-2 in. across, thin, tough, coriaceous, umbilicate, ochraceous or pallid, zoneless, squamulose especially when young; pores shallow, large, angular, often slightly elon- gated radially, decurrent, dissepiments thin ; stem central or excentric, 2 lines or more thick, |— 1 in. long, colour of the pileus, variable, straight or curved, hispid or furfuraceous ; spores elliptic-fusiform, colourless, 12 x 4-5 />t. Polyporus lentus, Berk., Outl., p. 237, t. 16, f. 1; Stev., Fung., p. 187. On wood, furze stems, &c. Known amongst the British mesopod forms by the large pores that average 1 mm. or more in size. The pileus is sometimes entirely destitute of scales, and the pores decurrent to the base of the stem. Pileus 14- in. broad, convex, or slightly depressed, at first furfuraceo-squamulose, reddish-brown, at length nearly smooth, ochraceous, the margin fibrilloso-squamose, of a tough fleshy substance. Pores large, rather deep, decurrent, roundish or subquadrate, at first white, the edges slightly toothed and powdered with the white oblong sporulcs. Stem ^1 in. high, f in. thick, central, covered with pores to the very base, only the lower ones are abortive, and their inter 230 FUNGUS-FLORA. slices pilose or distinctly furfuraceous, nearly of the colour of the pilens. A very elegant and distinct fungus, and quite unlike any with which I am acquainted, resembling some- what in habit certain species of Fries' subgenus Lentinus. (Berk.). Polyporus brumalis, Fr. Pileus 1-4 in. across, thin, pliant then coriaceous and rigid, more or less umbilicate, during the first year smoky- umber and densely villous, in the second year minutely scaly, becoming smooth and paler; pores shallow, large, angular and usually elongated radially, white then yellowish, disse- piments thin, very minutely toothed at the margin ; stem central, 1-2 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, coloured like the stem, velvety or squamulose ; spores colourless, linear-oblong, sometimes slightly curved, 5-6 X 2 /x. Pohjiwrus brumalis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 348 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 188. On dead branches. Pileus becoming rigid and incurved when dry, the margin often fimbriate when young ; pores more or less decurrent, about i— f mm. long. Distinguished in all its forms from P. Iciitus by the much smaller spores. Autumn and winter, reviving in the spring. (Klotzsch.) Pileus 1-4 in. broad, nearly plane, depressed in the centre, dingy, clothed with minute scales, at length fawn-coloured and nearly smooth. Pileus very slightly angular, Avhite, the dissepiments rather thick. Stem -^-2 in. high, 2-4 lines thick, central, velvety, hirsute or squamulose. (Berk.) Polyporus fuscidulus. Fr. Pileus 1-2^ in. across, thin, pliant, rather coriaceous, con- vexo-plane, not umbilicate, zoneless, even, smooth, yellowish- brown ; flesh thin, yellowish-white; ])()res shallow, subangu- lar, yellowish, largest and slightly elongated near the stem, not decurrent. dissepiments thin, margin quite entire ; stem 1-2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, quite smooth, brown or yellowish ; sjiores elliptic-oblung, colourless, 5-6 X 2 /a. Pohjporns fuscidulus. Fries, Ejjicr., p. 431 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 188. On bits of wood, amongst chips, &c. Close to P. hi-umalis, from Avhich it is distinguished by the glabrous stem and pileus, and the quite entire edge of the dissepiments. The POLYPORUS. 231 pores average about | mm. in length near the stem, becoming smaller and angularly round near the margin. Polyporus leptocephalus. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, tough, then coriaceous, thin, con- vexo-plane, glabrous, even, zoneless, pale then fawn-colour, margin rather wavy, flesh white ; pores adnate, subrotund, minute, whitish; stem about 1 in. long, glabrous, pallid. Polyporus leptocephalus, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 349 ; Berk., Outl., p. 237. On trunks. Appears to be close to P. fuscidulus, perhaps distinct in the smaller pores, but I have not seen an au- thentic specimen, hence cannot give spore measurements, &c. All the specimens that I have seen under this nam© belong to P. fuscidulus. Pileus 1 in. broad, tawny-bay, flat, thin, leather-like; pores white, very short ; stem pale or reddish-brown, thick as a crow-quill, and about 4- in. high. (Withering.) Polyporus Schweinitzii. Fr. Pileus 6-9 in. across, tomentose, rugged, and matted into little heaps, dark brown with a ferruginous tinge, flesh thick, spongy and soft, fibrous, bright brown ; stem thick, very short, bright brown, sometimes almost obsolete ; tubes about l- in. long, openings large, irregular and variable in form, yellow with a tinge of green ; spores elliptical, ob- liquely apiculate, pale yellow, 7-8 X 4 /x. Pohjporus Schweinitzii, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 351 ; Fries, Icones, pi. 179, fig. 3 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 189. In pine woods, &c., about roots and stumps. Distinguished from such species as P. hispidus, spongia, &c., by the central stem, which is, however, sometimes almost ob- solete ; it is never attached by a broad, lateral base. Openings of tubes often elongated and sinuous, §— l^- mm. Very large, 8 in. and more broad, sometimes regular and almost plane, slightly depressed, sometimes irregular in form and dimidiate, the pilei growing into each other and incrust- ing, at first with a foxy tomentum, which colour is soon con- fined to the margin, when old entirely dull brown ; flesh when the plant is growing very soft and spongy, then har- dened, fragile when dry, rhubarb-colour becoming brownish. (Fries.) 232 FUNGUS-FLORA. Polyporus rufescens. Fr. Pileus b— i in, acioss, soft and spongy, unequal, strigose or liaiiy, flcsli-colour, flesh thin, coloured ; pores rather short, large, more or less sinuated and torn, pale flesh-colour ; stem short, subcentral or almost lateral, irregular in form ; spores broadly elliptical, almost colourless, G X 4-5 /x. Pohiporus rufescens. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 351 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 189. Boletus biennis, Sow., t. 191. On stumps, &c. Distinguished amongst the hairy, soft- fleshed species by the whitish-pink hymenium, and the large, sinuous, torn pores that are often 1 mm. wide, and 2-4 mm. long. Habit of growth resembling that of Polyporus Schweinitzii, but it is smaller, softer, and different in colour both exter- i\a\\y and internally. (Fries.) The stipes (occasionally central and covered with naked pores) is somewhat tomentose. Pores varj'ing into sinuses and labyrinths very irregularly. The pileus is rather hispid. It hardens in drying, becoming woody. (Sow.) In the two specimens figured by Sowerbj', the stem is in both instances distinctly lateral, about 1^ in. long, pileus jiale brown, pores pale pink. Pileus convex when young, at length plane or oven de- pressed, velvety or hispid, 1-3 in. broad, irregular, furnished underneath with large, irregular, very flexuous or labyrinth- like pores, greyish or flesh-coloured. StijDes when ])resent very irregular, unequal, even grotesque, 1-2 in. high, of various thickness, ferruginous, souietimes wanting, when the pileus becomes dimidiate, as growing from the side of a rotten ])Ost; ill this situation it is even sometimes imbricated. When dry it is hard and woody. (Grev.) II. PLEUPvOPUS. Stem simple, excentric (sometimes almost central), or lateral, base of stem black. Polyporus squamosus. Fr. Pileus br(jadly llabelliform, fleshy, pliant, dingy pale yellow or pallid, variegated with large, adpressed, centri- POLYPORUS. 233 fugally arranged, brown scales, flesh thick at the base, becoming thin towards the margin ; pores short, varial)Ie, at first minute, becoming large, angular, and torn, pallid ; stem excentric or almost lateral, short, thick, corky, black at the base, reticulated with the rudiments of the decurrent pures ; spores elliiDtical, colourless, 12 x 5 /a. Polijporns squamosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 343 ; Greville, Scut. Cr. FL, t. 207. On trunks, stumps, &c. Fan-shaped or flabelliform, 6-12 in. across, often larger, sometimes imbricated ; pileus often iufundibuliform and stem almost central when young, becoming flabelliform as growth proceeds. Pileus in the very young state scarcely more than the diameter of the stipes, but it rapidly enlarges, and ultimately attains a foot or more in breadth. In its form it is ex- ceedingly irregular, but most commonly it is rather orbi- cular, at first slightly convex, then plane, and at length concave, the margin somewhat waved, entire, rarely lobed. Colour ochraceous, darker in the centre, surface covered more or less with adpressed (rarely revolutej, fimbriated, reddish, blotchy scales. Substance white within, fleshy, rather firm. Pores yellowish-white, very large, irregular, towards the stipe becoming very shallow, often pentagonal or hexagonal, and ending in a mere reticulation. StijDes variable; lateral, sublateral, or, rarely, subcentral, very short and unequally thickened, or much elongated ; in the latter state it is frequently branched, in rather a palmate manner, the summit being either quite simple, or the terminating pileus imperfectly developed ; this is the Boletus rangiferinus of authors. The stipe is always solid, blackish at the base, paler upwards. This species sometimes attains to an enormous .size. My esteemed friend, Dr. Hooker, relates an instance given him by j\Ir. Hopkirk, of one which measured 7 ft. 5 in. in circumference, and weighed, after having been cut four days, 3-4 lbs. avoirdupois. It was only four weeks in attaining the above size, gaining thus an acquisition of weight of above 1 lb. 3 oz. in the day. (Grev.) Solitary or imbricated. From a subglobose or turgid scaly blackish knob arise one or more stems, which are at first slightly compressed, flat, and hollowed out above where they are furfuraceous ; gradually the depressed surface 234 FUNGUS-FLOEA. expands, but more rapidly in the direction of the light, and the hymenium is formed beneath the small scales of the upper part of the stem, consisting when feebly developed of large angiilar pores, becoming mere reticulations towards the base. Pilens when fully expanded pallid-ochraceous with scattered brown adpressed scales. If a portion of the hymenium be torn off, a new stratum of pores is rapidly developed. In vaults and hollow trees it sometimes assumes the form of a Clavaria, but in this case seldom produces a pileus. (Berk.) Polyporus Michelii. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. across, thin, depressed, repand, pliant, minutely silky and somewhat sqxiamulose, white with a yellowish tinge; stem 1-2 in. long, more or less lateral, usually thickened at the base, rough, white, brownish at the base ; pores very short, circular or slightly elongated radiately, entire, large, white; spores almost colourless, elongato-elliptical, 16-17 X 7 fi. Foliiporus Michelii, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 3-13 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.', p. 190. On trunks, stumps, &c., often on willow. Allied to Polyporus squamosus, but distinguished by the pores being minute at first, then becoming large, but remaining entire and regular, and by the larger spores. Polyporus melanopus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, pliant, almost plane, tlicn depressed in the centre and more or less infundibulifurm, at lirst minutely flocculose, becoming smooth, whitish then yellowish- brown or tan-colour, flesh thin, white, soft, tubes very short, decurrent, unequal, minute, white ; stem excentric, 1-li in. long, 3-4 lines thick, slightly attenuated upwards and dift'used into the pileus, often curved, minutely velvety, black ; spores almost or (|uitc colourless, 5 X 2-5 fx. Vohiporus melanopus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 347 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 190. On roots, and apparently on the ground, but attached to wood, chips, &c. Amongst the allied, more or less black- stemmed British species of Poli/porns, the present is distin- guished from P. squamosus and P. Michelii by the very minute pores that average 4-5 in the space of 1 mm. From POLYPORUS. 235 p. RostJcovn, P. picipes, P. varius, and P. elegans, th.Q present species varies in the pileus being minutely flocculose at first. In other words, P. melanopus is known by the floc- culose pileus when young and the minute pores. Polyporus Rostkovii. Fr. Pilei 4—6 in. across, pliant, several often connate at the base of their stems, infundibuliform, smooth, even, smoke- colour, or sometimes tinged tan-colour; pores short, de- current, large, angular, edges of dissepiments toothed, white, then dingy and yellowish ; stem 3-6 in. long, up to 1 in. thick, excentric, thickened at the base, reticulated by the rudimentary decurrent tubes, abruptly black ; spores almost colourless, elongato-elliptical, 14-16 x 5-6 /a. Polyporus BostJcovii, Fries, Epicr., p. 439 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 191. On trunks of ash, &c., also on stumps. Allied to P.squamosus, which it almost equals in size, differs in the usually longer stem, which is reticulated by the decurrent pores on the under side. Several stems usually connate at the base; pileus not scaly. Pores elongato-radiate, 2-4 mm. long. Polyporus picipes. Fr. Pileus 2—4 in. across, expanded, more or less depressed at the disc or laterally, margin entire or lobed, tough then rigid, even, smooth, yellowish with the disc chestnut, or altogether chestnut, flesh white, 2-3 lines thick, margin thin; stem |-1|- in. long, i— ^ in. thick, subequal, firm, varying from almost central, through excentric, to lateral, at first velvety, then naked and dotted, black up to the pores ; pores about -} mm. across, rounded, short, decurrent, white then pallid or yellowish ; spores minute, subglobose 3*5-4 /j.. Polyporus picipes. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 534 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 191. On trunks, especially willow. Imbricated, smell rather sweet, flesh white. Pileus depressed behind, commonly emarginate, infundibuliform, with lobes all round the margin. Colour pallid, becoming chestnut ; commonly livid-yellow with the disc chestnut. (Fries.) Distinguished from P. varius by the even pileus and velvety stem. 236 FUNGUS-FLORA. Polyporus varius. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. or more across, expanded, depressed at the point of origin of the stem, pliant, tough, often irregular, smooth, rather virgatc, commonly bay brown, sometimes paler, flesh 2-3 lines thick, pallid ; stem excentric or lateral, rJ-1^ in. long, about 2-3 lines thick, even, smooth, greyish- black downwards ; pores decurrent, short, more or less rounded, about \ mm. across, whitish then pale cinnamon ; sjiores colourless, linear-oblong, 4 x 1 ' 5 /x. Polyporus varius. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 352 ; Stev., Fung., p. 191. On trunks, stumps, &c., especially ash. Size and form variable, when large the pileus is often undulated and lobed ; often in dense tufts and more or less deformed from mutual pressure ; commonly bay, but sometimes pale, especially when young. Sometimes sessile. Distinguished from Polijporns incites by the glabrous stem (not velvety), the more or less virgate or radially streaked pileus, and the different spores. The pileiis soon becomes woody and rigid. Polyporus elegans. Fr. I'ileus 2-4 in. across, expanded, often angular, equally fleshy, at first pliant, soon rigid and woody, smooth, even, all of one colour, varying from pale ochraceous to dull orange, shining, not virgate nor infuudibuliform ; stem ?,-l?, in. long, 2-3 lines thick, excentric or lateral, even, smooth, pallid above, abruptly black below, rooting ; pores plane, sometimes decurrent to the black portion of the stem, sometimes not at all decurrent, subrotund, minute, yellowish- white, then pallid, about ] mm. across; spores linear- elliptical, 4 X I'o fj.. Pohiporus elegans. Fries, Epicr., p. 440 ; Stev., Fung. ii. p. 192. On stumps and trunks, chiefly birch. Distinguished from allied black-stemmed species, by the pileus being almost plane, scarcely depressed, neither virgate nor infundibuli- forin, and in the absence of any bay or chestnut colour. Flesh white, about 1^—2 lines thick, equally so up to the margin. Var. nummularius. Fries. POLYPORUS. 237 Smaller than the typical form, about 1 in, across, thin, almost regular in outline, stem equal, excentric. On trunks. Polyporus petaloides. Fr. Pileus 2 in. or more across, spathulate, thin, almost membranaceous, rugose, but without zones, smooth, pliant when growing, dark chestnut-colour; pores decurrent, very short, minute, white ; stem lateral, ascendini;, compressed and expanding into the pileus, smooth, whitish, not rooting but expanding at the base into a discoid organ of attach- ment; spores elliptical, almost colourless, 6 X 2*5-3 /a. Polyporus petaloides. Fries, Epicr., p. 44-i; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 192. On old stumps. Distinguished by the lateral stem, flabelliform, dark chestnut-coloured pileus, and the minute pores averaging about 3 in the space of 1 mm. The pileus and stem are more or less erect during growth ; when dry the pileus becomes involute and fragile, also very rugulose, due to contraction. III. MEEISMA. Pileoli numerous, springing from a common trunk or tubercle^ which is often much divided upwards. Polyporus umbellatus. Fr. Excessively branched, substance fibrous, elastic; pileoli irregularly circular, depressed, ^2 in. across, smoky, dingy yellowish, or with a rufous tinge, pores white, minute ; stems whitish, elongated, distinct and spreading, excej)t at the base, where they unite to form a common, thick, root- like mass. Polyporus umbellatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 354 : Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 193. On the ground and near or on stumps, in woods, &c. The numerous branches spreading from a centre and the regular, depressed pileoli characterise the present species. Tufts spreading, dense, 6-9 in. across, form variable, stems very much branched, connate at the base. Pilei more or less depressed, l-l^ in. broad, very numerous, the larger 238 FUNGUS-FLORA. ones wavy or cut. Pores unequal, deeurrent on the stem and branches. Flesh soft, esculent. (Fries.) Polyporus frondosus. Fr. Tuft ',—1 ft. across, very much branched, fibrous, fleshy, rather tough ; pileoli very numerous, J— 2 in. broad, smoky- grey, dimidiate, rugose, lobed, intricately recurved ; flesh white : stems growing into each other, white ; tubes short, tender, pores very small, acute, white, round, or torn when in an oblique position. Poiyporus frondosus, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 355; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 193. On stumps, roots, trunks, &c. Flesh white ; pores com- monly rounded but oblique, and with the dissepiments torn when in an oblique position. Pilei very numerous, dimidiate, forming irregular convex tufts, 4-1 ft. bigh, crowded, imbricated or variously grown together; at first tomentose, smoky, tlien glabrous and livid- grey, disc depressed, dilated above, ^-2 in., convex, base jDroduced into a stem terminated by a thick, rooting base. (Fries.) Polyporus intybaceus. Fr. Very much branched, fleshy, rather fragile, pilei numerous, dimidiate, expanded, sinuate, at length spathulate, nearly even, yellowish, or greyish brown ; branches united at the base into a very short, thick, stem-like base ; tul)es veiy short, pores rather torn, whitish-brown ; sjDores colourless, elliptical, 7 x 3*5 /x. Pohjporus intyhaceus. Fries, Epicrisis. p. 446 ; Cke., Hdbk,, p. 267. On trunks. Tufts 1-2 ft. across, flaps expanding on every side. ►Smells like mice. Polyporus cristatus. Fr. Stem white, irregularly branched, rather thick, 1-2 in. high; sul).stance flesliy, linn, fragile ; pileoli 2-3 in. broad, irregular, fleshy, entire or dimidiate, variable in number, sometimes imbricated, dojiressed, rufous with a more or less decided green tinge, cuticle breaking u]) and becoming powdery or villous, then cracking into minute scales ; pores POLYPOKUS. 239 about 1 line long, sometimes less, whitish, angular, irregular, torn, -^— 5 mm. across ; spores colourless, subglobose, 5 x 4 /a. Poiyporus cristatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 356; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 194. Very variable in form, stem white, usually thick, up to 1 in., irregular and more or less branched, and bearing several more or less depressed pilei ; sometimes, however, only one is present. Known amongst the branched fragile species furnished with a stem by the greenish colour of the pileus. Substance that of Poiyporus giganteus. Colour resembling P. sulphur eus. Stem lateral, irregular, pruinose, white, at length brown. Pilei rather fleshy, involute, and more or less growing into each other, villoso-pulverulent, 2-3 in. broad, greenish-yellow. Pores unequal, white, becoming more or less tinged with green when torn. (Fries.) Poiyporus giganteus. Fr. Formed of numerous imbricated pilei, fleshy and tough, then coriaceous, pilei dimidiate, very broad, flaccid, slightly zoned, rivulose, depressed behind, bay -brown; stem much branched, originating from a tuberous base ; pores minute, roundish, at length torn, pallid, becoming darker when bruised. Poiyporus giganteus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 356; Cke., Hdbk., p. 268, fig. 65. At the base of trunks, &c. Forming large tufts 1-2 ft. or more broad, branched in an imbricated manner. (Berk.) Pilei sublateral, flaccid, various in form, the surface granu- lated with minute brown flocci, rigid, when dry squamoso- fibrillose ; at first pale, then brownish-yellow ; disc depressed, at length black. Pores minute, dirty brown when bruised, at length torn. I have seen tufts of this species in Sweden 4 ft. across. (Fries.) Poiyporus acanthoides. Fr. Imbricatt-d ; pliant when growing, then coriaceous ; pileoli infundibuliform, thin, margin lobed, 2—5 in. across, flesh 2—3 lines thick, ferruginous or pale cliestnut, indistinctly zoned, radiately rugulose, smooth ; stems connate-branched. 240 FUNGUS-FLORA. attenuated downwards, white, tlieii rufescent ; pores very- shallow, irrregularly simious, dissepiments toothed at the edge, more or less decurrent, whitish, then rufescent; spores suhglobose, 4 X 3 /x, almost colourless. Pohjporus acanthoides, Fries, Epicr., p. 448; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 195. Boletus acanthoides, Bull., t. 486. On trunks, also on roots and buried wood. Pores irregular, ;|— 1 mm. in length. Forming large clusters, said by Bulliard to sometimes extend for 2-3 ft. Somewhat resembling Poh/- phorns — 1^^ in. long, thin, round, soft, ferruginous, openings rounded, paler, about /; mm. across, dissepiments entire ; spores colourless, elliptical, 5 x 3 /a. Pohjporus dryadeus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 374 (in part) ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 553 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 202. On oak trunks. Smell strong, subacid. Growing rapidly and attaining a large size. Annual, but persisting through the winter. Exuding drops of water at the margin like P. ajjjilanatus, from which, however, it is quite distinct. Odour slightly acid. Everywhere imbricated, 5 in. broad, 1 in. thick, with indistinct ferruginous zones ; pores short, slightly larger than in Polyporus fomentarius, ferruginous within. Margin sometimes exuding drops of water. (Fries.) Polyporus hispidus. Fr. Pileus laterally attached, horizontal, 4-8 in. broad, dimi- diate, more or less convex, compact, fleshy, ferruginous- brown, hispid ; flesh spongy, 1-2 in. thick, ferruginous, composed of diverging fibres; pores ^1 in. long or more, yellowish then brownish, but paler than the pileus, minute, margin fimbriated, often inclined to separate ; spores elliptic-oblong, obliquely apiculate, bright orange-brown, 10 X 7 /A. Polyporus hispidus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 362 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 201. On living ash trunks, &c. Variable in size and colour, subferruginous, when old often blackish-brown, rather soft and spongy. Pores |— 1 mm. across. When any part of the fungus is treated with ammonic or potassic hydrate, it yields a deep yellow-brown colouring-matter. Distinguished R 2 244 FUNGUS-FLORA. from Fohiporus cuticularis, its nearest ally, l>y the thicker flesh, larger pores, and larger obliquely apiculate spores, also by the presence of a brown colouring-matter soluble in alkiiline solutions, which is not the case with Pohjporus cuticularis. Pileus a foot or more across, 4 in. thick, dimidiate, with occasionally an obsolete knob-like stem, generally very hispid, bur sometimes almost smooth and cracked; substance flesln' but fibrous, marked with concentiic lines AA-hich seem to indicate diiferent intervals in which vegetation has been more or less dormant, brown, blackish, yellowish or reddish- brown ; Ijelow pale yellow, or rich sienna-browTi, with the margin paler. Sporules pure yellow, often hanging upon spider's threads in elegant festoons beneath the hymenium. Close to the bark of the tree the pubescence often resembles Ozonium auricoimim. (Berk.) Substance spongy, moist, coloured. Pileus 4-G in., yellowish or brown ; pores subrotund, equal, minute, forming long tubes. (Fries.) Pileus dimidiate, horizontal, very thick, 5-18 in. across, roundish, often irregularly divided into two or three large lobes, convex, very villose, even shaggy, ferruginous at first, and somewhat orange at the margin, at length black in age. Flesh yellow-ferruginous, zoned, difficult to cut, but tearing easil}'- in the direction of the fibres. Pores long, yellowish, roundish, pale and fringed at their orifices, sporules bright yellow. (Grev.) Polyporus cuticularis. Fr. More or less semicircular, horizontal, base of attachment rather narrowed, hairy or rather velvety-tomentose, often minutely uneven and with a tendency to form small radiating wrinkles, lieconiing plane, ferrugmous-brown, then darker ; flesh |-i in. thick, spongy, formed of lax parallel fibres, yellow-brdwn ; )iiargiii fibrdSD-fiiiibriate, incurved; pores longer than thickness of liesh, i>ale then ferruginous, minute ; spores broadly elliptical, not apiculate, yellow- brown, 7 X 4-5 fj.. Ftili/juirus cuticularis, Fries, Syst. IMyc i. p. 3C3 (excl. syn. P. ahiviis) ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 202. On trunks. Pileub 3-5 in. across, thin, becoming POLYPORUS. 245 plane ; allied to Polyporus hispidus, but softer, &c. : for fuller distinctions see under the latter. Imbricated, pilei growing into each other, obsoletely zoned, rather triquetrous ; varies " substipitate " and re- supinate ; tomentum strigose or velvety, at length dis- appearing. Pores small, subrotiind, greyish pruinose, shining when looked at with the light falling on them, at length naked, torn, substance fibrous, hard, but not persistent when dead. (Fries.) Polyporus quercinus. Fr. Pileus tongue-shaped, horizontal, narrowed behind into a thick stem, 3-6 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, up to 1 in. thick, convexo-plane, floccoso-granular, pale tan or tinged red, and becoming reddish when bruised ; substance coloured, corky, texture floccose, soft then hardened ; tubes about 2 lines long, pores rounded, ^-4 mm. across, whitish ; spores colourless, narrowly elliptical o x 2, fx. Polyporus quercinus, Fr., Epicr., p. 441 ; Stev,, Brit. Fung., p. 203. On dead oak trunks. Somewhat resembling, in form and general appearance, Fistulina hepatica, from which, however, it is generically distinct. Polyporus Keithii. B. & Br. Shell-shaped, effuso-reflexed, narrowed behind, about i in, across ; pileus reddish-brown, rough with rigid spine-like points ; pores large, angular, pallid, dissepiments torn ; spores colourless, elliptical, 6 x 3 /z. Polyporus Keithii, B, & Br,, Ann. Nat. Hist,, n, 1430 ; Stev,, Brit, Fung,, p. 201. On fallen sticks. The pores average about f mm. in diameter. Polyporus crispus, Fr, Horizontal, eft'used behind, thin, pliant, then coriaceous, tough, floccoso-ruguluse, when young smoky-black, zoneless, the thin crisped or wavy margin whitish ; when full grown the pileus becomes pallid or greyish, and the margin blackish ; pores about 1 line long, rather large, unequal, at length torn, silvery grey ; spores elliptic-oblong, colourless, 5-6 X 3 /x. 246 FUNGUS-FLORA. Pohjporus crisjms. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 550 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 200. On old stumps, &c. Distingnished at once from allied species Ijy the coarsely fibriilose radiately rugulose pileus ; pores average about three in the space of 1 mm., but very i)ften collapsing and l)ecoming much torn and Dacdnlea-like. Imbricated, thin, sometimes resupinate, obsoletely zoned. Pores much larger than in Pohjporus adustus, acute, unequal, colour smoky, margin blackish. (Fries.) Polyporus nidulans. Fr. Pileus fleshy, very soft, subjiulvinate, convex above and below, villous then smooth, zoneless, yellowish-red, similarly coloured inside ; tubes elongated, pores rather large, unequul, angular, tawny, with a tinge of brick -red. Pohjporus nidulans. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 364; Cooke, Hdbk", p. 270. On trunks and fallen branches. Fragrant when dry, remarkable for its soft substance. Pores larger than in neighbouring species (P. rutilans, P. gih:us, &c.), margin spreading, rather obtuse. There are two forms, one gilvous, the other inclining to flesh-colour. (Fries.) Fragrant when dry; colour of the pilous rufescent or yellowish ; margin spreading, somewhat obtuse. (Cooke.) Colour variable, generally pale ochraceous, but also reddish, rusty-fulvous, &c. Substance very soft, elastic, coloured like the pileus. Pileus usually elongated, of variable size (also resupinate), J-l in. thick. Pores deep, round, oblong-quadrangular or flexuous. (Fries.) Polyporus mollis. Fr. Pilous 1-5 in. long, I— I in. broad, brownish flesh-colour, fleshy-librous, soft, eft'uso-reflexed, rugose, margin acute ; flesh up to -\ in. thick, white ; tubes 2—3 lines long, pores unequal, soft, white, elongated and wavy, becoming reddish when touched. Pohjporus mollis. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 3 GO ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 198. On dead jiine wood. Pores up to 1 mm. in length. Not Watery, but soft to the touch. Several specimens often POLYPOEUS. 247 becoming connate, often considerably elongated, upper edge free, or entirely resupinate. Known by the white pores becoming foxy when bruised. Flesh fibrous, soft. Triquetrous, rather moist, base effused, margin acute ; sometimes imbricated. Pores thin, narrow, some round, others elongated and flexuous, toothed, pale flesh-colour. (Fries.) Polyporus rutilans. Fr. Pileus fleshy, tough, thin soft, at first villous then almost smooth, zoneless, tawny-cinnamon becoming paler, inside similarly coloured ; tubes short, pores minute, thin, equal, acute, cinnamon. Polyporus rutilans, Fries, Syst. Myc. i., p. 363 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 270. On fallen branches. Variable in form, but thin, not pulvinate and convex above and below, as in Polyporus nidulans. Pileus at length dry, friable, the extreme margin inflexed, but not incurved and fimbriate, as in Polyporus cuticularis. Pores rather shining. (Fries.) When fresh very soft, of a beautiful reddish-grey, and with a powerful but pleasant odour. Hire that of aniseed. (Berk. & Broome.) Perhaps a variety of Polyporus nidulans. Pileus soft, rather fragile, convex, base rather effused, margin obtuse, unequal. Pores shining-white when young, soon changing to the colour of the pileus, medium-sized, sometimes flexuous. (Fries.) Polyporus destructor. Fr. From 2-6 in. long, effuso-reflexed, fragile, rugose, rather undulated, brownish- white, substance fleshy, watery, zoned ; tubes 4—7 mm. long, pores white, subrotund, dissepiments becoming torn into teeth. Polyporus destructor, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 199. On wood, especially that has been worked, which is softened and destroyed as by Merulms lacrymans. Pores \-^ mm. diameter, much crowded, forming, with the excep- tion of the uniting membrane, the whole of the fungus. Sometimes almost resupinate. 248 FUNGUS-FLORA. Var. undulatus. Fr., broadly expanded, marginate, pale bay-brown. ** Pileus white, pale ochraceoiis, yelloicish, dx. Polyporus betulinus. Fr. Pileus thick, curky, elastic, hoof-shaped, obliquely um- bonato behind, and forming the point of attachment, margin obtuse, incurved, sterile below, pileus covered with a thin crust that eventually breaks away, whitish, zoncless, glabrous ; pores up to ^ in. deep, minute, unequal, whitish; spores white. Pohjpoms hetuUmis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 358 ; Grevillc, Scot. Cr. Fl., t. 240. On trunks of birch, &c. Distinguished by the white, corky, very fleshy pileus having the margin incurved, 3-8 in. across, flesh white, soft, very thick behind, horizontally attached by the posterior, oblique umbo. Pores very miniite, about 1 mm. Pileus 4-6 in. across, smooth, pale reddish-brown when mature, often mottled, roundish or sometimes reniform. Flesh white, very thick ; pores white or tinged with brown, narrow, the orifices toothed, separable from the pileus when fresh, but really concrete with it. (Grev.) Taste and smell acid. The epidermis is very thin and delicate, and easily peels oft'; when dry the whole plant is very light ; its texture between coriaceous and corky. (Berk.j Polyporus borealis. Fr. Horizontal, subspathulate or reniform, either attenuated behind into a short, nioro or less distinct stem, or thick and sessile, 2-3 in. across, whitish then dingy yellow, spongy then corky, compact, hairy, flesh thick, composed of parallel fibres, whitish ; tubes 2-3 lines long, pores unequal, flexuous, dissepiments thin, torn, white ; spores colourless, snbgh)bosc, 4 fx diameter. Polyporus horeaHs, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 366; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 202. On stumps and trunks of jjine, itc. Pilous often radiato- rugose, rigid aiul more or less incurved when dry. When a stem is present the tubes are more or less decurrent. POLYPORUS. 249 Yery distinct from its nearest allies. Fleshy when young, but becoming corky with age. It other respects variable. The following forms occur : — ■ B. montanus. Pileus fleshy, thick, hairj', margin obtuse ; pores obtuse, entire. C. sjmthulatus, pileus thin, villose, margin acute, extended into a short lateral stem, dissepiments thin, much. torn. Inodorous when fresh, but with a slight anise odour when dry. Imbricated, pilei more or less growing into each other, 2 in. and more broad and thick, convex above, sometimes velvety, at others strigose, margin acute, plane below. Pores white, torn, sinuous and subrotund, very narrow, forming long tubes. (Fries.) Polyporus fumosus. Fr. (figs. 14, 15, p. 184.) Horizontal, often imbricated, effused behind, 2-5 in. long, pallid with a smoky tinge, silky becoming smooth, zoneless; flesh whitish, fibroiis, rather corky, with indications of zones ; pores shallow, roundish, small, whitish with smoky tinge, darker when bruised, dissepiments entire ; spores colourless, subpyriform or elliptical, 5 x 2 • 5 yu,. Polyporus fumosus. Fries, Syst. Myc, i. p. 367 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 200. On old stumps, trunks, &c. Imbricated and effused behind, flesh rather thick, up to q: in., becoming thinner towards the margin ; pores average about three in the space of 1 mm. Distinguished from P. adustus by the thicker substance, and in tlie pores not becoming black in drying. Tufted, imbricato-connate, whitish, tinged with smoky- grey ; substance with indications of zones, smell not appre- ciable. Pileus rather thick, 2-4 in. broad, surface glabrous or silky. Pores equal. /3., small, pileus livid-grey, pores white ; c, thin, pileus dingy brick-red, broad margin, and pores white. (Fries.) Polyporus adustus. Fr. Etfuso-reflexed and imbricate, or entirely resupinate, thin, flaccid ; pileus pallid-greyish, villose, obsoletoly zoned, rugulose; pores very short, minute, round, whitish-pruinose, soon dingy-grey, blackish when dry ; spores colourless, 4-5 X 2'b fx. 250 FUNGUS-FLORA. Poljiporns ndnsfus, Fries, Syst. Mjc. i. p. 363; Berk., Outlines Fungol., p. 243. On trunks, stumps, &c. Very variable, sometimes entirely resupiiiato, at otliers with a broad, free, reflexed margin, and often much imbricated. Whole substance not more than 2-3 lines thick, flexible when moist. Known by the ashy- grey hymenium, pores minute, obsolete towards the margin, averaging 3-4 in the space of 1 mm. Pores very small and grey, even in younger specimens always leaving a whitish margin on the under side which will readily distinguish it. (Sow.) Sowerby's original specimens are now of a dull reddish- brown, with the tubes darker and not extending to the margin ; their substance hard and corky ; they have scarcely any of the scorched appearance which is very remarkable in the specimens from Nottinghamshire. (Bt^rk.) Imbricated, size variable, subrugose, obsoletely zoned, covered with a delicate tomentum. Pores short, rotund, obtuse, equal, at first with a silvery sheen, then dingy grey or blackish. (Fries.) Polyporus amorphus. Fr. Eflfuso-reflexed or entirely resupinate, thin and flexible, becoming incurved and rigid when dry, pileus white, minutely velvety ; pores small, irregular, golden yellow, dissepiments very thin ; spores colourless, elliptic-piriform, 8-9 X 4 /A. PoJiHiornx amorjjhus, Fries, Obs. 2, p. 258 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.', p. 201. On rotten pine wood, or running over pine leaves on the ground. Sometimes very thin and entirely resupinate, following the inequalities of the matrix ; pores about three in space of 1 mm., but irregular and sometimes when grow- ing on a vertical substratum becoming eff'uso-reflexed and imbricated, and in such specimens the pores are often large, irregular, and toin. Resupinate, with the upper margin reflexed or dimidiate, imbricated, somewhat zoned, whitu and silky; pores mimite, nhort, yellowish, or rich tawny, pruinose when young. (Berk.) Pilei imbricated, soft, slightly zoned, becoming darker POLYPORUS. 251 behind, Pores short, equal, obtuse, bright yellow, covered with white powder when young. (Fries.) Polyporus epileucus. Fr. Pileus horizontal, pulvinate, 3-5 in. broad, 1-2^ in. thick, sc'ft and of a cheesy texture, then firm, whitish, rugged with villose projections, flesh whitish ; tubes 2-3 lines long, pores minute, round, pale ochraceous-tan colour, i mm diameter. Polyporus epileucus, Fr., Epicr., p. 452 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 196. On trunks and stumps. Simple, large, semiorbicular, concave below, flesh not fibrous, scarcely zoned, pores at first scarcely distinguishable, tubes minute, up to 18 mm. long. (Fries.) Polyporus alutaceus. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, | in. thick, horizontal, reniform, fleshy, becoming tough, pileus minutely velvety, pale dingy ochraceous, flesh similar in colour, soft, fibrous, vaguely zoned, margin acute ; tubes 3-4 mm. long, pores roundish, minute, about \ mm. across ; spores subglobose, with a slight ochraceous tinge, 4 fx. diameter. Polyporus alutaceus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 36. ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 197. On beech and pine trunks, stumps, &c. Substance obso- letely zoned, soft, fragile. Pilei often connate, triquetrous, reniform, obtuse, 1 in. broad and thick. Pores quite entire, forming long tubes. Somewhat imbricated, sometimes convex, at others flattened, occasionally hairy and rugose, plane beneath. (Fries.) Tubes about f in. long. (Stev.) Polyporus chioneus. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, thick and fleshy, soft, becoming even, smooth, zoneless, often extended behind, also imbricated, every part white ; tubes short, pores minute, round, equal, the dissepiments quite entire. Polyporus chioneus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 197. On trunks and stumps of pine, birch, &c. Soft when growing, becoming rigid when dry, hyaline-white when 252 FUNGUS-FLORA. moist, shining-white when dry. Smell rather acid. "Without a distinct ciiticle. Pores about .\ mm. across. Distinguished amongst the soft white species of Pohjporus by the absence of blue or rusty stains when bruised. Allied to Folyporus spumeus. Flesh soft, watery, slightly acid, taste astringent. Pileus rather thin, 1 in. and more across, zoneless, (pubescent when young?), margin thin, acute, sometimes with a short lateral stem. Pores round, at length convex. White, watery-white when moist. (Fries.) Polyporus cerebrinus. B. & Br. Eesupinate, pulvinate, about 1 in. across, | in. or more thick ; snow-white, very minutely tomentose, margin crenu- late ; pores rounded, rather large, dissepiments thick, entire ; spores subfusiform, colourless, 5 x 2 • 5 /x. Pohjporus cerehrinus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1800; Stev.,'Brit. Fung., p. 197. On fir. Looks like a portion of white brain ; pores average about ^ mm. across. Polyporus caesius. Fr. Eesupinate or diuudiate, 1-3 in. across, fleshy, irregular, soft and tough, silky, white, here and there tinged with blue ; pores minute, unequal, elongated, flexuous, dissepi- ments thin, torn into irregular teeth ; spores elliptical, 14 X 3 /x. Polyporus caesius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 3(50 ; Stev., Brit, Fung., p. 198, On dead trunks, et-pecially pine, A small species i-3 in. broad, imbricated and laciniated, sometimes .^^tipitate, very delicate, changing wlien touched to bluish ; llcsh thin ; pores of various lengths, sometimes obliipie, and deeper than the flesh of the pileus, (Berk.) Pores ^3- mm. diameter. Pileus ?.-3 in. broad, reflexed, sometimes imbricated, white at first, at length glaucous or bluish, soft and easily injured, but when old rather tough, and at length dry and hard. Pores small, white, irregular, often obli([ne, lacerat- ing, of various lengths. Flesh tender, and turning bluish when injured, as does also the surface of the pileus. (Grev.) POLYPORUS. 253 Flesh thin, soft; pileus -i— 2 in. broad, grey or bluish, form variable, sometimes effuso-reflexed, at others triangular, sometimes " stipitate." Pores plane, minute, torn as in Sistotrenia. (Fries.) Polyporus spumeus. Fr. Whitish, 3-4 in. across, pileus fleshy, spongy, compact, pulvinate, gibbous, rugosely hispid, margin incurved, base stem-like ; flesh zoned towards the margin ; pores minute, rounded, dissepiments acute, entire. Polyporus spumeus, Syst. Myc. i. p. 358 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 273. On living or dead trunks. Pores about i mm. across. Plant 3-4 in. across, oozing out from the tree in a very soft mass, which hardens in a day, and if it dries favourably the pileus becomes hispid. (Berk.) Large, 3 in. across, thick, soft when young, then firmer. Pores of medium size, equal, entire, not deep. On trunks of beech and birch. (Fries.) Polyporus lacteus. Fr. White. Pileus fibrous, fleshy, fragile, triangular, pubes- cent, zoneless without and within, the inflexed margin acute ; pores medium-sized, becoming labyrinthiform ; dis- sejuments thin, acute, torn. Polyporus lacteus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 197. On dead laburnum, birch, beech, &c. Without a cuticle, small, triangular, soft, taste astringent. Pores plane, flexuous, but very fine and deep, torn into shreds as in Sistrotema. Flesh thinner than the length of the tubes. Commonly small, thin, but sometimes larger, transversely elongated, very much sloped downwards and gibbous behind, at length becoming smooth and uneven. Inodorous, small, triquetrous, soft, taste astringent. Pores plane, flexuous, becoming torn into Sistotrema-\ikQ teeth. Flesh thinner than length of pores. (Fries.) Polyporus pallescens. Fr. Pileus fleshy then corky, thin, even, glabrous, zoneless, yellowish, the acute margin similarly coloui-ed ; tubes short, pores minute, rounded, white then yellowish. 2B4 FUNGUS-FLORA. Pohjporiis pallescens. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 274. On stumps, trunks, branches, &c. Subcaespitose, commonly small and thin, aiSnities un- certain. (Fries.) Thin, imbricated, 2-3 in. or more broad, with scarcely any trace of zones, more or less tuberculated, pores minute, many superficial, but towards the base a line or more deep, with a pulverulent appearance, arising from a very minute down. (Berk.) Polyporus trabeus. Eostk. White ; pileus fleshy, fibrous, then firm, efiuso-reflexed, transversely elongated, zoneless, pallid ; tubes short, minute, subrotund or elongated, toothed, white. Polyporus trabeus, Rostkovius, in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl. Cr., t. 28 ; Fries, Ilyra. Eur., p. 547. On pine wood. Commonly confounded with Polyporus destructor; both very effused and reflexed, glabrous and pubescent, but the present species is more regular, clearer in colour, hyaline within when moist, and obsoletely zoned. (Fries.) Polyporus fragilis. Fr, Whitish, becoming spotted with brown when touched ; pileus fleshy, reniform, piano-depressed or variable in form, fibnjso-rugose, convex below; pores slender, elongated and wavy, intricate, Polyjjorus/rafiilis, Fries, Elenchus, p. 86; Cke., ITdbk., p. 270. On decayed fir wood, &c. Form very variable, sometimes extended behind into a narrowed stem-like base and more or less pendulous. Polyporus fibula. Fr. Whitish ; pileus coriaceous, soft, tough, vclvety-hairj', zoneless, often radiato-rugose, snow-white within, margin entire, acute ; pores small, roundish, acute, at length torn, becoming yellowish. Polyporus fibula. Fries, Epicr., p. 475 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 210. On fallen oak branches, also on worked wood, &c. Small, adnate behind, margin free all round, sometimes FISTULINA. 255 forming orbicular shields, variable in form from growing into each other. (Fries.) Polyporus adiposus. B. & Br. Effuso-reflexed or entirely resupinate, soft; pilous wliite, usually tinged here and there with brown, minutely tomen- tose ; hymenophore rather fleshy ; pores whitish, tinged in places with brown, pores small, irregularly angular, very shallow in resupinate forms, in the reflexed forms often elongated and irregularly torn. Polyporus adiposus, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hi^t., n. 711 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 201. On the ground near stumps and on trunks. Often irregularly effused for several inches, with here and there shortly reflexed portions, white with rusty stains here and there. Pores where tolerably normal, about four in 1 mm., rather fleshy and soft. The whole fungus turns brown on drying. Polyporus armeniacus. Berk. Broadly eflused, thin, flesh almost obsolete, margin downy ; pores shallow, rounded, rather irregular, dissepiments thick, pure white, changing to deep cinnamon during diying ; spores colourless, elliptical, 7 X 4*5 ft. Polyporus armeniacus, Berk., Engl. Flor., vol. v. p. 147 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 215. Broadly eifused and usually consisting in the large patches of several confluent individuals. Margin often sterile and byssoid. Pores average about h mm. in diameter. Cooke considers that the present species is not distinct from Polyporus amorphus, but the shape and size of the spores are against this idea. FISTULINA. Bull. Hymenium formed on the under surface of a fleshy hy- menophore, at first warted, the warts developing into cylindrical tubes that remain distinct and free from each other, and producing the tetrasporous basidia in their interior. Conidia produced in cavities of the old hymeno- phore. 256 FUNGUS-FLORA. FistuUna, Bull., Champ, i. p. 314;'Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 183. Superficially re.sembling a fleshy Pohjporus, but distin- guished by the tubes of the hymenium remaiuiug free from each other. Fistulina hepatica. Fr. (figs. 8-10, p. 184.) Pileus roundish, dimidiate, or subspathulate, attached by a liroad base or substipitate, blood-red, fleshy and soft, streaked internally; tubes at first pallid, then red; spores broadly elliptical, salmon-colour, 5-G x 3-4 /a. Conidia G-10 X 5 fx, salmon-colour. Fistulina hepatica. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 396 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 183, tig. Ixii. On the trunks of living trees, oak, hornbeam, beech, &c. Size variable, from 3-20 in. across, 2-3 in. thick, sometimes several pilei spring from the same point, red above and inside streaked like beetroot. Popularly known as the beef- steak fungus. Pileus 4-8 in. broad, exceedingly variable in form, being either quite sessile or obliquely stipitate, entire or lobed, solitary, or several growing together in a tufted manner, but rarely at all imbricated. The substance is very thick, soft, fleshy, viscid or juicy, especially in a young state, when a bloud-like fluid is emitted if it be wounded; the fibres composing the substance are tenacious ; and in tearing the pileus they are found to pass from the base to the extremity. When the jnleus is divided longitudinally by a knife, it is beautifully marbled with red and white, somewhat like fine beef. The colour of the pileus is at first a fine red, passing into a jiale yellow towards the base ; in age it becomes deeper, and at length of a tine chocolate colour. The surface is rendered more or loss rough by minute, prominent, rigid points, which may be denominated abortive tubes, as they are the teiniinution ol' fibres Avhicli, under other ciivum- stances, would have formed jterfect ones. The hymenium is whitish or yellowish, and composed of a multitude of tubes between | in. and i in. in length, perfecth' distinct from each other, but so connected to the substance of the pileus as not to be separated from it, as in the genus Boletus. In the young state the first appearance of the tube is in the form of STKOBILOMYCES. 257 minute coloured warts, situated at a little distance from each other, the intervening spaces being filled up with a fibrous juicy mass, which gradually disappears as the tubes become developed. Some of the warts are conical, others furnished with a spreading radiated border of short filaments, which clo.se the orifice and act as a veil to the infant tubes ; the conical tubes are probably merely unexpanded. In this commencement of the tubes they are very short, scarcely more than a line in length, and barely possess a cavity. As they become more developed they elongate, approximate by the simple enlargement of their diameter, and gradually acquire an open orifice by the disappearance of the fimbriated veil. When at their full growth they are in complete contact, 2-4 lines in length, of a white colour, sometimes tinted with pink or even green, and quite open at the extremity, which is now only a little ragged. (Grev.) STEOBILOMYCES. Berk. Tubes equal, ample, not easily separating from the hy- menophore ; pileus fleshy, becoming tough, covered with large, imbricating scales ; spores large, coloured, epispore rough. Strohilomyces, Berk., Outl., p. 236; Stev., Brit. Funo-., p. 182. '^ Most closely allied to Boletus, distinguished more especially by the pileus being covered with large scales, the flesh of the pileus becoming tough, and the large warted spores. Strobilomyces strobilaceus. Berk. (fig. 7, p. 184.) Pileus fleshy and pulvinate, 2-5 in. across, densely covered with large, imbricated, umber-brown floccose scales, margin with irregular fragments of the white veil; tubes white, deep, large, irregularly angular, adnate, but rather shorter round the stem ; spores broadly elliptical, brown, 12-13 x 9 fjL ; epispore minutely warted ; stem 3-6 in. long, },—? iu. thick below, solid, subequal, coarsely fibrillose, brown below, white and sulcate above. Strobilomyces strobilaceus, Berk., Outl., p. 236; Cke., Hdbk n. 734 ; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 182, fig. Ixi. VOL. I. S 258 FUNGUS-FLORA. In fir woods, fScc. Flesh turning blackish or brown when broken, resembling a Boletus with a scaly pilens. Pileus two inches broad, tesselated or cracked, like the cone of the Scotch fir. Pores very white. Stem 3-4 in. high, thick, solid. The stem is stated 1)y Fries in his specific character to be nearly smooth. IVtsoou describes his species as sulcate, especially above, and furnished with a downy veil. The stem in Dickson's figure is rough with narrow erect scales. (Grev.) BOLETUS. Dili. Sporophore pileate, stem central ; hymcnophore inferior, consisting of closely- packed, parallel, cylindrical or prismatic tubes that are distinctly differentiated and readily separable from the sporophore, openings or mouths of the tubes cir- cular or angular (elongated and sinuous in the subgenus Gyrodon) ; hymenium lining the cavities of tlie tubes, basidia tetrasporous, spores large, elonga to-fusiform, coloured. Boletus, Dillenius, Fries, Obs. i. p. 109 ; Fries, llym. Eur., p. 495 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 249. Annual. Usually large, pileus at first very convex or ]mlvinate, fleshy ; either dry and more or less tomentose, or at first viscid. Flesh in main' species changing colour, usually becoming blue when cut or broken. Stem central, often very stout, in some species ornamented with thin raised lines that anastomose to form a more or less regular network or reticulation, usually' solid. In some species a veil is present, that remains as a ring round the stem at maturity. The tubes are easily removed from the pilcixs, and the dissepiments or walls of the tubes — in reality the tramal plates from Avhich the h^'menium proceeds — are in some species coloured red at the opening of the pores. The ])eculiar ])ri)perty jiossessed by tlio flesh of some species in becoming a more or less intense blue when cut or broken, dei)ends on the presence of two distinct substances in the flesh ; one, a resinous substance that becomes blue when brouglit in contnct with ozone ; the other, a substance soluble in water, which ozonises the oxygen of tlic air, and then efiects a combination with the resin, to which it gives BOLETUS. 259 Tip its oxygen in the form of ozone, the i-esult being a more or less intense blue coloration. Starch has been proved to be present in the flesh of the stem and j^ileus of many sj)ecies of Boletus. If a portion of the flesh, after the blue coloration above described has passed away, is touched with a solution of iodine, the blue coloration characteristic of the presence of starch is at once produced; this colour disappears on heating, but returns when cool ; if the starch is extracted from the fungus by boiling water, and the solution mixed with a diastase (saliva), after remaining for some time it loses the power of becoming blue on the application of iodine, has, in fact, been converted into a sugar, which readily reduces a solution of Fehling's fluid or of cupro-potash. In most instances where starch is present in fungi, it is in solution in the cell- wall, as in the asci of many of the Discomycetes ; in the sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea it is present in the form of small grains. Hovering round Boletus, as a typical and central genus, are several genera, established as such by different myco- logists. The genus Sirobilomyces — kept up in the present book out of deference to its founder, the late M. J. Berkeley, called by Fries " The Prince of Mj^cologists " — is very closely allied, differing in fact from Boletus only in the coarsely scaly pileus. Gijrodon, founded as a distinct genus by Opatowski, difiers in the very short tubes with sinuous openings, and is considered here as a subgenus, in which I have followed Fries. Boletinus, Kalchbr., differs in the tubes not leaving the flesh of the pileus by a plane surface, as in Boletus, but little points of the flesh of the pileus pass down into the tubes; the general aspect is, however, that of Boletus, and it is included by Fries as a subgenus. The only species, B. cavipjes, Kalchbr., closely resembles in size, habit, and colour. Boletus luteus, being more umbonate, with a well-developed whitish veil, and poi-es decurrent, the openings rather elongated radially, and stem hollow; this species has not yet been found in Britain. Polifporus differs from Boletus in the trama or dissepiments of the pores being continuous with the flesh of the pileus ; lience the tubes cannot be removed in a clean manner from the sporophore or flesh of the pileus. s 2 260 FUNGUS-FLORA. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF BOLETUS. A. Pores ytlloic at the openings. Under this division are included those species having the , openings of the pores yellow, orange, greenish, or cinnamon- | brown tvhen mature. * Eing present on stem. ** Pileus dry, tomentose or silky, *** Pileiis viscid, at least when moist; ring absent. **** Stem reticulated. B. Pores red at the openings, tubes more or less olivaceous. The red colour of the openings of the pores varies from crimson, through purple, to brownish red. C. Tubes red throughout. The entire length of the tubes as well as the openings of the pores red. D. Tubes pale, dingi/ pinlr throughout. The entire lengtli of the tubes, as well as the openings of (lie pores, dingy pink or pale flesh-colour. E. Tubes and openings of pores white or grey. In the present section both tubes and openings of pores are white at first, then often grey, in some species becoming lirownish; but there is not at any age the least trace of yellow or red. Suhgr)!. Gyrodon. Tubes exceedingly short, openings sinuous. The above characters apply to the mature fungus; in many species oi Buleliis tlie tubes in llic young state answer more or less to the above diagnosis, but the tubes elongate and the openings expand during development. BOLETUS. 261 A. Pores yellow at the openings. * Ming present on stem. Boletus luteus. Linn. (figs. 4-6, p. 184.) Pileus 3-4 iu. across, convex, covered at first with a thick coat of dirty, brown gluten, w^hich eventually disappears, leaving the surface paler, and with darker streaks, flesh thick, whitish, unchangeable ; tubes about i in. long, adnata, openings roundish, about \ mm. across, yellow, tinged with cinnamon when old ; stem 3-4 in. long, | in. thick, subequal, firm ; above the large membranaceous, whitish ring, yellow and rough with darker raised points, below the ring, whitish, solid ; spores cylindric-fiisiform, cinnamon, 10 x 3 /x. Boletus luteus, Linn., fcjuec, n. 1247 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 250. On the ground, usually in pine woods. I3istinguished by the very glutinous dirty-brown pileus and the ample whitish ring, which is sometimes more or less tinged with pink. Pileus 3-4 in. broad, dingy yellow, convex, covered at first with thick brown gluten, which is soon washed off, but the pileus remains slightly viscid, and clothed with very minute matted silkiness. Flesh at first firm, whitish, not changing. Tubes adnate, dull yellow, nearly simple, their orifices round, or .slightly waved. Spores ochraceous, ferru- ginous. Stem 4 in. high or more, ?, in. thick, straight or flexuous, at first white, but soon sordid, hoary beneath the white persistent ring, glandular above, sometimes the whole surface is glandular. (Berk.) Boletus elegans. Schum. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then almost plane, viscid, tawny-golden, or sometimes clear yellow, flesh rather thick, pale-yellow ; tubes slightly decurrent, about | in. long, openings minute, simple, deep suljihur-yellow ; stem firm 3-4 in. long, ^ in. thick or more, unequal or subequal, gulden- yellow, then more or less rufescent, punctate above the whitish, fugacious imperfect ring ; spores elliptical. Boletus elegans, Schum., in I'ries, Epicr., p. 4UU ; Fries, Sverig atl Svamp., t. 76; Cke., Hdbk., p. 250; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 168. In woods, especially larch. Pileus 2-4 in. broad, convex, smooth, covered with a 2G2 FLNGlS-FhURA. glutinous substance, wliicli gradnall}' disappears, of a tawny or yellow colour, often irregularly spotted, and with a reddish tinge. Tubes of the hynienium yellow and decur- rent, and adnate with tlie stipes, the orifice minute, uniform. Flesh thick, pale-yellowish, scarcely changing on l)eing cut. Stipes solid, 2-4 in. long or more, firm, half an inch or more in diameter, somewhat attenuated upwards, or subequal, pale towards the upper part, especially above the veil, where it is generally dotted, below it is usually more or less streaked or stained with dull red. Veil very conspicuour, passing in the young state from the margin of the pileus to the stipes, to which it afterwards remains more or less attached. (Grev,) Boletus flavus- With. I'ileus o— i in. across, compact, firm, convex then ex- panded, smooth, even, yellow, covered with an evanescent tawny gluten, flesh thick, pale yellow, unchangeable ; tubes about -j- in. long, abruptly adnate, openings angular, com- jDound, large, irregular, §-1 mm. across, yellow, then tinged with cinnamon ; stem 3-4 in. long, about § in. thick, equal or slightly thickened at the base, furnished at maturity with the remains of the meml)ranaceous ring, above which the stem is vaguely reticulated and dingy yellow, below the ring, even, yellow tinged with rufous, flesh j-ellow, dingy at the base ; spores pale olive, elongato-fusiform, 10-13 X 4 /x. J5o/c/us //ar«s, Withering ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 497; Cke., Hdbk., p. 250. In woods. Allied to Boletus rln/nns and B. Intcxa ; distin- guished from the former by the large angular ojienings of the pores and the reticulated apex of the stem ; from the latter by the bright yelU)\v pilous after the gluten has dis- appeared, and b}' the reticulate, not punctate apex of the stem. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, compact, in moist shady places glutinous and bright yellow, in exposed situations dry and brown ; flesli pale yellow, not changing ; tubes unequal, of a golden sulphur, wavy, sometimes with their orifices ruddy, ring diity yuUow, memlirauaccous. Stem 2-3 in. high, G-9 lines thick, yellow spotted with purple, thickened at the base, reticulated above the ring. (Klotsch.) BOLETUS. 263 Boletus flavidus. Fr. Pileiis l.^,-2|- ill. across, when quite young, umbonate, then gibbous, eventually almost plane, viscid, dingy j-ellow or pale brown, tinged more or less with pink, flesh pallid, thin ; tubes about | in. long, decurrent, dingy yellow, openings large, angular, compound ; stem 2-3 in. long, about 4 lines thick, subequal, usually more or less curved, whitish tinged with yellow, minutely glandular above viscous ring. Boletus flavidus, Fries, Obs. i. p. 110 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 169. In pine woods, swamps, &c. A much more slender fungus than the other annulate species, and distinguished at once by the viscous veil. In Krombholtz's figure quoted by Fries, the margin of the pileus is striate, as is also the apex of the stem. Stem furnished with a ring, 2-3 in. long, whitish or yellowish, slender, the thickness of a goose-quill or a little more, equal, not in the least incrassated at the base, even tough, straight or subflexuous ; varies with a striate stem, Pileus convex, pulvinate, pale yellow, or greyish-yellow, sometimes umbonate, glabrous, dry, or in rainy weather viscid, 2-3 in. broad, margin sometimes regular and spread- ing, at others irregular and repand, hymenium plane. Flesh yellowish, soft, unchangeable, sometimes distinctly greyish. Tubes ^— ^ in. long, yellow. Pores angular, large, irregular, subcompound, attached to the stem and often decurrent. (Fries.) ** Pileus dry, tomentose or silky. Boletus chrysenteron. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, becoming almost plane, soft, minutely tomentose, brownish with an olive tinge, often cracked into areolae, interstices reddish, flesh rather thin, pale, yellow, red just underneath the cuticle, with a transient shade of blue ; tubes up to ^ in. long, subadnate, yellow then greenish, openings angular, irregular, compound, largest near the stein, where they are 1-1 • 5 mm, across ; stem 2-3 in. long, ?,-;f in. thick, subequal or slightly swollen below the middle, rigid, fibroso-striate, 264 FUNGUS-FLOKA. yellow, more or less tinged witli red, solid, flesli deeper yellow than that of the pileus, usually stained with red ; spores elongato-fusiform, pale olive, 12-14 X 4 /x. Boletus chrysenteron. Fries, Epicrisis, p. 415; Cke., Hdbk., p. 254. In Avoods and pastures. At first continuously covered with a dense olive tomentuni, which eventually becomes cracked, the cracks are red. Stem generally crooked, more or le^s streaked with red. Allied to Boletus suhtomentosus, from which the present species is known more especiallj- by the red colour of the flesh below the minutely velvety surface. Pileus 2-3 in. or more broad, of various colours, but chiefly some shade of red, olive or yellow, pulvinate, minutel}'- downy ; specimens often cracked in polj-gons, the intei stices reddish ; flesh white or yellowish, changing slightly to blue. Tubes adnate or ascending and then subdecurrent, large, dull yellow, simple, blue when bruised. Stem 3 in. high, l-}^ in. thick, nearly smooth, very firm, j'ellow streaked more or less with red, generally crooked, particularly at the base, which is often suddenly attenuated, though sometimes tliat part is thickest, changing slightly to blue when cut. (Berk.) Var. nanus, Mass. Pileus about 1 in. across, convex, covered with a continuous olive tomentum, which does not crack ; flesh pale yellow, and like that of the stem changing to red when cut ; tubes about 2 lines long, adnate, yellow, eventually with a green tinge, openings elongated, sinuous, narrow ; stem 1 in. long, | in. thick, slightly swollen below the centre, firm, yellow, streaked or spotted with crimson below, flesh red at the base from the first; spores clougato- iusif(um, i)ale olive, 10 X 3 /x. Amongst grass under trees. Distinct from the type in the smaller size, in the flesh of ]iileus and stem becoming red when cut, and in the elongated, narrow, sinuous or gyrose oi)enings of the pores. May possibly prove to bo a distinct species. Var. versicolor, Rost. I''i]eus about 1\ in. across, nearly plane, minutely velvety, bright deep lose-pink ; tubes shorter round the stem, but adnate, |- in. long, openings large, angular, yellow, greenish when old ; stem 1 J in. long, BOLETUS. 265 i in. thick, apex yellowish, rest more or less red, aolid ; spores pale yellow, fi:sit'orm, 10 x 3 /x,. Boletus versicolor, Eoskovius, in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl., t. 10;; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 504. In woods. Distinguished by the clear rose-pink tomen- tose pileus. Although Fries accepts the above as a species, he says that he has seen a variety of J5. chrysenteron exactly similar, and considers that it may be a varietj'^ of the last- named species. Boletus striaepes. Seer. Pileus convex then exjianded, soft, silky, olive, ferruginous under the cuticle; tubes adnate, angular, greenish, pores minute, yellow ; stem firm, curved, yellow, with blackish- brown striations, base reddish-brown. Boletus striaepes, Secretan, Fl. Mycol. Snis., n. 32 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 502 ; Berk., Outl., p. 232. In pine woods. A species respecting which l)ut little is known in this country. Appears to be near Boletus chrysen- teron. Boletus subtomentosus. Linn. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, soft, dry, velvety, dingy olive, dark umber-brown with olive tinge, or yellowish-brown, often cracked in an areolate manner, the interstices yellowish, no tinge of red under the cuticle ; tubes adnate, \ in. long, openings angular, |-1 mm. across, yellow ; stem 2-3 in. long, § in. thick, attenuated at the base, often slightly ventricose, more or less ribbed, yellowish, usually streaked with red, solid; spores elongato-ellij)tica], pale browni.sh-olive, 13—14 x o fx. Boletus subtomentosus, Linn., Suec, n. 1251; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 503; Bulliard, t. 393 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 172. In woods. Resembling Boletus chrysenteron in size, habit, and general appearance, but known l)y the absence of a red tinge under the tomentum of the pileus. The stem is sliglitly rough with minute points. Young specimens of B. chrysenteron may be mistaken for the present species, unless a section of the pileus is made, when the red colour of the flesh below the cuticle decides the point. Berkeley says that the present species often grows on beech-nuts. 206 FUNGUS-FLORA. Stem attenuated downwaixls. When the pileus is cracked the cracks arc yellowish. Flesh white or pallid, not red Itelow the cuticle. After the olive tomentuiu has dis- appeared the pileus is brighter, variable. (Fries.) Var. radicans. Mass. Pileus expanded, usually undulated, tomentose, bright yelhnvish olive-green ; tubes greenish-olive at maturity, stem whitish below, yellow and strongly grooved above. Boletus radicans, Krombholtz, t. 48, fig. 1-6. In woods. DilFering from the type in the points indicated, in size and other respects similar. Boletus cruentus. Vent. Pileus .']— i in. across, convex then almost plane, soft, minutely tomentose, olivaceous with a reddish tinge, be- coming red at once when bruised, flesh ^ in. thick, pale yellow changing to red when cut; tubes shortened round the stem and almost free, -i— § in. long, pale yellowish-olive, openings minute, suliangular, regular, aljoiit ?(- mm. diameter ; stem 2-3 in. long, tapering upwards, 1-1 }r in. thick at the incrassated base, which ends in a tapering rooting portion, yellow -with reddish markings, minutely flocculose, solid, flesh yellow, becoming red like that of the jjileus when cut ; sj^ores elliiitic-fusiform, pale olive, 14—16 x 5 ^. Boletus cruentus, Venturi, t. 43, f. 3 & 4; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 507. On the ground, under beeches. Smell strong. Not agreeing in every particular with Venturi's species, but corresponding in the essential features of the flesh becoming red when cut, and rooting base of stem. Boletus sanguineus. With. "Tubes yellow; pileus lihiod-red, changing to a rich red-brown; stem-yellow, with broad crimson streaks. " Tubes yellow, a little decurrent, unequal in length, but mostly about ^J■ of an in. long, changing to deep blue when broken. Pores lenion-ydlow, angular. " Pileus crimson, semiglobular, -4— 1£- in. over ; when old, rich red-brown, near 3 in. over, and the edge turning up. Flesli white, a little tinged with crimson next to the skin, changing slowly to a bluish cast when wounded. Stem, BOLETUS. 267 blotches or streaks of dilute crimson on a yellow ground, apparently twisted, l-2i- in. high, near ^ths diameter. In the larger specimens the base is bulbous. " I have never found this species elsewhere than in the spot mentioned below, and no author I meet with has figured it. In its button state the blood-red pileus, the yellow and crimson stained stem, and the fine lemon-coloured pores, render it a beautiful object. I only once found it in an expanded state as described above, growing on the same spot, but am rather doubtful as to the identity of the species. " Between the large square stew and the wall in Edgbaston Park.'" Boletus sanguineus, Withering, Arr. Brit. PI., ed. 3, vol. iv. p. 319. The above is the unabridged description given by Withering, of the fungus called by him Boletus sanguineus ; although in some respects it resembles, from the description, Boletus cJirysenteron, yet it appears to be quite distinct in the short tubes, &c., and the last-named is described very accurately by Withering next to B. sanguineus. Whatever the species may be, it is certainly not the Boletus sanguineus. With., of Fries, Epicr., p. 412, and Hym. Eur., p. 500. Fries admits in his latest work that he had never seen the species, but only a figure by Sowerby, tab. 225, which he supposes to represent Withering's plant, and the description given by Fries in Hym. Eur. is a compound of Withering's description and Sowerby's figure, it is also stated to be vi.scid, a character not mentioned by either Withering or Sowerl»y. The following is Sowerby's description of the fungus he calls Boletus communis. Bull., t. 393, and quoted by Fries as Boletus sanguineus, With. "Found in woods, frequently of this bright colour, especially when in a young state. It is no less frequently of a duller colour, resembling the pileus oi B. scaher, tab. 175. The yellow or lemon-coloured pores, and their being straight from the edge of the pileus to the stipes (.scarcely decurrent) will readily distinguish the one from the other. Does not Dr. Withering's B. sanguineus, 319, belong to this species? It changes blue when cut." Now Sowerljy's figure of what he calls Boletus communis, figured on tab. 225, may be described as follows from the figure. 268 FUNGUS-FLORA. Pileus 2-5 in. across, convex then expanded, smooth, even ])lood-red with a tinge of piiri)le in some of the younj;er specimens ; tubes l in. or more long, adnate, plane, openings large, pale olive-green when matuie; stem 3-4^ in. long, X in. or more thick, equal, yellow, more or ies's streaked with red, especially upwards, flesh, like that of the pileus, yellowish. As already stated, this is considered by Sowcrby to be Boletus communis, Bulliard, t. 393, but the latter is quoted by Fries under Boletus suhtomentosus, and the figure certainly appears to agree with tlie last-named species, and has not a trace of red about the pileus, hence it appears certain that Sowerby was wrong in referring his plant to Bulliard's B. communis (— B. suhtomentosus), and as it does not agree in habit and other particulai s with B. chri/scnteron, it may be CDUsidcrcd as a distinct species, but until, like Withering's species, it is met with again, it had better remain as it is, now that attention has been called to the matter. The curse of establishing species from figures presses already heavily enough on the systematist without adding to the load. In Cooke's llandl)ook and Stevenson's British Fungi, Fries' description of Boletus sanguineus is copied Avithuut comment. Boletus impolitus. Fries. Pileus 4-6 in. acro^is, convex, then more or less expanded, llocculose, at length granuloso- rivulose, not polished, rather ]>ale yellow-brown, flesh thick, pale yellow below tlio cuticle; tubes nearly free, ^-.\ in. long, openings minuie, yellow ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 .\-2 in. thick at the base, some- what bulbous or inflated below, yellow, even, pubescent, sometimes tinged with red near the ajjcx ; spores jmlo olive, elongato-fusifurm, 14—15 X o fx. Boletus impolitus. Fries, Epicr., p. 421 ; Fries, Sverig. iitl. Svamp., t. 42. In woods. A large fine species, pileus yellow-brown or tawnv- brown, tomentose, sometimes cracking into areolae. Stain yellow, tomentose, not reticulated. Attains a diameter of 4 in. or more ; stem al^out 2 in. Flesh more or less changing to blue when cut. Often very large, (Cooke.) BOLETUS. 269 Boletus sulphureus. Fr. Pileus convex, then plane, compact, silky-tomentose, sulphur-yellow, tiesh pale-yellow, becoming more or less blue when bruken, but golden yellow when exposed to the air, reddish near the tubes ; tubes 1-2 lines long, adhering more firmly together than usual, changing colour when touched, at length spotted with rust-colour ; openings minute, compound, sulphur-yellow, then greenish ; stem 1—2 in. long, 1 in. thick, firm, ventricose, even, smooth, sulphur-yellow, then dingy ferruginous; spores pale-yellow, then ochraceous. Boletus suljyhureus, Fries, Epicr., p, 413 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 171. Amongst sawdust, chips, &c. In dense clusters, springing from abroadly expanded, woolly, golden-yellow mycelium, with the appearance of Agaricus spectabilis. Pilei wavy and growing into each other. (Fries.) Boletus variecolor. B & Br. Pileus 1 J- in. across, convex, olive, subtomentose, margin involute, flesh thick, blackish-purple below the cuticle, remainder like that of the stem white, tinged yellow here and there; pores about 2 lines long, free, openings minute, 3'ellow; stem about 2 in. long, base thickened, ^ in. or more across, 3 in. thick at apex, apex reticulated, minutely l)ubescent and rufescent upwards, yellowish below, solid; spores elliptic-fusiform, slightly oblique, pale olive, 14x4/x. Boletus variecolor, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1020, pi. 13, f. 3 (1865); Cke., Hdbk., p. 255. In woods. Agreeing with B. olivaceus in having the margin involute, but distinguished from this and other allies by the dark-purple colour below the cuticle of the pileus. The gills are described as free by B. & Br., and figured as broadly adnate, but an examination of the type specimens show them to be shortened round the stem. "NV^ith the habit of jB. suhtomentosm and B. chrysenieron, but the stem is clavate and reticulated. Boletus olivaceus. Schaeff. Pilens 2—3 in. acr(jss, convex, margin at first involute, brownish-olive, glabrous; tubes adnate, 2-3 lines long, 270 FUNGUS-FLORA. opeBings miuute, nnequal, yellowish-olive ; stem firm, cla- vate, bulLous, the thin apex' yellow, remainder more or less covered with crimson blotches or entirely crimson, vaguely reticulated or punctate with red, solid ; spores ?. Boletus olivaccns, Schaeffer, tab. 105 ; Cke., Ildbk., p. 255. In woods. A rare species that I have not seen, neither can I find any specimens in herbaria, hence cannot give form or size of spores. Flesh of pileus .V in. or more thick, tinged yellow, becoming blue when cut ; this colour soon fades, leaving the flesh white. Stem li-2 in. long, 1-li- in. across at thickest part, thinner upwards. Known by incurved margin when young, glabrous pileus, and reddish, vaguely reticulated obese stem. Boletus fragrans. Vitt. Fasciculate or solitary. Pileus 1-4 in. across, convex, dark-brown or umber-brown, often wavy, slightly tomentose, margin incurved; flesh very thick, yellowish, sometimes unchangeable, at others changing to green or blue, and finally becoming reddish when broken ; tul)es shortened round the stem and almost free, }j in. or more long, openings small, roundish, yellow then greenish ; stem at first stout, ovate, usually tapering at the base, then lengthening and becoming thinner upwards, even, variegated with yellow and red, solid : spores pale olive, elongato-fusiform, 10-12 X 4 /x. Boletus fragrans, Vittadini, Fung. JNlang., p. 153, t. Ill ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. ;)4. In woods, under oaks, &c. I'ileus bronze-brown, some- times with purple shades. Often grows in dense clusters, and in this particular diflfering from any other British species. Very good for eating. Boletus aestivalis. Fr. Pileus 5-8 in. acvdss, convex, wliitisli or pale buff, minutely silky, often cracking into areolae, margin often wavy, flesh very thick, white under the cuticle, lower down and that of stem yellow, unchangeable ; tubes shortened round the stem, I in. or more in length, openings minute, equal, yellow ; stem about 3 in. long, very thick, more or less bulbous, Kubconical, palo yellow or whitish, even, solid, flesh at base BOLETUS. 271 usually with a reddish tinge; spores pale olive, elongato- fusiform, 13-14 X 4 /a. Boletus aestivalis, Fries, Epicr., p. 422 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 257. In pastures under trees, &c. Esculent, one of the largest species of the genus, distinguished from its allies by the pale-coloured pileus, which varies from white, through grey, to pale tan, yellow tubes, unchangeable flesh, and stout stem, which is often 2 in. across at the thickest part. Boletus fulvidus. Fr. Pileus 2-3-^^ in. across, convex then plane, minutely silky, shining, dry, firm, foxy brown ; pores up to ^ in. long, depressed round the stem and free, openings small, equal, angular, about -} mm. across, white, then yellow with a tinge of olive when old ; stem li— 2 in. long, | in. thick, equal or a little attenuated downwards, firm, smooth, shining, coloured like the pileus, solid, flesh like that of the pileus yellowish white, unchangeable ; spores elliptic-oblong, white with a yellow tinge, 10-11 X 5 /x.. Boletus fulvidus. Fries, Obs. 2, p. 247 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 517. On the ground under trees. Flesh of pileus and stem firm and rigid. The stem becomes more or less hollow with age. Allied to Boletus castaneus, which, however, is readily known by the velvety stem. Fries says that the intensity of colour of the pileus is variable. Boletus castaneus. Bull. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, becoming almost plane, or even depressed, firm, even, minutely velvety, pale chestnut, tubes free, short, about | in. long, free from the stem, openings minute, round, white then yellow ; stem 2-3 in. high, base slightly incrassated, slightly attenuated upwards, even, more or less velvety, same colour as the pileus or paler, becoming imperfectly hollow with age. Boletus castaneus, Bull., t. 328 ; Krombh. t. 4, f. 28-30 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 181. In woods. Flesh white, unchangeable, rather thick. In Bulliard's figures the pileus is reddish cinnamon, in those of Kromljholtz bright but rather light chestnut ; the stem is also indicated as distinctly hollow. 272 FUNGUS-FLORA. Smaller than Boletus cyanescens, not juicy. Pileiis at first encircling the base of the somewhat marginato-bulbous stem, which is not constricted at the apex as in B. cyanescens. (Fries.) Pilens 3 in. broad, depressed when old, but broadly pul- vinate in the centre, subtonientose, the down raised up into little flat scales, beautiful dark rufous tan ; flesh thick, mottled, stained beneath the cuticle with the colour of the pileus, not changing colour, viscid, insipid or subacid ; tubes vivid yellow, half-free, not reaching to the extreme margin ; spores yellow ; stem sometimes short, swelling in the centre, attenuated below, hollow, sometimes long and equal, beauti- fully tinged with yellow and rufous. (Berk.) Solitary. Stem 2-3 in. long, -?,— 1 in. thick, constantly very smooth, subatteniiated upwards, cjdiudrical, firm, colour of the pileus or a little paler. Pileus pulvinate, even, drj% villoso-pulverulent or nearly glabrous, 2 in. broad, chestnut, margin patent, obtuse, hymenium almost plane. Flesh white, unchangeable, or becoming pale lilac-chestnut towards the edges when broken. Tubes al;)out equal in length to the thickness of the flesh of the pileus, straight, sti-aw-colour, at length yellow, equal, minute, subrotund, not decurrent. (Fries.) Boletus spadiceus. Schaeff. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, sometimes becoming almost plane, dry, tomentose, bay-brown, opaque, often irregularly cracked ; flesh thick, white, reddish-brown under the cuticle ; tubes adnate, |-.^ in. long, openings minute, subrotund, yellow ; stem 2-3 in. long, 'f-l in. thick at the base, attenuated upwards, even, flocculoso-furfura- ceous, yellowish-brown, solid, flesh yellowish. Boletus spadiceus, Schaeft'er, t. 12G ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 173. In woods. Solitary or in clusters of 2-3. Stem firm, pale yellowish-brown in Schaeifer's figure, deej) orange- brown in Krombholtz's figure, tab. 30, f. 19 and 20, also quoted by Fries under the present species. The stem is not red at all. Boletus vaccinus. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, minutely BOLETUS. 273 tomentose, margin obtuse, deep chestnut-colour, flesh whitish, unchangeable, tinged red under the cuticle ; tubes about ^ in. long, almost free from the stem, openings minute, rounded, white then sulphur-yellow, stem 2-3 in. long, |-1 in. thick, variable, sometimes bulbous, at others attenuated downwards, paler than the stem, solid, flesh brownish at the base; spores very pale yellow, elongato-fusiform, 15-16 x 5 fi. Boletus vaccinus. Fries, Epicrisis, p. -1:20 ; Fries, Sverig. Svamp. tab. 51. In woods, especially under beech-trees. Allied to Boletus hadius, but known by the minutely tomentose, dry pileus, and the much smaller openings of the pores, that rarely exceed ^ mm. across. Often subcaespitose. Although Fries says the flesh is unchangeable, yet in the section of his fig. in Sverig. Svamp. it is tinged blue. I have never observed any trace of blue. Boletus Rostkovii. Fr. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex or almost j)lane, dingy olive- brown or rufous, very minutely tomentose, often areolately cracked, interstices pale ; flesh thick, compact, white, becoming tinged red when cut, here and there a shade of blue ; tubes about ^ in. long, pale yellow-green, openings irregularly angular, compound, about | mm. diameter ; stem obconic, 1 in. across at the apes, tapering almost to a point, about 1 in. long, smooth, pale reddish-yellow, solid, flesh tinged like that of pileus ; spores elongato-fusoid, pale olive, 20 X 5 /x. Boletus Rostkovii, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 521. Boletus lividas, Rost., Sturm, Cr. Fl., t. 18. On the ground under trees. Known at once by the short obconic stem and the flesh becoming tinged with red when broken. Boletus purpurascens. IJost. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex then almost plane, drj', glabrous, deep purple with a tinge of brown, flesh thick, compact, dirty grey, streaked or marbled ; tubes adnate, 1 in. or more in length, dingy yellow, openings same colour, small, irregularly circular, about l mm. across ; stcui about 2 in. long, ^ in. thick at the apex, tapering downwards and VOL. I. T 274 FUN.GUS-FLOKA. ending in a rooting base, even, glabrous, deep purple-red; spores elliptic-fusiform, pale olive, 15 x 4-5 /x. Buh'tits jjurjmrascens, Kostkovius, in Sturm, Cr. FL, t. 8 ; Fries, Uyni. Eur., p. 504. In woods. Resembling Boletus p^irpnrcus in the purple pileus, liut distinguished by the moutlis of the tubes being yellow and not red. The tubes become green when bruised. Boletus radicans. Pers. Pilous 0-4 in. across, convex, then nearly plane and often flexuous, minutely velvety, grej'ish-olive and becoming yellowish-red, flesh white, unchangeable or with a vague tinge of blue here and there, thick except at the permanently incurved margin ; tubes about | in. deep, adnate, openings irregularly^ angular, bright yellow ; stem 2^3 in. long, |— 1 in. thick at the apex, tapering downwards and ending in a rooting base, solid, j^ellow, sprinkled Avitli red particles ; spores elliptic-oblong, pale yellow, 1(3 x 4 /a. Boletus radicans, Pers., Synopsis, p. 507 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 503. On the ground under trees. Allied to Boletus clirysenteron, but distinguished by the permanently incurved margin of the pileus, and the stouter stem tapering downwards and ending in a rooting base; the pores are also smaller, ave- raging V. mm. across. Boletus cyanescens. liull. Pileus 2-5 in. across, convex, becoming expanded and sometimes Avavy, closely tomentose or floccoso-squamose, opaque, tan-coloured or brownish, flesh thick, white, bectini- ing deep blue when broken ; tubes about J in. long, free or almost so, openings mintite, rounded, white then pale lemon yellow ; stem 2-3 in. long, thickened below, where it is sometimes 1.] in. diameter, villoso-pruinose, coloured like the pileus, stuffed then imperfectly hollow ; spores very pale yellow, fusiform, 14—10 X 4 /x. Boletus cyanescens, Pulliaril, t. 309 ; Cooke, Ildbk., p. 200. In woods. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, rigid, pale, straw-colour, subfuliginous, the margin acute; flesh white, when broken cliaiigiiig instantly to the most beautiful azure blue, and when stjueezed distilling a blue juice; tubes short, when young scarcely a line long, white or lomon-coloured ; stem BOLETUS. 275 distinct from the pileus, tlie apex contracted, brittle, never reticulated, but villoso-pruinose. (Fries.) Stem, as in other species, solid ; but in this species the stem is stuifed with a softer, rather spongy (not elastic) substance that is contiguous with the outer firm portion, naked, 1^2|- inches long, thickened at the base, ventricose, always even, glabrous or villoso-pulverulent, white, some- times yellowish, when touched becoming olive or smoky- grey, flesh white, becoming bluish; pileus when young semiglobose, soon convex and plane below, at length almost plane and convex below, fleshy, not elastic, 2-5 in., yellowish, sometimes bright, at others pallid, sometimes even greyish; villoso-pulverulent, due to short, partly ad- pressed hairs, rarely glabrous, margin patent, acute ; flesh white, when broken becoming blue, when squeezed giving out a bright blue juice. Pores minute, subrotund, white, free from the stem, also becoming bright blue when wounded. (Fries.) Boletus parasiticus. Bull. Pileus 1^-2 in. across, convexo-plane, dry, silky, usually becoming ci'acked in an areolate manner, dingy, yellowish- tan, flesh about 2 lines thick, equal ; tubes subdecurrent, about 2 lines long, yellow, then reddish-orange or dingy cinnamon, openings rounded, sometimes compound, about }^- mm. across, stem ^-2 in. long, incurved, coloured like the pileus, solid, flesh yellow ; spores pale olive-brown, elongato- fusifonn, 12-13 X i /x. Boletus ijaraslticus. Bull., t. 431, f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 253. Parasitic on species of Scleroderma. Known by its peculiar habitat. Apparently a variable species in colour. Berkeley and Broome say, " Pileus silky, dirty yellow, as well as the incurved, rigid, slightly silky stem ; flesh of a pale reddish hue ; tubes decui-rent, labyrinthiform, reddish. It is certainly not viscid in any stage of growth." Cooke remarks on the above, " We have met with it several times, but there has not been any reddish tint in the tubes of our specimens. Hence, they may vary in colour. Tubes at first sulphur-colour, yellow, then reddish-orange. Spores spindle-shaped, elongated, pale brown, very different from the last (J5. ruhinus), -0005 x "00015 in." T 2 276 FUNGUS-FLORA. Finally, I have collected specimens in Epping Forest liaYing the pileiis and incurved stem dingy tan-coloiir, tubes at first yellow, then dingy cinnamon. Boletus duriusculus. Schulz. Pileus 2-0 in. across, hemispherical, minntely velvety, viscid when moist, varying in colour from pale brown, through dingy chestnut, to umber-brown, often becoming cracked in an areolate manner when dry, interstices paler ; flesh thick, white or tinged yellow, when cut becoming red- dish copper-colour ; tubes -h-^ in. long, shortened round the stem and free, openings about ^ mm. across, often compound, irregularly angular, bright yellow ; stem 4-7 in. long, fusi- form, thickest part l|^-2 in. across, situated below the middle, yellowish, rough with blackish points, which are sometimes arranged in a subreticulate manner, apex sometimes more or less grooved, solid, flesh of upper part becoming coppery like the pileus; spores elongato-cylindrical, pale umber, 14-lG x 5—6 fj.. Boletus duriusculus, Schulzer, Icon. Sel. Hymen. Hung., p. 51, t. xxxiii., fig. 1 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 515. In woods. Esculent and very delicious. Allied to Boletus scaler, but distinguished by the bright yellow tubes and the very firm flesh, which turns coppery-red when exposed to the air ; this colour eventually changes to a dingy greyish- violet. Also allied to Boletus porphjrosporus. Boletus pruinatus. Fr. Pileus li-o in. across, convex, becoming expanded, rigid, dry, purplish-bay or dark cinnamon with a red tinge, covered with an umber-colourcd bloom, flesh rather thin, white, becoming indistinctly greenish or bluish sometimes; tubes about I in. long, ojienings minute, rounded, yellow; stem about 2 in. long, | in. thick above, rather ventricose towards the base, even, smooth, yellow, more or less streaked with red. Boletus 2^ruinatu8, Fries, Bolet., p. 0 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 174. In grassy ground under trees, &c. Solitary, or often more or less clustered, with somewhat the habit and appearance of certain forms oi Boletus cJirysenteron, hut distinguished by the BOLETUS. 277 small rounded openings of the tubes, and the pileus covered with a dark coloured bloom. Boletus variegatus. Swartz. Pileus 3-5 in. across, convex then expanded, obtuse, margin acute, dingy yellow or pale tawny at the disc, paler yellow towards the margin, covered with minute pilose, tawny squamules, viscid when moist, iiesh thick, yellow, becoming pale blue when cut ; tubes |- in. long, adnate, openings small, unequal, yellowish, then cinnamon or brownish ; stem 2-3 in. long, up to 1 in. thick, subequal, firm, pale yellow, solid ; spores pale olive, elliptical, 6 x 3 /x. Boletus variegatus, Swartz, in Vet. Akad. Handl., p. 8 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 253. In fir woods, amongst heather, &c. Often gregarious. Pileus tawny and minutely adpressed, squamulose at the disc, becoming pale yellow towards the margin, in some instances the flesh does not become blue on being cut. Fries says that the stem is sometimes reddish. Pileus 3 in. or more broad, convex, fasciculato-squamose ; scale small, tawny-yellow ; flesh changing to blue when cut ; margin tomentose, subinvolute ; tubes very narrow, dull yel- low, blue when bruised, adnate ; resembling somewhat those of B. boviniis ; stem 3 in. high, J iu. thick, granulato-pulve- rulent, very neat, firm, yellow, obtuse. Smell unpleasant, taste not so. (Berk.) Stem naked, 1-3 in. long, ^1 in. thick, subequal, gla- brous, smooth, cylindrical, every part yellow, rarely reddish. Flesh of the stem pale yellow, unchangeable, elastic, not spongy. Pileus plano-convex, sometimes covered with minute squamules, sometimes glabrous, dry, slightly viscid during rainy weather, yellow, margin acute, even, hymenium slightly concave when young, then plane; diameter 3-5 in., flesh pale yellowish, soft, not elastic, rather thick, usually unchange- able, rarely tinged with blue when broken. Tubes shorter than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus, adfixed, yellow- ish-grey; pores obscure yellow, when young almost spadi- ceous, then grey or greenish-yellow, equal, minute, subrotund or obtusely angular. (Fries.) Boletus aereus. Bull. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, glabrous, dark brown with a 278 FUNGUS-FLORA. tinge of olive or tlackish-brown, flesh thick, white, assuming a yellowish tinge when broken ; tubes almost free from the stem, about | in. long, openings minute, rounded, sulphur- coloured ; stem 3-4 in. long, 1 in. or more thick, yellowish, brownish towards the base, or sometimes entirely pale brown, somewhat reticulated, solid; spores oblong fusiform, 12-14 x 5 fx. Boletus acreus, Bull., Champ., p. 321 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 176. On woods. Distinguished by the very dark brown or blackish pileus and the short sulphur-coloured tubes. The stem sometimes shows no trace of reticulations. According to Krombholz the fungus much exceeds the dimensions given above. Boletus camosus. Rostk. Pileus 4 in. across, convex, glabrous, bay-brown, flesh thick, pale yellow; tubes shortened close to the stem, partly adnate, aljout J, in. long, openings rather large, angular, yel- low ; stem 2^ in. long, tirm, snbequal, yellow and more or less streaked with reddish-brown, substriate, solid. Boletus camosus, Kostkovius in Sturm's Deutschl. FL, Pilze, p. 63, t. 14 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 520. In woods. Included by Fries amongst species of doubtful affinity, but the figure given by Kostkovius is very good, as is also his diagnosis, and the fact of a fungus having been found in England by the late M. J. Berkeley, agreeing with the above, justifies the assumption that it is a good species. *** Pileus viscid ivhen moist, ring absent. Boletus badius. Linn. Pileus ;i-5 in. across, slightly convex, rather viscid and minutely tomentoso wjien young, soon becoming dry and smooth, bay-brown, flesh , thick, white, slightly tinged blue near the pores when cut; tubes about ?^ in. long, slightly de- pressed round the stem but not free, yellow then yellowish- green, becoming green Avlien bruised, openings subrotund, irregular, here and there compound, from l—l mm. across; stem 2-3 in. long, 'l in. thick, subequal, even, equal, dirty ochraceous mottled and streaked with pale brown, base white, cottony; spores olive, elliptic-oblong, 12-14 x 3-4 fx. BOLETUS. 279 Boletus hadius, Linn., Suec, n. 124(3; Cke., Hdbk., p. 252. On the ground in woods, usually pine. Known by the bay-brown pileus, which is viscid in wet weather and shining when quite dry, and the yellowish pores becoming deep bluish-green at once when bruised. The flesh of the pileus is usually faintly tinged red when cut. Stem equal, 3 in. long, 1 in. thick, never reticulated. Pileus very fleshy, soft, villoso-viscosous when young, then almost glabrous, dry, hemispherical, 3-6 in. broad ; flesh 1-2 in. thick, white, soft. Tubes long, bluish-green when bruised. (Fries.) Boletus piperatus. Bull. Pileus 1-3 in. across, convexo-plane, soft, slightly viscid, ochraceous-tan, sometimes with a tinge of red ; tubes up to i in. long, decurrent, openings large, irregularly angular, at first paleolive, then cinnamon, finally bright cinnamon-brown; stem 1^2 in. long, i in. thick, equal or slightly thinner downwards, smooth, even, darker than the pileus, base usually brit;ht yellow, solid, flesh, like that of pileus, yellow, often tinged with flesh-colour in the pileus ; spores elongato- fusiform, cinnamon-colour, 10-12 x 3—4 /a,. Taste very hot and pungent. Boletus piperatus. Bull., t. 451, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p. 252. On the ground in woods. Distinguished by the acrid, pungent taste, and by the deep cinnamon-brown or almost ferruginous tubes at maturity. Pileus 1-3 in. broad, at length plane, moist or even gluti- nous, reddish-yellow or brownish. Flesh yellow, not chang- ing colour. Tubes large, subdecurrent, angulai", reddish yellow, or ferruginous. Stem 1-2 in. high, 3-4 lines thick, more or less deep yellow. Taste remarkably acid and pun- gent. (Grev.) Boletus paludosus. Massee. (n. sp.) Pileus 3-4 in. across, slightly convex then quite plane, glabrous, even, slightly viscid, bright rufous-brown, paler when dry, flesh firm, thin, not more than 2 lines thick, every- where equal, very pale tinge of brown, unchangealde ; tubes about 2 lines long, adnate and subdecurrent, openings large, angular, compound, about j mm. diameter, yellow then olive-green ; stem 3-5 in. long, about H in. thick, equal, base 280 FCNGUS-FLORA. attenuated, smooth, rather paler than the pileus, withoTit a ring, solid, flesh with a tinge of brown ; spores elongato- fusiform, olive, 16 x 4 fx. Gregarious, but not caespitose. Amongst sphagnum in a swamp. Without any very near ally, probably nearest to slender forms of Boletus hadius, from which it is at once dis- tinguished by the very thin flesh of the pileus, brighter colour, long slender stem, short tubes, &c. Boletus bovinus. Linn. Fasciculate. Pileus 2-3^ in. across, convex then almost plane, margin acute, pale reddish-yellow, glabrous, viscid, shining when dry, with traces of the gluten remaining as fibrils or ridges, flesh rather thin, whitish, unchangeable; tubes subdecurrent, up to ^ in. deep, openings compound, sub- angular, often elongated radially, i-1^ mm. across, dingy yellow, then brownish-cinnamon ; stem 2-4 in. long, }, in. or more thick, equal, even, coloured like pileus, apex often yellow; spores elongato-fusiform, pale olive, 12-14 X 5 fi. Boletus hovimis, Linn., Suec, n. 1246; Fries, S. M. i. p. 388 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 252. Heathy fir woods, &c. Pileus rather thin for a Boletus, stem thin usually elongated, clustered or gregarious. Gi-egarious, fiisciculate ; pileus 1-2 } in. broad, when young hemisi^herical, margin white and tomentose, disc and top of stem purplish, base rhubarb-coloured; when full-grown convex, exi)anded, margin still turned in, very glutinous, dull orange-yellow, or deep buif; flesh tinged with the colour of the pileus, not changeable. Tubes resembling the pores of MeruViHs larhri/mau.s, very shallow (:", in.), comjiound, dirty yellow, not easily se])arating from the pileus. Stem 2-3 in, liigh, l-^ in. thick, subtomentose, not diffused gradually but rather abruptly into the pileus, of the same colour, but streaked with watery lines, attenuated below, or subequal ; bulbous when very young. fSporcs elliptic. Smell strong, like Marasmius oreades. (Berk.) Boletus granulatus. Linn. I'ileus 0-4 in. across, convex, then more or less expanded, at first viscid with reddish-luown gluten, yellowish when the gluten has disappeared ; tubes up to ^ in. long, adnato and often with an indication of being decurrent, yellow, BOLETUS. 281 pores subcircnlar, simple, with particles of a granulated substance adhering to the dissepiments, about i^ mm. diameter; stem about 2 in. long, ;^— 1 in. thick, subequal, yellowish, granular with raised points towards the apex, solid, flesh like that of the pileus, pale yellow, unchange- able; spores elongato-fusiform, yellowish, 12 x 3-4 /x. Boletus granulatus, Linn. Suec, n. 1249 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 251. Boletus ladiflims, Sowerby, t. 420. Amongst grass under trees, especially firs. The stem is sometimes thinner above. Allied to Boletus liiteus, but known by the absence of a ring on the stem. Gregarious, caespitose. Pileus 2 in. or more broad, hemispherical, at first covered with a rufous-brown slime, afterwards dirty rufous or yellowish; flesh thick, white or yellowish, not changeable ; margin at first inflexed and downy. Pores at first whitish, then lemon-coloured, com- pound, the margin distilling a pale watery milk, which when dried gives them a granulated appearance, at length dirty yellow, adnate. Spores ochraceo-ferruginous ; stem 1 in. or more high, }y in. thick, generally short, but variable, obtuse at the base, rooting, more watery than the pileus, pale yellow above, white below, minutely tomentose and granulated, at first covered with milky drops. (Berk.) A very variable species, but the very glutinous pileus always the same colour, viz., a rich chestnut-brown ; tubes and stem sulphur-colour, tubes exuding a thin gummy juice, which soon dries in the form of sugary granules. Stem rough, scabrous, as if covered with moist sugar. (W. G. Smith.) Boletus tenuipes. Cooke. Pileus 1-2 in, across, convex then almost plane, yellowish- brown or gilvous, viscid, streaked with minute fibrils when dry, flesh thick in proportion, white, rosy under the cuticle ; pores about \ in. long, shortened round the stem, but adnate, openings rather large, angular, yellowish ; stem 3-3^- in. long, \ in. thick, even, attenuated at the base, yellow, solid ; spores pale yellow, fusiform, 10 X 3 //.. Boletus granulatus, Fr., var. tenuipes, Cke., Grev. 1883, p. 43. 282 FUNGUS-FLORA. Boletus tenuipcs, Cooke in herb. In woods and open pastures. Intermediate between Boletus bovinus and B. granulatus, with some of the features of both, and not readily to be referred to either. The Eev. M. J. Berkeley considers that it approaches most to B. bovinus, but the pores are smaller, and the tubes are shortened as. they approach the stem. (Cooke.) Our smallest species of Boletus. Boletus aurantiporus. Howse. Pilcus about 2 in. across, convex then expanded, viscid, at first fulvous-ferruginous, then pale gilvous, squamulose about the margin ; tubes deeply decurrent, openings broad angular, edges of dessepiments golden-yellow then orange, turning red when bruised ; stem about 3 in. long, equal, beautifully reticulated with yellow and red. Boletus aiirantqiorus, Howse, in Grevillea, vol. xii. -p. 43 (1883). Under trees. Flesh becoming slightly reddish. **** Stem reticulated. Boletus pachypus. Fr. Pileus 4-8 in. across, convex, minutely tomentose, brownish then pale tan, extreme margin incurved when young, flesh very thick, whitish, with very pale tinge of blue when broken; tubes ] in. long, shorter round the stemand almost free, openings minute, roiuided, pale yellow, tinged with green when old; stem at first short, ovate-bulbous, then elongated and subequal, 21-31 in. long, 1 in. or more thick, reguLirly reticulated, variegated witli yellow and crimson, or often entirely crimson, solid ; spores narrowly elliptical, pale ochraceous, 14-15 X 6 /x. Boletus imcliypus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 390 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 256. In woods. Pileus G-7 in. l>road, jtulvinate, sub-tomentose, pale reddish-brown, very thick and fleshy, when young firm, when full groAvn very soft ; flesh white, not changeable ; tubes free, at first lemon-coloured, afterwards dirty yellow, simple; stem 3-4 in. high, 2.V in. thick, bulbous, often swollen from the top, rarely equal, reticulated, yellowish BOLETUS. 283 when young, subrufescent when old, sometimes two or three springing from the same root. (Berk.) Another large Boletus occurs in pastures, under oaks, in August and September, apparently distinct, though nearly allied. I shall therefore give its characters at length, leaving the establishment of it as a species for further consideration. Pileus 10 in. or more across, pulvinate, 2 in. thick, pale ochraceous umber, smooth, but witli a satiny appearance from the minute matted silk with which it is clothed, visible only under a lens ; sometimes much cracked. Flesh instantly changing from yellow to a beautiful blue, which, however, is very evanescent ; towards the edge the flesh scarcely changes at alL Tubes free, but pressed close to the stem, forming an irregular spongy mass an inch thick, pale yellow, blue when bruised. Sporules pale olivaceous ochre. Stem 3 in. high, nearly 3 in. thick, bulbous at the base, generally reticuhxted only at the veiy top, but sometimes half-way down, minutely pulverulento- squamulose, of the same coloxir with the pileus, with a few minute dark flecks, and just where the tubes end a few minute red spots ; mottled with blue when cut. Taste like that of a o-rowino- walnut. The growth of the tubes is sometimes partially checked, so that while on one side they are 1 in. thick, on the opposite side they are not above i or i. I have found the same plant more than a foot broad, more decidedly tomentose, and of a delicate mouse-grey, and the sides of the pileus remarkably compressed, so as to be parallel with the stem, the flesh not changing uniformly to blue, but becoming beautifully mottled, and the stem bright red near the tubes. (Berkeley, in Eng. Flor., vol. v. p. 151.) The above form appears to be distinct from B. paclujpus, neither does it agree ^vith any known species, and although omitted in later works, cannot be ignored, and may possibly occur agarn. Stem short, 1-2 in. long, ovate, thick, apex thinner, 1 in. or more thick, firm, distinctly reticulated, lower half red, apex yellow, glabrous, flesh yellowish at the edges, central portion whiter, soon becoming bluish wlicn broken. Pileus convex, brownish-grey, olive, or clay-colour, 2-8 in. broad, compact, rather tomentose, then glabrous, margin subin- volute, soon patent and obtuse. Flesh white, slightly tinged 284 FUNGUS-FLORA. lilno when broken, sometimes almost unchangeable; pores minute, subrotund, bright j'ellow, whitish when young, becoming blue when touched ; tubes rather short, yellow, tlien greenish. (Fries.) Boletus edulis. Bull. Pileiis 4-6 in. across, convex, margin obtuse, smooth, moist, brownish becoming paler towards the margin, flesh very thick, white with a slight reddish tinge below the cuticle ; tubes up to f in. long, shortened round the stem but not free, openings about ^ mm. across, simple, sub- angular, at first white then yellow, finally greenish ; stem 2-3 in long, stout, ventricose, 1^-2 in. at tlaickest part, very ])ale brown or buif, upper part with polygonal reticulations formed by thin raised lines, solid ; spores greenish-olive, elongato-fusiform, 14-16 x 5 /a. Boletus edulis, Bulliard, tab. 60 and 494; Cke., Hdbk., p. 256. In woods. Esculent. Sometimes three to four spring from the same point. Reticulations on the stem var}' in development, but always evident upwards ; stem sometimes almost equal, rarely rooting. Flesh unchangeable. Fries says the pileus is sometimes white, greyish with a rufous tinge, &c, Pileus 6 in. or more broad, pulvinate, at length convexo- expanded, smooth, shining, often rugose, and much ciacked, dark umber, paler towards the margin, slightly viscid, extreme margin white, scarcely downy. Flesh turning a little reddish near the epidermis. Tubes nearly free, at first white, then lemon-coloured, at length dull yellow, simple, their orifices angular. Spores large, greenish ochre. Stem 4 in. high or more, 2 in. thick, fawn-coloured, iucrassated above and below, reticulated. (Berk.) I sliould imagine that the statement by Berkeley, that the stem is incra.ssatcd al)ove and below, is a slip, and the word attenuated intended. Var. elephantinus, changes to blue when cut or bruised. Schaefi'er, t. 277. Var. laevipes, Mass. Pileus 4-6 in. across, convex, dark brownish-umber, BOLETUS. 285 becoming paler towards the margin, flesh very thick, tinged red under the cuticle ; tubes slightly shortened round the stem, but broadly adnata, ^— | in. long, openings subangular, I in. across, whitish, then yellow, tinally greenish ; stem 3—4 in. long, 11-2 in. or more near the base, slightly attenuated upwards, glabrous and even at every stage of growth, white or with a faint buif tinge towards the apex ; spores olive, elongato-fusiforni, 15-6 /x. In pine woods. The present variety is not uncommon and distinguished from the type by the perfectly even white stem, there being no trace of reticulations at any stage of development. Boletus calopus. Fr. Pileus 2— t in. across, convex, minutely tomentose, umber- brown, iisnally with a strong olive-tinge, flesh thick, margin not involute, soft, yellowish, changing to blue when cut ; tubes I in. or more in length, more or less adnate, yellow, when old tinged with green, openings minute, angular, ^l- mm. across ; stem 2-4 in. long, ~—l in. across at thickest part, usually more or less conical, reticulated, apical portion crimson, remainder yellow, or sometimes entirely red, solid ; spores elliptic- fusiform, brownish-olive, 10-11 x 3"5/x. Boletus calopus. Fries, Syst. Mjc. i. p. 390 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 255. In woods, (fee. Allied to Boletus subtomentosus and B. chrysenteron, but readily distinguished by the reticulated stem and the smaller openings of the pores. Pileus not involute at the margin, as in B. olivaceus, another ally. A very beautiful fungus allied to the present species, but much larger, and presenting some remarkable characters, was found by Mr. W. G. Smith. Pileus 7 in. across, convexo- plane, gibbous, smooth and soft like kid leather, yellowish- brown, becoming cracked into areolae, interstices paler; flesh Ih in. thick, firm, whitish, tinged red under the cuticle, bright "blue when cut; tubes shortened round the stem but not free, f in. long, yellow, green when bruised, openings roundish, small; stem 3 in. long, 1^ in. thick, equal, attenuated at extreme base, colour of pileus below, stained with red above and then distinctly reticulated, sometimes obscurely reticulated below, solid, flesh deep red at the :286 FUNGUS-FLORA. base and tinged with red higher up. Taste extremely bitter like gall. A fine figure of the above, which may prove to be distinct, is in the British Museum collection of drawino;s of funo-i. Boletus regius. Kromb. Pileus 3-5 in. across, very convex, almost hemispherical, minutely tomentose, bright rose-pink ; flesh very thick, pale yellow, unchangeable ; tubes ]-£ in. long, much depressed round the stem, golden-3-ellow, openings subangular, about ^ mm. across; stem 2-3-^ in. long, 1 in. thick, subequal, solid, pale yellow except the base, which is dingy purple, vaguely reticulated or with minute squamules ; spores elongate-fusiform, pale yellow, 16 X 5 /n. Boletus regius, Krombholtz, t. 7 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p, 508. On the ground in open places, &g. A verj' beautiful species, either solitary or in small clusters. The British specimens differ from Fries' description, which says that the pileus is glabrous and the tubes short, but this description is drawn up from Krombholtz's figure. Boletus crassus. Mass. (n. sp.) Pileus 3-5 in. across, convex then expanded, often ir- regularly waved or nodulose, densely tomentose, tomentum collected in little fascicles, sometimes cracked in an areolate manner, flesh thick up to the margin, l-'^ in. or more, firm, for a long time whitf, then pale primrose-yellow, colour of pileus rather pale yellow-brown; tubes short at iir<.t, eventually l-'} in. long, shortened round the stem and nearly or quite free, openings irregularly rounded, generally simple, about ?, nun. across, for a long time white, then bright but pale primiose-yellow; stem at first almost globose, at length becoming a little elongated, about 2 in. long, and nearly as thick, slightly attenuated at the apex, a little paler than the pileus above, bucoming almost white towards the base, glabrous, upper portion with conspicuous raised white lines arranged to form a more or less regular polygonal network, solid; flesh white when young, becoming 'jpalo yellow with age ; spores elliijtic-iusiform, pale yellow, 10 X 3 fx. BOLETUS. 287 In woods and under trees in pastures, &c. The pure white flesh of young specimens becomes pale primrose- yellow when cut or broken and exposed to the air ; smell strong, acid, taste sweet and nutty. Allied to Boletus impoUfus, but distinguished by the un- dulated, yellow-brown pileus, glabrous, conspicuously re- ticulated stem, and clear pale primrose-yellow flesh. The subglobose stem is also characteristic. There is no tinge of blue about the flesh at any age. Boletus imclujpus difiers from the present species in the stem, which is at first sub- globose, becoming elongated and subequal, the greenish pores, and the larger spores. Boletus collinitus. Fr. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex then expanded, smooth, even, at first covered with brown gluten, which eventually dis- appears, leaving the pileus pale, flesh white ; tubes adnate, ^ in. or more in length, openings rather large, mostly divided in two, pallid then yellow, naked ; stem 2-3 in. long, up to 1 in. thick at the apex, attenuated downwards, firm, without trace of a ring, whitish becoming tinged with brown, more or less covered with adpressed scales that give to it a reticulated appearance. Boletus collinitus, Fries, Epicrisis, p. 410 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 169. In fir woods. Solitary. Stature and colour of Boletus luteus, but without a trace of a ring on the stem at any age. A rare species, of which no figure exists ; Fries says that Krombholtz, t. 76, figs. 10, 11, are allied, but the tubes are green. B. Openings of tubes red. Boletus satanus. Lenz. Pileus 4^S in. acfoss, convex, soft, glabrous, slightly viscid, whitish or pale buff, flesh very thick, becoming at first red- dish when broken, then bluish or violet ; tubes rather short, free from the stem, yellow, openings minute, edges of the dissepiments from the first blood-red, becoming orange when old; stem very stout ovato-ventricose, 2-3 in. long, and almost as wide at the thickest part, whitish or pale dingy 288 FUNGUS-FLORA. yellow with blood-red reticulations above, solid; spores brownish, elliptic-fusiform, 11-13 X 4—5 fx. Boletus satanas, Leuz., f. 31 ; Fries, Ilym, Eur., p. 510, Hussey, vol. i. t, 7 ; Cke., Ildbk., p. 258 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 177. In woods. Pilous variable in colour, bnt always pale, com- monly whitish, tiugcd buff, yellow, or pink, often irregular and wavy. Very showy, smell and taste pleasant, but very poisonous. Known by the very stout, broadly fusiform stem having red reticulations at the apex, the blood-red mouths of the pores and the pale 2)ileus. Pileus sometimes 8 in. across; commonly less, pulvinate, soft to the touch, naked, dry, smooth, whitish, leather-buff, or greenish, often shading into a red tinge ; flesh solid, be- coming soft, tender, and juicy, white, turning reddish, then blue; stem 2-3 in. high, thick, finely reticulated above, the reticulations purple-crimson, often vanishing in age, the stem growing streaked below. (Cooke.) Boletus luridus, Schaeff. Pileus 3-6 in. across, convex, minutely tomentose, colour variable, generally dingy brown with an olive tinge, rather viscid when moist, flesh very thick, firm, and like that of the stem, yellow, becoming indigo-blue at once when broken ; tubes \-}r in. long, shortened round the stem and almost or quite free, greenish-olive, openings roundish, about J, mm. across, edges of dissepiments vermilion, orange, or reddish- brown ; stem usually almost globose when young, after- wards remaining bulbous or becoming ventricose and elon- gated, vermilion or yellow with red blotches, sometimes vaguely reticulated witli red lines ; spores yellowish, oblong- fusiform, 12 X 4 /x. Boletus luridas, Schaeffcr, t. 107 ; Cke., TTdblc, p. 258. In woods and under trees in pastures. Whole plant hard and firm ; the yellow flesh changes at once to indigo blue when broken in contact with the air, the blue colour soon fades, leaving the flesh a ])ormanont dirty yellow. Every part becomes blackish when l)rui,scil. The stem is not distinctly reticulated by raised lines as in several s])ecies, but the darker markings take at times a more or less netted arrangement. BOLETUS. 289 Pilens 2-G in. broad, convex, expanded, minutely tomen- tose, olive, brick-red, pinkish, cream-coloured, or ferruginuus brown ; flesh more or less yellow, changing to blue. Tubes free, yellow or greenish, their orifices of a beautiful red or bright orange, quite simple, round. Spores olivaceous-ochre. Stem variable in length, bulbous, tomentose, sometimes quite smooth, red, with ferruginous or the brightest yellow shades, solid, generally more or less marked or reticulated with crimson-red. (Berk.) Plant large and robust. Pileus 3-6 in. broad, convex, thick, subtomentose, olivaceous, becoming darker and dingy in age, very juicy. Flesh yellowish, when cut or broken changing instantly to a blue colour. Tubes of the hyme- nium scarcely in contact with the stipes, |— |- in. long, yel- low, roundish, the orifice minute and of a fine red. Stipes 2-5 in. high, mostly very thick, and much incrassated to wards the base, solid, yellow above, red below, and gene- rally more or less reticulated with red veins. (Grev.) Var. erythropus. Fries. Stem thinner than in the typical form, not reticulated, yellow with red squamules or spots, flesh red at the base. Boletus luridus, var. erythropus. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 511. Boletus erythrojms, Cke., Hdbk., p. 258. In woods. A smaller form than the type, pileus tomen- tose, stem elongated, equal or a little thinner upwards, not ventricose. The flesh of the stem is sometimes all yellow, and the main point of difference between the variety and the type then turns on the elongated subequal stem without reticulations. Boletus purpureus. Fr. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, slightly velvety, dry, oj^aque, reddish-purple, flesh thick, pale yellow, becoming blue in young specimens when broken ; tubes almost free from the stem, about ^ in. long, pale yellow-green, openings reddish- purple, minute, subrotund, about |- mm. in diameter ; stem 2-3 in. long, fj in. thick, yellow, streaked and spotted with purple, especially towards the base, solid, flesh purple, espe- cially downwards; spores elliptic-oblong, pale olive, 10 x 4— 5 fi. VOL. I. U 290 FUNGUS-FI ORA. Boletus purjmreus, Fries, Bol., p. 11 ; Hj-iu. Eur., p. 511 ; Cke., Ildbk., p. 258. Id woods. Distiuguislied by the deep i)urple-rcd pileus and the purple or orange-red openings of the tubes. Fries says that the apex of the stem is sometimes reticulated. Dis- tingnislied from Boletus purjmrascens by the red or purple moutlis of the tubes. A very fine form of the present species was collected at Morpeth in Cumberland, presenting the fol- lowing characters: — Pileus 4 in. across, convex then plane, rather flexuous, margin slightly exceeding the tubes and in- curved, very minutely tomentose, reddish-purple, flesh about i in. thick, thinner towards the margin, j^ellow, uuchan^;e- al)le ; tubes free from the stem, ventricose, ^ in. long, yel- lowish-olive, becoming blue when cut, openings irregular, circular and about I mm. across, or elongated up to 1 mm., edges of dissepiments deep orange ; stem o in. long, ecjual, but attenuated at extreme base, ground yellow, but densely covered with purple spots and lines, solid, flesh yellow above, becoming blue when cut, deep purple downwards; spores olive, elliptical, 9x5//. C. Tubes red throughout their lenrfth. Boletus rubinus. W. G. Smith. Pileus 2-0 in. across, gibbous, convex, when old often nearly plane, dry, minutely tomentose, often slightly cracked, pale yellow-brown ; tubes subdecurrent, about \ in. long, wholly clear carmine, openings subangular, comjiound, about I mni. diameter; stem l.\-3 in. long, l-^ in. tliick, solid, yellow more or less streaked or smeared with carmine, or sometimes entirely red, flesh, like that of the pileus, clear yellow, unchangeable ; spores pale yellow-brown, elliptical 6 X 4 /A. Boletus rubinus, W. G. Smith, in Seeman's Journ., 1868, p. 33, t. 75, f. 1-4 ; Cke., ndl)k., p. 253. On the ground under trees. It differs from all other liritish species in the wholly carmine tubes, together with the vivid yellow, wholly unchangeable flesh. A larger form or variety of this siJccies occurred iflentifully i BOLETUS. 291 under beecli-trees in Kew Gardens in Oct., 1886. The typical form also occurred. The variety measured 3-4 in. across, convex, then depressed, yellow-brown, tomentose, then broken up into minute squa- mules, flesh ^ in. thick nearly up to the margin, yellow, becoming rose-coloured when cut ; tubes free, convex, ^ in. long where longest, carmine for some distance, changing to olive where the tubes join the pileus, openings angular, com- pound, about ^ mm. across ; stem about 1^ in. long, obconic, 1^ in. across at the apex, tapering to a point, yellow, streaked and spotted with carmine, solid, flesh yellow ; spores yellow- brown, elliptic-fusiform, 9x4^. D, Tubes pinlcish throughout their length. Boletus felleus. Bull. Pileus 3— i in. across, convex then expanded, soft, even, glabrous, yellowish-red, foxy, or chestnut, flesh thick, white, becoming dingj^ flesh-colour when broken ; tubes adnate but rather shortened round the stem, f in. deep, pale flesh-colour, darker when bruised, openings irregularly angular, up to 1 mm. across; stem 2^—3 in. long, \l in. at the base, thinner upwards, dingy yellow or olive, reticulate with laised lines, solid; spores pale flesh-colour, elongato-elliptic, 16-19 x 4- 5 fji. Boletus felleus, Bull., t. 379; Cke., Hdbk., p. 260. Distinguished by the pale pinkish pores and sj)ores, and by the white flesh becoming pink when cut. Taste bitter. Amongst the most beautiful of species, solitary, stem naked, fleshy, almost straight, 2-4 in. long, glabrous, reticulated, subequal, or incrassated at the ba^e, }—l in. thick, in our specimens smoky-olive, white within, towards the apex often greenish, very pale rose-colour when wounded. Pileus fleshy, convex when young, then becoming almost plane, pale chest- nut or fulvous, very glabrous, even, 1^-4 in. broad, flesh white then tinged with dilute rose-colour, very soft and spongy, margin obtuse. Tubes very long, soft, straight, often rosy-white. Pores subrotund, regular, rosy-white, often becoming dingy when touched. (Fries.) u 2 292 FUNGUS-FLORA. E. Tubes and openings of pores white or grey, sometimes becoming brownish. Boletus laricinus. Berk. Pileus 2-3 in. across, convex, dirty white with livid or greenish stains, covered at first with dirty yellow or brownish evanescent slime, usually with a few squamnles near the margin, fle&h white, unchangeable ; tubes subdecurrent, about -\ in. long, openings angular, compound, about ^V mm. diameter, white then dingy olive-brown ; stem 1-2 in. long, ^ in, or more thick, ringed, dirty white, reticulated above the ring, often hollow towards the base ; spores dirty olive- brown, fusiform, •11-14 X 4 /u.. Boletus laricinus. Berk., Outl., p. 230 : Cke., Ildbk., p. 251. On the ground under larches, &c. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, dirty white, with livid stains, and sometimes adpressed, dirty yellow fascicles of filaments, the remains of the slimj- ring ; often deeply scrobiculate, covered with dirty yellow or brown- ish slime, which gradually disappears. Flesh white, very slightly tinged with yellow, not changeable. Tubes adnate or subdecurrent, compound, each consisting of two or three cells, their orifices angular, at first dirty white, with a tinge of yellow, at length brownish from the spores. Stem 2 in. or more high, .',— ?^ in. thick, nearly equal, reticulated above the ring, and frequently much scrobiculated below, dirty white like the pileus, stained with the spores, somewhat downy at the base. Spores oblong, brownish clay-coloured. (Berk.) Boletus rubiginosus. Fr. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, convex, rather soft, pubescent, soon becoming glabrous, reddish-brown, flesh tliick, white, un- changeal)le ; tubes adnate, very slightly or not at all shortened round the stem, openings angular, unequal, about .\ mm. diameter, white, unchangeable; stem 2-3 in. long, about 1 in. thick, thinner upwards, everywhere covered witli ])rominent thin ridges arranged in a reticulated milliner, solid, whitish, then more or less tinged with yellow ; spores colourless, elongato-fusiform, 12 x 4 /x. lldltfm riihiqinosus, Fries, r)l)S. Myc. ii. ]). 245 ; Fries, llym. Eur., p. '621. On the ground in beech woods. BOLETUS. 293 Scattered. Stem 2-3 in. long, almost 1 in. thick attenu- ated upwards, firm, glabrous, solid, very distinctly reticu- lated, whitish when young, then yellowish, becoming slightly greyish or yellowish-olive when bruised. Pileus pulvinate, 2—1: in. broad, pubescent when young, soon becoming very glabrous, dry, foxy-brown with a reddish tinge, in young specimens the margin is acutely incurved, then becoming ] latent and obtuse ; under surface concave when young, then plane. Tubes short, straight, white, shorter than the thickness of the soft, spongy, white, unchangeable flesh. Pores variable, subrotund or unequal, elongated or not longer than broad, white, unchangeable. (Fries.) A specimen agreeing admirably Avith the above detailed description by Fries, was collected in a beech wood in the New Forest. The species appears to be very rare every- where, and was only once collected by Fries in 1815. Distinguished at once by the dark reddish-brown, glabrous jiileus, white tubes, and beautifully reticulated pale stem. There is no tinge of blue at any part when cut or broken. Boletus viscidus. Linn. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, soft, smooth, viscid, pale dingy yellowish or pale buff, often with greenish stains, flesh thick, white, unchangeable, margin of pileus acute, often with fragments of the veil attached ; tubes about i in. long, adnate, openings large, unequal, more or less radially elongated, pale grey then brownish ; stem 2-3 in. long, -}f in. thick, viscid, pale yellow, vaguely reticulated upwards, and with fragments of the veil adhering here and there, sub- equal or thickened at the base, ring imperfect, solid, flesh yellow at the base ; spores subfusiform, brownish-green, 9-10 X 3 /a. Boletus viscidus, Linn., Suec, n. 1248 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 259. In woods. Closely allied to Boletus laricinus. Berk., but distinguished by the yellow tone of pileus and stem, also by the large openings to the pores, which are radially elongated, and Ijy the smaller spores. Boletus scaber. Fries. Pileus 3-G in. across, very convex, smooth, even, viscid when moist, at length more or less rugulose and often 294 FUNGUS-FLORA. minutely granulated, owing to the breaking up of the cuticle, colour variable, whitisli, brown, ocliraceous-orange, itc. ; flesh thick in the centre, thin towards the margin, white, unchangeable ; tubes ^-^ in. long, shorter round the stem and almt^st free, openings subangular, compound, irregular l-l mm. across, white then dingy brownish-olive ; stem 5-7 in. high, I-I4 thick at the base, conical, pale, rough with dark fibrous squamules that become larger downwards, solid ; spores dingy olive-brown, elongato- fusiform, 18-20 x 5 /x. Boletus scaler. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293 ; Cke., Hdl)k., p. 259. In woods. Esculent, and good flavour. Distinguished by the conical scabrid stem, white, unchangeable flesh, and the pores first white, then dingy. Pileus 3-7 in. or more broad, pulvinate, viscid when moist, very variable in colour, white, cinereous, brown olive, deep orange, or vermilion, smooth or minutely downy, the down sometimes collected into minute fasciculate scales ; flesh very thick, soft, not changeable in young specimens, in older ones reddish-grey when bruised, and sometimes black ; tubes white, pulvinate, stained with the yellow-brown S])ores, their orifices often ferruginous before the expansion of the pileus, minute, I'ound ; stem 6 in. or more high, attenuated upwards, squarrose with black or orange scales, sometimes marked with coarse raised lines. At first the stem is ovate and the pileus very narrow. There are frequent traces of a floccose veil. (Berk.) Boletus niveus. Fr. Pileus 3-5 in. across, very convex, even, glabrous, pure white when young, and either remaining so, or becoming more or less tinged with green ; flesh white, very thick, becoming greyisli Avhen broken; tubes shortened round tlie stem but not entirely free, ^-§ in. or more in length, whitish, becoming tinged with grey, o])enings rounded, small, about ?j mm. across ; stem 3-G in. long, 1 in. or more thick at tlie base, becoming gradually attenuated upwards, whitish, becoming grey when brui.sed, more or less rough with wliite Bfpianiulcs, or wart-like elevations, solid ; spores colourless, elliptical, 9-10 x 5 /x. BOLETUS. 295 Boletus niveus. Fries, Obs. Myc. i. p. 111. Boletus scaber, var. niveus, Fries, Hjm. Eur., p. 516. On the ground hi woods. The present species, as sho\vn by the synonymy, was first described as a distinct species by Fries, and later was considered by the same authority as a variety of Boletus scaber. During the annual fungus foray of tlie Windsor and Eton Scientific Society, held at Burnham Beeches in October, 1891, the present species was found in abundance, and although the general form, size, and conical stem suggest B. scaber, nevertheless I am inclined to accept the first determination of Fries, and consider the present as a distinct species, known from B. scaher by the white pileus usually becoming more or less green with age, the small adnate and persistent wart-like sqnamules on the stem, the tendency of every part to become greyish when bruised, and more especially by the bruadlj- elliiitieal colourless spores, which are very unusual in the genus. Subgregarious. Stem solid, elongated, 3-5 in. long, whitish, becoming considerably attenuated upwards, scabrous, with white squamules or rough points arranged somewhat in a reticulate manner, greyish when handled, base with white tomentum, not bulbous. Pileus pulvinate, convex, fleshy, soft, even, glabrous, white, becoming greenish, 2 in. broad, mar-iin patent, even, hymenium plane. Flesh very soft, white, grey when touched with the fingers. Tubes white with a greyish tinge, longer than thickness of flesh of pileus. Pores white, minute, rounded. (Fries.) Boletus versipellis. Fr. Pileus 3-5 in. across, convex, dry, at first tomentose, then minutely squamulose, eventually often smooth, often fur- nished at the margin with fragments of the membranaceous veil, flesh thick, unchangeable ; tubes free, rarely exceeding ^- in. in length, white, plane, openings minute, edges of dissepiments grey ; stem 4-5 in. long, 1 \-2 in. thick at the base, attenuated upwards, ruguloso-squamulose, whitish or tinged with pale buff, yellow or pink, solid. Boletus versipellis. Fries, Bolet. p. 13, Stev,, Brit. Fung., p. 179. In woods and amongst heather, &c. Distinct from Boletus scaber, but on account of agreement in 296 FUNGUS-FLORA. variations of colour and stature, difficult to define. In the present species the colour is more constantly rufous. (Fries.) Pileus of a beautiful orange, spores spindle-shaped, pale ochraceous, 14—15 X 6 /a. (Cooke.) In Krombholtz, tab. 32, quoted by Fries under the present species, the colour of the pileus is shown as umber, reddish- browi), rufous, blood-red, orange, and yellow. Boletus alutarius. Fr. Pileus convex then expanded, soff, velvety becoming glabrous, brownish-tan ; tubes short, depressed round the stem, plane, openings round, white, becoming brownish when bruised ; stem solid, almost smooth, bulbous, apex rugulose. Boletus alutarius, Fries, Obs. i. p. 115 ; Stev., Brit, Fung., p. 180. In woodland pastures. Closely allied to Boletus felleus, but readily known by the almost unchangeable flesh and mild taste. (Fries.) Boletus porphyrosporus. Fr. Pileus 4-6 in. across, convex then expanded, minutely velvety, dark olive or brownish-umber, l)ecoming blackish when bruised, flesh up to 1 in. thick, white, becoming blue near the tubes when cut; tubes ^-f in, long, slightly shortened close to the stem, semiadnate, openings angular, |-1 mm. wide, grey, then pale brown, becoming umber "when bruised; stem 4-5 in. long, 1 in. or more thick, equal or usually more or less thicker towards the base, dirty greyish-umber or brownish witli ochraceous tinge, minutely punctate; spores brown ish-iDur2)le, elougato- fusiform, lo-14 X 4 /A. Boletus iMn-plujrosporns, Fries, Bolet., No. 36 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 514 ; Kalchbr., Icon. Sel. Hym. Hung., p. 51, tab. xxxii. fig. 1. In woods and open grassy places under trees. Solitary or in tufts of few individuals. 8mell strong, fishy according to Kalchbrenner's idea. A large fine species distinguished at once by the purple spores. Stem curved and ascending at times. BOLETUS. 297 Suhgen. GYRODON. Ohatowski. Pores sinuous or gyroso-iilicate, tubes very short, scarcely 1 line long, subadnate with the sporophore. Boletus (Gyrodon) caespitosus. Mass. (n. sp.) Densely fasciculate, stems more or less connate at the base. Pileus 1-2 in. across, hemispherical, margin usually wavy, acute, disc olivaceous-umber, becoming paler towards the margin, which is pale pink, tomentose, dry ; flesh thick, f in. in large specimens, firm, yellow like that of the stem, and instantly changing to intense blue when cut or broken, this colour soon fades to a dirty white, then becomes rufous ; tubes about ^ line long, openings very irregular, elongated, sinuous, yellow ; stem 13,— 2 in. long, ^ in. thick in the larger specimens, thinner at the extreme apex, even, glabrous, yellow except at the base, which is dingy red, solid, flesh dingy red at the base ; spores narrowly elliptical, pale olive, 12 x 4 /x. Amongst grass under trees. Distinguished by the caespitose habit, 8-12 in a cluster, and the very short tubes with sinuous openings. 298 FUXGUS-FLORA. AGARICINEAE. The Hymenomycetons type of structure attains its maximum of development in certain of the members of the present group, characterised more especially by having the hymenium spread over radiating gills or lamellae. In the most higldy evolved forms the entire fungus when young is enclosed in a priraarj^ or universal veil which is ru})tured during the elongation of the stem, the lower portion remaining attached to, and sheathing the base of the stem, and known as the volva. The volva may be more or less free and readilj"- separable, or entirely adnate or grown to the substance of the stem. The upper portion that is carried up on the ]nlcus is torn into patches or warts as the pileus expands. A secondary or partial veil is also present in some species, spreading as a thin membrane from the upper part of the stem to the margin of tlie piileus ; as the pileus expands the veil breaks away from its margin and remains on the stem as a frill-like rijig. In some species both universal and secondary veils are present, in others the universal veil only, whereas in others the secondary veil alone is present ; finally there are numerous species not possessing a trace of either universal or secondary veil. In the great majority of species the stem is central, but in some species it grows from the margin of the pileus, and is said to be lateral ; in othcis again it is entirely absent, when the pileus is described as scsnilc, and is either attaeheil by a broad base and stands out horizontally, when it is dimidiate, or is attached by tlie pileus to the wood or bark on which it is growing, hence the gills are uppermost, and exposed to tlie liglit, in which case it is describrd as resupinate. The most important featun- in tlie discrimination of genera turns on the mode of attaflmient of the gills to the stem. When the gills are attaclu'il or grown to the stem, and run down the latter for some distance, they are said to be decurrent. Tlie opposite extreme to the last-named AGARICINEAE. 2119 condition is when the gills are ronndecl oif behind ( = nearest to the stem), and do not touch tbe stem, when they are said to be free. Between the two extreme modes of attachment already described, transitional stages exist; when the gills reach the stem and grow to it without being either decurrent or narrowed at the point of attachment, they are said to be adnate. When the gills are attached to the stem, but not by their whole width, in other words when the gill is more or less narrowed at the point of contact with the stem, tbe term adnexed is used ; finally, when the adnexed type of attach- ment has the narrowed part of the gill close to the stem cut away in a curved manner so as to leave an evident channel between the gills and the stem, the term sinuate is used. The primary divisions of the Agaricineae are founded on the colour of the spores, and while admitting that this is a purely artificial arrangement, it is certainly a very con- venient and practical one, and in a purely systematic work, where the primary object is to enable the student to deter- mine the name of a given species- — a necessary preliminary to morphological or physiological work — is admissible. The large genus Agaricus, as understood by Fries, is broken lap by that author into several subgenera ; in the present w^ork all the Friesian subgenera of Agaricus are elevated to generic rank, for tlie two following reasons : (1) Many genera included in the Agaricineae by Fries, as Cortinarius, PaxiUus, &c., are quite as closely allied, or even more so, than the Friesian subgenera of Agaricus are to each other. (2) In describing a species of Agaricus from the Friesian standpoint it is necessary to include the subgeneric name in brackets thus : — Agaricus (Psalliota) camjK'stris ; this unnecessarily long name is reduced by raising the sub- genera of Fries to generic rank, and as a genus is not stereotyped in nature as such, more good than harm is effected by the change, except to those minds who consider every departure from accepted custom as retrograde. AGAKICINEAE. Hymenium borne on lamellae, situated on the under surface of the sporophore, rarely in the simpler types on the upper surface, and consequently turned to the light. 300 FUNGUS-FLORA. Lamellae radiating from the centre or from a lateral point, simple or forked, rarely irregularly anastomosing, often connected transversely by thin ridge-like ril)S or veins. Basidia normally tetrasporous, cystidia often present in the hymeninm. Spores continuous, colourless or coLnired. The great majority of species are fleshy, and soon decay ; others, however, are toiigh, coriaceous, or woody and per- sistent. ANALYSIS OF SECTIONS. I. Melanosporae. Spores black. The gills black or dark grey and speckled with the black sj^ores. No tinge of purple at maturity. II. PORPHYROSPORAE. Spores purjDle-black. Gills black or brown, with a purple tinge at maturity. III. OcriROSPORAE. Spores ochraceous, bright brown or bright rust-colour. Gills at maturity dingj^ ochraceous, brownish or bright fer- ruginous, no tinge of purple present. IV. EHODOSPORiE. Spores salmon-colour or pink. Gills salmon-colour or rosy at maturity ; the colour in some species is very pale, and liable to be mistaken for members of the Leucosporae, unless attention is paid to the colour of the spores in the mass. In some of the Porphyrosporac the gills are pale rose at an early stage of development, but become dark purple later. V. Leucosporae. Spoies white. Gills in most species white at maturity ; in many species, however, the gills are from the first, or at ss, and a large cystidiuin ; highly mag.; — Fig. 11, Coprinus Jimeturiui, pileus in an advanced stage of development, with the margin revolute, and the gills deliquescing into a black inky iluid ; ^ nat. size ; — Fig. 12, Coprinus cotKjrcjjatus, a small group of fungi; nat. .size; — Fig. l^,jCoprinns S}>r(ujni'i, spores; highly mag.; — Fig. 14, Fsatliyrdla arata, portion of pileun, showing the deeply sulcate margin ; about ^ nat. size;— Fig. 15, Coprinus platypus, two specimens showing the discoid base of the stem ; mag. 3 times. oO-l FUNGUS-FLORA. COPBINUS. Pcrs. (figs. 1, 6, 10-13, 15, p. 303). Pileus stipitate, flesh very tliiu uv even quite membra- naceous, veil generally universal, sometimes forming an ad- nate volva round the base of the stem, and furuislied with a free border, usually floccose or scurfy on the expanded pileus; gills at first closely in contact laterally, eventually deli- qiiesciug into a fluid coloured black by the spores; stem usually hollow ; spores black at maturity. Cojn-inus, Pers., Syn., in part ; Fries, Epic, p. 241 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 320 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 224. A vwy distinct and natiiral genus, and sharply defined, more especially by the peculiarities of the gills or lamellae, which are at first closely coherent laterally, lieing apparently agglutinated, but eventually becoming separate and free from each other, and by becoming at maturity resolved into a black inky fluid ; most of the species are very ephemeral, the sporophore in many springing up, attaining maturity, and completely disappearing again within twenty-four hours. Cystidia of large size are present in large numbers in the hymenium of many species. The majority of species grow on dung or on richly ma- nured ground, but a few also occur on rotten wood, damp carpets, walls, &c. In the Ochrosporac, the genus Bolhitius agrees with Coprhms in the ephemeral existence of the species, in the soft, de- liquescent gills, and also in most frequentlj' growing on dung or in places where dung abounds. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF COPBINUS. Tribe I. Pelliculosi. — Gills covered with a distinct fleshy or membranaceous cuticle, therefore the pileus does not s})lit along the lines of the gills, bnt becomes lacerated and revolute. * Coinati. — Ring formed from the free margin of the volva ; cuticle torn into scales. ** Atramcntarii. — With an imperfect ring (not volvate), squamules of pileus, minute, innate. COPEINUS. 305 *** Picacei. — Universal veil flocculose. at first continuous, then torn into superficial, areolate patches by the expansion of the pileus, **** Tomentosi. — Pileus at first veiled by a loosely villous web that becomes torn into distinct floccose scales, which eventually disappear, Eing absent. ***** Micacei. — Pileus at first covered with minute glistening micaceous squamules or granules, which at length disappear. Eing absent. ****** G^Z«6ra- carnos'3, campanulate, obtuse, the edge uneven, dirty gi'ey, at length brownish, innato-fibrillose, more or less fur- furaceous and corrugated, the ap<'X often scaly. Gills very broad and close, witli numerous pellucid processes, ventricose, umber, the margin white, rounded behind, quite free. Stem 3'- in. high, }, in. thick, fistuU)Be, juicy, fibrillose, at- tenuated upwards, brittle, the substance banded concentri- cally. There is generally a prominent mark at the base, coPRixus. 309 caused by the pressure of the edge of the pileus, in an early- stage of growth, which has somewhat the appearance of a volva. (Berk.) Tufted. Pileus brownish- white or silvery grey, darker aL the summit, remaining campanulate for a long time, above 2 in. from the base to the apex, obtusely and irregularly plicate, unequal, at length becoming plane and revolute. Lamellae free, sihery grey, changing to black, contiguous to each other, ventricose, dissolving in age. Stipes hollow, w^hite, 3-8 in. long, cylindrical, about .y in, thick. This s})ecies is well marked by the large folds or plaits which often extend from the base to the very apex of the pileus. (Grev.) Coprinus soboliferus. Fr. Pileus l^-'2\ in. across, subcylindrical, then ovato-cam- jjanulate, lower half of pileus usually undulate but not sulcate or striate, disc truncate, usually depressed, distinctly squamulose, dingy white, towards the apex tinged with pale brown, squamules darker, flesh very thin ; gills free, lanceo- late, ^ in. or more broad, crowded, pale then blackish ; stem .5-8 in. long, | in. thick at the base, slightly attenuated upwards, silky, white, stuffed ; towards the base thei'e is a depressed zone caused by the edge of the pileus when young, ring fugacious; spores elliptical, 15 x 7 yu. Coprinus soboliferus, Fries, Epicr., p. 243 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 22.5 ; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 848. Amongst grass near to trunks, buried wood, &c. A very large and beautiful species, distinguished from Coprinus atramentarius, its nearest ally, by the larger size of every part, the costate or waved lower portion of the pileus, the truncate, depressed disc, with distinct squamules, the whitish colour of the pileus, and the imperfectly hollow or stuffed stem. Coprinus fuscescens. Fr. Pileus J-I4 in. across, submembranaceous, ovato-expandea, dull, dipc rather fleshy, even or cracked into squamules, greyish-brown, disc rufous; gills adfixed, blackish-umber; stem 4-5 in. long, about \ in. thick, equal, fi agile, hollow, subfibrillose, ring indistinct or absent, whitish ; spores elliptical, apiculate, 10 x 0 yu,. 310 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Coprinus fuscescens, Fries, Epicr., p. 214; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 226 ; Cooke, Ilhistr., pi. (563?. On trunks, dead stumps, etc. Smaller and more slender than Copriniis atramentorius, ]iileus lirownisli-grov, disc becoming rufous, not sprinkled Avith niicareous itarticles, Lut at first covered with a mealy bloom ; gills adnexed, attenuated iVoni the stem to the margin, deliquescent. (Fries.) In Cooke's figure of this si^ecies, drawn from specimens determined by the Eev. I\I. J. Berkeley, the pileus is bright chestnut in every part, and striate from the margin half-waj- up, and when old much split and more or less revolute, whereas Schaeffer's figure shows the species densely tufted, with the habit of C. micaceus and the pileus pale grey with tinge of brown, apex darker. Var. rimoso-squamosus, Cooke, Illustr., pi. 004 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 220. Pileus li-2 in. high and broad, ovate, then more or less expanded, greyish-brown, becoming brown towards the apex, where the cuticle is torn into large angidar patches, pale between the patches; gills broad near the stem, becoming narrower tow^ards the margin ; stem whitish, rather flexuous, equal, hollow^: spores as in the type. On the ground, about stumps. *** Picacei. Coprinus picaceus. Fr. rilijus 2-2.', in. across, memliranaceous, ovato-campanulate, stiiate up to" the disc, smoky-black, variegated with large, irregular, supei-ficial white patches ; gills free, -\ in. or more broad, vc^ntricosc, greyish-black; stem 5-0 in. long, base buUjuus, abrupt, otherwise ('(jual j-r; in. thick, wdiite, hollow, fragile, smooth; sjjorcs elliptical, apiculate, J4 x H /x; cystidia large, numerous. Coprinus picaceus. Fries, liym. Eur., p. ;323 ; Cooke, Ildbk., , p. 226 ; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 605. On the o-round. A very distinct and beautiful sjH'eies. .When young the pileus is cylindrical, and conqdetely covered by a thick, whitish layer, which during the growth and expansion of tlie pileus becomes broken up into large, COPRINUS. 311 irregular pieces that persist on the fully expanded pileus. Soon deliquescing after attaining full development. Dis- tinguished from allied species by the large, irregular, supeificial patches on the pileus. In C. aratus the pileus is dark and striate, but the evanescent covering consists of small, crowded scales, and the gills are at iirst adnexed, then breaking away. In G. floccidosus the pileus is whitish and the gills violaceous. Pileus 2 in. broad and high, campaniilate, glutinous, closely grooved, brown with a tinge of red abuve ; margin cinereous, dimpled at the apex, epidermis ci'ackiug into large pale fawn-coloured subconic scales ; flesh very thin ; gills iDroad, ventricose, narrow in front, black, the extreme margin, except when deliquescent, white, not so close as in C. atramentarius, clothed Avith prominent spiculae (cystidia) exactly as long as the interstices are broad, quite free. S|)ores elliptic, black. Stem 6 in. high, ^ in. thick at the base, beautifully satiny with adpressed fibrillae, attenuated above, w^here it is subtomentose, and stained with the spores, subbulbous below, hollow, with a few stringy fibres attached to the walls. (Berk.) Coprinus aphthosus. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. high and broad, membranaceous, ovate- campanulate, not striate, at first covered with super- ficial scales, then naked, pallid ; gills adnate, linear, white, then black; stem about 2 in. high, 2 lines thick, soft, white, equal, fibrillose, twisted, hollow; spores blackish, 15-16 xlO fx. Coprinus aplitliosus. Fries, Epicr., p. 245 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 226. In hollow trunks, &c. I have followed Fries in considering the above described form as the typical species, nevertheless it is rather unusual that he should accept the species he found as typical and run a previously described species, as that of Bolton, as a variety. Var. Boltoni. Mass. The following description by Bolton indicates a distinct variety of the present species, distinguished more especially by the repand, olivaceous pileus. 312 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Agaricus domestinis, Bolton, p. 26, pi. 20 ; Cooke, lUusti'., jtl. 66(> (partly after Bulton). The root consists of a great numlier of downy grey fibres, some of which insinuate themselves into the substance of the ]nitrid wood, whereon it grows; the rest crop like mouldiness upon its surface. The plants most commonly grow in bundles from the same root. The stem is white and shines Avith a silky gloss ; it is tistular, of a thin, light substance, the thickness of a goose- (juill, and three or four inches high; it easily divides in white glittering filaments, and often abides after the pileus is fallen. The curtain is extremel}' delicate, and vanishes as soon as the rim of the pileus separates from the stem. The gills are in one series, numerous, broad, and deep ; at first of a pale grey colour, but in decay dissolve in a black inky liquor. The pileus is at first of an oval figure, and wrapjjcd up in a volva, which is peculiar to itself, and does not in-wrap at the root. The volva is of a cottony substance, and a very pale grey-brown colour ; as the pileus increases in bigness it 1)ursts in fragments, and remains like warts on the surface. From an oval, the pileus changes to a conical figure ; the margin undulated, next becomes bell-shaped, and at last lacerates and dissolves. Grows on decaying pieces of moist wood, in cellars, cold kitchens, &c., in plenty. (Bolton.) Coprinus flocculosus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, membranaceous, ovate then expanded, dirty white, striate, covered with innate scales, splitting : gills free, narrow, subviolaceous, then brownish black : stem ;{ in. high, hollow, attenuated upwards, white, slightly swollen at the l)asc, smooth, silky, sinning ; spores 10 x 7-8 /x. Coprinus Jiocculosns, Fries, Epicr., p. 'lAb; B. & Br., Ann. Kat. Hist,, n. 926; Cke., Illustr., t. 667. In fields and gardens. Solitary or tufted ; stem often with loose silky fibrils that soon disappear. Allied to C. aratuH and C. htijdpua, but in the first the spores are elliptic-fusiform, 1.") x JO-11 /^, in the last nan)ed the disc of the pileus is bright brown. C0PIll^'US. 313 Coprinus similis, B. & Br. Pileus campanxilate-ovate, pallid, lineato-striate, disc darker, hygrophanons, studded with brown-tipped acute warts, which eventually disappear ; stem white, hollow, attenuated upwards; gills adnate, narrower behind, sub- linear, blackish, margin brown. Coprinus similis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n, 1011 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 227. On trunks of dead trees. Eesembling Coprinus aphthosus, but differing in the striate pileus. Pileus 1 in. across. ***♦ Tomentosi. Coprinus extinctorius. Fr. Pileus 1-2—2 in. across when expanded, submembranaceous, cylindric-clavate, then expanded and campanulate, straight, marsrin striate, at first clothed with floccose evanescent scales, whitish, apex tinged with brown ; gills reaching the stem, lanceolate, whitish, becoming brownish-black ; stem 4-5 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, slightly swollen at the base, below which it is continued as a rooting-stem, smooth, white, hollow ; spores 10-11 x 0 /x. Coprinus extinctorius, Fries, Epicr., p. 245; Cke., Hdbk., p. 227; Cke., Illustr., pi. 66S ; Bolt., t. 24. On the ground about the roots of trees. Firmer than neighbouring species, pileus splitting when expanded, but not revolute, pallid, disc darker ; becoming glabrous from the apex towards the margin, whereas in C. fimetarius the disappearance of the floccose substance is from the margin to the apex. (Fries.) Fries considers that Bolton's figure, pi. 24, is a poor fignre of the present species. The following is Bolton's account of his species. The root is a little swelled, hard, white, and emits brown fibres from the sides; sometimes it sustains several plants, sometimes only one ; it is not surrounded by a volva. The stem is cylindrical, smooth, white, fistular, with a small perforation, wherein is a soft downy matter like cotton ; it is an inch in circumference, and five inches high ; there is no curtain. The gills are all in one series, extremely numerous, thin. 314 FUNGUS-FLORA. deep, and delicate ; of a pure white colour at first, afterwards turn to a pale brown, and in decay dissolve in a dark-brown liquor. The pilens is shaped like an extinguisher, terminating bluntly above, and spreading out at the rim, where it is a little waved and undulated; the suiface is smooth wliile the ])laut is young, afterwards becomes striated, and at last lacerates and dissolves. The colour is white at first, except a gentle tinge of brown near the top ; as it advances in age, the white changes to a very pale brown ; and in some speci- mens there are a few downy scales or tufts of a i)ale brown, as in the Agaricus fimetarius. Grows amongst sand, in moist and shady situations about Halifax, but is rare there. (Bolton.) Coprinus fimetarius. Fr. (fig. 1], p. o03.) Pileus 1-12 in. across, clavate then conico-expanded, soon s|)lit and revolute, greyish, apex tinged with bi'own ; at first covered with white floceose scales, then naked, rimoso- sulcate ; disc even, flesh thin ; gills free, lanceolate, about 2 lines broad, then linear and wavj^, black ; stem 5-6 in. high, 2-3 lines thick, hollow, thickened at the base and tlierc solid, squamulose ; spores 12-14 x 7-8 fx; cystidia large, numerous. Coprinus fimetarius, Fries, Epicr,, p. 245 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 227 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 324. On manure-heaps, &c. Solitary or usually clustered, soon becoming revolute and deliquescing. Var. puUatus. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 324; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228 : Cke., Illustr., pi. GG'V Piluus with adpressed s. 228; Cke., lllnstr. pi. 671. I'ilcus membranaceous, floccosely mealy, then naked, ashy- grey ; stem subo(]ual, rootless, hollow to the base, often twisted; spores 12-8 /x. On dung and rich soil. rileus 2 in. high before expansion, then 3 in., but very COPEINUS. 315 variabie in size, sulcate, at fiivst cylindrical, rather flat at the apex, clothed with fugacious ad])ressed or slightly recurved feathery scales ; then conico-campanulate ; at length inverted Avith the margin split and rolled hack. Gills black, dotted "with pellucid conic processes and elliptic black spores. Stem sometimes 5 in. high, 4— 3- in. thick, clothed near the apex with thick patent down, near the base with adpressed scales, very fragile, hollow, without any cottony fibres. (Berk.) Var. macrorhiza. Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 324 ; Cke,, Hdbk., p. 228 ; Cke., lllustr. pi. 670. Agariciis macrorhizus, Pers., Syn., p. 898. Pileus at first with feathery squamules ; stem short, villose, rooting, sometimes more or less marginately siib- bulbous ; spores 13-14 x 8-9. On dung. Pileus pale and smaller than in the typical form, stem shorter, with a more or less elongated rooting base. On a hot-bed, penetrating through the superincumbent mould and attached to the dung beneath by the long attenuated root. Pileus f in. broad, nearly 1 in. high, scaly, the scales sometimes forming a beautiful radiated crown at the apex, pale brown above, the margin greyish, striate. Gills brown, with a slight white border, close, free, very slightlj^ ventricose, ^ in. broad. Stem 3 in. higb, 3 lines thick at the base, J, in. at the apex, straight, very downy towards the base, less so upwards, fistulose ; root 2^ in. long. (Berk.) Coprinus tomentosus. Fr. Pileus 1-H in. high, submembranaceous, cylindrical, then conical, afterwards splitting and expanded, striate, floccoso- tomentose, pale-grey, the velvety floccose layer becoming torn into persistent patches on the expansion of the pileus ; gills free, narrow, brownish, then blackish brown ; stem about 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, velvety, greyish, hollow. Coprinus tomentosus, Fr., Epicr., p. 246 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228; Cke., Illustr., pi. 672 a (after liolton). Af/aricus tomentosus, BuUiard, t. 138. On dung and in rich pastures. Pileus cylindrical, then narrowly pyramidal, at length expanded and more or less 316 FUXGUS-FLOKA. split. Covered continiioTisly at first Avith a velvety greyish felt that is persistent, and becomes torn into patches when the pileus expands. Pileus pallid or yellowish below the grey nap. This agaric is fonnd in woods and gardens in autumn ; on the ground, also sometimes on dunghills; it is generally solitary, sometimes more or less gregarious, but not forming clusters. Stem hollow, naked, pubescent, terminating in a point at the base and the summit, 1-2 lines thick, and about 2 in. high. The jiileus is ashy-grey or mouse-grey, becoming blackish with age, surface tomentose ; the tomentum is easily removed when the pileus is smooth and striate. It is at first cylindrical, then conical, and long enough to cover more than half the length of the stem ; as maturity ap- proaches the pileus becomes more expanded, and the split margin tiirns up a little ; during middle age it is 8-10 lines across, and 13-18 lines high. It is very fugacious and deliquescent. Gills free, narrow, more especially near to the stem, at first white, at length black. (BuUiard.) The root is small, black, and emits a few short brown fibres. The stem is upright, cylindrical, hollow; the substance white, and easily torn into filaments; it is covered, on the outside, with a lead-coloured down. The gills are arranged in three series, those of the first series long and narrow ; they are white on the sides, but furnished with a black down or powder on the edges, which, before the plant is torn, makes them aj^j^ear wholly black. The pileus is at first oval or oblong ; when the rim begins to enlarge, it becomes of a pyramidal figure ; at last bell- shaped, lacerates, and soon dissolves. In its first stages it is thickly covered with a grey or lead-coloured down, which covering tears in fragments as the pileus extends in breadth, and remains on its white striated surface in broken, deformed, giey patches. I gathered this species near Ugden-Kirk, anujngst wet moss, in the ground where peat is dug for fuel. (Bolton.) Coprinus niveus. Fr. Pileus .^-1 in. across, submembranaceous, elliptical, then campanulate and expanded, almost persistently covered with COPRINUS. 317 snow-white floccose-down ; gills slightly attached, narrow, becoming blackish; stem 1^-3 in. high, snbequal, or slightly attenuated upwards, villose, white, hollow ; sjDores 1 6 x 11-13 fx. Coprinus niveus. Fries, Epicr., p. 246 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 672 b. On dung, especially of horses. Distinguished by snow- white colour, persistently tomentose pileus, and .small size. Cojjrinus narcoticus is distinguished by its strong smell of opium, and C. stercorarius by the dense micaceous mealy coat covering the pileus at first ; it is also larger in every l^art. Pileus ^—1 in. across, campanulate, at length expanded and depressed with the margin rolled back, clothed with dense scaly meal ; the margin striate, very thin and delicate. Gills narrow, free, black, subventricose. Stem 2 in. or more high, 1 line thick, thickest at the base, sericeo-squamulose, hollow, fragile, splitting longitudinally. (Berk.) Coprinus cothurnatus. Godey. Pileus exceedingly thin, conico-campanulate, then ex- panded, densely furfiiraceous, becoming umbonate and unequally split, reddish- white ; stem hollow, attenuated upwards, white, squamnlose, base squamuloso-vaginate, about 1^ in. long, 1-2 lines thick ; gills free, sublanceolate, crowded, white, then flesh-coloured, at length blackish. Coprinus cothurnatus, Godey, in Gillet's Champ, de France, p. 605, with a fig. ; Sacc, Syll., vol. v., n. 4410 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228. Ou cow-dung in pastures. The English specimens referred to this species are yel- lowish, the pileus about 1 in. across, stem 2 in. long. ***** Micacei. Coprinus micaceus. Fr. Pileus li-2i- in. across, submembranaceous, elliptical, then campanulate, coarsely striate, disc even, ochraceous-tan, disc darker, margin usually more or less repand ; when young densely covered with glistening minute crystals of oxalate of lime, at length naked, when fully developed rimoso- 318 Fuxra's-FT.ORA. sulcate; gills 2-4 lines broad, adnexed, lanceolate, rather crowded, whitish, then brown, finally black : stem 2-3 in. long, abont | in. thick, equal, even, silk}', whitish, hollow ; spores elliptical, blackish, 7-8 X 4-5 ^. Coprinus micaceus. Fries, Epicr., p. 247 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 229 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 673. About old stumps, posts, &c. Generally densely fascicu- late. In rainy weather subdeliquescent, pileus soon naked, and becoming dark reddish -brown. In dry weather the pileus becomes pale in colour, and the glistening particles of lime, which resemble mica in their appearance, are per- manent. Caespitose ; pileus f-1 in. or more broad, half-ovate, often more or less irregular from the dense mode of growth, sprinkled with glistening meal, strongly striate, almost plicate, rufous, the umbo darker; the margin cinereous, very thin ; veil very fugacious. Gills attenuated in front, bmad behind, ascending, attached above, umber mottled with the sporules, which apjiear black when viewed in the mass, but arc really brown-purple ; stem 2-3 in. high or more, 2 lines thick, hollow, brittle, squamuloso-pulveriilent, the epidermis often cracked into little scales, very faintly tinged with red, attenuated upwards. (Berk.) Coprinus aratus. B. & Br. Pileus submembranaceous, 2-3 in. across, campanulate, then exp;uided, umber, deeply sulcate up to the darker usually wrinkled disc, sprinkled with large micaceous particles, revolute in decay ; gills narrow, attenuated at either end, attached, then seceding and becoming free, deep rich brown, then l»lack ; stem 4—3 in. high, 2-3 lines thick, attenuated upwards, slightly bulbous at the base, snow- white, sillvy, holloAV, miiber within ; spores 1,5 x 10-11 jx. Coprinus aratus, Berk, and Browne, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 927, and again after n. 1956; Cke., Handbk., p. 229; Cke., Illustr., tabs. 674 and 675. In hollow trees, on the ground, S:c., solitary or clustered; resembling Coprinus micaceus in habit, but larger and umber- colour. A group occurred and showed some differences from the single specimen before seen ; disc sometimes rugose, sometimes coPRixus. 319 even; gills at first attached, but soon separatino- from the stem so as to appear free, but still connected at the base as if by a slight collar, hence instead of " lamellis liheris," it should be " secedentihus." (Berk.) Coprinus radians. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, membranaceous, ovato-campanulate, glistening with minute crystals of oxalate of lime, disc granuloso-squamulose ; margin striate, yellowish-fulvous, becoming pale, sometimes becoming subdiscoid ; gills abcmt li lines broad, slightly attached to the stem, pale, then violet-black ; stem 1-14^ in. long, equal, smooth, even, hollow, whitish, furnished at the base with radiating strands of mycelium ; spores violet-black, elliptical, 7 X 4 /x. Coprinus radians. Fries, Epicr., p. 248 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 229; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 676 a. Agaricus radians, Desmaz., Ann. Sci. Nat. 19, t. 10, f. 1. On damp plastered walls, rather small, solitary or sub- caespitose, pileus yellow-fulvous, subdiscoid, becoming pale ; stem short, incurved from the position of growth. Pileus 2 in. broad, gills free, numerous, at iirst white ; stem ItV in. high, 2 lines thick, cylindric, fistulose, almost equal ; curved in consequence of its vertical place of growth, naked, smooth, furnished with a radiating base 2 in. broad. (Desmazieres.) The fungus called Lycoperdon radiatum, Sowerby, t. 145, is the very j'oung stage of the present species. Coprinus papillatus. Fr. Pileus |-.V in. across, elliptical, then camijanulate, then often splitting and almost plane or even upturned, but the disc remaining prominent, striate, greyish-furfuraceous, centre livid smooth-coloiir, rough with minute papilhc ; gills free but close to the stem, narrow, black ; stem about 1 in. long, slender, equal, hollow, white, hyaline except at the base ; spores 1 o x 7 fi. Coprinus papillatus. Fries, Epicr., p. 248; Cooke, Hdbk., 229; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 676 b. Agaricus papillatus, Batsch, fig. 78. On the ground, also on dung. Minute, but rather per- sistent. 32U FUNGUS-FLORA. ****** Glabra ti. Coprinus alternatus. Fr. Pileus ^—1 in. across, when expanded H-2 in., flesh thin, lieniispherical, then expanded and unihonate, striate, quite smooth, chalkj^-pallid or very pale buff, disc darker ; gills adnate, narrow, grey, then black; stem 3-4 in. long, about 2 lines thick, and equal except the more or less thickened base, or sometimes attenuated upwards, hollow, whitish, smooth ; spore black, broadly pip-shaped, 10 X 6-7 ^. Coprinus alternatus, Fries, Epicr., j). 248 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 230; Cooke, Illustr., pi. G77. Agaricus alternatus, Schum., SaelL, n. 1874. On the ground. In small clusters. In Cooke's figure, Illustr., pi. 677, the gills are represented free from the stem. Stem equal sliglitly or not at all thickened at the base, subflexuous. Coprinus deliquescens. Fr. IMleus 1^—3 in. across, ovato-cam])anulate, then expanded, usually rather repand, flesh rather thick at the disc, thin towards the margin, distantly striate, glabrous except the disc, which is minutely papillose, livid gre}', or smoky, disc often tinged riifescent ; gills free, at length distant from the stem, narrow, grey, then blackish ; stem 3-4 in. high, about I in. thick, corticated, whitish, glabrous, hollow, subequal or slightly attenuated upwards ; spores elliptical, oblicjuely apiculate, 8 x o /><.. Coprinus deliquescens, Fries, Epicr., p. 249 ; Cooke, Ildbk., p. 230; Cooke, Jllustr., pi. 678. Af/aricus deliquescens, Bulliard, t. 558, f. 1. On trunks, stumps, and (m heaps of dead leaves, &c. tSlightly caespitose. Sometimes confounded with Coprinus afrautentarlitx, from which it differs in every part being more blendei", and in the free, distant gills. Stem naked, corticated, firm, 4 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, efjiially attenuated upwaids, glabrous, white. Pileus mem- lu'anaceous, campanulate, then expanded, almust glabrous, disc minutely papilhjse, livid-fuliginous, 3-4 in. broad, not sjtlitting, l>ut, revolute, striate, striae broad but not deep, gills free, distant from the stem, very much crowded, flexuous, very narrow, about I line broad. (Fries.) COPRINUS. 321 Coprinus tardus. Karst. Pileus 1-2 in. higli and wide, rather fleshy, thin, fragile, ovate, then campanulate, sulcate, or deeply striate, quite gla- brous, rather dry, bright brown becoming pale ochraceous- tan ; gills adnate, crowded, very narrow, broadest behind, deli- quescent, whitish, then tinged with brown, at length black ; stem 4-6 in. high, about 2 lines thick, equal, hollow, sub- flexuous, minutely striated at the apex, slightly downy, whitish; spores elliptical or sometimes subangular, opaque, blackish brown, subinaequilateral, 12-18 X 7-9 /x. Coprinus tardus, Symb. ad Myc. Fenn., vi. p. 20 ; Icon. Sel. Hym. Fenn., fig. xix. : Cke., Hdbk., p. 230 ; Cke., Illustr., pL 719. On the ground. Densely tufted. Smell none. Allied to Coprinus deli- quescens, but distinct in the following points : pileus fleshy, hardly expanded, not punctate at the disc, never revolute, hardly splitting, dryish, stem equal, gills adnate, crowded, not flexuous, white, than brownish, at length black. (Kar- sten.) Coprinus digitalis. Fr. Caespitose. Pileus about 1 in. high and broad, submem- branaceous, parabolic, altogether glabrous and naked, disc even, the remainder striated, whitish or straw-colour, centre often darker, splitting with age ; gills slightly adnexed, ventricose, whitish-brown, then blackish, margin at first micaceous ; stem 1-5 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, hollow, rather flexuous, glabrous, corticated, white. Copjrinus digitalis, Fries, Epicr., p. 249 ; Fries, Monogr. Suec, i. p. 462. In damp places in woods, &c. Caespitose, fragile, terres- trial. In the mature fungus the pileus is livid olive or yel- lowish-grey, and the gills appear to be adnate. Coprinus congregatus. Bull. (fig. 12, p. 303.) Pileus \-'^ in. high, cylindrical, then campanulate, tinallj' expanded and split at the margin, smooth, viscid, margin slightly striate, ochraceous ; gills about 1 line broad, slightly adnexetl, white, finally becoming black; stem 1-1.', in. hi<'h, equal, smooth, hollow, whitish. VOL. I. Y 322 FUNGUS-FLORA. Coprinus congrcgatus. Fries, Epicr., p, 249 ; Fries, Hyni. Eur., p. 328; Cke., Hdbk., p. 230; Cke., lllustr., pi. 679. Afjaricus congrcgatits, Bull., t. 94. On the ground, also in hothouses, &c. Eeadily distinguished by the densely caespitose mode of growth, the small size, the viscid, ochraceous, glabrous pileus which remains elongato-cylindrical for some time, then becomes campanulate, and finally expands and splits at the margin. Densely caespitose, fragile, readily distinguished from Coprinus digitalis by its much smaller size ; stem short, thin ; pileus from cylindrical to campanulate, glabrous, ochraceous, gills adtixed, linear, white, then black. (Fries.) TEIBE II.— VELIFORMES. * Cyclodei. Coprinus Hendersoni. Berk. Pileus about 2 lines high, up to |- in. across when ex- panded, membranaceous, at first subcylindrical, then becom- ing plano-convex, minutel}- pruinose, apex pale brown, grey- ish towards the margin ; gills free, narrow, becoming black, margin white, rather distant; stem 1-1 V in. long, slender, slightly attenuated upwards, almost or quite smooth, white, I'urnished with a distinct ring below the middle, hollow ; spores 10 x 5 ^. Coprinus Hendersoni, Berk., Outl., pi. 24, f. 8 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 231 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 080 a. Agaricm Hendersoni, Berk., Eng. Flora, vol. v. p. 122. On hotbeds and on dung in fi«.'lds. Extremely tender ; pileu.s 4-0 lines broad, at first subcy- lindric, granulosa under a lens, apex brownish, shaded into cinereous towards the margin, at length plano-convex ; margin folded. Gills rather distant, free, powdered with the black siiornles, the extreme margin white, narrow; at length appearing like mere wrinkles. Stem 1^- in. high, not a line tliick, Avhite, neai'ly or (|uite siiKioth, hollow, attenuated up- wards, furnished Avith a cnp-shaped more or less distant, ])(.-rmanent ring. (Berk.) COPRINUS. 323 Coprinus lagopus. Fr. Pileiis 1-2 in. across, very thin, cylindrical, then campanu- late, covered with white floccnlent down, becoming glabroiis, stria to-sulcate up to the umbo, at length splitting and more or less revohite, whitish or greyish, disc brownish ; gills free, at length, distant from the stem, narrow, becoming black ; stem elongated, usually equally attenuated upwards, white, every part clothed with white floccose down, hollow, very fragile; spores 147-16 x 10-12 fx. Goprinus lago])us. Fries, Epicr., p. 250 ; Saunders and Smith, t. 19 ; Cke., Hdbk., pi. 231 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 681. On rotten wood, dung, &c. Fries distinguishes two forms. A, nemorum, stem slender, 4-6 in. long. B, viarum, stem 2-3 in. long, pileus broader, livid. Both forms are inodorous. The pileus of the long- stemmed form is sometimes entirely clear brown, at others greyish with a brownish disc. Stem very weak, 5 in. and more in length, 1 line thick, attenuated at both ends, Pileus thin, campanulato-expanded, about 1 in. across, when young elegantly flocculose, then farrowed, disc livid. Gills rather distant. (Fries.) Coprinus narcoticus. Fr. (fig. 6, p. 303.) Pileus |— J in. across, foetid, very thin, cylindric-clavate, then expanded, at length revolute, covered at first with white, recui'ved, floccose scales, then naked, greyish-white, hyaline, striate ; gills free but very close to the stem, white, then becoming blackish; stem 1^2 in. long, about 1 line thick, fragile, at first covered with, white down, then almost glabrous, hollow; spores elliptical, 11 X o-Q [x. Coprinus narcoticus, Fries, Epicr., p. 250 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 231 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 680 b. Afjaricus narcoticus, Batsch, f. 77. On dung. Caespitose. Smell very strong and disagree- able, described by Fries as alkaline-narcotic, and in this peculiarity is distinct from all otlier species. The stem is sometimes straight, at others flexuoiis. Smell very strong, otherwise diliicult to distinguish from Coprinus niveus. Stem about 2 in. long, equal, 'subulate,' at length glabrous. Pileus when young conico-cylindrical, be- Y 2 324 FUNGUS-FLORA. coming naked wlion expanded, up to 1 in. across. Gills white then blackish. (Fries.) Coprinus macrocephalus. Fr. Pileus up to r} in. high and hroad when expanded, cylin- drical, then canipamilatn-expanded, ashy-grc}-, disc brownish, sprinkled with paler pointed scales, margin slightly striate, flesh rather thick for the size of the species ; gills quite free, up to 1 line broad, at length black ; stem 13,-2 in. long, 1 line or more thick, subequal, dirty white, clothed with white down and long free fibres, base strigose, hollow : spores bruadh" elliptical or obliquely pip-shaped, 11-13 x 7-8 yu, ; cystidia elliptical, large, numerous. Coprinus macrocephalus. Fries, ITym. Eur., p. 329 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 231 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 682a. Ayaricus macrocepJmlus, Birk., Eng. Flora, vol. v. p. 122. On putiid dung, Subcaespitose. Distinguished amongst the small grej^ species of Ccqjrinus by the pointed squamules adorning the pileus, and more especially by the long loose fibrils on the stem. Pileus ^ in. broad, ^ in. high, linear when young, then cylindrico-campanulate, the margin slightly spread out, adorned with elegant adpressed or patent scales, the remains of the veil ; apex brown, shaped oft' into slate colour on the margin, scarcely at all pubescent. Gills linear, perfectly free, at length black, clothed with pellucid spiculae. Stem 1-2 in. high, 2 lines thick, ascending, dirty white, fistulose, clotlied with short cottony down, and with longer, sometimes deflexed, loose fibres, strigose at the base, somewhat attenu- ated upwards and stained Avith the black elliptic spores. A very distinct species, apparently near A. lagopus ( = Co- prinus lagopus). (Berk.) Coprinus nycthemerus. Fr. Pileus J,-fj in. wlien ex]ianded, membranaceous, at first conico-cylindrical, then exi)anded and splitting at the margin, floccosely-mealy, radiately plicate, mari^in striate, striae fur- cate, then naked, grey, disc tawny ; gills free, at length distant f)om the stem, narrow, lilackish ; stem 2-3 in. long, equal, hollow, llaccid, whitish, glabrous ; spores U X 6 /a. COPEINUS. 325 Coprinns mjctliemenis. Fries, Epicr,, p. 251 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 232 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 682 b? On dung and manured ground. Subcaespitose. In Cooke's figures quoted above the pileus is in every specimen tawny at the disc and becoming very pale dull yellow towards the margin, wliereas Fries distinctly states in italics " griseo, disco fusco," hence it is not certain that the species of Fries is depicted. Coprinus radiatus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 lines across, exceedingly delicate and em- phemeral, cylindrical, then campanulate, at length plane, at first covered with a greyish down, soon splitting, radially plicate, yellowish, disc tawny ; gills free, few and distant, narrow, blackish ; stem i-1 in. high, filiform, hyaline, becoming glabrous, whitish ; spores 7-8 x 5 /x. Coprinus radiatus. Fries, Epicr., p. 251 ; Cke., Hdbk,, p. 232 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 682 A. On dung. Distinguished by its very small size and the plane, fissured pileus. Very ephemeral. On horse-dung, often on the under side, in grassy woods, &c. Very tender, so that a breath destroys it. Pileus 1-2 lines broad, at first digitaliform, yellowish, the apex obtuse, darker, striate and downy, when full grown pale-brown, or nearly colourless, the centre sometimes dimpled, strongly furrowed, edge notched and often split in a radiated manner, so as to appear like the spokes of a wlieel ; gills about 10, with minute smaller 'ones in the interstices. Stem 1-3 in. high, very slender, quite filiform, smooth, l»ut sometimes fibrillose and tomentose, dusky or colourless, a little thickened at the base, where it is slightly down v. (Berk.J) Coprinus Spraguei. B. & C. (fig. 13, p. 303.) Pileus i— ^- in. across, membranaceous, conical, then cam- panulate, finally expanded and revolute, tomentose, greyish, disc tawny, margin cofirsely striate ; stem 1 }—2 in. high, about 1 line thick, equal, smooth, pale cinnamon, hollow ; gills free, few and distant, narrow, from white becoming- blackish; spores elliptical, slightly curved, 10 x 5 /x. Coprinus Spjragiiei, Bei'k. & Curt., Ann. Nat. Hist., Oct. 326 FUXGUS-FLOEA. 1859 ; Cke., HdWc, p. 232 ; Cke., Ilhistr., pi. 683 b ; Berk., Outlines, p. 182. , On the ground. Somewhat resembling Coprlnus^ j;Zerkeley, but agreeing with the type in every other resj^ect. -*««» Hemerohii. Coprinus hemerobius. Fr. Pileus ^-1 in. across, ovate-campanulatc, then expanded, coarsely sulcate up to the obtuse disc, smooth from the first, COPRINUS. 329 bay-brown, flesh very thin, splitting ; gills narrow, attachcrl to an obscure collar, pale, then black ; stem 2^-5 in. long, 2-3 lines thick at the base, becoming thinner upwards, smooth, even, whitish, hollow ; spores elliiitical, 7-8 x 6 /x. Coprinus liemcrohius, Fries, Hym. Enr., p. 332 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 234: Cke., lUustr. pi. 687a ; Bolton, t. 31. On roadsides. Distinguished amongst the very thin- fleshed sulcate species by the bay-brown pileus being per- fectly free from meal at all ages. Coprinus pjlicatilis, a nearly allied species, common in pastures, has the gills distant i'rom the stem and attached to a distinct collar, disc of pileus becoming depressed, and very large spores. The figures of the present species given by Boltctn have a longer stem than those figured by Cooke, the base of the stem is also more distinctly bulbous. The root is a little brown bulb, emitting brown fibres from its bottom and sides. The stem is cylindrical, fistular, transparent, of a whitish- grey coloui', the thickness of a swallow's quill, and 4 or 6 in. high. The cuitain is very delicate, vanishes when the plant is about an inch high, but leaves a black vestige on the stem, which abides for a little time, and then disappears. The gills are in two series, narrow, thin, transparent, and of a grey colour, changing black in decay. The pileus is at first conical, smooth, and brown, after- wards the rim begins to diverge, and to appear dimly striated, with fine tender lines ; the next stage a black ciliation begins to appear round the rim, and as it advances in growth the pileus expands, and what before appeared to be stria, are now found to be actual plaits, the angles whereof are alternately brown and lead- coloured ; the black ciliation is divided into little tufts, which adhere to the extremities of the brown angles, and give a pretty appearance to the rim of the pileus. It is about 1^ in. in diameter, of a tender watery substance, and semitransparent ; in decay it dissolves into a brown liquor. It grows up in one night, and perishes next day. Grows in meadows where the soil is rich, in September and October, about Halifax plentifully. (Bolton.) Pileus very thin, ovate, then campanulate, not gaping and 330 FUNGUS-FLORA. expanded but deeply sulcate, glabrous from the first, apex even, not depressed, haj'-brown; gills linear, l-l^ lines broad, adnate to an almost obsolete collar, pale, then black ; stem very fragile, 3 in. and more long, attenuated upwards, glabrous, pallid. With the habit of Cojmnus pUcatilis, but taller. (Fries.) An exotic species imported ivith living plants. Coprinus platypus. Berk. (fig. 15. p. 303.) Pileus 2-3 lines across, campanulate, convex, then ex- panded, white, then ochraceous-flocculose ; gills free, narrow, distant, becoming black ; stem about 1^ in. long, very slender, even, whitish, discoid at the base ; spores blackish, ^ X Q> IX. Cojjrinus 2)lati/2ms, Bevk., in Cooke's Illustr., pi. 687 b; Cke., ndbk., p. 234. On palm stem in a conservatory. In all probability an introduced species; readily distinguished by its small size and especially by the flattened, discoid base of the stem, in which respect it resembles some of the minute species of Mijcena, as M. stylobates, &c. ANELLAEIA. Karst. (figs. 2, 5, p. 303.) Pileus slightly fleshy, smooth and even; gills adnexed, dark slate-colour, variegated with the black spores; stem central, smooth, sliining, rather firm, ring present at first, either persistent, or forming a zone round the stem. Anc'Uaria, Karsteu, Hattsv. i. p. xxv. ; Sacc, Syll., vol. v, p. 1125. Panneolus, Fries (in part). Allied to Pano.eolus, but distinguished by the presence of a more or less perfect ring round the stem, bearing in fact the same relation to Panacolus that Amanita does to Amanitopsis amongst the Leucosporae. Anellaria separata. Karst. (fig. 2, 5, p. 303.) rilcius 1-Jjj- in. across, hciglit about the same, ovate, then campanulate, not expanding, viscid, even, ochraceous, then whitish, shining, flesh rather thick ; gills adfixed, ascending. ANELLARIA. 331 thin, crowded, broad, greyisli-black, margin paler; stem 3-5 in. long, straight, base subclavate, attenuated upwards, whitish, shining, apex striatulate, ring persistent, distant ; spores broadly elliptic-fusiform, black, opaque, 10 x 7 /x. Anelaria sej>a7-ata, Karsten, HattsY. i. p. 517; Sacc, Syll. 6, n. 4560. Agaricus (Panaeolus) separatus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 218 ; Cke., Illustr. t., 623. On dung. Bather variable in size. Whole plant whitish when old, distinguished by the campanulate pileus that is often wrinkled when old, and the long stem with a persistent ring. Pileus campanulate, but very obtuse at the summit, ^-1^ in. from the base to the apex, not expanding at the base without cracking, yellowish-white, glutinous, smooth, polished, " wrinkled when old like wash-leather," (With.) Lamellae 2-3 lines broad, vanishing towards the margin of the pileus, very dark grey, numerous. Stipes 3-6 in. high, white, hollow, rather firm, 2-3 lines thick, shining, somewhat bulbous, sprinkled with the dark sporules, veil rather fugacious. (Grev.) Anellaria scitula. Massee. Pileus about h in. across, obtuse, campanulate, smooth, even, viscid, margin exceeding the gills, dirty pale ochre, flesh thin, white; gills almost free, crowded, becoming ashy grey, speckled with the black spores, margin entire, paler ; stem 1-1 1 in. long, not a line in thickness, fistulose, white, shining, base peronate, the sheath ending in a persistent ring below the middle of the stem ; spores black, opaque, with a colourless hilum, 12-13 X 4 /z,. Andlaria scitula, Massee, Sacc, SylL, vol. vi. n. 4562. Agaricus (Panaeolus^ scitulus, Massee, Grev. xv. p. 65 : Cke., Illustr., 625b; Cke., Hdbk., p. 219. On soil in a flower pot. Resembling A. separata in minia- ture, but differing in the sheathed stem and basal ring. Anellaria fimiputris. Karsten. Pileus 1-2 in. across, submembranaceous, conico-expanded, sabgibbous, even, viscid, smoky-grey, pale dingy ochraceous when dry; gills adnate, 2-3 lines broad, greyish-black, margin the same colour ; stem 3-5 in. long, about 2 lines 332 FUNGUS-FLOKA. thick, often rather flexuoiis, equal, smooth, pallid, ring im- perfect, but its position always evident, hollow; spores elliptical, apiculate, 9-10 x 0 /x, Anellaria fimiputris, Karsten, Hattsv. i. p. 518: Sacc, Syll. 6, n. 4:)C.l. Afjaricus {Panaeolus) JmijJutrL^, Cke., Ildbk., p. 218; Cke., Illustr,, pi. 626 (called Agariais (Panaeolus) phalenarum by mistake"). Ayaricnsjimijniiris, Bull., Champ., t. 66. On dung. Distinguished amongst the British species of Anellaria by the very imperfect ring, which is usually only indicated by a pale zone round the stem. In Bulliard's plate, the pileus in one specimen is broadly expanded, depressed in the centre and margin arched ; the gills show a tinge of brownish-red, and there is a tuft of several spe- cimens springing from the same point. i'ileus rather fleshy, conical, then expanded, about 1 in. across, subgibbous, even, glabrous, viscid, smoky-grey or livid ; ^ stem 2-4 in. long, 1 lino thick, equal, glabrous, becoming pale, with an annular zone above the middle; gills as in Anellaria separata, but less ascending. Slenderer than the last-named species, more fragile, and ring incom- plete. (Fries.) PANAEOLUS. Fries, (fig. 3, p. 303.) Pileus slightly fleshy, never striated; gills adnexed, ascending in a conical manner, slate-grey, mottled with the black spores; stem central, smooth, witliuut trace of a riij<^; spores black. '^ ' Panaeolus, Fries, Epicr., p. 234; Cke., Ildbk., p. 217; (in both instances as a siibgcnus of Aijarieus.) Distinguished amongst the Melanosporao by the even, non- striate pileus and the absence of a more or less evident rin<'- on the stem. In Psatlujrelhi the jnlcus is striate, and the gills altogether black and not mottled : in Anellaria there is a ring on the stem, Avhereas in Cojvinus the gills deliquesce into a black, inky liquid at maturity. The pileus remains conical or campanulate, and does not become expanded, hence the margins of the gills ascend and form a hollow cone round the stem. PANAEOLUS. 333 * Pileiis viscid, sTiining lohen dry. Panaeolus leucophanes. B. & Br. Pileus about 2- ^'^- across, obtuse, campanulate, viscid, shining when dry, white, minutely silky, here and there stained subochraceous ; margin appendiculate ; gills aduate, pale greyish flesh-colour, theu blackish, margin white ; stem attenuated upwards, white, about 2 in. high and 1 line thick in the centre, fibrillose and sparingly scattered with mealy particles, hollow, slightly wavy or undulate ; spores sub- cymbiform, 9 /x long. Agaricus (^Panaeolus) leucoplianes, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1137, pi. 2, f. 1 ; Cke. Hdbk., p. 218. In grass fields. Allied to Anellaria separata, but smaller and jDaler in colour and wdthout a ring. Panaeolus egregius. Massee. Pileus 2i in. high by 2 in. broad, ovate-campanulate, smooth, even, viscid when moist, bright orange-brown, disc darker, fleshy, exceeding the gills at the margin, with a trace of agglutinated down on the pileus, slightly wj'inkled when dry, flesh 1 line or more thick, ochra- ceous : stem 5 in. long and ^ in. or more thick, slightly thickened at the base, solid, fibrillose, readily splitting longi- tudinally, pale brijwn without and within, duller than the pileus, white and cottony at the base, smooth at the apex ; gills broad, ^ in. or more at the centre, ventricose, adnexed, crowded, thin, brownish black, edge entire, paler, dry, not deliquescent, spores brown, then blackish, oblong-ovate, with a minute apiculus, 15-17 X 7-8 /x. Agaricus (Panaeolus) egregius, Massee, Grevillea, vol. xiv. p. 91 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 218; Cke., Hlustr., pi. 624. On the ground. Solitary ; a fine and large species with- out any close affinitj'^ with any known species. There is no trace of a ring. There is just a tinge of purple about the gills at maturity. Panaeolus phalaenarum. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, rather fleshy, campanulato-convex, obtuse, even, viscid, glabrous, greyish, then yellowish clay- colour, fragments of the veil attached to the margin ; gills adnexed, } in. broad, greyish-black ; stem 3-5 in. long, 2 lines or more thick, equal, straight or very slightly flexuous, rather 334 FUNGUS-FLORA. firm, almost naked, pale reddish-pink, liollow; spores ellip- tical, 10 X 0 /x. Afjaricus (Panaeolus) i^halaenarum, Fries, Epicr., p. 235 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 219; Cke., Illustr., pi. 625 (called Agaricus (PanaeoJiis) fimqmtris by mistake). Agarirns pludaenarum. Bull., t. 58. On dung. Closely allied to Panaeolus papilionaceus, but larger, the pileus viscid and yellowish clay-colour, like Anellar'ia separata, stem reddish. Exactly intermediate between AneUaria separata and Panaeolus papilionaceus ; difiters from the first in the absence of a ring, and the equal, rufescent stem, the much more convex pileus appendiculate at the margin ; the fragments, however, are fugacious and not usually seen ; from the latter, present species is known by the veil, viscid pileus, and whitish clay -colour. (Fries.) ** Pileus not viscid, suhflocculose ichen dry. Panaeolus retirugis. Fr. (fig. 3, p. 303, ) Pileus about 1 in. across, at first almost globose, then hcmisi)herical, subumbonate, minutely mealy, opaque, moist, furnished with anastomosing raised ribs, pinkish tan-coloxir ; margin with irregular fragments of the veil attached ; flesh rather thick ; gills adnexed, ascending, 2 lines or more broad, greyish black; stem 2-4 in. long, about 2 lines thick, equal, pruinose, purplish flesh-colour, hollow ; spores elliptic- fusiform, 11-13 X 7 /x. A^iarirHH {Panaeolus) retirugis, Fries, Epicr., p. 235 ; Ck., Hdbk., p. 219; Ck., Illustr., pi. 627. Agaricus carhonarius, Batsch, fig. 91. On dung. Distinguislied amongst the species of Panaeolus by the raised riljs on the pileus and its appendiculate margin. The pileus is sometimes greyish, when it approaches P. phalenarum ; the latter, however, has the pileus even. Closely resembling, superficially, Pmtlnjra rorrugis, Avhich is, how- ever, distinguished by the violet-l)lack gills. Pileus 1-2 in. broad and high, at first obtiise, conic, re- ticulato-rugulose ; at length cnuqjanulate, dark cinereous, livid Avhcn dry; the ring lpr(jken into triangular loops or laciuiao, fringing the margin, which is minutely downy and PANAEOLUS. 335 frequently split. Gills adnate, ascending, mottled, cinereous- black, subdeliquescent ; sporules elliptical, siibapiculate, brown-black. Stem 2-6 in. high, sqiiamuloso-tomentose, pulverulent, often beaded with little drops, striate above, nearly white, at length rufescent ; zoned within. (Berk.) Panaeolus sphinctrinus. Fr. Pileus 5— 1 in. across, parabolic, obtuse, opaque, even, glabrous, when moist smoky-black, livid and rather silky when dry, margin at first fringed with fragments of the white veil, flesh thin, pale umber; gills adnate, crowded, about 2 lines broad, greyish-black, edge similarly coloured ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick or more, equal, straight, smokj' gvey, apex slightly pruinose, base more or less rufous, fragile, hollow. Agaricus (^Panaeolus) sphinctrinus. Fries, Epicr., p. 235 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 219 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 628. On dung, &c., somewhat resembling PanaeoZMsp/r, itc At one time confounded with PauaeoJns campaunhiius, but quite distinct although closely allied, and recognised by the much paler hemi- splierical pilous, paler stem, and broader, broadly aduate gills. The present species is altogether a firmer fungus. Closely allied to Panacolm canqianulatiis, but certiinly distinct; stem even, whitish, apex even and powdered with white: pilous hemispherical (not caaipanulate), when dry commonl}' rimoso-squamose, dry, pallid ; gills broadly adnate, 3-4 lines broad (often broader than long) plane. (Fries.) *** Pileus not viscid smooth, shining, zoneless. Panaeolus campanulatus. Linn. Pileus about 1^ in. high and broad, rather fleshy, campa- nulate, often more or less umbonate, not expanded nor split- ting, dry, even, glabrous, rather slimy, brown becoming rufescent; gills adfixed, 2 lines or more broad, ascending^ grey variegated with black, edge usually Avhitish ; stem 3-5 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, equal straight, every part ru- fescent, apex striate, at first frosted with white meal, then powdered with the black spores, hollow; spores elliptical 8-9x0/.. - 1 ' Agaricus campanulatus, Linn., 8uec., 2, n. 1213. Agaricus (Panaeolus) campanulatus, Fries, llym Eur p. 311 : Cke., lldbk., p. 220 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 629. On the ground where manure is abundant, tl'c. Allied to Panaeolus papiUunnccus, but distinguished by the campanu- late, more or less umbonate, rufescent stem, and the ascend- ing gills. In rainy weatlier the stem is often beaded with m(jisture. A^eil exceedingly fugacious. Stem hollow, straight, comnionly 3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, even, glabrous, lufous, apex distinctly striate, and at first pruinose, then powdered black with the falling spores. I'ileus rather fieshy, canipanulate, then convex, oi'len umbo- nate, not cracking, dry, even, rather shining, l-l in. high and broad, smoky-brown, rufous wlien dry. (Tills adnate, ascending, crowded, grey variegated with black. \'eil fuga- cious, often absent. A much smaller variety also exists. In PANAEOLUS. 337 both forms the stem is often studded with drops of water in rainy weather. (Fries.) Panaeolus caliginosus. Jungh. Pileus about J} in, high and -},- in. broad, rather fleshy, obtuse, even, smooth, brown ; gills slightly adnexed, 1 .} lines broad, ascending, lanceolate, smoky-black ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line or more thick, equal, naked, coloured like the pileus, straight, hollow ; spores elliptical, blackish, 10 X 6-7 fx. Agariciis caliginosus, Junghuhn, Linnea, vol. v. t. vi. f. 13. Agaricus (Panaeolus') caliginosus, Fries, Hvm. Eur., p. 312; Cko., Hdbk., p. 220; Cke., Illustr., pi. OSIa". In open pastures amongst grass, &c. Distinguished amongst the smaller species of Panaeolus by the brown pileus and stem. Fries says that he has seen a very delicate veil present in this species. **** Pileus not viscid, ivith a dark-coloured marginal zone. Panaeolus sub-balteatus. B. & Br. Caespitose. Pileus li-2 in. across, convex with mai-gin slightly incurved, then expanded, obtuse or slightly umbo- nate, rather fleshy, hygrophanous, dull, deep fawn-colour, paler when dry, slightly rugose, marked near the margin Avith a dark, narrow zone ; gills brownish, slightly ventricose, adnate, margin white, serrulate ; stem 2-2^ in. high, 2 lines thick, fistulose, red-brown, brittle, longitudinally fibrous, with short white fibrils ; veil none ; spores black. Agaricus (^Panaeolus) sub-halt eatus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 923 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 220 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 631b. On the ground. The dark zone appears to depend on the amount of moisture in the pileus. Panaeolus acuminatus. Fr. Pileus H-l in. across, rather fleshy, conical, ajoex subacute, even, glalarous, shining, yellowish clay-colour with a flesh tinge, with a dark encircling zone near the uneven margin ; gills adnexed, 1] line broad, ventricose, crowded, at length black; stem l-li in. long, 1^ line thick, equal, pale upwards, brownish towards the base, pruiuose, hollow. Agaricus (^Panaeolus) acuminatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 237 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 220 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. G32a. VOL. I. Z 338 FUNGUS-FLORA. On dung and amongst grass by roadsides, &c. Stem 1 in. long, (" up to 3 in."), whitish, fuscous below, base incrassated. Pileus large in proportion, fleshy-clay- colour, (" foxy- violet " Seer.), margin at first crenulated. (Fries.) Panaeolus fimicola. Fr. Pileus l-^l in. across and high, slightly fleshy, campanu- lato-convex, obtuse, ghilirous, opaque, dingy grey when moist, palei- and yellowish when dry, with a narrow brown encircling zone near the margin ; gills adnate, 2 lines or more broad, grey, variegated with smoky-black ; stem 2-4 in. high, 1 line or more thick, equal, fragile, whitish, powdered with white meal upwards, hollow. Agaricm (Panaeolus) fimicola. Fries, Syst, Myc, i. p. 301 ; Cke., Ildbk., p. 221 ; Cke., Illustr., pL 632 b. Agaricus varius, Bolton, t. GQ, f. 1. On dung and in rich pastures, &c. Stem soft, fragile, obsoletely silky-striatulate, 2-4 in. long. Pileus when moist commonly smoky-gre}-, when dry greyish clay-colour, sometimes discoid. Gills semi-ovate with a minute decurrent tooth. (Fries.) Panaeolus cinctulus. Bolton. Pileus 1-2 .\ in. across, campanulate, then expanded, smooth, even, reddish cinnamon colour Avith a band 5—5- in. broad of a dark brown colour near to or q^^ite up to the margin ; flesh \ in. and more thick at the disc, gradually tapering to tlie margin of the pileus, which extends beyond the gills ; the dark brown colour of the band on the pilens permeates tlie flesh ; gills rather close, free, ventricose, 2 lines and more broad, dusky-black ; stem 3-5 in. high, 2 lines and more thick, equal, hollow, dingy brown within and without. Agarkus cinctulus, Bolton, I^i.^t. Fung. Halifax, p. 152, t. 152. Panaeolus fimicola, var. cinctulus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 221. On dunghills. Tlie above description is drawn up from Bolton's figure and description, and appears to be (juite distinct from any described s]>eGies. The fungus is probably a Panaeolus as suggested by the margin of the pileus being continued Vicyonil the gills, but the flesh is thicker than usual in the Melanosporae. PSATHYRELLA. 339 The root is small, round, hard, firm, and furnished with numerous fibres. The stem is cylindrical, tall, of a dark fuscous-colour, both Avithin and without; it is hollow, and splits in long brown filaments. The gills are arranged in three series ; they are very broad in the middle, and diminish to each extremity ; the colour is a dusky black, the substance tender and brittle. The pileus is convex, it is a kind of red deer colour, with a broad belt of a dark brown, which colour is not only on the surface but penetrates the whole substance of the pileus ; in young plants the marginal light circle is wanting ( = the dark zone reaches the margin of the pileus). Gi-rows on dunghills, after rain, in June and July. (Bolton.) PSATHYRELLA. Fries, (figs. 4, U, p. 303.) Stem central ; pileus membranaceous, striated, margin straight and pressed to the stem when young, not extending beyond the free, adnexed, or adnate, persistent (not deli- quescent) gills ; veil inconsj^icuous ; spores black. Agaricus, subgen. Psatliyrella, Fries, Epicr., p. 237 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 221. Distinguished from Panaeolus and Anellaria, by the striate pileus, and from Coprinus by the persistent, and not deli- quescent gills. The aberrent genus Gomphidius is distin- guished by the subgelatinous nature of the gills and the large fusiform spores. The present genus is closely allied to Psathyra, a genus in- cluded in the Porphyrosporae ; but in the latter the purple or brown colour of the spores is distinctive. * Steyn straight, apex not mealy. Psathyrella substrata. Fr. Pileus i~\h in. across, rather membranaceous, campanulate, then expanded, obtuse, glabrous, slightly striate at the margin, often rugulose, rufous-umber, when dry rufeseent, becoming pale ; gills adnate, rather narrow, crowded, smoky, then blackish; stem 4-5 iu. long, about l.l lines thick, hol- z 2 340 FUNGUS-FLOEA. low, straight, rather firm, rather silky and shining, white, then pallid, nakofl. Ag. (PsathyrcUa) substratus. Fries, Epicr., p. 238; Cke,, Hdbk., p. 221 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 633. Amongst grass, ite. 3n the typical form the stem is 4-5 in. long, in form media 2-3 in., in form minor little more than 1 in. ; pilens snlmm- bonate, fnliginons when moist, siibolivaceous ; gills ventri- cose, 2 lines broad. (Fries.) Tufted. Pileus fleshy, brown-orange, paler at the margin, when young sericeous, 2-5 in. broad, convex, sometimes glutinous, rarely scaly. Lamellae adnate, rather broad, pale, greyish, at length somewhat greenish, numerous. Stipes 2-5 in. long, about ^- in. thick, firm, cjdindrical, crooked, scarcely quite solid, but filled with a fibrous spongy mass. Flesh yellowish-white. Veil fugacious, staining the stipes more or less. Taste bitter. (Grev.) Psathyrella gracilis. Fr. Pileus r--l in. across, sulimembranaceons, conical, then ex- panded, slightly striate when moist, hygrophanous, brown- ish when moist, pale dingy yellow or tinged with rose- colour when dry and without striae ; gills broadly adnate, about 2 lines broad, rather distant, broadest behind, grey- ish-black; margin with a slight rosy tint : stem about 3 in. long, l-H lines thick, straight, naked, pallid, holknv ; spores ellij)tical, 7 x 3-3 • 5 /x. Aqaricus (Psafhi/reUa) gracilis, Fries, Syst. Myc. Eur. i. p. 2it9,; Cke., lldbk., p. 221 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 634. On banks under hedges, &c. Fries says that a corrugated variety exists that very much resembles Psailujra corrugis. In Cooke's figures the stem is represented as being attenuated into a rooting base. Gregarious, fragile owing to its rigidit3\ Stem hollow, very straight, 3 in. long and more, scarcely a lino thick, equal, naked, glabrous, Avhitish, base rootless, furnished with white down. Fileus membranaceous, campanulate, obtuse, .1-1 in. broad, glabrous, even, slightly pellucido- striate towards the margin, smoky, livid, il'C, but hygro- jihanous; when dry clay-colour, rosy, or whitish, soft to the touch. Gills broadly adnate, generally broadest behind PSATHYEELLA. 341 (rarely linear), almost distant, at first whitish, then from the black spores greyish-black, edge rose-colour. (Fries.) Psathyrella hiascens. Fr. Pileiis about 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulate, glabrous, sulcate and splitting, disc even, brownish, the remainder pallid or greyish ; gills attached to the stem, rather distant, broadest behind, pale, then blackish ; stejn lJ-2 in. long, 1-1 i lines thick, straight or slightly curved at the base, brittle, rigid, glabrous, white, hollow ; spores elliptical, 7 X 3 • 5 ^. Agaricus (^Psathyrella) hiascens. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 303 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 635. Under hedges, damp woods, &c. With the hal^it of a Copriims of the Veliformes section, but distinguished by its rigidity, and by the dry gills. Stem fistulose, 3 in. long, 1 line thick, straight, rigid, and fragile, glabrous, naked, whitish. Pileus membranaceous, conico- campanulate, obtuse, 1 in. high, glabrous, livid, then yellowish, soon (usually uj) to the middle) with gaping fissures as in the slender species of Coprinus, but dry and persistent, not difiluent, margin at length splitting and revolute. Gills adnate, narrow, linear or subattenuated in front, distinct, distant, whitish, then black, at length very black. Spores black. (Fries.) Psathyrella arata. Berk. (fig. 14. p,303.) Pileus |— 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulato-conio, rather acute, margin coarsely and deeply sulcate, brown, l^aler when dry ; gills free, lanceolate, slightly broadest in front, black with a tinge of purple; stem 4-5 in. long, slender, gradually and slightly attenuated upwards, white, smooth, even, hollow. Agaricus (Psathyrella) aratus. Berk., Outl., p. 176; Cke., Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 636. Under hedges, &c. With somewhat the habit of Psathyrella substrata, but distinguished from this and every other species by the pale brown pileus having the margin coarsely sulcate, and the long, white, tapering stem. Psathyrella trepida. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulat(;, 342 FUNGUS-FLORA. margin sometimes rather wavy, oLtnse, glaLrous, disc even, very closely striatulate, liygrophanous, fuliginous, apex fuscous ; gills adiiate, crowded, 1 line or more broad, ven- tricose, thin, sooty-black; stem 3 in. long, straight or slightly wavy, glabrous, l-lo- lines thick, equal, whitish, glabrous, pellucid, hollow. Affaricus {PsathyreUa) trepidus, Fries, Epicr., p. 238 : Cke., Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 655 A. In muddy marshes and damp places. Very fragile, stem usually rather yva.\y : pileus with closely-crowded but not deep striae. Stem fistulose, 3 in. long, almost 1 line thick, equal, straight (rarely llexuous), glabrous and naked, diaphanous, hyaline. Pileus membranaceous, very fragile, campanulate, obtuse, 1 in. and more across, glabrous, disc even, spadiceous, the remainder densely striatulate, fuliginous. Gills adnate. crowded, ventricose, very thin, smoky-black. Spores black. (Fries.) PsathyreUa hydrophora. Bull. Pileus 1 in. and more across, membranaceous, campanulate, then expanded, the striate margin becoming upturned, glabrous, disc broad, even, rufous, remainder paler; gills adnate, crowded, about 1 line broad, livid, then black ; stem 2-5—3 in. high, ascending and straight from a curved base, smooth, white, hollow, often beaded with minute drops (if water. A(iaricus (PmthyreUa) hjdropJiorns, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 314; Cke., Hdbk., p. 222; Cke., Illustr., pi. 655 n. Agaricus hydropliorns, Bull., Chamji., t. 558, f. 2. On the ground in gardens, &c. Intermediate between the present genus and Copriaus, but the gills are not truly diffluent. Stem fragile, straight, 3 in. long, 1 line or a little more in thickness, glabrous, in rainy weather beaded with moisture, white, veil fugacious, at first appendiculate. Pileus submembranaceous, conico-campanulate, obtuse, then ex- panded and revolute, glabrous, disc even, margin striate, rufescent. Gills adnate, ascending, crowded, narrow, linear, livid-black, edge of the same colour. (Fries.) PSATHYRELLA. 343 ** Stem more or less flexuous, apex mealy. Psathyrella caudata. Fr. Pileus 1^-2 in. across, ruembranaceoiis, conico-campanulate, margin striate, bygrophanoiis, dry, disc even, pale ochra- ceous; gills adnate, then adnexed, 2 lines or more broad, greyish-black ; stem 3-5 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, often wavy, whitish, hollow, attenuated into a rooting base. Agaricus (Psathyrella) caudatus, Fr., Obs. ii. p. 187 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 637. In gardens, &c. Very fragile. Stem 3 in. and more in length, about 2 lines thick, apex obsoletely pulverulent. Pileus when ex- panded 2 in. across, dry, not rugose, clay-colour, with a tinge of flesh-colour, splitting and almost deliquescent in rainy weather. (Fries.) A condition of the present species is described as follows by Berk. & Broome. A small form. Pileus at first sienna- 1 )rown, at length whitish, often transversely cracked ; stem at first white, fibrillose ; gills ventricose, adnate. Stem fistulose, 3 in. and more long, almost 2 lines thick, attenuated from the thickened rooting-base, very fragile, curved, at length tortuous, surface undulated, apex powdered with white meal, pallid-white. Veil none. Pileus mem- branaceous, very delicate, conical, then campanulate, at length expanded and 2 in. or more broad, glabrous, disc subgibbous, even, the remainder pellucid, striate, not corru- gated, spadiceous; in moist weather splitting and subdeli- quescent; quite firm in dry weather, clay-colour with a tinge of flesh-colour. Gills adnate, 4 lines broad, distinct, gi-eyish-black, edge similarly coloured. Habit almost that of P. gracilis, but abundantly distinct. Spores black when thrown on white paper, on black paper blackish-brown. (Fries.) Psathyrella pronus. Fr. Pileus ?,-H in. across, membranaceous, hemispherical, obtuse, striate, hygrophanous, opaque and minutely silky-atomate when dry, pale smoky-ochraceous ; gills adnate, rather dis- tant, ventricose, 1 line or more broad, greyish-black ; stem about \\ in. long, \ line thick, equal, rather wavy, whitish, semi-pellucid, minutely hollow ; spores elliptical, 10 x 4-5 /a. 344 FUNGUy-FLORA. Agaricus {Psathyrclla) jjronus, Fries, Ei)ier., p. 239; Cke., Hdbk., p. 223; Cke., Illustr., pi. G5G A. Amongst grass. Often tufted, fragile. Stem filiform, lax, j-et fragile, 1] in. long, apex obsoletely liruiuose, remainder very glabrous. Pileus 4-G lines broad, smoky, hoary when dry. Gills siibtriangular, margin some- times obsoletely rosy. Spores very black. (Fries.) Var. Smithii, ]\Iass. Pileus 2 lines across, hemispherical, stem 1?, in. high, filiform, pallid, gills broad in proportion. Cke., Illustr., pi. G56 b. On the ground in woods (Worth. G. Smith). Stem distinctly fistulose, ] ', in. long, filiform, flexuous, lax, equal, very smooth, apex pruinose under a lens, becoming pallid. I'ileus membranaceous;, campanulate, then hemi- S})herical, very ol>tuse, 4— C lines broad, glabrous, pellucido- striate, hygrojihorus, fuliginous when moist, hoary when dry, obsoletely minutely silky-atomate. Gills adnate, plane, subtriangular, distant, 2 lines broad, livid-fuliginous, spotted with black with the spores. (Fries.) Psathyrella empyreumatica. B. & Br. I'ileus Ij, in. across, expanded, hygrophanous, atomate, rufous, becoming pale, margin crenate ; gills 2 lines broad, connected by veins, thick, distant, adnate with a decurrent tooth, rufous, then brown-purple, margin pale; stem 2-2?, in. high, ]}, lines thick, minutely fistulose, silky-furfuraceous, pale. Strong-scented. Agaricus (PsailijireJld) nnjryrpnmnticiis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist, n. 12G2; Cke., lldbk.,"p. 223; Cke., Illustr., t. G57 A. On a wooden pavement. Resembling Ag. confragosiifi (= Pholioia confragosa) so closely that, till tlie spores were observed, it was taken for that species. (B. »t Br.) Psathyrella atomata. Fr. Pileus ab(jut 1 in. across, submembranaceous, campanulate, obtuse, then expanded, indistinctly striate at the margin, hygrophanous, when dry rugulose and covered with glistening particles, not torn, pale oehraceons, often tinged with rose-colour ; gills adnate, rather distant, about li line broad, margin minutely and irregularly toothed, greyish, PSATHYEELLA. 345 then black ; stem about 2 in. long, 1 line or more thick, rather wavy, hollow, white, apex mealy ; spores elliptical, 10 X 4: fl. Arjaricus (^PsathireUa) atomatus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 298 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 223 ; Cke., Illiistr., pi. 638. On the ground under hedges, bushes, &c. Pileus resembling that of Psathyrella gracilis, livid and becoming tinted with rose-colour or whitish, but more fragile than the last-named fungus ; stem not straight, shorter (2 inches), rootless, not glabrous. Gills ventricose, rather distant, edge coloured like the rest or whitish. (Fries.) Stem hollow, 2 inches long, about 1 line thick, equal, not rooting, even, slightly wavy (not straight), white, apex powdered with white meal. Pileus membranaceous, obtuse, ^-1 in. broad, lightly striatulate, becoming livid, striae absent when dry, rugulose, powdered with shining atoms, clay-colour or pallid-pinkish, sometimes reddish. Gills adnate, broad, ventricose, rather distant, whitish, but from the black spores greyish-black. (Fries.) Psathyrella crenata. Lasch. Pileus }r~l in. across, membranaceous, hemispherical, obtuse, margin crenate, sulcate half way up, hygrophanous, whitish with a tinge of yellow, disc darker, and atomate when dry ; gills adnate, rather ventricose, rather broad, yellow-brown, then blackish ; stem 1^-2 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, slightly curved near the base, fragile, whitish, striate and mealy above, hollow; spores elliptical, 11-13 x 5-6 /x. Agaricus (Psathyrella) crenatus, Lasch, in Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 315 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 223 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 847. Amongst grass. Fragile. Stem 1 i in. long. Pileus f-1 in. broad, ochraceous or rufescent, becoming pale. (Fries.) Distinguished by the coarsely sulcate pileus and crenate margin. Psathyrella disseminata. Pers. (fig. 4, p. 303.) Densely tufted. I'ileus about J in. across, membranaceous, ovate-campanulato, at first scurfy then naked, coarsely striate, margin entire, yellowish then grey ; gills adnate. 346 FUNGUS-FLORA. narrow, Avhitish, then grey, finally blackish; stem 1-1}, in. long, rather curveil, mealy then smooth, fragile, hollow. Afjaricus (Psathyrella') disseminalus, Pers., Syn., p. 403; Cke., Hdl)k., p. 223 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 657 b. About trunks of trees, and on the ground. Forming large, dense tufts ; very slender and fragile, soon flaccid, but not deliquescent. Crowded. Pileus ovate, conical, at length campanulate, \-l in. from the base to the apex, .striate and plicate, membranaceous, pale buff or reddish-brown, at length grc}', becoming flaccid and dissolving. Lamellae distant, narrow, pale brown. Stipes 1-3 inches long, slender, weak, brittle, crooked, hollow, pale yellowish, whitish or greyish. Par- ticularly partial to old willow-trees, and when growing on a stump of a felled tree often covering nearly a square yard. (Grev.) GOMPHIDIUS. Fries, (figs. 7-9, p. 303.) Stem central, expanding gradually and without differentia- tion into the fleshy pileus ; gills decurrent, distant, soft, rather mucilaginous, edge acute ; veil floccose, viscid, forming an imperfect ring round the stem ; spores large, elongato-fusiforni, smoky-olive; cystitlia large. Gompliidius, Fries, Epicr., p. 319 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 399 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 284. A very distinct genus, characteiised by the peculiar tough, elastic substance of the entire fungus, pileus glutinous when moist, as is also the floccose veil ; gills decurrent, generally more or less tinged with dingy olive at maturity, soft and mucilaginous. Spores very large, elongated and narrowly fusiform, dingy olive, in form resembling those characteristic of the species oi Boletus ; a genus without close aflinities, and might with ctjuid reasons have been placed in any other group with coloured spores. Fries says, from the habit, its position is between Cortinarms and Hi/(jro^horus. Gomphidius glutinosus. Schacfif. Pileus 2-5 ill. across, obtuse, margin for a long time incurved, glutinous, purplish-brown or fulvous, flesh thick except at the incurved margin, white; veil viscid; gills GOMPHIDIUS. 347 rather distant, about 2 lines broad, slightly decurrent, whitish, then grey, finally greenish-olive ; stem 2-4 in. long ■|-| in. thick, subequal, whitish, ring indistinct, solid, flesh white except towards the base, where it is yellow; spores elongato-fnsiform, smoky-olive, 18-20 x 6 /i, Gomphidius glutinosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 315; Cke., Hdbk., p. 284; Cke., Illustr., pL 879. In fir woods. Pileus 2-5 in. broad ; gills truly branched ; stem 2-3 in. or more high, ^ in. thick, dirty white, the base thickened and yellow, sometimes adorned wiih black scales. (Fries.) The whole fungus is elastic, pileus glutinous, stem often also viscid from the remains of the viscid veil ; gills more or less decurrent (said by Fries to be adnexed). Distinguished by the bright yellow flesh at the base of the stem. Gomphidius viscidus. Fr. (fig. 7-9, p. 303.) Pileus 2—6 in. broad, viscid, convex then depi'essed round the disc and obtusely umbonate, margin acute, reddish- brown, flesh thick, pale yellowish-brown ; gills rather distant, decurrent, elastic, branched, becoming purplish- umber with an olive tinge; stem 3-5 in. long, |-1 in. thick, subequal or slightly ventricose, pale yellow-brown, more or less floccose, ring imperfect, solid, flesh yellowish-brown, deepest at the base; spores elongato-fusiform, 18—20 x 6 /x. Gomphidius viscidus, Fries, Syst. M^c. i. p. 315; Cke., Hdbk., p. 284; Cke., Illust., pi. 881. Under fir-trees, &c. Stem rhubarb-colour within ; pileus 2-3 in. diameter, stem 3—4 in. long, -}, in. thick, but these dimensions are often exceeded, gills pallid then greenish, at length purple-umber. (Cooke.) Pileus 2-3 in. broad, top-shaped, umbonate, yellow in the centre, the margin liver-coloured, shining; gills decurrent, somewhat branched, firm, elastic, thick, entire, purple- brown, the shorter connected with the longer ; spores dark, fusiform. Stem 3 in. high, -|— J in. thick, rhubarb-coloured without and within, fibrillose, attenuated below, firm, solid, slimy from the remains of the veil, which forms an obsolete filamentous ring. (Berk.) 348 rUNGUS-FLOKA. Gomphidius maculatus. Scop. rik'us about '■> iu. across, fleshy, convex, viscid, wliitisli, spotted when old with black, flesh thick, white; stem shorter than diameter of pileus, firm cj'lindrical, yellow, flesh reddish; gills dociirrent, thick, branched, umber. Gomphidius ntarnldtns, Fries, Epicr., p. oVJ. Cke., Hdbk., p. 284. Agaricus macnlatns, Scopoli, Carm. ii. p. 448. Gomphidius stillatus, Straus, in Sturm, fasc. 33, t. 2. In woods. It is doubtful whether the above species is in reality a member of the British flora ; it is introduced on the authority of specimens found and figured by Cooke which are considered to be a variety of the above, but which difi'er so much that as species are at present understood in the genus Gomphidius, it ajipears to be as distinct as any other described ; however, in deference to Cooke's opinion the supposed variety will be considered as such, and as Cooke did not give it a distinctive name, it may be named and described as follows. Var. Cookei. Mass. Pileus 1-2 in. across, convex, then either subdepressed or gibbous, viscid, whitish, with black stains especially near the margin, flesh thick in the centre, very thin towards the margin ; gills decurrent, distant, about 1 i line broad, whitish then brownish ; stem 3 in. long, \ in. thick at the apex, attenuated downwards, pale above becoming blackish towards the base, flesh dark at the base, solid ; spores 20 X 5-0 IX. Gomphidius maculatus, var., Cke., Illustr., pi. 882. In woods. The form figured in " Illustrations " differs from the type in the longer stem, which is not yellow, but is attenuated and turns blackish at the base. Pileus 2 in. ; stem 3 in. or UKjre long. (Cooke.) Gomphidius roseus. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, obtuse or often slightly depressed when (lid, glutinous, var^dng from pale pink to bright rose- red colour, flesh iliick exce])t at the margin, whitish; veil tliick, filamentous; gills 1 line or more broad, decurrent, GOMPHIDIUS. 349 rather distant, forked, whitisli-grej, finally olive ; stem li-2 in. long, l-'^ in. thick, whitish, more or less attenuated downwards, whitish, ring imperfect, solid, flesh more or less tinged wdth red at the base ; spores smoky-olive, elongato- fusiform, 16-18 x 7 fx. Gomphidius roseus, Fries, Hym. Enr., p. 400 ; Cke., Ilhistr., pi. 880. Gomphidius viscosus, var. B. roseus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 284, In woods. Pileus 2 in, broad, plano-convex, very slimy, of a beau- tiful strawberr}' colour, shining when dry with a satiny lustre. Gills albido-cinereous, very decurrent, forked, dis- tant; veil thick, filamentous and coloured within by the spores. Stem attenuated downwards, solid but spungy, silky with a pale tinge of rose, (Berk.) Gomphideus gracilis. Berk. Pileus about 1 in. across, conical, then hemispherical, sometimes depressed round the disc and subumbonate, vinous-brown or dingy tan-colour, covered with a smoke- coloured gluten which leaves blackish spots in drying, chiefly near the margin ; gills decurrent, forked, about l.V line broad, thick, whitish then pale bistre, becoming bfackish; stem 1^2 in, long, i in, thick at the apex, often thinner downwards, flexuous, pallid, with whitish squamules above, virgate below, base yellow, solid, ring obsolete; spores dingy olive, elongato-fusiform, 16-18 X 5 /a, Gomphidius gracilis. Berk., Outl., p. 196, t. 12, f. 7; Cke,, Hdbk., p. 285 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 883. In fir woods. Pileus 1 in. across, conico-subhemispherical, of a pale vinous-brown, when dry clothed with dirty fuliginous slime, which dries, especially round the margin, into black spots, or forms a narrow, irregular black border. Stem 2 in. high, 1^ line thick, flexuous, pale, especially above, where it is sprinkled with minute white scales, virgate below, with the remains of the slime, yellow at the base ; gills arched, decurrent, forked, thick, obtuse, clothed under a lens with short tomentoso hairs, of a washy bistre. (Berk.) 350 FUNGUS-FLOKA. PORPHYROSPORAE. The species included in the present group are closely allied to those of the Melanosporae, but are distinguished by a more or less distinct violet or purple tinge in the epispore at maturity, which gives to the mature gills, as also to the spores in the mass, a purple tinge. The gills are persistent, and do not deliquesce at maturity, as in the genus Coprinus. The simplest types of structure, as resupinate or lateral stemmed species, are absent from the present group, as are also species, with decurrent gills. On the other hand, we meet with generic types of a higher order than in the Me- lanosporae, as in Agaricus, where the gills are free, and a well developed secondary veil is present, forming a persistent ring on the stem ; in Cliitonia the gills are also free, and a large, persistent volva sheaths the base of the stem. Finally, in many species of Hyjiholoma, Stropharia, and Aga- ricus, the flesh of the pileus is very thick and copipact. ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. * Gills attached to the stem. I Ring imperfect or absent. Psathyra. — Stem fragile ; margin of pileus straight when young ; veil obsolete. Psilocybe. — Stem tough ; margin of pileus incurved when young ; veil obsolete. Hypholoma. — Veil attached in fragments to margin of pileus (appendiculate) ; ring fibrilloso or absent. ff liing interwoven (^forming a viembrane^, 2>crsistent on the stem. Stropharia. POKPHYROSPORAE. 351 FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE POEPEYROSFORAE. Fig. 1, Agaricus campestris, section of portion of fungus, showing the free gills and the ring surrounding the stem ; about half nat. size ; — Fig. 2, Agaricus comptulus, a fully developed specimen ; nut. size ; — Fig. 3, Stropharia aeruginosa ; half nat. size ; — Fig. 4, Chitonia ruhriceps, a specimen showing the large volva at the base of the stem ; nat. size ; — Fig. 5. section of pileus of same, showing the free gills and the hollow stem ; nat. size ; — Fig. 6, Pilosace Algeriensis, section of a portion of the pileus, showing the free gills and the tissue of the stem ditferentiated from 352 FUNGUS-FLORA. ** Gills free from the stem. Pilosace. — Volva and ring both absent. Agaricus. — ( = Psallloia, Fr.) ring on stem present; volva absent. Chitonia. — Volva at base of stem present ; ring absent. PSATIIYKA. Fries, (figs. 13 and 15, p. 351). Pileus submerabranaceous, coiiical or campanulate, then expanded, margin at first straight and jiressed to the stem ; stem central, polished, rather cartilaginous and fragile, hol- low ; gills purplish or brownish, as are also the spores ; veil absent or only universal and iloccose or fibril lose. Agaricus, subgen. Psafhijra, Fries, Epicr., p. 231 ; Cke., Ildbk., p. 213; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 304. Slender, fragile, hygrophanous. There are a few tough species analogous to the tough species of Psilocyhe. The genera included in the Melanosporae are distinguished by the gills being pale or grey at first, then black, and not brown or purplish. Veil universal, fibrillose, or entirely absent. Pileus sub- membranaceous, conical or campanulate, margin at first straight and pressed to the stem. Corresj^onds to Myccna, Nolanea, and Galera. Closely allied to Psailiyrella, from which the present is distinguished by the brown spores (not black) and the brown or purplish gills. All the species are terrestrial or grow on trunks, slender, hygro- phanous. (Fries.) that of the pilous ; nat. aizo of a small specimen ; — Fig. 7, spores of same ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 8, Stropharia melasperma, section showing the adnate gills and ring on the stem ; nat. size ; — Fig. 9, llypholoma hi/jio- xunthus; small specimen nat. size; — Fig. 10, JTyplwloma oedlpus, entire fungus ; nat. size; — Fig. 11, Fnilocijlie iidiii^, entire specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 12, section of same, sliowing adnate gills; nat. size; --Fig. 1:5, Psathyra gyroflcxa, gronp of phmts; nat. size; — Fig. 14, lliipJioloma oerf/j>M8, section of pileus ; nat. size; — Fig. 1.5, I'mthyra urticaecol a : nut. gizc; — Fig. IC, Ili/pholoma suJilaforHiuK, basidium and spores; higiily mag. ; — Fig. 17, Strojiliaria scmiijIoLata, section ; half nat. size. PSATHYEA. 353 I, CONOPILEI. Pileus conico-camjjanulate, gills adnexed, often free, ascending, stem straight ; veil absent. On the ground in grassy or moist places. Psathyra elata. Massee. Pileus 1-1 i in. across, submembranaceotis, obtusely cam- panulate, very symmetrical, dark clear brown when moist, becoming pale ocbraceons when dry, and then minutely atomate, perfectly even and glabrous ; gills adnate, crowded, about 2 lines broad, soft; stem 4-7 in. long, 3 lines thick at the base, slightly and iiniformly attenuated upwards, perfectly straight, rigid, glabrous, snow-white, silky shining, hollow, pale brown within ; spores elliptical, brown with a purple tinge, 18 x 8-9 [x. Agaricus (^Psathyra') conopileus, Fr., var. supei-hus, Jung- huhn, Cke., Hdbk., p. 378 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1158. Amongst grass on hedge-banks, &c. Considered by Cooke to be a variety of P. conopilea as stated above, but evidently a distinct species in the obtusely campanulate pileus, the broadly adnate gills, and larger sj)oies. Psathyra conopilea. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, submembranaceous, conico-cam- panulate, even, glabrous, bay-brown, becoming pale ochra- ceous when dry ; gills slightly adnexed, crowded, purple- brown ; stem 4-6 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, slightly thinner upwards, glabrous, whitish, silvery -shining, straight or wavy, hollow; spores elliptical, 14 x 7 /x. Agaricus conopileus, Fries, Syst. Mvc. i. p. 504 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 213; Cke., Illustr., pi. 575. In grassy places, gardens, &c. A large, showy species, the pileus is dark bay-brown when moist, pale whitish- ochre when dry ; the paler colour shows first at the apex of the pileus and descends to the margin. Psathyra mastiger. B. & Br, I'ileus 1-1^, in. across, at first nearly cylindrical, obtuse, then couico-campanulate with a strong mammiform umbo, usually wavy, dark rich brown, dingy tan when dry', rather fleshy, even ; gills rather narrow, ascending, affixed, umber, margin pale, veil none ; stem 3 in. or more high, 1^—2 VOL. L 2 a 354 FUNGUS-FLORA. lines thick, attenuated upwards, wliite, smootli or fibrillose and pnrpuraceous, fistulose, paler than the pileus ; spores elliptical. Agaricus {Psatliyra) masttger, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 921; pi. xiv. f. G; Ckc, Hdbk., p. 213; Cke., lUustr., t. 591 A. Amongst grass on roadsides, &c. Allied to P. conopileiis, but known by the large mammiform umbo and the rich brown colour when moist. Psathyra glareosa. B. & Br. Pileus campanulate, obtuse or umbonate, h in. across, grey, apex pale chestnut, striate, very minutely tomentose ; gills broad behind, adnate, umber; stem 1-2 in. high, 1 line thick, fistulose, brown with white fibrils. Agaricus (Psathyra) glareosa, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 2011 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 213 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 591 c. On gravelly soil after wet weather. Flesh brown, espe- cially close to the gills. Psathyra corrugis. Pers. Pileus 1-2 in. across, submembranaceous, campanulate, umbonate, rather radially rugulose, very pale ochraceous often tinged with pink ; gills sinuate, adnexed, ventricose, violet black; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, smooth, white, hollow; spores elliptical, 12-14 X G H- Agaricus corrugis, Pers., Syn., p. 424 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 305 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 214; Cke., Hlustr., pi. 57G. In pastures. Pileus 1 in. or more broad, turning pale, corrugated when dry. Gills broad. Stem 2-4 in. high, 1-2 lines thick, smooth ; cottony at the base. (Fries.) Var, vinosus. Corda in Sturm, 19, t. 4. Cke., Illustr., pi. 592. Pileus with a rosy tinge, stem short. In gardens, &c. Var. gracilis. Bull., t. 501, f. 1; Agaricus pellosjpermus, Cke., Illustr., pi. 577. More slender than the tj^pe. The above varieties appear to be nothing more than more forms of the type species. PSATHYRA. 355 Psathyra gyroflexa. Fr. (fig. 13, p. 351.) Pileus i-| in. across, memlorauaceous, conico-campanulate, deeply striate half way up the pileus, atomate, becoming very pale grey, disc rufescent, gills adnexed, crowded, soft, narrow, greyish-purple; stem lh-2 in. long, about 1 line thick, equal, white silky, shining, hollow, flexuous; spores elliptical, 10 X 6 /x.. Agaricus gyroflexus, Fries, Epicr., p. 232; Cke., Hdbk., p. 214; Cke., Illustr., pi. 970. Amongst grass, &c. Scattered or usually subcaespitose. Distinguished by the slender wavy stem and rather coarsely striate pileus. With the habit of Psathjrella disseminata. Stem fistulose, formed of two tubes, very fragile, tortuous, surface undulated, 2 in. long and more, scarcely 1 line thick, dry, glabrous, shining, white. Pileus submembranaceous, conical then campanulate, obtuse, I '^^- broad, glabrous, pallid- white, margin striate. Gills adnate, ascending, broad, greyish-purple. (Fries.) II. OBTUSATI. Pileus campanulato-convex, expanded, glabrous or atomate ; gills plane or arcuato-adfixed ; veil absent. Psathyra spadicio-grisea. Schaeff. Pileus 1-1^ in. across, submembranaceous, conical then campanulate, becoming expanded, glabrous, striate to the middle, hygrophanous, bay then greyish ; gills adnexed, rather crowded, narrow, brownish; stem 1^2 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, usually curved, firm subequal or attenuated upwards, white, shining, apex striate, hollow. Agaricus spadiceo-griseus, Schaeffer, Icon., t. 237 ; Cke. Hdbk., p. 214; Cke., Illustr., pi. 611. On chips, also on and near trunks, &c. Subcaespitose or solitary, watery, fragile. With the habit and general structure of a Psathyra, but departing from the specific character in the persistent brown colour of the gills. Solitary or gregarious; often large numbers springing from the same point, but not connate. Stem hollow, 3 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, whitish, shining, apex striate, sometimes powdery. Pileus submembranaceous, very fragile, campanulate then convex, at length expanded, obtuse, glabrous, even, but owing to the translucent nature 2 A 2 356 FUNGUS-FLORA. of the pilcus, striate to the middle when moist, 2 in. and more broad, very hygrophauons, buy when moist, gi-eyish- white when dry ; gills attenuated behind, adnexed, crowded, narrow, at first ascending, then plane, umber-brown. Psathyra obtusata. Fr. Pileus -I— I in. across, sxibmembranaceons, broadly cam- panulate, obtuse, glabrous, corrugated, hygrophanous, rather shining, umber, margin paler, every part paler when dry ; gills adnate, rather distant, slightly ventricose, pale then umber; stem 1-2 in. long, rather rigid, about 1-}, line thick, equal, almost naked, whitish, usually incurved at the base, hollow ; spores elliptical, 6-7 X 4 ya. Agaricus (Psathyra) ohiusaius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 215; Cke., lllustr., ph 593. On trunks and on the ground. Solitary or tufted. Berkeley says that the stem is rooting. Stem fragile, fistulose, 2-3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, round, equal, silky-fibrillose, not meally, whitish, apex even. Veil none. Pileus submembranaceous, conical when young, then convex, at length expanded, obtuse, 1 in. and more across, bay or brownish-umber, disc even, margin striated and paler, the very thin flesh similarly coloured. Gills adnate, broad, distinct, rather distant, greyish-brown, then umber. (Fries.) Psathyra neglecta. Massee. Pileus about } in. across, convex then almost plane, even, glabrous, pale ochraccous, when dry atomate, almost white except the disc; gills slightly attached, rather broad, ventricose, at maturity purple-brown, crowded ; stem about 1 in. long, very slender, rather wavy, pellucid, glabrous, white, tinged with rufous below ; spores elliptical, purple- brown, smooth, 12 X (3 /x; cystidia abundant, fusiform, 50-GO X 12-14 IX. On the ground; Kew Gardens, Nov. 1886. Ecadily distinguished by its small size and pale colour; agreeing with Fsathyra nrticaecola most nearly in size, but belonging to a different section. PSATHYRA. 357 III. FIBRILLOSI. Pileiis and stem at first jihrillose or floccose from the remains of the universal veil. Psathyra frustulenta. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, membranaceous, fragile, cam- panulate then hemispherical, obtuse, hygroi^hanous, slightly striate, with white squamules near the margin ; gills adnate, ascending, crowded, whitish, then watery cinnamon ; stem about 2 in. long, and 1 line thick, equal, rather wavy, flocculose, white; spores elliptical, smooth, pale rusty- bro-wn, 10 X 4 /a. Afjaricus (Psathjra) frustulentus, Fries, Monogr. i. p. 422 ; Fries, Epicr., p. 209 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 307. Amongst gravel in damp places. Departs from the Erythrosporae in the rusty-brown spores, but the general structure is that of Psathyra, much more than that of Galera. Intermediate between the Dermini ( = Ochrosporae) and the Pratellae ( = Por2:)hyrosporae). Allied to the former in the fusco-ferruginous spores, to the latter in general habit, remarkable fragility, and in being very hygrophanous. Stem fistulose, 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, subundulate, usually not straight, fibrillose or with scattered white downy portions, whitish. Pileus membranaceous, very fragile, campanulate, then hemispherical, obtuse, disc slightly fleshy, about an inch broad, slightly striatulate when moist, watery ferruginous but very pale ; even and paler when dry, glabrous in both conditions, but at or near the margin whitish floccose. Gills adnate, crowded, ascending, watery cinnamon, then brownish. (Fries.) Psathyra bifrons. Berk, Pileus, |— I in. across, submembranacoous, campanulate, obtuse, ochraceous-brown, tinged with pink, palo ochraceous when dry, smooth, even, margin very thin, transparent; gills adnate, narrow, pinkish-grey, margin minutely toothed, white ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, slightly attenu- ated upwards, straight, naked, whitish, hollow ; spores elliptical, 8 x 4 /a. Agaricus hifrons, 'Berh., 'Engl. Flor., vol. v. p. 114; Cke., Hdbk., p. 215; Cke., Illustr., jjL 594. 358 FUNGUS-FLORA. Agaricus (^Psathjm) hifrons, B., var. semitindus, Phillips, Cke., Illustr., pi. 594 b. On twigs, chips, &c. Pilous 2 iu. l)road, furnished at first with a minute fihrillose very evanescent veil, ruguloso, ochraceous-Lrown, more or less tinged with red ; margin thin, transparent. Gills adnate, moderately broad, cinereous shaded with pink ; margin white, composed of minute wavy teeth. Spores hrown-purple. Stem 2i in, high, 1 line thick, filiform, thickest at the base, beautifully but very minutely satiny, not pulverulent, very brittle. (Berk.) Psathyra semivestita. B. & Br. Pileus l-'} in. across, thin, ovate-campanulate, obtuse, even, bay-brown when moist, becoming pallid-ochraccous when dry, sprinkled when young up to the middle with white fibrils ; gills adnate or adnexed, ratlier broad, greyish then umber, narrowest in front ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick, white silky, fibrillose, hollow; spores elliptical, 10-12 X 5 ft. Agaricus (Psathjrd) semivestitus, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 920, t. 14, f. 5 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 215 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 578. Amongst grass in rich pastures, woods, Sro. Caespitose in the typical form, but a larger, solitary form occurs, having the pileus 1-1 ^ in. across, stem 4-5 in. long, 2 lines or more thick, remarkable for the coating of white fibrils on the lower half of the pileus ; these, however, usually disappear with age. Psathyra fatuus. Fr. Pileus rj— 1 in. across, submembranaceous, ovate-cam- panulate, then expanded, rugulose, fil)rillosc at first, then smooth and dingy ochraccous, apex darker, then paler ; gills adnate, crowded, rather narrow, pale then brown ; stem 2-4 in. long, about U lino thick, fragile, almost smooth, white, apex rather mealy, hollow. Agaricus fatuus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i, p. 296 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 215 ; Cke., Illu.str., pi. 595 A On the ground. Very fragile. Stem almost glabrous, pileus clay-coloured, then whitish. Veil none. (Fries.) I PSATHYKA. 359 Stem hollow, 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, rather firm for the present genus, soon glabrous, white, base white and villose, apex striate and powdered with white meal. Pileus submembranaceous ; at first ovate, then campanulate, at length expanded, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad, when young every- where fibrillose and brownish clay-colour, when dry ochraceous clay-colour, when adult glabrous, rugulose, whitish clay-colour, margin slightly undulate, sometimes with fragments of the veil attached. Gills adnate, li-2 lines broad, crowded, white, then brown, edge similarly coloured. Approaching to Hypholoma ajjpendiculatus, but not growing on trunks. (Fries.) Psathyra fibrillosa. Pers. Pileus 1-1 i in. across, submembranaceous, campanulato- convex, then expanded, and almost plane, minutely striate, at first fibrillose, livid then whitish ; gills adnate, plane, broad behind, blackish-purple ; stem about 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, very fragile, fibrilloso-squamulose, white, often incurved at the base, hollow ; spores blackish- purple. Agaricus fihrillosus, Pers., p. 424; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke., Illustr., pi. 595 b. On the ground or on rotten branches, in woods, &c. Very variable in form and perhaps embracing two species, always solitary. Typical form very fragile. Stem hollow, 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, everywhere covered with spreading fibrilloso-fasciculate squamules, white. Pileus submembranaceous, fi'om campanulate to convex, then expanded, obtuse, livid or whitish, striate from the gills showing through the translucent pileus, commonly glabrous, sometimes at first squamulose, 1 in. and more across. Gills adnate, broadest behind, 3-5 lines broad, at length plane, grey, then blackish-purple. (Fries.) Psathyra Gordoni. B. & Br. Densely tufted. Pilous 1-1£- in. across, membranaceous, campanulate, pale grey, then white, sprinkled with white floccose scales, margin sulcato-striate ; gills ascending, narrowly adnate, distant, rather broad, scarcely ventricose, grey ; stem about 2 in. high, Ih line thick, transversely 360 FUNGUS-FLOEA. undulate, pruinose above, floccose below, but becoming at length smooth, and shining, fistulose ; spores. Aqaricus (Psathi/ra) Gordoui, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 922, pi. XV. fig. 7; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke., lUustr., t. 580 A. On old stumps. Usually fasciculate, smell strong, dis- agreeable. When young the whole of the plant is covered with white floccose fibrils. Psathyra helobius. Kalchbr. Pileus submcmbranaceous, 1^ in. across, conico-cam- panulate, then almost plane, with concentric elevated ridges, radiately rugose, subumbonate, sooty-brown, the striate margin brown, hygrophanous, pale Avith a reddish tinge when dry ; gills adnate but slightly rounded behind, rather crowded, sootj'-brown ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, rather flexuous, reddish-umbei*, covered with fugacious whitish squaniulcs, paler and reddish when dry, hollow ; spores elliptical, ends rather acute, 12 x 6 /u,. Agaricus (Psathyra) helohius, Kalchbrenner, Icon. Hym. Hung., p. 31, tab. 17, fig. 4; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke., lllustr., pi. 579. Damp places in woods. Spores quite black when seen in the mass on a white ground, hence the species is technically a Psathi/rella, but the whole habit and the stem clad with white fibrillae point to Psathyra, and more especially to Psathyra fihrillosa. (Kalchbr.) Psathyra pennata. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, submcmbranaceous, campanulate, obtuse, even, pale ochraceous, disc brownish, covered with white plumose squaniulcs, then naked; gills adnexod, 2-3 lines broad, crowded, livid then blackish-brown; stem about 2 in. long, 2-3 lines tliick, silvery white, villose, rather mealy at the apex, hollow. Agaricus (Psathyra) peniiatKS, Fries, Syst. Mvc. i. p. 297 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke, lllustr., pi. 580 b. On naked soil. Somewhat resembling Coprinus cinereus, livid white, stem usually short, but sometimes elongated. Margin of pileus sometimes appendiculate. PSATHYEA. 361 Stem fistulose, 1-1^- in. long, 1-2 lines thick, equal, villous, apex rather powdery, silvery. Pileus submem- branaceous, ovate then eampanulate, tV in. high and broad, 1 in. broad when expanded, not striate, but densely covered for a long time with white feathery scales, at length naked, changing from livid to white, or in the young stage brownish- bay. Gills adnexed, crowded, ventricose, broad, livid then blackish-brown. (Fries.) Psathyra gossypina. Bull. Pileus f— 1 in. across, submembranaceous, eampanulate, obtuse, becoming expanded, dingy pale ochraceous, tomen- tose then smooth, margin striate ; gills adnexed, ventricose, rather broad, white then brownish- black ; stem about 2 in. long, 1^ line thick, whitish, tomentose, hollow, sometimes rather wavy ; spores elliptical, 10 X 6 yu,. Agaricus (PsatJujra) gossij'pmus, Bulliard, t. 425 ; fig. 2 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke., Illustr., pi. 612 a; Bolton, t. 71, fig.l. On the ground and on fragments of twigs in woods. Often subcaespitose, fragile, distinguished from Psathjra pennata by the striate margin of the pileus. From the habit was once considered as a Copriniis, but evidently a Psathyra, allied to P. pennata, from which it differs more especially in the loose floccose covering of the pileus (veil) being more tomentose, and which densely clothes the young fungus, the colour also differs in being ochraceous clay-colour. When adult the pileus is glabrous and j)ale. Gills livid, then fuscous. The rest as in P. pen- natus. (Fries.) Psathyra noli-tangere. Fr. Pileus -|--| in. across, membranaceous, eampanulate then expanded, everywhere striate, hygrophanous, squamulose about the margin, pale umber, becoming pale when dry ; gills adnate, broad, pale brown ; stem about 1\ in. long, 1 line or more thick, very fragile, nearly naked, apex even ; spores elliptical, 12 x 5 /t. Agaricus (Psathjra) noli-tangere. Fries, Epicr., p. 234; Cke., Hdbk., p. 217 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 612 b; Sowerby, pi. 107. Amongst chips. Altogether very fragile, every part pale umber when 362 FUNGUS-FLORA. moist, pileus paler when dry, even and spuriously sqiiamu- loso-appendiculatc. (Fries.) In Cooke's figure quoted above, the pileus is represented with a distinct umbo. A large form grows on oak chips, a small form on damp ground in shady places. Very fragile. Stem fistulose, about 1 in. long, 1 lino thick, equal, almost naked, apex even. Pileus membranaceous, campanulate, then expanded, obti^se, 1 in. or less, glabrous except for the presence of deciduous squamules, everywhere striate, the large form pale umber when moist, small form obscure brown. Very hygrophanous, becoming pale when dry. Gills adnate, broad, plane, sometimes pallid, at others obscure brown. (Fries.) Psathyra microrhiza. Lasch. Pileus about 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulate, even, dry, shining Avith atoms, at first with yellow hair- like fibrils ; gills adnexcd, crowded, narrow, at first pale, then blackish-brown ; stem 2 in. long, about 1 line thick, attenuated into a taj)ering root-like base, silky, whitish, hollow. Agariciis (^Psathyra) microrldza, Lasch., n. 468, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 309 ; Cke., Rdbk., p. 217 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 59G A. In grassy places. Gregarious, at first everywhere flocculose, fragile, small. Pileus ochraceous or rufous-brown, becoming pale. (Fries.) Distinguished by the tapering, rooting base of the stem. Gregarious, varying in size from a few lines to 1^ in. when it approaches the finer forms of the P. nossijpina. (Berk.) -^ ^^ Psathyra urticaecola. B. & Br. (fig. 15, p. 351.) Pileus 2-3 lines across, canipanulate, flocculent, margin straight at length, striate, white ; gills broadest in front, adnexed, white, then chocolate ; stem ^-1 in. high, slender attenuated upwards, fistulose, flocculent, white; spores 7 X 4/x. AgaricMS (Psathjrd) urticaecola, B. k Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 019; Cke., Hdbk., p. 217 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 596 b. On nettle stems. Distinguished by its small size and white colour. PSILOCYBE. 363 PSILOCYBE. Fries, (figs. 11, 12, p. 351.) Pilens more or less fleshy, smooth, margin at first incurved ; gills and spores at length brownish or purplish ; stem central, rather cartilaginous, rigid or tough, tubular, tube either hollow or stuiFed, often rooting. Veil absent or rudimentary, never interwoven to form a membrane. Psilocybe (as a subgenus of Agaricus), Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 289 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 207. Distinguished from Psathyra by the margin of the pileus being at first incurved, and from Agaricus and Stropharia, which some of the species resemble, by the absence of a ring. Psilocybe is analogous to Naucoria, Leptonia and Collyhia. Pileus glabrous, veil either absent (or in a few species that grow on dung, very fugacious). Distinguished from Psathyra by the margin of the pileus being incurved at first. Stem almost cartilaginous, and in this respect corresponding with Collyhia and Naucoria rather than Clitocyhe. In the present genus there are two primary divisions characterised by being tough or fragile. These are connected by species having the pileus innately fibrillose. Almost all the species are terrestrial, gregarious, often caespitose, inodorous, not edible. (Fries.) ANALYSIS OF TEE SPECIES. I. Tenaces. — Veil accidental, rarely conspicuous. Pileus with a pellicle, often rather viscid in damp weather, becom- ing pale. Colour of pileus clear, bright. Stem firm, flexile, often coloured. * Gills ventricose, not decurrent. ** Gills plane, very broad behind, subdecurrent. ( = Sub- gen. Decornica of W. G. Smith.) *** Gills almost linear, ascending, II. EiGiDi. — Veil absent. Pileus scarcely pelliculose, but the flesh frequently splitting, hygrophanous. Gills adnexed, very rarely adnate. Stem rigid. 364 FUNGUS-FLORA. The total absence of tlie partial veil from the first separates the species inchidfd iu the present section from those of Agaricus and Hi/jiholoma, which they otherwise much resemble. I. TENACES. Veil accidental, rarely conspicuous, Pileus pellicnlosc, often rather viscid ichen moist, becoming pale. Colour of pileus bright. Stem hard, flexile, often coloured. * Gills ventricose, not decurrent. Psilocybe sarcocephala. Fr. Pileus 2—4 in. across, fleshy, compact, convex, obtuse, be- coming expanded and sometimes depressed in the centre, even, drj-, pale tawny becumiiig pale, the margin sometimes whitish ; gills adnate, very broad, (3-4 lines), not crowded, greyish flesh-coloi;r, then soot}^ from the dark spores ; stem 3-5 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, subequal, usually curved or flexuous, whitish, apex powdered with white meal, stufied then hollow; sj^ores elliptical, dull brown, 7 X 3'5 /j.. Agaricus (^Psilocybe) sarcocephalus. Fries, Monogr. 1, p. 429, (not of Epicr. !) ; Hym. Eur., p. 297 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 567 and 520. Grassy places, especially about stumps. Solitary or clus- tered. Distinct from every other species in the fleshy, com- pact pileus. In every respect the noblest and most distinct species belonging to the present genus, not related to any other species. Gregarious, subcaespitose ; without the slightest trace of a veil. 8teni rol)ust, stuffed then hollow, elongated, curved, equal or slightly thinner beloAv, whitish, sometimes with a rusty tinge, powdered with white meal at the apex, slightly squamulose, in other respects glabrous. In clus- tered individuals the stem is wavy and thinner, 3 in. Jong, 2-3 lines thick ; in the larger form, not caespitose, the stem is stouter, straight, 3-4 in. long, up to 1 in. thick. Pileus truly flesh}-, rather firm, convex then ex- panded, obtuse, 3-4 iu. broad, the smallest 1-2 in., oven, glabrous, dry, pale ferruginous. Flesh white, unchangeable, firm, not tough. Gills adnate, in the large form J in. broad, ventricose, rather thick, not crowded, greyish flesh-colour, then rather fuliginous from the spores. (Fries.) I PSILOCYBE. 365 Psilocybe ericaea. Pers. Pileus §— 1^ in. across, conico-convex, then expanded and becoming almost plane or sometimes more or less depressed, rather viscid when moist, even, glabrous, tawny-ferrnginous or bay, pale yellowish and shining when dry ; gills adnate, 3-4 lines broad, plane, j^allid then black ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2 lines thick or more, subequal, flexuous, rarely straight, tough, pallid, partly hollow; spores elliptical, brown, 9-10 Agaricus ericaeus, Pers., Syn., p, 413 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 298 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208; Cke., lllustr., pi. 5G8. In wet, exposed pastures. Usually gregarious. Gregarious, tough, size variable. Stem hollow, tough, 3—4 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, almost glabrous, sometimes slightly silky, yellowish, base with white down. Pileus fleshy, thin, convex then expanded, scarcely umbonate, 1—1^ in. and more broad, even, glabrous, commonly dry and shining, but rather viscid when moist, tawny-ferruginoiis, when dry tawny-yellow. Gills adnate, 3-4 lines broad, plane, rather distant, pallid then blackish, pruinose, edge whitish. There is a small form found in muddy places with a bay pileus. (Fries.) Psilocybe subericaea. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. or more across, rather fleshy, convex, obtuse, becoming plane, even, smooth, tawny then pale ; gills sinuate, adnexed, 2-3 lines broad, pallid then blackish ; stem 1-2 in, long, about U line thick, equal, smooth, yellowish, distinctly hollow; spores elliptical, 10 x Q fJi.. Agaricus (^Psilocybe) subericaeus, Fries, Icon., n. 367, t. 136, fig. 2 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 588. In fields. Psilocybe udus. Pers. (figs. 11, 12, p. 351.) Pileus |-1 in. across, slightly fleshy, convex then plane, dry, rugulose, tawny-bay then pale yellowish ; gills adfixed, ventricose, lax, whitish then purplish ; stem 3-5 in. long, 1-H line thick, tough, straight or a little wavy, fibrillose, pale above, ferruginous below, hollow; spores elliptical browTiish-purple, 10 x 5 /i,. Agaricus udus, Pers., Syn., p. 414; Fries, Ilym. Eur., p. 298 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 569. 366 FUNGUS-FLOE A. In swamps, amongst sphagnum, &c. Pilous testaceo-tawny, becoming pale, not liygrophanous. There is a variety with the pileus almost membranaceous, acutely conical, tawny, gills yellowish.- white, owing to being almost sterile. Amongst sphagnum. (Fries.) Scattered, tough when young, slender. Stem fistulose, 2-3 in. long, 1 line or more thick, equal, fibrillose, tawny- ferruginous, paler at the apex; pileus rather fleshy, convex then expanded, more or less evidently umbonate, -J-1 in. broad, glabrous, even, rugulose when old, tawny-bay. Gills adfixed, ventricose, very broad, lax, plane or convex, pallid then purplish-brown. Amongst high mosses, especially Polytricha, there is a form with a longer, more or less tawny stem, pileus smaller, "becoming depressed, yellow then whitish, often striate ; gills livid-yellow or clouded with white. Amongst sphagnum it becomes very much drawn out, very slender, stem slender, wavy, pallid ; pileus submem- branaceous, at first conical, livid yellow and striate when moist (tinged greenish), even and yellow when dry ; gills pallid, not becoming discoloured, and commonly sterile. (Fries.) Psilocybe canofaciens. Cke. Gregarious. Pileus :^-l in. across, campanulate then ex- panded, scarcely umbonate, but with a fleshy disc, even, dark bay-brown, ferruginous at the apex, clad everywhere, as well as the stem, with delicate, white, scattered hairs, which arc soon evanescent at the apex ; veil white, fibrillose, at first attached to the margin of the pileus ; stem 2-3 in. high, 2-3 lines thick at the apex, subc(j[ual or slightly attenu- ated downwards, of the same colour as the pileus, very dark at the base, stufled ; flesh of pileus pallid, of the stem rufes- cent, gradually darker downwards ; gills 3 lines broad, ad- nate, ventricose, dark umber ; spores umber-brown, elliptic- oblong, veiy variable in size, the longest 17x8, the smaller 10 X 4 fi. Afjnriciis (Psilocyhe) canofaciens, Cke., Grev. 14, p. 1 ; Gkc., ndV.k., p. 208; Cke., Illustr., pi. 021. A(jaricu8 areolaias, W. G. Smith, in Brit. Mus. On rotten straw. PSILOCYBE. 367 A very distinct species, known by the dark colour of the pileus and stem, both of which are sprinkled with, white fibrils. Psilocybe areolata. Kotzsch, Pileus 1-3 in. across, convex, obtuse, then expanded, dry, minutely fibrillose, cuticle breaking up into angular patches, ochraceous or rufous, interstices and margin pale, yellowish ; gills adnexed, 2-3 lines or more broad, umber then blackish. with a purple tinge, margin whitish; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, attenuated or slightly thickened below, fibrillose, dingy white, hollow ; flesh of pileus and stem tinged brown ; veil fugacious ; spores blackish, umber with a purple tinge, 12-13 x 8 yu.. Agaricus areolatus, Klotzsch, in Berk., Eng. Flor., vol. v. ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 209 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 590. In gardens, &c. Pileus |— 3 in. broad, convex, ochre or fuscous ; veil be- tween fibrous and membranaceous, fugacious ; gills 2-3 lines broad, the edge white and beaded with drops of moisture. Stem 2-3 in. high, generally thickened at the hase, fibrillose, dirty white. (Klotzsch.) Densely caespitose. Pileus at first white, with the cuticle entire, at length rufous and cracking into areolae, a much firmer plant than A. sj)adiceus, not brittle. Stem striate, pulverulent, especially towards the apex, hollow ; gills with a distinct white edge, at first very pale, spores very dark, almost black, broadly almond-shape. (W. G. Smith.) Psilocybe virescens. Massee. Pileus 1-1 1 in. across, convex, obtuse, then becoming ex- panded, when young minutely silky, bright dark brown, during expansion the brown cuticle becomes broken up into persistent angular patches, the interstices being clear pale green, becoming yellowish with age ; gills adnexed, rather crowded, 3 lines broad, soft, pallid then smoky purple, margin pale ; stem about 2 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal, smooth, apical portion pale green and strongly striate, lower portion ferruginous, extreme base snow-white, downy, firm, hollow, straight or slightly incurved ; spores sooty purple, elliptical, ends obtuse, 9 x 5 /x. 368 FUNGUS-FLORA. On rotten chips and stumps. Agnrkus (Psilocybe) areolntus, Klotzscli, var. virescens, Cooke and Massee, in Cooke's Hdbk., p. 376; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1177. Solitary. Taste and smell none. Quite distinct from P. arcolata in being solitary and not fasciculate, in growing on wood, and in the purple gills and different spores. Psilocybe agraria. Fr. Pileus about f in. across, conico-convex, then expanded, whitish then becoming grey, not hygrophanous. subumbonate, subsulcato-striate ; flesh white; stem 2}, in. long, thin, flexuous, hollow, white; gills very distant, rather broad, shortly adnato-adnexed, grey. Agaricus (Psilocybe) agraria. Fries' MSS. ; Berk, and Br. in Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1257 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 622. About the roots of decayed trees. Allied to A. copropkilvs. In colour the pileus somewhat resembles Hygrophorus ovinus. (B. and Br.) Psilocybe chondroderma. B. & Br. Pilous about 1 in. across, campanulate, fleshy, dark bright brown, very smooth, cracked here and there, margin thin, appendiculate ; gills ventricose, adfixed, seceding, dark brown, edge white ; stem subequal, 2i— 3 lines thick, fistulose, paler than the pileus, fibrillose, base squamulose ; spores purple- black, elliptical, 7 x 3-5 fx. Agaricus (Psilocybe) cJwndroderma, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1538; Cke., Hdbk., p. 209. In pine woods. Veil jagged. The jiileus stains paper yellow. Psilocybe scobicola. B. & Br. Pileus l-lo i"- across, convex, umbilicate, glabrous, white ; gills bi'oad, adnexed, brown with red tinge ; stem 1-1}, in. long, 2 lines thick, fil)rilloso, whitish, subequal or dilated at the apex, hollow ; spores elliptical. Agaricuft (Psilocybe) scobicola, B. & Br., Cke., Hdbk., p. 210 ; Cke.', Illustr., t. 607. On branches, sawdust, &c. Distinguished amongst the white species of Psilocybe by the umbilicate pileus. PSELOCYBE. 369 ** Gills plane, very hroacl hehincl, suhdecurrent. Psilocybe ammophila. Mont. Pileus §-i in. across, rather fleshy, hemispherical then expanded and umbonate, yellowish-brown; gills with a subdecurrent tooth, plane, rather narrow, smoke-colour, powdered with the dark spores ; stem about 2 in. long, li line thick, the lower half clavate, sunk in the sand, and covered with matted mycelium, upper portion white, hollow ; spores elliptic-fusiform, 12 x 8 /x. Ayaricus ammopkilus, Montague, in Expl. Scient. Alg., t. 31; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210; Cke., Ulustr., pi. 606 b. Amongst sand. Remarkable for the clavate basal half of the stem being densely matted with mycelium, and sunk in the sand in which the fungus grows. Psilocybe coprophila. Bull. Pileus about ^ in. across, rather fleshy, hemispherical then expanded, umbonate, even, yellowish rufous ; gills arcuate, rather decurrent, 2 lines and more broad, livid-brown ; stem 1-2 in. long, at first short and floccose, then elongated, glabrous, and shining, attenuated upwards, apex pruinose, hollow. Agariciis (Psilocybe) copropJiilus, Bulliard, Champ., t. 566, f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 608 a. On dung and in pastures. Siiperficially resembling Psilocybe bullacea, but distin- guished by the absence of striae on the pileus, and by the stem being at first short and flocculose, then elongated and glabrous. Stem more or less hollow, at first with a central pith, short (1 in.), hairy flocculose, then elongated and almost smooth, shining, 1 line thick, attenuated upwards, and there mealy. Veil scarcely evident. Pileus rather fleshy, hemispherical, then expanded, umbonate, 1 in. broad, even, glabrous, scarcely viscid, yellowish-rufous. Gills arcuato- decurrent, broad, crowded, livid then brown. (Fries.) Pileus when very young white and downy; subhemi- spherical, clothed with little white superficial scales, at length smooth and pale umber, darker at the obtuse apex, VOL. I. 2 b 370 FUNGUS-FLOEA. slightly fleshy. Stem flexuons, slightly attenuated upwards, "whitish, shiuing, at first scaly like the pileus, withiu which it is pruinose ; gills iicarlj' plane, ventricose, adnato-arcuate, subdecnrrent, umber-hrown. (Berk.) Psilocybe bullacea. Bull. Pileiis ^-^ in. across, rather fleshy, hemispherical then expanded, at length nmbonate, glabrous, finely striate to the middle, tawny-bay, clay-colour when dry ; gills adnate, broad, triangular, plane, crowded, rusty -brown ; stem 1-1 .', in. long, 1 line or more thick, equal, fibrillose, pale-yellowish, base brownish, hollow. Agaricm (Psilocijhc') huUaceits, Bulliard, Champ,, t. 566, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210; Cke., Illustr., pi. 608 b. On dung, rich soil, &c. Veil at first often evident, sometimes appendiculate from the margin. Stem 1 in. long or a little more, 1 lino thick, yellowish, base rusty-brown. Pileus scarcely reaching an inch across, tawny-bay, clay-colour when dry, when moist a ^^scid pellicle readily separates from the pileus. Gills of themselves livid- white, spores on a black ground purple- lilac. (Fries.) Gregarious. Stem hollow, 1 in. or a little more in length, 1 line thick, equal or attenuated at the base, cortinated when young, then rather fibrillose, tawny then yellowish, base rusty-brown. Pileus rather fleshy at the disc, margin almost membranaceous, hemispherical, obtuse, then expanded, umbonate, 4-6 lines broad, covered witli a separable viscid pellicle, glabrous, ta^vny-bay, then reddish-ochre, clay- colour when dry ; margin at first even, with fragments of the appendiculate veil, then naked and striate. Gills adnate, minutely decurrcnt, subtriangular, plane, crowded, livid- white then iiisty-brown. Spores purj^le-lilac on a black ground. (Fries.) Psilocybe physaloides. Bull. Pileus ^-fj in. across, slightly fleshy, campanulate then expanded, sometimes subumljonate and depressed round the umbo, even, rather viscid, purple-brown, becoming paler ; gills slightly decurrcnt, croAvded, rather broad, rusty-brown ; stem about 1 in. long, and 1 lino thick, equal, rather pliant. PSILOCYBE. 371 minutely fibrillose, pale, base rusty, hollow ; spores elliptical, brown, 12 X 6 /x. Agaricus (Psilocyhe) i:)'hysaJo'ides, Bulliard, Champig., t. 366, fig. 1 ; Cke., Hdblc, p. 210; Cke., Illustr., pL 609 A. On the ground in fertile places, also amongst moss. Cooke sajs, on dxmg. Closely related to Psilocyhe hidlacea ; on white paper the spores are blackish-purple, on black paper lilac-violet. Pileus purple-brown, paler towards the margin, at length umbonate and depressed round the umbo. Readily con- founded with Tuharia rnquilina. (Fries.) Stem fistulose, filiform, wavy, 1 in. and more long, ad- pressedly fibrillose, pale, base bay. Veil not evident. Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate then expanded, at length flattened, umbo prominent, usually depressed round the umbo, 3-4 lines broad, glabrous, even, with a viscid pellicle, shining, purple-brown. Gills adnate, slightly decurrent, crowded, pale rusty-brown. Spores ])urple-brown, almost black when on white paper, on a black-ground lilac-violet. (Fries.) Psilocyhe nuciseda. Fr. Pileus h-^ in. across, rather fleshy, convex, obsoletely umbonate, expanded and sometimes depressed round the umbo, pale-brown, when dry yellowish and minutely silky ; gills adnate, broad, plane, brown then blackish-umber ; stem about 1 in. long, li line thick, becoming thinner down- wards, brownish, with white down, hollow; spores brown, elliptical, 8 x 4 /a. Arjaricus (Psilocyhe) nucisedus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210; Cke., Illustr., pi. 609 b. On involucres of beech, and fragments of various kinds of wood. Stem slender, 1-2 in. long, apex as in Psilocyhe atro-rufus, often pruinose. Pileus yellowish. With exactly the habit of Tuharia inquilina, but differing in the spores. A similar form occurs on hazel nuts, but eveiy part umber, and yellowish clay-colour when dry. (Fries.) On involucres and rotten wood of beech. Differs from P. atro-rufa in growing on wood, in the paler, tougher stem, which is attenuated downwards, and white and downy at 2 B 2 372 FUNGUS-FLORA. the base; pileus ratliev umbonate, rather silky and yellow wheu dry, gills scarcely decurrent. (Fries.) Psilocybe atro-rufa. Schaoff. PilcTis .1-1 in. across, rather fleshy, bemispherico-convex, obtuse, then expanded, glabrous, margin slightly striate, dark rnfons or purple-brown, pale when dry, even ; gills subdecurrent, 2 lines broad, plane, becoming umber ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1^, line thick, equal, straight, or wavy, pale bay then Avhitish, hollow ; spores elliptical, purple-brown, 10-12 X 6 /x. Agariciis (Psilocyhe) atro-ruftis, Schaeff., t. 234; Cke., Hdbk., p. 211 ; Cke., Ilhistr., pi. 571. On the ground in woods, Sec. Fries says that there are two forms : (a) Stem librillose ; on the ground in woods, (h) Stem short, glabrous; in sunny places amongst gravel. Stem fistulose, thin, scarcely 1 line thick, equal, at first subtibrillosus, then glabrous, pale bay, apex rather mealy ; pileus slightly fleshy, obtTise, hemispherico-convex, glabrous, in full vigour of growth the margin is striate, dark rufjus or purple-brown, when dry becoming very pale and without striae. Gills adnate, subdecurrent, triangular, plane, umber or purple-umber. (Fries.) *** Gills almost linear, ascending. Psilocybe compta. B. & Br. i'ileus J-1] in, across, conico-campanulate, then becoming expanded, pale ochraceous and atomate when dry, scarcely rugulose, striate, margin at first iiiflexed, crenulate ; gills distant, ventricose, broad, aduate, \iiiiber with a rosy tinge; stem 2 in. high, 1-1 A lines thick, flexuose, glabi'ous, silky and shining, not stiiate above, below very' pale rufous, fistulose ; spores pur})le-br()wn. A(jaricu8 {Fsilocyhc) compiitliis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 917, t. xiv. f. 3; Cke., Ildbk., p. 211; Cke., Illust., t. 589 A. In woods amongst grass. Our only pale Psilocyhe with a distinctly striate margin and subumbonate pileus. PSILOCYBE. 373 Psilocybe semilanceata. Fr. Pileus h-^ in. across, sul)memhraiiaceous, acutely conical, sometimes almost cuspidate, margin more or less persistently incurved, slightly viscid and striatnlate when moist, when dry very pale yellow or pallid with tinges of yellow, or blue- green, shining ; gills subdistant, broadly adnate, brown then blackish with purple tinge, margin pale ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1^ line thick, equal, tough, wavy, silky-fibrous and shining, pallid, with minute, evanescent fibrils at the apex, stuffed with silky fibres; spores brown, 10-12 x 6 /x. Agaricus (Psilocyhe) semiJanceafus, Fr., Obs., ii. p. 178 ; Cke., Illust, t. 572; Cke., Hdbk., p. 211. Amongst grass in pastures, &c. Gregarious, pileus some- times quite obtuse, from which condition every transition exists to cuspidate. Fries says that he has observed the presence of a sub- annulate ring in the young stage of the present species and consequently it might with equal propriety be placed in the genus StrojjJiaria, after *S^. semiglohata. Var. caerulescens. Cooke. Pileus rather obtuse, bare of stem, more or less distinctly tinged with blue ; spores, 10-12 x 6 /x. Cke., Illustr., t. 573. Amongst grass in pastures. It is doubtfiil as to the propriety of considering the above a true variety ; I do not consider it as even a permanent form ; in the type the relative p)rominence of the umbo is very variable, and there is frequently a. tinge of blue at the base of the stem, and Cooke's variety, if retained, rests entirely on the distinct blue tinge at the base of the stem. II. EIGIDI. Veil absent. Pileus scarcel;/ pelUculose, flesh frequently si^liitinfj, hjgroiiiJianous. Gills adnexed, rarely adnate. Stem rigid. Psilocybe canobrunnea. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, hygrophanous, rather viscid when moist, fleshy-brown, pale when dry; stem about 2 in. long, \ in. or more thick, whitish, squamialose, rooting, hollow ; gills almost free, crowded, broad, ventricose, pallid then brownish-purple. 374 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Agaricus (Psilociihe) canohrunneus, Grios, Syst. Myc. i. p. 294 '; Fries, Ilym. Eur., p. 302. On the naked ground in sunny places, and on scorched ground. Solitary. Firm, rigid, pilous flesh-colour, Avhen dry pale clay-colour. Solitary or laxly gregarious, amongst the most robust and firm in this genus. Stem rigid, hollow, 2 in. and more long, 3-5 lines thick, equal, base rooting, squamulose, whitish. Veil not seen even in the earliest stage of development. Pileus truly fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad, even, glabrous, from its rigidity sometimes cracked in an areolate manner, rather viscid when moist, watery pallid or brownish flesh-colour, pale clay-colour when dry. Flesh ihickish, white. Gills almost free, ventricose, 3 lines broad, rather crowded, distinct, pallid then purple-brown. (Fries.) Psilocybe spadicea. Fr. Fasciculate, pileus rigid, 1-3 in. across, convex, obtuse then more or less plane, glabrous, even, moist, hygrophanous, bay-brown when moist, pallid when dry ; gills rounded behind and adnexed, dry, crowded, about 2 lines broad, pale then rosy-brown ; stem 2-4 in. long, rather tough, 2-3 lines thick, equal, whitish, smooth, apex even, hollow ; spores elliptical, brown, 9 x 4 ya. Agaricus (Psilocj/he') spadicciis. Fries, E^Dicr., p. 225 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 211 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 610. On the grovmd amongst leaves, at the base of trunks, &c. Rather caespitose. Veil entirely absent from the first. Stem firm, cartilaginous (in moist places on the ground, softer). I'ilcus couvt-xo-plane, oven, at first glabrous, rigid, rough with minute points, bay-umber, becoming pale when dry, flesh whitish, margin slightly incurved, when dry often broken up, especially var. ^ulijceplialus. Gills at length either cinnamon (in dry Aveather), or umber. (Fries.) Var. hygrophilus. Large, pilous brown then clay-colour ; stem 4-(J in. long, rather fusiform and rooting, gills emargi- nate with a long decurrent line down the stem, at length umbcr-brown. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 29G ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212. PSILOCYBE. 375 At roots of ash in damp places. Var. polyceplialus, densely crowded, more rigid, stems thinner, flexuose ; gills almost free, at length umbev-brown. Paulet, t. iii. figs. 1-2 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 302 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212. On trunks. Colour as in the typical form, bay then ochraceous, or pallid-li\'id then clay-colour. At the base of trunks, amongst leaves, &c., very common. Very distinct from Hyplioloma aiypendiculatum, which it approaches in colour, in the more rigid pileus and stem, and in the complete absence of a veil. Known from every other species of the present genus in the gills being white then flesh-colour, and finally brown. In size and other points very variable. Typically large, terrestrial, forming large, loose clusters. Stem firm, subcartilaginous, hollow, 3-4 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, equal, often curved, glabrous, white, apex not striate. Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, 3— i in. broad, even, glabrous, moist in wet weather but not viscid, umber-brown, becoming pale when dry, often cracked and torn, margin inflexed when young. Gills rounded- adnexed, crowded, dry, white, then flesh-colour, at length umber. (Fries.) Psilocybe squalens. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, rather fleshy, convex then plane or depressed, even, glabrous, moist, hygrophanous, lurid then pale; gills adnato-decurrent, crowded, plane, clay-colour then brown; stem about 2 in. long and 2 lines thick, equal, not rooting, apex striate, nearly like the pileus in colour, stuifed. Agaricus (Psilocybe) squalens, Fries, Epicr., p. 226 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 303. On and near trunks. Solitary or tufted. Veil absent. Stem 1-2 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, tough, obsoletely fibrillose. Pileus 1-2 in. across, lurid then pale, margin incurved. Spores rusty-brown. Kesembling Psilocybe cernmis, but quite distinct in the brownish-ferruginous spores, hence technically belonging to the Ochrosporae; veil none. Stem stuffed then hollow, not very rigid, not rooting, about 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal. 376 FUNGUS-FLORA. obsolctelj fibrillose, apex rather mealy, almost the same coloiir as the pilcus. Pileus rather fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, 1-2 in. broad, even, glabrous, when moist (not viscid) ferruginous with a lurid aspect, becoming pale dingy clay-colour when dry. Flesh whitish. Gills adnexed with a decurrent tooth, ventricose, 2 lines broad, crowded, from dingy clay-colour becoming cinnamon-umber. (Fries.) Psilocybe cernua. Fl. Dan. Pileus f-i in. across, rather ileshy, campanulato-convex, then more or less expanded, glabrous, hygrophanous, rugu- lose when dry, pallid ; stem 2-4 in, long, 2 lines thick, about equal, flexuoj^e, whitish, glabrous, rather mealy at the apex ; gills adnate, slightly ventricose, not very close, I line broad, greyish-white, then dark-bro^vn. A(jaricu8 cernnus. Mull, in Flor. Danica, t. 1005 ; Cke., ndbk., p. 212; Cke., lUustr., pi. 574; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 302. On the ground, on leaves, rotten wood, &c. Commonly caespitose. Intermediate between Psailiyra and Psilocybe, rather fragile. Pileus liecoming pallid, pellucidly striatulate, naked from the first, veil absent. Differs from all forms of Psilocyhe sjyadicea in the gills never assuming a flesh-coloured tinge. Stem hollow, 2 in. and more long, about 2 lines thick, equal, terete, rigid, fragile, glabrous, white, apex rather mealy, sometimes curved, when the pileus becomes cernuous. Veil none ! Pileus rather fleshy, fragile, campanulate then expanded, obtuse, 1-2^ in. broad, glabrous (or atomate under a lens), pale livid when moist, when dry white and rugulose. Gills adnate, at first linear, then ventricose, scarcely crowded, 1-2 lines broad, at first white then greyish-black. Spores with no trace of a ferruginous tinge. (Fries.) Psilocybe hebes. Pers. Pileus l-l in, across, rather fleshj', convex and obtuse, then expanded, smooth, margin finely striate, hygrophanous, lurid, pale when dry ; gills adnate but cut out behind so as to be almost triangular, crowded, pale then brown ; stem about 1 in. long, ecpial, IJ, lino thick, glabrous, whitish, hollow, often slightly incurved at the base ; sj)ores elliptical, 14-16 X 7 /x. PSILOCYBE. 377 Agaricus (Psilocyhe) liehes, Persoon, Myc. Eur. 3, t. 28, f. 5 ; Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212; Cke., niustr., pi. 589 B. On trunks, leaves, &c. Pileus lurid, i.e., a dingy obscure olive, pale and even when dry, rather viscid when moist. Pileus rather rigid, as are also the gills. Commonly solitary; rigid and firmer than Psilocyhe murcidus. Stem cartilaginous, rigid, hollow, 1|— 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, even, glabrous, naked, whitish. Veil absent ! Pileus rather fleshy, convex then expanded, obtuse, 1 in. broad, even, glabrous, hygrophanous, rather viscid, lurid, and with the margin slightly striate when moist; pale and even when dry. Gills very broad behind, triangular, entirely adnate, crowded, dry, white then broAvnish. iieadily known by the form of the gills. (Fries.) Psilocybe foenisecii. Pers. Pileus h-1 in, across, campanulato-hemispherical then more or less expanded, obtuse, dingy brown with a rufous tinge, j)ale ochraceous when dry ; flesh thin, dingy ; gills adnate, ventricose, hence looking as if broadly emarginate, scarcely crowded, 2-3 lines broad, umber-brown ; stem 2-3 in. long, about 1 line thick, even, glabrous, brownish then paler, not rooting, hollow ; spores elliptic-fusiform, 10 X 5-6 fjL. Agaricus (^Psilocyhe) foenisecii, Persoon, Icon. Descr., t. 11, f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 590. Amongst grass in fields, lawns, &c. Scattered or in small groups. Kigid, fragile, pileus dark, drying from the apex downwards. Stem straight or often a little flexuous, somewhat resembling superficially Panaeolus papilionaceus, but much smaller, and differing in the umber gills and spores. With somewhat the habit of Panaeolus, but the gills are not variegated and the spores are umber. Stem hollow, straight, rigid, fragile, 2-3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, equal, naked, mfescent, at first paler and powdered with white, subpubescent. Veil absent. Disc of the pileus more especially fleshy, campanulato-convex, obtuse, dry, glabrous. 378 FUNGUS-FLORA. riigiilose in dry weather, pale smoky-broAvn or liroAvu, becoming pale. Gills adnate, but ventricose in front and thns appearing emarginate, rather distant, not thin, brownish, Ijright brown, then umber. When half dry the disc becomes pale, (Fries.) Psilocybe clivensis. B. & Br. Pilens abont 1 in. across, hemispherical, pale brown then pale ochraceous or almost white, even, atomate, margin striate ; gills broad, adnate, Avidel}!' emarginate, broadest in front, subdistant, nmber, margin white ; stem about 1 1 in. high, 1 line thick, subequal, fistulose, somewhat silky, base subclavate ; spores nmber, 1 0 x 5 /a. Agaricus (Psilocyhe) clivensis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 916, pi. xiv. f. 3; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212; Cke., Illustr., t, 969. On the ground. When fully developed whitish, plane or even a little depressed, margin indistinctly striate. Psilocybe catervata. Massee. Densely fasciculate ; pileus -i— §• in. across, campanulate, olituse, snow-white, even, glabrous, satiny, flesh rather thick, white; stem about 2 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, usually rather wavy, hollow, white, shining, brittle ; gills slightly adnoxed, rather broad, crowded, grey then brown with a tinge of purple, edge entire, white; sj)ores elliptic-oblong, smooth, brown with a purple tinge, 12 x 4 fx; cystidia fusiform, 60-70 X 12 /x. On the ground; Carlisle, Oct. 1887. (Dr. Carlyle.) Not closely allied to any knoAvn species ; distinguished at once by the densely fasciculate liabit and the shining snow- white pileus and stem. Eescmbling in size and crowded mode of growth, Galcra conferta, but distinguished by the purple gills and spores, and the pure white pileus at all ages. HYPHOLOMA. Fries, (figs. 9, 10, 14, 16, p. 351.) Pileus more or less fleshy, margin at first incurved; stem central, its substance continuous with that of the pileus; veil interwoven, adhering in torn fragments to the margin HYPHOLO:\IA. 379 of the pileus (appeudiculate) ; not forming a distinct ring round the stem ; gills adnate or sinuate and adnexed, often seceding (separating from the stem, and then appearing as if free) ; spores brownish-purple, sometimes intense purple. Hijpholoma, Fries, Syst. Mycol. i. p. 287; Cke., Hdbk., p. 202. Mostly caespitose and growing on wood, when growing on the ground, often springing from buried wood, roots, &c. Distinguished from StropTiaria by the absence of an inter- woven ring on the stem ; when a trace of the ring is present, it is in the form of cobweb-like fibres, and very scanty. Hijplwloma agrees in structure with Heheloma, Entoloma, and Tricholoma. Veil woven into a loose cobweb-like texture, adhering to the margin of the pileus, not forming a distinct ring round the stem ; the last character separates the present genus from Agarkus ; from Psathjra it is known by the stature, habit, and presence of an evident veil. Known amongst allied genera by the tufted mode of growth, growing on wood, pileus not furnished with a separable pellicle, gills in some species almost deliquescent. (Fries.) ANALYSIS OF TEE SPECIES. * Fasciculares, — Pileus tough, glabrous, bright coloured, not hygrophanous. ** VisciDi. — Pileus viscid, naked. *** Velutini. — Pileus virgate or silky with innate fibrils. **** Flocculosi. — Pileus covered with superficial floccoso scales that eventually disappear. ***** Appexdiculati. — Pileus glabrous, hygrophanous. * FASCICULAKES. Hypholoma silaceus. Pers. Pileus about 3 in. across, fleshy, convex, viscid, orange- rufous, silky and whitish near the margin ; gills adnate, crowded, grey then olive ; stem 3 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, fibrilloso-striate, shining, base bulbous. 380 FUNGUS-FLORA. Arjaricus silaccus, Persoon, Syn., p. 421 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 421 ; Secretan, n. 349 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 202. On the ground, solitary, or according to Secretan, caespi- tose, and springing from a common tuberous base. rileus viscid, bright orange-rufous ; stem 4 in. high, at length hollow, solid and slightly swollen at the base ; smell resembling that of meal. Spores pale purple-brown. (Cooke.) Hypholoma sublateritius. Schaeflf. (fig. 16, 351.) Pilous 2-4 in. across, ileshy, convex then expanded and almost jjlane, dry, almost glabrous, brick-red tinged with orange, margin paler, flesh compact, whitish, thin at the margin ; gills adnate, crowded, about 3 lines broad, whitish then sooty-olive ; stem 3-5 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, usually attenuated downwards, fibrillose, rusty or yellowish, stuffed ; spores elliptical, sooty-brown, 8x4//,. Agaricus sublateritius, Schaeffer, t. 49 ; figs. G, 7 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 290 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 202 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 657. On and about old stumps. Subcaespitose, taste bitter, smell almost none. A very fine, showy species, somewhat resembling Hypholoma fascicularis, but larger, and differing in the obtuse pilous and stuffed stem. Var. Schaefferi. Fries ; Pileus yellow, conical then depressed, rugose ; gills narrow, decurrent, even when quite young ; stem e(j[ual, hollow. Schaeffer, Icon., t. 49, figs. 4, 5 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., ji. 291 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 203. On trunks, &c. Smaller than the typical form, and altogether yellowish. Var. squamosus. Cooke; Pileusconvcx, bright brick-red shading to yellow at the margin, sjiotted with superficial scales, flesh very thick, yellowish, gills narrowish, adnate ; stem elongated, stout, jialc above, ferruginous below, hollow. Veil appendiculate when young ; spores elliptical, Sx4 IX. Agaricus {Hyplinlnma^ suhlafcritius, Schaeff., var. squamosus, Cke., Ildbk., p. 202 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 558. On trunks. A very beautiful variety, larger and more robxist than the typical form. HYPHOLOMA. 381 There are two forms : (A.) Vulgaris. Stem stuffed, stout and firm, usually distinctly attenuated downwards, rarely equal, 3-4 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, from the position of growth incurved, fibrillosely squamulose, fibrils pale, base ferruginous, veil apical, at first white then blackish, pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, even, glabrous, rather tawny but paler and clouded with the remains of the superficial, white, rather silky veil ; flesh compact, white then yellowish ; gills adnate, more or less crowded, narrow, at first dingy yellowish, base more obscure, then sooty, at length tinged olive. Spores purple-brown. (B.) Pomposus. Stem solid, up to 1 in. thick, subannulate, paler above. Pileus thicker, almost entirely tawny. Gills becoming clear olive. (Fries.) Hypholoma capnoides. Fr. Pileus 1-1;^ in. across, convex, then plane and subumbonate or depressed, dry, very smooth, yellowish or tinged tawny, flesh thin, white ; gills adnate, not crowded, 2-3 lines broad, dry, sooty-grey then purplish ; stem 2-4 in. long, about 3 lines broad, about equal, silky, even, pallid, brownish under the silkiness, partly hollow ; spores elliptical, brownish- purple, 8x4^. Afjaricus (^Hypholoma) capnoides, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 289 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 203 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 559. In pine woods on the ground and on pine trunks ; fas- ciculate. Smell and taste mild. Stem under the whitish silkiness rusty. Pileus one colour, commonly yellowish, veil becoming purplish. Caespitose, fasciculate, smell and taste sweet. Stem connate at the base, hollow, 2-3 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, equal, often curved and flexuous, adpressedly silky, pallid, apex white, everywhere striate; when old with a more or less ferruginous down. Veil appendiciilate, white, then purple-brown. Pileus fleshy, convex, then expanf'ed, obtuse, dry, glabrous, yellowish-ochre, from 1-3 in. broad. Flesh rather thin, white. Gills adnate, readily separating from the sporophore, rather crowded and broad, dry, at first grey, then purple brown. (Fries.) Hypholoma epixanthus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, thin, convex then almost plane, even, 382 FUNGUS-FLORA. at first silky then glal irons, pale yellow, disc darker, often tinged tawny; gills adn ate, crowded, 3-4 lines broad, pale yellow, becoming clonded with grey ; stem 3-5 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, subcqnal, Hoecoso-fibrillose, whitish, basal portion brownish, ajiex mealy, liollow ; spores elliptical, 7 X 4 /x. Agaricus (Hiiplwloma) epixanthus. Fries, Epicr., p. 222 ; Cke., Hdbk., p." 203 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 5G0. On old fir stnmps, &c. Fasciculate. Smell rather strong. Known by the clear pale yellow gills. Not deliquescing. Stem hollow, about 3 in. long, 3-4 lines tliick, attenuated from the base, thickened, or equal, floccoso-fibrilloso, pale ferruginous or brownish below, ajiex mealy. Veil appen- diculate, white. Pileus fleshy, rather thin ; not hygro- l)hanous, convexo-plane, obtuse or gibbous, 2-3 in. broad, even, silky then almost glabrous, yellow or pallid, disc usually darker. Flesh white, becoming tinged with yellow. Gills adnate, crowded, at first whitish-yellow, at length grey, not deliquescent, neither purplish nor green. Size very variable ; smell acid. (Fries.) Hypholoma fascicularis. Tluds. Fasciculate, intensely bitter. Pileus 1-2 in. across, cam- panulato-convex then expanded, subuml)onate, thin, glabrous, even, tawny, margin yellow ; gills adnate, very crowded, narrow, yellow then greenish, subdeliquescent; stem 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, fibrillose, yellow, as is also the flesh, curved or flexuous, hollow; veil sometimes appendiculate ; spores elliptical, 7 X 4 yu.. Agaricus fascicularis, Hudson, Flor. Angl., j). Glo ; Fries, Syst. Myc.i. p. 288; Cke., Hdbk., p. 203 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 501 and 5G2 (the latter called Ag. fascicularis, var. claeodcs, Fr.) On old stumps, &c. Gregarious, densely caespitose. Pileus 2 in. broad, at first conic then expanded, more or less irregular fi'om the tufted mode of growth, subcarnose, thick in the centre, tawny, the margin thin, j^ellow, with portions of the veil adhering to it, often stained with the fcrruginous-purplo spores. Gills green, clouded, adnate, with a subdccurrent tooth. Spores elliptic. Stem 2-0 in. high, 2 lines thick, curved and unequal, hollow, fibrillose or squamulosc, yclloAv, greenish above. Ping stained Avith the spores, leaving HYPHOLOMA. 383 scarcely any trace upon the stern. Taste very bitter and nanseoits. (Berk.) Smell and taste bitter, flesh yellow, gills rather deli- quescent, snlphiir-colonr, then greenish. Forming large, densely crowded tufts, stems very numerous, hollow, thin, incurved or flexuous, fibrillose, length very variable, pileus often thin, convex then expanded, subumbonate or obtuse, even, glabrous, dry, yellow, disc usually darker; gills adnate, very much crowded, linear, more or less dingy green, (Fries.) Tufted, juleus 1-2 in. broad, plano-convex, somewhat umbonate, glabrous, extremely thin at the margin, of a yellowish, reddish-buff, or brownish-orange colour. Lamellae numerous, mostlj- eight in a series, rather narrow, adnate, yellowish at first, afterwards greenish and mottled with the sporidia. Stipes slender, cylindrical, equal, firm, hollow, of a yellow colour, 2-9 in. in length, and 2-3 lines in thickness. Veil a delicate curtain, becoming blackish, but mostly so evanescent as to leave only a stain upon the stipes. Taste intensely bitter. One of the common i^garics, abounding at the base of old trees, and gate-posts in a state of decay, and similar situa- tions. The dense clusters it forms are frequently composed of several hundred plants, and the stems, which accommodate themselves in length and direction to their situation, are so crowded and compressed at their base as to appear more or less united in bundles, whence the origin of the specific name. In general habit this species resembles A. velutipcs, a plant confined to the same kind of station ; and still more nearly A. lateritius (= siihlateritius of this work), a very distinct species, to which A. pomposus of Bolton must be referred. (Grev.) Hypholoma elaeodes. Fr. Pileus §-1?, in. across, convex, then almost jilane, sub- umbonate," dry, glabrous, even, brick-red, flesh yellow; gills adnate, crowded, thin, green, then pure olive; stem 2-4 in. long, 2 lines thick, curved, or flexuous, equal, fibril- lose, more or less ferruginous, stuffed then hollow. Agarkus (Hi/jjholoma) elaeodes, Fries, Epicr,, p, 222 ; Hym, Eur., p, 291, 384 FUNGUS-FLORA. On trunks and on the ground. Fasciculate ; smell !?our. Closely allied to Hypholoma fascicularis, but distinguished by the brick-red pileus, ferru- ginous stem, and persistent, pure olive gills. Hypholoma instratus. Britz. Caespitose ; Tilcus ^^1 1 in. across, hemispherical, convex, broadly umbonate, dark brown, radiatelj^ rugose ; gills adnate, subventricose, 3 lines broad, brown, then purple- brown, margin paler ; stem 2-3 in. high, about 2 lines thick, equal, white and smooth above, iiljrillose or squamulose below, base becoming brownish,' hollow"; veil white, appendi- culate; spores elliptical, purple-brown, 8 x 4 /x.; flesh of pileus and stem brownish. Agariciis (Jlijijholoina) instratus, Britzelmej'er, Melan., fig. 10 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 377 ; Cke., lUustr., pi. 1157. On stumps. Known at once by the persistently dark brown, radiato-rugose pileus. Possibly these specimens belong to the above species of Britzelmeyer, but we have been compelled to expand the description. (Cooke.) Hypholoma dispersus. Fr. Pileus §-1 in. across, campanulate then expanded, obtuse, even, silky round the margin from the veil, tawny, honey- colour near the margin ; gills adnate, thin, 2-3 lines broad, rather ventricose, crowded, straw-colour, becoming clouded and with a greenish tinge; stem 2-4 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, straight or almost so, tough, silky -tibrillose, ^jale, base brownish; spores elliptical, 7 x 3—4 /x. Agaricas (]Iij2^holoma) dis^jcrsits, Fries, Epicr., p. 222 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 203 ; Cke., lUustr,, pi. 586 ; Saund. & Smith, t. 24, f. 1-3 (an elongated form). On trunks and on the ground. Usually'' scattered. Stem altogether equal, straight, 2-3 in. long, 1 lino thick, for the greater jiart insty-brown, apex pale, i'ilcus tawny, honey-colour. Gills 2-3 lines broad, obscure greenish. (Fries.) On the ground and on trunks, solitary, scarcely ever caespitose. Stem hollow, 2 in. or more long, 2 lines thick, equal, straight, tough, silkj^-iilirilloso, become ferruginous, base brownish, apex pale. Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then HYPHOLOMA. 385 expanded, 1-1^ in. broad, even, suijerficially silky round the margin from the veil, or squamnlose, the remainder even and glabrous, tawny, honey-colour, not hygrophanous. Flesh thin, paler in colour than the pileus ; gills adnate, thin, ventricose, broader (3-4 lines) than in Hypholoma fascicularis, crowded, at first pale straw-colour, then clouded, obsolete greenish. (Fries.) ** VISCIDI. Hypholoma incomptus. Massee. Pileus 3-4 in. across, campanulate then expanding, broadly gibbous, even, viscid when moist, margin usually flexuous, deep bay-brown, becoming slightly silky and orange-tawny when dry ; flesh 2 lines thick, tawny, as is also that of the stem ; gills slightly rounded behind, adnate, crowded, 3-4 lines broad, thin, pallid then deep olive, finally clouded with purple from the spores ; stem about 3 in, long, § in. thick, equal, pale above, dark ferruginous below, covered with minute, spreading, ferruginous, fibrillose squamules, mixed with primrose-yellow tomentum, hollow, cavity small ; spores puri:)li8h, obliquely elliptical, 8 X 3-5 /x. On stumps. Easily distinguished by the viscid, dark-bay pileus, and the broad dark-olive gills clouded with purple. Hypholoma oedipus. Cke. (figs. 10, 14, p. 351.) Pileus 4-1 in. across, glutinous, fleshy in the centre, membranaceous at the margin, at first turbinate or hemi- spherical, with a ragged margin (which separates from the inferior, very visible, and slightly darker evanescent ring ), then convex, with an even margin, smooth, dull, hygro- phanous, disc umber, becoming pallid at the margin, which extends slightly beyond the gills. Stem 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, enlarging downwards to a bulbous base, solid, fibrillose below, pruinose above the median ring. Gills at first whitish, becoming umber, adnate by their entire breadth, sometimes with a minute decurrent tooth, plane, with a somewhat granular margin. Spores dark brown. Agaricus (Hi/pholoina) oedipus, Cke., Grevillea, vol. xiv. p. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 204 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 587a. Attached to decayed sticks or dead leaves. Solitary or in VOL. I. 2 c 386 FUNGUS-FLORA. groups of two or tlireo individuals. A very distinct species,, characterised by the distinctly bulbous base of the solid stem. *** VELUTINI. Hypholoma storea. Fr. Pileus 3 in. across, fleshy, convexo-plane, umbonate, usually depressed round the umbo, dry, filirillose, pale brownish or dingy pale ochraceous ; gills adnate, drj^ livid- brownish, margin white, serriilate ; stem 4-5 in. long, 4 lines thick, firm, solid, equal, even, rather fibrillose, pallid. Agaricus (nyp1ioloma~) storea. Fries, Epicr., p. 223 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 204. On decayed beech trunks, &c. On a decayed part of a living beech trunk, found in 1815 ; and again appearing from the same crack in 1833. Firm, solitary, not hygiophanous, in which it differs from H. lacrymahundus, H. pyroirklms, &c., with the habit of Inocyhe. Stem solid, 4-5 in. long, 4 lines thick, equal, round, even, rather fibrillose, pallid. Pileus fleshy, convex, broadly umbonate, rather depressed round the umbo, about 3 in. broad, the entire surface broken up into adnate longitudinal fibrils, (rarely squarrose) ; becoming dingy brownish. Veil appendiculate from the margin, the fibrils continuous with those of the pileus, Flesh white, compact, not thick. Gills adnate, with a decurrcnt tooth, livid-greyish, at length brown, edge at first white and serrulate ; spores brown, not purple- brown. (Fries.) Hypholoma hypoxanthus. Phil. & Plow. (fig. 9, p. 351.) Caespitose. Pileiis about 2 in. across, ximbonate, moist, viscid, dirty white, umbo darker, l)rownish, squamulose with minute black fil)ril]jo, whicli are evanescent; gills purple- brown, crowded, narrow, edge white, adnate, seceding, some- times forked ; pileus subcarnose, except the centre, which is a tliick fleshy umbo ; stem 2-4 in. high, 3 lines thick, curved, liollow, incrassated below, whitish, smooth above, floccoso- squamose below ; base with a distinct yellow tinge ; my- celium orange-yellow; spores elliptical, 5 x 2-2 • 5 /x. hypholo:ma. 387 Agaricm {Hypholomci) hypoxantlius, Pliillips & Plowright, Grevillea, vol. xiii. p. 48. Agaricus {Hijplioloma) storea. Fries, var. caesjntosa, Ckc, Hdbk., p. 204; Cke., Illustr., pi. 543 (the yellow base of the stem and the orange mycelium not shown). It is always caespitose, and has hitherto occurred either on rotten beech-wood or under beech- trees. (Phil. & Plow.) Hypholoma lacrymabundus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, fleshy, convex, obtuse, piloso- squamose with darker innate squamules, at first white then brownish ; flesh white ; gills about 3 lines broad, adnate, crowded, brownish-purple, beaded with drops of moisture in wet weather ; stem 2 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal, or slightly thickened at the base, fibrilloso-squamose, whitish then brownish, hollow; spores elliptic-fusiform, purple- brown, 9 X 4 /A. Agaricus lacrymahundus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 287 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 56G? On the ground and on trunks. Truly caespitose. Smaller than H. j^yrotricJiiis and H. velutinus, but firmer, truly fleshy, not hygrophanous. Veil white, spores purple- brown. Pileus and stem at first white, then brownish. A very distinct species, but often confounded with the above- mentioned species. (Fries.) Cooke's figure quoted above differs from Fries' description in many particulars, as the solid stem, adnexed gills, &c. From H. ijyrotriclia and H. velutina, with which it has been confounded, it is quite distinct in the fleshy, not hygrophanous pileus ; truly caespitose, firm ; stem hollow, 2 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, base rather incrassated, fibrilloso- squamose, brownish-white. Veil discrete, fibrillose, ap- pendiculate, white. Pileus truly fleshj^ but not very compact, convex, obtuse, 'Z-H in. broad, piloso-squamose, squamules innate, darker, white when young, then brown, becoming paler towards the margin. Pileus often irregular from mutual pressure. Flesh white, (lills adnate, crowded, 3 lines broad, whitish, then like the spores brownish-purple, edge white, and in rainy weather beaded with drops of moisture. (Fries.) 2 c 2 388 FUNGUS-FLORA. Hypholoma velutinus. Pers. Pileus 2-4 iu. across, rather fleshy, campanulate then expanded, at length obtusely umbonate, even, at first tomentose with adpressed fibrils, then almost glabrous, hj^grophanous, flesh very thin, coloured like the pileus ; stem 3-4 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, hollow, silky-fibrous, dirty clay-colour : gills separating from the stem, rather crowded, brownish then bay-brown, spotted with black; spores elliptical, 10 X 5 fx. Agaricus velutinus, Persoon, Syn., p. 409; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., ph 563. Amongst grass, &c. Size variable, often very large, fragile. Not caespitose. Subcaespitose, fragile ; stem hollow, up to 4—5 in. long, i in. and more thick in the largest forms, in smaller forms 2 in. long, 2 lines thick,- equal, silky-fibrillose, tomentose above from the veil, dingy clay-colour ; veil especially attached to the margin of the pileus, woolly, at first white, then blackish ; pileus rather fleshy, campanulate then expanded, at length obtusely umbonate, not squamose, but when young entirely tomentose with adpressed filirils, at length almost glabrous and even, 2-4 in. broad, livid when fresh, tawny Avhen half dry, dirty clay-colour when dry. Flesh very thin, coloured like the pileus, fragile. Gills adfixed and readily seceding (almost free), broad (4-5 lines in larger form), not crowded, at first brownish, margin white, then bay-brown, spotted with black. (Fries.) Hypholoma velutinus. Pers. (3. leiocephalus. Pileus hygro]ihanous, rugged, smooth except at the margin, which like the stem is fibrillose, apex of stem farinose. On old stiinips. Densely caespitose ; much smaller tlian the common form, but apparently a mere variety, though a very striking one, itom its smooth, but very rugged disc. (B. & Br.) Hypholoma pyrotrichus. Ilolmsk. I'ileus 2-4 in. across, rather fleshy, conical, then hemi- Bi)herical, obtuse, covered with orange-tawny fibrils collected HYPHOLOMA. 389 into minute rather adpressed squamules, flesh and veil tawny ; stem 3-4 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, equal, fibrillose or with squarrose squamules, becoming tawny, hollow ; gills adnate, pallid then brownish, 2-3 lines broad; spores elliptical, 11 x 6 /x. Agaricus pyrotrichus, Holmskiold, Ot. ii. t. 35 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 564. On the ground near trunks, stumps, &c. Caespitose. Very showy, pileus often bright orange-tawny, veil fringing the margin, which is a little incurved. Stem fibrous, soft, often with squarrose squamules. Tufted, rather firm. Stem hollow, fibrous, soft, 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, or very slightly thickened at the base, fibrillose, commonly squarrosely squamulose, becoming tawny. Veil conspicuously append iculate, tawny. Pileus rather fleshy, at first hemispherical, obtuse, then expanded, 3 in. broad, densely covered with tawny fibrils that are collected into minute subdepressed squamules, colour hence tawny or orange-tawny, persistent. Flesh tawny. Gills adnate, rather crowded, broad, at first pallid, margin flocculose, white, then brownish, at length free. (Fries.) Var. egregius. Massee. Pileus 2-3 in. across, convex, obtuse, ochraceous, with numerous small, orange-red squamules, margin incurved, fringed with the remains of the veil, flesh thick in the centre, becoming very thin towards the margin ; stem 4-5 in. long, f in. thick, hollow, pale ochraceous, below the ring covered with spreading squarrose whitish scales, above the ring smooth ; gills crowded, broadly adnate, i in. broad, purple- brown, margin white; spores broadly elliptical or nearly globose, apiculate, purple-brown, smooth, G x 4-5 fx, cystidia none. In a fir wood, Scarborough, October, 1880. Fasciculate, near to stumps. Difi'ers from the typical form in the densely shaggy stem. Flesh of pileus and stem pale ochraceous. **** FLOCCULOSI. Hypholoma cascus. Fries. Pileus 1-2'- in. across, rather fleshy, oval then expanded, 390 FUNGUS-FLORA. soft, almost glabrous, rugulose, diugy greyish ochre theu pale, disc obtuse, even ; gills rounded behind and adnexed, ventricose, dry, 3-4 lines broad, greyish then blackish- brown, edge whitisli ; stem 2-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, fibrillose, white, rather pruinose, hollow. Agaricus (^Hypholoma) cascus. Fries, Epicr., p. 224 : Cke., Ildbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 544. In grass}^ places, ({regarious ; fragile. Terrestrial, gregarious, not caespitose, very fragile. Stem hollow, equal, 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, hbrillose, white, apex slightly powdered with white meal. Veil appendi- culate at the margin of the pileus, squamulose, white, and in the young stage forming white squamules on the pileus, which soon disappear. Pileus rather flcsh5% oval then expanded, obtuse, l},-o in. broad, glabrous, livid-grey, truly soft, rugulose, and whitish clay-colour when dry ; disc very persistently even. Gills rounded, adnexed, ventricose, up to 4 lines broad, dry, fragile, grey then blackish-brown, edge whitish. (Fries.) Hypholoma punctulatus. Kalchbr. Caespitose. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh thin, convex, obtuse, margin involute and the centre rather depressed, dry, pallid, with a yellowish or brownish tinge, minutely squamulose from the very delicate veil, at length naked; flesh pale brownish, tawny towards the base ; gills 2-3 lines broad, sinuato-adnato, with a decurrent tooth, rather crowded, edge entire, pallid then pale-umber ; stem 1-2 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, fleshy-fibrous, stuffed, equal or rather bulbous at the base, pallid, squamuloso-tibrillose up to the ring, glabrous above ; ring superior or near the apex, thin, formed of iiljrik clustered to form a zone, fugacious ; si^ores brown. Agaricus {Pholiota) 2>unchdatu8, Kalchbronner, Icon. Sel. Hung., p. 25, pi. 14, f. 2. Agaricus (Strojjharia) punctulatus (Kalchbr.), Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 282. Agaricus (Hypholoma') punctulatus, Cke., Ildbk., p. 206 ; Cke.', llluKtr., pi. 587 b. On rotten twigs and on chips lying on the ground. Densely tufted. HYPHOLOMA. 391 As seen from tbe synonyms given above, there appears to 'be some uncertainty as to the correct genus to which the present fungus belongs, but, judging from the figure and ■description, it belongs to the present genus. ***** APPENDICULATL Hypholoma lanaripes. Cke. Pileus li-2| in. across, rather fleshy, campanulate, then expanded with the margin upturned and the centre conical, hygrophanous, squamose, with superficial scales arising from the breaking up of the cuticle, pallid or pale dingy buff; veil attached to the margin in small, fugacious patches ; gills adnexed, crowded, about 2 lines broad, whitish then purplish-brown; stem 2-3 in. long, about 2 lines thick, equal, fragile, rather fibrillose, white, tomentose at the base, hollow, brownish within. Agaricus (Hypholoma) lanaripes, Cke., Seem. Journ. Bot. (1863), p. 66, t. 3, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p. 206; Cke., Illustr., pi. 545. On soil in conservatories. A very distinct species, recognised by the scaly, pallid pileus, which at maturity is broadly conical in the centre, and more or less upturned at the margin. Hypholoma Candolleanus. Fr. Pileus li-S in. across, slightly fleshy, campanulato-convex then expanded, obtuse, glabrous, hygrophanous, bay when moist, almost white with the disc ochraceous when dry; flesh white ; veil appendiculate ; gills rounded behind and adnexed, crowded, pale-violet then cinnamon-brown, narrow ; stem 2-3 in. long, 2 lines thick, rather fibrillose, hollow, white ; spores elliptical, 8 X 4 /x. Aqaricus Candolleanus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 296 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 206 ; Cke., Hdbk., pi. 546. On stumps and on the ground. Caespitose. Colour of the pileus and gills very variable, depending on the amount of moisture. The appendiculate veil and gills violet at first, readily distinguish the present species. Base of stem solid and slightly incrassated. Pileus whitish, apex ochraceous, but bay at first. Flesh white. (Fries.) 392 FUNGUS-FLORA. Distinguished amongst its allies by the gills being at first ]>retty obscixre violet, never flesh-colour. l3ensely caespitose, fragile, very hygrophanous. Stem fistnlose, 3 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, base solid, rather thickened, fibrillose, white, apex striate. Veil curtain-like, appendiculate, white then yelloAvish. Pileus rather fleshy, glandiform then campanulate, soon convex and at length expanded, obtuse, unequal, 2-4 in. broad, smooth, even, bay then whitish, disc subochraceous. Flesh thin, white. Gills rotundato-ad- nexed, then separating (from the stem), crowded, violet then brownish- cinnamon, edge at first whitish. (Fries.) Hypholoma appendiculatus. Bull. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thin, ovate then expanded, glabrous, hygrophanous, bay-brown, becoming white with an ochraceous tinge, rugose, and rather atomate when dry ; gills adnexed, crowded, dry, rather narrow, whitish then brownish flesh-colour; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, glabrous, apex mealy, white, hollow ; spores elliptical, o X 2-5 fi. Acjaricus appendiculntus, Bulliard, Champ., t. 392 (including H. CandoUeanus) ; Cke., Hdbk,, p. 206 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 547. On stumps and trunks. Caespitose. Gills browu-red to chocolate, four in a set ; pilexis white to brown, conical, blunt. Stem white, smooth, splitting. . . . Growing in crowded patches ; the pileus often splits to its centre, as rei^resonted in Bulliard's fig. C. The curtain hanging like a fringe from the edge of the pileu,s, is very fugacious, and will not be found many minutes after the l)ileus is fully expanded. (Purton.) Densely caespitose, very fragile and hygrophanous. Gills whitish then brownish flesh - colour, distinguishes the present from H. CandoUeanus, but this character agrees with Psilocyhe spadicca, which is clearly separated by the total absence of a veil, and by being more robust and rigid. Stem fislulose, 3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, glabrous, white, apex pruinose ; veil, as in IT. CandoUeanus, fimbriate, fugacious, white. Pileus flesh^-membranaceous, thinner than in H. CandoUeanus, ovate then expanded, at length flattened, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad, glabrous, bay then tawny; HYPHOLOMA. 393 when dry truly rugulose, rather atomate, ochraceous 1)600111- iog pale. Gills subadnate, crowded, dry, white then flesh- colour, at length hrown. (Fries.) Hypholoma catarius. Fr. Pileus h-^ in. across, flesh thin, hemispherical, then expanded, even, glabrous, hygrophanous, ochraceous, becom- ing paler when dry ; gills adnate, narrow, rather crowded, whitish then brown; stem 1-1| iu. long, 1-1| line thick, equal, white, rather shining, base incrassated and covered with white floccose down, apex striate, hollow ; ring superio)-, fugacious, often attached in fragments to the margin of the pileus ; spores elliptic-oblong, 6 x 3 /x. Agaricus (Hi/pholoma) catarius, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 296 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1176 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 337. Agaricus felmus, Passerini (not of Persoon). On the ground amongst grass. Gregarious, subcaespitose, ochraceous, pileus scarcely 1 in. diameter. Stem about li in. long. Spores 6 x 3 /x. (Cooke.) Hypholoma leucotephrum. B. & Br. Tufted ; pileus 2-3 in. across, at first pallid, subcampanu- late, rugose, then con vexo -expanded and whitish ; gills narrow, li line broad, slightly adnate, greyish- white, grey, then blackish ; stem 3-4 in. high, i in. thick, silky-fibrou& below, apex striate or sulcato-striate, fistulose, ring ample, here and there appendiculate from margin of pileus ; spores purple-brown, 10 X 6 /a. Agaricus (^Hypholoma) leucotephrus, B. & Br., Ann. Sci. Nat., n. 1256; Cke., Illustr., t. 548. In large masses at the base of ash-trees. This is clearly different from A. Candolleanus and A. appendiculatus. The pileus is not of a rich brown when young, nor are the gills when old at all brown. (B. & Br.) Hypholoma egenulus. B. & Br. Solitarj\ Pileus Ih in. across, hemispherical then ex- panded, umbonate, watery white, when dry snow-wliite, not decidedly rugose or atomate, quite smooth as if gunimeil,. margin finely striate, appendiculate; gills slightly ventri- cose, adnate with a decurrent tooth, rather distant, purplish- 394 FUNGUS-FLORA. umber, margin white ; stem 2 in. high, Ij line thick, attenuated upwards or nearly equal, fistulose, minutely adpres80-squamose ; spores purple-hrown. Aqaricus (^Hi/pholoma) egcnulus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 915 ; Cke., lllustr. t. 605 A ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 207. On the ground amongst grass. Has exactly the habit of Schaeff. t. 205 (.4. cernuus) ; but that belongs to a different section. The nearest ally is A. appendiculatus. Hypholoma pilulaeformis. Bull. Pileus rj-l \ in. across, rather membranaceous, globose then expanded, obtuse, even, glabrous, brown when moist, dingy ochraceous when dry ; gills adnexed, separating from the stem, thin, white, then becoming brownish ; stem about 1 in. long and 1 line thiek, glabrous, white, hollow; veil interwoven, at first forming a ring. Agaricus pilulaeformis, Bulliard, Champ., t. 112; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 29G ; Fries, Mon. i. p. 428. On mossy trunks. Eesembles a diminutive form of H. appendicnlatus, dif- fering more essentially in the gills never assuming a flesh- coloured tinge. In habit resembling Psathyrella disseminata, very crowded and fragile. Stem hollow, 1 in. long, 1 line thick, flexuous, glabrous, white, apex naked. Veil evident, interwoven, in young specimens ring-like. Pileus almost membranaceous, globose then expanded, obtuse, 1 in. and more broad, even, smooth, l)rown when moist, dingy ochra- ceous when dry. Gills adnexed, readily separating, thin, narrow, linear, dry, white then grey, at length brownish. (Fries.) Hypholoma hydrophilus. Bull. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, convex then expanded and almost plane, obtuse, rather wavy sometimes, hygro- phanous, rugose, disc even, margin slightly inturnod and split, tawny-ochraceous when dry ; gills adnexed, ventricose, -about 2 lines broad, crowded, exuding drops of water, pallid, then brownish-cinnamon ; stem about 2 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, adpressedly fibrillose, apex rather mealy, pallid, usually curved, hollow ; spores elliptical, rusty-cinnamon, 5 X 3/x. STROPHARIA. 395 Agaricus hydrophilus, Bulliard, Champ., t. 511 ; Fries, Monogr. i. p. 427 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 207 ; Cke., lUustr., pi. 605 b. Bolhitius hydrophilus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 333. At the base of trunks, stumps, &c. Caespitose. Some- what resembling Psilocyhe spadicea, but distinguished by the absence of a rosy tint in the gills and by the small ferru- ginous spores. Considered by Fries in his latest work as a species of Bolhitius. Veil very fugacious. Often absent. Pileus pale tawny when dry. General structure that of the appendiculate species of Hypholoma, but diifering in the obsolete veil, and small, ferruginous spores. (Fries.) The veil though fugacious, at once distinguishes it (Hypholoma hydrophilus) from some other species with which it might easily be confounded. (Berk.) Very similar to H. appendiculatus but widely different in the giils exuding drops of water, and in this feature agree- ing with H. velutinus. Very caespitose and fragile. Stem fistulose, 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, rather curved and often compressed, fibrillosely reticulated under a lens, at first white then becoming ferruginous, apex obsoletely mealy. Veil marginal, fimbriated, white, fugacious. Pileus fleshy- membranaceous, bullate, then convex, finally expanded, often very irregular from mutual pressure, about 1^ in. across ; moist, even, bay, when growing; rugose (the prominent disc even) when dry, margin incurved, undulate. Flesh very thin, readily splitting, pure white when dry. Gills adnate, ventricose, and sometimes appearing to be almost free, crowded, watery, exuding drops of water, bay-brown. Spores more evidently ferruginous than in the other species. (Fries.) STEOPHAEIA. Fries, (figs. 8, 17, p. 351). Pileus somewhat fleshy, often with a viscid pellicle ; stem central, its flesh continuous with that of the pileus ; veil present, forming a distinct ring round the stem ; gills adnate or adnexed, becoming dark brown or purplish. Stropharia (as a subgenus), Fries, Monogr. i. p. 408 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 197. 396 FUNGUS-FLORA. Distingiiished amongst the Porphjrosporae by the presence of a distinct ring in conjunction with adnate or adnexed gills. The species nsuallj^ grow on the ground or on dnng. Stropliaria corresponds with PhoUota and ArmlUaria. Agreeing with Psallioia in having a distinct ring on the stem, but differing much in other respects, especially in haA'iiig the substance of the stum continuous with that of the pileus, and in the structure, and more or less adnate attach- ment of the gills to the stem. (Fries.) ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. A. VisciPELLES. — Pileus with an even or squamose, often viscid pellicle. * MuNDi. — Not growing on dimg. ** Merdarii. — King often incomplete. B. Spiktkigeri. — Pileus without a pellicle, but innato- fibrillose ; not viscid. A. VISCIPELLES. * Mundi. Stropharia Percevali. B. & Br. Pileus 1^-2 in. across, slightly viscid, fleshy, ochraceous, umbonate, then expanded, here and there, esjiecially towards the margin, Avith white floccose scpiamules that eventually disappear; flesh at length dull umber; gills broad, .\ in., adnexed, distant, white, then greyish, finally pale umber ; stem 2-0 in. high, ^-^ in. thick at base, .[ in. above, trans- versely squamose, hollow, pale above, ring narrow, more or less persistent, umber within; spores 12-14 x 6 yu,. Agaricus (Slrojiharia^ Percevali, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1767 ; Cke., lldbk., p. 197 ; Cke., Illustr. t. 550. On sawdust and rotten wood. Allied to A. sqiiamosus, but quite distinct. Stropharia versicolor. With. J 'ileus fleshy, convexo-plane, scaly, scales of the disc STROPHARIA. 397 crowded ; stem spongy, stuiFed, bulbous, whitish then brownish, ring persistent; gills decurrent, pallid, then reddish-brown. Aijaricm versicolor, Withering, Bot., vol. 4, p. 158 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 197. On the ground. Pileus 1-4 in. broad, scurfy, especially in the centre ; ( on vex, at length flat, but the edge much curled in. Gills decurrent. Stem 2 in. high, as thick as a swan's quill, thickest downwards. (With.) The present species has not been found since Withering's time, hence little is known about it. The decurrent gills suggest that the present genus is not its proper place, Ijut for the present it is left here in deference to the opinion of previous authors. Stropharia aeruginosa. Curt, (fig. 3, p. 351.) Pileus 2-3 in. across, fleshy, convex then almost plane, rather umbonate, covered with bluish-green mucus that eventually disappears, leaving the pileus pale straw-colour or pallid, smooth or at first with scattered white squamules ; gills adnate, o lines broad, soft, brown then purplish ; stem about 3 in. high ; equal, viscid, squamosely fibrillose below the ring, smooth above, greenish, hollow ; spores elliptical, 10 X 5 /x. Agnricus aeruginosus, Curtis, Flor. Lond., t. 309 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 197; Cke., lUustr., pi. 551. On the ground and on wood ; in pastures and woods. A very beautiful species ; bright bluish-green before the glutinous pellicle disappeai's ; when growing in woods the ]iileus is often adorned with snow-white, scattered squamules. The typical and very elegant form occurs late in the autumn in woods, large (pileus also, stem 3 in. and more), stem with white squarrose squamules, pileus with scattered white squamules, with an intensely aeruginous or bluish jDellicle, very glutinous. From this form a series occur having the gluten of the pileus soon disappearing, as also do the squamules from the pileus and stem, and the jjileu.s becomes yellowish. A smaller form occurs in sunny pastures, stem scarcely 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, greeui.sh-blue, without squamules; pileus 1-2 in. broad, pale greenish-blue then 398 FUNGUS-FLORA. yellowish, less viscid. In this form the ring is incomplete, whereas in the type it is spreading, entire, persistent. The essential points of this species are : stem hollow, soft, equal, squamnlose or fihrillose, and viscid below the ring at first, moic or less bhiish-green, ring distant ; jiileus fleshy but not compact, campanulato-convex then expanded, snb- nmbonate (in most cases obtuse), with a viscid pellicle, ground yellowisli but from the mucus bluish ; gills adnate, plane, 2 lines and more broad, not crowded, solt, whitish, then brown, finally with a purple shade. Sometimes cae- spitose. (Fries.) Stropharia albo-cyanea. Desm. Pileus ?,-rj in. across, rather fleshy, convexo-campanulate, then expanded, umbonato, even, viscid, bluish-green then pale ; gills narrowly adnexed, narrow, pale flesh-colour, then brown, at length purplish ; stem 1-2 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, flexuous, dry, even, whitish or tinged with green, hollow ; ring present but incomplete ; spores elliptical, brownish -purple, 7-8 x 3-4 /x. Aqaricus alho-ci/anens, Desmaz., Catal., p. 22 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 552; Cke., Hdbk., p. 1!>8. On the ground and on dimg. The pileus often becomes tinged with straw-colour when drj'. Smaller, more slender, and softer than ;S'. aeruginosa, pellicle of the pileus also thinner, and not readily separable. Stem hollow, sott, at length fragile, about 2 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, equal, ascending or flexuous, almost naked below the ring, not viscid, white. Ring some lines distant, white, or stained with the brown spores, stem above the ring mealy. I'ileuK fleshy, convex, then ]ilanc, glabrous, always naked (not squamose) and viscid, but the gluten is limpid, not coloured, white and shining when young, then bluish-green. Flesh soft, watery. Gills adnate, thin, scarcely crowded, rather broad, at first white, then rather sinuate, brownish. Sometimes caespitose. Pellicle of the pileus scarcely separable. (Fries.) Stropharia Worthingtoni. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh thin, campanulate, even, smooth, viscid, yellow; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line or more STROPHAKIA. 399" thick, flexnose, smooth, dark "bine, fistulose; ring incomplete, distant; gills adnata, broad, cinnamon-brown ; spores ellipti- cal, brown, 7 X 4 /la. Acjaricus (^Stropharia) Worthingtoni, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 286. Agaricus (Stropharia) albo-cyaneus. Smith & Sannd., pi. 29, f. 1-0 (not of Desmaz.). On the ground, in pastures, &c. Allied to Stropharia alho- cyanea, but distinguished by the yellow pileus and the firmer, larger stem. Stropharia inuncta. Fr. Pileus |-1 in across, slightly fleshy, convex or campanulate then expanded, rather umbonate, even, glabrous, soft, at first covered with a livid-purplish glutinous pellicle that dis- appears leaving the pileus pale ; gills adnate, 1^ line broad, ventricose, pale then dilute brown : stem 2-3^ in. long, 1-^- line thick, flexiious, soft, white, silky-fibrillose below the distant, imperfect, fugacious ring, stuffed or hollow ; spores elliptical, 8 x 6 /x. Agaricus (^Stropharia) inunctus, Fries, Elenchus, p. 40 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. liiS ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 534. Amongst grass. Fries distinguishes two forms : — Lundensis, pileus convex then expanded, stem stuffed. Upsaliensis, pileus convex then plane, distinctly umbonate, stem hollow. Gregarious, subcaespitose. Stem fistulose, 3 in. long, thin, equal, sometimes flexuous, often decumbent, very soft, dry, white, silky-fibrillose below the distant, fugacious ring. Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, subumbonate, pelliculose, one rarely 2 in. across, viscid, glabrous, pale yellow, but livid purple from the dense gluten with which it is at first covered, margin slightly striate. Flesh thin, soft, white. Gills adnate, with a decurrent tooth, 3 lines broad, scarcely crowded, whitish then brownish. Spores purple-brown. (Fries.) Stropharia coronilla. P>nll. Pileus 1-1^, in. across, fleshy, hemispherical then expanded, even, slightly viscid, tawny-ochraceous, becoming pale, margin at first whitish and slightly floccose from the veil ; 400 FUNGUS-FLORA. ijjills adnate, sinuate, crowded, 2 lines broad, whitish, then purple-violet, at length blackish, edge whitish; stem 1-li in. long, 2-4: lines thick, attenuated downwards, base equal or slightly bulbous, fibrillose, white, stufted, then hollow; ring median on the stem, striate ; spores purple-brown, elliptical, 10 x 5 /a. Agaricus (Stro})haria^ coronillus, Bulliard, Champ., tab. 597 ; Cke,, Hdbk., p. 198 ; Cke., lUustr., pi. 535. On the ground. Small but firm ; flesh of pileus 3-6 lines thick in the centre, white. Smell something like that of radishes. With the habit of PsalUota, but distinguished by the gills not being free from the stem. Stropharia ventricosa. Massee. Pileus about 1 in. across, campanulate then almost plane, broadly gibbous, even, smooth, slightly viscid in wet weather, tawny-ochraceous, paler when dry ; flesh thick in the centre, becoming very thin at the margin, pale ochraceous ; gills slightly adnexed, almost free, ventricose, 2},— 3 lines broad, rather crowded, thin, greyish-lilac then purplish- brown, margin ])ale ; stem 2i— 3 in. long, ventricose below the middle, 4-5 lines diameter at the swollen part, ending in a long, tapering, rooting base, pale yellow, minutel}'^ squamulose downwards, hollow, brown within, ring large, persistent, near the apex of the stem, white, pendulous, margin striate; spores elliptical, purple-brown, 10 x 6 /a. Agaricus {^Stropharia) merdarius. Fries, var. major, Cke., Hdbk., Suppl., p. 383 (not of Fries) ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1188. On the ground. Growing in tufts of 3-6. Known from all other species by the distinctly fusiform, rooting stem, and the large, persistent, striate ring. Gills almost free. Stropharia obturata. Fr. Pileus ,',-1 in. across, rather compact, convex then plane, obtuse, almost dry, at length cracked into squamules, yellow ; gills adnate, plane, whitish then purplish-umber ; stem 1— 1| in. long, 3 lines thick, attenuated downwards, white, stuffed ; ring tumid, white ; si)ore8 purple-brown. AgaricuH (Stropharia) ohturatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. Eur. i. p. 283 ; Fries, Uym. Eur., p. 285. STROPHARIA. 401 On the ground in pastures, &c. Pileus yellow, hardly pelliculose, not glutinous, and liriu like the stem. Distinguished from S. inuncta and S. nlhoci/anea by the compact flesh and stouter nature. Stem firm, stuffed, short, 1-1 1 in. long, 3 lines and more thick, attenuated downwards, even, white, not squamose; ring superior, deflexed, white. Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, obsoletely viscid, commonly dry, yellow, even, but often cracked into squa- niules ; flesh compact, white. Gills adnate, without a decur- rent tooth, crowded, plane, white then purple-umber. (Fries. ) Stropharia melasperma. Bull. (fig. 8, ji. 351.) Pileus 1-2 in. across, fleshy, convex then plane and often slightly depressed at the centre, soft, even, slightly viscid, soon dry, the cuticle often broken into patches, centre straw- colour, margin whitish; gills aduexed, deeply sinuate, crowded, ventricose, 2-3 lines broad, whitish, then greyish- violet, at length greyish-black ; stem 1-2 in. long, nearly equal, silky-fibrillose, often curved at the base, becoming smooth, apex striate, stufled, white ; ring white, rather close to the pileus, deciduoi;s ; spores elliptical, brownish-purple, 10x6 iJi. Agaricus melaspermus, Bulliard, Champ., tab. 540, fig. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 198 ; Cke., lUustr., pi. 53G. On the ground in pastures, &c. Flesh of pileus white, of the stem pale straw-colour. Resembling S. coronilla in general appearance and stature, but distinguished by the equal stem with the apex striate. Stropharia squamosa. Fr. Pileus li-3 in. across, flesh thin, convex then almost piano, often wavy, rather viscid, with scattered concentrically arranged, superficial floccose scales, yellowish-tan ; gills adnate, crowded, 2-3 lines broad, brown then blackish, edge whitish ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, tough, straight or slightly flexuous, villoso-squamose below the distant ring, smooth above, whitish, ierruginous towards the base, partly hollow; spores elliptical, 12 x 6 yu. Agaricm {Stropharia) squamosum. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 284; Cke., Hdbk., p. 199; Cke., Illustr. pi. 553. On the ground in woods, &c. VOL. I. 2d 402 FUNGUS-FLOKA. The stem is sometimes covered below the ring with reflexed fibrillose squamnles, at other times strigosely tomentose. Stem tubular, at first stuffed, soon hollow, slender, 3-5 in. long, 2 lines tliick, equal, tough, pale above ferruginous downwards, powdered above the distant, entire, membrana- cec^us ring, below the ring sometimes covered with squarrose squamules, at others tomentose and densely strigose ; pileus fleshy, thin, hemispherical then expanded, often obtuse or with an obsoletely gibbous umbo, 1-3 in. broad, with a viscid pellicle when moist, not viscid when dry, ochraceous, covered with sujierficial, concentrically arranged, pilose squamules. Gills adnate, broad, crowded, plane, grey then blackish, edge white. (Fries.) Var. thraustus, Fr. Differing from the typical form in the pileus, soon becoming glabrous. Slenderer than the tj'pe, pileus about 1 in. across, stem 4—5 in. high ; spores elliptical, 12 X 0 /x. Agarkus {Stropharia) ihraustus, Kalchb., Icon. Fung. Hung., t. 15, f. 4. Agarkus (Stropliaria) sguamosus, Fr., var. thraustus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 199 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 554. Amongst grass. Var. aurantiaca, Cooke. Agreeing in size with the typical form, but having the pileus orange or brick-red; sjjores elliptical, 12 x 6 /u,. Agaricus (Strojjharia) squamosus. Fries, var. aurantiacus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 199 ; Cke., Ulustr., pi. 555. Amongst grass. ** Merdarii. Stropharia luteo-nitens. Flor. Dan. Pileus ;^-l in. across, Ik'sh thin, conico-eampanulate, um- bonate, viscid, yellow, even, margin squamulose; gills adnexed, ventricose, 1-2 lines broad, greyish-black; stem ]-li in. high, 1 line or more thick, even, pruinose above the distant imperfect ring, whitish, hollow; spores elliptical, 10-11 X (■' i^. On dung in pastures. Small, hardly bquamose, stem short, fibrilloso-striate under a lens. (Fries.) STKOPHAEIA. 403 Cooke says that the present species also occurs on dung and sawdust. Agaricus (Stropharia) luteo-nitens. Flora Danica, tab. 1057 ; Fries, Hym.Eur., p. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 200; Cke., Illustr., pi. 604. Intermediate between Stropharia squamosa and Psilocyhe coprophila, having the scaly pileus and ring of the former with the stature of the latter. Stem fistulose, firm, 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, even, very minutely silky-fibrillose, pallid, pruinose above the distant, entire,- spreading ring. Pileus rather fleshy, conical then hemispherical, umbonate, 1-2 in, broad, even, glabrous, but scaly towards the margin, viscid when moist, yellow and shining when dry ; superficial scales soon disappearing, pallid. Flesh white. Gills sub- adnate, very ventricose, broad, plane, grey then blackish. (Fries.) Stropharia merdaria. Fr. Pileus -\-l in. across, flesh thin, convex becoming almost plane, obtuse, glabrous, moist, hygrophanous, dingy yel- lowish-brown or pale bay ; gills adnate, ventricose, about Ih line broad, yellowish then umber; stem about 1 in. long, 1-1 i line thick, dry, flocculose, pale, hollow; ring torn, fugacious ; spores broadly elliptical, 8 x 5 /x. Agaricus (Stropharia) merdarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 291 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 200; Cke., Illustr., pL 537. On dry dung. Gregarious. Stem generally about 1 in. long, when longer flexuous, at length almost even. Veil at first interwoven, then forming a thin ring, portions also remain at the margin of the pileus. Pileus pelliculose, but not truly viscid, almost cinnamon colour when moist, ochraceous when dry, margin at length finely striate. A much larger variety exists (with the habit of S. aeruginosa^ having the pileus gibbous, yellow then straw-colour, stem partly stufi'ed. (Fries.) Gregarious, subcaespitose ; stem tough, stuffed with a distinct pith, 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal subflexuous everywhere silky and squamulose, dry, pale straw-colour, base with white down, apex striate due to the decurrent line-like teeth of the gills. I have seen it brown inside when old, ring incomplete, torn, the greater portion usually 2 D 2 404 FUNGUS-FLOKA. adhering to the margin of tlie pileus, as in species of JTypholoma. Pileiis fleshy, at first obtusely campanulate, then convexo-plane, gihbous, 2 in. broad, glabrous, pellicu- lose, rather viscid, yellow then straAv-colonr, margin thin, deflexed, even. Flesh white. Gills adnato-decnrrent, rather crowded, plane, 3 lines broad, soft, very broad behind, pallid then brown from the Idackish-brown spores. (Fries.} Stropharia stercoraria. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, sometimes more, rather fleshj-,^ hemispherical then expanded, even, glabrous, discoid, yelloAV ; gills broadly adnate, with a decurrent tooth, 4 lines broad, whitish then umber or blackish-oliA^e, sometimes brownish- purple ; stem 4-5 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, stuffed with a distinct pith, flocculose below the distant imperfect ring, rather viscid, whitish with a yellow tinge; spores elliptical, 18-20 X 8-10 /x. Agaricus (^Stropharia) stercorarius. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. 1^ 291 ; Cke., ndl)k., p. 200; Cke., Illiistr., pi. 538. On dung. Closely resembling Stropharia scmighhata, but usually larger, and distinguished more especially by the distinct pith in the stem, by the portion of stem below the ring l)eing at first flocculose, and by the much larger spores. On dry dung. Stem stufted with a distinct fibrous cord, 3 in. long and more, 2-3 lines thick, equal, clothed-up to the viscid, narrow, somewhat spreading ring — which is situated about 1 in. from the pileus — with the flocculose and viscid veil, so that it appears smooth ; yellow, silky-viscid when moist, when dry truly even, shining, j'ellowish white, without an evident veil. Pileus fleshy, thin at the margin, hemispherical then expanded, obtuse, orbicular, 1 in. across, with a viscid pellicle, naked, glabrous, oven, or at length with the margin slightly striate, yellow. (Hlls adnate, very broad behind, 2 lines broad, rather crowded, umber- brown or olive-brown, of one colour, quite entire. (Fries.) Stropharia semiglobata. Patsch. (fig. 17, p. 351.) Pileus h-'i in. across, persistently hemispherical, even, viscid, pale yellow; gills broadly adnate, 4-5 lines broad, plane, greyish, clouded with black; stem 3-5 in. high, 1-1 i lino thick, equal, glabrous, viscid, yellowish ; ring imperfect, STROPHARIA. 405 inferior, soon stained with the dark spores ; spores elliptical, •ends rather acute, blackish-purple, 12 x 6 /j-. Agaricus (^Stropharia) semiglohatiis, Batsch, Elench., fig. 110 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 287 ; Gke., Hdbk., p. 200 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 539. On dung. Smaller and more slender than i. 406 FUNGUS-FLORA. Agariciis {Stropharid) caput-Medusae, Fries., Epicr., p. 216 - Cke., Hdbk., p. 200; Cke., Illxistr., pi. 540, On pine woods near the roots of trunks. Subcaespitosc. Tufted, rather firm, but at the same time fragile. Stem hollow, base sub-bulbous, solid, 2-3 in. long, I in. and more thick, equally attenuated upwards, whitish, "covered with crowded, imbricated, squarrose, brownish-wliito squamules- below the spreading ring, powdered with white meal above. "Universal veil floccoso-squamose, brown, at first enclosing the entire fungus, remaining as persistent scales on the stem, soon disappearing from the pileus ; it is distinct from the partial or superior membranaceous ring, which is pen- dulous, white, with a floccose, swollen brown margin. Pileus fleshy, at first ovate, then convex-expanded, obtuse, or obtusely umbonate from the apex of the stem, about 3 in. broad, dry; when young, densely squarrosely squamt)se from the veil, soon naked, disc even, umber, lacunose and paler towards the margin, almost clay-colour ; at length the disc is cracked into warts, the margin split into cracks, and the intermediate portion split into squamules. Gills adnate, ventricose, at first appearing to be free, lanceolate, or at length nearly ovate, 2-3 lines broad, fragile, not much crowded, whitish clay-colour then pale umber looking as if spotted with brown. Spores purple-brown. (Fries.) Between the peculiar umber disc and the rest of the pileus, which is paler, tan-coloured, there is sometimes a marked circular depression. The disc is very soon naked, and becomes broken into granulose warts, leaving the rest o\ the pileus clothed with tlie peculiar blackish scales which lo(jk like sharp-pointed tufts. These soon vanish, while the stem rouains clothed. (Stev.). Stropliaria scobinacea. Fr. Pilous 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, hemispherical tlien ex- l)anded, gibbous, finely sulcate, covered with blackish, adpressed, crowded squamules which eventually disappear, Imnvnish, then greyish-violet near tlie margin, centre livid then yellowish; gills adnate, crowded, crenulate, reddish- white then purplish ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, attenuated from the thickened base, fibrilloso, white, apex mealy, hollow ; ring superior, fugacious. STROPHAEIA. 407 Agaricus (StropJiarla) scohinaceus, Fries, Epicr., p. 217; Cke., Hdbk., p. 201. On ash trunks. Snbcaespitose ; moist and fragile. Caespitose. Allied to S. caput- Medusae, but not so showy, moist, and more fragile. Stem hollow, attenuated from the thickened (solid?) base, fibrillose, white, apex mealy; ring superior, fugacious, white. Pileus thin, hemispherical then expanded, gibbous, slightly sulcate, covered at first with crowded, adpressed, blackish, evanescent scales, at first brown, from the centre towards the margin livid then yellowish, margin greyish-violet. Gills adnate, crowded, crenulate, whitish flesh-colour then purplish. (Fries.) The type of this species is nearly of the same stature as H. caput-Medusae, but the whole plant is thinner, more fragile, and less handsome. There are various intermediate forms which seem to connect the true combining features of both. I have found several well-marked stages between them. Spores ellipsoid-elongate, 7-8 x 3 /x,. (Plow.) Stropharia Jerdoni. B. and Br. Pileus 2 in. across, campanulate, obtuse, with a broad fleshy umbo, ochraceous, dry, adorned with snow-white superficial, evanescent scales, cuticle not peeling ofi"; gills adnate, sending a line down the stem, but not truly decur- rent, pallid then brown, transversely striate ; stem 3 in. high, 2-3 lines thick, cylindrical, snow-white and pulveru- lent above, brownish, with silky transverse scales below, hollow, ring superior, deflexed ; spores purple-brown. Agaricus (Psalliota) Jerdoni, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 913, pi. xiv., f. 2 ; Cke., Illustr., 541 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 201. On fir-stumps. Berkeley in his diagnosis says the pileus is brown when dry, but in the type it is ochraceous, having probably changed with age. Stropharia spintriger. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. broad, rather fleshy, ovate then expanded, obtuse, even, glabrous, pale brown pinkish-tan then whitish; gills adnate, crowded, 1-2 lines broad, brownish ; stem 2-3 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal, white, floccosely-fibrillose, apex naked, hollow ; ring distant, thin, fugacious. Agaricus (^Stropharia) spintriger. Fries, Ejjicr., p. 217 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 201 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 542. 408 FUNGUS-FLORA. On trunks. Caespitose ; jiileTis fragil<'. In Cooko's figure the stem is in every example tliickened at the base. Eather caespitose, stem hollow, about 3 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal or sometimes slightly ventricose ; sometimes floccoso-squamose, at others fibrillose, white, apex naked (not mealy) ; ring an inch and more from the pileus, thin, Avhite, fugacious. Pileus rather fleshy, thin, fragile, ovate then expanded, 3-4 in. broad, even, glabrous, soft to the touch, brownish then clay- colour. Flesh thin, white, almost absent from the margin. Gills adnate, linear, 1-2 lines broad, crowded, joined behind, brownish, rather deli(][uescent, edge same coloured, entti'e. Allied to S. appendkidata. (Fries.) Stropharia hypsipoda. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, convex then almost plane, glabrous, hj'grophanous, brownish -yellow and with the margin slightly striate when moist, pale and with the margin even when dry: gills adnate then seceding, rather distant, pale then dark brown ; stem 3-5 in. high, 2-4 lines thick, equal or slightly thickened at the base, glabrous, whitish, lioUow ; ring median, persistent ; spores elliptical, brown, 12-14 X 6-7 fx. Agaricus {Stropliarid) hjpsipus, Fries, Epic, p. 218; Cke., Ildbk., p. 201 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. GI9. In damp jilaces amongst grass, moss, &c. Solitary. Fragile. Stem fistulose, fragile, 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, glabrous, white ; ring medium, distant from the pileus, membranaceous, white. Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate then convexo-plane, obtuse, 2 in. and more broad, even, glabrous, hygro])hanous, livid-brownish when moist, margin slightly striate ; altogether even (not corrugated), clay- colour. Gills adnate, at lengtli separating from the stem, rather distant, white then brown. (Fries.) PILOSACE. Fries, (figs. (3, 7, p. 351). Sporophore differentiated from the stem ; gills free from the stem ; general and partial veil both absent, hence there is no ring on the central stem ; spores purple-brown. PILOSACE— AGARICUS. 409 Pilosace, Fries, Nova Symb., p. 9 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 196. A peculiar genus, with the habit of Agaricus, but without a trace of a ring. Pilosace Algeriensis. Fr. (figs. 6, 7, p. 351.) Pileus 3-4 in. across, hemispherical with the margin incurved, becoming depressed round the gibbous disc, and with the margin more or less upturned and often split, snow-white, minutely silky ; flesh thick except at the margin, firm, white ; gills distant from the stem, narrow, rather distant, slightly broadest in front, dark purple ; stem 2-3 in. long, A in. thick, equal, firm, even, silky, white, differentiated from the flesh of tlie pileus at its apex, solid ; spores pip- shaped, brownish- purple, 16-18 x S fx. Pilosace Algeriensis, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 283; Cke., Hdbk., 13. 196; Cke., Illustr., pi. 618. On the ground. Has up to the present only been found in one locality, but as it is difficult to distinguish in the field from Agaricus campestris, except in the absence of a ring, it may possibly have been passed over for that species. AGARICUS. Linn, (emended), (figs. 1, 2, p. 351.) Pileus fleshy ; gills free from the stem, whitish or pink, finally dark reddish-brown or umber ; stem usually differen- tiated from tlie flesh of the pileus, furnished with a ring ; spores brownish or reddish-purple. Agaricus, Linn., Syst. Nat. (1735), (in part). Agaricus, subgen. Psalliota, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 278; Cke., Hdbk., p. 192. As previously explained, the genus Agaricus as interpreted by Fries, was by that author divided into several subgenera, and the original name Agaricus has been retained for those species included in the subgenus Psalliota of Fries. Agaricus as here understood, is analogous with Lepiota in the white-spored series. There is no trace of a volva at any stage of development. The species are terrestrial, mostly growing in open pastures and on manured ground ; some species, however, occur in woods, and one small exotic sjiecies, A. geniculatus, Briganti, grows on wood. 410 FUNGUS-FLORA. Agaricus augustus. Fr. Pilens 4-6 in. across, almost globose at first tlion expanded, very obtuse, disc even, becoming minutely tibrillose, squamose towards the margin, pale brown, sometimes with a yellow tinge, margin paler, flesh l—^ in. thick, compact, white, slightly tinged wdth brown under the cuticle ; gills free and distant from the stem, narrow, about I in., crowded, pale then brownish ; stem 4-5 in. long, I5-2 in. thick at the base, becoming thinner upwards, smooth, even, whitish, or slightly tinged brown at the base ; ring about ^ from the apex of the stem, very broad, persistent, cracked into more or less irregular portions on the under surface, stem solid ; spores elliptical, tJ x 3-3 "5 /a. Agaricus (Psalliota) attgustus, Fries, Ejiicr., p. 212; Cke., Hdbk., p. 192 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 521. In orchards, woods, &c. Fries says that it often grows on ant-hills. Esculent. A very large and fine species. I'ileus 4—5 in. broad. Stem 1^-2 in. thick, attenuated upwards, white, but tinged with red when bruised. Flesh soft, white, unchangeable. Gills never acquiring a flesh-colour. (Cooke.) Agaricus elvensis. B. and Br, Tufted. Pileus 4—0 in. or more across, subglobose then hemispherical, fibrillose, broken up into large jiersistent brown scales, areolate in the centre ; margin very obtuse, thick, covered with pyramidal warts ; stem at first nearly equal, at length swollen in the centre, and attenuated at the base, 4— G in. high, 2 in. thick in the centre, fibrillose and areolate below, nearly smooth within the pileus, solid, stuffed with delicate threads ; ring thick, very large, defiexed, broken here and there, areolato - verrucose beneath ; gills rather crowded, \ in. broad, free, of a broAvnish ilesh-colour ; spores elliptic-oblong, 8x4^. Agaricus (Psalliota) elvensis, B. and Br., Ann. Nat Hist., n. lOOi" ; Cke., Illustr., tab. 522. Under oak-trees, &c. Edible, delicious eating. Flesh of ])ilcus fj in. thick, red when cut. Allied to Ag. niigustus, but difleriug in colour, warty margin of pileus, stull'ed stem, &c. Agaricus campestris. Linn. (fig. 1, p. 351.) I'ileus 3-G in. across, globose then convexo-plane, dry, AGARICUS. 411 silky, floccose or squamulose, whitish, flesh thick, white be- coming reddish-brown when cut ; gills free but rather close to the stem, ^-| in, broad, close, pink then flesh -colour, finally blackish -brown, subdeliquescent ; stem 3-4 in. long, §-1 in. thick, subequal, white, stuffed, ring median, persistent, more or less torn ; spores purple-brown, elliptical, 7-9 X 6 /a. Agaricus (Psalliota) campestris, Linn., Suec, n. 1205 (in- cluding allied species) ; Fries, Hym, Eur., p. 279 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 194; Cke., Illustr., pi. 526. In rich pastures. Esculent. Smell slight. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, at first convex then plano-convex, white, silky or clothed with reddish-brown adpressed fibrillae collected into little fascicles ; epidermis easily- separating from the flesh, projecting beyond the gills and often curled back, fleshy ; flesh firm, thick, white, more or less stained with reddish-brown, especially when bruised- Gills very unequal, at first of a beautiful pink, free, obtuse, and sometimes forked behind, broad in the middle ; at length dark, mottled with the brownish-purple minute subelliptic sporules ; the edge white and minutely denticulate. Stem 2-3 in. or more high, i— | in. thick, nearly equal or sub- bulbous, white, beautifully but minutely silky, furnished with a thick spongy ring, generally above the middle, firm, consisting of fibres, those in the centre longer. Eoot consist- ing of a few white branched fibres, which are often beset with little knobs, which are the infant state of the plant. When quite young there is a fine silky universal veil. (Berk.) Plant mostly gregarious, without odour, but with a grateful flavour. Pileus hemispherical, at length convex, and event- ually plane, fleshy, 2-5 in. broad or more, white, or of a reddish tinge, or even uniform light brown ; the surface is either smooth, slightly scaly, or (in the brown variety), more or less covered with prominent scales, formed partly of the substance of the plant, partly of hair-like fibres from the epidermis. Flesh soft, white, sometimes changing to a light reddish hue on being divided. Lamellae numerous, free, broad, ventricose, of a brittle substance, fine pink, red or flesh-colour, becoming dark vinous, fuscous, or even nearly black. Stipes firm, solid, 2-5 in. high, but mostly short, thick, white, sometimes rather bulbous at the base. Veil annular, white, variable, but mostly subpersistent. (Grev.) 412 FUNGUS-FLORA. Var. silvicola, Yittadiui, Cke., Illustr., t. 529. Pileus smooth, shiuitig, stem, elongated, somewhat bulbous, hollow, ring large. In woods. Var. pratensis, Yittadini. Distinguished by the small rufous scales of the pileus, and the flesh having a slight pink tinge. Var. hortensis, Cke., Illustr., pi. 527. Pileus fibrillose or squamulose, brownish. This is the cultivated form, which is very variable, in- cluding var. elongahis, Gard. Chrou., 1860, p. 1061, with fig., and var. Buchanani, Gard. Chron., 1860, p. 1030, with fig. Var. vaporarius, Otto. Pileus even, with a brown pilose coat, which also covers the stem and leaves transverse fragments thereon as it elongates. Var. costatus, Fr., Cke., Illustr., t. 528 a. Small. Pileus sulcate, repand. Hing large, per&istent. In woods. Var. rufescens, Berk. A distinct variety, which is rufous, like A. vaccinus, and whose flesh turns of a bright red when bruised. The gills are at first perfectly white. Berk., Outlines, t. 10, f. 3, In pastures. Var. exannulatus, Cke., Illustr., pi. 528 b. Pileus squamulose, stem elongated, equal, solid, ring evanescent or obsolete. Agaricus arvensis. Schaeff. Pileus 5-1 <» ill. or luoro across, conico-campanulate then expanded, at first rather mealy, becoming nearly smooth, even or cracked, flesh tliick at the disc, becoming tliiii towards the margin ; gills free, broadest in front, close, whitish then reddish-brown; stem 3-5 in. high, l.\-2 in. thick at the base, sliglitly tliinner upwards or almost equal, whitish, smooth, even, soft in the centre and filled with loose threads, ring penduhjus, double, the outer portion more or less split ; spores elliptical, 0 x 4 /u.. AGAEICUS. 413 Agariciis (^Psalliota) arvensls, Schaeffer, t. 310, 311 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 193 ; Cke., lUustr., pi. 523. Agaricus Georgii, Sow., t. 30-1. In pastures, &c., often in rings. Smell strong and not pleasant as in A. campestris. Pilens 4-18 in. broad, white stained with yellow, convex, very thick, firm and tongh, quite smooth or clothed with broad tawny more or less concentric adpressed scales ; flesh yellowish when cut, juice yellow. Gills adnate (free, Grei\), broad, numerous, white or very pale flesh-colour, at length dark purplish-brown. Stem 2-5 in. high, 1-2 in. thick, firm, the centre loose and web-like ; when bruised yellow, especially below. Distinguished from A. campestris by the almost white gills and the yellow stains when bruised. It grows to an enormous size. (Berk.) Flesh white, unchangeable, gills for a long time pallid dry, not becoming reddish during the middle stage, not deliquescent. (Fries.) Var. villaticus, Brond. Grows to a very large size, pilous covered with brovniish scales. Cke., Illustr., pi. 585. Var. purpurascens, Cke. Much smaller and more slender than the typical form ; pileus even, smooth, tinged with purple that is deepest at the disc. Cke., Illustr., pi. 584. Agaricus silvaticus. Schaeff. Pileus 3-4 in. across, campanulate, then expanded, gibbous, the margin sometimes upturned, fibrillose or squamulose, brownish in the centre becoming paler towards the margin, flesh thin, whitish or tinged with brown ; gills free, crowded, about J in. broad, rather thin, dry, reddish, then brown ; stem 4—6 in. long, ^-j in. thick, equal, straight or curved towards the base, smooth, even, whitish, distinctly hollow, ring superior, simple, persistent; spores brownish tinged with purple, elliptical, apiculate, 7 X 4 /a. Agaricus silvaticus, Schaeffer, Icon., t. 242; Cke., Hdbk.,. 195; Cke., Illustr., pi. 530. In woods. Distinguished from all the varieties of Agaricus ^ camjpestris by the elongated hollow stem and the brownish 414 FUNGUS-FLORA. squaimilose pileus. The stem is not bulbous at the base, as iu Aijaricus campestris, var. silvicola. Agaricus cretaceus. Fr. rileus 3-4 in. across, campanulate then expanded, and the margin sometimes upturned, naked, even, nearly smooth, or rivulose, sometimes cracked into areolae at the disc, whitish, or with a pale buff disc, flesh thin, soft; gills free, broadest in front and then nearly A in. broad, rather distant, for a long time whitish, becoming blackish-brown with a tinge of flesh-colour ; stem about 3 in. long, ^ in. thick, usually .slightly thickened at the base, smooth, whitish, sometimes slightly flexuous, distinctly hollow, ring almost median, simple, reflexed with the margin again ascending ; spores 5-6 X 3-5 yix. Agaricus cretaceus. Fries, Sj'^st. Myc. i. p. 28 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 194 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 524 (not of BuUiard). On rich pastures, &c. Distinguished by the whitish pileus, distinctly hollow stem, and distant ring. Stem hollow, cavity stuffed with a cobweb-like substance; firm, 3 in. long, 3-6 lines and more thick, attenuated upwards, even, glabrous, white, not spotted ; ring superior, ample, reflexed, the margin erect, even, white, Pileus fleshy, lentiform-globose when young, then convexo-ex- panded, obtuse, 3 in. and more broad, dry, sometimes even, sometimes with the cuticle broken up into deciduous squa- mules, especially near the rivulose margin, altogether white. Flesh thick, white, unchangeable. Gills free, at length remote, ventricose, narrowest near the stem, crowded, per- sistently white for a long time, brownish when old. (Fries.) Agaricus pratensis. Schaeff. Pileus 2-3 j, in. across, ovoid then expanded, becoming smooth or sometimes broken up into squamules more or less concentrically arranged, whitish, then greyish, flesh thick in the centre, thin towards the margin, white ; gills free, rounded behind, about \ in. broad, greyish, then brown ; «tem about 2 in. long, ^-r- in. thick, base tliickened, smooth whitish, ring median, simple, usually deciduous ; stem becoming more or less hollow ; speres elliptical, ajiiculate, G X 3 • 5 /A. AGARICUS. 415 Agaricus pratensis, Schaeffer, Icon,, t. 96; Cke., Hdbk., p. 193 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 525. On pastures and woods. Distinguished by the greyish gills becomiDg brown without any intermediate pink or fleshy tinge, and in being rounded behind, the median deci- duous ring, and the more or less hollow stem. Agaricus haemorrhoidarius. Schulz. Pileus 3-5 in. across, ovate then expanded, brownish, usually tinged with red or pu]:ple at the disc, covered with broad, adpressed scales or coarsely fibrilloso-squamose, flesh thick, and like that of the stem, becoming deep red when cut or bruised; gills free but near to the stem crowded, ^^ in. broad, rosy flesh-colour then purplish umber ; stem 4-5 in. high, |-1 in. thick, subequal but more or less bulbous at the base, straight, hollow, white, silky, becoming blood- red when bruised, ring large, persistent; spores purple- brown, 7-8 X 5 /x. Agaricus Jiaemorrlioidarius, Schulzer, in Kalchbrenner's Icon. Hung., t. 18, fig. i. ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 195 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. .531. In pine and other woods, and in open places under trees. Every part of the plant turns red when bruised. The stem in typical specimens is almost pure white and straight, and more or less bulbous at the base. Pileus becoming expanded, but remaining gibbous in the centre. Agaricus peronatus. Massee. Pileus 4-5 in. across, hemispherical then expanded, pale dull ochraceous, densely covered with small brown silky scales that become larger towards the margin ; flesh thick, white, imchangeable ; gills very distant from the stem, crowded, about \ in. broad, pink then pale purple-brown, margin entire; stem 5-6 in. long, 1 in. thick, equal, mar- ginately bulbous at the base, distinctly hollow, bulb solid ; ring large, spreading, below the ring and down to the margin of the bulb covered with large, white scales that point upwards, above the ring white and smooth ; spores obliquely elliptical, purple-brown, smooth, 6 x 4 /i, ; cystidia absent. In a pine-wood, Carlisle, Oct., 1886 (Dr. Carlyle). 416 FUNGUS-FLORA. The present species is allied to Agarleus augustus and Aa-joris (Odontia). 178. batl)yporu.s (Polyporus), 210. iathypora (Poria), 210. BerhtUyi (Coniophora), 102. Ikrheleyi (Cypliclla), 141. lierheleyi (dJcaster), 38. Uerkeleyi (Nidularia), 25. betulinus (Polyporus), 248. hicolor (Hydnum), 163. biennis (Boktus), 232. hieiin/if (Tlielephura), 105. hiJ'ro7iii (Psatliyra), 357. bifrons (Agaricus), 357. blei)liaristoma (Polyporus), 201. blepliaristoma (Poria), 201. Blozami (Cyphella), 142. homhycina (Poria), 207. bombycinus (Polyporus), 207. horealin (Polyporus), 248. hotrytes (Clavaria), 75. hovinus (Boletu.s), 280. hovista (Lycoperdon), 33. hovida t_ Scleroderma), 22. brunialo (Tulostoma), 42. hrunndis (Polyporus), 230. hnuDtra (Cyi)hella), 140. Bryantii (Gcasti-r), 37. hnllacca (I'silocylie), 370. bullaceus (Agaricus), 370. Bulliardi (Trametes), 195. caesia (Soppittiella), 107. caesia ( I'helephora), 107. caedus (Polyporus), 252. caespitosus (Boletus), 297. callosus (Polyporus), 202. calceum (Corticiurn), 120. caliginoiius (Panaeolus), 337. caliginosus (Agaricus), 337. callosa (Poria), 202. calo2)us (Boletus), 285. calva (MucroncUa), 181. calvum (Hydnum), 181. campniiulatus (Panaeolus), 336, canii)auulatus (Agaricus), 336. cam^Kstria (Agaricus), 410. Var. costatus, 412. „ exanuulatus, 412. „ hortensis, 412. „ pratensis, 412. ,, rufescens, 412. „ silvicola, 412. ,, vaporarius, 412. cnixdindafa (Clavaria), 84. canciJlatun (Clathrus), 46. cnuilida (Solenia), 144. CandoUranuK (Hypliuloraa), 391. CandoJltanns (Agaricus), 391. canitius (Mutinus), 45. INDEX. 423 caninus (Phallus), 45. canohrunnea (Psilocybe), 373. canobrunneus (Agaricus), 374. cano/aciens (Psiloi-ybe), 366. canofaciens (Agaricus), 366. capnoides (Hypholoma), 381. capnoides (Agaricus), 381. capsuliferiun (Lycoperdon), 23. capula (Cypliella), 138. capht-Medusae (Hydnum), 157. caput-Medusae (Stropharia), 405. caput-Medusao (Agaricus), 406. carbonarius (Agaricus), 334. Carlylei (Corticium), 126. Carmichaelanus (Merulius), 186. carmum (Hydnangium), 14. carneus (Fomes), 225. carreus (Polyporus), 225. carneus (Irpex), 169. camosus (Boletus), 278. carotaecolor (Hydnangium), 14. caryophyllea (Thelephora), 104. cascus (Hypholoma), 389. cascus (Agaricus). 390. castaneus (Boletus), 271. cataria (Hypholoma), 392. catarius (Agaricus), 393. catervata (Psilocybe), 378. catillu (Cyphella), 140. caiidata (Psathyrella), 343. caudatus (Agaricus), 343. cepaeforme (Bovista), 36. cepaefonne (Lycoperdon), 35. cerenoides (Clavaria), 83. cerehrimis (Polyporous), 252. cernua (Cyphella), 138. cernua (Psilocybe), 376. cemua (Agaricus), 376. cernua (Peziza), 138. cervinus (Polyporus), 197. chioneus (Polyporus), 251. chondroderma (Psilocybe), 368. chondroderma (Agaricus), 368. chrysenteron (Boletus), 263. Var. nanus, 263. „ versicolor, 263. chry&ocomus (Dacryorayces^, 67. cincta (Porta), 205. cinetus (Polyporu.-j), 205. cinctulus (Panueolus), 338. cinctuius (Agaricus), 338. cinera (Daedalea), 192. cinera (Clavaria), 77. cinerea (Peniophora), 112. cinereum (Corticium), 112. cinnamomea (Coniophora), 101. cinnamomeum (Corticium), 102. cinnamomeus (IBoletus), 212. citmamorneus (Polystictus), 211. cinnamomeus (Polyporus i, 212. cirrhutum (Hydnum), 158. citrinua (Hymenogaster), 18. clavata (Tremella), 63. clavatus (Craterellus). 137. clavularis (Thelephora), 104. clivensis (Psilocybe), 378. clivensis (Agaricus), 378. coelatum (Lycoperdon), 33. coeruleum (Corticium), 127. coliformis (Geaster), 37. collabefarta (Poria), 203. coUabefactus (Polyporus), 203. collinitus (Boletus), 287. comatus (Coprinus), 305. comedens (Corticium), 128. compacta (Octaviania), 13. compactum (Hydnum), 153. compta (Psilocybe), 372. comptxdus (Agaricus), 416. comptulus (Agaricus), 372. conchatus (Fomes), 224. conchatus (Polyporus), 224. condensata (Clavaria), 81. confluens (Corticium), 122. confluens (Nidularia), 26. confluens (Sistotrema), 167. confragosa (Daedalea), 192. confusum (Porothelium), 178. congregatns (Coprinus), 321. congregatus (Coprinusj, 322. connatus (Fomes), 219. conniitus (Polyporus), 219. conopilea (Psathyra), 353. conopileus (Agaricus), 353. contigua (Poria), 210. contiguus (Polyporus), 210. contortd (Clavaria), 86. contorta (Phiebia), 175. Coolcei (Coniophora), 101. Cooke i (Lycoperdon), 34. coprophiUi (Psilocybe), 369. coprophilus (Agaricus), 36'.». 424 INDEX. corallinnm (Eadulum), 172. coraVoides (Clavaria), 77. coraUoides (Hydnum), 15C. corium (Merulius), 189. cornea (Calocera), 72. corjiHcopioides (Craterellus), 130. coroniUa (Strophoria), .S99. coronilius (Af^aricus), -100. cnrrugata (Hymenocliaote), 117. corruqis (Psatbyra), 354. Var. gracilis, 3.54. „ tinosug, 354. cornigis (Af^ariciis), 354. cothurnntus (Coprinus), 317. crassa (Hymenochacte), 118. crassa (Thelc[)li()ra), 118. cras^ns (Boletus), 28G. crenata (PsathyroUa). 345. crenatus (Agariciis), 345. cretaceu^ (Agaricus), 414. crinale (Hyihuim), IGO. crispa (Sj)aras!5is), 75. crii^puhi (Clavaria), 82. ciispus (Craterellus), 137. crispus (Polyporus), 245. cristata (Clavaria), 77. cristata (So]){)ittiella), 107. crietata (Thelepliora), 107. cristatus (Polyporus), 238. crocea (Clavaria), 80. croceo-ferruginea (Hymenocliaete), 117. Crossla7idi (Peniopliora), 4IS. crumitus (Boletus), 2(;(j. Crustacea (Snppittiella), 108. crustosa ((irandiiiia), 170. cryptoruni (Boletus), 227. cryptorum (I'olyporus), 227. cuhnigena (Pislillaria), 01. Curreyi (Cypliella). 141. curia (Cluvari;i), 70 cutictilaris ( Polyp(irns), 241. cuticidosa Cyplu'lla), 130. i-yantsfins (Bulelus), 274. cyutliiforme (llydnum), 155. cytisinus (Foines), 210. cytisiuus ( Polyporu.s), 210. df'corus (Ilymenngaster), 17. dcformis (Irpex), 100. deglubaiis (Itaduluui), 172. deliquescens (Agaricus), 320. dcliqnesrens (Dacryomyees), 07. deliquescens (Copriuus), 320. dentata (Nidularia), 26. denticulatum (Hyduum), 160. destructor (Polyporus), 247. digitidis (Coprinus), 321. dibciformc (Peniopliora), 133. disci/ormo (Stcreiuii), 133. dispersus (Hypliolonia), 384. dispersus (Agaricus), 384. disseminata (Psathyrella), 345. disseminatu.s (Agaricus), 346. dirersidens (Hyduum), 1 58. dochmiospura (Cyi)liella), 141. domesticus (Agaricus), 312. domesticus (Coprinus), 326. dryadeus (Polyporus), 243. duriuscuhis (Boletus), 276. echinatum (Ijvcoperdon), ;J0. edulis (Boletus), 284. Var. ele}->hantinus, 284. „ Jaevipes, 284. egemdus (Hypholoma), 303. egenulus (Agaricus), 304. egrcgius (Pauaeolus), 333. elaeodes (Hypholoma), 383. elaeodes (Agaricus), 383. elata (Psathyra), 353. elegans (Boletus), 261. elegans (Polyporus), 236. Var. immmelarius, 236. elvensis (Agaricus), 410. empijreumatica (Psathyrella), 3-i4. empyreuniatica (Agaricus), 344. encephala (Naematelia), 64. epheiiienis (Coprinus), 327. epigaea (Tremella), 62. epileucum (Kaduluni). 172. ej'ileucus (l'()ly])uru.s), 1^51. epi.ranthn.'' (Hypholoma), 381. ei)i.\aiillHis (Agaricus), 382. ericaia (Psilocybe). 365. ericuous (Aguricu.s), 365. erinaceum (Hylyi)orus), 206. saiujniuolenium (Sfereum), 1.32. sarcoccphaht (Psilocybc), 364. sarcoides (Treraella), 64. satanus (Boletus), 287. scaber (Boletus), 293. scabrosum (Hydiium), 151. Schmidell (Geaster). 38. Schweinitzii (Poly2)()rus), 231. scitiila (Anellaria), 331. scitulus (Agaricus), 331. scobicola (Psilocybc), 368. scobicola (Agaricus), 368. scobinacea (Stropbaria), 406. scobinaceus (Agaricus), 407. Scotica (Peniophora), 113. scrobiculatum (Hydnum), 154. scutellare (Corticium), 121. sebacea (Soppittiulla), 106. sebacea (Thelcphora), 106, 121. sebaceum (Corticium), 121. sebaceum (Dacryomyces), 68. semiglobuia (Stropharia), 404. semiglobatus (Agaricus), 405. semilanceata (Psilocybe), 373. Var. caerulescens, 373. semilanceatus (Agaricus), 373. semivestita (Psatliyra), 358. semivestitus (Agaricus), 358. separata (Anellaria), 330. separatus (Agaricus), 331. sepultum (Hydnum), 163. serpens (Merulius), 187. serpens (Tramctcs), 196. setigera (IvniiiBn). 180. silaceus (Ilyjiholoma), .379. silaceus (Agaricus), 380. silvaticun (Agaricus), 413. similis (Coprinus), 313. sinuosus (Cratercllus), 137. Yur. crispus. 137. soboliferus (Co|)riims), 309. socialus (Coprinus), 327. sonlidum (Hydnum), 1(J1. Sowerbei (Stereum), 129. Rowerbei ('i'lieleiihora), 129. spadicea (I'silocybe), 374. Var. hygrojihilus, 374. „ iwlyceplialus, 375. spadicea (Agaricus), 374. spadia'o-grisea (Psuthyra), 355. spadicco-gri.sou (Agaricus), 355. spadiceum (Stcreum), 133. spadicetis (Boletus), 272. INDEX. 431 spathulata (Sistotrema), 1G2. spathulaf urn (Hydnum), 161. spathulatus (Irpex), 168. sphinctrinus (Agaricus), 335. sphinctrinus (Panaeolus), 335. Bpintriger (Agaricus), 407. spintriger (Stropharia), 407. Bpinulosa (Clavaria), 79 spongia (Polyporus), 242. spongia (Polyporus), 241. spongiosus (Boletus), 226. spougiosus (Fomes), 226. Spraguei (Copriiius), 325. spumeuB (Polyporus), 253. squalens (Agaricus), 375. squalens (Psilocybe), 375. squuliniim (Hydnum), 158. squamosa (Stropharia), 401. Var. aurantiaca, 402. „ thraustus, 402. squamosum (Hydnum), 150. squamosus (Polyporus), 232. stelluhis (Sphaerobolus), 27. Stephensii (Octaviania), 13. Stephensii (Polyporus), 196. stercoraria (Stropharia), 404. stercorarius (Agaricus), 404. stercorarius (Coprinus), 326. sterquilinus (Coprinus), 307. Stevensii (Hydnangium), 13. Stevensoni (Hydnum), 164. Stevensoni (Portothelium), 178. Stevensonii (Hymenochaete), 116. stdlatus (Dacryomyces), 67. stillatus (Gompliidius), 348. stiputuin (Hydnum), 165. storea (Hypholoma) 386. storea (Agaricus), 386. stratomm (Stereum), 1.35. etriaepes (Boletus), 265. striata (Calocera), 72. stnatus (Cyathus), 24. striaius (Geaster), 39. stricta (Calocera), 72. stricta (Clavaria), 81. strobilaceus (Strobilomyces), 257. stuppea (Cyp\ic\la), 141. suaveolens (Tramt-tes), 195. subbalteatus (Agaricus), 337. subbalteatus (Panaeolus), 337. Bubcostatum (Stereum), 131. snhdealhaia (Coniophora), 100. subdealbata (Corticium), 100. subericaea (Psilocybe), 365. subericaeus (Agaricus), 365. suberosus (Boletus), 219. subfusco-flavida (Poria), 204. subgelatinosa (Kneftia), 180. subgelatinosa (Polyporus), 205. subgelatinosa (Poria), 205. subgibbosus (Agaiicus), 417. sublateritius (Hypholoma), 380, Yar. Schaefieri, 380. ,. squamosus, 380. sublateritius (Agaricus), 380. substrata (Psatliyrella), 339. subtratus (Agaricus), 340. subtomentosus (Boletus), 265. Var. radicans, 266. svbulata (Ptorula), 87. succineus (Dacryomyces), 67. sulphurea (Coniophora), 99. sulpliureum (Corticium), 100. sulphureus (Boletus), 269. sulphureus (Polyijorus), 240. tdbacina (Hymenochaete), 117. tardus (Coprinus), 321. tener (Hyraenogaster), 18. tenuipes (Boletus), 281. tenuipes (Pistillaria), 91 Terrei (Trametes), 197. terrestris (Peniophora), 114. terrestris (Poria), 205. terrestris (Polyporus), 205. terrestris (Tiielebolus), 27. terrestris (Thelephora), 105 thraustus (Agaricus), 402. Thicaitesii (Hymenogaster), 19. Thicaitesii (Hysterangium), 15. tomentosum (Ra.dv\\xm), 172. tomentosus (Agaricus), 315. tomeiitosus (Coprinus), 315. torta (Dacryomyces), 68. torta (Tremella), 68. trabeus (Polyporus), 254. translucens (Typliiilu), 91. treinellosus (Meruliu.s), 189. trepida (Psathyrella), 311. trepidus (Agaricus), 342. tubercularia (Tremella), 63. iuberosa (Calocera), 71. 432 INDEX. tuherom (Clavaria), 86. tuberosa (Thclepliora), 130. tuherosum (Steroum), 130. typhae (Corticium), 123. udum (Hydnum), 1G3. udus (I'silocybe), 365. uilus (Agaricus), 365. ulnuirius (Fomes), 218. ulniaiius (Polyporus), 218. umbellatus (Polyporus), 237. umlirina (CLivaria), 77. umhrina (Coniopbora), 101. umhrina (Foria), 208. umbrinella (Clavaria), 77. umbrinura (Corticium), 101. umbrinus (Polyporus), 208. uncialis (Clavaria), 85. undulata (Tlielepbora), 130. undulaium (Stereum), 130. unirulor (Daedalea), 192. urticaecola (Psathyra), 362. urticaecola (Agaricus), 362. vaccina (Exobasidium), 108. vaccinus (Boletus), 272. vaga (Phlebia), 175, Vaillantii (Poria), 201. Vaillantii (Polyporus), 201. vaporaria (Poria), 198. Var. secernibilis, 198. vaporarius (Polyporus), 198. variabilis (C!lioctocypliii). HO. variecolor (Boletus), 2t)9. variegatui^ (Boletus), 277. variegatux (Foines), 224. variigatuif (Melauogaster), 13. variigHtus (Polyporus), 225.^ variirolor (Hydnum), 160. variiis (Polyporus). 236. vegettiH (Fomes), 223. vegetus (Polyporus), 223. velutina (Peuiopbora), 112. velutiiiuin (Corticium), 1 12. veliitinus (Agaricus), 3S8. velutiuus (llyi)lioloinii), 388. Vnr. /3. liiocepbalu.s, 388. velutinus (Polyporus), 214. vchitinus (Polystictus), 214. ventricom (Stropharia), 400. vermicularis (Clavaria), 83. vermicularis (Dacryomyces ?), 68. vermicitlaritt (Daedalea), 193. veniirosu>< (Cyatlius), 24. verrucosunt. (Scleroderma), 22. versicolor (Agaricus), 397. versicolor (Boletus), 265. versicolor (Polystictus), 212. versicolor (Polyporus), 212. versicolor (Stropharia), 396. versicolor (TremoUa), 63. versipellis (Boletus), 295. vpsicaria (Tremella), 62. villosa (Cyphella), 141. villosa (Peziza), 141. violacea (Poria)f 209. violaceo-lividum (Corticium), 127. violaceus (Polyporus), 209. virescens (Naematelia), 65. virescens (Psilocybe), 367. viridans (Poria), 204. viridans (Polyporus), 204. viride (Hydnum), 161. viscidus (Boletus), 293. viscidus (Gompbidius), 347. viscosa (Galocera), 71. viscosa (Thelephora), 62. viscosa (Tremella), 62. vifrea (Poria), 199. vitreus (Polyporus), 200. vorticosum (Stereum), 133. vulgnre (Crucibulum), 25. vulgare (Scleroderma), 21. vidgaris (Hymenogaster), 17. vulgaris (Poria), 199. vulgaris (Polyporus), 199. Wt inm BY WM. CLOWl-.s AND .SONS, LIMITED, kTAMl-OUD srUEEX AND CllAKlKO CU083. u New York Botanical Garden Ubrary QK607.M397V.1 gen Massee, George Edwa/British fungus-flora 3 5185 00116 2393