UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES r EX LIBRIS ueorge Morgan F.RCSE BRITISH FUNGUS-FLORA, A CLASSIFIED TEXT -BOOK OF MYCOLOGY. BY " GEORGE MASSEE, AUTHOR OF "PLAHT LIFE," "THE PLANT WORLD," ETC. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK ST., COVENT GARDEN, AND NEW YORK. 1892. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. PREFACE. IT is now twenty-one years since the last complete British Mycological Flora was published — Cooke's "Handbook of British Fungi " — the number of species therein described being 2810, whereas the species now number 4895, and are distributed as follows : — Basidiomycetes, 1930 ; Ascomycetes, 1275; Sphaeropsideae, 685; Hyphomycetes, 580; Uredineae and Ustilagineae, 230 ; Phycomycetes, 145. In the Basidiomycetes, with which the present volume deals, the specific characters are mainly derived from morphological features, with the additional physiological characters furnished by colour, smell, and taste, and are consequently not so readily determined as in some of the other groups, where the size of the spores in microns is by many considered, along with a knowledge of the host, to be all that is required for the discrimination of species ; and when we bear in mind that no two persons ever succeed in making the same measurements of the spores of a given species, else the spores are very variable in the same species, the great increase in number of microscopic fungi is not to be wondered at. There are no better marked species to be met with anywhere in the vegetable kingdom than in the Agaricinac, but the majority of species vary within certain limits. I have VI PREFACE. observed this varietal difference to be very clearly marked between many species common to the north and south of England respectively, and the differences are in many cases yet more strongly emphasized in forms of the same species from different countries. To the expert, these modifications rarely cause embarrassment, but with the beginner the case is very different, and trivial modifications that do not in any way affect the true specific character, are not unfrequently considered as indicating a distinct species. It is one thing to recognise a species by some unimportant mark that may be constant in one locality, and another to thoroughly grasp the true specific characters that remain constant in every locality. With the object of lessening the difficulties indicated above, in addition to the specific diag- nosis, extracts have been given from one or more authorities, describing minor variations of colour, texture, form, &c., in the case of species prone to variation. The various works of the late Professor Elias Fries of Upsala, have served as the basis from whence specific characters have been drawn up, and in cases where the description covers the typical British form, have been given intact. It is hoped that all sources of information have been acknowledged. As all the individuals of a given species are not cast in the same mould, it will be understood that the various measure- ments given apply to the average size of the part indicated. G. MASSES. Kew, Surrey, 1892. CONTENTS. PAGE INTBODCOTION . . .1-4 BASIDIOMYCETES 5 GASTROMTCETES 6 Hymenogastreae 12 Octaviania 12 Melanogaster 13 Hydnangium .......... 14> Hysterangium .......... 15 Rhizopogon .......... 15 Hymenogaster .......... 16 Sclerodermeae 21 Scleroderma .......... 21 Polysaccum . .22 Nidularieae . . . .23 Cyathus 23 Crucibulum .24 Nidularia 25 Sphaerobolus .......... 26 Thelebolus 27 Lycoperdeae 29 Lycoperdon .......... 29 Geaster 36 Tulostoma 41 Battarrea 42 Phalloideae 44 Ithyphallus ; ... 44 Vlil CONTENTS. PAGE Mutinus 45 Clathrus • • -46 Aseroe ... 46 Pilacreae 47 HYMENOMYCETES 49 Tremellineae 53 Auricularieae .57 Auricularia • • • .57 Hirneola 58 Tremellineae 58 Exidia 58 UlocoUa 59 Tremella 60 Naematelia .... 64 Gyrocephalus • 65 Tremellodon 65 Dacryomycetae 66 Dacryomyces • • • .66 Dacryopsis .68 Guepinia 69 Ditiola 70 Apyrenium 70 Calocera 71 Clavarieae 73 Sparassis 74 Clavaria 75 Pterula -87 Typhula 88 Pistillaria . . . 89 Thelepkoreae 93 Coniophora 98 Aldridgea 1<>3 Thelephora 103 Soppittiella 106 Exobasidium 108 ; "\| KN'TS. IX PA OK IViiinphora . . . 10'. > Hymenochuete 114 Cnrticiiiin . . . . . . . , . . .118 St.-reum 128 Cludoderrfc i:::« Craterellu.- 13G Cyphellft . . . . ' 137 Solenia 143 Hydneae 145 Hyilimm 148 Caldesiella 166 Sintotrema . . . . . . . . . . 167 Irpex ........... 167 Kadulum 170 Phlebia 173 (Tfandinia ........... 175 Porotheliun. 177 Odontia 17i» Knieffia 180 Mucronella 181 Polyporeae 182 Merulius 185 Daedak-a 190 Trametes 193 Poria 197 Polystictus 210 Fomes 216 Polyporus 226 Fistulina 255 Boletus 258 Agaricineae 298 Melanosporae 301 Coprinus ........... 304 Anellaria 330 Panaeolua 332 vui.. i. b X CONTENTS. TACK Psatbyrella 338 Gomphidius 346 Porphyrosporae .......... 350 Psathyra 352 Psilocybe 363 Hypholoina - .378 Stropharia .395 Pilosace ... 408 Agaricus ........ . 409 Chitonia . 417 LIST OF FIGURES. PAGE Agaricus campestris . . . 351 Agaricus comptulus . . . 351 Aldridgea gelatinosa ... 97 Anellaria separata . . . . 303 Auricularia mesenterica . . 56 Hattarrea phalloides ... 28 Boletus luteus 185 Caldesiella ferruginosn . . 149 Calocera viscosa .... 56 Chitonia rubriceps .... 351 Cladoderris minima ... 97 Clathrus cancellatus ... 43 Clavaria abietina .... 74 Clavaria inaequalis .... 74 Clavaria pistillaris .... 74 Coniophora olivacea ... 94 Coprinus atramentarius . . 303 Coprinus comatus .... 303 Coprinus congregatus . . . 303 Coprinus fimetarius . . . 303 Coprinus narcoticus. . . . 303 Coprinus platypus .... 303 Coprinus Spraguei .... 303 Corticium salicinura ... 94 Craterellus cornucopioides . 94 Crucibulum vulgare ... 20 Cyathus striatus .... 28 Cyathus vernicosus .... 20 Cyphella capula 94 Ducryomyces chryBocoma . . 56 Dacryomyces stillatus ... 56 Daoryopsis nuda .... 56 Daedalua quercina .... 185 Exidia glandulosa .... 56 Kxidia recisa 56 Kxobasidium vaccinii . , • 97 PACK Fistulina hepatica . . . .185 Fomes igniarius .... 185 Geaster hygrometricus . . 28 Gomphidius viscidus . . . 303 Grandinia granulosa . . . 149 Guepinia peziza 56 Gyrocephalus rufua ... 56 Hireuola auricula-judae . . 56 Hydnangium carneum . . .11 Hydnum aureum .... 14!) Hydnum repandum . . . 149 Hymenochaete ruhiginosa . 94 Hymenogaster citrinus . . 11 Hymenogaster decorus . . 11 Hymenogaster tener . . .11 Hypholoma hypoxanthus . . 351 Hypholoma oedipus . . .:;.">! Hypholoma sublateritius . . 351 Hysteranjnum nephriticum . 11 Irpex obliquus 14!> Itbypallus impndicus ... 43 Kneiffia cetigera . . . .149 Lycoperdon nigrescens . . 28 Lycoperdon pyriforme ... 28 Melanogaster variegatus . . 11 Merulius oorium .... 185 Mucronella oalva . . . .149 Mutimis caninus .... 43 Naematelia eucephala . . . .">»» Nidularia pisiformis ... '28 Octaviania asterosperma . . 11 Odontia fimbriata . . . .149 Panaeolus retirugis . . . 303 Peniophora cinera .... 94 Phlebia radiata 149 i Pilacre Peteraii . . 43 LIST OF FIGURES. Pilosace algeriensia. Pistillaria quisquilaris . Pistillaria tenuipes Polyporus fumosus . Polyporus pereiiuis . Polysaccum pisocarpium Polystictus versicolor . Poria Ciordoniensis . Poria medulla-pams Porothelium confusum Psatliyra gyroflexa . Psathyra urticaecolu Psathyrella arata . Psathyrella disseminata Psilocybe udus . Eadulum orbiculare Khizopogon rubescens . Seleroderma vulgare Sistotrema confluens . Solenia anomala l'A<.i: PACK 3.~>1 Boppittiella cristata ... 97 74 Sparassis crispa .... 74 74 Sphaerobolus stellatus . . 20 185 Stereuin ochroleucum ... 97 185 Stereum purpureum ... 97 , 20 Stereum Sowerbei .... 97 185 Strobilomyces strobilaceu.s . 185 . 185 Stropharia aeruginosa . . . 351 , 185 Stropharia melasperrmi . . .351 , 149 Stropharia semiglobatsi . . .351 351 Thelebolus terrestris ... 20 . 351 Thelephora laciniata ... 97 . 303 Trametes gibbosa . . . .18") . 303 Tremella lutescens .... 50 . 351 Tremella mesenterica ... 56 . 149 ; Tremellodon gelatinosum . . 43 . 11 Tulostoma mammosum ... 28 , 20 j Typhula erythropus ... 74 . 149 Ullocolla saccharina . . . 5G . 94 ; FUNGUS-FLOBA. INTRODUCTION. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF FUNGI. IN a systematic work the very fascinating study of fungi, comprising general morphology, life-history, &c., can receive but very brief attention ; nevertheless, a clear knowledge of such is indispensable to an intelligible appreciation of systematic work, which, if based on the system of natural affinities, is the outcome of a correct knowledge of the morphological and physiological peculiarities of the members under consideration. Fungi belong to the division of plants known as Crypto- gams, amongst which they are conspicuous by the entire absence of chlorophyll. This peculiarity determines the mode of life of the fungi, and limits their distribution to those places where organic matter is present, which serves as food, as owing to the absence of chlorophyll inorganic matter cannot be assimilated. Those fungi that feed on dead organic substances, as decaying wood, vegetable humus, &c., are called saprophytes ; whereas those that derive their food from living plants or animals are known as parasites. Some species are saprophytes during one period of their existence and parasites at another. Fungi are not the only Cryptogams devoid of chlorophyll ; two other groups, the Myxomycetes or Mycetozoa, and the Schizomycetes or Bacteria agree in this point, but these latter are distinguished by the absence of hyphae or my- celium. The tissues of fungi always consist of rows of cells, called Jiyphae; these may consist of very long continuous cells without transverse septa, or septa may be present, when VOL. I. B 2 FUNGUS-FLORA. the hypha consists of a row of superposed cells. In numerous species the hyphae form a loose, yielding structure, as in the common mushroom, where they are arranged in a more or less parallel manner in the stem or stipe, or intricately inter- woven, as in the cap or pileus. In perennial species, on the other hand, the hyphae are compacted to form a dense, elastic, corky tissue ; or, in some species of Polyporus, the substance becomes dark-coloured and as hard as wood. The loose, floccose hyphae forming the vegetative portion of the fungus is called the mycelium, or spawn. In many species certain of the hyphae become differentiated into laticiferous hyphae, and contain a dense, granular liquid called latex, or ' milk,' as usually described in systematic works ; such cells are exceedingly abundant in the genus Lactarius, and con- stitute one of its specific characters, the ' milk,' or latex, escaping in drops when the tissue is broken. Laticiferous cells are also present in many other genera. The Fungi are considered as having descended from the algae, the initial phase of departure being the suppression of chlorophyll, after which they gradually adopted an aerial mode of life; and at the present day we recognise two primary lines of departure and specialisation, the Ascomycetes and the Basidiomycetes. The first-named group is oldest in point of time, and, as would be expected, is structurally most in touch with the algae, especially the lower or algal-like forms, such as Pythium, Saprolegnia, &c., which differ from certain algae, as Vaucheria, more especially in the absence of chlorophyll, in other respects the general structure is almost identical; such fungi are in many instances aquatic, and possess sexual organs of functional value, an antheridium, or fertilising body — male — and a large cell, or oogonium — female — the contents of which, after fertilisation, become capable of reproducing the species ; the fertilised bodies con- tained within the oogonium, or mother-cell, are called oospores, and the leading idea of the Ascomycetes is that of producing the reproductive bodies or spores in a mother-cell, where they remain till mature. As the evolution of the Ascomycetes proceeds, the sexual organs are gradually sup- pressed, until eventually the spores are produced in a mother- cell or ascus without the intervention of any sexual process. Along with the above mode of reproduction, a second or . INTRODUCTION. 3 asexual mode is usually present in most species, consisting of minute, differentiated, spore-like bodies, borne at the tips of special branches, and not enclosed in mother-cells or asci, but naked. Such reproductive bodies are termed conidia, which in many instances have been proved to reproduce the fungus either directly or indirectly, as the spores produced i n asci — ascospores — do. In many of the Ascomycetes the conidia and higher asco- spores are produced by the same structure, the two forms of reproductive bodies either appearing at the same time, or more frequently the conidia appear first, the ascospores being produced at a later stage. In other species the conidia and ascospores are respectively borne by two morphologically and organically distinct structures, which are often so dis- similar in general appearance, that before the relationship between the two was known they were placed in different genera, or even in different families. As already mentioned, a marked feature in the evolution of the Ascomycetes is the gradual suppression of the sexual organs of reproduction, accompanied by a corresponding evolution and differentiation of the sexual mode of reproduc- tion. On the total disappearance of the sexual mode of reproduction, we find the second great group of fungi — the Basidiomycetes — gradually evolving through the Ustilagineae, and the Uredineae, families including the well-known * bunt,' ' rust,' and ' smut ' of our cereals, until finally, the character- istic features of the Basidiomycetes are clearty indicated in the Tremellineae, and the Thelephoreae, the most prominent character being the production of naked spores — that is, not formed in a mother-cell — at the tips of large, terminal cells known as basidia ; as a rule each basidium bears four spores, sometimes called basidiospores, at its apex. The basidia are packed side by side, their tips bearing the spores forming the free surface of the structure, the whole constituting the hymenium, or spore-bearing surface. The further evolution of the Basidiomycetes is most evident in connection with the development of the sporophore for the two purposes of pro- viding the greatest possible area of hymenium or spore- bearing surface with the least possible expenditure of material, and also for the most effective means of spore dissemination. B 2 4 FUNGUS-FLORA. The mycelium or vegetative portion of a fungus, being concerned in obtaining and assimilating food, is usually buried in the substratum or matrix from which the fungus obtains its food, whereas the portion that appears in the air has to do entirely with the reproductive phase, in other words is either directly or indirectly concerned with the production of spores, and collectively constitutes the sporo- phore, which in turn receives special names in the different groups, or in complicated cases different parts are in- dividualised ; for example, in the common edible mushroom (Agaricus campestris), the vegetative portion or mycelium is buried in the ground, the whole of the above-ground structure being the highly differentiated sporophore, con- sisting of a stipe or stem, and a pileus or cap. A veil is al.so present in the form of a thin membrane stretched from the stem to the margin of the pileus for the purpose of protecting the gills during the young stage, while the spores are growing, the whole of this complex sporophore being for the purpose of producing spores on the gills or lamellae, protecting them during their development, and assisting in their dispersion at maturity. In addition to the two primary groups of fungi indicated above there exist others, included under the families known as Hyphomycetes, Melanconieae, &c. Most of the forms in- cluded in these families are minute, and popularly known as • moulds,' ' mildews,' &c. ; many such have of late years been proved to be phases in the life-cycle of higher fungi, mostly belonging to the Ascomycetes. Numerous species, however, yet remain without any indicated connection with higher forms, and consequently must for the present be considered as species. Fuller morphological and physiological information re- specting the fungi, in addition to their evolution and inter- relationship, will be found in a work I have previously Avritten on Cryptogamic Botany.* * ' The Evolution of Plant Life : Lower Forms.' BASIDIOMYCETES. Naked spores borne on basidia are, as already stated, the morphological features that are supposed to be indicative of relationship amongst thousands of fungi, which in every other particular are frequently very dissimilar. A typical basidium is the club-shaped terminal cell of an ordinary hypha that becomes densely filled with protoplasm. From the rounded apex of the basidium four very slender spine- like processes — the sterigmata — are produced ; the tip of each steriguia becomes swollen, the swollen portion becoming differentiated into a spore. In primitive types of Basidiomycetes the hymenium covers the entire exposed surface of the sporophore, which shows but little differentiation, as in Tremella, Corticium, &c. In the last-named genus and its allies, the sporophore resembles a crust-like expansion closely adnate or attached to the matrix throughout its entire surface, when it is said to be resupinate, the upper or free surface being entirely covered by the hymenium. The next phase of evolution towards the highest form is where a greater or less portion of the crust- like sporophore is free from the matrix and reflexed or curved downwards ; this condition of things is seen in many species of Stereum. A third type, the dimidiate stage, is illustrated by many species of Polyporus that are attached by a broad edge to the matrix, the fungus standing out at right angles to the matrix, and often of a more or le>s semicircular form, the upper barren surface being the pileus, the under fertile surface the hymenium. Following on, we come to species with a lateral stem, due to the broad base of attachment of the dimidiate type being narrowed to stem-like dimensions. Finally we come to mesopod or central-stemmed species, as seen in the mush- room. In all the higher forms, the hymenium is continuously spread over both surfaces of thin plates of tissue, which are variously arranged in different groups, and furnish important 6 . FUNGUS-FLORA. characters ; these plates take the form of gills or lamellae in Agaricus, &c., pores in Polyporus, Boletus, &c., or are variously contorted and form a cavernous structure in Lycoperdon, Rhizopogon, &c. No trace of sexual organs is known to exist in any member of the group. The Basidiomycetes are divided into two primary groups, briefly characterised as follows : — HYMENOMYCETES. Hymenium exposed from the first, or in all cases before the spores are mature. GASTROMYCETES. Hymenium enclosed within a continuous membrane or peridium until the spores are mature. GASTEOMYCETES. Opinion differs as to the origin or starting-point of the peculiar features that give individuality to the present group. The late Professor De Bary saw in some points of resemblance with certain species of Polyporus the probable starting-point of the group under consideration.* The Hymenogastreae, including the comparatively simple sub- terranean species, are universally considered as the starting- point from which all the other families of the Gastromycetes have been derived, and I have indicated the very close agreement in many important points of structure, habitat, &c., I between the Hymenogastreae and the Tuberaceae, an ascigerous family of subterranean fungi including the truffle, and consider that the Gastromycetes have evolved from the Tuberaceae through the Hymenogastreae, due to the gradual conversion of asci into basidia. In the simplest subterranean forms there is a continuous external compact wall or peridium, which remains perfectly closed until the spores are mature, and even then shows no * ' Fungi Mycetozoa and Bacteria.' Eng. Ed. t ' A Monograph of the British Gastromycetes,' 'Annals of Botany,' vol. iv. 1889. GASTROMYCETES. 7 special arrangement for dehiscence or opening, but has to decay before the spores are liberated. In species that become raised above ground during their development the peridium is usually differentiated into two or more layers, as, for instance, in the species of Lycoperdon, where the outer layer is usually resolved into warts or spines, the inner layer remaining continuous, or in Geaster, where the number of layers is greater, an outer portion (exoperidium) eventually splitting from the apex into a variable number of pointed portions, the inner, as in Lycoperdon, remaining intact and dehiscing by a more or less definite aperture at the apex. The entire contents of the closed peridium are collectively known as the gleba, which in the immature stage, before any disintegration has taken place, consists of thin plates of tissue continuous with the inside of the peridium and anastomosing at numerous points, thus forming an irregular labyrinthi- form or cavernous structure consisting of variously- shaped cavities bounded by thin plates, which are in every respect, except that of arrangement, identical with the gills of Agarics, and consequently bear the basidia on their free surfaces, which is equivalent to saying that the walls of the cavities are covered with basidia bearing spores and forming the hymenium. The central portion of these plates consists of hyphae running more or less parallel with the two surfaces and constituting the trama, lateral branches of which bend outwards on both sides and bear the basidia. In addition to the basidia, certain tramal hyphae give origin in many species to elongated, thick- walled, simple or branched hyphae which collectively form the capillitium or dense mass of threads mixed with the mature spores in Lycoperdon, Geaster, &c., and which, in its most highly-evolved phase acts as a dispersive organ. In many genera, as Bovista, Lycoperdon, &c., after the spores are formed the basidia, along with the tramal plates, deliquesce and totally disappear, becoming partly resolved into water that saturates the gleba of im- mature puff-balls ; finally, this moisture disappears, the spores become mature and form a dusty mass, mixed with the capillitium threads. In the species of Cyathus and Nidularia the tramal plates do not deliquesce at maturity, but split along a central line, 8 FUNGUS-FLORA. thus forming a number of free, closed, hollow bodies or peridiola, the inner surface being lined with basidia. These fungi are popularly known as birds'-nest fungi, the open peridium corresponding to the nest and the peridiola to the eggs. In some of the subterranean species the basal portion of the peridial wall is more or less thicker than the remainder, and in the above-ground, species this thickened portion or sterile base is much more highly developed, and, as its name denotes, is sterile, or does not produce basidia and spores. In the species of Lycoperdon, &c., the sterile base is developed downwards as a stem, in other species it grows upwards into the gleba as a more or less cylindrical, compact, sterile, hemispherical, or column-like pillar, called the columella. In the sub-family Phalloideae the outer covering or peri- dium is termed the volva, and the hymenium is elevated on a variously-formed receptacle. When the spores are formed the hymenial elements, basidia, &c., deliquesce and form in most species a very strong-smelling, green, semi-liquid, dripping mass, in which the spores are imbedded. This green substance contains a considerable amount of a sac- charine substance, which is greedily sought after by flies, through whose agency the spores are supposed to be dis- persed. In many species the receptacle is brilliantly coloured , thus serving as an additional attraction to their insect visitors. No trace of a capillitium is present. GASTEOMYCETES. Subterranean, or appearing above-ground when mature ; hymenium concealed within a continuous peridium or volva until the spores are formed. Basidia variable, cylindrical, clavate, or sub-globose ; spores produced laterally (Tulostoma) or at the apex of the basidia, variable in number, often more than four, always continuous ( = one-celled or without septa). Capillitium often present. Fam. I. HYMENOGASTREAE. Subterranean. Peridium indehiscent ; capillitium absent. GASTROMYCETES. 9 Fam. II. SCLERODERMEAE. Appearing above ground at maturity. Peridium thick, not composed of distinct layers, dehiscing irregularly ; capillitium absent. Fam. III. NlDULARIEAE. Peridiola globose or compressed, free at maturity within the peridium. Fam. IV. LYCOPERDEAE. Peridium consisting of two or more distinct layers ; spores forming a powdery mass at maturity, and mixed with a well-developed capillitium. Fam. V. PHALLOIDEAE. Yolva at first continuous, with a middle gelatinous stratum, spores when mature immersed in a greenish mucilage, and elevated out of the volva on a variously-shaped receptacle. ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. HYMENOGASTREAE. Octaviania. — Sterile base of peridium well developed ; spores globose, warted. Melanogaster. — Sterile base of peridium absent ; spores elliptical, smooth. Hydnangium. — Peridium without a sterile base ; spores globose, warted. Hysterangium. — Gleba cartilagineo - glutinous ; spores minute, elliptical, smooth. Rhizopogon. — Peridium with vein-like fibres on the sur- face ; spores smooth. Hymenogaster. — Sterile base of peridium well developed ; spores large, elliptical or fusiform, rugulose or nodulose. 10 FUNGUS-FLORA. SCLERODERMEAE. Scleroderma. — Surface of peridium with persistent warts or granules. Polysaccum. — Surface of peridium smooth. NlDULARIEAE. Cyathus. — Peridiola several, umbilicate, attached by a cord to wall of peridium. Crucibulum. — Peridiola several, not umbilicate, attached by a cord to wall of peridium. Nidularia. — Peridiola several, not attached by a cord to the peridium. Sphaerobolus. — Peridium globose, containing a single sporidiolum. Thelebolus. — Peridium sessile on a broad base, containing a single peridiolum. LYCOPERDEAE. * Stem absent, or very thick and continuous with the peridium. Lycoperdon. — Exoperidium either in the form of warts, spines, or flaking off in patches ; sterile base either present or absent. Geaster. — Exoperidium splitting in a stellate manner. ** Stem elongated, slender. T ulostoma. — Peridium subglobose. Battarrea. — -Peridium vertically compressed. PHALLOIDEAE. Ithy phallus. — Pileus reticulated, free and sheathing the apex of the stem-like receptacle. Mutinus. — Pileus adnate to the apex of the long stem-like receptacle. Clathrus. — Keceptacle forming a hollow net. GASTROMYCETES. 11 FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE HYMENOGASTREAE. Fig. 1, Octaviania asterosperma, portion of a tramal plate showing the hyphae of the trama bending outwards and bearing the basidia on both surfaces ; the young spores are smooth ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 2, Hydnangiuni carneum, spore very highly mag.; — Fig. 3, Ehizopogon nibescens, plant nat. size ; — Fig. 4, Hysteranglum nephriticum, spores highly mag. ; — Fig. 5, Jlijmenogaster inner, section through centre of plant, showing the con- tinuous peridiurn with the thickened sterile base, also the tramal plates forming an irregular network in the gleba ; nat. size ; — Fig. 6, Melanognstcr variegatus, basidiuin bearing four spores ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 7, Hymeno- gatter decorm, spore ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 8, Hymenogaeter citrinus, plant ; nat. size. 12 FUNGUS-FLOEA. FAM. I. HYMENOGASTREAE. Peridium indehiscent ; gleba consisting of numerous irregular cavities; capillitium absent ; subterranean. Hymenogastreae, Tul., Fl. d'Alg. i. p. 394. Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 31. Hypogaei, Berk., Outl., p. 292. Most of the species are of an irregular spherical form, and in many cases originate from a fleecy weft of mycelium. Most species grow under trees, and several have only been met with in close proximity to certain kinds of trees, which suggests the probability of commensalism, as already known to exist between the subterranean species of Elaphomyces and fir-trees. The basidia are very variable in form and in the number of sterigmata. The spores are remarkable, as a rule, for their very large t-ize, dark colour and markings. The ]>eridium is not differentiated into layers in connection with spore-diffusion, and decays to liberate the spores. OCTAVIANIA. Vitt. (fig. 1, p. 11.; Peridium cottony, sterile base distinct ; trama byssoid with a tendency to split ; cavities at first empty, small towards the circumference, central ones larger and irregular ; spores rough. Octaviania, Vitt., Mon. Tub., p. 15 (in part); Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 31. Characterised by the distinct sterile base, the byssoid septa, and in the cavities being at first empty. Octaviania asterosperma. Vitt. (fig. 1, p. 11.) Subglobose or irregular, whitish, becoming bluish-black in places, sterile base distinct ; cavities irregular, central ones largest; spores globose, warted, brown, 14—15, p.. Octaviana asterosperma. Vitt., Mon. Tub., t. iii. p. 7 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1045 ; Berk., Outl. 292 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 31, i. 2. OCTAVIANIA— MELAXOGASTER. 1 3 Adhering to branches, leaves, &c., underground. From ^ to 1^ in. across, mycelium cottony, abundant ; whitish, becoming stained with greenish-blue or black when bruised and exposed to air. Octaviania Stephens!!. Tul. Irregularly elongated, rufous, base more or less plicate, •with branched cord-like mycelial strands; within white, becoming red when exposed ; cavities minute ; spores globose, echinulate, pale brown, 11-17 //.. Octaviania Stephensii, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 78, pi. xxi., f. vi. ; Mass., Mon. Gast. p. 32, f. 3. Hydnangium Stevensii, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 76. Amongst loose soil ; from ^ to f in. across ; giving out a white milk-like fluid when cut. Octaviania compacta. Tul. Small, gregarious, irregularly globose, whitish, minutely cottony, furnished with a dense mass of white mycelium ; cavities irregular, septa indistinct ; spores minutely warted, yellow, 5—6 //.. Octaviana compacta, Tul., Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. p. 56 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 32, f. 12. Underground or partly exposed ; from ^ to ^ in. across. MELANOGASTEK. Corda. (fig. 6, p. 11.) Peridium without a distinct sterile rooting base, branched root-like mycelial strands springing from every part of the surface ; cavities of gleba small at the circumference, larger in the centre ; tramal plates thick ; spores smooth, coloured or colourless. Melanogaster, Corda, 'ap. Sturm., Deutsch. Fl. iii. 11, p. 1 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 33. The present genus is characterised by the smooth spores, absence of sterile rooting base, and the cord-like strands of mycelium springing from various points of the surface of the peridium. Melanogaster variegatus. Tul. (fig. 6, p. 11.) Subglobose, ochraceous or yellowish, theii ferruginous ; tramal plates changing from white to orange ; spores brown , elliptic-oblong, 10 x 5 p.. 14 FUNGUS-FLORA. Melanogaster variegatus, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 92, t. xi. f. 4, an'l t. xii. f. 6 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 33, f. 10. Underground. Far. Broomeianus, Berk. Differs from type in not having yellow or orange tramal plates. Melanogaster axnbiguus. Tul. Subglobose or ellipsoid, foetid, pale olive becoming brownish when exposed ; septa white, spores obovate or elliptical, apex variable, acute or obtuse and papillate, brown, 13—15 x 7-8 M. Melanogaster ambiguus, Tul., Fung. Hyp. 94, t. ii. f. 5, and t. xi. f. 5 ; Berk., Outl. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1048 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 35, f. 5. Under firs, the smell very strong, resembling assafoetida. About 1 in. across. Far. intermedius, Tul. Spores obovate, obtuse, rarely papillate. HYDNANGIUM. Wallr. (fig. 2, p. 11.) Peridium fleshy or thin, smooth or silky, sterile base absent ; cavities minute, irregular, at first empty ; spores globose or subglobose, echinulate. Hydnangium, Wallr., MS. ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. '36. Distinguished from Hydnangium, its nearest ally, by the absence of a sterile base and the subglobose echinulate spores. Hydnangium carotaecolor. B. & Br. Irregularly oblong, peridium thin,rugulose, dull red, orange within; spores elliptic, pale, coarsely echinulate, 15-18 X 11-13 /A. Hydnangium carotaecolor, B. and Br., Berk., Outl. 293 ; pi. xx. f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1049 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 36, f. 6. Buried or half exposed, under trees. From ^ to | in. long, of a bright carrot-colour within. Hydnangium carneum. Wallr. (fig. 2, p. 11.) Subglobose or irregular, flesh-coloured, inside paler, un- changeable ; spores globose, pale pinkish-brown, with long, slender spines, 11-12 p.. HYSTERANGIIJM — RHI/OP(X;< >N . 1 5 Hydnangium canieum, Wallr., MS. ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 37, f. 14. Underground or partly exposed. About f in. across. HYSTERANGIUM. Vitt. (fig. 4, p. 11.) Peridium distinct, separable ; gleba at first mucilaginous, becoming gelatinous, cavities at first empty ; spores minute, smooth. Hysterangium, Vitt., Mon. Tub., p. 13; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 37, f. 4. Known by the cartilaginous nature of the mature gleba, separable peridium, and minute elliptical, smooth spores. There is often an abundant development of mycelium. Hysterangium nephriticum. Berk. (fig. 4, p. 11.) Spherico-depressed, mycelium white, strand-like ; peridium rather thick ; gleba tinted with grey or dirty green ; cavities minute, irregular, radiating from the base; spores pale, elliptical, 18-20 x 5-6 /*. Hysterangium nephriticum, Berk., Outl. 294; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1050 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 38, f. 4. Amongst clay, &c. From ^ to 1 in., at first white, downy, springing from a dense mat of root-like mycelium. Hysterangium Thwaitesii. B. & Br. AVhite, subglobose, becoming reddish when bruised ; spores oblong, apiculate, pale olive, 25-30 x 7-9 p. Hysterangium Thwaitesii, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. ii. v. ii. p. 267 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 39, f. 80. On the ground, under trees. About £ in. across. Peridium thin, separating when dry. PtHIZOPOGON. Tul. (fig. 3, p. 11.) Peridium thick and persistent, or thin and disappearing, with strands of mycelium traversing its surface; cavities distinct, at first empty ; spores smooth. Ehlzopogon, Tul., Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. p. 56 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 39. Agreeing with Hysterangium in the smooth elliptical spores, but distinguished by the root-like strands of mycelium 16 FUNGUS-FLORA. springing from the general surface of the peridium ; in the last character agreeing with Melanogasler, from which the present genus is distinct by the minute subequal cavities of the gleba. Rhizopogon rubescens. Tul. (fig. 3, p. 11.) Irregularly ovate or globose, with long, slender, root-like mycelium, white, becoming reddish when exposed, yellowish- olive when mature, cavities small, numerous ; spores elliptic- oblong, very pale, 11 X 4-5 /t. Rhizopogon rubescens, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 89, t. xi. f. 4, t r f. 1.; Berk., Outl. 294; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1052; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 39, f. 7. Amongst sand in fir-woods. Gregarious, f— 1^ in., smell sour when young, foetid when old. Rhizopogon luteolus. Tul. Globose or elongated, white, then brownish-olive, peridium thick, with numerous strands of mycelium ; cavities minute, rounded ; spores narrowly elliptical, pale olive, 8 x 3 p. Rhizopogon luteolus, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 87, t. i., f. 5 and t. xi. f. 5; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 40, f. 9. Underground or partly exposed. Solitary or gregarious, in., smell slight when immature, then strong. HYMENOGASTEK. Tul. (fig. 5, p. 11.) Peridium fleshy or thin, continuous with the sterile base ; cavities of gleba empty at first, irregularly scattered or radiating from the base, tramal walls not byssoid; spores elliptical or fusiform, rough or smooth. Hymenogaster, Tul., Fung. Hypog., p. 63 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 41. Characterised by the large elliptical or fusiform spores, sterile basal stratum, and cavities of the gleba being empty at first. Hymenogaster Klotzschii. Tul. Obovate or subglobose, base fibrillose, dirty white, be- coming reddish-ochre inside ; spores elliptical, minutely warted, pale brown, 18-20 x 11-13 p.. HYMENOGASTER. 17 Hymenogaster Klotzschii, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 64, pi. x. f. xii. ; Berk., Outl. 295 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1053 ; Mass., Mon. Cast., p. 42, f. 24. Amongst soil. From ^-§ in. Hymenogaster muticus. B. & Br. Globose, white, then tinged brown, cracked ; pale yellow- ish-brown within ; spores obovate or oblong, obtuse, pale brown, 18-21 x 10-12 ^. Hymenogaster muticus, B. and Br., Berk., Outl. 295 ; Cke., TMl>k., n. 1054 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 42, f. 20. Underground, amongst trees. From §-1 in. across. Hymenogaster luteus. Vitt. Subglobose, peridium very thin, white, then brownish ; bright yellow within ; spores smooth, elliptical, 24-28 x 10 ^ Hymenogaster luteus, Berk., Outl. 295 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1055 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 43, f. 18. Underground. About 1 in. diam., distinguished by the bright yellow inside. Spores rather variable in shape and size. Smell sometimes weak, at others very foetid. Hymenogaster decorus. Tul. (fig. 7, p. 11.) Subglobose, dirty white, becoming yellowish in places ; inside lilac-brown, then blackish ; sterile base almost obso- lete ; spores elliptical, obtuse, or obtusely apiculate, ochra- ceous, then brown, rugulose, 24-28 x 13-15 p.. Hymenogaster decorus, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 67, t. x. f. U ; Berk., Outl. 2U5 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1056 ; Mass., Mou. Gast., p. 43, f. 22. Underground in woods. From 1-2 in. across. Remark- able for the long, slender basidia. Hymenogaster vulgaris. Tul. Irregularly subglobose, whitish, becoming discoloured ; rather soft ; gleba from white to dark brown, cavities rather large, irregular ; sterile base minute ; spores oblong-lanceo- late, dark brown when mature, rugulose, 30-40 x 12-14 p.. Hymenofiaster vulgaris, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 67, t. x. f. 13 ; Berk., Outl. 296 ; Cke, Hdbk., n. 1057 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 44, f. 13. VOL. i. c 18 FUNGUS-FLORA. Underground. Subglobose, or irregularly lobed, solitary or gregarious, about 1 in. Hymenogaster pallidus, B. & Br. Subglobose or depressed; white, then dirty buff, rather soft, sterile base obsolete; within at first white, passing through yellow to pale brown; spores lanceolate, acute, rather rough, brown, 30-36 X 12-14, p.. Hymenogaster pallidus, B. and Br., Berk., Outl. 296 ; Cke., Hdbk. 1058; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 44, f. 17. Underground under firs. From ^-^ in., distinguished from H. vulgaris by its paler colour and more acute spores, which usually fall away with the short sterigma attached. Hymenogaster citrinus. Vitt. (fig. 8, p. 11.) Subglobose, often gibbous, shining as if silky ; yellow, then rufous-black, same colour within ; spores lanceolate, apiculate, reddish-brown, rugulose, 40 x 17-20 p. Hymenogaster citrinus, Vitt., Berk., Outl, 296 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1057 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 45, f. 8. Underground. From f-^ in. across. Distinguished by the yellow tramal plates, the large brown, lanceolate spores, and the cheesy smell. Hymenogaster olivaceus. Yitt. Angularly globose, at first silky, whitish, brownish when bruised ; inside white at first, then passing through buff to olive, tramal plates persistently white ; spores broadly fusi- form, mucronate, brown, generally quite smooth, 25-30 x 13-14 /x. Hymenogaster olivaceus, Vitt., Berk., Outl. 296 ; Cke., Hdbk. 1060; Mass., Mon. Gast, p. 45, f. 16. Underground in woods. Size variable, from f— 1^ in. Allied to H. citrinus : distinguished by its paler and smoother spores; in fact, the spores are generally quite smooth, some- times slightly rugulose ; the sterigmata remain attached to the spores as a rule. Far. modestus, B. and Br. Spores narrowly fusiform, pale amber, 25—26 x 8—10 p.. Hymenogaster tener. Berk. (fig. 5, p. 11.) Subglobose, rather soft, white, silky, sterile base well IIYMENOGASTER. 19 developed ; gleba pink, then greyish-amber ; spores broadly elliptical with a papilla at the apex, verruculose or rugulose, ochraceous, 30 X 14—16 />u Hymenogaster tener, Berk., Outl. 296; Cke., Hdbk. 1061; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 46, figs. 1 and 54. Underground, in woods. From £-1 in. across. Hymenogaster Thwaitesii. B. & Br. Globose, firm, dingy white becoming stained in places ; gleba brown ; spores globose, brown, slightly rugulose, apex with a minute papilla, 11-13 p. Hi/menogaster Thwaitesii, B. and Br., Berk., Outl. 197; Cke.', Hdb'k., n. 1162 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 47, f. 25. Underground. About £ in. across. Characterised by the globose spores. Hymenogaster griseus. Vitt. Globose or irregular, at first white, downy, cavities minute ; spores fusiform, irregularly tuberculose, dark brown, 28—32 X 20/t. Hymenogaster griseus, Vitt., Mon. Tub. 23, t. iii. f. xv. ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 48. Amongst leaf-soil. From |-J in. across. Smell pleasant. Hymenogaster pusillus. B. & Br. Very small, obovate or subdepressed, white, sterile base large ; cavities large ; spores pale, reddish, elliptical, with a papilla, at the apex, at length rugulose, 14-16 X 10 /*. Hymenogaster pusillus, B. and Br., Berk., Outl. 297 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1063; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 48, f. 21. On mossy ground. About two lines high, obovate or 20 FUNGUS-FLORA. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE SCLERODEPMEAE, ALSO THE NIDULAEIEAE IN PART. Fig. 1, Polysaccum pisocarpium, portion of a specimen, showing1 the nodulose exterior, also a section showing the sporangiola ; small specimen, nat. size; — Fig. 2, Sphaerobolm stellatus, specimen after dehiscence, showing the outer wall of the peridium split in a stellate manner above, and the inner layer elastically inverted, the single peridiolum has been jerked away ; slightly mag. ; — Fig. 3, Thelelolns terrestris, showing the peridium with the single peridiolum at its apex ; slightly mag. ; — Fig. 4, Scleroderma vulgare, entire plant ; small specimen, nat. size ; — Fig. 5, Crucibulum vulgare, peridiolum with portion of the funiculus or cord by which it is attached to the inner wall of the peridium ; slightly mag. ; — Fig. 6, Cyathus vernicosus, peridiolum in section, showing the .internal cavity lined with basidia; on one side there is a depression or umbilicus from which the funiculus springs ; mag. SCLEEODERMA. 21 FAM. II. SCLERODERMEAE. Peridium thick, dehiscing by splitting into lobes at the apex, or usually by disintegration of the upper portion ; gleba containing numerous cavities, tramal plates disappear- ing or persistent, capillitium absent. Peridia appearing above ground at maturity. Distinguished from the Hymenogastreae by the well-defined sterile base of the peridium, which usually becomes elongated into a stem-like structure, and by the mature peridium being above ground. The spores are small, yet there is no special arrangement for effecting their dispersion, although in this respect the present order forms a transition between the Hymenogastreae and the higher orders. SCLEEODERMA. Pers. (fig. 4, p. 20.) Peridium firm, covered with warts or scales, indehiscent or splitting in an irregularly stellate manner at the apex ; walls of trama subpersistent ; spores globose, warted. Scleroderma, Pers., Syn., p. 159; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 49. Distinguished by the firm, corky peridium covered with warts. Scleroderma vulgare. Fr. (fig. 4, p. 20.) Subsessile, often depressed, plicate towards the base, peridium thick, white, verrucose or broken up into minute rigid scales ; trama white ; spores in the mass blackish with purple tinge, globose, warted, 9-11 /*. Scleroderma vulgare, Berk., Outl. 303, pi. 15, f. 4 (with Boletus parasiticuSy growing upon it) ; Cke., Hdbk. 1090, f. 116 ; Mass., Mon. Gast, p. 50, f. 45. Under trees, &c. Often cespitose, 1 to 3 in. across. Peridium variable, white or pale brown, often becoming pink when cut. Dehiscing by decay of upper portion of peridiurn. 22 FUNGUS-FLOBA. Scleroderma verrucosum. Pers. Peridium thin above, ochraceous or clingy brown, covered with minute warts, subglobose, continued downwards as a more or less elongated stem-like base ; spores umber in the mass ; trama whitish ; spores globose, warted, 10-13 p.. Scleroderma verrucosum, Berk., Outl. 303 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1092 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 50, f. 47. On the ground, under trees, &c. Peridium, 1 to 3 in. across, stem ^-2 in. long, thick, lacunose; sometimes almost sessile, when it approaches 8. vulgare, but is distinguished by the thin peridium and absence of purple tinge in the immature spore mass. Scleroderma bovista. Fr. Subsessile, often irregular, peridium thin, pliant, almost smooth ; tramal walls floccose, yellow, mass of spores olive- brown, spores globose, warted, 10-13 ft. Scleroderma bovista, Berk., Outl. 303 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1091 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 51, f. 36. Sandy soil under trees, &c. From 1—2 in. across. Dis- tinguished by the thin, almost smooth peridium, and the yellow tramal walls. Scleroderma geaster. Fr. Subglobose, sessile, peridium thick, rigid, almost smooth, splitting in an irregularly stellate manner at the apex ; spores warted, 12-16 //. Scleroderma geaster, Fr., Syst. Myc., iii. p. 46 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 51, f. 35. Sandy places. Known by the peridium dehiscing in a stellate manner ; from 1-2 in. across. POLYSACCUM. B.C. (fig. 1, p. 20.) Peridium irregularly globose, thick, attenuated down- wards into a stem-like base, dehiscing by disintegration of its upper portion ; gleba with numerous cavities containing peridiola. Polysaccum, D.C., in Desp. and Eapp., Voy. Bot. i. p. 8 • Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 52. Allied to Scleroderma and distinguished by the cavities of the gleba containing distinct peridiola. POLYSACCUM— CYATHUS. 23 Polysaccum pisocarpium. Fr. (fig. i, p. 20.) Peridium irregularly globose, indistinctly nodulose, passing downwards into a stout stem-like base; peridiola irregularly angular, 4-5 x 2-3 mm., yellow ; spores globose, warted, coffee-colour, 9-13 /A. Polysaccum pisocarpium, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 52, f. 53. Polysaccum olivaceum, Berk., Outl. 304; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1093. Lycoperdon capsuliferum, Sow., Engl. Fung., tab. 425. Amongst sand. Peridium olive with brown tinge, 1-3 in. across, stem stout |-1 in. long. Has not been met with since Sowerby's time. FAM. III. NIDULARIEAE. Spores produced in the interior of one or usually several indehiscent peridiola enclosed in a common peridium. Nidularieae, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 53. Nidulariaceae, Tul., Mon. Nid., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, i. p. 64 (in part). The leading idea of the present group is the complete differentiation of the peridiola, which were mistaken by the early mycologists for the reproductive bodies. In Poly- saccum the peridiola are present, but not so completely free, owing to the persistence to some extent of the tramal plates. CYATHUS. Haller. (fig. 6, p. 20, and fig. 7, p. 28.) Peridium consisting of three layers, apex at first closed by a membrane (epiphragm), becoming broadly open ; peridiola compressed, urabilicate, attached to peridium by an elastic cord (funiculus). Cgathm, Haller, Helv. V., p. 127 ; Mass., Mon. Gast, p. 54. 2-1 FUNGUS-FLORA. Marked "by the three layers forming the peridium (seen in a microscopic section) and the peridiola, with a depression or umbilicus in the centre of one of the flattened sides from which the funiculus springs. Cyathus striatus. Hoffm. (fig. 7, p. 28.) Obconic, apex truncate, at first closed by a pale epiphragm ; lead-colour and striate within, outside hirto-tomeiitose, brownish, peridiola subcircular, compressed, about 2 mm. across; spores elliptic-oblong, colourless, smooth, 18-22 x 10 /j.. Cyathus striatus, Berk., Outl. 312, pi. 2, f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1199 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 54, f. 48. On wood, twigs, fir-cones, &c. Fasciculate; from ^-5 in. high. Distinguished by the fluted inside of the peridium. Cyathus vernicosus. B.C. (fig. 6, p. 20.) Campanulate, becoming broadly open, inside smooth, even, outside silky becoming smooth ; peridiola circular, biconvex, blackish, 3-4 mm. across; spores elliptical, colourless, 12-14 x 10 p. Cyathus vernicosus, Berk., Outl. 312, pi. 21, f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1199 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 55, f. 49-51. On the ground. Clustered ; about ^ inch high. Far. agrestis. Smaller than type, hemispherical, erect. GKUCIBULUM. Tul. (fig. 5, p. 20, and f. 8, p. 28.) Wall of peridium double, thick, at first continuous over the apex as a flat epiphragm ; peridiola numerous, com- pressed, attached to the peridium by a long cord (funiculus) which springs from a nipple-like tubercle situated centrally on one of the flattened surfaces of the peridiolum. Crucibulum, Tul., Mon. Nid., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, v. i., p. 89 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 56. Distinguished from Cyatlms, its nearest ally, by the peridial wall consisting of two layers only, and in the funiculus springing from a projection, and not from a depression or umbilicus on the flattened side of the peridiolum. CRUCIBULUM — NIDULARIA. 25 Crucibulum vulgare. Tul. (fig. 5, p. 20, and fig. 8, p. 28.) Peridium thick, greyish-buff, smooth and shining inside, minutely tornentose outside ; peridiola circular, biconvex, pale, 1-5-2 ra.m. across; spores elliptic-oblong, smooth, colourless, 10 x 5-6 //,. Crucibulum vulgare, Berk., Outl., p. 312, pi. 2, f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1200 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 56, f. 52. On wood, twigs, &c. Becoming bell-shaped and broadly open, about ^ in. across. Gregarious or crowded. NIDULARIA. Tul. (fig. 6, p. 28.) Peridium consisting of a single membrane ; peridiola numerous, not attached by a fuuiculus to the peridium, involved in mucus. Nidularia, Tul., Mon. Nid., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. i. p. 100 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 57. Readily distinguished amongst its allies by the free peridiola. Nidularia pisiformis. Tul. (fig. 6, p. 28.) Sessile, not rooting, dirty buff, more or less hairy, tuber- culose above, splitting irregularly ; peridiola subrotund, biconvex, brown, smooth, shining ; spores colourless, typi- cally broadly obovate, sometimes subglobose or elliptical, 7-8 x 8-9 fM. Nidularia pisiformis, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1201 ; Mass., Mou. Gasr., p. 58, f. 37. On the ground, wood, leaves, &c. Sessile, springing from a broad base, more or less flattened above, about £ in. across. Peridiola wrinkled when dry. Solitary or gregarious. Nidularia Berkeley!. Mass. Subglobose, becoming broadly open, peridium thick, exter- nally cinnamon, hairy, inside velvety, cinnamon ; peridiola numerous (40-50), circular in outline, biconvex, brown, shining, about 2 mm. across ; spores elliptical, smooth, becoming pale brownish-olive, 9-10 x 5-6 p.. Nidularia Berkeleyi, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 59, f. 38. On wood and twigs. Peridium about ]• in. broad and high, without a trace of cord-like rooting mycelium. Solitary 26 FUNGUS-FLORA. or 2-3 in groups. The peridiola are much wrinkled when dry. Nidularia confluens. Fr. Peridia subglobose, not rooting, thin, villose, whitish, becoming irregularly torn above ; peridiola numerous, cir- cular, compressed, smooth, about 1 • 5 mm. across ; spores elliptical, smooth, colourless, 8—10 x 6—7 //,. Nidularia confluens, Fr. and Nordh., Symb. Gast., p. 3 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 59, f. 81. On chips and amongst leaves, rarely on the ground. About § in. across ; crowded and often irregular. Peridiola wrinkled when dry. Nidularia dentata. With. Turban-shaped. Smaller than a hemp-seed; colour pale buff; rather woolly ; five segments or teeth at the edge, broad, spear-shaped, regular. Membrane tough, whitish. Seeds or capsules reddish-brown. Nidularia dentata, With., Arr. Brit. PI. (ed. 3), vol. iv. p. 357. Several growing together on rotten twigs. The above description from Withering does not agree with any recently described species, and is inserted for the purpose of prevent- ing the creation of a new species, should the plant described above be again discovered. SPHAEKOBOLTJS. Tode. (fig. 2, p. 20.) Peridium consisting of two layers, splitting in a stellate manner above, the inner becoming exserted elastically, and ejecting the single peridiolum. Sphaerobolus, Tode, Meckl., i. p. 43 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 60. Characterised by the single peridiolum. The peculiar structure of the peridiuin is for the purpose of effecting spore dispersion. The fungus when immature is subglobose ; when mature, the two layers of the peridium split into several teeth at the top, the inner layer then contracts suddenly and becomes inverted through the toothed opening, having in the act ejected the peridiolum, with its contained spores, to some distance. SPHAEROBOLUS— THELEBOLUS. 27 Sphaerobolus stellatus. Tode. (fig. 2, p. 20.) Peridium pale yellow, or whitish, tomentose ; split at the apex into several sharp teeth ; peridiolum broadly elliptical ; spores elliptic-oblong or obovate. Smooth, colourless, 10 x 5 ^. Sphaerobolus stellatus, Berk., Outl., p. 312, t. 21, f. 2 ; Cke., Hdbk. 1202, f. 145 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 60, f. 55. On wood, twigs, &c. Crowded, rarely solitary, at first connected by cobweb-like mycelium, about -£$ in. across. THELEBOLUS. Tode. (fig. 3, p. 20.) Wall of peridium single, peridiolum solitary, protruding from apex of peridium. Thelebolus, Tode, Meckl., i., p. 41 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 61. Distinguished from Sphaerobolus by the peridium consist- ing of a single layer and in the peridiolum not being ejected elastically. Thelebolus terrestris. A. & S. (fig. 3, p. 20.) Peridium sessile on a broad base, hemispherical, then urceolato-ventricose, yellow ; peridiolum spherical, solitary; spores elliptic-oblong, smooth, colourless, 10-12 x 5-6 //.. Thelebolus terrestris, Alb. & Schw., Consp. Fung., p. 71, 1. 11, f. 4; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1203, f. 146; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 61, f. 57. On wood, leaves, or on the ground. Peridia about ^ in. across, seated on a dense felt-like mycelium often 1-2 in. broad and long. 28 FUNGUS-FLORA. 70 FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE LYCOPEEDEAE, ALSO THE NIDULAEIEAE IN PART. Fig. 1, Lycoperdon pyriforme, one-third nat. size; — Fig. 2, Geaster liygrometricus ; the outer wall of the peridium is split into pointed teeth ; half nat. size; — Fig. 3, Tulostoma mammosum, entire plant ; nat. size; — Fig. 4, basidium of same, tlie four spores are borne laterally ; this ditfers from the basidia of Auricularia and Pilacre in not being transversely septate ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 5, Lycoperdon nigrescens, showing theseparato outer cortex that has broken away above, also the opening for the escape of the spores at the apex of the inner wall or endopeiidium ; one-third nat. size; — Fig. 6, Nidularia pisi/ormis, nat. size; — Fig. 7, Cyathu* striaius ; nat. size ; — Fig. 8, Crucibuhim vulgare ; nat. size ; — Fig. 9, Sattarrea phalloides, entire plant, showing the volva at the base of the long stem ; about one-quarter nat. size : — Fig. 10, a thread from the capillitium of Battarrea, showing annular thickenings ; highly mag. ' LYCOPERDOX. 29 FAM. IV. LYCOPERDEAE. Feridium consisting of two layers, rarely single ; spores forming a powdery mass at maturity, capillitium well developed. Lycoperdeae, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 62. Trichogastres, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 3 ; Berk., Outl., p. 298 (in part). The leading characteristic of the present group is the presence of numerous differentiated hyphae, constituting collectively the capillitium, mixed with the spores. In many species the endoperidium, or innermost layer of the peridium, dehisces by a definite stoma or aperture. The spores are minute, and in many species the sterigma remains attached to the spore at maturity, resembling a slender stalk. The spores are diffused by wind after their escape from thu peridium. LYCOFERDON. Tournef. (emended), (figs. 1, 5, p. 28.) Peridium consisting of two well-defined layers, the outer spinose, warted, or smooth and separable, inner layer smooth, dehiscing by a small terminal orifice or the whole of the upper portion disappearing ; sterile basal stratum present or absent: capillitium dense ; spores globose or elliptical. Lycoperdon, Tournef., Inst. R. Herb. 563; Berk., Outl., p. 301 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 372 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 66. Bovista, Dillen., Berk., Outl., p. 301 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 371 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 62. Judged from the standpoint of British species alone, Lycoperdon and Bovista appear to be distinct genera, tho former characterised by having the outer layer of the peri- dium spiny or warted, whereas in the last-named the outer layer is smooth, separates from the inner, becomes fragile, nnd falls away in flakes ; but when all the known species of both the above-named genera are examined, it is found that the above distinction does not hold good. There is an unbroken 30 FUNGUS-FLORA. sequence from the most spiny forms to those that are per- fectly smooth, and it is impossible to draw the line between the two genera. The same remark applies to the supposed distinctions presented by the capillitium and the absence or presence of a sterile basal stratum. As defined above, the genus Lycoperdon is distinguished by the spinose, warted, or smooth and deciduous outer layer of the peridium, copious capillitium, and absence of a dis- tinctly defined opening for the escape of the spores. The various species are popularly known as puff-balls. A. Sterile basal stratum present. * Spores rough. Lycoperdon echinatum. Peis. Obovate or f-ubglobose, bristling with crowded, long, pyramidal purple-brown spines ; between which are minute brown warts ; dehiscing by a small irregular opening ; sterile basal stratum well developed, pale ochraceous, passing downwards into long root-like white strands; mass of spores purple-umber; capillitium dense, threads irregularly branched ; spores spherical, coarsely warted, 5-6 p.. Lycoperdon echinatum, Pers., Symb. Myc., p. 36 ; Mass-, Mon. Gast., p. 67, f. 32. On the ground in woods, amongst leaves. Generally solitary, 1-2 in. high, 1-1 ^ in. across, the spines are often curved and split at the base; after falling away, smooth scars are left on the wall of the peridium, each surrounded by a ring of minute warts, giving to the surface a tesselated appearance. Lycoperdon Hoylei. Berk. Subglobose, densely covered with stout, straight or curved pyramidal, purple - brown, deciduous spines ; between the spines are minute persistent brown warts ; sterile base very compact, bright olive, passing into white, cord-like rooting strands ; mass of spores purplo amber, with olive tinge ; capillitium dense, threads olive, sparsely branched ; spores globose, minutely warted, 5 /*. Lycoperdon Hoylei, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1037; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 68, f. 68. LYCOPERDON. 31 On the ground amongst leaves under trees. Peridium 1-2 in. across, superficially resembling L. echinatum, but dis- tinguished by the very compact bright olive basal stratum. Lycoperdon atropurpureum. Vitt. Siibglobose or pyriform, plicate below, sessile, or the cellular, well-developed, dark-brown sterile stratum con- tinued as a short stem-like base ; peridium thin, flaccid, with slender brownish spines which soon fall away towards the apex, dehiscing by a small irregular opening at the apex ; mass of spores blackish-purple ; capillitium dense ; spores spherical, warted, 6-7 p.. Lycoperdon atropurpureum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1085 ; Mass., Muii. Gust., p. 68, f. 71. In woods, size variable, 1-2^ in. across, known from H. echinatum and H. Hoylei, by the dark- brown sterile base, slender spines, and larger spores. Lycoperdon excipuliforme. Scop. Subglobose or depressed, sterile basal stratum continued downwards as a stout stem, plicate at the base; peridium covered with slender spinose warts that soon fail away, leaving the surface tomentose ; mass of t^pores brownish-olive ; threads of capillitium flexuous, sparingly or not at all branched ; spores globose minutely warted, 4-5 /A. Lycoperdon excipuliforme, Vitt., Mon. Lye. 193; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 69, f. 64. In woods and meadows. From 1-4 in. high. Often closely resembling L. saccatum in general appearance, but distin- guished by the sub-simple flexuous threads of the capillitium, and the smaller, minutely warted spores. Lycoperdon saccatum. Yahl. Spherico-depressed, plicate below, with small spinulose warts that become smaller downwards, dehiscing by a small apical aperture ; sterile base, porous, convex, passing down- wards as a stout, elongated stem ; mass of spores olivaceous- umber; capillitium dense, threads branched; spores globose, strongly warted, 5—6 p.. Lycoperdon saccatum, Berk., Outl. 302; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1087 ; Mass., Mon4 Gast., p. 69, f. 60. Amongst moss in open woods, &c. From 2-5 in. high, 32 FUNGUS-FLORA. peridium thin, becoming smooth, usually plicate below, stem 2-4 in. high, 1 in. thick, sometimes the whole fungus is much larger than the above measurements. The stem is often irregularly lacunose. Lycoperdon gemmatum. Batsch. Subglobose, depressed, obtuse, with large, brown pointed warts which fall away, leaving the surface smooth and shining, dehiscing by a small apical opening ; sterile cellular base prominent, passing downwards into a long, thick stem tapering downwards ; mass of spores olivaceous-umber ; capillitium dense, threads branched ; spores globose, minutely warted, 4 p., Lycoperdon gemmatum, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 70, f. 30. Among grass, ferns, &c., in woods. The present species has been almost invariably confused with L. perlatum, from which it is distinguished by the warted spores ; 3—4 in. high, 1-2 in. across. Distinguished from L. saccatum by the peridium not being plicate below and the smaller spores. * * Spores smooth. Lycoperdon pyriforme. Schceff. (fig. 1, p. 28.) Pyriform or subglobose, rather umbonate ; peridium thin and flaccid, covered with minute pointed warts, becoming- smooth, dehiscing by a small torn opening ; furnished with numerous rooting white strands of mycelium at the ba«e ; threads of capillitium branched, springing from the cellular base and persisting as a columella-like central mass ; mass of spores olive, globose, smooth, about 4 fi. Lycoperdon pyriforme, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1059; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 71, f. 61. On rotten wood ; and on the ground attached to branches, itc. Generally densely tufted and connected by numerous white, branching roots ; from 1-3 in. high, typically pyriform with a distinct umbo, sometimes subglobose. Var. excipulifonne, Desm. Peridium contracted abruptly into a slender, equal stem. Lycoperdon perlatum. Pers. Subglobose with an elongated stem-like base or spherico- depressed and nearly sessile, often plicate or lacunose below, always umbonate, covered with stout, short spines, each LYCOPERDON. 33 surrounded by a ring of small persistent warts that remain after the spines have fallen away, dehiscing by a small opening ; basal stratum, porous, convex ; mass of spores dusky olive ; threads of capillitiurn branched, forming a central loose columella ; spores globose, smooth, 4 p. Lycoperdon perlatum, Pers., Syn. 145 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 72, f. 31. In woods and thickets. Often springing in pairs from the same base, 3-5 in. high, 1-2 in. across, stem often lacunose. See note under L. gemmatum. Lycoperdon molle. Pers. Turbiuate, base broad, abrupt, peridium thin, furfuraceous, becoming smooth, collapsing, dehiscing by a small, irregular mouth ; sterile base well developed, spongy, margin well defined; mass of spores olive; capillitium dense, threads thick, walls thin collapsing ; spores globose, smooth, 4 //,. Lycoperdon inolle, Pers., JSyn. 150; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 73, f. 65. On the ground in woods. Yery soft and yielding, dilute olive, li-2 in. high. Lycoperdon caelatum. Bull. Subglobose or depressed, contracted below into a more or less elongated base, often with a long tapering root ; peridium with rather large, scattered, conical warts, be- coming smooth above, upper portion of peridium disappear- ing; mass of spores olive with a lilac tinge; capillitium dense, threads branched, disappearing ; sterile base compact, rather convex ; spores globose, smooth, often with a long pedicel, 4-5 p.. Lycoperdon caelatum, Berk., Outl., t. 20, f. 7 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1084; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 74, f. 58. Fields, roadsides, woods, &c. Globose or usually do- pressed, 1—4 in. across; stem stout, length variable, often almost absent. Lycoperdon bovista. Linn. Globose or depressed, often plicate at the base, sessile, whitish, peridium thick, subtomentose, becoming smooth and fragile, falling away above and leaving a wide opening; mass of spores yellow, then olive ; capillitium compact ; 34 FUNGUS-FLOEA. sterile base spongy ; spores globose, smooth, 4-6 //,, sometimes pedicellate. Lycoperdon bovista, Linn., Sp., pi. 1653; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 75, f. 76. Lycoperdon giganteum, Hussey, vol. i. pi. 26 ; Berk., Eng. FL, v. 5, p. 303 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1083. Grassy places. Grows to a large size, varying from 4 in. to a foot or more across. Lycoperdon Cookei. Mass. Hemispherical, flattened below and abruptly contracted into a very short, thick, stem-like abrupt base, peridium minutely areolato-furfuraceous, smoky-brown above, be- coming paler below, dehiscing by a small irregular opening ; cellular sterile base well developed, whitish; capillitium well developed, threads firm, unbranched; mass of spores yellow, then brownish-olive, spores globose, smooth, 4 //,, sometimes pedicellate. Lycoperdon Cookei, Mass., Mon. Lycop., n. 32, pi. xiii. figs. 24-26 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 75, f. 26. Grassy places. From -£-f- in. across. B. sterile base absent. * Spores globose. Lycoperdon plumbeum. Pers. Globose, outer layer of peridium thin, whitish, breaking away above, persistent below, inner layer persistent, tough, thin, lead colour, dehiscing by a small irregular opening; mass of spores umber-brown; threads of dense capillitium thick walled, thick, much branched, tapering towards the tips ; spores globose, smooth, generally pedicellate, 5-6 p.. Lycoperdon plumbeum, Vitt., Mon. Lye., p. 174. Bovista plumbea, Berk., Outl., p. 301, pi. 20, f. 6; Cke., Hdbk., n. 372 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 63, f. 63. •Dry grassy and heathy places. About 1 in. across. Lycoperdon nigrescens. Vitt, (fig. 5, p. 28.) Globose, outer layer of peridium whitish, thin, fragile, soon breaking away, inner layer tough, persistent, shining, blackish-umber, dehiscing by a small irregular opening; mass of spores umber with a decided purple tinge ; threads of LYCOPERDON. 35 capillitium thick, much branched, tapering towards the tips ; spores globose, smooth, pedicellate, 5-6 p.. Lycoperdon nigrescens, Vitt., Mon. Lye., p. 176. Bovista nigrescens, Berk., Outl., p. 301, t. 20, f. 5 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 371 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 63, f. 39. Dry pastures and heathy places. From 1-2 in. across. Closely related to L. plumbeum, differing in being generally larger, and in having a decided purple tinge in the mass of spores. Lycoperdon olivaceum. Mass. Globose, outer layer of peridium whitish, very thin and fugacious, inner thick, soft, white or pale ochraceous, becoming brittle and breaking away in patches above ; mass of spores yellow, then olive; threads of dense capillitium thin, pale, flaccid, mostly unbranched ; spores globose, smooth, sometimes pedicellate, 5 p.. Bovista olivacea, Cke. and Mass., Grev. xvi. p. 77 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 64, f. 67. On downs. Externally resembling small forms of L. bovista, but there is no trace of a thickened sterile basal stratum, 1-2 in. across. Lycoperdon ammophilum. Lev. Broadly obovate, plicate below, and passing into a long, tapering root, outer layer of peridium broken up into tomentose warts, inner layer thin, whitish, dehiscing by a small irregular opening ; mass of spores olive ; threads of capillitium branched, thick walled ; spores globose, smooth, pedicellate, 5-6 /M. Bovista ammophila, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. ix. p. 129, pi. 9, f. 5 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 64, f. 40. On the ground in sandy places. From ^-1^ in. high, remarkable for the long, tapering root. Lycoperdon cepaeforme. Bull. Sessile, subglobose, outer layer of peridium white, papery, minutely furfuraceous, breaking away in patches, inner persistent, dehiscing by a small apical opening ; root long, cord-like ; mass of spores yellow with olive tinge ; threads of capillitium much branched ; spores smooth, globose, often with a short, thick pedicel, 4 p.. D 2 36 FUNGUS-FLORA. Lycoperdon cepaeforme, Bull., t. 403, f. 2 (upper row). Bovista capaeforme, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 65, f. 72. On the ground. Distinguished from L. ammophila, which it resembles in the long, cord-like root, in the globose peridium and smaller spores. Lycoperdon pusillum. Fr. Subglobose, slightly attenuated at the base and continued as a long, slender, tapering root ; peridium flaccid, with minute adpressed scurfy squamules, becoming smooth, de- hiscing by a small opening ; mass of spores olive ; capillitium dense, threads much branched ; spores globose, smooth, about 4 p.. Lycoperdon pusillum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1086; Mass., Mon. Lycop., n. 106; Bolt.,t. 117, f. 6. Bovista pusilla, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 65, f. 59. In pastures and on hedge-banks, &c. Our smallest puff ball, |— | in. across. f* Spores elliptical. Lycoperdon ovalisporum. Mass. Subglobose, sessile ; outer layer of peridium whitish, fragile above and falling away, persistent below, inner layer thin, lead-colour, dehiscing by a small opening ; mass of spores umber; threads of capillitium much and irregularly branched, tips tapering; spores elliptical, umber, with a hyaline border, pedicels long, stout, 6 X 4 p.. Bovista ovalispora, Cke. and Mass., Grev. xvi., p. 46; Mass. Mon. Gast., p. 62, f. 62. On the ground. Superficially resembling L. nigrescens, but differs in having no tinge of purple in the gleba and the elliptical spores. The last character also separates the present species from L. plunibeum. GEASTEE. Micheli. (fig. 2, p. 28.) Peridium at first entire, composed of three layers, the two outermost (exoperidium) usually continuous, splitting from the apex into several pointed segments which become expanded ; inner layer (endoperidium) sessile or pedicellate, furnished at the apex with one or more definite orifices; GEASTER. 37 columella prominent or obsolete; capillitium well deve- loped. Geaster, Mich., Nov. PI. Gen., -p. 220 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 76. Characterised by the exoperidium splitting into several segments which spread out in a stellate manner. Subgen. Myriostoma. Orifices and pedicels of endoperidium indefinite in number. Geaster coliformis. Pers. Exoperidium cut into several acute segments; endo- peridium spherico-depressed, supported on several distinct pedicels ; orifices several, ciliated ; spores umber in the mass ; threads of capillitium usually unbranched ; spores globose, warted, 5—6 /*. Geaster coliformis, Berk., Outl. 210 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1070 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 77, f. 66. In sandy places; known by the endoperidium being furnished with several orifices for the escape of the spores, and in being supported on several pedicels or stalks. Endo- peridium 3—4 in. across when expanded. Subgen. Monostoma. Endoperidium with a single orifice and pedicel, or the latter may be absent. A. Endoperidium distinctly pedicellate. Geaster Bryantii. Berk. Exoperidium cut into 8-10 acute segments, which become inQurved ; endoperidium subglobose, pedicellate, with a distinct groove round the top of the pedicel ; peristome conical, sulcato-striate ; mass of spores dark brown ; threads of capillitium usually unbranched; spores globose, warted, 4-6 fi. Geaster Bryantii, Berk., Outl., p. 300; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1073 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 77, f. 56. On the ground amongst leaves, &c. Distinguished by the groove round the top of the peduncle, and the elongated, conical, fluted peristome forming the orifice ; 1^—2 in. across when expanded. Far. minor, Berk. Smaller than typical form, under 1 in. when expanded. 38 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Geaster Schmideli. Vitt. Exoperidium split to the centre into a variable number of acute segments, pale inside ; endoperidiuin globose-ovate, pedicellate, lead-colour, peristome long, fluted, tip fimbriate ; spores in the mass blackish-umber ; columella distinct ; spores globose, warted, 4-6 /*. Geaster Schmideli, Vitt., Mon. Lye., p. 157, t. 1, f. 7 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 78, f. 74. On the ground, in open places. Known amongst British species by the whitish inner surface of the exoperidium and lead-coloured endoperidium. Geaster Berkeley!. Mass. Exoperidium thinnish, split to the centre into a variable number of acute segments ; endoperidium broadly ovate, pale brown, coarsely papillose, pedicel short, thick, peristome prominent, fluted, surrounded by a smooth, depressed, silky zone ; columella distinct, short ; mass of spores brown ; threads of capillitium simple ; spores globose, warted, 4-6 /A. Geaster BerMeyi, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 79, f. 41. On the ground. Distinguished from G. striatus, to which the present species is most closely allied, in the smooth, depressed zone surrounding the peristome ; 3-3^ in. across when expanded. The rays of the exoperidium become slightly incurved when dry. Geaster limbatus. Fr. Exoperidium cut into many unequal, acute segments ; endoperidium subpyriform, pedicel short, stout, peristome conical, fimbriato-ciliate, surrounded by a pale, silky circle ; spore-mass purple brown ; columella almost obsolete ; spores globose, warted, 3-5 /A. Geaster limbatus, Berk., Outl.,p. 300; Cke., Hdbk.,n. 1074; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 79, f. 69. On the ground amongst leaves, &c.. Superficially re- sembling G. rufescens, distinguished by the pedicellate endoperidium. Geaster fornicatus. Fr. Exoperidium split into 4-5 subequal acute segments, the two layers separating, outer, cup-shaped, remaining attached to the ground at the base, inner becoming convex GEASTER. 39 upwards and attached to the outer by the tips of the segments only ; endoperidium shortly pedicellate, obpyriform, peristome conical, ciliato-sulcate ; spore-mass dark brown with purple tinge ; columella slender ; spores globose, warted, 3—5 ft. Geaster fornicatus, Berk., Outl., p. 299 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1071 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 80, f. 42. On the ground amongst leaves, &c. Distinguished by the inner layer of the exoperidium becoming arched and attached to the outer layer by the tips of the rays only. Very variable in size. B. Endoperidium sessile or subsessile. Geaster striatus. B.C. Exoperidium split into a variable number of thin, coriaceous, acute segments ; endoperidium subsessile, globose, usually minutely rough with projecting points, peristome prominent, conical, fluted ; spore-mass umber brown ; spores globose, warted, 4-5 • 5 /t. Geaster striatus, Berk., Outl., p. 300 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1072 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 85, f. 28. On the ground. Distinguished by the absence of a pale silky ring round the peristome from G. limbatus. Measuring 1^—2^ in. when expanded. Geaster Michelianus. W. G. Sm. Exoperidium thick, often cracked outside, splitting to the middle into 4-6 acute segments, inner layer thick, crumbling away ; endoperidium subsessile ovate, peristome piano- conical, ciliato-fi mbriate, pale ; spore-mass brownish umber ; columella large, clavate ; spores globose, warted, 4-5 /*. Geaster Michelianus, W. G. Smith, Gard. Chron. (1873), n. 18 : Mass., MOD. Gast., p. 84, f. 27. Geaster lageniformis, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1079, fig. 113; Grev. ii. p. 35, pi. 13. On the ground. The young plant is ovate-acuminate before the splitting of the endoperidium. Distinguished by the thick, rigid endoperidium, and the large club-shaped columella ; 2-3 in. across when expanded. Geaster lageniformis. Vitt. Exoperidium ; ovate-acuminate, splitting into a variable 40 FUNGUS-FLORA. number of acute segments, inner stratum disappearing ; eudoperidium subglobose, sessile, peristome piano-conic, silky, striate, surrounded by a silky zone ; spore-mass umber with olive tinge ; columella clavate ; spores globose, very minutely warted, 3-4 /x. Geaster lageniformis, Vitt., Mon. Lye., p. 160, t. i. f. 2; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 84, f. 75. On the ground. Superficially resembling G. MicJielianus, but at once distinguished by the silky zone surrounding the peristome, sessile endoperidium, and smaller spores. Geaster mammosus. Chev. Exoperidium split nearly to the base into a varying number of acute segments ; endoperidium sessile, pale ; peristome conical, acute, fimbriato-ciliate, surrounded by a pale, narrow, silky circle ; spore-mass dark brown with purple tinge ; columella short ; spores globose, warted, 4-6 p.. Geaster mammosus, Berk., Outl. 300; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1076 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., 81, f. 78. Lycoperdon recolligens, Sow., Fungi, t. 401. On the ground. Exoperidium hygrometric, the segments being much incurved when dry ; 1-2 in. across when expanded. Somewhat resembles G. hygrometricus, but distinct in the presence of a columella and prominent peristome surrounded by a pale, silky ring. Geaster rufescens. Pers. Exoperidium rigid, thick, split nearly to the base into a variable number of acute segments which become revolute ; endoperidium sessile, subovate, pale, peristome dentate; spore-mass blackish brown ; spores globose, warted, 3-5 yu,. Geaster rufescens, Berk., Outl., p. 300 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1077 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 82, f. 79. In pastures and woods. From 2—4 in. across when ex- panded, resembling most closely G. fimbriatus, but dis- tinguished by the peristome being surrounded by sub- triangular, pointed teeth, and in the segments of the thick exoperidium being revolute when dry. Geaster fimbriatus. Fr. Exoperidium flaccid, split into a variable number of acute segments, inner layer soon disappearing; endoperidium TULOSTOMA. < 41 subglobose, sessile, peristome indeterminate, piloso-fimbriate ; spore-mass blackish umber ; spores globose, minutely warted, 8-4 m Geaster fimbriatus, Berk., Outl., p. 300, pi. 20, f. 4 (peristome not correctly represented) ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1075 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 81, f. 77. On the ground. From 1-2 in. across when expanded. The number of segments into which the endoperidium splits varies from 5-15 in different individuals, and these remain spread out almost flat. Geaster hygrometricus. Pers. (fig. 2, p. 28.) Exoperidium split into a varying number of acute lobes, which are rigidly inflexed when dry ; endoperidium sessile, usually depressed, subreticulate, rarely smooth, dehiscing by an irregular, small apical mouth ; spore-mass dark brown ; columella obsolete ; spores globose, warted, 7-10 /M. Geaster hygrometricus, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1078 ; Mass., Mon. Gast,, p. 83, f. 70. On the ground. Exoperidium hygroscopic, segments rigidly incurved when dry, 2-3^- in. across when expanded. Opening of endoperidium irregular, without a defined peristome ; in this respect resembling some species of Lycoperdon. Distinguished from G. fimbriatus, where the mouth is also indeterminate, in the incurved segments and the much larger spores. TULOSTOMA. Pers. (emended), (figs. 3, 4, p. 28.) Peridium consisting of two layers, the outer deciduous, inner persistent, dehiscing by a small apical opening, columella absent ; capillitium present, threads septate, swollen at the septa. Tulostoma, Pers., Disp., p. 6 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 85. Resembling a Lycoperdon with a long slender stem, dis- tinguished by a groove between the apex of the stem and the septate threads of the capillitium. Tulostoma mammosum. Fr. (figs. 3, 4, p. 28.) Peridium subglobose, smooth, mouth small, prominent, entire; stem thin, equal, more or less squamuloso; spore- mass dirty cinnamon ; threads of capillitium colourless, thick- 42 FUNGUS-FLORA. walled, septate, slightly thickened at the septa; spores globose, minutely waited, 5 //,. Tulostoma mammosum, Berk., Outl. 299 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1069, f. 112; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 86, f. 33. Tulostoma brumale, D.C., Fl. Fr. ii. p. 269. On old walls, dry banks, &c. From 1-3 in. high ; peridium •5— f- in. across, furnished with a minute umbo at the apex, which eventually forms the mouth through which the spores escape ; stem equal, about two lines thick, smooth, or gene- rally furnished with minute recurved scales that are some- times arranged in circles like frills. Whitish when fresh, becoming dirty ochraceous when dry. BATTAEEEA. Pers. (figs. 9, 10, p. 28.) Volva universal, central layer gelatinous. Peridium very much depressed, bursting through the volva and raised above ground on a long stem ; capillitium present ; columella absent. Battarrea, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 129 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 86. The very much depressed peridium, which is concavo- convex in section, with the convex side uppermost, distin- guishes the present genus. Battarrea phalloides. Pers. (figs. 9, 10, p. 28.) Stem elongated, slightly tapering downwards, hollow, externally broken up into coarse fibres ; furnished with a loose volva at the base ; mass of spores yellowish brown ; capillitium threads branched, collapsing, mixed with a few thicker threads having the wall thickened in a spiral manner ; spores globose, minutely warted, 6 p.. Battarrea phalloides, Berk., Out!., p. 299 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1068, f. Ill ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 87, f. 29. Lycoperdon phalloides, Sow., Fung., t. 390. Sandy places and in hollow trees at the base. The plant is at first buried deep in the sand, and enclosed in a volva as in Phallus. After the complete differentiation of the gleba, the peridium is elevated above ground on a long stem from 10-14 in. long and £-§- in. thick in the centre. If the fungus is drawn up by the stem, the volva generally remains behind. Peridium l-l in. across. PHALLOIDEAE. 43 FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE PHALLOIDEAE. Fig. 1. — Mutinus caninux, entire plant, showing volva at base; half nat. size ; — Fig. 2, Clathrus cancellatus, showing split volva at base and can- cellate receptacle ; half nat. size ; — Fig. 3, ninjphullux impudicw, showing torn volva at base, long, hollow receptacle supporting the free pileus at its apex; one-quarter natural size; — Fig. 4, Clathrus cancellatus, bnsidia bearing six to eight spores each ; highly mag. 44 FUNGUS-FLORA. FAM. V. PHALLOIDEAE. Receptacle and gleba at first enclosed in a universal volva composed of three distinct layers, the central one being gelatinous at maturity; spores minute, elliptic-oblong, smooth, when mature involved in mucus. Phalloideat, Fr., Syst. Myc. ii. p. 281 ; Mass., Hon. Gast., p. 87. Complete differentiation of the various parts up to the spore formation takes place underground, and while yet enclosed in the white, sub-elastic volva. When the spores are mature and involved in the green mucus resulting from the disintegration of the elements of the hymenium, the volva is ruptured by the rapid expansion of the receptacle, which elevates into the air the mucus containing the spores. ITHYPHALLUS. Fischer, (fig. 3, p. 43.) Keceptacle elongated, hollow, cellular, perforate at the apex ; pileus reticulated, attached only to the apex of the receptacle. Ithyphallus, Fischer, Ueber die Phalloideen, p. 41, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 87. Phallus, Mich., Gen., p. 201. Distinguished by the pileus being attached only to the perforated margin of the receptacle. Ithyphallus impudicus. Fisch. (fig. 3, p. 43.) Receptacle elongato-fusiform, colourless ; pileus reticu- lated externally; spores immersed in an olive-green, very strong-smelling gluten ; spores cylindrical, 3-5 X 2 /A. Ithyphallus impudicus, Fischer, Ueb. die Phalloid., Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 88, f. 44. Phallus impudicus, Grev., Scot. Or. FL, t. 213 ; Berk., Outl. 297, t. 20, f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 364, f. 108. Phallus iosmos, Berk., Eng. Fl. v. p. 227. On the ground in woods, &c. The fungus frequently attains the size of a hen's egg before bursting through the ITHYPHALLUS— MUTINUS. 45 volva, and is then "white, soft and elastic to the touch. When fully developed varies from 5-7 in. high, and readily detected at a distance of several yards by its abominable smell. There is a wide-spreading, white cord-like mycelium underground, from which several individuals generally spring. MUTINUS. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 43.) ?• Receptacle elongated, hollow, wall with a single row of cavities, apex closed or perforated ; pileus apical, not free from the receptacle. Mutinus, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. ii. 1849 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 89. Cynophallus, Berk., Outl., p. 298. Distinguished from ItJiyphallus by the pileus being adnate to the receptacle. Mutinus caninus. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 43.) Keceptacle elongato-fusiform, cellular, white or rosy ; pileus short, subacute, rugulose, red; spores cylindrical, involved in green mucus, 3-5 x 2 p.. Mutinus caninus, Fries ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 89, f. 43. Phallus (Cynophallus') caninus, Berk., Outl., p. 298; Cke., Hdbk., p. 365, f. 109. Phallus inodorus, Sow., Fung., t. 330. In woods and bushy places. Sporophore from £-f in- before the volva is ruptured. When fully evolved 3-4 in. high. Sometimes scentless, at others with a distinct odour, but never so strong and disagreeable as in Ithyphallus im- pudicus. Mutinus bambusinus. Fischer. Receptacle elongato-fusiform, the upper half occupied by the red adnate pileus ; spores cylindrical, 4 x 1 ' 5 /*, involved in green mucus ; very foetid. Mutinus bambusinus, Fischer, Ann. du Jardin Bot. de Buitzenzorg, vol. vi. p. 30, t. iv. figs. 26-31 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 89. An East Indian species, probably introduced with plants from Java. Somewhat resembling M. caninus, but distinguished by the much longer pileus, which covers the upper half of the •±6 FUNGUS-FLORA. receptacle, and by the foetid smell, which is even worse than in Ithyphallus impndicus. CLATHRUS. Mich. (figs. 2 and 4, p. 43.) Volva universal, becoming torn into irregular lobes at the apex ; receptacle forming an obovate or globose, hollow net- work, walls cellular, covered with mucus containing the spores. Clathrus, Micheli, Gen. PI., p. 214; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 90. Distinguished by the peculiar receptacle, which consists of a hollow sphere bounded by thick, cellular, anastomosing branches. Clathrus cancellatus. Tournef. (figs. 2 and 4, p. 43.) Receptacle obovate or subglobose, vermilion or dingy red, at first covered with olive mucus containing the cylindrical spores, 3-5 X 2 /z. ; extremely foetid. Clathrus cancellatus, Berk., Outl. 298 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1067 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 90, f. 46. In woods. A very beautiful but extremely foetid fungus, receptacle from 2-4 in. across. [ASEROE. La Bill. Receptacle stipitate, expanded at the apex into a disc, from the margin of which radiate several tapering, straight or curved rays ; spores contained in mucus situated on the disc. Aseroe rubra. La Bill. Stem red or pale rose, apex, perforated disc and bifid rays bright red. An Australian species introduced at Kew along with plants. The whole fungus resembles a red sea-anemone.] Genera excluded. Polyangium. — An insect production. Cenococcum. — Belongs to the Tuberaceae. PILACRE. 47 PILACREAE. The present group, established by Brefeld, is in every respect anomalous, and in reality appears to occupy a tran- sitional position between the Gastromycetes and the Hyine- nomycetes. The single genus, Pilacre, consists of minute fungi rarely exceeding half an inch in height, and resembles a long-stalked puffball, or rather a Tulostoma in miniature, consisting of a more or less globose head supported on a slender stem. The stem is continued into the head or gleba as a compact, subglobose columella, from which spring a large number of hyphae that produce clusters of basidia. These basidia agree with those met with in the sub-Family Auricularieae of the Tremellineae in being cylindrical and transversely septate ; this feature is considered by Brefeld as indicating an affinity with the Tremellineae, from which the species differ widely in every other particular. The mass of basidia-producing hyphae, along with others that are sterile, are at first enclosed in an outer weft of hyphae that may be compared with the peridium in the Gastromycetes ; in fact, the reproductive portion is at first concealed in a peridium that eventually disintegrates, a character that suggests affinity with the Gastromycetes. Nevertheless, the above account shows that the group under consideration is not typical of either of the above-named groups, hence its present intermediate position. In Saccardo's Sylloge the genus is placed in the Hyphomy- cetes ; this, however, is the outcome of mere superficial resem- blance, and directly opposed to all morphological characters. PILACKE. Fries, (figs. 1, 2, 3, p. 48.) (emended). Peridium subglobose, stipitate, wall single, fibrillose, at length evanescent ; stem continued into the gleba as a colu- mella, from which originate numerous hyphae that produce lateral branches terminating in 1-4 transversely septate, cylindrical basidia, and usually terminate in sterile, spirally twisted branchlets ; spores coloured, circular in outline, 48 FUNGUS-FLORA. umbilicate, sessile, produced laterally, one on each of the cells of a basidium. Pilacre, Fries, Syst, Orb. Veg. 1, p. 364 ; Brefeld, Unter- such. vii. Heft., p. 27. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE PILACBEAE, ALSO THE TEEMELLINEAE IN PART. Fig. 1, Pilacre Petersii, natural size ; — Fig. 2, section of same, mag. ; — Fig. 3, cluster of transversely septate basidia of same, bearing lateral spores ; highlyjnag. ; — Fig. 4, Tremellodon gelatinosum, a small specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 5, basidium of same, with the four long, stout steriginata bearing spores ; highly mag. Pilacre faginea. B. & Br. Gregarious, up to ^ in. high, head about 1^ lines across, whitish with a brown tinge ; stem blackish ; threads of gleba tortuous, spores subglobose, yellow-brown, 5 //.. Pilacre faginea, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 380, t. xi. fig. 5 ; Sacc. Syll. 4, n. 2748. On rotten beech-wood. Pilacre Petersii. B. & C. (figs. 1, 2, 3, p. 48.) Stem 2-3 lines high, -whitish, head 2-3 lines across ; spores circular and sub-umbilicate, brown, 5 p. diameter, HYMENOMYCETES. 49 Pilacre Petersii, Berk, and Curt., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 824 ; Sacc. Syll. 4, n. 2572. On trunks of hornbeam, holly, beech, &c. Gregarious, often covering half-dead trunks for a considerable distance. HYMENOMYCETES. In tracing the evolution of the sporophore from the most primitive, entirely resupinate forms, I have repeated what I previously wrote on this subject.* " Eveiy type of hymenophore known in the Hymenomy- cetes is met with in such genera as Stereum and ThelepJiora, and in some instances even in the same species. The following are the most marked phases of sporophore evolution as occurring in the Hymenomycetes, illustrated by Stereum hirsutum, Fries, one of the Thelephoreae : — (a) The most primitive type is where the sporophore is spread out as a thin layer attached to the substratum by the whole of the under surface, the upper surface being covered with the hymenium. In many of the simpler Thelephoreae this mode of growth is permanent ; but in species like Stereum Jiirsutum, which may be described as inclined to ' sport,' or, more correctly, where epinasty, the cause of the (a) type of sporophore, is strongly manifested, the above mode of growth occurs when developing on a broad horizontal substratum. (6) When the substratum is vertical, which may be the side of a prostrate trunk, or an erect one, growth commences as in type (a), and after extending from a centre for some time, and assuming a more or less circular outline, the upper- most margin becomes free, and continues to grow away from the substratum, and at right angles to the attached portion. In this type we get the first transition from the superior to the inferior hymenium imperfectly indicated ; and it is in- teresting to remember that the first step towards the inver- sion of the hymenium — itself the most pronounced result of * 'A Monograph of the Thelephoreae.' Part I., Linn. Soc. Journ. Botany, vol. xxv. p. 107 (3 pi.). VOL. I. E 50 FUNGUS-FLORA. development in the sub-group — is not the outcome of a new initial force, but simply the continuation of epinasty, which kept type (a) all pressed to the horizontal substratum. When growing in what may be termed an unnatural position, the dominant directive force, epinasty, directs the plant along the old hereditary lines, and as soon as possible the horizontal position is resumed with the free margin incurved. To prove that this change of direction of growth is due to the position >f the substratum, it is only necessary to place a prostrate branch with the plant growing on it, as in the (a) type, in a " " How (b] type; and microscopic examination will clearly reveal the vertical position, when further development will follow (6) epinastic curvatures of the hyphae in the thallus, as in the section of Stereum hirsutum given by De Bary.* The above is a remarkable illustration of a new type of structure due entirely to surroundings, (c) In type (6) three-fourths or more of the plant is usually attached to the substratum, and this is more especially the case when growing on the side of a prostrate trunk or large branch, where the side presents, compared to the size of the plant, a practically flat vertical surface, which appears in some way to neutralise, to a great extent, the epinasty of the plant ; whereas, when growing on the side of a small prostrate branch, when the antagonistic flat surface is reduced to a minimum, the plant often becomes free soon after the commencement of growth, the upper, free horizontal portion still continuing to develop in a more or less circular manner, which results in a structure that can be understood by comparing it to a reniform leaf attached by a short, flat petiole to the branch, the lamina being free, more or less depressed in the centre, and incurved at the margin. This stage illustrates the origin of a central stem and um- brella-shaped pileus, which is perfected in (d) by the two lateral lobes becoming united behind, which results from the plant growing from a point where it is free to expand equally on every side from a short stem-like base. Passing to the highest order of the Hymenomycetes, the Agaricineae, we meet with the same sequence of sporophore development. In the genus Pleurotus, such simple, stemless forms as P. applicatus, Batsch, illustrate the (a) type, being * ' Fungi, Bacteria and Mycetozoa.' Engl. Ed., p. 53, fig. 23. HVMEXOMYCETES... 51 attached to the substratum by the barren surface, with the hymenium uppermost. P. hypnophilus, Berk., and P. chionem, Pers., follow the (6) type ; P. ostreatus, Fr., the various stages of (c) to the highest condition of (d~). Here a^ain, within the range of a single gcims, we have a repetition of what has already been de- scribed as occurring in the Thelephoreae, and also the result of similar external influences, modifying in various ways the inherent epinastic tendency. The character of primary importance in distinguishing the orders of the Hymenomycetes consists in the arrangement of the hymenium or spore-bearing surface, which may be briefly described as follows : — Agaricineae : hymenium spread over radiating plates or gills. Polyporeae : hymenium lining variously shaped pores or depressions. Hydneae : hymenium covering spine-like or granular projections. Clavarieae : hymenium continuously covering the greater portion of the clavate or variously branched hymenophore. In the Thele- phoreae we find clearly indicated all the above types of hymenium." The Tremellineae, although evidently allied to the Hyme- iiomycetes in the presence of basidia, exhibit none of the characteristic sequences of development indicated above, but, as first pointed out by De Bary, connect the true Hyme- nomycetes with the tremelloid Uredines, which are shown by the same author to belong to the Ascomycetes. Hence we must consider the Basidiomycetes as being derived from the Ascomycetes through the Tremellineae as a connecting- link. For a fuller explanation of this subject relating to the evolution of the Basidiomycetes along the lines indicated, the reader is referred to the * Monograph of the Thelephoreae' already alluded to. E 2 52 FUNGUS-FLOKA. HYMENOMYCETES. Fungi membranaceous, fleshy, corky, or woody, usually large ; growing on the ground or on wood, hymenium distinct and continuous, exposed from the first or at an early stage of development ; basidia usually tetrasporous ; cystidia often present ; spores septate or more frequently continuous, colourless or coloured, epispore smooth or verruculose. ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES. * Substance gelatinous. Fam. I. TREMELLJNEAE. ** Substance not gelatinous. f Hymenium even. Fam. II. CLAVARIEAE. Sporophore erect, clavate, branched, or foliose, entirely covered by the hymenium. Fam. III. THELEPHOREAE. Sporophore resupinate or effuso-reflexed ; hymenium uni- lateral. ff Hymenium not even. Fam. IV. HYDNEAE. Hymenium spinulose or covered with protuberances or granules. Fam. V. POLYPOREAE. Hymenium porous or tubular. Fam. VI. AGARICINEAE. Hymenium spread over radiating gills or lamellae. TREMELLINEAE. 53 FAM. I. TREMELLINEAE. Fries. Entire fungus homogeneous, gelatinous, collapsing when dry, regaining its form when moistened, traversed internally by branched hyphae which terminate in basidia at the periphery ; basidia variable in form, elongate or fusoid, trans- versely septate or continuous, undivided or with the apex forked, or subglobose and cruciately divided and bearing two or four sterigmata ; spores hyaline, from globose to sausage-shaped and curved, continuous or septate, often becoming variously septate on germination and producing sporidiola of various forms. Tremellineae, Fries, Syst. Myc. I., p. 2; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 760. The Tremellineae are characterised by their more or less gelatinous consistency. In Tremella, the central genus, the substance is in some species so tender as to lose its form and almost deliquesce on being handled, whereas in Auricularia the texture is coriaceous and retains its form. This pecu- liarity is due to the fact that the external portion of the Avails of the intricately interwoven hyphae are diffluent, forming a quaking jelly when moist, hard and horny when dry, becoming soft again when moistened. In the lower forms, as Tremella, Dacryomyces, &c., the hymenium covers every portion of the exposed surface, whereas in the higher types, as Auricularia, Guepinia, &c., the hymenium is confined to one surface of the sporophore, and in most instances this surface has a more or less marked tendency to point down- wards or away from the light. Being at the base or starting-point of the Basidiomycetes, the basidia, which constitute the principal feature of the group, are what may be termed in an unstable condition, not having in any member of the present family assumed the structure so constant within narrow limits and charac- teristic of the following families. In Auricularia the basidia are very primitive and transversely septate, each joint or cell of the basidium producing near or at its apex a single 54 .FUNGUS-FLOKA. sterigma. A second type occurs in Dacryomyces and Guepinia, where the basidium is more or less cylindrical and bifurcate at the apex, each branch terminating in a sterigma that bears a spore. A third type occurs in Tremella, where the basidium at first appears as a subglobose or pear-shaped body terminating a hypha ; this body is early divided into four portions at its apex by two septa that cross at right angles, then each of the four divisions grows out into a long sterigma that eventually bears a spore. In the two last- named types the basidia are not transversely septate. The spores are always hyaline or colourless, and the present family is the only one included in the Basidiomycetes where some of the species have septate spores. The spores on germina- tion produce in many species characteristic secondary spores or sporidiola. Brefeld has recently rearranged the genera, based on the form and arrangement of the sporidiola to a great extent ; time will prove whether this one character is of more value than the sum of characters previously con- sidered in the natural delimitation of genera. Brefeld has also shown that conidia are not uncommon in various mem- bers of the family ; in Tremella lutescens these are produced on corymbose branches in the substance of the sporophore, while in Guepinia they are produced on the side opposite to the hymenium. Microscopic examination is best effected after the specimens have been hardened in alcohol or good methylated spirit, when satisfactory sections can be cut, which is not possible with the fresh gelatinous material. Sul-Fam. I. AURICULARIEAE. Basidia elongated or fusoid, simple, transversely septate. Sub-Fam, II. TREMELLINEAE. Basidia subglobose, at maturity longitudinally quadripar- tite in a cruciate manner, and producing at the apex two, or usually four, elongated sterigmata. Sub-Fam. III. DACRYOMYCETEAE. Basidia cylindrical or clavate, divided at the apex into two long sterigmata, not septate. TREMELLINEAE. 55 ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. AURICULARIEAE. Auricularia. — Broadly attached, margin free and reflexed. Hirneola. — Cartilaginous, ear-shaped, attached by a point. TREMELLINEAE. Exidia. — Cup-shaped, truncate, or irregularly lobed ; spores reniform, producing curved sporidiola on germina- tion. Ulocolla. — Pulvinate and gyrose ; spores reniform, produc- ing rod-shaped sporidiola on germination. Tremella. — Brain-like or lobed ; spores globose or ovoid. Naematelia. — Firm, convex, with a central, hard nucleus. Gyrocephalus. — Erect, spathulate. Tremellodon. — Gelatinous, tremelloid, fan-shaped, fleshy ; hymenium with distinct spines. DACRYOMYCETEAE. Dacryomyces. — Small, pulvinate and gyrose. Guepinia. — Irregularly cup-shaped, hymenium on one sur- face only. Dacryopsis. — Hymenium at the apex of a short stem, bear- ing conidia and spores. Ditiola. — Stem distinct, bearing the hymenium at its expanded apex. Apyrenium. — Subglobose or lobed, hollow. Calocera. — Subcylindrical and erect, simple or branched. 56 FUNGUS-FLORA. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE TEEMELLINEAE. Fig. 1, Auricularia mesenterica, a small specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 2, basidium and spore of same ; highly mag. — Fig. 3, Naematelia encepliala, section of, showing the central nucleus; nat. size; — Fig. 4, Hirneola auricula-judae, small specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 5. Dacryopsis nuda ; nat. size ; — Fig. 6, portion of head of same, showing the densely fasciculate conidiophores with conidia, also basidia bearing three septata basidia spores ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 7, Ulocolla saccharina, spore germinating and producing straight, rod-like sporidiola ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 8, Exidia recisa, small specimens; nat. size; — Fig. 9, Exidia glandulom, spore germinating and producing curved sporidiola; highly mag.; — Fig. 10, Gyrocephalus rufus; nat. size; — Fig. 11, Calcera viscosa; nat. size; — AUHICULARIA. 57 AURICULARIEAE. AUKICULAEIA. Bull, (emended), (figs. 1, 2, p. 56.) Hymenium inferior, remotely and vaguely costate or plicate, inflated and gelatinous when moist, collapsing when dry. Basidia cylindrical, 3-5 septate, each joint or cell producing a single slender sterigma from its apical region. Spores oblong, curved, producing on germination a branched promycelium, bearing several strongly curved sporidiola. Habit exactly that of Stereum, but fructification entirely distinct. Auricularia, Bull., Champ., p. 277 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 762. Auricularia mesenterica. Fries, (figs. 1 and 2, p. 56.) Pilei resupinate, reflexed above, velvety, zoned, greyish- brown, margin not lobed ; hymenium brownish-violet, spores oblong, reniform, 18-20 X 7 p.. Auricularia mesenterica, Fries, Epicr., p. 555 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 319. On trunks. Often very broadly effused and with numerous partly free imbricated pilei. Auricularia lobata. Sommerf. Pileus effuso-reflexed, margin lobed, surface velvety, zoned, whitish-brown ; hymenium livid fulvescent, spores as in A. mesenterica. Auricularia lobata, Somnierfeldt, Mag. Nat. Vidensk., 1827 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 320. On bark of trees. Closely allied to A. mesenteria, from which it is mainly separated by the lobed margin of the pilous. Fig. 12, Dacryomyces stillatus ; nat. size ; — Fig. 13, Dacryomyces chrysocotna, bifurcate basidium and spores ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 14, Tremdla mestnttrica ; nat. size of a fcmall specimen; — Fig. 15, Tremella lutescens, showing the basidia in various stages of development, the sterigmata vary from two to four; highly mag. ; — Fig. 16, Guvpinia peziza; nat. size. 58 FUNGUS-FLOEA. HIENEOLA. Fr. (emended), (fig. 4, p. 56.) Cartilagineo-gelatinous, soft and tremelloid when moist. Sporophore cup-shaped, rigid when dry, reviving when moistened, but not becoming inflated. Basidia rod-shaped or fusoid, transversely septate, cells each bearing a single monosporous sterigma ; spores oblong, curved. Hirneola, Fries, Fung. Natal, p. 24; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 764. In the British species the hyinenium is variously plicate, the pileus or barren surface minutely velvety. Hirneola auricula-judae. Berk. (fig. 4, p. 56. ) Thin and elastic when moist, becoming blackish or dark- brown ; hyinenium venoso-plicate ; spores reniform, 20-25 X 7-9 //, ; pileus greyish-olive, minutely toraentose. Hirneola auricula-judae, Berk., Out!., p. 289, t. 18, f. 7 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 349. On elder and elm. From 1-3 inches broad. [Hirneola polytricha, Mont. Has occurred on imported timber, but is not a British species.] TREMELLINEAE. EXIDIA. Fr. (emended), (figs. 8, 9, p. 56.) Gelatinously distended, tremelloid, submarginate or effused, often papillose ; basidia globose or ovoid, typically longitudinally cruciately divided, bearing four elongated, stout sterigmata ; spores reniform, for a long time continuous, becoming 1— many septate on germination, each cell or loculus of the spore giving origin to a very short promy- celium bearing a crown of strongly curved sporidiola. Exidia, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 220; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 772. Exidia glandulosa. Fries, (fig. 9, p. 56.) Flattened, thick, gelatinous, becoming blackish; disc covered with minute papillae; below greyish and sub- tomentose ; spores reniform, 12-14 x 4-5 p.. EXIDIA — ULOCOLLA. 59 Exidia glandulosa, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 224; Cke., Hdbk., p. 349, On dead branches of oak, &c. Varying from grey to brown, at length black; often wrinkled above and plicate below, 5-!^ in. across. Exidia recisa. Fries, (fig. 8, p. 56.) Soft and gelatinous, hymeniuru plane, often wavy, amber- brown, tapering downwards to a narrow, usually excentric point of attachment, scabrous below; spores oblong, 13-20 X 5-7 p.. Exidia recisa, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 223 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 348. On dead branches of willow, reaching to 1 inch in diameter. Exidia albida. Brefeld. Gelatinous, expanded, undulate, white, becoming brownish with age and pruinose with the white spores; spores oblong, curved, 12-14 x 4-6 /*. Exidia albida, Brefeld. Tremella albida, Cke., Hdbk., p. 346. On dead branches. Bursting through cracks in the bark and forming waved, subgyrose, white, semipellucid folds th£,t become yellowish or brown with age. Up to 1 inch across. ULOCOLLA. Bref. (fig. 7, p. 56.) Sporophore convex, pulvinate, gyrose, cerebriform, gela- tinous, rather large ; basidia globose, soon longitudinally or obliquely cruciately partite ; sterigmata, elongated, thick ; spores for a long time continuous, then 1-septate, reniform, each loculus on germination giving origin to a very short promycelium bearing at its apex a crown of straight, rod-like sporidiola. Ulocolla, Brefeld, Untersuch. vii. p. 95; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 777. Ulocolla saccharina. Bref. (fig. 7, p. 56.) Tuberculose, effused, thick, gyrose and undulate, fulvous- cinnamon, here and there papillose ; spores reniform, 10—12 X 5-6 p. ; conidia about equal to the spores. 60 FUNGUS-FLORA. Ulocolla saccharina, Brefeld. Exidia saccharina, Cke., Hdbk., p. 349. On fallen pine-trunks. The colour of crystallized sugar when young, afterwards with a fulvous tinge. Ulocolla foliacea. Bref. Tufted and much lobed and waved, segments thin, springing from a plicate base ; colour variable, diaphanous, pinkish-cinnamon, rarely deep brown or even violet ; spores reniform, 10-12 x 5-6 p ; conidia similar to the spores. Ulocolla foliacea, Brefeld. Tremella foliacea, Cke., Hdbk., p. 345. On stumps of pine and other trees, reaching to 1-2 inches diameter. TEEMELLA. Dill, (emended), (figs. 14, 15, p. 56.) Gelatinous, tremelloid, immarginate, generally smooth (i.e. not papillose) ; basidia globose, longitudinally cruciately quadripartite, each quadrant of the basidium elongating into a long, stout sterigma ; spores subglobose, continuous ; on germination a tube is formed that is covered with broadly elliptical sporidiola ; conidia subglobose, racemose in sporiferous conceptacles in the sporophore, have occurred in some species. Tremella, Dill., Hist. Muse., p. 41 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 780. Sect. I. Mesenteriformes. Cartilagineo-gelatinous, lobes large, foliaceous, naked (i.e. not pruinose with the spores). Tremella fimbriata. Pers. Very soft and gelatinous, tufted, erect, lobes flaccid, corrugated, margins cut, blackish-olive, spores subpyriform. Tremella fimbriata, Persoon, Obs. 2, p. 97 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 344. On dead branches. Two to three inches high and the same in diameter when well developed. Easily recognised by its dark colour. Tremella frondosa. Fries. Gelatinous, tufted, large; lobes undulate and contorted, TREMELLA. 61 smooth (not corrugated) ; base firmer, plicate ; pale pinkish- yellow ; spores subglobose, apiculate, 7-9 /^. Tremella frondosa, Fries, Syst. Myo. ii. p. 212 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 344. On trunks of oak, &c. The largest species of the genus sometimes 4 in. high and broad, or even more. Tremella'lutescens. Pers. (fig. 15, p. 56.) Very soft and gelatinous, lobes crowded, entire, undulately gyrose, pale then yellowish; spores subglobose, 12-16 //, diameter ; conidia globose, 1 • 5-2 p. diameter. Tremella lutescens, Persoon, Syn., p. 622; Cke., Hdbk., p. 345. On fallen branches, stumps, &c. Very soft and tremulous, ^— 2 inches broad. The conidia are produced at the tips of densely corymbose branches in the substance of the fungus. Sect. II. Cerebrinae. Lobes short, contorted, brain-like, pruinose with the white spores. Tremella mesenterica. Eetz. (fig. 14, p. 56.) Gelatinous but firm, bright orange-yellow, variously con- torted ; lobes short, smooth, pruinose with the white spores at maturity ; spores broadly elliptical, 6—9 /x, diam. ; conidia 1-1 • 5 p. diam. Tremella mesenterica, Eetz. in Vet. Ak. Handl. 1769, p. 249 ; Cke., Hdbk. p. 345. On dead branches. Very variable in form, but known by the bright orange colour. From ^-2 inches across. Tremella intumescens. Eng. Bot. Gelatinous; subcaespitose, rounded, broken up into nu- merous tortuous lobes, brown, shining, obscurely dotted, becoming darker when dry ; spores oblong, slightly curved, 12-14 x 3-4 p.. Tremella intumescens, Eng. Bot., tab. 1870 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 346. On trunks of beech, &c. From 1-2 inches across. G2 FUNGUS-FLORA. Tremella vesicaria. Bull. Gelatinous but externally firm, soft and bladdery within, much contorted, pallid or yellowish ; spores 10 x 6 p.. Tremella vesicaria, Bulliard, t. 427, f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 345. On the ground. Erect, tufts reaching 2 in. high and broad, or even more ; brownish when old. Sect. III. Crustaceae. Effused and applanate. Tremella viscosa. Berk. Small, depressed, undulate, white then grey, spores broadly elliptical, 7-9 x 6 fi. Tremella viscosa, Berk., Outl., p. 288 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 347. Thelephora viscosa, Berk., Engl. Fl., vol. v. p. 171. On dead wood. Forming grey, adpressed, small gelatinous patches. When dry resembling a thin, closely adpressed skin of a brown colour. Tremella epigaea. B. & Br. Gelatinous, effused and depressed, undulated and con- torted, thin, white, at length pruinose ; spore subglobose, Tremella epigaea, Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 373 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 348. On the naked soil. Forming a thin, white stratum. Sect. IV. Tuberculiformes. Small, suberumpent. Tremella indecorata. Somm. Gelatinous, erumpent, sessile, rounded, moist, opaque, plicate, dingy-olive, becoming blackish -brown when dry; spores globose, 7—9 p. diameter. Tremella indecorata, Sommerf. Lapp., p. 306 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 346. On willow, poplar, &c. Erumpent, 3-4 lines across, dirty- grey, livid, or olive-brown, pitch-brown when dry. Tremella moriformis. Berk. Sessile, erumpent, roundish or oblong, sinuated, black, TREMELLA. 63 with purple tinge, internally deep purple, opaque, firm ; spores subglobose, apiculate, 5 X 4 //,. Tremella moriformis, Berk., Outl., p. 287 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 346. On rotten wood. Small, resembling mulberries in, minia- ture. Gives out a purple colour when treated with potassic hydrate. Tremella versicolor. Berk. Gelatinous but firm, orbicular, orange, at length brown ; spores broadly elliptic-apiculate, 6 X 4 /i. Tremella versicolor, Berk., Outl., p. 288 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 347. On Corticium nudum. Forming minute orange, tear-like, convex spots on the hymenium of the Corticium, paler when young, at length assuming a rufous tinge. (Berk.) Tremella atrovirens. Fries. Minute, erumpent, minutely papillate and rugose, sooty- green when moist, blackish when dry ; gregarious or con- fluent; spores ellipsoid, subapiculate, 12-15 x 10-13 p. Tremella atrovirens, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 232. On dead branches of SarotJiamnus. One to three lines in diameter. Tremella clavata. Pers. Solitary, simple, incrassated, reddish flesh-colour, becoming black at the base. Tremella clavata, Pers., Ic. Pict., t. 10, f. 1; Cke., Hdbk., p. 347. On stumps. About 1 inch high, 2 lines broad, blackish below and slightly twisted (Berk.). The present species has not occurred recently, unless indeed it is a form of Tremella sarcoides, mentioned below. Tremella tubercularia. Berk. Erumpent, stem cylindrical, greyish, head subglobose, smooth or plicate, whitish, becoming dark when dry ; conidia 2 x ' 5 fj., straight or slightly curved. Tremella tubercularia, Berk., Outl., p. 288; Cke., Hdbk., p. 347. On fallen branches, especially oak. Consisting of a rather thick stem with a more or less rounded head, 2-4 lines high. AY hen dry of a semi-transparent horny appearance. 64 FUNGUS-FLORA. The present species is certainly not a Tremella, but the conidial form of some species ; but is left where placed by Berkeley until its true position is ascertained. Tremella sarcoides. Sm. The conidial stage of Ombrophila sarcoides, an ascigerous fungus. Caespitose, subgelatinous, flesh-colour or purplish, club- shaped, then compressed, lobed and plicate, conidia elliptical, 4-6 X 3 fi. On stumps and trunks. NAEMATELIA. Fries, (fig. 3, p. 56.) Subgelatinous but firm, convex, solid, with a firm nucleus ; basidia subglobose, cruciate; spores broadly elliptical, con- tinuous. Naematelia, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 227; Cke., Hdbk., p. 350. Eeadily distinguished by the presence of a central solid portion composed of interwoven hyphae, everywhere above covered with a thick gelatinous spore-bearing portion. Naematelia encephala. Fries, (fig. 3, p. 56.) Subsessile, pulvinate, variously plicate and contorted, firm ; pale flesh-colour ; nucleus large, white ; spores pear-shaped, 15—18 fji diameter. Naematelia encephala, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 227 ; Cke., Hdbk. p. 350. On pine, &c. From ^-2 inches across, pulvinate, with a stem-like base entering the matrix. Naematelia nucleata. Fries. Sessile, flattened, gelatinous, more or less contorted, white, then yellowish, nucleus small, white ; spores broadly elliptical, 7 p. long. Naematelia nucleata, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 227 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 350. On rotten wood. From ^-f- inch across, depressed, superficially resembling Exidia albida, but distinguished by the central hard, white nucleus. When dry the outermost gelatinous portion contracts, the nucleus alone being visible. GYEOCEPHALUS — TREMELLODON. 65 Naematelia virescens. Corda. Small, subgelatinous, sessile, suborbicular, depressed, con- torted, dingy green ; spores elliptical, apiculate, 18 x 11 /*. Naematelia virescens, Corda, Icon. iii. f. 90 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 350. On branches of furze, &c. About ^ in. across, but size variable, greenish. GYROCEPHALUS. Pers. (f. 10, p. 56.) JSporophore erect, substipitate, subspathulate, irregular, trernelloso-cartilaginous; basidia globose, soon longitudinally and crucially septate, sterigmata 2 or 4, elongated, thick; :?pores ovate-piriform, continuous, not producing sporidiola on germination so far as is known. Gyrocephalus, Pers., Mem. Soc. Linn., Paris, iii., p. 77 (1824) ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 795. Distinguished by being more or less distinctly stipitate, sporophore flattened, spathulate, hymenium confined to one surface only. Gyrocephalus rufus. Jacq. (fig. 10, p. 56.) Erect, cartilagineo-gelatinous, stem very variable in length, subspathulate, or variously contorted or lobed ; orange with a rosy tinge; hymenium inferior, very smooth; spores elliptical, apiculate at the base, 12-15 x 8-10 /*. Gyrocephalus rufus, Jacq. Misc. 1, p. 143, t. 14. Guepinia helvelloides, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 697. On the ground, also on fragments of wood, &c. Ex- ceedingly variable, stem elongated or almost wanting ; pileus spathulate, variously contorted, entire or lobed. One inch or more in height. TREMELLODON. Pers. (figs. 4-5, p. 48.) Gelatinous; pileate; hymenium inferior, covered with acute gelatinous spines ; basidia subglobose, cruciately divided, producing four stout, elongated sterigmata, spores snbglobose, continuous. Treniellodon, Pers., Myc. Eur. ii. p. 172 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 247. 66 FUNGUS-FLORA. Hydnum, Cke., Hdbk., p. 298. A very remarkable genus, with the gelatinous consistency, basidia, and spores of the Tremellini, but superficially re- sembling the genus Hydnum in the distinct spines present on the hymenium. Tremellodon gelatinosum. Pers. (figs. 4-5, p. 48.) Gelatinous, tremelloid, dimidiate or fan-shaped, 1-3 in. across, thick, extended behind into a lateral thick, stem-like base, pileus brownish with opalescent shades, very minutely granular ; hymenium watery-grey ; teeth stout, acute, 1—2 lines long, whitish ; spores subglobose, 7-8 /A diam. Tremellodon gelatinosum^ Pers., Myc. Eur. ii. p. 172; Stev., Fung., p. 247. Hydnum gelatinosum, Cke., Hdbk., p. 298. On pine stumps and on the ground. Gregarious, very variable in form and size but unmistakable, being our only tremelloid fungus with true spines. DACRYOMYCETEAE. DACEYOMYCES. Nees. (figs. 12, 13, p. 56.) Gelatinous, homogeneous, rather plicato-gyrose, every- where covered with the hymenium; basidia terminating ordinary hyphae, tereti-clavate, bifurcate at the apex when mature ; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, at maturity or during germination variously septate, sometimes becoming muriform ; in conidia-bearing sporophores the conidia, which more or less resemble the spores in size and form, are pro- duced in chains. Dacryomyces, Nees, Syst., p. 89 ; Sacc., Syll. vi. p. 796. Minute gelatinous fungi occurring on dead wood, often of an orange or yellow colour. Dacryomyces macrosporus. B. & Br, Gelatinous, tuberculate, rosy; spores cylindric-oblong, becoming 3-5 septate, constricted at the septa. i DACRYOMYCES. 67 Dacryomyces macrosporus, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. n. 1374, t. 7, f. 1 ; Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 698. On dry branches. Forming thin patches ^ in. long. Dacryomyces deliquescens. Duby. Gelatinous, roundish or irregular, convex, gyrose, yellow, hyaline, basal portion root-like and entering the matrix, spores cylindrical, obtuse, curved, 3-septate, 15-17 X 6-7 /*,. Dacryomyces deliquescens. Duby, Bot. Gall., p. 729 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 351. On pine wood. In perfection during the winter months. Forming yellow subcircular convex masses 1-4 lines broad, often growing in long lines out of cracks in the wood. Dacryomyces stillatus. Nees. (fig. 12, p. 56.) Gelatinous, rounded, convex, more or less plicate, persist- ently orange; spores cylindrical, curved, multi-septate, 18-22 x 7-8 p.. Dacryomyces stillatus. Nees, Syst., p. 89, f. 90; Cke., Hdbk., p. 352. On pine and other decaying wood. Distinguished from D. deliquescens by its rather smaller size, firmer substance, deeper orange colour, and larger, multi-septate spores. Usually barren. Dacryomyces chrysocomus. Fries, (fig. 13, p. 56.) Gelatinous, orbicular, when young spherical, soon becoming collapsed and saucer-shaped, at length almost flat, golden yellow, not wrinkled ; spores elliptical, multi-septate, 18-25 X 9-10 fji. Dacryomyces clirysocomus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 699 ; Cke. Hdbk., p. 352. On rotten fir-wood, &c. Distinguished by being very thin, pellucid, and saucer-shaped, like a minute Peziza or Calloria. About 1 line across. Dacryomyces succineus. Fries. Subgelatinous, gregarious, smooth, amber-colour, paler ex- ternally when moist, rather thick, collapsing when dry; spores cylindrical, straight, ends obtuse, 14 X 2 /A, 2-gut- tulate. Dacryomyces succineus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 699. On pine leaves. The present minute species is stated by F 2 68 F¥NGUS-FLORA. Phillips to be the conidial stage of Peziza electrica, Phil, and Plow. inGrevillea, June, 1880. Dacryomyces sebaceus. B. & Br. Gelatinous but firm, cup-shaped, whitish, spores cylin- drical, slightly curved, multi-septate, 12-13 X 7-8 p.. Dacryomyces sebaceus, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1305 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 351. On branches. Conspicuous in wet weather, 2-4 lines broad. Dacryomyces torta. Massee. Gelatinous, rounded, depressed, gyroso-tuberculate, yellow or orange; spores cylindrical, curved, 3-septate, 12 x 4—5 p.. Dacryomyces torta, Mass. Tremella torta, Berk., Outl., p. 288. On decorticated oak branches. Distinguished from Da- cryomyces deliquescens by the smaller spores. From 3-4 lines Dacryomyces (P) vermicularis. B. & Br. Minute, grey, worm-shaped, sporophores globose, 12*5 /A; spores globose, pallid rufous, 5 ^ diameter. Dacryomyces (?) vermicularis, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1700. On rotten wood. No specimen exists in Berkeley's her- barium, hence it remains doubtful as to the correct posi- tion of the present species, which does not appear from the brief description to agree with Dacryomyces as at present understood. DACEYOPSIS. Massee. (figs. 5, 6, p. 56.) Small, subgelatinous, stipitate, fertile portion capitate, at first covered with conidiophores ; conidia terminal at apex of conidiophores or short lateral branchlets ; conidia minute, hyaline, continuous, forming a dense stratum ; basidia cylin- drical, bifurcate, aseptate, springing from the interlaced hyphae at the apex of the stem, either contemporaneous with or later than the conidia. Spores elongated, colourless, con- tinuous, or septate. DACKYOPSIS — GUEPINIA. 69 Dacryopsis, Massee, Journ. Mycol. (1891), p. 180 ; Grevillea, 1891, p. 23. Coryne, Berk, (in part). Ditiola, Fries (in part). During the conidial stage the structure is identical with that of Tubercularia, and later on the basidia appear on the same stroma. Dacryopsis nuda. Massee. (figs. 5 and 6, p. 56.) Gregarious ; head hemispherical, flattened below, reddish- orange, 3-4 mm. diameter; stem short, stout, white or tinged yellow, minutely tomentose; 3-4 X 2-2 '5 mm.; conidiophores appearing before the basidia, linear straight, aseptate, simple or rarely with 1-3 short branchlets near the apex, 35-40 x 1 ' 5 //. ; conidia elliptic-oblong, 3 x 1 p. ; ba- sidia projecting above the conidiophores, cylindrical, bifur- cate, 56—60 x 5-6 p. ; spores elliptic-oblong, with an oblique apiculus, 3-septate, 14 X 5 /x,. Dacryopsis nuda, Massee, Journ. Mycol. (1891), p. 181 ; Grev. (1891), p. 24. Ditiola nuda, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. ii., vol. ii. p. 267. On fir stumps, &c. GUEPINIA. Fr. (fig. 16, p. 56.) Fungi cartilagineo-gelatinous, versiform, the two surfaces diverse in structure ; substipitate ; hymenium unilateral ; basidia linear, deeply bifurcate, bisporous ; spores curved. Chains of conidia produced at the tips of hyphae springing from the surface opposed to the hymenium. Guepinia, Fr., Elenchus ii. p. 30 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 805. Guepinia peziza. Tul. (fig. 16, p. 56.) Cup-shaped, subsessile, yellow or orange, everywhere gla- brous, attached obliquely by the back ; stem slender ; sporo- phores subclavate ; spores elliptic-oblong, at first continuous, then 1-3-septate, 10 x 4 p.. Guepinia peziza, Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1853, p. 224. On dead branches, trunks, &c. Cup oblique, often irre- gular, about £• in. across, often minutely hoary above; tinged with pink when dry. 70 FUNGUS-FLORA. DITIOLA. Fries. Stroma firm, more or less stem-like ; hymenium discoid, gelatinous ; basidia furcate ; spores at first continuous, then 1 -septate. Ditiola, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 170. Ditiola radicata. Fries. Stroma rooting, exposed portion thick, firm, simple or branched, white, villous, expanded at the apex and ter- minated by the plane or slightly depressed, golden-yellow hymenium ; spores elliptic-oblong, mostly curved, uni-septate, 8-12 x 4-5 p.. Ditiola radicata, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 170 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 353, fig. 101. On wood, amongst pine leaves, &o. Stem ^-f in. high, hymenium 2-5 lines across. APYRENIUM. Fries. Subgelatinous, subglobose, hollow ; hymenium covering the whole of the outer surface ; spores continuous. Apyrenium, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand., p. 470 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 352. Distinguished amongst the Tremellineae by being inflated and constantly hollow. A spurious genus, the forms being the conidial stage of species of Hypocrea. Apyrenium lignatile. Fries. Sessile, rounded and variously deformed, smooth, internally and externally pallid or yellowish, collapsing when dry and becoming rugulose ; spores rounded. Apyrenium lignatile, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 700 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 352, fig. 100. On pine wood, decaying fungi, (fee., in damp places. About the size of a pea, sometimes with a reddish tinge. The conidial stage of Hypocrea rufa. Apyrenium armeniacum. B. & Br. Subgelatinous, lobed, peach colour; spores obovate, 13 x APYRENIUM— CALOCERA. 71 Apyrenium armeniacum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1141, pi. ii., f. 2 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 352. On oak chips, decaying fungi, &c. Smaller than A. ligna- tite and more irregularly lobed. The conidial stage of Hypocrea gelatinosa. CALOCEKA. Fr. (fig. 11, p. 56.) Gelatinoso-cartilaginous, horny when dry, vertical, sub- cylindrical, simple or branched, viscid, without a distinct stem. Hymenium covering every part of the hymenophore ; basidia terete, apex furcate or bilobed, each lobe bearing a single 1-spored sterigma. Spores oblong, curved, septate on germination and producing heads of ellipsoid sporidiola. Calocera, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 485 ; Sacc., Syll. vi. p. 732. In habit resembling tbe genus Clavaria, but distinguished by being subgelatinous and viscid when moist, rigid and horny when dry, and more especially by the furcate basidia. * Branched. Calocera viscosa. Fries, (fig. 11, p. 56.) Branched, viscid and tough when moist, rooting, smooth, orange- yellow; branches straight, repeatedly forked; spores cylindric-oblong, apiculate, slightly curved, 9-10 x 4-5 p.. Calocera viscosa, Fries, S. M. i. p. 486; Cke., Hdbk., p. 339. On pine stumps, &c. Generally tufted, 1-2 in. high, root pale, often very long and penetrating the wood. * Uribranched, caespitose. Calocera tuberosa. Fries. Caespitose, to\igh, simple, linear, sub-acute, yellowish ; two or three springing from a thick, strigose, subglobose rooting tuberous base. Calocera tuberosa, Fries, S. M. i. p. 486; Cke., Hdbk., p. 339. On trunks. Clubs up to 2 in. high, slender. 72 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Calocera cornea. Fr. Tufted, rooting, clubs smooth, viscid, subulate, simple or rarely with a minute branchlet, orange-yellow or pale yellow, several connate at the base ; spores cylindric-oblong, 7-8 X 5 p.. Calocera cornea, Fries, S. M. i. p. 486; Cke., Hdbk., p. 339. On stumps and decorticated trunks, especially oak. Kigid when dry. Known by the tufted, tapering and pointed sporophores, which vary from ^-f in. high. *** Uribranched, solitary. Calocera stricta. Fr. Simple, solitary, ^-1 in. high, linear, even when dry, yellow ; base abrupt, encircled with white tomentum. Calocera stricta, Fries, Epicr., p. 581 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 340. On trunks. Occasionally two sporophores spring from the same base, but they are not habitually caespitose as in C. cornea. Var. epiphylla, Fr., differing from the type in being 2-3 in. high, smooth at the base, and abruptly rooting and growing amongst pine leaves, has not, so far as I am aware, occurred in this country. Calocera striata. Fr. Simple, solitary, about ^ in. high, acute, longitudinally striate or rugose when dry, yellow ; spores cylindric-oblong, 8x 4/t. Calocera striata, Fries, Epicr., p. 582 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 681. On trunks. Somewhat resembling C. cornea, but dis- tinguished by being solitary, and striate when dry. Calocera glossoides. Fr. Simple, solitary, yellow, somewhat tremellose, round and slender at the base, incrassated and compressed above, obtuse ; spores elliptic-oblong, slightly curved. Calocera glossoides, Fries, IS. M. i. p. 487. On trunks. CLAVARIEAE. 73 FAN. II. CLAVARIEAE. Fleshy, not coriaceous ; erect, simple and club-shaped or variously branched ; hymenium covering the whole of the sporophore. Distinguished from the Thelephoreae, as Lachnocladium (not British), that grow erect, and are branched and Clavaria- like by being soft and fleshy and not subcoriaceous, and also in having the hymenium completely surrounding the hymeno- phore, and not confined to one side, as in Lachnocladium. KEY TO THE GENERA. * Very much branched, branches compressed, plate-like, crisped. Sparassis. ** Club-shaped and simple or variously branched, branches terete. f Stem distinct from hymenophore. Typhula. |f Stem not distinct from hymenophore. Clavaria. — Fleshy, simple or branched, branches terete. Pistillaria. — Minute, club-shaped, simple, rigid when dry. Pternla. — Small, branches very numerous and very slen- der, forming a brush-like tuft. Fig. 1, section of Sparassis crispa, much reduced : — Fig. 2, Clavaria dbietina, nat. size ; — Fig. 3, spores of same, highly mag. ; — Fig. 4, Clavaria inaequalig, nat. size; — Fig. 5, Typhula erythropus, nat. size; — Fig. 6, Pistiilaria tenuipes, nat. size ; — Fig. 7, spores of same, highly mag. ; — Fig. 8, Clavaria pistillaris, basidium bearing four spores, highly mag. ; — Fig. 9, Pistiilaria quisquilaris, nat. size. SPARASSIS. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 74.) Fleshy, branched, branches flattened, laciniate, variously contorted and grown together, entirely covered with the hymenium. Sparassis, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 666 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 330. Forming large, irregularly globose, compact tufts, the brittle branches variously flattened and contorted, with the tips much cut. Sparassis crispa. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 74.) Fragile; very much branched, branches very irregular, SPAEASSIS — CLAVARIA. 75 forming a compact head, springing from a thick, stem-like, rooting base, whitish or pale ochraceous ; spores pale ochra- ceous, 5-6 x 3-4 p.. Sparassis crispa, Cke., Hdbk., n. 958, f. 87 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 289 ; Hogg and Johnst., t. 24. Amongst heather, in fir woods, Arc. Variable in size, some- times forming masses 18 in. across. CLAVARIA. Vaill. (figs. 2, 3, 4, 8, p. 74.) Sporophore erect, simple, and more or less club-shaped, or variously, often excessively branched ; hymenium covering every part of the sporophore, which is not furnished with a distinct stem; basidia tetrasporous ; spores colourless or coloured. Clavaria, Vaill., Paris, p. 39 (in part) ; Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 465. Growing on the ground or rarely on wood. Fleshy and brittle, often very bright-coloured. Calocera, a genus re- sembling a branched Clavaria in habit, is distinguished by its viscidity and subgelatinous nature, also by the sub- globose, cruciately septate basidia. I. RAMARIA. Branched, branches attenuated upwards. * Leucosporae. Spores white or dingy ; not ochraceous. f Colour clear yellow, red or violet. Clavaria botrytes. Pers. Fragile, basal portion thick, fleshy, passing into numerous irregular, crowded, thick branches, which are thickened at the extremity and broken up into numerous densely-crowded, reddish, toothed branchlets ; spores white, 8 x 5 /u. Clavaria botrytes, Cke., Hdbk., n. 959 ; Badham, Esc. Fung, i. t. 16, f. 2; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 290. In -woods. Large, from 3-6 in. across, 3-4 in. high ; the subglobose ends of the branches are composed of numerous crowded, small branchlets varying from rose-colour to dingy 76 . FUNGUS-FLORA. red ; branches and flesh white. Looks like the heart of a cauliflower. Clavaria amethystina. Bull. Violet, fragile, very much branched, branches round, smooth, even, obtuse ; spores elliptical, pale ochraceous, 10-12 x 6-7 /*. Clavaria ametJiystina, Berk., Outl. 279, t. 18, f. 2 (small, subsimple form, not by any means typical) ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 960 ; Stev., Brit. F., p". 291. Amongst grass in woods and pastures. From 1—3 in. high, very much branched or almost simple. Known by the violet colour. Clavaria fastigiata. Linn. Tufted, very much branched, branchlets fastigiate at the tips, rather tough, egg-yellow; spores white, irregularly globose, 4-6 //.. Clavaria fastigiata, Berk., Outl. 279 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 961 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. 291. Clavaria pratensis, Berk., Eng. Fl. v. 5, p. 174. Amongst grass in pastures. About 1 in. high, distinguished by clear egg-yellow colour. Clavaria muscoides. Linn. Clear yellow, slightly tufted, stems slender, tomentose at the base, once or twice branched above, axils rounded; spores white, subglobose, 5-6 p.. Clavaria muscoides, Berk., Outl. 279 ; Cke., Hdbk. n. 962 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. 291. In pastures. From l-l£ in. high, somewhat resembling C. fastigiata, but the stems are more slender, tomentose at the base, and are not branched so near to the base nor so repeatedly ; branchlets thin, tapering, axils rounded. Clavaria curta. Fries. Greenish yellow, much branched, branches short, closely crowded, tips blunt, stem not distinct; spores colourless, subglobose, 5-6 p.. Clavaria curta, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 668 ; Stev., Brit. Fung, ii. 291. In grassy places. A small species not 1 in. high. CLAVARIA. 77 ff Colour white or grey. Clavaria coralloides. Linn. Rather fragile, white, partly hollow ; trunk rather thick, short, breaking up into numerous repeatedly forked branches, axils rounded, branches unequal, subcompressed ; ultimate branchlete crowded, acute ; spores subglobose, apiculate, pale ochraceous, 10 x 8 //,. Clavaria coralloides, Linn., Suec., n. 1268; Stev., Fung., p. 292. On the ground in woods. Usually caespitose, growing into each other, 2-4 in. high. Sometimes scattered and with- out the branches developed, then approaching C. rugosa, but not longitudinally wrinkled. Other forms approach C. cris- tata, with which it agrees exactly in the spores, but differs in the numerous small pointed branchlets at the tips of the branches. Clavaria einerea. Bull. Stem short, thick, whitish, branches livid grey, brittle, stuffed, numerous, irregular, sometimes compressed, wrinkled ; spores white, subglobose, 5 yu, or 6 x 5 /A. Clavaria einerea, Cke., Hdbk., n. 265 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 292 ; Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl., t. 64. In woods. Often gregarious or crowded, 1-2 in. high, branches numerous, irregular, with a few short branchlets, or flattened and cut at the tip into several slender, pointed branchlets. Distinguished by the bright grey colour. Clavaria umbrinella. Sacc. Pale umber, about 1 in. high, sparingly branched, branches and branchlets cylindrical, obtuse, forked, axils usually rounded ; spores subglobose, apiculate, 9-10 x 7-8 /*. Clavaria umbrinella, Sacc., Syll. vi. n. 7943. Clavaria umbrina, Berk., Outl. 279, t. 18, f. 4. Berkeley's specific name was antedated by Leveille. On the ground. Tufts usually small, stem sometimes rather thick and minutely velvety. Probably nothing more than a small dingy form of C. cristata. Clavaria cristata. Holmsk. Torigh, white or tinged with dirty ochre, base short, stout, 78 FUNGUS-FLOEA. dividing into numerous irregular branches that become flattened upwards and cut at the apex into acute branchlets ; spores pale ochraceous, subglobose. apiculate, 10 x 8 //,. Clavaria cristata, Grev., Scot. Or. PI., t. 190 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 966 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 292. Clavaria fuliginea. Pers. In woods. Forming tufts 1—2 in. high, known by the flattened branches being divided into several pointed branchlets at the tips like a stag's horn ; this last character is the only one that separates the present species from C. coralloides. Clavaria Krombholzii. Fr. Tufted, fragile, white, shining, even, sparingly branched, branches more or less compressed, acute ; spores white, broadly elliptical, 10-11 X 7-8 p.. Clavaria Krombholzii, Fr., Hym. Eur. 669; Stev., Brit. Fung. 293. In pastures. Somewhat resembling C. rugosa, differs in being brittle and even, not wrinkled, 1-3 in. high. Clavaria rugosa. Bull. Eather tough, whitish, thickened upwards, simple or with a few irregular obtuse branches, longitudinally rugose ; spores white, irregularly globose, 8-10 p. Clavaria rugosa, Berk., Outl., t. 18, f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 967 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 293. In woods. Solitary or gregarious, 2-4 in. high, up to £ in. thick, white or dingy ; simple and club-shaped or variously branched, tips blunt. Distinguished by the dis- tinct, irregular longitudinal wrinkles. Clavaria Kunzei. Fries. Tufted, shining white, rather fragile, very much branched from the base; branches long, frequently forked, of about equal height, axils compressed ; spores white, broadly ellip- tical, 9-11 x 8 /x. Clavaria Kunzei, Fries., Hym. Eur., p. 699 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 293. In woods. Tufts 1-2 in. high, distinguished amongst the white species by the numerous, crowded, erect, repeatedly forked equal branches of about equal length. CLAVAEIA. 79 Clavaria pyxidata. Pers. Tufted, pale, becoming rufescent, trunk variable in length, breaking up into numerous suberect, forked branches, all the tips hollowed out in a cup-like manner and usually with slender branchlets springing from the margin of the cup : spores white, subglobose, 4 x 3 /A. Clavaria pyxidata, Pers., Comm., t. 1, f. 1 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 293. On rotten wood, rarely on the ground, and then probably springing from buried branches, &c. Tufted, 1—2 in. high, known by the hollowed-out tips of the branches. ** Ochrosporae, Spores ochraceous or cinnamon. f Colour yellow, pinkish-yellow, or dingy ochraceous. Clavaria aurea. Schoeff. Trunk thick, elastic, pallid, flesh white, dividing into numerous thick branches that become repeatedly divided in a dichotomous manner upwards, and terminate in slender, erect, round, yellow branchlets; spores pale ochraceous, elliptical, 10-11 x 5-6 //,. Clavaria aurea, Berk., Outl., p. 280 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 909 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. 294. In woods. Forming large tufts 2-3 in. high, colourless or almost so below, tips yellow. Clavaria formosa. Pers. Base thick, elastic, dividing into numerous, crowded, erect branches that become thinner upwards and divided at the apex into several thin, straight, simple or toothed, yellow branchlets, base and main branches pale dirty ochraceous with a red tinge, flesh same colour inside ; spores ochraceous, 9 X 3-4 /*. Clavaria formosa, Cke., Hdbk. n. 970 ; Stev., Brit. F. ii. p. 294. On the ground in woods. Forming large tufts 3-4 in. high, often crowded and extending for several feet. The basal portion of the stem is sometimes whitish. Clavaria spinulosa. Pers. Trunk stout, pallid ; branches numerous, elongated, erect, 80 FUNGUS-FLORA. crowded, tapering upwards, brownish, cinnamon ; spores ochraceous, elliptical, 11-13 x 5-6 /x. Clavaria spinulosa, Pers., Obs. ii. t. 3, f. 1 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. 294. In pine woods. From 2—3 in. high, stem |— 1 in., some- what resembling some forms of C. abietina, but distinguished by the very much larger spores and not becoming green when bruised. Clavaria abietina. Schum. (figs. 2, 3, p. 74.) Stem short, thick, white, downy ; branches numerous, crowded, frequently divided, erect, ochraceous, becoming greenish when bruised ; spores ochraceous, elliptical, 6x3-4/1. Clavaria abietina, Cke., Hdbk., n. 971 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 294 ; Greville, Scot. Or. Fl. t. 117. In fir woods. From 1-3 in. high, very much branched from a stout base, branches deep ochre, sometimes rather thick, equal, repeatedly divided, axils rounded, tips abrupt, cristate, at others divided into numerous thin erect branches, the whole plant resembling a birch besom. Taste bitter. Branches longitudinally wrinkled when dry. Clavaria flaccida. Fr. Slender, very much branched, flaccid, ochraceous, stem very short, branches crowded, repeatedly forked, upper axils rounded, and the acute terminal branchlets converg- ing ; spores ochraceous, broadly elliptical, 4-5 x 3 //,. Clavaria flaccida, Berk., Outl., 280 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 972 ; Stev. Brit. Fung. ii. p. 295. Amongst moss in woods. From 1—2 in. high, closely related to C. spinulosa, but colour clearer than ochraceous without any tinge of brown, and the terminal branches con- verging like forceps. Does not turn green when bruised like C. abietina. Mycelium whitish, floccose, creeping over leaves. Stem sometimes f in. long, at others almost obsolete. Clavaria crocea. Pers. Saffron-yellow, stem slender, pale, at the apex dividing into a few branches, which again divide in a dichotomous manner ; spores ochraceous, elliptical, 6-7 X 3-4 p. CLAVABIA. 81 Clavaria crocea, Berk., Out!. 280 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 973 ; Stev., Brit. F., ii. 295. On the ground. From |— f in. high, stem slender, for some distance unbranched, bearing at the apex a variable number of dichotomously divided branches ; a thin, slender, elegant fungus. |f. Colour whitish, grey or violet. Clavaria grisea. Pers. Ashy-grey, stem stout, fleshy, branches long, irregular, tapering, rugose, branchlets obtuse; spores pale brown, subglobose, 9 X 7-8 p.. Clavaria grisea, Pers., Comm., p. 44 ; Berk., Outl. 281 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 974 ; Stev., B. Fung. 295. On the ground in woods. From 1^-3 in. high, stem about 1 in. long, |— f in. thick, branches stout ; resembling robust forms of C. cinerea, best known by the large, coloured spores. Clavaria condensata. Fr. Reddish-tan colour, very densely branched from the base, branches crowded, parallel, even, fastigiate at the apex, where they are yellowish, not changing colour when bruised; spores pale ochraceous, 9 X 7 p. Clavaria condensata, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 672 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 295. On the ground. Trunk absent, the densely crowded, straight, subequal branches springing from the base ; 3-4 in. high ; mycelium white, fleecy, running amongst leaves. fff. Growing on wood. Clavaria stricta. Pers. Pale dull yellow, becoming brownish when bruised ; stem distinct, short, branches numerous, straight, crowded together, tips acute ; spores pale ochraceous, 6—8 X 4—5 /x. Clavaria stricta, Berk., Outl. 281, t. 18, f. 5 : Cke., Hdbk., u. 970 : Stev., Brit. Fung. 295. On trunks in woods. Densely branched, branches crowded, repeatedly forking, tips usually with 2-3 pointed acute branchlets ; about 2 in. high. VOL. I. G 82 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Clavaria crispula. Fr. Tan-colour, becoming ochraceous, stem rather slender, with downy rooting strands of mycelium; branches numerous, wavy, spreading, repeatedly dividing, terminal branchlets acute, spreading ; spores pale yellow, elliptical, 5 X 3 /A. Clavaria crispula, Berk., Outl. 281; Cke., Hdbk., n. 976; Stev., B. Fung. ii. 296. At the base of trunks. Stem thin, branches numerous, lax, rather wavy or flexuous, 2-3 in. high. II. SYNCOKYNE. Clubs almost simple, tufted at the lose. f Reddish. Clavaria purpurea. Fr. Purple, tufted, simple, acute, becoming hollow and com- pressed ; spores colourless, elliptical, with a minute apiculus, 8 x 4-5 ft. Clavaria purpurea, Berk., Outl., p. 281 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 977 ; Stev., Fung. Brit. ii. p. 296. Amongst grass. Simple, caespitose, 3-5 in. high ; tip tapering, acute, 3-4 lines thick in the centre, sometimes tinged with brown or red. Clavaria rufa. Fl. Dan. Reddish brown, gregarious, not tufted, simple or slightly cleft at the obtuse apex, straight or generally flexuous or variously deformed ; spores colourless, elliptical, 7 X 5 p.. Clavaria rupa, Fl. Dan., t. 775, f. 1 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 296. On the ground. Scattered, simple or with 1-2 irregular branchlets, tip blunt or acute, often cleft, 1-1^ in. high, 2-3 lines thick, very frequently curved or twisted and com- Clavaria rosea. Fr. Eose-colour, deep or pale, in small tufts ; simple, fragile, stuffed, often becoming yellowish at the apex ; spores colour- less, globose, 3 /*. Clavaria rosea, Berk., Outl. 281 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 978 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 296. CLAVARIA. 83 Amongst grass or moss. Generally sparingly tufted, rose- pink, 1-1£ in. high. ff Yellowish or White. Clavaria fusiformis. Sow. Tufted, connate at the base, elongato-fusiform, primrose- yellow, simple or rarely unequally branched above, tip con- tracted into a short, brownish, spine-like point, smooth, soon hollow; spores pale yellow, globose, 4-5 p.. Clavaria fusiformis, Sowerby, Fung., t. 224 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 979, fig. 89 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 297. Clavaria ceranoides, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 297 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 980. In woods, &c. Tufted, rather brittle, 2-3 in. high, 2-3 lines thick, becoming hollow, often compressed and collapsed, straight, or sometimes rather flexuous, sometimes with one or more short branches. Clavaria inaequalis. Fl. Dan. (fig. 4, p. 74.) Yellow, gregarious or fasciculate, fragile, stuffed, clavate, apex obtuse, simple or sometimes forked ; spores colourless, elliptical, 9-10 x 5 ft. Clavaria inaequalis, Berk., Outl. 282 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 981 ; Stev., F. Brit. 297. In woods and pastures amongst grass. Scattered or in small loose tufts, clubs clavate or cylindrical, apex obtuse, sometimes forked, or variously cut at the tip now and then compressed. Distinguished from C. fusiformis in the tips not being apiculate and brown, 2-3 in. high. Clavaria argillacea. Fr. Loosely tufted, simple, fragile, club-shaped, or cylindrical, from whitish to pale drab, stem yellowish ; spores colourless, elliptical, 7-9 X 5-6 p. Clavaria argillacea; Berk., Outl. 282; Cke., Hdbk. 982; Stev., B. Fung. 297. Amongst moss and grass. Loosely tufted, from f— 1£ in. high, whitish to dirty pale drab, stem pale yellow or whitish ; clubs variable, clavate or cylindrical, obtuse or subacute, often more or less compressed. Clavaria vermicularis. Scop. Densely tufted, brittle, altogether white, stuffed, simple, cylindrical, apex pointed ; spores white, elliptical, 4 x 3 /*. o 2 84 FUNGUS-FLORA. davaria vermicularis, Cke., Hdbk., n. 984; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 298. f. xcii. Amongst grass. Densely tufted, white, about 2 in. high, straight or sometimes flexuous. Clavaria fragilis. Holmsk. White, sometimes with a yellow tinge, loosely tufted, very brittle, simple, stuffed, becoming hollow and variously com- pressed, and twisted, spores white, elliptical, 10-12 x 4-6 //,. Clavaria fragilis, Berk., Outl., 283 ; Cke., Hdkb., n. 985 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 298. Amongst grass. Clubs generally simple, rarely with 1 or more short branches, variously compressed, twisted or curved, soon hollow, very brittle, 1—3 in. high. Not so closely eom- pacted as in C. vermicularis, and the tips not so pointed. ffl Colour smoky or blackish. Clavaria fumosa. Pers. Greyish-brown or dusky-ochre, fasciculate, fragile, soon hollow, clubs straight or flexuous, tips usually pointed and curved, very much attenuated downwards ; spores colourless, elliptical, 6-8 x 4 p.. Clavaria fumosa, Cke., Hdbk., n. 986 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 298 Amongst grass. Tufted, varying from smoke-brown to dingy ochre, 2-3 in, high. In Kromholtz, fig. 18, quoted by Fries under the present species; the clubs are very flexuous, tips aciculate, curved, very much attenuated below, dirty ochre, 2-3 in. high. III. HOLOCOBYNE. Clubs almost simple, distinct at the base. "\ Colour whitish. Clavaria canalieulata. Fr. Solitary, white, simple, smooth, rather tough, soon hollow, then becoming compressed, and longitudinally furrowed; spores colourless, broadly elliptical, 10-12 x 9-10 ft. Clavaria canalieulata, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 678 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 300. CLAVARIA. 85 On the ground. Solitary, or sometimes ia pairs, 2-4 in. high, 2-3 lines thick, longitudinally grooved, sometimes splitting, apex tapering ; not rooting. Clavaria acuta. Sow. "White, solitary, simple, erect, clavate, apex acute, prui- nose ; spores colourless, subglobose, about 4 p.. Clavaria acuta, Sow., Fung., t. 333 ; Berk., Outl., p. 283 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 991 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 301. On soil in plant-pots, &c. From ^— 1 ^ in. high. Clavaria uncialis. Grev. Whitish, tough, simple, smooth, obtuse, attenuated below ; spores colourless, elliptical, 5 X 3 p. Clavaria uncialis, Grev., Scot. Or. Fl., t. 98 ; Berk., Outl. 284; Cke., Hdbk., n. 992; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 301. On dead stems of herbaceous plants, especially um- bellifers. Scattered, ^-1 in. high, becoming rather carti- laginous and pale amber colour when dry. Distinguished by its habitat. ft Colour yellow or pallid, becoming darker. Clavaria pistillaris. Linn. (fig. 8, p. 74.) Simple, clavate or obovate, stuffed, minutely velvety, whitish, then dirty yellow, finally dingy brown ; spores white, elliptic-oblong, 9-11 x 5-6 /*. Clavaria pistillaris, Cke., Hdbk., n. 987; S'ev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 299. Sow., Fung., t. 277. In woods. Variable in size, from 4-12 in. high, 1-? in. thick at widest part ; either club-shaped with a narrow base or sometimes irregularly subglobose or broadly elliptical ; flesh whitish, stuffed in the centre, that is, the texture is loose and cottony. Clavaria ligula. Fr. Gregarious, clavate, obtuse, much attenuated downwards, base villous, simple, pale ochraceous, the clubs with rufes- cent tinge, stuffed; spores colourless, elliptical, 11-13 X 4-5 fi. Clavaria ligula, Fr., II} m. Eur., p. 076 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 299 ; Fl. Dan., t. 837, f. 1. 86 FUNGUS-FLOKA. In woods. From 2-3 in. high, ^ in. thick above, very obtuse at the apex, very thin and villous at the base, by which it is attached to twigs, &c. Smaller than 0. pistillaris, and not so dark coloured, also differs in the pilose base. Clavaria contorta. Holmsk. Erumpent ; in clusters of 2—5, simple, stuffed, variously contorted and wrinkled, pruinose, yellowish, often with red or brown tinge ; spores white, subglobose, 5 x 4 or 5 //,. Clavaria contorta, Berk., Outl. 283 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 988 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 299. On fallen branches. Easily known by its erumpent habit, that is, bursting through the bark ; about 1 in. high. Clavaria fistulosa. Fr. Simple, slender, thickened upwards, obtuse, hollow, elongated, straight, pale yellow, then rufescent ; root short, villose ; spores colourless, elliptical, 14-15 X 6-7 //,. Clavaria fistulosa, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 677 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 300. On branches, &c. Solitary or 2-3 together, 2-3 in. high, 1^-2 lines thick at apex, short, distinct root villous or downy. Clavaria tuberosa. Sow. Yellow, cespitose, or solitary, simple, straight, slightly thickened upwards, tough, base thickened, strigose, rooting ; spores colourless, elliptical, 9-10 x 6 /*. Clavaria tuberosa, Sow., Fung., tab. 199; Berk., Outl., p. 284 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 994 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 300. On decayed wood. From 2-4 in. high, 1-3 springing from a thickened, subglobose, tomentose or strigose base. Clavaria juncea. Fr. Gregarious, very slender, elongated, flaccid, becoming hollow, apex acute, the long, creeping, stem-like base villose, pale dingy yellow, then rufescent ; spores colourless, obovate or subglobose, 4-5 /t. Clavaria juncea, Berk., Outl., p. 283 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 990 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 300. Gregarious on dead leaves, twigs, &c., in woods. From 3-6 in. high, 1-2 lines thick; distinguished from C. fistulosa PTERULA. 87 by the small, subgiobose spores, longer and more slender, flaccid, acute clubs, and in the gregarious habit. fff Broicnish or flesh-colour. Clayaria Ardenia. Sow. Ferruginous, becoming darker, elongated, simple, thickened upwards, obtuse, hollow, base tomentose, not rooting ; spores colourless, elliptical, 14-15 x 7-9 p.. Clavaria Ardenia, Sow., Fung., t. 215 ; Berk., Outl., p. 283 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 989; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 300. On fallen branches, &c., in woods. Varying from 5-1 2 in. high, and reaching ^ in. thick upwards; apex often acute when young, becoming obtuse and sometimes more or less hollowed out. Clavaria incarnata. Weissm. Simple, gregarious, cylindrical, apex obtuse, flesh-colour, pruinose, internally purple ; spores colourless, elliptical, 8x4-5/i. Clavaria incarnata, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 678; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 301. On the ground. Simple, varying from ^-1^ in. high. Distinguished from C. rosea in the duller red colour and in being purple inside. PTERULA, Fr. Subcartilaginous, filiform, simple or densely branched, branches equal, hymenium covering every part. Pterula, Fr., Linn. 1830, p. 351; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 303. The two British species form dense tufts composed of equal, thread-like branches, distinguished amongst the Clavariei by the cartilaginous substance, especially when dry, and in this character agreeing with the Tremellineae, but distinct from the latter in the basidia producing four sterigmata at the apex, which support the spores. Pterula subulata. Fr. Tufts densely branched, branches very slender, equal, not much divided except at the tips, where they divide into 88 FUNGUS-FLOKA. several finely-pointed branchlets, greyish- white, becoming pale amber; spores elliptical, 8-10 x 6-7 p. Pterula subulata, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 682; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 303. On wood. Forming dense tufts 1—2 in. high, consisting of numerous crowded equal branches as thin as thread, becoming rather horny when dry ; the branches frequently become connected by cross portions or anastomose irregularly. Pterula multifida. Fr. Usually fasciculate, several individuals forming a dense tuft ; branches very numerous, thin, subequal, much divided, tips pointed, springing from a slender, more or less elongated stem-like base, rather tough, whitish, becoming pale amber and cartilaginous when dry, spores elliptical, 10 X 6-7 p.. Pterula multifida, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 682 ; Stev., B. Fung., ii. p. 304. On dead leaves, branches, &c. Tufts 1-2 in. high, com- posed of densely-crowded, ascending, much-divided branches as thin as a thread ; base sometimes thick, at others con- sisting of several thin stems more or less confluent. TYPHULA. Pers. (fig. 5, p. 74.) Epiphytal. Club slender, cylindrical, rarely clavate ; stem filiform, distinct from hymenium, often springing from a sclerotium. TypJiula, Pers., Syn., p. 38, emended by Fries, Epicr., p. 584. Separated from Clavaria and Pistillaria by having the stein distinct from the hymenium. Generally minute, slen- der fungi in the typical species resembling the reed-mace, TypJia, in miniature ; hence the generic name. Typhula erythropus. Fr. (fig. 5, p. 74.) Simple, £-f in. high, springing from a depressed, wrinkled blackish sclerotium ; stem £ in. long or more, very slender, dark red; club 2-4 lines long, white, cylindrical, slender; spores 6-6 x 2-2 • 5 /x. TypJiula erythropus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 495 ; Stev., Fung., p. 304. On dead herbaceous stems. The sclerotium is sometimes absent. Fertile portion not much if at all thicker than stem. TYPHULA. 89 Typhula phacorrhiza. Fries. Simple, 1-3 in. high, slender, springing from a compressed brownish sclerotium ; glabrous, brownish, and often flexuous below, pallid above ; spores 8-9 X 4-5 p. Typhula phacorrhiza, Fries., Epicr., p. 585 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 304, fig. xciv. On dead leaves, herbaceous stems, &c. The stem is some- times minutely velvety at the base. Fertile portion not at all thickened. Typhula incarnata. Lasch. Whitish, more or less tinged with pink above, cylindric- clavate, 1-2 in. high, base minutely strigose, springing from a compressed brownish sclerotium ; spores subglobose, 4 X 5ft. TypTiula incarnata, Lasch, in Fries' Epicr., p. 585 ; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 305. On dead herbaceous stems, &c. Slightly thickened gradu- ally upwards, apex obtuse, rarely forked. Allied to T. phacorrhiza, but clearly distinguished by the form and size of the spores. Typhula gyrans. Fries. White; stem very thin and thread-like, often gyrose, pubescent; club cylindrical, or subovate, thicker than the stem ; springing from a small brownish sclerotium ; spores subglobose, 5 x 6 p.. Typhula gyrans, Fries, Epicr., p. 585 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 3(5. On dead stems of grasses, &c. Whole fungus £— f in. high ; stem very thin, straight or variously waved or gyrose. Var. Grevillei. VV hite, unbranched, club thickened, obtuse, stem hair-like, pubescent ; not springing from a sclerotium. Typhula Grevillei, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 685; Stev., Fung., p. 305. On dead leaves, &c. Typhula muscicola. Fries. White, 2-3 in. high, base thin, gradually expanding into a cylindrical, obtuse club up to 2 lines in thickness ; spores 5-6 x 3 u. 90 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Typhula muscicola, Fries, Epicr., 585 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 305. On living mosses. Typhula filiformis. Fr. Entire plant 1-3 in. long; stem slender, more or less branched and decumbent, brown, clubs subcylindrical, rather thicker than the stem, whitish ; spores about 5-4 /JL. Typhula filiformis, Fries, Epicr., p. 586 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 306. Amongst dead leaves. Typhula gracilis. Berk. Minute, 1-3 lines high, slender, stem short, distinct, smooth or minutely strigose ; club pallid, subacute, simple, or forked ; spores elliptical, 6-7 X 4 /*, ; cystidia numerous, large, sub- acute. Typhula gracilis, Berk., Outl., p. 285 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 306. On rotten leaves. Tip of club often acuminate. Typhula pusilla. ScLroet. White, very minute, linear, smooth; spores colourless, elliptical, 5x3^. Typhula pusilla, Schroeter, Schles., p. 439. Pistillaria pusilla, Berk., Outl., 286; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1011 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 308. On dead equisetum, fallen leaves, &c. Very minute, not more than 1 line high. Doubtful species. Typhula gracillima. White. White, ^-f in. high, very slender, curved, smooth, club elongated. Typhula gracillima, White, in B. and Br., Notices of Brit. Fung., n. 1699 ; Stev., Fung., p. 306. On various herbaceous plants. I have examined an au- thentic specimen of the above in Berkeley's herbarium at Kew, and can find no trace of basidia or hymenial surface of any kind. Glistening when dry. PISTILLARIA. 91 Typhula translucens. B. & Br. Typhula translucent, B., and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1589; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 306. An examination of the type specimen shows that this is not a fungus. PISTILLAEIA. Fr. (figs. 6, 7, and 9, p. 74.) Small ; club-shaped, either sessile or attenuated downwards as a continuous stem-like base which is not distinctly defined, becoming cartilaginous when dry. Pistillaria, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 686 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 342 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307. Closely related to Clavaria, if indeed distinct as a genus ; known by the smaller size of the species, and more especially by becoming cartilaginous and rigid when dry. Pistillaria tenuipes. Mass. (figs. 6, 7, p. 74.) Pale drab ; apex inflated, obtuse, wrinkled, stem slender, flexuous, somewhat distinct from the hymenophore; spores colourless, subglobose, 6 x 4-5 /*. Clavaria tenuipes, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 369, t. 9, f. 2 ; Berk., Outl. 282 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 983. On bare heathy ground. Solitary or gregarious, §-1 in. high, head up to £ in. across, more or less distinct from the stem ; in this character the present species agrees with the genus Pistillaria, as also in being cartilaginous when dry. Pistillaria micans. Fr. Eosy, shining, club-shaped, obtuse, stem short, whitish ; spores white, elliptical, 8-10 X 4-6 /i. Pistillaria micans, Berk., Outl. 285 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1007 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307. On dead thistles, &c. Scattered or gregarious, about a line high, distinguished by the rose-coloured, pruinose heads. Pistillaria culmigena. Fr. Whitish, hyaline, ovate, obtuse ; stem distinct, very short ; spores colourless, elliptical, 4 x 2-2 • 5 /n. Pistillaria culmigena, Berk., Outl. 285; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1008 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 307. 92 FUNGUS-FLORA. On grass stems. Scattered, very minute, not exceeding two lines in height, often smaller. Cartilaginous when dry. Pistillaria quisquilaris. Fr. (fig. 9, p. 74.) Whitish, club-shaped, often more or less compressed, and sometimes forked, soft, becoming rigid when dry, stem thin, springing from a minute sclerotium ; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, 13-15 X 6-7 /A. Pistillaria quisquilaris, Berk., Outl. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1009, f. 93 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307. Clavaria obtusa, Sow., Fung., t. 334, f. 1. On dead fern stems, leaves, &c. Gregarious, reaching \ in. high, resembling Clavaria uncialis, but at once dis- tinguished by the large sausage-shaped or allantoid spores. Pistillaria furcata. Smith. Clubs white or yellowish, waxy, then tough, compressed, broad at the apex, attenuated downwards, generally furcate and caespitose. Pistillaria furcata, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1012; Stev., Brit. Fung, ii., p. 307. In greenhouses. Caespitose, 1-1£ in. high. Pistillaria puberula. Berk. White, minute, obovate, stem distinct, thin, equal or attenuated upwards, pellucid, tomentose ; spores colourless, elliptical, 5 x 3 /u.. Pistillaria puberula, Berk., Outl., p. 286; Cke., Hdbk. 1010 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 308, fig. xcv. On dead bracken. Scattered, about 1 line high, distin- guished from P. quisquilaris by its smaller size, tomentose stem, and different spores. THELEPHOREAE. 93 FAN. III. THELEPHOREAE. In the present grou p we meet with a very varied collection of genera agreeing in having a well-defined hymenium, which is either perfectly even, as in Corticium, or at most slightly rugulose, as in Thelephora. The basidia are typically clavate, tetrasporous, and aseptate, thus differing from the Tremellineae, where the basidia are either transversely or cruciately septate, or if aseptate, deeply bifurcate and bisporous, and the whole fungus is of a gelatinous con- sistency when moist. In some genera included in the Thele- phoreae the substance is more or less gelatinous, but, as stated above, the basidia are tetrasporous and aseptate. In the Clavarieae the hymenium is also even, but the sporophore is always erect, either club-shaped or more or less branched. The Tremellineae and the Clavarieae may be considered as terminal groups, in the sense of not having given origin to any of the more highly organised divisions of the Hymeno- mycetes, whereas in the Thelephoreae we have clearly indicated all the various types of hymenophore which respectively characterise the Hydneae, Polyporeae, and the Agaricineae. It must be understood that the above remarks apply to the Thelephoreae in its entirety and not only to the genera included in the British Flora, which are thirteen in number, whereas altogether the group contains nineteen genera. Craterellus connects with the Agaricineae, being closely allied to Cantharellus. Coniophora leads up to the Polyporeae, through Merulius. Exobasidium forms a transition to the Tremellineae. Beccaria, an exotic genus, connects through Radulum with the Hydneae ; while Lachnocladium, also an exotic genus, leads up to the Clavarieae through Clacaria. Finally the Thelephoreae lose the leading feature of the Basidiomycetes — a continuous hymenium of compacted basidia — in the genus Heterobasidium, which connects with the Hyphomycetes through the genus Chromatosporium. FUNGUS-FLOEA. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE GENERA OF THE THELEPHOBEAE. Fig. 1, Coniophora olivacea, portion of fungus, nat. size, growing on wood ;— Fig. 2, section of same seated on wood, nat. size ;— Fig. 3, section of portion of hymenium of same, showing basidia with four sterigmata, each bearing a coloured spore ; between the basidia are clavate paraphyses ; highly mag. ;— Fig. 4, section through portion of hymenium of Corticium THELEPHOREAE. 95 THELEPHOKEAE. Sporophore erect and stipitate, with a central stem, effused, with the upper portion free and reflexed, or entirely re- supinate; hymenium perfectly even or radiato-rugulose, glabrous or minutely setulose with projecting cystidia ; basidia normally tetrasporous ; spores continuous f (aseptate), colourless or coloured. ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. A. Spores coloured. * Spore* smooth. Coniophora. — Kesupinate, dry and pulverulent. Aldridgea. — Eesupinate, soft and subgelatinous. salicinum, showing paraphyses and basidia bearing four colourless spores each, the above elements spring directly from loosely interwoven hyphae ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 5, section through plant of same growing on wood, and showing the free upturned margin ; nat. size ; — Fig. 5A, section through portion of hymenium of Hymenochaete rubiginosa, showing basidia with spores, paraphyses, and long, coloured, spine-like, rigid cystidia,; these last give a velvety appearance to the hymenium when examined with a pocket-lens, and constitute the leading character of the genus; highly mag. ; — Fig. 6, Craterellus cornucopioides, a small specimen, nat. size. ; — Fig. 7, section through hymenium of Peniophora cinerea, showing basidia bearing globose spores, paraphyses, and large colourless, projecting cystidia rough at the tip with minute particles of lime ; these latter give to the hymenium a minutely hispid or velvety appearance when viewed through a pocket-lens, and constitute the leading generic character; highly mag. ; — Fig. 8, section through two specimens of Solenia anomala ; mag. ; — Fig. 9, a group of specimens of Cyphella capula ; growing on a twig ; nat. size ; — Fig. 10, two specimens of the same ; mag. t In Heterdbasidium, a transition genus between the Thdephoreae and the Hyphomycetet, the spores are septate. 96 FUNGUS- FLORA. ** Spores war ted or echinulate. Thelephora. — Dry and fibrous, hymenium rugulose. Soppittiella. — Subgelatinous, effused or variously in- crusting, hymenium even. B. Spores colourless. * Parasitic on living leaves or stems. Exobasidium. — ** Saprophytes, growing on dead wood, branches, &c. f Hymenium minutely setulose with projecting cystidia. Peniophora. — Cystidia colourless, rough at the tip with particles of lime. Hymenochaete. — Cystidia brown, smooth. ff Hymenium glabrous. Corticium. — Entirely resupinate, hymenium usually cracked when dry. Stereum.ij: — Effuso-reflexed, pileus silky or strigose, hy- menium even. Cladoderris. — Horizontal and attached by a narrow point behind, hymenium radiato-rugulose. Craterellus. — Large, erect, funnel-shaped. Cyphella. — Minute, cup-shaped, mouth open. Solenia. — Minute, cylindrical, gregarious or crowded, tubular, mouth contracted. J In certain species of Stereum the spores are coloured. THELEPHOBEAE. 97 FIGUEES ILLUSTRATING THE GENERA OF THE THELEPHOREAE. Fig. 11, Stereum ochroleucum, showing the effused lower portion and the upper free, reflexed portion ; nat. size ; — Fig. 12, section of same ; nat. size ; — Fig. 13, Stereum Sowerbei, a small specimen, showing a mesopod form; nat. size; — Fig. 14, section through the hymenium of Stereum VOL. I. H $8 FUNGUS-FLOEA. CONIOPHORA, D.C. (emended), (figs. 1-3, p. 94.) Broadly effused, adnate ; margin defined or indeterminate ; hymenium without cystidia, when mature powdered with the smooth, coloured spores. Conioplwra, B.C., Flor. Fr. vi. p. 34 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 128. Corticium, sub-gen. ConiopJiora, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 153 ; Tries, Hym. Eur., p. 657 ; Cke., Grev. v. 8, p. 88. The species constituting the present genus usually form "broadly expanded patches on dead wood or baric, agreeing in this respect with the species of Corticium and Peniophora, but readily distinguished by the coloured spores. In some species of Hymenochaete the spores are coloured, but the hyme- nium bristles with projecting coloured spines or cystidia, which give to the surface a velvety appearance under a pocket-lens. In the genus Thelephora, again, the spores are ^generally coloured, but rough with minute warts, and the hymenium has a tendency to become uneven, whereas in Coniophora the hymenium is even, but may appear to be nodulose or irregular when very thin, and following the inequalities of the matrix. The leading features of the present genus are, the close attachment of every portion of the fungus to the substratum, and the even, smooth hyme- nium powdered with the smooth, coloured spores. The species are closely allied, and represent a very primi- tive type of the Basidiomycetes ; the hymenium is uppermost, .and there is no tendency shown by any one species to depart purpnreum, showing the elements of the hymenium — basidia and para- physes — springing from a densely compacted stratum of hyphae, below which there is a layer of loosely interwoven mycelium ; the presence of this dense subhymenial layer is an important morphological distinction between Stereum and the allied genus Corticium; highly mag. ; — Fig. 15, Cladoderris minima; nat. size; — Fig. 16, a single specimen of same; slightly mag. ; — Fig. 17, spores of same ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 18, Soppit- tiella cristate ; nat. size ; — Fig. 19, basidium and spores of same ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 20, Aldridgea gelatinosa, portion of a specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 21, basidium and spores of same ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 22, Exdbasidium vaccinii, showing the bullate patches formed by the fungus on the leaves of Vaccinium myrtillm; nat. size; — Fig. 23, portion of the under side of Thelephora laciniata, showing the rugose hymenium and laciniate margin ; nat. size ; — Fig. 24, basidium and spores of same ; highly mag. COXIOPHOBA. 99 from this primitive condition, as usually first indicated by the margin becoming free and more or less elevated. Coniophora olivacea. Mass. (figs. 1-3, p. 94.) Membranaceous, inseparable, margin byssoid, whitish ; hymeninm olive, glistening with crystals, pulverulent, some- times cracked ; spores elliptical, ochraceous-olive, 14-17 X 10-12 p. Coniophora olivacea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 129. Corticeum olivaceum, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 283. On decaying pine-trunks. Broadly effused, often covering nearly the whole surface of fallen trunks. The glistening appearance of the hymenium, due to minute crystals, is very- evident in fresh specimens, but disappears on drying. Hy- menium ochraceous-olive, or brownish when dry, sometimes cracked ; margin pale, byssoid, or altogether indeterminate. Superficially resembling Periophora olivacea, but distinguished by coloured spores and absence of cystidia. Coniophora arida. Karst. Membranaceous, very thin, not removable from the matrix, broadly effused, margin fibrillose whitish; hymenium con- tinuous, even, dingy sulphur or ochraceous, pulverulent, becoming brownish ; spores ellipsoid with a minute apiculus at the base, ochraceous, 11-12 x 6-7 p. Coniophora arida, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132 ; Karst., Myc Fenn., p. 319. Corticium aridum, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 282. On decaying pine- wood. Often broadly effused, entire fungus closely adglutinated, dry and powdery when mature, varying from almost clear sulphur-yellow to brownish-ochre, becoming dusky when old and dry ; margin radiato-byssoid, whitish. Spore measurements will distinguish the present from closely allied species. Coniophora sulphurea. Mass. Broadly effused, margin bright sulphur-yellow, often fibril- lose and running out in cord-like radiating strands ; hyme- nium thick, compact, almost waxy, brownish with yellow tinge, cracking when dry ; spores broadly elliptical, brownish- yellow, 11-12 x 8-10 /A. Coniophora sulphurea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132. H 2 100 FUNGUS-FLORA. Corticium sulphureum, Berk., Outl., p. 274 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 929 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 276. On wood, bark, and leaves. Often broadly effused, the hymenium is not usually perfect, being spongy, bright coloured, and barren, or with only patches here and there producing basidia. Var. ochroidea. Berk. Hymenium ochraceous; spores elliptical with a minute apiculus at the base, olive, 16-18 x 9-10 /*. Coniophora sulphured, var. ochroidea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 133. On wood and bark. In general structure and habit the variety agrees with the typical form, differing in the ochra- ceous tint of the hymenium and the larger elliptical spores. May possibly prove to be a distinct species. Coniophora ochracea. Mass. Very broadly effused, submembranaceous, usually indeter- minate ; hymenium pulverulent, whitish then ochraceous ; spores yellowish, subglobose, 8 x 6-7 p.. Coniophora ochracea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 137. Spreading continuously as a thin inseparable film over the inside of elm-bark which had become partly detached from the fallen trunk. In its most highly developed condition presenting some resemblance to Coniophora sulphurea, from which it is distinguished by the smaller subglobose spores, and indeterminate margin. The subhymenial hyphae are very thick, measuring up to 18 p. in diameter, and are pale yellow. Coniophora subdealbata. Mass. Effused, determinate, thin; hymenium ochraceous olive, pulverulent at maturity; spores elliptical with a minute basal apiculus, ochraceous, 11-12 x 7-8 p.. Coniophora subdealbata, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 135. Corticium subdealbatum, B. & Br., Grev. On bark and wood. Thin, often broadly effused, ochra- ceous-olive, hymenium pulverulent, often with paler barren patches. Coniophora pulverulenta. Mass. Broadly effused, margin thin, byssoid, whitish; hyme- CONIOPHORA. 101 nium rusty-brown, pulverulent, even, entire; spores ellip- tical, yellow-brown, 14-15 X 9-10 /x. Coniophora pulverulenta, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 129. Telephora pulverulenta, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. iii., vol. v. p. 149 (1846). On wood. The rusty-brown or sometimes dark brown hymenium, white byssoid margin, and large spores charac- terise the present species. . Coniophora Cookei. Mass. Effused, fibrilloso-membranaceous, margin byssoid, whit- ish ; hymenium olive with a rusty tinge, even, pulverulent ; spores elliptic, ochraceous, 9-11 x 6 p.. Coniophora Cookei, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 136. On rotting wood. Closely resembling externally Corticium laxwm, Fr., but this species, as proved by a specimen from Fries in the Berkeley collection, Kew, No. 3655, is a true Thelephora. Coniophora membranacea. D.C. Broadly effused, subrotund, thin, fragile when mature, separable from the matrix, margin minutely fibrillose, yellow- ish ; hymenium minutely pulverulent, pallid then dirty pale feruginous ; spores elliptical, yellow-brown, 10-15 X 5-6 //,. Coniophora membranacea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 137. On wood, walls, &c. Forming broadly expanded, thin patches often a foot or more in diameter, becoming cracked and peeling off in shreds when dry. Coniophora umbrina. Mass. Effused, adnate, soft and fleshy at first, margin radiato- villose, umber; hymenium tuberculose, then irregularly contracted during drying, rusty-umber, spores elliptical with a minute apiculus at the base, pale umber, 12-14 X 8- 10 o. Coniophora umbrina, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 131. Corticium umbrinum, Stev., Brit. Fung., vol. ii. p. 282. On wood, branches, twigs, and on the ground. Bather thick and fleshy, irregular, incrusting various substances. Coniophora cinnamomea. Mass. Commencing as isolated patches, which soon become con- fluent and form a broad, irregularly effused patch, with a 102 FUNGUS-FLORA. coarsely fibrillose margin ; liymenium fleshy, dingy cinna- mon, cracked when dry; spores elliptical with a minute basal apiculus, pale cinnamon, 11-12 x 7-8 p. Coniophora cinnamomea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 130. Corticium cinnamomeum, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 276. On wood and bark. Fleshy and rather soft, becoming cracked during drying, sometimes dingy brown. Super- ficially resembling dark forms of Peniophora velutina, but distinguished by the coloured spores and absence of cystidia. Coniophora incrustans. Mass. Effused, indeterminate, inseparable ; hymenium pale ochra- ceous or dirty white, pulverulent ; spores elliptical, very pale ochraceous, 15-17 X 8-10 /*. Coniophora incrustans, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132. Running over leaves, twigs, &c. Usually forming a thin inseparable film; when perfectly developed the hymenium is compact and almost waxy in consistence, but pulverulent with the mass of spores. Coniophora Berkeley!. Mass. Effused, determinate, thick ; hymenium becoming much cracked, interstices silky, yellow-brown, assuming a purple tinge with age ; spores ellipsoid with a minute apiculus at the base, yellow-brown, 11-12 X 6-7 p. Coniophora Berkeleyi, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 135. On decorticated wood. Very thick and compact for a Coniophora, hymenium becoming much cracked owing to contraction during drying ; the margin is sometimes minutely byssoid. Superficially resembling Corticium lactescens, Berk., but readily distinguished by the coloured spores. Coniophora puteana. Mass. Broadly effused, rather thick, separable, margin minutely byssoid, whitish ; hymenium dirty yellow, becoming olive- brown, pulverulent, sometimes cracked ; spores brownish- olive, 14-16 X 8-9 fi. Coniophora puteana, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 129. Corticium puteanum, Stev., Brit. Fung. 281. On bark and wood. Effused, rather thick, waxy when young, sometimes separable as a thick, tough membrane. ALDKIDGEA— THELEPHOBA. 103 ALDEIDGEA. Mass. (nov. gen.) (figs. 20, 21, p. 97.) Kesupinate, effused, fleshy, subgelatinous when growing, cartilaginous or rigid and collapsed when dry ; hymenium smooth, even; basidia tetrasporous ; spores continuous, coloured, smooth. Allied to Coniophora in the large coloured spores, but dis- tinguished by the subgelatinous consistency when growing. Named after Miss Emily Aldridge, a Sussex mycologist. Aldridgea gelatinosa. Mass. (figs. 20, 21, p. 97.) Broadly effused, rather fleshy, subgelatinous, pallid, be- coming collapsed, rigid, and purple-brown when dry, margin determinate; spores broadly elliptical, obliquely apiculate, olive, smooth, 10 X 6-7 /*. On sawdust. Extending for several inches, the irregu- larities of the hymenium being due to the substratum. THELEPHOEA. Ehrh. (emended), (figs. 23, 24, p. 97.) Mesopod or dimidiate with the hymenium inferior, or resupinate with the hymenium exposed to the light ; pileus coriaceous, destitute of a distinct cuticle, usually fibrillose ; hymenium even or generally rugulose ; basidia tetrasporous, spores continuous, spherical, coloured, minutely warted or echinulate. Thelephora, Ehrh., Crypt., p. 178; emended in Massee, Monogr. Theleph. The genus as defined above contains a considerable number of species scattered over the globe, characterised * by the loose, fibrillose texture of the pileus, the usually rugulose hymenium, and the coloured, sub-globose, minutely- warted spores. Brown, with a vinous or purple tinge is the pre- dominating colour. Many of the species are soft and pliant when growing, but never gelatinous. * Growing erect, stipitate o?* sessile, frequently deeply cut or laciniate. Thelephora anthocephala. Fr. Kusty-brown, inodorous, villose, cut into wedge-shaped 104 FUNGUS-FLOKA. segments with whitish, fringed tips ; hymenium almost even ; spores subglobose, vinous, verruculose, 8—9 p.. ThelepJiora anthocephala, Berk., Outl., 267, t. 17, f. 4 ; Cke., Hdbk. n. 893 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., 263. On the ground in woods. Tufted, l-2in. high, often cut to the base into wedge-shaped segments, or the segments very narrow and branched. There is often a vinous tinge about the lower portion of the segments. Thelephora caryophyllea. Pers. Brownish-purple, inodorous, stem short, pileus depressed, margin variable, lobed or cut into narrow segments ; hymenium almost even; spores globose, warted, brown, 7-8 p.. ThelepJiora caryophyllea, Berk., Outl., 267 ; Sound, and Sin. t. 41, f. 2 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 894 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., ii. 262. On the ground amongst grass, under trees. Tough, 2—3 in. high, pilei usually densely caespitose, cup-shaped with a central stem or very much cut and irregular. Thelephora clavularis. Fr. Keddish-brown with vinous tinge, soft, branches very irregular, crowded, rounded or subcompressed, smooth, prui- nose, tips acute, whitish, downy; stem veiy short, sub- tuberous ; spores subglobose, vinous, warted, 8 x 6—7 //.. Thelephora clavularis, Fr., Hym. Eur. 634 ; Stev., B. Fung. 263. On the ground. Branches densely fasciculate, rounded or compressed, ending in one or more whitish, pubescent, acute tips ; 1— lg in. high. Thelephora palmata. Fr. Foetid ; brownish-purple, soft, divided from the stern-like base into numerous flattened, palmately -branched segments, tips whitish, fringed; spores subglobose, vinous, warted, 8-11 /*. Thelephora palmata, Fr., Berk., Outl., p. 267 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 895 ; Stev., B. Fung. 263. On the ground in woods. Forming dense clusters 1-2^ in. high, distinguished by the foetid odour and wedge-shaped branches. THELEPHORA. 105 Thelephora intybacea. Pers. Caespitose, soft, whitish, then reddish-brown ; stems more or less confluent ; pileoli imbricated, fibrous, margin ex- panded, whitish, becoming dark ; hyrnemum papillose, spores subglobose, rough, vinous, 7-9 p. Thelephora intybacea, Fr., Hym. Eur. 635; Stev.,- B. Fung, ii. 204. On the ground. Tufts 1^-2 in. high, erect or with laterally spreading, subtriangular pilei from 1-2 in. across. '* Pilei imbricated, horizontal. Thelephora terrestris. Ehrh. Tufted, soft, brown, then blackish ; pileoli overlapping, flattened, more or less circular in outline, strigose ; hymenium radiato- rugose ; spores subglobose, vinous, warted, 8-10. Thelephora terrestris, Berk., Outl., p. 267 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 896 ; Stev., B. Fung. 264. On the ground in fir woods. Variable in size, segments sometimes subdivided, from 1-2 in. across. Thelephora laciniata. Pers. (figs. 23, 24, p. 97.) Vinous, brown, soft, incrusting, lobes thin, overlapping, subrotund, fibroso- scaly, margin coarsely fibrose, at first whitish ; hymenium inferior, radiato-rugulose, papillose ; spores subglobose, vinous, rough, 6-9 fi. Thelephora laciniata, Berk., Outl. p. 268; Cke., Hdbk., n. 899 ; Stev., B. F. ii. p. 264. On fir-stumps, running up stems of heather, &c., and on the ground in fir- woods. Perennial. Variable in size, often extending for several inches. Known from T. terrestris by the coarsely fibrous pileus and the shaggy margin. Thelephora biennis. Fr. Greyish-brown or ochraceous, sometimes with a vinous tinge, soft, incrusting ; pilei tomentose with the fringed margin often reflexed ; hymeuium almost even ; spores sul 'globose, rough, vinous, 9-11 p.. Thelephora biennis, Berk., Outl., p. 268 ; Cke., Hdbk. 900 ; Stev., B. F. ii. 264. On the ground, stones, wood, &c. Often broadly effused, incrusting everything near, pale ochraceous, greyish-brown 106 FUNGUS-FLORA. or vinous, the pilei are sometimes rudimentary, at others well developed, with free reflexed margins. Known from T. terrestris by the even, not radiato-rugulose hymenium and from T. laciniata by the tomentose and not coarsely fibrillose pileus. Thelephora mollissima. Pevs. Whitish, becoming tinged brown, incrusting, very soft, either continuous or cut up into spreading, acute-pointed segments ; hymenium almost even, smooth, vinous-brown ; spores subglobose, rough, vinous, 7-9 //.. Thelephora mollissima, Berk., Outl., p. 263, t. 17, f. 5; Cke., Hdbk., n. 898 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 265. On the ground, twigs, &c., in woods. Sometimes forming broadly effused, irregular incrusting masses without distinct pilei ; at others erect and as much cut up as T. palmata. Very soft. SOPPITTIELLA. Mass. (figs. 18, 19, p. 97.) Effused or variously incrusting, soft, fleshy, and sub- gelatinous when growing, collapsing when dry ; hymenium smooth, naked; basidia tretrasporons ; spores subglobose, echinulate, continuous, coloured ; cystidia absent. The present genus is established for the reception of certain species previously included in Thelephora, from which it differs in being soft and subgelatinous when moist, and compact, not strigose pileus ; forming either effused patches or dendritic masses on twigs, grass, &c. The genus is named after Mr. H. T. Soppitt, a Yorkshire mycologist. Soppittiella sebacea. Mass. Whitish at first, fleshy, soft, then becoming rigid, in- crusting, form very variable ; hymenium collapsing when dry and often more or less tinged brown or cinnamon ; spores subglobose, spinulose, vinous, 9-10 fj. diameter; basidia tetrasporous. Thelephora sebacea, Berk., Outl., p. xvii. t. 17, f. 6; Cke.y Hdbk., n. 904. On stumps, twigs, grass, &c. Variously incrusting, SOPPITTIELLA. 107 forming very irregular stalactitic or tuberculose crust-like patches. White, soft, and fleshy when growing. Smell none. The present species has nothing in common with Sebacinia incrustans, Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. (1872), t. x. f. 5-10. Soppittiella caesia. Mass. Effused, thin, soft, bright grey, determinate ; inseparable ; spores subglobose, spinulose, vinous, 10 p. diameter. Thelephora cacsia, Persoon, Obs. Myc. i. t. 3, f. 6. On wood, iii oss, &c., on the ground. Forming thin, determinate patches 1-4 or 5 in. across, soft and almost subgelatinous when growing, hymenium not cracked when dry; hyphae brownish. Superficially resembling a thin soft Corticium, but with the pale vinous or brownish echinulate spores of the present genus. The present species requires to be care- fully distinguished from Peniophora Crosslandi, which, under a pocket-lens is minutely setiilose with the white, projecting cystidia. Soppittiella fastidiosa. Mass. White, broadly effused, incrusting, shapeless or forming irregularly flattened branches, very foetid ; hyinenium papil- lose becoming rufescent ; spores elliptical, rough, almost colourless, 6-7 x 4-5 p.. Thelephora fastidiosa, Berk., Outl., p. 268 ; Cke., Hdbk. 901 ; Stev., Brit. F. 265. On the ground, leaves, &c. White becoming cream- coloured, running as a thin film, over everything in its way, sometimes passing into free, flattened branches. Dis- tinguished from T. cristata by its disagreeable odour. Silky and byssoid when young. Soppittiella cristata. Mass. (figs. 18, 19, p. 97.) Pallid, incrusting, rather tough, here and there passing into irregular branches with awl-shaped or fringed tips ; hymenium papillose ; spores subglobose, rough, pale vinous, 7-8 x 6 p.. Thelephora cristata, Fr., Berk., Outl., p. 268 ; Sow., t. 158 j Cke., Hdbk. 897 ; Stev., Brit. F. 265. On the ground, or incrusting leaves, mosses, &c. Very variable, forming thin, paint-like patches running over 108 FUNGUS-FLORA. leaves, twigs, &c., or passing into cristate ascending "branches i— 1 in. high. Not byssoid and silky when young. Soppittiella Crustacea. Mass. Umber-brown with sometimes a purple tinge, broadly incrusting, rather fleshy, margin fibrillose, whitish; hy- menium irregularly papillose ; spores globose, rough, vinous- brown, 9-11 /A. Thelephora Crustacea, Fr., Hyrn. Eur. (537; Stev., Brit. Fung. 266. Eunning over the ground, moss, &c. Distinguished by the brown colour and white fibrillose margin; sometimes effused in an irregular manner for several inches. EXOBASIDIUM. Woronin. (fig. 22, p. 97.) Parasitic on living plants, leaves more especially, which in consequence become variously deformed ; basidia crowded, cylindric-clavate, tetrasporous ; spores elliptic-oblong, often unequilateral, continuous, colourless. Exobasidium, Woronin, in Verhandl. Nat. Ges. Freib. iv. fasc. iv. (1867); Sacc., Syll. vi. p. 664. A very peculiar and anomalous genus, the vegetative hyphae remain immersed in the root, the basidia, which are olosely packed and form a hymenium, being alone developed on the surface. Most nearly allied to Corticium, but distin- guished by being a true parasite. Exobasidium vaccinii. Woronin. (fig. 22, p. 97.) Innate, effused, form various, usually orbicular or elon- gated, fleshy, often becoming confluent; hymenium protruding from the under surface of the leaves or the stem, flesh- coloured with a white bloom ; spores elongato-fusoid, colour- less, straight, 5-8 x 1-2 //.. Exobasidium vaccinii, Woronin, in Nat. Ges. Z. Freib., b. iv. Heft iv. ; Sacc., Syll. vi. n. 7795. On living leaves, rarely on stems and petioles of Vaccinium myrtillus. lied or purple patches occur on the upper surface of the leaves opposite to the portion occupied by the fungus below. The fungus occurs on other species of Vaccinium, also on species of Andromeda and Acrostaphylos in various parts of Europe. EXOBASIDIUM— PENIOPHORA. 109 Exobasidium rhododendri. Cramer. Forming gall-like, bullate excrescences, that are at first pale, then reddish and shining, ^-1 in. across, on the under surface of the leaves, also on the petioles and stems ; spores 7-8 X 3 /x, often slightly curved. Exobasidium rhododendri, Cramer, in Eab., Fung. Eur.r n. 1910 ; Sacc., Syll. vi. n. 7797. On the leaves and twigs of Rhododendron ferruginvum and other species. PENIOPHOKA. Cooke. (fig. 7, p. 94.) Entirely adnate or with the margin free and more or less- elevated; hymenium even, furnished with projecting, fusi- form, colourless cystidia, which are covered with minute particles of oxalate of lime ; spores colourless. Peniphora, Cke., Grev., v. viii. p. 20 ; Mass., Mon. Thel.r p. 140, pi. xlviii. figs. 14-19. The species constituting the present genus were formerly included in the old genus Corticium. The leading idea of the genus Peniophora consists in the presence of numerous pro- jecting cells which give to the hymenium a minutely velvety appearance when seen under a pocket-lens. These projecting cells were called metuloids by Cooke, but they are evidently homologous with the bodies called cystidia by the old myco- logists. In the present genus the cystidia are unicellular, colourless, more or less fusiform and with the portion pro- jecting above the surface of the hymenium studded with numerous minute particles of oxalate of lime. While con- stituting an excellent generic character, cystidia are variable in size in the same species, and even in the same specimen, the measurements given refer to the length above the surface of the hymenium and width at the widest part, and represent the average size. In old specimens the cystidia often break away, leaving the surface of the hymenium glabrous, but the persistent bases can always be seen in a section under the microscope. A. Margin free, more or less upturned. Peniophora quercina. Cooke. Subcartilaginous, at first adpressed, the margin eventually 110 FUNGUS-FLORA. becoming more or less involute, under surface smooth, blackish. ; hymenium reddish-lilac ; cystidia fusoid, 50—70 X 15-20 p.; spores elliptic-oblong, slightly curved, 12-14 x 5 p.. PeniopJiora quercina, Cooke, Grev., viii. p. 20, pi. 125, f. 13 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 141. Corticium quercinum, Fr., Epicr. 563 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 936 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 278; Grev., Scot. Or. Fl., t. 142; Berk., OutL, p. 275. On branches, especially oak. Variable in size, sometimes ^— | in. across with the margin upturned and attached by a central point, at others extending for several inches, ap- planate with the extreme edge only free. Hymenium varying from flesh-colour to lilac, when old often slate-colour. Peniophora pezizoides. Mass. Erumpent ; subcoriaceous, at first cup-shaped, then ex- panded, outside pale, villose ; hymenium ochraceous, minutely velvety; cystidia fusoid, 50-60 x 15-20 /A; spores globose, 4-5 /*. Peniophora pezizoides, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 141, pi. xlvii. figs. 17-19. On branches of horse-chestnut. Bursting through the bark, attached by a central point, at first with the margin strongly involute, becoming expanded ; from ^— |- in. across. Allied to Peniophora quercina, but distinguished by the small globose spores and the pale villous exterior. Periophora gigantea. Mass. Very broadly effused, margin free, strigose ; substance rather fleshy, when dry cartilaginous ; hymenium minutely velvety, whitish, becoming tinged with brown when old ; cystidia fusoid, 50-60 x 15-25/*; spores elliptical, 9-10 x 5-6 p.. PeniopTiora gigantea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 142. Corticium giganteum, Berk., Outl., p. 272 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 922 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. 274. On fir bark and wood, leaves, &c. Often broadly effused, forming patches a foot or more in extent, when young and moist rather soft and fleshy, becoming thin and cartilaginous when dry ; hymenium at first almost white, becoming tinged PENIOPHORA. Ill with brown or lilac. In old specimens the cystidia fall away, leaving the hymenium smooth. B. Margin addressed, often indeterminate. Peniophora limitata. Cooke. Subrotund, closely adnate, firm and rather thick, margin black ; hymenium dirty ochraceous, becoming pale, minutely velvety; cystidia fusoid, 30-40 X 15-20/x; spores elliptic- oblong, with a minute apiculus at the base, slightly curved, 20-22 X 6 fji. Peniophora limitata, Cke., Grev. viii. p. 21, pi. 123, f. 7 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 145. Corticium limitatum, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 280. On bark and wood. Well marked by the dingy, pale hymenium being circumscribed by a well-defined black margin. Peniophora rosea. Mass. Broadly effused, thin, closely adnate, margin fimbriate, whitish ; hymenium rosy, becoming pale, minutely velvety, often cracked when dry ; cystidia fusoid, 40-60 X 18-25 /x, ; spores elliptic-oblong, curved, 13-15 x 4-5 //,. Peniophora rosea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 146. Corticium roseum, Berk., Outl., p. 273; Cke., Hdbk., n. 926 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 275. On wood and bark. Sometimes in small scattered patches, but usually broadly effused, clear rose-pink with a white byssoid margin when fresh, when dry pale ochraceous with traces of pink only. Peniophora incarnata. Mass. Inseparable, rather waxy when fresh, margin byssoid, or altogether indeterminate ; hymenium reddish or orange, not becoming pale, minutely velvety ; cystidia fusoid, 25-30 X 12-18 fji ; spores elliptic-oblong, curved, 18-20 x 5-6 /x, Peniophora incarnata, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 147. Corticium incarnatum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 938; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 227. On wood and bark. Often broadly effused, closely adglu- tinated, hymenium usually becoming dull orange with age, but never becoming colourless, as in P. roseum. When old 112 FUNGUS-FLORA. the cystidia fall away, leaving the hymenium glabrous, but the microscope always reveals their presence. Peniophora ochracea. Mass. Broadly effused, inseparable, margin radiato-byssoid, soon disappearing ; hymenium ochraceous, sparkling with minute crystals of lime when fresh, cracked when dry; cystidia fusoid, 40-50 x 20 p. ; spores elliptical, 10 x 5 /*. Peniophora ochracea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 150. Gorticium ochraceum, Fr., Epicr. 563 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 635 ; Berk., Outl., p. 274 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. 378. On bark and wood. Closely resembling in general habit, colour, and in presence of sparkling atoms on the hymenium, Goniophora olivacea, but distinguished by the cystidia and smaller colourless spores. Peniophora cinerea. Cooke. (fig. 7, p. 94.) Commencing as isolated rounded patches, which usually become confluent, forming broadly effused patches, rigid; hymenium ashy or with brown tinge, margin similar ; cystidia i'usoid, 30-50 x 15-20 p. ; spores globose, 5-7 p. Peniophora cinerea, Cke., Grev. viii. p. 20, pi. 123, f. 8; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 148. Corticium cinereum, Berk., Outl., p. 275 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 937; Stev., Brit. F. ii. 279. On bark and wood, especially ash. Often commencing as detached, circular patches of a brownish colour, these usually soon grow into each other, forming irregular patches, sometimes extending for several inches. The hymenium is minutely velvety, and varies from brownish-grey, through lead-colour to greyish-lilac when dry. Peniophora velutina. Cooke. Broadly effused, rather fleshy, inseparable, margin running- out into long branching strands ; hymenium velvety, cream colour, often slightly tinged with pink or buff; cystidia cylindrical or attenuated upwards, 60—80 X 10-15 /x; spore& elliptic with a minute apiculus, 10 x 5 //.. Peniophora velutina, Cke., Grev. viii. p. 21, pi. 125, f. 15 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 152. Corticium velutinum, Berk., Outl., p. 273 ; Cke., Hdbk., n, 927; Stev., Brit. F. ii. 275. PENIOPHORA. 113 On wood and bark. When perfectly developed, the hy- menium bristles with cystidia, which are more cylindrical and less incrusted with lime than usual. In some specimens the hyinenium is very much cracked, in others quite con- tinuous. The marginal radiating strands of mycelium often extend for many inches and connect several fertile patches. Peniophora rimosa. Cooke. Broadly effused, inseparable, margin indeterminate ; hy- menium ochraceous, when dry cracked, minutely velvety, cystidia scattered or in clusters, fusoid, 70-100 x 15-18 p.; spores elliptic-oblong, slightly curved, 15-17 x 6 /A. . Peniophora rimosa, Cke., Grev., ix. p. 94; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 153. On bark and wood. Very closely resembling cracked forms of Peniophora velutina, from which it differs in the larger spores. The hymenium is usually cracked into nu- merous irregular polygonal portions. Peniophora Scotica. Mass. Broadly effused, margin fibrillose, radiating; hymenium pale cinnamon, minutely velvety ; cystidia sub-cylindrical, 30-120 x 15-20 p.; spores elliptical, 8-10 x 6-7 p. Peniophora Scotica, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 152. Broadly effused over the inside of bark. Closely related to Peniophora velutina, differing in colour and absence of the radiating marginal strands of mycelium, the cystidia are also larger in the present species. Peniophora phyllophila. Mass. Broadly effused, membranaceous, margin fibrillose, often indeterminate ; hymenium cream-colour, continuous, cystidia fusoid or cylindrical, with the apex sometimes thickened, 60-80 x 20-30 /*; spores elliptic. 12 x 6 p.. Peniophora phyllophila, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 150. On dead leaves. Closely resembling in habit and colour Corticium epiphyllum, P., but distinguished by the numerous cystidia. Peniophora pubera. Mass. Broadly effused, thin, inseparable, indeterminate, hymenium whitish or dirty palo buff, minutely velvety, cracked when VOL. I. I 114 FUNGUS-FLORA. dry; cystidia cylindrico-fusoid, 80-120 x 15-20 p; spores elliptic-oblong, 10-12 X 4 /A. Peniophora pubera, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 149. Corticium puberum, Stev., Brit. Fung. 277. On bark and wood. Often very broadly effused, margin usually altogether indeterminate. Accompanying the typical cystidia are elongated, hair-like bodies. Peniophora terrestris. Mass. Effused, very thin, indeterminate ; hymenium pale grey or buff, velvety, cystidia cylindrico-fusoid, 80-90 x 15-20 /A; spores elliptical, 10 x 6-7 p.. Peniophora terrestris, Mass., Grev. xv. p. 107 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 153. Eunning over branches, leaves, and the naked ground. Forming pale grey or buff patches, resembling a mould in appearance. Sub-gen. SCOPULOIDES. Cystidia arranged in fascicles. Peniophora hydnoides. Cke. & Mass. Broadly effused, indeterminate, subinnate ; hymenium grey, setulose; cystidia cylindrico-fusoid, aggregated in clusters, 70-120 x 12-14 p. ; spores globose, 4-5 j*. Peniophora Jiydnoides. Cke. and Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 154, pi. xlvii., figs. 15, 16. On bark. Resembling under a pocket-lens several of the adnate species of Hydnum and Grandinia, but on microscopic examination the spine-like projections on the hymenium are seen to consist of clusters of typical cystidia. HYMENOCHAETE. Lev. (fig. SA, p. 94.) Sporophore entirely resupinate, effuso-reflexed, or entirely free from the matrix and furnished with a central stem; hymenium minutely velvety with rigid, smooth, coloured, projecting cystidia (setae) ; basidia tetrasporous ; spores continuous, hyaline or coloured. Hymenochaete, Leveille, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, p. 150; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 95. A well-marked genus, characterised by having the HYMENOCHAETE. 115 hyinenium studded with projecting, smooth, thick-walled, coloured, sharp-pointed cystidia (or setae), which are un- doubtedly modified cystidia. A few aberrant species with thin-walled, pale-coloured setae more or less studded with lumps of lime connect the present genus with Peniophora. The species were formerly included in Stereum and Corticium. I. Upper portion of sporophore usually free and reflexed. Spores colourless. Hymenochaete rubiginosa. Lev. (fig. 5A, p. 94.) Coriaceous, rigid, effused, reflexed, velvety then glabrous, ferruginous-brown, intermediate stratum foxy rust-colour; hymenium rust-colour, setae conical-acute, or cylindrical and obtuse, 80-100 x 5-8 p.; spores elliptical, 5 X 3 /u. Bymenochaete ruliginosa, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, v. p. 151 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 97. On wood. Sometimes altogether resupinate or with the margin only free, or with little reflexed pileoli springing a& it were from the surface of the adnate portion, or broadly reflexed and densely imbricate, ferruginous brown, often with a purple tinge ; margin usually brighter and becoming smooth. Hymenium sometimes concentrically undulate. In addition to the normal setae, stout cylindrical, obtuse, thin- walled, pale-brown bodies intermediate between setae and cystidia are sparingly met with in the hymenium ; somewhat resembling E. tabacina, but distinguished at once by the colourless spores. Hymenochaete avellana. Cooke. Coriaceous, hard ; effused margin obtuse, free, narrowly reflexed, reddish-brown velvety ; hymenium minutely velvety, pale brown, readily becoming stained with red on being bruised; setae cylindrical, obtuse, 80-140 x 7-9 p.; spores cylindric-elliptical, 6-7 X 3 p.. Hymenochaete avellana, Cke., Grev. viii. 146 ; Mass., Mon, Thel., p. 103. Stereum avellanum, Fries, Epicr. 551. On hazel, beech, &c. Patches small as a rule, sometimes effused ; margin free all round or reflexed above ; hymenium when dry dingy ferruginous, pruinose. i 2 116 FUNGUS-FLOKA. II. Entirely resupinate. * Spores colourless. Hymenochaete nigrescens.. Cooke. Peltate, applanate, solitary or gregarious and sometimes confluent, rigid, margin sometimes free and slightly reflexed ; hymenium setulose, "brown then blackish ; setae conical, "blackish, 80-140 X 10-12 p.; spores elliptical, 10 x 5 /*. Hymenochaete nigrescens, Cooke, in herb; Mass., Hon. Theleph., p. 104. On dry wood. Sub-circular, 1—2 in. across. Adnate, margin often free and upturned, almost smooth and greyish below. Commencing as circular patches which usually soon become confluent. Often radially cracked through the entire substance. Hymenium blackish-umber, setulose, setae almost black and opaque, numerous. Hymenochaete Stevensonii. B. & Br. Pale fawn-colour, rigid, margin obtuse, elevated ; setae rigid, 20-40 x 8-10 /* ; spores elliptic-fusoid, 6-7 x 3-4 p. Hymenochaete Stevensonii, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, v. iii. (1879), p. 211 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 106. On yew. A very distinct species with an abrupt margin which is sometimes a little thickened or raised ; hymenium livid, or greyish pink, with a tinge of lilac when dry. Patches about 1 in. across. Hymenochaete leonina. Berk. & Curt. Entirely resupinate, orange-ferruginous ; margin tomen- tose ; hymenium unequal, inseparable, not cracked ; setae acuminate, thick, 20-30 X 12-15 /t; spores subglobose, 6 X 5/x. Hymenochaete leonina, B. and C. ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 107. On dead wood. Broadly effused for several inches, thin, firmly aduate ; margin almost indeterminate ; setae rare ; hymenium variable in colour, often ferruginous-orange with patches of pure yellow. Hymenochaete fuliginosa. Lev. Effused, coriaceous, compact, obscure smoky-brown ; hy- HYMENOOHAETE. 117 meninm even, densely setulose, setae 30-50 x 6-8 /* ; spores subglobose, 5 X 4 p.. Hymenochaete fuliglnosa, Lev., Ann. Sci., Nat., ser. 3, 1846, p. 152 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 109. On wood. Thin, closely adnate, margin very thin, yellowish rust ; often much broken into patches and almost indeterminate ; hymenium umber with rust or purple tinge, appearing almost smooth under a lens, sometimes minutely cracked and brighter in colour. The setae are often clear purple by transmitted light, instead of brown, the usual colour. ** Spores coloured, usually olive. Hymenochaete corrugata. Lev. Broadly effused, closely adnate, rigid, pale cinnamon; hymenium setulose; when dry very much cracked; setae conico-acuminate, 70-120 X 8-10 /* ; spores elliptical, olive, 7-8 x 4-5 fjL. Hymenochaete corrugata, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, v. p. 152 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 110. On wood. Broadly effused, closely adnate, so that the irregularities of the matrix are followed ; hymenium varying from dark brown, through ferruginous to cinnamon and dirty grey when dry, there is no tinge of purple. Cracked into polygonal areas when dry. Hymenochaete croceo-ferruginea. Mass. Broadly effused, incrusting, closely adnate, very thin, varying from orange-ferruginous to brownish; hymenium very minutely velvety ; cracked when dry ; setae cylindrical, inflated at the base ; 70-100 X 30-35 p. ; spores subglobose, olive, 7 X 6 p.. Hymenochaete croceo-ferruginea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 110. On dead rose stems. Margin sometimes byssoid, at others indeterminate. Eesembling H. corrugata, but differing in the very much swollen bases of the setae and the subglobose spores. Hymenochaete tabacina. Lev. Subcoriaceous, thin, flaccid, effused, margin often reflexed, silky, at length smooth, subferruginous, intermediate stratum and margin bright golden-yellow; hymenium cinnamon or 118 -FUNGUS-FLORA. ferruginous with a purple tinge, usually ci'acked, minutely velvety; setae conico-acuminate, 80-130 X 10-14 //.; spores elliptical, olive, 5-6 x 3 /A. Hymenochaete tabacina, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, v. p. 152 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 112. On trunks, &c. Distinguished by the golden yellow margin and coloured spores. Sometimes almost completely covering the under side of fallen logs. When moist dirty ferruginous passing to mulberry-colour. Eigid when dry, adnate, margin broadly free all round and more or less lobed, or free and reflexed above, rugulose. Hymenium often cracked when dry in lines radiating from the centre, or from several starting-points in broadly effused specimens. *** Setae subclavate, often rough at the apex with particles of lime. Hymenochaete crassa. Cke. Resupinate, coriaceous, minutely velvety, pale rufous, margin thickened, at length free ; hymeniuni unequal, velvety, rufous ; setae subclavate, often rough at the apex ; 70-130 X 7-14 p.; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 7-8 x 4 //,. Hymenochaete crassa, Berk., Cke., Grev. viii. p. 148 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 114. Thelephora crassa, Lev., Voy. Bonite, t. 139, f. 1 B. On trunks. From 1-2 in. across, known by the thickened, more or less free margin and the clavate setae. COKTICIUM. Fr. (emended), (figs. 4, 5, p. 94.) Hymenophore broadly effused, entirely resupinate or with the extreme margin free ; hymeniuni smooth, waxy, polished, composed of basidia and paraphyses only (no cystidia), which originate directly from the mycelium without an intermediate compact stratum ; spores continuous, colourless. Corticium, Fries, Epicr, p. 556 (in part) ; emended in Mass., Mon. Theleph., p. 117. Thelephora (in part) of most old authors. As denned above, the leading features of the genus are : — Hymeniuni covering the whole free surface of the fungus, which is closely adnate by the whole of the under surface to CORTICIUM. 119 the substratum ; in a few species of high development the extreme margin is free and sometimes more or less upraised. The hymenium is perfectly glabrous and waxy, owing to the entire absence of projecting cystidia, which give it a velvety or minutely hispid appearance in the genera Peniophora and Hymenochaete. When dry the hymenium is often cracked, owing to contraction. The nodulose or uneven appearance of the hymenium in some species is mainly due to having grown on an uneven surface, as bark, &c. * Margin determinate, free. Corticium salicinum. Fr. (figs. 4, 5, p. 94.) Coriaceous, soft, rigid when dry, fixed by the centre, margin raised all round ; hymenium blood-red ; whitish and villous below; spores cylindric-oblong, 14-16 x 5-6 p.. Corticium salicinum, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 657 ; Stev., Fung., p. 647 ; Mass., Mon. Theleph., p. 118, pi. vi. f. 1. On willow, poplar, &c. When young resembling a Peziza, often becoming effused for 1 in. or more, margin always up- turned. Corticium evolvens. Fr. Patches marginate, often effuso-reflexed, soft," whitish and tomentose below; hymenium subrugose, pale brown then ochraceous or whitish, cracked when dry ; spores el- liptical, 10-12 X 5 p.. Corticium evolvens, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 646 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 118, pi. vi. f. 4. On bark, especially of rosaceous trees. Often commencing as detached minute round patches, which sometimes assume a saucer-like form and remain solitary; more frequently several become confluent and form irregular patches, with the margin more or less upraised and fibrillose below ; hy- menium dirty ochraceous, sometimes with a lilac tinge, cracked when dry, and showing the fibrillose subiculum. Corticium porosum. B. & Curt. Often effused for several inches, margin sometimes deter- minate and slightly raised, at others almost indeterminate ; hymenium when well developed, waxy, even, pallid, with 120 FUNGUS-FLOKA. little scattered pits or depressions; spores elliptic-oblong, 7 X4/*. Corticium porosum, Berk, and Curt., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, iii. (1879), p. 211 ; Mass., Mon. TheL, p. 121. On wood. Colour of wash, leather; hymenium often sterile, and then spongy and porous. When dry often cracked into large pieces, gaping, the edges curling up. The pores look as if little dewdrops had settled on the hymenium, which had in consequence contracted, or rather retracted. (B. & C.) Corticium populinum. Fr. Usually commencing as minute silky patches that become confluent and effused, and with the margin involute; hy- menium uneven, greyish ferruginous ; white and downy below ; spores subglobose, 7-8 p. diameter. Corticium populinum, Fries, Epicr. 559 ; Mass., Mon. The!., p. 121. On poplar. Often springing from old Sphaeriae; distin- guished amongst its allies by the ferruginous hymenium and subglobose spores. Corticium lycii. Cooke. Commencing as small round patches that run into each other and form an irregular, efiused thin patch, margin usually free, but not always, hymenium bright lilac, when old often with a tinge of ochre, not cracked when dry ; spores elliptical, 8x4^. Corticium lycii, Cooke, in Mass., Mon. The!., p. 122. Thelephora lycii, Pers. On Lycium and Syringa. Care must be taken not to confound the present species with young resupinate speci- mens of Stereum purpureum. '* Margin not free, indeterminate, byssoid or strigose. f Hymenium loliitisli or ocJiraceous. Corticium calceum. Fr. Thin, broadly elffused, margin usually determinate, but closely adglutinated, hyrnenium smooth, polished, whitish, CORTICIUM. 121 often tinged with lilac or pale ochre when dry ; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 8 x 4 /*. Corticium calceum, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 652 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 127. On wood. Often effused for several inches, thin, when dry sometimes cracked, at others not. Corticium sebaceum. Mass. Effused, rather fleshy, often incrusting twigs and grass in a stalactitic manner, white ; hymenium collapsing when dry, pruinose ; spores elliptical, apiculate at the base, 14-16 X 7-9/4. Corticium sebaceum, Mass., Mon. Theleph., p. 127. Tlielephora sebacea, Berk., Outl., 1. 17, f. 6; Cke.Hdbk.,n.904. On the ground, or running up grass, twigs, &c. Whitish, rather pulpy when fresh ; the hymenium. when perfectly formed smooth and waxy, becoming pallid when dry. Corticium scutellare. B. & C. Broadly effused, thin, inseparable from the matrix, margin indistinct, white then dirty tan-colour or tawny; hymenium waxy, smooth, very much cracked in an areolate manner, interstices silky, white ; spores elliptical, 5 x 3 /u. Corticium scutellare, Berk, and Curt., Grevillea, ii. p. 4j Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 128. On wood, herbaceous stems, &c. Eecognised by the areo- lately cracked, tan-coloured hymenium and small spores. Corticium foetidum. B. & Br. Foetid, effused, crust-like, velvety below ; hymenium whit- ish, then pale tan ; spores elliptical, 7 x 4 //,. Corticium foetidum, Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, iii. 1879, p. 211 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 131, pi. vi. f. 3. Forming a thin crust on sawdust ; hymenium pallid when dry, even or rather rugged from inequalities of the matrix. Very foetid when fresh. Corticium lacteum. Fr. Broadly effused, submembranaceous, usually more or less irregularly lobed and broken up, under surface and margin fibrillose ; hymenium waxy, cracked, showing the fibrillose 122 FUNGUS-FLOKA. substratum, whitish, pale ochraceous or buff when dry; spores subglobose, 5-6 p.. Corticium lacteum, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 649 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132. On wood. Broadly effused, often in very irregular patches ; whitish, ochraceous, or pale buff when dry ; margin inde- terminate, fibrillose, often radiating in long, thick, mycelial strands in a frondose manner for several inches ; hymenium when perfect smooth, cracked. Differs from C. radiatum in the cracked hymenium, and from C. radians in the subglobose spores. Often imperfect and barren. Corticium confluens. Fr. Closely adnate, thin, margin radiating but not fibrillose ; hymenium hyaline, whitish when dry ; spores cylindric- ellipsoid, 20 x 10 ^. Corticium confluens, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 655 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 133. On bark, usually beech. Often originating as isolated rounded patches, which soon become confluent; closely ad- nate, thin. Corticium arachnoideum. Berk. Thin, effused, white or pallid, margin not determinate, fibrillose or subfloccose below, margin fimbriated with white fibrils; hymenium waxy, continuous, when dry becoming cracked ; spores globose, 6-7 //, diameter. Corticium arachnoideum, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. (1844), p. 345; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 135. On wood, bark, running over moss, &c. Forming delicate, effused, arachnoid patches of a snowy white ; threads by no means forming fibres, but spreading like a delicate web and often remaining barren ; but under favourable circumstances giving rise to a smooth hymenium, consisting of elliptic sporophores arranged in little bunches. Its habit is not unlike that of Thelephora bombycina, B. (Berk.) The specimens on which Berkeley founded the species were in the hypochnoid condition, but afterwards numerous well-developed specimens were collected, showing the hy- menium continuous for several inches, pale ochraceous (when lirflr>ftmis • tiibftrr.lfts snarsftlv snfl.ttfirp.rl vfl.rin.blp> in pale ochraceous ; tubercles sparsely scattered, variable in PHLEBIA. 173 size, tip to 2 lines in length, apex often fimbriated, brittle ; spores C3rliudrical, slightly curved, 6-7 x 3-3 • 5 p.. Eadulum epileucum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1442 ; Stev., Fung., p. 252. On decorticated wood. Distinguished by the thin, even, polished, pale ochraceous surface and the much scattered tubercles. ** Innate, i.e., developing below the baric, which is pushed off. Radulum fagineum. Fr. Broadly effused, inseparable, removing the bark, whitish, the margin often broad, sterile, densely velvety and rusty- orange ; tubercles irregular in form and size, entire and obtuse, or variously toothed and acute, subiculum rather thick, soft and spongy, and often irregularly pitted or porose ; spores cylindrical, slightly curved, 11—12 X 6 /x. Eadulum fagineum, Fries, Elenchus, p. 152; Stev., Fung., p. 252. On dead beech. Surrounding the branches and resembling stalactite. Becoming dingy pale ochraceous with age. Radulum aterrimum. Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 624; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 253. Hydnum erectum, Sow., Herb. This fungus is not a Eadulum, and does not even belong to the Basidiomycetes. PHLEBIA. Fr. (figs. 10, 11, p. 149.) Eesupinato-effused, hymenium covering the entire free surface, rather soft, subgelatinous, from the first covered with crowded, irregular wrinkles or ridges that have the edge usually quite entire, everywhere covered with tetra- sporous basidia. Phlebia, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 426 ; Stev., Fung., p. 253. Subgelatinous when moist, cartilaginous when dry, known from other resupinate genera as Corticium, &c., by the crowded, irregularly interrupted small wrinkles or folds that cover the hymenium. 174 FUNGUS-FLORA. Phlebia merismoides. Fr. Broadly effused, thin, tremelloid when fresh, flesh-colour, then with dingy, purple tinge ; even or irregular when in- crusting, margin strigose, orange, with white down on the under surface ; wrinkles of hymenium crowded, never form- ing pores or reticulations ; spores 3 x 1 • 5 /*. Phlebia merismoides, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 427 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 253. On trunks ; running over moss, &c., 1—3 in. across. Pileus carnose, not a line in thickness, either growing upon the bark itself, or (more frequently) spreading for two or three inches over the mosses upon it, especially near the ground ; often completely enveloping their stems, in which state it bears no inconsiderable resemblance to a stalactite incrustation. The colour is more or less orange, or red ; that in the centre being more and more dull as the plant grows older, but the margin is delicate and very bright ; beneath the pileus is whitish and downy. The surface of the hymenium partly depends upon the subjacent body ; but it is always either more or less tuberculated or folded ; when growing on mosses, the folds or rugae often pass into pro- minent somewhat elongated papillae ; when the subjacent surface is plane, the rugae are more perfectly developed, and pass towards the circumference in a tolerably direct manner. The margin is byssoid. (Grev.) Phlebia radiata. Fr. (figs. 10, 11, p. 149.) Eeddish-flesh colour or almost orange, thin, subrotund, glabrous on both surfaces, margin with radiating tooth-like processes ; folds or wrinkles more or less straight and radiating; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, 4-5 x l-l'5/j.. Phlebia radiata, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 427; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 254. On dead wood, bark, &c. Patches reaching to 3 in. or more across, thin, bright-coloured. Between fleshy and membranaceous, tough; at first orbicular, then dilated, confluent, 1-3 in. broad, margin free, smooth, but beautifully fibroso-radiated. Folds radiat- ing from the centre, short, interwoven, very close. (Fries.) One of the specimens gathered by Captain Carmichael is four inches long and appears to have been originally still GRANDINIA. 175 longer. In this the character of the radiated margin is entirely lost and the folds are very short, so as to resemble blunt compressed teeth; but there is still something like order visible in their disposition. (Berk.) Phlebia contorta. Fr. Effused, rather firm, smooth on both surfaces, margin indeterminate ; wrinkles of the hymenium often branched, waved, and irregularly arranged; dingy flesh-colour, then brownish; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, 3—5 x 1—1*5 /u.. Phlebia contorta, FT., Syst. Myc. i. p. 427; Stevenson, Brit. Fung., p. 254. On decaying wood. Closely allied to P. radiata and dis- tinguished chiefly by the irregularly arranged, contorted folds. Phlebia vaga. Fr. Effused, closely adnate, margin fibrillose or byssoid, of a dirty yellowish shade, hymenium greyish-yellow, or some- times with a dingy lilac shade ; wrinkles slender, waved and intricately interwoven, when in perfect condition covered with granules ; spores 3-4 x 1-2 /A. Phlebia vaga, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 428; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 254. On dead wood. Hymenial rugae or wrinkles intricately arranged, ridges papillose. Phlebia lirellosa. B. & Br. Eesupinate, margin free, greyish-umber, 1—2 in. across, wrinkles thin, straight, branched, or in some instances anas- tomosing to form pores. Phlelia lirellosa, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1973; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 254. Daedalea lirellosa, Persoon, Myc. Eur., iii. p. 2, t. 18, f. 2. On branches, wood, &c. GKANDINIA. Fr. (figs. 12, 13, p. 149.) Crustaceous, effused, thin ; hymenium covering the entire free surface, warted or grariulose; warts entire, smooth, crowded, apices usually indented, basidia tetrasporous. Grandinia, Fr., Epicr., p. 527 ; Stev., Fung. Brit, p. 255. 176 FUNGUS-FLORA. Distinguished by the minutely granular or warted hy- menium, the warts are rounded, not pointed as in the resupinate species of Hydnum, often slightly excavated or porous at the apex, as in Poroihelium. Hymeniuin amphigenous, contiguous, waxy, papillose, warty, or granulose ; the granules globular or hemispherical, entire, obtuse, crowded, regular, glabrous, persistent, incrust- ing, spreading, soft fuugi. (Fries.) Grandinia granulosa. Fr. (figs. 12, 13, p. 149.) Waxy, buff or whitish, broadly effused, closely adnate, margin determinate, smooth ; hymenium crowded with equal minute granules ; spores spherical, 2 • 5—3 p. diameter, hyaline. Grandinia granulosa, Fr., Epicr., p. 527 ; Stev., F. B., p. 255. On dead wood, branches, &c. Forming a thin, closely adnate stratum, often effused for several inches. Forming a thin, adnate, whitish, or sub-ochraceous stratum, following the irregularities of the wood, with scarcety any definite circumference, beset with crowded, rather sharp granules. (Berk.) Grandinia papillosa. Fr. White, membranaceous, separating from the matrix, yel- lowish below ; hymenium much cracked, granules minute, crowded, subequal, almost spherical. Grandinia papillosa, Fr., Epicr., p. 528 ; Stev., F. B., p. 256. On sticks, bark, &c. Efi'used for 1—2 in., very thin, and when in good condition separable as a very thin sheet. Grandinia ocellata. Fr. Waxy, closely adnate, livid with a dull purple tinge, margin indeterminate, barren; hymenium with minute, unequal obtusely conical warts that become minutely col- lapsed at the apex. Grandinia ocellata, Fr., Epicr., p. 527 ; Stev., B. Fung., p. 255. On dead trunks. Not cracking when dry. Often effused for several inches. Grandinia crustosa. Fr. White, or with a yellow tinge, irregularly effused, closely POKOTHELIUM. 177 adnate, thin, crustaceous, rather mealy ; warts crowded, sub- globose, minute, often collapsing at the apex, unequal. Grandinia crustosa, Fries, Hym. Bur., p. 627 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 256. On bark of willow, pine, &c., and on Polyporus versicolor. Often forming a crust that extends for several inches. Grandinia mucida. Fr. Waxy and somewhat gelatinous, effused, subinnate, pale dull yellow ; hymenium crowded with rather large, unequal, hemispherical, soft granules. Grandinia mucida, Fr., Elench., p. 217 ; Stev., Fung., p. 255. On rotting wood. Effused for several inches. Subgela- tinous when moist, corrugated when dry. POKOTHELIUM. Fries (emended), (figs. 14, 15, p. 149.) Thin and entirely resupinate, the surface covered with small warts that eventually become more or less perforated at the apex, basidia tetrasporous, borne on the outer surface of the warts as in Hydnum. Porothelium, Fries, Obs. ii. p. 272; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 231. The present genus was placed by Fries in the Polyporeae, and considered as showing some affinity with JFistulina in the structure of the pores, which are at first solid, then exca- vated, but in reality the basidia do not line the pores, as in the Polyporeae, but the hymenium covers the outer surface of the warts or projections as in the Hydneae, and the species are very close to certain of the resupinate Hydnums that have the tips of the spines more or less excavated. Porothelium Keithii. B. & Br. Closely adnate, inseparable, thin, at first subgelatinous, forming patches 1-2 in. across, pale umber, margin very thin, subpulverulent ; warts scattered, short, at length col- lapsing, gelatinous in the centre ; spores linear-oblong, 5x2,*. Porothelium Keithii, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1684 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 231. On dead fir. Distinguished amongst British species by VOL. I. N 178 FUNGUS-FLORA. the dingy pale umber colour and subgelatinous consistency when growing. Porothelium Priesii. Mont. Forming broadly effused, thin, inseparable white or pale ochraceous patches of irregular form 1—3 in. across, flocculoso- membranaceous ; margin thin, sterile, minutely fibrilloso- radiate ; warts immersed, perforated at the apex, yellowish, scattered, at length becoming open ; spores colourless, ellip- tical, 5 X 3 fj.. Porothelium Friesii, Montagne, Ann. Sci. Nat. (1836), vol. v. p. 339 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 840, fig. 69. On bark and wood. Eesembling a thin Corticium, and care must be taken not to confound the present species with thin forms of Corticium lacunosum and C. porosum, both of which are distinguished by the waxy, polished hyinenium. Porothelium confusum. B. & Br. (figs. 14, 15, p. 149.) Broadly and irregularly effused, closely adnate and insepa- rable, thin, pallid, waxy-looking and rather polished, margin byssoid ; papillae scattered, distinct, very short, excavated at the tip ; spores 4-5 X 1 * 5 //,. Porothelium confusum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. v., vol. i. p. 24, no. 1685; Stev., Fung., p. 231. On wood, sticks, &c. Often vaguely and irregularly effused, thin, dirty white, dingy pale buff when dry; pa- pillae or pores not more than ^ line long. Porothelium Stevensoni. B. & Br. Substance rather thick, gelatinous, effused, closely adnate, whitish, margin rather coarsely hispid, at length almost smooth ; papillae distinct, scattered, bearing at the apex a diaphanous yellow globule, interstices waxy, polished ; spores 4x 1'5 p.. Porothelium Stevensoni, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1683; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 231, fig. Ixxi. On old pine-rail. Almost white when fresh, becoming yellowish when old. The limpid globule is at first pale. When full grown the papilla is from four to five times as long as the diameter of the globule. The mycelium imparts a sweet scent to the wood. Found in greatest perfection ODONTIA. 179 on the under side of very old pine-rail lying on the ground. (B. & Br.). Warts not more than ^ lino high, the limpid globule consists of resin derived from the matrix. ODONTIA. Pers. (figs. 18, 19, p. 149.) Eesupinate, effused, consisting of interwoven hyphae, dry, not waxy; surface warted, rarely spinulose, warts or spines cristate at the apex. Odontia, Pers., Obe. ii. p. 16 ; Stev., B. Fung., p. 256. Thin, resupinate fungi, known by the crested or penicillate apices of the warts or spines. Hymenium formed of fibres interwoven into papillose warts, rarely awl or bristle-like, furnished at the apex with a multifid crest. Kesupinate, spreading fungi, dry, not waxy, approaching more to Hydnum. (Fries.) Odontia fimbriata. Pers. (figs. 18, 19, p. 149.) Cinnamon or pale buff, often tinged lilac, thin, broadly effused, traversed by prominent branching veins, margin fringed ; warts small, tips crested. Odontia fimbriata, Pers., Obs. i. p. 88 ; Stev., B. Fung., p. 257. On dead wood. Often very broadly effused, entirely resupinate, usually a beautiful fawn-colour, appearing to the naked eye as being densely covered with small granules, which, when magnified, are seen to be fringed at the tips. In young perfect specimens the membrane is furnished with branched ribs, which adhere less firmly to the matrix. Margin most elegantly radiato-fibrillose, white. Dry speci- mens are of a uniform fawn-colour, sometimes the fimbri- ated margin is entirely absent. Warts at first granular, minute, at length elongated. (Berk.) Odontia barba-jovis. Fr. White, then pale yellowish-tan, membranaceous, effused ; warts conical, ^-^ in. long, with an orange fringe at the apex ; spores subglobose, 5-6 /u, diam. N 2 180 FUNGUS-FLORA. Odontia barba-jovis, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 627 ; Stev., B. F., p. 257. On decaying wood. Spreading 12 in. and more. Distin- guished from Badulum quercmum by the fimbriated orange tips of the spines. On the under side of wood lying on the ground. Some- times a foot or more broad ; white when young, then yel- lowish rufous ; membranaceous, composed of the finest down, margin byssoid, pure white. Spines simple, about 2 lines long, their tips somewhat penicillate. (Fries.) KNIEFFIA. Fr. (figs. 16, 17, p. 149.) Hymenium covering the whole exposed surface, destitute of granules and warts, but bearing scattered or fasciculate bristles. Basidium bearing a single sterigma. Broadly effused, thin, and encrusting, or in the most perfect form growing out of cracks in the bark, and assuming various shapes. Knieffia, Fr., Epicr., p. 529 ; Stev., Fung., p. 257. The minute bristles do not bear the hymeniurn, as is the case with the spines iu Hydnum, but are barren outgrowths from the flat hy menial surface, and in this respect only differing from Corticium. In Peniophora the minute spines covering the hymenium differ in consisting of single large cells — cystidia. Knieffia setigera. Fr. (figs. 16, 17, p. 149.) White, pale buff when dry, broadly effused, sometimes rather thick and fleshy, at others a mere film, bristles very minute, hyaline, scattered. Knieffia setigera, Fr., Epicr., p. 529 ; Stev., Fung., p. 256. Form very variable. Fries says that large specimens reach the size of an apple, but commonly thin and effused. British specimens, so far as I arn aware, are always effused and entirely resupinate, forming a thin white layer that follows the irregularities of the matrix ; superficially re- sembling Grandinia granulosa, but distinguished under a pocket-lens by the minute, bristle-like spines. Knieffia subgelatinosa. B. & Br. Thin, subgelatinous, yellowish, then pale buff; spines very minute, scattered ; spores broadly elliptical, apiculate, 4x 2-5 /*. KNIEFFIA — MUCRONELLA. 181 Kniejfia subgelatinosa, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1444 ; Stev., B. F., p. 258. On fir stumps. Forming a very thin, broadly effused subgelatinous film. MUCKONELLA. Fr. (fig. 8, p. 149.) Sporophore obsolete; spines subulate, simple, acute, gla- broiis, scattered or fasciculate, and then more or less con- nate at the base ; basidia monosporous. Mucronella, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 629; Sacc., Syll. vii. p. 512. Mucronia, Fries, S. V. 'S., p. 329 (not Mucronea of Ben- tham). A peculiar genus, resembling Hydnum in the aculeate spines, but differing in the absence of the sporophove or resupinate portion from which the spines originate in Hyd- num. Also differing in the monosporous basidia, which, in Mucronella calva, the only species I have examined, are but slightly or not at all inflated upwards, and suggest the conidiophores of some Hyphomycetous fungus, as Isaria. It may possibly be shown at some time, that the species of Mucronella are conidial conditions of some higher form, as Ptychoyaster has been already proved to be the conidial condition of Polyporus. Mucronella calva. Fr. (fig. 8, p. 149.) Spines 4—1 in- long, very slender, whitish, then grey, scattered, quite smooth and even, and covered externally, except at the tips, with slender, subequal, monosporous ba- sidia ; spores subglobose, apiculate, colourless, 4-5 //, diameter. Mucronella calva, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 629 ; Sacc., Syll. vi. n. 7038. Hydnum calvum, Albertini and Schweinitz, p. 271, t. 10, f. 8. On rotten pine and other wood. The spines are erect, not £ mm. thick at the base, tapering to the apex, either scattered or gregarious. Very much resembling the upright, spine-like bodies not uncommon on trunks, and obviously belonging to young mycelium. The present species differs from such in bearing globose spore-like bodies. 182 FUNGUS-FLOKA. FAM. V. POLYPOREAE. In the preceding family, the Hydneae, the hymenophore in typical genera was seen to be furnished with distinct outgrowths, either under the form of acute, tapering spines, blunt papillae, or finger-like projections, which in every instance produced the hymenium on their outer surface. In the present family the hymenophore consists of hollow tubes bearing the hymenium on their inner surface, the outer surface being sterile. In the genus Phlebia, belonging to the Hydneae, the markings of the hymenophore are reduced to slightly developed radiating or contorted wrinkles or veins, which in some species are minutely and irregularly toothed, hence the characteristic teeth are altogether wanting. In like manner the genus Merulius, belonging to the Polyporeae has the porous hymenium, characteristic of the family, reduced to very shallow and usually irregular depressions, formed by slightly elevated ridges or wrinkles on the surface. In both the above genera the entire substance is more or less gelatinous, and the two genera must be considered as forming a connecting link between the two families. In Daedalea the tubes are often more or less elongated, and the partition- Avails or dissepiments gill-like, thus connecting the Poly- poreae with the Agaricineae through the genus Lenzites, belonging to the last-named family. In several species of Fames the hymenium is furnished with numerous large, coloured, fusiform or conical, rigid cystidia, as in the genus Hymenochaete. All such species are included by Ellis, the American mycologist, in a new genus called Mucronoporus. POLYPOKEAE. Sporophore pileate, with a central or lateral stem, hori- zontal and attached by a broad base, or entirely resupinate. POLYPOEEAE. 183 Hymenophore inferior and pointing to the ground in the higher forms, turned towards the light in resupinate forms, normally porous ; pores rounded, angular or elongated and sinuous, bearing on their inner surface the usually tetra- sporous basidia, accompanied in some species by cystidia. Spores continuous, colourless or coloured. Polyporei, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 495. ANALYSIS OF THE GENEEA. POLYPOREAE. Merulius. — Subgelatinous. Tubes very shallow, formed by anastomosing wrinkles ; resupinate. Daedalea. — Tubes as in Trametes, but sinuous and laby- rinthiform ; corky ; not stratose ; sessile. Trametes. — Tubes immersed in flesh of pileus, of various depths, hence not forming a heterogeneous stratum, subcylindrical, not stratose ; corky ; sessile. Poria. — Tubes as in Polyporus, not stratose ; entirely resu- pinate. Polystictus. — Tubes as in Polyporus, not stratose, generally developing from the centre to the margin, at first shallow and punctiform, coriaceous or membranaceous. Fomes. — Tubes as in Polyporus, often stratose ; woody ; sessile, dimidiate. Polyporus. — Stratum of tubes distinct from hymenophore, but not separable, not stratose; fleshy and tough, stipitate or sessile. Fistulina. — Fleshy, lateral, tubes crowded but distinct. Strobilomyces. — Tubes like Boletus, but pileus with large scales ; stem central. Boletus. — Stratum of tubes easily separable from hymeno- phore ; stem central. 184 FUNGUS-FLORA. MERULIUS. 185 MEKULIUS. Hall. (fig. 13, p. 184.) Hymenophore resting on a loose mucedinous mycelium, covered with the soft, continuous hymenium, having its surface variously plicate or rugose, the folds forming irre- gular pores, and sometimes obsoletely toothed ; spores colour- less or coloured. Merulius, Hall, Helv. (emend.), p. 150 ; Stev., Fung., p. 227. Mostly growing on wood, at first soft and mucedinous, when the hymenium is formed often subgelatinous. Eesu- pinate or effuso-reflexed. Distinguished from Phlebia by the irregularly porous hymenium, and from Poria by the very shallow irregular pores and the soft consistency. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE POLYPOREAE. Fig. 1, Daedalea querdna, entire fungus ; much reduced ; — Fig. 2, Trametes gibbosa, entire fungus ; much reduced ; — Fig. 3, section of same ; much reduced; — Fig. 4, Boletus luteus, entire fungus ; much reduced; — Fig. 5, section of same ; much reduced ; — Fig. 6, Basidium with four spores of same ; highly mag. : — Fig. 7, Strobilomyces gtrobilaceus, spores of: highly mag.; — Fig. 8, Fistulina hepatica, group of plants; much reduced ; — Fig. 9, spores of same ; highly mag. ; — Fig 10, section of same ; much reduced ; — Fig. 11, Poria medulla-pants, portion of a specimen; nat. size ; — Fig. 12, section of same, showing the exceedingly thin stratum of flesh ; nat size ; — Fig. 13, Merulius corium, two parts of plants, one effused, with the upper margin free and reflexed ; the other resupinate, with the margin free ; nat. size ; — Fig. 14, Polyporus fumosus, illustrating the dimidiate or imbricated, horizontal, laterally attached form ; nat. size ; — Fig. 15, section of same, showing the very short tubes : nat. size ; — Fig. 16, Polyporus perennis, illustrating the mesopod or central stemmed type, the pileus is infundibuliform or funnel-shaped ; nat. size ; — Fig. 17, section of same ; nat. size ; — Fig. 18, Polystictus vergicolor, showing the velvety, zoned, upper surface of the pileus ; small specimen, nat. size ; — Fig. 19, portion of under or hymenial surface of same, showing the openings of the minute pores; nat. size;— Fig. 20, Forties igniarius, portion of a plant, showing the thick, hoof-shaped, concentrically sulcate pileus ; the section shows the stratified tubes, each stratum corresponding to one year's growth; reduced ;— Fig. 21, Poria Gordoniensis, showing the variable, irregularly angular openings of the tubes ; enlarged. 186 FUNGUS-FLORA. I. Spores coloured. Merulius lacrymans. Fr. Broadly effused, usually entirely resupinate, but sometimes effuso-reflexed, thick, soft and rather moist, silky or minutely velvety below, yellowish-brown or dark brown in the centre, shading off to the tumid, sterile, silky, white or yellow sterile margin ; folds large, gyrose, sometimes irregularly toothed ; spores rusty yellow, obliquely elliptical, 10—12 x 5-6 //,. Merulius lacrymans, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 328 ; Stev., Fung., p, 230. On trunks, worked wood, carpet, &c. Patches varying from 2-3 in. to a foot and more in diameter, ^ in. or more thick at times. Very variable, but distinguished by the slightly gelatinous substance, irregularly rugulose hymenium, and bright rusty orange spores. Exuding drops of water when growing. Whole plant generally resupinate, soft, tender, at first very light, cottony and white. When the veins appear they are of a fine yellow-orange or reddish-brown, forming irre- gular folds, most frequently so arranged as to have the appearance of pores, but never anything like tubes, and distilling, when perfect, drops of water. Sometimes the pileus or substance of the plant, from its situation, produces pendent processes like inverted cones. (Grev.) II. Spores white. * Crustaceo-adnate, margin more or less tomentose. Merulius Carmichaelanus. Berk. White, forming a very thin, adnate pellicle irregularly effused for 1—2 in., folds very slightly prominent, very thin, forming a fairly equal, angular network ; whole plant becoming brown when dry. Merulius Carmichaelanus, Berk., Outl., p. 256; Stev., Fung., p. 230. On bark. Pores often hexagonal, very shallow, by which character it is distinguished from the white species of Poria. MERULIUS. 187 Entire plant resupinate, smooth, so thin as to be almost like a membrane, of no regular form, effused, of a pure white colour, changing when dry to a pinkish-brown, the margin membranaceous, and between byssoid and laciniate. My specimen is 2-3 inches in breadth. Pores occupying almost the whole substance of the plant, very shallow, minute, more resembling somewhat hexagonal little pits or cavities than pores, the dissepiments very thin. Spores very minute, globose. (Grev.) The present minute but very curious species forms a mere pellicle, in its dry state of an uniform dull-brown, scarcely distinguishable from the bark on which it grows ; but when examined with a moderate magnifying power, the regular often hexagonal reticulations exhibit a very elegant appear- ance, like the cells of a honeycomb, but quite superficial. (Berk.) Merulius pallens. Berk. Pale-reddish, adnate, fleshy, somewhat gelatinous, thin, inseparable, margin indeterminate ; folds poriform, pores minute ; spores globose, 4 yu, diameter. Merulius pattens, Berk., Outl., p. 296 ; Stev., Fung., p. 229. On fir and oak. Merulius serpens. Tode. Crustaceo-adnate, thin, almost glabrous, pallid then red- dish, margin byssoid, white ; hymenium with the folds at first free, then anastomosing and forming variously formed pores ; spores cylindrical, 4 x 2 p.. Merulius serpens, Tode, Abh. Hall. i. p. 355 ; Stev., Fung., p. 229. On rotten pine. Extending in a wavy manner for 2 in. or more. Closely adnate, inseparable. Merulius rufus. Pers. Crustaceo-adnate, often effused for 1-3 in., substance soft, smooth, reddish flesh-colour, sometimes with a purple tinge, margin almost smooth; hymenium distinctly and equally porous ; spores subglobose, 5 ^ diameter. Merulius rufus, Pers., Syn., p. 498 ; Stev., Fung., p. 229. On dead wood. General appearance and hymenium of 188 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Polyporus ( = Poria), but distinguished by the soft nature of the hymenophore. Merulius porinoides. Fr. Thin, crustaceo-adnate, margin byssoid, white, hyraenium dingy yellow, folds poriform. Merulius porinoides, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 329; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 229. On dead wood, chips, bark, &c.,and on the ground. Often forming patches 1-3 in. across. ** Kesupinato-effused, separable, thin, under-surface and margin byssoid orfibrillose. Merulius laeticolor. B. & Br. Eesupinate, adnate, bright orange ; margin tomentose, white ; hymenium even, then plicato-rugose, folds distant ; spores subglobose, 6—7 /A diam. Merulius laeticolor, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1681 ; Stev., Fung., p. 228. On sawdust and leaves. Eesembling M. aureus, a species not yet found in Britain, but known by its brighter orange colour and white byssoid margin. Merulius molluscus. Fr. Effused, thin, soft, membranaceous, margin byssoid, white ; folds of hymenium poroso-gyrose, flesh-colour, spores ellip- tical, 4 x 3 p,. Merulius molluscus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 329 ; Stev., Fung., p. 229. On wood and branches. Sometimes shortly reflexed, with the hymenium gyroso-dentate from the first, and not reticu- lated. Hymenium often brown with age. Effused for 1-3 in. Merulius himantioides. Fr. Effused, very soft, silky, lilac, margin byssoid ; hymenium dingy yellow or with an olive tinge, folds irregular, forming vague pores ; spores yellowish, broadly elliptical, 7—8 X 6 //.. Merulius himantioides, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 329; Stev., Fung., p. 228. On pine wood, club-mosses, &c. Somewhat resembling M. lacrymans, but thinner and not pulverulent. MERULIUS. 189 *** Margin determinate, effuso-reflexed. Merulius tremellosus. Schrad. Resupinate; margin becoming free and more or less reflexed, usually radiato-dentate, gelatinoso-cartilaginous ; hymenium variously rugose and porous ; whitish and sub- translucent looking, becoming tinged brown in the centre ; spores cylindrical, curved, about 4 x 1 p.. Merulius tremellosus, Schrad., Spic., p. 139 ; Stev., Fung., p. 227. On wood. From 1-3 in. across, remaining pale when growing in dark places. Margin sometimes tinged rose, radiating when well developed. Merulius corium. Fr. (fig. 13, p. 184.) Resupinato-effused for 3-4 in. or often more, upper margin usually free and reflexed ; pileus whitish, silky or tomentose, substance thin, pliant; hymenium reticulato-porous, from pale ochraceousto clear tan; spores oblong, 8-10 x 3-4 p.. Merulius corium, Fries, Elench., p. 58 ; Stev., Fung., p. 228. On trunks and branches. Very variable, but known by the white, silky pileus and the reticulato-porous ochraceous hymenium. The hymenium is sometimes tinged with lilac or rose-colour. Pileus 2-3 in. long, or more, and often nearly as broad, resupinate, byssoid at the margin when young, but after- wards entire, and more or less free at the circumference. Colour pale buff, in age somewhat reddish in the centre. Substance very leathery, flexible, tough, varying in thick- ness, but mostly rather thin. Hymenium minutely and distinctly reticulated, the spaces between the reticulations concave, irregular. (Grev.) Plant 2-3 in. broad ; sometimes completely effused, with a white byssoid margin, or even the whole pileus is regularly reflexed ; often imbricated ; white, pubescent and zoned above, below pale buff or lilac, variously sinuato-rugose or reticulato-porous ; very various in thickness, being some- times a mere pellicle, while, on the contrary, individuals occur as thick as Stereum liirsutum. I have seen it covering the stump of a felled tree in the greatest profusion, imbricated 190 FUNGUS-FLORA. and completely reflexed, with the hymenium beautifully tinged with lilac. (Berk.) Merulius aurantiacus. Klotzsch. Effuso-reflexed 1-H in. across, subcoriaceous, tough, dingy white, yellowish, or grey, coarsely tomentose, indistinctly zoned; hymenium minutely rugulose, somewhat porose, orange. Merulius aurantiacus, Klotzsch, in Berk., Engl. Fl. v. p. 128 ; Stev., Fung., p. 228. On decaying trunks. Pileus 1 in. broad ; zones obsolete, hirsuto-tomentose. Nearly allied to Merulius corium. (Berk.) DAEDALEA. Pers. (fig. 1, p. 184.) Firm, corky or woody ; pores becoming elongated and irregularly sinuous, dissepiments corky and often flexible. Daedalea, Pers., Syn., p. 449 ; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 224. Distinguished from Trametes and Polyporus by the very much contorted and sinuous pores ; flesh at first soft and moist, trama present, but not distinct in colour or texture from flesh of pileus. Hymenophore descending unchanged into the trama, which is firmer than in Trametes. Pores, when fully formed, labyrinthiform, lacerated, and toothed. In habit the species resemble Trametes, but they are inodorous, and must not be confounded with the species of Polyporus that have elongated, curved pores. (W. G. Smith.) * Dimidiate, sessile on a broad or narrow lose. Daedalea quercina. Pers. (fig. 1, p. 184.) Every part pale wood-colour; pileus corky, rugulose, uneven ; pores at first rounded, becoming very much con- torted and elongated, broad, dissepiments very thick, flexible. Daedalea quercina, Pers., Syn., p. 500 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 224. DAEDALEA. 191 On dead oak stumps, and trunks. Beaching to 6 in. or more across ; pores 5— 1 in. deep, dissepiments flexible. Pileus dimidiate, sessile, of a pale buff colour, and firm and corky substance. The surface is marked with concentric lines, which are sometimes changed into concentric ridges, more or less rough, with little knobs and inequalities, but always glabrous, and having a woody appearance to the eye. Hymenium composed of large, deep, sinuous, irregularly anastomosing lamellae, of a paler colour than the pileus, entire and rounded at the edges. The form of the pileus is very inconstant. In general it is more or less semicircular, nearly horizontal, subentire, and the hymenium forming either a boldly convex or nearly straight line from the margin to the base, where the lamellae are often two inches in length. Sometimes numerous smaller pilei are attached inseparably together in various directions, and press one another out of shape. In like manner the hymenium also varies, and some- times permits the lamellae "to fall down like the folds of a curtain. The flesh is of a pale reddish-brown, darker than the lamellae ; and though of considerable substance in some specimens, in others is scarcely thicker than one eighth of an inch. (Grev.) Perennial. Pileus 5-6 in. broad, sessile, dimidiate, of a pale woody appearance, smooth, marked with concentric raised or depressed zones and little radiating wrinkles, the margin in well-grown specimens is thin, but in ill-developed individuals swollen and blunt, in which state it is D. gibbosa, Purt. Gills of the same colour as the pileus, with sometimes a slight shade of pink, woody, thick, sinuous, branched and anastomosing, so as to form long wavy pores a line or more broad. Sometimes the whole plant is resupinate or decurrent, in which case the partitions are often elongated into tooth- like processes. (Berk.) Daedalea aurea. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, rather thin, coarsely velvety, golden or tawny, more or less zoned ; pores narrow, very sinuate, with the flesh pale yellow. Daedalea aurea, Fries, Syst. M. i. p. 339; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 224. On oak, &c. Pileus more or less triangular. 192 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Daedalea confragosa. Pers. Pileus corky, 2—5 in. across, reddish-brown, indistinctly zoned, scabrid, flesh wood-colour, thick at base; pores rounded, becoming narrowly sinuous and torn, grey, then brownish. Daedalea confragosa, Pers., Syn., p. 501 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 225. On willow, &c. Daedalea cinerea. Fr. Pileus 1-4 inches broad, corky, thick behind, becoming thin towards the margin, silky, zoned, greyish, margin paler ; pores minute, elongated, very sinuous, white or greyish. Daedalea cinerea, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 336 ; Stev., Fung., p. 225. On dead trunks, perennial, flesh thick ^-1 in. at base, stratose, pale buff. Daedalea unicolor. Fr. Usually imbricated or broadly effused, rather thin ; pileus grey, zoned, velvety; hymenium grey, pores long, sinuous, dissepiments often broken up into teeth. Daedalea unicolor, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 336; Stev., Fung., p. 225. On stumps, trunks, rails, &c. Eeaching 4-6 in. across. Often imbricated for a foot or more. Imbricated. Pileus 2—4 in. broad, zoned, densely villous, often green from minute algae, pores narrow, small, irregular, unequal, subflexuous. (Berk.) ** Besupinale. Daedalea latissima. Fr. Very broadly effused, thick, pale wood-colour outside and inside, thick, corky, zoned or stratose within; pores narrow, some very long and much contorted, others roundish. Daedalea latissima, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 340 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 225. On dead wood. Often spreading for a foot or more in a continuous sheet. TEAMETES. 193 Daedalea vermicularis. Pers. Thin, closely adnate, broadly effused, pores short, waved, becoming small and rounded towards the margin, flesh- colour with a rufous tinge. Daedalea vermicularis, Pers., Myc. Eur. 3, p. 2 ; Stev., Fung., p. 226. On the ground, attached by fibres. Daedalea ferruginea. Schum. Pileus resupinate or effuso-reflexed, pale yellowish rust- colour; pores rusty-brown, narrowly sinuous, with a con- spicuous broad, sterile margin. Daedalea ferruginea, Sch-um., in Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 339 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 226. Subcircular, |— 1^ in. across. On wood. TRAMETES. Fr. (figs. 2, 3, p. 184.) Pores roundish or more or less elongated radially; dis- sepiments rather, thick, often unequal in depth and not form- ing a heterogeneous stratum, hence the trama is continuous with the flesh of the sporophore. Trametes, Fries, Epicr., p. 488; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 221. Forming a connecting link between the genera Daedalea on the one hand and Polyporus and Polystictus on the other. The former is separated by the long, sinuous pores, and more obvious gill-like form of the dissepiments, the two latter by having the pores of uniform length, the thinner dissepiments, and smaller size of the circular or angular, not elongated pores. The species grow on wood, and so far as British species are concerned, are more or less semicircular in form and attached laterally by a broad base, or otherwise resupinate. The substance becomes hard, woody or corky. Several are sweet-scented. Hymenophore descending unchanged into the trama of the pores, which is permanently similar to the substance of the pileus. Pores concrete with the pileus, at first very small, then open, obtuse, entire, equal, round or linear, not laby- rinthiform or lacerated. Corky or woody fungi, arboreal, always dimidiate, at first generally fragrant, and never acid. VOL. i. o 194 FUNGUS-FLOKA. * Dimidiate. f Flesh brown or ferruginous. Trametes pini. Fr. More or less semicircular in outline, horizontal, attached by a broad, thick base, pileus rusty-brown, then blackish, con- centrically sulcate, rough, strigose at the margin, flesh tawny ferruginous, hard ; pores irregular, roundish or elongated, deep and indistinctly stratified in old specimens, bright ferruginous, with yellow tinge, becoming dnsky. Trametes pini, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 336; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 221. On living pine trunks. From 2-4 in. across, flesh thick behind, pores about ^ in. deep first year, but the species is perennial and eventually the annual strata collectively become 1 in. or more thick. Smell slight, pleasant. Pores average f~l mm. in diameter. ff Flesh whitish. Trametes gibbosa. Fr. (figs. 2, 3, p. 184.) Horizontal, sometimes imbricated, semicircular or rather narrowed behind at the point of attachment; pileus con- centrically zoned, minutely velvety, white, greyish with age, margin thick, obtuse, flesh white, corky, thickest behind, pores about ^ in. deep, small, usually elongated radially. Trametes gibbosa, Fries, Epicr., p. 492 ; Stev., Fung., p. 222. On stumps, trunks, posts, &c. A fine large species often reaching 4-6 in. across, and 3-4 in. from back to front, about -| in. thick at the back, sometimes altogether smaller. Known by the white, velvety concentrically zoned pileus and the narrow pores a little elongated in a radial direction. Some- times the pores are quite irregular in form, average size 2 mm. long by ^ mm. wide. Sessile, dimidiate, zoned, corky, hard, elastic, zones convex and tuberculated, dirty- white, beautifully velvety, when old cinereous and green from minute algae, the edge obtuse or subacute, often projecting at the base and very gibbous, but not invariably so ; substance white ; pores linear, mostly straight, except at the base, where they are roundish or irregular, very narrow, pale tan. (Berk.) TRAMETES. 195 Gregarious but scarcely caespitosely imbricated; pileus corky, whitish, at length powdered with green, pulvinate, elastic, subtomentose, sometimes zoned, size variable (1-4 in. broad), base often porrecto-gibbous, margin obtuse, often obscure grey, pileus at length becoming greyish ; flesh white, very tough, pores oblong, straight, some subrotund, white. (Fries.) The green colour mentioned by Fries is due to the pre- sence of minute algae which grow amongst the tomentum of the pileus. Trametes Bulliardi. Fr. Piletis 2-4 in. across, f ---1 in. thick at point of attachment, becoming thinner and subacute towards the margin, white, then brownish, becoming zoned; flesh whitish, then wood- colour ; pores irregularly roundish, unequal, ^ in. deep, pallid, then rufescent ; odour fragrant. Trametes Bulliardi, Fries, Epicr., p. 421 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 222. On dead wood. The pores average about 1 mm. in diameter, some larger. Trametes suaveolens. Fr. Horizontal, 3-6 in. across, often 1 in. or more thick at the point of attachment, becoming thinner towards the margin ; pileus villose, whitish, zoneless, flesh thick, white, corky; pores ^ in. or more in length, irregularly rounded, rather large, white, becoming fuscous; spores cylindric-oblong 6 x 2 • 5 /A ; odour spicy. Trametes suaveolens, Fries, Epicr., p. 491 ; Stev., Fung., p. 222. On trunks, especially willow. The pores average about 1 mm. in diameter. Easily distinguished by its odour (when young) which resembles aniseed. White at first, then rufescent, zoned and scabrous, within dingy straw-colour. (Fries.) The present species is not our only scented one, the other characters must be taken in combination. Trametes odora. Fr. Horizontal, 2-4 in. across, 2 in. from front to back, up to o 2 196 FUNGUS-FLOE A. 1 in. thick at point of attachment, becoming thin towards the margin; pileus whitish, smooth, even, zoneless, villous ; flesh thick, soft, and corky, whitish ; pores -|-^ in. deep, round and fairly regular, small, pale ochraceous ; odour fragrant, spicy. Trametes odora, Fries, Epicr., p. 491 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 222. On willow. Eesembling Trametes suaveolens, from which it differs in the shorter, and much smaller, regular, round pores that average about two in the space of 1 mm., dis- sepiments thick. Trametes inodora. Fr. Inodorous, 2-3 in. across, ^-f in. thick at base, tapering to a thin acute margin; pileus minutely velvety, white or tinged yellow and often obsoletely zoned, flesh white, corky ; pores |~J in. deep, persistently whitish, small, subangular or usually elongated. Trametes inodora, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 584; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 223. On stumps, &c. Distinguished amongst the white hori- zontal forms by being inodorous, and the persistent white colour of the pores, which average about ^-£- mm. wide and 1-1 Jr mm. in length; sometimes roundish. The pileus is sometimes tinged with pink at the base, and when dry often has faint yellow zones. ** Besupinate. Trametes serpens. Fr. White, resupinate, closely adnate, inseparable, margin determinate, pubescent, at first erumpent, orbicular, then confluent and forming elongated patches ; pores very shallow, rounded or angular, unequal. Trametes serpens, Fries, Hym. Eur. i. p. 586 ; Stev., Fung., p. 223. Polyporus StepJiensii, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 356. On bark. Thickness, including pores about ^ in. thick ; pores very shallow, pit-like, about 1 mm. across. The entire fungus becomes pale ochraceous with age. POEIA. 197 Trametes mollis. Fr. Resupinate, often broadly effused, determinate, submem- branaceous, separable, pale wood-colour then brownish, margin at length more or less reflexed, umber and pubescent below ; pores large, unequal ; dissepiments often torn. Trametes mollis, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 585 ; Stev., Fung., p. 223. Polyporus cervinus, Pers., Myc. Eur. ii. p. 87 ; Berk., Outl., p. 247. On wood and branches, especially beech. Well marked by the resupinate habit and large, irregular, shallow pores, measuring on an average, f-1 mm. when angular or roundish, often larger and elongated, but not sinuous as in Daedalea. Becoming blackish ; often subcircular at first, then elongated for several inches. Trametes Terrei. B. & Br. Eesupinate, pulvinate, about 3 in. across, 1 in. thick in the centre, thinning away on every side to the margin; substance white, corky, firm; pores angular, rather large, here and there sinuate, pallid. Trametes Terrei, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. n. 1571 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 223. On beech. The type specimen, fortunately, is in a good state of preservation, and is likely to remain unique, as suggesting a " sport " more than the type of a new species. The pores average about ^-f mm., here and there elongated and more or less wavy or sinuous. POEIA. Pers. (figs. 11, 12, 21, p. 184.) Entirely resupinate, forming more or less extended patches or thin membranaceous expansions; pores forming a con- tinuous stratum, springing from a thin woody or waxy layer which in some instances is exceedingly thin and rudimen- tary. Poria, Persoon, Syn., p. 542 (as a subgenus) ; Sacc., Syll. vi. p. 292. Polyporus (resupinatae) of most authors. Separated from the old genus Polyporus on account of the entirely resupinate habit. It is probable that many forms at present considered as species will prove to be resupinate 198 FUNGUS-FLOKA. conditions of Polystictus and Fames ; however, until evidence is forthcoming, such must be considered as entities. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF POEIA. I. Pores persistently white, or becoming pallid or pale ochraceous when dry, but never assuming bright tints. II. Pores white, changing to brown, green, red, or some colour other than pallid or ochraceous when dry. III. Pores white, with a more or less decided tinge of red or flesh-colour when growing. IV. Pores when growing, bright yellow, ochraceous, or honey-colour. V. Pores, umber, rufous, brown, purple, flesh-colour, or cinnamon. I. Pores persistently whitish. Poria vaporaria. Fr. Broadly effused, thin, inseparable, the white mycelium penetrating the matrix ; pores large, angular, white then cream-colour, forming a continuous stratum. Polyporus vaporarium, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 382 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 219. On dead trunks, branches, &c. Often broadly effused, inseparable, pores very variable, large, angular, often ir- regularly torn and more or less oblique, appearing as if sunk into the matrix, usually bark, whitish or pallid, becoming pale ochraceous when dry. Pores often reach- ing 1 mm. in length. Var. secernibilis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1022 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 219. White, honey-colour when dry, separable from the matrix. On fir leaves under moss. Poria mollusca. Fr. Effused, thin, soft, white, margin fibrillose, radiating ; pores short, minute, roundish, very thin and unequally torn, occupying the central portion of the patch or here and there in scattered clusters, |-^ mm. diameter. Polyporus molluscus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 384; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 218. POEIA. 199 On rotten wood, also on dead leaves. Sometimes broadly effused, known by the fringed, fibrillose margin ; the partitions of the pores are very thin and usually toothed or torn. Sometimes tinged with yellow. At first forming a mere fringed byssoid membrane, which gradually acquires moderate, rigid, subrotund, and angular pores, the partitions of which are so thin that they very generally become lacerated. (Berk.) Poria vulgaris. Fr. Broadly effused, white, flesh obsolete, consisting almost entirely of closely packed, minute, round, subequal tubes about ^-1 line long ; margin soon even and smooth. Poria vulgaris, Fries, Syst. Myc. i., p. 381. Polyporus vulgaris, Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 218. On dead wood, branches, &c. Often effused for 8-12 in., inseparable except in fragments. Pores vertical or oblique, sometimes yellowish, ^-^ mm. across. Poria medulla-panis. Fr. (fig. 11-12, p. 184.) White, effused, circumference naked, determinate, more or less marginate ; flesh obsolete, consisting almost entirely of rather long, entire, medium-sized pores. Polyporus medulla-panis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 380 ; Stev., Fung., p. 216. On rotten wood, branches, &c. Forming patches 2-4 in. across, about 2 lines thick. Becoming rigid and separable when dry. Sometimes tinged yellow when old. Said to grow on the ground. Effused, white, becoming yellowish in age, roundish, tolerably defined, dry, thickish, following in some degree the inequalities of the wood. Pores elongated, roundish, straight or oblique, according to situation. Flesh almost none. (Grev.) Pores about ^-^ mm. across. Poria vitrea. Pers. Broadly and unequally effused, separable, whitish, sub- hyaline, indeterminate, margin thin, villous ; pores minute, entire, rather long, roundish, straight or oblique according to situation. 200 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Polyporus vitreus, Pers., Obs. i. p. 15 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 217. On rotten wood, especially fir. Shining, 2 lines thick or more ; recognised by the rather thick elastic flesh below the pores, which separates readily from the matrix. Pores about £ mm. diameter. Distinguished by its distinct xylostromatoid substratum, which separates easily from the matrix. (B. & Br.) Poria Hibernica. B. & Br. Appearing as email, orbicular spots which soon become confluent and form broadly extended white patches, adnate, inseparable, white, margin narrow, very thin, radiato- byssoid; pores very short, dissepiments thin, firm, acute, almost entire, openings small, polygonal ; spores elliptical, 5 X 3 p.. Polyporus (resupinatus') Hibernicus, Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1291 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 579. On decorticated pine. Distinguished from Poria Gor- doniensis by being inseparable, and from P. radula and P. vaporaria by the size of the spores, also by the smaller and more regularly angular openings of the pores, and by the thin, firm, usually entire and acute dissepiments. Pores ^— ^ mm. across. Poria Gordoniensis. B. & Br. (fig. 21, p. 184.) Effused for 1—2 in., very thin and membranaceous but separable from the matrix, persistently white ; margin shortly fimbriate; pores minute, unequal, angular, dis- sepiments very thin, minutely toothed at the margin. Polyporus Gordoniensis, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1023; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 219. On fir poles. An extremely delicate species, but not in the slightest degree innate. The margin remains snow-white, and the pores themselves change colour only very slightly in drying. (B. & Br.) Forming patches 1 in. across or more ; pores 3 to 4 in the space of 1 mm. Superficially resembling P. hibernica, but distinguished by the torn margins of the dissepiments, and in being separable from the matrix. POEIA. 201 Poria blepharistoma. B. & Br. Entirely resupinate, very thin, snow-white, mycelium cobweb-like, somewhat pulverulent ; pores small, dissepi- ments thin, edge finely toothed, spores elliptical, apiculate, colourless, 5 x 3 /*. Polyporus Uepliaristoma, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1434 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220. On dead wood, branches, &c. Forming exceedingly thin, persistently snow-white patches 1-2 in. across. Pores exceedingly shallow, about ^ mm. across. Poria farinella. Fr. White, broadly and irregularly effused, thin, mycelium floccose or pulverulent, not interwoven ; pores forming a continuous stratum, unequal, somewhat flexuous and intri- cate, dissepiments thin. Polyporus farinellus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 384; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220. On dead beech wood, &c. Very variable, almost dis- appearing on being touched, with the substance of Corticium sambuci. Pores about ^ mm. across. Poria reticulata. Fr. Orbicular, white, thin, soon disappearing, margin floccose, byssoid, radiating, pores distant, resembling cup-shaped depressions in the substance. Polyporus reticulatus, Fries, Syst., Myc. i. p. 355 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220. On rotten wood. The dissepiments of the rather large, shallow pores resembling a network, pores about ^ mm. across. Poria Vaillantii. Fr. White, thin, the cord-like spreading mycelium connected imperfectly by a membranaceous expansion ; pores short, rather large, unequal, produced here and there in clusters, dissepiments thin. Polyporus Vaillantii, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 383; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 219. On dead wood. Perhaps an abnormal or imperfectly developed condition of some species. The principal feature is the spreading, cord-like, white mycelium connected by a 202 FUNGUS-FLOEA. thin membranaceous film that here and there produces clusters of large, irregular pores averaging about ^- mm. Forming a thin, white, or slightly rufescent, byssoid, broadly effused, close membrane, here and there traversed by rooting ribs. (Fries.) Poria callosa. Fr. Broadly effused, white, equal, tough, separable like a sheet of leather, flesh thick, firm, but not rigid, 1—2 lines thick, everywhere covered with round, equal, quite entire pores that form a firm stratum, spores obliquely elliptical, 6 x 3 • 5 p.. Polyporus callosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 381 ; Stev., Brit Fung., p. 217. On rotten wood. Eeadily known by the thick, leather- like flesh, and by separating readily from the substratum. Poria mucida. Fr. White, then pallid, rather thick, soft, subimmersed, margin indeterminate, byssoid, pores medium-sized, unequal, torn, seated on the flesh formed by the mycelium. Polyporus mucidus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 382; Stev. Brit. Fung., p. 217. On rotten fir wood. Forming patches 5—6 in. or more long, ^ in. or more thick. Varies, softer or firmer according to the position, but is moderately persistent, generally moist, much thicker than P. mollusca. Tubes 1-3 mm. long, pores ^— ^ mm. across. Poria hybrida. B. & Br. White, mycelium forming rather thick, felt-like patches or branched, creeping strands ; pores long, minute, slender, in scattered patches, not forming a continuous hymenium ; spores elliptic-oblong, colourless, 4x2^. Polyporus hybridus, Berk. & Broome, in Berk., Outl., p. xviii; Stev., Fung., p. 221. On oak wood. Causing the dry-rot of oak ships. Sup- posed by Fries to be a morbid form of some species (perhaps P. destructor}, its peculiarities caused by the abnormal con- dition under which it occurs. Pores about ^ mm. diameter, 2-4 mm. long. POR1A. 203 Poria collabefacta. B. & Br. Forming white, very smooth, Corticium-like patches ; the formation of the pores appears to be due to the collapsing of the substance, short; margin obtuse; spores colourless, elliptic-oblong, 4 x 1 ' 5 p.. Polyporus collabefactm, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1432 ; Stev., Fung., p. 218. On dead wood. The barren parts resemble exactly a very smooth Corticium after the fashion of C. calceum ; the pores seem first to arise from the mere collapsing of the substance, always shallow ; margin obtuse. (B. & Br.) Size of depressions or pores very variable, ^-f mm. across. Much more like an abnormal Corticium than a Poria. Poria radula. Fr. Effused, thin, white, formed entirely from the loose, dry mycelium, villous below ; pores medium-sized, angular, dissepiments toothed, pubescent when young. Polyporus radula, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 578; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 219. On wood, dry branches, &c. With the habit of P. sanguino- lenta, but much looser and drier in texture, also separable from the matrix and not turning red when bruised. Pores about ^ mm. across, sometimes oblique, usually bounded by a sterile margin. Poria obducens. Pers. White, effused, incrusting, innate, inseparable, pores, minute, short, flesh almost obsolete, distinctly stratose, stratified portion pale buff; spores elliptical 4 x 2 /i. Polyporus obducens, Persoon, Myc. Eur., ii. p. 104 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 217. On rotten wood. During the first year somewhat re- sembling P. vulgaris, afterwards becoming stratose, a single stratum of pores about 1 line thick being formed annually on the surface of the layer of the previous season. Some- times small pileoli are formed, and in all probability the present is only a resupinate condition of Forties connatus. Poria hymenocystis. B. & Br. Snow-white, mycelium below and at the margin cobweb- like ; pores shallow, large, at length pallid, the very thin 204 FUNGUS-FLORA. scarious dissepiments at length collapsing ; spores colourless, subglobose, minute, 3 x 2 p.. Polyporus hymenocystis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1810 bis ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220. On dead wood, Exceedingly thin, margin minutely byssoid, in some places almost indeterminate, pores about ;J mm, across, readily known by the large pores, collapsing dissepiments, and especially the minute, subglobose spores. II. White, changing to some other colour when dry. Poria subfusco-flavida. Eost. Patches broadly effused and becoming confluent, thin, coriaceous, dry, closely adnate, changing from white to yellowish brown ; margin thin, byssoid, white, determinate ; pores minute, irregular. On old dead oak wood, planks, &c. Extending for 8-12 in. The pores appear when viewed one way of a greyish- brown, and the other white. (B. & Br.) Poria viridans. Berk. Effused, thin, crustaceo-adnate, at first white, becoming pallid green when dry, margin tomentose; pores minute, angular, dissepiments very thin ; spores, 4 /u, 2 • 5 /*. Polyporus viridans, Berk. & Br., n. 347 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 216. On rotten wood. Effused, forming patches a few inches long, perfectly white at first, but in drying assuming a deli- cate pale green, with a honey-like tinge in parts ; border pulverulento-tomentose, very thin; pores minute, angular, dissepiments thin. This pretty species has the habit of P. vulgaris. (B. & Br.) Pores about ^ mm. across. Poria Renneyi. B. & Br. Subiculum rather thick, at first somewhat frothy, then dry, white, changing to citron- yellow when dry; pores white, scantily produced, elongated, dissepiments thin; spores numerous, colourless, elliptical, minute, 3 x 1 ' 5 /x. Polyporus Renneyi, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1433 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 215. PORIA. 205 On stumps, and running on the ground. Pores 2-3 mm. long, openings rather irregular, averaging about ^- mm. across. Poria terrestris. Fr. Effused, very thin, composed of delicate byssoid hyphae, white, evanescent ; pores central, very minute, white, then rufescent. Polyporus terrestris, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 383 ; Sacc., Syll. vi. n. 6150; Stev. Fung., p. 216. On the ground or on rotten wood in close damp places. Very thin, almost disappearing when touched. Pores angular, very shallow, about ^ mm. across. Poria cincta. Berk. White, turning pallid, forming small, erect, scattered tufts, each tuft encircled by radiating strigose fibres ; pores exceedingly minute, pallid ochraceous, darker when dry, angular dissepiments very thin, minutely toothed at the edge ; spores subglobose, colourless, 4-5 p.. Polyporus cinctus, Berk., Outl., p. 250 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 215. On old deal boards. Some of the patches are barren, and some at length become confluent. Under favourable circum- stances a distinct hymenium, 1^ line thick, with a free, even, abrupt, vertical circumference, is formed in the centre of each tuft. Pores so minute as to be scarcely visible to the naked eye. The colour of the whole plant is pale ochraceous, more or less tawny when dry. (Berk.) Tubes two lines long, pores ^—^ mm. across. Whole fungus brown and rigid when dry. Poria subgelatinosa. B. & Br. Orbicular, margin raised, subgelatinous, whitish tomen- tose, becoming blackish; pores grey, small, edge of .the dissepiments acute, entire; spores colourless, broadly ellip- tical, 4x2- 5-3 p.. £ Polyporus subgelatinosus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1569 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 216. On dead wood, parasitic on Polyporus amorphus. This singular species forms little pulvinate masses, with an obtuse raised border, which is at first tomentose and pallid, of a subgelatinous consistence, and. turning black. 206 FUNGUS-FLORA. The pores are of a pale delicate grey, with an acute, even -edge, about ^ of an inch in diameter. We cannot point out any species to which it is allied. (B. & Br.) Pores about ^- mm. across, angular, very shallow. Poria sanguinolenta. A. & S. Nodulose, soon confluent, effused, soft, white, but becoming blood-red when touched ; the byssoid margin soon disappear- ing ; pores roundish, small, unequal, becoming torn. Polyporus sanguinolentus, Albertini and Schweinitz, Lusat., p. 257 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 218. On dead branches, rails, &c. First appearing as small, detached mycelioid tufts, which soon become confluent and form a continuous, often broadly effused, thin stratum ; substance soft and becoming red at once when injured, in this respect resembling Corticium sanguineum. Pores very irregular in form, about ^ mm. across. The plant usually contracts much during drying, and is consequently torn into irregular patches. III. Pores white, tinged red or flesh-colour. Poria rhodella. Fr. Effused, soft, thin, closely attached to the matrix, white, with a pink or rosy tinge, margin determinate, naked ; pores minute, short, subrotund, not at all torn. Polyporus rhodellus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 380; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 213. On trunks of beech, fir, &c. Poria micans. Fr. Effused, orbicular, usually becoming confluent, soft, white, with a flesh-tinge ; margin white byssoid ; pores very- shallow, angular, resembling honeycomb, walls exceedingly thin, somewhat toothed under a lens. Polyporus micam, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 383 ; Stev., Fung., p. 213. On dead wood, rotten trunks, &c. Distinguished from P. rhodellus by the angular pores and white byssoid margin. Pores very irregular in size and form, always angular, — mm. diameter. TOKIA. 207 IV. Pores yellow, ochraceous, or honey-colour. Poria Laestadii. Fr. & Berk. Substance thin, white, very brittle, separable ; hymenium tuberculose here and there ; pores short, bright citron- yellow, circular or rather elongated and sinuous, very minute ; spores 5 x 2 • 5 p. Polyporus Laestadii, Fries & Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 2025. On the underside of a deal board in a hot-house. Colour bright persistent yellow ; forming confluent patches many inches in length ; substance from 1-2 lines thick, compact, white, surface irregular, nodulose, the lumps varying in size from a pin's h ead to that of a pea and larger ; pores exceed- ingly short, sometimes circular, 4-5 in the space of 1 mm. or elongated and curved. Judging from the specimens, the fungus appears to be perennial, a new stratum of pores developing each year, the latest stratum bright primrose- yellow. Poria nitida. A. & S. Effused, subadnate, determinate, margin villous, yellow or almost golden ; pores short, minute, round, equal, shining. Polyporus nitidus, Alb. & Schw., Lus., p. 258 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 214. On rotten wood. Eecognised by its bright yellow colour. Crust-like, adnate. Poria bombycina. Fr. Effused, silky-membranaceous, loosely attached to the matrix, dirty yellow, margin velvety; pores large, angular and sinuous ; spores elliptic-oblong, 6-7 X 4 p.. Polyporus bombycinus, Fries, Elench. i. p. 117 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 214. On rotten wood, &c. Pores at first appearing as roundish depressions in the loosely silky substance of the fungus, then becoming angular and sinuous, when regular about I mm. across. Poria ramentacea. B. & Br. Somewhat orbicular ; subiculum white, tomentose, margin obsolete; pores honey-colour, large, somewhat hexagonal, dissepiments thin, rather rigid, entire ; spores 6 x 3 /x. 208 FUNGUS-FLORA. Polyporus ramentaceus, B. & Br., AHB. Nat. Hist., n. 1809 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 214. On dead branches. Pores |— f mm. across. Fungus car- tilaginous and horny when dry. V. Pores umber, rufous, brown, purple, flesh-colour or cinnamon. Poria umbrina. Fr. Resupinate, effused, up to ^ in. thick; surface rather uneven, umber with a rufous tinge, pores minute, roundish, unequal ; margin smooth, paler than the hymenium. Polyporus umbrinus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 571 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 211. On trunks. Extending for 2—3 in., flesh almost obsolete ; distinguished amongst its allies by the dingy umber colour and pale, smooth margin. Poria rufa. Fr. Effused, thin, closely adnate, coriaceous, determinate, blood-red with a rufous tinge ; pores minute, thin. Polyporus rufus, Fries, Epicr., p. 484 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 213. On branches and prostrate trunks. Margin byssoid when young. Poria aneirina. Sommerf. Effused, thin, subinnate, margin white, byssoid; pores large, waxy, angular, even, fulvous. Polyporus aneirinus, Sommerfeldt, Lapp., p. 276; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 214. On dead wood and branches, of poplar more especially. Commencing as in P. bombycina as a byssoid membrane from which the pores are formed, which at length become waxy, generally exactly hexagonal, and tawny or fulvous, |— 1 mm. across. Distinguished by its large pores, the hymenium of which has a peculiar smooth, waxy aspect. (B. & Br.) Usually becoming much contracted and cracked or torn during drying. Poria incarnata. Fr. Broadly effused, corky-coriaceous, persistent, firm, upper margin frequently reflexed ; hymenium flesh-colour, pores elongated, unequal, commonly oblique. PORIA. 209 Polyporus incarnatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 378 ; Stev., Brit, Fung., p. 213. On rotten pine and fir trunks. Often effused for 3-6 in. in length, upper margin frequently shortly reflexed. Care must be taken not to confound the present species with Polystictus abietinus, which differs in the large, lacerated violet pores, that eventually become pale and more or less cinnamon colour. Effused, irregular, thin, coriaceous, marginate, or im- marginate ; margin white, cottony, rather thick, as if there was a tendency to become reflexed. Pores about ^ mm. diameter, minute, very short, round, sub-equal, straight or oblique, of a fine flesh-colour, approaching in some cases to orange. Sometimes small cottony protuberances occtir amongst the pores, which have the appearance of small pilei with tubes underneath. (Grev.) Poria violacea. Fr. Effused, determinate, thin, violet-colour, closely adnate, pores very shallow, cellular as if formed by upraised veins or ridges, entire ; spores elliptical, 7 x 4 yu,., tinged yellow. Polyporus violaceus, Fries, Obs. ii. p. 263; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 212. On fir stumps, trunks, poles, &c. Somewhat resembling Merulius in the shallow pores. Care must be taken not to confound the present species with Polystictus abietinus, which differs in the deeper torn pores, and is also usually more or less reflexed. Pores from |— f mm. across. Allied to Merulius, for which a young specimen might easily be taken. (Cke.) Poria purpurea. Fr. Broadly and irregularly effused, the white flocculose mycelium creeping over the surface of rotten wood and pro- ducing here and there groups of minute, unequal, purple- lilac pores about 1 line long. Polyporm purpureus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 379 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 212. On rotten trunks of beech and willow. Often broadly effused. The violet colour usually disappears during drying. Pores about £ mm. across. VOL. I. p 210 FUNGUS-FLORA. Poria contigua. Fr. Effused, about ^ in. thick, firm, when young cinnamon, dingy when old ; pores rather large, equal, entire ; margin at first villose. Polyporus contiguus, Fries, Hym. Syst. Myc. i. p. 378 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 212. On rotten wood, fallen branches, &c. Not so broadly effused as P. ferruginea, from which it is also known by the absence of a rust-coloured tinge. There is often a yellowish- orange tinge about growing specimens ; when dry often obscure brown ; pores about ^- mm. across. Doubtful species. Poria bathypora. Eostk. Effused, white, margin thin, byssoid ; pores rather large, cup-shaped, margin of dissepiments toothed. Polyporus bathyporus, Eostk. in Sturm's Deutschl. Or. Fl., p. 4, t. 59 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220. On dead wood. In the British specimen referred by Berkeley to the above species, the pores are shallow and varying from ^-f mm. across. POLYSTICTUS. Fr. Pileus coriaceous, membranaceous, or rather spongy, ino- dermeous, i.e. cuticle thin and loosely fibrous. Tubes first appearing in the centre and successively developing towards the margin ; at first superficial and distinct, then becoming deeper and more crowded, not stratose. Polystictus, Fries, Nov. Symb., p. 54 ; Cke., Prae. Poly., Grev., p. 77, 1886. Polyporus, of most authors. Separated from the genus Polyporus in the old sense, by certain peculiarities of structure ; the species are thin, usually flaccid, never hard and woody, mesopod, dimidiate, and imbricated, or effuso-reflexed and almost resupinate, pileus velvety or strigose, pores shallow, never stratose, towards the margin often sterile or with imperfect pores. In Polyporus, as understood in the present work, and Fomes, the tubes are fully formed from the first, i.e., not at POLYSTICTUS. 211 first superficial and developing by degrees. Polystictus differs from Trametes, to which genus it is closely allied, by the unequal length of the tubes in the latter, which run to various depths into the flesh, whereas in Polystictus, as also in Polyporus, Forties, and Poria, the tubes are of equal length, i.e. originate from the sporophore at one common level, a character seen in a section of the fungus through the sporo- phore and stratum of tubes. I. MESOPUS. Stem central. Polystictus perennis. Fr. (figs. 16, 17, p. 184.) Pileus plano-infundibuliform, 1-3 in. across, thin, cori- aceous, tough, velvety becoming smooth, zoned, clear cinna- mon, then yellowish brick-red ; stem firm but not hard, f-H in. high, thickened below, minutely velvety ; pores very short, minute, angular, dissepiments becoming torn ; at first with a white bloom, then naked ; spores elliptical, hyaline, 4-5 x 2 • 5 //,. Polyporus perennis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 350 ; Sowerby, Brit. Fung., t. 192. On the ground under trees, &c. ; also on trunks. Pileus funnel-shaped or expanded and only umbilicate ; stem central, whole plant elastic when growing. Autumn and winter, remaining through the following summer in a growing state. Pileus 1^—2 in. broad, varying in depth of colour, cup-shaped when young, nearly plane when old; often confluent, zoned, soft and velvety and marked with little raised radiating lines, giving it a striated appearance; margin fimbriate or laciniated. Pores small, roundish or angular, at length torn, decurrent. Stem 1 in. high, varying greatly in thickness, very tough, velvety, bulbous at the base. (Berk.) Polystictus cinnamomeus. Sacc. Pileus rather corky, flaccid, piano-depressed or subinfun- dibuliform, velvety, becoming smooth, vivid cinnamon, shin- ing, with evanescent brown zones, f-1^ in. across, pores rather large, angular, brownish-cinnamon, when dry fulvous ; stem 1-1^ in. long, 2 lines thick, velvety, for the most part p 2 212 FUNGUS-FLOKA. attenuated downwards, but the base is sometimes tuberous, coloured like the pileus ; flesh similarly coloured, rather nauseous ; spores subgloboso-ellipsoid, yellow, 6—7 X 4—5 p.. Polyporus cinnamomeus, Saccardo, Michelia, i. p. 362 ; Bre- sadola, Trid., p. 89, t. 99. Boletus cinnamomeus, Jacq. Collect, i. p. 116, t. 2. On the ground under trees. Generally solitary, rarely subcaespitose. Distinct from. P. perennis in the larger pores. II. APUS. Sessile, dimidiate. * Pileus dark coloured. Polystictus versioolor. Fries, (figs. 18, 19, p. 184.) Pileus horizontal, thin, coriaceous, rigid, flat, slightly depressed behind, densely velvety, shining, with variously- coloured concentric zones ; pores very short, minute, dissepi- ments acute, becoming torn, white, then very pale buff. Polyporus versicolor, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 368 ; Sowerby, Fung., t. 229. On trunks, stumps, branches, &c. Often semicircular or flabelliform and imbricated, 2-3 in, across, ^ in. thick, mar- gin thinner ; pileus dark green with brown or orange narrow concentric zones, but colours variable. Hymenium plane, pores white, then cream-colour, often obsolete towards the margin, about ^ mm. across. Variable ; sometimes quite resupinate, or with the margin reflexed ; more generally dimidiate and densely imbricated, occasionally spuriously stipitate, more or less lobed, villous, marked with regular concentric smooth shining zones of various colours, sometimes entirely white, and not unfre- quently the whole surface is villous, and the zones mere depressions. (Berk.) Tufted, subimbricated, thin, velvety, not strigose, margin often almost glabrous, pallid. Pores white, shining. The pileus is sometimes yellowish clay-colour ; the zones also vary in colour through rufous, rusty, yellowish, white, &c. Var. fuscatus. Fr. Zoneless, brown, pores yellow, torn into teeth. (Fries.) POLYSTICTUS. 213 Polystictus radiatus. Fr. Pileus corky, coriaceous, rigid, radiato-rugose, at first vel- vety, foxy, then glabrous and rusty-brown, margin spread- ing, wavy; pores minute, pallid, with a silvery sheen, at length rust-coloured. Polyporus radiatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 369 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 278. Boletus radiatus, Sow., i. 196. On alder, hazel, &c. Tawny specimens of Polystictus versicolor sometimes occur, very much resembling this species: but it appears from Sowerby's own specimens, as well as the opinion of Fries, to be altogether distinct. (Berk.) Imbricated, about 1 in. across, ferruginous, radiating from the base, paler towards the sinuous margin, indistinctly zoned. Pores minute, rounded, white, or dingy yellow. (Fries.) Polystictus polymorphus. Kostk. Pileus 1 in. and more across, resupinate, effused, coriaceous, margin reflexed, crisped, glabrous, umber ; pores rather large, angular, torn, pallid. Polyporus polymorphus, Rostk., 4, t. 56; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 209. On branches, worked wood, &c. The above description is taken from the figure of Eostkovius, in the description the pileus is said to be pale bay. *** Pileus whitish, yellowish, or pale-tan. Polystictus hirsutus. Fr. Pileus between corky and coriaceous, 1-3 in. across, con- vexo-plane, covered with dense hair-like pile, whitish all over, concentrically zoned ; pores roundish, obtuse, white, then brownish ; spores linear-elliptic, 4-5 x 2 p.. Polyporus hirsutus, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 367 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 210. On trunks. The typical form varies as follows : — B. pores entirely white. C. Pores with the opening yellow, pure white within. D. Pores obtuse, angular. E. Margin of the pileus rust-colour. F. Pileus becoming blackish. 214 FUNGUS-FLORA. With the habit and general appearance of Polystictus versi- color, but quite distinct ; pores about ^ mm, across. Often imbricated and continuously effused behind. Dis- tinguished from P. velutinus by the coarsely strigose pileus and the different spores. Both surfaces almost plane, reniform, often imbricated, about 2 in. long, 1^ in. broad, zones coloured like the pileus. Substance tough, soft. Pores of medium size, equal, be- coming grey; sometimes yellow, but always internally white. (Fries.) Polystictus velutinus. Fr. Horizontal, laterally attached, thin, corky-coriaceous then rigid ; pileus velvety, indistinctly zoned, white, becoming yellowish, margin straight, acute ; plane on both surfaces ; pores short, subangular, white, dissepiments thin; spores broadly elliptic-oblong, obliquely apiculate, 5 x 4 p.. Polyporus velutinus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 368; Berk., Outl. Fung., p. 248. On trunks, stumps, &c. Sometimes imbricated, 1-3 in. across, about £ in. thick. Moist when young, then becoming hard; pileus not shining, as in Polystictus versicolor, from which it is also distinguished by the whitish colour. Pores about three in 1 mm. More or less imbricated. Pileus 2—3 in. broad, velvety, undulated, obscurely zoned, between corky and leathery, margin thinner than in the following species ( = Polystictus versicolor), shrinking and curling inwards when dried ; colours various, whitish with a cottony margin, yellowish- fuscous, or brownish-grey ; the latter is most common. Pores whitish or yellowish, minute, round, very short, often disappearing near the margin. (Grev.) Pileus convex when young, then depressed, thin, white or pale yellowish, about 2 in. across. Pores small, equal, dingy, white or yellowish. (Fries.) Polystictus gossypinus. Lev. White. Pileus 1—4 in. across, coriaceous, effuso-reflexed, flattened, thin, tomentose, zoneless ; flesh thin, white ; tubes 1-2 lines or more long, pores labyrinthiform, then angular, rather large, greyish, dissepiments thin, more or less torn. POLYSTICTUS. 215 Polyporus gossypimis, Leveille, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1843, p. 124; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 209. On trunks, furze stems, &c. Tubes very irregular, some- times almost resembling plates or teeth, three or four times as long as the thickness of the flesh of the pileus. Polystictus abietinus. Fr. Pileus thin, coriaceous, flaccid, effuso-reflexed, or sometimes entirely resupinate, silky-villose, greyish-white or with an ochraceous tinge, indistinctly zoned ; pores shallow, unequal ; dissepiments torn, violet, becoming pale ; spores elliptic- oblong, 4 X 1 ' 5 /*,. Polyporus abietinus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 370 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 211. On trunks of decaying fir-trees. Pilei 2-3 in. long, often much more, and in many instances more or less completely covering the trunk, either completely resupinate, with the margin variously lobed, owing to the confluence of several individuals, or with the upper margin more or less reflexed, and then often densely imbricated. Pores ^-1 mm. in length, much torn, violet, then bleached. Plants often growing in so crowded a manner as to cover a considerable extent of surface. Pileus circular, entire, or somewhat lobed, about 2 in. in breadth, thin, coriaceous, re- supinate at first, at length sometimes reflexed and undulate at the margin, villose, whitish, more or less impressed with obscure narrow zones. Hymenium at first of a pale violet colour, becoming brownish in the centre. Pores while young roundish, entire, short, quickly assuming an irregular lacerate and sinuous form. The first commencement of this beautiful species is a minute plane tuft of radiating, silky filaments, which begins to show a few central, roundish, entire pores, while scarcely £ in. in breadth ; in maturity, the pores become torn and toothed in every direction, and often entirely lose the character of a Polyporus, except at the extreme margin, where they commonly preserve their generic character. In decay the white of the pileus becomes tinged with green, the whole plant dries up, and the pores quite lose their violet colour. (Grev.) Polystictus Wynnei. B. & Br. Pileus coriaceous, effuso-reflexed, silky, variously incrust- 216 FUNGUS-FLORA. ing, clay-colour, zoned with raised lines ; pores minute, an- gular, white. Polyporus (Inodermei) Wynnei, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 807 ; Berk., Outl., p. 279. Running over twigs, grass, &c. Thin, incrusting various substances, with the margin more or less broadly reflected, tan-coloured, sericeous, and marked with raised lines ; pores -^ in. across, angular, white, acquir- ing a slight tint like that of the pileus in drying. This species has somewhat the habit of P. amorphus, but is not of so fleshy a texture. Specimens have been submitted to Fries, who says that he is unacquainted with the species, and I have therefore no hesitation in proposing it as new. (B. & Br.) FOMES. Fries. Pileus hard and woody from the first, texture consisting of interwoven hyphae, covered with a hard, rigid, crustaceous cuticle, zoneless, but often concentrically sulcate ; perennial, forming successive strata, but the latest formed stratum alone living. Fames, Fries, Nov. Symb., p. 31 ; Cooke, Praec., p. 117. Polyporus, most authors. Stem central, lateral, dimidiate, or sometimes entirely resupinate. The present genus includes those species included in Polyporus as understood in the old sense, cha- racterised by a hard, woody, often concentrically sulcate pileus, and by the stratose tubes, resulting from the peren- nial nature of the species. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. L PLEUEOPUS. Stem lateral. II. APUS. Sessile ; dimidiate, effuso-reflexed, or almost entirely resupinate. * Pileus whitish. ** Pileus rose-colour. *** Pileus ferruginous, brownish, tawny, &c., always coloured. FOMES. 217 I. PLEUKOPUS. Stem lateral Fomes lucidus. Fr. Horizontal, flabelliform or subreniform, laterally stipitate, pileus 2—6 in. across, corky then hard and woody, sulcato- rugose, blood-red with a chestnut tinge, polished, shining, pores |— ^ in. long, minute, whitish then cinnamon ; stem variable in length, rugose, coloured and polished like the pileus; spores 7 x 5 /x., brown. Polyporus lucidus, Fries, N. S., p. 61 ; Berk., Outl., t. 16, f. 2. On trunks, &c, Stem varying from less than 1 in. to 6 in. long, readily known by the deep-red pileus and stem that are highly polished, as if varnished. Pores averaging I mm. across. Pileus 2-6 inches broad, generally more or less oblique, very variable in thickness, rugose, often marked with con- centric grooves or ridges, chocolate-brown, the edge often tawny or bright chestnut, shining as if varnished, with occasionally a vitreous appearance. Pores very minute, subrotund, pale, equal, at length cinnamon. Stem 6-10 inches high, 1 inch or more thick, rugose, marked occasion- ally with transverse lines of growth, shining like the pileus ; sometimes obsolete. Both the pileus and stem are occasion- ally marked with minute wavy wrinkles. A most beautiful and highly curious species, occurring in most parts of the world. (Berk.) Pileus of a coriaceous or corky, firm substance, very in- constant in its form, pileus 4—8 inches in breadth, usiially more or less reniform, sometimes flabelliform, rarely orbicular ; nearly plane, rugose, and marked with concentric lines or grooves, glabrous, shining as if highly varnished. Colour yellowish at first, then bright chestnut, in old age almost black. Flesh thick, very firm, delicately fibrous, pale, at length reddish ; the pores of the same colour, equal, roundish, very minute, either short or rather long, according to cir- cumstances. Stipes either almost wanting, or 6-10 inches in height, mostly erect and lateral, rarely centrical or ventrical. It is often an inch or more in thickness, very hard, of the 218 FUNGUS-FLORA. same colour and shining appearance as the pileus. I have had no opportunity of tracing the growth of this fungus, but Mr. Purton informs us, that the lacquered appearance is occasioned by a thick, glutinous, reddish juice, which exudes from every part of the pileus and stipes, and soon dries. (Grev.) II. APUS. Sessile, dimidiate or effuso-reflexed. * Pileus idhitish. Fomes ulmarius. Fr. Pileus white, effused, sometimes with an obtuse free margin, corky, then woody and hard, cuticle crustaceous, tuberculose, smooth ; flesh white ; tubes stratose, whitish, pores minute, rounded, yellowish or at first tawny, spores elliptical, 7-8 x 4 /*. Polyporus ulmarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 365 ; Berk., Engl. FL, vol. v. p. 142 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 276. On old elm trunks. Effused, with an obtuse, occasionally free margin, forming a new stratum every year, so that a section gives several distinct layers of pores and flesh, alternating with each other ; flesh white ; pores minutely tawny ; substance when dry, hard and corky. (Berk.) Pileus 4—10 in. across, often yellowish with age. Tubes ^— | in. long when old and stratified; pores about ^ mm. across. Fomes populinus. Fr. White, pileus between corky and woody, rigid, zoneless, villose, margin obtuse ; white within ; pores minute, short, rounded. Polyporus populinus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 367; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 564. On white poplar. Imbricated, grown together at the decurrent base, trans- versely dilated. I have the same on black poplar nearly solitary, pileus at first floccoso-mealy, very hard and woody when old. Both are white within, not stratose. (Fries.) FOMES. 219 Pomes cytisinus. Berk. Dimidiate, imbricated, 8-12 in. long, 4-6 in. broad, pileus coarsely tuberculated, hard, woody, margin slightly incurved, flesh about 1 in. thick behind, becoming thin towards the margin, fibrous but hard and compact, whitish ; tubes 1 in. long behind, shorter in front, pores minute, rounded, whitish ; spores subglobose, 5 /x. diameter. Polyporus cytisinus, Berk., Engl. Flora, vol. v. p. 142 ; Berk., Outl., p. 247 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 207. Boletus suberosus, Sow., t. 288. On laburnum. Imbricated, above a foot across, dimidiate, quite smooth (at least when dry), but coarsely tuberculated. Substance slightly zoned, very thick and close, pale, evidently com- posed of two or three successive layers. This is certainly the same as Boletus suberosus, Sowerby. (Berk.) Forties connatus. Fr. Between corky and woody, effuso-reflexed, densely im- bricated, growing into each other, velvety, greyish-white ; flesh white, zoned ; tubes stratose, pores minute, roundish, white. Polyporus connatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 472 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 278. On old trunks. Often running up the trunk for one or two feet in an imbricated manner, the pilei growing into each other; margin usually obtuse, often only slightly reflexed from a continuous, effused basal portion. From 2-4 in. across or more. The colour of the pores varies when viewed in different directions, in some positions glistening with a satiny sheen. ** Pileus rose-colour. Fomes roseus. Fr. Somewhat caespitose. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, ^—1 in. thick, corky, inclining to woody, hard, triangular, even, somewhat banded, rose-colour, more or less obscured by a greyish-black bloom ; internally floccoso-fibrous, rose-colour ; pores minute, round, rose-colour ; spores 6 p. long. Polyporus roseus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 372 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 206. 220 FUNGUS-FLOKA. On worked wood. Kose-colour without and within, but tinged wirh smoke- colour, especially the pileus, 2—4 inches broad, ^—1 inch thick. Margin subacute. (Fries.) *** Pileus ferruginous, brownish, taiony, &c., always coloured. Fomes fomentarius. Fr. Hoof-shaped, 4-7 in. across, 3-5 in. thick at the base; pileus distantly concentrically sulcate, glabious, opaque, fuliginous, or dingy brown, cuticle thick, hard, persistent, margin at first with a white bloom, then ferruginous ; flesh rather soft, compactly floccose, foxy rust-colour ; tubes very long, ^-2 in. or more, distinctly stratose, ferruginous, pores subangular, about ^ mm. across, powdered with white at first then ferruginous ; spores brown, elliptical, base abruptly truncate, 6 X 3'5-4/t. Polyporus fomentarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 374; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 204. Plane below, tapering towards the margin all round from the very thick base, hence more or less triangular in section. Sometimes when old, especially when growing on birch, nearly white, occasionally tinged with bright yellow. (Berk.) In the young plant the upper surface of the pileus is brown, with a thick rounded white edge. Pores varying from white to brown. It throws off most copiously, from every part of its surface, a powder of the colour of Spanish snuff; this alone will distinguish it from every other species. It is also an annual ; Polyporus igniarius, on the contrary, is a perennial. (Purton.) Large, externally hard, with grey or blackish zones, especially near the margin. Pores stratose, forming long, very slender tubes, naked. Substance spongy, foxy, good for making tinder. (Fries.) Pileus large, 3-8 in. in diameter, externally hard, some- what banded, particularly towards the margin, with grey and dark zones, strongly resembling a horse's hoof, some- times much flattened. Pores stratified, or in a succession of layers, long, very slender, naked ; substance reddish-brown and spongy. (Grev.) FOMES. 221 Fomes igniarius. Fr. (fig. 20, p. 184.) Pilous at first tuberculoso-globose, irnmarginate, even, with a thin, flocculose, adpressed hoary covering, thin hoof- shaped, ferruginous then blackish-brown, opaque, cuticle very hard, uneven; flesh zoned, ferruginous, very hard, margin rounded ; tubes 1—2 in. long, very small, stratose, convex, cinnamon, when old filled with white mycelium, pores ^-^ mm. across, rounded, at first hoary ; spores sub- globose, hyaline, 6-7 p. diameter, cystidia few, 10-25 x 5-G/i. Polyporus igniarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 205. On trunks of various trees. Differs from Fomes fomentarius and F. nigricans in its entire nature and life-history. The new spring growth adds to the entire substance of young specimens, in larger specimens adds mostly to the margin and hymenium. (Fries.) Pileus somewhat like a horse's hoof, irregular, rugose, banded with convex zones, reddish -brown, at length blackish, Bmooth, hard throughout, and not fit for converting into amadou. Pores very minute, slender, yellowish, or greenish- grey, at length cinnamon. The pileus is apt to change its form according to its situation ; and when growing on the under surface of a horizontal cherry-tree branch, it becomes as it were perpendicular, and the pores form a horizontal and circular surface beneath. (Grev.) Femes nigricans. Fr. Hoof-shaped or pulvinate, very thick, 4-6 in. broad, 3-4 in. thick, at the base; pileus densely and concentrically sulcate, cuticle very hard, with a crusty varnished layer, black, smooth, shining, margin very obtuse, ferruginous; flesh very hard, ferruginous; tubes elongated, 2-3 in., distinctly stratose, ferruginous, pores ^ mm. across, obsoletely angular, naked from the first ; spores elliptical, both ends rounded, brown, 5 x 3 \L ; cystidia abundant, 10-25 X 6 p.. Polyporus nigricans, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 204. On living and dead birch. The blackish, lacquered, shining pileus distinguishes the present species amongst its allies, but a form is described by Fries with the pileus 222 FUNGUS-FLOEA. triangular, rugose, opaque, which approaches Fomes igni- arius. Pomes salicinus. Fr. Woody, very hard, undulate, the greater portion usually resupinate, with a narrow, undulated, smooth, free margin, that is obtuse and patent, cinnamon then greyish; pores minute, rounded, ferruginous-cinnamon, as is also the flesh ; spores 5 X 3 /A; cystidia plentiful, 12-35 X 6 /x. Polyporus salicinus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 376; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 206. On willow trunks. Pileus 12 in. and more across. Eelated to F. fomentarius and F. igniarius. Entirely resupinate, or in vertical positions with the upper margin narrowly reflexed. There is a form with the free margin striato-plicate. A foot or more long, often interrupted, glabrous, woody. Pores rounded, equal, or when growing in an oblique direc- tion, gaping. (Fries.) Fomes fraxineus. Fr. Pileus between corky and woody, glabrous, rather flattened, zoneless, white when young, then reddish-brown, at first even, then concentrically sulcate, pale within ; tubes short, pores minute, rusty-red, at first covered, as is also the margin, with a white pubescence ; spores subglobose, 6-7 p. long. Polyporus fraxineus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 374; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 207. On old ash trunks. Variable in form, softer when young, but not fleshy, truly perennial. (Fries.) Solitary or imbricated. Smell strong and penetrating. (Berk.) Pileus 3-9 inches and more broad ; tubes 2-4 lines long, pores about £ mm. across. Pomes pectinatus. Klotzsch. Pileus rusty-brown, corky, inclining to woody, hard, triangular, concentrically lamelloso-plicate, tomentosely scaly; margin and the short, minute, obtuse pores, pale yellowish- red, naked. Polyporus pectinatus, Klotzsch, Linnaea, viii. p. 485 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 205. FOMES. 223 On wood. Pileus 1-2 in. broad. In the original descrip- tion it is queried as to whether the pores and margin are always naked. Femes vegetus. Fr. Pileus horizontal, 8-12 in. broad, flattened, glabrous, opaque, brown, concentrically sulcate, annual zone broad, flesh floccose, loose, very thin, coloured; cuticle of the second year thick, separable ; tubes umber, stratose, seceding, each yearly stratum separated from the preceding by a floccose layer; mouths of the tubes minute, roundish, white at first. Polyporus vegetus, Fries, Epicr., p. 464 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 274. On trunks of lime, elm, &c. Amongst the largest of species, often reaching a foot across during the first season. Allied to Forties applanatus, from which it is distinguished by the very thin flesh, and the distinctly stratose tubes, eacti annual formation being separated from the preceding by a floccose layer. Plane below, at first white, margin very smooth, shining, sterile, narrow. Pomes fulvus. Fr. Exceedingly hard, convex above and below, attached by a broad base, hence triangular in section ; pileus even (not concentrically zoned), at first villous, fulvous then greyish, flesh sub ferruginous ; pores short, about £ in. rounded, minute, cinnamon, at first with a greyish-yellow bloom. Polyporus fulvus, Fries, Epicr., p. 565; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 205. On decaying trunks, especially poplar. Pores not distinctly stratose. Pomes annosus. Fr. Very irregular in form, often horizontal and imbricated ; pileus convex, becoming plane, tuberculoso-zoned, coarsely radiately rugulose, during the first year brown, silky, margin whitish, second season covered with a glabrous blackish- brown rigid crust ; flesh rather thick, whitish ; pores at first pure white, about i in. deep, medium size ; spores colourless, elliptic-oblong, 6 x 4 p.. Polyporus annosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 208. 224 FUNGUS-FLOKA. About the roots of decayed trees, stumps, &c., especially pine. Very irregular in growth, often forming a continuous stratum following the irregularities of the wood, and entirely resupinate, at others with several pilei more or less imbri- cated. Pileus hard, coarsely radiato-rugose, margin and pores white. Fomes applanatus. Wallr. Horizontal, semicircular, attached by a broad base ; pileus flattened, tuberculose, indistinctly zoned, outer crust rigid, at length brittle, cinnamon or brown, then often greyish with age ; rather shining, margin tumid, white, then cinna- mon ; flesh thick, floccoso and soft ; stratum of pores short, subferruginous, exceedingly minute, roundish, surface of porous stratum pure white, brownish when bruised. Polyporus applanatus, Wallr., D. Kr. Fl. ii. p. 591 ; Berk., Outl., p. 245. On trunks. Sometimes imbricated, 2 in. or more in thick- ness, 4-8 in. across ; distinguished by the brown, tubercu- lose, and vaguely concentrically zoned, glabrous pileus, and the even white hymenial surface with very minute pores. Fomes conchatus. Fr. Thin, rigid, effuso-reflexed, the reflexed portion somewhat shell-shaped ; pileus dark brown, concentrically grooved, minutely silky, margin acute, pores short, very minute, coloured like the pileus ; spores 4-5 /A ; cystidia scanty, 15-30 x 7-9 /*. Polyporus conchatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 376; Stev., Brit, i'ung., p. 206. On trunks of willow, &c. From 2-3 in. across, about ^ in. thick, hard, altogether inside and outside dark brown, with a tinge of ferruginous or chocolate; often imbricate, sometimes entirely resupinate. Closely allied to F. igniarius, but smaller and thinner, closely concentrically sulcate, concave below, margin acute. (Fries.) Fomes variegatus. Seer. Pileus between corky and woody, rather flattened, even, glabrous, zoneless, shining, orange variegated with bay ; FOMES. 225 pallid within ; tubes short, pores rounded, minute, unequal, torn, yellowish. Polyporus variegatus, Secretan, Myc. Fl. Suis., n. 45 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 563 ; Sow., t. 368 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 277. On trunks. Sowerby's figure has the pilei dimidiate and imbricated, 3-5 in. across, margin wavy, pileus tawny orange, attached by a broad decurrent base. Femes ribis. Fr. Horizontal, imbricated, coriaceous, rigid, flattened, almost even, velvety, ferruginous then umber, margin acute ; pores short, minute, naked, and with the thin flesh, fulvous. Polyporus ribis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 206. On currant and gooseberry bushes. Imbricated, from 2-4 in. across, pores about 1 line long. Perennial, stratose. Pileus often indistinctly zoned, but not concentrically sulcate as in F. conchatus ; the latter is not so distinctly velvety as the present species. Imbricated, 3 in. or more broad, thin, zoned and velvety, of a rather rich tawny-brown, the margin paler and brighter. Substance soft, silky, fit for making tinder. Pores short, larger than in the foregoing species (^ = Fomes igniarius), brownish-grey. (Berk.) Imbricated, unequal, up to 4 in. broad, substance spongy, soft, foxy-yellow, not thick, the base often thinner than the margin. Velvety and yellowish when young, then almost glabrous, indistinctly zoned. Pores plane. 1 line long. (Fries.) Fomes carneus. Nees. Pileus effuso-reflexed or dimidiate, 2-6 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, woody, hard, rather thin, glabrous, zoneless, radiately rugose, dingy flesh-colour, flesh similarly coloured; tubes short, stratose in old specimens, pores roundish, minute, decurrent at the expanded base, paler than the pileus. Polyporus carneus, Nees, in Nov. Act. Nat. Curios, xiii. t. 3 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 208. On trunks, stumps, &c. Pores £-^ mm. across. Often extending for several inches, the reflexed portion remaining narrow, imbricated, rarely solitary. Smaller and thinner VOL. I. Q 226 FUNGUS-FLOKA. than Femes fraxineus or F. variegatus,loMt hard and perennial, resembling F. annosus in the radiately rugose bard pileus, but quite distinct in the absence of the white sterile margin, &c. Pomes resupinatus. Massee. Coriaceous but rather spongy, sessile, often broadly effused, and either plane or furnished here and there with nodulcse outgrowths ; altogether ferruginous, flesh very thin, fibrous ; tubes stratose, 2-5 mm. long, openings nearly circular. ^— j mm. across, dissepiments thin, entire, acute ; spores colour- less, elliptical, 4 x 1 • 5 /*. Boletus resupinatus, Bolton, Fung. Halifax, t. 165, p. 165. Fomes spongiosus, Sacc., Syll., vi. n. 5525. Boletus spongiosus, Persoon, Syn., p. 543 (according to Saccardo). On trunks and branches. Often broadly incrusting, closely adnate, the hymenium often more or less nodulose from the outgrowth of abortive or imperfectly developed rudimentary pilei ; in other examples the hymenium remains plane and even, and then resembling in general appearance and habit Fomes ferruginosus, Fr., but at once distinguished on a micro- scopic examination by the absence of large, coloured cystidia projecting from the hy menial surface. Saccardo, in Sacc., Syll. Fung. vi. n. 6525, has given the present species as a synonym under Fomes spongiosus, Pers. ; there is no evidence, however, that the two are identical, whereas there are specimens in the Kew Herbarium agreeing exactly with Bolton's species, and determined as such by the Eev. M. J. Berkeley. This curious Boletus (= Fomes), most frequently creeps or spreads upon its back, sometimes it is formed into lumps of a rude turban-shape; in either case it consists of a thin brown crust, which closely embraces the wood on which it grows, and serves as a base or groundwork to the tubes. The tubes are long, erect, and constitute almost the whole substance of the plant ; in spreading or creeping specimens, the margin is unequally lobed and blunt ; the surface made uneven by swelling bunches ; the colour, like all the other parts, is a rusty brown. The pores round, but are too small POLYPOBUS. 227 for the inspection of the naked eye. The length of the tubes is different in the creeping and the turbanated specimens, being shorter in the first, longer in the last variety. I gathered specimens of this plant on dry decayed hazel boughs, near Burks Hall, in February, 1790. (Bolton.) Fomes ferruginosus. Mass. Broadly effused, closely adnate, from ^-1 in. thick, surface either even and nearly plane, nodulose, or with numerous more or less reflexed, imbricated, imperfectly formed pilei, bright ferruginous-brown, becoming dusky ferruginous when old, margin sterile ; pores subrotund, torn, very long ; spores 6-7 x 4 JJL; cystidia numerous, acuminate, clear brown, 30-40 x 5-6 /*. Polyporus ferruginosus, Fries, S. Myc. i. p. 378; Hym. Eur., p. 571 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 212. Polyporus cryptorum, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 376. Boletus cryptorum, Bull., t. 478. On trunks, posts, &c. Often very broadly effused, thick- ness variable, flesh almost obsolete. When growing and at its best, the barren margin is very bright rust colour. Pores 3-4 in the space of 1 mm. The bright yellow-brown, spine- like cystidia are very abundant in the hymenium. All the species of Fomes having the hymenium furnished with cystidia have been arranged under a new genus — Mucrono- porus — by Ellis. At first appearing under the form of a confervoid stratum, which gradually thickens and acquires pores in the centre ; generally wholly resupinate, but occasionally slightly reflexed. Pores minute, roundish, unequal ; specimens sometimes occur many inches in length, and in parts % in. thick, from several individuals having become confluent. (Berk.) POLYPOKUS. Mich. Central or lateral stemmed, dimidiate, &c. Pileus fleshy, tough, rather soft and moist, at length becoming harder (rarely of a cheesy texture and fragile), externally neither sulcate nor zoned, but the internal texture consisting of Q 2 228 FUNGUS-FLORA. radiating fibres often more or less zoned. Pores never stra- tose. Sporophore descending into the hymenophore and forming the trama (or dissepiments), hence the tubes (hyme- nophore) are not separable from the sporophore; pores at first obsolete or none, then rounded, angular, or torn. Polyporus, Micheli, Gen., p. 129, emended by Fries, Nov. Symb., p. 30 ; Cke., Praec., Grev., p. 80, 1886. Distinguished from Polystictus by the thicker flesh, which is soft and moist at first, also by the absence of zones on the pileus. The species of Polyporus with elongated sinuous pores are distinguished from Daedalea by the flesh being soft and juicy at first, the slender narrow pores, thinner dissepiments, and absence of a differently coloured trama. Fomes differs from the present genus in the pileus being hard and woody from the first, and in the stratose tubes. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. I. MESOPUS. Stem simple, central or excentric, not black at the base. II. PLEUROPUS. Stem simple, excentric or lateral, base black. III. MERISMA. Numerous pileoli borne on a common simple or much- branched stem or short, thick tubercle. IV. APUS. Pileus sessile, dimidiate or effuso-reflexed. * Pileus ferruginous, brownish, or dark fuliginous. ** Pileus white, pale ochraceous, yellowish, &c. POLYPORUS. 229 I. MESOPUS. Stem quite distinct, vertical or excentric, simple, not black at the base. Pileus entire or excentric. Polyporus leucomelas. Fr. Pileus 2-5 in. across, expanded, margin often irregular, silky or minutely squamulose, smoky black, sometimes with dark olive tinge, flesh thick except at the extreme, acute margin, whitish ; pores about -^ in. deep, rather large, un- equal, greyish, decurrent ; stem 1-3 in. long, stout, rather tomentose, similar in colour or paler than the pileus ; spores cylindric-fusoid, pale brown, 10-12 X 4-5 p.. Polyporus leucomelas, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 346; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 187. In pine woods, &c. Pileus often deformed, rather fragile, stem variable in length, flesh turning red when bruised, pores become blackish in drying, also inside of stem. Spores of the Boletus type. Pores about | mm. diarn. Polyporus lentus. Berk. Pileus 1-2 in. across, thin, tough, coriaceous, umbilicate, ochraceous or pallid, zoneless, squamulose especially when young ; pores shallow, large, angular, often slightly elon- gated radially, decurrent, dissepiments thin ; stem central or excentric, 2 lines or more thick, ^-1 in. long, colour of the pileus, variable, straight or curved, hispid or furfuraceous ; spores elliptic-fusiform, colourless, 12 x 4-5 p.. Polyporus lentus, Berk., Outl., p. 237, t. 16, f. 1 ; Stev., Fung., p. 187. On wood, furze stems, &c. Known amongst the British mesopod forms by the large pores that average 1 mm. or more in size. The pileus is sometimes entirely destitute of scales, and the pores decurrent to the base of the stem. Pileus 1^ in. broad, convex, or slightly depressed, at first furfuraceo-squamulose, reddish-brown, at length nearly smooth, ochraceous, the margin fibrilloso-squamose, of a tough fleshy substance. Pores large, rather deep, decurrent, roundish or subquadrate, at first white, the edges slightly toothed and powdered with the white oblong sporules. Stem ^—1 in. high, f in. thick, central, covered with pores to the very base, only the lower ones are abortive, and their inter 230 FUNGUS-FLORA. stices pilose or distinctly furfuraceous, nearly of the colour of the pileus. A very elegant and distinct fungus, and quite unlike any with which I am acquainted, resembling some- what in habit certain species of Fries' subgenus Lentinus. (Berk.). Polyporus brumalis. Fr. Pileus 1-4 in. across, thin, pliant then coriaceous and rigid, more or less umbilicate, during the first year smoky- umber and densely villous, in the second year minutely scaly, becoming smooth and paler; pores shallow, large, angular and usually elongated radially, white then yellowish, disse- piments thin, very minutely toothed at the margin ; stem central, 1-2 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, coloured like the stem, velvety or squamulose ; spores colourless, linear-oblong, sometimes slightly curved, 5-6 X 2 /A. Polyporus brumalis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 348 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 188. On dead branches. Pileus becoming rigid and incurved when dry, the margin often fimbriate when young ; pores more or less decurrent, about ^— § mm. long. Distinguished in all its forms from P. lentus by the much smaller spores. Autumn and winter, reviving in the spring. (Klotzscb.) Pileus 1-4 in. broad, nearly plane, depressed in the centre, dingy, clothed with minute scales, at length fawn-coloured and nearly smooth. Pileus very slightly angular, white, the dissepiments rather thick. Stem f— 2 in. high, 2—4 lines thick, central, velvety, hirsute or squamulose. (Berk.) Polyporus fuscidulus. Fr. Pileus 1—2^ in. across, thin, pliant, rather coriaceous, con- vexo-plane, not umbilicate, zoneless, even, smooth, yellowish- brown ; flesh thin, yellowish- white ; pores shallow, subangu- lar, yellowish, largest and slightly elongated near the stem, not decurrent. dissepiments thin, margin quite entire ; stem 1-2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, quite smooth, brown or yellowish ; spores elliptic-oblong, colourless, 5-6 x 2 p.. Polyporus fuscidulus, Fries, Epicr., p. 431 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 188. On bits of wood, amongst chips, &c. Close to P. brumalis, from which it is distinguished by the glabrous stem and pileus, and the quite entire edge of the dissepiments. The POLYPOEUS. 231 pores average about f mm. in length near the stem, becoming smaller and angularly round near the margin. Polyporus leptocephalus. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, tough, then coriaceous, thin, con- vexo-plane, glabrous, even, zoneless, pale then fawn-colour, margin rather wavy, flesh white ; pores adnate, subrotund, minute, whitish ; stem about 1 in. long, glabrous, pallid. Polyporus leptocephalus, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 349; Berk., Outl., p. 237. On trunks. Appears to be close to P. fuscidulus, perhaps distinct in the smaller pores, but I have not seen an au- thentic specimen, hence cannot give spore measurements, &c. All the specimens that I have seen under this name belong to P. fuscidulus. Pileus 1 in. broad, tawny-bay, flat, thin, leather-like; pores white, very short ; stem pale or reddish-brown, thick as a crow-quill, and about ^ in. high. (Withering.) Polyporus Schweinitzii. Fr. Pileus 6-9 in. across, tomentose, rugged, and matted into little heaps, dark brown with a ferruginous tinge, flesh thick, spongy and soft, fibrous, bright brown ; stem thick, very short, bright brown, sometimes almost obsolete ; tubes about ^ in. long, openings large, irregular and variable in form, yellow with a tinge of green; spores elliptical, ob- liquely apiculate, pale yellow, 7-8 x 4 p.. Polyporus Schweinitzii, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 351 ; Fries, Icones, pi. 179, fig. 3 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 189. In pine woods, &c., about roots and stumps. Distinguished from such species as P. hispidus, spongia, &c., by the central stem, which is, however, sometimes almost ob- solete ; it is never attached by a broad, lateral base. Openings of tubes often elongated and sinuous, §— l^y mm. Very large, 8 in. and more broad, sometimes regular and almost plane, slightly depressed, sometimes irregular in form and dimidiate, the pilei growing into each other and incrust- ing, at first with a foxy tomentum, which colour is soon con- fined to the margin, when old entirely dull brown ; flesh when the plant is growing very soft and spongy, then har- dened, fragile when dry, rhubarb-colour becoming brownish. (Fries.) 232 FUNGUS-FLORA. Polyporus rufescens. Fr. Pileus 3-4 in. across, soft and spongy, unequal, strigose or hairy, flesh-colour, flesh thin, coloured; pores rather short, large, more or less sinuated and torn, pale flesh-colour ; stem short, subcentral or almost lateral, irregular in form ; spores broadly elliptical, almost colourless, 6 X 4-5 p.. Polyporus rufescens, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 351 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 189. Boletus biennis, Sow., t. 191. On stumps, &c. Distinguished amongst the hairy, soft- fleshed species by the whitish-pink hymenium, and the large, sinuous, torn pores that are often 1 mm. wide, and 2-4 mm. long. Habit of growth resembling that of Polyporus Schiceinitzii, but it is smaller, softer, and different in colour both exter- nally and internally. (Fries.) The stipes (occasionally central and covered with naked pores) is somewhat tomentose. Pores varying into sinuses and labyrinths very irregularly. The pileus is rather hispid. It hardens in drying, becoming woody. (Sow.) In the two specimens figured by Sowerby, the stem is in both instances distinctly lateral, about 1^ in. long, pileus pale brown, pores pale pink. Pileus convex when young, at length plane or even de- pressed, velvety or hispid, 1—3 in. broad, irregular, furnished underneath with large, irregular, very flexuous or labyrinth- like pores, greyish or flesh-coloured. Stipes when present very irregular, unequal, even grotesque, 1-2 in. high, of various thickness, ferruginous, sometimes wanting, when the pileus becomes dimidiate, as growing from the side of a rotten post; in this situation it is even sometimes imbricated. When dry it is hard and woody. (Grev.) II. PLEUEOPUS. Stem simple, excentric (sometimes almost central}, or lateral, base of stem black. Polyporus squamosus. Fr. Pileus broadly flabelliform, fleshy, pliant, dingy pale yellow or pallid, variegated with large, adpressed, centri- POLYPORUS. 233 fugally arranged, brown scales, flesh thick at the base, becoming thin towards the margin ; pores short, variable, at first minute, becoming large, angular, and torn, pallid ; stem excentric or almost lateral, short, thick, corky, black at the base, reticulated with the rudiments of the decurrent pores ; spores elliptical, colourless, 12 x 5 /*. Polyporus squamosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 343 ; Greville, Scut. Cr. Fl., t. 207. On trunks, stumps, &c. Fan-shaped or flabelliform, 6-12 in. across, often larger, sometimes imbricated ; pileus often infundibuliform and stem almost central when young, becoming flabelliform as growth proceeds. Pileus in the very young state scarcely more than the diameter of the stipes, but it rapidly enlarges, and ultimately attains a foot or more in breadth. In its form it is ex- ceedingly irregular, but most commonly it is rather orbi- cular, at first slightly convex, then plane, and at length concave, the margin somewhat waved, entire, rarely lobed. Colour ochraceous, darker in the centre, surface covered more or less with adpressed (rarely revolute), fimbriated, reddish, blotchy scales. Substance white within, fleshy, rather firm. Pores yellowish-white, very large, irregular, towards the stipe becoming very shallow, often pentagonal or hexagonal, and ending in a mere reticulation. Stipes variable ; lateral, sublateral, or, rarely, subcentral, very short and unequally thickened, or much elongated ; in the latter state it is frequently branched, in rather a palmate manner, the summit being either quite simple, or the terminating pileus imperfectly developed ; this is the Boletus rangiferinus of authors. The stipe is always solid, blackish at the base, paler upwards. This species sometimes attains to an enormous size. My esteemed friend, Dr. Hooker, relates an instance given him by Mr. Hopkirk, of one which measured 7 ft. 5 in. in circumference, and weighed, after having been cut four days, 34 Ibs. avoirdupois. It was only four weeks in attaining the above size, gaining thus an acquisition of weight of above 1 Ib. 3 oz. in the day. (Grev.) Solitary or imbricated. From a subglobose or turgid scaly blackish knob arise one or more stems, which are at first slightly compressed, flat, and hollowed out above where they are furfuraceous ; gradually the depressed surface 234 FUNGUS-FLORA. expands, but more rapidly in the direction of the light, and the hymenium is formed beneath the small scales of the upper part of the stem, consisting when feebly developed of large angular pores, becoming mere reticulations towards the base. Pileus when fully expanded pallid-ochraceous with scattered brown adpressed scales. If a portion of the hymenium be torn off, a new stratum of pores is rapidly developed. In vaults and hollow trees it sometimes assumes the form of a Clavaria, but in this case seldom produces a pileus. (Berk.) Polyporus Michelii. Fr. Pileus 2—4 in. across, thin, depressed, repand, pliant, minutely silky and somewhat squamulose, white with a yellowish tinge; stem 1-2 in. long, more or less lateral, usually thickened at the base, rough, white, brownish at the base ; pores very short, circular or slightly elongated radiately, entire, large, white; spores almost colourless, elongato-elliptical, 16-17 x 7 p.. Polyporus Michelii, Tries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 343 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 190. On trunks, stumps, &c., often on willow. Allied to Polyporus squamosus, but distinguished by the pores being minute at first, then becoming large, but remaining entire and regular, and by the larger spores. Polyporus melanopus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, pliant, almost plane, then depressed in the centre and more or less infundibuliform, at first minutely flocculose, becoming smooth, whitish then yellowish- brown or tan-colour, flesh thin, white, soft, tubes very short, decurrent, unequal, minute, white ; stem excentric, 1—1 ^ in. long, 3—4 lines thick, slightly attenuated upwards and diffused into the pileus, often curved, minutely velvety, black ; spores almost or quite colourless, 5 X 2 • 5 p.. Polyporus melanopus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 347 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 190. On roots, and apparently on the ground, but attached to wood, chips, &c. Amongst the allied, more or less black- stemmed British species of Polyporus, the present is distin- guished from P. squamosus and P. Michelii by the very minute pores that average 4—5 -in the space of 1 mm. From POLYPORUS. 235 P. Rostkovii, P. picipes, P. varius, and P. elegans, the present species varies in the pileus being minutely flocculose at first. In other words, P. melanopus is known by the floc- culose pileus when young and the minute pores. Polyporus Rostkovii. Fr. Pilei 4-6 in. across, pliant, several often connate at the base of their stems, infundibuliform, smooth, even, smoke- colour, or sometimes tinged tan-colour; pores short, de- current, large, angular, edges of dissepiments toothed, white, then dingy and yellowish; stem 3—6 in. long, up to 1 in. thick, excentric, thickened at the base, reticulated by the rudimentary decurrent tubes, abruptly black ; spores almost colourless, elongato-elliptical, 14-16 x 5-6 /u.. Polyporus Eostkovii, Fries, Epicr., p. 439 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 191. On trunks of ash, &c., also on stumps. Allied to P. squamosus, which it almost equals in size, differs in the usually longer stem, which is reticulated by the decurrent pores on the under side. Several stems usually connate at the base; pileus not scaly. Pores elongato-radiate, 2-4 mm. long. Polyporus picipes. Fr. Pileus 2—4 in. across, expanded, more or less depressed at the disc or laterally, margin entire or lobed, tough then rigid, even, smooth, yellowish with the disc chestnut, or altogether chestnut, flesh white, 2-3 lines thick, margin thin; stem -§-!£• in. long, \~^ in. thick, subequal, firm, varying from almost central, through excentric, to lateral, at first velvety, then naked and dotted, black up to the pores ; pores about ^ mm. across, rounded, short, decurrent, white then pallid or yellowish; spores minute, subglobose 3 '5-4 p.. Polyporus picipes, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 534 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 191. On trunks, especially willow. Imbricated, smell rather sweet, flesh white. Pileus depressed behind, commonly emarginate, infundibuliforra, with lobes all round the margin. Colour pallid, becoming chestnut; commonly livid-yellow with the disc chestnut. (Fries.) Distinguished from P. varius by the even pileus and velvety stem. 236 FUNGUS-FLORA. Polyporus varius. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. or more across, expanded, depressed at the point of origin of the stem, pliant, tough, often irregular, smooth, rather virgate, commonly bay brown, sometimes paler, flesh 2-3 lines thick, pallid ; stem excentric or lateral, |— 1^- in. long, about 2—3 lines thick, even, smooth, greyish- black downwards ; pores decurrent, short, more or less rounded, about ^ mm. across, whitish then pale cinnamon ; spores colourless, linear-oblong, 4 x 1 ' 5 p.. Polyporus varius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 352 ; Stev., Fung., p. 191. On trunks, stumps, &c., especially ash. Size and form variable, when large the pileus is often undulated and lobed ; often in dense tufts and more or less deformed from mutual pressure ; commonly bay, but sometimes pale, especially when young. Sometimes sessile. Distinguished from Polyporus picipes by the glabrous stem (not velvety), the more or less virgate or radially streaked pileus, and the diiferent spores. The pileus soon becomes woody and rigid. Polyporus elegans. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. across, expanded, often angular, equally fleshy, at first pliant, soon rigid and woody, smooth, even, all of one colour, varying from pale ochraceous to dull orange, shining, not virgate nor infundibuliform ; stem ^-1^ in. long, 2-3 lines thick, excentric or lateral, even, smooth, pallid above, abruptly black below, rooting; pores plane, sometimes decurrent to the black portion of the stem, sometimes not at all decurrent, subrotund, minute, yellowish- white, then pallid, about ^ mm. across; spores linear- elliptical, 4 x 1 ' 5 p.. Polyporus elegans, Fries, Epicr., p. 440 ; Stev., Fung. ii. p. 192. On stumps and trunks, chiefly birch. Distinguished from allied black-stemmed species, by the pileus being almost plane, scarcely depressed, neither virgate nor infundibuli- form, and in the absence of any bay or chestnut colour. Flesh white, about 1^-2 lines thick, equally so up to the margin. Far. nummularius. Fries. POLYPORUS. 237 Smaller than the typical form, about 1 in. across, thin, almost regular in outline, stem equal, excentric. On trunks. Polyporus petaloides. Fr. Pileus 2 in. or more across, spathulate, thin, almost menibranaceous, rugose, but without zones, smooth, pliant when growing, dark chestnut-colour; pores decurrent, very short, minute, white ; stem lateral, ascending, compressed and expanding into the pileus, smooth, whitish, not rooting but expanding at the base into a discoid organ of attach- ment; spores elliptical, almost colourless, 6 x 2-5-3 /*. Polyporus petaloides, Fries, Epicr., p. 444; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 192. On old stumps. Distinguished by the lateral stem, flabelliform, dark chestnut-coloured pileus, and the minute pores averaging about 3 in the space of 1 mm. The pileus and stem are more or less erect during growth ; when dry the pileus becomes involute and fragile, also very rugulose, due to contraction. HI. MEKISMA. Pileoli numerous, springing from a common trunk or tubercle, which is often much divided upwards. Polyporus umbellatus. Fr. Excessively branched, substance fibrous, elastic; pileoli irregularly circular, depressed, ^-2 in. across, smoky, dingy yellowish, or with a rufous tinge, pores white, minute ; stems whitish, elongated, distinct and spreading, except at the base, where they unite to form a common, thick, root- like mass. Polyporus umbellatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 354 : Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 193. On the ground and near or on stumps, in woods, &c. The numerous branches spreading from a centre and the regular, depressed pileoli characterise the present species. Tufts spreading, dense, 6-9 in. across, form variable,, stems very much branched, connate at the base. Pilei more or less depressed, ^-1^ in. broad, very numerous, the larger 238 FUNGUS-FLOKA. ones wavy or cut. Pores unequal, decurrent on the stem and branches. Flesh soft, esculent. (Fries.) Polypoms frondosus. Fr. Tuft |-1 ft. across, very much branched, fibrous, fleshy, rather tough ; pileoli very numerous, ^—2 in. broad, smoky- grey, dimidiate, rugose, lobed, intricately recurved; flesh white ; stems growing into each other, white ; tubes short, tender, pores very small, acute, white, round, or torn when in an oblique position. Polyporus frondosus, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 355 ; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 193. On stumps, roots, trunks, &c. Flesh white ; pores com- monly rounded but oblique, and with the dissepiments torn when in an oblique position. Pilei very numerous, dimidiate, forming irregular convex tufts, ^—1 ft. high, crowded, imbricated or variously grown together ; at first tomentose, smoky, then glabrous and livid- grey, disc depressed, dilated above, |-2 in., convex, base produced into a stem terminated by a thick, rooting base. (Fries.) Polyporus intybaceus. Fr. Very much branched, fleshy, rather fragile, pilei numerous, dimidiate, expanded, sinuate, at length spathulate, nearly even, yellowish, or greyish brown ; branches united at the base into a very short, thick, stem-like base ; tubes veiy short, pores rather torn, whitish-brown ; spores colourless, elliptical, 7 x 3- 5 p.. Polyporus intybaceus, Fries, Epicrisis, p. 446 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 267. On trunks. Tufts 1-2 ft. across, flaps expanding on every side. Smells like mice. Polyporus cristatus. Fr. Stem white, irregularly branched, rather thick, 1—2 in. high ; substance fleshy, firm, fragile ; pileoli 2-3 in. broad, irregular, fleshy, entire or dimidiate, variable in number, sometimes imbricated, depressed, rufous with a more or less decided green tinge, cuticle breaking up and becoming powdery or villous, then cracking into minute scales ; pores POLYPORUS. 239 about 1 line long, sometimes less, whitish, angular, irregular, torn, £-§• mm. across ; spores colourless, subglobose, 5 x 4 p.. Polyporus cristatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 356 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 194. Very variable in form, stem white, usually thick, up to 1 in., irregular and more or less branched, and bearing several more or less depressed pilei; sometimes, however, only one is present. Known amongst the branched fragile species furnished with a stem by the greenish colour of the pilous. Substance that of Polyporus giganteus. Colour resembling P. sulphureus. Stem lateral, irregular, pruinose, white, at length brown. Pilei rather fleshy, involute, and more or less growing into each other, villoso-pulverulent, 2—3 in. broad, greenish-yellow. Pores unequal, white, becoming more or less tinged with green when torn. (Fries.) Polyporus giganteus. Fr. Formed of numerous imbricated pilei, fleshy and tough, then coriaceous, pilei dimidiate, very broad, flaccid, slightly zoned, rivulose, depressed behind, bay-brown; stem much branched, originating from a tuberous base ; pores minute, roundish, at length torn, pallid, becoming darker when bruised. Polyporus giganteus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 356; Cke., Hdbk., p. 268, fig. 65. At the base of trunks, &c. Forming large tufts 1-2 ft. or more broad, branched in an imbricated manner. (Berk.) Pilei sublateral, flaccid, various in form, the surface granu- lated with minute brown flocci, rigid, when dry squamoso- fibrillose ; at first pale, then brownish-yellow ; disc depressed, at length black. Pores minute, dirty brown when bruised, at length torn. I have seen tufts of this species in Sweden 4 ft. across. (Fries.) Polyporus acanthoides. Fr. Imbricated ; pliant when growing, then coriaceous ; pileoli infundibuliform, thin, margin lobed, 2—5 in. across, flesh 2-3 lines thick, ferruginous or pale chestnut, indistinctly zoned, radiately rugulose, smooth ; stems connate-branched, 240 FUNGUS-FLORA. attenuated downwards, white, then rufescent; pores very shallow, irrregularly sinuous, dissepiments toothed at the edge, more or less decurrent, whitish, then rufescent ; spores subglobose, 4 x 3 /JL, almost colourless. Polyporm acanthoides, Fries, Epicr., p. 448; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 195. Boletus acanthoides, Bull., t. 486. On trunks, also on roots and buried wood. Pores irregular, ^-1 mm. in length. Forming large clusters, said by Bulliard to sometimes extend for 2-3 ft. Somewhat resembling Poly- phorus giganteus, but thinner and pale when young, rigid and fragile when old. P. rufescens is distinguished by the spongy substance and hairy pileus. Polyporus sulphureus. Fr. Horizontal, attached by a broad base, usually very much imbricated; pileus undulate, almost glabrous, pale flesh- colour with a yellow tinge, flesh thick, yellow, then white, of a cheesy consistency; pores up to ^ in. long, minute, plane, sulphur-yellow; spores elliptical, hyaline, slightly papillose, 7-8 x 4-5 /*. Polyphorus sulphureus, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 357 ; Berk., Outl., t. 16, f. 3. On trunks. Commonly sessile, but sometimes stipitate forms occur, tufted and imbricate, pilei 6-12 in. across, sometimes much larger. Flesh yellow, becoming white, of a cheese-like consistency, not becoming hard. Whole fungus brittle and with a disagreeable smell. Dry specimens are often more or less incrusted with a deposit of crystals of binoxalate of potash. Plant very polymorphous in its shape, and unequal in size, composed of a number of mostly imbricated pilei, more or less grown together, so as to form one mass, from which the rounded and lobed margins of the pilei project in a tiled manner, or shoot out into various excrescences, or even some- what cylindrical, simple or divided branches; the whole sometimes attaining two or three feet in breadth. Colour yellowish, orange, red, or a bright union of these hues, fading in age, the pores always of a fine sulphur tint. Flesh thick, white. Pores very numerous, minute, roundish, readily produced on any part of the fungus, according to POLYPOBUS. 241 situation and position. Substance light, spongy ; when old, dry and friable, never coriaceous. In the young state whitish, soft, and presenting nothing but a plane, convex, and somewhat effused surface. (Grev.) Polyporus Herbergii. B. & Br. Caespitose, 4-8 in. across, rather soft and corky ; pilei imbricated, bright rusty - bay, becoming sulphur - yellow towards the margin ; tubes 2—4 lines long, pores labyrinthi- form, unequal, pale grey, dissepiments torn. Polyporus Herbergii, Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1805; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 195. Polyporus spongia, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 542. Boletus Herbergii, Rostkovius, in Sturm's Deutschl. Cr. FL, pt. 29, t. 18. On trunks. Minutely velvety, becoming almost glabrous, soft and felt-like to the touch, bright rusty-brown, often bright yellow at the margin. Considered by Cooke as a variety of Polyporus cuticularis. Polyporus alligatus. Fr. Usually in many tufted or overlapping layers, pilei vari- able in size and form, 1-3 in. across, rather fleshy, flesh rather fibrous, rigid, fragile ; pilei pale dingy tan-colour, not zoned, imbricated, unequal, minutely velvety or villous ; pores short, small, soft, white, often sterile, and filled with delicate hyphae ; spores elliptical, pale, 6 X 7 /A. Polyporus alligatus, Fries, Elench., p. 78; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 195. On roots, &c., often involving grass, twigs, &c., during its growth ; pores about ^ mm. across. Exceedingly variable in form, irregularly club-shaped or variously expanded, but without a distinct stem. Lobes often imbricated, unequal, dilated, often circular in outline, undulated, silky-villose, dirty pale tan-colour, flesh rigid, fibrous, paler. Polyporus heteroclitus. Fr. Tufted, coriaceous, pilei springing from every side of a hard tubercular base, lobed, villous, thin, zoneless, yellowish, VOL. i. E 242 FUNGUS-FLORA. then brownish-orange ; pores irregular and elongated, yellow, then brownish. Polyporus heteroditus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. 344; Berk., Eng. Flora, vol. v. p. 135; Cke., Hdbk., p. 269. Boletus heteroditus, Bolton, t. 164. On the ground, growing from stumps, partly covered with soil. Pileus 2^ in. broad ; it shoots out several flat pieces from a hard and coriaceous root, which is white within, lying on the surface of the earth in a horizontal direction. Pores very variable in size and form. (Purton, MS.) Polyporus salignus. Fr. Tufted, coriaceous, soft, elastic, pilei dimidiate, imbricated, flattened and more or less reniform, whitish, covered with adpressed down, grooved near the tumid, more or less lobed margin ; pores crowded, thin, elongated, intricately waved, white. Polyporus salignus, Fries, Epicr., p. 452; Hym. Eur., p. 544; Cke., Hdbk., p. 269. On decaying willows. Pilei imbricated, white, 2—4 in. across, rather thick. In- odorous. Polypoms spongia. Fr. Caespitose, much divided ; pilei 3-6 in. across, spongy, soft, very numerous, dimidiate, connate in large, dense tufts, becoming almost plane, wrinkled and rugulose, strigoso- velvety, ferruginous -brown, when dry almost orange-brown, flesh about ^ in. thick, margin thin, soft, fibrous, bright brown ; pores short, about ^ in., rather small, entire, sulphur-coloured, then brownish ; spores elliptical, very pale yellow, almost colourless, 7 x 4 p.. Polyporus spongia, Fries, Monogr. ii. p. 268 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 542 ; Fries, Icones, t. 180, f. 2. On dead trunks of pine, &c. Allied to Polyporus ScJiweinitzii, but distinguished by the usually densely tufted habit, brighter colour, and shorter, small, entire pores, which average about |- mm. across. A yellow-brown colouring-matter present in every part is soluble in an alkaline solution or in methylated spirit. POLYPORUS 243 IV. APUS. Pileus sessile, dimidiate or effuso-reflexed. * Pileus ferruginous, brownish, or dark fuliginous. Polyporus dryadeus. Fr. Pileus 3-10 in. or more broad, 2-3 in. thick, horizontal, pulvinate, fleshy then corky, cuticle thin, soft, smooth, rugged becoming even, ferruginous then brown ; flesh ferruginous, somewhat zoned, rather velvety-fibrous when cut ; tubes i-li in. long, thin, round, soft, ferruginous, openings rounded, paler, about £ mm. across, dissepiments entire ; spores colourless, elliptical, 5 x 3 /A. Polyporus dryadeus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 374 (in part) ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 553 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 202. On oak trunks. Smell strong, subacid. Growing rapidly and attaining a large size. Annual, but persisting through the winter. Exuding drops of water at the margin like P. applanatus, from which, however, it is quite distinct. Odour slightly acid. Everywhere imbricated, 5 in. broad, 1 in. thick, with indistinct ferruginous zones ; pores short, slightly larger than in Polyporus fomentarius, ferruginous within. Margin sometimes exuding drops of water. (Fries.) Polyporus hispidus. Fr. Pileus laterally attached, horizontal, 4-8 in. broad, dimi- diate, more or less convex, compact, fleshy, ferruginous- brown, hispid ; flesh spongy, 1-2 in. thick, ferruginous, composed of diverging fibres; pores ^—1 in. long or more, yellowish then brownish, but paler than the pileus, minute, margin fimbriated, often inclined to separate ; spores elliptic-oblong, obliquely apiculate, bright orange-brown, 10 x 7 /i. Polyporus hispidus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 362 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 201. On living ash trunks, &c. Variable in size and colour, subferruginous, when old often blackish-brown, rather soft and spongy. Pores §-1 mm. across. When any part of the fungus is treated with ammonic or potassic hydrate, it yields a deep yellow-brown colouring-matter. Distinguished R 2 244 FUNGUS-FLOKA. from Polyporus cuticularis, its nearest ally, by the thicker flesh, larger pores, and larger obliquely apiculate spores, also by the presence of a brown colouring-matter soluble in alkaline solutions, which is not the case with Polyporus cuticularis. Pileus a foot or more across, 4 in. thick, dimidiate, with occasionally an obsolete knob-like stem, generally very hispid, but sometimes almost smooth and cracked ; substance fleshy but fibrous, marked with concentric lines which seem to indicate different intervals in which vegetation has been more or less dormant, brown, blackish, yellowish or reddish- brown; below pale yellow, or rich sienna-brown, with the margin paler. Spomles pure yellow, often hanging upon spider's threads in elegant festoons beneath the hymenium. Close to the bark of the tree the pubescence often resembles Ozonium auricomum. (Berk.) Substance spongy, moist, coloured. Pileus 4-6 in., yellowish or brown ; pores subrotund, equal, minute, forming long tubes. (Fries.) Pileus dimidiate, horizontal, very thick, 5—18 in. across, roundish, often irregularly divided into two or three large lobes, convex, very villose, even shaggy, ferruginous at first, and somewhat orange at the margin, at length black in age. Flesh yellow-ferruginous, zoned, difficult to cut, but tearing easily in the direction of the fibres. Pores long, yellowish, roundish, pale and fringed at their orifices, sporules bright yellow. (Grev.) Polyporus cuticularis. Fr. More or less semicircular, horizontal, base of attachment rather narrowed, hairy or rather velvety-tomentose, often minutely uneven and with a tendency to form small radiating wrinkles, becoming plane, ferruginous-brown, then darker; flesh |-^ in. thick, spongy, formed of lax parallel fibres, yellow-brown; margin fibroso-fimbriate, incurved; pores longer than thickness of flesh, pale then ferruginous, minute ; spores broadly elliptical, not apiculate, yellow- brown, 7 X 4-5 fj,. Polyporus cuticularis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 363 (excl. syn. P. alneus) ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 202. On trunks. Pileuts 3-5 in. across, thin, becoming POLYPORUS. 245 plane ; allied to Polyporus hispidus, but softer, &c. : for fuller distinctions see under the latter. Imbricated, pilei growing into each other, obsoletely zoned, rather triquetrous ; varies " substipitate " and re- supinate; tomentum strigose or velvety, at length dis- appearing. Pores small, subrotund, greyish pruinose, shining when looked at with the light falling on them, at length naked, torn, substance fibrous, hard, but not persistent when dead. (Fries.) Polyporus quercinus. Fr. Pileus tongue-shaped, horizontal, narrowed behind into a thick stem, 3—6 in. long, 2—3 in. broad, up to 1 in. thick, convexo-plane, floccoso-granular, pale tan or tinged red, and becoming reddish when bruised ; substance coloured, corky, texture floccose, soft then hardened ; tubes about 2 lines long, pores rounded, ^-|- mm. across, whitish ; spores colourless, narrowly elliptical 5 x 2 p.. Polyporus quercinus, Fr., Epicr., p. 441 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 203. On dead oak trunks. Somewhat resembling, in form and general appearance, Fistulina hepatica, from which, however, it is generically distinct. Polyporus Keithii. B. & Br. Shell-shaped, effuso-reflexed, narrowed behind, about ^ in. across ; pileus reddish-brown, rough with rigid spine-like points ; pores large, angular, pallid, dissepiments torn ; spores colourless, elliptical, 6 x 3 p.. Polyporus Keithii, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1430 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 201. On fallen sticks. The pores average about |- mm. in diameter. Polyporus crispus. Fr. Horizontal, effused behind, thin, pliant, then coriaceous, tough, floccoso-rugulose, when young smoky -black, zoneless, the thin crisped or wavy margin whitish ; when full grown the pileus becomes pallid or greyish, and the margin blackish ; pores about 1 line long, rather large, unequal, at length torn, silvery grey ; spores elliptic-oblong, colourless!, 5-6 x 3 /x. 246 FUNGUS-FLORA. Polyporus crispus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 550 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 200. On old stumps, &c. Distinguished at once from allied species by the coarsely fibrillose radiately rugulose pileus ; pores average about three in the space of 1 mm., but very aften collapsing and becoming much torn and Daedalea-like. Imbricated, thin, sometimes resupinate, obsoletely zoned. Pores much larger than in Polyporus adustus, acute, unequal, colour smoky, margin blackish. (Fries.) Polyporus nidulans. Fr. Pileus fleshy, very soft, subpulvinate, convex above and below, villous then smooth, zoneless, yellowish-red, similarly coloured inside ; tubes elongated, pores rather large, unequal, angular, tawny, with a tinge of brick-red. Polyporus nidulans, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 364; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 270. On trunks and fallen branches. Fragrant when dry, remarkable for its soft substance. Pores larger than in neighbouring species (P. rutilans, P. gilvus, &c.), margin spreading, rather obtuse. There are two forms, one gilvous, the other inclining to flesh-colour. (Fries.) Fragrant when dry; colour of the pileus rufescent or yellowish ; margin spreading;, somewhat obtuse. (Cooke.) Colour variable, generally pale ochraceous, but also reddish, rusty-fulvous, &c. Substance very soft, elastic, coloured like the pileus. Pileus usually elongated, of variable size (also resupinate), ^-1 in. thick. Pores deep, round, oblong-quadrangular or flexuous. (Fries.) Polyporus mollis. Fr. Pileus 1-5 in. long, ^-1 in. broad, brownish flesh-colour, fleshy-fibrous, soft, effuso-reflexed, rugose, margin acute; flesh up to ^ in. thick, white ; tubes 2—3 lines long, pores unequal, soft, white, elongated and wavy, becoming reddish when touched. Polyporus mollis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 360; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 198. On dead pine wood. Pores up to 1 mm. in length. Not watery, but soft to the touch. Several specimens often POLYPORUS. 247 becoming connate, often considerably elongated, upper edge free, or entirely resupinate. Known by the white pores becoming foxy when bruised. Flesh fibrous, soft. Triquetrous, rather moist, base effused, margin acute ; sometimes imbricated. Pores thin, narrow, some round, others elongated and flexuous, toothed, pale flesh-colour. (Fries.) Polyporus rutilans. Fr. Pileus fleshy, tough, thin soft, at first villous then almost smooth, zoneless, tawny-cinnamon becoming paler, inside similarly coloured ; tubes short, pores minute, thin, equal, acute, cinnamon. Polyporus rutilans, Fries, Syst. Myc. i., p. 363 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 270. On fallen branches. Variable in form, but thin, not pulvinate and convex above and below, as in Polyporus nidulans. Pileus at length dry, friable, the extreme margin inflexed, but not incurved and fimbriate, as in Polyporus cuticularis. Pores rather shining. (Fries.) When fresh very soft, of a beautiful reddish-grey, and with a powerful but pleasant odour, lite that of aniseed. (Berk. & Broome.) Perhaps a variety of Polyporus nidulans. Pileus soft, rather fragile, convex, base rather effused, margin obtuse, unequal. Pores shining-white when young, soon changing to the colour of the pileus, medium-sized, sometimes flexuous. (Fries.) Polyporus destructor. Fr. From 2-6 in. long, effuso-reflexed, fragile, rugose, rather undulated, brownish-white, substance fleshy, watery, zoned ; tubes 4-7 mm. long, pores white, subrotund, dissepiments becoming torn into teeth. Polyporus destructor, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 199. On wood, especially that has been worked, which is softened and destroyed as by Merulius lacrymans. Pores ^-^ mm. diameter, much crowded, forming, with the excep- tion of the uniting membrane, the whole of the fungus. Sometimes almost resupinate. 248 FUNGUS-FLOEA. Var. undulatus. Fr., broadly expanded, marginate, pale bay-brown. ** Pileus white, pale ochraceous, yellowish, &c. Polyporus betulinus. Fr. Pileus thick, corky, elastic, hoof-shaped, obliquely um- bonate behind, and forming the point of attachment, margin obtuse, incurved, sterile below, pileus covered with a thin crust that eventually breaks away, whitish, zoneless, glabrous; pores up to |- in. deep, minute, unequal, whitish; spores white. Polyporus betulinus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 358 ; Greville, Scot. Cr. Fl., t. 246. On trunks of birch, &c. Distinguished by the white, corky, very fleshy pileus having the margin incurved, 3-8 in. across, flesh white, soft, very thick behind, horizontally attached by the posterior, oblique umbo. Pores very minute, about 1 mm. Pileus 4—6 in. across, smooth, pale reddish-brown when mature, often mottled, roundish or sometimes reniform. Flesh white, very thick ; pores white or tinged with brown, narrow, the orifices toothed, separable from the pileus when fresh, but really concrete with it. (Grev.) Taste and smell acid. The epidermis is very thin and delicate, and easily peels off; when dry the whole plant is very light ; its texture between coriaceous and corky. (Berk.) Polyporus borealis. Fr. Horizontal, subspathulate or reniform, either attenuated behind into a short, more or less distinct stem, or thick and sessile, 2—3 in. across, whitish then dingy yellow, spongy then corky, compact, hairy, flesh thick, composed of parallel fibres, whitish ; tubes 2-3 lines long, pores unequal, flexuous, dissepiments thin, torn, white ; spores colourless, subglobose, 4 fj. diameter. Polyporus borealis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 366 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 202. On stumps and trunks of pine, &c. Pileus often radiato- rugose, rigid and more or less incurved when dry. When a stem is present the tubes are more or less decurrent. POLYPORUS. 249 Yery distinct from its nearest allies. Fleshy when young, but becoming corky with age. It other respects variable. The following forms occur : — B. montanus. Pileus fleshy, thick, hairy, margin obtuse ; pores obtuse, entire. C. spaihulatus, pileus thin, villose, margin acute, extended into a short lateral stem, dissepiments thin, much torn. Inodorous when fresh, but with a slight anise odour when dry. Imbricated, pilei more or less growing into each other, 2 in. and more broad and thick, convex above, sometimes velvety, at others strigose, margin acute, plane below. Pores white, torn, sinuous and subrotund, very narrow, forming long tubes. (Fries.) Polyporus fumosus. Fr. (figs. 14, 15, p. 184.) Horizontal, often imbricated, effused behind, 2—5 in. long, pallid with a smoky tinge, silky becoming smooth, zoneless ; flesh whitish, fibrous, rather corky, with indications of zones ; pores shallow, roundish, small, whitish with smoky tinge, darker when bruised, dissepiments entire; spores colourless, subpyrifbrm or elliptical, 5 x 2 • 5 p.. Polyporus fumosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 367 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 200. On old stumps, trunks, &c. Imbricated and effused behind, flesh rather thick, up to ^ in., becoming thinner towards the margin ; pores average about three in the space of 1 mm. Distinguished from P. adustus by the thicker substance, and in the pores not becoming black in drying. Tufted, imbricato-connate, whitish, tinged with smoky- grey ; substance with indications of zones, smell not appre- ciable. Pileus rather thick, 2-4 in. broad, surface glabrous or silky. Pores equal, ft., small, pileus livid-grey, pores white ; c., thin, pileus dingy brick- red, broad margin, and pores white. (Fries.) Polyporus adustus. Fr. Effuso-reflexed and imbricate, or entirely resupinate, thin, flaccid ; pileus pallid-greyish, villose, obsoletely zoned, rugulose ; pores very short, minute, round, whitish-pruinose, soon dingy-grey, blackish when dry; spores colourless, 4-5 X 2-5 fji. 250 FUNGUS-FLORA. Polyporus adustus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 363; Berk., Outlines Fungol., p. 243. On trunks, stumps, &c. Very variable, sometimes entirely resupinate, at others with a broad, free, reflexed margin, and often much imbricated. Whole substance not more than 2—3 lines thick, flexible when moist. Known by the ashy- grey hymenium, pores minute, obsolete towards the margin, averaging 3-4 in the space of 1 mm. Pores very small and grey, even in younger specimens always leaving a whitish margin on the under side which will readily distinguish it. (Sow.) Sowerby's original specimens are now of a dull reddish- brown, with the tubes darker and not extending to the margin ; their substance hard and corky ; they have scarcely any of the scorched appearance which is very remarkable in the specimens from Nottinghamshire. (Berk.) Imbricated, size variable, subrugose, obsoletely zoned, covered with a delicate tomentum. Pores short, rotund, obtuse, equal, at first with a silvery sheen, then dingy grey or blackish. (Fries.) Polyporus amorphus. Fr. Effuso-reflexed or entirely resupinate, thin and flexible, becoming incurved and rigid when dry, pileus white, minutely velvety; pores small, irregular, golden yellow, dissepiments very thin ; spores colourless, elliptic-piriform, 8-9 x 4 p,. Polyporus amorphus, Fries, Obs. 2, p. 258; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 201. On rotten pine wood, or running over pine leaves on the ground. Sometimes very thin and entirely resupinate, following the inequalities of the matrix ; pores about three in space of 1 mm., but irregular and sometimes when grow- ing on a vertical substratum becoming effuso-reflexed and imbricated, and in such specimens the pores are often large, irregular, and torn. Eesupinate, with the upper margin reflexed or dimidiate, imbricated, somewhat zoned, white and silky; pores minute, short, yellowish, or rich tawny, pruinose when young. (Berk.) Pilei imbricated, soft, slightly zoned, becoming darker POLYPOEUS. 251 behind, Pores short, equal, obtuse, bright yellow, covered with white powder when young. (Fries.) Polyporus epileucus. Fr. Pileus horizontal, pulvinate, 3-5 in. broad, 1-2^ in. thick, soft and of a cheesy texture, then firm, whitish, rugged with villose projections, flesh whitish ; tubes 2-3 lines long, pores minute, round, pale ochraceous-tan colour, ^ mm diameter. Polyporus epileucus, Fr., Epicr., p. 452 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 196. On 'trunks and stumps. Simple, large, semiorbicular, concave below, flesh not fibrous, scarcely zoned, pores at first scarcely distinguishable, tubes minute, up to 18 mm. long. (Fries.) Polyporus alutaceus. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, | in. thick, horizontal, reniform, fleshy, becoming tough, pileus minutely velvety, pale dingy ochraceous, flesh similar in colour, soft, fibrous, vaguely zoned, margin acute ; tubes 3-4 mm. long, pores roundish, minute, about £ mm. across ; spores subglobose, with a slight ochraceous tinge, 4 /x, diameter. Polyporus alutaceus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 36. ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 197. On beech and pine trunks, stumps, &c. Substance obso- letely zoned, soft, fragile. Pilei often connate, triquetrous, reniform, obtuse, 1 in. broad and thick. Pores quite entire, forming long tubes. Somewhat imbricated, sometimes convex, at others flattened, occasionally hairy and rugose, plane beneath. (Fries.) Tubes about £ in. long. (Stev.) Polyporus chioneus. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, thick and fleshy, soft, becoming even, smooth, zoneless, often extended behind, also imbricated, every part white ; tubes short, pores minute, round, equal, the dissepiments quite entire. Polyporus chioneus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 197. On trunks and stumps of pine, birch, &c. Soft when growing, becoming rigid when dry, hyaline-white when 252 FUNGUS-FLORA. moist, shining-white when dry. Smell rather acid. Without a distinct cuticle. Pores about ^ mm. across. Distinguished amongst the soft white species of Polyporus by the absence of blue or rusty stains when bruised. Allied to Polyporus spumeus. Flesh soft, watery, slightly acid, taste astringent. Pileus rather thin, 1 in. and more across, zoneless, (pubescent when young?), margin thin, acute, sometimes with a short lateral stem. Pores round, at length convex. White, watery-white when moist. (Fries.) Polyporus cerebrinus. B. & Br. Eesupinate, pulvinate, about 1 in. across, ^ in. or more thick ; snow-white, very minutely tomentose, margin crenu- late ; pores rounded, rather large, dissepiments thick, entire ; spores subfusiform, colourless, 5 x 2 • 5 //,. Polyporus cerebrinus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1800 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 197. On fir. Looks like a portion of white brain ; pores average about ^ mm. across. Polyporus caesius. Fr. Resupinate or dimidiate, 1-3 in. across, fleshy, irregular, soft and tough, silky, white, here and there tinged with blue ; pores minute, unequal, elongated, flexuous, dissepi- ments thin, torn into irregular teeth ; spores elliptical, 14 x 3 p. Polyporus caesius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 360 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 198. On dead trunks, especially pine. A small species ^-3 in. broad, imbricated and laciniated, sometimes stipitate, very delicate, changing when touched to bluish ; flesh thin ; pores of various lengths, sometimes oblique, and deeper than the flesh of the pileus. (Berk.) Pores ^-^- mm. diameter. Pileus ^-3 in. broad, reflexed, sometimes imbricated, white at first, at length glaucous or bluish, soft and easily injured, but when old rather tough, and at length dry and hard. Pores small, white, irregular, often oblique, lacerat- ing, of various lengths. Flesh tender, and turning bluish when injured, as does also the surface of the pileus. (Grev.) POLYPORUS. 253 Flesh thin, soft; pileus ^—2 in. broad, grey or bluish, form variable, sometimes effuso-reflexed, at others triangular, sometimes " stipitate." Pores plane, minute, torn as in Sistotrema. (Fries.) Pplyporus spumeus. Fr. Whitish, 3-4 in. across, pileus fleshy, spongy, compact, pulvinate, gibbous, rugosely hispid, margin incurved, base stem-like ; flesh zoned towards the margin ; pores minute, rounded, dissepiments acute, entire. Polyporus spumeus, Syst. Myc. i. p. 358 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 273. On living or dead trunks. Pores about ^ mm. across. Plant 3-4 in. across, oozing out from the tree in a very soft mass, which hardens in a day, and if it dries favourably the pileus becomes hispid. (Berk.) Large, 3 in. across, thick, soft when young, then firmer. Pores of medium size, equal, entire, not deep. On trunks of beech and birch. (Fries.) Polyporus lacteus. Fr. White. Pileus fibrous, fleshy, fragile, triangular, pubes- cent, zoneless without and within, the inflexed margin acute ; pores medium-sized, becoming labyrinthiform ; dis- sepiments thin, acute, torn. Polyporus lacteus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 197. On dead laburnum, birch, beech, &c. Without a cuticle, small, triangular, soft, taste astringent. Pores plane, flexuous, but very fine and deep, torn into shreds as in Sistrotema. Flesh thinner than the length of the tubes. Commonly small, thin, but sometimes larger, transversely elongated, very much sloped downwards and gibbous behind, at length becoming smooth and uneven. Inodorous, small, triquetrous, soft, taste astringent. Pores plane, flexuous, becoming torn into Sistotrema-like teeth. Flesh thinner than length of pores. (Fries.) Polyporus pallescens. Fr. Pileus fleshy then corky, thin, even, glabrous, zoneless, yellowish, the acute margin similarly coloured ; tubes short, pores minute, rounded, white then yellowish. 254 FUNGUS-FLORA. Polyporus pallescens, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359; Cke., Hdbk., p. 274. On stumps, trunks, branches, &c. Subcaespitose, commonly small and thin, affinities un- certain. (Fries.) Thin, imbricated, 2-3 in. or more broad, with scarcely any trace of zones, more or less tuberculated, pores minute, many superficial, but towards the base a line or more deep, with a pulverulent appearance, arising from a very minute down. Polyporus trabeus. Eostk. White; pileus fleshy, fibrous, then firm, effuso-reflexed, transversely elongated, zoneless, pallid ; tubes short, minute, subrotund or elongated, toothed, white. Polyporus trabeus, Rostkovius, in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl. Cr., t. 28 ; Fries, Hyrn. Eur., p. 547. On pine wood. Commonly confounded with Polyporus destructor; both very effused and reflexed, glabrous and pubescent, but the present species is more regular, clearer in colour, hyaline within when moist, and obsoletely zoned. (Fries.) Polypoms fragilis. Fr. Whitish, becoming spotted with brown when touched; pileus fleshy, reniform, piano-depressed or variable in form, nbroso-rugose, convex below; pores slender, elongated and wavy, intricate, Polyporus fragilis, Fries, Elenchus, p. 86; Cke., Hdbk., p. 270. On decayed fir wood, &c. Form very variable, sometimes extended behind into a narrowed stem-like base and more or less pendulous. Polyporus fibula. Fr. Whitish ; pileus coriaceous, soft, tough, velvety-hairy, zoneless, often radiato-rugose, snow-white within, margin entire, acute ; pores small, roundish, acute, at length torn, becoming yellowish. Polyporus fibula, Fries, Epicr., p. 475 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 210. On fallen oak branches, also on worked wood, &c. Small, adnate behind, margin free all round, sometimes FISTULINA. 255 forming orbicular shields, variable in form from growing into each other. (Fries.) Polyporus adiposus. B. & Br. Effuso-reflexed or entirely resupinate, soft ; pileus white, usually tinged here and there with brown, minutely tomen- tose ; hymenophore rather fleshy ; pores whitish, tinged in places with brown, pores small, irregularly angular, very shallow in resupinate forms, in the reflexed forms often elongated and irregularly torn. Polyporus adiposus, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 711 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 201. On the ground near stumps and on trunks. Often irregularly effused for several inches, with here and there shortly reflexed portions, white with rusty stains here and there. Pores where tolerably normal, about four in 1 mm., rather fleshy and soft. The whole fungus turns brown on drying. Polyporus armeniacus. Berk. Broadly effused, thin, flesh almost obsolete, margin downy ; pores shallow, rounded, rather irregular, dissepiments thick, pure white, changing to deep cinnamon during drying ; spores colourless, elliptical, 7 X 4' 5 p. Polyporus armeniacus, Berk., Engl. Flor., vol. v. p. 147; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 215. Broadly effused and usually consisting in the large patches of several confluent individuals. Margin often sterile and byssoid. Pores average about ^ mm. in diameter. Cooke considers that the present species is not distinct from Polyporus amorphus, but the shape and size of the spores are against this idea. FISTULINA. Bull. Hymenium formed on the under surface of a fleshy hy- menophore, at first warted, the warts developing into cylindrical tubes that remain distinct and free from each other, and producing the tetrasporous basidia in their interior. Conidia produced in cavities of the old hymeno- phore. 256 FUNGUS-FLORA. Fistulina, Bull., Champ, i. p. 314;' Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 183. Superficially resembling a fleshy Polyporm, but distin- guished by the tubes of the hymenium remaining free from each other. Fistulina hepatica. Fr. (figs. 8-10, p. 184.) Pileus roundish, dimidiate, or subspathulate, attached by a broad base or substipitate, blood-red, fleshy and soft, streaked internally ; tubes at first pallid, then red ; spores broadly elliptical, salmon-colour, 5-6 x 3-4 ft. Conidia 6-10 x 5 ft, salmon-colour. Fistulina hepatica, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 396 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 183, fig. Ixii. On the trunks of living trees, oak, hornbeam, beech, &c. Size variable, from 3-20 in. across, 2-3 in. thick, sometimes several pilei spring from the same point, red above and inside streaked like beetroot. Popularly known as the beef- steak fungus. Pileus 4-8 in. broad, exceedingly variable in form, being either quite sessile or obliquely stipitate, entire or lobed, solitary, or several growing together in a tufted manner, but rarely at all imbricated. The substance is very thick, soft, fleshy, viscid or juicy, especially in a young state, when a blood-like fluid is emitted if it be wounded; the fibres composing the substance are tenacious ; and in tearing the pileus they are found to pass from the base to the extremity. When the pileus is divided longitudinally by a knife, it is beautifully marbled with red and white, somewhat like fine beef. The colour of the pileus is at first a fine red, passing into a pale yellow towards the base ; in age it becomes deeper, and at length of a fine chocolate colour. The surface is rendered more or less rough by minute, prominent, rigid points, which may be denominated abortive tubes, as they are the termination of fibres which, under other circum- stances, wonld have formed perfect ones. The hymenium is whitish or yellowish, and composed of a multitude of tubes between ^ in. and ^ in. in length, perfectly distinct from each other, but so connected to the substance of the pileus as not to be separated from it, as in the genus Boletus. In the young state the first appearance of the tube is in the form of STROBILOMYCES. 257 minute coloured warts, situated at a little distance from each other, the intervening spaces being filled up with a fibrous juicy mass, which gradually disappears as the tubes become developed. Some of the warts are conical, others furnished with a spreading radiated border of short filaments, which close the orifice and act as a veil to the infant tubes ; the conical tubes ai'e probably merely unexpanded. In this commencement of the tubes they are very short, scarcely more than a line in length, and barely possess a cavity. As they become more developed they elongate, approximate by the simple enlargement of their diameter, and gradually acquire an open orifice by the disappearance of the fimbriated veil. When at their full growth they are in complete contact, 2-4 lines in length, of a white colour, sometimes tinted with pink or even green, and quite open at the extremity, which is now only a little ragged. (Grev.) STROBILOMYCES. Berk. Tubes equal, ample, not easily separating from the hy- menophore ; pileus fleshy, becoming tough, covered with large, imbricating scales ; spores large, coloured, epispore rough. Strobilomyces, Berk., Outl., p. 236; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 182. Most closely allied to Boletus, distinguished more especially by the pileus being covered with large scales, the flesh of the pileus becoming tough, and the large warted spores. Strobilomyces strobilaceus. Berk. (fig. 7, p. 184.) Pileus fleshy and pulvinate, 2-5 in. across, densely covered with large, imbricated, umber-brown floccose scales, margin with irregular fragments of the white veil; tubes white, deep, large, irregularly angular, adnate, but rather shorter round the stem ; spores broadly elliptical, brown, 12-13 x 9 ft ; epispore minutely warted ; stem 3-6 in. long, ^— | in. thick below, solid, subequal, coarsely fibrillose, brown below, white and sulcate above. Strobilomyces strobilaceus, Berk., Outl., p. 236; Cke., Hdbk., n. 734 ; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 182, fig. Ixi. 258 EUNGUS-FLORA. In fir woods, &c. Flesh turning blackish or brown when broken, resembling a Boletus with a scaly pileus. Pileus two inches broad, tesselated or cracked, like the cone of the Scotch fir. Pores very white. Stem 3-4 in. high, thick, solid. The stem is stated by Fries in his specific character to be nearly smooth. Persoon describes his species as sulcate, especially above, and furnished with a downy veil. The stem in Dickson's figure is rough with narrow erect scales. (Grev.) BOLETUS. DiD. Sporophore pileate, stem central ; hymenophore inferior, consisting of closely- packed, parallel, cylindrical or prismatic tubes that are distinctly differentiated and readily separable from the sporophore, openings or mouths of the tubes cir- cular or angular (elongated and sinuous in the subgenus Gyrodon) ; hymenium lining the cavities of the tubes, basidia tetrasporous, spores large, elongate- fusiform, coloured. Boletus, Dillenius, Fries, Obs. i. p. 109 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 495 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 249. Annual. Usually large, pileus at first very convex or pulvinate, fleshy ; either dry and more or less tomentose, or at first viscid. Flesh in many species changing colour, usually becoming blue when cut or broken. Stem central, often very stout, in some species ornamented with thin raised lines that anastomose to form a more or less regular network or reticulation, usually solid. In some species a veil is present, that remains as a ring round the stem at maturity. The tubes are easily removed from the pileus, and the dissepiments or walls of the tubes — in reality the tramal plates from which the hymenium proceeds — are in some species coloured red at the opening of the pores. The peculiar property possessed by the flesh of some species in becoming a more or less intense blue when cut or broken, depends on the presence of two distinct substances in the flesh; one, a resinous substance that becomes blue when brought in contact with ozone ; the other, a substance soluble in water, which ozonises the oxygen of the air, and then effects a combination with the resin, to which it gives BOLETUS. 259 up its oxygen in the form of ozone, the result being a more or less intense blue coloration. Starch has been proved to be present in the flesh of the stem and pileus of many species of Boletus. If a portion of the flesh, after the blue coloration above described has passed away, is touched with a solution of iodine, the blue coloration characteristic of the presence of starch is at once produced ; this colour disappears on heating, but returns when cool ; if the starch is extracted from the fungus by boiling water, and the solution mixed with a diastase (saliva), after remaining for some time it loses the power of becoming blue on the application of iodine, has, in fact, been converted into a sugar, which readily reduces a solution of Fehling's fluid or of cupro-potash. In most instances where starch is present in fungi, it is in solution in the cell-wall, as in the asci of many of the Discomycetes ; in the sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea it is present in the form of small grains. Hovering round Boletus, as a typical and central genus, are several genera, established as such by different myco- logists. The genus Strobilomyces — kept up in the present book out of deference to its founder, the late M. J. Berkeley, called by Fries " The Prince of Mycologists " — Ls very closely allied, differing in fact from Boletus only in the coarsely scaly pileus. Gyrodon, founded as a distinct genus by Opatowski, differs in the very short tubes with sinuous openings, and is considered here as a subgenus, in which I have followed Fries. Boletinus, Kalchbr., differs in the tubes not leaving the flesh of the pileus by a plane surface, as in Boletus, but little points of the flesh of the pileus pass down into the tubes; the general aspect is, however, that of Boletus, and it is included by Fries as a subgenus. The only species, B. cavipes, Kalchbr., closely resembles in size, habit, and colour, Boletus liiteus, being more umbonate, with a well-developed whitish veil, and pores decurrent, the openings rather elongated radially, and stem hollow ; this species has not yet been found in Britain. Polyporus differs from Boletus in the trama or dissepiments of the pores being continuous with the flesh of the pileus ; hence the tubes cannot be removed in a clean manner from the sporophore or flesh of the pileus. s 2 260 FUNGUS-FLORA. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF BOLETUS. A. Pores yellow at the openings. Under this division are included those species having the openings of the pores yellow, orange, greenish, or cinnamon- brown when mature. * Ring present on stem. ** Pileus dry, tomentose or silky. *** Pileus viscid, at least when moist ; ring absent. **** Stem reticulated. B. Pores red at the openings, tubes more or less olivaceous. The red colour of the openings of the pores varies from crimson, through purple, to brownish red. C. Tubes red throughout. The entire length of the tubes as well as the openings of the pores red. D. Tubes pale, dingy pink throughout. The entire length of the tubes, as well as the openings of the pores, dingy pink or pale flesh-colour. E. Tubes and openings of pores white or grey. In the present section both tubes and openings of pores are white at first, then often grey, in some species becoming brownish; but there is not at any age the least trace of yellow or red. Subgen. Gyrodon. Tubes exceedingly short, openings sinuous. The above characters apply to the mature fungus ; in many species of Boletus the tubes in the young state answer more or less to the above diagnosis, but the tubes elongate and the openings expand during development. BOLETUS. 261 A. Pores yellow at the openings. * Ring present on stem. Boletus luteus. Linn. (figs. 4-6, p. 184.) Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, covered at first with a thick coat of dirty, brown gluten, which eventually disappears, leaving the surface paler, and with darker streaks, flesh thick, whitish, unchangeable; tubes about ^ in. long, adnate, openings roundish, about ^ mm. across, yellow, tinged with cinnamon when old ; stem 3-4 in. long, § in. thick, subequal, firm ; above the large membranaceous, whitish ring, yellow and rough with darker raised points, below the ring, whitish, solid ; spores cylindric-fnsiform, cinnamon, 10 x 3 /A. Boletus luteus, Linn., iSuec., n. 1247 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 250. On the ground, usually in pine woods. Distinguished by the very glutinous dirty- brown pileus and the ample whitish ring, which is sometimes more or less tinged with pink. Pileus 3-4 in. broad, dingy yellow, convex, covered at first with thick brown gluten, which is soon washed off, but the pileus remains slightly viscid, and clothed with very minute matted silkiness. Flesh at first firm, whitish, not changing. Tubes adnate, dull yellow, nearly simple, their orifices round, or slightly waved. Spores ochraceous, ferru- ginous. Stem 4 in. high or more, ^ in. thick, straight or flexuous, at first white, but soon sordid, hoary beneath the white persistent ring, glandular above, sometimes the whole surface is glandular. (Berk.) Boletus elegans. Schum. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then almost plane, viscid, tawny-golden, or sometimes clear yellow, flesh rather thick, pale-yellow ; tubes slightly decurrent, about ^ in. long, openings minute, simple, deep sulphur-yellow; stem firm 3—4 in. long, § in. thick or more, unequal or subequal, gulden- yellow, then more or less rufescent, punctate above the whitish, fugacious imperfect ring ; spores elliptical. Boletus elegans, Schum., in Fries, Epicr., p. 409 ; Fries, Sverig iitl Svamp., t. 76 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 250 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 168. In woods, especially larch. Pileus 2-4 in. broad, convex, smooth, covered with a. 262 FUNGUS-FLORA. glutinous substance, which gradually disappears, of a tawny or yellow colour, often irregularly spotted, and with a reddish tinge. Tubes of the hymenium yellow and decur- rent, and adnate with the stipes, the orifice minute, uniform. Flesh thick, pale-yellowish, scarcely changing on being cut. Stipes solid, 2-4 in. long or more, firm, half an inch or more in diameter, somewhat attenuated upwards, or subequal, pale towards the upper part, especially above the veil, where it is generally dotted, below it is usually more or less streaked or stained with dull red. Veil very conspicuous, passing in the young state from the margin of the pileus to the stipes, to which it afterwards remains more or less attached. (Grev.) Boletus flavus. With. Pileus 3-4 in. across, compact, firm, convex then ex- panded, smooth, even, yellow, covered with an evanescent tawny gluten, flesh thick, pale yellow, unchangeable ; tubes about ^ in. long, abruptly adnate, openings angular, com- pound, large, irregular, §— 1 mm. across, yellow, then tinged with cinnamon ; stem 3-4 in. long, about |- in. thick, equal or slightly thickened at the base, furnished at maturity with the remains of the membranaceous ring, above which the stem is vaguely reticulated and dingy yellow, below the ring, even, yellow tinged with rufous, flesh yellow, dingy at the base ; spores pale olive, elongate-fusiform, 10-13 x 4 p.. Boletus flavus, Withering ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 497 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 250. In woods. Allied to Boletus elegans and B. luteus ; distin- guished from the former by the large angular openings of the pores and the reticulated apex of the stem ; from the latter by the bright yellow pileus after the gluten has dis- appeared, and by the reticulate, not punctate apex of the stem. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, compact, in moist shady places glutinous and bright yellow, in exposed situations dry and brown ; flesh pale yellow, not changing ; tubes unequal, of a golden sulphur, wavy, sometimes with their orifices ruddy, ring dirty yellow, membranaceous. Stem 2-3 in. high, 6-9 lines thick, yellow spotted with purple, thickened at the base, reticulated above the ring. (Klotsch.) BOLETUS. 263 Boletus flavidus. Fr. Pileus l|-2^ in. across, when quite young, umbonate, then gibbous, eventually almost plane, viscid, dingy yellow or pale brown, tinged more or less with pink, flesh pallid, thin ; tubes about ^ in. long, decurrent, dingy yellow, openings large, angular, compound; stem 2-3 in. long, about 4 lines thick, subequal, usually more or less curved, whitish tinged with yellow, minutely glandular above viscous ring. Boletus flavidus, Fries, Obs. i. p. 110 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 169. In pine woods, swamps, &c. A much more slender fungus than the other annulate . species, and distinguished at once by the viscous veil. In Krombholtz's figure quoted by Fries, the margin of the pileus is striate, as is also the apex of the stem. Stem furnished with a ring, 2-3 in. long, whitish or yellowish, slender, the thickness of a goose-quill or a little more, equal, not in the least incrassated at the base, even tough, straight or subflexuous ; varies with a striate stem, Pileus convex, pulvinate, pale yellow, or greyish-yellow, sometimes umbonate, glabrous, dry, or in rainy weather viscid, 2-3 in. broad, margin sometimes regular and spread- ing, at others irregular and repand, hymenium plane. Flesh yellowish, soft, unchangeable, sometimes distinctly greyish. Tubes ^— ^ in. long, yellow. Pores angular, large, irregular, subcompound, attached to the stem and often decurrent. (Fries.) ;* Pileus dry, tomentose or silky. Boletus chrysenteron. Fr. Pileus 2—4 in. across, convex then expanded, becoming almost plane, soft, minutely tomentose, brownish with an olive tinge, often cracked into areolae, interstices reddish, flesh rather thin, pale, yellow, red just underneath the cuticle, with a transient shade of blue; tubes up to ^ in. long, subadnate, yellow then greenish, openings angular, irregular, compound, largest near the stem, where they are 1-1 '5 mm. across ; stem 2-3 in. long, ^— | in. thick, subequal or slightly swollen below the middle, rigid, fibroso-striate, 264 FUNGUS-FLORA. yellow, more or less tinged with red, solid, flesh deeper yellow than that of the pileus, usually stained with red; spores elongate- fusiform, pale olive, 12-14 x 4 p. Boletus chrysenteron, Fries, Epicrisis, p. 415; Cke., Hdbk., p. 254. In woods and pastures. At first continuously covered with a dense olive tomentum, which eventually becomes cracked, the cracks are red. Stem generally crooked, more or less streaked with red. Allied to Boletus subtomentosus, from which the present species is known more especially by the red colour of the flesh below the minutely velvety surface. Pileus 2-3 in. or more broad, of various colours, but chiefly some shade of red, olive or yellow, pulvinate, minutely downy ; specimens often cracked in polygons, the interstices reddish ; flesh white or yellowish, changing slightly to blue. Tubes adnate or ascending and then subdecurrent, large, dull yellow, simple, blue when bruised. Stem 3 in. high, i— £ in. thick, nearly smooth, very firm, yellow streaked more or less with red, generally crooked, particularly at the base, which is often suddenly attenuated, though sometimes that part is thickest, changing slightly to blue when cut. (Berk.) Var. nanus, Mass. Pileus about 1 in. across, convex, covered with a continuous olive tomentum, which does not crack ; flesh pale yellow, and like that of the stem changing to red when cut ; tubes about 2 lines long, adnate, yellow, eventually with a green tinge, openings elongated, sinuous, narrow ; stem 1 in. long, ^ in. thick, slightly swollen below the centre, firm, yellow, streaked or spotted with crimson below, flesh red at the base from the first ; spores elongato- fusiform, pale olive, 10 x 3 p.. Amongst grass under trees. Distinct from the type in the smaller size, in the flesh of pileus and stem becoming red when cut, and in the elongated, narrow, sinuous or gyrose openings of the pores. May possibly prove to be a distinct species. Var. versicolor, Host. Pileus about 1^ in. across, nearly plane, minutely velvety, bright deep rose-pink; tubes shorter round the stem, but adnate, ^ in. long, openings large, angular, yellow, greenish when old ; stem 1^ in. long, BOLETUS. 265 ^ in. thick, apex yellowish, rest more or less red, solid ; spores pale yellow, fusiform, 10 X 3 //.. Boletus versicolor, Eoskovius, in Sturm's Deutschl. FL, t. 10; ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 504. In woods. Distinguished by the clear rose-pink tomen- tose pileus. Although Fries accepts the above as a species, he says that he has seen a variety of B. chrysenteron exactly similar, and considers that it may be a variety of the last- named species. Boletus striaepes. Seer. Pileus convex then expanded, soft, silky, olive, ferruginous under the cuticle; tubes- adnate, angular, greenish, pores minute, yellow; stem firm, curved, yellow, with blackish- brown striations, base reddish-brown. Boletus striaepes, Secretan, Fl. Mycol. Suis., n. 32 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 502 ; Berk., Outl., p. 232. In pine woods. A species respecting which but little is known in this country. Appears to be near Boletus chrysen- teron. Boletus subtomentosus. Linn. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, soft, dry, velvety, dingy olive, dark umber-brown with olive tinge, or yellowish-brown, often cracked in an areolate manner, the interstices yellowish, no tinge of red under the cuticle ; tubes adnate, ^ in. long, openings angular, §-1 mm. across, yellow; stem 2-3 in. long, |- in. thick, attenuated at the base, often slightly ventricose, more or less ribbed, yellowish, usually streaked with red, solid; spores elongate-elliptical , pale brownish-olive, 13-14 x 5 /x,. Boletus subtomentosus, Linn., Suec., n. 1251 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 503; Bulliard, t. 393; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 172. In woods. Resembling Boletus chrysenteron in size, habit, and general appearance, but known by the absence of a red tinge under the tomentum of the pileus. The stem is slightly rough with minute points. Young specimens of B. chrysenteron may be mistaken for the present species, unless a section of the pileus is made, when the red colour of the flesh below the cuticle decides the point. Berkeley says that the present species often grows on beech-nuts. 266 FUNGUS-FLORA. Stem attenuated downwards. When the pileus is cracked the cracks are yellowish. Flesh white or pallid, not red below the cuticle. After the olive tomentuin has dis- appeared the pileus is brighter, variable. (Fries.) Var. radicans. Mass. Pileus expanded, usually undulated, tomentose, bright yellowish olive-green ; tubes greenish-olive at maturity, stem whitish below, yellow and strongly grooved above. Boletus radicans, Krombholtz, t. 48, fig. 1-6. In woods. Differing from the type in the points indicated, in size and other respects similar. Boletus cruentus. Vent. Pileus 3—4 in. across, convex then almost plane, soft, minutely tomentose, olivaceous with a reddish tinge, be- coming red at once when bruised, flesh f in. thick, pale yellow changing to red when cut; tubes shortened round the stem and almost free, -|— f in. long, pale yellowish-olive, openings minute, subangular, regular, about ^- mm. diameter ; stem 2—3 in. long, tapering upwards, 1—1^- in. thick at the incrassated base, which ends in a tapering rooting portion, yellow with reddish markings, minutely flocculose, solid, flesh yellow, becoming red like that of the pileus when cut ; spores elliptic-fusiform, pale olive, 14—16 x 5 p. Boletus cruentus, Venturi, t. 43, f. 3 & 4; Fries, Hym. Ear., p. 507. On the ground, under beeches. Smell strong. Not agreeing in every particular with Venturi's species, but corresponding in the essential features of the flesh becoming red when cut, and rooting base of stem. Boletus sanguineus. With. " Tubes yellow ; pileus blood-red, changing to a rich red-brown ; stem-yellow, with broad crimson streaks. " Tubes yellow, a little decurrent, unequal in length, but mostly about ^ of an in. long, changing to deep blue when broken. Pores lemon-yellow, angular. " Pileus crimson, semiglobular, f-lf in. over ; when old, rich red-brown, near 3 in. over, and the edge turning up. Flesh white, a little tinged with crimson next to the skin, changing slowly to a bluish cast when wounded. Stem, BOLETUS. 267 blotches or streaks of dilute crimson on a yellow ground, apparently twisted, 1-2^ in. high, near -|ths diameter. In the larger specimens the base is bulbous. " I have never found this species elsewhere than in the spot mentioned below, and no author I meet with has figured it. In its button state the blood-red pileus, the yellow and crimson stained stem, and the fine lemon-coloured pores, render it a beautiful object. I only once found it in an expanded state as described above, growing on the same spot, but am rather doubtful as to the identity of the species. " Between the large square stew and the wall in Edgbaston Park." Boletus sanguineus, Withering, Arr. Brit. PL, ed. 3, vol. iv. p. 319. The above is the unabridged description given by "Withering, of the fungus called by him Boletus sanguineus ; although in some respects it resembles, from the description, Boletus chrysenteron, yet it appears to be quite distinct in the short tubes, &c., and the last-named is described very accurately by Withering next to B. sanguineus. Whatever the species may be, it is certainly not the Boletus sanguineus, With., of Fries, Epicr., p. 412, and Hym. Eur., p. 500. Fries admits in his latest work that he had never seen the species, but only a figure by Sowerby, tab. 225, which he supposes to represent Withering's plant, and the description given by Fries in Hym. Eur. is a compound of Withering's description and Sowerby's figure, it is also stated to be viscid, a character not mentioned by either Withering or Sowerby. The following is Sowerby's description of the fungus he calls Boletus communis, Bull., t. 393, and quoted by Fries as Boletus sanguineus, With. "Found in woods, frequently of this bright colour, especially when in a young state. It is no less frequently of a duller colour, resembling the pileus of B. scaber, tab. 175. The yellow or lemon-coloured pores, and their being straight from the edge of the pileus to the stipes (scarcely decurrent) will readily distinguish the one from the other. Does not Dr. Withering's jB. sanguineus, 319, belong to this species? It changes blue when cut." Now Sowerby's figure of what he calls Boletus communis, figured on tab. 225, may be described as follows from the figure. 268 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Pileus 2-5 in. across, convex then expanded, smooth, even blood-red with a tinge of purple in some of the younger specimens ; tubes ^ in. or more long, adnate, plane, openings large, pale olive-green when mature; stem 3-4^ in. long, •V in. or more thick, equal, yellow, more or less streaked with red, especially upwards, flesh, like that of the pileus, yellowish. As already stated, this is considered by Sowerby to be Boletus communis, Bulliard, t. 393, but the latter is quoted by Fries under Boletus subtomentosus, and the figure certainly appears to agree with the last-named species, and has not a trace of red about the pileus, hence it appears certain that Sowerby was wrong in referring his plant to Bulliard's B. communis ( = B. subtomentosus), and as it does not agree in habit and other particulars with B. chrysenteron, it may be considered as a distinct species, but until, like Withering's species, it is met with again, it had better remain as it is, now that attention has been called to the matter. The curse of establishing species from figures presses already heavily enough on the systematist without adding to the load. In Cooke's Handbook and Stevenson's British Fungi, Fries' description of Boletus sanguineus is copied without comment. Boletus impolitus. Fries. Pileus 4—6 in. across, convex, then more or less expanded, flocculose, at length granuloso- rivulose, not polished, rather pale yellow-brown, flesh thick, pale yellow below the cuticle; tubes nearly free, ^— J in. long, openings minure, yellow ; stem 2—3 in. long, 1^5—2 in. thick at the base, some- what bulbous or inflated below, yellow, even, pubescent, sometimes tinged with red near the apex; spores pale olive, elongato-fusiform, 14—15 x 5 //.. Boletus impolitus, Fries, Epicr., p. 421 ; Fries, Sverig. atl. Svamp., t. 42. In woods. A large fine species, pileus yellow-brown or tawnv- brown, tomentose, sometimes cracking into areolae. Stain yellow, tomentose, not reticulated. Attains a diameter of 4 in. or more ; stem about 2 in. Flesh more or less changing to blue when cut. Often very large. (Cooke.) BOLKII S 269 Boletus sulphureus. Fr. Pileus convex, then plane, compact, silky -tomentose, STilphur-yellow, flesh pale-yellow, becoming more or less blue when broken, but golden yellow when exposed to the air, reddish near the tubes ; tubes 1-2 lines long, adhering more firmly together than usual, changing colour when touched, at length spotted with rust-colour; openings minute, compound, sulphur-yellow, then greenish; stem 1-2 in. long, 1 in. thick, firm, ventricose, even, smooth, sulphur-yellow, then dingy ferruginous; spores pale-yellow, then ochraceous. Boletus sulphureus, Fries, Epicr., p. 413 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 171. Amongst sawdust, chips, &c. In dense clusters, springing from a broadly expanded, woolly, golden-yellow mycelium, with the appearance of Agaricus spectabilis. Pilei wavy and growing into each other. (Fries.) Boletus variecolor. B & Br. Pileus 1^ in. across, convex, olive, subtomentose, margin involute, flesh thick, blackish-purple below the cuticle, remainder like that of the stem white, tinged yellow here and there; pores about 2 lines long, free, openings minute, yellow ; stem about 2 in. long, base thickened, f in. or more across, ^ in. thick at apex, apex reticulated, minutely pubescent and rufescent upwards, yellowish below, solid ; spores elliptic-fusiform, slightly oblique, pale olive, 14x4/u.. Boletus variecolor, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1020, ].l. 13, f. 3 (1865); Cke., Hdbk., p. 255. In woods. Agreeing with B. olivaceus in having the margin involute, but distinguished from this and other allies by the dark-purple colour below the cuticle of the pileus. The gills are described as free by B. & Br., and figured as broadly adnate, but an examination of the type specimens show them to be shortened round the stem. With the habit of B. subtomentosus and B. chrysenteron, but the stem is clavate and reticulated. Boletus olivaceus. Schaeff. Pileus 2—3 in. across, convex, margin at first involute, brownish-olive, glabrous; tubes adnate, 2-3 lines long, 270 FUNGUS-FLORA. openings minute, unequal, yellowish-olive ; stem firm, cla- vate, bulbous, the thin apex yellow, remainder more or less covered with crimson blotches or entirely crimson, vaguely reticulated or punctate with red, solid ; spores ?. Boletus olivaceus, Schaeffer, tab. 105 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 255. In woods. A rare species that I have not seen, neither can I find any specimens in herbaria, hence cannot give form or size of spores. Flesh of pileus •£• in. or more thick, tinged yellow, becoming blue when cut ; this colour soon fades, leaving the flesh white. Stem l|-2 in. long, 1-1^ in. across at thickest part, thinner upwards. Known by incurved margin when young, glabrous pileus, and reddish, vaguely reticulated obese stem. Boletus fragrans. Vitt. Fasciculate or solitary. Pileus 1—4 in. across, convex, dark-brown or umber-brown, often wavy, slightly tomentose, margin incurved; flesh very thick, yellowish, sometimes unchangeable, at others changing to green or blue, and finally becoming reddish when broken ; tubes shortened round the stem and almost free, ^ in. or more long, openings small, roundish, yellow then greenish ; stem at first stout, ovate, usually tapering at the base, then lengthening and becoming thinner upwards, even, variegated with yellow and red, solid ; spores pale olive, elongate-fusiform, 10-12 x 4 /*. Boletus fragrans, Vittadini, Fung. Mang., p. 153, t. 19 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 34. In woods, under oaks, &c. Pileus bronze-brown, some- times with purple shades. Often grows in dense clusters, and in this particular differing from any other British species. Very good for eating. Boletus aestivalis. Fr. Pileus 5-8 in. across, convex, whitish or pale buff, minutely silky, often cracking into areolae, margin often wavy, flesh very thick, white under the cuticle, lower down and that of stem yellow, unchangeable ; tubes shortened round the stem, ^ in. or more in length, openings minute, equal, yellow; stem about 3 in. long, very thick, more or less bulbous, subconical, pale yellow or whitish, even, solid, flesh at base BOLETUS. 271 usually with a reddish tinge; spores pale olive, elongate- fusiform, 13-14 X 4 /x. Boletus aestivalis, Fries, Epicr., p. 422 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 257. In pastures under trees, &c. Esculent, one of the largest species of the genus, distinguished from its allies by the pale-coloured pileus, which varies from white, through grey, to pale tan, yellow tubes, unchangeable flesh, and stout stem, which is often 2 in. across at the thickest part. Boletus fulvidus. Fr. Pileus 2-3^ in. across, convex then plane, minutely silky, shining, dry, firm, foxy brown ; pores up to ^ in. long, depressed round the stem and free, openings small, equal, angular, about ^- mm. across, white, then yellow with a tinge of olive when old ; stem 1^—2 in. long, f- in. thick, equal or a little attenuated downwards, firm, smooth, shining, coloured like the pileus, solid, flesh like that of the pileus yellowish white, unchangeable ; spores elliptic-oblong, white with a yellow tinge, 10—11 x 5 /JL. Boletus fulvidus, Fries, Obs. 2, p. 247 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 517. On the ground under trees. Flesh of pileus and stem firm and rigid. The stem becomes more or less hollow with age. Allied to Boletus castaneus, which, however, is readily known by the velvety stem. Fries says that the intensity of colour of the pileus is variable. Boletus castaneus. Bull. Pileus 2—4 in. across, convex then expanded, becoming almost plane, or even depressed, firm, even, minutely velvety, pale chestnut, tubes free, short, about ^ in. long, free from the stem, openings minute, round, white then yellow ; stem 2-3 in. high, base slightly incrassated, slightly attenuated upwards, even, more or less velvety, same colour as the pileus or paler, becoming imperfectly hollow with age. Boletus castaneus, Bull., t. 328 ; Krombh. t. 4, f. 28-30 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 181. In woods. Flesh white, unchangeable, rather thick. In Bulliard's figures the pileus is reddish cinnamon, in those of Krombholtz bright but rather light chestnut; the stem is also indicated as distinctly hollow. 272 FUNGUS-FLORA. Smaller than Boletus cyanescens, not juicy. Pileus at first encircling the base of the somewhat marginato-bulbous stem, which is not constricted at the apex as in B. cyanescens. (Fries.) Pileus 3 in. broad, depressed when old, but broadly pul- vinate in the centre, subtomentose, the down raised up into little flat scales, beautiful dark rufous tan ; flesh thick, mottled, stained beneath the cuticle with the colour of the pileus, not changing colour, viscid, insipid or subacid ; tubes vivid yellow, half-free, not reaching to the extreme margin ; spores yellow ; stem sometimes short, swelling in the centre, attenuated below, hollow, sometimes long and equal, beauti- fully tinged with yellow and rufous. (Berk.) Solitary. Stem 2-3 in. long, ^-1 in. thick, constantly very smooth, subattenuated upwards, cylindrical, firm, colour of the pileus or a little paler. Pileus pulvinate, even, dry, villoso-pulverulent or nearly glabrous, 2 in. broad, chestnut, margin patent, obtuse, hymenium almost plane. Flesh white, unchangeable, or becoming pale lilac-chestnut towards the edges when broken. Tubes about equal in length to the thickness of the flesh of the pileus, straight, straw-colour, at length yellow, equal, minute, subrotund, not decurrent. (Fries.) Boletus spadiceus. Schaeff. Pileus 2—4 in. across, convex then expanded, sometimes becoming almost plane, diy, tomentose, bay-brown, opaque, often irregularly cracked ; flesh thick, white, reddish-brown under the cuticle ; tubes adnate, ^-f in. long, openings minute, subrotund, yellow ; stem 2-3 in. long, §-1 in. thick at the base, attenuated upwards, even, flocculoso-furfura- ceous, yellowish-brown, solid, flesh yellowish. Boletus spadiceus, Schaeffer, t. 126 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 173. In woods. Solitary or in clusters of 2-3. Stem firm, pale yellowish-brown in Schaeffer's figure, deep orange- brown in Krombholtz's figure, tab. 36, f. 19 and 20, also quoted by Fries under the present species. The stem is not red at all. Boletus vaccinus. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, minutely BOLETUS. 273 tomentose, margin obtuse, deep chestnut-colour, flesh whitish, unchangeable, tinged red under the cuticle ; tubes about £ in. long, almost free from the stem, openings minute, rounded, white then sulphur-yellow, stem 2-3 in. long, §-1 in. thick, variable, sometimes bulbous, at others attenuated downwards, paler than the stem, solid, flesh brownish at the base; spores very pale yellow, elongato- fusiform, 15-16 X 5 fi. Boletus vaccinus, Fries, Epicrisis, p. 420; Fries, Sverig. Svamp. tab. 51. In woods, especially under beech-trees. Allied to Boletus badius, but known by the minutely tomentose, dry pileus, and the much smaller openings of the pores, that rarely exceed ^ mm. across. Often subcaespitose. Although Fries says the flesh is unchangeable, yet in the section of his fig. in Sverig. Svamp. it is tinged blue. I have never observed any trace of blue. Boletus Rostkovii. Fr. Pileus 3—4 in. across, convex or almost plane, dingy olive- brown or rufous, very minutely tomentose, often areolately cracked, interstices pale ; flesh thick, compact, white, becoming tinged red when cut, here and there a shade of blue ; tubes about ^ in. long, pale yellow-green, openings irregularly angular, compound, about | mm. diameter ; stem obconic, 1 in. across at the apex, tapering almost to a point, about 1 in. long, smooth, pale reddish -yellow, solid, flesh tinged like that of pileus ; spores elongato-fusoid, pale olive, 20 x 5 p. Boletus Rostkovii, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 521. Boletus lividus, Eost., Sturm, Or. Fl., t. 18. On the ground under trees. Known at once by the short obconic stem and the flesh becoming tinged with red when broken. Boletus purpurascens. Eost. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex then almost plane, dry, glabrous, deep purple with a tinge of brown, flesh thick, compact, dirty grey, streaked or marbled ; tubes adnate, 1 in. or more in length, dingy yellow, openings same colour, small, irregularly circular, about -|- mm. across ; stem about 2 in. long, |- in. thick at the apex, tapering downwards and VOL. L T 274 FUNGUS-FLOE A. ending in a rooting base, even, glabrous, deep purple-red ; spores elliptic-fusiform, pale olive, 15 x 4-5 p. Boletus purpurascens, Eostkovius, in Sturm, Cr. Fl., t. 8 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 504. In woods. Resembling Boletus purpureus in the purple pileus, but distinguished by the mouths of the tubes being yellow and not red. The tubes become green when bruised. Boletus radicans. Pers. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, then nearly plane and often flexuous, minutely velvety, greyish-olive and becoming yellowish-red, flesh white, unchangeable or with a vague tinge of blue here and there, thick except at the permanently incurved margin ; tubes about ^ in. deep, adnate, openings irregularly angular, bright yellow ; stem 2^-3 in. long, |— 1 in. thick at the apex, tapering downwards and ending in a rooting base, solid, yellow, sprinkled with red particles ; spores elliptic-oblong, pale yellow, 16 x 4 p.. Boletus radicans, Pers., Synopsis, p. 507 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 503. On the ground under trees. Allied to Boletus chrysenteron, but distinguished by the permanently incurved margin of the pileus, and the stouter stem tapering downwards and ending in a rooting base ; the pores are also smaller, ave- raging ^ mm. across. Boletus cyanescens. Bull. Pileus 2-5 in. across, convex, becoming expanded and sometimes wavy, closely tomentose or floccoso-squamose, opaque, tan-coloured or brownish, flesh thick, white, becom- ing deep blue when broken ; tubes about | in. long, free or almost so, openings minute, rounded, white then pale lemon yellow ; stem 2-3 in. long, thickened below, where it is sometimes 1^ in. diameter, villoso-pruinose, coloured like the pileus, stufied then imperfectly hollow ; spores very pale yellow, fusiform, 14—16 X 4 p.. Boletus cyanescens, Bulliard, t. 369 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 260. In woods. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, rigid, pale, straw-colour, subfuliginous, the margin acute ; flesh white, when broken changing instantly to the most beautiful azure blue, and when squeezed distilling a blue juice; tubes short, when young scarcely a line long, white or lemon-coloured ; stem BOLETUS. 275 distinct from the pileus, the apex contracted, brittle, never reticulated, but villoso-pruinose. (Fries.) Stem, as in other species, solid ; but in this species the stem is stuffed with a softer, rather spongy (not elastic) substance that is contiguous with the outer firm portion, naked, 1^—2^ inches long, thickened at the base, ventricose, always even, glabrous or villoso-pulverulent, white, some- times yellowish, when totiched becoming olive or smoky- grey, flesh white, becoming bluish; pileus when young semiglobose, soon convex and plane below, at length almost plane and convex below, fleshy, not elastic, 2-5 in., yellowish, sometimes bright, at others pallid, sometimes even greyish; villoso-pulverulent, due to short, partly ad- pressed hairs, rarely gla"brous, margin patent, acute; flesh white, when broken becoming blue, when squeezed giving out a bright blue juice. Pores minute, subrotund, white, free from the stem, also becoming bright blue when wounded. (Fries.) Boletus parasiticus. Bull. Pileus 1^—2 in. across, convexo-plane, dry, silky, usually becoming cracked in an areolate manner, dingy, yellowish- tan, flesh about 2 lines thick, equal ; tubes subdecurrent, about 2 lines long, yellow, then reddish-orange or dingy cinnamon, openings rounded, sometimes compound, about ^- mm. across, stem ^-2 in. long, incurved, coloured like the pileus, solid, flesh yellow ; spores pale olive-brown, elongato- fusiform, 12-13 x 4 p.. Boletus parasiticus, Bull., t. 431, f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 253. Parasitic on species of Scleroderma. Known by its peculiar habitat. Apparently a variable species in colour. Berkeley and Broome say, " Pileus silky, dirty yellow, as well as the incurved, rigid, slightly silky stem ; flesh of a pale reddish hue ; tubes decurrent, labyrinthiform, reddish. It is certainly not viscid in any stage of growth." Cooke remarks on the above, " We have met with it several times, but there has not been any reddish tint in the tubes of our specimens. Hence, they may vary in colour. Tubes at first sulphur-colour, yellow, then reddish-orange. Spores spindle-shaped, elongated, pale brown, very different from the last (B. rubinus), -0005 x '00015 in." T 2 276 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Finally, I have collected specimens in Epping Forest having the pileus and incurved stem dingy tan-colour, tubes at first yellow, then dingy cinnamon. Boletus duriusculus. Schulz. Pileus 2-5 in. across, hemispherical, minutely velvety, viscid when moist, varying in colour from pale brown, through dingy chestnut, to umber-brown, often becoming cracked in an areolate manner when dry, interstices paler ; flesh thick, white or tinged yellow, when cut becoming red- dish copper-colour ; tubes ^-f in. long, shortened round the stem and free, openings about § mm. across, often compound, irregularly angular, bright yellow ; stem 4-7 in. long, fusi- form, thickest part 1|— 2 in. across, situated below the middle, yellowish, rough with blackish points, which are sometimes arranged in a subreticulate manner, apex sometimes more or less grooved, solid, flesh of upper part becoming coppery like the pileus; spores elongate-cylindrical, pale umber, 14-16 x 5-6^. Boletus duriusculus, Schulzer, Icon. Sel. Hymen. Hung., p. 51, t. xxxiii., fig. 1 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 515. In woods. Esculent and very delicious. Allied to Boletus scaber, but distinguished by the bright yellow tubes and the very firm flesh, which turns coppery-red when exposed to the air; this colour eventually changes to a dingy greyish- violet. Also allied to Boletus porphyrosporus. Boletus pruinatus. Fr. Pileus 2—3 in. across, convex, becoming expanded, rigid, dry, purplish-bay or dark cinnamon with a red tinge, covered with an umber-coloured bloom, flesh rather thin, white, becoming indistinctly greenish or bluish sometimes ; tubes about ^ in. long, openings minute, rounded, yellow ; stem about 2 in. long, i in. thick above, rather ventricose towards the base, even, smooth, yellow, more or less streaked with red. Boletus pruinatus, Fries, Bolet., p. 9 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 174. In grassy ground under trees, &c. Solitary, or often more or less clustered, with somewhat the habit and appearance of certain forms of Boletus chrysenteron, but distinguished by the BOLETUS. 277 small rounded openings of the tubes, and the pileus covered with a dark coloured bloom. Boletus variegatus. Swartz. Pileus 3-5 in. across, convex then expanded, obtuse, margin acute, dingy yellow or pale tawny at the disc, paler yellow towards the margin, covered with minute pilose, tawny squamules, viscid when moist, flesh thick, yellow, becoming pale blue when cut ; tubes § in. long, adnate, openings small, unequal, yellowish, then cinnamon or brownish ; stem 2—3 in. long, up to 1 in. thick, subequal, firm, pale yellow, solid ; spores pale olive, elliptical, 6 x 3 /x. Boletus variegatus, Swartz, in Vet. Akad. Handl., p. 8 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 253. In fir woods, amongst heather, &c. Often gregarious. Pileus tawny and minutely adpressed, squamulose at the disc, becoming pale yellow towards the margin, in some instances the flesh does not become blue on being cut. Fries says that the stem is sometimes reddish. Pileus 3 in. or more broad, convex, fasciculato-squamose ; scale small, tawny-yellow ; flesh changing to blue when cut ; margin tomentose, subinvolute ; tubes very narrow, dull yel- low, blue when bruised, adnate ; resembling somewhat those of B. bovinus ; stem 3 in. high, f in. thick, granulato-pulve- rulent, very neat, firm, yellow, obtuse. Smell unpleasant, taste not so. (Berk.) Stem naked, 1-3 in. long, -|— 1 in. thick, subequal, gla- brous, smooth, cylindrical, every part yellow, rarely reddish. Flesh of the stem pale yellow, unchangeable, elastic, not spongy. Pileus plano-convex, sometimes covered with minute squamules, sometimes glabrous, dry, slightly viscid during rainy weather, yellow, margin acute, even, hymenium slightly concave when young, then plane ; diameter 3-5 in., flesh pale yellowish, soft, not elastic, rather thick, usually unchange- able, rarely tinged with blue when broken. Tubes shorter than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus, adfixed, yellow- ish-grey; pores obscure yellow, when young almost spadi- ceous, then grey or greenish-yellow, equal, minute, subrotund or obtusely angular. (Fries.) Boletus aereus. Bull. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, glabrous, dark brown with a 278 FUNGUS-FLORA. tinge of olive or blackish-brown, flesh thick, white, assuming a yellowish tinge when broken ; tubes almost free from the stem, about ^ in. long, openings minute, rounded, sulphur- coloured ; stem 3—4 in. long, 1 in. or more thick, yellowish, brownish towards the base, or sometimes entirely pale brown, somewhat reticulated, solid ; spores oblong fusiform, 12-14 x 5 p. Boletus aereus, Bull., Champ., p. 321 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 176. On woods. Distinguished by the very dark brown or blackish pileus and the short sulphur-coloured tubes. The stem sometimes shows no trace of reticulations. According to Krombholz the fungus much exceeds the dimensions given above. Boletus carnosus. Eostk. Pileus 4 in. across, convex, glabrous, bay-brown, flesh thick, pale yellow; tubes shortened close to the stem, partly adnate, about ^ in. long, openings rather large, angular, yel- low ; stem 2^ in. long, firm, subequal, yellow and more or less streaked with reddish-brown, substriate, solid. Boletus carnosus, Eostkovius in Sturm's Deutschl. FL, Pilze, p. 63, t. 14 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 520. In woods. Included by Fries amongst species of doubtful affinity, but the figure given by Eostkovius is very good, as is also his diagnosis, and the fact of a fungus having been found in England by the late M. J. Berkeley, agreeing with the above, justifies the assumption that it is a good species. *** Pileus viscid wTien moist, ring absent. Boletus badius. Linn. Pileus 3-5 in. across, slightly convex, rather viscid and minutely tomentose when young, soon becoming dry and smooth, bay-brown, flesh ,thick, white, slightly tinged blue near the pores when cut ; tubes about | in. long, slightly de- pressed round the stem but not free, yellow then yellowish- green, becoming green when bruised, openings subrotund, irregular, here and there compound, from \— 1 mm. across ; stem 2—3 in. long, ^ in. thick, subequal, even, equal, dirty ochraceous mottled and streaked with pale brown, base •white, cottony ; spores olive, elliptic-oblong, 12-14 x 3-4 p.. BOLETUS. 279 Boletus badius, Linn., Suec., n. 1246; Cke., Hdbk., p. 252. On the ground in woods, usually pine. Known by the bay-brown pileus, which is viscid in wet weather and shining when quite dry, and the yellowish pores becoming deep bluish-green at once when bruised. The flesh of the pileus is usually faintly tinged red when cut. Stem equal, 3 in. long, 1 in. thick, never reticulated. Pileus very fleshy, soft, villoso-viscosous when young, then almost glabrous, dry, hemispherical, 3-6 in. broad ; flesh 1-2 in. thick, white, soft. Tubes long, bluish-green when bruised. (Fries.) Boletus piperatus. Bull. Pileus 1-3 in. across, eonvexo-plane, soft, slightly viscid, ochraceous-tan, sometimes with a tinge of red ; tubes up to } in. long, decurrent, openings large, irregularly angular, at first pale olive, then cinnamon, finally bright cinnamon-brown; stem l|-2 in. long, ^ in. thick, equal or slightly thinner downwards, smooth, even, darker than the pileus, base usually bright yellow, solid, flesh, like that of pileus, yellow, often tinged with flesh-colour in the pileus ; spores elongate- fusiform, cinnamon-colour, 10-12 x 3-4 p.. Taste very hot and pungent. Boletus piperatus, Bull., t. 451, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p. 252. On the ground in woods. Distinguished by the acrid, pungent taste, and by the deep cinnamon-brown or almost ferruginous tubes at maturity. Pileus 1-3 in. broad, at length plane, moist or even gluti- nous, reddish-yellow or brownish. Flesh yellow, not chang- ing colour. Tubes large, subdecurrent, angular, reddish yellow, or ferruginous. Stem 1-2 in. high, 3-4 lines thick, more or less deep yellow. Taste remarkably acid and pun- gent. (Grev.) Boletus paludosus. Massee. (n. sp.) Pileus 3-4 in. across, slightly convex then quite plane, glabrous, even, slightly viscid, bright rufous-brown, paler when dry, flesh firm, thin, not more than 2 lines thick, every- where equal, very pale tinge of brown, unchangeable ; tubes about 2 lines long, adnate and subdecurrent, openings large, angular, compound, about f mm. diameter, yellow then olive-green ; stem 3-5 in. long, about f in. thick, equal, base 280 FCNG US-FLORA. attenuated, smooth, rather paler than the pileus, without a ring, solid, flesh with a tinge of brown ; spores elongato- fusiform, olive, 16 X 4 p.. Gregarious, but not caespitose. Amongst sphagnum in a swamp. Without any very near ally, probably nearest to slender forms of Boletus badius, from which it is at once dis- tinguished by the very thin flesh of the pileus, brighter colour, long slender stem, short tubes, &c. Boletus bovinus. Linn. Fasciculate. Pileus 2-3^ in. across, convex then almost plane, margin acute, pale reddish-yellow, glabrous, viscid, shining when dry, with traces of the gluten remaining as fibrils or ridges, flesh rather thin, whitish, unchangeable ; tubes subdecurrent, up to £ in. deep, openings compound, sub- angular, often elongated radially, |-1| mm. across, dingy yellow, then brownish-cinnamon ; stem 2—4 in. long, ^ in. or more thick, equal, even, coloured like pileus, apex often yellow; spores elongato- fusiform, pale olive, 12-14 x 5 /x. Boletus bovinus, Linn., Suec., n. 1246 ; Fries, S. M. i. p. 388 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 252. Heathy fir woods, &c. Pileus rather thin for a Boletus, stem thin usually elongated, clustered or gregarious. Gregarious, fasciculate ; pileus 1-2^ in. broad, when young hemispherical, margin white and tomentose, disc and top of stem purplish, base rhubarb-coloured; when full-grown convex, expanded, margin still turned in, very glutinous, dull orange-yellow, or deep buff; flesh tinged with the colour of the pileus, not changeable. Tubes resembling the pores of Merulius laclirymans, very shallow (^ in.), compound, dirty yellow, not easily separating from the pileus. Stem 2-3 in. high, |— £ in. thick, subtomentose, not diffused gradually but rather abruptly into the pileus, of the same colour, but streaked with watery lines, attenuated below, or subequal ; bulbous when very young. Spores elliptic. Smell strong, like Marasmius oreades. (Berk.) Boletus granulatus. Linn. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, then more or less expanded, at first viscid with reddish-brown gluten, yellowish when the gluten has disappeared ; tubes up to ^ in. long, adnate and often with an indication of being decurrent, yellow, BOLETUS. 281 pores subcircular, simple, with particles of a granulated substance adhering to the dissepiments, about ^ mm. diameter; stem about 2 in. long, £-1 in. thick, subequal, yellowish, granular with raised points towards the apex, solid, flesh like that of the pileus, pale yellow, unchange- able; spores elongato- fusiform, yellowish, 12 x 3-4 p.. Boletus granulatus, Linn. Suec., n. 1249 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 251. Boletus lactiftuus, Sowerby, t. 420. Amongst grass under trees, especially firs. The stem is sometimes thinner above. Allied to Boletus luteus, but known by the absence of a ring on the stem. Gregarious, caespitose. Pileus 2 in. or more broad, hemispherical, at first covered with a rufous-brown slime, afterwards dirty rufous or yellowish ; flesh thick, white or yellowish, not changeable ; margin at first inflexed and downy. Pores at first whitish, then lemon-coloured, com- pound, the margin distilling a pale watery milk, which when dried gives them a granulated appearance, at length dirty yellow, adnate. Spores ochraceo-ferruginous ; stem 1 in. or more high, £ in. thick, generally short, but variable, obtuse at the base, rooting, more watery than the pileus, pale yellow above, white below, minutely tomentose and granulated, at first covered with milky drops. (Berk.) A very variable species, but the very glutinous pileus always the same colour, viz., a rich chestnut-brown ; tubes and stem sulphur-colour, tubes exuding a thin gummy juice, which soon dries in the form of sugary granules. Stein rough, scabrous, as if covered with moist sugar. (W. G. Smith.) Boletus tenuipes. Cooke. Pileus 1—2 in, across, convex then almost plane, yellowish- brown or gilvous, viscid, streaked with minute fibrils when dry, flesh thick in proportion, white, rosy under the cuticle ; pores about ^ in. long, shortened round the stem, but adnate, openings rather large, angular, yellowish; stem 3-3£ in. long, £ in. thick, even, attenuated at the base, yellow, solid ; spores pale yellow, fusiform, 10 X 3 /A. Boletus granulatus, Fr., var. tenuipes, Cke., Grev. 1883, p. 43. 282 FUNGUS-FLORA. Boletus tenuipes, Cooke in herb. In woods and open pastures. Intermediate between Boletus bovinus and B. granulatus, with some of the features of both, and not readily to be referred to either. The Eev. M. J. Berkeley considers that it approaches most to B. bovinus, but the pores are smaller, and the tubes are shortened a& they approach the stem. (Cooke.) Our smallest species of Boletus, Boletus aurantiporus. Howse. Pileus about 2 in. across, convex then expanded, viscid, at first fulvous-ferruginous, then pale gilvous, squanmlose about the margin ; tubes deeply decurrent, openings broad angular, edges of dessepiments golden-yellow then orange, turning red when bruised ; stem about 3 in. long, equal, beautifully reticulated with yellow and red. Boletus aurantiporus, Howse, in Grevillea, vol. xii. p. 43 (1883). Under trees. Flesh becoming slightly reddish. **** Stem reticulated. Boletus pachypus. Fr. Pileus 4-8 in. across, convex, minutely tomentose, brownish then pale tan, extreme margin incurved when young, flesh very thick, whitish, with very pale tinge of blue when broken ; tubes ^ in. long, shorter round the stem and almost free, openings minute, rounded, pale yellow, tinged with green when old; stem at first short, ovate-bulbous, then elongated and subequal, 2|~3^ in. long, 1 in. or more thick, regularly reticulated, variegated with yellow and crimson, or often entirely crimson, solid ; spores narrowly elliptical, pale ochraceous, 14-15 X 6 p. Boletus pachypus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 390 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 256. In woods. Pileus 6—7 in. broad, pulvinate, sub-tomentose, pale reddish-brown, very thick and fleshy, when young firm, when full grown very soft ; flesh white, not changeable ; tubes free, at first lemon-coloured, afterwards dirty yellow, simple ; stem 3-4 in. high, 2^ in. thick, bulbous, often swollen from the top, rarely equal, reticulated, yellowish BOLETUS. 28^ when young, subrufescent when old, sometimes two or three springing from the same root. (Berk.) Another large Boletus occurs in pastures, under oaks, in August and September, apparently distinct, though nearly allied. I shall therefore give its characters at length, leaving the establishment of it as a species for further consideration. Pileus 10 in. or more across, pulvinate, 2 in. thick, pale ochraceous umber, smooth, but with a satiny appearance from the minute matted silk with which it is clothed, visible only under a lens; sometimes much cracked. Flesh instantly changing from yellow to a beautiful blue, which, however, is very evanescent ; towards the edge the flesh scarcely changes at all. Tubes free, but pressed close to the stem,' forming an irregular spongy mass an inch thick, pale yellow, blue when bruised. Sporules pale olivaceous ochre. Stem 3 in. high, nearly 3 in. thick, bulbous at the base, generally reticulated only at the very top, but sometimes half-way down, minutely pulverulento- squamulose, of the same colour with the pileus, with a few minute dark flecks, and just where the tubes end a few minute red spots ; mottled with blue when cut. Taste like that of a growing walnut. The growth of the tubes is sometimes- partially checked, so that while on one side they are 1 in. thick, on the opposite side they are not above ^ or -J-. I have found the same plant more than a foot broad, more decidedly tomentose, and of a delicate mouse-grey, and the sides of the pileus remarkably compressed, so as to be parallel with the stem, the flesh not changing uniformly to blue, but becoming beautifully mottled, and the stem bright red near the tubes. (Berkeley, in Eng. Flor., vol. v. p. 151.) The above form appears to be distinct from B. pacJiypus, neither does it agree with any known species, and although omitted in later works, cannot be ignored, and may possibly occur again. Stem short, 1-2 in. long, ovate, thick, apex thinner, 1 in. or more thick, firm, distinctly reticulated, lower half red, apex yellow, glabrous, flesh yellowish at the edges, central portion whiter, soon becoming bluish when broken. Pileua convex, brownish-grey, olive, or clay-colour, 2—8 in. broad, compact, rather tomentose, then glabrous, margin subin- volute, soon patent and obtuse. Flesh white, slightly tinged 284 FUNGUS-FLOKA. blue when broken, sometimes almost unchangeable; pores minute, subrotund, bright yellow, whitish when young, becoming blue when touched ; tubes rather short, yellow, then greenish. (Fries.) Boletus edulis. Bull. Pileus 4-6 in. across, convex, margin obtuse, smooth, moist, brownish becoming paler towards the margin, flesh very thick, white with a slight reddish tinge below the cuticle ; tubes up to |- in. long, shortened round the stem but not free, openings about ^ mm. across, simple, sub- angular, at first white then yellow, finally greenish ; stem 2-3 in long, stout, ventricose, 1^-2 in. at thickest part, very pale brown or buff, upper part with polygonal reticulations formed by thin raised lines, solid ; spores greenish-olive, elongato-fusiform, 14—16 X 5 /x. Boletus edulis, Bulliard, tab. 60 and 494; Cke., Hdbk., p. 256. In woods. Esculent. Sometimes three to four spring from the same point. Reticulations on the stem vary in development, but always evident upwards ; stem sometimes almost equal, rarely rooting. Flesh unchangeable. Fries says the pileus is sometimes white, greyish with a rufous tinge, &c. Pileus 6 in. or more broad, pulvinate, at length convexo- expanded, smooth, shining, often rugose, and much cracked, dark umber, paler towards the margin, slightly viscid, extreme margin white, scarcely downy. Flesh turning a little reddish near the epidermis. Tubes nearly free, at first white, then lemon-coloured, at length dull yellow, simple, their orifices angular. Spores large, greenish ochre. Stem 4 in. high or more, 2 in. thick, fawn-coloured, incrassated above and below, reticulated. (Berk.) I should imagine that the statement by Berkeley, that the stem is incrassated above and below, is a slip, and the word attenuated intended. Var. elephantinus, changes to blue when cut or bruised. Schaeffer, t. 277. Var. laevipes, Mass. Pileus 4-6 in. across, convex, dark brownish-umber, BOLETUS. 285 becoming paler towards the margin, flesh very thick, tinged red under the cuticle ; tubes slightly shortened round the stem, but broadly adnate, ^-J in. long, openings subangular, f in. across, whitish, then yellow, finally greenish; stem 3-4 in. long, l]-2 in. or more near the base, slightly attenuated upwards, glabrous and even at every stage of growth, white or with a faint buff tinge towards the apex; spores olive, elonga to-fusiform, 15-6 p.. In pine woods. The present variety is not uncommon and distinguished from the type by the perfectly even white stem, there being no trace of reticulations at any stage of development. Boletus calopus. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex, minutely tomentose, umber- brown, usually with a strong olive-tinge, flesh thick, margin not involute, soft, yellowish, changing to blue when cut; tubes ^ in. or more in length, more or less adnate, yellow, when old tinged with green, openings minute, angular, ^-^ mm. across ; stem 2-4 in. long, f-1 in. across at thickest part, usually more or less conical, reticulated, apical portion crimson, remainder yellow, or sometimes entirely red, solid ; spores elliptic-fusiform, brownish-olive, 10-11 x 3'5 /z. Boletus calopus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 390 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 255. In woods, &c. Allied to Boletus subtomentosus and B. chrysenteron, but readily distinguished by the reticulated stem and the smaller openings of the pores. Pileus not involute at the margin, as in B. olivaceus, another ally. A very beautiful fungus allied to the present species, but much larger, and presenting some remarkable characters, was found by Mr. W. G. Smith. Pileus 7 in. across, convexo- plane, gibbous, smooth and soft like kid leather, yellowish- brown, becoming cracked into areolae, interstices paler; flesh 1J in. thick, firm, whitish, tinged red under the cuticle, bright blue when cut ; tubes shortened round the stem but not free, \ in. long, yellow, green when bruised, openings roundish, small ; stem 3 in. long, 1 \ in. thick, equal, attenuated at extreme base, colour of pileus below, stained with red above and then distinctly reticulated, sometimes obscurely reticulated below, solid, flesh deep red at the "286 FUNGUS-FLORA. "base and tinged with red higher up. Taste extremely bitter like gall. A fine figure of the above, which may prove to be distinct, is in the British Museum collection of drawings of fungi. Boletus regius. Kromb. Pileus 3-5 in. across, very convex, almost hemispherical, minutely tomentose, bright rose-pink ; flesh very thick, pale yellow, unchangeable ; tubes ^— f in. long, much depressed round the stem, golden-yellow, openings subangular, about ^ mm. across; stem 2-31 in. long, 1 in. thick, subequal, solid, pale yellow except the base, which is dingy purple, vaguely reticulated or with minute squamules ; spores elongate-fusiform, pale yellow, 16 x 5 p- Boletus regius, Krombholtz, t. 7 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p, 508. On the ground in open places, &c. A very beautiful species, either solitary or in small clusters. The British specimens differ from Fries' description, which says that the pileus is glabrous and the tubes short, but this description is drawn up from Krombholtz's figure. Boletus crassus. Mass. (n. sp.) Pileus 3—5 in. across, convex then expanded, often ir- regularly waved or nodulose, densely tomentose, tomentum collected in little fascicles, sometimes cracked in an areolate manner, flesh thick up to the margin, ^-f in. or more, firm, for a long time white, then pale primrose-yellow, colour of pileus rather pale yellow- brown ; tubes short at first, eventually |-f in. long, shortened round the stem and nearly or quite free, openings irregularly rounded, generally simple, about ^ mm. across, for a long time white, then bright but pale primrose-yellow; stem at first almost globose, at length becoming a little elongated, about 2 in. long, and nearly as thick, slightly attenuated at the apex, a little paler than the pileus above, becoming almost white towards the base, glabrous, upper portion with conspicuous raised white lines arranged to form a more or less regular polygonal network, solid ; flesh white when young, becoming ?pale yellow with age ; spores elliptic-fusiform, pale yellow, 10 X 3 /t. BOLETUS. 287 In woods and under trees in pastures, &c. The pure white flesh of young specimens becomes pale primrose- yellow when cut or broken and exposed to the air ; smell strong, acid, taste sweet and nutty. Allied to Boletus impolitus, but distinguished by the un- dulated, yellow-brown p ileus, glabrous, conspicuously re- ticulated stem, and clear pale primrose-yellow flesh. The subglobose stem is also characteristic. There is no tinge of blue about the flesh at any age. Boletus pachypus differs from the present species in the stem, which is at first sub- globose, becoming elongated and subequal, the greenish pores, and the larger spores. Boletus collinitus; Fr. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex then expanded, smooth, even, at fiYst covered with brown gluten, which eventually dis- appears, leaving the pileus pale, flesh white ; tubes adnate, ^ in. or more in length, openings rather large, mostly divided in two, pallid then yellow, naked ; stem 2—3 in. long, up to 1 in. thick at the apex, attenuated downwards, firm, without trace of a ring, whitish becoming tinged with brown, more or less covered with adpressed scales that give to it a reticulated appearance. Boletus collinitus, Fries, Epicrisis, p. 410 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 169. In fir woods. Solitary. Stature and colour of Boletus luteus, but without a trace of a ring on the stem at any age. A rare species, of which no figure exists ; Fries says that Krombholtz, t. 76, figs. 10, 11, are allied, but the tubes are green. B. Openings of tubes red. Boletus satanus. Lenz. Pileus 4-8 in. across, convex, soft, glabrous, slightly viscid, whitish or pale buff, flesh very thick, becoming at first red- dish when broken, then bluish or violet ; tubes rather short, free from the stem, yellow, openings minute, edges of the dissepiments from the first blood-red, becoming orange when old; stem very stout ovato-ventricose, 2-3 in. long, and almost as wide at the thickest part, whitish or pale dingy 288 FUNGUS-FLOKA. yellow with blood-red reticulations above, solid; spores brownish, elliptic-fusiform, 11-13 X 4-5 /*. Boletus satanas, Lenz., f. 31; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 510, Hussey, vol. i. t. 7 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 258 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 177. In woods. Pileus variable in colour, but always pale, com- monly whitish, tinged buff, yellow, or pink, often irregular and wavy. Very showy, smell and taste pleasant, but very poisonous. Known by the very stout, broadly fusiform stem having red reticulations at the apex, the blood-red mouths of the pores and the pale pileus. Pilens sometimes 8 in. across; commonly less, pulvinate, soft to the touch, naked, dry, smooth, whitish, leather-buff, or greenish, often shading into a red tinge ; flesh solid, be- coming soft, tender, and juicy, white, turning reddish, then blue ; stem 2—3 in. high, thick, finely reticulated above, the reticulations purple-crimson, often vanishing in age, the stem growing streaked below. (Cooke.) Boletus luridus. Schaeff. Pileus 3-6 in. across, convex, minutely tomentose, colour variable, generally dingy brown with an olive tinge, rather viscid when moist, flesh very thick, firm, and like that of the stem, yellow, becoming indigo-blue at once when broken ; tubes ^-i in. long, shortened round the stem and almost or quite free, greenish-olive, openings roundish, about ^- mm. across, edges of dissepiments vermilion, orange, or reddish- brown ; stem usually almost globose when young, after- wards remaining bulbous or becoming ventricose and elon- gated, vermilion or yellow with red blotches, sometimes vaguely reticulated with red lines ; spores yellowish, oblong- fusiform, 12 x 4 p.. Boletus luridus, Schaeffer, t. 107 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 258. In woods and under trees in pastures. Whole plant hard and firm ; the yellow flesh changes at once to indigo blue when broken in contact with the air, the blue colour soon fades, leaving the flesh a permanent dirty yellow. Every part becomes blackish when bruised. The stem is not distinctly reticulated by raised lines as in several species, but the darker markings take at times a more or less netted arrangement. BOLETUS. 289 Pilexis 2-6 in. broad, convex, expanded, minutely tomen- tose, olive, brick-red, pinkish, cream-coloured, or ferruginous brown ; flesh more or less yellow, changing to blue. Tubes free, yellow or greenish, their orifices of a beautiful red or bright orange, quite simple, round. Spores olivaceous-ochre. Stem variable in length, bulbous, tomentose, sometimes quite smooth, red, with ferruginous or the brightest yellow shades, solid, generally more or less marked or reticulated with crimson-red. (Berk.) Plant large and robust. Pileus 3—6 in. broad, convex, thick, subtomentose, olivaceous, becoming darker and dingy in age, very juicy. Flesh yellowish, when cut or broken changing instantly to a 'blue colour. Tubes of the hyine- nium scarcely in contact with the stipes, |— f in. long, yel- low, roundish, the orifice minute and of a fine red. Stipes 2-5 in. high, mostly very thick, and much incrassated to wards the base, solid, yellow above, red below, and gene- rally more or less reticulated with red veins. (Grev.) Far. erythropus. Fries. Stem thinner than in the typical form, not reticulated, yellow with red squamules or spots, flesh red at the base. Boletus luridus, var. erythropus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 511. Boletus erythropus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 258. In woods. A smaller form than the type, pileus tomen- tose, stem elongated, equal or a little thinner upwards, not ventricose. The flesh of the stem is sometimes all yellow, and the main point of difference between the variety and the type then turns on the elongated subequal stem without reticulations. Boletus purpureus. Fr. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, slightly velvety, dry, opaque, reddish-purple, flesh thick, pale yellow, becoming blue in young specimens when broken ; tubes almost free from the stem, about £ in. long, pale yellow-green, openings reddish- purple, minute, subrotund, about ^ mm. in diameter ; stem 2-3 in. long, £ in. thick, yellow, streaked and spotted with purple, especially towards the base, solid, flesh purple, espe- cially downwards ; spores elliptic-oblong, pale olive, 10x4- 290 FUNGUS-FLORA. Boletus purpureus, Fries, Bol., p. 11 ; Hym. Eur., p. 511 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 258. In woods. Distinguished by the deep purple-red pileus and the purple or orange-red openings of the tubes. Fries says that the apex of the stem is sometimes reticulated. Dis- tinguished from Boletus purpurascens by the red or purple mouths of the tubes. A very fine form of the present species was collected at Morpeth in Cumberland, presenting the fol- lowing characters : — Pileus 4 in. across, convex then plane, rather flexuous, margin slightly exceeding the tubes and in- curved, very minutely tomentose, reddish-purple, flesh about £ in. thick, thinner towards the margin, yellow, unchange- able ; tubes free from the stem, ventricose, ^ in. long, yel- lowish-olive, becoming blue when cut, openings irregular, circular and about ^ mm. across, or elongated up to 1 mm., edges of dissepiments deep orange ; stem 3 in. long, equal, but attenuated at extreme base, ground yellow, but densely covered with purple spots and lines, solid, flesh yellow above, becoming blue when cut, deep purple downwards ; spores olive, elliptical, 9 x 5 /x. C. Tubes red throughout their length. Boletus rubirms. W. G. Smith. Pileus 2-3 in. across, gibbous, convex, when old often nearly plane, dry, minutely tomentose, often slightly cracked, pale yellow-brown ; tubes subdecurrent, about ^ in. long, wholly clear carmine, openings subangular, compound, about ^ mm. diameter; stem 1^-3 in. long, i— f in. thick, solid, yellow more or less streaked or smeared with carmine, or sometimes entirely red, flesh, like that of the pileus, clear yellow, unchangeable ; spores pale yellow-brown, elliptical 6x 4/t. Boletus rubinus, W. Gr. Smith, in Seeman's Journ., 1868, p. 33, t. 75, f. 1-4 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 253. On the ground under trees. It differs from all other British species in the wholly carmine tubes, together with the vivid yellow, wholly unchangeable flesh. A larger form or variety of this species occurred plentifully BOLETUS. 291 under beech-trees in Kew Gardens in Oct., 1886. The typical form also occurred. The variety measured 3-4 in. across, convex, then depressed, yellow-brown, tomentose, then broken up into minute squa- mules, flesh ^ in. thick nearly up to the margin, yellow, becoming rose-coloured when cut ; tubes free, convex, ^ in. long where longest, carmine for some distance, changing to olive where the tubes join the pileus, openings angular, com- pound, about 4- mm. across ; stem about 1^ in. long, obconic, 1^ in. across at the apex, tapering to a point, yellow, streaked and spotted with carmine, solid, flesh yellow ; spores yellow- brown, elliptic-fusiform, 9 x 4 p.. D. Tubes pinkish throughout their length. Boletus felleus. Bull. Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex then expanded, soft, even, glabrous, yellowish- red, foxy, or chestnut, flesh thick, white, becoming dingy flesh-colour when broken ; tubes adnate but rather shortened round the stem, § in. deep, pale flesh-colour, darker when bruised, openings irregularly angular, up to 1 mm. across; stem 2|— 3 in. long, 1^ in. at the base, thinner upwards, dingy yellow or olive, reticulate with raised lines, solid; spores pale flesh-colour, elongate-elliptic, 16-19 x 4- 5ft. Boletus felleus, Bull., t. 379; Cke., Hdbk., p. 260. Distinguished by the pale pinkish pores and spores, and by the white flesh becoming pink when cut. Taste bitter. Amongst the most beautiful of species, solitary, stem naked, fleshy, almost straight, 2-4 in. long, glabrous, retknilated, subequal, or incrassated at the base, 3— 1 in. thick, in our specimens smoky-olive, white within, towards the apex often greenish, very pale rose-colour when wounded. Pileus fleshy, convex when young, then becoming almost plane, pale chest- nut or fulvous, very glabrous, even, 1^—4 in. broad, flesh white then tinged with dilute rose-colour, very soft and spongy, margin obtuse. Tubes very long, soft, straight, often rosy-white. Pores subrotund, regular, rosy -white, often becoming dingy when touched. (Fries.) u 2 292 FUNGUS-FLORA. E. Tubes and openings of pores white or grey, sometimes becoming brownish. Boletus laricinus. Berk. Pileus 2-3 in. across, convex, dirty white with livid or greenish stains, covered at first with dirty yellow or brownish evanescent slime, usually with a few squamules near the margin, flesh white, unchangeable ; tubes subdecurrent, about ^ in. long, openings angular, compound, about ^ mm. diameter, white then dingy olive-brown ; stem 1-2 in. long, £ in. or more thick, ringed, dirty white, reticulated above the ring, often hollow towards the base ; spores dirty olive- brown, fusiform, '11— 14 x 4 /A. Boletus laricinus, Berk., Outl., p. 230 : Cke., Hdbk., p. 251. On the ground under larches, &c. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, dirty white, with livid stains, and sometimes ad pressed, dirty yellow fascicles of filaments, the remains of the slimy ring ; often deeply scrobiculate, covered with dirty yellow or brown- ish slime, which gradually disappears. Flesh white, very slightly tinged with yellow, not changeable. Tubes adnate or subdecurrent, compound, each consisting of two or three cells, their orifices angular, at first dirty white, with a tinge of yellow, at length brownish from the spores. Stem 2 in. or more high, ^— § in. thick, nearly equal, reticulated above the ring, and frequently much scrobiculated below, dirty white like the pileus, stained with the spores, somewhat downy at the base. Spores oblong, brownish clay-coloured. (Berk.) Boletus rubiginosus. Fr. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, convex, rather soft, pubescent, soon becoming glabrous, reddish-brown, flesh thick, white, un- changeable ; tubes adnate, very slightly or not at all shortened round the stem, openings angular, unequal, about ^ mm. diameter, white, unchangeable; stem 2-3 in. long, about 1 in. thick, thinner upwards, everywhere covered with prominent thin ridges arranged in a reticulated manner, solid, whitish, then more or less tinged with yellow ; spores colourless, elongate-fusiform, 12 x 4 /*. Boletus rubiginosus, Fries, Obs. Myc. ii. p. 245 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 521. On the ground in "beech woods. BOLETUS. 293 Scattered. Stem 2-3 in. long, almost 1 in. thick, attenu- ated upwards, firm, glabrous, solid, very distinctly reticu- lated, whitish when young, then yellowish, becoming slightly freyish or yellowish-olive when bruised. Pileus pulvinate, -4 in. broad, pubescent when young, soon becoming very glabrous, dry, foxy-brown with a reddish tinge, in young specimens the margin is acutely incurved, then becoming patent and obtuse; under surface concave when young, then plane. Tubes short, straight, white, shorter than the thickness of the soft, spongy, white, unchangeable flesh. Pores variable, subrotund or unequal, elongated or not longer than broad, white, unchangeable. (Fries.) A specimen agreeing admirably with the above detailed description by Fries, was collected in a beech wood in the New Forest. The species appears to be very rare every- where, and was only once collected by Fries in 1815. Distinguished at once by the dark reddish-brown, glabrous pileus, white tubes, and beautifully reticulated pale stem. There is 110 tinge of blue at any part when cut or broken. Boletus viscidus. Linn. Pileus 3—4 in. across, convex, soft, smooth, viscid, pale dingy yellowish or pale buff, often with greenish stains, flesh thick, white, unchangeable, margin of pileus acute, often with fragments of the veil attached ; tubes about ^ in. long, adnate, openings large, unequal, more or less radially elongated, pale grey then brownish ; stem 2-3 in. long, ^ in. thick, viscid, pale yellow, vaguely reticulated upwards, and with fragments of the veil adhering here and there, sub- equal or thickened at the base, ring imperfect, solid, flesh yellow at the base ; spores subfusiform, brownish-green, 9-10 x 3 p.. Boletus viscidus, Linn., Suec., n. 1248; Cke., Hdbk., p. 259. In woods. Closely allied to Boletus laricinus, Berk., but distinguished by the yellow tone of pileus and stem, also by the large openings to the pores, which are radially elongated, and by the smaller spores. Boletus scaber. Fries. Pileus 3-6 in. across, very convex, smooth, even, viscid when moist, at length more or less rugulose and often 294 FUNGUS-FLORA. minutely granulated, owing to the breaking up of the cuticle, colour variable, whitish, brown, ochraceous-orange, &c. ; flesh thick in the centre, thin towards the margin, white, unchangeable ; tubes ^-f in. long, shorter round the stem and almost free, openings subangular, compound, irregular |— 1 mm. across, white then dingy brownish-olive ; stem 5—7 in. high, 1— 1£ thick at the base, conical, pale, rough with dark fibrous squamules that become larger downwards, solid ; spores dingy olive-brown, elongato- fusiform, 18-20 X 5 /m. Boletus sealer, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 259. In woods. Esculent, and good flavour. Distinguished by the conical scabrid stem, white, unchangeable flesh, and the pores first white, then dingy. Pileus 3-7 in. or more broad, pulvinate, viscid when moist, very variable in colour, white, cinereous, brown olive, deep orange, or vermilion, smooth or minutely downy, the down sometimes collected into minute fasciculate scales ; flesh very thick, soft, not changeable in young specimens, in older ones reddish-grey when bruised, and sometimes black ; tubes white, pulvinate, stained with the yellow-brown spores, their orifices often ferruginous before the expansion of the pileus, minute, round ; stem 6 in. or more high, attenuated upwards, squarrose with black or orange scales, sometimes marked with coarse raised lines. At first the stem is ovate and the pileus very narrow. There are frequent traces of a floccose veil. (Berk.) Boletus niveus. Fr. Pileus 3—5 in. across, very convex, even, glabrous, pure white when young, and either remaining so, or becoming more or less tinged with green ; flesh white, very thick, becoming greyish when broken ; tubes shortened round the stem but not entirely free, i— §- in. or more in length, whitish, becoming tinged with grey, openings rounded, small, about ^- mm. across ; stem 3-6 in. long, 1 in. or more thick at the base, becoming gradually attenuated upwards, whitish, becoming grey when bruised, more or less rough with white squamules, or wart-like elevations, solid ; spores colourless, elliptical, 9-10 X 5 ^. BOLETUS. 295 Boletus niveus, Fries, Obs. Myc. i. p. 111. Boletus scaber, tar. niveus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 516. On the ground in woods. The present species, as shown by the synonymy, was first described as a distinct species by Fries, and later was considered by the same authority as a variety of Boletus scaber. During the annual fungus foray of the Windsor and Eton Scientific Society, held at Burnham Beeches in October, 1891, the present species was found in abundance, and although the general form, size, and conical stem suggest B. scaber, nevertheless I am inclined to accept the first determination of Fries, and consider the present as a distinct species, known from B. scaber by the white pileus usually becoming more or less green with age, the small adnate and persistent wart-like squamules on the stem, the tendency of every part to become greyish when bruised, and more especially by the broadly elliptical colourless spores, which are very unusual in the genus. Subgregarious. Stem solid, elongated, 3-5 in. long, whitish, becoming considerably attenuated upwards, scabrous, with white squamules or rough points arranged somewhat in a reticulate manner, greyish when handled, base with white tomentum, not bulbous. Pileus pulvinate, convex, fleshy, soft, even, glabrous, white, becoming greenish, 2 in. broad, margin patent, even, hymenium plane. Flesh very soft, white, grey when touched with the fingers. Tubes white with a greyish tinge, longer than thickness of flesh of pileus. Pores white, minute, rounded. (Fries.) Boletus versipellis. Fr. Pileus 3-5 in. across, convex, dry, at first tomentose, then minutely squamulose, eventually often smooth, often fur- nished at the margin with fragments of the membranaceous veil, flesh thick, unchangeable ; tubes free, rarely exceeding 3- in. in length, white, plane, openings minute, edges of dissepiments grey ; stem 4-5 in. long, 1^-2 in. thick at the base, attenuated upwards, ruguloso-squamulose, whitish or tinged with pale buff, yellow or pink, solid. Boletus versipellis, Fries, Bolet. p. 13, Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 179. In woods and amongst heather, &c. Distinct from Boletus scaber, but on account of agreement in 296 FUNGUS-FLORA. variations of colour and stature, difficult to define. In the present species the colour is more constantly rufous. (Fries.) Pileus of a beautiful orange, spores spindle-shaped, pale ochraceous, 14-15 X 6 p. (Cooke.) In Krombholtz, tab. 32, quoted by Fries under the present species, the colour of the pileus is shown as umber, reddish- brown, rufous, blood-red, orange, and yellow. Boletus alutarius. Fr. Pileus convex then expanded, soft, velvety becoming glabrous, brownish-tan; tubes short, depressed round the stem, plane, openings round, white, becoming brownish when bruised ; stem solid, almost smooth, bulbous, apex rugulose. Boletus alutarius, Fries, Obs. i. p. 115 ; Stev., Brit, Fung., p. 180. In woodland pastures. Closely allied to Boletus felleus, but readily known by the almost unchangeable flesh and mild taste. (Fries.) Boletus porphyrosporus. Fr. Pileus 4-6 in. across, convex then expanded, minutely velvety, dark olive or brownish-umber, becoming blackish when bruised, flesh up to 1 in. thick, white, becoming blue near the tubes when cut; tubes ^— f in. long, slightly shortened close to the stem, semiadnate, openings angular, §-1 mm. wide, grey, then pale brown, becoming umber when bruised ; stem 4-5 in. long, 1 in. or more thick, equal or usually more or less thicker towards the base, dirty greyish-umber or brownish with ochraceous tinge, minutely punctate; spores brownish-purple, elongato- fusiform, 13-14 X 4/x. Boletus porphyrosporus, Fries, Bolet., No. 36 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 514; Kalchbr., Icon. Sel. Hym. Hung., p. 51, tab. xxxii. fig. 1. In woods and open grassy places under trees. Solitary or in tufts of few individuals. Smell strong, fishy according to Kalchbrenner's idea. A large fine species distinguished at once by the purple spores. Stem curved and ascending at times. BOLETUS. 297 Subgen. GYRODON. Ohatowski. Pores sinuous or gyroso-plicate, lubes very short, scarcely 1 line long, subadnate with the sporophore. Boletus (Gyrodon) caespitosus. Mass. (n. sp.) Densely fasciculate, stems more or less connate at the base. Pileus 1-2 in. across, hemispherical, margin usually wavy, acute, disc olivaceous-umber, becoming paler towards the margin, which is pale pink, tomentose, dry ; flesh thick, £ in. in large specimens, firm, yellow like that of the stem, and instantly changing to intense blue when cut or broken, this colour soon fades to a dirty white, then becomes rufous ; tubes about ^ line long, openings very irregular, elongated, sinuous, yellow ; stem 1^—2 in. long, £ in. thick in the larger specimens, thinner at the extreme apex, even, glabrous, yellow except at the base, which is dingy red, solid, flesh dingy red at the .base ; spores narrowly elliptical, pale olive, 12 x 4 /x. Amongst grass under trees. Distinguished by the caespitose habit, 8-12 in a cluster, and the very short tubes with sinuous openings. 298 FUNGUS-FLOEA. AGARICINEAE. The Hymenomycetous type of structure attains its maximum of development in certain of the members of the present group, characterised more especially by having the hymenium spread over radiating gills or lamellae. In the most highly evolved forms the entire fungus when young is enclosed in a primary or universal veil which is ruptured during the elongation of the stem, the lower portion remaining attached to, and sheathing the base of the stem, and known as the volva. The volva may be more or less free and readily separable, or entirely adnate or grown to the substance of the stem. The upper portion that is carried up on the piletis is torn into patches or warts as the pileus expands. A secondary or partial veil is also present in some species, spreading as a thin membrane from the upper part of the stem to the margin of the pileus ; as the pileus expands the veil breaks away from its margin and remains on the stem as a frill-like ring. In some species both universal and secondary veils are present, in others the universal veil only, whereas in others the secondary veil alone is present ; finally there are numerous species not possessing a trace of either universal or secondary veil. In the great majority of species the stem is central, but in some species it grows from the margin of the pileus, and is said to be lateral; in others again it is entirely absent, when the pileus is described as sessile, and is either attached by a broad base and stands out horizontally, when it is dimidiate, or is attached by the pileus to the wood or bark on which it is growing, hence the gills are uppermost, and exposed to the light, in which case it is described as resupinate. The most important feature in the discrimination of genera turns on the mode of attachment of the gills to the stem. When the gills are attached or grown to the stem, and run down the latter for some distance, they are said to be decurrent. The opposite extreme to the last-named AGAKICINEAE. 299 condition is when the gills are rounded off behind ( = nearest to the stem), and do not touch the stem, when they are said to be free. Between the two extreme modes of attachment already described, transitional stages exist; when the gills reach the stem and grow to it without being either decurrent or narrowed at the point of attachment, they are said to be adnate. When the gills are attached to the stem, but not by their whole width, in other words when the gill is more or less narrowed at the point of contact with the stem, the term adnexed is used ; finally, when the adnexed type of attach- ment has the narrowed part of the gill close to the stem cut away in a curved manner so as to leave an evident channel between the gills and the stem, the term sinuate is used. The primary divisions "of the Agaricineae are founded on the colour of the spores, and while admitting that this is a purely artificial arrangement, it is certainly a very con- venient and practical one, and in a purely systematic work, where the primary object is to enable the student to deter- mine the name of a given species — a necessary preliminary to morphological or physiological work — is admissible. The large genus Agaricus, as understood by Fries, is broken up by that author into several subgenera ; in the present work all the Friesian subgenera of Agaricus are elevated to generic rank, for the two following reasons : (1) Many genera included in the Agaricineae by Fries, as Corlinarius, Paxillus, &c., are quite as closely allied, or even more so, than the Friesian subgenera of Agaricus are to each other. (2) In describing a species of Agaricus from the Friesian standpoint it is necessary to include the subgeneric name in brackets thus : — Agaricus (Pmlliota) campestris ; this unnecessarily long name is reduced by raising the sub- genera of Fries to generic rank, and as a genus is not stereotyped in nature as such, more good than harm is effected by the change, except to those minds who consider every departure from accepted custom as retrograde. AGAKICINEAE. Hymenium borne on lamellae, situated on the under surface of the sporophore, rarely in the simpler types on the upper surface, and consequently turned to the light. 300 FUNGUS-FLORA. Lamellae radiating from the centre or from a lateral point, simple or forked, rarely irregularly anastomosing, often connected transversely by thin ridge-like ribs or veins. Basidia normally tetrasporous, cystidia often present in the hymenium. Spores continuous, colourless or coloured. The great majority of species are fleshy, and soon decay ; others, however, are tough, coriaceous, or woody and per- sistent. ANALYSIS OF SECTIONS. I. MELANOSPORAE. Spores black. The gills black or dark grey and speckled with the black spores. No tinge of purple at maturity. II. PORPHYROSPORAE. Spores purple-black. Gills black or brown, with a purple tinge at maturity. III. OCHROSPORAE. Spores ochraceous, bright brown or bright rust-colour. Gills at maturity dingy ochraceous, brownish or bright fer- ruginous, no tinge of purple present. IV. KHODOSPOR.AE. Spores salmon-colour or pink. Gills salmon-colour or rosy at maturity ; the colour in some species is very pale, and liable to be mistaken for members of the Leucosporae, unless attention is paid to the colour of the spores in the mass. In some of the Porphyrosporae the gills are pale rose at an early stage of development, but become dark purple later. V. LEUCOSPORAE. Spores white. Gills in most species white at maturity ; in many species, however, the gills are from the first, or at some stage of development, grey, yellow, rusty, &c., but these tints are not due, as in the other sections, to the MELANOSPORAE. 301 colour of the spores. When a doubtful specimen presents itself, the only certain method is to examine the spores microscopically, and also in the mass as thrown down on paper. In the genus Russula, included in the Leucosporae, the spores are in some species pure white, in others cream-colour, and in several clear pale ochraceous. Finally, in numerous species of Cortinarius the gills are deep purple during certain stages of development, but this colour is never present in the spores. The spores can be obtained in the mass, and the colour seen by the naked eye, if the stem is cut off close to the gills, and the pileus placed gills downwards on paper and allowed to remain for a few hours. If the species is pre- sumably a dark-spored one, use white paper; if pink or white spored, use black paper. MELANOSPOKAE. The present section includes five genera characterised by having black spores, as seen in the mass and on a white ground; under such circumstances there is no tinge of purple or brown. Seen under the microscope by transmitted light the spores are in some species black and opaque, in others subtranslucent and often of a sooty-brown colour. The flesh of the pileus is usually thin and often membrana- ceous. In the genus Coprinus the gills are, during the young stage, closely pressed together like the leaves of a book ; cystidia are commonly present, and when the spores are mature the whole structure of the gills deliquesces and drips away, charged with the black spores in the form of an inky fluid. In the genera Panaeolus, Anellaria, and Psathyrella, the gills are free from each other laterally, and persistent, fre- quently dark grey and variegated with the black spores. The species, as a rule, are long-stemmed, and with a cylindrical or carnpanulate thin pileus that often eventually becomes expanded, and in many species is deeply sulcate or grooved. The atomate appearance of the pileus so characteristic of 302 FUNGUS-FLORA. many species of the present group, is due to the presence of myriads of very minute, glistening crystals of oxalate of lime. Many of the species grow on dung or in richly-manured ground, a few occur on decaying trunks. The deliquescence of the gills in Coprinus has its equi- valent in the deliquescence of the trama and hymenial elements, basidia, &c., in the Gastromycetes. The genus Gomphidius is placed with the present group on purely technical grounds, and presents no affinity whatever with any other genus included in the section. But this remark is equally true of the genera included in any other group, Gomphidius not suggesting close affinity with any known genus. Fries considers that the habit suggests a position intermediate between Cortinarius and Hygrophorus. The spores in the present genus are not truly black, as in the remainder of the Melanosporae, but more or less olive with a smoky-black tinge, and are very large and fusiform or spindle-shaped, as in the genus Boletus. ANALYSIS OF THE GENEEA. MELANOSPORAE. * Gills at first cohering laterally, soon deliquescing, not decurrent. Coprinus. ** Gills distinct, not deliquescent nor decurrent. f Pileus not striate. Anellaria. — Stem with a ring. Panaeolus. — Stem without a ring, ff Pileus striate. Psathyrella. *** Gills decurrent, subgelatinous. Gomphidius. FIGUEES ILLUSTRATING THE MELANOSPOBAE. Fig. 1 , Coprinus comatus, showing the scaly, cylindrical pileus, and the loose ring that has slipped down the stem ; about J nat. size ; — Fig. 2, Anellaria separata, a rather small specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 3, Panaeolus retiruyis, basidium and spores; highly mag.; — Fig. 4, Psathyrella dis- seminata, group of plants ; nat. size ; — Fig. 5, Anellaria separata, section of portion of pileus, showing the adnate or fixed gills, also the margin of the pilens extending beyond the gills ; nat. size ; — Fig. 6, Coprinus narcoticus, group of plants about £ nat. size; — Fig. 7, Gomphidius viscidus, entire specimen ; about J nat. size ; — Fig. 8, section of pileus of same, showing the decurreut gills ; £ nat. size ; — Fig. 9, basidium and spores of same ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 10, Coprinus atramentarius, portion of hymenium, showing a basidium bearing four coloured spores, several paraphyses, and a large cystidium; highly mag.; — Fig. 11, Coprinus fimetariu*, pileus in an advanced stage of development, with the margin revolute, and the gills deliquescing into a black inky fluid ; £ nat. size ; — Fig. 12, Coprinus congregatus, a small group of fungi ; nat. size ; — Fig. IS^Coprinus Spraguei, spores ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 14, Psathyrella arata, portion of pileus, showing the deeply sulcate margin ; about § nat. size ; —Fig. 15, Coprinus platypus, two specimens showing the discoid base of the stein ; mag. 3 times. 304 FUNGUS-FLOKA. COPKINUS. Pers. (figs. 1, 6, 10-13, 15, p. 303). Pileus stipitate, flesh very thin or even quite membra- naceous, veil generally universal, sometimes forming an ad- nat£ volva round the base of the stem, and furnished with a free border, usually floccose or scurfy on the expanded pileus; gills at first closely in contact laterally, eventually deli- quescing into a fluid coloured black by the spores; stem usually hollow ; spores black at maturity. Coprinus, Pers., Syn., in part ; Fries, Epic., p. 241 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 320 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 224. A very distinct and natural genus, and sharply defined, more especially by the peculiarities of the gills or lamellae, which are at first closely coherent laterally, being apparently agglutinated, but eventually becoming separate and free from each other, and by becoming at maturity resolved into a black inky fluid ; most of the species are very ephemeral, the sporophore in many springing up, attaining maturity, and completely disappearing again within twenty-four hours. Cystidia of large size are present in large numbers in the hymenium of many species. The majority of species grow on dung or on richly ma- nured ground, but a few also occur on rotten wood, damp carpets, walls, &c. In the Ochrosporae, the genus Bolbitius agrees with Coprinus in the ephemeral existence of the species, in the soft, de- liquescent gills, and also in most frequently growing on dung or in places where dung abounds. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF COPRINUS. Tribe I. Pelliculosi. — Gills covered with a distinct fleshy or membranaceous cuticle, therefore the pileus does not split along the lines of the gills, but becomes lacerated and revolute. * Comati. — Ring formed from the free margin of the volva ; cuticle torn into scales. ** Atramentarii. — With an imperfect ring (not volva te), squamules of pileus, minute, innate. COPEINUS. 305 *** Picacei. — Universal veil flocculose. at first continuous, then torn into superficial, areolate patches by the expansion of the pileus. **** Tomentosi. — Pileus at first veiled by a loosely villous web that becomes torn into distinct floccose scales, which eventually disappear. King absent. ***** Micacei. — Pileus at first covered with minute glistening micaceous squamules or granules, which at length disappear. Ring absent. ****** Glabrati. — Pileus glabrous, without either floccose or micaceous squamules. Veil absent. Tribe II. Veliformes. — Pileus very thin, without a cuticle, plicato-sulcate, at length splitting along the lines of the gills. Stern slender, hollow. * Cyclodei. — Stem furnished with a ring that is in some species the free margin of the volva. ** Lanulati. — Gills free, pileus with a superficial floccu- lose layer that eventually disappears. Eing absent. *** FurfurellL — Pileus micaceous or scurfy ; gills usually adnate to a collar at the apex of the stem. Ring absent. **** Hemerobii. — Pileus always glabrous. Ring absent. TRIBE I.— PELLICULOSI. * Comati. Coprinus comatus. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 303.) Pileus 3-4 in. high, cylindrical, then more or less expanded, at first even, during growth the cuticle becomes torn into broad, adpressed, scattered scales, pale ochraceous, interstices whitish ; gills almost free, about ^ in. broad, crowded, white, :hen pinkish, at length black ; stem 4-6 in. long, ^— f in. thick, rabequal or slightly attenuated upwards, white, even, hollow, more or less bulbous, bulb solid, ring movable ; spores almost olack, elliptical, 13-18 x 7-8 /x. VOL. I. X 306 FUNGUS-FLORA. Coprinus comatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 242 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 224 ; Cke., Illus., pi. 658. Amongst grass. Esculent. A very distinct species ; Co- prinus ovatus, its nearest ally, is with us a rare species, dis- tinguished by its smaller size, striate margin of the pileus, and large, concentrically arranged scales on the pileus. Large, gregarious, not tufted. Pileus when young ob- longo-cylindrical, at length conic-campanulate, 3-6 in. from the base to the apex, white, the summit tinged with brown, and the surface more or less covered with large shaggy scales. As the plant grows old, the white colour gives place to a shade of reddish-brown, and the lower part becomes so thin that the lamellae are seen through its substance, of a dull orange colour. Lamella free, contiguous to each other, white, at length reddish-purple, in decay changing to black, and deliquescing along with the pileus. Stipes smooth, long, erect, cylindrical, white, with an annular movable veil ; hollow, but with a cord of filaments in the cavity ; somewhat bulbous at the base, and terminating below the bulb in a short attenuated radicular process. A very hand- some agaric, and very satisfactorily characterised ; indeed I do not know any with which it can be confounded. In decay, like all those of the division in which it is placed, it melts into an inky black fluid. (Grev.) Coprinus ovatus. Schaeft'. Pileus about 2 in. across when expanded, ovate, then ex- panded, at first covered with an even pale ochraceous cu- ticle, which by the expansion and growth of the pileus becomes broken up into large concentric scales, white be- tween the scales, the apical portion remaining intact like a cap, margin striate, flesh thin ; gills free, very distant from the stem, lanceolate, about 2 lines broad, whitish then blackish-umber ; stem 3-5 in. long, ^ in. thick or more at the swollen base, slightly attenuated upwards, attenuated into a rooting base, flocculose or fibrillose, white, hollow, bulbous portion solid, ring deciduous ; spores 11-12 x 7-8 //. Coprinus ovatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 242 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 224 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 659. Agaricus ovatus, Schaefier, Icon., t. 7. In pastures. Probably often passed over as Coprinus COPRINUS. 307 comatus, from which, however, it is distinguished by the fol- lowing characters ; smaller size, margin of pileus striate, surface densely covered with concentric scales, apex smooth, cup-like, very distant gills with no tinge of purple, and fugacious ring. Coprinus sterquilinus. Fr. Pileus about 2 in. across when expanded, conical, then ex- panded, sulcate more than half way from margin to disc, at first villous or silky, disc rather fleshy with squarro.se squa- mules, silvery-grey, tinged with fuscous at the apex, flesh thin ; gills free, ventricose, about 2 lines broad, pale then purple-umber; stem 4-6 in. high, slightly attenuated up- wards, white, fibrillose, hollow, thickened base solid, and peronate for about an inch from the base, margin of sheath ending in a free border or ring. Coprinus sterquilinus, Fries, Epicr., p. 242; Cke., Hdbk., p. 225 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 660. On dung. A fine large species known by the squamulose apex of the pileus, the basal portion of the stem surrounded by a volva-like, adnate structure with a free upper margin. The stem soon becomes black when bruised. Base of stem not rooting but abrupt, and furnished with a few white fibres. Coprinus oblectus. Fr. Pileus 1 in. or more across, cylindrical, then conico-cam- panulate, at first whitish and everywhere silky, then glabrous and pallid-tan, sulcate nearly up to the disc, flesh membra- naceous ; gills free, linear, becoming blackish with a tinge of flesh-colour ; stem 3-4 in. long, ^ in. thick, slightly attenu- ated upwards, soft, even, silky, white, hollow, base with a short adnate sheath, the upper margin of which is free and reflexed. Coprinus oblectus, Fries, Epicr.,'p. 243 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 225 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 661 (after Bolton). Agaricus oblectus, Bolton, Fung., t. 142. On dung. Has not been recorded since Bol ton's time. Pileus white and silky at first, then becoming glabrous and powdered with red ; finally revolute. Spores — from an un- certain specimen in the Kew Herbarium — 23-26 x 14 /*. The root is swelled, and emits white downy fibres. x 2 308 FUNGUS-FLORA. The stem is white, of a soft silky surface, and easily splits in shining white filaments; it is hollow, but with a soft silky down in the perforation. The curtain is white, soft, downy, and separates from the rim of the pileus ; when the stem has attained but a small part of its height, it is permanent, abiding near the bottom of the stem, till the decay of the plant. The gills are, while the plant is young, covered with a carnation-coloured powder, changing black in decay, rolling upwards, and dissolving in a black turbid gelly. The pileus at first covered with a white downy epidermis which soon disappears, and the surface becomes striated, and of a soft, downy, livid, carnation colour ; which colour, both in the young and old plants, consists of a soft powder, which at last changes black and dissolves. Grows on new dung-hills. (Bolton.) ** Atramentarii. Coprinus atramentarius. Fr. (fig. 10, p. 303.) Pilens 2-3 in. high, same across when expanded, at first ovate then expanded, often plicate and lobed, greyish, silky- fibrous, minutely mealy, apex brownish and minutely verruculose or squamulose, flesh thin ; gills crowded, free, white then black with purple tinge ; stem 4-6 in. high, ^-§ in. thick, white, silky-shining, hollow, ring basal, very evanescent; spores 12 x 6 p.; cystidia numerous, sub- cylindrical, large. Coprinus atramentarius, Fries, Epicr., p. 243 ; Cke., Illust., t. 622 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 225. About old stumps, and on rich naked soil, but not on dung. Usually clustered and often irregular from mutual pressure. Gregarious, caespitose. Pileus 3|- in. or more high, sub- carnoso, campanulate, obtuse, the edge uneven, dirty grey, at length brownish, innato-fibrillose, more or less fur- furaceous and corrugated, the apex often scaly. Gills very broad and close, with numerous pellucid processes, ventricose, umber, the margin white, rounded behind, quite free. Stem 3^ in. high, ^ in. thick, fistulose, juicy, fibrillose, at- tenuated upwards, brittle, the substance banded concentri- cally. There is generally a prominent mark at the base, COPRIXUS. 309 caused by the pressure of the edge of the pileus, in an early stage of growth, which has somewhat the appearance of a volva. (Berk.) Tufted. Pileus brownish-white or silvery grey, darker at the summit, remaining campanulate for a long time, above 2 in. from the base to the apex, obtusely and irregularly plicate, unequal, at length becoming plane and revolute. Lamellae free, silvery grey, changing to black, contiguous to each other, ventricose, dissolving in age. Stipes hollow, white, 3-8 in. long, cylindrical, about ^ in. thick. This species is well marked by the large folds or plaits which often extend from the base to the very apex of the pileus. (Grev.) Coprinus soboliferus. Fr. Pileus H-2^- in. across, subcylindrical, then ovato-cam- panulate, lower half of pileus usually undulate but not sulcate or striate, disc truncate, usually depressed, distinctly squamulose, dingy white, towards the apex tinged with pale brown, squamules darker, flesh very thin ; gills free, lanceo- late, ^ in. or more broad, crowded, pale then blackish ; stem .5—8 in. long, ^ in. thick at the base, slightly attenuated upwards, silky, white, stuffed; towards the base there is a depressed zone caused by the edge of the pileus when young, ring fugacious; spores elliptical, 15 x 7 ju. Coprinus soboliferus, Fries, Epicr., p. 243; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 225 ; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 848. Amongst grass near to trunks, buried wood, &c. A very large and beautiful species, distinguished from Coprinus atramentarius, its nearest ally, by the larger size of every part, the costate or waved lower portion of the pileus, the truncate, depressed disc, with distinct squamules, the whitish colour of the pileus, and the imperfectly hollow or stuffed stem. Coprinus fuscescens. Fr. Pileus 1—1^ in. across, submembranaceous, ovato-expandea, dull, dipc rather fleshy, even or cracked into squamules, greyish-brown, disc rufous; gills adfixed, blackish-umber; stem 4-5 in. long, about ^ in. thick, equal, fragile, hollow, subfibrillose, ring indistinct or absent, whitish; spores elliptical, apiculate, 10 x 6 p.. 310 FUNGUS-FLOE A. Coprinus fuscescens, Fries, Epicr., p. 244; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 226; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 663?. On trunks, dead stumps, &c. Smaller and more slender than Coprinus atramentarius, pileus brownish-grey, disc becoming rufous, not sprinkled with micaceous particles, but at first covered with a mealy bloom ; gills adnexed, attenuated from the stem to the margin, deliquescent. (Fries.) In Cooke's figure of this species, drawn from specimens determined by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, the pileus is bright chestnut in every part, and striate from the margin half-way up, and when old much split and more or less revolute, whereas Schaeifer's figure shows the species densely tufted, with the habit of C. micaceus and the pileus pale grey with tinge of brown, apex darker. Var. rimoso-squamosus, Cooke, Illustr., pi. 664; Cke., Hdbk., p. 226. Pileus 1^-2 in. high and broad, ovate, then more or less expanded, greyish-brown, becoming brown towards the apex, where the cuticle is torn into large angular patches, pale between the patches ; gills broad near the stem, becoming narrower towards the margin ; stem whitish, rather flexuous, equal, hollow; spores as in the type. On the ground, about stumps. *** Picacei. Coprinus picaceus. Fr. Pileus 2-2^ in. across, membranaceous, ovato-campanulate, striate up to the disc, smoky-black, variegated with large, irregular, superficial white patches ; gills free, £ in. or more broad, ventricose, greyish-black ; stem 5—6 in. long, base bulbous, abrupt, otherwise equal ^— |- in. thick, white, hollow, fragile, smooth ; spores elliptical, apiculate, 14x8 /j. ; cystidia large, numerous. Coprinus picaceus, Fries, Hyrn. Eur., p. 323 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 226 ; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 665. On the ground. A very distinct and beautiful species. When young the pileus is cylindrical, and completely covered by a thick, whitish layer, which during the growth and expansion of the pileus becomes broken up into large, COPRINUS. 311 irregular- pieces that persist on the fully expanded pileus. Soon deliquescing after attaining full development. Dis- tinguished from allied species by the large, irregular, superficial patches on the pileus. In C. aratus the pileus is dark and striate, but the evanescent covering consists of small, crowded scales, and the gills are at first adnexed, then breaking away. In C. flocculosus the pileus is whitish and the gills violaceous. Pileus 2 in. broad and high, campanulate, glutinous, closely grooved, brown with a tinge of red above; margin cinereous, dimpled at the apex, epidermis cracking into large pale fawn-coloured subconic scales ; flesh very thin ; gills broad, ventricose, narrow in front, black, the extreme margin, except when deliquescent, white, not so close as in C. atramentarius, clothed with prominent spiculae (cystidia) exactly as long as the interstices are broad, quite free. Spores elliptic, black. Stem 6 in. high, ^ in. thick at the b;ise, beautifully satiny with adpressed fibrillae, attenuated above, where it is subtomentose, and stained with the spores, subbulbous below, hollow, with a few stringy fibres attached to the walls. (Berk.) Coprinus aphthosus. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. high and broad, membranaceous, ovate- campanulate, not striate, at first covered with super- ficial scales, then naked, pallid ; gills adnate, linear, white, then black; stem about 2 in. high, 2 lines thick, soft, white, equal, fibrillose, twisted, hollow; spores blackish, 15-16 X 10 /*. Coprinus aphthosus, Fries, Epicr., p. 245 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 226. In hollow trunks, &c. I have followed Fries in considering the above described form as the typical species, nevertheless it is rather unusual that he should accept the species he found as typical and run a previously described species, as that of Bolton, as a variety. Far. Boltoni. Mass. The following description by Bolton indicates a distinct variety of the present species, distinguished more especially by the repand, olivaceous pileus. 312 FUNGUS-FLORA. Agaricus domesticus, Bolton, p. 26, pi. 26 ; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 666 (partly after Bolton). The root consists of a great number of downy grey fibres, some of which insinuate themselves into the substance of the putrid wood, whereon it grows ; the rest crop like mouldiness upon its surface. The plants most commonly grow in bundles from the same root. The stem is white and shines with a silky gloss; it is fistular, of a thin, light substance, the thickness of a goose- quill, and three or four inches high; it easily divides in white glittering filaments, and often abides after the pileus is fallen. The curtain is extremely delicate, and vanishes as soon as the rim of the pileus separates from the stem. The gills are in one series, numerous, broad, and deep ; at first of a pale grey colour, but in decay dissolve in a black inky liquor. The pileus is at first of an oval figure, and wrapped up in a volva, which is peculiar to itself, and does not in- wrap at the root. The volva is of a cottony substance, and a very pale grey -brown colour ; as the pileus increases in bigness it bursts in fragments, and remains like warts on the surface. From an oval, the pileus changes to a conical figure ; the margin undulated, next becomes bell-shaped, and at last lacerates and dissolves. Grows on decaying pieces of moist wood, in cellars, cold kitchens, &c., in plenty. (Bolton.) Coprinus flocculosus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, membranaceous, ovate then expanded, dirty white, striate, covered with innate scales, splitting ; gills free, narrow, subviolaceous, then brownish black ; stem 3 in. high, hollow, attenuated upwards, white, slightly swollen at the base, smooth, silky, shining ; spores 10 x 7-8 p.. Coprinus flocculosus. Fries, Epicr., p. 245; B. & Br., Ann. Is at. Hist., n. 926; Cke., Illustr., t. 667. In fields and gardens. Solitary or tufted ; stem often with loose silky fibrils that soon disappear. Allied to C. aratus and C. lagopus, but in the first the spores are elliptic-fusiform, 15 x 10-11 /*, in the last named the disc of the pileus is bright brown. COPRINUS. 313 Coprinus similis. B. & Br. Pileus campanulate-ovate, pallid, lineato-striate, disc darker, hygrophanous, studded with brown-tipped acute warts, which eventually disappear; stem white, hollow, attenuated upwards; gills adnate, narrower behind, sub- linear, blackish, margin brown. Coprinus similis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1011 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 227. On trunks of dead trees. Resembling Coprinus aphthosus, but differing in the striate pileus. Pileus 1 in. across. **** Tomentosi. Coprinus extinctorius. Fr. Pileus 1^-2 in. across when expanded, submembranaceous, cylindric-clavate, then expanded and campanulate, straight, margin striate, at first clothed with floccose evanescent scales, whitish, apex tinged with brown ; gills reaching the stem, lanceolate, whitish, becoming brownish-black ; stem 4-5 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, slightly swollen at the base, below which it is continued as a rooting-stem, smooth, white, hollow ; spores 10-11 x 6 /*. Coprinus extinctorius, Fries, Epicr., p. 245; Cke., Hdbk., p. 227 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 668 ; Bolt., t. 24. On the ground about the roots of trees. Firmer than neighbouring species, pileus splitting when expanded, but not revolute, pallid, disc darker ; becoming glabrous from the apex towards the margin, whereas in C.fimetarius the disappearance of the floccose substance is from the margin to the apex. (Fries.) Fries considers that Bolton's figure, pi. 24, is a poor figure of the present species. The following is Bolton's account of his species. The root is a little swelled, hard, white, and emits brown fibres from the sides ; sometimes it sustains several plants, sometimes only one ; it is not surrounded by a volva. The stem is cylindrical, smooth, white, fistular, with a small perforation, wherein is a soft downy matter like cotton ; it is an inch in circumference, and five inches high ; there is no curtain. The gills are all in one series, extremely numerous, thin, 314 FUNGUS-FLORA. deep, and delicate ; of a pure white colour at first, afterwards turn to a pale brown, and in decay dissolve in a dark-brown liquor. The pileus is shaped like an extinguisher, terminating bluntly above, and spreading out at the rim, where it is a little waved and undulated ; the surface is smooth while the plant is young, afterwards becomes striated, and at last lacerates and dissolves. The colour is white at first, except a gentle tinge of brown near the top ; as it advances in age, the white changes to a very pale brown ; and in some speci- mens there are a few downy scales or tufts of a pale brown, as in the Agaricm fimetarius. Grows amongst sand, in moist and shady situations about Halifax, but is rare there. (Bolton.) Coprinus fimetarius. Fr. (fig. 11, p. 303.) Pileus 1—2 in. across, clavate then conico-expanded, soon split and revolute, greyish, apex tinged with brown ; at first covered with white floccose scales, then naked, rimoso- sulcate ; disc even, flesh thin ; gills free, lanceolate, about 2 lines broad, then linear and wavy, black ; stem 5-6 in. high, 2—3 lines thick, hollow, thickened at the base and there solid, squamulose; spores 12-14 x 7—8 //, ; cystidia large, numerous. Coprinus fimetarius, Fries, Epicr., p. 245 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 227 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 324. On manure-heaps, &c. Solitary or usually clustered, soon becoming revolute and deliquescing. Far. pullatus. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 324 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 669. Pileus with adpressed squamules and tomentose, soon naked, fuscous, then blackish ; stem equal, becoming smooth. On dung. Clustered. Stature of the type. Far. cinereus. Schaeff., t. 100; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 324; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228; Cke., Illustr. pi. 671. Pileus menibranaceous, floccosely mealy, then naked, ashy- grey ; stem subequal, rootless, hollow to the base, often twisted; spores 12-8 p. On dung and rich soil. Pileus 2 in. high before expansion, then 3 in., but very COPRINUS. 315 variable in size, sulcate, at first cylindrical, rather flat at the apex, clothed with fugacious ad pressed or slightly recurved feathery scales ; then conico-campanulate ; at length inverted with the margin split and rolled back. Gills black, dotted with pellucid conic processes and elliptic black spores. Stem sometimes 5 in. high, |-^- in. thick, clothed near the apex with thick patent down, near the base with ad pressed scales, very fragile, hollow, without any cottony fibres. (Berk.) Far. macrorhiza. Fr., Hym. Bur., p. 324 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 670. Agaricua macrorhizus, Pers., Syn., p. 398. Pileus at first with feathery squamules ; stem short, villose, rooting, sometimes more or less marginately sub- bulbous ; spores 13-14 x 8-9. On dung. Pileus pale and smaller than in the typical form, stem shorter, with a more or less elongated rooting base. On a hot-bed, penetrating through the superincumbent mould and attached to the dung beneath by the long attenuated root. Pileus f in. broad, nearly 1 in. high, scaly, the scales sometimes forming a beautiful radiated crown at the apex, pale brown above, the margin greyish, striate. Gills brown, with a slight white border, close, free, very slightly ventricose, -|- in. broad. Stem 3 in. high, 3 lines thick at the base, -|- in. at the apex, straight, very downy towards the base, less so upwards, fistulose ; root 21 in. long. (Berk.) Coprirms tomentosus. Fr. Pileus 1-1^ in. high, submembranaceous, cylindrical, then conical, afterwards splitting and expanded, striate, floccoso- tomentose, pale-grey, the velvety floccose layer becoming torn into persistent patches on the expansion of the pileus ; gills free, narrow, brownish, then blackish brown ; stem about 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, velvety, greyish, hollow. Coprinus tomentosus, Fr., *Epicr., p. 246 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 672 A (after Bolton). Agaricus tomentosus, Bulliard, t. 138. On dung and in rich pastures. Pileus cylindrical, then narrowly pyramidal, at length expanded and more or less 316 FUNGUS-FLORA. split. Covered continuously at first with a velvety greyish felt that is persistent, and becomes torn into patches when the pileus expands. Pileus pallid or yellowish below the grey nap. This agaric is found in woods and gardens in autumn ; on the ground, also sometimes on dunghills; it is generally solitary, sometimes more or less gregarious, but not forming clusters. Stem hollow, naked, pubescent, terminating in a point at the base and the summit, 1-2 lines thick, and about 2 in. high. The pileus is ashy-grey or mouse-grey, becoming blackish with age, surface tomentose ; the tomentum is easily removed when the pileus is smooth and striate. It is at first cylindrical, then conical, and long enough to cover more than half the length of the stem ; as maturity ap- proaches the pileus becomes more expanded, and the split margin turns up a little ; during middle age it is 8-10 lines across, and 13—18 lines high. It is very fugacious and deliquescent. Gills free, narrow, more especially near to the stem, at first white, at length black. (Bulliard.) The root is small, black, and emits a few short brown fibres. The stem is upright, cylindrical, hollow ; the substance white, and easily torn into filaments ; it is covered, on the outside, with a lead-coloured down. The gills are arranged in three series, those of the first series long and narrow ; they are white on the sides, but furnished with a black down or powder on the edges, which, before the plant is torn, makes them appear wholly black. The pileus is at first oval or oblong ; when the rim begins to enlarge, it becomes of a pyramidal figure ; at last bell- shaped, lacerates, and soon dissolves. In its first stages it is thickly covered with a grey or lead-coloured down, which covering tears in fragments as the pileus extends in breadth, and remains on its white striated surface in broken, deformed, grey patches. I gathered this species near .Ogden-Kirk, amongst wet moss, in the ground where peat is dug for fuel. (Bolton.) Coprinus niveus. Fr. Pileus ^-1 in. across, submembranaceous, elliptical, then campanulate and expanded, almost persistently covered with COPRINUS. 317 snow-white floccose-down ; gills slightly attached, narrow, becoming blackish ; stem 1^—3 in. high, subequal, or slightly attenuated upwards, villose, white, hollow; spores 16 x 11-13 /x. Coprinus niveus, Fries, Epicr., p. 246 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 672 B. On dung, especially of horses. Distinguished by snow- white colour, persistently tomentose pileus, and small size. Coprinus narcoticus is distinguished by its strong smell of opium, and C. stercorarius by the dense micaceous mealy coat covering the pileus at first ; it is also larger in every part. Pileus ^—1 in. across, campanulate, at length expanded and depressed with the margin rolled back, clothed with dense scaly meal ; the margin striate, very thin and delicate. Gills narrow, free, black, subventricose. Stem 2 in. or more high, 1 line thick, thickest at the base, sericeo-squamulose, hollow, fragile, splitting longitudinally. (Berk.) Coprinus cothurnatus. Godey. Pileus exceedingly thin, conico-campanulate, then ex- panded, densely furfnraceous, becoming umbonate and unequally split, reddish- white ; stem hollow, attenuated upwards, white, squamulose, base squamuloso-vaginate, about 1| in. long, 1-2 lines thick ; gills free, sublanceolate, crowded, white, then flesh-coloured, at length blackish. Coprinus cothurnatus, Godey, in Gillet's Champ, de France, p. 605, with a fig.; Sacc., Syll., vol. v., n. 4410; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228. On cow-dung in pastures. The English specimens referred to this species are yel- lowish, the pileus about 1 in. across, stem 2 in. long. ***** Micacei. Coprinus micaceus., Fr. Pileus 1|— 2^ in. across, submembranaceous, elliptical, then campanulate, coarsely striate, disc even, ochraceous-tan, disc darker, margin usually more or less repand; when young densely covered with glistening minute crystals of oxalate of lime, at length naked, when fully developed rimoso- 318 FUNGUS-FLOKA. sulcate; gills 2-4 lines broad, adnexed, lanceolate, rather crowded, whitish, then brown, finally black ; stem 2-3 in. long, about | in. thick, equal, even, silky, whitish, hollow ; spores elliptical, blackish, 7—8 x 4—5 p.. Coprinus micaceus, Fries, Epicr., p. 247 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 229 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 673. About old stumps, posts, &c. Generally densely fascicu- late. In rainy weather subdeliquescent, pileus soon naked, and becoming dark reddish -brown. In dry weather the pileus becomes pale in colour, and the glistening particles of lime, which resemble mica in their appearance, are per- manent. Caespitose ; pileus |-1 in. or more broad, half-ovate, often more or less irregular from the dense mode of growth, sprinkled with glistening meal, strongly striate, almost plicate, rufous, the umbo darker ; the margin cinereous, very thin ; veil very fugacious. Gills attenuated in front, broad behind, ascending, attached above, umber mottled with the sporules, which appear black when viewed in the mass, but are really brown-purple ; stem 2-3 in. high or more, 2 lines thick, hollow, brittle, squamuloso-pulverulent, the epidermis often cracked into little scales, very faintly tinged with red, attenuated upwards. (Berk.) Coprinus aratus. B. & Br. Pileus submembranaceous, 2—3 in. across, campanulate, then expanded, umber, deeply sulcate up to the darker usually wrinkled disc, sprinkled with large micaceous particles, revolute in decay; gills narrow, attenuated at either end, attached, then seceding and becoming free, deep rich brown, then black ; stem 4—3 in, high, 2—3 lines thick, attenuated upwards, slightly bulbous at the base, snow- white, silky, hollow, urnber within ; spores 15 X 10-11 /x. Coprinus aratus, Berk, and Browne, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 927, and again after n. 1956; Cke., Handbk., p. 229; Cke., Illustr., tabs. 674 and 675. In hollow trees, on the ground, &c., solitary or clustered; resembling Coprinus micaceus in habit, but larger and umber- colour. A group occurred and showed some differences from the single specimen before seen ; disc sometimes rugose, sometimes COPRINUS. 319 even ; gills at first attached, but soon separating from the stem so as to appear free, but still connected at the base as if by a slight collar, hence instead of " lamellis liberis," it should be " secedentibus" (Berk.) Coprinus radians. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, membranaceous, ovato-campanulate, glistening with minute crystals of oxalate of lime, disc granuloso-squamulose ; margin striate, yellowish-fulvous, becoming pale, sometimes becoming subdiscoid ; gills about 1| lines broad, slightly attached to the stem, pale, then violet-black; stem 1-1^ in. long, equal, smooth, even, hollow, whitish, furnished at the base with radiating strands of mycelium ; spores violet-black, elliptical, 7 x 4 /A. Coprinus radians, Fries, Epicr., p. 248 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 229 ; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 676 A. Agaricus radians, Desmaz., Ann. Sci. Nat. 19, t. 10, f. 1. On damp plastered walls, rather small, solitary or sub- caespitose, pileus yellow-fulvous, subdiscoid, becoming pale ; stem short, incurved from the position of growth. Pileus 2 in. broad, gills free, numerous, at first white; stem 1^- in. high, 2 lines thick, cylindric, fistulose, almost equal ; curved in consequence of its vertical place of growth, naked, smooth, furnished with a radiating base 2 in. broad. (Desmazieres.) The fungus called Lycoperdon radiatum, Sowerby, t. 145, is the very young stage of the present species. Coprinus papillatus. Fr. Pileus ^— £ in. across, elliptical, then campanulate, then often splitting and almost plane or even upturned, but the disc remaining prominent, striate, greyish-furfuraceous, centre livid smooth-colour, rough with minute papillae; gills free but close to the stem, narrow, black ; stem about 1 in. longj slender, equal, hollow, white, hyaline except at the base; spores 15 x 7 p.. Coprinus papillatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 248; Cooke, Hdbk., 229; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 676 B. Agaricus papillatus, Batsch, fig. 78. On the ground, also on dung. Minute, but rather per- sistent. 320 FUNGUS-FLORA. ****** Glabrati. Coprinus alternatus. Fr. Pileus §-1 in. across, when expanded H-2 in., flesh thin, hemispherical, then expanded and umbonate, striate, quite smooth, chalky-pallid or very pale buff, disc darker; gills adnate, narrow, grey, then black ; stem 3—4 in. long, about 2 lines thick, and equal except the more or less thickened base, or sometimes attenuated upwards, hollow, whitish, smooth ; spore black, broadly pip-shaped, 10 x 6-7 p.. Goprinus alternatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 248; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 230; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 677. Agaricus alternatus, Schum., Saell., n. 1874. On the ground. In small clusters. In Cooke's figure, Illustr., pi. 677, the gills are represented, free from the stem. Stem equal slightly or not at all thickened at the base, subflexuous. Coprinus deliquescens. Fr. Pileus 1^—3 in. across, ovato-campanulate, then expanded, usually rather repand, flesh rather thick at the disc, thin towards the margin, distantly striate, glabrous except the disc, which is minutely papillose, livid grey, or smoky, disc often tinged rufescent ; gills free, at length distant from the stem, narrow, grey, then blackish ; stem 3-4 in. high, about i in. thick, corticated, whitish, glabrous, hollow, subequal or slightly attenuated upwards ; spores elliptical, obliquely apiculate, 8 x 5 p- Coprinus deliquescens, Fries, Epicr., p. 249 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 230; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 678. Agaricus deliquescens, Bulliard, t. 558, f. 1. On trunks, stumps, and on heaps of dead leaves, &c. Slightly caespitose. Sometimes confounded with Coprinus atramentarius, from which it differs in every part being more slender, and in the free, distant gills. Stem naked, corticated, firm, 4 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, equally attenuated upwards, glabrous, white. Pileus mem- branaceous, campanulate, then expanded, almost glabrous, disc minutely papillose, livid-fuliginous, 3-4 in. broad, not splitting, but revolute, striate, striae broad but not deep, gills free, distant from the stem, very much crowded, flexuous, very narrow, about ^ line broad. (Fries.) COPRINUS. 321 Coprinus tardus. Karst. Pileus 1-2 in. high and wide, rather fleshy, thin, fragile, ovate, then campanulate, sulcate, or deeply striate, quite gla- brous, rather dry, bright brown becoming pale ochraceous- tan ; gills adnate, crowded, very narrow, broadest behind, deli- quescent, whitish, then tinged with brown, at length black ; stem 4-6 in. high, about 2 lines thick, equal, hollow, sub- flexuous, minutely striated at the apex, slightly downy, whitish ; spores elliptical or sometimes subangular, opaque, blackish brown, subinaequilateral, 12-18 X 7-9 /x. Coprinus tardus, Symb. ad Myc. Fenn., vi. p. 20 ; Icon. Sel. Hym. Fenn., fig. xix. ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 230 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 719. On the ground. Densely tufted. Smell none. Allied to Coprinus deli- quescens, but distinct in the following points : pileus fleshy, hardly expanded, not punctate at the disc, never re volute, hardly splitting, dryish, stem equal, gills adnate, crowded, not flexuous, white, than brownish, at length black. (Kar- sten.) Coprinus digitalis. Fr. Caespitose. Pileus about 1 in. high and broad, submem- branaceous, parabolic, altogether glabrous and naked, disc even, the remainder striated, whitish or straw-colour, centre often darker, splitting with age ; gills slightly adnexed, ventricose, whitish-brown, then blackish, margin at first micaceous; stem 1—5 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, hollow, rather flexuous, glabrous, corticated, white. Coprinus digitalis, Fries, Epicr., p. 249 ; Fries, Monogr. Suec., i. p. 462. In damp places in woods, &c. Caespitose, fragile, terres- trial. In the mature fungus the pileus is livid olive or yel- lowish-grey, and the gills appear to be adnate. Coprinus congregatus. Bull. (fig. 12, p. 303.) Pileus ,\— i£ in. high, cylindrical, then campanulate, finally expanded and split at the margin, smooth, viscid, margin slightly striate, ochraceous ; gills about 1 line broad, slightly adnexed, white, finally becoming black ; stem 1-1^ in. high, equal, smooth, hollow, whitish. VOL. I. Y 322 FUNGUS-FLORA. Coprinus congregates, Fries, Epicr., p. 249 ; Fries, Hym. Bur., p. 328; Cke., Hdbk., p. 230; Cke., Illustr., pi. 679. Agaricus congregatus, Bull., t. 94. On the ground, also in hothouses, &c. Eeadily distinguished by the densely caespitose mode of growth, the small size, the viscid, ochraceous, glabrous pileus which remains elongato-cylindrical for some time, then becomes campanulate, and finally expands and splits at the margin. Densely caespitose, fragile, readily distinguished from Coprinus digitalis by its much smaller size ; stern short, thin ; pileus from cylindrical to campanulate, glabrous, ochraceous, gills adfixed, linear, white, then black, (Fries.) TRIBE II.— VELIFOEMES. * Oydodei. Coprinus Henderson!. Berk. Pileus about 2 lines high, up to ^ in. across when ex- panded, membranaceous, at first subcylindrical, then becom- ing plano-convex, minutely pruinose, apex pale brown, grey- ish towards the margin ; gills free, narrow, becoming black, margin white, rather distant; stem 1-1^ in. long, slender, slightly attenuated upwards, almost or quite smooth, white, furnished with a distinct ring below the middle, hollow; spores 10 x 5 p~ Coprinus Hendersoni, Berk., Outl., pi. 24, f. 8 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 231 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 680 A. Agaricus Hendersoni, Berk., Eng. Flora, vol. v. p. 122. On hotbeds and on dung in fields. Extremely tender ; pileus 4-6 lines broad, at first subcy- lindric, granulose under a lens, apex brownish, shaded into cinereous towards the margin, at length plano-convex; margin folded. Gills rather distant, free, powdered with the black sporules, the extreme margin white, narrow; at length appearing like mere wrinkles. Stem 11 in. high, not a Hne thick, white, nearly or quite smooth, hollow, attenuated up- wards, furnished with a cup-shaped more or less distant, permanent ring. (Berk.) CGPRixrs. 323 Coprinus lagopus. Fr. Pilous 1-2 in. across, very thin, cylindrical, then campami- late, covered with white flocculent down, becoming glabrous, striato-sulcate up to the umbo, at length splitting and more or less revolute, whitish or greyish, disc brownish ; gills free, at length distant from the stein, narrow, becoming black ; stem elongated, usually equally attenuated upwards, white, every part clothed with white floccose down, hollow, very fragile; spores 14-16 x 10-12 p. Coprinus lac/opus, Fries, Epicr., p. 250 ; Saunders and Smith, t. 19; Cke., Hdbk., pi. 231 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 681. On rotten wood, dung, &c. Fries distinguishes two forms. A, nemorum, stem slender, 4-6 in. long. B, viarum, stem 2-3 in. long, pileus broader, livid. Both forms are inodorous. The pileus of the long- stemmed form is sometimes entirely clear brown, at others greyish with a brownish disc. Stem very weak, 5 in. and more in length, 1 line thick, attenuated at both ends. Pileus thin, campanulato-expanded, about 1 in. across, when young elegantly flocculose, then farrowed, disc livid. Gills rather distant. (Fries.) Coprinus narcoticus. Fr. (fig. 6, p. 303.) Pileus ^— f in. across, foetid, very thin, cylindric-clavate, then expanded, at length revolute, covered at first with white, recurved, floccose scales, then naked, greyish-white, hyaline, striate ; gills free but very close to the stem, white, then becoming blackish; stem 1|— 2 in. long, about 1 line thick, fragile, at first covered with white down, then almost glabrous, hollow ; spores elliptical, 11 x 5-6 fi. Coprinus narcoticus, Fries, Epicr., p. 250 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 231 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 680 B. Agaricus narcoticus, Batsch, f. 77. On dung. Caespitose. Smell very strong and disagree- able, described by Fries as alkaline-narcotic, and in this peculiarity is distinct from all other species. The stem is sometimes straight, at others flexuous. Smell very strong, otherwise difficult to distinguish from Coprinus niveus. Stem about 2 in. long, equal, ' subulate,' at length glabrous. Pileus when young conico-cylindrical, be- Y 2 324 FUNGUS-FLORA. coming naked when expanded, up to 1 in. across. Gills white then blackish. (Fries.) Coprinus macrocephalus. Fr. Pileus up to § in. high and broad when expanded, cylin- drical, then campanulatn-expanded, ashy-grey, disc brownish, sprinkled with paler pointed scales, margin slightly striate, flesh rather thick for the size of the species ; gills quite free, up to 1 line broad, at length black; stem 1|— 2 in. long, 1 line or more thick, subequal, dirty white, clothed with white down and long free fibres, base strigose, hollow ; spores broadly elliptical or obliquely pip-shaped, 11-13 X 7-8 p.; cystidia elliptical, large, numerous. Coprinus macrocephalus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 329 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 231 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 682' A. Agaricus macrocephalus, Berk., Eng. Flora, vol. v. p. 122. On putrid dung, Subcaespitose. Distinguished amongst the small grey species of Coprinus by the pointed squamules adorning the pileus, and more especially by the long loose fibrils on the stem. Pileus f in. broad, ^ in. high, linear when young, then cylindrico-campanulate, the margin slightly spread out, adorned with elegant adpressed or patent scales, the remains of the veil ; apex brown, shaped off into slate colour on the margin, scarcely at all pubescent. Gills linear, perfectly free, at length black, clothed with pellucid spiculae. Stem 1-2 in. high, 2 lines thick, ascending, dirty white, fistulose, clothed with short cottony down, and with longer, sometimes deflexed, loose fibres, strigose at the base, somewhat attenu- ated upwards and stained with the black elliptic spores. A very distinct species, apparently near A. lagopus ( = Co- prinus lagopus~). (Berk.) Coprinus nycthemerus. Fr. Pileus i-| in. when expanded, membranaceous, at first conico-cylindrical, then expanded and splitting at the margin, floccosely-mealy, radiately plicate, margin striate, striae fur- cate, then naked, grey, disc tawny; gills free, at length distant from the stem, narrow, blackish ; stem 2-3 in. long, equal, hollow, flaccid, whitish, glabrous ; spores 9 x 6 p.. COPRINUS. 325 Coprinus nycthemerus, Fries, Epicr., p. 251 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 232; Cke., Illustr., pi. 682s? On dung and manured ground. Subcaespitose. In Cooke's figures quoted above the pileus is in every specimen tawny at the disc and becoming very pale dull yellow towards the margin, whereas Fries distinctly states in italics " griseo, disco fusco," hence it is not certain that the species of Fries is depicted. Coprinus radiatus. Fr. Piletis 2-3 lines across, exceedingly delicate and em- phemeral, cylindrical, then campanulate, at length plane, at first covered with a greyish down, soon splitting, radially plicate, yellowish, disc tawny ; gills free, few and distant, narrow, blackish; stem ^—1 in. high, filiform, hyaline, becoming glabrous, whitish ; spores 7-8 x 5 /z. Coprinus radiatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 251 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 232 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 682 A. On dung. Distinguished by its very small size and the plane, fissured pileus. Very ephemeral. On horse-dung, often on the under side, in grassy woods, &c. Very tender, so that a breath destroys it. Pileus 1-2 lines broad, at first digitaliform, yellowish, the apex obtuse, darker, striate and downy, when full grown pale-brown, or nearly colourless, the centre sometimes dimpled, strongly furrowed, edge notched and often split in a radiated manner, so as to appear like the spokes of a wheel ; gills about 10, with minute smaller ones in the interstices. Stem j 1-3 in. high, very slender, quite filiform, smooth, but : sometimes fibrillose and tomentose, dusky or colourless, a little thickened at the base, where it is slightly downv. I (Berk; Coprinus Spraguei. B. & C. (fig. 13, p. 303.) Pileus ^-| in. across, membranaceous, conical, then cam- I emulate, finally expanded and revolute, tomentose, greyish, disc tawny, margin coarsely striate ; stem 1^-2 in. high, about 1 line thick, equal, smooth, pale cinnamon, hollow ; gills free, few and distant, narrow, from white becoming blackish; spores elliptical, slightly curved, 10 x 5 p.. Coprinus Spraguei, Berk. & Curt., Ann. Nat. Hist., Oct. 326 FUNGUS-FLORA. 1859; Cke., Hdbk., p. 232; Cke., Illustr., pi. 683 B ; Berk., Outlines, p. 182. On the ground. Somewhat resembling Coprinus plicatilis in size and general appearance, but readily distinguished from this and all other species by the pale cinnamon- coloured stem, and the slightly curved spores. The disc is not depressed when the pileus is expanded as in C. plicatilis. ** Furfurelli. Coprinus domesticus. Fr. Pileus 1^—2 in. across, thin, ovate, then campanulate, obtuse, furfuraceo - squamulose, smoke-coloured or pale greyish- white, disc brown, undulato-sulcate, splitting; gills adnexed, crowded, narrow, at first reddish-white, then blackish-brown ; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, slightly attenuated upwards, adpressedly silky, white, hollow, spores 14-16 x 7-8 p.. Coprinus domeslicus, Fries, Epicr., p. 251 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 232 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 684. On moist rotten wood, damp carpets, on damp walls, &c. Caespitose. The largest species included in the present section of the genus. Very brittle, often caespitose ; pileus 2 in. broad, mem- branaceous, campanulate, apex nearly smooth, reddish- brown. Gills white when young, then ruddy, at length brown-black. Stem 2—3 in. high, 3 lines thick, even, attenuated upwards. (Fries.) Coprinus stercorarius. Fr. Pileus above 1 in. high, when fully expanded 1^ in. broad, very thin, ovate then campanulate, sometimes expanded, and a little upturned at the margin, densely covered with a white, glistening, micaceous powder, margin striate ; gills adnexed about H lines broad, ventricose, black; stem at first ovately bulbous, then elongated, 3-5 in. long, equally attenuated upwards from the base, at first minutely mealy, white, hollow ; spores 14-15 x 8 /A. Coprinus stercorarius, Fries, Epicr., p. 251 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 232 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 685 A. On dung, manured Aground, &c. Differing from the other COPRINUS. 327 species included in the present section in the pileus scarcely splitting. Eesembles Coprinus niveus in the pure white colour of the pileus and stem, but is larger in every part, and the pileus is covered with a micaceous meal and not with white floccose down as in C. niveus. , Coprinus ephemerus. Fr. Pileus ^-| in. across, very thin, ovate, then campanulate, finally expanded and splitting, radiato-sulcate, at first slightly furfuraceous, disc elevated, even, rufescent ; gills slightly attached, linear, white, then brownish, at length blackish ; stem H-2i in. high, 1 line or more thick, equal, glabrous, pellucid, hollow,. whitish; spores 16-17 X 9-10 /A. Coprinus ephemeras, Fries, Epicr., p. 252; Cke., Hdbk., p. 233 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 685 B. On dung-hills, manured ground, &c. To the naked eye appearing almost glabrous, but under a lens seen to be distinctly furfuraceous. Known from Coprinus plicatilis by the disc of the pileus being prominent and not depressed. Extremely fugacious. Pileus £-£ in. broad, ovate or campanulate, at length deflexed, the margin finally splitting and curling back ; apex umber, shaded gradually into a delicate bluish-grey ; striate, scaly when young. Gills at length black, linear, edge downy, white. Stem 1-2 in. high, 1 line thick, dirty white, with a few fibrillae, at length naked. (Berk.) Coprinus sociatus. Fr. Pileus very thin, ovate, then campanulate, soon splitting, radially plicate, mealy, fuscous, becoming pale, disc umber, at length umbilicate; gills adnexed to a collar, greyish- black ; stem 2 in. long, attenuated, glabrous, white. Goprinus sociatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 252 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 331 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 233. On walls, moist ground in gardens, &c. Stem hollow, 2 in. long or a little more, slightly and gradually attenuated from the base, glabrous, white, not pellucid, oval-cylindrical, then expanded, 1^ in. broad, densely grooved, the elevated ribs scurfy, brown becoming pale, disc even, reddish-brown, centre depressed ; gills blackish- brown, edge similarly coloured, tardily deliquescent. (Fries. ) 328 FUNGUS-FLORA. Coprinus plicatilis. Fr. Pileus f-1 in. across, membranaceous, ovate-cylindrical, then campanulate, eventually becoming plane, the margin splitting and revolute, sulcateup to the disc, almost glabrous, brown, then greyish, the disc remaining darker, broad, even, at length depressed ; gills attached to a collar distant from the stem, narrow, distant, greyish-black ; stem 2—3 in. long, about 1 line thick, equal, white, smooth, hollow ; spores 12-14 X 8-10 /x. Coprinus plicatilis, Fries, Epicr., p. 252; Cke., Hdbk., p. 233 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 686 A. Agaricus plicatilis, Curtis, Flor. Lond., t. 200. In rich pastures, &c. Distinguished by the almost glabrous membranaceous pileus being sulcate up to the broad, even disc which becomes depressed at maturity, very ephemeral. Extremely fugacious. Pileus |~1 in. broad, cylindrical, furfuraceous, at length plane, nearly naked, umbilicated, grey, yellowish-brown in the centre, beautifully plicate, membranaceous, pellucid. Gills free, dark-grey, subdistant ; very narrow, tender. Stem 1-3 in. high, very slender, fragile, smooth, grey tinged with brown, sometimes white, hollow. (Grev.) Coprinus filiformis. B. & Br. Pileus 1—2 lines high, grey, cylindrical, striate, atomate ; stem ^— f in. high, very thiu, white, sparingly fibrillose ; gills linear, spores globose, 5 ^ diameter. Coprinus filiformis, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist, n. 928 ; pi. xv. f. 8 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 233 ; Illustr., pi. 686 B. On the ground in a wood. This minute species is not larger than Mucor caninus, and is certainly distinct from any which has been described. (B. & Br.) Specimens have since been met with rather larger than those described by Berkeley, but agreeing with the type in every other respect. **** Hemerolii. Coprinus hemerobius. Fr. Pileus f-1 in. across, ovate-campanulate, then expanded, coarsely sulcate up to the obtuse disc, smooth from the first, COPRINUS. 329 bay-brown, flesh very thin, splitting ; gills narrow, attached to an obscure collar, pale, then black ; stem 2^-5 in. long, 2-3 lines thick at the base, becoming thinner upwards, smooth, even, whitish, hollow ; spores elliptical, 7-8 X 6 JJL. Coprinus hemerobius, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 332 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 234; Cke., Illustr. pi. 687A ; Bolton, t. 31. On roadsides. Distinguished amongst the very thin- fleshed sulcate species by the bay-brown pileus being per- fectly free from meal at all ages. Coprinus plicatilis, a nearly allied species, common in pastures, has the gills distant from the stem and attached to a distinct collar, disc of pileus becoming depressed, and very large spores. The figures of the present species given by Bolton have a longer stem than those figured by Cooke, the base of the stem is also more distinctly bulbous. The root is a little brown bulb, emitting brown fibres from its bottom and sides. The stem is cylindrical, fistular, transparent, of a whitish- colour, the thickness of a swallow's quill, and 4 or 6 in. igi The curtain is very delicate, vanishes when the plant is about an inch high, but leaves a black vestige on the stem, which abides for a little time, and then disappears. The gills are in two series, narrow, thin, transparent, and of a grey colour, changing black in decay. The pileus is at first conical, smooth, and brown, after- wards the rim begins to diverge, and to appear dimly striated, with fine tender lines; the next stage a black ciliation begins to appear round the rim, and as it advances in growth the pileus expands, and what before appeared to be stria, are now found to be actual plaits, the angles whereof are alternately brown and lead- coloured ; the black ciliation is divided into little tufts, which adhere to the extremities of the brown angles, and give a pretty appearance to the rim of the pileus. It is about 1| in. in diameter, of a tender watery substance, and semitransparent ; in decay it dissolves into a brown liquor. It grows up in one night, and perishes next day. Grows in meadows where the soil is rich, in September and October, about Halifax plentifully. (Bolton.) Pileus very thin, ovate, then campanulate, not gaping and 330 FUNGUS-FLORA. expanded but deeply sulcate, glabrous from the first, apex even, not depressed, hay-brown; gills linear, 1-1 J lines broad, adnate to an almost obsolete collar, pale, then black ; stem very fragile, 3 in. and more long, attenuated upwards, glabrous, pallid. With the habit of Coprinus plicatilis, but taller. (Fries.) An exotic species imported with living plants. Coprinus platypus. Berk. (fig. 15. p. 303.) Pileus 2—3 lines across, campanulate, convex, then ex- panded, white, then ochraceous-flocculose ; gills free, narrow, distant, becoming black ; stem about l£ in. long, very slender, even, whitish, discoid at the base ; spores blackish, 8 x 6^t. Coprinus platypus, Berk., in Cooke's Illustr., pi. 687 B ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 234. On palm stem in a conservatory. In all probability an introduced species ; readily distinguished by its small size and especially by the flattened, discoid base of the stem, in which respect it resembles some of the minute species of Mycena, as M. stylobates, &c. ANELLAEIA. Karst. (figs. 2, 5, p. 303.) Pileus slightly fleshy, smooth and even; gills adnexed, dark slate-colour, variegated with the black spores; stem central, smooth, shining, rather firm, ring present at first, either persistent, or forming a zone round the stem. Anellaria, Karsten, Hattsv. i. p. xxv. ; Sacc., Syll., vol. v. p. 1125. Panaeolus, Fries (in part). Allied to Pano.eolus, but distinguished by the presence of a more or less perfect ring round the stem, bearing in fact the same relation to Panaeolus that Amanita does to Amanitopsis amongst the Leucosporae. Anellaria separata. Karst. (fig. 2, 5, p. 303.) Pileus 1— lg in. across, height about the same, ovate, then campanulate, not expanding, viscid, even, ochraceous, then whitish, shining, flesh rather thick ; gills adfixed, ascending, ANELLARIA. 331 thin, crowded, broad, greyish-black, margin paler ; stem 3-5 in. long, straight, base subclavate, attenuated upwards, whitish, shining, apex striatulate, ring persistent, distant ; spores broadly elliptic-fusiform, black, opaque, 10 x 7 p. Anelaria separata, Karsten, Hattsv. i. p. 517 ; Sacc., Syll. 6, n. 4560. Agaricus (Panaeolus) separates, Cke., Hdbk., p. 218 ; Cke., Illustr. t., 623. On dung. Eather variable in size. Whole plant whitish when old, distinguished by the campanulate pileus that is often wrinkled when old, and the long stem with a persistent ring. Pileus campanulate, but very obtuse at the summit, £-l£ in. from the base to the apex, not expanding at the base without cracking, yellowish- white, glutinous, smooth, polished, " wrinkled when old like wash-leather," (With.) Lamellae 2-3 lines broad, vanishing towards the margin of the pileus, very dark grey, numerous. Stipes 3-6 in. high, white, hollow, rather firm, 2-3 lines thick, shining, somewhat bulbous, sprinkled with the dark sporules, veil rather fugacious. (Grev.) Anellaria scitula. Massee. Pileus about J in. across, obtuse, campanulate, smooth, even, viscid, margin exceeding the gills, dirty pale ochre, flesh thin, white; gills almost free, crowded, becoming ashy grey, speckled with the black spores, margin entire, paler ; stem 1—1 ^ in. long, not a line in thickness, fistulose, white, shining, base peronate, the sheath ending in a persistent ring below the middle of the stem ; spores black, opaque, with a colourless hilum, 12-13 x 4 //,. Anellaria scitula, Massee, Sacc., Syll., vol. vi. n. 4562. Agaricus (Panaeolus) scitulus, Massee, Grev. xv. p. 65 ; Cke., Illustr., 625s; Cke., Hdbk., p. 219. On soil in a flower pot. Eesembling A. separata in minia- ture, but differing in the sheathed stem and basal ring. Anellaria fimiputris. Karsten. Pileus 1-2 in. across, submembranaceous, conico-expanded, subgibbous, even, viscid, smoky-grey, pale dingy ochraceous when dry; gills adnate, 2-3 lines broad, greyish-black, margin the same colour ; stem 3-5 in. long, about 2 lines 332 FUNGUS-FLORA. thick, often rather flexuous, equal, smooth, pallid, ring im- perfect, but its position always evident, hollow ; spores elliptical, apiculate, 9-10 x 6 /A. Anellaria fimiputris, Karsten, Hattsv. i. p. 518; Sacc., Syll. 6, n. 4561. Agaricus (Panaeolus) fimiputris, Cke., Hdbk., p. 218; Cke., Illustr., pi. 626 (called Agaricus (Panaeolus) phalenarum by mistake). Agaricus fimiputris, Bull., Champ., t. 66. On dung. Distinguished amongst the British species of Anellaria by the very imperfect ring, which is usually only indicated by a pale zone round the stem. In Bulliard's plate, the pileus in one specimen is broadly expanded, depressed in the centre and margin arched ; the gills show a tinge of brownish-red, and there is a tuft of several spe- cimens springing from the same point. Pileus rather fleshy, conical, then expanded, about 1 in. across, subgibbous, even, glabrous, viscid, smoky-grey or livid ; stem 2—4 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, glabrous, becoming pale, with an annular zone above the middle; gills as in Anellaria separata, but less ascending. Slenderer than the last-named species, more fragile, and ring incom- plete. (Fries.) PANAEOLUS. Fries, (fig. 3, p. 303.) Pileus slightly fleshy, never striated; gills adnexed, ascending in a conical manner, slate-grey, mottled with the black spores; stem central, smooth, without trace of a ring; spores black. Panaeolus, Fries, Epicr., p. 234; Cke., Hdbk., p. 217; (in both instances as a subgenus of Agaricus.} Distinguished amongst the Melanosporae by the even, non- striate pileus and the absence of a more or less evident ring on the stem. In Psathyrella the pileus is striate, and the gills altogether black and not mottled ; in Anellaria there is a ring on the stem, whereas in Coprinus the gills deliquesce into a black, inky liquid at maturity. The pileus remains conical or campanula te, and does not become expanded, hence the margins of the gills ascend and form a hollow cone round the stem. PANAEOLUS. 333 * Pileus viscid, shining when dry. Panaeolus leucophanes. B. & Br. Pileus about £ in. across, obtuse, campanulate, viscid, shining when dry, white, minutely silky, here and there stained subochraceous ; margin appendiculate ; gills adnate, pale greyish flesh-colour, then blackish, margin white ; stem attenuated upwards, white, about 2 in. high and 1 line thick in the centre, fibrillose and sparingly scattered with mealy particles, hollow, slightly wavy or undulate; spores sub- cymbiform, 9 p. long. * Agaricus (Panaeolus) leucophanes, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1137, pi. 2, f. 1 ; Cke. Hdbk., p. 218. In grass fields. Allied to Anellaria separata, but smaller and paler in colour and without a ring. Panaeolus egregius. Massee. Pileus 2^ in. high by 2 in. broad, ovate-campanulate, smooth, even, viscid when moist, bright orange-brown, disc darker, fleshy, exceeding the gills at the margin, with a trace of agglutinated down on the pileus, slightly wrinkled when dry, flesh 1 line or more thick, ochra- ceous : stem 5 in. long and ^ in. or more thick, slightly- thickened at the base, solid, fibrillose, readily splitting longi- tudinally, pale brown without and within, duller than the pileus, white and cottony at the base, smooth at the apex ; gills broad, ^ in. or more at the centre, ventricose, adnexed, crowded, thin, brownish black, edge entire, paler, dry, not deliquescent, spores brown, then blackish, oblong-ovate, with a minute apiculus, 15-17 X 7-8 p. Agaricus (Panaeolus) egregius, Massee, Grevillea, vol. xiv. p. 91 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 218 ; Cke., Iliustr., pi. 624. On the ground. Solitary ; a fine and large species with- out any close affinity with any known species. There is no trace of a ring. There is just a tinge of purple about the gills at maturity. Panaeolus phalaenarum. Fr. Pileus 1—2 in. across, rather fleshy, cainpanulato-convex, obtuse, even, viscid, glabrous, greyish, then yellowish clay- colour, fragments of the veil attached to the margin ; gills adnexed, ^ in. broad, greyish-black ; stem 3-5 in. long, 2 lines or more thick, equal, straight or very slightly flexuous, rather 334 FUNGUS-FLOKA. firm, almost naked, pale reddish-pink, hollow ; spores ellip- tical, 10 x 6 /A. Agaricus (Panaeolus) pnalaenarum, Fries, Epicr., p. 235 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 219; Cke., Illustr., pi. 625 (called Agaricus (Panaeolus) fimiputris by mistake). Agaricus phalaenarum, Bull., t. 58. On dung. Closely allied to Panaeolus papilionaceus, but larger, the pileus viscid and yellowish clay-colour, like Anellaria separata, stem reddish. Exactly intermediate between Anellaria separata and Panaeolus papilionaceus ; differs from the first in the absence of a ring, and the equal, rufescent stem, the much more convex pileus appendiculate at the margin ; the fragments, however, are fugacious and not usually seen ; from the latter, present species is known by the veil, viscid pileus, and whitish clay -colour. (Fries.) ** Pileus not viscid, subflocculose when dry. Panaeolus retirugis. Fr. (fig. 3, p. 303. ) Pileus about 1 in. across, at first almost globose, then hemispherical, subumbonate, minutely mealy, opaque, moist, furnished with anastomosing raised ribs, pinkish tan-colour ; margin with irregular fragments of the veil attached ; flesh rather thick ; gills adnexed, ascending, 2 lines or more broad, greyish black ; stem 2—4 in. long, about 2 lines thick, equal, pruinose, purplish flesh-colour, hollow ; spores elliptic- fusiform, 11-13 x 7 /A. Agaricus (Panaeolus) retirugis, Fries, Epicr., p. 235; Ck., Hdbk., p. 219 ; Ck., Illustr., pi. 627. Agaricus carbonarius, Batsch, fig. 91. On dung. Distinguished amongst the species of Panaeolus by the raised ribs on the pileus and its appendiculate margin. The pileus is sometimes greyish, when it approaches P. pnalenarum ; the latter, however, has the pileus even. Closely resembling, superficially, Psaihyra corrugis, which is, how- ever, distinguished by the violet -black gills. Pileus 1-2 in. broad and high, at first obtuse, conic, re- ticulato-rugulose ; at length campanulate, dark cinereous, livid when dry; the ring broken into triangular loops or laciniae, fringing the margin, which is minutely downy and PANAEOLUS. 335 frequently split. Gills adnate, ascending, mottled, cinereous- black, subdeliquescent ; sporules elliptical, subapiculate, brown-black. Stem 2-6 in. high, squamuloso-tomentose, pulverulent, often beaded with little drops, striate above, nearly white, at length rufescent ; zoned within. (Berk.) Panaeolus sphinctrinus. Fr. Pileus |— 1 in. across, parabolic, obtuse, opaque, even, glabrous, when moist smoky-black, livid and rather silky when dry, margin at first fringed with fragments of the white veil, flesh thin, pale umber; gills adnate, crowded, about 2 lines broad, greyish-black, edge similarly coloured ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick or more, equal, straight, smoky grey, apex slightly pruinose, base more or less rufous, fragile, hollow. Agaricus (Panaeolus) sphinctrinus, Fries, Epicr., p. 235 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 219 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 628. On dung, &c., somewhat resembling Panaeolus phalaenarum and P. papilionaceus ; distinguished from the former by the pileus not being viscid, and from the latter by the grey stem. Fries mentions a small form with linear gills. Stem fistulose, straight, 2—3 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, fragile, glabrous, smoky-grey, apex even, pruinose. Veil appendiculate near the margin, white, fugacious. Pileus rather fleshy, parabolic, then campanula te, not expanded, obtuse, 1 in. high, hygrophanous, not viscid, hence always opaque, but in rainy weather, moist and smoke-colour or smoky-grey, livid and rather silky when dry, sometimes when in full vigour covered with fibrils, especially near the margin. Gills adnate, ascending, crowded, greyish- black, edge same colour. (Fries.) Panaeolus papilionaceus. Fr. Pileus ^-1 in. across, slightly fleshy, hemispherical, obtuse, glabrous, when dry cracked into minute squamules, pale grey with a tinge of rufous, especially at the disc; gills broadly adnate, 3 lines broad, at length plane, at length blackish ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, smooth, whitish, apex powdered with white meal, hollow; spores elliptical, 11-12 X 7 /x. Agaric*! (Panaeolus) papilionaceus, Fries, Epicr., p. 136; Cke., Hdbk., p. 220 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 630. 336 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Agaricus papilionaceus, Bull., t. 561, f. 2. On manured ground, dung, &c. At one time confounded with Panaeolus campanulatus, but quite distinct although closely allied, and recognised by the much paler hemi- spherical pileus, paler stem, and broader, broadly adnate gills. The present species is altogether a firmer fungus. Closely allied to Panaeolus campanulatus, but certainly distinct; stem even, whitish, apex even and powdered with white; pileus hemispherical (not campanulate), when dry commonly rimoso-squamose, dry, pallid ; gills broadly adnate, 3-4 lines broad (often broader than long) plane. (Fries.) *** Pileus not viscid smooth, shining, zoneless. Panaeolus campanulatus. Linn. Pileus about 1^ in. high and broad, rather fleshy, campa- nulate, often more or less umbonate, not expanded nor split- ting, dry, even, glabrous, rather slimy, brown becoming rufescent ; gills adfixed, 2 lines or more broad, ascending, grey variegated with black, edge usually whitish ; stem 3—5 in. long, 1—2 lines thick, equal straight, every part ru- fescent, apex striate, at first frosted with white meal, then powdered with the black spores, hollow ; spores elliptical, 8-9 x 6 /z. Agaricus campanulatus, Linn., Suec., 2, n. 1213. Agaricus (Panaeolus) campanulatus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 311 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 220 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 629. On the ground where manure is abundant, &c. Allied to Panaeolus papilionaceus, but distinguished by the campanu- late, more or less umbonate, rufescent stem, and the ascend- ing gills. In rainy weather the stem is often beaded with moisture. Veil exceedingly fugacious. Stem hollow, straight, commonly 3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, even, glabrous, rufous, apex distinctly striate, and at first pruinose, then powdered black with the falling spores. Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate, then convex, often umbo- nate, not cracking, dry, even, rather shining, ^-1 in. high and broad, smoky-brown, rufous when dry. Gills adnate, ascending, crowded, grey variegated with black. Veil fuga- cious, often absent. A much smaller variety also exists. In 1'AXAEOLUS. 337 both forms the stem is often studded with drops of water in rainy weather. (Fries.) Panaeolus caliginosus. Jungh. Pileus about f in. high and ^ in. broad, rather fleshy, obtuse, even, smooth, brown ; gills slightly adnexed, 1^ lines broad, ascending, lanceolate, srnoky-black ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line or more thick, equal, naked, coloured like the pileus, straight, hollow ; spores elliptical, blackish, 10 x 6-7 p., Agaricus caliginosus, Junghuhn, Linnea, vol. v. t. vi. f. 13. Agaricus (Panaeolus) caliginosus, Fries, Hvm. Eur., p. 312; Cko., Hdbk., p. 220; Cke., Ulustr., pi. 63lA". In open pastures amongst grass, &c. Distinguished amongst the smaller species of Panaeolus by the brown pileus and stem. Fries says that he has seen a very delicate veil present in this species. **** Pileus not viscid, with a dark-coloured marginal zone. Panaeolus sub-balteatus. B. & Br. Caespitose. Pileus 14—2 in. across, convex with margin slightly incurved, then expanded, obtuse or slightly urnbo- nate, rather fleshy, hygrophanous, dull, deep fawn-colour, paler when dry, slightly rugose, marked near the margin with a dark, narrow zone ; gills brownish, slightly ventricose, adnate, margin white, serrulate ; stem 2-2^ in. high, 2 lines thick, fistulose, red-brown, brittle, longitudinally fibrous, with short white fibrils ; veil none ,' spores black. Agaricus (Panaeolus) sub-balteatus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 923 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 220; Cke., Illustr., t. 631s. On the ground. The dark zone appears to depend on the amount of moisture in the pileus. Panaeolus acuminatus. Fr. Pileus |-1 in. across, rather fleshy, conical, apex subacute, even, glabrous, shining, yellowish clay-colour with a flesh tinge, with a dark encircling zone near the uneven margin ; gills adnexed, 1| line broad, ventricose, crowded, at length black ; stem 1-H in. long, Inline thick, equal, pale upwards, brownish towards the base, pruiuose, hollow. Agaricus (Panaeolus) acuminatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 237 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 220 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 632A. 338 FUNGUS-FLORA. On dung and amongst grass by roadsides, &c. Stem 1 in. long, (" up to 3 in."), whitish, fuscous below, base incrassated. Pileus large in proportion, fleshy-clay- colour, (" foxy- violet " Seer.), margin at first crenulated. (Fries.) Panaeolus fimicola. Fr. Pileus ^-f in. across and high, slightly fleshy, campanu- lato-convex, obtuse, glabrous, opaque, dingy grey when moist, paler and yellowish when dry, with a narrow brown encircling zone near the margin ; gills adnate, 2 lines or more broad, grey, variegated with smoky -black ; stem 2-4 in. high, 1 line or more thick, equal, fragile, whitish, powdered with white meal upwards, hollow. Agaricus (Panaeolus) fimicola, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 301 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 221 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 632 B. Agaricus varius, Bolton, t. 66, f. 1. On dung and in rich pastures, &c. Stem soft, fragile, obsoletely silky-striatulate, 2-4 in. long. Pileus when moist commonly smoky-grey, when dry greyish clay-colour, sometimes discoid. Gills semi-ovate with a minute decurrent tooth. (Fries.) Panaeolus cinctulus. Bolton. Pileus 1—2^- in. across, campanulate, then expanded, smooth, even, reddish cinnamon colour with a band ^— § in. broad of a dark brown colour near to or quite up to the margin; flesh i in. and more thick at the disc, gradually tapering to the margin of the pileus, which extends beyond the gills ; the dark brown colour of the band on the pileus permeates the flesh ; gills rather close, free, ventricose, 2 lines and more broad, dusky-black ; stem 3-5 in. high, 2 lines and more thick, equal, hollow, dingy brown within and without. Agaricus cinctulus, Bolton, Hist. Fung. Halifax, p. 152, t. 152. Panaeolus fimicola, var. cinctulus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 221. On dunghills. The above description is drawn up from Bolton's figure and description, and appears to be quite distinct from any described species. The fungus is probably a Panaeolus as suggested by the margin of the pileus being continued beyond the gills, but the flesh is thicker than usual in the Melanosporae. PSATHYRELLA. 339 The root is small, round, hard, firm, and furnished with numerous fibres. The stem is cylindrical, tall, of a dark fuscous-colour, both within and without; it is hollow, and splits in long brown filaments. The gills are arranged in three series ; they are very broad in the middle, and diminish to each extremity ; the colour is a dusky black, the substance tender and brittle. The pileus is convex, it is a kind of red deer colour, with a broad belt of a dark brown, which colour is not only on the surface but penetrates the whole substance of the pileus ; in young plants the marginal light circle is wanting ( = the dark zone reaches the margin of the pileus). Grows on dunghills, after rain, in June and July. (Bolton.) PSATHYKELLA. Fries, (figs. 4, 14, p. 303.) Stem central ; pileus membranaceous, striated, margin straight and pressed to the stem when young, not extending beyond the free, adnexed, or adnate, persistent (not deli- quescent) gills ; veil inconspicuous ; spores black. Agarictis, subgen. Psathyrella, Fries, Epicr., p. 237 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 221. Distinguished from Panaeolus and Anellana, by the striato pileus, and from Coprinus by the persistent, and not deli- quescent gills. The aberrent genus Gomphidius is distin- guished by the subgelatinous nature of the gills and the large fusiform spores. The present genus is closely allied to Psathyra, a genus in- cluded in the Porphyrosporae ; but in the latter the purple or brown colour of the spores is distinctive. * Stem straight, apex not mealy. Psathyrella substrata. Fr. Pileus 1-1 1 in. across, rather membranaceous, campanulate, then expanded, obtuse, glabrous, slightly striate at the margin, often rugulose, rufous-umber, when dry rufescent, becoming pale ; gills adnate, rather narrow, crowded, smoky, then blackish; stem 4-5 in. long, about H lines thick, hol- z 2 340 FUNGUS-FLORA. low, straight, rather firm, rather silky and shining, white, then pallid, naked. Ag. (Psafliyrella) substratus, Fries, Epicr., p. 238; Cke., Hdbk., p. 221 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 633. Amongst grass, &c. In the typical form the stem is 4-5 in. long, in form media 2-3 in., in form minor little more than 1 in. ; pileus subum- bonate, fuliginous when moist, subolivaceous ; gills ventri- cose, 2 lines broad. (Fries.) Tufted. Pileus fleshy, brown-orange, paler at the margin, when young sericeous, 2-5 in. broad, convex, sometimes glutinous, rarely scaly. Lamellae adnate, rather broad, pale, greyish, at length somewhat greenish, numerous. Stipes 2—5 in. long, about -3- in. thick, firm, cylindrical, crooked, scarcely quite solid, but filled with a fibrous spongy mass. Flesh yellowish-white. Veil fugacious, staining the stipes more or less. Taste bitter. (Grev.) Psathyrella gracilis. Fr. Pileus |— 1 in. across, subinembranaceous, conical, then ex- panded, slightly striate when moist, hygrophanous, brown- ish when moist, pale dingy yellow or tinged with rose- colour when dry and without striae ; gills broadly adnate, about 2 lines broad, rather distant, broadest behind, grey- ish-black ; margin with a slight rosy tint ; stem about 3 in. long, 1-H lines thick, straight, naked, pallid, hollow ; spores elliptical,"? x 3-3-5 p.. Agaricus (Psathyrella) gracilis, Fries, Syst. Myc. Eur. i. p. 299; Cke., Hdbk., p. 221 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 634. On banks under hedges, &c. Fries says that a corrugated variety exists that very much resembles Psathyra corrugis. In Cooke's figures the stem is represented as being attenuated into a rooting base. Gregarious, fragile owing to its rigidity. Stem hollow, very straight, 3 in. long and more, scarcely a line thick, equal, naked, glabrous, whitish, base rootless, furnished with white down. Pileus membranaceous, campanulate, obtuse, i— 1 in. broad, glabrous, even, slightly pellucido- striate towards the margin, smoky, livid, &c., but hygro- phanous; when dry clay-colour, rosy, or whitish, soft to the touch. Gills broadly adnate, generally broadest behind PSATHYRELLA. 341 (rarely linear), almost distant, at first whitish, then from the black spores greyish- black, edge rose-colour. (Fries.) Psathyrella hiascens. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulate, glabrous, sulcate and splitting, disc even, brownish, the remainder pallid or greyish ; gills attached to the stem, rather distant, broadest behind, pale, then blackish; stem H-2 in. long, 1-1^ lines thick, straight or slightly curved at the base, brittle, rigid, glabrous, white, hollow ; spores elliptical, 7 X 3 • 5 p.. Agaricus (Psathyrella} hiascens, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 303 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 635. Under hedges, damp woods, &c. With the habit of a Coprinus of the Veliformes section, but distinguished by its rigidity, and by the dry gills. Stem iistulose, 3 in. long, 1 line thick, straight, rigid, and fragile, glabrous, naked, whitish. Pileus membranaceous, conico- campanulate, obtuse, 1 in. high, glabrous, livid, then yellowish, soon (usually up to the middle) with gaping fissures as in the slender species of Coprinus, but dry and persistent, not diffluent, margin at length splitting and revolute. Gills adnate, narrow, linear or subattenuated in front, distinct, distant, whitish, then black, at length very black. Spores black. (Fries.) Psathyrella arata. Berk. (fig. 14. p.303.) Pileus §-1 in. across, membnanaceous, campanulato-conic, rather acute, margin coarsely and deeply sulcate, brown, paler when dry ; gills free, lanceolate, slightly broadest in front, black with a tinge of purple; stem 4-5 in. long, slender, gradually and slightly attenuated upwards, white, smooth, even, hollow. Agaricus (Psathyrella) aratus, Berk., Outl., p. 176; Cke., Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 636. Under hedges, &c. With somewhat the habit of Psathyrella substrata, but distinguished from this and every other species by the pale brown pileus having the margin coarsely sulcate, and the long, white, tapering stem. Psathyrella trepida. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulate, o42 FUNGUS-FLORA. margin sometimes rather wavy, obtuse, glabrous, disc even, very closely striatulate, hygrophanous, fuliginous, apex fuscous ; gills adnate, crowded, 1 line or more broad, ven- tricose, thin, sooty-black; stem 3 in. long, straight or slightly wavy, glabrous, 1—1^ lines thick, equal, whitish, glabrous, pellucid, hollow. Agaricus (Psathyrella) trepidus, Fries, Epicr., p. 238 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 655 A. In muddy marshes and damp places. Very fragile, stem usually rather wavy ; pileus with closely-crowded but not deep striae. Stem fistulose, 3 in. long, almost 1 line thick, equal, straight (rarely flexuous), glabrous and naked, diaphanous, hyaline. Pileus membranaceous, very fragile, campanulate, obtuse, 1 in. and more across, glabrous, disc even, spadiceous, the remainder densely striatulate, fuliginous. Gills aduate. crowded, ventricose, very thin, smoky-black. Spores black. (Fries.) Psathyrella hydrophora. Bull. Pileus 1 in. and more across, membranaceous, campanulate, then expanded, the striate margin becoming upturned, glabrous, disc broad, even, rufous, remainder paler; gills adnate, crowded, about 1 line broad, livid, then black ; stem 2^—3 in. high, ascending and straight from a curved base, smooth, white, hollow, often beaded with minute drops of water. Agaricus (Psathyrella) hydropJiorus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 314; Cke., Hdbk., p. 222; Cke., Illustr., pi. 655 B. Agaricus hydropJiorus, Bull., Champ., t. 558, f. 2. On the ground in gardens, &c. Intermediate between the present genus and Coprinus, but the gills are not truly diffluent. Stem fragile, straight, 3 in. long, 1 line or a little more in thickness, glabrous, in rainy weather beaded with moisture, white, veil fugacious, at first appendiculate. Pileus submembranaceous, conico-campanulate, obtuse, then ex- panded and revolute, glabrous, disc even, margin striate, rufescent. Gills adnate, ascending, crowded, narrow, linear, livid-black, edge of the same colour. (Fries.) PSATHYRELLA. 343 ** Stem more or less flexuous, apex mealy. Psathyrella caudata. Fr. Pileus 1^-2 in. across, membranaceous, conico-campanulate, margin striate, bygrophanous, dry, disc even, pale ochra- ceous; gills adnate, then adnexed, 2 lines or more broad, greyish-black ; stem 3—5 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, often wavy, whitish, hollow, attenuated into a rooting base. Agaricus (PsatJiyrella) caudatus, Fr., Obs. ii. p. 187 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 637. In gardens, &c. Very fragile. Stem 3 in. and more in length, about 2 lines thick, apex obsoletely pulverulent. Pileus when ex- panded 2 in. across, dry, not rugose, clay-colour, with a tinge of flesh-colour, splitting and almost deliquescent in rainy weather. (Fries.) A condition of the present species is described as follows by Berk. & Broome. A small form. Pileus at first sienna- brown, at length whitish, often transversely cracked ; stem at first white, fibrillose ; gills ventricose, adnate. Stem fistulose, 3 in. and more long, almost 2 lines thick, attenuated from the thickened rooting-base, very fragile, curved, at length tortuous, surface undulated, apex powdered with white meal, pallid-white. Veil none. Pileus mem- branaceous, very delicate, conical, then campanulate, at length expanded and 2 in. or more broad, glabrous, disc subgibbous, even, the remainder pellucid, striate, not corru- gated, spadiceous ; in moist weather splitting and subdeli- quescent; quite firm in dry weather, clay-colour with a tinge of flesh-colour. Gills adnate, 4 lines broad, distinct, greyish-black, edge similarly coloured. Habit almost that of P. yracilis, but abundantly distinct. Spores black when thrown on white paper, on black paper blackish-brown. (Fries.) Psathyrella pronus. Fr. Pileus ^— | in. across, membranaceous, hemispherical, obtuse, striate, hygrophanous, opaque and minutely silky-atomate when dry, pale smoky-ochraceous ; gills adnate, rather dis- tant, ventricose, 1 line or more broad, greyish-black ; stem about Ij- in. long, ^ line thick, equal, rather wavy, whitish, semi-pellucid, minutely hollow ; spores elliptical, 10 x 4-5 p.. 344 FUNGUS-FLORA. Agaricus (Psathyrella) pronus, Fries, Epicr., p. 239 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 223 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 656 A. Amongst grass. Often tufted, fragile. Stem filiform, lax, yet fragile, H in. long, apex obsoletely pruinose, remainder very glabrous. Pileus 4-6 lines broad, smoky, hoary when dry. Gills subtriangular, margin some- times obsoletely rosy. Spores veiy black. (Fries.) Far. Smithii, Mass. Pileus 2 lines across, hemispherical, stem li in. high, filiform, pallid, gills broad in proportion. Cke., Illustr., pi. 656 B. On the ground in "woods (Worth. G. Smith). Stem distinctly fistulose, 1^ in. long, filiform, flexuous, lax, equal, very smooth, apex pruinose under a lens, becoming pallid. Pileus membranaceous, campanulate, then hemi- spherical, very obtuse, 4—6 lines broad, glabrous, pellucido- striate, hygrophorus, fuliginous when moist, hoary when dry, obsoletely minutely silky- atomate. Gills adnate, plane, subtriangular, distant, 2 lines broad, livid-fuliginous, spotted with black with the spores. (Fries.) Psathyrella empyreumatica. B. & Br. Pileus 1£ in. across, expanded, hygrophanous, atomate, rufous, becoming pale, margin crenate ; gills 2 lines broad, connected by veins, thick, distant, adnate with a decurrent tooth, rufous, then brown-purple, margin pale ; stem 2-2^ in. high, 1^ lines thick, minutely fistulose, silky-furfuraceous, pale. Strong-scented. Agaricus ^Psathyrella^) empyreumaticus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1262; Cke., Hdbk., p. 223; Cke., Illustr., t. 657 A. On a wooden pavement. Kesembling Ag. confragosus (= Pholiota confragosa) so closely that, till the spores were observed, it was taken for that species. (B. & Br.) Psathyrella atomata. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, submembranaceous, campanulate, obtuse, then expanded, indistinctly striate at the margin, hygrophanous, when dry rugulose and covered with glistening particles, not torn, pale ochraceous, often tinged with rose-colour ; gills adnate, rather distant, about 1^ line broad, margin minutely and irregularly toothed, greyish, PSATHYRELLA. 345 then black ; stem about 2 in. long, 1 line or more thick, rather wavy, hollow, white, apex mealy ; spores elliptical, 10 X 4 p.. Agariais (Psathyrella) atomatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 298 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 223 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 638. On the ground under hedges, bushes, &c. Pileus resembling that of Psathyrella gracilis, livid and becoming tinted with rose-colour or whitish, but more fragile than the last-named fungus; stem not straight, shorter (2 inches), rootless, not glabrous. Gills ventricose, rather distant, edge coloured like the rest or whitish. (Fries.) Stem hollow, 2 inches long, about 1 line thick, equal, not rooting, oven, slightly wavy (not straight), white, apex powdered with white meal. Pileus membranaceous, obtuse, i-1 in. broad, lightly striatulate, becoming livid, striae absent when dry, rugulose, powdered with shining atoms, clay-colour or pallid-pinkish, sometimes reddish. Gills adnate, broad, ventricose, rather distant, whitish, but from the black spores greyish-black. (Fries.) Psathyrella crenata. Lasch. Pileus ^—1 in. across, membranaceous, hemispherical, obtuse, margin crenate, sulcate half way up, hygrophanous, whitish with a tinge of yellow, disc darker, and atomate when dry; gills adnate, rather ventricose, rather broad, yellow-brown, then blackish ; stem 1^-2 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, slightly curved near the base, fragile, whitish, striate and mealy above, hollow; spores elliptical, 11-13 x 5-6 /x. Agaricus (Psathyrella) crenatus, Lasch, in Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 315 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 223 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 847. Amongst grass. Fragile. Stem 1^ in. long. Pileus f-1 in. broad, ochraceous or rufescent, becoming pale. (Fries.) Distinguished by the coarsely sulcate pileus and crenate margin. Psathyrella disseminata. Pers. (fig. 4, p. 303.) Densely tufted. Pileus about £ in. across, membranaceous, ovate-campanulate, at first scurfy then naked, coarsely striate, margin entire, yellowish then grey ; gills adnate, 346 FUNGUS-FLORA. narrow, whitish, then grey, finally blackish ; stem 1-1^ in. long, rather curved, mealy then smooth, fragile, hollow. Agaricus (Psaihyrella) disseminatus, Pers., Syn., p. 403 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 223 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 657 B. About trunks of trees, and on the ground. Forming large, dense tufts ; very slender and fragile, soon flaccid, but not deliquescent. Crowded. Pileus ovate, conical, at length campanulate, ^-^ in. from the base to the apex, striate and plicate, membranaceous, pale buff or reddish- brown, at length grey, becoming flaccid and dissolving. Lamellae distant, narrow, pale brown. Stipes 1—3 inches long, slender, weak, brittle, crooked, hollow, pale yellowish, whitish or greyish. Par- ticularly partial to old willow-trees, and when growing on a stump of a felled tree often covering nearly a square yard. (Grev.) GOMPHIDIUS. Fries, (figs. 7-9, p. 303.) Stem central, expanding gradually and without differentia- tion into the fleshy pileus ; gills decurrent, distant, soft, rather mucilaginous, edge acute ; veil floccose, viscid, forming an imperfect ring round the stem ; spores large, elongato-fusiform, smoky-olive; cystidia large. Gomphidius, Fries, Epicr., p. 319 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 399 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 284. A very distinct genus, characterised by the peculiar tough, elastic substance of the entire fungus, pileus glutinous when moist, as is also the floccose veil; gills decurrent, generally more or less tinged with dingy olive at maturity, soft and mucilaginous. Spores very large, elongated and narrowly fusiform, dingy olive, in form resembling those characteristic of the species of Boletus ; a genus without close affinities, and might with equal reasons have been placed in any other group with coloured spores. Fries says, from the habit, its position is between Cortinarius and Hygrophorus. Gomphidius glutinosus. Schaeff. Pileus 2-5 in. across, obtuse, margin for a long time incurved, glutinous, purplish-brown or fulvous, flesh thick except at the incurved margin, white; veil viscid; gills GOMPHIDIUS. 347 rather distant, about 2 lines broad, slightly decurrent, whitish, then grey, finally greenish-olive ; stem 2-4 in. long ^-| in. thick, subequal, whitish, ring indistinct, solid, flesh white except towards the base, where it is yellow; spores elongato-fusiform, smoky-olive, 18-20 X 6 //.. Gomphidiw glutinosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 315; Cke., Hdbk., p. 284; Cke., Illustr., pi. 879. In fir woods. Pileus 2-5 in. broad ; gills truly branched ; stem 2-3 in. or more high, ^ in. thick, dirty white, the base thickened and yellow, sometimes adorned wiih black scales. (Fries.) The whole fungus is elastic, pileus glutinous, stem often also viscid from the remains of the viscid veil ; gills more or less decurrent (said by Fries to be adnexed). Distinguished by the bright yellow flesh at the base of the stem. Gomphidius viscidus. Fr. (fig. 7-9, p. 303.) Pileus 2-6 in. broad, viscid, convex then depressed round the disc and obtusely umbonate, margin acute, reddish - brown, flesh thick, pale yellowish-brown ; gills rather distant, decurrent, elastic, branched, becoming purplish- umber with an olive tinge ; stem 3—5 in. long, ^—1 in. thick, subequal or slightly ventricose, pale yellow-brown, more or less floccose, ring imperfect,, solid, flesh yellowish-brown, deepest at the base; spores elongato-fusiform, 18-20 X 6 /*. Gomphidius viscidus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 315; Cke., Hdbk., p. 284; Cke., Hlust., pi. 881. Under fir-trees, &c. Stem rhubarb-colour within ; pileus 2-3 in. diameter, stem 3-4 in. long, ^ in. thick, but these dimensions are often exceeded, gills pallid then greenish, at length purple-umber. (Cooke.) Pileus 2-3 in. broad, top-shaped, umbonate, yellow in the centre, the margin liver-coloured, shining; gills decurrent, somewhat branched, firm, elastic, thick, entire, purple- brown, the shorter connected with the longer; spores dark, fusiform. Stem 3 in. high, £-| in. thick, rhubarb-coloured without and within, fibrillose, attenuated below, firm, solid, slimy from the remains of the veil, which forms an obsolete filamentous ring. (Berk.) 348 FUNGUS-FLORA. Gomphidius maculatus. Scop. Pileus about 3 in. across, fleshy, convex, viscid, whitish, spotted when old with black, flesh thick, white; stem shorter than diameter of pileus, firm cylindrical, yellow, flesh reddish ; gills decurrent, thick, branched, umber. Gomphidius maculatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 319. Cke., Hdbk., p. 284. Agaricus maculatus, Scopoli, Carm. ii. p. 448. Gomphidius stillatus, Straus, in Sturm, fasc. 33, t. 2. In woods. It is doubtful whether the above species is in reality a member of the British flora ; it is introduced on the authority of specimens found and figured by Cooke which are considered to be a variety of the above, but which differ so much that as species are at present understood in the genus Gomphidius, it appears to be as distinct as any other described ; however, in deference to Cooke's opinion the supposed variety will be considered as such, and as Cooke did not give it a distinctive name, it may be named and described as follows. Far. Cookei. Mass. Pileus 1-2 in. across, convex, then either subdepressed or gibbous, viscid, whitish, with black stains especially near the margin, flesh thick in the centre, very thin towards the margin; gills decurrent, distant, about 1^ line broad, whitish then brownish ; stem 3 in. long, J in. thick at the apex, attenuated downwards, pale above becoming blackish towards the base, flesh dark at the base, solid; spores 20 X 5-6 /t. Gomphidius maculatus, var., Cke., Illustr., pi. 882. In woods. The form figured in " Illustrations " differs from the type in the longer stem, which is not yellow, but is attenuated and turns blackish at the base. Pileus 2 in. ; stem 3 in. or more long. (Cooke.) Gomphidius roseus. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, obtuse or often slightly depressed when old, glutinous, varying from pale pink to bright rose- red colour, flesh thick except at the margin, whitish; veil thick, filamentous; gills 1 line or more broad, decurrent, cnMPHIDIUS. 349 rather distant, forked, whitish-grey, finally olive ; stein li-2 in. long, £-§ in. thick, whitish, more or less attenuated downwards, whitish, ring imperfect, solid, flesh more or less tinged with red at the base; spores smoky-olive, elongato- fusiform, 16-18 x " p.. Gomphidius roseus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 400 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 880. Gomphidius viscosus, var. B. roseus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 284. In woods. Pileus 2 in. broad, plano-convex, very slimy, of a beau- tiful strawberry colour, shining when dry with a satiny lustre. Gills albido-cinereous, very decurrent, forked, dis- tant; veil thick, filamentous and coloured within by the spores. Stem attenuated downwards, solid but spongy, silky with a pale tinge of rose. (Berk.) Gomphideus gracilis. Berk. Pileus about 1 in. across, conical, then hemispherical, sometimes depressed round the disc and subumbonate, vinous-brown or dingy tan-colour, covered with a smoke- coloured gluten which leaves blackish spots in drying, chiefly near the margin; gills decurrent, forked, about I.1/ line broad, thick, whitish then pale bistre, becoming blackish ; stem 1^-2 in. long, ^ in. thick at the apex, often thinner downwards, flexuouSj pallid, with whitish squamules above, virgate below, base yellow, solid, ring obsolete; spores dingv olive, elongato-fusiform, 16-18 x 5 p. Gomphidius gracilis, Berk., Outl., p. 196, t. 12, f. 7 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 285 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 883. In fir woods. Pileus 1 in. across, conico-subhemispheiical, of a pale vinous-brown, when dry clothed with dirty fuliginous slime, which dries, especially round the margin, into black spots, or forms a narrow, irregular black border. Stem 2 in. high, 1^- line thick, flexuous, pale, especially above, where it is sprinkled with minute white scales, virgate below, with the remains of the slime, yellow at the base ; gills arched, decurrent, forked, thick, obtuse, clothed under a lens with short tomentose hairs, of a washy bistre. (Berk.) 350 FUNGUS-FLORA. PORPHYROSPORAE. The species included in the present group are closely allied to those of the Melanosporae, but are distinguished by a more or less distinct violet or purple tinge in the epispore at maturity, which gives to the mature gills, as also to the spores in the mass, a purple tinge. The gills are persistent, and do not deliquesce at maturity, as in the genus Coprinus. The simplest types of structure, as resupinate or lateral stemmed species, are absent from the present group, as are also species, with decurrent gills. On the other hand, we meet with generic types of a higher order than in the Me- lanosporae, as in Agaricm, where the gills are free, and a well developed secondary veil is present, forming a persistent ring on the stem ; in Chitonia the gills are also free, and a large, persistent volva sheaths the base of the stem. Finally, in many species of Hypholoma, Stropharia, and Aga- ricus, the flesh of the pileus is very thick and compact. ANALYSIS OF THE GENEEA. * Gills attached to the stem. | Ring imperfect or absent. Psathyra. — Stem fragile ; margin of pileus straight when young ; veil obsolete. Psilocybe. — Stem tough ; margin of pileus incurved when young ; veil obsolete. Hypholoma. — Veil attached in fragments to margin of pileus (appendiculate) ; ring fibrillose or absent. || Ring interwoven (forming a membrane), persistent on the stem. Stropharia. POKPHYROSPOBAE. 351 FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE POBPHTROSPOBAE. Fig. 1, Agaricus campestris, section of portion of fungus, showing the free gills and the ring surrounding the stem ; about half nat. size ; — Fig. 2, Agaricus comptulus, a fully developed specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 3, Stropharia aeruginosa ; half nat. size ; — Fig. 4, Chitonia rubriceps, a specimen showing the large volva at the base of the stem ; nat. size ; — Fig. 5. section of pileus of same, showing the free gills and the hollow stem ; nat. size ; — Fig. 6, Pilosace Algeriensis, section of a portion of the pileus, showing the free gills and the tissue of the stem differentiated from 352 FUNGUS-FLORA. ** Gills free from the stem. Pilosace. — Volva and ring both absent. Agaricus. — ( = Psalliola, Fr.) ring on stem present; volva absent. Chitonia. — Volva at base of stem present ; ring absent. PSATHYEA. Fries, (figs. 13 and 15, p. 351). Pileus submembranaceous, conical or campanulate, then expanded, margin at first straight and pressed to the stem ; stem central, polished, rather cartilaginous and fragile, hol- low ; gills purplish or brownish, as are also the spores ; veil absent or only universal and floccose or fibrillose. Agaricus, subgen. Psathyra, Fries, Epicr., p. 231 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 213; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 304. Slender, fragile, hygrophanous. There are a few tough species analogous to the tough species of Psilocybe. The genera included in the Melanosporae are distinguished by the gills being pale or grey at first, then black, and not brown or purplish. Veil universal, fibrillose, or entirely absent. Pileus sub- membranaceous, conical or campanulate, margin at first straight and pressed to the stem. Corresponds to Mycena, Nolanea, and Galera. Closely allied to PsatJiyrella, from which the present is distinguished by the brown spores (not black) and the brown or purplish gills. All the species are terrestrial or grow on trunks, slender, hygro- phanous. (Fries.) that of the pileus ; nat. size of a small specimen ; — Fig. 7, spores of same ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 8, Stropharia melasperma, section showing the adnate gills and ring on the stem ; nat. size ; — Fig. 9, Hypholoma hypo- xanthus; small specimen nat. size; — Fig. 10, Hypholoma oedipus, entire fungus ; nat. size; — Fig. 11, Psilocybe itdus, entire specimen; nat. size ; — Fig. 12, section of same, showing adnate gills; nat. size; — Fig. 13, Psathyra gyroflexa, group of plants; nat. size; — Fig. 14, Hypholoma oedipus, section of pileus ; nat. size;— Fig. 15, Psathyra urticaecola : nat. gize; — Fig. 16, Hypholoma sublateritius, basidium and spores; highly mag. ; — Fig. 17, Stropharia semiglolxita, section ; half nat. size. PSATHYRA. 353 I. CONOPILEI. Pileus conico-campanulate, gills adnexed, of ten free, ascending, stem straight ; veil absent. On the ground in grassy or moist places. Psathyra elata. Massee. Pileus 1-1 i in. across, submembranaceous, obtusely cam- panulate, very symmetrical, dark clear brown when moist, becoming pale ochraceous when dry, and then minutely atomate, perfectly even and glabrous ; gills adnate, crowded, about 2 lines broad, soft; stem 4-7 in. long, 3 lines thick at the base, slightly and uniformly attenuated upwards, perfectly straight, rigid, glabrous, snow-white, silky shining, hollow, pale brown within ; spores elliptical, brown with a purple tinge, 18 X 8-9 p.. Agaricus (Psathyra} conopileus, FT., var. superbus, Jung- huhn, Cke., Hdbk., p. 378; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1158. Amongst grass on hedge-banks, &c. Considered by Cooke to be a variety of P. conopilea as stated above, but evidently a distinct species in the obtusely campanulate pileus, the broadly adnate gills, and larger spores. Psathyra conopilea. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, submembranaceous, conico-cam- panulate, even, glabrous, bay-brown, becoming pale ochra- ceous when dry ; gills slightly adnexed, crowded, purple- brown ; stem 4-6 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, slightly thinner upwards, glabrous, whitish, silvery-shining, straight or wavy, hollow; spores elliptical, 14 x 7 /A. Agaricus conopileus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 504 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 213; Cke., Illustr., pi. 575. In grassy places, gardens, &c. A large, showy species, the pileus is dark bay-brown when moist, pale whitish- ochre when dry ; the paler colour shows first at the apex of the pileus and descends to the margin. Psathyra mastiger. B. & Br. Pileus 1-1 J? in. across, at first nearly cylindrical, obtuse, then conico-campanulate with a strong mammiform umbo, usually wavy, dark rich brown, dingy tan when dry, rather fleshy, even ; gills rather narrow, ascending, aifixed, umber, margin pale, veil none; stem 3 in. or more high, VOL. I. 2 A 354 FUNGUS-FLORA. lines thick, attenuated upwards, white, smooth or fibrillose and purpuraceous, fistulose, paler than the pileus ; spores elliptical. Agaricus (Psathyra') mastiger, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 921; pi. xiv. f. 6; Cke., Hdbk., p. 213; Cke., Illustr., t. 591 A. Amongst grass on roadsides, &c. Allied to P. conopileus, but known by the large mammiform umbo and the rich brown colour when moist. Psathyra glareosa. B. & Br. Pileus cainpanulate, obtuse or umbonate, J in. across, grey, apex pale chestnut, striate, very minutely tomentose ; gills broad behind, adnate, umber ; stem 1-2 in. high, 1 line thick, fistulose, brown with white fibrils. Agaricus (Psaihyra) glareosa, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 2011 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 213 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 591 B. On gravelly soil after wet weather. Flesh brown, espe- cially close to the gills. Psathyra corrugis. Pers. Pileus 1—2 in. across, submembranaceous, campanulate, umbonate, rather radially rugulose, very pale ochraceous often tinged with pink ; gills sinuate, adnexed, ventricose, violet black; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, smooth, white, hollow; spores elliptical, 12-14 x 6 p.. Agaricus corrugis, Pers., Syn., p. 424 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 305; Cke., Hdbk., p. 214; Cke., Illustr., pi. 576. In pastures. Pileus 1 in. or more broad, turning pale, corrugated when dry. Gills broad. Stem 2-4 in. high, 1-2 lines thick, smooth ; cottony at the base. (Fries.) Far, vinosus. Corda in Sturm, 19, t. 4. Cke., Illustr., pi. 592. Pileus with a rosy tinge, stem short. In gardens, &c. Var. gracilis. Bull., t. 561, f. 1 ; Agaricus pellospermus, Cke., Illustr., pi. 577. More slender than the type. The above varieties appear to be nothing more than mere forms of the type species. PSATHYBA. 355 Psathyra gyroflexa. Fr. (fig. 13, p. 351.) Pileus I- 5 in. across, membranaceous, conico-campanulate, deeply striate half way up the pileus, atomate, becoming very pale grey, disc rufescent, gills adnexed, crowded, soft, narrow, greyish-purple; stem li-2 in. long, about 1 line thick, equal, white silky, shining, hollow, flexuous; spores elliptical, 10 X 6/*. Agaricus gyraftexus, Fries, Epicr., p. 232; Cke., Hdbk., p. 214; Cke., lUustr., pi. 970. Amongst grass, &c. Scattered or usually subcaespitose. Distinguished by the slender wavy stem and rather coarsely striate pileus. With the habit of Psaihyrella disseminata. Stem fistulose, formed of two tubes, very fragile, tortuous, surface undulated, 2 in. long and more, scarcely 1 line thick, dry, glabrous, shining, white. Pileus submembranaceous, conical then campanulate, obtuse, \ in. broad, glabrous, pallid- white, margin striate. Gills adnate, ascending, broad, greyish-purple. (Fries.) II. OBTUSATI. Pileus campanulato-convex, expanded, glabrous or atomate ; gills plane or arcuato-adfixed ; veil absent. Psathyra spadicio-grisea. Schaeff. Pileus 1-1^ in. across, submembranaceous, conical then campanulate, becoming expanded, glabrous, striate to the middle, hygrophanous, bay then greyish ; gills adnexed, rather crowded, narrow, brownish; stem 1|— 2 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, usually curved, firm subequal or attenuated upwards, white, shining, apex striate, hollow. Agaricus spadiceo-griseus, Schaefier, Icon., t. 237 ; Cke. Hdbk., p. 214; Cke., Illustr., pi. 611. On chips, also on and near trunks, &c. Subcaespitose or solitary, watery, fragile. With the habit and general structure of a Psathyra, but departing from the specific character in the persistent brown colour of the gills. Solitary or gregarious; often large numbers springing from the same point, but not connate. Stem hollow, 3 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, whitish, shining, apex striate, sometimes powdery. Pileus submembranaceous, very fragile, campanulate then convex, at length expanded, obtuse, glabrous, even, but owing to the translucent nature 2 A 2 356 FUNGUS-FLORA. of the pileus, striate to the middle when moist, 2 in. and more broad, very hygrophanous, bay when moist, greyish- white when dry ; gills attenuated behind, adnexed, crowded, narrow, at first ascending, then plane, umber-brown. Psathyra obtnsata. Fr. Pileus \- § in. across, submembranaceous, broadly cam- panulate, obtuse, glabrous, corrugated, hygrophanous, rather shining, umber, margin paler, every part paler when dry ; gills adnate, rather distant, slightly ventricose, pale then umber; stem 1-2 in. long, rather rigid, about \\ line thick, equal, almost naked, whitish, usually incurved at the base, hollow ; spores elliptical, 6—7 x 4 /A. Agaricus (Psathyra) obtusatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 215; Cke., lllustr., pi. 593. On trunks and on the ground. Solitary or tufted. Berkeley says that the stem is rooting. Stem fragile, fistulose, 2—3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, round, equal, silky-fibrillose, not meally, whitish, apex even. Veil none. Pileus submembranaceous, conical when young, then convex, at length expanded, obtuse, 1 in. and more across, bay or brownish-umber, disc even, margin striated and paler, the very thin flesh similarly coloured. Gills adnate, broad, distinct, rather distant, greyish-brown, then umber. (Fries.) Psathyra neglecta. Massee. Pileus about ^ in. across, convex then almost plane, even, glabrous, pale ochraceous, when dry atomate, almost white except the disc ; gills slightly attached, rather broad, ventricose, at maturity purple-brown, crowded ; stem about 1 in. long, very slender, rather wavy, pellucid, glabrous, white, tinged with rufous below ; spores elliptical, purple- brown, smooth, 12 x 6 ^; cystidia abundant, fusiform, 50-60 X 12-14 /A. On the ground; Kew Gardens, Nov. 1886. Readily distinguished by its small size and pale colour; agreeing with Psathyra urticaecola most nearly in size, but belonging to a different section. TSATHYRA. 357 III. FIBKILLOSI. Pileus and stem at first fibrillose or floccose from the remains of the universal veil. Psathyra frustulenta. Fr. Pilous about 1 in. across, membranaceous, fragile, cam- panulate then hemispherical, obtuse, hygrophanous, slightly striate, with white squamules near the margin ; gills adnate, ascending, crowded, whitish, then watery cinnamon; stem about 2 in. long, and 1 line thick, equal, rather wavy, flocculose, white; spores elliptical, smooth, pale rusty- brown, 10 X 4 ft. Agaricus (Psafhyra) frustulentus, Fries, Monogr. i. p. 422 ; Fries, Epicr., p. 209 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 307. Amongst gravel in damp places. Departs from the Erythrosporae in the rusty-brown spores, but the general structure is that of Psathyra, much more than that of Galera. Intermediate between the Dermini ( = Ochrosporae) and the Pratellae ( = Porphyrosporae). Allied to the former in the fusco-ferruginous spores, to the latter in general habit, remarkable fragility, and in being very hygrophanous. Stem fistulose, 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, subundulate, usually not straight, fibrillose or with scattered white downy portions, whitish. Pileus membranaceous, very fragile, campanulate, then hemispherical, obtuse, disc slightly fleshy, about an inch broad, slightly striatulate when moist, watery ferruginous but very pale ; even and paler when dry, glabrous in both conditions, but at or near the margin whitish floccose. Gills adnate, crowded, ascending, watery cinnamon, then brownish. (Fries.) Psathyra bifrons. Berk. Pileus; ^— | in. across, submembranaceous, campanulate, obtuse, ochraceous-brown, tinged with pink, pale ochraceous when dry, smooth, even, margin very thin, transparent; gills adnate, narrow, pinkish-grey, margin minutely toothed, white ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, slightly attenu- ated upwards, straight, naked, whitish, hollow; spores elliptical, 8 x 4 p.. Agaricus lifrons, Berk., Engl. Flor., vol. v. p. 114; Cke., Hclbk., p. 215; Cke., Illustr., pi. 594. 358 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Agaricus (Psalhyra) bifrons, B., var. semitinctus, Phillips, Cke., Illustr., pi. 594 B. On twigs, chips, &c. Pileus % in. broad, furnished at first with a minute fibrillose very evanescent veil, rugulose, ochraceous-brown, more or less tinged with red ; margin thin, transparent. Gills adnate, moderately broad, cinereous shaded with pink ; margin white, composed of minute wavy teeth. Spores brown-purple. Stem 2| in. high, 1 line thick, filiform, thickest at the base, beautifully but very minutely satiny, not pulverulent, very brittle. (Berk.) Psathyra semivestita. B. & Br. Pileus |-f in. across, thin, ovate-campanulate, obtuse, even, bay-brown when moist, becoming pallid-ochraceous when dry, sprinkled when young up to the middle with white fibrils ; gills adnate or adnexed, rather broad, greyish then umber, narrowest in front ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick, white silky, fibrillose, hollow ; spores elliptical, 10-12 X 5 p. Agaricus (Psathyra) semivestitus, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 920, t. 14, f. 5 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 215 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 578. Amongst grass in rich pastures, woods, &c. Caespitose in the typical form, but a larger, solitary form occurs, having the pileus 1-1 J in. across, stem 4-5 in. long, 2 lines or more thick, remarkable for the coating of white fibrils on the lower half of the pileus ; these, however, usually disappear with age. Psathyra fatuus. Fr. Pileus f-1 in. across, submembranaceous, ovate-cam- panulate, then expanded, rugulose, fibrillose at first, then smooth and dingy ochraceous, apex darker, then paler ; gills adnate, crowded, rather narrow, pale then brown ; stem 2-4 in. long, about 1| line thick, fragile, almost smooth, white, apex rather mealy, hollow. Agaricus fatuus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 296 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 215 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 595 A On the ground. Very fragile. Stem almost glabrous, pileus clay-coloured, then whitish. Veil none. (Fries.) PSATHYEA. 359 Stem hollow, 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, rather firm for the present genus, soon glabrous, white, base white and villose, apex striate and powdered with white meal. Pileus submembranaceous ; at first ovate, then campanulate, at length expanded, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad, when young every- where fibrillose and brownish clay-colour, when dry ochraceous clay-colour, when adult glabrous, rugulose, whitish clay-colour, margin slightly undulate, sometimes with fragments of the veil attached. Gills adnate, l|-2 lines broad, crowded, white, then brown, edge similarly coloured. Approaching to Hypholoma appendiculatus, but not growing on trunks. (Fries.) Psathyra fibrillosa, Pers. Pileus 1-1 1 in. across, submembranaceous, campanulato- convex, then expanded, and almost plane, minutely striate, at first fibrillose, livid then whitish ; gills adnate, plane, broad behind, blackish-purple ; stem about 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, very fragile, fibrilloso-squamulose, white, often incurved at the base, hollow ; spores blackish- purple. Agaricus fibrillosm, Pers., p. 424; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke., Illustr., pi. 595 B. ' On the ground or on rotten branches, in woods, &c. Very variable in form and perhaps embracing two species, always solitary. Typical form very fragile. Stem hollow, 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, everywhere covered with spreading fibrilloso-fasciculate squamules, white. Pileus submembranaceous, from campanulate to convex, then expanded, obtuse, livid or whitish, striate from the gills showing through the translucent pileus, commonly glabrous, sometimes at first squamulose, 1 in. and more across. Gills adnate, broadest behind, 3-5 lines broad, at length plane, grey, then blackish-purple. (Fries.) Psathyra Gordon!. B. & Br. Densely tufted. Pileus 1-lf in. across, membranaceous, campanulate, pale grey, then white, sprinkled with white floccoso scales, margin sulcato-striate ; gills ascending, narrowly adnate, distant, rather broad, scarcely ventricose, grey; stem about 2 in. high, 1| line thick, transversely 360 FUNGUS-FLOKA. undulate, pruinose above, floccose below, but becoming at length smooth and shining, fistulose ; spores. Agaricus (Psathyra^ Gordoni, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 922, pi. xv. fig. 7; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke., Illustr., t. 580 A. On old stumps. Usually fasciculate, smell strong, dis- agreeable. When young the whole of the plant is covered with white floccose fibrils. Psathyra helobius. Kalchbr. Pileus submembranaceous, 1| in. across, conico-cam- panulate, then almost plane, with concentric elevated ridges, radiately rugose, subumbonate, sooty-brown, the striate margin brown, hygrophanous, pale with a reddish tinge when dry ; gills adnate but slightly rounded behind, rather crowded, sooty-brown; stem 3-4 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, rather flexuous, reddish-umber, covered with fugacious whitish squamules, paler and reddish when dry, hollow ; spores elliptical, ends rather acute, 12 x 6 p. Agaricus (Psathyra) helobius, Kalchbrenner, Icon. Hym. Hung., p. 31, tab. 17, fig. 4; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke., Illustr., pi. 579. Damp places in woods. Spores quite black when seen in the mass on a white ground, hence the species is technically a Psathyrella, but the whole habit and the stem clad with white fibrillae point to Psathyra, and more especially to Psathyra fibrillosa. (Kalchbr.) Psathyra pennata. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, submembranaceous, campanulate, obtuse, even, pale ochraceous, disc brownish, covered with white plumose squamules, then naked; gills adnexed, 2-3 lines broad, crowded, livid then blackish -brown ; stem about 2 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, silvery white, villose, rather mealy at the apex, hollow. Agaricus (Psathyra) pennatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 297 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 580 B. On naked soil. Somewhat resembling Coprinus cinereus, livid white, stem usually short, but sometimes elongated. Margin of pileus sometimes appendiculate. PSATHYRA. 361 Stem fistulose, 1-1 £ in. long, 1-2 lines thick, equal, villous, apex rather powdery, silvery. Pileus submem- branaceous, ovate then campanulate, i in. high and broad, 1 in. broad when expanded, not striate, but densely covered for a long time with white feathery scales, at length naked, changing from livid to white, or in the young stage brownish- bay. Gills adnexed, crowded, ventricose, broad, livid then blackish-brown. (Fries.) Psathyra gossypina. Bull. Pileus |—1 in. across, submembranaceous, campanulate, obtuse, becoming expanded, dingy pale ochraceous, tomen- tose then smooth, margin striate ; gills adnexed, ventricose, rather broad, white then brownish-black ; stem about 2 in. long, 1| line thick, whitish, tomentose, hollow, sometimes rather wavy ; spores elliptical, 10 x 6 //,. Agaricus (Psathyra) gossypinus, Bulliard, t. 425 ; fig. 2 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke., Illustr., pi. 612 A; Bolton, t. 71, fig. 1. On the ground and on fragments of twigs in woods. Often subcaespitose, fragile, distinguished from Psathyra pennata by the striate margin of the pileus. From the habit was once considered as a Coprinus, but evidently a Psathyra, allied to P. pennata, from which it differs more especially in the loose floccose covering of the pileus (veil) being more tomentose, and which densely clothes the young fungus, the colour also differs in being ochraceous clay-colour. When adult the pileus is glabrous and pale. Gills livid, then fuscous. The rest as in P. pen- natus. (Fries.) Psathyra noli-tangere. Fr. Pileus £-£ in. across, membranaceous, campanulate then expanded, everywhere striate, hygrophanous, squamulose about the margin, pale umber, becoming pale when dry ; gills adnate, broad, pale brown ; stem about 1| in. long, 1 line or more thick, very fragile, nearly naked, apex even ; spores elliptical, 12 x 5 p.. Agaricus (Psathyra) noli-tangere, Fries, Epicr., p. 234; Cke., Hdbk., p. 217 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 612 B ; Sowerby, pi. 167. Amongst chips. Altogether very fragile, every part pale umber when 362 FUNGUS-FLOKA. moist, pileus paler when dry, even and spuriously squamu- loso-appendiculate. (Fries.) In Cooke's figure quoted above, the pileus is represented with a distinct umbo. A large form grows on oak chips, a small form on damp ground in shady places. Very fragile. Stem fistulose, about 1 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, almost naked, apex even. Pileus membranaceous, campanulate, then expanded, obtuse, 1 in. or less, glabrous except for the presence of deciduous squamules, everywhere striate, the large form pale umber when moist, small form obscure brown. Very hygrophanous, becoming pale when dry. Gills adnate, broad, plane, sometimes pallid, at others obscure brown. (Fries.) Psathyra microrhiza. Lasch. Pileus about 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulate, even, dry, shining with atoms, at first with yellow hair- like fibrils ; gills adnexed, crowded, narrow, at first pale, then blackish-brown ; stem 2 in. long, about 1 line thick, attenuated into a tapering root-like base, silky, whitish, hollow. Agaricus (Psathyra) microrhiza, Lasch., n. 468, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 309 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 217 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 596 A. In grassy places. Gregarious, at first everywhere flocculose, fragile, small. Pileus ochraceous or rufous-brown, becoming pale. (Fries.) Distinguished by the tapering, rooting base of the stem. Gregarious, varying in size from a few lines to 1^ in. when it approaches the finer forms of the P. gossypina. (Berk.) Psathyra urticaecola. B. & Br. (fig. 15, p. 351.) Pileus 2-3 lines across, campanulate, flocculent, margin straight at length, striate, white; gills broadest in front, adnexed, white, then chocolate ; stem |-1 in. high, slender attenuated upwards, fistulose, flocculent, white; spores 7 x 4/A. Agaricus (Psathyra} urticaecola, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 919 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 217 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 596 B. On nettle stems. Distinguished by its small size and white colour. PSILOCYBE. 363 PSILOCTBE. Fries, (figs. 11, 12, p. 351.) Pileus more or less fleshy, smooth, margin at first incurved ; gills and spores at length brownish or purplish ; stem central, rather cartilaginous, rigid or tough, tubular, tube either hollow or stuffed, often rooting. Veil absent or rudimentary, never interwoven to form a membrane. Psilocybe (as a subgenus of Agaricus), Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 289 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 207. Distinguished from Psathyra by the margin of the pileus being at first incurved, and from Agaricus and StropJiaria, which some of the species resemble, by the absence of a ring. Psilocybe is analogous to Naucoria, Leptonia and Collybia. Pileus glabrous, veil either absent (or in a few species that grow on dung, very fugacious). Distinguished from PsatJiyra by the margin of the pileus being incurved at first. Stem almost cartilaginous, and in this respect corresponding with Collybia and Naucoria rather than Clitocybe. In the present genus there are two primary divisions characterised by being tough or fragile. These are connected by species having the pileus innately fibrillbse. Almost all the species are terrestrial, gregarious, often caespitose, inodorous, not edible. (Fries.) ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. I. TENACES. — Veil accidental, rarely conspicuous. Pileus with a pellicle, often rather viscid in damp weather, becom- ing pale. Colour of pileus clear, bright. Stem firm, flexile, often coloured. * Gills ventricose, not decurrent. ** Gills plane, very broad behind, subdecurrent. ( = Sub- gen. Decornica of W. G. Smith.) *** Gills almost linear, ascending. II. EIGIDI. — Veil absent. Pileus scarcely pelliculose, but the flesh frequently splitting, hygrophanous. Gills adnexed, very rarely adnate. Stem rigid. 364 FUNGUS-FLOKA. The total absence of the partial veil from the first separates the species included in the present section from those of Agaricus and Hypholoma, which they otherwise much resemble. I. TENACES. Veil accidental, rarely conspicuous, Pileus pelliculose, often rather viscid when moist, becoming pale. Colour of pileus bright. Stem hard, flexile, often coloured. * Gills ventricose, not decurrent. Psilocybe sarcocephala. Fr. Pileus 2—4 in. across, fleshy, compact, convex, obtuse, be- coming expanded and sometimes depressed in the centre, even, dry, pale tawny becoming pale, the margin sometimes whitish ; gills adnate, very broad, (3-4 lines), not crowded, greyish flesh-colour, then sooty from the dark spores ; stem 3—5 in. long, 2—4 lines thick, subequal, usually curved or flexuous, whitish, apex powdered with white meal, stuffed then hollow ; spores elliptical, dull brown, 7 X 3 • 5 p.. Agaricus (Psilocybe) sarcocephalus, Fries, Monogr. 1, p. 429, (not of Epicr. !); Hym. Eur., p. 297 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 567 and 520. Grassy places, especially about stumps. Solitary or clus- tered. Distinct from every other species in the fleshy, com- pact pileus. In every respect the noblest and most distinct species belonging to the present genus, not related to any other species. Gregarious, subcaespitose ; without the slightest trace of a veil. Stem robust, stuffed then hollow, elongated, curved, equal or slightly thinner below, whitish, sometimes with a rusty tinge, powdered with white meal at the apex, slightly squamulose, in other respects glabrous. In clus- tered individuals the stem is wavy and thinner, 3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick ; in the larger form, not caespitose, the stem is stouter, straight, 3-4 in. long, up to 1 in. thick. Pileus truly fleshy, rather firm, convex then ex- panded, obtuse, 3-4 in. broad, the smallest 1—2 in., even, glabrous, dry, pale ferruginous. Flesh white, unchangeable, firm, not tough. Gills adnate, in the large form ^ in. broad, ventricose, rather thick, not crowded, greyish flesh-colour, then rather fuliginous from the spores. (Fries.) PSILOCYBE. 365 Psilocybe ericaea. Pers. Pileus f-1^ in. across, conico-convex, then expanded and becoming almost plane or sometimes more or less depressed, rather viscid when moist, even, glabrous, tawny-ferruginous or bay, pale yellowish and shining when dry ; gills adnate, 3—4 lines broad, plane, pallid then black ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2 lines thick or more, subequal, flexuous, rarely straight, tough, pallid, partly hollow; spores elliptical, brown, 9-10 X O fJL. Agaricus ericaeus, Pers., Syn., p. 413 ; Fries, Hym. Eur^ p. 298 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208; Cke., Illustr., pi. 568. In wet, exposed pastures. Usually gregarious. Gregarious, tough, size variable. Stem hollow, tough, 3-4 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, almost glabrous, sometimes slightly silky, yellowish, base with white down. Pileus fleshy, thin, convex then expanded, scarcely umbonate, 1-1^ in. and more broad, even, glabrous, commonly dry and shining, but rather viscid when moist, tawny-ferruginous, when dry tawny-yellow. Gills adnate, 3-4 lines broad, plane, rather distant, pallid then blackish, pruinose, edge whitish. There is a small form found in muddy places with a bay pileus. (Fries.) • Psilocybe subericaea. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. or more across, rather fleshy, convex, obtuse, becoming plane, even, smooth, tawny then pale; gills sinuate, adnexed, 2-3 lines broad, pallid then blackish ; stem 1-2 in. long, about 1| line thick, equal, smooth, yellowish, distinctly hollow; spores elliptical, 10 x 6 /x,. Agaricus (Psilocybe) subericaeus, Fries, Icon., n. 367, t. 136, fig. 2 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 588. In fields. Psilocybe udus. Pers. (figs. 11, 12, p. 351.) Pileus f-1 in. across, slightly fleshy, convex then plane, dry, rugulose, tawny-bay then pale yellowish ; gills adfixed, ventricose, lax, whitish then purplish ; stem 3-5 in. long, 1-1 £ line thick, tough, straight or a little wavy, fibrillose, pale above, ferruginous below, hollow; spores elliptical brownish-purple, 10 x 5 p.. Agaricus udus, Pers., Syn., p. 414; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 298; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 569. 366 FUNGUS-FLORA. In swamps, amongst sphagnum, &c. Pileus testaceo-tawny, becoming pale, not hygrophanous. There is a variety with the pileus almost membranaceous, acutely conical, tawny, gills yellowish- white, owing to being almost sterile. Amongst sphagnum. (Fries.) Scattered, tough when young, slender. Stem fistulose, 2—3 in. long, 1 line or more thick, equal, fibrillose, tawny- ferruginous, paler at the apex; pileus rather fleshy, convex then expanded, more or less evidently umbonate, |-1 in. broad, glabrous, even, rugulose when old, tawny -bay. Gills adfixed, ventricose, very broad, lax, plane or convex, pallid then purplish-brown. Amongst high mosses, especially Polytricha, there is a form with a longer, more or less tawny stem, pileus smaller, becoming depressed, yellow then whitish, often striate ; gills livid-yellow or clouded with white. Amongst sphagnum it becomes very much drawn out, very slender, stem slender, wavy, pallid ; pileus submem- branaceous, at first conical, livid yellow and striate when moist (tinged greenish), even and yellow when dry ; gills pallid, not becoming discoloured, and commonly sterile. (Fries.) Psilocybe canofaciens. Cke. Gregarious. Pileus f-1 in. across, campanulate then ex- panded, scarcely umbonate, but with a fleshy disc, even, dark bay-brown, ferruginous at the apex, clad everywhere, as well as the stem, with delicate, white, scattered hairs, which are soon evanescent at the apex ; veil white, fibrillose, at first attached to the margin of the pileus ; stem 2—3 in. high, 2-3 lines thick at the apex, subequal or slightly attenu- ated downwards, of the same colour as the pileus, very dark at the base, stuffed ; flesh of pileus pallid, of the stem rufes- cent, gradually darker downwards ; gills 3 lines broad, ad- nate, ventricose, dark umber ; spores umber-brown, elliptic- oblong, very variable in size, the longest 17x8, the smaller 10 X 4 p.. Agaricus (Psilocybe) canofaciens, Cke., Grev. 14, p. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208; Cke., Illustr., pi. 621. Agaricus areolatus, W. G. Smith, in Brit. Mus. On rotten straw. PSILOCYBE. 367 A very distinct species, known by the dark colour of the pileus and stem, both, of which, are sprinkled with white fibrils. Psilocybe areolata. Kotzsch. Pileus 1-3 in. across, convex, obtuse, then expanded, dry, minutely fibrillose, cuticle breaking up into angular patches, ochraceous or rufous, interstices and margin pale, yellowish ; gills adnexed, 2-3 lines or more broad, umber then blackish with a purple tinge, margin whitish; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, attenuated or slightly thickened below, fibrillose, dingy white, hollow; flesh of pileus and stem tinged brown ; veil fugacious ; spores blackish umber with a purple tinge, 12-13" x 8 /*. Agaricus areolatus, Klotzsch, in Berk., Eng. Flor., vol. v. ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 209 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 590. In gardens, &c. Pileus £-3 in. broad, convex, ochre or fuscous ; veil be- tween fibrous and membrauaceous, fugacious ; gills 2-3 lines broad, the edge white and beaded with drops of moisture. Stem 2-3 in. high, generally thickened at the base, fibrillose, dirty white. (Klotzsch.) Densely caespitose. Pileus at first white, with the cuticle entire, at length rufous and cracking into areolae, a much firmer plant than A. spadic&us, not brittle. Stem striate, pulverulent, especially towards the apex, hollow; gills with a distinct white edge, at first very pale, spores very dark, almost black, broadly almond-shape. (W. G. Smith.) Psilocybe virescens. Massee. Pileus 1-1 1 in. across, convex, obtuse, then becoming ex- panded, when young minutely silky, bright dark brown, during expansion the brown cuticle becomes broken up into persistent angular patches, the interstices being clear pale green, becoming yellowish with age; gills adnexed, rather crowded, 3 lines broad, soft, pallid then smoky purple, margin pale; stem about 2 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal, smooth, apical portion pale green and strongly striate, lower portion ferruginous, extreme base snow-white, downy, firm, hollow, straight or slightly incurved; spores sooty purple, elliptical, ends obtuse, 9 x 5 p.. 368 FUNGUS-FLORA. On rotten chips and stumps. Agaricus (Psilocybe) areolatus, Klotzsch, var. virescens, Cooke and Massee, in Cooke's Hdbk., p. 376; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1177. Solitary. Taste and smell none. Quite distinct from P. areolata in being solitary and not fasciculate, in growing on wood, and in the purple gills and different spores. Psilocybe agraria. Fr. Pileus about | in. across, conico-convex, then expanded, whitish then becoming grey, not hygrophanous. subumbonate, subsulcato-striate ; flesh white ; stem 1\ in. long, thin, flexuous, hollow, white; gills very distant, rather broad, shortly adnato-adnexed, grey. Agaricus (Psilocybe} agraria, Fries' MSS. ; Berk, and Br. in Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1257 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 622. About the roots of decayed trees. Allied to A. coprophilus, In colour the pileus somewhat resembles Hygrophorus ovinus. (B. and Br.) Psilocybe ehondroderma. B. & Br. Pileus about 1 in. across, campanulate, fleshy, dark bright brown, very smooth, cracked here and there, margin thin, appendiculate ; gills ventricose, adfixed, seceding, dark brown, edge white ; stem subequal, 2J-3 lines thick, fistulose, paler than the pileus, fibrillose, base squamulose ; spores purple- black, elliptical, 7 X 3-5 /*. Agaricus (Psilocybe) chondroderma, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1538; Cke., Hdbk., p. 209. In pine woods. Veil jagged. The pileus stains paper yellow. Psilocybe scobicola. B. & Br. Pileus 1-1^ in. across, convex, umbilicate, glabrous, white; gills broad, adnexed, brown with red tinge; stem 1—1^- in. long, 2 lines thick, fibrillose, whitish, subequal or dilated at the apex, hollow ; spores elliptical. Agaricus (Psilocybe) scobicola, B. & Br., Cke., Hdbk., p. 210 ; Cke., lUustr., t. 607. On branches, sawdust, &c. Distinguished amongst the white species of Psilocybe by the unibilicate pileus. . PSILOCYBE. 369 ** Gills plane, very broad behind, subdecurrent, Psilocybe ammophlla. Mont. Pileus f-1 in. across, rather fleshy, hemispherical then expanded and umbonate, yellowish-brown; gills with a subdecurrent tooth, plane, rather narrow, smoke-colour, powdered with the dark spores ; stem about 2 in. long, 1^ line thick, the lower half clavate, sunk in the sand, and covered with matted mycelium, upper portion white, hollow ; spores elliptic-fusiform, 12 X 8 /A. Agaricm ammophilus, Montague, in Expl. Scient. Alg., t. 31 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210; Cke., lllustr., pi. 606 B. Amongst sand. Remarkable for the clavate basal half of the stem being densely matted with mycelium, and sunk in the sand in which the fungus grows. Psilocybe coprophila. Bull. Pileus about £ in. across, rather fleshy, hemispherical then expanded, umbonate, even, yellowish rufous ; gills arcuate, rather decurrent, 2 lines and more broad, livid-brown ; stem 1-2 in. long, at first short an'd floccose, then elongated, glabrous, and shining, attenuated upwards, apex pruinose, hollow. Agaricm (Psilocybe^ copropMlus, Bulliard, Champ., t. 566, f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 608 A. On dung and in pastures. Superficially resembling Psilocybe bullacea, but distin- guished by the absence of striae on the pileus, and by the stem being at first short and flocculose, then elongated and glabrous. Stem more or less hollow, at first with a central pith, short (1 in.), hairy flocculose, then elongated and almost smooth, shining, 1 line thick, attenuated upwards, and there mealy. Veil scarcely evident. Pileus rather fleshy, hemispherical, then expanded, umbonate, 1 in. broad, even, glabrous, scarcely viscid, yellowish-rufous. Gills arcuato- decurrent, broad, crowded, livid then brown. (Fries.) Pileus when very young white and downy; subhemi- spherical, clothed with little white superficial scales, at length smooth and pale umber, darker at the obtuse apex, VOL. i. 2 B 370 FUNGUS-FLOBA. slightly fleshy. Stem flexuous, slightly attenuated upwards, whitish, shining, at first scaly like the pileus, within which it is pruinose ; gills nearly plane, ventricose, adnato-arcuate, subdecurrent, umber-brown. (Berk.) Psilocybe bullacea. Bull. Pileus iy— j in. across, rather fleshy, hemispherical then expanded," at length umbonate, glabrous, finely striate to the middle, tawny-bay, clay-colour when dry ; gills adnate, broad, triangular, plane, crowded, rusty-brown; stem 1-1 J in. long, 1 line or more thick, equal, fibrillose, pale-yellowish", base brownish, hollow. Agaricus (Psilocybe) lullaceus, Bulliard, Champ., t. 566, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 608 B. On dung, rich soil, &c. Veil at first often evident, sometimes appendiculate from the margin. Stem 1 in. long or a little more, 1 line thick, yellowish, base rusty-brown. Pileus scarcely reaching an inch across, tawny-bay, clay-colour when dry, when moist a viscid pellicle readily separates from the pileus. Gills of themselves livid-white, spores on a black ground purple- lilac. (Fries.) Gregarious. Stem hollow, 1 in. or a little more in length, 1 line thick, equal or attenuated at the base, cortinated when young, then rather fibrillose, tawny then yellowish, base rusty-brown. Pileus rather fleshy at the disc, margin almost membranaceous, hemispherical, obtuse, then expanded, umbonate, 4-6 lines broad, covered with a separable viscid pellicle, glabrous, tawny-bay, then reddish-ochre, clay- colour when dry ; margin at first even, with fragments of the appendiculate veil, then naked and striate. Gills adnate, minutely decurrent, subtriangular, plane, crowded, livid- white then rusty-brown. Spores purple-lilac on a black ground. (Fries.) Psilocybe physaloides. Bull. Pileus |-f in. across, slightly fleshy, campanulate then expanded, sometimes subumbonate and depressed round the umbo, even, rather viscid, purple-brown, becoming paler ; gills slightly decurrent, crowded, rather broad, rusty-brown ; stem about 1 in. long, and 1 line thick, equal, rather pliant, PSILOCYBE. 371 minutely fibrillose, pale, "base rusty, hollow ; spores elliptical, brown, 12 X 6 p. Agaricus (Psilocybe) pTiysaloides, Bulliard, Champig., t. 366, fig. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 609 A. On the ground in fertile places, also amongst moss. Cooke says, on dung. Closely related to Psilocybe bullacea ; on white paper the spores are blackish-purple, on black paper lilac-violet. Pileus purple-brown, paler towards the margin, at length mubonate and depressed round the umbo. Keadily con- founded with Tubaria inquilina. (Fries.) Stem fistulose, filiform, wavy, 1 in. and more long, ad- pressedly fibrillose, pale, base bay. Veil not evident. Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate then expanded, at length flattened, umbo prominent, usually depressed round the umbo, 3-4 lines broad, glabrous, even, with a viscid pellicle, shining, purple-brown. Gills adnate, slightly decurrent, crowded, pale rusty-brown. Spores purple-brown, almost black when on white paper, on a black-ground lilac-violet. (Fries.) Psilocybe nuciseda. Fr. Pileus £-£. in. across, rather fleshy, convex, obsoletely umbonate, expanded and sometimes depressed round the umbo, pale-brown, when dry yellowish and minutely silky ; gills adnate, broad, plane, brown then blackish-umber ; stem about 1 in. long, 1| line thick, becoming thinner down- wards, brownish, with white down, hollow ; spores brown, elliptical, 8 x 4 p.. Agaricus (Psilocybe) nucisedus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210; Cke., Illustr., pi. 609 B. On involucres of beech, and fragments of various kinds of wood. Stem slender, 1-2 in. long, apex as in Psilocybe atro-rufus, often pruinose. Pileus yellowish. With exactly the habit of Tubaria inquilina, but differing in the spores. A similar form occurs on hazel nuts, but every part umber, and yellowish clay-colour when dry. (Fries.) On involucres and rotten wood of beech. Differs from P. atro-rufa in growing on wood, in the paler, tougher stem, which is attenuated downwards, and white and downy at 2 B 2 372 FUNGUS-FLORA. the base ; pileus rather umbonate, rather silky and yellow when dry, gills scarcely decurrent. (Flies.) Psilocybe atro-mfa. Schaeff. Pileus |-1 in. across, rather fleshy, henrispherico-convex, obtuse, then expanded, glabrous, margin slightly striate, dark rufous or purple-brown, pale when dry, even ; gills subdecurrent, 2 lines broad, plane, becoming umber ; stem. 2—3 in. long, 1^ line thick, equal, straight, or wavy, pale bay then whitish, hollow ; spores elliptical, purple-brown, 10-12 x 6 /*. Agaricus (Psilocybe) atro-rufus, Schaeff., t. 234; Cke., Hdbk., p. 211 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 571. On the ground in woods, &c. Fries says that there are two forms : (a) Stem fibrillose ; on the ground in woods. (6) Stem short, glabrous; in sunny places amongst gravel. Stem fistulose, thin, scarcely 1 line thick, equal, at first subfibrillosus, then glabrous, pale bay, apex rather mealy ; pileus slightly fleshy, obtuse, hemispherico-convex, glabrous, in full vigour of growth the margin is striate, dark rufous or purple-brown, when dry becoming very pale and without striae. Gills ad nate, subdecurrent, triangular, plane, umber or purple-umber. (Fries.) *** Gills almost linear, ascending. Psilocybe compta. B. & Br. Pileus 1-1^ in. across, conico-campamilate, then becoming expanded, pale ochraceous and atomate when dry, scarcely rugulose, striate, margin at first inflexed, crenulate; gills distant, ventricose, broad, adnate, umber with a rosy tinge; stem 2 in. high, 1-1 \ lines thick, flexuose, glabrous, silky and shining, not striate above, below very pale rufous, fistulose ; spores purple-brown. Agaricus (Psilocybe) comptulus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 917, t. xiv. f. 3; Cke., Hdbk., p. 211; Cke., Illust., t. 589 A. In woods amongst grass. Our only pale Psilocybe with a distinctly striate margin and subumbonate pileus. rsiLOCYBE. 373 Psilocybe semilanceata. Fr. Pileus i-f in. across, submembranaceous, acutely conical, sometimes almost cuspidate, margin more or less persistently incurved, slightly viscid and striatulate when moist, when dry very pale yellow or pallid with tinges of yellow, or blue- green, shining ; gills subdistant, broadly adnate, brown then blackish with purple tinge, margin pale ; stem 2-3 in. long, l£ line thick, equal, tough, wavy, silky-fibrous and shining^ pallid, with minute, evanescent fibrils at the apex, stuffed with silky fibres ; spores brown, 10-12 X 6 p.. Agaricus (Psilocybe') semilanceatus, Fr., Obs., ii. p. 178 ; Cke., Illust., t. 572; Cke., Hdbk., p. 211. Amongst grass in pastures, &c. Gregarious, pileus some- times quite obtuse, from which condition every transition exists to cuspidate. Fries says that he has observed the presence of a sub- annulate ring in the young stage of the present species and consequently it might with equal propriety be placed in the genus Stropnaria, after S. semigldbata. Var. caerulescens. Cooke. Pileus rather obtuse, bare o£ stem, more or less distinctly tinged with blue ; spores, 10-12 x 6 p.. Cke., Illustr., t. 573. Amongst grass in pastures. It is doubtful as to the propriety of considering the above a true variety ; I do not consider it as even a permanent form ; in the type the relative prominence of the umbo is very variable, and there is frequently a tinge of blue at the base of the stem, and Cooke's variety, if retained, rests entirely on the distinct blue tinge at the base of the stem. II. EIGIDI. Veil absent. Pileus scarcely pelliculose, flesh frequently splitting, hygrophanous. Gills adnexed, rarely adnate. Stem rigid. Psilocybe canobrunnea. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, hygrophanous, rather viscid when moist, fleshy-brown, pale when dry; stem about 2 in. long, ^ in. or more thick, whitish, squamulose, rooting, hollow ; gills almost free, crowded, broad, ventricose, pallid then brownish-purple. 374 FUNGUS-FLOEA. Agaricus (Psilocybe) canobrunneus, Gries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 294 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 302. On the naked ground in sunny places, and on scorched ground. Solitary. Firm, rigid, pileus flesh-colour, when dry pale clay-colour. Solitary or laxly gregarious, amongst the most robust and firm in this genus. Stem rigid, hollow, 2 in. and more long, 3-5 lines thick, equal, base rooting, squanmlose, whitish. Veil not seen even in the earliest stage of development. Pileus truly fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad, even, glabrous, from its rigidity sometimes cracked in an areolate manner, rather viscid when moist, watery pallid or brownish flesh-colour, pale clay-colour when dry. Flesh thickish, white. Gills almost free, ventricose, 3 lines broad, rather crowded, distinct, pallid then purple-brown. (Fries.) Psilocybe spadicea. Fr. Fasciculate, pileus rigid, 1-3 in. across, convex, obtuse then more or less plane, glabrous, even, moist, hygrophanous, bay-brown when moist, pallid when dry ; gills rounded behind and adnexed, dry, crowded, about 2 lines broad, pale then rosy-brown ; stem 2-4 in. long, rather tough, 2-3 lines thick, equal, whitish, smooth, apex even, hollow; spores elliptical, brown, 9 x 4 //,. Agaricus (Psilocybe) spadiceus, Fries, Epicr., p. 225 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 211 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 610. On the ground amongst leaves, at the base of trunks, &c. Rather caespitose. Veil entirely absent from the first. Stem firm, cartilaginous (in moist places on the ground, softer). Pileus convexo-plane, even, at first glabrous, rigid, rough with minute points, bay-umber, becoming pale when dry, flesh whitish, margin slightly incurved, when dry often broken up, especially var. polycephalus. Gills at length either cinnamon (in dry weather), or umber. (Fries.) Var. hygrophilus. Large, pileus brown then clay-colour ; stem 4—6 in. long, rather fusiform and rooting, gills emargi- nate with a long decurrent line down the stem, at length umber-brown. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 296 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212. PSILOCYBE. 375 At roots of ash in damp places. Var. polycephalus, densely crowded, more rigid, stems thinner, flexuose ; gills almost free, at length umber-brown. Paulet, t. iii. figs. 1-2 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 302 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212. On trunks. Colour as in the typical form, bay then ochraceous, or pallid-livid then clay-colour. At the base of trunks, amongst leaves, &c., very common. Very distinct from Hypholoma appendiculatum, which it approaches in colour, in the more rigid pileus and stem, and in the complete absence of a veil. Known from every other species of the present genus in the gills being white then flesh-colour, and finally brown. In size and other points very variable. Typically large, terrestrial, forming large, loose clusters. Stem firm, subcartilaginous, hollow, 3-4 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, equal, often curved, glabrous, white, apex not striate. Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, 3— 1 in. broad, even, glabrous, moist in wet weather but not viscid, umber-brown, becoming pale when dry, often cracked and torn, margin inflexed when young. Gills rounded- adnexed, crowded, dry, white, then flesh-colour, at length umber. (Fries.) Psilocybe squalens. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, rather fleshy, convex then plane or depressed, even, glabrous, moist, hygrophanous, lurid then pale; gills adnato-decurrent, crowded, plane, clay-colour then brown; stem about 2 in. long and 2 lines thick, equal, not rooting, apex striate, nearly like the pileus in colour, stuffed. Agaricus (Psilocybe) squalens, Fries, Epicr., p. 226 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 303. On and near trunks. Solitary or tufted. Veil absent. Stem 1-2 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, tough, obsoletely fibrillose. Pileus 1-2 in. across, lurid then pale, margin incurved. Spores rusty-brown. Resembling Psilocybe cernuus, but quite distinct in the brownish-ferruginous spores, hence technically belonging to the Ochrosporae ; veil none. Stem stuffed then hollow, not very rigid, not rooting, about 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, 376 FUNGUS-FLORA. obsoletely fibrillose, apex rather mealy, almost the same colour as the pileus. Pileus rather fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, 1-2 in. broad, even, glabrous, when moist (not viscid) ferruginous with a lurid aspect, becoming pale dingy clay-colour when dry. Flesh whitish. Gills adnexed with a decurrent tooth, ventricose, 2 lines broad, crowded, from dingy clay-colour becoming cinnamon-umber. (Fries.) Psilocybe cernua. Fl. Dan. Pileus f-1 in. across, rather fleshy, campanulato-convex, then more or less expanded, glabrous, hygrophanous, rugu- lose when dry, pallid; stem 2-4 in, long, 2 lines thick, about equal, flexuose, whitish, glabrous, rather mealy at the apex; gills adnate, slightly ventricose, not very close, | line broad, greyish-white, then dark-brown. Agaricus cernuus, Mull, in Flor. Danica, t. 1005 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212; Cke., Illustr., pi. 574; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 302. On the ground, on leaves, rotten wood, &c. Commonly caespitose. Intermediate between Psathyra and Psilocybe, rather fragile. Pileus becoming pallid, pellucidly striatulate, naked from the first, veil absent. Differs from all forms of Psilocybe spadicea in the gills never assuming a flesh-coloured tinge. Stem hollow, 2 in. and more long, about 2 lines thick, equal, terete, rigid, fragile, glabrous, white, apex rather mealy, sometimes curved, when the pileus becomes cernuous. Veil none ! Pileus rather fleshy, fragile, campanulate then expanded, obtuse, 1-2J in. broad, glabrous (or atomate under a lens), pale livid when moist, when dry white and rugulose. Gills adnate, at first linear, then ventricose, scarcely crowded, 1-2 lines broad, at first white then greyish-black. Spores with no trace of a ferruginous tinge. (Fries.) Psilocybe hebes. Pers. Pileus |-1 in. across, rather fleshy, convex and obtuse, then expanded, smooth, margin finely striate, hygrophanous, lurid, pale when dry ; gills adnate but cut out behind so as to be almost triangular, crowded, pale then brown ; stem about 1 in. long, equal, Ij line thick, glabrous, whitish, hollow, often slightly incurved at the base ; spores elliptical, 14-16 X 7 t. PSILOCYBE. 377 Agaricus (Psilocybe) Jiebes, Persoon, Myc. Eur. 3, t. 28, f. 5 ; Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212; Cke., Illustr., pi. 589 B. On trunks, leaves, &c. Pileus lurid, i.e., a dingy obscure olive, pale and even when dry, rather viscid when moist. Pileus rather rigid, as are also the gills. Commonly solitary; rigid and firmer than Psilocybe murcidus. Stem cartilaginous, rigid, hollow, l|-;2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, even, glabrous, naked, whitish. Veil absent ! Pileus rather fleshy, convex then expanded, obtuse, 1 in. broad, even, glabrous, hygrophanous, rather viscid, lurid, and with the margin slightly striate when moist; pale and even when dry. Gills very broad behind, triangular, entirely adnate, crowded, dry, white then brownish. Eeadily known by the form of the gills. (Fries.) Psilocybe foenisecii. Pers. Pileus |-1 in. across, campanulato-hemispherical then more or less expanded, obtuse, dingy brown with a rufous tinge, pale ochraceous when dry ; flesh thin, dingy ; gills adnate, ventricose, hence looking as if broadly emarginate, scarcely crowded, 2-3 lines broad, umber-brown; stem 2-3 in. long, about 1 line thick, even, glabrous, brownish then paler, not rooting, hollow ; spores elliptic-fusiform, 10 X 5-6 p. Agaricus (Psilocybe) foenisecii, Persoon, Icon. Descr., t. 11, f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 590. Amongst grass in fields, lawns, &c. Scattered or in small groups. Rigid, fragile, pileus dark, drying from the apex downwards. Stem straight or often a little flexuous, somewhat resembling superficially Panaeolus 2Japilionaceus, but much smaller, and differing in the umber gills and spores. With somewhat the habit of Panaeolus, but the gills are not variegated and the spores are umber. Stem hollow, straight, rigid, fragile, 2-3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, equal, naked, rufescent, at first paler and powdered with white, subpubescent. Veil absent. Disc of the pileus more especially fleshy, campanulato-convex, obtuse, dry, glabrous, 378 FUNGUS-FLORA. rugulose in dry weather, pale smoky-brown or brown, becoming pale. Gills adnate, but ventricose in front and thus appearing emarginate, rather distant, not thin, brownish, bright brown, then umber. When half dry the disc becomes pale. (Fries.) Psilocybe clivensis. B. & Br. Pileus about 1 in. across, hemispherical, pale brown then pale ochraceous or almost white, even, atomate, margin striate ; gills broad, adnate, widely emarginate, broadest in front, subdistant, umber, margin white ; stem about 1 J in. high, 1 line thick, subequal, fistulose, somewhat silky, base subclavate; spores umber, 10 x 5 /x. Agaricus (Psilocybe) clivensis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 916, pi. xiv. f. 3; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212; Cke., Illustr., t. 969. On the ground. When fully developed whitish, plane or even a little depressed, margin indistinctly striate. Psilocybe catervata. Massee. Densely fasciculate ; pileus ^-f in. across, campanulate, obtuse, snow-white, even, glabrous, satiny, flesh rather thick, white; stem about 2 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, usually rather wavy, hollow, white, shining, brittle ; gills slightly adnexed, rather broad, crowded, grey then brown with a tinge of purple, edge entire, white; spores elliptic-oblong, smooth, brown with a purple tinge, 12 x 4 /A; cystidia fusiform, 60-70 x 12 p.. On the ground; Carlisle, Oct. 1887. (Dr. Carlyle.) Not closely allied to any known species ; distinguished at once by the densely fasciculate habit and the shining snow- white pileus and stem. .Resembling in size and crowded mode of growth, Galera conferta, but distinguished by the purple gills and spores, and the pure white pileus at all HYPHOLOMA. Fries, (figs. 9, 10, 14, 16, p. 351.) Pileus more or less fleshy, margin at first incurved ; stem central, its substance continuous with that of the pileus; veil interwoven, adhering in torn fragments to the margin HYPHOLOMA. 379 of the pileus (appendiculate) ; not forming a distinct ring round the stem ; gills adnate or sinuate and adnexed, often seceding (separating from the stem, and then appearing as if free) ; spores brownish-purple, sometimes intense purple. Hypholoma, Fries, Syst. Mycol. i. p. 287; Cke., Hdbk., p. 202. Mostly caespitose and growing on wood, when growing on the ground, often springing from buried wood, roots, &c. Distinguished from Stropharia by the absence of an inter- woven ring on the stem ; when a trace of the ring is present, it is in the form of cobweb-like fibres, and very scanty. Hypholoma agrees in structure with Hebeloma, Entoloma, and Tricholoma. Veil woven into a loose cobweb-like texture, adhering to the margin of the pileus, not forming a distinct ring round the stem; the last character separates the present genus from Agaricus ; from Psathyra it is known by the stature, habit, and presence of an evident veil. Known amongst allied genera by the tufted mode of growth, growing on wood, pileus not furnished with a separable pellicle, gills in some species almost deliquescent- (Fries.) ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. * FASCICULARES. — Pileus tough, glabrous, bright coloured, not hygrophanous. ** VISCIDI. — Pileus viscid, naked. *** VELUTINI. — Pileus virgate or silky with innate fibrils. * FLOCCULOSI. — Pileus covered with superficial floccose scales that eventually disappear. ***** APPENDICULATI. — Pileus glabrous, hygrophanous. * FASCICTJLAEES. Hypholoma silaceus. Pers. Pileus about 3 in. across, fleshy, convex, viscid, orange- rufous, silky and whitish near the margin; gills adnate, crowded, grey then olive ; stem 3 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, fibrilloso-striate, shining, base bulbous. 380 FUNGUS-FLORA. Agaricus silaceus, Persoon, Syn., p. 421 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 421 ; Secretan, n. 349 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 202. On the ground, solitary, or according to Secretan, caespi- tose, and springing from a common tuberous base. Pileus viscid, bright orange-rufous; stem 4 in. high, at length hollow, solid and slightly swollen at the base ; smell resembling that of meal. Spores pale purple-brown. (Cooke.) Hypholoma sublateritius. Schaeff. (fig. 16, 351.) Pileus 2-4 in. across, fleshy, convex then expanded and almost plane, dry, almost glabrous, brick-red tinged with orange, margin paler, flesh compact, whitish, thin at the margin ; gills adnate, crowded, about 3 lines broad, whitish then sooty-olive ; stem 3-5 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, usually attenuated downwards, fibrillose, rusty or yellowish, stuffed; spores elliptical, sooty-brown, 8 X 4 p. Agaricus sublateritius, Schaeffer, t. 49 ; figs. 6, 7 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 290 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 202 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 557. On and about old stumps. Subcaespitose, taste bitter, smell almost none. A very fine, showy species, somewhat resembling Hypholoma fascicularis, but larger, and differing in the obtuse pileus and stuffed stem. Far. Schaefferi. Fries; Pileus yellow, conical then depressed, rugose ; gills narrow, decurrent, even when quite young ; stem equal, hollow. Schaeffer, Icon., t. 49, figs. 4, 5 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 291 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 203. On trunks, &c. Smaller than the typical form, and altogether yellowish. Far. squamosus. Cooke ; Pileus convex, bright brick-red shading to yellow at the margin, spotted with superficial scales, flesh very thick, yellowish, gills narrowish, adnate; stem elongated, stout, pale above, ferruginous below, hollow. Veil appendiculate when young ; spores elliptical, 8x4^. Agaricus (Hypholoma') sublateritius, Schaeff., var. squamosus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 202 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 558. On trunks. A very beautiful variety, larger and more robust than the typical form. HYPHOLOMA. 381 There are two forms : (A.) Vulgaris. Stem stuffed, stout and firm, usually distinctly attenuated downwards, rarely equal, 3-4 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, from the position of growth incurved, fibrillosely squamulose, fibrils pale, base ferruginous, veil apical, at first white then blackish, pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, even, glabrous, rather tawny but paler and clouded with the remains of the superficial, white, rather silky veil ; flesh compact, white then yellowish ; gills adnate, more or less crowded, narrow, at first dingy yellowish, base more obscure, then sooty, at length tinged olive. Spores purple-brown. (B.) Pomposus. Stem solid, Zto 1 in. thick, subannulate, paler above. Pileus thicker, ost entirely tawny. Gills becoming clear olive. (Fries.) Hypholoma capnoides. Fr. Pileus 1-1 \ in. across, convex, then plane and subumbonate or depressed, dry, very smooth, yellowish or tinged tawny, flesh thin, white ; gills adnate, not crowded, 2-3 lines broad, dry, sooty-grey then purplish ; stem 2-4 in. long, about 3 lines broad, about equal, silky, even, pallid, brownish under the silkiness, partly hollow ; spores elliptical, brownish- purple, 8 x 4 p.. Agaricus (Hypholoma} capnoides, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 289 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 203 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 559. In pine woods on the ground and on pine trunks ; fas- ciculate. Smell and taste mild. Stem under the whitish silkiness rusty. Pileus one colour, commonly yellowish, veil becoming purplish. Caespitose, fasciculate, smell and taste sweet. Stem connate at the base, hollow, 2—3 in. long, 2—4 lines thick, equal, often curved and flexuous, adpressedly silky, pallid, apex white, everywhere striate; when old with a more or less ferruginous down. Veil appendiculate, white, then purple-brown. Pileus fleshy, convex, then expanded, obtuse, dry, glabrous, yellowish-ochre, from 1-3 in. broad. Flesh rather thin, white. Gills adnate, readily separating from the sporophore, rather crowded and broad, dry, at first grey, then purple brown. (Fries.) Hypholoma epixanthus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, thin, convex then almost plane, even, 382 FUNGUS-FLOEA. at first silky then glabrous, pale yellow, disc darker, often tinged tawny ; gills adnate, crowded, 3-4 lines broad, pale yellow, becoming clouded with grey ; stem 3-5 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, subequal, floccoso-fibrillose, whitish, basal portion brownish, apex mealy, hollow ; spores elliptical, 7x4^. Agaricus (Hypholoma) epixanthus, Fries, Epicr., p. 222 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 203; Cke., Illustr., pi. 560. On old fir stumps, &c. Fasciculate. Smell rather strong. Known by the clear pale yellow gills. Not deliquescing. Stem hollow, about 3 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, attenuated from the base, thickened, or equal, floccoso-fibrillose, pale ferruginous or brownish below, apex mealy. Veil appen- diculate, white. Pileus fleshy, rather thin; not hygro- phanous, convexo-plane, obtuse or gibbous, 2-3 in. broad, even, silky then almost glabrous, yellow or pallid, disc usually darker. Flesh white, becoming tinged with yellow. Gills adnate, crowded, at first whitish-yellow, at length grey, not deliquescent, neither purplish nor green. Size very variable ; smell acid. (Fries.) Hypholoma fascicularis. Huds. Fasciculate, intensely bitter. Pileus 1—2 in. across, cam- panulato-convex then expanded, subumbonate, thin, glabrous, even, tawny, margin yellow ; gills adnate, very crowded, narrow, yellow then greenish, subdeliquescent ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2—3 lines thick, fibrillose, yellow, as is also the flesh, curved or flexuous, hollow; veil sometimes appendiculate ; spores elliptical, 7 X 4 p.. Agaricus fascicularis, Hudson, Flor. Angl., p. 615 ; Fries, Syst, Myc. i. p. 288 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. '203 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 561 and 562 (the latter called Ag. fascicularis, var. elaeodes, Fr.) On old stumps, &c. Gregarious, densely caespitose. Pileus 2 in. broad, at first conic then expanded, more or less irregular from the tufted mode of growth, subcarnose, thick in the centre, tawny, the margin thin, yellow, with portions of the veil adhering to it, often stained with the ferruginous-purple spores. Gills green, clouded, adnate, with a subdecurrent tooth. Spores elliptic. Stem 2-9 in. high, 2 lines thick, curved and unequal, hollow, fibrillose or squamulose, yellow, greenish above. King stained with the spores, leaving HYPHOLOMA. 383 scarcely any trace upon the stern. Taste very bitter and nauseous. (Berk.) Smell and taste bitter, flesh yellow, gills rather deli- quescent, sulphur-colour, then greenish. Forming large, densely crowded tufts, stems very numerous, hollow, thin, incurved or flexuous, fibrillose, length very variable, pileus often thin, convex then expanded, subumbonate or obtuse, even, glabrous, dry, yellow, disc usually darker; gills adnate, very much crowded, linear, more or less dingy green. (Fries.) Tufted, pileus 1-2 in. broad, plano-convex, somewhat umbonate, glabrous, extremely thin at the margin, of a yellowish, reddish-buff, or brownish-orange colour. Lamellae numerous, mostly eight in. a series, rather narrow, adnate, yellowish at first, afterwards greenish and mottled with the sporidia. Stipes slender, cylindrical, equal, firm, hollow, of a yellow colour, 2-9 in. in length, and 2-3 lines in thickness. Veil a delicate curtain, becoming blackish, but mostly so evanescent as to leave only a stain upon the stipes. Taste intensely bitter. One of the common Agarics, abounding at the base of old trees, and gate-posts in a state Of decay, and similar situa- tions. The dense clusters it forms are frequently composed of several hundred plants, and the stems, which accommodate themselves in length and direction to their situation, are so crowded and compressed at their base as to appear more or less united in bundles, whence the origin of the specific name. In general habit this species resembles A. velutipes, a plant confined to the same kind of station ; and still more nearly A. lateritius (= sublateritim of this work), a very distinct species, to which A. pomposus of Bolton must be referred. (Grev.) Hypholoma elaeodes. Fr.- Pileus §-1^ in. across, convex, then almost plane, sub- umbonate, dry, glabrous, even, brick-red, flesh yellow; gills adnate, crowded, thin, green, then pure olive; stem 2—4 in. long, 2 lines thick, curved, or flexuous, equal, fibril- lose, more or less ferruginous, stuffed then hollow. Agaricm (Hypholoma) elaeodes, Fries, Epicr., p. 222 ; Hym. Eur., p. 291. 384 FUNGUS-FLORA. On trunks and on the ground. Fasciculate ; smell sour. Closely allied to Hypholoma fascicularis, but distinguished by the brick-red pileus, ferru- ginous stem, and persistent, pure olive gills. Hypholoma instratus. Britz. Caespitose ; Pileus f-l| in. across, hemispherical, convex, broadly umbonate, dark brown, radiately rugose ; gills adnate, subventricose, 3 lines broad, brown, then purple- brown, margin paler ; stem 2-3 in. high, about 2 lines thick, equal, white and smooth above, fibrillose or squamulose below, base becoming brownish,fhollow'; veil white, appendi- culate; spores elliptical, purple-brown, 8x4^.; flesh of pileus and stem brownish. Agaricus (Hypholoma) instratus, Britzelmeyer,Melan., fig. 10 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 377 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1157. On stumps. Known at once by the persistently dark brown, radiato-rugose pileus. Possibly these specimens belong to the above species of Britzelmeyer, but we have been compelled to expand the description. (Cooke.) Hypholoma dispersus. Fr. Pileus f-1 in. across, campanulate then expanded, obtuse, even, silky round the margin from the veil, tawny, honey- colour near the margin ; gills adnate, thin, 2-3 lines broad, rather ventricose, crowded, straw-colour, becoming clouded and with a greenish tinge; stem 2-4 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, straight or almost so, tough, silky -fibrQlose, pale, base brownish; spores elliptical, 7 x 3—4 /A. Agaricus (Hypholoma) dispersus, Fries, Epicr., p. 222 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 203 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 586 ; Saund. & Smith, t. 24, f. 1-3 (an elongated form). On trunks and on the ground. Usually scattered. Stem altogether equal, straight, 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick, for the greater part rusty-brown, apex pale. Pileus tawny, honey-colour. Gills 2-3 lines broad, obscure greenish. (Fries.) On the ground and on trunks, solitary, scarcely ever caespitose. Stem hollow, 2 in. or more long, 2 lines thick, equal, straight, tough, silky-fibrillose, become ferruginous, base brownish, apex pale. Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then HYPHOLOMA. 385 expanded, 1-1 J in. broad, even, superficially silky round the margin from the veil, or squamulose, the remainder even and glabrous, tawny, honey-colour, not hygrophanous. Flesh thin, paler in colour than the pileus ; gills adnate, thin, ventricose, broader (3-4 lines) than in Hypholoma fascicularis, crowded, at first pale straw-colour, then clouded, obsolete greenish. (Fries.) ** VISCIDI. Hypholoma incomptus. Massee. Pileus 3-4 in. across, campanulate then expanding, broadly gibbous, even, viscid when moist, margin usually flexuous, deep bay-brown, becoming slightly silky and orange-tawny when dry ; flesh 2 lines thick, tawny, as is also that of the stem; gills slightly rounded behind, adnate, crowded, 3-4 lines broad, thin, pallid then deep olive, finally clouded with purple from the spores ; stem about 3 in. long, § in. thick, equal, pale above, dark ferruginous below, covered with minute, spreading, ferruginous, fibrillose squamuless, mixed with primrose-yellow tomentum, hollow, cavity small ; spores purplish, obliquely elliptical, 8 x 3-5 //,. On stumps. Easily distinguished by the viscid, dark-bay pileus, and the broad dark -olive gills clouded with purple. Hypholoma oedipus. Cke. (figs. 10, 14, p. 351.) Pileus |-1 in. across, glutinous, fleshy in the centre, membranaceous at the margin, at first turbinate or hemi- spherical, with a ragged margin (which separates from the inferior, very visible, and slightly darker evanescent ring), then convex, with an even margin, smooth, dull, hygro- phanous, disc umber, becoming pallid at the margin, which extends slightly beyond the gills. Stem 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, enlarging downwards to a bulbous base, solid, fibrillose below, pruinose above the median ring. Gills at first whitish, becoming umber, adnate by their entire breadth, sometimes with a minute decurrent tooth, plane, with a somewhat granular margin. Spores dark brown. Agaricus (Hypholoma) oedipus, Cke., Grevillea, vol. xiv. p. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 204; Cke., Illustr., pi. 587A. Attached to decayed sticks or dead leaves. Solitary or in VOL. i. 2 c 386 FUNGUS-FLORA. groups of two or three individuals. A very distinct species, characterised by the distinctly bulbous base of the solid stem. *** VELUTINI. Hypholoma storea. Fr. Pileus 3 in. across, fleshy, convexo-plane, umbonate, usually depressed round the umbo, dry, fibrillose, pale brownish or dingy pale ochraceous ; gills adnate, dry, livid- brownish, margin white, serrulate ; stem 4-5 in. long, 4 lines thick, firm, solid, equal, even, rather fibrillose, pallid. Agaricus (Hypholoma) storea, Fries, Epicr., p. 223 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 204. On decayed beech trunks, &c. On a decayed part of a living beech trunk, found in 1815 ; and again appearing from the same crack in 1833. Firm, solitary, not hygrophanous, in which it differs from H. lacrymabundus, H. pyrotricJius, &c., with the habit of Inocybe. Stem solid, 4—5 in. long, 4 lines thick, equal, round, even, rather fibrillose, pallid. Pileus fleshy, convex, broadly umbonate, rather depressed round the umbo, about 3 in. broad, the entire surface broken up into adnate longitudinal fibrils, (rarely squarrose) ; becoming dingy brownish. Veil appendiculate from the margin, the fibrils continuous with those of the pileus, Flesh white, compact, not thick. Gills adnate, with a decurrent tooth, livid-greyish, at length brown, edge at first white and serrulate ; spores brown, not purple- brown. (Fries.) Hypholoma hypoxanthus. Phil. & Plow. (fig. 9, p. 351.) Caespitose. Pileus about 2 in. across, umbonate, moist, viscid, dirty white, umbo darker, brownish, squamulose with minute black fibrillae, which are evanescent ; gills purple- brown, crowded, narrow, edge white, adnate, seceding, some- times forked ; pileus subcarnose, except the centre, which is a thick fleshy umbo ; stem 2-4 in. high, 3 lines thick, curved, hollow, incrassated below, whitish, smooth above, floccoso- squamose below ; base with a distinct yellow tinge ; my- celium orange-yellow ; spores elliptical, 5 x 2-2 • 5 p. HYPHOLOMA. 387 Agaricus (Hypholoma) hypoxanthus, Phillips & Plowright, Grevillea, vol. xiii. p. 48. Agaricus (Hypholoma) storea, Fries, var. caespitosa, Cke., Hdbk., p. 204 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 543 (the yellow base of the stem and the orange mycelium not shown). It is always caespitose, and has hitherto occurred either on rotten beech- wood or under beech- trees. (Phil. & Plow.) Hypholoma lacrymabundus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, fleshy, convex, obtuse, piloso- squamose with darker innate squamules, at first white then brownish ; flesh white ; gills about 3 lines broad, adnate, crowded, brownish-purple, beaded with drops of moisture in wet weather ; stem 2 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal, or slightly thickened at the base, fibrilloso-squamose, whitish then brownish, hollow ; spores elliptic-fusiform, purple- brown, 9 X 4 //,. Agaricus lacrymabundus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 287 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 566? On the ground and on trunks. Truly caespitose. Smaller than H. pyrotrichus and IT. velutinus, but firmer, truly fleshy, not hygrophanous. Veil white, spores purple- brown. Pileus and stem at first white, then brownish. A very distinct species, but often confounded with the above- mentioned species. (Fries.) Cooke's figure quoted above differs from Fries' description in many particulars, as the solid stem, adnexed gills, &c. From H. pyrotricha and H. velutina, with which it has been confounded, it is" quite distinct in the fleshy, not hygrophanous pileus ; truly caespitose, firm ; stem hollow, 2 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, base rather incrassated, fibrilloso- squamose, brownish-white. Veil discrete, fibrillose, ap- pendiculate, white. Pileus truly fleshy, but not very compact, convex, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad, piloso-squamose, squamules innate, darker, white when young, then brown, becoming paler towards the margin. Pileus often irregular from mutual pressure. Flesh white. Gills adnate, crowded, 3 lines broad, whitish, then like the spores brownish-purple, edge white, and in rainy weather beaded with drops of moisture. (Fries.) 2 c 2 388 FUNGUS-FLORA. Hypholoma velutinus. Pers. Pileus 2-4 in. across, rather fleshy, campanulate then expanded, at length obtusely umbonate, even, at first tomentose with adpressed fibrils, then almost glabrous, hygrophanous, flesh very thin, coloured like the pileus; stem 3—4 in. long, 3—5 lines thick, hollow, silky -fibrous, dirty clay-colour ; gills separating from the stem, rather crowded, brownish then bay-brown, spotted with black; spores elliptical, 10 x 5 p.. Agaricus velutinus, Persoon, Syn., p. 409 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 563. Amongst grass, &c. Size variable, often very large, fragile. Not caespitose. Subcaespitose, fragile ; stem hollow, up to 4-5 in. long, \ in. and more thick in the largest forms, in smaller forms 2 in. long, 2 lines thick,- equal, silky-fibrillose, tomentose above from the veil, dingy clay-colour; veil especially attached to the margin of the pileus, woolly, at first white, then blackish ; pileus rather fleshy, campanulate then expanded, at length obtusely umbonate, not squamose, but when young entirely tomentose with adpressed fibrils, at length almost glabrous and even, 2—4 in. broad, livid when fresh, tawny when half dry, dirty clay-colour when dry. Flesh very thin, coloured like the pileus, fragile. Gills adfixed and readily seceding (almost free), broad (4-5 lines in larger form), not crowded, at first brownish, margin white, then bay-brown, spotted with black. (Fries.) Hypholoma velutinus. Pers. /3. leiocephalus. Pileus hygrophanous, rugged, smooth except at the margin, which like the stem is fibrillose, apex of stem farinose. On old stumps. Densely caespitose ; much smaller than the common form, but apparently a mere variety, though a very striking one, from its smooth, but very rugged disc. (B. & Br.) Hypholoma pyrotrichus. Holmsk. Pileus 2-4 in. across, rather fleshy, conical, then hemi- spherical, obtuse, covered with orange-tawny fibrils collected HYPHOLOMA. 389 into minute rather adpressed squamules, flesh and veil tawny ; stem 3—4 in. long, 3—5 lines thick, equal, fibrillose or with squarrose squamules, becoming tawny, hollow ; gills adnate, pallid then brownish, 2-3 lines broad; spores elliptical, 11 x 6 /*.. Agaricus pyrotrichus, Holmskiold, Ot. ii. t. 35; Cke., Hdbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 564. On the ground near trunks, stumps, &c. Caespitose. Very showy, pileus often bright orange-tawny, veil fringing the margin, which is a little incurved. Stem fibrous, soft, often with squarrose squamules. Tufted, rather firm. Stem hollow, fibrous, soft, 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, or very slightly thickened at the base, fibrillose, commonly squarrosely squamulose, becoming tawny. Veil conspicuously appendiculate, tawny. Pileus rather fleshy, at first hemispherical, obtuse, then expanded, 3 in. broad, densely covered with tawny fibrils that are collected into minute subdepressed squamules, colour hence tawny or orange-tawny, persistent. Flesh tawny. Gills adnate, rather crowded, broad, at first pallid, margin flocculose, white, then brownish, at length free. (Fries.) Far. egregius. Massee. Pileus 2-3 in. across, convex, obtuse, ochraceous, with numerous small, orange-red squamules, margin incurved, fringed with the remains of the veil, flesh thick in the centre, becoming very thin towards the margin ; stem 4-5 in. long, j in. thick, hollow, pale ochraceous, below the ring covered with spreading squarrose whitish scales, above the ring smooth ; gills crowded, broadly adnate, ^ in. broad, purple- brown, margin white; spores broadly elliptical or nearly globose, apiculate, purple-brown, smooth, 6 X 4-5 /&, cystidia none. In a fir wood, Scarborough, October, 1880. Fasciculate, near to stumps. Differs from the typical form in the densely shaggy stem. Flesh of pileus and stem pale ochraceous. **** FLOCCULOSI. Hypholoma cascus. Fries. Pileus 1-2| in. across, rather fleshy, oval then expanded, 390 FUNGUS-FLORA. soft, almost glabrous, rugulose, dingy greyish ochre theii pale, disc obtuse, even ; gills rounded behind and adnexed, ventricose, dry, 3-4 lines broad, greyish then blackish- brown, edge whitish ; stem 2—4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, fibrillose, white, rather pruinose, hollow. Agaricus (Hypholoma) cascus, Fries, Epicr., p. 224 : Cke., Hdbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 544. In grassy places. Gregarious ; fragile. Terrestrial, gregarious, not caespitose, very fragile. Stem hollow, equal, 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, fibrillose, white, apex slightly powdered with white meal. Veil appendi- culate at the margin of the pileus, squamulose, white, and in the young stage forming white squamules on the pileus, which soon disappear. Pileus rather fleshy, oval then expanded, obtuse, 1|— 3 in. broad, glabrous, livid-grey, truly soft, rugulose, and whitish clay-colour when dry ; disc very persistently even. Gills rounded, adnexed, ventricose, up to 4 lines broad, dry, fragile, grey then blackish-brown, edge whitish. (Fries.) Hypholoma punctulatus. Kalchbr. Caespitose. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh thin, convex, obtuse, margin involute and the centre rather depressed, dry, pallid, with a yellowish or brownish tinge, minutely squamulose from the very delicate veil, at length naked; flesh pale brownish, tawny towards the base ; gills 2-3 lines broad, sinuato-adnate, with a decurrent tooth, rather crowded, edge entire, pallid then pale-umber ; stem 1-2 in. long, 2—3 lines thick, fleshy-fibrous, stuffed, equal or rather bulbous at the base, pallid, squamuloso-fibrillose up to the ring, glabrous above ; ring superior or near the apex, thin, formed of fibrils clustered to form a zone, fugacious ; spores brown. Agaricus (Pholiota) punctulatus, Kalchbrenner, Icon. Sel. Hung., p. 25, pi. 14, f. 2. Agaricus (Stropharia) punctulatus (Kalchbr.), Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 282. Agaricus (HypJioloma) punctulatus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 206; Cke., Illustr., pi. 587 B. On rotten twigs and on chips lying on the ground. Densely tufted. HYPHOLOMA. 391 As seen from tbe synonyms given above, there appears to be some uncertainty as to the correct genus to which the present fungus belongs, but, judging from the figure and •description, it belongs to the present genus. ***** APPENDICULATI. Hypholoma lanaripes. Cke. Pileus l|-2£ in. across, rather fleshy, campanulate, then •expanded with the margin upturned and the centre conical, hygrophanous, squamose, with superficial scales arising from the breaking up of the cuticle, pallid or pale dingy buff ; veil attached to the margin in small, fugacious patches ; gills adnexed, crowded, about 2 lines broad, whitish then purplish-brown; stem 2-3 in. long, about 2 lines thick, equal, fragile, rather fibrillose, white, tomentose at the base, hollow, brownish within. Agaricus (Hypholoma) lanaripes, Cke., Seem. Journ. Bot. (1863), p. 66, t. 3, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p. 206; Cke., Illustr., pi. 545. On soil in conservatories. , A very distinct species, recognised by the scaly, pallid pileus, which at maturity is broadly conical in the centre, and more or less upturned at the margin. Hypholoma Candolleanus. Fr. Pileus l|-3 in. across, slightly fleshy, campanulato-convex then expanded, obtuse, glabrous, hygrophanous, bay when moist, almost white with the disc ochraceous when dry; flesh white ; veil appendiculate ; gills rounded behind and adnexed, crowded, pale-violet then cinnamon-brown, narrow ; stem 2-3 in. long, 2 lines thick, rather fibrillose, hollow, white ; spores elliptical, 8 X 4 /*. Agaricus Candolleanus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 296; Cke., Hdbk., p. 206 ; Cke., Hdbk., pi. 546. On stumps and on the ground. Caespitose. Colour of the pileus and gills very variable, depending on the amount of moisture. The appendiculate veil and gills violet at first, readily distinguish the present species. Base of stem solid and slightly incrassated. Pileus whitish, apex ochraceous, but bay at first. Flesh white. (Fries.) 392 FUNGUS-FLORA. Distinguished amongst its allies by the gills being at first pretty obscure violet, never flesh-colour. Densely caespitose, fragile, very hygrophanous. Stem fistulose, 3 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, base solid, rather thickened, fibrillose, white, apex striate. Veil curtain-like, appendiculate, white then yellowish. Pileus rather fleshy, glandiform then campanulate, soon convex and at length expanded, obtuse, unequal, 2-4 in. broad, smooth, even, bay then whitish, disc subochraceous. Flesh thin, white. Gills rotundato-ad- nexed, then separating (from the stem), crowded, violet then brownish- cinnamon, edge at first whitish. (Fries.) Hypholoma appendiculatus. Bull. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thin, ovate then expanded, glabrous, hygrophanous, bay-brown, becoming white with an ochraceous tinge, rugose, and rather atomate when dry ; gills adnexed, crowded, dry, rather narrow, whitish then brownish flesh-colour; stem 2—3 in. long, 2—3 lines thick, equal, glabrous, apex mealy, white, hollow ; spores elliptical, 5 x 2-5 fji. Agaricus appendiculatus, Bulliard, Champ., t. 392 (including H. Candolleanus} ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 206; Cke., Illustr., pi. 547. On stumps and trunks. Caespitose. Gills brown- red to chocolate, four in a set ; pileus white to brown, conical, blunt. Stem white, smooth, splitting. . . . Growing in crowded patches ; the pileus often splits to its centre, as represented in Bulliard's fig. C. The curtain hanging like a fringe from the edge of the pileus, is very fugacious, and will not be found many minutes after the pileus is fully expanded. (Purton.) Densely caespitose, very fragile and hygrophanous. Gills whitish then brownish flesh - colour, distinguishes the present from H. Candolleanus, but this character agrees with Psilocybe spadicea, which is clearly separated by the total absence of a veil, and by being more robust and rigid. Stem fistulose, 3 in. long, "2-3 lines thick, equal, glabrous, white, apex pruinose ; veil, as in H. Candolleanus, fimbriate, fugacious, white. Pileus fleshy-membranaceous, thinner than in H. Candolleanus, ovate then expanded, at length flattened, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad, glabrous, bay then tawny ; HYPHOLOMA. 393 when dry truly rugulose, rather atomate, ochraceous becom- ing pale. Gills subadnate, crowded, dry, white then flesh- colour, at length brown. (Fries.) Hypholoma catarius. Fr. Pileus i-| in. across, flesh thin, hemispherical, then expanded, even, glabrous, hygrophanous, ochraceous, becom- ing paler when dry ; gills adnate, narrow, rather crowded, whitish then brown; stem 1-1^ in. long, 1-1 1- line thick, equal, white, rather shining, base incrassated and covered •with white floccose down, apex striate, hollow ; ring superior, fugacious, often attached in fragments to the margin of the pileus ; spores elliptic-oblong, 6 x 3 /u,. Agaricus (Hypholoma) catarius, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 296; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1176 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 337. Agaricus felinus, Passerini (not of Persoon). On the ground amongst grass. Gregarious, subcaespitose, ochraceoias, pileus scarcely 1 in. diameter. Stem about 1A in. long. Spores 6x3 u. (Cooke.) Hypholoma leucotephrum. B. & Br. Tufted ; pileus 2-3 in. across, at first pallid, subcampanu- late, rugose, then convexo -expanded and whitish ; gills narrow, 1| line broad, slightly adnate, greyish-white, grey, then blackish ; stem 3-4 in. high, ^ in. thick, silky-fibrous below, apex striate or sulcato-striate, fistulose, ring ample, here and there appendiculate from margin of pileus ; spores purple-brown, 10 x 6 p. Agaricus (Hypholoma) leucotephrm, B. & Br., Ann. Sci. Nat., n. 1256; Cke., Illustr., t. 548. In large masses at the base of ash-trees. This is clearly different from A. Candolleanus and A. appendiculatus. The pileus is not of a rich brown when young, nor are the gills when old at all brown. (B. & Br.) Hypholoma egenulus. B. & Br. Solitary. Pileus 1| in. across, hemispherical then ex- panded, umbonate, watery white, when dry snow-white, not decidedly rugose or atomate, quite smooth as if gummed, margin finely striate, appendiculate; gills slightly ventri- cose, adnate with a decurrent tooth, rather distant, purplish- 394 FUNGUS-FLORA. umber, margin white; stem 2 in. high, 1| line thick, attenuated upwards or nearly equal, fistulose, minutely adpresso-squamose ; spores purple-brown. Agaricus (Rypholoma) egenulus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 915 ; Cke., Illustr. t. 605 A ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 207. On the ground amongst grass. Has exactly the habit of Schaeff. t. 205 (A. cernuus) ; but that belongs to a different section. The nearest ally is A. appendiculatus. Hypholoma pilulaeformis. Bull. Pileus f-l| in. across, rather membranaceous, globose then expanded, obtuse, even, glabrous, brown when moist, dingy ochraceous when dry ; gills adnexed, separating from the stem, thin, white, then becoming brownish ; stem about 1 in. long and 1 line thick, glabrous, white, hollow; veil interwoven, at first forming a ring. Agaricus pilulaeformis, Bulliard, Champ., t. 112; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 296 ; Pries, Mon. i. p. 428. On mossy trunks. Resembles a diminutive form of H. appendiculatus, dif- fering more essentially in the gills never assuming a flesh- coloured tinge. In habit resembling Psathyrella disseminata, very crowded and fragile. Stem hollow, 1 in. long, 1 line thick, flexuous, glabrous, white, apex naked. Veil evident, interwoven, in young specimens ring-like. Pileus almost membranaceous, globose then expanded, obtuse, 1 in. and more broad, even, smooth, brown when moist, dingy ochra- ceous when dry. Gills adnexed, readily separating, thin, narrow, linear, dry, white then grey, at length brownish. (Fries.) Hypholoma hydrophilus. Bull. Pileus 1—2 in. across, flesh thin, convex then expanded and almost plane, obtuse, rather wavy sometimes, hygro- phanous, rugose, disc even, margin slightly inturned and split, tawny-ochraceous when dry ; gills adnexed, ventricose, about 2 lines broad, crowded, exuding drops of water, pallid, then brownish-cinnamon ; stem about 2 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, adpressedly fibrillose, apex rather mealy, pallid, usually curved, hollow ; spores elliptical, rusty-cinnamon, 5 X 3/*. STROPHARIA. 395 Agaricus hydropliilus, Bulliard, Champ., t. 511 ; Fries, Monogr. i. p. 427 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 207 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 605s. Bolbitius hydrophilus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 333. At the base of trunks, stumps, &c. Caespitose. Some- what resembling Psilocybe spadicea, but distinguished by the absence of a rosy tint in the gills and by the small ferru- ginous spores. Considered by Fries in his latest work as a species of Solbitius. Veil very fugacious. Often absent. Pileus pale tawny when dry. General structure that of the appendiculate species of RypJioloma, but differing in the obsolete veil, and small, ferruginous spores. (Fries.) The veil though fugacious, at once distinguishes it (Hypholoma hydrophilus) from some other species with which it might easily be confounded. (Berk.) Very similar to H. appendiculatus but widely different in the gills exuding drops of water, and in this feature agree- ing with H. velutinus. Very caespitose and fragile. Stem fistulose, 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, rather curved and often compressed, fibrillosely reticulated under a lens, at first white then becoming ferruginous, apex obsoletely mealy. Veil marginal, fimbriated, white, fugacious. Pileus fleshy- membranaceous, bullate, then convex, finally expanded, often very irregular from mutual pressure, about 1^ in. across ; moist, even, bay, when growing; rugose (the prominent disc even) when dry, margin incurved, undulate. Flesh very thin, readily splitting, pure white when dry. Gills adnate, ventricose, and sometimes appearing to be almost free, crowded, watery, exuding drops of water, bay-brown. Spores more evidently ferruginous than in the other species. (Fries.) STEOPHAEIA. Fries, (figs. 8, 17, p. 351). Pileus somewhat fleshy, often with a viscid pellicle ; stem central, its flesh continuous with that of the pileus ; veil present, forming a distinct ring round the stem ; gills adnate or adnexed, becoming dark brown or purplish. Stropharia (as a subgenus), Fries, Monogr. i. p. 408 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 197. 396 FUNGUS-FLORA. Distinguished amongst the Porphyrosporae by the presence of a distinct ring in conjunction with adnate or adnexed gills. The species usually grow on the ground or on dung. Stropharia corresponds with Pholiota and Armillaria. Agreeing with Psalliota in having a distinct ring on the stem, but differing much in other respects, especially in having the substance of the stem continuous with that of the pileus, and in the structure, and more or less adnate attach- ment of the gills to the stem. (Fries.) ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. A. VISCIPELLES. — Pileus with an even or squarnose, often viscid pellicle. * MUNDI. — Not growing on dung. ** MEKDARII. — King often incomplete. B. SPINTRIGEEI. — Pileus without a pellicle, but innato- fibrillose ; not viscid. A. VISCIPELLES. * Mundi. Stropharia Percevali. B. & Br. Pileus 1J-2 in. across, slightly viscid, fleshy, ochraceous, umbonate, then expanded, here and there, especially towards the margin, with white floccose squamules that eventually disappear; flesh at length dull umber; gills broad, ^- in., adnexed, distant, white, then greyish, finally pale umber ; stem 2-3 in. high, ^-^ in. thick at base, £ in. above, trans- versely squamose, hollow, pale above, ring narrow, more or less persistent, umber within; spores 12—14 x 6 p.. Agaricm (Stropharia) Percevali, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1767 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 197 ; Cke., Illustr. t. 550. On sawdust and rotten wood. Allied to A. squamosus, but quite distinct. Stropharia versicolor. With. Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, scaly, scales of the disc STROPHARIA. 397 crowded ; stem spongy, stuffed, bulbous, whitish then brownish, ring persistent; gills decurrent, pallid, then reddish-brown. Agaricus versicolor, Withering, Bot., vol. 4, p. 158 ; Cke., Hdbk,, p. 197. On the ground. Pilous 1-4 in. broad, scurfy, especially in the centre; ( on vex, at length flat, but the edge much curled in. Gills decurrent. Stem 2 in. high, as thick as a swan's quill, thickest downwards. (With.) The present species has not been found since Withering's time, hence little is known about it. The decurrent gills suggest that the present genus is not its proper place, but for the present it is left here in deference to the opinion of previous authors. Stropharia aeruginosa. Curt. (fig. 3, p. 351.) Pileus 2-3 in. across, fleshy, convex then almost plane, rather umbonate, covered with bluish-green mucus that eventually disappears, leaving the pileus pale straw-colour or pallid, smooth or at first with scattered white squamules ; gills adnate, 3 lines broad, soft, Isrown then purplish ; stem about 3 in. high ; equal, viscid, squamosely fibrillose below the ring, smooth above, greenish, hollow ; spores elliptical, 10 x 5 /A. Agaricus aeruginosus, Curtis, Flor. Lond., t. 309 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 197; Cke., Illustr., pi. 551. On the ground and on wood ; in pastures and woods. A very beautiful species ; bright bluish-green before the glutinous pellicle disappears ; when growing in woods the pileus is often adorned with snow-white, scattered squamules. The typical and very elegant form occurs late in the autumn in woods, large (pileus also, stem 3 in. and more), stem with white squarrose squamules, pileus with scattered white squamules, with an intensely aeruginous or bluish pellicle, very glutinous. From this form a series occur having the gluten of the pileus soon disappearing, as also do the squamules from the pileus and stem, and the pileus becomes yellowish. A smaller form occurs in sunny pastures, stem scarcely 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, greenish-blue, without squamules; pileus 1-2 in. broad, pale greenish-blue then 398 FUNGUS-FLORA. yellowish, less viscid. In this form the ring is incomplete, whereas in the type it is spreading, entire, persistent. The essential points of this species are : stem hollow, soft, equal, squamulose or fibrillose, and viscid below the ring at first, more or less bluish-green, ring distant ; pileus fleshy but not compact, campanulato-convex then expanded, sub- nmbonate (in most cases obtuse), with a viscid pellicle, ground yellowish but from the mucus bluish ; gills adnate, plane, 2 lines and more broad, not crowded, soft, whitish, then brown, finally with a purple shade. Sometimes cae- spitose. (Fries.) Stropharia albo-cyanea. Desm. Pileus |-| in. across, rather fleshy, convexo-campanulate, then expanded, umbonato, even, viscid, bluish-green then pale ; gills narrowly adnexed, narrow, pale flesh-colour, then brown, at length pxirplish ; stem 1-2 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, flexuous, dry, even, whitish or tinged with green, hollow; ring present but incomplete; spores elliptical, brownish-purple, 7—8 x 3—4 p.. Agaricus albo-cyanem, Desmaz., Catal., p. 22 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 552 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 198. On the ground and on dung. The pileus often becomes tinged with straw-colour when dry. Smaller, more slender, and softer than S. aeruginosa, pellicle of the pileus also thinner, and not readily separable. Stem hollow, soft, at length fragile, about 2 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, equal, ascending or flexuous, almost naked below the ring, not viscid, white. Ring some lines distant, white, or stained with the brown spores, stem above the ring mealy. Pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, glabrous, always naked (not squamose) and viscid, but the gluten is limpid, not coloured, white and shining when young, then bluish-green. Flesh soft, watery. Gills adnate, thin, scarcely crowded, rather broad, at first white, then rather sinuate, brownish. Sometimes caespitose. Pellicle of the pileus scarcely separable. (Fries.) Stropharia Worthingtoni. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh thin, campanulate, even, smooth, viscid, yellow; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line or more STROPHARIA. 399 thick, flexuoge, smooth, dark bine, fistulose ; ring incomplete,, distant ; gills adnate, broad, cinnamon-brown ; spores ellipti- cal, brown, 7 X 4 /A. Agaricus (Stropharia} Worthingtoni, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 286. Agaricus (Stropharia) albo-cyaneus, Smith & Saund., pi. 29, f. 1-5 (not of Desmaz.). On the ground, in pastures, &c. Allied to Stropharia albo- cyanea, but distinguished by the yellow pileus and the firmer, larger stem. Stropharia inuncta. Fr. Pileus §-1 in across, slightly fleshy, convex or campanulate then expanded, rather umbonate, even, glabrous, soft, at first covered with a livid-purplish glutinous pellicle that dis- appears leaving the pileus pale ; gills adnate, 1^ line broad, ventricose, pale then dilute brown : stem 2-3| in. long, 1^ line thick, flexuous, soft, white, silky-fibrillose below the distant, imperfect, fugacious ring, stuffed or hollow ; spores elliptical, 8 x 6 //,. Agaricus (Stropharia) inunctus, Fries, Elenchus, p. 40 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 198 ; Oke., Illustf., pL 534. Amongst grass. Fries distinguishes two forms : — Lundensis, pileus convex then expanded, stem stuffed. Upsaliensis, pileus convex then plane, distinctly umbonate, stem hollow. Gregarious, subcaespitose. Stem fistulose, 3 in. long, thin, equal, sometimes flexuous, often decumbent, very soft, dry, white, silky-fibrillose below the distant, fugacious ring. Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, subumbonate, pelliculose, one rarely 2 in. across, viscid, glabrous, pale yellow, but livid purple from the dense gluten with which it is at first covered, margin slightly striate. Flesh thin, soft, white. Gills adnate, with a decurrent tooth, 3 lines broad, scarcely crowded, whitish then brownish. Spores purple-brown (Fries.) Stropharia coronilla. Bull. Pileus 1-1 1 in. across, fleshy, hemispherical then expanded, even, slightly viscid, tawny-ochraceous, becoming pale, margin at first whitish and slightly floccose from the veil ; 400 FUNGUS-FLORA. gills adnate, sinuate, crowded, 2 lines broad, whitish, then purple-violet, at length blackish, edge whitish ; stem 1-1 1 in. long, 2—4 lines thick, attenuated downwards, base equal or slightly bulbous, fibrillose, white, stuffed, then hollow ; ring median on the stem, striate ; spores purple- brown, elliptical, 10 x 5 p. Agaricus (Stropharia} coronillus, Bulliard, Champ., tab. 597 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 198 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 535. On the ground. Small but firm ; flesh of pileus 3-6 lines thick in the centre, white. Smell something like that of radishes. With the habit of Psalliota, but distinguished by the gills not being free from the stem. Stropharia ventricosa. Massee. Pileus about 1 in. across, campanulate then almost plane, broadly gibbous, even, smooth, slightly viscid in wet weather, tawny-ochraceous, paler when dry; flesh thick in the centre, becoming very thin at the margin, pale ochraceous ; gills slightly adnexed, almost free, ventricose, 2J— 3 lines broad, rather crowded, thin, greyish-lilac then purplish- brown, margin pale ; stem 2^-3 in. long, ventricose below the middle, 4-5 lines diameter at the swollen part, ending in a long, tapering, rooting base, pale yellow, minutely squamulose downwards, hollow, brown within, ring large, persistent, near the apex of the stem, white, pendulous, margin striate; spores elliptical, purple- brown, 10 x 6 p. Agaricus (Stropharia') merdarius, Fries, var. major, Cke., Hdbk., Suppl., p. 383 (not of Fries); Cke., Illustr., pi. 1188. On the ground. Growing in tufts of 3-6. Known from all other species by the distinctly fusiform, rooting stem, and the large, persistent, striate ring. Gills almost free. Stropharia obturata. Fr. Pileus ^-1 in. across, rather compact, convex then plane, obtuse, almost dry, at length cracked into squamules, yellow ; gills adnate, plane, whitish then purplish-umber ; stem 1—1 ^ in. long, 3 lines thick, attenuated downwards, white, stuffed"; ring tumid, white ; spores purple-brown. Agaricus (Stropharia} obturatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. Eur. i. p. 283 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 285. STROPHARIA. 401 On the ground in pastures, &c. Pileus yellow, hardly pelliculose, not glutinous, and firm like the stem. Distinguished from S. inuncta and S. albocyanea by the compact flesh and stouter nature. Stem firm, stuffed, short, 1-1 1 in. long, 3 lines and more thick, attenuated downwards, even, white, not squamose; ring superior, deflexed, white. Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, obsoletely viscid, commonly dry, yellow, even, but often cracked into squa- mules ; flesh compact, white. Gills adnate, without a decur- rent tooth, crowded, plane, white then purple-umber. (Fries.) Stropharia melasperma. Biill. (fig. 8, p. 351.) Pileus 1-2 in. across, fleshy, convex then plane and often slightly depressed at the centre, soft, even, slightly viscid, soon dry, the cuticle often broken into patches, centre straw- colour, margin whitish; gills adnexed, deeply sinuate, crowded, ventricose, 2-3 lines broad, whitish, then greyish- violet, at length greyish-black ; stem 1-2 in. long, nearly equal, silky-fibrillose, often curved at the base, becoming smooth, apex striate, stuffed, white ; ring, white, rather close to the pileus, deciduous ; spores elliptical, brownish-purple, 10 x 6 //,. Agaricus melaspermus, Bulliard, Champ., tab. 540, fig. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 198 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 536. On the ground in pastures, &c. Flesh of pileus white, of the stem pale straw-colour. Eesembling S. coronilla in general appearance and stature, but distinguished by the equal stem with the apex striate. Stropharia squamosa. Fr. Pileus l|-3 in. across, flesh thin, convex then almost plane, often wavy, rather viscid, with scattered concentrically arranged, superficial floccose scales, yellowish-tan ; gills adnate, crowded, 2-3 lines broad, brown then blackish, edge whitish ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, tough, straight or slightly flexuous, villoso-squamose below the distant ring, smooth above, whitish, ferruginous towards the base, partly hollow; spores elliptical, 12 x 6 p.. Agaricus (Stropharia) squamosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 284; Cke., Hdbk., p. 199; Cke., Illustr. pi. 553. On the ground in woods, &c. VOL. i. 2 D 402 FUNGUS-FLOKA. The stem is sometimes covered below the ring with reflexed fibrillose squamules, at other times strigosely tomentose. Stem tubular, at first stuffed, soon hollow, slender, 3-5 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, tough, pale above ferruginous downwards, powdered above the distant, entire, membrana- ceous ring, below the ring sometimes covered with squarrose squamules, at others tomentose and densely strigose ; pileus fleshy, thin, hemispherical then expanded, often obtuse or with an obsoletely gibbous umbo, 1-3 in. broad, with a viscid pellicle when moist, not viscid when dry, ochraceous, covered with superficial, concentrically arranged, pilose squamules. Gills adnate, broad, crowded, plane, grey then blackish, edge white. (Fries.) Var. thraustus, Fr. Differing from the typical form in the pileus, soon becoming glabrous. Slenderer than the type, pileus about 1 in. across, stem 4-5 in. high ; spores elliptical, 12 x 6 ^. Agaricus (Stropharia) thraustus, Kalchb., Icon. Fung. Hung., t. 15, f. 4. Agaricus (Stropharia) squamosus, Fr., var. thraustus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 199 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 554. Amongst grass. Var. aurantiaca, Cooke. Agreeing in size with the typical form, but having the pileus orange or brick-red; spores elliptical, 12 x 6 p.. Agaricus (Stropharia) squamosus, Fries, var. aurantiacm, Cke., Hdbk., p. 199 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 555. Amongst grass. ** Merdarii. Stropharia luteo-nitens. Flor. Dan. Pileus |— 1 in. across, flesh thin, conico-campanulate, um- bonate, viscid, yellow, even, margin squamulose; gills adnexed, ventricose, 1-2 lines broad, greyish-black; stem l_l£ in. high, 1 line or more thick, even, pruinose above the distant imperfect ring, whitish, hollow; spores elliptical, 10-11 X 6/Lu On dung in pastures. Small, hardly squamose, stem short, fibrilloso-striate under a lens. (Fries.) STROPHARIA. 403 Cooke says that the present species also occurs on dung and sawdust. Agaricus (Stropharia) luteo-nitens, Flora Danica, tab. 1057 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 200 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 604. Intermediate between Stropharia squamosa and Psilocybe coprophila, having the scaly pileus and ring of the former with the stature of the latter. Stem fistulose, firm, 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, even, very minutely silky-fibrillose, pallid, pruinose above the distant, entire, spreading ring. Pileus rather fleshy, conical then hemispherical, umbonate, 1-2 in. broad, even, glabrous, but scaly towards the margin, viscid when moist, yellow and shining when dry ; superficial scales soon disappearing, pallid. Flesh white. Gills sub- adnate, very ventricose, broad, plane, grey then blackish. (Fries.) Stropharia merdaria. Fr. Pileus |-1 in. across, flesh thin, convex becoming almost plane, obtuse, glabrous, moist, hygrophanous, dingy yel- lowish-brown or pale bay; gills adnate,' ventricose, about H line broad, yellowish then umber; stem about 1 in. long, 1-1 1 line thick, dry, flocculose, pale, hollow ; ring torn, fugacious ; spores broadly elliptical, 8 x 5 /x. Agaricus (Stropharia) merdarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 291; Cke., Hdbk., p. 200; Cke., Illustr., pi. 537. On dry dung. Gregarious. Stem generally about 1 in. long, when longer flexuous, at length almost even. Veil at first interwoven, then forming a thin ring, portions also remain at the margin of the pileus. Pileus pelliculose, but not truly viscid, almost cinnamon colour when moist, ochraceous when dry, margin at length finely striate. A much larger variety exists (with the habit of S. aeruginosa) having the pileus gibbous, yellow then straw-colour, stem partly stuffed. (Fries.) Gregarious, subcaespitose ; stem tough, stuffed with a distinct pith, 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal subflexuous everywhere silky and squamulose, dry, pale straw-colour, base with white down, apex striate due to the decurrent line-like teeth of the gills. I have seen it brown inside when old, ring incomplete, torn, the greater portion usually 2 D 2 404 FUNGUS-FLOKA. adhering to the margin of the pileus, as in species of Hypholoma. Pileus fleshy, at first obtusely campanulate, then convexo-plane, gibbous, 2 in. broad, glabrous, pellicu- lose, rather viscid, yellow then straw-colour, margin thin, deflexed, even. Flesh white. Gills adnato-decurrent, rather crowded, plane, 3 lines broad, soft, very broad behind, pallid then brown from the blackish-brown spores. (Fries.) Stropharia stercoraria. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, sometimes more, rather fleshy, hemispherical then expanded, even, glabrous, discoid, yellow ; gills broadly adnate, with a decurrent tooth, 4 lines broad, whitish then umber or blackish-olive, sometimes brownish- purple ; stem 4—5 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, stuffed with a distinct pith, flocculose below the distant imperfect ring, rather viscid, whitish with a yellow tinge ; spores elliptical, 18-20 x 8-10 fj.. Agaricus (Stropharia) stercorarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 291 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 200 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 538. On dung. Closely resembling Stropharia semiglobata, but usually larger, and distinguished more especially by the distinct pith in the stem, by the portion of stem below the ring being at first flocculose, and by the much larger spores. On dry dung. Stem stuffed with a distinct fibrous cord, 3 in. long and more, 2-3 lines thick, equal, clothed-up to the viscid, narrow, somewhat spreading ring — which is situated about 1 in. from the pileus — with the flocculose and viscid veil, so that it appears smooth ; yellow, silky- viscid when moist, when dry truly even, shining, yellowish white, without an evident veil. Pileus fleshy, thin at the margin, hemispherical then expanded, obtuse, orbicular, 1 in. across, with a viscid pellicle, naked, glabrous, even, or at length with the margin slightly striate, yellow. Gills adnate, very broad behind, 2 lines broad, rather crowded, umber- brown or olive-brown, of one colour, quite entire. (Fries.) Stropharia semiglobata. Batsch. (fig. 17, p. 351.) Pileus £—§• in. across, persistently hemispherical, even, viscid, pale yellow ; gills broadly adnate, 4—5 lines broad plane, greyish, clouded with black; stem 3-5 in. high, 1-1 1 line thick, equal, glabrous, viscid, yellowish ; ring imperfe " STROPHARIA. 405 inferior, soon stained with the dark spores ; spores elliptical, ends rather acute, blackish-purple, 12 x 6 /t. Agaricus (Stropharia) semiglobatm, Batsch, Elench., fig. 110 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 287 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 200 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 539. On dung. Smaller and more slender than S. stercoraria, stem hollow, straight, about 3 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, even, glabrous, yellowish, apex paler, becoming spotted with black by the spores, the rest smeared with the glutinous veil terminating abruptly above in an incomplete (not membranaceous) viscid ring that is distant from the pileus. Pileus rather fleshy, hemispherical, not expanded, very obtuse, usually about H in. broad, even, viscid, yellow. Gills adnate, very broad, plane clouded with black: Spores as in S. stercorarim, purple-brown. Although occurring everywhere, yet varying little. (Fries.) Solitary or gregarious, stipes 3-6 in. high, 2-3 lines thick, pale yellowish, hollow, more or less crooked, somewhat incrassated at the base, firm, glutinous, furnished with a ring, and generally dotted with black immediately beneath the pileus. Pileus half an inch to one inch and a half in breadth, exactly hemispherical, rarely becoming in large specimens plano-convex, yellow or pale reddish orange, very shining, and smooth, the flesh thin and white. Lamellae rather numerous, broad, fixed, horizontal (extending in a straight line, or nearly so, from the margin of the pileus to the stipes), beautifully mottled with the purplish-black sporidia. (Grev.) B. SPINTKIGEEI. Stropharia caput-Medusae. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, fleshy, fragile, ovate then expanded, often lacunose, squamulose, discoid, umber-brown at the centre, circumference dingy ochraceous ; gills adfixed, 3 lines broad, ventricose, clay-colour then pale umber ; stem 2-4 in. long, up to £ in. thick, whitish, below the ring with concen- trically arranged imbricated, squarrose squamules, smooth above the superior, persistent ring ; hollow ; spores purple- brown, elliptic- fusiform, 10 x 4 p. 406 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Agaricus (StropJiaria) caput-Medusae, Fries., Epicr., p. 216; Cke., Hdbk., p. 200; Cke., Illustr., pi. 540, On pine woods near the roots of trunks. Subcaespitose. Tufted, rather firm, but at the same time fragile. Stem, hollow, base sub-bulbous, solid, 2-3 in. long, ^ in. and more thick, equally attenuated upwards, whitish, covered with crowded, imbricated, squarrose, brownish-white squamule^ below the spreading ring, powdered with white meal above. Universal veil floccoso-squamose, brown, at first enclosing the entire fungus, remaining as persistent scales on the stem, soon disappearing from the pileus ; it is distinct from the partial or superior membranaceous ring, which is pen- dulous, white, with a floccose, swollen brown margin. Pileus fleshy, at first ovate, then convex-expanded, obtuse, or obtusely umbonate from the apex of the stem, about 3 in. broad, dry; when young, densely squarrosely squamose from the veil, soon naked, disc even, umber, lacunose and paler towards the margin, almost clay-colour ; at length the disc is cracked into warts, the margin split into cracks, and the intermediate portion split into squamules. Gills adnate, ventricose, at first appearing to be free, lanceolate, or at length nearly ovate, 2-3 lines broad, fragile, not much crowded, whitish clay-colour then pale umber looking as if spotted with brown. Spores purple-brown. (Fries.) Between the peculiar umber disc and the rest of the pileus, which is paler, tan -coloured, there is sometimes a marked circular depression. The disc is very soon naked,. and becomes broken into granulose warts, leaving the rest of the pileus clothed with the peculiar blackish scales which look like sharp-pointed tufts. These soon vanish, while the stem remains clothed. (Stev.). Stropharia scobinacea. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, hemispherical then ex- panded, gibbous, finely sulcate, covered with blackish, adpressed, crowded squamules which eventually disappear, brownish, then greyish-violet near the margin, centre livid then yellowish; gills adnate, crowded, crenulate, reddish- white then purplish ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, attenuated from the thickened base, fibrillose, white, apex mealy, hollow ; ring superior, fugacious. STROPHARIA. 407 Agaricus (Stropharia) scobinaceus, Fries, Epicr., p. 217; Cke., Hdbk., p. 201. On ash trunks. Subcaespitose ; moist and fragile. Caespitose. Allied to S. caput-Medusae, but not so showy, moist, and more fragile. Stem hollow, attenuated from the thickened (solid ?) base, fibrillose, white, apex mealy ; ring superior, fugacious, white. Pileus thin, hemispherical then expanded, gibbous, slightly sulcate, covered at first with crowded, adpressed, blackish, evanescent scales, at first brown, from the centre towards the margin livid then yellowish, margin greyish -violet. Gills adnate, crowded, crenulate, whitish flesh-colour then purplish. (Fries.) The type of this species is nearly of the same stature as H. caput-Medusae, but the whole plant is thinner, more fragile, and less handsome. There are various intermediate forms which seem to connect the true combining features of both. I have found several well-marked stages between them. Spores ellipsoid-elongate, 7-8 x 3 /x. (Plow.) Stropharia Jerdoni. B. and Br. Pileus 2 in. across, campanulate, obtuse, with a broad fleshy umbo, ochraceous, dry, adorned with snow-white superficial, evanescent scales, cuticle not peeling off; gills adnate, sending a line down the stem, but not truly decur- rent, pallid then brown, transversely striate ; stem 3 in. high, 2-3 lines thick, cylindrical, snow-white and pulveru- lent above, brownish, with silky transverse scales below, hollow, ring superior, deflexed ; spores purple-brown. Agaricus (Psalliota) Jerdoni, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 913, pi. xiv., f. 2 ; Cke., Illustr., 541 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 201. On fir-stumps. Berkeley in his diagnosis says the pileus is brown when dry, but in the type it is ochraceous, having probably changed with age. Stropharia spintriger. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. broad, rather fleshy, ovate then expanded, obtuse, even, glabrous, pale brown pinkish-tan then whitish ; gills adnate, crowded, 1—2 lines broad, brownish ; stem 2-3 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal, white, floccosely-fibrillose, apex naked, hollow ; ring distant, thin, fugacious. Agaricus (Stropharia} spintriger, Fries, Epicr., p. 217 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 201 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 542. 408 FUNGUS-FLORA. On trunks. Caespitose ; pileus fragile. In Cooke's figure the stem is in every example thickened at the base. Rather caespitose, stem hollow, about 3 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal or sometimes slightly ventricose ; sometimes floccoso-squamose, at others fibrillose, white, apex naked (not mealy) ; ring an inch and more from the pileus, thin, white, fugacious. Pileus rather fleshy, thin, fragile, ovate then expanded, 3—4 in. broad, even, glabrous, soft to the touch, brownish then clay- colour. Flesh thin, white, almost absent from the margin. Gills adnate, linear, 1-2 lines broad, crowded, joined behind, brownish, rather deliquescent, edge same coloured, entire. Allied to S. appendiculata. (Fries.) Stropharia hypsipoda. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, convex then almost plane, glabrous, hygrophanous, brownish-yellow and with the margin slightly striate when moist, pale and with the margin even when dry ; gills adnate then seceding, rather distant, pale then dark brown ; stem 3-5 in. high, 2-4 lines thick, equal or slightly thickened at the base, glabrous, whitish, hollow ; ring median, persistent ; spores elliptical, brown, 12-14 X 6-7 p.. Agaricus (Stropharia) liypsipus, Fries, Epic., p. 218; Cke., Hdbk., p. 201 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 619. In damp places amongst grass, moss, &c. Solitary. Fragile. Stem fistulose, fragile, 3—4 in. long, 2—3 lines thick, equal, glabrous, white; ring medium, distant from the pileus, membranaceous, white. Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate then convexo-plane, obtuse, 2 in. and more broad, even, glabrous, hygrophanous, livid-brownish when moist, margin slightly striate ; altogether even (not corrugated), clay- colour. Gills adnate, at length separating from the stem, rather distant, white then brown. (Fries.) PILOSACE. Fries, (figs. 6, 7, p. 351). Sporophore differentiated from the stem ; gills free from the stem ; general and partial veil both absent, hence there is no ring on the central stem ; spores purple-brown. PILOSACE— AGARICUS. 409 Pilosace, Fries, Nova Symb., p. 9 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 196. A peculiar genus, with the habit of Agaricus, but without a trace of a ring. Pilosace Algeriensis. Fr. (figs. 6, 7, p. 351.) Pileus 3-4 in. across, hemispherical with the margin incurved, becoming depressed round the gibbous disc, and with the margin more or less upturned and often split, snow-white, minutely silky ; flesh thick except at the margin, firm, white ; gills distant from the stem, narrow, rather distant, slightly broadest in front, dark purple ; stem 2-3 in. long, f in. thick, equal, firm, even, silky, white, differentiated from the flesh of the pileus at its apex, solid ; spores pip- shaped, brownish- purple, 16-18 x 8 /n. Pilosace Algeriensis, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 283; Cke., Hdbk., p. 196 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 618. On the ground. Has up to the present only been found in one locality, but as it is difficult to distinguish in the field from Agaricus campestris, except in the absence of a ring, it may possibly have been passed over for that species. AGAEICUS. Linn, (emended), (figs. 1, 2, p. 351.) Pileus fleshy ; gills free from the stem, whitish or pink, finally dark reddish-brown or umber ; stem usually differen- tiated from the flesh of the pileus, furnished with a ring ; spores brownish or reddish-purple. Agaricus, Linn., Syst. Nat. (1735), (in part). Agaricus, subgen. Psalliota, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 278; Cke., Hdbk., p. 192. As previously explained, the genus Agaricus as interpreted by Fries, was by that author divided into several subgenera, and the original name Agaricus has been retained for those species included in the subgenus Psalliota of Fries. Agaricus as here understood, is analogous with Lepiota in the white-spored series. There is no trace of a volva at any stage of development. The species are terrestrial, mostly growing in open pastures and on manured ground; some species, however, occur in woods, and one small exotic species, A. geniculatus, Briganti, grows on wood. 410 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Agaricus augustus. Fr. Pileus 4-6 in. across, almost globose at first then expanded, very obtuse, disc even, becoming minutely fibrillose, squamose towards the margin, pale brown, sometimes with a yellow tinge, margin paler, flesh ^— f in. thick, compact, white, slightly tinged with brown under the cuticle ; gills free and distant from the stem, narrow, about ^ in., crowded, pale then brownish ; stem 4-5 in. long, 1^-2 in. thick at the base, becoming thinner upwards, smooth, even, whitish, or slightly tinged brown at the base ; ring about ^ from the apex of the stem, very broad, persistent, cracked into more or less irregular portions on the under surface, stem solid ; spores elliptical, 6 x 3-3 • 5 p. Agaricus (Psalliota) augustus, Fries, Epicr., p. 212 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 192 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 521. In orchards, woods, &c. Fries says that it often grows on ant-hills. Esculent. A very large and fine species. Pileus 4-5 in. broad. Stem 1^-2 in. thick, attenuated upwards, white, but tinged with red when bruised. Flesh soft, white, unchangeable. Gills never acquiring a flesh-colour. (Cooke.) Agaricus elvensis. B. and Br. Tufted. Pileus 4-6 in. or more across, subglobose then hemispherical, fibrillose, broken up into large persistent brown scales, areolate in the centre; margin very obtuse, thick, covered with pyramidal warts ; stem at first nearly equal, at length swollen in the centre, and attenuated at the base, 4-6 in. high, 2 in. thick in the centre, fibrillose and areolate below, nearly smooth within the pileus, solid, stuffed with delicate threads ; ring thick, very large, deflexed, broken here and there, areolato - verrucose beneath ; gills rather crowded, \ in. broad, free, of a brownish flesh-colour ; spores elliptic-oblong, 8 x 4 p.. Agaricus (Psalliota') elvensis, B. and Br., Ann. Nat Hist., n. lOOy ; Cke., Illustr., tab. 522. Under oak-trees, &c. Edible, delicious eating. Flesh of pileus ^ in. thick, red when cut. Allied to Ag. augustus, but differing in colour, warty margin of pileus, stuffed stem, &c. Agaricus campestris. Linn. (fig. 1, p. 351.) Pileus 3-6 in. across, globose then convexo-plane, dry, AGARICU8. 411 silky, floccose or squamulose, whitish, flesh thick, white be- coming reddish-brown when cut ; gills free but rather close to the stem, ^-§ in. broad, close, pink then flesh-colour, finally blackish-brown, subdeliquescent ; stem 3-4 in. long, §-1 in. thick, subequal, white, stuffed, ring median, persistent, more or less torn ; spores purple-brown, elliptical, 7-9 x 6 /*. Agaricus (Psalliota) campestris, Linn., Suec., n. 1205 (in- cluding allied species); Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 279; Cke., Hdbk., p. 194; Cke., Illustr., pi. 526. In rich pastures. Esculent. Smell slight. Pileus 2—5 in. broad, at first convex then plano-convex, white, silky or clothed with reddish-brown adpressed fibrillae collected into little fascicles ; epidermis easily separating from the flesh, projecting beyond the gills and often curled back, fleshy ; flesh firm, thick, white, more or less stained with reddish-brown, especially when bruised. Gills very unequal, at first of a beautiful pink, free, obtuse, and sometimes forked behind, broad in the middle ; at length dark, mottled with the brownish-purple minute subelliptic sporules ; the edge white and minutely denticulate. Stem 2-3 in. or more high, |-f in. thick, fiearly equal or sub- bulbous, white, beautifully but minutely silky, furnished with a thick spongy ring, generally above the middle, firm, consisting of fibres, those in the centre longer. Root consist- ing of a few white branched fibres, which are often beset with little knobs, which are the infant state of the plant. When quite young there is a fine silky universal veil. (Berk.) Plant mostly gregarious, without odour, but with a grateful flavour. Pileus hemispherical, at length convex, and event- ually plane, fleshy, 2-5 in. broad or more, white, or of a reddish tinge, or even uniform light brown ; the surface is either smooth, slightly scaly, or (in the brown variety), more or less covered with prominent scales, formed partly of the substance of the plant, partly of hair-like fibres from the epidermis. Flesh soft, white, sometimes changing to a light reddish hue on being divided. Lamellae numerous, free, broad, ventricose, of a brittle substance, fine pink, red or flesh-colour, becoming dark vinous, fuscous, or even nearly black. Stipes firm, solid, 2-5 in. high, but mostly short, thick, white, sometimes rather bulbous at the base, Veil annular, white, variable, but mostly subpersistent. (Grev.) 412 FUNGUS-FLORA. Far. silvicola, Vittadini, Cke., Illustr., t. 529. Pileus •smooth, shining, stem elongated, somewhat bulbous, hollow, ring large. In woods. Far. pratensis, Vittadini. Distinguished by the small rufous scales of the pileus, and the flesh having a slight pink tinge. Far. hortensis, Cke., Illustr., pi. 527. Pileus fibrillose or squamulose, brownish. This is the cultivated form, which is very variable, in- cluding var. elongatus, Gard. Chron., 1860, p. 1061, with fig., and var. Buchanani, Gard. Chron., 1860, p. 1039, with fig. Far. vaporarius, Otto. Pileus even, with a brown pilose coat, which also covers the stem and leaves transverse fragments thereon urpurui5cens (Boletus), 273. purpurea (Clavaria), 82. purpurea (Poria), 209. purpureum (Stereum), 132. purpureus (Polyporus), 209. purpureu* (Boletus), 289. pusilla (Bovista), 36. pusilla (Pistillaria), 90. pusilla (Typhula), 90. pusillum (Lycoperdon), 36. pusillus (Hymenogaster), 19. puteana (Coniophora), 102. puteanum (Corticium), 102. pyriforme (Lycoperdon), 32. pyrotrichus (Hypholoma), 388. Var. egregius, 389. pyrotrichus (Agaricus), 389. pyxidata (Clavaria), 79. quercina (Daedalea), 190. quercina (Peniophora), 109. quercinum (Corticium), 110. quercinum (Kadulum), 171. quereinus (Polyporus), 245. quisquilaris (Pistillaria), 92. radians (Agaricus), 319. radians (Coprinus), 319. radians (Corticium), 124. radiata (Phlebia), 174. radiatus (Boletus), 213. radiatus (Coprinus), 325. radiatus (Polystictus), 213. radiatus (Polyporus), 213. radicans (Boletus), 274. radicans (Boletus), 266. radicata (Ditiola), 70. radiosum (Corticium), 124. radula (Poria), 203. radula (Polyporus), 203. ramentacea (Poria), 207. ramentaceus (Polyporus), 208. recisa (Exidia), 59. recolligens (Lycoperdon), 40. regius (Boletus), 286. Benneyi (Poria), 204. Kenneyi (Polyporus), 204. repandum (Hydnum), 152. resupinatus (Boletus), 226. resupinatus (Fomes), 226. reticulata (Poria), 201. reticulatus (Polyporus), 201. retirugis (Agaricus), 334. i retirugis (Panaeolus), 334. 430 INDEX. rhodella (Poria), 206. rhodellus (Polyporus), 206. rhododendri (Exobasidium), 109. ribis (Femes), 225. ribis (Polyporus), 225. rimosa (Peniophora), 113. rosea (Clavaria), 82. rosea (Peniophora), 111. roseolum (Corticium), 124. roseum (Corticium), 111. roseus (Fomes), 219. roseus (Gomphidius), 348. roseus (Polyporus), 219. Rosttovii (Boletus), 273. Rosikavii (Polyporus), 235. rubescens (Rhizopogon), 16. rubiginosa (Hymenochaeta), 115. rubiginosus (Boletus), 292. rubinus (Boletus), 290. rubra (Aseroe), 46. rubriceps (Chitonia), 418. rufa (Clavaria), 82. rufa (Poria), 208. rufescens (Geaster), 40. rufescens (Hydnum), 152. rufescens (Polyporus), 232. rufum (Stereum), 134. rufus (Gyrocephalus), 65. rufus (Merulius), 187. rufus (Polyporus), 208. rugosa (Clavaria), 78. rugosum (Stereum), 133. rutilans (Polyporus), 247. saccatum (Lycoperdon), 31. saccatus (Geaster), 419. saccharina (Exidia), 60. saccharina (Ulocolla), 59. sagatus (Agaricus), 416. salicina (Thelephora), 123. salicinum (Corticium), 119. salicinus (Fomes), 222. salicinus (Polyporus), 222. salignus (Polyporus), 242. sambuci (Corticium), 123. sanguineum (Corticium), 126. sanguineus (Boletus) 266. sanguinolenta (Poria), 206. sanguinolenta (Polyporus), 206. sanguinolentum (Stereum), 132. sarcocephala (Psilocybe), 364. sarcoides (Tremella), 64. satanus (Boletus), 287. scaber (Boletus), 293. scabrosum (Hydnum), 151. Schmideli (Geaster), 38. Schweinitzii (Polyporus), 231. scitula (Anellaria), 331. scitulus (Agaricus), 331. scobicola (Psilocybe), 368. scobicola (Agaricus), 368. scobinacea (Stropharia), 406. scobinaceus (Agaricus), 407. Scotica (Peniophora), 113. scrobiculatum (Hydaum), 154. scutellare (Corticium), 121. sebacea (Soppittiella), 106. sebacea (Thelephora), 106, 121. sebaceum (Corticium), 121. sebaceus (Dacryomyces), 68. semigldbata (Stropharia), 404. semiglobatus (Agaricus), 405. semilanceata (Psilocybe), 373. Var. caerulescens, 373. semilanceatus (Agaricus), 373. semivestita (Psathyra), 358. semivestitus (Agaricus), 358. separata (Anellaria), 330. separatus (Agaricus), 331. sepultum (Hydnum), 163. serpens (Merulius), 187. serpens (Trametes), 196. setigera (Knieffia), 180. sildceus (Hypholoma), 379. silaceus (Agaricus), 380. silvaticus (Agaricus), 413. similis (Coprinus), 313. sinuosus (Craterellus), 137. Var. crispus, 137. soboliferus (Coprinus), 309. sociatus (Coprinus), 327. sordidum (Hydnum), 161. Sowerbei (Stereum), 129. Rowerbei (Thelephora), 129. spadicea (Psilocybe), 374. Var. hygrophilus, 374. „ polycephalus, 375. spadicea (Agaricus), 374. spadiceb-grisea (Psathyra), 355. spadiceo-grisea (Agaricus), 355. spadiceum (Stereum), 133. spadiceus (Boletus), 272. INDEX. 431 spathulata (Sistotrema), 162. gpathulatum (Hydnum), 161. gpathulatus (Irpex), 168. sphinctrinus (Agaricus), 335. gphinctrinus (Panaeolus), 335. spintriger (Agaricus), 407. gpintriger (Stropharia), 407. gpinulosa (Clavaria), 79 gpongia (Polyporus), 242. spongia (Polyporus), 241. spongiosus (Boletus), 226. t-pongiosus (Fomes), 226. Spraguei (Coprinus), 325. gpumeug (Polyporus), 253. squalens (Agaricus), 375. f'lualms (Psilocybe), 375. squalinum (Hydnum), 158. squamosa (Stropharia), 401. Var. aurantiaca, 402. „ thraustug, 402. gquamosum (Hydnum), 150. squamosug (Polyporus), 232. gtellatug (Sphaerobolus), 27. JStephensii (Octaviania), 13. Stephensii (Polyporus), 196. stercoraria (Stropharia), 404. stercorarius (Agaricus), 404. stercorarius (Coprinus), 326. sterqnilinus (Coprinus), 307. ), 178. Stevensonii (Hymenochaete), 116. ttillatus (Dacryomyces), 67. stillatus (Goinphidius), 348. stipatum (Hydnum), 165. storea (Hypholoma), 386. etorea (Agaricus), 386. stratosum (Stereum), 135. striaepes (Boletus), 265. striata (Calocera), 72. gtriatiH (Cyathus), 24. striatug (Geaeter), 39. gtricta (Calocera), 72. rtricto (Clavaria), 81. gtrobilaceug (Strobilomyces), 257. gtuppea (Cyphella), 141. suaveolens (Trametes), 195. subbalteatus (Agaricus), 337. subbalteatus (Panaeolus), 337. subcostatum (Stereum), 131. gubdealbata (Coniophora), 100. subdealbata (Corticium), 100. gubericaea (Psilocybe), 365. subericaeus (Agaricus), 365. suberosus (Boletus), 219. subfusco-flavida (Poria), 204. gubgelatinosa (Kneffia), 180. subgelatinosa (Polyporus), 205. subgdatinosa (Poria), 205. gubgibljosus (Agaricus), 417. gublateritius (Hypholoma), 380. Var. Schaefferi, 380. „ squamosus, 380. sublateritius (Agaricus), 380. iubstrata (Psathyrella), 339. subtratus (Agaricus), 340. subtomeniosus (Boletus), 265. Var. radicans, 266. gubulata (Pterula), 87. sucdneug (Dacryomyces), 67. sulphurea (Coniophora), 99. sulphureum (Corticium), 100. gulphureug (Boletus), 269. gidpkureug (Polyporus), 240. tabacina (Hymenochaete), 117. tardus (Coprinus), 321. j tener (Hymenogaster), 18. tenuipes (Boletus), 281. tenuipes (Pistillaria), 91 Terrei (Trametes), 197. terrestris (Peniophora), 114. terrestrig (Poria), 205. terrestris (Polyporus), 205. terrestris (Thelebolus), 27. terrestris (Thelephora), 105 thraustus (Agaricus), 402. Thwaitegii (Hymenogaster), 19. Thwaitesii (Hysterangium), 15. tomentosum (Eadulum), 1 72. tomentosus (Agaricus), 315. tomentosus (Coprinus), 315. torta (Dacryomyces), 68. torta (Tremella), 68. trabeus (Polyporus), 254. translucens (Typhula), 91. tremellosus (Merulius), 189. trepida (Psathyrellaj, 341. trepidus (Agarious), 342. tubercularia (Tremella), 63. tuberosd (Calocera), 71. 432 INDEX. tuberosa (Clavaria), 86. tuberosa (Thelephora), 130. tuberosum (Stereum), 130. typhae (Corticium), 123. udum (Hydnum), 163. udus (Psilocybe), 365. udus (Agaricus), 365. ulmarius (Fomes), 218. ulmarius (Polyporus), 218. umbellatus (Polyporus), 237. umbrina (Clavaria), 77. umbrina (Coniophora), 101. umbrina (Poria), 208. umbrinella (Clavaria), 77. umbrinum (Corticium), 101. umbrinus (Polyporus), 208. uncialis (Clavaria), 85. undulata (Thelephora), 130. undulatum (Stereum), 130. unicolor (Daedalea), 192. urticaecola (Psathyra), 362. urticaecola (Agaricus), 362. vaccinii (Exobasidium), 108. vaccinus (Boletus), 272. vaga (Phlebia), 175, Vaillantii (Poria), 201. Vaillantii (Polyporus), 201. vaporaria (Poria), 198. Var. secernibilis, 198. vaporarius (Polyporus), 198. variabilis (Choetocypha), 140. variecolor (Boletus), 269. variegatus (Boletus), 277. variegatus (Fomes), 224. variegatus (Melanogaster), 13. variegatus (Polyporus), 225.J variicolor (Hydnum), 160. varius (Polyporus), 236. vegetus (Fomes), 223. lutina (Peniophora), 112. velutiuum (Corticium), 1 12. velutinus (Agaricus), 388. velutinus (Hypholoma), 388. Var. &. leiocephalus, 388. velutinus (Polyporus), 214. velutinus (Polystictus), 214. ventricosa (Stropharia), 400. vermicularis (Clavaria), 83. vermicularis (Dacryomyces ?), 68. vermicularis (Daedalea), 193. vernicosus (Cyathus), 24. verrucosum (Scleroderma), 22. versicolor (Agaricus), 397. versicolor (Boletus), 265. versicolor (Polystictus), 212. versicolor (Polyporus), 212. versicolor (Stropharia), 396. versicolor (Tremella), 63. versipellis (Boletus), 295. vesicaria (Tremella), 62. villosa (Cyphella), 141. villosa (Peziza), 141. violacea (Poria)f 209. violaceo-lividum (Corticium), 127. violaceus (Polyporus), 209. virescens (Naematelia), 65. virescens (Psilocybe), 367. viridans (Poria), 204. viridans (Polyporus), 204. viride (Hydnum), 161. viscidus (Boletus), 293. viscidus (Gomphidius), 347. viscosa (Galocera), 71. viscosa (Thelephora), 62. viscosa (Tremella), 62. vitrea (Poria), 199. vitreus (Polyporus), 200. j vorticosum (Stereum), 133. ! vulgare (Crucibulum), 25. ! vulgare (Scleroderma), 21. I vulgaris (Hymenogaster), 17. ! vulgaris (Poria), 199. | vulgaris (Polyporus), 199. Weinmanni (Hydnum), 159. Worthingtoni (Agaricus), 399. Worthingtoni (Stropharia), 398. Wynnei (Polystictus), 215. Wyniiei (Polyporus), 216. i zonatum (Hydnum), 154. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped below THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA QK 6Q7 Tv'assee - M38b British v.l fungus-flora, QK 607 M38b v.l UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 731 653 ;