UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES BRITISH FUNGUS-FLORA. %* As it has been found impossible to complete this Work conveniently in the three volumes originally contemplated, the subject will be concluded in a Supplementary Volume, which will be issued shortly. BBITISH FUNGUS-FLOBA, A CLASSIFIED TEXT-BOOK OF MYCOLOGY. GEORGE MASSES, AUTHOK Of "PLANT LIFE," "THE PLANT WORU>," ETC. VOL. III. LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK ST., COVENT GARDEN AND NEW YORK. 1893. LONDON : PBINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITKD STAMFORD STBEKT AK1) CHAEING CROSS. CONTENTS. PACK BASIDIOMYCETES 1 HYPHOMYCETES ....'.. . . 269 MUCEDINEAE ...... . 275 Chromosporieae 275 Oosporeae . 277 Cephalosporieae . 289 Aspergilleae 295 Botrytideae _ 304 Verticillieae 326 Gonatobotryeae . 332 Dactylieae .... 341 Bamularieae 344 Fnsomeae ........... 347 Milowieae 348 Septocylindrieae 348 DEMATIEAB 352 Coniosporieae .......... 356 Toruleae 357 Echinobotryeae 365 Periconieae 367 Arthrineae . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Trichosporieae . . .374 Monotosporeae . . . .377 Haplograpbieae 380 Myxotricheae 383 Chloridieae ... . 385 473468 vi CONTENTS. \ PAGE Stachylidieae .387 Chalareae . . 388 Bisporeae 389 Cladosporieae 390 Clasterosporieae ........••• 399 Septonemeae • • .404 Helminthosporieae . ... . "... .' . -404 Acrothecieae . . '. *20 SporoscMsmeae .......••• 422 Dendryphieae • • • *23 STILBEAE . . .441 TUBERCULABIEAE . . . • • • • • ^60 LIST OF FIGURES. PAGE Acremoniella pallid a . . . 358 Acremonium alternatuui . . 313 I Acrospeira mirabilis . . . 358 Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus . 358 | Acrothecium simplex . . . 397 | Aegerita Candida .... 442 Alternaria brassicae . . . 397 Amanita mappa .... 3 Amblyosporium botrytis . . 313 Armillaria ramentacea ... 3 Arthrinum caricicoluin . . 358 Arthrobotrys rosea .... 274 Aspergillus glaucus . . . 274 Asterophora agaricicola . . 358 , Atractium flammeum . . . 397 j Atrobotryum atrum . . . 442 Bactridium helvellae . . . 442 Bispora monilioides . . . 358 Bolacotricha grisea . . . 358 Bostrichonema alpestre . . 274 Botryosporium diffusum . . 358 Botrytis corolligenum . . . 274 Brachysporium obovatum . . 397 Briaria elegans 313 Camptoum curvatum . . . 358 Catenularia atra . . . . 358 I Cephfllosporium acremonium . 274 ! Cephalothecium candidum . 358 Cephalotrichum curtum . . 358 Ceratium hydnoides . . . 442 \ Ceratosporium digitatum . . 397 Cercospora resedae .... 397 Chaetopsis grisea .... 358 Chalara longipes .... 358 Chromosporium latoritium . 313 PAGE Cladosporium herbarum . 397 Cladotrichum Cookei . . 397 Clonostachys araucaria . 313 Collybia butyracea ... 8 Collybia ramealis ... 3 Coniosporium arundinis . 358 Coniosporium puccinioides 358 Coniothecium viticolum . 397 Cylindrium Cordac ... 274 Cyliudrocolla urticae . . 442 Dactylaria orchidis . . 274 Dactylella implexa . . 274 Dactylium dendroides . . 274 Dactylosporium brevipes . 397 Dematium hispidulum . . 358 Dendrodochium affine . . 442 Dendryphium griseum . . 397 Dicoccum uniseptatum . 358 Dictyosporium elegans . 397 Didymaria Ungeri . . . 274 Diplocladium melleum . 313 Diplosporium album . . 274 Echinobotryum atrum . . 313 Endodesmia glauca . . 442 Epicoccum purpurascens . 442 Epidochium atrovirens . 442 Exosporium tiliae . . . 442 Fumago vagans . . . 397 Fusariella atrovirens . . 397 Fusarium betae . . . 442 Fusarium solani . . . 442 Fusicladium depressum . 397 Fusidium viride . . . 313 Geotrichum candidum . . 313 fronatobotrys flava . . . 274 Till LIST OF FIGURES. Gonytrichum caesium . PAGE 1 . 358 Graphium subulatum . Graphiothecium parasiticuiu . 442 . 397 Gyroceras plantaginis . Hadrotrichum arundinaceum . 313 . 358 Haplaria grisea .... . 313 Haplographium olivaceum . 358 Harpographium graminum Helicomyces tubulosus . 397 . 274 Helicosporium Mulleri . 397 Helicosporium ramosum . . 442 Helminthosporium fusiibrme . B97 Hormiscium splendens Hymenula rubella . . 313 . 442 Hypoderma roseum . 313 1 Illosporium roseum . . 442 Isaria citrina .... . 442 Isaria farinosa" .... . 397 Lepiota cristata . 3 Macrosporium uobile . . 397 Menispora ciliata . . 358 Menispora lucida . . 358 Microstroma album . 313 Milowia nivea .... 313 Monatospora purnila . Moniiia aurea .... . 358 . 274 Alonosporium olivaceum . Mucrosporium sphaerocepln - lum . 313 Mycena leucogala . . 3 Mycogone cervina . . 274 Myrothecium inundatum . . 442 Myslrosporium stemphylium Myxotrichum ochraceum . . 397 . 358 Napiclaclium arundinaceum . 397 Nematogonium aurantiacum . 274 Oedemium atrum . . 358 Oedocephalum laeticolor . . 274 Oedocephalum Preussii 274 Oidium leucoconium 313 Oospora favorum 274 Ovularia veronica e . 274 Papulospora sepedonoides . 358 Passalora baoilfigera . 358 Penicillium glaucum . Periconia atra . . Periola tomcntosa . Polyscytalum fungorum . Prismaria furcata . Ramularia hellebori Ramularia pratensis Rhinotrichum niveum . Rliopalomyces pallidus | Russula lutea .... Russula ochroleuca Scolecotrichum sticticum . Sepedonium chrysospermum Septocylindrium Bonordeni Septonema irregulare . Septosporium bulbotrichum Sporotrichum geochroum . Speira toruloides . Sphacelia segetum . Spicaria elegans Spondyloeladium fumosum Sporidesmium lobatum Sporocliisma mirubile . . Sporocybe byssoides Stachybotrys asperula . Staehylidium cyclosporum Stemphylium a^perosporum Sterigmatocystis dubia Stilbum citrinellum j Stysanus stemonites Tetraploa aristata . Torula monilioides . . Trichoderma lignorum Tricholoiua rutilans Trichosporium fuscum . Trichothecium roseum Triposporium elegans . Tubercularia euonymi . Tuberculina persicina . Verticillium dibtans . Verticladium apicale . Virgaria umbrina . . Volutella ciliata Zygodesmus terrestris . FUNGUS-FLOBA. LACTABIUS. Fries, (figs. 2, 3, p. 301, vol. ii.) PILEUS rather rigid, fleshy, becoming more or less de- pressed, often marked with concentric zones; gills decurrent or adnate, unequal, often branched, rather rigid, exuding a white or coloured milk when bruised ; stem stout, central or very rarely excentric, its substance continuous with that of the pileus; spores subglobose, minutely echinulate, white, or sometimes with a very faint tinge of yellow. Lactarius, Fries, Epior., p. 333 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 305. The presence of white or coloured milk which flows in drops from the pileus, and especially the gills, when wounded, is the most important generic character, and is the only one separating the present genus from Russula. Every part of the fungus contains numerous anastomosing laticiferous cells filled with a densely granular liquid latex — • or milk as termed by systematists — which escapes in drops when the tissue is broken. The latex is, in the majority of species, persistently white ; in a few species the latex is white at first, and gradually changes to some other colour when exposed to the air ; in a still smaller number of species, the latex is coloured before escaping from the cells. In some species the latex is tasteless, or mild ; in others again it is intensely acrid or [peppery, even when only a very small quantity is applied to the tongue. These peculiarities of colour and taste of the latex are of specific importance, and require to be noted. VOL. in. B FUNGUS-FLOEA. ANALYSIS OF TEE SPECIES. Subgen. I. PIPERITES. Stem central. Gills unchangeable, not pruinose nor be- coming discoloured. Milk white at first (usually) acrid. * Tricholomoidei. Pileus moist, viscid, margin incurved and downy at first. ** Limacini. Pileus moist, viscid, with a pellicle ; margin naked. *** Piperati. Pileus without a pellicle, hence absolutely dry, often more or loss downy or unpolished. Subgen. II. D APEXES. Stem central. Gills naked ; milk coloured from the first. Subgen. III. KUSSULARIA. Stem central. Gills pallid, then discoloured, at length dark, becoming powdered with the white spores. Milk white at first, mild, or mild at first then becoming acrid. * Viscidi. Pileus viscid at first. ** Impoliti. Pileus squamulose, downy, or pruinose. *** Glabrati. Pileus polished, glabrous. Subgen. IV. PLEUROPUS.J Stem excentric or lateral. Growing on trunks. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE LEUCOSPORAK Fig. 1, Russula ochroleuca, section through the thickness of a gill, showing the vesicular trama consisting of large spherical cells ; also the laticiferous vessels containing a densely granular substance, and project- ing beyond the surface of the basidia forming the hymenium ; x 400 ; — Fig. 2, Bussula lutea, & small specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 3, section of same; nat. size ; — Fig. 4, Amanita mappa; about half nat. size; — Fig. 5, section of same ; half nat. size ; — Fig. 6, Lepiota crestata ; nat. size ; — Fig. 7, section of same ; nat. size ; — Fig. 8, Armillaria ramentacea ; half nat. size ; —Fig. 9, section of same ; half nat. size ;— Fig. 10, Tricholoma rutilans, half nat. size ; — Fig. 11, section of same ; half nat. size ; — Fig. 12, spores of same; X 400; — Fig. 13, Mycena leucogala; half nat. size; — Fig. 14, section of same ; half nat. size ; — Fig. 15, Cottybia butyracea, about one- third nat. size; — Fig. 16, section of same; half nat. size; — Fig. 17, Collybia ramealis ; nat. size. 4 FUNGUS-FLOKA. I. PIPERITES. * Tricholomoidei. Lactarius (Piper.) scrobiculatus. Scop. Pileus 4-8 in. across, flesh thick but not firm, whitish, usually becoming yellowish when broken; at first convex and umbilicate, then infundibuliform, obtuse, very viscid when moist, with agglutinated down, yellow, becoming pale in sunny places, usually without zones, but sometimes very conspicuously zoned ; margin incurved, fringed with shaggy fibrils, expanding with age and becoming almost naked; gills slightly decurrent, thin, crowded, whitish; stem stout, often stuffed when young, but becoming distinctly hollow, 1|— 2| in. long, up to 1 in. and more thick, equal, yellow, with large roundish depressions, glabrous, rather viscid, base downy; milk copious, at first white, becoming sulphur- yellow when exposed to the air, very acrid ; spores sub- globose, very minutely echinulate, 7-8 p. Lactarius scrobiculatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 334; Cke., Hdbk., p. 305 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 971. Agaricus scrobiculatus, Scopoli. In damp woods. Distinguished by the yellow colour of pileus and stem, and by the white milk becoming sulphur-colour when exposed to the air. Fries says that the pileus is sometimes 12 in. across. When growing in very wet places the flesh some- times becomes bluish-purple when broken. Very acrid, smell not unpleasant. Lactarius (Piper.) intermedius. Krombh. Pileus 4—6 in. across, fleshy, broadly infundibuliform, viscid, smooth, ochraceous, margin involute, tomentose then smooth; gills broad lurid- whitish, somewhat decurrent, entire; stem l|-2 in. long, up to 1 in. thick, yellowish, covered with spot-like depressions, solid, or sometimes hollow ; milk white then yellowish, rather acrid, Lactarius intermedius, Krombholz, t. 58, figs. 11-13; Cke., Hdbk., p. 305. In woods. LACTARIUS. 5 Referred by Fries to L. cilicioides, from which it differs inore especially in the pitted stem. Differs from L. scrobicu- latus in the infundibuliform pileus. British specimens agree with Krombholz's plant, except that when fresh and dried they are more or less zoned, as in L. insulsus. (B. & Br.) Lactarius (Piper.) torminosus. Schaeff. Pileus 3-4 in. across, even, viscid when moist, rather fragile, obtuse, depressed, slightly zoned, margin strongly involute for some time, shaggy with whitish fibrils, pale flesh-colour, with often a tinge of ochre ; flesh pallid ; milk white, acrid, not changing colour; gills slightly decurrent, 1-1^ line broad, very thin and crowded, unequal but rarely connected by branches, paler in colour than the pileus ; stem up to 3| in. long, f-1 in. thick, slightly adpressedly tomen- tuse or "almost glabrous, even or obsoletely scrobiculate, dry, equal or attenuated downwards, stuffed soon hollow, like the pileus in colour or paler; spores echinulate, 9-10 X 7-8 fji. Agaricus torminosus, Schaeffer, t. 12. Lactarius torminosus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 305; Cke,, Illustr., pi. 972. Among grass, heather, &c. Inodorous, acrid, pale flesh-colour; gills paler. Pileus not unfrequently pallid ochraceous, also at times entirely white and tomentose. (Fries.) Allied to L. cilicioides in the strongly incurved, bearded margin of the pileus, but known by the slightly zoned pileus and persistently white milk. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, smooth or nearly so, except the involute margin, which is most copiously shaggy, depressed, more or less zoned, of a beautiful ochre or (sometimes) strawberry colour, at first viscid. Milk white, very acrid, not changeable. Gills rather narrow, nearly of the same colour as the pileus, but yellower and paler, slightly forked. Stem 1^-2 in. long, \ in. thick, sometimes shining, obtuse, paler than the pileus, at length hollow, clothed with a minute depressed down. Very acrid, but the Russians preserve it in salt, and eat it seasoned with oil and vinegar. (Berk.) 6 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Lactarius (Piper.) cilicioides. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded and the centre depressed, every part toraentose, viscid, not zoned, pale flesh- colour with a fuscous tinge, margin involute, fibrillose and woolly; flesh yellowish -white, milk acrid, white or with a tinge of yellow eventually; gills decurrent, crowded, branched, yellowish- white ; stem firm, stuffed, usually more or less hollow with age, equal, 2-3 in. long, 1 in. thick, even, pruinosely-silky under a lens, pallid, not roughened nor spotted ; spores minutely echinulate, 8 X 6-7 /A. Lactarius cilicioides, Fries, Epicr., p. 334; Cke., Hdbk., p. 306 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 973. In woods, pastures, &c. Intermediate between L, torminosus and L. turpis. Stem dingy, not pure in colour like L. torminosus. (Fries.) Pileus 2-4 in. broad, depressed, margin rounded, involute, reddish-buff sometimes glutinous, veiy downy, becoming fibrillose at the margin. Gills yellowish, irregular and often branching, apparently decurrent from the expansion of the stipes into the substance of the pileus. Flesh yellowish-white, darker towards the surface. Stem about 2 in. high, nearly 1 in. thick, dingy white, yellow or brown. There is no juice, but a considerable moisture on the surface of the pileus which seems to originate from the plant. (Grev.) Lactarius (Russ.) lateritioroseus. Karst. Pileus up to 3| in. broad, convex with an umbilicus, soon depressed, often at length somewhat infundibuliform and wavy, often unequal, zoneless or rarely slightly zoned, flesh up to 4 lines thick, becoming very thin towards the margin, dry, becoming broken up at the disc into minute, granule- like squamules, scales larger towards the margin, and dis- appearing eventually, flesh-colour or brick-red with a rosy tinge, becoming pale ; gills decurrent, rather distant, thin, up to 3 lines broad, often furcate and connected by veins, becoming yellowish ; stem up to 3 in. long and |- in. thick, stuffed, sometimes becoming hollow at the base; unequal, incrassated at the base, curved or flexuous, rarely straight, very slightly flocculose, colour of the pileus or paler ; spores subglobose, echinulate, uniguttulate, white, 8-9 x 6-8 /x; milk acrid, white. LACTARIUS. 7 Lactarius lateritioroseus, Karsten, Medd. ad Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fenn., 1888-91, p. 15, and description emended, l.c., p. 20. In woods. Lactarius (Piper.) turpis. Fr. Pileus 3-7 in. across, -fleshy, rigid, convex then expanded, disciform or umbilicate then depressed, innately downy at the margin only or all over, covered with a tenacious olive gluten, zoneless, sometimes with a tawny tinge near the margin, at length more or less umber ; margin for a long time involute, downy at first, yellowish-olive, then more or less expanded, at length often densely rivulosely sulcate; flesh compact, white, unchangeable ; gills adnato-decurrent, thin, 1-2 lines broad, much crowded, forked, pale straw- colour, spotted with brown when bruised; stem 1J-3 in. long, ^-1 in. thick, even or rough and unequal, but not spotted, viscid or dry, pallid or dark olive, apex pale whitish- ochre, solid, hard ; spores minutely spinulose, 6-8 /t diameter. Lactarius turpis, Fries, Epicr., p. 335 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 306 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 987. In woods. JS. blennius somewhat resembles the present species, but differs in the concentrically spotted pileus; stuffed then hollow stem, and white gills. Gregarious. Distinguished by the olive tone of pileus and stem. Fries says that this species sometimes measures 1 foot across ; flesh compact and rigid. The habit is almost that of Paxillus involutes. Stem sometimes hollow, and the pileus sometimes slightly zoned. Far. plumbeus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 306. Agaricus plumbeus, Bull., Champ., t. 282, and 559, f 2. Agaricus Listen, Sow., t. 245, Pileus compact, convex, at length infundibuliform, dry, unpolished, dingy, then blackish-brown ; stem solid, equal, blunt; gills crowded, white then yellowish; milk acrid, white, unchangeable. In woods. Lactarius (Piper.) controversus. Pers. Pileus 3-5 in. across, fleshy, firm, rigid, at first convex 8 FUNGUS-FLOKA. broadly umbilicate, when adult, somewhat infundibuliform, oblique, emerging from the ground, dry, floeculose, whitish, then after rain glabrous, viscid, reddish, and with red zones and spots, especially near the margin ; margin acute when young, strongly involute, more or Jess downy ; flesh very firm, milk white, acrid, not changing colour ; gills decurrent, thin, closely crowded, 1-2 lines broad, short ones numerous, rarely branched, white with a pallid flesh-coloured tinge ; stem solid, stout, 1 in. thick and long, sometimes quite 2 in. long, and evidently attenuated from the base, often excentric, even, but mealy at the apex ; and from the decurrent teeth of the gills, appearing striate, entirely white, never scrobi- culate ; spores rough, globose, 6-8 p. diameter. Lactarius controversus, Pers., Syn., p. 430; Fries, Epicr., p. 335 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 306 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1003. In woods, pastures, &c. Smell weak but pleasant, taste very acrid. Lactarius (Piper.) pubescens. Fr. Pileus 2—3 in. across, almost plane, centre depressed, then broadly infundibuliform, zoneless, even, dry, disc almost glabrous, shining, white tinged flesh-colour; margin invo- lute, fibrilloso-pubescent ; flesh firm but thin, tough, white, or with a flesh-coloured tinge near the margin, unchange- able ; milk white, unchangeable, not copious, very acrid ; gills adnate or slightly decurrent, crowded, narrower than thickness of flesh ot pileus, pallid, slightly tinted flesh-colour ; stem stuffed, soft inside, short, about ^ in. thick at the apex, attenuated downwards, and sometimes compressed, even (not scrobiculate), usually minutely downy when young, then becoming glabrous, pale flesh-colour then whitish; spores globose, rough, 7—8 p.. Lactarius pubescens, Fries, Epicr., p, 335 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 306 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 974. In grassy places. Allied to L. controversy, but much smaller and more slender ; inodorous, taste very acrid. (Fries.) Somewhat resembling L. torminosus and L, cilicioides, but differing from both in being altogether smaller and more slender, and in the margin not being shaggy but only fibrillosely downy. LACTABIUS. 9 Lactarius (Piper.) aspideus. Fr. Acrid; every part dingy straw-colour, stem and gills paler than the pileus ; giving out ever3"where when broken, white milk that becomes lilac. Pileus 2-4 in. across, flesh whitish, rather thin, loose ; plano-convex, unequal, somewhat papillate then rather depressed, even, viscid, zoneless; gills adnate, subdecurrent, rather crowded, about 1 line broad, very unequal, connected by branches; stem almost equal, stuffed then hollow, 2-3 in. long, up to £ in. thick, even, glabrous, dry; spores globose, rough, 8-10 p. diameter. Lactarius aspideus, Fries, Epicr., p. 336 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 307 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1083. In damp meadows, &c. Distinguished from all other species by the presence of a white, tomentose, deciduous silky zone near the margin of the pilleus ; when this disappears the margin is very glabrous. L. uvidus also has milk that turns lilac, but differs in the broad gills and obsoletely zoned pileus. ** Limacini. Lactarius (Piper.) utilis. Weinm. Pileus 5-8 in. across, flesh thick; convex then plane, obtuse, at length infundibuliform, humid but dry in fine weather, glabrous, even, often cracked at maturity, tan- colour ; gills adnate, crowded, 4-5 lines broad, pallid ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 in. thick, fragile, even, coloured like the pileus, hollow ; milk persistently white, somewhat acrid. Lactarius utilis, Weinmann, Hym. Ross., p. 43; Cke., Hdbk., p. 307 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1084. In woods. ^ In the specimen found for the first time in Britain the pileus was pale, and rather a dirty ochre, the stem darker, and longitudinally striate, but otherwise in accord with the description. (Cooke.) Lactarius (Piper.) insulsus. Fr. Pileus 3-4 in. across, fleshy, and not very compact, flesh pallid, indistinctly zoned under the cuticle ; deeply umbili- cate, at length infundibuliform, rigid, zoned, especially near the margin, glabrous, yellowish brick-red, the viscid 10 FUNG US-FLOE A. pellicle separating; margin naked; stem stuffed when young, hollow when old, often short and attenuated below, 1^ in. long, up to 1 in. thick, rarely drawn out to 3 in. and then equal, more slender, glabrous, even or rarely scrobicu- lately spotted ; gills decurrent, closely crowded, forked at the base, 1 line or little more in breadth, whitish then pallid ; sphores subglobose, rough, pallid, 10 X 8 /x diameter. Lactarius insulsus, Fries, Epicr., p. 336 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 307 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 975. In pastures, &c. Eesembling L. deliciosus in size and habit, but distin- guished by the paler colour; white, unchangeable, acrid milk, and absence of red colour in the flesh at every age. From L. zonalis, to which the present species is closely allied, it is distinguished by the solid, yellowish stem. Lactarius (Piper.) zonarius. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. across, flesh rather thick, white ; convex then flattened, depressed, sometimes deeply umbilicate; margin naked, for a long time involute, glabrous and even at first, pellicle closely adnate, viscid, pale orange or pinkish- yellow, often prettily zoned towards the margin, at length — commencing at the margin — minutely rugulosely flocculose ; gills slightly rounded behind and adnately decurrent, arcuate, thin, narrow, scarcely 1 line broad, thin, rather crowded, branched, whitish, at length dingy yellow, becoming sordid or somewhat greenish when bruised ; stem 2-3 in. long, |-1 in. thick, equal or attenuated at the base, even, glabrous, dry, white then yellowish, not spotted, paler above, solid, firm, elastic ; milk white, unchangeable, acrid ; spores, 9-10 X 8 p. Lactarius zonarius, Fries, Epicr., p. 336; Cke., Hdbk., p. 307. Among grass, &c. Stem sometimes hollow ; pileus sometimes wavy, glabrous, and zoneless. (Fries.) Lactarius (Piper.) blennius. Fr. (figs. 2, 3, p. 301, vol. ii.) Pileus 3-5 in. across, flesh thick, firm; soon expanded and more or less depressed, glutinous, dingy greenish-grey, often more or less zoned with drop-like markings ; margin at first LACTARIUS. 11 incurved and downy; gills slightly decurrent, crowded, narrow, whitish or with an ochraceous tinge ; stem 1-2 in. long, up to 1 in. thick at the apex, where it expands into the thick flesh of the pileus, often attenuated at the base, viscid, coloured like the stem or paler, soon hollow ; milk persistently white, very acrid ; spores subglobose, 7-8 x 6 p. Lactarius blennins, Fries, Epicr., p. 337 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 308 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 988. In woods, on the ground, very rarely on trunks. L. turpis somewhat resembles the present species, but differs in the darker olive-brown pileus and the yellow down on the incurved margin, especially when young. Pileus 2-4 in. broad, fleshy, rarely subzonate, convex, the margin generally involute and adpresso-tomentose (quite smooth, Fr.) ; at length more or less depressed, dull cine- reous green, at first viscid ; more or less pitted. Milk white, not changeable. Gills rather narrow, pale ochraceous, scarcely forked, not connected by veins. Stem 1 in. long, J-| in. thick, paler than the pileus, attenuated down- wards, obtuse, smooth, at length hollow, sometimes pitted, Very acrid. (Berk.) Lactarius (Piper.) hysgirms. Fr. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh white, rigid, rather thin, flattened, umbilicate, margin thin, incurved, even, viscid, reddish flesh-colour or brownish-red, zoneless or slightly zoned, often shining; gills very slightly decurrent, thin, crowded, 1-2 lines broad, white then yellowish-ochre, but not pruinose; stem 2-4 in. long, |— 1 in. thick, glabrous, roughened with small points or somewhat spotted, stuffed then hollow, often inflated and constricted at the apex ; milk acrid, white, unchangeable ; spores verruculose, 10 X 7-8 p.. Lactarius hysginus, Fries, Epicr., p. 337 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 308 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 989. Among grass in woods, &c. Eigidly fragile, fleshy-red, pileus rather slender, somewhat wavy ; milk white, unchangeable, taste acrid. (Fries.) Lactarius (Piper.) trivialis. Fr. Pileus 4-8 in. across, fleshy, rigid and fragile, convex, soon depressed, at length infundibuliform, margin at first 12 FUNGUS-FLOKA. involute then expanded, the pellicle at the margin becoming considerably inflexed ; even, glabrous, viscid, at first dark lurid, then becoming pale, pale yellowish or pinky-tan, not zoned ; flesh equal, rather rigid, white ; gills subdecurrent, crowded, whitish, then pallid ; stem stout 1-6 in. long, up to 1 in. or even more thick, usually inflated and hollow, but shorter and firmer in dry localities, even, glabrous, slimy, not spotted, paler than the pileus ; milk acrid, white, unchange- able ; spores 9-10 p. diameter. Lactarim trivialis, Fries, Epicr., p. 337 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 308; Cke., Illustr., pi. 976. In damp mossy places in pine woods. Lactarius (Piper.) circellatus. Fr. Pileus 2—4 in. across, flesh compact, rather thick, white ; convex and umbilicate at first, then flattened and the centre depressed, usually wavy when old, even, glabrous, very viscid and rufous-brown when moist, variegated with darker zones, becoming pale ; gills adnate with a somewhat decurrent tooth, very thin and crowded, narrow, often forked, whitish then with a yellowish tinge, horizontal (not arcuate); stem 1J-2 in. long, \ in. and more thick, equal or attenuated at the base, and often ascending, even, glabrous, pallid, solid ; milk white, unchangeable, very acrid ; spores subglobose, echinulate, 7-8 //,. Latarius circellatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 338 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 308; Cke., Illustr., pi. 990. In woods. Stem usually short, firm. Pileus brownish or rufescent, becoming pale ; flesh white but rather dark under the sepa- rable pellicle. Gills horizontal, at length somewhat'coloured, but the milk unchangeable. Care is required in distinguish- ing between this and L.flexuosus and L. pyrogalus. (Fries.) Lactarius (Piper.) uvidus. Fr. Pileus 1^-3 in. across, flesh rather thick; convex and sometimes slightly umbonate or gibbous, then depressed, not zoned, viscid, dingy pale ochraceous-tan ; margin naked, in- volute at first ; gills very slightly decurrent, thin, crowded, white, becoming lilac when bruised ; stem 2-3 in. long, 4-8 lines thick, soon hollow, viscid, pallid ; milk mild at first, LACTABIUS. 13 slowly becoming acrid; white, changing to lilac; spores globose, 10 p. diameter. Lactarius uvidus, Fries, Epicr., p. 338 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 991 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 308. In woods. Distinguished at once by the milk changing from white to a distinct lilac colour when exposed to the air. Pileus 2-2^ in. broad, fleshy, depressed, sometimes obso- letely zoned, viscid, pale dirty rufescent or cinereous with a shade of lilac, speckled with small watery spots, which origi- nate beneath the epidermis. Gills paler, adnato-decurrent, the shorter ones very obtuse and truncate behind, connected by veins. Milk white, acrid. Stem 2 in. high, ^ in. thick, spongy, at length hollow, marked with little longitudinal pits, strigose at the base, the whole plant when cut white turning to a beautiful lilac. It is not, however, the milk which changes colour, on exposure to air, but the flesh itself. (Berk.) Soft and fragile, somewhat insipid then slowly becoming- acrid; smell weak. Milk white, usually changing to a lilac colour when exposed, rarely remaining white or changing to a dingy tan-colour. Pileus sometimes obsoletely zoned, indistinctly pellucidly striate when old; gills sometimes becoming yellowish. (Fries.) *** Piperati. Lactarius (Piper.) flexuosus. Fr. Pileus 3-5 in. across, fleshy ; convex then expanded and depressed, somewhat wavy, margin at first, and for a long time incurved, at length patent, erect, at first almost gla- brous and somewhat shining then becoming minutely broken up into squamules, opaque, lead or violet-grey, becoming pale, zoned or zoneless ; flesh hard, white ; gills adnate, somewhat horizontal, 1-1^ line broad, connected by branches, distant, thick, tinged- yellowish, then becoming tinged with flesh-colour; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 in. and more thick above, stout or eqiially attenuated towards the base, not unfre- quently excentric, and often lacunose, pallid grey, base tinged yellow, apex whitish ; solid ; milk very acrid, white, unchangeable ; spores echinulate, 6-8 /x, diameter. 14 FUNGUS-FLORA. Lactarius flexuosus, Fries, Epicr., p. 338 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 309 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 992. Jn woods. Far. roseozonatus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 427. Pileus entirely rose-colour, and marked with darker zones. In woods. This variety has not yet been recorded for Britain. Lactarius (Piper.) pyrogalus. Bull. Pileus 2—3 in. across, flesh thickish, white ; soon expanded and more or less depressed, glabrous, even, slightly zoned, rather moist, livid grey ; gills slightly decurrent, thin, rather distant, ochraceous ; stem about 1^ in. long, up to | in. thick, attenuated at the base, pallid, stuffed then hol- low ; milk white, unchangeable, very hot and acrid ; spores globose, ecbinulate, 7-10 p.. Lactarius pyrogalus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 309 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 993. Agaricus pyrogalus, Bulliard, Champ. France, t. 529, f. 1. In woods, pastures, &c. Pileus sometimes brown. Fries mentions a form resem- bling L. fuliginosus, pileus clay-colour, not zoned, gills yellow. Allied to L. flexuosus, but smaller, more slender, pileus gre}7, at length becoming dingy yellowish; milk abundant, white, very acrid. The stem is sometimes excentric, and in shady places the pileus is pallid and somewhat zoned. (Fries.) Lactarius (Piper.) squalidus. Krombh. Pileus 1-2 in. across, rather fleshy at the disc, margin thin, white, with scattered yellowish spots near the margin ; con- vex then almost plane, umbilicate, dry, glabrous, not at all soned, very pale greyish-olive or lurid ; gills adnate or very slightly decurrent, not 1 line broad, white then pale yellow ; stem about 2 in. long, 2—3 lines thick, equal, glabrous, pale brown, especially downwards, solid, firm; milk whitish, mild, spores echinulate, 6—10 //,. Lactarius squalidus, Krombh., t. 40, f. 23-25 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 309 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 1004A. LACTAEIUS. 15 Among moss, &c. ; in damp woods. About the size of L, pyrogalus, but differs in the narrow- yellow gills and mild milk. Lactarius (Piper.) capsicum. Schulz. Pileus l|-3 in. across, flesh thick, firm, with a yellow tinge, and changing to pale brown when cut ; convex, obtuse or slightly gibbous, dry, even, deep chestnut-colour ; margin strongly incurved ; gills slightly decurrent, about 1 line broad, rather crowded, pale tawny with a golden tinge; stem about 2 in. long, ^ in. thick or more, whitish, striate with tawny or rufous fibrils, solid, firm ; milk white, acrid ; spores globose, 6 p. diameter. Lactarius capsicum, Schulzer in Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 428 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 309 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 977. On the ground under birches, &c. Readily distinguished by the deep chestnut- coloured pilous and the flesh becoming brownish when broken. Lactarius (Piper.) chrysorrheus. Fr. Pileus about 2 in. across, flesh thick at the centre, becom- ing thin towards the margin, firm, white, tinged yellow when broken; umbilicate then depressed or infundibuliform, pale yellowish flesh-colour, ornamented with darker indistinct zones or spots ; gills decurrent, thin, crowded, dingy yel- lowish; stem about 1| in. long, and £ in. thick, equal, even, white, stuffed then hollow; milk very acrid, white then gold en -yellow ; spores 6-7 p. diameter. Lactarius chrysorrheus, Fries, Epior., p. 342 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 984; Cke., Hdbk., p. 310. In woods. Distinguished among the species having yellow milk by the deep golden-yellow colour of the milk, which in all others is pale primrose yellow, and the pale yellow pink or apricot-coloured pileus. Lactarius (Piper.) acris. Fr. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh rather thick, firm, white, irregular, often excentric, or one side emarginate, at first convex then plane, at length obliquely infundibuliform, more moist than viscid, scarcely zoned, but usually spotted, sooty- grey, darker or paler ; gills slightly decurrent, thin, rather 16 FUNGUS-FLORA crowded, somewhat divided behind, pallid at first, then pink- ish-yellow ; stem 1|— 2 in. long, 1 in. and more thick, attenu- ated downwards, often obliquely ascending or curved, pallid, becoming fragile, stuffed then hollow; milk acrid, white, soon becoming reddish; spores subglobose, echinulate, 8-9 X 6-8 /*. 1 Lactarius acris, Fries, Epicr., p. 342 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 310; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1005. In woods. Stinking; acrid, railk white then reddish; spores 6 /* diameter. (Cooke.) Lactarius (Piper.) umbrinus. Pers. Pileus 2-3 in. across, fleshy, firm, not thick, convex then plane, the centre becoming slightly depressed, often wavy and excentric, absolutely dry, flocculoso-rivulose, more or less intense olivaceous-umber, paler and yellowish when old ; flesh firm, white; milk white, acrid, forming grey spots when it has escaped ; gills slightly decurrent, thin, crowded, forked behind, 1 line or a little more in breadth, pallid, dingy yellowish; stem solid, compact, stout, up to 1 in. long, about |- in. thick, attenuated upwards, even, colour of the pileus or paler, apex white ; spores globose, rough, 8 /j, diam. Lactarius umbrinus, Pers., Syn., p. 435 ; Fries, Epicr., p. 339; Cke., Hdbk., p. 310; Cke., Illustr., pi 1006. In pine woods, &c. Compact, but the pileus not thick, often flexuous, some- times becoming pale. Stem scarcely 1 in. long ; gills some- what decurrent, forked behind. (Fries.) Lactarius (Piper.) pergamenus. Fr. White. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh rather thick at the disc, thin elsewhere ; pliant, convex then plane and the centre depressed, often wavy, not zoned, glabrous, minutely wrinkled ; gills adnate, very narrow, horizontal, very much crowded, branched, white at first, soon becoming straw- colour; milk white, unchangeable, acrid; spores broadly elliptical, echinulate, 7 X 5-6 /*; stem 3-4 in. long, |—f in. thick at the apex, usually more or less attenuated downwards, glabrous, becoming discoloured, stuffed. Lactarius pergamenus, Fries, Epicr., p. 340 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 310; Cke., Illustr., pi. 978. LACTARIUS. 17 In woods. Entirely white; milk white, abundant, very acrid Closely allied to L. piperatus, but differing in the longer, stuffed stem attenuated downwards, thinner pileus, and the adnate, very much crowded and very narrow gills that soon become straw-colour. The milk is very abundant in the flesh, scanty in the gills. (Fries.) Lactarius (Piper.) piperatus. Fr. White. Pileus 4-8 in. across, flesh thick, firm ; umbili- cate then infundibuliform and margin erect, glabrous, even, not zoned ; gills decurrent, crowded, not more than 1 line broad, frequently forked; stem about 1^- in. long and nearly as thick, smooth, solid ; milk white, unchangeable, copious, very acrid; spores subglobose, minutely asperate, 8-9 p. diameter. Lactarius piperatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 340 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 310 ; Cke., Jlluatr., pi. 979. In woods. Compact, firm, dry, withont smell, milk white, abundant, very acrid, unchangeable"; stem solid, stout, 1-2 in. long, 1-2 in. thick, equal or obconic, even, very slightly mealy, white. Pileus fleshy, rigid, umbilicate when young, the marginal portion reflexed (margin at first involute), infun- dibuliform quite from the margin when adult, 4-9 in. broad, for the most part regular, even, glabrous, not zoned, white or tinged with yellow when old. Flesh white. Gills de- current, crowded, narrow, scarcely a line broad, margin obtuse, forking, arcuate, then straight, white, not changing to straw-colour, but often spotted with yellow. Not be- coming tinted with flesh-colour, as in L. controversus. (Fries.) Pileus 3-7 in. broad, slightly rugulose, quite smooth, white, a little clouded with yellow or stained with umber where scratched or bruised, convex, more or less depressed, often quite infundibuliform more or less waved, fleshy, thick, firm, but brittle, margin involute at first ; sometimes excentric. Milk white, hot. Gills generally very narrow, 2^5- of an in. broad, but sometimes much broader, cream- coloured, repeatedly dichotomous, very close, "like the teeth VOL. IIL 18 FUNGUS-FLOKA. of an ivory comb," decurrent from the shape of the pileus, when bruised changing to umber. Stem 1-3 in. high, 1J-2 in. thick, often compressed, minutely pruinose, solid but spongy within, the substance breaking up into transverse cavities. (Berk.) Lactarius (Piper.) vellereus. Fr. White. Pileus 4-8 in. across, flesh thick, firm ; convex then expanded and umbilicate, tomentose, not zoned ; gills decurrent, 2 lines broad, distant, arcuate, not forked but connected by branches; stem 2-3 in. long, up to 1| in. thick, downy, solid ; spores very minutely asperate, 8-6 //, ; milk scanty, white unchangeable, acrid. Lactarius vellereus, Fries, Epicr., p. 340 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 311 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 980. In woods. The pileus is sometimes very broadly umbilicate or cup- shaped, at others almost flat. Milk sometimes absent. Very closely resembling Eussula delica but distinguished by the floccose or downy pileus and acrid taste. Large, hard, rigid, milk very acrid, scanty, white. Stem stout, solid, equal, 2—3 in. long, 1— 1| in. thick, with delicate innate down on the surface. Pileus fleshy, compact, convex then flattened, margin for a long time bent down, 5—7 in. broad, innately downy, dry, zoneless, white, with sugges- tions of reddish tan. Gills arcuate, adnato-decurrent, thickish, margin acute, rather distant, 2 lines and more broad, connected by branches (but not dichotomous), pallid, watery white. Closely allied to L. piperatus, differing in certain points, more especially in the broader, arcuate, somewhat distant gills. The milk sometimes becomes pale sulphur-colour when the flesh is broken, but soon changes to white. (Fries.) Pileus 4—7 in. broad more or less infundibuliform, the whole surface minutely but densely tomentose ; white, firm, fleshy ; margin at first involute. Milk white, acrid. Gills white, narrow (but occasionally broad and brittle, like A. exsuccus), distant, forked, connected by veins, at length slightly buff or yellowish, rufescent after being bruised, Stem 1 in. high, 2 in. thick, blunt, rather less downy than the pileus, solid. (Berk.) LACTAKIUS. 19 Lactarius (Piper.) scoticus. B. & Br. Pallid-white. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh about 1 line thick, firm ; soon becoming almost plane, adpressedly tomen- tose, then smooth except the involute margin ; gills very slightly decurrent, thin, about 1 line broad, scarcely branched; stem about I in. long, 3 lines thick, slightly curved, smooth, tinged -flesh-colour, solid; milk white, unchangeable, very acrid; spores subglobose, with an apiculus, minutely echinulate, 7-8 //, ; smell pungent. Lactarius scoticus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1783; Cke., Hdbk., p. 311; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1004B. Among moss. Distinguished from L. involutes, the only other species with which it can be confounded, by the much broader gills, larger spores, and tinted stem. Lactarius (Piper.) involutus. Soppitt. Every part white or with a very slight ochraceous tinge. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh about 1| line thick, equal up to the margin, compact, rigid; convex soon becoming plane or slightly depressed, margin strongly and persistently invo- lute, extreme edge minutely silky, remainder even and glabrous ; gills very slightly decurrent, densely crowded, not | a line broad, sometimes forked ; stem |-1 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, or slightly thickened at the base, glabrous, even, solid, very firm ; milk white, unchangeable, not scanty, very hot; spores obliquely elliptical, smooth, 5 X 3 p.. Lactarius involutus, Soppitt, Cke., Hdbk., p. 380; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1194. On the ground in woods. Very firm and rigid, resembling in habit L. vellereus in miniature. Most nearly allied to L. scoticus, but known at once by the exceedingly narrow, densely crowded gills and the smooth, elliptical spores. II. DAPETES. Lactarius (Dap.) deliciosus. Fr. Every part becoming stained with- dingy green when bruised or old. Every part abounding with a saffron-red 0 2 20 FUNGUS-FLOKA. sweet scented, acrid milk. Pileus 3-5 in. across, flesh thick convex then expanded and depressed, viscid, glabrous, dingy orange-red, zoned, margin incurved ; gills decurrent, narrow, saffron-colour becoming pale ; stem 1-3 in. long, up to 1 in. thick, often narrowed at the base, expanding into the flesh of the pileus, smooth, usually paler than the pileus, stuffed then hollow ; spores echinulate, 9-10 X 7-8 //,. Lactarius deliciosus, Fries, Epicr., p. 341 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 311 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 982. Under firs, &c. Edible. According to Fries the pileus is sometimes grey and not zoned. In Comm. Crypt. ItaL, iii. p. 174, a violet variety is mentioned. Gregarious, sometimes subcaespitose. Pileus 4 in. or more broad, zoned, orange-rufous, dull as if it were the remains of a minute very closely pressed dirty white web, hemispherical when young, in which state the margin is decidedly involute and tomentose, at length expanded, de- pressed, fleshy. The whole plant abounding with orange milk and when bruised or old stained with green. Gills decurrent, from the first of the same colour as the pileus, forked at the base, rather broad and distant. Spores white, round. Stem 3 in. high, curved, stuffed, more or less hollow, scrobiculate, strigose at the base. Odour and taste agreeable, like that of Cantharellus cibarius, but slightly acrid. From the account given by M. Eoques, it should seem that this Agaric, however delicious, is not always to be eaten with impunity. I have always found the milk acrid. (Berk.) III. KUSSULAKIA. * Viscidi. Lactarius (Russ.) pallidus. Fr. Pileus 3-5 in. across, flesh thick, rather soft, pallid; convex then expanded, umbilicate, viscid, glabrous, margin broadly involute, pale ochraceous-tan, not zoned ; gills slightly decurrent, crowded, about l£ line broad, rather paler than the pileus, pruincsc; stenTH-2 in. long, up to LACTARIUS. 21 2 in. thick, equal, smooth, coloured like the pileus or paler, firm, stuffed but soon hollow ; milk white, unchangeable, mild ; spores 9-10 X 7-8 p.. Lactarius pallidus, Fries, Epicr., p. 343; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1007; Cke., Hdbk., p. 312. In woods, especially beech. Large, texture loose, size of L. deliciosus, but pallid tan- colour, taste almost sweet. Stem somewhat equal, stuffed then hollow, 2 in. and more long, about f in. thick, even, glabrous; pileus fleshy, convex, umbilicate, depressed, obtuse, margin broadly and for a long time involute, 3—6 in. across, glabrous, viscid, not zoned and like the stem pallid flesh or clay-colour ; flesh pallid, milk white, unchangeable. Gills somewhat decurrent, arcuate, l|-2 lines broad, rather thin, crowded, somewhat branched, whitish then the colour of the pileus. There is a form with the pileus becoming tinged with fuscous. (Fries.) Lactarius (Russ.) quietus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh soft, rather thick, white at first, but soon becoming reddish, as does also that of the stem ; obtuse, depressed, often more or less waved or irregular, viscid at first then dry and somewhat silk}', dark reddish cinnamon, becoming pale, indistinctly zoned, opaque ; gills slightly decurrent, somewhat forked, white then pale brick- red ; stem about 2-3 in. long and |- in. thick, glabrous, reddish-cinnamon, base darker as a rule, stuffed; milk white, unchangeable, mild ; spores echinulate, 8-10 X 6-7 p.. Lactarius quietus, Fries, Epicr., p. 343 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 312 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 983. In woods, &c. Showy, soft, large, not truly stout and fleshy as in L. pallidus, from which it is very distinct. Stem stuffed, spongy, 2-3 in. long, | in. and more thick, glabrous, be- coming rufescent and at length pretty rubiginous; pileus fleshy, depressed, obtuse, margin deflexed, 3 in. broad, glabrous, at first viscid, cinnamon flesh-colour, disc darker, slightly zoned, soon dry, opaque, becoming pale like the gills in colour; flesh white, becoming tinged rufescent, milk white, sweet, unchangeable. Gills adnato-decurrent, some- 22 FUNGUS-FLOKA. what forked behind, lJ-2 lines broad, white, soon brick-red with a rufous tinge. (Fries.) Margin of pileus delicately downy ; stem bearing strong pressure without breaking, when old less firm. Odour oily, and somewhat like that of bugs. (Berk.) Pileus 2 in. or more broad, opaque, rufescent, often slightly zoned, at first deep liver-coloured, obtuse, at length de- pressed, smooth, the margin incurved and delicately downy. Flesh thick, firm ; milk white, but sometimes of a decided but pale yellow, the plant differing in no other respect. Gills pale rufescent, gradually becoming darker, decurrent, forked at the base, rather numerous, and narrow. Spores white, round. Stem 2 in. long, |-J in. thick, thickest upwards, of the same texture and colour as the pileus ; flesh firm, bearing a strong pressure without breaking, when old less firm but not hollow, mild; odour oily and sometimes like that of bugs. (Berk.) Lactarius (Russ.) aurantiacus. Fr. Pileus 1-2| in. across, convex then plane or depressed, even, glabrous, rather viscid when moist, not zoned, golden orange, not changing colour; flesh pallid; gills distinctly decurrent ; thin, crowded, yellowish then ochraceous ; stem stuffed up to 3 in. long and | in. thick, equal, even, glabrous, coloured like the pileus; milk white, acrid; spores sub- globose, echinulate, about 9 p diameter. Lactarius aurantiacus, Fries, Epicr., p. 343 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1099. In woods among moss, &c. Eemarkable for the very decurrent gills. L. volemus differs from the present species in being much larger and more robust, mealy stem, very slightly decurrent gills and rivulose pileus. L. mitissimus differs in the milk being sweet, and the very slightly adnate gills. L. fheogalus differs in the milk becoming yellow. Lactarius (Russ.) thejogalus. Bull. Pileus 1|-2J in, across, convex when young, then de- pressed, the centre at length infundibuliform, the thin margin more or less bent down, even, glabrous, viscid, LACTAKIUS. 23 shining when dry, not zoned, tawny-rufous ; flesh whitish ; gills adnato-decurrent, about 1 line broad, thin, crowded, pale then rufescent ; stem stuffed then hollow, equal, 1-2 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, even, colour of the pileus ; spores echinulate, subglobose, 7-8 p. diameter; milk white then sulphur-colour, at length -rather acrid. Agaricus ihejogalus, Bulliard, t. 567, fig. 2. Lactarius thejogalus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 313. In pine and other woods. Inodorous. Fries mentions a form growing in pine woods having the pileus dry and zoneless, and the gills deep yellow. Agrees with L. clirysorrheus and L. capsicum in the yellow milk, but differs from both in the tawny-rufous stem. Pileus 1-3 in. broad, buff, sometimes slightly tinged with tawny, at first hemispherical, dimpled, at length depressed more or less zoned; margin wavy, involute and minutely downy when young; flesh firm, crisp. Gills very slightly decurrent, connected by veins, distant, by no means rigid, salmon-coloured, slightly forked, about as broad as the flesh of the pileus. Milk white, rather acrid, with a peculiar taste, changing instantly on exposure to air to a delicate but beautiful yellow, as does the whole plant when cut. Stem l£ in. high, ^-1 in. thick, at first nearly white, obese, paler than the pileus, downy at the base, more or less hollow. (Berk.) Lactarius (Russ.) cremor. Fr. Pileus rather fleshy, 1|-2| in. across, glabrous, viscid, opaque, tawny, not zoned, remarkable for having the surface minutely punctulate, convex then plane, somewhat obtuse, often unequal and excentric ; margin almost membranaceous, at first inflexed, then striate, resembling a Russula ; flesh thin, coloxired like the pileus or paler : gills adnate, rather distant, 3 lines broad, fragile, pruinose, white then flesh- colour; stem about H in. long, 3-4 lines thick, equal, even, obsoletely silky above under a lens, coloured like the pileus, or darker ; milk whitish, almost mild, often watery ; spores globose, echinulate, 9-10 p.. Lactarius cremor, Fries, Epicr., p. 343; Cke., Hdbk., p. 313. In woods, especially beech. 24 FUNGUS-FLORA. Thin, fragile. Far. pauper, Karsten, Syuib., x. 58; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1008. Pileus up to 3 in. across, fleshy, soft, nearly plane, smooth, zoneless, yellowish flesh-colour, ochraceous when dry, margin membranaceous, at length silicate; gills adnate, rather distant, thin, soft, colour of the pileus ; stem about 1 in. long, up to § in. thick, equal, naked, smooth, paler than the pileus; spores globose, echinulate, 10 fj. diameter; flesh juiceless, slowly becoming acrid, white. Under larches, &c. Lactarius (Russ.) vietus. Fr. Pileus Ij—^l in. across, plane and somewhat papillate, then somewhat infundibuliform, margin rather bent down, even, glabrous, at first viscid, opaque, flesh-colour or livid- greyish, rather silky when dry, becoming pale ; flesh whitish ; gills adnato-decurrent, thin, somewhat crowded, rather flaccid, scarcely a line broad, whitish, yellowish with age ; stem attenuated upwards or almost equal, stuffed then hollow, 2-3 lines thick, even, glabrous, dry, coloured like the pileus ; milk white then becoming greyish, slightly acrid ; spores 7-8 //.. Lactarius vietus, Fries, Epicr., p. 344; Cke., Hdbk., p. 313; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1009. In woods. Small, slender, soft, fragile. Pileus sometimes flexuous? always truly slender. (Fries.) Lactarius (Russ.) cyathula. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, convex Ihen plane, umbo- nate, then plane and depressed, umbo often disappearing^ viscid in moist weather, soon dry, always very opaque, even, when growing rufous brick-red or flesh-colour, slightly zoned, becoming pale when dry, then livid or pinkish-buff, hoary-tan, &c., minutely cracked and rivulose; flesh white with a pink tinge; gills decurrent, very much crowded, thin, scarcely 1 line broad, pinky- white, then yellowish; stem about 2 in. long, 1—5 lines thick, equal, round, even, glabrous, becoming pale and at length whitish, stuffed; spores globose, 6-8 p. ; milk white, unchangeable, acrid. LACTARIUS. 25 Lactarius cyathula, Fries, Epicr., p. 344; Cke., Hdbk., p. 313 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1009B, and 1085. On damp ground under birches, &c, Growing in troops, generally very slender and small, but mixed with larger, firmer, and darker specimens. Allied to L. I'ietus, but distinguished by its size and slender build; milk white and unchangeable when the gills are wounded ; smell at first scarcely evident ; but strong and like bugs when half dry. (Fries.) ** Impoliti. Lactarius (Russ.) rufus. Scop. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh rather thin, pallid ; umbonate when young, soon depressed and at length infundibuliform, the umbo persistent at base of the depression, entirely zoneless, dry, floccosely silky at first but soon polished, glabrous, rather polished and shining, rufous-bay, rufous- cinnamon when old; margin incurved and covered with whitish down when young ; gills adnately decurrent, crowded, about 1| line broad, scarcely branched, ochraceous then pale rufous ; stem 2-3 in. long, about J in. thick, equal, rufescent, but paler than the pileus, base with white down, indistinctly pruinose or quite glabrous, stuffed, rather fragile ; milk white, unchangeable, intensely acrid ; spores echinulate, 9 x 7 /*. Lactarius rufus, Scopoli, Cam., ii. 451 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 314 ; Cke., Illustr,, pi. 985. In dry pine woods. Differs from every other species included in the section Eussulares in the margin being clothed with whitish down and incurved when young. The pileus although minutely flocculose at first, is soon glabrous and shining. A small form of the present species often very much resembles L. sub- dulcis, from which it is distinguished by the very acrid taste. Lactarius (Russ.) helvus. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. across, fleshy, fragile, convex then expanded, somewhat umbonate, the entire surface broken up into granule-like floccose squamules, brick-red with a yellow tinge, becoming pale ; gills decurrent, crowded, often forking, 1-1 J line broad, fragile, whitish at first then tinged 26 FUNGUS-FLORA. flesh-colour, at length yellowish ; stem 2-3 in. long, \ in. thick or more, equal, brick-red then pallid, everywhere slightly pruinose, base downy, stuffed then hollow, firm; spores subglobose, echinulate, 8-9 //.; milk white, scanty, usually sweet. Lactarius Mvus, Fries, Epicr., p. 347 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 314; Cke., Illustr., p. 994. Damp mossy places in woods. Frequently in swamps, the milk is then watery and not coloured (like water), but in the typical form the milk is white and scanty; smell weak, rather sweet, taste usually sweet. (Fries.) L. tomentosus differs in the naked stem. Lactarius (Russ.) tomentosus. Otto. Pileus 3 in. and more across, flesh thick, white then tinged brown ; umbonate at first then depressed or infundibuliform, downy, dingy flesh-colour, rufescent, or brownish; gills slightly decurrent, yellowish with a tinge of red, 1 \-1 lines broad ; stem 2 in. long, -1 in. and more thick, erect, stuffed, then hollow, pallid, naked, smooth ; milk whitish, mild ; spores 8-9 p.. diameter. Lactarius tomentosus, Otto, in Krombh., Schwamme, vi. p. 7 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1010; Cke., Hdbk., p. 314. On the ground in swamps, &c. Pileus woolly, milk white, slightly acrid. (Cooke.) Lactarius (Russ.) mammosus. Fr. Pileus 2—3 in. across, flesh rather thick, acutely umbonate, becoming depressed, dry, pale greenish-grey, not zoned, covered with interwoven grey down ; gills adnate, crowded, narrow, white, then tinged with brown ; stem 2-3 in. long, -J in. and more thick, downy, pallid, often with a tinge of pink, stuffed then hollow ; milk persistently white, slowly becoming acrid ; spores 8-9 /*. Lactarius mammosus, Fries, Epicr., p. 347; Cke., Hdbk., p. 314 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 995. In woods. Firm, inodorous. Stem pallid white, short, stout. Pileus convex at first, acutely umbonate, umbo at length disappear- ing, depressed, covered everywhere with depressed down, about 2 in. across, greyish-fuscous, margin at first incurved LACTARIUS. 27 and covered with white down. Gills decurrent, narrow (1-2 lines) whitish, then pale ferruginous. (Fries.) Lactarius (Russ.) glyciosmus. Fr. Strong scented. Pileus l^-^ in. across, flesh up to 1 lino thick ; convex then plane, umbonate, dry, lurid, greyish, or brownish, opaque, squamulose; gills somewhat decurrent, crowded, about 1 line broad, yellowish then pale ochraceous ; stem about 1 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, downy, pallid, stuffed ; milk white, unchangeable, mild at first, becoming slightly acrid; spores subglobose, size variable, 6-10 /*. Lactarius glyciosmus, Fries, Epicr., p. 348 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 315. In woods, especially pine. Far. flexuosus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 434 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1011. Pileus even, silky at first, umbilicate or depressed, flexuous, more or less zoned; stem imperfectly hollow, often elon- gated ; rest as in typical form. Smell pungent, like spirit-of-wine ; rigid, fragile, small ; stem almost equal, 1-2 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, even, pubescent, yellowish, becoming tawny when bruised, some- times almost silvery-white, especially at the apex. Pileus convex then almost plane, papillate, then depressed and the papilla disappearing, 1-2 in. broad, slightly innately squa- mulose or unpolished, opaque, greyish brick-red, brownish, often with a faint violet tinge, not zoned ; flesh white ; gills arcuate or almost plane, adnato-decurrent, 2"~^i" ^ne broad, thin, often connected by branches, straw-colour then ochra- ceous; milk white, sometimes unchangeable, sometimes with a slight yellowish green tinge, but not discolouring the gills. The stem is sometimes elongated, pileus at first silky, even, also umbilicate, wavy, zoned. A very distinct species, approaching L. vietus in habit, but quite distinct in the absolutely dry pileus, very crowded, ochrey straw-coloured gills not becoming spotted when bruised, smell, &c. (Fries.) Lactarius (Russ.) fuliginosus. Fr. Pileus 2-4 in. across, flesh thick in the centre and gradu- 28 FUNGUS-FLOKA. ally becoming thinner towards the margin, rather compact, then soft, flattened, rather wavy, often irregular, margin inflexed at first, then spreading and wavy, at first even, whitish-tan, zoneless, powdered with innate, sooty down, rather velvety to the touch, hardish, somewhat shiny when moist, at length naked, with a pellicle, here and there slightly rugulose, livid-yellowish or fawn-colour with a brick-red tinge, disc sometimes changing to brownish ; gills at first rounded behind and adnexed, soon decurrent, 1-3 lines broad, rather thin, somewhat distant, white then yellowish-ochre, branched and connected by veins ; stem about 3 in. long 3—5 lines thick, about equal, stuffed, even or at length very slightly rugulose, glabrous, white, then dingy, tan-colour, almost brick-red, or sooty ; spores pale ochraceous, subglobose, minutely echinulate, 8-9 p. diameter ; milk white, changing to saffron, mild at first, eoon slightly acrid. Lactarius fuliginosus, Fries, Epicr., p. 348; Cke., Hdbk^ p. 315 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 996. In woods. Eather firm, somewhat elastic ; the broken flesh with the milk ranges from white, through rose-colour, to saffron; taste mild at first, soon becoming acrid, but after a time, and in adult specimens, sweet and pleasant. Milk some- times persistently white, and at others thin and watery. (Fries.) Lactarius (Russ.) picinus. Fr. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh rather thin, firm, pallid, convex then flattened, umbonate, orbicular, zoneless, dry, even, everywhere downy or somewhat velvety at first, down innate, not depressed or silky, then the disc becomes glabrous and the surface quite unbroken (not rivulosely flocculose nor squamulose), umber or blackish-umber; gills adnate, very much crowded, very thin, straight, plane, ochraceous ; stem 2-3 in. long, up to ^ in. thick, equal, even, glabrous, paler than the pileus ; spores subglobose, pale ochraceous, minutely echinulate, 9-10 /* diam. ; milk acrid, white, unchangeable. Lactarius picinus, Fries, Epicr., p. 348 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 997. In dried up turfy swamps under pines, &c. LACTARIUS. 29 Rigid, regular in form, milk acrid, white, unchangeable. (Fries.) Readily distinguished amongst the species with a dark, minutely velvety pileus, by the acrid, persistently white milk. Lactarius (Russ.) ligniotus. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thinner than the breadth of the gills, and like that of the stem, changing slowly when broken from white through ochraceous to saffron or rust- colour ; convex then expanded, and subdepressed margin at first incurved then arched and drooping, umbonate, marked with radial folds or wrinkles, pruinosely velvety then almost glabrous, zoneless, remarkably dry, very opaque, sooty- umber ; gills at first rounded behind and adnexed, then somewhat decurrent, 1 line and more broad, thin, rather crowded, almost snow-white when young, then whitish ochre, reddish when wounded ; stem 3-5 in. long, somewhat ventricose up to f in. thick at the centre, ^ at the apex, stuffed, corticated, apex constructed and plicate, pruinosely velvety, coloured like the pileus, but the base whitish ; spores pale ochraceous, subglobose, minutely echinulate, 9-10 ju, diameter; milk scanty, sweet, pleasant, changing, like the flesh, through reddish, to saffron. Lactariua ligniotus, Fries, Monogr., ii. p. 177. Among moss in damp places under fir trees, &c. Smell almost none. Allied to L. fuliginoeus, but distin- guished by the stem being distinctly pruinosely velvety, whereas in the last-named species it is glabrous, and also by the persistently velvety, smoky-umber, radially wrinkled pileus. Lactarius (Russ.) retisporus. Mass. Pileus 2-3| in. across, convex then plane and with the disc depressed, dark smoky-brown, minutely velvety, radi- ally rugulose from disc to margin; flesh nearly \ in. thick at the centre, only slightly thinner towards the margin ; gills subdistant, \ in. broad, deeply sinuate and slightly adnexed, intermediate ones numerous, pale ochraceous with darker spots; stem l|-2 in. long, fin. thick, equal, solid, 30 FUNGUS-FLOKA. even, glabrous, rather paler than the pileus, flesh like that of pileus dingy yellow, becoming reddish brown when cut ; spores colourless, globose, with raised bands forming a network, 10 //, diameter; milk white then brown, sweet, becoming very thick and tenacious. On the ground under beech-trees. Fairmead, Epping Forest, Oct. 1888. The present species is allied to, and superficially resembles Ladarius picinus, L. fuliginosus, and L. ligniotus. All are about the same size and have the pileus of a smoky-brown colour. The following analysis indicates their most pro- nounced distinctive features. A. Pileus velvety. L. retisporus. Pileus radially rugulose ; gills rather distant; milk sweet, white then brownish; spores with a network of raised lines. L. ligniotus. Pileus radially rugulose ; milk sweet, white then saffron-colour ; spores minutely echinulate. L. picinus. Pileus even ; gills much crowded ; milk acrid, persistently white ; spores minutely warted. B. Pileus not velvety. L. fuliginosus. Lactarius (Russ.) lilacinus. Lasch. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh rather thick, convex then de- pressed, sometimes with a central small papillose umbo, rosy-lilac, not zoned, granulose, floccose when dry; gills adnate or slightly decurrent, rather distant, about 1 line broad, pallid with a tinge of pink; milk acrid, white, unchangeable, spores subglobose with an apiculus, echinu- late, 7 ft diam. ; stem about 1 in. long, 2 lines thick, pallid, sprinkled with a white bloom, stuffed then hollow. Lactarius lilacinus, Lasch, Linnaea, iii. n. 78 ; Cke.,Hdbk., p. 315; Cke., Illustr., pi. 998A. In damp woods. ,_ Fragile ; milk copious. LACTAKIUS. 31 Lactarius (Russ.) spinulosus. Quel. Pileus about 1| in. across, flesh rather thin, depressed, umbo acute; clad, especially towards the margin with minute erect spines, often zoned and spotted, flesh-colour, brick-red, or rosy -lilac ; gills decurrent, narrow, thin, yellow flesh-colour, at length yellowish; stem 1-1 1 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, flexuous, rugose, granulated, fragile, shining, coloured like the pileus, then paler, hollow; milk white, Lactarius spinulosus, Quelet, Champ. Norm., t. 8, f. 10 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 316. On the ground. Far. violaceus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 316; Cke., Illustr., pi. Pileus rosy- violet, margin incurved; stem pale, almost smooth, stuffed. On the ground. The typical form has not occurred in this country. *** GlabratL Lactarius (Russ.) volemus. Fr. Pileus 3-5 in. across, flesh thick, white, often tinged with brown under the cuticle, rigid ; plane or more or less de- pressed, obtuse, dry, golden-tawny, at length becoming minutely broken up with cracks ; gills decurrent, crowded, 2-3 lines broad, white then yellowish ; stem 2-3 in. long, up to 1 in. thick at the apex, even, coloured like the pileus and slightly pruinose, solid ; milk copious, white, unchangeable, mild ; spores 5-6 p, diameter. Lactarius volemus, Fries, Epicr., p. 344 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 316 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 999. In woods. Allied to L. quietus, but distinguished by the brighter colour of pileus and stem, and white flesh. Stem stout, hard, solid, nearly equal or attenuated upward, 2—2| in. long, f-1} in. thick, even, pruinose. Pileus com- pact, rigid, obtuse, plano-convex, margin at first incurved, at length depressed, 3 in. and more broad, even, becoming rimosely rivulose, dry, and like the stem, rufous-tawny 32 FUNGUS-FLOEA. with a golden sheen, zoneless, becoming pale. Gills adnato- decurrent, 1-2 lines broad, thin, crowded, yellowish-white. Large and very robust, and in this respect approaching Bussula. Very delicious, also pleasant when raw, celebrated as an edible fungus from ancient times. (Fries.) Pileus 4 in. broad, flesh thickish, moderately firm, obtuse, minutely umbonate, though the umbo at length vanishes, subdepressed, sometimes very faintly zoned, with a few minute wrinkles towards the margin, dry at length cracked, of a rich orange brown darker in the centre, the whole rather dull than shining, margin not the least involute, though when young the edge of the pileus is regularly incurved. Milk white, abundant, not acrid, quite mild. Gills pale ochraceous, becoming fuscous on being touched, not very close, scarcely decurrent, even in depressed specimens, some- times slightly forked. Spores white, round. Stem 2J-3J in. high, above 1 in. thick, obese, minutely attenuated downwards, sculptured longitudinally, paler than the centre of the pileus ; it bears a strong compression without giving way, but it is spongy in the centre, outer flesh reddish. (Berk.) Lacterius (Russ.) ichoratus. Batsch. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh thin ; rigid then soft, obtuse, plane or depressed, often unequal, excentric, sometimes wavy, even (not pruinose), very dry, opaque, tawny-brick- red, disc often brown, zoned with brick-red. Flesh pallid ; gills adnate, with a decurrent tooth, scarcely crowded, white then ochraceous, never spotted; stem l|-3 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, even, glabrous, at first tawny then rufescent, solid, equal or fusiform; spores 8-10 X 6-7 p.; milk white, sweet, unchangeable. Lactarius ichoratus, Batsch, fig. 60 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 316 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1000. In woods. Allied to L. volemus, but more slender; very close to L. tithymalinus (not British), very compact when young, then softer, with an evident smell. (Fries.) Lactarius (Russ.) serifluus. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, rather fleshy, plane then depressed, often waved, dry, glabrous, tawny-brown, margin incurved ; LACTAKIUS. ! 33 gills si ightlydecurrent, crowded, yellowish, 1-li line broad; •stem 1-1 §• in. long, 2-3 lines thick, rather curved near thu base, coloured like the pileus or paler, solid ; milk scanty, rather insipid, the colour of serum or whey; spores subglo- bose, eclunulate, 7-8 p.. Lactarius serifluus, Fries, Epicr., p. 345 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 317 ; Cke., Illustr., 1012. In damp places on the ground. Allied to L. subdulcis, but is altogether smaller and more slender, stem solid, and smaller spores. Fries states that the'milk is dilute and watery when growing in damp places. Lactarius (Russ.) mitissimus. Fr. Pileus 1-3 in. across, flesh thin, rather rigid ; convex and papillate then depressed, and the papilla usually disappear- ing, glabrous, rather glutinous when moist, not zoned, bright tawny-orange, shining ; flesh pallid ; gills slightly decui*rent, slightly arcuate then straight, 1-1 J line broad, thin, crowded, a little paler than the pileus, often stained with small brownish spots; stem 1-3 in. long, ^— | in. thick, even, glabrous, coloured like the pileus, stuffed then hollow; spores 6-8 X 5-6 fj. ; milk white, unchangeable, mild. .. ^Lactarius mitissimus, Fries, Epicr., p. 345; Cke., Hdbk., p. 317 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1001. In woods, &c. Slender; closely allied to L. subdulcis, distinguished by the copious white milk, sweet, then slightly acrid, and espe- cially by the bright, shining, golden-tawny colour of the pileus and stem. (Fries.) L. aurantiacus differs in having acrid milk. Lactarius (Russ.) subdulcis. Fr. Pileus \-t\ in- across, flesh thin, papillate, at length de- pressed, even, glabrous, zoneless, rufous-cinnamon or bay when dry; gills adnate, paler than the pileus, crowded, about 1J-2 lines broad; stem more or less rufous, l£-2 in. long, stuffed then hollow, minutely pruinose ; milk white, not changing colour, at first sweet, then with a trace of acridity ; Bpores globose, rough, 10 p. diameter. Lactarius subdulcis, Fries, Epicr., p. 345; Cke., Hdbk p. 317; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1002. VOL. III. D 34 FUNGUS-FLOE A. In woods. Pileus bay, rufous, cinnamon, &c., not becoming pale. Gills sometimes dark rusty-rufous, sometimes pale. Flesh with a rufous tinge, compact, thin. (Fries.) Variable. All the forms agree in being slender, stem equal, even, glabrous; pileus even, glabrous, dry, zoneless, rufescent ; gills rather rigid, crowded, somewhat rufescent; taste almost mild : milk white, unchangeable. Typical form. In woods. Stem stuffed then hollow, 1—2 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, somewhat pruinose and papillose; pilens papillose, convex then depressed, 2-3 in. across, even, glabrous, polished, rufous-cinnamon ; gills fragile, pallid, somewhat rufous. Taste sweet, then a little acrid and bitter. Var. concavus, Fries, Monogr., ii. p. 181. Colours exactly those of Lactarius rufus, rufous-bay, gills sometimes a little darker ; stem short, 1-1 1 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, stuffed, spongy, glabrous; pileus thin, flesh scarcely as thick as breadth of gills, 1-2 in. across, papillate, concave-depressed, marginal limb narrow, thin, inflexed, even, glabrous, opaque; gills decurrent, slightly ventricose and arcuate, 1 line and more broad, thin, crowded, at first pale brick-red, then the colour of the pileus, dark, very pruinose. Taste mild. Swamps and damp places in fields, &c. Var. sphagneti, Fries, Monogr., ii. p. 181. Eemarkable. Pretty. Stem hollow, very glabrous. Pileus obtuse, depressed, very glabrous, shining as if varnished, red- bay, margin inflexed, elegantly crenate. Gills pallid. (Fries.) Lactarius (Russ.) camphoratus. Fr. Pileus 1—2 in. across, flesh thin, tinged brown, as is also that of the stem ; more or less depressed, sometimes with a slight umbo, dry, glabrous, brown with a brick -red tinge, indistinctly zoned; gills adnate or with a suggestion of being decurrent; about 1| line broad, crowded, pale brick- red with a yellow tinge ; stem about 1 in. long and 2 lines thick, slightly curved, coloured like the pileus, stuffed ; milk persistently white, mild; spores subglobose, 8-9 /*; smell strong and fragrant, especially when dry. LACTAKIUS. 35 Lactarius camphoratus, Fries, Epicr., p. 34G; Cke., Hdbk., p. 317 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1013A. In woods. Clearly distinguished from allied species by the strong fragrant smell resembling melilot, which develops during drying, and persists for a long time in the dried specimen. Far. terrei, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1673; Cke., Hdbk., p. 317. Pileus about £ in. across, baj'-brown, corrugated, de- pressed; stem hollow, thickened at the base, of the same colour as the pileus, clad with orange down ; gills decurrent, pallid. 4 On the ground. Caespitose, smell sweet. Lactarius (Buss.) cimicarius. Batsch. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh rather thick, tinged with brown, as is also that of the stem ; plane then depressed or infundibuliform, margin usually waved and lobed, smooth, even, dark bay-brown ; gills slightly decurrent, 1| line broad, dingy ochraceous with a red tinge ; stem about 1 in. long, 2 lines thick, smooth, paler than the pileus, more or less hollow ; milk persistently white, acrid ; spores 7-8 p. ; smell strong and unpleasant. Lactarius cimicarius, Batsch, fig. 69; Cke., Hdbk., p. 318; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1013. In woods. The smell is strong, heavy, and oily, and is said to re- semble bugs. When dried the smell soon disappears. Dis- tinguished from L. camphoratus by the acrid milk and the strong unpleasant smell when fresh. The last character also separates the present species from L. subdulcis. Lactarius (Russ.) subumbonatus. Lindgr. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh rather thick at the disc, very thin elsewhere, grey then yellowish ; convex, with a small umbo, becoming depressed, often undulate and wavy, rugose, pitted, dark cinnamon-colour ; gills adnate, not 1 line broad, rufous flesh-colour ; stem up to 1 in. long, 1£ line thick, base thinner, smooth, even, coloured like the pileus, stuffed; spore subglobose, 5-6 //,; milk persistently white, mild. D 2 -36 I'UNGTJS-FLORA. Lactarius subumbonatus, Lindgr., Bot. Not., 1845; Cke., Bdbk., p. 318; Cke., lUustr., pi. 986A. On the ground. Stem usually thinner at the "base, curved, sometimes •excentric. (Fries.) Odourless when fresh, but with a strong unpleasant smell when dry. L. camphoratus differs in having a pleasant smell like inelilot when dry, also scentless when fresh. L. cimi- carius differs in the absence of an umbo, in having an un- pleasant smell resembling bugs when fresh, but without smell when dried. Lactarius (Russ.) obnubilus. Lasch. Pileus about 1 in. across, rather fleshy ; convex and usually papillate at first then rather broadly umbilicate, glabrous, slightly striate, zoneless, sooty-brown ; margin slightly arched; gills narrowed behind, adnexed, rather crowded, becoming yellowish at maturity; stem 1-1 1 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, slightly thickened at the base, smooth, even, stuffed then hollow, paler than the pileus; spore globose, •echinulate, 8 /*. ; milk persistently white, slightly acrid. Lactarius obnubilus, Lasch, Linn., n. 71 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 318; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1014A. In woods. Differs from L. fuliginosus in the milk remaining persist- ently white ; from L. picinus in the pileus not being velvety ; and from L. retisporus in the spores not being reticulated. The present is also much smaller than either of the above. Far. crenatus, Massee. Pileus 1-2 in. across, convex then depressed, sooty-brown, •coarsely and regularly sulcate, which causes the margin to be crenate ; flesh thin ; gills rather close, yellowish, broadly adnate with a tendency to become decurrent; stem about 1 in. long, £ in. thick, equal, solid at first, becoming im- perfectly hollow, smooth, even, paler than the pileus, usually incurved at the base; spores globose, minutely warted, 7-8 fj. diarn., cystidia absent ; milk persistently white, very slightly acrid. On the ground in fir woods. Possessing many points in common with L. obnubilus, but -very distinct at least as a variety in the coarsely sulcate RUSSULA. 37 margin, besides being altogether a larger and more robust, form. Lactarius (Russ.) minimus. W. G. Sm. Pileus about ^ in. across, fleshy at the disc ; convex and somewhat umbonate, excentric, smooth, even, margin in- curved, pallid tan or pallid ; gills slightly decurrent, distant, arcuate, pallid; stem up to | in. long, 1 line thick, coloured like the pileus, solid ; spores globose, echinulate, 3-4 p. ; milk copious, white, mild. Lactarim minimus, W. G. Smith, Journ. Bot. 1873, p, 205 -r Cke., Illustr., pi. 986e.; Cke., Hdbk., p. 318. In pastures and woods. Distinguished by its small size. IV. PLEUROPUS. Lactarius (Pleur.) obliquus. Fr. Pileus about 2 in. across, flesh rather thick at the disc, margin thin; plane then depressed, oblique, lobed, silky, white- then yellowish, more or less zoned with grey, even ; gills very slightly decurrent, crowded, about H line broad, white ; stem about 1 in. long, rather excentric, curved, 2 lines thick, even, coloured like the pileus; spores globose, echinulate, 6 fj. ; milk white. Lactarius obliquus, Fries, Epicr., p. 348; Cke., Hdbk., p. 319; Cke., Illustr., pi. lOUu. On trunks, banks, &c. Caespitose, slender, fragile, smell strong, pileus deformed. (Fries.) In Cooke's figure the gills are dingy yellow, and the pileus without zones. RUSSULA. Fries, (figs. 1, 2, 3, p. 3.) Pileus regular, rigid, usually becoming more or less de- pressed ; gills rigid, fragile owing to the trama being com- posed of large spherical cells, edge thin and acute; stem central, stout, rigid ; veil entirely absent ; spores subglobosor minutely verruculose or echinulate, white or yellow. 38 FUNGUS-FLORA. Bussula, Fries, Epicr., p. 349; Cke., Hdhk., p. 319. A very distinct genus, closely allied to Lactarius, but dis- tinguished by the absence of milk. As in Lactarius, the flesh and gills of species included in the present genus are replete with anastomosing laticiferous cells, the free ends of which often project as cystidia between the other elements of the hymenium ; the dense, granular latex does not flow from the cells when broken, hence the absence of milk. The flesh (due to the latex) is very acrid or hot in some species, mild in others, and as this character is constant when developed under normal conditions, has been utilised in the following grouping of species. In a few species the taste is mild at first, but becomes slightly acrid after re- maining in the mouth for a short time; in others the acridity is realised at once ! The species included in the present genus are by many considered as passing all understanding, but I consider the white species of Clitocybe much more difficult in that respect. The sections proposed by Fries overlap to such an extent as to render them almost useless ; hence I have ventured on a new distribution of species. It may be urged against this scheme that allied species are widely separated ; possibly so, but I consider the primary use of a purely systematic work is to enable the student to identify species correctly ; and as affinities cannot possibly be indicated in serial order on a plane surface, the loss is not great. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. Sect. I. TASTE MILD. (Or in some species mild at first, and becoming slowly acrid when kept in the mouth for some time.) * Gills ochraceous. E* Gills pale or bright yellow; without an ochraceous tinge. ** Gills white or creamy-white ; never yellow nor ochra- ceous, but sometimes becoming blackish with age. EU3SULA. 39 f Pileus white or cream-colour at first ; becoming blackish, or brownish-black with age. tf Pileus clear yellow. tff Pileus green or olive. tfff Pileus red of various shades, purple, brownish- orange ; sometimes with more or less green intermixed. Sect. II. TASTE ACRID. Always so from the first. * Gills yellow or oshraceous. f Pileus yellowish or ochraceous. ff Pileus red or purplish. ** Gills white or creamy- white ; never with 'a distinct yellow or ochraceous tinge. f Pileus ochraceous or umber, ff Pileus red or purplish. Sect. I. TASTE MILD. * Gills ochraceous. Russula alutacea. Fr. Mild. Piieus 2-4 in. across, flesh rather thin, snow-white ; eampanulate then convex, at length expanded and somewhat umbilicate, even, with a distinct viscid pellicle, usually deep blood-red, sometimes blackish-purple, but becoming pale, especially at the disc ; gills at first free, thick, very broad, connected by veins, all equal, rather distant, at first pale yellow, then deep ochraceous, not pulverulent ; stem solid, stout, equal, 2 in. long, even, white, often variegated with red ; sometimes purple ; spores, 7-9 /x, ; taste mild. Bussula alutacea, Fries, Epicr., p. 362; Cke., Hdbk., p. 336 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1096 and 1097. In woods, especially beech. 40 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Large, usually showy, taste mild and pleasant ; at length truly soft and very fragile. Known from E. integra by the gills not being powdery with the spores. (Fries.) Gills very broad, up to f in., deep ochraceous tan when fully developed ; never powdery with the spores, a cha- racter which at once separates the present species from JR. integra, the only one with which it can be confounded. Pileus very variable in colour ; deep blood-red, clear rose- colour, dark-purple, greenish, olive, &c. Pileus 3 in. broad, fleshy, smooth, viscid when moist, depressed, margin at first even, more or less furrowed and* tubercled when old; pink, livid, olive, &c. Gills broad, equal, sometimes slightly forked, ventricose, free, connected by veins. Spores yellow. Stem IT, in. long, 1 in. thick, blunt, surface longitudinally wrinkled or grooved, solid,, spongy within, smooth, white, sometimes yellow. Taste mild, pleasant, acrid when old. (Berk.) Eussula integra. Fr. Mild. Pileus 4-5 in. acroj-s, flesh rather thin, white ; convex then expanded and depressed; cuticle separable, viscid ; margin thin, at length coarsely striate and tubercu- lose ; colour variable, of .various shades of red or green ; gills almost free, very broad, up to f in., equal, rather distant ; white then pale yellow, powdery with the ochraceous spores; stem about 2 in. long, up to 1 in. thick, nearly even, often more or less swollen in the middle, or ventricose, white, stuffed; spores pale ochraceous, echinulate, 9-10 ,/><. diameter ; cystidia absent. Eussula integra, Fries, Epicr., p. 360; Cke., Hdbk., p. 334; Cke., lllustr., pi. 1034 and 1093. In woods. Agreeing in many points with E. alutacea, but distin- guished by the much paler yellow gills being powdered with the spores at maturity. Taste^mild, but often astringent. The most variable of all species especially in the colour of the pileus, which is- typically red, but also verging on bluish, bay, olive, &c. 1 he essential points are as follows. Stem spongily-stuffed, usually stout, at first short, conical, then clavate or ventri- cose, about 3 in. long, clear white. Pileus fleshy, campanu- KUSSULA. 41 lately convex then expanded and depressed, fragile when adult, with a viscid pellicle, losing its colour, margin at length sulcate and somewhat tuberculose; flesh white,, sometimes yellowish upwards. Gills almost free, very broad, equal or bifid near the base, rather distant, con- nected by veins, pallid white then yellow; pulverulent with, the somewhat ochraceous spores, a character by which the present species is readily known. Gills sometimes quite-, sterile, and hence remaining persistently white. (Fries.) Var. alba, Cke., Hdbk., p. 335 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1094.. Whole fungus except the gills of a creamy white. In woods. Russula nauseosa. Fr. Smell strong, unpleasant. Taste mild. Pileus about 1J in. across, flesh thin, expanded and slightly gibbous, then depressed or infundibuliform, viscid, colour variable, usually- dingy purple or lilac, disc darker, sometimes tinged dingy yellow; margin very thin, coarsely striate; gills slightly adnexed, ventricose, rather distant, yellow then dingy ochra- ceous; stem 1-1^ in. long, 3-5 lines thick, slightly wrinkled longitudinally, white, stuffed; spores 8-9 /x diameter. Russula nauseosa, Fries, Epicr., p. 363 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 338 ;. Cke., Illustr., pi. 1147; 10G3B, In woods. Agrees with R. nitida in the strong smell, but distin- guished by the rather distant, dingy ochraceous gills and •spores. In woods, especially pine. Taste mild but the smell nauseous. Stem spongy, stuffed, short, about 1 in. long,. 4 lines thick, slightly striate, white. Pileus thin, at first plane-gibbous, then depressed, viscid in moist weather^ margin sulcate and tuberculose. Colour variable, disc typi- cally purplish, then livid, but becoming pale and often whitish. Flesh soft, white. Gills adnexed, ventricose,. rather distant, with shorter intermediate ones, yellow, then dingy ochraceous. (Fries.) Var. flavida, Cke., Illustr., pi. 1102A. Pileus pale clear primrose-yellow, stem hollow; strong- scented. On the ground. 42 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Var. pulchralis, Cke., Hdbk., p. 336; Cke., niustr., P 'Bussula pulcJiralis, BritzeL, Sudb., f. 13. Pileus viscid, ochraceous, disc spotted with red or purple, the thin margin coarsely striate or tuberculated. On the ground. Russula vitellina. Fr. Strong-scented. Mild. Pileus f-lj in. across, the small disc slightly fleshy, remainder very thin ; convex, soon plane, margin tuberculosely striate, rather dry, yellow, becoming pale; gills slightly adnexed, soon separating from the stem and becoming free, distant, rather thick, connected by veins, saffron-colour ; stem about 1 in. long, and 2 lines thick, equal, white ; spores 7-8 p diameter. Bussula vitellina, Fries, Epicr., p. 263 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 338. In woods. Differs from E. lutea in the strong smell and the striate and tuberculose margin of the pileus. Var. major, Cke., Illastr., pi. 1102e. Pileus 2-3 in. across; gills 3 lines broad; stem 1£ in. long, 3-4 lines thick, becoming hollow. In woods. Agreeing with the typical form except in size. Russula ochracea. Fr. Mild. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh rather thick at the centre becoming thin towards the margin, pale ochraceous, soft ; convex then expanded and depressed, margin coarsely striate, pellicle thin, viscid, ochraceous with a tinge of yellow, disc usually becoming darker ; gills slightly adnexed, broad, scarcely crowded, ochraceous; stem about 1| in. long, 5-7 lines thick, slightly wrinkled longitudinally, ochraceous, stuffed, soft ; spores globose, echinulate, ochraceous, 10-12 //, diameter. Bussula ochracea, Fries, Epicr., p. 362 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 338 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1050. In pine and mixed woods. The mild taste, and ochraceous colour of every part, in- cluding the flesh, separate the present from every other species. KUSSULA. 43 Commonly confounded with Bussula fellea, but known at once by its mild taste. Agreeing most nearly with JR. lutea in colour, but differing in the softer flesh, which becomes ochraceous upwards ; sulcate margin of the pileus, and broader, less crowded gills. Pileus persistently ochraceous, disc usually darker. Stem sometimes yellow, sometimes white. (Fries.) Russula lutea. Fr. (figs. 2, 3, p. 3.) Mild. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, white ; soon convexo-plane or piano-depressed, viscid when moist, margin even, or indistinctly striate when old, always a pretty primrose-yellow when young, becoming pale or almost white with age ; gills almost free, connected by veins, crowded, narrow, equal, bright ochraceous-yellow ; stein about 1J in. long, 3-4 lines thick, equal, even, white, never tinged with red ; spores echinulate, pale yellow, 8-10 X 7-8 p. Eussula lutea, Fries, Epicr., p. 363; Cke., Hdbk., p. 338; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1082. In woods. The form with broader, less crowded gills, mentioned by Fries, has been found in Epping Forest. Allied to It. vitellina, but known by the even margin of the jdleus and the absence of smell. Russula elegans. Bresad. Mild at first, becoming acrid with age. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh rather thick ; convex then depressed ; margin tuberculose and striate when old, viscid, bright rosy flesh- colour, soon ochraceous at the circumference, everywhere densely granulated ; gills adnexed or slightly rounded, narrow behind, very much crowded, equal, rarely forked, whitish, becoming either entirely or here and there ochra- ceous orange; stem l|-2 in. long, 5-7 lines thick, a little thickened at the base, rather rugulose, white, base ochra- ceous ; flesh white, turning ochraceous and acrid when old ; spores 8-10 /x diameter. Eussula elegans, Bresadola, Fungi Trident., t. 25 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 330; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1027. In damp woods. Allied to R. vesca. Known by the bright rose-coloured, 44 FUNGUS-FLORA. densely granular pileus and tuberculose margin. When old the pileus is almost entirely ochraceous. Russula armeniaca. Cooke. Mild. Very fragile. Pileus 1-lJ in. across, flesh thin, convex then depressed, smooth, even, peach- colour, margin paler, even; gills adnexed, rounded behind, H-2 lines broadr somewhat distant, bright ochre or almost egg-yellow; stem about 2 in. long, 3 lines thick at the base, slightly attenuated upwards, smooth, white, hollow; spores echinulate, broadly elliptical, pale ochraceous, 10 X 8 /x. Russula armeniaca, Cke., Hdbk., p. 336; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1064. Among grass under trees. Readily distinguished among the small species with ochra- ceous gills and spores by the colour of the pileus, which is exactly that of a ripe peach. ''* Gills yelloiv, without an ochraceous tinge. Russula coerulea. Fr. Mild. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thickish at the disc, margin thin ; convex then expanded or even slightly de- pressed, sometimes slightly umbonate, polished, margin even, bluish, bluish- purple, disc sometimes brownish ; gills adnate, almost all equal, 2 lines broad, pale yellow, acute in front ; stem 2 in. long, 4-5 lines thick, equal, firm, white, spongy inside ; spores globose, verruculose, 11-12 /A diameter. Russula coerulea, Fries, Epicr., p. 353 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 323 : Cke., Illustr., pi. 1052. In woods. The blue colour is usually most conspicuous near the margin, the centre purplish. In Mrs. Price's figure, no. 164, the pileus is altogether pure deep sky-blue, but there may possibly be a little allowance made for the colouring. Habit very much that of R. cyanoxantha, taste mild, but the gills are crowded and yellow. Pileus sometimes sky- blue, sometimes purple-lilac ; margin even. (Fries.) EUSSULA. 45 Russula nitida. Fr. Smell unpleasant. Pileus about 2 in. across, flesh white, rather thin, rigid, convex then plane or slightly depressed, pellicle viscid in moist weather, colour various, but usually purplish bay, disc darker, shining ; margin striate, some- what tuberculose ; gills adnexed, receding, crowded, pallid, then sulphur-coloured, not powdered; stem 2-3 in. long, i in. thick, spongily stuffed, almost equal or attenuated below, even, white then pallid ; spores minutely echinulate, £-10 x 6-8 p; taste mild at first, slowly becoming acrid. Eussula nitida, Fries, Epicr., p. 361; Cke., Hdbk., p. 336; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1063A. In woods. Distinguished from every other species by the bright lemon-yellow, shining gills, that never become dusted with ochraceous powder. (Fries.) R. nauseosa agrees with the present species in the dis- agreeable smell, but differs in the distant, dingy ochraceous, powdered spores. Var. euprea, Cke., Illustr., pi. 1095s. Pileus copper-colour with a tinge of purple, otherwise as in the typical form. In woods. Russula aurata. Fr. Mild. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh rather thick, firm, white, citron-yellow below the cuticle, fragile ; hemispherical then plane, pellicle thin, adnate, viscid in damp weather, colour variable, citron-yellow, orange, or red, disc darker, but not depressed; margin even but slightly striate or wrinkled when old ; gills rounded behind and almost free, connected by veins, broad, equal, shining, never powdery, yellowish- white, margin bright citron-yellow ; stem 2—3 in. long, solid, firm, but spongy within, cylindrical, indistinctly striate, white or citron-yellow; spores subglobose, echinulate, 9-10 or 8 x 10 p; taste mild at first, then becoming slightly acrid. Eussula aurata, Fr., Epicr., p. 360; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1080 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 335. Agaricus auratus, Withering, Arr. iv. In woods, under pines, &c. 46 FUNGUS-FLOBA. Distinguished by the almost free, broad, shining gills having the edge bright lemon-yellow. Russula decolorans. Fr. Mild. Pileus 3—4 in. across, flesh rather thick, white, but becoming somewhat greyish when broken, and variegated more or less with black spots when old ; spherical, then ex- panded and depressed, remarkably regular, viscid when moist, orange-red at first, then yellow and becoming pale, margin thin at length, striate; gills adnexed, often in pairs, crowded, thin, fragile, white then yellowish; stem up to 4 in. long, cylindrical, often rugosely striate, white; then especially inside becoming grey ; spores subglobose, minutely echinulate, tinged ochraceous, 7—9 p.. Bussula decolorans, Fries, Epicr., p. 361; Cke., Hdbk., p. 335 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1079. In pine and mixed woods. Agrees with B. depallens in the stem becoming grey, but differs in the long stem, and in the gills becoming yellow. Gills not dusted with ochraceous powder, and not clear shining yellow. Russula punctata. Gillet. Mild. Pileus li-2| in. across, flesh thin, white, reddish under the cuticle ; convex then flattened, viscid, rosy, disc darkest, punctate with dark rufous point-like warts, pale when old; margin striate; gills slightly adnexed, 2 lines broad, white then yellowish, edge often reddish ; stem about 1 in. long, 4-5 lines thick, attenuated and whitish at the base, remainder coloured like the pileus, stuffed; spores 8-9 p. diameter. Russula punctata, Gillet, Tab. Analyt., p. 48; Cke., Hdbk., T). Oo4, Among grass. Var. leucopus, Cke., Illustr., pi. 1032. Stem pure white; agreeing in other respects with the typical form. A small species, readily distinguished by the deep rose- coloured pileus being rough with point-like projections The typical form is not British. KUSSULA. 47 Russula olivacea. Fr. Mild. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh white, becoming yellowish, thickish at the disc, margin thin ; convex then expanded and depressed, minutely squamulosely silky, margin straight, even, dingy purple with an olive tinge, or entirely brownish- olive ; gills adnexed, broad, forked and mixed with shorter ones, yellow; stem 2-3 in. long, f in thick, ventricose, pale rose-colour, spongily-stuffed ; spores globose, minutely granu- lar, yellow, 9-10 ^ diameter. Eussula olivacea, Fries, Epicr., p. 356; Cke., Hdbk., p. 326; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1041. In pine woods, &c. A well-marked species, distinguished by the dark-coloured, minutely broken up surface of the pileus, rose-coloured stem, and yellow gills. Differs from It. rubra in the deeper yellow gills and the unpolished pileus. JR. alutacea differs in the striate and tuberculose margin of the pileus : the same features along with the powdered gills separate E. integrct from the present species. Russula Linnaei. Fr. Mild. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh everywhere thick, com- pactly spongy, white, rigid ; plane then depressed, sometimes wavy, even, glabrous, polished, dry, without a separate pellicle, all one colour, deep blood-red or dark rose ; margin spreading, obtuse, not striate ; gills slightly decurrent, rather thick, not crowded, broad, fragile, sparingly connected by veins, somewhat anastomosing behind, and with shorter ones intermixed, white, yellow when dry ; spores white, sub- globose, minutely echinulate, 9-11 X 8-9 p; stem l£-2$ in. long, 1 in. and more thick, slightly ventricose, indistinctly fibrillosely reticulated, deep blood-red, firm but soft and spongy within, and sometimes becoming hollow. Eussula Linnaei, Fries, Epicr., p. 356 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1026 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 326. In woods. Distinguished among mild species by the even blood-red pileus and stem. Habit exactly that of JR. emetica. Substance truly floccose bat very compact, firm, thick. Stem deep blood-red (but perhaps varies to white), indistinctly fibrillosely reticulate. 48 FUNGUS-FLOE A. Pileus without a distinct pellicle, all one colour, dark purple, Tolood-red, &c., opaque, not becoming pale, 3-4 in. across ; gills hardly crowded, rarely connected by veins, with but few short intermediate ones, distinctly anastomosing behind. (Fries.) Russula chamaeleontina. Fr. Mild. Pileus 1-2 in. across, plane or slightly depressed, pellicle separable, rather viscid ; margin even at first then slightly striate, deep rose-red, purplish-lilac, the disc or every part soon becoming yellowish, or sometimes yellowish from the first; gills slightly adnexed or free, narrow, ihin, closely crowded, or somewhat forked, yellow ; stem 1-3 in. long, about 2 lines thick, white, indistinctly wrinkled, imperfectly hollow; spores globose, ochraceous, 7—8 fji, diameter. Russula chamaeleontina, Fries, Epicr., p. 303; Cke., Hdbk., p. 338 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1 098. In woods, especially pine. Inodorous. Very fragile and slender; usually small, but Pries says that the pileus is sometimes 3 in. across. Known among the small species with ochraceous gills and spores by the deep rose-red or purplish pileus, and absence of smell. In mixed woods, especially pine. Sweet, inodorous, very fragile, small. Stem somewhat hollow, up to 3 in. long, but thin^ slightly striate, white. Pileus thin, soon expanded, 1-2 in. across, sometimes oblique, with a thin, viscid, se- parable pellicle, at first flesh-coloured, soon losing colour, the disc becoming yellowish, and at length entirely yellow. Gills more or less adnexed, thin, crowded, equal, narrow, •ochraceous-yellow. (Pries.) Russula puellaris. Fr. Mild. Pileus 1-1| in. across, flesh almost membranaceous except the disc ; conico-convex then expanded, at first rather .gibbous, then slightly depressed, scarcely viscid, colour peculiar, purplish-livid then yellowish, disc always darker and brownish; tuberculosely striate, often to the middle; .gills adnate but very much narrowed behind, thin, crowded, white then pale yellow, not shining nor powdered with the spores ; stem 1-1 1 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, equal, soft, EUSSULA. 49 fragile, rugulose under a lens, white or yellowish; stuffed, soon hollow; taste mild; spores subglobose, pale yellow, echinulate, 10 x 8-9 p.. Eussula puellaris, Fries, Epicr., p. 361 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 337 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1065. In woods. Among the most frequent and readily recognised of speciesT occurring in troops. Always small, thin, taste mild. Allied to jR. nitida, but more slender, colour paler, and not shining. (Fries.) Distinguished from R. nitida and jR. nauseosa by the absence of smell. Far. intensior, Cke., Hdbk., p. 337; Cke. Illustr., pi. 1066. Nearly the same size as the typical form; pileus deep purple, nearly black at the disc. In woods, &c. The stem has a tendency to become thickened at the base, and turns yellowish when touched. Spores 10 x 8 p. (Cooke.) Far. roseipes, Secretan,Myc. Suis., no. 483; Cke., Hdbk., p. 337 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1081. Pileus 1-1 1 in. across, margin thin shortly tuberculately striate, convex then flattened and depressed, viscid, soon dry, rosy flesh-colour, rosy -orange, or rosy with a tinge of ochre, at first spotted with white, then becoming bleached; gills free, sometimes with a decurrent tooth, crowded, equal, forked behind, connected by veins ; whitish then ochraceous egg- yellow ; stem about 2 in. long, 4 lines thick at the base, slightly thinner upwards, white, sprinkled here and there with rosy meal, flesh white, lacunose ; taste mild ; spores globose, minutely echinulate, pale ochraceous, 8-10 /x. diam. In woods. f Pileus while or cream-colour. Russula virginea. Cke. & Mass. Mild. Every part persistently pure white. Pileus about 2 in. across, flesh thick, firm ; convex then more or less de- pressed, smooth, even, viscid when moist, polished when dry, margin even, arched ; gills slightly decurrent, crowded, not VOL. in. E 50 FUNGUS-FLOKA. 1 line broad, repeatedly forked, connected by veins, brittle ; stem about 2 in. long, f in. thick at the base, becoming thinner upwards, slightly wrinkled longitudinally, firm, brittle, solid ; spore globose with a minute apiculus at the base, almost smooth, 4 /j, diameter ; cystidia absent. Eussula virginea, Cke. & Mass., in Grevillea, vol. xix. p. 41 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 380; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1197. In woods. Care must be taken not to confound the present with bleached forms of other species. Distinguished by every part being persistently snow-white from the youngest stage, the very narrow, crowded gills, and the very small spores. Russula semicrema. Fr. Mild. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh thick equally so up to the margin, persistently white, firm ; convex then ex- panded and depressed, sometimes wavy, polished white, un- changeable ; margin incurved, glabrous, even ; gills rather decurrent, thin, crowded, 1J-2 lines broad, persistently white ; stem 1-3 in. long, up to 1 in. and even more thick, almost equal and even, white, flesh becoming blackish when broken ; spores globose, verruculose, 8-9 /* diameter. Eussula semicrema, Fries, Epicr., p. 350; Cke., Hdbk., p. 320 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1067. Among leaves. Intermediate between E. adusta and E. delica, but readily distinguished from both. Stem fleshy, solid, firm, 2-3 in. long, white, but becoming greyish and at length blackish inside when broken. Pileus compactly fleshy, convex then plane, even, glabrous, dry ; disc umbil'icate, margin at first involute, always even; colour in every stage persistently white, flesh also, and juiceless; gills decurrent, crowded, thin, persistently white. Smell none, taste mild. (Fries.) Differs from E. adusta and E. densifolia in the persistently white pileus (flesh also) and gills ; and from E. delica in the flesh of the stem becoming blackish. The outside of the stem often becomes dark with age. Russula lactea. Fr. Mild. Pileus about 2 in. across, compact and everywhere fleshy, flesh white; campanulate then convex, often ex- RUSSULA. 51 centric, without a separable pellicle, always dry, white at first, even, then creamy white, minutely cracked when dry, margin spreading, even; gills free, very broad, thick, dis- tant, rigid, forked, white; stem l|-2 in. long, up to 1| in. thick, equal, even, always white, solid, very compact, but spongy, and soft within ; spores subglobose, echinulate, 7-9 /*. Russula lactea, Fries, Monogr., ii. p. 190; Cke., Hdbk.» p. 324 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1070. Agaricus lacteus, Pers., Syn., p. 439. In woods. Distinguished by being entirely white or cream-colour ; very broad, thick gills at first free then adnate, and mild taste. Care must be taken not to confound this with bleached forms of other species. Var. incarnata, Quelet, Assoc. Fr., 1882, p. 10; Cke., Hdbk., p. 324 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1071. Size and habit of the typical form. Pileus convex; de- pressed, minutely mealy then cracked into areolae, white, tinged with rose, at length tan-colour, growing pale; flesh white, sweet ; stem stuffed, firm, minutely mealy, white ; gills adnate, broad, forked, rigid, white then tinged yellow ; spores 9 /x, diameter. Under fir-trees, &c. Russula nigricans. Fr. Mild. Pileus 3-5 in. across, very fleshy, convex then ex- panded, umbilicately depressed, margin incurved at first ; young specimens are slightly viscid when moist, even, without a separable pellicle, whitish at first, soon sooty-olive, at length becoming broken up into squamules and black; flesh firm, white, becoming reddish when broken; gills rounded behind, slightly adnexed, thick, distant, broad, brittle, unequal, the shorter intermediate ones sometimes very scanty, pallid, becoming reddish when bruised; stem 1-2-2 1 in. long, 1 in. or more thick, equal, pallid when young, then black, solid ; spores subglobose, rough, 8-9 /*. Russula nigricans, Fries, Epicr., p. 350 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 319 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1015. In woods, &c. Compact, fleshy, inodorous, becoming entirely black with K 2 52 FUNGUS-FLOEA. age. Known from B. aditsta by the flesh becoming reddish when broken, and by the much thicker, and more distant gills. B. densifolia agrees with the present species in becoming red when cut, but differs in the thin, rather crowded gills. Russula adusta. Fr. Mild. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh thick up to the margin, firm; soon expanded and more or less depressed, margin incurved at first then straight or upturned, even, glabrous, white then brownish, finally with a scorched appearance ; gills adnate then slightly decurrent, thin, crowded, unequal, pallid; stem 1J-2 in. long, up to f in. thick, pallid then sooty-grey, solid ; spores subglobose, almost smooth, 8—9 //. ; no cystidia. Eussula adusta, Fries, Epicr., p. 350 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 320 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1051. In woods. Can only be confounded with R. nigricans, from which it is abundantly distinct ; size usually smaller ; flesh juicelessr not becoming reddish, pileus at length infundibuliform * gills decurrent, thinner, crowded. Colour pallid or whitish when young, appearing scorched and sooty-grey when old ; gills white then dingy, not becoming red when bruised. (Fries.) Fries mentions a variety which is scarcely different from the typical form, except in the flesh becoming blue when broken or cut. This is B. adusta coerulescens (Fr.), not yet recorded for Britain. B. densifolia, a species not recognised by Fries, differs from the present species in the flesh and gills becoming red when wounded. B. semicrema agrees in the stem turning black, but the pileus is persistently white. Far. albo-nigra; Bussula albo-nigra, Fries, Hyrn. Eur., p. 440; Bussula nigricans, var. albo-nigra, Cke., Hdbk., p. 320; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1016; Agaricus albo-niger, Krombh., p. 27, t. 70, f. 16-17. Pileus about 2 in. across, flesh rather thick, firm, white, turning blackish when bruised ; convex then ex-; panded, at length infundibuliform, whitish or pallid, smoky at the incurved margin; gills slightly decurrent, thin, RUSSULA. 53 crowded, unequal, whitish then tinged brown, stem 1-1| in. long, 1-1| in. thick, pallid then sooty-black, solid, flesh white, turning blackish when broken; spores 8 /* diameter. Among grass under trees. Form abnormal ; stem short, very thick ; pileus thin and small in proportion to the stem, rather wavy. Taste rather acrid, not pleasant. (Fries.) Russula delica. Fr. Mild. White. Pileus 4-6 in. across, flesh firm, white, thick to the margin ; convex then expanded and umbilicate or depressed, even, shining, glabrous, but often with a white superficial silkiness, margin incurved ; gills decurrent, thin, distant, brittle, unequal, white or with a slight tinge of green; stem 1-1| in. long, up to 1 in. thick, equal, solid, firm ; spores minutely echinulate, white, broadly elliptical, 8-10 x 6-7 fjL. Eussula delica, Fiies, Epicr., p. 350; Cke., Hdbk., p. 320 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1068. Lactarius exsuccus, Otto; Cke., Hdbk., p. 311; Cke., Illustr., pi. 981. In woods. Dr. Cooke considers that the present fungus and Laciarius cxsnccus are distinct species. His reasons for this are given •in detail in Grevillea, vol. xvi. p. 65. Dry places in pine woods. Stature and colour unchange- able, entirely white as in Lactarius vellerem and Lactarius piperatus, but readily distinguished by the absence of milk in the gills. Stem solid, short (1-2 in.), \ in. and more thick, even, glabrous, white. Pileus everywhere fleshy, firm, umbilicate then infundibuliform, regular, even every- where, glabrous, but often with a white downiness, 3-5 in. broad ; margin incurved, not striate. Flesh firm, juiceless, not very thick, white ; gills decurrent, thin, but distant, very unequal, exuding drops of water in damp weather. (Fries.) Pileus even broader than the last (L. vellereui), white, fleshy; flesh white without milk and not changing colour, Gills distant, white, with often a tinge of verdigris, very crisp and brittle, somewhat forked, £ in. broad; con- 54 FUNGUS-FLOKA. nected "by veins. Spores white, round. Stem obtuse, short, thick, surface like that of the pileus. (Berk.) Russula densifolia. Seer. Mild. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh thick, firm, white, becoming red when broken, at length blackish ; convex then depressed, smooth, whitish when young, then dingy, brown or greyish, disc darker, margin arched, even ; gills adnate, appearing to be slightly decurrent when the pileus is depressed, 2—3 lines broad, close, thin, white or with a tinge of pink ; stem 1^-2 in. long up to f in. thick, equal, even, slightly mealy, white then grey, at length blackish ; spores 7—8 //, diameter. Eussula densifolia, Secretan, Myc. Suis., i. p. 476; Cke., Hdbk., p. 320; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1017. In woods, &c. Allied to It. adusta, and about the same size and appearance, but distinguished by the flesh turning red on being broken. Smaller and with much thinner and more crowded gills than B. nigricans. |f Pileus clear yellow. Eussula citrina. Gillet. Mild. Pileus 2-3 in. across, slightly fleshy at the disc, margin thin ; convex then more or less expanded and slightly depressed, rather viscid when moist, smooth, slightly wrinkled at the margin when old, bright lemon-yellow, colour usually uniform, sometimes paler at the margin, occasionally with a greenish tint, centre of pileus at length becoming pale ochraceous ; pellicle separable ; gills slightly decurrent, broadest a short distance from the margin, and gradually becoming narrower towards the base, forked at the base and also sometimes near the middle, white, 1| line deep at broadest part ; stem 2-3 in. long, about 4 lines thick, equal or slightly narrowed at the base, slightly wrinkled, straight or very slightly waved, solid ; spores subglobose, echinulate, 8 /*. diameter. Eussula citrina, Gillet, Hymen. Fr, Suppl. 6; Cke., Hdbk, p. 333 ; Cke, Illustr, pi. 1078. KUSSULA. 55 In woods. Known by the clear lemon-yellow or citron-coloured pileus and the persistently white gills and stem. The taste is mild at first, but becomes slightly acrid if kept in the mouth for a short time. Russula fingibilis. Britz. Mild. Pileus about 2 in. across, rather fleshy at the disc, margin thin, persistently even ; convex then plane or de- pressed, viscid, pale clear yellow, disc darker ; gills narrowed behind and almost free, rather crowded, unequal, about 2 lines broad at the middle, thin, white ; stem 1-1 1 in. long, 4 lines thick, equal, soft, white, spongy, at length hollow ; spores broadly elliptical, minutely echinulate, 9 and 7 fi. Bussula fingibilis, Britz., Hym. Sudb., pt. iv. f. 32; Cke., Hdbk., p. 332; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1048. Among grass under trees. Distinguished among species with a yellow pileus by being very viscid, persistently mild taste, white gills, and entire margin of pileus. Iff Pileus green or olive. Russula olivascens. Fr. Mild. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thick up to the margin white ; convex then expanded and umbilicate, olivaceous,, the disc becoming yellowish, margin even ; gills slightly adnexed, narrowed behind, crowded, l|-2 lines broad in front, nearly equal, white then yellowish ; stem 1-2 in. long and up to | in. thick, firm, even, white, spongy inside; spores 10 p. Bussula olivascens, Fries, Yet. Ac. Forh., 1861, n. 34; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1035 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 321. Woods and among bushes, &c. Stem firm but spongy inside, 1-2 in. long, almost 1 in. thick, usually becoming thinner upwards, even, white. Pileus convex then expanded umbilicate, truly fleshy up to the margin, 2-scarcely-3 in. across, olivaceous, becoming yellowish ; gills slightly adnexed, broadest in front, almost equal and rarely forked, white then yellowish. Taste mild. Placed in the Furcatae on account of its habit, yet the gills •56 FUNGUS-FLORA. are rarely forked, and in this respect might be in the section Fragiles ; in many other points it agrees with the Compactae. (Fries.) Russula heterophylla. Fr. Mild. Flesh thick, firm, white; convex then plane; usually becoming depressed, quite even and polished, pellicle very thin ; margin thin, often more or less incurved, even or densely but slightly striate ; colour variable, greenish, the disc becoming ochraceous, yellowish brown, &c. ; gills almost free, very narrow, rarely I line broad, very much crowded, forked and with many shorter ones, white; stem about 1J in. long, up to 1 in. thick, nearly equal, solid, firm, white; spores subglobose, echinulate, 7-8 p. diameter; no projecting cystidia. Bussula Jieterophylla, Fries, Epicr., p. 352; Cke., Hdbk., p. 328; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1044 and 1045. In woods, &c. A very distinct species, easily recognised by the even pileus, and very narrow, closely-crowded white gills. B. cyanoxantha differs in the broad gills furnished with numerous projecting cystidia. Colour very variable. Taste always mild, as in Bussula cyanoxantha, from which the present differs in its smaller size, thinner pileus, not rugulose, never reddish or purplish, the thin pellicle closely adnate, stem firm, solid, gills thin, •exceedingly narrow, very much crowded, shining white, mixed with many shorter and forked ones. Among several forms the following is readily distinguished. (Fries.) Far. galochroa, Fr., Hon., ii. p. 195 ; Bussula galochroa, Cke., Hdbk., p. 328; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1089. Stem solid, firm, 1-2 in. long, \ in. thick, never tinged with red. Pileus almost plane, viscid in damp weather, usually dry, greenish-white, even, but often with scattered white floccose spots. Gills very thin, more or less forked and unequal ; spores 5-6 //.. Especially in heathy birch woods. Russula azurea. Bres. Mild. Pileus about 2 in. across, convex, then expanded, and more or less depressed, dry, pale glaucous-green, or EUSSULA. 57 rather dark olive-green, disc often darker, and frequently with a tinge of purple, covered everywhere at first with a dense, whitish bloom, margin very slightly striate ; cuticle separable ; flesh about 2 lines thick, becoming thinner at the extreme margin, firm, white ; gills very narrow behind, and very slightly adnexed, broader in front, 2 lines broad, crowded, brittle, often forked behind, with a few shorter ones that reach nearly to the base, connected by veins, pale cream colour from the first, not becoming darker; basidia clavate, sterigmata elongate, spores subglobose, minutely warted, colourless, about 9 X 8 /* diameter; cystidia absent; stem 1^ in. long, | in. thick, nearly equal or slightly swollen at the "base, very "slightly longitudinally rugulose, solid but spongy inside, hence not firm when compressed. Russula azurea, Bresadola, Fungi Trident., t. 24; Cke., Hdbk., p. 328; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1088. Among grass under trees. Allied to R. cyanoxantha, but smaller, and at once dis- tinguished by the dense mtaly layer, resembling bloom, on the pileup, the smooth spores, and absence of cystidia. Russula virescens. Fr. Mild. Pileus 3-5 in. across, flesh rather thick, white; globose then expanded, and at length depressed, often un- equal, always dry, not furnished with a distinct pellicle, the flocculose cuticle becoming broken up into areolate warts ; margin straight, obtuse, even, dingy opaque green, gills free, somewhat crowded, narrowest in front, equal or sometimes forked, a few short ones intermixed, white ; stem solid, spongy within, firm, white; spores 8 X 10 ,u. Hussula virescens Fries, Epicr., p. 355 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 324; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1039. In woods. Readily distinguished from every species by the green pileus without a pellicle, at first innately flocculose then rivulose, and broken up into areolate squamules. (Fries.) Russula furcata. Fr. Mild at first but soon bitter. Pileus 3-4 in. across, fleshy, compact, gibbous then piano-depressed, or infundibulifonn, even, glabrous, but often frosted with a slight silkiness, 58 FUNGUS-FLORA. sometimes dark lurid green, sometimes greenish-umber; pellicle separable; margin thin, incurved at first then spreading, always even ; flesh firm, somewhat cheesy, white ; gills adnato-decurrent, rather thick, somewhat distant, broad, attenuated at each end, forked, white ; stem solid, firm, 2-3 in. long, equal or narrowed at the base, even, white, firm, solid ; spores 7-8 X 9 /x.. Bussula furcata, Fries, Epicr,, p. 352 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 321 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1036. In woods and in grass under trees. Differs from JR. cyanoxantha in the broad gills being naiTOwed at both ends. It. olivascens differs in the broad gills becoming yellowish at maturity, and the larger spores. The leading points of the present species are the slightly decurrent, thickish, frequently-forked gills, and the even pileus with a very delicate silky bloom, and the separable, entire pellicle. For. pictipes, Cke., Hdbk., p. 321; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1086. Mild. Pileus 4-6 in. across, flesh thick, white, dingy green, disc darker, even ; margin even, or becoming slightly striate ; gills adnate, rather distant, white, 2-3 lines broad ; stem 4-5 in. long, 1 in. thick at the apex, becoming a little thinner downwards, whitish ; rosy at the apex ; tinged green below ; spores 8 p. diameter. In woods. Cuticle of pileus separable, flesh rosy below. Var. ochroviridis, Cke., Hdbk., p. 322; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1100. Mild. Pilous 4-5 in. across, flattened then depressed, at first viscid, polished when dry, with a thin adnate pellicle, ochraceous towards the margin, disc olivaceous or sooty ; margin spreading, even, acute; gills slightly adnexed, narrowed at both ends, 2 lines broad at the middle, lanceo- late, crowded, many furcate, white, becoming slightly dingy when old; stem about 2 in. long and 1 in. thick, reticulately rugulose, white, rarely becoming pallid, stuffed and spongy within, flesh becoming sooty when cut ; spores white, sub- globose, faintly granular, 9 x 7 /x. RUSSULA. 59 On the ground. Eesembling B. ochroleuca in the rugose stem, but differs in not becoming grey, in the dark, dingy olive centre of the pileus, narrow gills, discoloration of the flesh and the mild taste. In habit it resembles B. furcata, but differs in the paler greenish-ochre pileus, narrower gills, rugose stem, and discoloured flesh. (Cooke.) Russula aeruginea. Lindbl. Mild. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh rather thick, white, fragile, convex then expanded, disc darker and depressed, glabrous, rather dry, verdigris-green, margin striate; gills narrowed behind and slightly adnexed, 3 lines and more broad in front, rather distant, distinct, clear white, some- times spotted with brown; stem about 2 in. long and 1 in. thick, even, glabrous, equal, always clear white, firm, solid ; spores subglobose, echinulate, 8—10 //,. Bussula aeruginea, Lindblad, MS., in Fries, Monogr., ii. p. 198; Cke., Hdbk., p. 333; Cke., lllustr., pi. 1090. In woods. Distinguished from every other species in the section Frayiles by the mild and pleasant taste. (Fries.) Distinguished among the green species by the verdigris- green colour of the pileus, with a distinctly striate margin ; gills very broad in front, and persistently mild taste. ftff Pileus red, brownish, purple, sometimes with more or less green interspersed. Russula lepida. Fr. Mild. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh almost equally thick everywhere, firm, cheesy ; convex then expanded, scarcely depressed, obtuse, opaque, not polished, with a silky look, at length cracked into squamules; blood-red with a rosy tinge, becoming pale or whitish, especially at the disc; gills rounded behind, adnexed, rather thick, somewhat crowded, often forked, connected by veins, white ; the edge near the front red, due to the colour of the pileus runnino; for some distance down the margin of the gill ; spores 8-10 x 6-8 /x. Bussula lepida, Fries, Epicr., p. 355 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 325 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 1072, 1073. •<60 FUNGUS-FLORA. In woods. Pileus almost equally fleshy, blood-red with a rosy tinge, •disc always becoming whitish. (Fries.) E. virescem and E. cutefracta agree with the present species in having the cuticle of the pileus broken up ; the former differs in the green colour, the latter also differs in never becoming pale at the disc. Russula xerampelina. Fr. Mild. Pileus 3-4 in. across, fleshy, flesh compact, white then yellowish; convex then expanded, at length depressed, without a distinct pellicle, always dry, opaque, even, but usually very minutely cracked when old, and under a lens the cuticle is seen to be broken up into minute granules, margin spreading, not striate; colour variable, usually Tosy-purple, the disc becoming pale and yellowish-white, sometimes there is a tinge of olive; gills adnexed, rather crowded, broadest in front, forked behind, white then yellowish-tan; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 in. thick, base usually thickened, even, white or tinged red, firm, spongy within, sometimes becoming hollow; spores ochraceous, 8-10 x 6-7 p.. Eussula xerampelina, Fries, Epicr., p. 356 ; Cke., Hdbk., 1>. 326; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1053 and 1074. In woods. Somewhat resembling E. Integra, but distinguished by the narrower and more crowded gills not being powdered -with the spores. Differs from B. ochroleuca and E. granulosa in the mild taste and in the darker ochraceous gills. Russula cutefracta. Cke. Mild. Pilens 3-5 in. across, flesh thick, white, tinged •purple under the cuticle, convex, becoming slightly depressed -at the disc, cuticle cracking from the margin inwards into minute, firmly adnate areolae, otherwise even; variable in -colour, purple, dull red, &c.; gills adnexed, somewhat crowded, narrowed behind and sometimes nearly free, forked, 2 lines broad, white; stem about 3 in. long, up to 1 in. thick, nearly equal or a little thinner above, smooth, -white with a slight tinge of purple, solid, firm ; spores .globose, echmulate, 10 p. diameter. KUSSULA. GI Eussula cutefracta, Cke., Grev., x. p. 46; Cke., Hdbk.r p. 325 ; Cke., llltu.tr., pi. 1024 and 1040. In woods. Pileus 3-4 in. or more ; stem 3 in. long, often 1 in. thick. Allied to E. virescens, which it resembles in the cracking of the cuticle, but differs in the purple tint beneath, even in the green specimens, and in the tinted stem, as well as in- the colour of the pileus, which is of a darker and different shade of green, and sometimes of a deep bluish-purple, as well as of a madder-red. (Cooke.) Russula vesca. Fr. Mild. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh rather thick, firmr white, convex then plane, at length depressed, viscid, marked with radiating, slightly raised wrinkles ; flesh-red, disc darker ; gills adnexed, rather narrow, thin, crowded, whitish; stem l|-2 in. long, about f in. thick, rigid outside and with slight" anastomosing wrinkles, white, solid, flesh white, becoming tinged with rust-colour when cut, and then having a crab-like smell ; spores globose, echinulate, white, 9-10 p diameter. Eussula vesca, Fries, Epicr, p. 352 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 327 r Cke., Illustr., pi. 1075. In woods. Firm, mild and sweet to the taste. Pileus with minute radiating wrinkles or streaks. Flesh white, that of the stem more especially becoming brownish when exposed to the air. The broken stem has a smell much resembling crab or lobster. Stem solid, compact, rigid outside and with minute ridges anastomosing to form a network, base often attenuated, pure white. Pileus fleshy, rather firm, piano-depressed, rugulosely veined, with a viscid pellicle, flesh-red, disc- darker, margin at length spreading. Flesh cheesy, firm, pure white. Gills adnate, crowded, thin, white, many shorter and forked ones intermixed, but scarcely connected by veins. Size medium. Taste mild, pleasant. (Fries.) Far. Duportii; Eussula Duportii, Phil., Grevillea, xiii. p. 49; Cke., Hdbk., p. 327; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1042*. Pileus l|-2£ in. broad, the centre rufous, or flesh-red, margin bluish, compact, fleshy, firm, convexo-plane, de- 62 FUNGUS-FLORA. pressed, smooth, dry, margin even, obtuse. Stem 1 in. or more nigh, 5-8 lines thick, spongy, stuffed, minutely striate, glabrous, white ; gills rounded behind, broad, distant, white ; spores 10 /A diameter. On the ground in woods. The flesh turns reddish-brown when cut, and the odour is that of the common crab. (Phillips.) Far. lilacea; Eussula lilacea, Quelet, Bull. Bot. Soc. Fr., 1876, t. xi., f. 8 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 327 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1054. Mild. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thickish, lilac under the cuticle ; convex then depressed, viscid, violet or purple, the striate margin becoming pale ; gills adnexed, distant, ventri- cose, white, connected by veins; stem 1|-2| in. long, fragile, white, base more or less tinged with rose-colour, pruinose above, spongy, flesh white, becoming rusty when cut. In woods. Far. Barlae; Eussula Barlae, Quelet, Assoc. Fr., 1883, t. vi. f. 12 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 335; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1061. Mild. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh rather thick; viscid then dry, even, peach-coloured, or yellow tinged with orange- red, sometimes cracking ; flesh firm, sweet, white, smelling slightly of melilot; gills narrowed behind, almost free, 2 lines and more broad, white then becoming tinged ochra- ceous ; stem 1-1 1 in. long, up to f in. thick, silkily pruinose, snow-white, spongy, firm, flesh white turning reddish-brown when cut ; spores 10 x 12 /x. Among grass under trees. The flesh of the stem turns reddish-brown when cut, and the odour is rather that of crab than of melilot. (Cooke.) Russula depallens. Fr. Mild. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh rather thick, white; convex then plane, rarely depressed, but often wavy and deformed, smooth, pellicle adnate, margin spreading, even, slightly striate when old, colour reddish or brownish at first, then whitish or yellowish, especially at the disc, opaque in every state; gills adnexed, broad, crowded, distinct, but KUSSULA. 63 often forked at the base, and with shorter ones intermixed, whitish ; stem about 1^ in. long, solid, firm, usually attenuate at the base, white, becoming grey when old ; spores sub- globose, echinulate, 7-8 p.. Eussula depallens, Fries, Epicr., p. 353; Cke., Hdbk., p. 323; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1021. In woods, &c. Smell none, taste mild. Pileus sometimes deep crimson- lake at first, becoming white, especially at the disc ; stem pure white at first, then grey. Differs from E. decolorans in the white gills. Russula cyanoxantha. Schaeff. Taste mild. Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then plane, at length depressed or infundibuliforin, sometimes even, at others rugulose or virgate, viscid, margin bent down, then expanded, remotely and slightly striate, colour very variable, in the typical form lilac or purplish to olive-green, disc usually becoming pale and often yellowish ; margin gene- rally bluish or livid-purplish; flesh firm, cheesy, white, usually reddish below the separable cuticle ; gills somewhat rounded behind, connected by veins, slightly crowded, broad, mixed with forked and snorter ones, shining white ; stem 2-3 in. long, up to 1 in. thick, equal, glabrous, even, white ; spongily stuffed, but ) firm, often cavernous inside when old ; spores 8-9 p. ; cystidia numerous, pointed. Agaricus cyanoxantha, Schaffer. Eussula cyanoxantha, Fr., Monogr., ii. p. 194; Cke., Hdbk., p. 328; Cke., Illustr., pi., 1043, 1076, and 1077. Taste mild, pleasant, and in this respect allied to E. vesca, but in the last named the colour of the pileus is constant, whereas in the present the colour is very variable ; this, and other points of difference are constant. When old the pileus is sometimes pallid, greenish- white, but mixed with purple. (Fries.) The broad, rather distant gills with numerous projecting, pointed cystidia, separate the present species from E. hetero- phylla. E. vesca differs distinctly in the reticulatoly rugn- lose stem. E. furcata differs in the adnato-decurrent, thickish gills, and in becoming slightly acrid in the mouth, although mild at first. C4 FUNG US-FLOE A. Cooke has figured a form (pi. 1077) having the pilous very pale rosy lilac or almost white, disc yellowish. Russula elephantina. Fr. Mild. Pileus 3-4 in. across ; equally fleshy but not very thick ; convex and unibilicate, glabrous, brownish-tan, margin paler, incurved, undulating, even; gills obtusely adnate, arcuate, rather crowded, thin, whitish, soon marked with yellowish spots; stem 2—3 in. long, 1 in. thick, hard, white, flesh firm, white. Eussula elephantina, Fries, Epicr., p. 350; Cke., Hdbk., p. 320. In woods. The absence of any tendency to turn black or red, brownish-tan pileus, and obtusely adnate, thin, crowded gills, separate this species from its allies. It is doubtful as to whether the present species occurs in Britain. The only evidence is the quotation of Bolton's fig. 28 — with a note of interrogation — by Fries. Habit that of R. foetens but without smell, and pileus firm and everywhere fleshy. Stem solid, stout, very hard, 2—3 in. long, 1 in. thick, even, glabrous, white both outside and inside. Pileus fleshy, convex and unibilicate at first, 3 in. broad; margin incurved, glabrous, undulate, thin, and ex- ceeding the gills, but never striate, pellicle not separable ; brownish-tan, paler towards the margin, not changing colour, flesh equal, compact, thin in proportion to the size of the fungus ; gills obtusely or somewhat sinuately adnute, arcuate, rather crowded, thin, divided behind, unequal in front, white, reddish-yellow when bruised. Smell none. (Fries.) Russula mustelina. Fr. Mild. Pileus 2-3 in. across, equally fleshy, firm, convex then expanded, centre depressed, at length plane and often wavy, glabrous, even, margin inflexed; pellicle viscid in rainy weather, adnate, brownish or dingy yellowish, opaque ; flesh white, unchangeable ; gills slightly rounded behind and adnexed, broadest in front, many shorter ones intermixed, crowded^ thin, connected by veins, white; stem fleshy, solid,, about 2 in. long, equal, even, glabrous, white ; spores 7-8 /x, diameter. RUSSULA. 65 Russula mustelina, Fries, Epicr., p. 351 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 321 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1018. In woods. The only species belonging to the present section having a yellow or brownish pileus. There is no tendency to turn black in any part. Sect. II. TASTE ACEID. * Gills yellow or ochraceous. f Pileus yellow or ochraceous. Russula fellea. Fr. Acrid. Pileus 1-3 in. across, flesh thin, straw-colour ; convex then plane, polished, glabrous, pale ochraceous or straw-colour, disc darker as a rule, margin even, slightly striate when old ; pellicle of the pileus closely adnate, thin ; gills adnate, crowded, thin, narrow, slightly connected by veins, mixed with a few shorter ones, bifid behind, straw- colour ; stem about 2 in. long, ^ in. thick, equal, even, white then straw-colour, spongy and stuffed then hollow; very acrid. Eussula fellea, Fries, Epicr., p. 354 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 330 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1058. In woods, especially beech. Smell none. Keadily distinguished by the pale ochrace- ous straw-colour of every part, and the intensely acrid taste. The gills sometimes exude drops of water in damp weather. Superficially resembling E. ochracea, but readily distin- guished by the very acrid taste. Russula claroflava. Grove. Acrid ? Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh rather thick, white, yellow beneath the cuticle; convex, at first bullate, then plane, slightly depressed in the centre, deep chrome-yellow, margin turned down, at length patent, even or slightly striate when old, often paler than the disc, but sometimes of a deeper colour, cuticle not easily separable ; gills scarcely crowded, adnexed and narrowed behind, not united behind, VOL. in. «" 66 FUNGUS-FLORA. white, then altogether pale lemon-yellow, at length sub- ochraceous; stem 1J-2J in. long, |-f in. thick, smooth, white, cylindrical, blunt at the base, spongy within, at length rugose and cinereous, or even blackish ; spores globose, minutely waste, 9 p. diam. Eussula daroflava, Grove, Midi. Nat., 188, p. 265. Eussula ocliroleuca, var. claroflava, Cke., Hdbk., p. 380 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1196. Among grass in damp places. Agreeing with E. ocliroleuca in the white stem becoming grey, but differing in the clear deep chrome-yellow pileus, and in the white gills becoming pale lemon-yellow, then somewhat ochraceous. The smooth, even, rigid pileus, at length cinereous stem, and coloured gills are its distinguishing features. (Grove.) ft Pileus red or purple. Russula rubra. Fr. Acrid. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh rather thick, firm, fragile, white, red under the cuticle ; convex then ex- panded, becoming depressed, absolutely dry, without a distinct pellicle, polished, even, deep blood-red, sometimes with a shade of purple, disc darker, becoming tan-colour and minutely cracked with age ; margin spreading, even, often wavy; gills obtusely adnate, broad, rather crowded, white then yellowish, mixed with forked and shorter ones ; stem 2-3 in. long, about 1 in. thick, solid, even, sometimes variegated with red; spores 8-10 p. ; cystidia pointed, pro- jecting very slightly. Eussula rubra, Fries, Epicr., p. 354 : Cke Hdbk p. 325 • Cke., Illustr., pi. 1025. In woods. A very showy species ; taste very acrid ; very hard and rigid ; very distinct from all other species of this section in the even, polished pileus without a distinct pellicle, the somewhat grumous flesh, and exceedingly acrid taste. (Fries.) Far. sapida, Cke., Hdbk., p. 326; Cke., Illustr,, pi. 1087 ; Eussula atropurpurea, Krombh., t. 64, f. 5, 6. RUSSULA. 67 Eesembling the typical form in habit, size, and colour; differing only in being persistently mild to the taste. In woods. Russula drimeia. Cke. Yery acrid. Pileus 2-4 in. across, flesh rather thick, firm, white; convex then expanded and more or less depressed, scarcely viscid when moist, opaque when dry, varying from bright purple to dark rose-colour ; gills slightly adnexed, narrowed behind, not much crowded, about 2 lines broad, forked at the base, pale primrose-yellow at first, then deeper clear yellow ; stem 2—4 in. long, cylindrical, nearly or quite equal, purple, but paler than the pileus, sometimes rather mealy, solid ; spores very pale ochre in the mass, 7-9 /A diameter. Eussula drimeia, Cke., Grev., x. p. 46 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1023 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 324. Eussula expallens, Gillet, Hym. Fr., pi. 49 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 330 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1029. In woods. Eeadily distinguished by the purple pileus and stem, clear yellow gills, and very acrid, peppery taste. Pileus 2—4 in. broad, stem 2-3 in. long, |— £ in. thick. So intensely peppery that after tasting a small fragment, the tongue tingled for more than half an hour. The colour and habit similar to E. Queletii, but distinguished by the yellow gills, ochraceous spores, and intensely peppery taste. (Cooke.) Russula veternosa. Fr. Acrid. Pileus about 2 in. across, flesh thin, soft, white ; plane when adult, centre depressed, covered with a thin, adnate, rather viscid pellicle, rosy or flesh-colour, soon be- coming pale, disc usually whitish or yellowish; margin even, scarcely membranaceous ; gills adnate, crowded, narrow, broadest in front, shorter ones intermixed, white then straw-colour; stem 2-3 in. long, | in. thick, soft, spongy then hollow, fragile, equal, even, white; spores sub- globose, echinulate, 7-9 /x. Eussula veternosa, Fries, Epicr., p. 254; Cke., Hdbk., p. 334; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1033 and 1092. In woods. F 2 •68 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Pileus 2-3 in. across, rosy or flesh-colour, soon becoming pale, disc whitish or yellowish. (Fries.) Distinguished among species with pale yellow gills by the clear rosy or pinkish flesh-coloured, quite even pileus, and the even, white stem which soon becomes hollow. Russula maculata. Quel. Acrid. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thin, white, firm ; convex then plane or slightly depressed, viscid, reddish flesh-colour, then pallid or yellowish especially at the disc, irregularly blotched or spotted with purple or brown ; margin often wavy, often cracked when old ; gills adnate, narrowed behind, 2 lines broad, forked, pale sulphur then peach-colour; stem 1-1 1 in. long, | in. or more thick, equal, with anastomosing wrinkles, -white or tinged rose-colour, ihen spotted with ochre, solid; spores 10 p. diameter. Russula maculata, Quel., Soc. Bot. France, 1877, t. 5, f. 8 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 322 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1069. In woods. Somewhat resembling E. depallem, but smaller, acrid, stem jiot becoming grey. Russula serotina. Quel. Acrid. Pileus up to 1 in. across, flesh thin, white; globose then more or less expanded, purplish-brown or olivaceous, margin lilac, covered with a white bloom at first ; gills almost free, about 1 line broad, not crowded, white, then with a yellow.tinge, margin slightly broken ; stem about 1 in. long, 1| line thick, slightly wrinkled, white, rather mealy, stuffed ; spores 8-9 p. diameter. Russula serotina, Quelet, Soc. Bot, France, 1878, p. 289, t. 3, f. 11 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 327; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1042B. On the ground under beeches, &c. Eeadily distinguished by its small size, the pileus rarely measuring 1 in. across. ** Gills white. f Pileus ochraceous or umber. Russula ochroleuca. Fr. (fig. ] , p. 3.) Acrid. Pileus 3-4 in. acioss, flesh thick; convex then ex- RUSSULA. 69 panded and depressed, polished, pellicle thin, closely adnatc, dingy ochraceous-yellow, becoming pale, margin spreading, almost even ; gills adnexed, rounded and connected behind, 3 lines broad, with few or no shorter ones, white then pallid ; stem 2-3 in. long, f in. thick, almost equal, spongy, reticu- lately wrinkled, white then grey, stuffed ; spores subglobos., 8 x 9 p. ; cystidia absent. Bussula ochroleuca, Fries, Epicr., p. 358; Cke., Hdbk., p. 332 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 104=9. In fir woods, &c. Distinguished by the dingy yellow pileus, broad white gills rounded behind, and the grey stem. The centre of the pileus is sometimes rather scurfy, owing to the breaking up of the cuticle. B. granulosa differs in the stem not becoming grey ; gills- narrowed behind, and in the numerous, slightly projecting, pointed cystidia. B. claroflava differs in the chrome-yellow pileus, and in the white gills becoming pale lemon-yellow, then somewhat ochraceous, Structure and size, also in the acrid taste, agreeing witU B. emetica; differs distinctly in the stem being slight!^ reticulately rugulose, and white then becoming greyisli ; pellicle of pileus adnate, margin persistently even for a long time, gills rounded behind, becoming pallid ; colour of pileus constantly yellow, becoming pale. Inodorous like B. emetica. (Fries.) Russula granulosa. Cooke. Acrid. Pileus 2-3 £ in. across, flesh rather thick, firm, white ; convex then expanded, becoming depressed or even infundibuliform, viscid at first, ochraceous, disc darker and becoming broken up into minute granules, owing to the cracking of the cuticle, margin even or faintly striate when old ; gills nearly free, narrowed behind, rather crowded, equal, rarely forked, white; stem 2-3 in. long, nearly or quite equal, minutely granular or mealy throughout, granules snow-white at the apex, brownish below, internally white, spongy ; spores rough, subglobose, white, apiculat^, 11-12 fj.-, cystidia pointed, only slightly projecting. Bussula granulosa, Cke., Hdbk., p. 332; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1038. 70 FUNGUS-FLOKA. On the ground under trees. Habit nearly that of B. ochroleuca, which it also resembles in colour, but differing in the darker and minutely granular disc, as well as the mealy stem, which is not at all grey ; the cuticle of the pileus is continuous from the margin for some distance along the edge of the gills. (Cooke.) The disc is often granular in B. ochroleuca, and the present species is best distinguished by the granular, persistently white stem, gills narrowed behind, and with projecting cystidia. B. claroflava differs in the stem turning grey and the gills yellow. Finally, B. citrina differs in the clear lemon-yellow pileus and mild taste. Russula foetens. Fr. Acrid. Smell foetid. Pileus 3-6 in. across, flesh rather thin, rigid and fragile, pallid ; subglobose then expanded and becoming depressed, pellicle adnate, not separable, viscid in damp weather, dingy ochraceous yellow, becoming pale ; margin membranaceous, sulcale for a considerable distance from the edge, at length tuberculose, incurved at first ; gills adnexed, crowded, connected by veins, with numerous forked and shorter ones, 2-3 lines broad, whitish, when young exuding drops of water ; stem about 2 in. long, |-1 in. thick, whitish, stuffed then hollow; spores 8-10 "/A; cystidia absent. Bussula foetens, Fries, Epicr., p. 356 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 329 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 1046. In woods. Large, very rigid, easily known by the penetrating em- pyreumatic smell; pileus at length upturned and wavy. Gills (free at first) thin, becoming slightly tinged yellow, dingy when bruised. (Fries.) Smell sometimes almost none, known by the rigid, dingy ochraceous pileus with a sulcate, tuberculose margin. Burst- ing through the ground like a ball, then expanding. Far. subfoetens ; Bussula subfoetens, Smith, Journ. Bot., 1873 p. 337 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 329; Cke., lllustr., pi. 1047. Pileus bullate, rather viscid, disc fleshy, margin somewhat membranaceous; gills thick, distant and branched; stem not so stout as in B. foetens ; smaller, colour somewhat dis- agreeable; taste slightly acrid; spores 10 x 8 /*. EUSSULA. 71 On the ground. Gregarious. Pileus 4^5 in. broad, at first convex, the margin broadly folded inwards, convex, at length more or less depressed with the margin somewhat vaulted, fleshy in the centre, the margin thin, furrowed and tubercled, the striae appearing as if a glutinous membrane were stretched over them, dirty yellow, rather brittle. Gills forked, dirty white or yellowish, moderately broad, connected by veins. Stem 3—4 in. high, above 1 in. thick, obtuse, incrassated at the base, ruggedly hollow within, as if eaten by snails, white or with a dirty yellow tinge, depresso-tomentose, beneath the gills minutely pitted longitudinally, flesh rather yellow. Highly acrid, odour very strong, and penetrating, empyreumatic, somewhat resembling that of prussic acid, but exceedingly disagreeable. (Berk.) Rnssula eonsobrina. Fr. Acrid. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh rather thin at the disc, becoming membranaceoBs. at the margin, fragile, white, greyish below the thick, viscid, separable cuticle ; carnpanu- late then expanded, at length depressed, dark grey or olive- brown, margin spreading, even, although membranaceous ; gills at first free, then appearing to be adnate owing to the expansion of the pile us, broad, crowded, clear white, forked, and with shorter intermediate ones; stem 2-3 in. long, almost an inch thick, equal, even, glabrous, clear white, at length becoming grey, solid but soft; spores nearly smooth, white 8-9 X 7 /x.. Bussula eonsobrina, Fries, Epicr., p. 359 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 329 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1055. In woods. Very acrid; easily known by the even, umber or olive- brown pileus, which has usually more or less of a grey tinge. The cuticle often becomes more or less broken up at the margin. Far. sororia, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 447 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1057 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 329. Size, colour, and habit of the typical form ; differing in the etriate margin of the pileus ; gills rather distant, with many intermediate shorter ones, but rarely forked, connected by veins. In woods, &c. 72 FUNGUS-FLORA. Var. intermedia, Cke., Hdbk., p. 329 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1056. Habit, size, and colour of typical form ; pileus fleshy, de- pressed, viscid, margin thin, striate ; stem usually attenu- ated downwards, becoming cinereous and striate; gills dirty white; spores 10 p, diameter. On the ground under trees. Eussula pectinata. Fr. Acrid. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh compact, white, yellowish below the difficultly separable pellicle ; convex then expanded and depressed or concavely infundibuliforrn, viscid and brownish-tan at first, then dry, paler tan, disc always darker ; margin thin, tuberculosely sulcate, often, deformed ; gills narrowed behind and nearly free, broader towards the margin, rather narrow, somewhat crowded, equal, simple, white ; stem about 2 in. long, |-1 in. thick, longitudinally striate, white, base often attenuated, spongy stuffed ; smell weak but unpleasant ; spores 8-9 p. diameter. Eussula pectinata, Fries, Epicr., p. 358 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 332 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1101. In woods. Large, rigid, smell weak, but nauseous. (Fries.) The dingy colour somewhat resembles It. consobrina, var, sororia, but is rather lighter, and also differs in the tubercu- lose margin of the pileus, and in the crowded gills not being connected by veins. Smell resembling that of E. foetens. Russula sardonia. Fr. Acrid. Pileus 2-3 in. across, fleshy, compact, convex then, plane, rarely depressed but usually wavy, even, cuticle ad- nate, viscid in moist weather, soon becoming discoloured, and often spotted ; colour very variable, sometimes pallid and spotted with yellow, or dingy yellow, sometimes reddish, opaque, margin even ; flesh firm, cheesy, white ; gills adnate, closely crowded, broad, somewhat forked, white, exuding drops of water in damp weather, hence spotted with yellow when dry; stem 1J-2 in. long, up to 1 in. thick, firm, even, White or reddish, solid but becoming spongy inside • spores 9-10 p. diameter. Eussula sardonia, Fries, Epicr., p. 353; Cke., Hdbk., p. 323 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1037 ? RUSSULA. 73- In woods, among grass, &c. Kobust, firm, but not large. Intermediate between JR. ro- sacea and JR. expallens, but distinct from both in the yellowish colour. (Fries.) |f Pileus red or purplish. Russula emetic a. Fr. Acrid. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh rather thick, white, reddish: under the separable cuticle ; at first cainpanulate, then ex- panded and depressed, polished, at first rosy then blood-red, sometimes yellowish, at length becoming white ; margin at length tuberculosely sulcate; gills almost free, broad, rather distant, and like the spores, clear white ; stem 2-3 in. high, -j in. or more thick, elastic when young but fragile when old,, even, white or tinged with red, solid but spongy within ; spores 8 p. diameter. Russula emetica, Fries, Epicr., p. 357 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 331 ;- Cke., Illustr., pi. 1030. In damp woods, &c. Large, showy, regular, firm, but fragile when adult, taste- very acrid. Pileus tawny when old. (Fries.) A distinct species, well marked by^ the clear white, free gills ; deep rose or crimson-lake coloured pileus, which soon bleaches almost white ; flesh red under the readily separable- cuticle; and the very acrid taste. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, glutinous when young, smooth,, hemispherical, at length plane, depressed in the centre, mar- gin thin, striato-sulcate, purple, rose-red, bluish, fuscous, yellow or even white. Gills rather distant, broad, rigid, thickish, connected by veins, equal, with a very few smaller interspersed, always white. Stem 2-3 in. high, longitudi- nally rugulose, firm, solid, white or tinged with the colour of the pileus, very acrid and poisonous, a very small piec& producing bad effects. (Berk.) Far. Clusii, Cke., Illustr., pi. 1031. Acrid. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh white, soon becoming yellowish, thick up to the margin ; convex then expanded and sometimes slightly depressed, smooth, even, deep rose- colour or blood-red, margin arched, even for a long time,. 74 FUNGUS-FLORA. slightly striate when old ; gills adnexed then adnate, rather narrowed behind, 2 lines broad in front, rather distant, pallid then pale yellow; stem 2-3 in. long, £ in. thick, •equal, almost even, firm, white, spongily stuffed; spores globose, minutely echinulate, 9-10 /*, diameter. Considered by Fries as a variety of JR. emetica, from which it differs entirely in those characters which more especially •characterise the last-named — free, persistently pure white gills. The points of the present are : acrid taste, deep red pileus, and pale yellow, naked gills. Russula rosacea. Fr. Acrid. Pileus 2-4 in. across, flesh thick, firm, cheesy white ; convex then expanded, obtuse, but never depressed, usually unequal, wavy, sometimes incised ; pellicle viscid in moist weather, separable ; margin even ; rosy flesh-colour, varying in depth, often with darker spots, whitish in places where the cuticle has disappeared ; gills adnate in every stage, thin, crowded, fragile, forked behind, shorter ones intermixed, always persistently white, broad ; stem 1^-2 in. long, up to | in. thick, even, white with a tinge of rose- colour, spongy but solid ; spores 8 p. diameter. Russula rosacea, Fries, Epicr., p. 351 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 322 ; €ke., Illustr., pi. 1020. In woods. Allied to E. sanguinea, but differs in being irregular, often excentric, pileus rather wavy, scarcely depressed ; gills less crowded, broader, less divided, and hardly connected. Some- times pale flesh-colour, becoming pale and marked with •darker spots. (Fries.) Distinguished from similarly coloured species by the thick acrid and persistently white adnate Sills- Slowly becoming Russula sanguinea. Fr. Acrid. Pileus 2-4 in. across, flesh thick, cheesy, white; at first convex, obtuse, then depressed or infundibuliform, base ot the depression usually gibbous, polished, even, moist in wet weather, blood-red, usually becoming pale at the even spreading margin ; gills truly decuvrent, closely crowded, very narrow, connected by veins, fragile, somewhat iorked, white; stem stout, spongily stuffed, apex at first RTJSSULA. 75 constricted, then equal, slightly striate, white then reddish; spores 9-10 /u, diameter. Bussula sanguinea, Fries, Epicr., p. 351 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 322 ; Cke. Illustr., pi. 1019. Among grass in woods. .8. rubra agrees with the present species in colour, but differs in the very hard, rigid, somewhat grumous flesh of the pileus, and in the gills becoming yellowish. Known from all other species by the truly decurrent gills. Russula fragilis. Fr. Acrid. Pileus 1-1 1 in. across, flesh very thin and very fragile ; convex at first and often umbonate, then plane and depressed, pellicle thin, rather viscid in moist weather, becoming pale, colour variable, often opaque, typically flesh- colour, becoming almost or entirely white, often with reddish spots ; margin very thin, tuberculosely striate ; gills slightly adnexed, very thin, broad, crowded, ventricose, all equal, pure white; stem l|-2 in. long, slender, often slightly striate, shining white, spongy within and soon hollow; spores minutely echinulate, 8-10 x 8 p.. Bussula fragilis, Fries, Epicr., p. 359 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 333 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1091. In woods, &c. Difficult to define from fragile forms of B. emetica, but the gills are much more crowded, ventricose, thinner, and the margin often eroded ; pileus thinner, more lax ; flesh en- tirely white — not red under the cuticle ; margin tuberculose, and the entire fungus smaller and more fragile. Var, nivea, Cke., Hdbk., p. 333; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1060u, Size and habit of type form, but every part white from the earliest stage ; spores 8 p. diameter. Var. violacea, Quelet, Assoc. Fr., 1882, t. 11, f. 13; Cke., Hdbk., p. 334 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1060A. Pileus about l£ in. across, expanded and depressed, thin, viscid, striate, bright violet with a narrow whitish margin, sometimes spotted with yellow, green, or olive ; flesh soft, white, peppery ; stem about l£ in. long, 2-3 lines thick, fragile, striate, pruinose, white, spongy then hollow ; gills aduate, crowded, thin, white; spores 8-9 p., spinulose. 76 FUNGUS-FLORA. Var. fallax; Russula emetica, \a,T.fallax; Cke., Hdbk., p. 331; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1059. Size of the typical form, or slightly larger ; acrid, fragile, dingy pale reddish or with a pale purple tinge, disc usually very dark ; opaque, discoid ; gills adnexed, distant, pallid ; spores 8 p. diameter. In woods. Russula Queletii. Fr. Acrid. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thickish at the disc, margin thin, white, purplish under the cuticle; campanu- late or convex then plane, even, viscid, dark violet or dusky, margin slightly striate, purplish lilac; gills almost free, narrowed behind, unequal, forked, 1| line broad, white, exuding drops of water; stem l|-2 in. long, 4-5 lines thick, purplish- violet, paler than the pileus, mealy, spongy within ; spores, 8 p.. Russula Queletii, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 448 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 330; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1028. In fir woods, &c. Distinguished by the purple pileus and stem and the white gills. R. drimeia somewhat resembles the present species in general appearance, but differs in the yellow gills. Var. purpurea; Russula purpurea, Gillet, Tab. Anal., p. 47; Cke., Hdbk., p. 323 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1022. Differs from the typical form in the whitish stem tinged with rose-colour at the middle part, and the yellowish gills. HYCENA. Fries. Pileus regular, thin, usually striate, more or less cam- panulate, rarely umbilicate or depressed, conico-cyliudrical at first, with the margin straight and closely embracing the slender, hollow, central stem ; gills adnate or adnexed, never truly decurrent, but often more or less sinuate behind, and with a more or less evident decurrent tooth (= uncinate), white, greyish, or tinged with pale reddish-pink (= flesh- colour) ; spores white. Mycena, Fries, Syst, Myc., i. p. 140 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 75 (as a subgenus of Agaricus). MYCENA. 77 The species are as a rule small and slender, colours usually "bright and clear, but often very variable in the same species. Several species are strong-scented. Most grow on wood, branches, or twigs, although some grow in the ground and have a long rooting base to the stem, others root among heaps of dead leaves, and some of the minute species grow upon dead leaves. The edge of the gills is often very minutely fringed or denticulate under a lens, more especially in the section Calodontes. This is due to the presence of numerous inflated cells or cystidia of varying length. The same structure also occurs in other genera. Our information is very scanty respecting nearly all the smaller species, and as little or no information can be derived from dried specimens, even if you are quite certain that the correct species is at your disposal, consequently there remains much to be done yet in the way of spore form and size, presence or absence of cystidia, &c. Collybia differs from the present genus in the margin of the pileus being incurved at first, Omphalia and Clitocybe differ in having decurrent gills. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. I. INSITITIAE. Minute species; stem very slender, not rooting, nor furnished with a disc, nor downy at the base, but abruptly piercing the substratum, dry ; gills adnate, uncinate with a decurrent tooth. Very delicate and soon flaccid after being touched. M. rorida agrees with the present section except in having a very viscid stem, and is therefore placed in the section Glutinipedes. II. BASIPEDES. Stem dry, not rooting, but attached by a flattened disc or small strigose bulb at the base. Slender, solitary, soon flaccid. 78 FUNGUS-FLORA. III. GLUTINIPEDES. Stem juiceless, distinctly viscid or glutinous. Gills at length with a decurrent tooth. (Some species in the follow- ing section are viscid in wet weather, but are distinguished by having juice in the stem.) IV. LACTIPEDES. Gills and rooting stem dry (not viscid) but giving out juice or milk when broken. V. FILIPEDES. Stem slender, scarcely a line thick, never more, flaccid, rather tough, rooting, not viscid, juiceless, usually very long in proportion to the size of the pileus ; gills becoming slightly coloured, greyish, &c., margin paler, distinct. Very slender, straight ; not caespitose nor hygrophanous. Allied to the section Bigidipedes, but smaller, stem flaccid and with a very small cavity up the centre, and gills hardly connected by veins, but as species with a long slender stem occur elsewhere, all the characters must be taken into consideration. VI. FRAGILIPEDES. Stem fragile, dry, juiceless, base fibrillose, scarcely rooting, not truly dilated at the base, not ending abruptly as in Section I. Gills discoloured, at length slightly connected by veins. Slender, fragile, often soft, usually with a distinct smell, normally simple and growing on the ground, a few of the strong-scented ones growing on wood and tufted. VII. RIGIDIPEDES. Stem firm, rigid, rather tough, juiceless, base more or less strigosely rooting. Gills discoloured, grey or reddish, at length usually connected by veins; pileus not hygro- phanous. Tough, persistent, inodorous, normally growing on wood MYCENA. 79 and much tufted, but individuals of the same species occur solitary and on the ground. VIII. ADONIDEAE. Stem without juice and not discoid at the base ; gills all one colour, margin not darker, colour not changing. Colour pure, bright, not brownish nor greyish. Scattered or solitary, terrestrial. IX. CALODONTES. Stem juiceless, not expanded at the base ; gills having the edge distinctly darker than the rest, and minutely den- ticulate, a feature that sharply separates the present section from every other. In M. sanguinolenta the gills agree with those of the present section in having a dark edge, but the stem contains coloured juice or milk, and consequently is placed in section Lactipedes. I. INSITITIAE. Mycena juncicola. Fr. Pileus up to 1 line across, often less, very delicate, convex, striate, glabrous, rufescent or with a rosy tinge ; gill& adnate, distant, white ; stem ^— ^ in. long, very slender, glabrous, brown, or with a rosy tinge. Agaricus (Mycena) juncicola, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 160; Cke., Hdbk., p. 91 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 193c. On dead rushes, twigs, &c. Pileus 1 line broad, of a deep blood-red, inclining to- tawny; stem 1 in. high, brown, paler above, smooth; gills forming a collar round the stern. (Berk.) Distinguished from M. pterigena by the absence of a disc at the base of the stem. Mycena capillaris. Fr. White. Pileus about 1 line high and broad, very thin, campanulate and obtuse, then umbilicate, slightly striate when moist, even when dry; gills adnate, ascending, few, all entire and of equal length ; stem about 1 in. long, but $0 FUNGUS-FLOKA. often 2-3 in. when growing among leaves, hair-like, weak, wavy, glabrous, base rarely surrounded by radiating fibrils, fistulose ; spores elliptical, 7-8 X 4 //,. Agaricus (Mycena') capillaris, Fries, Epicr., p. 119; Cke., Hdbk., p. 91 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 193n. On heaps of fallen leaves, especially beech. Very delicate, but rather tough, white and striate when moist, shining white and even when dry. Pileus ^-1 line broad, at first conic, like the head of a very small pin, grey, the stem dark above and minutely pulverulent. (Berk.) Mycena setosa. Sow. White ; very delicate. Pileus about | line across, henri- •gpherical, obtuse, smooth ; gills almost free, narrow, distant ; stem f-1 in. long, very slender, covered with delicate spreading hairs. Agaricus setosus, Sowerby, Fung., t. 302; Cke., Hdbk., p. 91 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 193A.- On dead leaves in woods. Distinguished by the smooth pileus and slender stem covered with delicate spreading hairs. Mycena codoniceps. Cooke. Pileus about 2 lines high and 1 line broad, flesh thick in proportion to the size of the pileus, pale umber ; campanu- late, scarcely expanding, suleate, sprinkled with somewhat •erect short hairs, wholly umber ; gills adnate, narrow, not crowded, white ; stem 2-4 lines high, thin, becoming slightly thinner downwards, umber below, whitish above; spores elliptical, 5 x 2 • 5-3 p.. Agaricus (Mycena) codoniceps, Cke., Grev., xvi. p. 102; Cke., Hdbk., p. 370 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 952s. On tree-fern trunks. Gregarious. Known by its minute size, and dingy umber pileus. Probably introduced. Mycena hiemalis. Osbeck. Pileus up to \ in. across, very thin ; campanulate, slightly umbonate, margin striate, flesh-colour, rufescent, or white, often pruinose; gills uncinately adnate, narrow, linear, MYCENA. 81 whitish; stem |-1 in. long, slender, curved, downy below; spores 7-8 X 3 /x, ; cystidia absent. Agaricus hiemalis, Osbeck, in Ketz., Suppl., ii. p. 19 ; Cke., Hdb'k., p. 91 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 164s. On trunks of trees. Closely resembling M. corticola, but clearly differing in the narrow, linear gills, absence of cystidia, and larger spores. Difficult to distinguish from M. corticola nnd growing in the same localities, but much more scattered ; stem longer, erect or ascending, scarcely incurved, pubescent below; pileus campanulate, obtusely umbonate, margin striate ; gills narrower, linear; colour constantly paler, whitish, rufons flesh-coluur, &c., scarcely ever bluish-black or brown. (Fries.) Mycena corticola. Fr. Pileus 2-4 lines across, very thin, hemispherical, obtuse, at length slightly umbilicate, deeply striate, glabrous <>r flocculosely pruinose; colour very variable, blackish, bluish, brown, or grey; gills adnate, with a slight docurrent tooth, broad, somewhat ovate, paler than the pileus; stem about -i in. long, very slender, glabrous or minutely scurf v, p ler than the pileus, incurved, minutely fistulose; spores elliptical, 5-6 X 3 /x.; cystidia obtusely fusiform, 50-60 x 8-10 /x. Agaricus (Mycena) corticola, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 159 j Cke., Hdbk., p. 90; Cke., Illustr., pi. 164A. On bark of living trees, among moss, lichens, &c. Allied to M. hiemalis, but distinguished by the presence of cystidia in the broad, ovate gills. II. BASIPEDES. Mycena pterigena. Fr. Pale rose-colour. Pileus about 1 line broad ; very delicate, and thin; campanulate, obtuse, almost even; gill-1 minute, broad, distant, entire; stem 2-4 lines long, very thin, wavt>, smooth, disc radiately strigose. Agaricus (Mycena) pterigenus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 160; Cke., Hdbk., p. 90 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 192c. On dead fern stems, veins of dead leaves, &c. VOL. III. 0 82 FUNGUS-FLORA. Distinguished from the other rose-coloured species by its smaller size, and by the disc at the base of the stem. In Fries' Icones, t. 85, f. 4, the stem is in some instances 1 in. long, and very slender ; pileus stria te. Mycena discopoda. Lev. White. Pileus 1-2 lines high, very thin ; conical, obtuse, covered with whitish meal ; gills adnate, few, very distant, narrow; stem about 2 lines long, very slender, mealy, ex- panding at the base into a minute downy discoid bulb. Afjaricus discopus, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1841, p. 239 ; t. 14, f. 4; Cke., Hdbk., p. 90; Cke., Illustr., pi. 192s. On sticks, &c. Distinguished by the persistently conical pileus and adnale gills. Mycena saccharifera. B. & Br. Whitish. Pileus about 2 lines across, very thin; gills arcuately decnrrent, very few (8-9), very distant, rather thick, f-prinkled with shining globose white granules ; stem 2 lines high, filiform, base with a minute, indistinct disc, fixed by a few white fibrils. Agaricus (Mycena) sacchariferus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1216; Che., Hdbk., p. 90; Cke., Illustr., pi. 192A. On bramble and nettle stems. Distinguished among the species in the present section by the rudimentary disc, and by the sparkling particles dusted over the gills, these are globose, colourless, and measure 20-28 n diameter. Far. electica, Bucknall, Trans. Bristol Soc. ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 249c. While. Pileus hemispherical, at length sulcate, clothed, as well as the stem and gills, with sparkling granular pubescence ; stem filiform, slightly dilated and hairy at the base ; gills adnate (4-9), broad, white. On dend furze, &c. Mycena tenerrima. Berk. White ; very delicate. Pileus 1-1J line broad, convex, powdered with white scurfy granules; gills free, ventricose; stem up to 1 in. high, slender, minutely hairy fixed by a minute downy disc; spores subglobose, 3-4 p diameter. MYCENA. 83 Agaricus (Mycena) tenerrimus, Berk., Cutl., t. 6. f. 6 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 89 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 249B. On fir-cones, sticks, &c. Gregarious, pure white. Pile us 1-1 £ lines broad, very delicate, frosted with minute granules. Stem 1 in. high, scarce | line thick, adhering by a minute pubescent disc, which is not the least striate. (Berk.) Distinguished from M. saccJiarifera and its variety by tho free gills and minutely pilose stem. M. stylobates differs in the striate disc. Gregarious, pure white. Pileus 1-1| line broad, very delicate, tender and easily injured, not pilose but frosted minute granules. Gills distant unequal. Sporules white, round. Stem 1 in. high. Scarce ^ of a line thick, flexuous fistulose, adhering by a minute but distant pubescent disc which is not the least striate. (Berk.) Mycena stylobates. Pers. White. Pileus 2-3 lines across, very thin ; campanulate, obtuse, striate, minutely hairy ; gills free, distinct, ventri- cose ; stem 1-2 in. high, slender, equal, smooth, disc orbicular, plane, downy, radiately striate, rather large ; spores 4 X 2 /z. Agaricus stylobates, Persoon, Syn., t. v. f. 4; Cke., Hdbk., p. 89 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 249A. On fern stems, twigs, &c. Distinguished by the smooth stem and large, flat, orbicular, radiately striate disc. Pure white. Pileus 2 lines or more broad ; stem 1-2 in. high, | line thick, rather thicker at the base, adhering by a broad membranaceous, tomentose, radiato-striate disc. (Berk.) Pure white. Pileus 2 lines or more broad, campanulate or hemispherical, sometimes broadly and obtusely umbonate, striate, with a round mark (in thinner specimens), in the centre caused by the insertion of the stein, minutely pilose, not granulose. Gills unequal, rounded, free. Stem 1—2 in. high, | a line thick, rather thicker at the base, flexuous, fistulose, downy or minutely pilose, though sometimes as the pileus becomes quite smooth, fragile, adhering by a broad, membranous, tomentose, radiato-striate disc. (Berk.) o 2 84 FTJNGUS-FLOKA. III. GLUTINIPEDES. Mycena rorida. Fr. Pileus 4-7 lines broad, very thin ; convex, slightly um- bilicate, coarsely striate, dry, ochraceous- white ; gills slightly decurrent, not sinuate, narrow, distant, white; stem 1-1 1 in. long, very slender, whitish, very glutinous. Agaricus (Mycena) roridus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 156; Cke., Hdbk., p. 89 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 248c. On dead bramble twigs, &c. Distinguished from every other species by the decurrent gills, and the very glutinous stem, the gluten usually ac- cumulating in sufficient quantity near the base to hang in drops. Pileus \ in. broad or more, dirty ochraceous; stem \\ in, or more high, at first tinged with violet above, at length dirty ochre, clothed with abundant white pellucid gluten, which almost drips from it ; sometimes the whole plant is nearly white. (Berk.) Mycena plicato-crenata. Fr. Pileus about ^ in. across, flesh very thin ; conical, some- what umbonate, coarsely sulcate, margin crenate, yellowish- white; gills much narrowed behind, adnate with a decur- rent tooth, distant, white; stem l|-2 in. long, slender, equal, glabrous, viscid, whitish more" or less tinged with red or brown, indistinctly hollow, yellowish inside. Agaricus (Mycena) plicato-crenatus, Fries, Monogr., ii. p. 294 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 89 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 248u. Among moss, heath, in larch woods, &c. Distinguished by the plicately sulcate pileus with a crenate margin and without a pellicle, and the sticky stem. Jf. epipterygim differs in the viscid, separable cuticle, and in the larger size. Mycena citrinella. Pers. Pileus 2-4 lines broad, quite membranaceous, campanulate or hemispherical then expanded, not depressed, striate, scarcely viscid, lemon-yellow, often darker at the disc, becoming pale; gills adnexed with a decurrent tooth, alternately long and short, distant, broad, clear white; stem MYCENA. 85 about 1 in. long, very slender, glabrous, viscid in moist weather, lemon-yellow, .base downy but scarcely rooting; •spores obliquely elliptical, 6-8 y 4-5 /*. Agaricus citrinellus, Pers., Ic. Descr., t. ii. f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 89 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 248A. Pine woods, &c., among moss. Allied to M. vulgaris, but smaller, less viscid, and pileus not umbilicately depressed. Var. Candida. Whitish when fresh, becoming sulphur- yellow when dry. Mycena vulgaris. Pers. Pileus about £ in. across, almost membranaceous, convex then depressed and with a central papilla, viscid, pale brown or greyish with darker lines resembling striae ; gills slightly decurrent, thin, rather broad, white; stem |-1| in. long, slender, equal, tough, viscid, pale, fibrillosely rooting ; spores pip-shaped, 5 x 2-5 p. Agaricus vulgaris, Persoon, Icon. Pict., t. xix. f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 88; Cke., Illustr., pi. 191n. Among pine leaves and on twigs, &c. Distinguished at once among the small species by the •viscid pileus and stem, pileus depressed and with a minutn papillate umbo. Sometimes rufous, or whitish with a dark papilla. Mycena pelliculosa. Fr. Pileus -|— 1 in. across, flesh very thin ; campanulate then convex, obtuse, finely striat^, with a viscid separable pellicle, greyish or brownish; gills slightly decurrent, joined behind, otherwise simple and distinct, somewhat like folds, distant, glaucous ; stem 1-lf in long, glabrous, viscid, livid, not quite straight as a rule. Agaricus (Mycena) pelliculosa, Fries, Epicr., p. 116; Cke., Hdbk., p. 88 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 19U. On the ground among heather, &c. Larger than M. vulgaris, and known by the viscid, separable cuticle. Stem slightly thickened at the apex, at length brownish, fragile. ^Frie.s.) fc6 FUNGUS-FLORA. Mycena clavicularis. Fr. Pileus |-f in. across, membranaceous ; convex then ex- panded, somewhat umbonate at first, striate, dry, without a distinct pellicle, disc at length depressed, whitish, yellowish or brownish; gills adnate, narrow, white; stem about 2 in. long, slender, tough, glabrous, viscid, whitish base fibrillose, not rooting. Agaricus (Mycena) clavicularis, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 158 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 88 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 208B. On the ground in woods. Allied to M, epipterygia, but distinguished by the perfectly dry pileus. M. vulgaris and M. rorida are distinguished by the viscid pileus. Mycena epipterygia. Scop. Pileus |-1 in. across, membranaceous ; campanulate, obtuse, Taecoming more or less expanded, never truly depressed, striate, covered with a pellicle that is very viscid in wet weather, and easily separable in every condition, colour variable, usually grey, often pale yellowish-green near the margin ; margin often minutely notched when young ; gills adnate with a decurrent tooth, thin, whitish or tinged grey; stem 2— 4 in. long, about 1 line thick, hollow, tough, often wavy, base rooting and fibrillose, even, viscid, usually yellowish, but sometimes grey, pallid, or whitish ; spores elliptical, 8-10 x 4—5 /A. Agaricus epipterygius, Scop., Curn., p. 453; Cke., Hdbk., p. 88 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 208A. On ^branches, twigs, among moss, &c. Solitary or clustered. Colour variable, but readily known by the viscid pileus, both being furnished with a separable pellicle. Often resembling M. alcalina in the greenish-yellow colour of the pileus, but distinguished by the absence of smell. Pileus an inch or more broad and high, obtuse, sometimes umbilicate, cinerous-yellow, but also occasionally, according to Fries, white, bluish, or rufous, submembranaceous, the margin striate and toothed ; epidermis viscid ; when moist easily tearing off. Gills arcuato-adnate, subdecurrent, par- taking of the colour of the pileus. Stem 3-4 inches high, about 1 line thick, full yellow, viscid, smooth, tomentose at the base. (Berk.) MYCENA. 87 IV. LACTIPEDES. Mycena leucogala. Cooke. Pileus |~f- in. high and broad, flesh thin, dingy; campanu- late, umbonate, sulcate to the middle, purple-brown, margin paler, umbo blackish ; gills adnate with a slight decnrrent tooth, rather distant, grey, about 1 line broad ; stem 2-3 in. long, about 1 line thick at the base, slightly thinner upwards, hollow, coloured like the pileus, with whitish down at the base, containing a large quantity of white milk that escapes in drops when the stem is broken. Agaricus (Mycena) leucogalus, Cke., Grev., xi. p. 41 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 88 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 653. On rotten stumps, &c. Pileus ^ in. high and broad, not exceeding 1 in. Stem 3 in. long ; forming dense caespitose tufts. Very similar in general appearance to M. pullata, Berk. & Cke. (Cooke.) Closely allied to dark forms of M. galopoda, but the latter differs in the pileus not being so coarsely striate, and in the nearly white gills. M. pullata differs in the absence of milk in the stem, and in the slight alkaline smell. M. atrocyaneus also resembles the present species, but differs in the absence of milk in the stem. Mycena galopoda. Fr. Pileus 3-7 lines broad, membranaceous, conical then cam- panulate, more or less umbonate, striate, naked or prninose, at first blackish then grey, but sometimes white with a blackish or brownish umbo; gills narrowed behind and adnexed, broad towards the margin, white or with a faint greenish tinge; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick, rather fragile, even, glabrous or pruinose, greyish-black, apex paler, base rather thickened, downy and rooting, giving out a large quantity of white milk when wounded ; spores elliptical, 9-10 x 5 p.. Agaricus (Mycena) galopus, Epicr., p. 115; Cke., Illustr., pi. 207s ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 87. Among moss, on trunks, &o. M. leucogala resembles the darker forms of the present species, but differs in the gills being grey and connected by veins. SS FUNGUS-FLOKA. Pileus ^-1 in. broad, campanulate or convex, ochraceous, the centre blackish (varying somewhat in colour), pellucid, striate. Gills white, arcuato-adnate or even decurrent. Stein 2-3 inches high, about 1 line thick, pale umber, the base somewhat looting, fibrilloso-tomentose or even strigose, fistnlrsp, not brittle. Milk mild. Taste like that of radishes. Subject to some variation in size and form and colour, but known by its white milk. (Berk.) Mycena chelidonia. Sow. Pileus about 5-7 lines across, fles-h very thin ; campanulate then convex, obtuse, nearly even ; gills adnate, rather distant, distinct, narrow, white then tinged yellow; stem up to 2 in. long, thin, equal, smooth, rooting, with a small quantity of yellow juice, often compressed; spores 9-10 X 5 fi. Agaricus chelidonius, Sowerby, t. 385 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 87 ; €ke., Illnstr., pi. 207A (after Sowerby). On beech stumps. D;stinguished by the yellow juice present in small quantity in the stem. On dead beech trunks, somewhat caespitose; with the haHt of ihe yellowish form of M. alcalina, to which it is allied. Stem hollow, lJ-2 in. long, about 1 line thick, rather fiim, even, glabrous, yellowish, containing a small quantity of yellowish milk, the rooting base downy. Pileus almost membranaceotis, campanulate then convex, obttu-e 1-1 in. broad, glabrous, pellucidly striate when moist, eve"n and opaque when dry, flesh-colour with a yellow tinge, edge quite entire; gills adnate, rather distant, distinct, whitish or yellowish- white. (Fries.) Mycena crocata. Fr. Pileus 1-1 in. across, almost membranaceous, conical then canipannlHte, disc even, umbonate, reddish, olive, greyish, or whitish towards the striate margin, edge quite entire ; gilt narrow behind and adnexed, rather distant, broadest in front, somewhat ventricose, white ; stem 3-5 in. long, hollow, slightly attenuated from the base, glabrous, saffron-red, due to the copious amount of milk of this colour which pours out when the stem is wounded, especially at the downy rooting MYCENA. 89 Agaricus (Mycena) crocatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 115; Cke., Hdbk., p. 87; Cke., Illustr., pi. 163B. Among fallen beech leaves, &c. Inodorous. Distinguished from M. chelidonia by the large amount of deep saffron-red juice in the stem, especially in the rooting portion, and the absence of smell. Mycena sanguinolenta. A. & S. Pileus up to £ in. across, very thin, campanulate then convex, striate, reddish-brown ; gills adnexed, rather narrow, reddish, margin dark purplish-red; stem l|-2 in. long, slender, base downy, containing a pale reddish juice. Agaricus sanguinolentus, Alb. & Schw., p. 196 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 87; Cke., Illustr., p. 163A. Among damp leaves, moss, &c. Our only species with red juice in the stem that has a dark edge to the gills. Mycena cruenta. Fr. Pileus up to | in. across, very thin ; conico-campanulate, etriate, margin quite entire, reddish -brown, becoming pale ; gills adnate, narrow, whitish, margin not darker ; stem 2-3 in. long, slender, equal, straight, glabrous, with a downy rooting base, containing a dark red juice. Agaricus cruentus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 149; Cke., Hdbk., p. 87; Cke., Illustr., pi. 162e. In fir woods, on cones, &c. ; also on the ground. Fries says this species grows singly, Cooke's figure repre- sents it as tufted. Intermediate between M. haematopa and M. sanguinolenta. Stem fistulose, 2-3 in. long, not a line thick but rather firm, straight, even, glabrous, never downy, paler than the pileus, •with a downy rooting base, exuding a dark red liquid when broken. Pileus submembranaceous, conic J then campanulate, obtuse, striate, glabrous, 3-5 lines broad, bay or reddish- brown, margin quite entire ; gills entirely adnate, crowded, linear, whitish, margin quite entire, the same colour as the rest of the gill. (Fries.) On fir-cones. Pileus conic, obtuse, striate; margin in- flexed, entire ; substance at first rather thick in proportion. Stem rigid, smooth, full of red juice, strigoso at the base 90 FUNGUS-FLORA. Gills obtuse in front, shortly adnate, white, margin of the same colour. (B. & Br.) Differs from M. haematopa rin the margin of the pileus being quite entire, and not slightly toothed, and from M. sanguinolenta in the margin of the gills not being darker than the remainder. Mycena haematopa. Pers. Tufted. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh rather thin ; cam- panulate, obtuse, striate (Fries says pileus even), margin minutely toothed; reddish disc daiker and with a purple tinge; gills adnate, about f— 1 line broad, entirely whitish ; stem about 2 in. long, 1 line thick, rather thicker at the base, paler than the pileus, covered with white pulverulent down, containing dark blood-red juice. Agaricus haematopus, Pers., Syn., p. 379 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 86 ; Cke., lllustr., p. 162A. On trunks and stumps. The denticulate margin of the pileus and entirely white gills readily distinguish the present among species con- taining a red juice. Tufted. Pileus moist, campanulate, then expanded, reddish, with a ^ tinge of purple, |-l in. or more across, striate, very minutely rivulose; stem pale rufous flesh-colour, at first thickened at the base, then nearly equal, farinaceous ; gills distant, adnato-decurrent, white; edge red; interstices even. Everywhere distilling, when broken, a dark-red juice. Far larger than any form of M. sanquinolenta or M. cruenta. (B. & Br.) V. FILTPEDES. Mycena acicula. Schaeff. Pileus 1—2 lines across, rnembranaceous ; campanulately convex, glabrous, orange-red, margin striate; gills adnexed, rounded behind, ventricose, distant, yellow, margin whitish; stem up to H in. long, very slender, tough, shining, yellowish, continued as a long, fibrillose rooting base. Agaricus acicola, Schaeffer, Fung., t. 222; Cke., Hdbk., p. 86; Cke., lllustr., pi. 190c. Among fallen twigs, also on wood. Very slender, but tough, persistent. Stem slightly fistu- MYCENA. 91 lose, rooting, about 1 1 in. long, slender as a hair, very glabrous (except the rooting base), fining, deep yellow ; pileus mem- branaceous, campanulate then convex, with a very minute slightly fleshy umbo, 1-2 lines broad, striate, glabrous, shining, vermilion-orange. Gills adnexed and rounded behind, almost free, broad in proportion, ventricose, some- what ovate, distant, alternate ones shorter, yellow, margin white, or altogether wtdte. (Fries.) Distinguished among the minute red species by the yellow gills and the tough, i-ooting stein, Mycena tenella. Fr. Caespitose. Pileus up to ^ in. across, membranaceous, campanulately convex, obtuse, sometimes expanding, pellucid, margin slightly striate, white or with a pink tinge; gills- uncinate, crowded, very thin and narrow, white then tinged pink ; stein about 1 in. long, very slender, glabrous, soft, white, base downy. Agaricus (Mycena) tenellus, Fries, Epicr., p. Ill ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 190s; Cke., Hdbk., p. 86. On old trunks. Yery delicate and tender. Known from M. tennis and M. gypsea by the smaller size, very narrow, crowded, thin gills, and very slightly striate pileus. Mycena speirea. Fr. Pileus 2-6 lines across, membranaceous, conico-convex then plane, at length depressed in the centre, umbilicus- darker, brown, often with a small papillate umbo, remainder greyish- white, variegated with brown lines, glabrous, some- times pruinose ; gills at first adnate, then decurrent owing to the depre>sion of the pileus, distant, alternate ones shorter, white ; stem about l|-2 in. long, hollow, very tough, equal, glabrous, shining, white, base brownish and with root-like fibrils of mycelium. Atjaricus speirea, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 158; Cke., Hdbk., p. 86; Cke., Illustr., pi. 190A. On mossy trunks. D> nsely gregarious; but not caespitose. Stem minutely fistulose, very tough, filiform, about 2 in. long, equal, glabrous, shining, white, base brownish, with a :92 FUNGUS-FLOKA. thin, fibrillose root. Pileus inembranaceous, conico-convex when young, then plane, centre depressed, umbo brown, rest .pallid or whitish, variegated with brown lines, 2-4 lines Ibroad, glabrous, sometimes pruinose. Gills adnate at first, then deeply decurrent owing to the depression of the pileu-, distant, alternate ones shorter, clear white. More closely allied to the Filopedes section of Mycena than to Omphalia, although from the deeply decurrent gills might be placed in Omphalia. (Fries.) Mycena collariata. Fr. Pileus |-|- in. across, membranaceous ; campanulate then convex, somewhat umbonate, striate, brownish or greyish- white with a brownish disc, becoming pale, glabrous; gills adnate to a collar round the stem, narrow, crowded, distinct, whitish or with a tinge of flesh-colour; stem about 1J in. long, | line and more thick, tough, glabrous shining, pale. Agaricus (Mycena) collariatus, Fries, Obs., ii. p. 164; Cke., Hdbk., p. 86; Cke., Illustr., pi. 189c. Among grass in woods, &c. Distinguished by the gills separating from the stem and -attached to each other behind as if by a collar. Stem about 1 in. long and nearly 1 line thick, slightly -striate under a lens. Pileus £ in. and more broad, typically fuscous, but often greyish- white with a brownish disc ; gills rather distant when the pileus expands. Allied to Mycena stanneus,^ which differs in the firmer stem. The collar is not free, as in Marasmius rotula, but the gills are joined behind, .and cohere to the stem, and at length secede. (Fries.) Mycena yitilis. Fr. Pileus 3-4 lines across, membranaceous ; conical then ex- panded, papillate, deeply striate when moist, brownish or greyish-white, becoming pale ; gills narrowed behind and ^adnate, rather distant, greyish-white ; stem 3-6 in. long, very slender, equal, slightly bending under the weight of -the pileus, glabrous, juiceless, shining, rooting. Agaricus (Mycena} vitilis, Fries, Epicr., p. 113 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 85; Cke., Illustr., pi. 189s. Among leaves in damp places. Distinguished by the very long, slender, weak stem and •deeply striate pileus. MYCENA. 93 Stem very slender, 3-6 in. long. Pileus 3-4 lines broad, somewhat shining, livid-fuscous, whitish-grey, &c., the slightly fleshy papilla often absent, almost even when dry. Gills ascending, distinct, decurrent tooth obsolete; margin whitish. (Fries.) Mycena debilis. Fr. Pileus about \ in. across, membranaceous ; campanulate then convex, obtuse, striate, almost even when dry, rugulose,. becoming brownish, opaque; gills broadly adnate, narrow, distinct, whitish; stem 1-2 in. long, very slender, equal, flaccid and not quite straight, whitish, base not rooting,- fibrillose. Agaricus (Mycena) delilis, Fries, Epicr., p. 112; Cke.r Hdbk., p. 85 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 189A. On the ground among moss, &c. M. collariata somewhat resembles the present species, but differs in having the gills attached to a collar round the etem. Becoming dry within an hour in fine weather, but per- sisting for a long time in damp places among leaves. About the size of M. sanguinolenta. Colour whitish, flesh-colour, livid, &c., becoming brownish. Urnbo obtuse when present. (Fries.) Mycena amicta. Fr. Pileus 3-5 lines across, membranaceous, conically cam- panulate, striate up to the middle, dry, glabrous, sometimes- pruinose, greenish, grey, livid, &c. ; gills free, crowded, linear, grey, margin paler ; stem 3-4 in. long, very slender, equal, tough, covered with pulverulent down, root tapering, twisted, glabrous. Agaricus (Mycena) amictus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 141 ;. Cke., Hdbk., p. 85; Cke., Illustr., pi. 283. •On the ground among moss. Readily distinguished among allied forms by the long, slender, tough, pulverulent stem, and the grey gills. Mycena mirabilis. Cke. & Quel. Pileus about £ in. high and across, flesh very thin, campanu- late, finely striate, umbonate, pale bluish-grey, umbo darker at first, then tan-colour; gills slightly adnexed, distant,. 94 FUNGuS-FLOKA. white, edges darkened with minute particles; stem lJ-2 in. long, slender, equal, greyish, minutely floccose, slightly rooting and tomentose at the base, hollow. Agaricus (Mycena) mirabilis, Cke. and Quelet, Clavis, p. 39; Cke., Hdbk., p. 85; Cke., Illustr., pi. 951A. Agaricus marginellus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 131 (not of Persoon). On fir trunks, among moss. Somewhat resembling M. iris, but distinguished by the umbonate pileus and dark-edged gills. Pileus 3 lines across, conical, striate, pallid grey, darker in the centre, minutely rivulose ; margin subcrenulate ; stem short, slightly curved, shining, quite smooth, minutely fistu- lose ; gills distant, slightly adnexed, white, with a purple margin. Under a high magnifying power, the pileus (espe- cially the edge) and stem appear clothed with minute glandular particles similar to those which colour the edge of the gills. (B. & Br.) Mycena iris. Berk. Pileus |-| in. across, very thin ; hemispherical then more or less expanded, obtuse, striate, slightly viscid, blue when young^ then brownish and ornamented with blue and agglutinated fibrils ; gills almost free, narrow, tinged grey ; stem l|-3 in. long, slender, equal, bluish below and tinged with brown above, with fascicles of down here and there. Agaricus (Mycena) iris, Berk., Outl., t. 6, f. 2 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 85 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 161s. On fir stumps. Fasciculate or scattered, brittle, when young the pileus and stem are bright sky-blue and beautifully tomentose. Pileus |-£ of an in. broad, membranaceous, hemispherical, obtuse, striate, umber, clothed with blue fibrillae which are glued down to the epidermis, scattered in the centre, thicker and more free on the margin, which is slightly denticu- late, (rills free or slightly adnexed, linear, pale cinereous, the margin sometimes denticulate. Stem H-3i in. hi°-h not 1 line broad, not rooting, blue below, above sub- rufescent, the tomentum below depressed and blue, above nearly white, minutely but distinctly fasciculato-pilose : in very elongated specimens obsolete. Another form has the MYCENA. 95 pileus much longer, subcarnpanulate rufescent, varied with yellow-green towards the margin and blue nearer to the centre; sometimes the whole rufescent except the extreme margin, which is deep blue. The gills paler, but not always so, and more denticulate, their edges milky. Smell strong. A most elegaut though small species. (Berk.) Mycena filopes. Bull. Pileus about | in. across, membranaceous ; conical then campanulate, at length expanded, obtuse, striate, brownish- grey or livid-grey, rarely whitish; gills free or slightly adnexed, narrow, ventricose, crowded, white ; stem 3-4 in. long, very slender, equal, rather fragile, flaccid, glabrous, whitish ; base rooting, fibrillose. Agaricus filopes, Bulliard, t. 320; Cke., Hdbk., p. 84; Illustr., pi. 161 A. In woods among leaves, &c. Fragile. Distinguished among the small species by the long filiform stem ending in a fibrillose, rooting base. Stem fistulose, 3 in. and more long, equal, altogether filiform, straight, flaccid but not very tough, even, glabrous, with a long, downy, rooting base, livid or with a fuscous tinge, filled with a watery juice when growing. Pileus re- markably membranaceous, conical then campanulate, obtuse, striate, dry, glabrous, about | in. broad, livid-fuscous, rarely whitish. Gills free or touching the stem, lanceolate, ventri- cose, crowded, white. (Fries.) VI. FEAGILIPEDES. Mycena atroalba. Bolton. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh very thin; parabolic- campanulate, obtuse, disc even, blackish, becoming whitish towards the pellucidly striate margin ; not hygrophanous ; gills free, ventricose, crowded, white then glaucous; stem 3-4 in. long, almost 2 lines thick, even, pallid, apex darker, base swollen, strigose. Agaricus atroalbus, Bolton, t. 137 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 81. On the ground. Solitary or gregarious, not caespitose. Firm but not 96 FUNGUS-FLORA. rigid; not fnsiformly rooting, distinguished from allies by the tumid, inflated, hairy base of the stem. (Fries.) Mycena dissiliens. Fr. Strong-scented. Pileus about 1 in. across, almost mem- branaceous, acorn-shaped then conico-campanulate, not be- coming flattened, but the margin becomes upturned, sulcate to the middle, dry, greyish-fuscous, becoming whitish at the margin ; gills rounded behind, seceding and becoming almost free, broadest in front, apex very obtuse, soft, watery, whitish base, tinged grey, the shorter ones crisped ; stem short, 2 in. long, 1—2 lines thick, attenuated from the strigose- base, glabrous or slightly pruinose, juiceless, finely etriate under a lens, grey, splitting into flaps that curve outwards when compressed or bent. Agaricm (Mycena) dissiliens, Fries, Epicr., p. 138; Cke., Illustr., pi. 285A; Cke., Hdbk., p. 81. On trunks, subcaespitose, or on the ground among fallen blanches, &c. Very fragile, smell unpleasant. In shady places the pileus is generally covered with a spidery silkiness. Distinguished by the greyish-brown sulcate pileus, and by the split portions of the stem curling outwards. Mycena plicosa. Fr. Fragile, pileus very thin, campanulate then expanded, margin sulcate, greyish-brown when moist, opaque and buff when dry; gills distant, thick, broadest in front, adnate, connected by veins, grey; stem smooth, even, shining, hollow, often rather flexuous, l|-2 in. high, slender, equal, pale, minutely strigose at base ; spores irregularly globose, 4-5 /*. diameter. Agaricus plicosus, Fries, Hym. Enr., p. 142 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 82; Cke., Illust., t 285fi; not good, sulcate margin not shown. Among grass, &c. Stem rather rigid (not soft as in M. metata), rather fragile, straight, equal, even, glabrous, 1 in. long, grey or brownish, base abrupt, not rooting, furnished with white down. Pileus membranaceous, campanulate then expanded, umbo rather fleshy, even ; the remainder deeply lineato-sulcate, grooves distant almost like folds, often splitting, 1 in. across, MYCENA. 97 brownish -grey, opaque when dry. Gills adnate without a •decurrent tooth, thick, distant, connected by veins, grey, at length whitish pruinose. Appears to be nearest to M. rnetata, which differs in the soft, lax stem and almost even pileus. (Fries.) Mycena paupercula. Berk. Strong-scented. Fileus 1-2 lines across, flesh thin ; obtusely conical or hemispherical, very minutely innately ifibiillose, ochraceous- white ; gills free then adnexed, whitish ; stem ^ in. and more long, slender, equal, whitish, rooting and downy at the base. Afjaricus (Mycena) pauperculus, Berk., Outl., p. 125; Cke., Hdb'k., p. 82 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 236A. Inside decayed stumps. Minute, ochraceous- white. Pileus 1 line broad, pale ochraceous-white, in age almost tawny. When moist the gills shine through, giving a striate appearance, but not always. (Berk.) Distinguished among the minute species by the rather strong, sweet scent, and rooting stem. M. psammicola differs in the wholly whitish-pulverulent tstem, and in having particles sprinkled over the pileus. Pileus 1 line broad, fleshy, for the size of the plant firm, scarcely membranaceous, obtusely conic or hemispherical, most minutely but decidedly innato-fibrillose, pale ochra- ceous-white, in age almost tawny, probably stained by the wood on which it grows. When moist the gills shine through, giving it a stiiate appearance, but not always. Gills white, adnexed by reason of the growth of the pileus ; in youth they are really free. Sporules white, round. Stem j— 1 in. high, ^ a line thick, white, curved, rooting, the root villous, minutely stuffed, smooth, even, under a high magni- fying power, powdered at the top with the sporules, generally thicker below. Odour farinaceous. Allied to A. alcalinus, but I think distinct from all its small varieties. For it is much more fleshy, and seems to have no tendency to be coloured like that species. (Berk.) Mycena atrocyanea. Batsch. Pileus up to i in. across, flesh thin, grey ; fragile, inodorous, campanulately convex, umbonate, sulcate, brownish, theu VOL. in. H 98 FUNGUS-FLORA. dark bluish-grey, covered with a white evanescent bloom ; gills narrow behind, united by a collar behind and slightly adnexed, distant, whitish; stem l£-3 in. long, straight, slender, equal, extreme base slightly thickened, glabrous, blackish-blue. Agaricus (Mycena) atrocyanea, Batsch, f. 87 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 82 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 236n. On the ground, on pine leaves, &c. Usually gregarious, sometimes clustered. Distinguished from allied forms by the whitish gills and absence of milk in the stem. TJmbo obtuse, often deformed. Mycena pullata. Berk. & Cke. Smell slight, nitrous. Pileus |—| in. across, flesh very thin; campanulate, obtusely umbonate, coarsely striate to the middle, dark brown, disc nearly black ; gills adnexed, white, scarcely crowded, about 1 line broad ; stem about 3 in. long, about 1 line thick at the base, slightly thinner upwards, coloured like the pileus, with whitish down at the basu, hollow, sometimes rooting ; spores elliptical, 6 x 3 p.. Agaricm (Mycena) pullatus, Berk. & Cke., Grev., xi. p. 69 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 82 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 237. On the ground among dead leaves. Stem 3 in. long, 1 line thick. Pileus f in. broad, at first dark brown with a tinge of purple, almost black, growing a a little paler with age, sometimes with a glaucous bloom. (Cooke.) Closely resembling M. leucogala, but distinguished by the absence of milk in the stem ; this character also separates the dark form of M. galopoda. M. atrocyanea differs in the dark blue tinge of pileus and stem. Mycena leptocephala. Pers. Smell strong, alkaline. Solitary; entirely grey. Pileus up to 1 in. across, flesh very thin, fragile, campanulate then expanded, umbonate, coarsely striate, margin often wavy, pruinose or slightly silky, opaque ; gills emarginate, rather broad, margin whitish ; &tem up to 2 in. long, 1 line thick, slightly striate, opaque, dry, equal. Agaricm leptocepJialus, Persoon, Icon, et Descr., t. ii. f. 4 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 187A; Cke., Hdbk., p. 83. MYCENA. 99 On trunks and on the ground. Stem 1 in. and more long, l|-2 lines thick, base smooth; gills almost 2 lines broad, shining, dark grey, margin whitish ; pileus 1 in. broad, expanded, plano-convex, rather wavy, grooves broad, distinct, opaque, substance very thin, pellucid, appearing to be slightly downy, but really glabrous. Taste unpleasant ; smell like sweet nitre. (Persoon.) M. alcalina differs in the sticky stem. In Cooke's figure the gills are represented as slightly sinuate and with a minute decurrent tooth. Agreeing with M. alcalina in the nitrous smell; differing in not being caespitose, the slightly striate stem ; sulcate, pruinose pileus, and emarginate gills. (Fries.) Mycena alcalina. Fr. Smell strong, nitrous. Pileus up to 1 in. across, flesh thin ; campanulate, obtuse, margin at length spreading or some- •times upturned, deeply striate when moist, shining when dry, colour various, pallid, or with a tinge of pale yellowish- green, disc darker; gills adnate, narrowed behind, rather distant, whitish then glaucous or greyish; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, pale, sometimes yellow, shining, slightly viscid, base downy, hollow ; spores 8 x 5 /x. Agaricus (Mycena) alcalinm, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 142; Cke., Hdbk., p. 83; Cke., Illustr., pi. 187B, 225. On trunks and stumps, among leaves, &c. On trunks (somewhat tufted), leaves, &c., not truly terres- trial, as in M. ammoniaca. Smell strong, nitrous. Pileus without a viscid, separable pellicle ; stem not truly viscid. Very variable in size and colour. Stem yellow, grey, &c. ; gills rather thick, slightly connected by veins, often dark grey, edge paler, yellowish-glaucous, &c., rigid but fragile. (Fries.) M. ammoniaca has the same smell as the present species, but differs in growing on the ground; slightly striate, umbonate pileus ; stem without a yellow tinge. Solitary or densely caespitose. Pileus |-2 in. broad, sub- carnose, umbonate, subuni Donate or quite obtuse, even, with or without imbedded fibrillae, at first conico-p;ipillate, rugose, cinereous or tinged with olive, substriate, when old expanded or depressed but little changed in colour, though occasionally H 2 100 FUNGUS-FLORA. with a pink or yellow hue. Gills adnate with a tooth, distant, when old slightly ventricose, at first pale then glaucous pinkish or yellowish, more or less connected by veins. Stem 3 in. high, 1-2 lines thick, fistulose, subfibrilloso-striate, attenuated upwards, downy at the base, the down sometimes rather tawny, sometimes firm and tenacious, sometimes very brittle, grey above, yellowish or reddish beneath when young, but when old sometimes changing above to a bright yellow. Odour pungent, like that of fermented or putrid walnuts. A very variable species ; often passing away into a loathsome mass before it fully expands, sometimes becoming dry and t«.ugh, but still with the same peculiar odour and a taste similar to it. (Berk.) Mycena ammoniaca. Fr. Strong-scented. Pileus |-f in. across, flesh very thin; conical then expanded, umbonate, naked, discoid, opaque, dark brown, sometimes greyish, margin paler and striate ; gills adnate, linear, narrow, distinct, whitish; stem about 2 in. long and J line thick, rather firm, even, dry, whitish, rooting. Agaricus (Mycena) ammoniacus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 142 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 83; Cke., Illustr., pi. 238A. On the ground. Smell like that of M. alcalina, from which the present species differs* in growing singly on the ground ; stem perfectly dry, and without a yellow tinge. M. metata differs in the soft sul>stauce of every part, pileus hygrophanous and soon becoming whitish. Mycena metata. Fr. Pileus |-| in. across, flesh very thin, hemispherical, then campanulate, obtuse, soft, very hygrophanous, grey and sligutly stria te when moist; even, opaque, and whitish when dry, and looks somewhat silky, at least under a lens ; gills adnate, narrow, linear, rather distant, distinct, whitish; stem 2-3 in. 1 ,ng, slender, soft and flaccid, even, glabrous, greyish-white, base fibrillose, but not trulv rooting spores elliptical, 8- 10x4-6 /x. Agaricus metatus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 141 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 83; Cke.. lliustr., pi. 238n. Among moss in pine woods, &c. MYCENA. 101 Smell alkaline, weak or entirely absent; pileus usually grey when inoist, sometimes reddish-pink, pallid, &c. Among moss in pastures, also in pine woods ; gregarious but never caespitose. Smell weak, alkaline, often entirely absent. In other respects differing widely from M. ammoniaca, M. alcalina, and M, leptocephala in the soft and flaccid substance, and in the hygrophanous pileus readily becoming pale and discoloured. (Fries.) Mycena peltata. Fr. Pileus about f in. across ; the broad disc rather fleshy, remainder thin ; convex when young, soon quite plane, closely and distinctly striate at the margin, blackish-brown when moist, grey when dry ; when dry the edge is upturned and blackish, forming a shallow saucer-like depression ; gills adnate with a decurrent tooth, crowded at first, ventricose, becoming rather distant as the pileus expands, distinct, grey, margin paler ; stem 1^—2 in. long, about 1 line thick, equal, rigid, rather fragile^ often wavy, even, glabrous, naked, livid, base elongated and downy when growing among moss, but not truly rooting. Agaricus peltatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 110; Cke., Hdbk., p. 83. In pastures, among moss. Closely gregarious. Inodorous. More or less resembling M. aetites, but distinguished by the absence of a viscid, separable pellicle. Mycena consimilis. Cooke. Gregarious. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh very thin, conically campanulate, umbonate, margin soon upturned and at length splitting, striate to the middle, smooth, opaque, grey, the umbo darker ; gills adnexed or nearly free, scarcely crowded, not 1 line broad, grey; stem about 1| in. long, rather thinner upwards, often compressed below, rather rigid, dry, smooth, paler than the pileus, hollow. Agaricus (Mycena) consimilis, Cke., Grevillea, xix. p. 41 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 383; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1186. Among grass. More or less resembling the following species. M. lepto- cephala differs in the striate stem and strong nitrous smel1. M. metata also differs in the strong smell. M. peltata differs 102 FUNGUS-FLOE A. in the orbicular, plane pileus; finally M. rugosa differs in the pileus being wrinkled near the apex and the margin even. Mycena aetites. Fr. Pileus about f in. across, flesh very thin, campanulate then convex, glabrous, coarsely striate, with a broad, obtuse, prominent umbo, hygrophanous, brownish; gills slightly sinuate, uncinate, thin, connected by veins, whitish ; stem about 2 in. long, f line thick, becoming thinner upwards, glabrous, shining, more or less compressed, whitish, base tinged brownish. Agaricus (Mycena) aetites, Fries, Epicr. p. 110; Cke., Hdbk., p. 84; Cke., Illustr., pi. 188A. Among damp moss. Gregarious. Distinguished by the broad promineut umbo, suleate pileus, and gills connected by veins. Stem 2 in. long, whitish, becoming tinged with fuscous below ; pileus sometimes becoming fuscous, margin at length blackish. Gills linear, rather distant, cohering behind at first, greyish at the sides. (Fries.) Mycena stanneus. Fr. Pileus §-1^ in. across, fle^h very thin ; campanulate then expanded, glabrous, indistinctly striate, hygrophanous, grey ; tin-colour with a silky sheen and even when dry ; gills ad- nate with a decurrent tooth 1 line broad, connected by veins, greyish- white ; stem 2-3 J in. long, tip to 1 line thick, equal, even, shining, pallid, becoming compressed, often not quite straight. Agaricus (Mycena} sf.anneus, Fries, Epicr., p. Ill; Cke., Hdbk., p. 84; Cke. Illustr., pi. 188s. Among grass in woods. Allied to M. vitrea, differing in the decurrent tooth to the gills. Inodorous. Stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick. Pileus up to 1£ in. broad, slightly pellucidly striate and umbonate from the protruding apex of the stem, grey, colour of tin when dry. Gills hardly crowded. (Fries.) Mycena vitrea. Fr. Pileus up to 1 in. across, very brittle, membranaceous, MYCENA. 103 campanulate, finely striate almost or quite up to the slightly umbonate disc, which is not at all fleshy, livid-brown, margin naked ; gills adnate, narrow, linear, distinct, whitish ; stem, 3-4 in. long, not 1 line thick, slightly striate, shining, coloured like the pileus or paler, hollow, base fibrillose. Agaricus (Mycena) vitreus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i p. 146 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 84; Cke., Illustr., pi. 160A. In damp pine woods, &c. Very fragile. Allied to M. aetites and M. stannea, but dis- tinguished from both by the narrow, linear (not arcuate or ventricose, but with the edge straight) gills which are not at all sinuate behind, without a trace of a decurrent tooth, and not connected by veins. Mycena tennis. Bolton. Pure white. Pileus about ^ in. across, very brittle, mem- branaceous; campanulate, then convex, obtuse, striate for more than half way up to the disc, margin crenulate ; gills adnate, ascending, distant, thin, watery ; stem about 2—3 in. long, thin, equal, glabrous, pellucid, straight, minutely fistuiose. Agaricus tennis, Bolton, t. 37; Cke., Hdbk., p. 84; Cke., Illustr., pi. 160s. In damp woods. Fasciculate ; pure white, very fragile and watery ; some- what resembling M. gypsea, which ditfers in the strigose base of the stem ; gills with a slight decurrent tooth, and yellowish disc. VII. RIGIDIPEDES. Mycena prolifera. Sow. Pileus about f in. across ; flesh thin ; campanulate, then expanded, more or less umbonate, margin at length coarsely striate, yellowish or brownish tan ; gills adnexed, 1 line broad, whitish then pallid ; stem about 3 in. long, firm, rigid, glabrous, shining, slightly striate, rooting, brownish below, pallid upwards. Agaricus proliferus, Sowerby, t. 169; Cke., Hdbk., p. 79; Cke., Illustr., pi. 235. On rotten wood and on the ground. Densely caespitose ; stem frequently proliferous. Stem. 101 FUNGUS-FLORA. pallid above, but below tawny or bay ; pileus pallid, disc darker and obtusely umbonate; margin somewhat striate, and at length cracked. (Cooke.) Mycena Berkeley!. Mass. Pileus 1J-3 in. across, flesh up to | line thick in large specimens ; campanulate then more or less expanded, slightly umbonate, slightly and distantly striate up to the umbo, hygrophanous, dingy brown, umbo darker, paler when dry ; gills broadly sinuate behind and adnate with a decurrent tooth, rather distant, ventricose, 2-3 lines broad, thin, tinged purplish or flesh-colour ; stem 3|-5 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, almost equal or slightly thickened below, dingy brown with a purple tinge, more or less striate, hollow, flesh tinged purple, ending in a long, tapering, rooting base ; spores broadly elliptical, with an oblique ba>al apicul us, 5 X 3 • 5 p. ; no cystidia seen. Agaricus (Mycena) excisus, Lasch; Cke., Illustr., p. 143 (pileus brighter in colour than in Berkeley's original drawing). On trunks. (Hothorpe.) This is certainly not the Agaricus excisus of Lasch, neither does it agree with any other described species. Pileus 3 in. across, stem 4 in. high, root 2 in. long. Solitary or subcaespitose ; gills purplish, strongly cut out behind. The fig. Bull., t. 518i, is more characteristic of the specimens than that in Fries' Icones, taken from smaller and probably more superficial specimens. (B. & Br.) Mycena cohaerens. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh rather thin ; campanulate, obtuse, even, glabrous, but soft to the touch and looking as if it was rather velvety, cinnamon or tawny-umber, becom- ing pale ; margin straight and pressed to the stem at first ; gills almost free, rounded behind, distant, very broadr usually connected by veins, white then pallid ; stem 4-5 in. long, 2 in. thick, equal, even, glabrous, shining, bay up- wards, the extreme apex often whitish, chestnut below, hollow, very rigid, almost horny, fasciculately tufted at the base and grown together with white down; spores 10 x 7-8 //. Agaricus (Mycena') coliaerens, Fries, Epicr., p. 105 ; Cke., MYCENA. 10'5 Hdbk., p 351; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1128B (as Marasmius cohaerens). On trunks or on the ground among leaves. Amongst pine leaves in great perfection. It has much affinity with A. balaminus, B. ; but that has the margin of the gills purple. They have, however, the same fulvous bristles on the surface. (B. & Br.) In woods among leaves, also on wood. I have found it growing in tufts on fir trunks. With the habit of Maras- mius, but allied to M. galericulata in the gills. Mycena excisa, Lasch. Pileus convex, somewhat umbonate, rugulose, brownish ; gills somewhat cut out behind and almost free, ventricose,. thick, hoary ; stem even almost glabrous, base rooting. Agaricus excisus, Lasch; Linnea, vol. iv. (1829), p. 534, (No. 538.) Most nearly allied to Agaricus polygrammm. Pileus- campanulate then convex, very obtuse of umbonate, about 1 in. across ; disc slightly fleshy, pallid-fuscous or greyish- fuscous. Gills in series of four, somewhat distant, connected by veins, paler in colour than the pileus, very broad and ventricose in front, very much narrowed behind, scarcely adnexed. Stern 1| in. long, li-2 lines thick, grey. Tough;, almost tasteless. Gregarious. On trunks, especially pine. Sept., Nov. The whole of the above is a translation of Lasch's original description in Linnea, I.e. Fries' description of what he considers to be M. excises- differs in some respects from the above, as admitted by him (Icon., p. 88), and he there also says that his fungus may be distinct from that of Lasch. Scotch specimens in the Berkeley herbarium are the only ones collected in Britain so far as I know, and these pre- sumably agreed with the Friesian idea of the species ; hence,, whether the two are identical, or if not. which species these specimens represent is at present uncertain. Mycena psammicola. B. & Br. Smell strong, but not nitrous. Pileus about £ in. across, flesh thin, almost hemispherical, hygrophanous, brown,. 106 FUNGUS-FLOKA. paler towards the striate margin ; sprinkled with minute particles ; gills adnexed, sinuate behind, about \ line broad, white; stem up to f in. long, slender, equal, whitish above, umber below, wholly whitish-pulverulent, solid. Agaricus (Mycena) psammicola, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1518; Cke., Hdbk., p. 79 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 186A. On a sandbank, among moss. Very much resembling M. paupercula, differing in the pulverulent stem and in having particles sprinkled on the pileus. Mycena rugosa. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, rather fleshy; campanulate then expanded, more or less umbonate, tough, dry, irregularly wrinkled with raised ribs, grey becoming pale ; gills ad- nexed with a minute decurrent tooth, slightly sinuate, rather distant, connected by veins, greyish- white ; stern about 2 in. long, 1J line thick, straight, often compressed, firm, tough, even, glabrous, pallid, with a short, oblique, etrigose rooting base. Agaricus (Mycena) rugosus, Fries, Epicr., p. 106 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 80; Cke., Illustr., pi. 186B. On or near stumps, trunks, &c. Often growing singly, and then large. Stem short, rather thick, straight, at length compressed. Pileus somewhat obtuse. Gills ventricose, entire or the similarly coloured margin minutely serrulate. (Fries.) Much tougher than M. galericulata, the latter also differs in being tutted in habit, pileus not irregularly wrinkled but striate up to the umbo, and gills with a slight pink tinge. M. excisa has the pileus rugose, as in the present species, but differs in the brownish stem and in the gills being very much narrowed behind. Pileus at first campanulate, then convex, sulcate up to the umbo, cinereous, as well as the short, compressed stem, which is glabrous above; gills distant, cinereous, uncinato- adnate, connected by veins. (B. & Br.) Mycena sudora. Fr. White. Pileus f-l£ in. across, flesh very thin, except the umbo; convex, umbonate, striate, viscid, often irregular; gills obtusely adnate without trace of a decurrent tooth, MYCENA. 107 rather thick, somewhat distant, 1£ line broad, white, be- coming tinged flesh-colour; stem 3—5 in. long, 1— 1|- line thick, equal, firm, even, dry, almost glabrous, rooting but ending abruptly. Agaricus (Mycena) sudorus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 156; Cke., Hdbk., p. 80 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 206. On beech trunks. Distinguished by the entirely white colour and viscid pileus. Usually solitary, large, entirely white. Stem very long, root long, ending abruptly, glabrous (perhaps not always?) Pileus 1 in. broad, diaphanous, often irregular, not rugose. Gills broad. (Fries.) Mycena galericulata. Scop. Pileus f-2 in. across, flesh thin, conical, then campanulate, at length expanded, umbonate, dry, glabrous, striate up to the umbo, livid-brownish, greyish, pallid, &c. ; gills adnate with a decurrent tooth, about 1 line broad, connected by veins, whitish then tinged with pink; stem 2-4 in. long, 1-1^ line thick, equal, rigid, even, polished, pallid, base tapering, rooting, hollow ; spores 6-7 x 4 p. Agaricus galericulatus, Scopoli, Carn., 445; Cke., Hdbk., p. 80 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 222. On trunks and stumps. M. rugosa is most nearly allied to the present species, but differs in growing singly, shorter stem, grey gills, and tougher substance. A form of M. galericulata sometimes grows on the ground among leaves. Common on trunks, exceedingly variable, tufts often densely crowded. Not tough and flexible, like M. rugosa. Steins somewhat ascending, base downy, rooting, white, tawny, bay, &c. (Fries.) Solitary or densely caespitose. Pileus 3-9 lines broad, sometimes, however, much larger, campanulate or conical, often subumbonate, at length depressed, innato-fi brill ose, *triate, brownish-white, with sometimes tints of blue or yellow. Gills rather distant, not so broadly adnate as the last (A. alcalinus\ sometimes nearly free, often pinkish. Stem very various in length, rigid, smooth, except at the base, which is densely st.r^ose. Inodorous, insipid. (Berk.) 108 FUNGUS-FLORA. Var. ealopus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 139 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 223A. Stems chestnut-colour, united at the base into a common, fusiform rooting stem. On stumps. Mycena polygramma. Bull. Pileus thin, elastic, conico-campanulate, often becoming expanded ; dark grey with brown tinge when moist, paler when dry, margin coarsely striate ; gills broadest in front, thick, distant, pale grey, often with a suggestion of pink, then whitish; stem 3-4 in. long, equal, tough, shining, distinctly striate throughout its length, pale grey, base strigose, rooting; spores elliptic-oblong, obliquely apiculate, 11-12 x 6 p.. Agaricus (Mycena?) polygrammus, Bull., Champ., t. 395 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 223B. On trunks, stumps, &c. Separated from M. plicata by the tougher substance and slriate stem. Pileus 1-lJ in. broad, at first cinereous, umber towards the margin, glandiform, prninose, then livid brown, conico- campanulate, submembranaceous, rugose with innate fibres,, margin striate. Gills rather distant, at first dirty-white, then pinkish, ventricose though sometimes almost linear, all but free, margin subseri ulate. Stem 3 in. high, 1 line or more thick, regularly and deeply striate, the interstices fibrillose, but occasionally the striae are obsolete, silvery, rooting, fistulose, nearly the colour of the pileus, but paler, twisted, brittle. Inodorous, insipid. (Berk.) Mycena parabolica. Fr. Pileus l-ll in. high and broad, flesh quite thin; at first erect and oval then parabolic, obtuse, moist, somewhat shining, glabrous, even, disc blackish with a violet tinge, remainder pallid becoming whitish towards the striate margin; gills adnexed, ascending, rather distant, slightly connected by veins, margin quite entire, white, base greyish ; stem 2-3 in. long, about 2 lines thick at the coarsely hispid base, thinner upwards, blackish-violet above, base paier, covered with white meal when young, even, glabrous, dry, fistulose, not very rigid; spores elliptical, 11-12 X 6 /A. MYCENA. 109 Agaricus (Mycena) parabolicus, Fries, Epicr., p. 107; Cke Hdbk., p. 81 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 224A. On rotten trunks, especially pine. Gregarious or caespitose. Allied to M. galericulata, but differs in the absence of a decurrent tooth to the gills, and also absence of pink tinge of gills when drying. Mycena tintinabulum. Fr. Pilous about 1 in. across, flesh quite thin, very tough, •campanulately convex, almost plane when adult, scarcely umbonate, altogether even and not rugulose, rather viscid when moist, variable in colour, usually bay, yellowish brown, •or pallid, becoming pale ; gills adnate with a decurrent tooth, horizontal, very thin, crowded, narrow, pallid, then tinged pink; stem about 1 in. long, about 1 line thick, always even, glabrous, pallid, very tough, base with short white down ; spores 7-8 x 5 /x. Agaricus (Mycena) tintinabulum, Fries, Epicr., p. 107 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 81 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 224s. On fallen trunks, &c. Allied to M. galericulata, but known by the shorter stem and the perfectly even pileus. Usually gregarious, rarely •caespitose. Tough, not rugulose, colour very variable, bluish, yellowish-brown, whitish, usually bay. Gills pallid having a pink tinge when dry. VIII. ADONIDEAE. Mycena lactea. Pers. White. Pileus about | in. across, very thin ; campanulate and slightly umbonate, sometimes becoming expanded, striate when moist, even when dry ; gills adnate, ascending, narrow, crowded; stem 1^-3 in. long, very slender, equal, rather tough, not quite straight, glabrous; spores 7-8 X 3-4 p, Agaricus lacteus, Persoon, Syn., p. 394 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 79 ; 'Cke., Illustr., pi. 159c. On the ground in pine woods. The disc of the pileus often with a yellow tinge. Dis- tinguished from M. gypsea and M. tenuis by the scattered habit. 110 FUNGUS-FLORA. In pine woods on the ground, on pine leaves, &c. ; always scattered, never caespitose, entirely white. A. Stem fistulose, 3 in. long, equal, almost filiform, flexile, even, glabrous, base fibrillosely rooting; pileus membranaceous, campanulate, somewhat umbonate, \ in. and more across, striate when moist, even when dry ; gills adnate, ascending, crowded, narrow, distinct, alternate ; among grass and moss in pine •woods. B. Stem 1 in. and more, flaccid, base downy; piieus thin, papillate, indistinctly striate, even when dry, 3—5 lines broad; gills scarcely | line broad; abundantly on pine leaves. C. Entirely milk-white, base minutely bulbous, coarsely downy ; stem not rooting, short, scarcely 1 in., pulverulent; pileus convex then almost plane, somewhat umbonate. striate, rugulose, glabrous, 3-5 lines broad ; gills adnate, distant, rather broad, distinct. (Fries.) Mycena gypsea. Fr. Pileus |-1 in. across, membranaceous, conical then cam- panulate, striate up to the not very prominent umbo, remainder whitish ; gills adnate, not decurrent, very broad in front, equally narrowed from the margin to the stem, the sh®rt ones broadest in front, pure white, unchangeable; stem about 3 in. long, |-1 line thick, equal, very straight and fragile, even, glabrous, white, base downy, but not rooting ; spores 8-9 x 4 /*. Agaricus (Mycena) gypseus, Fries, Epicr., p. 104; Cke., Illustr., pi. 952A; Cke., Hdbk., p. 370. On the ground among fragments of wood, and on trunks. Gregarious and caespitose. Distinguished from the nume- rous white species of Mycena by its size, form, and especially the straight, very brittle stem. Pileus typically hyaline- white, but the umbo or sometimes every part yellowish. Gills often with a slight decurrent tooth. Mycena luteoalba. Bolton. Pileus |~ll in. across, membranaceous, acutely cam- panulate, becoming expanded and umbonate, pellucidly and finely striate, glabrous, pale yellow, not becoming pale ; gills adnate somewhat uncinate, joined both behind at first, broad, alternately long and short, distinct, clear white, margin quite entire; stem 1-2 in. long, very slender, equal, rather MYCENA. HI wavy, tough, glabrous, even, yellowish, base slightly fibril- lose, hollow. Agaricus luteoalbus, Bolton, t. 38, f. 1 ; Cke., Hlustr., pi. 159A; Cke., Hdbk., p. 78. In pine woods, among moss, &c. Differs from M. flavoalba in the pale yellow stem. Mycena flavoalba. Fr. Pileus |-| in. across, almost membranaceous, campanula te, stem convex, at length expended, umbonate, even, not truly striate, cracking when dry, ochraceous, yellowish-white, or altogether white ; gills adnexed, soon seceding and free, at length plane, ventricose, distant, white; stem about 1 in. long, rather rigid, up to 1 line thick, equal, not rooting, pellucid white, base glabrous, apex pruinose, fistulose; spores elliptical, 6-8 X 3-4 p.. Agaricus (Mycena} flavoalbus, Fries, Epicr., p. 103; Cke., Hdbk., p. 78 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 159s. On naked ground or among thin grass, heather, &c., in sunny places. Scattered or not unfrequently in troops. Closely re- sembling some forms of M. lactea, which differs in the adnai# gills and more or less downy base of the stem. Known from M. luteoalba in the white, pellucid stem. Mycena lineata. Bull. Var. expallens, Fries, Ic., t. 84, p. 78, f. 5. Pileus |-| in. across, membranaceous ; campanulate, obtuse, striate with fine lines up to the disc, pale yellow; gills adnate, linear, white ; stem up to 2 in. long, \ line thick, even, pallid, base with white down. Agaricus (Mycena) lineatus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 78; Cke., Illustr., pi. 18 SB. On the ground, among moss. Slender, soft, colour (probably) variable. Stem fistulose, filiform, 2 in. long, equal, even, glabrous, pallid, often yellowish, with white down at the base. Pileus remarkably membranaceous, campanulate then expanded, obtuse, £ in, or a little more broad, entirely covered with fine striate lines, glabrous, yellowish in our specimens, then pallid. Gills 112 FUNGUS-FLORA. xadnate, linear, very narrow, rather distant, distinct, white, margin similar in colour and quite entire. (Fries.) The typical form has probably occurred in this country, but I am not aware of the fact. It differs more especially in the pileus being of a brownish colour, and in not becoming expanded, but retaining the campanulate form. Mycena adonis. Bull. Pileus about \ in. across, almost membranaceous, conical then campanulate, glabrous, almost even, dry, somewhat rosy but colour variable; stem about 1-^ in. long, very slender, •equal, white, glabrous ; gills uncinately aduexed, narrow, •white, then tinged with pink. Agaricus adonis, Bulliard, pi. 560, f. 2 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 78 ; •Cke., Illustr., pi. 185A. In woods ; among short grass, &c. Characterised among the small species of this section by the even, dry, usually more or less rose-coloured pileus and the very slender, entirely glabrous white stem. Mycena flavipes. Quelet. Pileus about f in. high and across, flesh very thin ; cam- panulate or semiorbicular, obtuse, rosy-pink, purplish-pink, or violet, the disc becoming darker and brownish; gills adnexed with a very slight decurrent tooth, distant, 1 line broad, connected by veins, white then tinged with pink ; stem about 2 in. long, thin, equal, tough, shining, pellucid, yellow, rooting and downy at the base, hollow; spores -elliptical, 10 x 4-5 /*. Agaricus (Mycena} flavipes, Quelet, Fung. Jura, ii. t. 1, f. 4: Cke., Hdb., p. 369; Cke., Illustr., pi. 951u. On stumps, &c. Smell resembling radishes. Clustered, the stems more or less connate at the base. Distinguished from every form of M. galericulata by tke rosy or purple pileus and yellow -stem. Mycena zephira. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, almost membranaceous, dia- phanous, campanulate then convex, obtuse, striate to the middle, glabrous, not hygrophanous, livid-reddish, or pinkish - Tfhite, disc sometimes with a tinge of brown ; gills adnate, MYCENA. 113 with a slightly decurrent tooth, broad, but not ventricose, at length separating from the stem, indistinctly connected by veins, white; stem 2-3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, equal or slightly thinner upwards, round, slightly striate, when young everywhere, or at all events at the apex, whitish, squamulose, at length naked, rufescent, base incurved, cottony. Agaricus (Mycena') zephirus, Fries, Epicr., p. 102; Cke., Hclbk., p. 78 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 158B. On the ground, among twigs, &c. Somewhat resembling M. pura, but distinguished by the absence of a radishy smell. The stem often has a lilac tinge. M. pseudopura differs in the stem being glabrous at all ages and in the margin of the pileus being very indistinctly striate. Mycena pseudopura. Cooke. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh thin ; campanulate then, convex, and at length expanded, obtusely umbonate, smooth, margin obscurely striate, rosy then pale; gills adnate, narrow, whitish ; stem 2-3 in. high, 1 line thick, rigid, straight, even, naked, at first rosy-white, becoming brown when dry, hollow ; spores elliptical, 2 x 5 /* ; smell none. Agaricus (Mycena) pseudopiirus, Cke., Hdbk., p. .77; Cke Illustr., pi. 158 A. In woods. Pileus scarcely exceeding an inch, rosy, then pale; stem 2-3 in. long, slender, erect, hollow, turning dark brown in drying ; spores conspicuously larger and longer than in M. pura. (Cooke.) M. zephira is close to the present species, but differs in the more strongly striate pileus, and in the stem being covered with whitish squamules when young. M. pura is distin- guished by the radish-like smell. Gills with an indistinct decurrent tooth. Mycena pura. Pers. Smell strong, resembling radishes. Pileus 1|-2| in. across, flesh thin; campanulate then expanded, obtusely umbonafe, glabrous, margin striate, colour variable, generally clear pale rose-colour, but al«o lilac, greyish, pallid, yellowish, and white; gills adnexed and broadly sinuate behind, very broad, VOL. III. 1 114 FUNGUS-FLORA. distinctly connected by veins, pale ; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, rigid, even, almost naked, whitish or tinged with the colour of the pileus, base downy ; spores elliptical, 6-8 X 3-3-5/1. Agaricus purus, Pers., Syn., p. 339; Cke., Hdbk., p. 77; Cke., lllustr., pi. 157. In woods. Distinguished by the strong, radishy smell, and by the broad gills being connected by veins. M. pelianthina differs in having the edge of the gills dark. M. pseudopura is dis- tinguished by the absence of smell, as is also M. zephira. Gregarious. Pileus |-2 in. broad, subcarnose, obtuse, convex, at length depressed, the margin thin, pellucid ; sometimes marked with two or three concentric grooves, amethyst or rose-coloured soon changing to a pale brown- purple, at length nearly white. Gills broad, adnate, some- times almost decurrent, at first whitish, then amethyst or rose, then subrufescent ; connected by veins, margin uneven. Stem often twisted, more or less fibrillose, at length smooth, tough, hollow, the cavity lined with white silky fibres, splitting easily upwards, the base often strigose. Sometimes the pileus from the first is pure white, also occasionally brownish or yellowish. Always distinguishable by its taste and odour like that of radishes. (Berk.) IX. CALODONTES. Mycena strobilina. Fr. Entire fungus shining deep red, not becoming pale nor discoloured. Pileus up to | in. across, conical then cam- panulate, membranaceous, umbo acute, even, the remainder slightly striate and often paler in colour, glabrous, dry; gills adnate with a slender decurrent tooth, distant, distinct, with alternate shorter ones, a little paler than the pileus, but the edge darker and blackish blood-red; stem about 2 in. long, 1 in. thick, equal, juiceless, even, glabrous, base with white down, hollow, rather rig-id; spores elliptical, 8-10 x 4 /*. Agaricus (Mycena) strolilinus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 132; Cke., Hdbk., p. 77 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 13U. On fir cones, among fallen leaves, &c. MYCENA. 11") Distinguished from M. rosella by the deeper colour and liy not becoming pale, also by its larger size. More or less fasciculate. Subgregarious, subfasciculate. Pileus 3-5 lines broarl, campanulate, with a rather short fleshy umbo, smooth, bright-red or orange-red, striate at the margin. Gills adnate, with a decurrent process, distant, whitish-red, edges dull and darker red. Stem 1—2 in. high, hollow, firm, smooth, pale-red, strigose at the base and whitish, often with a long root. (Grev.) Far. coccinea, Sow., t. 197 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 13lB. Similar in appearance to M. strobilina, but the gills are not at all darker at the edge. On fir cones and twigs. Mycena rosella. Fr. Every part clear rose-colour. Pileus about -£ in. across, entirely membranaceous and striate, campanulate then hemispherical, obtusely umbonate, rather hygrophanous: gills adnate with traces of a decurrent tooth, rather distant, margin blackish-purple ; stem about 1 in. long, very slender, soft, base with white down but not strigose ; obliqueh- elliptical, 7-8 X 4 p.. Agaricus (Mycena) rosellus, Fries, Epicr., p. 101 ; Cke., Hdb'k., p. 77 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 131c. Among moss and leaves in pine woods. Loosely gregarious ; becoming pale with age. Agreeing with M. strobilina in many respects, but quite distinct. Smaller and more slender, softer, paler in colour, every part being a pretty rose-colour ; at length becoming pale. Mycena rubromarginata. Fr. Pileus £-1 in. across, flesh thin; campanulate, obtuse, striate, hygrophanous, grey, livid, reddish, whitish when hylla, (Fries.) Collybia murina. Fr. Pileus 1-1 i in. across, flesh thin, tough; carapanulate then convex, at length expanded, not striate, rugulose or very minutely squamulose, dark brown, becoming pale when ut drying up and again assuming the original form when moistened. The species are comparatively rare in temperate regions, but are numerous in the tropics, where tke gills are -often narrow, very distant, and connected by prominent veins. Many species have a smell resembling garlic. M.st species grow on wood, branches, or leaves. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. I. COLLYBIARII. Flesh of pileus pliant, at length somewhat coriaceous, .-grooved or wrinkled, margin incurved at first ; stem some- -what cartilaginous ; mycelium woolly, absent in only very .few species. A. Scortei. Stem solid, or stuffed then hollow, fibrous inside, outside -the cartilaginous cuticle is covered with down; gills :*c-rarating from the stem and becoming free. MAKASMIUS. 153 * Base of stem woolly or strigose. ** Base of stem naked, often composed of twisted inter- woven fibres. B. Tergini. Stem rooting, distinctly tubular, not fibrous, evidently cartilaginous ; gills separating from the stem and becoming free ; pileus thinner than in the previous section, hygro- phanous, sometimes even, sometimes with the margin striate. * Stem woolly below, glabrous above. ** Stem (at least when dry) everywhere covered with a fine pruinose down. C. Calopodes. Stem short, not rooting, often with a floccose or downy tubercular base; pileus convex and with the margin in- curved, then expanded and more or less depressed, and in this condition the gills, that are typically adnate, become somewhat decurrent. On twigs, branches, &c. ; gregarious, dry. * Stem very glabrous upwards, shining, base not swollen. ** Stem covered with fine pruinose down, base somewhat tuberculose. II. MYCENARII. Stem horny, fistulose but often filled with pith, tough, dry, .corticate, mycelium rhizomorphoid, not floccose ; pileus somewhat membranaceous, campanulate then expanded, margin at first straight and pressed to the stem. A. Chordales.'. Stem rigid, rooting or adnate by a dilated base ; pileus campanulate or convex. The Mycena type of structure evident. 154 FUNGUS-FLORA. B. Botulae. Stem very slender, flaccid, base not dilated nor floccose, "but appearing to enter the matrix abruptly; pileus soon more or less plane or umbilicate. Growing on leaves, twigs, &c. * Stem quite glabrous, shining. ** Stem minutely velvety or downy. III. APUS. Pileus sessile, resupinate. I. COLLYBIAKII. A. Scortei. Marasmius urens. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh rather thick at the disc, thin elsewhere, more or less campamilate then expanded, usually gibbous, rather tough, margin drooping or incurved, smooth, even, pinkish-buff, paler when dry, sometimes almost umber when moist, the surface usually becoming broken up when dry; gills free, joined behind and becoming remote from the stem, distant, tough, pale buff' then brownish ; stem 2-3 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal, or sometimes ventricose and up to ^ in. thick, pallid, covered everywhere with minute white downy particles, base white, downy, solid, rigid; spores elliptical, 8 x 4 p.. Marasmius urens, Fries, Epicr., p. 373; Cke., Hdbk., p. 344; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1116 (pileus brownish umber). Woods and grassy places, among fallen leaves. Gregarious or caespitose. Taste very pungent, a feature •which separates the present from M. oreades. ^Not coarsely tomentose at the base, as in M. peronatus, but only downy. Marasmius peronatus. Fr. Very acrid. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, pliant; convex then almost plane, obtuse, opaque, becoming de- pressed here and there, or lacunose, pale rufous with a MARASMIUS. 155 brick-red tinge then tan-colour ; gills adnexed then seceding, rather thin, somewhat crowded, 1 line broad, pallid then with a rufescent tinge; stem about 2 in. long, 1^-2 lines thick at the base, slightly thinner upwards, pale, downy above, at the base and for some distance up densely covered with long, spreading down ( = peronate), varying in colour from whitish to bright yellow, stuffed with fibres ; spores pip-shaped, 10 x 6-7 /*. Marasmius peronatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 373 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 345 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1117. In woods among leaves. Amongst rotten leaves, especially oak-leaves, in woods. July, November. Common. Pileus l-2£ in. broad, convex or campanulate at length expanded, sometimes umbonate, carnoso-coriaceous, sub-rufe.>c^nt or yellowish, pallid when dry, clothed with a minute matted silkiness. Gills of the colour of the pileus with a yellowish margin, distant, rounded behind, almost free. Stem 2-3 in. high, 2 lines thick, com- posed of fibres, solid above and downy, hollow below and there covered with dense yellow strigae. Taste acrid. (Berk.) Allied to M. urens, but readily recognised by the densely woolly or peronate base of the stem. Marasmius porreus. Fr. Smell resembling garlic. Pileus 1-2 in. across very thin, coriaceous, flaccid, convex then expanded, obtuse, disc even, margin striate, opaque, dingy-yellowish, paler when dry; gills soon becoming free, distant, rather thick, tou^h, about 1 line broad, at length coriaceous, yellow then pallid; stem up to 3 in. long, 1-li line thick, downy, reddish-brown, apex paler, stuffed then hollow ; spores subglobose, about 4 p. diameter. Marasmius porreus, Fries, Epicr., p. 374; Cke., Hdbk., p. 345; Illustr., pi. 1133. Among fallen leaves, &c. Often confounded with M. prasiosmus, which it resembles in the strong garlic stnell. In the present species the smell disappears on drying, the stem is pubescent throughout its length, the gills are yellowish, and the spores small and subglobose ; all points of distinction from M. prasiosmus. 156 FUNGUS-FLOBA. Pileus i-1 in. broad, plane slightly depressed, dirty-white -with a brownish shade, paler on the margin which is anembranaceous, and regularly striate. Gills nearly free, paler than the pileus, slightly connected by veins. Stem 2-3 in. high, 2-3 lines thick, velvety, albido-pulverulent, as is at once evident even in dry specimens, rufescent, tomentose telow, pale above, fistulose, generally growing on the midrib of the leaves. Odour like that of garlic, very powerful. Specimens in Sowerby's Herbarium gathered July 31, 1796, still retain their garlic scent. (Berk.) Marasmius oreades. Fr. Pileus 1-H in- across, flesh rather thin, tough; convex -then plane, somewhat umbonate, glabrous, brownish when young, then tan, becoming pale ; gills free, H-2 lines broad, distant, whitish then pallid, pliant ; stem 1^—2 in. long, li line thick, equal, solid, whitish, everywhere covered with •closely interwoven down, base naked; spores elliptical, 8 X 5/i. Marasmius oreades, Fries, Epicr., p. 375; Cke., Hdbk., jp. 345 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1118. In open pastures, forming rings. Smell weak but pleasant, stronger when dry. Pileus rufescent, becoming pale, margin striate when moist. n fallen twigs, &c. Not to be confounded with any other of the smaller species if attention is paid to the collar connecting the gills behind Leing quite free from the stem. MARASMIUS. 169- There is often a blackish, creeping cord-like or rhizomor- phoid mycelium, from which individuals spring at intervals. On sticks, stumps, dead leaves, &c. The whole year. Common. Pileus 1-3 lines broad, hemispherical, umbilicate,, and minutely umbonate, plaited, smooth, margin crenate, white or pale buff with a dark umbilicus. Gills broad- distant, equal, or occasionally with a few short ones of the same colour as the pileus, connate behind and separating from the stem so as to present the appearance of being fixed to a free collar surrounding the stem. Stem setiform,. slightly flexuous, white above, then tawny, deep shining, brown at the base, striate, fistulose, frequently branched and sarmentose, with or without abortive pilei. (Berk.) Marasmius graminum. Berk. Pileus 4-6 lines across, membranaceous, convex then nearly plane, umbonate, deeply and distantly striate or sulcate,. tinged with rufous, the furrows paler, disc brown ; gills attached to a collar that is free round the stem, few in- number, slightly ventricose, cream-colour; stem 1-2 in. long, very slender, equal, smooth, shining, black, whitish above ; spores subglobose, 3-4 /A diameter. Marasmius graminum, Berk., Outl., pi. 14, f. 8 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 351 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1129s. On grass, leaves, &c. Allied to M. rotula but distinguished by the pale rufescent,. distantly sulcate pileus, and in growing on grass. Marasmius androsaceus. Fr. Pileus up to | in. across, membranaceous dry, umbilicate,, glabrous, striate, whitish ; gills directly adnate to the stem without the intervention of a collar, simple, distinct, distant,, narrow, whitish ; stem 1|-2| in. long, very slender and tough, equal, absolutely glabrous and polished, black ; twisted and striate, due to contraction, when dry ; spores- pip-shaped, 7 x 3—4 /*. Marasmius androsaceus, Fries, Epicr., p. 385 ; Cke., Hdbk. r p. 351 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1129c. On fallen leaves. Fries distinguished two principal forms :— (4) on deci- duous leaves ; pileus whitish, deeply umbilicate, plicate mycelium usually traversing the substance of the leaf; 170 FUNGUS-FLOKA. on pine and juniper leaves, also on the bark ; pileus scarcely umbilicate, surface more even ; mycelium usually superficial. (Fries.) Distinguished by the long, slender, horny, black stem. On fern stems, oak and beech leaves, &c., generally on the principal nerves. The whole year. Common. Pileus 3—6 lines broad, convex, with a slight depression, pale rafescent, darker in the centre, grooved and notched, under a lens clothed with a minute matted silkiness. Gills adnate, sometimes quite simple (about 15) with shorter ones between and no rugae ; occasionally forked with wrinkles in the interstices. Stem 1-2 in. high, filiform, quite smooth, shining-black, twisted when dry, often branched and sarmen- tose at the base like the last, (A. rotula.} — A. androsaceus, Sow., t. 94, though represented as growing on oak-leaves, is pronounced by Fries to be A. perforans ; but an inspection of the specimen in Sowerby's ' Herbarium ' proves them to be undoubtedly the true A. androsaceus. (Berk.) Marasmius splachnoides. Fr. Inodorous. Pileus 4-6 lines across, flesh membranaceous ; convex then expanded and umbilicate, glabrous, striate, whitish with a shade of pale tan ; gills slightly decurrent, crowded, simple, anastomosing, white, narrow ; stem 1-2 in. long, slender, equal, horny, glabrous, shining, reddish or brownish, penetrating the matrix abruptly, fistulose ; spores elliptical, 8 x 5 p.. Marasmius splacJinoides, Fries, Epicr., p. 384 : Cke., Hdbk., p. 352; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1130A. On pine leaves, &c. Size and habit of M. perforans, but readily known by the absence of smell, and the quite white, slightly decurrent, anastomosing gills. Marasmius Curreyi. B. & Br. Pileus 3-5 lines across, flesh very thin ; convex then plane, coarsely striate, pale rufous, grooves paler, umbo tawny ; gills attached to a collar round the stem, few in number, rather ventricose, cream-colour, interstices some- times veined ; stem about 1 in. long, slender, equal, quite smooth, shining, black, apex white; spores 9 x 5-6 p.. MAKASMIUS. 171 Marasmius Curreyi, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1795; Cke., Hdbk., p. 352; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1130s. On leaves of grass. Distinguished from other species in the present section by the pale rufous pileus and cream-coloured gills. ** Stem velvety or hairy. Marasmius insititus. Fr. Pileus about \ in. across, flesh membranaceous, pliant; convex then plane, slightly umbilicate, not polished, at length plicate and grooved, pale yellowish-brown, becoming whitish ; gills broadly adnate, becoming narrower in front, distant, simple, unequal, pallid then white ; stem about 1 in. long, thin, equal, horny, minutely floccose or scurfy, fistulose, slightly attenuated at the base and abruptly piercing the matrix, coloured like the pileus ; spores 4 X 2-5 /*. Marasmius insititus, Fries, Epicr., p. 386 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 352; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1135A. On fallen oak leaves, &c. In Cooke's figures the stem is about 2 in. long. Berkeley has described a form having a white stem. Marasmius perforans. Fr. Smell very foetid. Pileus 3-5 lines across, almost mem- branaceous, soon becoming nearly plane, rarely depressed, not umbilicate nor striate, but at length more or less radiately rugulose, whitish or with a rufous tinge ; gills adnate, rather crowded, simple or not forked, unequal (with intermediate shorter ones), narrow, whitish ; stem 1-1 5- in. long, very thin, equal, not horny but tough, even, every- where minutely velvety, bay then blackish, base abruptly entering the substance on which the fungus is growing; spores broadly elliptical, 4 x 3 /*. Marasmius perforans, Fries, Epicr., p. 385; Cke., Hdbk., p. 352 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1130c. On pine leaves, &c. Distinguished from every allied species by the veiy foetid smell. 172 FUNGUS-FLORA. Marasmius Hudson!. Pers. Pileus 1-2 lines across, very thin ; hemispherical, rugu- lose, brownish, covering with long, spreading, purplish, slender hairs; gills adnexed, narrow, white, unbranched, alternate ones shorter; stem ^ in. long, slender, coloured like the pileus and beset with similarly coloured, long hairs ; spores elliptical, 5 x 3 /u.. Marasmius Eudsoni, Fries, Epicr., p. 386; Cke., Hdbk., p. 353 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1135B. Agaricus Eudsoni, Pers., Syst. Myc., i. p. 139. Agaricus pilosus, Hudson, Flor. Angl. ; Sowerby, t. 164. On fallen holly leaves. Eeadily distinguished by its small size, and by the pileus and stem being densely covered with long, coloured, spreading hairs. Pileus 3 lines broad, convex, almost hemispherical, white, clothed with red erect subrigid hairs, Gills dirty white. Stem 1-2 in. high, filiform, whitish, red brown or reddish, somewhat hairy at the base. (Berk.) Marasmius epichloe. Fr. Pileus 2-3 lines across, flesh very thin ; convex then plane, papillate, not striate, whitish, disc bay-brown ; gills rounded behind, rather crowded, broadest behind; stem about 1 in. long, slender, equal, opaque, bay, coarsely striate, striae setulose, base paler ; spores elliptical, 3 x 2 p.. Marasmius epicJiloe, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 479 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 353; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1136A. On dry grass stems, on spines of Eobinia, &c. In Cooke's figure the stein is dark to the base, and the- margin of the pileus striate or puckered. Marasmius actinophorus. B. & Br. Pileus 1-2 lines across, very thin ; convex then plane and umbilicate, pale bay brown, with distant darker, radiating lines, wrinkled when dry ; gills adnexed, narrow, whitish, alternate ones shorter; stem §-1 in. long, very slender, equal, paler than the pileus ; spores subglobose, 3 /A diameter. Marasmius actinophorus, B. & Br., Ceylon Fungi, no. 385 -f Cke., Hdbk., p. 353; Cke, Illustr., pi. 1136B. On fallen twigs. MARASMIUS. 173 Readily distinguished by the brown pileus marked with darker, radiating lines.. Not striate. Marasmius saccharirms. Batsch. Pileus 1-2 lines broad, membranaceous ; convex, minutely papillate, glabrous, sulcate, white ; gills broadly adnate, narrow, thick, very distant, connected by veins, whitish ; stem f-1 in. across, very slender, equal, reddish, apex pale, minutely flocculose then almost glabrous, piercing the matrix obliquely and abruptly ; spores elliptical, 5 x 3 /A. Marasmius saccharinus, Fries, Epicr., p. 386 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 353; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1136c. On slender twigs, leaves, &c. Somewhat resembling M. polyadelphus but differing in not being clustered, and in the persistently convex and papillate pileus, which resembles that of a Mycena. Marasmius epiphyllus. Fr. Pileus about ^ in. across, very thin ; soon plane and at length umbilicate, glabrous, wrinkled in folds, milk-white ; gills adnate, few, distant, entire, veined, white; stem 1-2 in. long, very slender, equal, rather horny, minutely velvety, apex whitish, bay downwards, fistulose, piercing the matrix abruptly ; spores 3 x 2 p. Marasmius epiphyllus, Fries, Epicr., p. 386 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 353; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1137A. On dead fallen leaves, twigs, &c. Gregarious. Pileus 3 lines broad, plane, at length umbilicate, cream- coloured, rugose. Gills veiny, branched, adnate, broad at the base ; in large specimens they are seen, when accurately examined, to form a close collar round the stem, which is evident even when the gills are obsolete ; margin of the collar cream-coloured. Stem 1-2 in. high, filiform, brown or blackish below, paler upwards, minutely velvety. (Berk.) Marasmius polyadelphus. Lasch. Snow-white. Pileus 1-1 1 line broad, membranaceous; rather tough, hemispherical, sometimes becoming plane, coarsely striate, minutely flocculose ; gills decurrent, narrow and resembling wrinkles; stem |-£ in. long, exceedingly •elender, base downy ; spores elliptical, 5 x 2 • 5 /*. 174 FUNGUS-FLORA. Marasmius polyadelphus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 354; Cke., Illustr., P 'Agaricus (OmpMlia} polyadelphus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 165. Agaricus polyadelpJius, Lasch, no. 208. On rotten leaves. Densely gregarious. III. APUS. Marasmius spodoleucus. B. & Br. Pileus 2-3 lines across, flesh very thin; shell-shaped, resupinate, quite stemless, grey, slightly pulverulent or scurfy ; gills few, white. Marasmius spodoleucus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., May, 1859; Cke., Hdbk., p. 354 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1137c. Marasmius Broomei, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., 1795. On dead elm twigs. About 2 lines across, resupinate, altogether stemless, conchiform, margin free, arched ; above cinereous, pulve- rulent, or slightly furfuraceous. Hymeniuni white, very even. Gills few, narrow, entire, so short as to leave a naked space at the base. (B. & Br.) TEICHOLOMA. Fries. Pileus symmetrical, fleshy, rarely umbonate, never truly umbilicate ; gills always (at least at first) sinuate behind, often with a slightly decurrent tooth, white, rarely yellow, often becoming spotted with reddish stains, and in some species dingy grey, or lilac ; stem central, flesh continuous with that of the pileus, flesh fibrous, not corticated ; veil obsolete or evident in the form of down or fibrils on the margin of the pileus ; ring and volva absent ; spores white or dingy. Tricholoma, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 36 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 24 (as a subgenus of Agaricus). All the species grow on the ground, and are typically fleshy and robust. Some species of Pleurotus with a nearly central stem closely resemble in structure the present genus, but are distinguished by growing on wood. Collybia- TKICHOLOMA. 175 differs in the stem "being cartilaginous and not fibrous externally. Clitocybe differs in the gills never being sinuate, but gradually narrowed'benind ; pileus often umbilicate, &c. In some species the gills separate readily from the pileus, as in Paxillus, the latter, however, is distinct in the strongly incurved margin of the pileus, and the anastomosing gills. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. Series A. Pileus viscid, fibrillose, scaly, or downy ; not hygrophanous ; stem fibrillose from the remains of the adnate universal veil. I. LlMACINA. Pellicle of pileus viscid when moist, innately fibrillose or squamulose, but not broken up ; flesh of pileus thick, firm ; margin almost naked. * Gills not discoloured, and not becoming rufescent. ** Gills discoloured, usually spotted with reddish-brown. II. GENUINA. Pellicle of pileus never viscid, but torn into floccose or fibrillose squamules ; flesh of pileus soft, not hygrophanous, margin involute and somewhat downy at first. Not to be confounded with those species that have the pileus fibrillose from the remains of the veil. * Gills unchangeable, not becoming spotted with rufous or black. ** Gills becoming tinged with rufous or greyish ; edge usually at length spotted with rufous or black. III. KIGIDA. Pellicle of the pileus rigid, granulated or broken up into small glabrous squamules when dry, not viscid ; floccosely scaly, not torn into fibrils. Pileus rigid, hard when the 176 FUNGUS-FLORA. flesh is thick, very fragile when thin, margin naked (except in the first species. Young specimens are often fibrillose from the remains of Jthe veil, and not from the torn cuticle. * Gills white or pallid, not becoming spotted with rufous •or grey. Smell often unpleasant. ** Gills discoloured, becoming spotted with rufous or .grey. IV. SERICELLA. Pileus (without a distinct pellicle) slightly silky at first ; soon almost glabrous, very dry ; not moist, viscid, hygro- phanous, not distinctly scaly. Pileus somewhat thin, opaque, absorbing moisture, but the flesh resembles the gills in colour, and is not hygrophanous. Flesh of stem entirely fibrous, a character by which the smaller species that resemble Collybia in habit, are distinguished. * Gills broad, rather thick, somewhat distant, strong- scented. ** Gills thin, crowded, narrow. Small ; inodorous. Series B. Pileus even, glabrous, not downy, nor scaly, -not viscid, moist in rainy weather ; when quite young -pruinose from the universal veil (but this character is not always very conspicuous). Flesh soft, spongy or very thin, watery and hygrophanous. V. GUTTATA.I Pileus fleshy, soft, fragile, marked with drop-like spots, or rivulose; stem solid. Appearing in the spring, rarely obvious during the .autumn, caespitose or growing in troops, often in circles. * Gills whitish. •** Gills discoloured, rufous or smoky grey. TRICHOLOMA. 177 VI. SPONGIOSA. Pileus compact then spongy, obtuse, even, glabrous, moist but not hygrophanous. Firm, appearing in the autumn, in troops. Stem stout, base usually incrassated, spongy-fibrous. Gills at length spuriously decurrent, but sinuate, a character by which the species are readily distinguished from Clitocybe. * Gills not discoloured. ** Gills discoloured. Gills readily separating from the pileus in T. cinerascens and some others. VII. HYGROPHANA. Pileus thin, somewhat umbonate, flesh at length soft, hygrophanous. Stem not rooting, containing a pith, entirely fibrillose. Pileus unequally fleshy, hence more or less umbonate, very thin towards the margin. Colour of the pileus, both when moist and dry, very variable in the same species. Flesh moist, watery ; at first compact, then soft ; gills thin, not broad. Pileus sometimes pulverulent, but this is abnormal, and due to the persistence of the veil during dry weather. Closely allied to the group Spongiosa, but tending towards Collybia rather than Clitocybe. * GiUs whitish, not spotted. ** Gills more or less violet, grey, or smoky. Series A. I. LIMACINA. * Gill* not discoloured. Tricholoma equestre. Linn. Pileus 3-5 in. across, flesh thick, firm, white; convex then expanded, obtuse or sometimes more or less gibbous, often wavy, discoid, viscid, squamulose, yellow usually with a rufous tinge, disc darker, often greenish late in the season, 178 FUNGUS-FLOEA. gills much cut out behind and free, 3 lines broad, crowded, sulphur-yellow ; stem 1|-2| in. long, |-§- in. thick, base more or less swollen, whitish, or yellow like the gills, solid; spores elliptical, 7-8 X 5 ft. Agaricus equestris, Linn., Suec., no. 1219; Fries, Elench.,i. p. 6 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 24 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 72. In fir woods. Taste and smell none. Sometimes very large specimens occur. Differs from T. sejunctum in the absence of black streaks on the pileus, and the yellow gills. Tricholoma sejunctum. Sow. Sir ell strong, like new meal ; taste bitter. Pileus about 3-4 in. across, flesh thin, fragile, white; convex then ex- panded, gibbous, the umbo at length disappearing, viscid in moist weather, bright yellow, virgate or streaked with brownish, minute fibrils; gills emarginate, broad, rather distant, pure white; stem solid, stout, ventricose, then elongated up to 4-5 in., up to 1 in. thick, even, glabrous, pure white, apex slightly squamulost: ; spores subglobose, about 6 f^ diameter. Agaricus sejunctus, Sowerby, t. 126 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 25 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. o3? In pine and other woods. Stout, showy, smell resembling rancid meal. Stem fleshy, solid, ventricose, then elongated, about 3 in. long, usually 1 in. thick, even, glabrous, pure white, apex slightly squamulose, pileus fleshy at the disc, thin towards the margin, convex then expanded, gibbous at first, but the nmbo disappearing, about 3 in. across, viscid in damp weather, yellow, virgate or streaked with blackish-brown innate fibrils. Flesh thin in proportion, white or marbled with grey, gills emarginate, rounded when young, broad, rather distant, colour not changing. (Fries.) In one of the figures of this species in Fries, Icon., pi. 23, the pileus is 5 in. »cross; stem 6 in. long, and 1| in. at the thickest part. Other figures on the same plate are smaller. Cooke's figure is not at all characteristic, and is an extreme form, if this species at all. Tricholoma portentosum. Fr. Pileus 3-5 in. across, flesh thin, white or with a faint TRICHOLOMA. 179 yellow tinge, fragile, convex then expanded, unequal, viscid, usually sooty or with a purple tinge, virgate or streaked with fine black lines ; margin thin ; gills rounded behind, often almost free, very broad, 4-8 lines, at length distant, pallid ; stem usually about 3 in. long, and f in. thick, somewhat equal, glabrous, striate, whitish, firm, solid ; spores sub- globose, 4-5 x 4 p, Agaricus (Tricholoma) portentosus, Fries, Syst. Mycol., i. p. 39 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 25 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 54? In pine woods. Solitary or gregarious, also rarely forming dense tufts ; inodorous, taste mild, these points separate the present from T. sejunctum. Stem solid, stout, entirely remarkably cartilagineo-fibrous, usually 3 in. long, 1 in. thick, somewhat equal, naked but fibre closely striate, white. Flesh of pileus very thin in proportion to the stout stem ; convex then plane, somewhat umbonate, unequal and wavy, 3-5 in. broad, viscid, virgate from innate, black fibrils ; for the rest even, glabrous, usually sooty, but varies to a violet tint, livid and pale when old; margin thin, always naked. Flesh white, with a faint yellow tinge, fragile, gills rounded, almost free, 3-4 lines up to 1 in. broad, distant, white at first, then becoming yellowish or pallid-greyish. Easily known from other species by the virgate pileus; T. flavo- brunneum and T. albdbrvfmeum differ in having the gills spotted rufescent. T. mrgatum has the pileus absolutely dry. (Fries.) Cooke's figures, if the right species, differ in the slender stem being hollow, and coloured like the pileus. Tricholoma fucatum. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thin, pallid; convex then plane, somewhat wavy, viscid, lurid-yellowish, variegated with darker stains, disc darker ; gills emarginate, 3-4 lines broad, somewhat crowded, whitish or with a yellow tinge; stem 2—3 in. long, up to \ in. thick, almost equal, fibrillosely squamulose, whitish or with a yellow tinge, stuffed, soft. Agaricus (Tricholoma) fucatus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 40 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 25 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 73. In woods, especially pine. Stem stuffed, soft ; often ascending, 2-3 in. long, 4-ii N 2 180 FUNGUS-FLOKA. lines thick, somewhat equal, at first minutely and densely ^quamulose, then distinctly fibrillose, at length variegated with blackish fibrils, pallid then white, apex white and with meal at the apex, at length fragile. Pileus slightly fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, often irregular, 2-3 in. broad, rarely more, viscid, but readily becoming dry and opaque, even, glabrous, not variegated with black fibrils, but marked with stains, lurid-yellowish or greyish-yellow, disc darker. Flesh thin, pallid, at length fragile. Margin thin, naked. Gills deeply emarginate, 3-5 lines broad, ventricose, somewhat crowded, fragile, whitish, trama hyaline and coloured like the flesh of the pileus. Inodorous. Often confounded with forms of T. portentosum, but clearly and easily distinguished by paying attention to the above notes. The stem is not always so distinctly scaly as in the figure in " Icones," tab. 24, which was drawn from a highly evolved specimen. There are forms with the stem short and somewhat bulbous that require to be carefully distinguished from T. portentosum. (Fries.) T. portentosum is clearly distinguished from all forms of the present species by having the pileus streaked or virgate with innate black fibrils. Tricholoma quinquepartitum. Fr. Pileus 3-4 in. across, fragile ; flesh, with the exception of the disc, thin, fragile, white, rather hygrophanous ; convex 'then expanded, wavy, even, glabrous, not by any means, virgate, viscid, fragile, pale yellow; gills emarginate, not -crowded, | in. broad, white; stem 3-4 in. long, | in. and more thick, usually attenuated from base to apex", striate, glabrous, white, solid ; spores 5-6 X 3-4 /u. Agaricus (Tricholoma) quinquepartttus, Fries, Epicr., p, 27; Cke., Hdbk., p. 25 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 74. In pine woods, &c. Sometimes confounded with wavy forms of T. portentosum and T. fucatum; known from the first by the pileus not being virgate or radially streaked with wrinkles ; from the second, by the glabrous striate stem. Smell none, taste mild. Tricholoma spermaticum. Fr. White. Smell strong, unpleasant. Pileus 2-3 in. across, TRICHOLOMA. 181 flesh ratlier thin except at the disc, white, compact ; convex then expanded, obtuse, wavy, glabrous, viscid, shining when dry, never spotted or stained; margin naked, incurved at first, then spreading ; gills emarginate, often with a more or less denned decurrent tooth, 3 lines broad; rather distant, margin irregular ; stem 2—3^ in. long, ^— | in. thick, even, twisted, stuffed then hollow. Agaricus ( Tricholoma) spermaticus, Fries, Epicr., p. 27 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 26 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 87. In fir woods. Distinguished among the white strong -smelling species by its stout, twisted, hollow stem. Tricholoma resplendens. Fr. Entirely clear white. Pileus 2-4 in. across, everywhere equally fleshy but not thick ; convex then expanded, obtuse, even, glabrous, and viscid when fresh, silvery shining when dry, and often with hyaline spots; disc becoming yellowish and appearing adpressedly silky but glabrous ; gills almost free when young, then remarkably emarginate, rather crowded, thickish, but the edge thin and quite entire, 3-4 lines broad, equally narrowed in front; stem 2-3 in. long, | in. and more thick, equal or bulbous, even, glabrous, or apex slightly floccose, dry, sometimes curved, solid ; spores elliptical, 7-8 X 4 /*,. Agaricus resplendens, Fries, Monogr., i. p. 55 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 55 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 26. In woods. Gregarious, entirely clear white, or disc yellowish ; smell and taste pleasant. Resembling Hygrophorus eburneus in habit. ** Gills becoming discoloured, usually with reddish spots. Tricholoma colossus. Fr. Pileus 6-8 in. across, flesh 2 in. and more thick, be- ooming pinkish-red when broken, very hard; convex thtn expanded, glabrous, at length broken up into squamules ; margin naked at first strongly incurved, then expanded or even upturned, wavy ; brick-red, or reddish -umber, especially at the disc ; gills rounded behind, crowded, thin, white, then becoming very broad, up to £ in., and pale brick-red; 182 FUNGUS-FLORA. stem 3-4 in. long, very hard and solid, base ovately bulbous and 3-4 in. thick, brick-red, apex constricted, 2 in. thick, whitish ; spores broadly elliptical, 6 X 4 /*. Agaricus (Tricholoma) colossus, Fries, Epicr., p. 38; Cke., Hdbk., p. 26 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 87. In fir woods. Inodorous. Eeadily known by its large size, and by the- flesh becoming red when broken. The following form or variety is published by Berkeley and Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist,, 1871, p. 3, no. 1190. Pileus about 4 in. across, irregularly lobed and undu- lated, minutely scaly, grey ; stem about 2 in. high, thicker upwards, buff, yellow at the base ; gills rather wide, pallid. Smell strong, like that of cheese. Under an elm. (B. & Br.) Tricholoma acerbum. Bull. Taste bitter. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh thick in the centre, thin elsewhere, margin at first strongly involute, rugulose or pitted, becoming straight with age, viscid when moist, smooth, convex, then almost plane, whitish then pale testaceous with yellow tinge ; gills rather narrow, crowded, emarginate, creamy then pale rufous ; stem 2-3 in. long, | in. thick, solid, pale, apex squamulose ; spores subglobose, 5—6 //. diameter. Agaricus (Tricholoma} acerbus, Bull., t. 571, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p. 26 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 76 (poor). In woods. Taste bitter. Distinguished in the young stage by the strongly involute margin of pileus and squamu- lose apex of stem, later by the plane pileus, rusty gills and stem as before. Tricholoma nictitans. Fr. Pileus 1|-2| in. across, flesh thin, white; convex then expanded, obtuse, even, glabrous, viscid, yellowish, disc darker ; gills rounded behind and adnexed, but not with a decurrent tooth, crowded, rather broad, somewhat ventricose, yellow, spotted with reddish spots when old; stem about 3 in. long, £ in. thick, dry, slightly scaly at the apex, pale yellow, solid, equal or attenuated upwards, base truncate ; tpores elliptic, 7-8 X 5 p.. TRICHOLOMA. 183 Agaricus (Tricholoma) nictitans, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 38 • Cke., Hdbk., 27 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 56. In woods. Inodorous; taste sweet. Allied to T. fulvellum, but differing as follows. Stem not viscid, base not attenuated, but if anything, incrassated, ending abruptly, becoming yellowish ; pileus thin, not virgate ; gills without a decur- rent tooth. (Fries.) Tricholoma fulvellum. Fr. Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh rather thin except at the disc, dingy ; convex then plane, viscid, even, yellowish rufescent or tan-colour, disc darker and wrinkled into minute projec- tions ; gills rounded then emarginate, 2 lines broad, crowded, white then rufescent ; stem about 2 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, almost equal, whitish with a rufescent tinge, fibrillose, apex naked, stuffed then hollow; spores subglobose, 4-5 /t diameter. Agaricus (TricJioloma) fulvellum, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 50; Cke., Hdbk., p. 27 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 57. In woods. Inodorous. Cooke's figures differ considerably from Fries' description. The pileus is campanulate, lax, and with a prominent umbo, resembling in habit a large Galera. Tricholoma flavobrunneum. Fr. Smell strong, like new meal. Pileus 3-6 in. across, flesh thick, either the whole, or that of the stem and the edge of the pileus clear yellow; conically convex then expanded, broadly gibbous, viscid, fibrillosely virgate, or innately squamulose but the surface not broken up, tawny-rufous with the disc darker, or entirely bay or rufous-brown ; gills emarginate with a decurrent tooth, crowded, p*le yellow, becoming spotted with brown when touched or with age ; stem 3-5 in. long, |-£ in. thick, rufescent or brownish, generally ventricose and narrowed at each end, more or less equal when small, with rufous fibrils on the surface, viscid at first, apex naked, hollow ; spores 6-7 X 4-5 /*. Agaricus flavobrunneus, Fries, Epicr., p. 28 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 27 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 58. In woods, &c. Usually gregarious and often caespitose, gills sometimes 1*81 FUNGUS-FLOE A. whitish, and thus superficially more nearly approaching T. albobrunneum, from which it is always distinguished by the htrong smell, and yellow flesh of the stem. Tricholoma albobrunneum. Pers. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh rather thick, especially at -the disc, clear white ; campanulate then hemispherical, viscid, almost even, but distinctly virgate or minutely streaked with innate fibrils, clear brown; margin at first incurved and puckered ; gills emarginate, rounded behind, not decurrent, scarcely crowded, very broad (3-4 lines), firm but not thick, clear white at first, but soon becoming pallid; stem l|-2 in. long, about 1 in. thick, equal appearing a,t first sight to be glabrous, but in reality minutely silky on the surface, rufescent, white at both ends but most con- .stantly so at the apex, which is powdered with white meal, solid, flesh firm, clear white; spores 4—6 X 3*5 /x. Agaricus albobrunneus, Pers., Syn., p. 293; Cke,, Hdbk., p. 27 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 197. In pine woods, &c. Closely allied to T. flavobrunneum, differing in absence of smell, mild taste, and persistently white flesh. Tricholoma ustale. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh rather thick, white; hemi- spherical then expanded and umbonate, finally almost plane :aud obtuse, even, glabrous, not virgate or streaked, disc rugulosely punctate, bay-brown ; gills emarginate with a decurrent tooth, crowded, rather broad, white then tinged rufous ; stem 2-3 in. long, about £ in. thick, stuffed then hollow, equal, somewhat rooting, dry, fibrillose, whitish or with a rufescent tinge, apex silky, whiter but not mealy ; spores elliptical, 7-8 x 5 //.; smell none. Ago.ricm (Tricholoma) ustalis, Fries, Epicr., p. 29; Cke., lllustr., pi. 88; Cke., Hdbk., p. 28. In woods. Intermediate between T. flavobrunneum and T. pessundatum, but distinct from both in the absence of smell. (Fries.) Tricholoma pessundatum. Fr. Smell strong, resembling new meal. Pileus about 3 in. .across, flesh rather thick, convex then expanded, very obtuse, TRICHOLOMA. 185 wavy, glabrous, not virgate but usually marked with spots, viscid, bay or rufescent, becoming paler near the edge, margin incurved, naked; gills deeply emarginate, almost free, at first very narrow and pure white, then 3 lines broad and with a rufescent tinge ; stem 2-3 in. long, and up to 1 in. thick, almost glabrous, white ; solid, hard, bulb-like at first and covered with down, then elongating; spores 5 x 2% p. Agaricus (Tricholoma) pessundatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 26; Cke., Hdbk., p. 28. In pine woods, &c. Often in company with T. equestre, with which it agrees in size, most nearly allied to T. russula, which is distin- guished by the granular, rosy pileus. (Fries.) Tricholoma stans. Fr. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh thick, firm, white, reddish under the cuticle ; convex then expanded, even (not granu- lated nor spotted), viscid, rufescent ; gills rounded behind, crowded, white, stained with reddish brown ; stem 2—3 in. long, almost equal, solid, |-1 in. thick, whitish with a rufescent tin^e, squamulose ; spores elliptical, 5-G X 4 /*. Agaricus (Tricholoma) stans, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 38; Cke., Hdbk., p. 28 ; CkeM Illustr., pi. 198, On the ground. Fries distinguishes two forms of the present species : — (A.) campestris ; stem stout [2 in. long, 1^ in. thick], reddish, gquamulose but not villose ; pileus broad [5 in. across^, more expanded, rufous brown, indistinctly virgately squa- mulose : — (B.) montana ; stem up to 4 in. long, quite equal, white, apex distinctly whitish squamulose; pileus smaller [3 in. across], more convex, and altogether even. (Fries.) Allied to T. pessundatum by the granulated or spotted pileus, and the flesh being reddish under the cuticle. Tricholoma russula. Schaeff. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh very thick at the disc, becoming thin towards the margin, white, tinged with rose under the cuticle ; convex then depressed, obtuse or slightly gibbous, granulated, viscid, rosy flesh-colour, sometimes very deep; gills slightly rounded behind then slightly 186 FUNGUS-FLORA. decurrent with an indistinct trace of a sinus, rather distant, pure white, becoming slightly spotted; stem 1J-2 in. long, f in. thick, almost equal, solid, firm, white, more or less tinged with rose-colour, apex sqnamulose ; spores elliptical, 10-5 p. Agaricus russula, Schaeffer, t. 58 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 363 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 926. Among grass under trees. Smell and taste pleasant ; eaten in Austria. Flesh-colour, sometimes spotted with yellow, as in HygropJiorus pudorinus, with which, and Hygrophoms erubescens, it is often confused. (Fries.) The present differs from both the above-named species of Hygrophorus in the granulated pileus, flesh tinged with rose-colour under the cuticle, and in not growing in pine woods. Tricholoxna frumentaceum. Bull. Pileus 2|-4 in. across, flesh compact, thick at the centre, becoming "gradually thinner towards the margin, white; convex then expanded, obtuse, glabrous, pallid, with a red tinge, and streaked with darker lines ; gills rounded behind and slightly annexed, 3-4 lines broad, crowded, white then reddish; stem 2|-3 in. long, about f in. thick, equal or slightly thickened at the base, solid, fibrillose, whitish, more or less variegated with pale red ; spores faintly tinged with red, elliptical, smooth, 5 x 3-5 /*. Agaricus frum,entaceus, Bull., Champ., t. 571, f. 1 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 470. Agaricus (Entoloma) frumentaceus, Berk., Outl., p. 144. On the ground. Smell like meal. There is a difference of opinion, as shown by the following notes, as to the position of the present species. The plate issued in "Illustrations" was copied from a drawing made by Mr. Worthington Smith, from specimens sent to him from Forres, by the Eev. Dr. Keith. Never having been so fortunate as to see this species, we accepted the designation attached to the drawing, and published it as an Entoloma, under the impression that it was the Agaricus (Entoloma) frumentaceus, B. & Br. Dr. Keith has kindly TRICHOLOMA. 187 drawn our attention to this figure, at the same time stating his conviction that the original specimens were those of an undoubted Tricholoma, the pink tinge of the spores being faint and quite of a different character to the spores in Hyporhodii. Whatever, therefore, the plant of Berkeley and Broome may be, to which they attach the name of A. frumentaceus, and include in the submenus Entoloma, it cannot be the species figured as above, since Dr. Keith must have had ample material to judge, and no one would doubt his ability to form an authoritative opinion. Plate 470 must, therefore be corrected to Ag. (Tricholoma) frumentaceus, Bull. We may add that the majority of Continental mycologists contend that Bulliard's species is a Tricholoma, and both the size and form of the spores given in our plate certainly are more in accordance with those usually found in Tricholoma than those of Entoloma. (Cke.) On the ground under a hedge. Somewhat, caespitose; pilt-us 3| in. across, plane, with the margin arched and sinuated, dry, buff, tinged with red, marked with fine streaks, which are sometimt s slightly raised, fleshy, firm, rather brittle. Stem 2 in. high, 1 in. thick, of the same colour as the pileus, streaked and slightly cracked, some- times compressed, blunt at the base, with a little white down stained with the spores. Gills broad, moderately distant, sinuated and toothe<1, rounded behind, sometimes emarginate, adnate, cinereon-, with a reddish yellow tinge; spores elliptic, minute, '0002 in. long, rose-coloured. Taste agreeable ; smell farinaceous with a slight taint of amadou. This is undoubtedly the plant of Bulliard, which is not described by him as viscid. The spores are decidedly rose- coloured and not white. (Berk.) Entirely pallid then white, but, stem and pileus stained with rufous, the gills at length becoming rufescent, and the strong smell, resembling new meal, point to an undoubted affinity with T. pessundatum. Stem solid, 3 in. l»ng, \ in. thick, equal, dry, fibrillose, whitish. Pileus truly fleshy, but less compact than in T. pessundatum, convex then plane, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad ; viscid, dry in very dry weather, even, glabrous, whitish or tan-colour, and variegated with rufous. Flesh white. Gills rounded, somewhat crowded, rather broad, white, at length spotted with rufous. (Fries.) 188 FUNGUS-FLORA. II. GENUINA. * Gills not discoloured nor spotted. Tricholoma rutilans. Schaeff. Pileus 3-6 in. across, flesh thick, soft, deep yellow from "the earliest stage, becoming golden-yellow when broken ; semiovate, obtuse, and with the margin incurved when young, entirely covered with a dense, uninterrupted coating of dark purple or reddish-brown down ; when older becoming •campanulate and often umbonate, purple, all one colour ; when mature convex then expanded, often umbonate, the cuticle broken up into small, innate flocose squamules, yellow, variegated with purple; always dry; gills yellow from the first, broadly adnexed, crowded, edge thickened, -obtuse, floccose, often wavy; thinner, broader, and less crowded when adult, edge deep yellow, sides paler; 2-3 in. long, £ in. thick, fleshy, imperfectly hollow, soft, bulbous when short, ventricose when elongated, yellow; variegated, •especially upwards, with purplish, floccose squamules ; spores isubglobose, 5-6 /* diameter. Agaricus rutilans, Schaeffer, t. 219; Cke., Hdbk., p. 28; pallid with a slight tinge of rufous, base with white down,, solid; spores elliptical, 6-7 X 3' 5 //,. Agaricus (Tricholoma} sudus, Fries, Epicr., p. 38. Among grass in woods, &c. Somewhat resembling T. arcuatum ; the latter differs in the- bulbous stem. Tricholoma virgatum. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thin, greyish-white, rigid ; convex then expanded, somewhat umbonate, always very dry, glabrous and almost even, but elegantly virgate or streaked with fine black lines formed by innate fibrils; greyish, umbo often darker, broken up into squamules when old ; margin straight and naked at first ; gills broadly emarginate, 3-5 lines broad, crowded, at length greyish; stem about 3 in. long, ^ in. and more thick, equal, or the base more or less swollen, striate, usually glabrous, some- times squamulose, whitish both outside and inside, firm* solid; spores subglobose, 6-8 x 5-6 p.. Agaricus (Tricholoma} virgatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 39; Cke.,. Hdbk., p. 35; Cke., Illustr., pi. 167. In pine and other woods. Usually solitary. A well-marked species, being the only 202 FUNGUS-FLORA. one with a perfectly dry, virgate pileus ; all the other virgate species, as T. portentosum, &c., having the pileus viscid. Taste bitter when young, but insipid at maturity. The figure in " Illustrations " is too dark. The pileus is usually white with a slight cinereous tinge. (Cooke.) IV. SEKICELLA. * Gills Iroad, rather distant. Smell strong. Tricholoma sulphureum. Fr. Foetid. Pileus 1-3 in. across, flesh rather thick; sub- globose, then soon convexo-plane, rather umbonate, at length depressed, slightly silky at first, soon almost glabrous and even, pale sulphur-colour, sometimes with a rufescent tinge ; gills adnexed, narrowed behind, arcuately emarginate, rather thick, distant, distinct, bright sulphur- colour; stem 2-4 in. long, 3-6 lines thick, almost equal, often curved, almost glabrous, striate, sulphur-yellow; same colour inside, and fibrous; spores 9 — 10 x 5 /*. Agaricus (Tricholoma') sulfureus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 110; Cke., Hdbk., p. 35 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 62. In woods. Gregarious. Distinguished by the sulphur-yellow colour of every part, and the strong, penetrating, unpleasant smell. Pileus 1-2 in. broad, fleshy, obtuse, at length expanded or depressed with a slight appearance of an umbo, sometimes flexuous and irregular, dirty yellow, or ochraceous-umber, darker in the centre, the margin at first involute and minutely tomentose, the whole clothed with extremely minute silkiness or squamulae, so as to give it a pulverulent appearance, retaining the impression of the fingers ; flesh yellow. Gills subdi&tant, rounded, flexuous, emarginate or acuto-adnate. Stem 2 in. or more high, 4 lines thick, occa- sionally subbulbous, stuffed, sometimes at length hollow, the surface of the cavity rather slimy, yellow within, furnished at the base occasionally with many rather strong yellow fibrous roots. Odour disagreeable, at first farina- ceous, then like that of Hemerocallis flava. Taste unpleasant but acrid. (Berk.) •TRICHOLOMA. 203 Tricholoma opicum. Fr. Pileus 1-1^ in. across, flesh rather thin, becoming greyish ; convex then expanded, obtusely-umbonate, at length usually upturned and split, very dry, even at first, then minutely squamulose. grey ; gills broadly emarginate, ventricose, rather thick, scarcely distant, hoary ; stem 2—3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, fibrillose, becoming almost glabrous, pallid then greyish, stuffed. Agaricus (Tricholoma) opicus, Fries, Epicr., p. 39. Among moss, in pine woods, &c. Inodorous. Somewhat resembling T. saponaceum, but dis- tinguished by the absence of smell. This same character, and difference in colour separate the present from T. sulphureum, with which it agrees in size and gill structure. Tricholoma bufonium. Pers. Pileus 1^-21 in. across, flesh thick ; convex then expanded or almost plane, somewhat umbonate or gibbous, silky at first, soon almost glabrous, punctately rugose, opaque, purplish- brown, blackish-umber, tan-colour, &c. ; gills slightly sinuate, and more or less decurrent, rather distant, yellowish tan-colour then pallid ; stem about 2-3 in. long, 3-4 lines thick almost equal or slightly ventricose towards the base, flocculose, coloured like the pileus, stuffed ; spores subglobose, 4-5 //,. Agaricus bufonius, Persoon, Syn., p. 359 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 181 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 35. In pine woods. Distinguished by the tan-coloured gills and flocculose or downy stem. Tricholoma lascivum. Fr. Pileus about 2 in. across, flesh rather thin, persistently white ; convex then plane, at length depressed, obtuse, indistinctly silky, dry, tan-colour becoming pallid ; margin at first incurved ; gills arcuately adnexed, at length arcu- iitely decurrent, horizontal, thin and crowded ; stem about 2 in. long, solid, rigid, entirely fibrous, equal, externally fibrillose, whitish, apex with white meal, base rooting and downy; spores 8-10 x 4-5 p. Agaricus (Tricholoma} lancivus, Fries, Epicr., p. 110; Cke., Hdbk., p. 35; Cke., Illustr., pi. 94. 204 FUNGUS-FLOBA, In mixed woods. Agreeing in many points of structure, and in the strong smell, with T. sulphureum and T. inamoenum, but differing from both in the crowded gills, and in colour. Odour of gas tar. (Berk.) Far. robustus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 36 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 217. More robust than the type. Pileus almost white, silky, not viscid ; scarcely any perceptible odour. Pileus 2| in. broad, convex, at length depressed, firm, fleshy, under the lens minutely adpresso-silky, margin at first involute; flesh white. Gills white, when young arcuato-adnate, nearly horizontal, when old sub-decurrent, very brittle, closer than in the last, but still not very close. Stem firm, solid, composed of fibres, more or less fibrillose or fibrillose squamose, the fibrillae curved up from below ; paler than the pileus, rooting, downy at the base, not bulbose, apex pruinose. Odour in all respects like the last (A. sulpJiureus\ only not quite so strong. (Berk.) Tricholoma inamoenum. Fr. Foetid. Pileus 1-2J in. across, flesh thin but firm, pure white ; convex then expanded, rather umbonate, very dry, slightly silky then even, dingy white; gills variously adfixed, normally emarginate with a decurrent tooth, but sometimes truly adnato-decurrent, plane, rather thick, very broad and very distant, distinct, pure white; stem 3-4 in. long, 3-6 lines thick, equal, almost glabrous, white, solid,, firm, often rooting and downy when growing among moss ; spores 9-10 x 6-7. Agaricus (Tricholoma) inamoenus, Fries, Epicr., p. 44; Cke., Hdbk., p. 36; Cke., Illustr., pi. 77. In pine woods, &c. Our only white Tricholoma with a strong smell. The smell is something like that of T. sulfureum, but stronger and more disagreeable. Pileus 1-3 in. broad, convex, with or without an umbor fleshy, but not very thick on the margin, under the lens adpresso-silky ; white with a slight tinge of ochre in the centre. Gills broad (|-f of an in.), distant, emarginate. Stem 2 in. or more long, 3-6 lines thick, equal, tough, com- posed of fibres, not rooting in my specimens. Odour like TRICHOLOMA. 205 that of Trich. sulphured. I find a state of this with the pileus singularly compressed all round, minutely pitted and wrinkled, the epidermis cracked, so as to appear tesselated. Fries in his specific character describes it as smooth, but in his subjoined remark implies that it is " sericeo-adpressus." Hygr. cossus, Sow., with which Fries compares it in his Elenchus is certainly quite different, as stated above. My specimens have not so much the habit of that, as of Trich. cinerascens, Bull., or Trich. columbetta. (Berk.) Var. insignis, Mass. Gills decurrent, truly distant. The smell is so precisely like that of the normal A. inamoenus, that I follow Fries in considering it a mere variety. (B. & Br.) ** Gills thin, crowded, narrow. Small ; inodorous. Tricholoma cerinum. Pers. Pileus 1-1 1 in. across, flesh thin, firm, white; convex then expanded, obtuse, at length depressed, very opaque and remarkably dry, even and almost glabrous, dingy wax- colour or brownish ; gills sinuate, adnexed, separating from the stem, horizontal, plane, very thin and crowded, 1 line broad, dark yellow or wax-colour ; stem about 1 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, naked, fibrillosely striate, yellow, base sometimes brown, stufied. Agaricus cerinus, Persoon, Syn., p. 321 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 36 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 95u. In dry pine woods, &c. Small, the structure of the stem inclines to that cha- racteristic of Clitocybe, but the gills are sinuate when per- fectly developed. (Fries.) The yellow gills, contrasted with the brown pileus, make it a very pretty species. The pileus in our specimens is brown, which seems to be the more usual colour; but it is sometimes yellow. (B. & Br.) Tricholoma fallax. Peck. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh thin; convex then ex- panded, rarely depressed at the centre, moist, smooth, yellow, 206 FUNGUS-FLORA. disc sometimes' rufous; gills adnexed, rounded behind, crowded, white then yellowish ; stem about 1 in. long, 1£ line thick, smooth, pale yellow, stuffed then hollow, base sometimes narrowed; spores elliptical, 4-5 X 3 /i. Aqaricus (Tricholoma) fallax, Peck, 25th Keport, State Musf, N.Y., t. i. f. 5-8; Cke., Hdbk., p. 364; Cke., lUustr., pi. 11 51 A. Under firs. Distinguished among the small species of Tricholoma by the clear but pale yellow pileus and stem, and the yellowish gills. Tricholoma ionides. Bull. Pileus 1-2 in. across, disc fleshy, campanulate, then convex, at length plane, umbonate, even, almost glabrous, usually dingy violet, becoming pale ; gills emarginate with a slight decurrent tooth, crowded, thin, margin eroded, 1£ line broad, white then becoming pallid; stem 1-1 i in long, elastic, often curved at the base, fibrillose, coloured like the pileus, stuffed; spores pip-shaped, 6-7 X 3-5 /*. Agaricus ionides, Bull., Champ., t. 533, f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 36 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 95A. In woods. Pileus violet, lilac, or brownish-purple; distinguished from T. humile and T. sordidum by the white gills. Var. parvus, Lasch, Cke., Hdbk., p. 37. Reddish-brown, pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate then expanded (slightly silky), stem stuffed, then hollow, floccose. attenuated downwards ; gills adnexed with a tooth, eroded, powdered with white. In a stove. Tricholoma carneum. Bull. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh thin, tough, snow-white ; hemispherical at first, then convex and regular, obtuse, at length expanded and upturned, often with an umbo, usually wavy and sometimes excentric, even, glabrous, dry, not at all hygrophanous, reddish flesh-colour, at length whitish ; gills rounded behind and almost free, horizontal, closely crowded, broadest behind, 1-1 £ line broad, pure white ; stem up to TKICHOLOMA. 207 1 in. long, sometimes very short, 1-2 lines thick, apex thickest, and narrowing towards the base, pale reddish-pink becoming almost white, apex somewhat pruinose, tough and fibrous almost cartilaginous, rigid, stuffed then hollow ; spores 3 x 2 /i. Agaricus carneus, Bull., t. 533 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 37 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 96A. Among grass, by-paths in woods, &c. In general habit and stem structure agreeing with Collybia, but placed here on account of its evident affinity with T. paeonium and T. ionides. (Fries.) Tricholoma caelatum. Fr. Pileus up to 1 in. across, flesh thin ; convex but with the centre depressed, not striate, glabrous and brown when growing, but flocculose, cracked and pallid grey when dry ; gills sinuate, adnate with a decurrent tooth, crowded, slightly arcuate, dingy white or greyish ; stem up to 1 in, long, 1-1^ line thick, equal, or the apex slightly thickened, brown, apex obsoletely pruinose, tough, elastic, but not cartilaginous, stuffed in small specimens, often hollow when large ; spores elliptical, 8 x 5 /x.. Agaricus (Tricholoma) caelatum, Fries, Epicr., p. 42 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 37 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 96u. On the ground, especially scorched places. A very peculiar species, entire habit remarkable, and not to be compared with any other species of Tricholoma. From the constantly umbilicate pileus, at first sight resembling an Omphalia, but the stem is not at all cartilaginous, and the gills evidently sinuate behind. Somewhat agreeing with Tricholoma putidum in colour and stature, but in this species the pileus is umbonate, smell strong of new meal, and other points of difference. There are certain affinities with certain species of Clitocybe, as C. hirneola and C. parilis, with which the present species agrees in size, colour, and the dingy white spores, but again, these differ widely in the decurrent gills and many other points. (Fries.,) 208 FUNGUS-FLORA. V. GUTTATA. * Gills whitish. Tricholoma gambosum. Fr. Smell resembling fresh meal. Pileus 3-5 in. across, flesh thick, soft, fragile, white ; hemispherical then convex, at length expanded, obtuse, wavy, even, glabrous, but marked 'with drop-like spots, at length cracking, but not becoming truly broken up into squamules, pallid-tan, margin incurved and downy at first; gills emarginate and adnexed, with a somewhat decurrent tooth, sinuate and decurrent when old, crowded, ventricose, 2-3 lines broad, whitish ; stem 2—2^ in. long, ^-1 in. thick, almost equal, base often curved and .ascending when growing in clusters, white, apex downy, solid ; spores elliptical, 13-14 x 8-9 p.. Agaricus (Tricholoma) gambosus, Fries., Epicr., p. 43; Cke., Hdbk., p. 37 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 63. In pastures, &c. Spring. Often growing in circles, or tufted. Smell pleasant, like new meal. ** Gills discoloured, rufous or smoky. Tricholoma amethystinum. Scop. Pileus 1^-2 in. across, flesh thick, white ; convex then •expanded and often wavy or with the margin slightly •upturned, obtuse or with a trace of an umbo, glabrous, even, moist, livid and more or less spotted or stained with blue, margin paler and wrinkled; gills somewhat adnate, 11 line broad, crowded, white then rufescent ; stem l|-2 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, attenuated at the base, paler than the pileus, solid, often slightly bent. Agaricus amethystinus, Scopoli, Carn., ii. p. 437; Cke., Bdbk., p. 38; Cke., Illustr., pi. 262. In pine woods. Pileus pale with a dingy olive tinge, and spotted with xslear blue. Tricholoma albellum. Fr. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thick at the disc, becoming thin towards the margin, soft, white, unchangeable ; convex then TR1CHOLOMA. 209 expanded and gibbous, white then pallid, greyish when dry, often mottled or with scale-like spots, margin naked; gills slightly adnexed, much narrowed behind, broadest in front, clcsely crowded, entire, white ; stem ovately bulbous, cylindrical above, 1^-2 in. long, up to £ in, thick, fibrillosely striate, white, solid; spores elliptical, 6-7 X 4 ^. Agaricu* (Tricholoma) albellus, Fries, Epicr., p. 43; Cke., Hdbk., p. 38 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 299. In woods, &c. Appearing earlier in the season than T. gambosum, found in April. Sometimes solitary, large; sometimes densely caespitose and smaller. Smell and taste pleasant, weak. Pileus regular, not turning yellowish, white when fresh, then greyish-brown, spotted here and there. Often con- founded with a small form of A. gambosus. (Fries.) T. gambosum differs in the gills being attached by a decurrent tooth; stem downy at the apex; the pileus is usually very pale tan, but sometimes whitish. Tricholoma boreale. Fr. Pileus about 2 in. across, flesh thick at the disc and becoming gradually thin towards the margin, soft, white ; irregular, somewhat umbonate, glabrous, rivulose or minutely downy when dry, flesh-colour then whitish ; margin naked, even ; gills emarginate, thin, crowded, white ; stem 2—3 in. long, ^— §• in. thick, solid, elastic, glabrous, unequal, at- tenuated at the base, whitish ; spores subglobose, 4-5 /A diameter. Agaricus (Tricholoma] borealis, Fries, Epicr., p. 44; Cke., Hdbk., p. 365 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 956 ? (differing widely from the figure and description of Fries in the very distant dingy gills). Among grass in woods, &c. Truly gregarious, somewhat caespitose, smell resembling new meal, taste pleasant, hence without doubt esculent, and with allied forms may be compared with T. gambosum. Stem solidj elastic, 2-3 in. long, f in. thick, attenuated downwards, often twisted and incurved, glabrous, apex indistinctly pruinose, always white. Pileus fleshy, variable in form, usually convex and umbonate, unequal, often wavy, not spotted, glabrous, minutely cracked when dry, about 2 in. VOL. HI. r 210 FUNGUS-FLOBA. broad, flesh-colour at first, but becoming pale when old and whitish tan; margin thin, naked, involute. Flesh soft, white, soon infested with maggots. Gills emarginate, with a decurrent tooth, thin, crowded, whitish, colour not changing. Among the tribe Gultata, where the species are closely allied, and of which T. gambosum is typical, the present species is remarkable for the flesh-coloured, unspotted pileus. Most nearly allied to T. albellum, which however appeai-s earlier in the season and differs in colour, &c. (Fries.) Tricholoma tigrinum. Schaeff. Pileus 1^-2 in. across, flesh thick at the disc, margin thin, white; convex then expanding and often wavy, glabrous, pale brown or greyish-white, with darker, crowded spots, but not broken up ; gills rounded behind, crowded, narrow, white ; stem about 1 in. long and nearly or quite as thick, tumid, firm, white, pruinose, solid. Agaricus tigrinus, Schaeff., t. 89 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 38 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 64. In fir woods, &c. Stout, smell not remarkable, like fresh meal. Stem 1 in. long and thick, very compact, solid, pruinose, white. Pileus compactly fleshy, in my specimens convex then expanded, obtuse, wavy, 2 in. broad, pale brown, variegated with crowded, darker spots. Flesh thick, white, unchangeable, thin towards the involute margin. Gills rounded behind, at length with a decurrent tooth, crowded, narrow, white, at length becoming dark. (Fries.) Odour foetid. (Cooke.) The pilens is sometimes whitish or with a tinge of grey, and the t-pots almost black. Diners from T. guttatum in the pileus not being broken up, and the margin even. Tricholoma pes-caprae. Fr. Pileus fleshy at the disc, the rest thin, conical then expanded, umbonate, unequal, 1-2 in. across when young, entire; expanded when adult, and then 3-4 in. across, cracked, greyish-brown, variegated, margin thin, naked; gills emarginate, up to \ in. broad, at length distant, white then greyish ; stem solid, about 3 in. long, scarcely \ in.' thick, equal or attenuated downwards, naked, white • spores elliptical, 8 x 5 /*. TKICHOLOMA. 211 Agaricus (Tricholoma} pes-caprae, Fries, Epicr., p. 45 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 365. Among grass, leaves, &c. Gregarious, subcaespitose, fragile, much more slender than neighbouring species. (Fries.) Far. multiformis, Schaeff., t. 14 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 946. Form variable, caespitose, smaller and flesh of pileus thinner than in the typical form. VI. SPONGIOSA. * Gills not discoloured. Tricholoma patulum. Fr. Pileus 2J-4 in. across, flesh thin, not compact, white; firm, convex then plane, obtuse, often wavy, even, glabrous, not spotted, pale ashy-grey ; gills constantly and equally emarginate, almost free, crowded, 2 lines broad, plane, sides veined, whitish; stem 2-4 in. long, |-1 in. thick, equal, rather elastic, glabrous, pure white; flesh fibrous, solid, firm ; spores elliptical, 7-8 X 4 /x. Agaricus (Tricholoma) patulus, Fries, Epicr., p. 47; Cke., Hdbk., p. 39 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 279. In mossy meadows, under birches, &c. Solitary, or growing in troops. Inodorous. Cannot be compared with any other species of Tricholoma, but re- sembling certain caespitose species of Clitocybe, from which it is quite distinct in the remarkably emarginate, and almost free gills. The colour somewhat resembles that of Collybia platyphylla, but the two are not at all allied, the last-named differing in the thinner, virgate pileus and very broad gills. Very luxuriant in rainy seasons, and when the weather is very dry it is entirely absent. In dry seasons it is solitary, whereas during rainy seasons it is densely caespitose. (Fries.) Tricholoma Schumacher!. Fr. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh thick, spongy, white, compact; convex then expanded, obtuse, regular, even, glabrous, moist in rainy weather but not hygrophanouts, p 2 212 FUXGUS-FLOEA. uniformly livid-grey, the extreme margin projecting beyond the gills and incurved; gills emarginate, closely crowded, plane, 3-4 lines broad, white ; stem solid, stout, 3-4 in. long, up to \ in. thick, equal, base downy, and sometimes ventri- cosely bulbous, naked, slightly striate, white, fibrous outside. Agaricw (Triclioloma) Schumacher i, Epicr., p. 45; Cke.,, Hdbk., p. 38; Cke., Illustr., pi. 168. In back woods, &c. Stature of Triclioloma personatum, colour resembling Clitocybe nebularis. (Fries.) Triclioloma circumtectum. C. & M. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thick, white ; convex, dry, very obtusely umbonate at first, or quite obtuse, rarely becoming slightly depressed, margin incurved, downy, wavy; often cracking a little when old, disc dingy pale tan or ochraceous, greenish-olive towards the margin, at length altogether pale tan ; gills slightly sinuate, adnexed, 1^—2 lines broad,, scarcely crowded, persistently white ; stem about 1 in long, -^-f in thick, usually more or less swollen near the base, but always tapering more or less to a point at the extreme base, striate, whitish, solid ; spores subglobose, 4-5 ju, diameter. Agaricus (Triclioloma) circumtectus, Cooke & Massee ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 382 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1182. On the ground under trees. A well-marked species, known by the pileus being dingy olive at first then tan-colour, the change starting at the disc, downy margin of pileus, and pointed base of stem. Tricholoma arcuatum. Bull. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thick, soft, hygrophanous, brownish-white, at length usually tan-colour; at first compact, then very soft, convex then plane, obtuse, even, iilabrous, moist in rainy weather, blackish-umber or rufous- brown, becoming pale and discoloured with age; gills- rounded behind, sinuate and with a decurrent tooth, arcuate,, ut length plane, crowded, narrow, pure white ; stem solid, firm, 1| in long, £ in. thick, incrassated below and more or less bulbous, at first squamulosely fibrillose, then naked and somewhat reticulated, pale brown, base blackish, spongy . \vithin. TKICHOLOMA. 213 Agaricus arcuatus, Bulliard, Champ. FT., t. 589, f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 39 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 218A. Among grass in pastures, &c. Colour and size variable. Allied to T. panaeolum and T. melaleucum ; the former differs in the greyish gills, and the latter in the white flesh. Tricholoma oreinum. Fr. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh rather thick, white ; convex then plane, obtuse, even, glabrous, fuscous then livid ; gills rounded behind, free, crowded, plane, up to 1 line broad, white ; stem about 1 in. long, and 1| line thick, with a slight swelling at the base, otherwise equal, whitish, apex with white squamules, solid. Agaricus ( Tricholoma) oreinus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 52 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 39; Cke., Illustr., pi. 218s. On heaths, &c. The gills are equally broad up to the margin, beyond which they project, a character that separates this species from T. humilum. (Fries.) Tricholoma album. Schaeff. Entirely white. Taste acrid. Pileus 3-4 in. across, flesh thick ; convex then expanded, very dry, even, disc sometimes yellowish ; gills emarginate, about 3 lines broad, somewhat crowded, not changing colour ; stem about 3 in. long and | in. thick, attenuated upwards, almost naked, elastic, solid. Agaricus album, Schaeffer, t. 256 (slender form); Fries, Icon., p. 39, pi. 43 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 39 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 65 (too ochraceous). In woods. Size very variable, sometimes very robust, at others slender. Entirely pure white, sometimes becoming yellowish , especially the disc. Smell weak but taste bitter. (Fries.) Tricholoma leucocephalum. Fr. Pure white. Smell strong, pleasant, resembling new- meal. Pileus about 1| in. across, flesh thin, compact, tough ; convex then plane, obtuse, even, moist, glabrous, but covered with pure white silky down when young; margin acute, spreading, glabrous ; gills rounded behind and almost free, orowded thin, quite entire, clear white ; stem up to 2 in* 214 FUNGUS-FLORA. long. 3 lines thick ; hollow, fibrous but polished and somewhat cartilaginous externally, base solid, attenuated, rooting, twisted, even, glabrous ; spores subglobose minutely echinu- late, 9-10 X 7-8 /*. Agaricus (Tricholoma) leucocephalus, Fries, Epicr., p. 47 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 40 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 78. On naked ground, also among grass, &c. T. album somewhat resembles the present species, but differs in being inodorous. T. inamoenum differs in the very strong disagreeable smell, and the very broad gills. ** Gills discoloured. Tricholoma militare. Lasch. Pileus 4—7 in. across, flesh thick, firm, white ; pileus at first convex and gibbous, with the margin incurved and furnished with white floccose down, then expanded and more or less plane or depressed and wavy, almost glabrous, viscid, cinnamon or yellowish, margin even ; gills emarginate, slightly crowded, whitish, at length spotted, 2 lines broad, edge becoming torn; stem 3^-5 in. long, up to 1 in. thick at the somewhat bulbous or thickened base, squamulose or coarsely fibrillose, pallid, solid. Agaricus militaris, Lasch, Linnea, no. 490; Cke., Hdbk..,, p. 40; Cke., Illustr., pi. 169. In woods, &c. Smell and taste unpleasant. Differs from Tricholoma civile in the strong smell and spotted gills. Tricholoma civile. Fr. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh white, soft, rather thick ; convex then almost plane, even, glabrous, cuticle separable, rather viscid, gilvous or pale yellowish brown ; gills deeply emarginate, 2-3 lines broad, crowded, white then yellowish, not spotted; stem 2-2| in. long, 3-5 lines thick, solid, soft,, fragile, whitish, fibrillosely squamulose. Agaricus (Tricholoma) civilis, Fries, Icones, p. 38, t. 42 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 40. In pine woods. Stem solid, soft inside, fragile, narrowed upwards from the incrassated base, 2 in. and more long, fibrillose or TKICHOLOMA. 215 squamulose, whitish. Pileus truly fleshy, very soft and fragile, convex then plane, obtuse, 3 in. broad, even, very glabrous, almost- viscid when moist, gilvous then becoming pale, not becoming discoloured, never virgate, disc darker, pellicle separable. Flesh spongy, whitish. Gills deeply sinuate, almost free, crowded, 3 lines broad, very soft, white then pallid or yellowish. Inodorous. Tricholoma militare differs in the strong smell, margin of pileus at first involute and pruinose, gills spotted. (Fries.) Tricholoma duracinum. Cooke. Pileus 2-2| in. across, disc very fleshy, margin thin, flesh nearly white, firm ; convex, broadly gibbous, dry, smooth, shining, grey with an olive tinge, margin incurved ; gills emarginate, 1 line broad, arcuate, crowded, grey ; stem about 2 in. long, 1 in. thick near the base, attenuated upwards, striate below, reticulately squamose above, paler than the pileus, or greyish-white, solid. Agaricus ( Tricholoma) duracinus, Cooke, Grev., xii. p. 41 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 640. On the ground under cedars. Pileus 3 in. diameter, stem 3 in. long, 1^ in. thick at the base, nearly an inch at the apex. Fleshy disc nearly an inch thick. Gills little more than a line broad. Upper part of the stem minutely squamose in a peculiar reticulated manner. Whole fungus cinereous and firm. (Cooke.) Tricholoma personatum. Fr. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh thick, white, firm then soft ; convex then expanded, regular, glabrous, moist, margin slightly projecting beyond the gills, at first incurved and pruinosely downy, yellowish tan-colour, sometimes greyish or with a lilac tinge; gills rounded behind and almost free, 2 lines broad, crowded, violet then dingy ; stem 2 in. long, |-| in. thick, rather bulbous, downy, coloured like the pileus, often with a violet tinge, solid; spores elliptical, 8-10 x 5-6 p. Agaricus (Tricholoma) personatus, Fries, Syst. Myc., i. p. 50 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 41 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 66. In pastures, woods, &c. Allied to T. nudum, but differs in the downy margin of the pileus, downy stem, and thick flesh of pileus. 216 FUNGUS-FLORA. Gregarious, frequently in large rings. Pilens 2-6 in. broad, fleshy, firm, pale bistre or purple lilac, occasionally violet, convex, obtuse, very smooth and shining as if oiled but not viscid, margin involute, pulverulento-tomentose. Gills rounded, free, not distant, narrow in front, paler than the pileus, sometimes violet, turning to a dirty flesh-colour, especially when bruised. Stem 1-3 in. high, f of an in. thick, firm, bulbous, solid, mottled within towards the apex with watery spots ; clothed more or less with villous fibrillae, tinged with violet. Odour like that of A. oreades, but rather overpowering, taste pleasant. Sold, according to Sowerby, in Covent Garden Market under the name of Blewitts. (Berk.) Tricholoma nudum. Bull. Whole fungus tinted violet at first. Pileus 2-2| in. -across, convex then more or less depressed and often wavy, becoming pale, silky and shining when diy, flesh very thin except at the disc, tinted pale lilac, margin persistently incurved, naked; gills rather crowded, narrow, 2—3 lines broad, narrowest behind and subdecurrent, intermediate •ones numerous, bright violet when young, brownish-lilac when old; stem 2-3 in. long, up to ^ in thick, subeqnal, elastic, stuffed, longitudinally fibrillose, slightly powdered with a white bloom ; spores elliptical, 7 x 3 • 5 p,. Agaricus nudus, Bulliard, t. 439 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 41 ; Berk., Outlines, t. 4, f. 7. (It is doubtful whether Cke., Illustr., t. 67 is the right species ; it is certainly too robust and yellow in the pileus for the typical form.) On the ground among leaves, &c, Known from Tricholoma -sordida, which the present species somewhat resembles, by the perfectly even, naked, incurved margin of the pileus. Pileus about 2 in. broad, thin, obtuse, plane or subde- pressed, at first amethyst-coloured, but changing to a pinky rufous ; margin involute. Gills of the same colour as the pileus, rounded behind though sometimes decurrenti-adnate, connected and traversed by veins. Stem 2 in. high, 3-4 lines thick, stuffed with spongy fibres, subequal, at first fibrillose, at length nearly smooth, more or less of the colour of the pileus. (Berk.) Altogether more slender than T. personatum, becoming TRICHOLOMA. 217 very much discoloured, brownish -violet at first, then rufes- cent, gills darker. Smell acid. (Fries.) Far, major, Cke., Hdbk., p. 41 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 133. Larger and more robust than the typical form. Pileus 4-5 in. across; stem 4-6 in. high, 1 in. thick, spores 5 X 2-5 fji. Among dead leaves. The figure by Cooke looks very much more like a very large T. personatum ; the gills are pallid, without a trace of lilac. Tricholoma cinerascens. Bull. Pileus 2-3 in. across, rather fleshy, convex, then expanded, obtuse, smooth, even, white becoming greyish, margin thin, naked, slightly striate ; gills rounded behind, not distinctly sinuate, rather close, white then reddish-grey, finally dingy yellow, easily separating from the pileus; stem stuffed, fibrous, elastic, subequal, smooth ; spores elliptical. Agaricus {Tricholoma) cinerascens, Bull., Champ., t. 48, f . 2 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 41 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 170. In woods. Caespitose ; pileus 2-3 in. across, convex, of a dirty pale ochre, slightly streaked with watery lines, firm but not brittle, clothed with very obscure matted down ; flesh thin, white. Stem curved, slightly streaked, tinged like the pileus, paler above and slightly pulverulent, solid, stringy. Gills moderately distant, at first attenuated behind, at length rounded and easily separating, as in Paxillus involutus, white or very slightly ochraceous, stained like the pileus when old and bruised, very slightly anastomosing behind. Spores certainly not cinereous. Smell rather disagreeable, pungent ; the stem, however, when broken, smells like new meal. (B. & Br.) Tricholoma panaeolum. Fr. Pileus about 3 in. across, flesh not thick, and like that of the stem, spongy and absorbing moisture, but the pileus is not by any means hygrophanous, white when dry, convex then flattened or often depressed, obtuse, usually wavy and often excentric, even, sooty-grey, covered with an almost innate grey bloom ; gills ernarginate or rounded behind, at 218 FJJNGUS-FLOKA. length slightly decurrent, closely crowded, quite entire, plane, 2 lines broad, white then grey; stem 1-1^ in long, | in. thick, solid, tough, elastic, fibrous outside, spongy within, glabrous, naked not polished, greyish- white ; spores subglobose, 5-6 p.. diameter. Agaricus ( Tricholoma) panaeolus, Fries, Epicr., p. 49 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 42 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 97. On the ground. Small, but firm, tough, elastic, smell and taste not un- pleasant, ; colour of pileus sooty, and with a broken up bloom on the surface. (Fries.) Colour of the pileus dingy or smoky-grey, the gills sepa- rate readily from the pileus. (Cooke.) Tricholoma cnista. Fr. Pileus 2- 3 in. across, flesh rather thick, soft, white, unchangeable; convex then plane, obtuse, even, glabrous, moist, not viscid, pale tan or whitish, disc darker, margin incurved, naked, even ; gills adnexed, rounded behind, inclined to separate from the pileus, broad, crowded, 3 lines broad, transversely veined, crisped when dry, white, pallid- yellow when bruised; stem 1^-2 in. long, 4 lines thick, equal, even, glabrous, white, tough, solid ; spores 9-10 X 4 p.. Agaricus (Tricholoma) cnista, Fries, Epicr., p. 50. Among grass in open places, &c. Similar to T. panaeolum, but white, not becoming grey ; smell resembling cooked flesh. Stem fleshy, 1^-2 in. long, | in. thick, even. Pileus 2-3 in. across, white, somewhat tan-colour, disc rather darker, flesh white. (Fries.) VII. HYGROPHANA. * Gills whitish, not spotted. Tricholoma melaleucum. Pers. Pileus 1^-3 in. across, flesh thin; convex then plane, obsoletely umbonate, glabrous, moist, sooty brown, hygro- phanous and passing through various shades of colour as it dries, dingy tan when dry ; gills adnexed and emarginate, ventricose, crowded, white ; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, TRICHOLOMA. 219 almost glabrous, whitish, striate with smoky fibrils, stuffed, base thickened ; spores elliptic-oblong, 10 x 4—5 //,. Agaricus melaleucus, Persoon, Syn., p. 355; Cke., Hdbk., p. 42 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 119. On the ground in woods, &c. Distinguished by the sooty black pileus, thin flesh, and white gills. The smaller forms resemble T. oreinum in general appearance, the latter is however readily separated by the whitish squamules at the apex of the stem. Stem stuffed, then hollow, riase bulbous, not rooting ; ring superior, membranaceous, large, soft, pendulous, margin turned up; spores elliptical, 7-8 x 5 fji. Agaricus (Lepiota) Tiolosericeus, Fries, Epicr., p. 16; Cke., Hdbk., p. 15 ; Cke., lllustr., pi 41. In gardens, &c. Large, inodorous, very soft. Lepiota naucina. Fr. White. Pileus 1-4 in. across, flesh thick, soft ; spherical then expanded and almost plane, somewhat umbonate and smooth at the centre, cuticle thin, glabrous, then breaking up into evanescent granules ; gills free but very close to the stem, 2-3 lines broad, narrow in front ; stem 2 in. long, \ in. thick at the apex, becoming thicker downwards to the swollen base, imperfectly hollow ; ring superior, thin, delicate, usally soon disappearing ; spores subglobose, 6-7 p. diameter. 246 FUNGUS-FLOEA. Agaricus (Lepiota) naucinus, Fries, Epicr., p. 16; Cke., Ildbk., p. 15; Cke., Illustr., pi. 15. In fields, cucumber frames, &c. Somewhat caespitose. Kesembling L. excoriata in general appearance, but differing in the superior, thin ring, &c. In Cooke's figure the pileus is slightly depressed at the disc, and no indication of an umbo. Lepiota cepaestipes. Sow. Pileus 1-3 in. across, flesh thin ; ovate then expanded, disc fleshy and broadly umbonate, mealy and squamose with evanescent plumose scales, pale sulphur-yellow or white, disc often brownish, margin plicate ; gills free, at length distant from the stem, 1-2 lines broad, rather distant, whitish or with a yellow tinge ; stem 3-6 in. high, 1^ line thick at the apex, swollen, often very considerable at the middle or near the base, floccose, white or pale yellow, hollow ; ring distant ; spores elliptical, 7-8 X 4 p.. Agaricus cepaestipes, Sowerby, Fungi, t. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p.. 15 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 5, also pi. 942 (as Agaricus (Lepiota) cepaestipes, var. cretaceus, Bulliard). On tan in hothouses, melon beds, &c. Gregarious or tufted. Probably an introduced species. Gregarious or tufted. "Whole plant white, pale sulphur- colour or yellow. Pileus 1-3 in. broad, ovate-conical when young, then campanulate, and finally nearly or quite plane, darker in the centre, and more or less covered with small scattered fibrous scales, the flesh thin, and vanishing entirely towards the margin, which is plicate and semi-transparent ; the substance is however tongh, and bears folding between the fingers without laceration. Lamellae numerous,-thin, in no regular series, the extremities next the stipes broad and rounded, and separated from it by a circular space. Stipes 3-6 in. high, straight or crooked, firm, even, smooth, narrow at the top, but ventricose below, and then narrower again at the very bottom, somewhat pruinose, the centre at first fitted with delicate silky fibres, at length hollow. Annulus perfect, erect, persistent. Sporidia white, copious, elliptical. ^ In decay the pileus turns brownish, and, according to its situation, either dries up, or becomes covered with little globules of fluid, and gradually dissolves. (Grev.) LEPIOTA. 247 Lepiota licmophora. B. & Br. Entirely pale lemon-colour. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh very thin ; coarsely grooved, up to the disc, margin crenate, subcylindrical, then campanulate, at length plane, gills free, very remote from the stem, distant, slightly ven- tricose, thin, 1| line broad, interstices veined; stem 3-4 in. high, 1—1^ line thick above, becoming thickened downwards, base abrupt, smooth, hollow ; ring distant, persistent; spores lemon-shaped, 9-10 X 5 /*. Agaricus (JLepiotcf) licmophorus, Beik. & Broome, Ceylon Fungi, n. 20; Cke., Hdbk., p. 20 & 381; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1179. On soil in hot-houses, stoves, &c. First described from Ceylon specimens, and undoubtedly an introduced species. Distinguished from L. cepaestipes by the glabrous pileus. Perhaps only a variety of the last- named species. IV. GEANULOSI. Lepiota cinnabarina. A. & S. Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh rather thick, pallid ; convex soon expanded, obtuse or more or less gibbous, granulosely scurfy, persistently brick red ; gills free, 1^—2 lines broad, lanceolate, white ; stem 1|~ 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, base thickened, clothed with red scales up to the imperfect ring, pale and smooth above, stuffed ; spores 6-7 x 5 /A. Agaricus cinnabarinus, Alb. & Schw., p. 147 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 16 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 43. In pine woods. Distinguished from L. granulosa by the larger size and persistently brick-red, or red-lead colour of the pileus. Var. Terreyi, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1183; Cke., Hdbk., p. 16. Pileus subhemispherical, bright tawny red, rough with minute warts ; stem subequal, clad with furfuraceous scales of the same colour ; ring at length torn ; gills white, narrow, remote ; spores 7 X 4 //.. Pileus 1-2 in., bright tawny ; scales on the stem of the .same colour, often cylindrical ; gills not branched. Spores •0002 in. long by -00015 wide (= about 7 X 248 FUNGUS-FLOKA. This species, which appears quite distinct, approaches L. granulosa on one side, and L. acutesquamosa on the other, but is nearer to the latter than the former. The spores of L. granulosa are slightly larger, those of L. acutesquamosa are rather longer, and at the same time narrower. (B. & Br.). Lepiota carcharias. Pers. Smell strong, unpleasant ; taste bitter. Pileus f-liy in. across, flesh rather thin, white ; convex then almost plane, more or less umbonate, granulose, pale flesh-colour or yellowish-pink, sometimes whitish; gills adnexed, about 14- line broad, clear white, rather crowded; stem about \\ in. long, l|-2 lines thick, slightly thickened at the base, granulose and coloured like the pileus up to the ring, pale and smooth above, stuffed then hollow. Agaricus carcharias, Pers., Syn., p. 263; Cke., Hdbk., p. 15; Cke., Illustr., pi. 42. On the ground, often under fir.*. Distinguished from allied forms by the strong smell and bitter taste. Lepiota granulosa. Batsch. Pileus |-1 in. across, flesh thin except at the disc, with a reddish tinge ; convex then expanded obtusely umbonate, granulosely scurfy, rusty or brownish, sometimes nearly white, often wrinkled, hoary and pallid when dry, margin often fringed with fragments of the veil; gills slightly adnexed, crowded, 1J-2 lines broad, white; stem 1-21 in. long, 2 lines thick, almost equal, floccosely squamulose'and coloured like the pileus up to the ring, smooth and pale above, stuffed then hollow. Agaricus granulosus, Batsch, t. 6,f. 24; Cke., Illustr., pi. 18; Cke., Hdbk., p. 16. Woods, heaths, &c. Somewhat gregarious. Distinguished from L. cinnabarina by the adnexed gills and the pileus becoming pale. L. carcJiaria differs in the strong smell. L. amianthina is sepa- rated by the adnate gills and yellow flesh, especially that of the stem. Subgregarious. Pileus |-1 in. broad, in general dull reddish-yellow, but occasionally ferruginous, pink, ver- milion or white, fleshy in the centre, at first convex, or LEPIOTA' 249 obtusely umbonate, at length, often plane or depressed, some- what wrinkled, covered with furfuraceous scales. Gills white or yellowish white, fixed to the stem, ventricose and nearly free in depressed specimens. Stem 1-3 in. high, 1-4 lines thick, slightly incrassated at the base, when young solid, but in age hollow, with a core occasionally running down from the centre of the pileus, and the base stuffed, sometimes slightly compressed, with a subfugacious floccu- lose ring about the middle, above which it is slightly fibrillose and beneath it scaly, like the pileus. In the white variety above mentioned the pileus and stem were mealy rather than scaly and the ring attached in fragments to the edge of the pileus. (Berk.) Var. rufescens, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1834; Cke., Hdbk., p. 16; Cke., Illustr., pi., 213A. This curious form was found near Bristol, by Mr. Bucknall, pure white at first, then partially turning red, and in drying acquiring everywhere a rufous tint. I have not seen the variety indicated above, but judging from the figure in Cooke's " Illustrations," it is about the size of the typical form, ring obsolete or nearly so, and the stem almost smooth throughout. Lepiota amianthina. Scop. Pileus |-1 in. across, flesh thin, yellow; convex then plane, more or less umbonate, granulosely scurfy, pale ochraceous; gills adnate, crowded, about l£ line broad, white then with a yellow tinge; stem li-2 in. long, about 1 line thick, equal, squamulose up to the ring, smooth above, pale, fistulose, flesh yellow. Agaricus amianthinns, Scopoli, Cam., xi. p. 434; Cke., Hdbk., p. 17 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 213s. In woods, pastures, &c. Distinguished from allied species by the adnate gills and yellow flesh, especially that of the stem. Far. Broadwoodiae, B. & Br.; Cke., Hdbk., p. 17. Pileus hemispherical, yellow, delicately tomentose, margin incurved; stem equal, and, as well as the ring, mealy; gills white, adnate, sometimes decurrent. A very distinct variety, if not species. (B. & Br.) 250 FUNGUS-FLORA. Lepiota polysticla. Berk. Pileus about li in. across, flesh thick, firm, white ; convex then expanded, obtusely umbonate or quite obtuse, reddish or yellowish brown, usually broken up into minute adpressed scales, margin often fringed with fragments of the veil ; gills free, rounded at both ends, crowded, 2-3 lines broad, with a yellowish tinge; stem 1-1 J in. long, 3-4 lines thick at the apex, base narrowed, scaly and coloured like the pileus up to the imperfect ring, smooth and pale above, stuffed. Agaricus (Lepiota) polystictus, Berk., Engl. Flora, vol. v. p. 9 ; Cke. Hdbk., p. 17 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 30. Among short grass by road sides, &c. Pileus I7y in. broad, not at all campauulate, expanded, and broadly and obtusely umbonate ; flesh thick in the centre, firm and tough, the epidermis broken into minute flat scales of a rich red-brown. Gills numerous, unequal rounded before and behind, broad, ventricose, quite free, the margin serrulate, white with a slight yellowish tinge. Stem 1 in. high, | in. thick in the middle, divided into two dis- tinct portions, the upper one silky of a pinkish hue, the lower scaly like the pileus, but the scales browner; attenu- ated at the base where it is furnished with many branched fibrous roots, hollow, stuffed with fine silky filaments. Eing furfuraceons, attached in minute portions to the edge of the pileus. Inodorous and insipid, (Berk.) V. MESOMOEPHI. Lepiota sistrata. Fr. Pileus -§-H in. across, flesh thin ; campanulate then ex- panded, obtuse or at times obtusely umbonate, whitish, disc often darker, tinged with yellow or flesh-colour, pruinose with shining particles; gills almost free, ascending, clear white, crowded, 1J-2 lines broad; stem 1 -1-2 in. long, about 1 line thick^" equal, silky-fibrillose, white, fistulose, loosely si uffed with loose fibrils ; ring torn, fibrillose, attached to the edge of the pileus in the form of delicate fibrils, fugacious. Agaricus (Lepiota) sistratus, Fries, Syst. Myc . i. p. 24- Cke., Hdbk., p. 17; Cke., Illustr., pi. SOA. LEPIOTA. 251 Among grass, in gardens, &c. Allied to L. seminuda and to L. mesomorplta ; the former differs in the mealy stem, the latter in the glabrous pileus and stem and in the entire ring. This pretty species is remarkable for the filamentous ring. (B. & Br.) Lepiota parvannulata. Lasch. Pileus up to |- in. across, disc rather fleshy, remainder almost membranaceous, campanulately convex, umbonate or gibbous, even, at first appearing to be glabrous, but slightly pruinose when young, white with more or less of a yellow tinge ; gills free but close to the stem, ventricose, crowded, white, not united to a collar round the stem ; stem 1-2 in. long, not a line thick, fistulose, equal, ascending or slightly wavy, white, fibrillose below the rin tuft (= sporodocMum^ often seated on a compact, stroma-hke base. Fam. I. MUCEDINEAE. Link, Hyphae white, pallid, or bright-coloured (rarely brownish), forming cottony, or downy patches, soon collapsing, lax; HYPHOMYCETES. 271 never agglutinated together in a definitely fasciculate manner. Mucedineae, Link, Berl. Mag., iii. p. 10 ; emended by Sac- cardo, in Mich., ii. p. 13 ; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. p. 2. The leading characters of the present family consist in the white or bright colour of the hyphae and conidia ; the hypliae are comparatively flaccid and soon collapsing, forming dense cottony or downy tufts, but never agglu- tinated together to form compound stem-like structures. Sect. I. Amerosporae. Sacc. Conidia continuous ( = l-celled, hence not septate), hyaline or brightly coloured, subglobose or shortly cylindrical, not elongated. Subsect. l. Micronemeae. Sacc. Hyphae very short, scarcely to be distinguished from the conidia. Tribe 1. Chromosporieae. Sacc. Conidia not concatenate. Tribe 2. Oosporeae. Sacc. Conidia catenulate. Subsect. 2. Macronemeae. Sacc. Hyphae elongated, distinct from the conidia. Tribe 3. CepJialosporieae. Sacc. Conidia produced in a head or cluster, not catenulate. Tribe 4. Aspergilleae. Sacc. Conidia capitate and catenulate. 272 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Tribe 5. Botrytideae. Sacc. Conidia not capitulate, but vaguely inserted on simple or branched (not verticillate) hyphae. Tribe 6. Verticillieae. Sacc. Conidia terminal on branches or branchlets arranged in a verticillate manner. Tribe 7. Gonatobotryteae. Sacc. Conidia springing from scattered, intercalary, swollen cells of the hyphae. Sect. II. Didymosporae. Sacc. Conidia elliptical, oblong, or shortly fusoid, 1-septate. hyaline or brightly coloured. Sect. III. Phragmosporae. Sacc. Conidia oblong, fusoid, elongated, or vermicular, 2 or many-septate, hyaline or brightly coloured. Subsect. 1. Macronexneae. Sacc. Hyphae evident, distinct from the conidia. Tribe 8. Dactylieae. Sacc. Saprophytes. Tribe 9. Kamularieae. Sacc. Parasites. Subsect. 2. Micronemeae. Sacc. Hyphae very short, scarcely distinct from the conidia. HYPHOMYCETES. 273 Tribe 10. Fusomeae. Sacc. Conidiopliores not inflated or only indistinctly so. Tribe 11. Milowieae. Sacc. Conidiophores about 3-celled, the upper cell broadly inflated. Tribe 12. Septocylindrieae. Sacc. Conidia catenulate. Sect. IV. Staurosporae. Sacc. Conidia stellate, radiate or 3-furcate, hyaline or brightly coloured, septate or continuous. Sect. V. Helicosporae. Sacc. Conidia spirally coiled, cylindrical, more or less perfectly septate, hyaline or brightly coloured. VOL. III. CHROMOSPOKIUM. 275 Fam. I. MUCEDINEAE. Link. Sect. I. AMEROSPORAE. Saec. Subsect. 1. Micronemeae. Sacc. Tribe 1. Chromosporieae. Sacc. CHROMOSPORIUM. Corda. (fig. 15, p. 313.) Hyphae at first creeping on the substratum, thin, soon disappearing: conidia forming an effused, powdery layer, bright coloured (not brown or blackish). Chromosporium, Cda. ; Sturm, Deutsch. Crypt., iii. 2, p. 119 ; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. p. 6. When mature consisting of an effused powdery stratum of bright-coloured conidia, with only traces of hyphae or none. Analogous to the genus Coniosporium in the Dematieae. Chromosporium lateritium, Sacc. (fig. 15, p. 313). Effused and forming a powdery bright brick-red layer, FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE MUCEDINEAE. Fig. 1, Oospora favorum; — Fig. 2, Manilla aurea; — Fig. 3, Cylindrium Cordae ; — Fig. 4, Oedocephalum laeticolor, fertile bead and free conidium ; — Fig. 5, Oedocephalum Preussii, fruiting heads and a free conidium ; — Fig. 6, Ehinotrichum niveum ; — Fig. 7. Botrytis corolligenum ; — Fig. 8, Ovularia veronicae ; — Fig. 9, Verticillium distans ; — Fig.| 10, Spicaria clegans ; — Fig. 11, Mycogone cervina; — Fig. 12, Gonatobotrys flava; — Fig. 13, Nematogonium aurantiacum ; — Fig. 14, Trichothecium roseum; — Fig. 15, Diplosporium album; — Fig. 16, Arthrobotrys rosea, and free coni- dium ; — Fig. 17, Didymaria Ungeri ; — Fig. 18, Sostrichonema alpestre ; — Fig. 19, Helicomyces tubulosus, showing coiled septate conidium ; — Fig. 20, Aspergillus glaucua; — Fig. 21, section of head of same: — Fig. 22, Penicil- lium glaucum ; — Fig. 23, Cephalosporium acremonium, twining round a black mould ;— Fig. 24, Dactylaria orchidis ;— Fig. 25, Dactyldla implexa ; —Fig. 26, Dactylium dendroides ;— Fig. 27, Eamularia prateneig;— Fig. 28, Ramularia hdlebori. (The figures are highly magnified.) T 2 276 FUNGUS-FLORA. conidia globose or broadly obovate; wall thick, pale red, 6-7 or 6 X 8 /*. Chromosporium lateritium, Sacc., Syll., v. iv., n. 5. Gymnosporium lateritium, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1903. On bark. Bare. When mature the conidia are globose, but are at first, as is always the case, obovate, and sometimes in this con- dition break away with a portion of the supporting hypha. (Described from type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) Chromosporium rubiginosum, Cke. & Mass. Eust-coloured, in effused patches, pulverulent, conidia profuse, elliptical, smooth, pale orange, 10 x 7-8 j*. Chromosporium rubiginosum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., vol. xvi. p. 78 (188). Gymnosporium rubiginosum, Carm. MS. Forming orange-rust-coloured scattered patches on dead leaves. Distinguished from C. lateritium by the larger spores. (Described from type in Herb., Ke\v.) MICEOSTKOMA. Niessl. (fig. 29, p. 313.) Forming effused, plane, thin patches, fertile hyphae very short, erect, densely crowded, colourless, aseptate; conidia acrogenous, elliptical, one-celled, colourless. Microstroma, Niessl, Mahr., Crypt. Fl., p. 163; Sacc., Syll., Mycelium creeping, giving origin to erect, densely crowded, short, simple, or slightly branched conidiophores. Forming scattered or effused exceedingly thin patches on fading leaves. Microstroma album. Sacc. (fig. 29, p. 313.) Patches minute, scattered or becoming confluent, very thin, hypophyllous ; conidiophores subclavate, sometimes with a tendency to become lobed at the apex, 20-25 //, long ; conidia colourless elliptic oblong, sometimes slightly oblique, 5-7 X 2-5-3 fL Microstroma album, Sacc., F. Ital.,t. 863; Sacc., Syll., n. 17. On fading oak leaves. Not uncommon. MICROSTROMA — OOSPORA. 277 . The present species appears to have been confounded with Fusidium griseum, Link so hopelessly that it is impossible to give synonyms. Forming very delicate whitish, filmy patches on the tinder surface of the leaves. Tribe 2. Oosporeae. Sacc. OOSPOKA. Wallr. (emend. Sacc.) (fig. 1, p. 274.) Tufts effused or pulvinate, lax or rather compact ; fertile hypha short, slender, simple or sparingly branched ; conidia regularly concatenate, globose or elliptical, bright-coloured or colourless. Oospora, Wallr., PI. Crypt., p. 182; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 11. Characterised by the globose or broadly elliptical, bright- coloured or colourless conidia being arranged in a con- catenate or moniliform manner. Analogous with the genus Torula in the Dematieae. * Conidia colourless. Oospora fasciculata. Sacc. & Vogl. Tufts at first distinct, becoming confluent, white, then greyish, fertile hyphae branched, ascending ; conidia con- catenate, broadly elliptical. Oospora fasciculata, Sacc., Syll., iv. 23. Oidium fasciculatum, Berk., Eng. PI., p. 349 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1813. On decaying oranges. Bare. Oospora epilobii. Sacc. & Vogl. Tufts white, effused, conidia broadly elliptical or globose, forming long concatenate chains, colourless, 4 p or 4 x o ft- Oospora epilobii, Sacc., Syll., iv. 24. Torula epilobii, Cda., Ic. Fung., iv. p. 23, ser. vi. f. 75. On living stems and leaves of various species of Epilobium. Kare. Forming very delicate bloom-like patches. Oospora lactis. Sacc. Tufts snow-white, velvety, raembranaceous, sterile hyphae 278 FUNGUS-FLORA. densely interlaced, fertile ascending; conidia concatenate, elliptic-oblong, 18-21 x 5-7, sometimes shorter subglobose conidia occur in the chains. Oospora lactis, Sacc., Syll., iv. 45. Oidium lactis, Fres., Beitr., p. 23. On milk, cheese, &c. Not common. Forming membranaceous, snow-white velvety patches that sometimes spread for a considerable distance. Oospora porriginis. Sacc. Tufts rather effused, whitish, hyphae much interlaced, aseptate; conidia colourless, concatenate, very irregular, elliptical, triangular, cuboid, 3-7 p.. Oospora porriginis, Sacc., Syll., iv. 46. Oidium porriginis, Berk. & Mont., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 546 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1814. On Porrigo lupinosa. Not uncommon. (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) Oospora pulmonea. Sacc. Hyphae branched, septa rare, variable in thickness, 5-10 p ; conidia concatenate, elliptical or subglobose, 5-10 /A, colourless. Oospora pulmonea, Sacc., Syll., iv. 47. Oidium pulmoneum, Bennett. In the sputum of people affected with consumption. Oospora aequivoca. Sacc. & Yogi. Tufts very minute, chains of conidia simple, erect, conidia elongated, pointed at each end, colourless, 11-12 p. thick. Oospora aequivoca, Sacc., Syll., iv. 53. Odium aequivocum., B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 821 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1816. On Polyporus ScJiweinitzii. Eare. Tufts almost invisible to the naked eye. Oospora candidula. Sacc. ^ Tufts effused, pure white, thin; sterile hyphae creeping, filiform ; fertile erect, simple or forked, 30 X 3 //,, continuous, hyaline ; conidia in long chains, ovate-oblong, 5-6 X 3 M, hyaline. Oospora candidula, Sacc., Fung. Ital., 880. OOSPORA. 279 On Tubercularia vulgaris, Nectria cinnabarina, and the adjacent bark. (Grove.) ** Conidia yellow. Oospora favorum. Sacc. & Vogl. (fig. 1, p. 274.) Tufts minute, white, unconspicuous, hyphae branched, intertwined, septate, fertile branches erect bearing short chains of yellow, subglobose conidia, 4-5 jt*. Oospora favorum, Sacc., Syll., iv. 83. Oidium favorum, B & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 762, t. 16, f. 14 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1815. On honey-comb. Bare. (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) An examination of type specimen shows the conidia subglobose and concatenate in short chains. When quite young the conidia are filiform. Oospora microsperma. Sacc. & Vogl. Tufts minute, scattered, equal, yellowish-ochre, hyphae branched, septate, radiating, conidia in chains, subglobose, pale yellow, 4-5 /*. Ooespora microsperma, Sacc., Syll., iv. 84. Oidium microspermum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1387. On bark of fir. Bare. Tufts about | line across, gregarious, numerous. (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) *** Conidia rose-colour, red, or orange. Oospora rosella. Grove. Hyphae fasciculate, at length effused, long, erect, then effused, branched, 2-3 p. thick, aseptate, hyaline; conidia concatenate in rather long simple chains, rosy, elliptical, apiculate at both ends, 10 X 4 /*. Oospora rosella, Grove, Journ. Bot., n.s., vol. xiv. p. 163; Sacc., Syll., iv. 63. On horse-dung. Bare. Tufts ^-1 mm. high, becoming confluent. Allied to O. fasciculata, but distinguished by the colour of the conidia. 280 FUNGUS-FLORA. Oospora aurantia. Sacc. & Yogi. Tufts irregular, scattered, becoming confluent, thick and spongy, pale orange ; hyphae branched, septate, 6-8 /A, thick, conidia concatenate, chains simple or branched, conidia broadly elliptical, 7 x 5 p or 6-7 //., pale orange. Oospora aurantia, Sacc., Syll., iv. 81. Oidium aurantium, Cke., Grev. On spent hops. Bare. Forming broadly extending patches formed by the blending of several originally independent tufts; clear pale orange, becoming much paler when old. (Type in Herb., Kew.) Oospora Crustacea. Sacc. Tufts at first orbicular, becoming confluent, velvety, bright orange or vermilion ; chains of conidia long, often curved, orange-vermilion, conidia cuboid globose, 6—8 /*. Oospora Crustacea, Sacc., Syll., iv. 72. Torula sporendonema, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1426. On cheese, glue, &c. Not uncommon. Often forming broadly effused orange-vermilion patches that become crustaceous when old. '* Conidia fulvous or brownish. Oospora fulva. Sacc. & Vogl. Tufts dense, often broadly effused, velvety, at first whitish, becoming fulvous; conidia concatenate, fusiform, fulvous, 8-11 x 5 p. Oospora fulva, Sacc., Syll., iv., 85. Oidium fulvum, Link. On rotten wood. Eare. Often forming patches extending for several inches. Oospora fusca. Grove. Forming a clear brown powder, which often covers the whole exterior and disc of the host ; chains of conidia at first erect, but soon becoming depressed and intricate ; conidia fusiform, clear ochraceous-brown, 6-8 x 3-5-4 p., reaching even 10 X 5 p. Oospora fusca, Grove, Journ. Bot. (1885), p. 164, tab. 257, Atysidium fuscum, Bor., Hdbk., p. 35, f. 13. FUSIDIUM. 281 On Bulgaria inquinans, the spores are not only much smaller, but also paler and more hyaline than those of Oidium fulvum, Link, and of a different colour. (Grove.) ***** Conidia grey or blackish. Oospora inaequalis. Cke. & Mass. Effused, like a very thin pale grey bloom ; conidia very unequal in size and form, globose to elliptical, united in short, simple or branched curved threads, hyaline, from 5 /* diameter, to 10 x 5 p.. On culms of bamboo. Kew. Oospora abortifaciens. Sacc. & Vogl. Spots at first very minute and scattered, becoming effused and often confluent; mycelium thin, fertile hyphae erect, very slender, unbranched ; conidia in chains, broadly ellip- tical, grey, 5-6 x 4 /i, falling away and forming a dark grey powder. Oospora abortifaciens, Sacc., Syll., iv. 101. Oidium abortifaciens, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 545. In the upper portion of the ovary of various grasses, said to occur also in the ovary of Silene gallica. FUSIDIUM. Link. (fig. 18, p. 313.) Hyphae short, simple. Conidia fusiform, concatenate, bright coloured or colourless. Fusidium, Link, Berl. Mag. (1809), iii. p. 8 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 25. Forming usually exceedingly thin films ; the chains of fusiform conidia with pointed ends mark the genus. Fusidium viride. Grove, (fig. 18, p. 313.) Forming bright deep green elliptical spots ; mycelium white, thinly effused; conidia concatenate, chains long, variously intertwined; conidia exactly fusiform, straight, both ends acute, pale green, 10 x 3 /t. Fusidium viride, Grove, Journ. Bot. (1885), p. 164, t. 257, f. 2; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 103. On dead stems of Heracleum. Spots sub-elliptical, 1-1 £ cm. long, of a pleasing saturated green like a Conferva. (Grove.) 282 FUNGUS-FLORA. Fusidium griseum. Link. Forming small isolated patches, which usually combine to form broadly extending, extremely thin films, mycelium very thin, evanescent; conidia concatenate, fusiform, colourless, 6-7 X 1'5/t. Fusidium griseum, Link., Obs., i. p. 6 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. 105. On dead dry oak and beech leaves. Not common. Sometimes covering the greater part of the under surface of the leaf. Care must be taken not to confound the present species -with Cylindrinum griseum, Bon., a much commoner mould on dead leaves, and presenting a similar superficial appearance. Fusidium asteris. P. & P. Tufts crowded in the centre, scattered at the margin; conidia emerging from the leaves in clusters, cylindrical, 25 /A long, intermixed with mycelial threads. Fusidium asteris, Plow. & Phill., Grev.; Sacc., Syll., n. 125. On both sides of dying leaves of Aster tripolium. Fusidium deutziae. Cooke. Forming small, powdery, convex, flesh-coloured tufts on under surface of the leaves; conidia fusiform, straight hyaline, continuous, 18-20 x 3-4 //,, seated on very short conidiophores. Fusidium deutziae, Cke., Grev., v. 16, p. 48. On fading leaves of Deutzia. Fusidium sulpJiureum, Link, is stated in Cooke's list of British Hyphomycetes to have occurred at Appin, N.B. An examination of Carmichael's specimen, now in the Kew Herbarium, shows it to be Cylindrium flavo-virens, Ditm. Fusidium lycotropum. Pr. White, thinly effused; conidia curved like a horse- shoe, hyaline, fusiform, obtuse at each end, 2-4 guttulate, 18-20 X 3 /A, the two inner guttulae almost always very large. Fusidium lycotropum. Pr., St. Deutschl. Fl., xxix. 57, t. 29 : Grove, Journ. Bot. (1886), p. 10. MONILIA. 283 On rotten stem of Cardum palustris. The conidia are bent so as sometimes to form nearly a complete circle, 7-8 p. diameter. I was unable to observe them concatenate, so that the genus is rather dubious. (Grove.) MONILIA. Pers. (emended), (fig. 2, p. 274.) Hyphae erect, irregularly branched, generally forming dense tufts, rarely effused, producing here and there sub- erect, minutely toothed conidiophores giving origin to conidia arranged in a moniliform or concatenate manner. Monilia, Pers., emended by Saccardo, Mich., ii. p. 17 (not of Fries). Usually forming dense tufts. Closely resembling Oospora, and distinguished more especially by the more copious development of mycelium. The conidiophores are often furnished with minute tooth-like projections varying from 2-5 in number, each of which produces a chain of conidia, so that there is a tendency on the part of the chains to become fasciculate. Monilia aurea. Genel. (fig. 2, p. 274.) Tufts pulvinate. compact, yellow, hyphae ascending, simple or scantily and vaguely branched, septate, 7-8 p. thick, at and near the apex giving origin to minute spicules from which the short chains of conidia spring ; conidia lemon- shaped rather abruptly attenuated at each end, yellow, 18-21 X 10-12 p,. Monilia aurea, Sacc., Syll., iv. 149. On bark, mosses, &c. Rare. Tufts pulvinate (cushion-shaped), up to ^ in. across, pure yellow or with an ochraceous tinge. Monilia fructigena. Pers. Tufts compact, pulvinate, often growing in circles and becoming confluent, white, then dingy ochraceous red, hyphae branched ; chains of conidia long, often variously branched ; conidia elliptic-oblong, rather variable, colourless then tinged dull red, 19-26 x 10-12 /x. 284 FUNGUS-FLORA. Monilia fructigena, Pers., Syn., p. 693; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 157. On various fruits. Common. Forming dense tomeniose tufts. Monilia caespitosa. Purton. Hyphae tufted, branched in a racemose manner; chains of globose conidia terminal and lateral. _ Monilia caespitosa, Purton. Monilia racemosa, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 163. On putrid substances. A doubtful species that has not been seen of late years. Monilia pminosa. C. & M. Forming a broadly effused thin white pruinose stratum, hyphae flexuous, elongated, septate, 10-12 p. thick, irregu- larly branched; conidia in short chains, subglobose or elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 14-15 x 12 p.. Monilia pruinosa, Cke. and Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 78. On fading leaves of Caladium. CYLINDEIUM. Bon. (fig. 3, p. 274.) Hyphae very short, hardly distinct from the conidia. Conidia concatenate, cylindrical, elongated, ends obtuse, colourless or brightly coloured. Patches thin, plane, slightly pulverulent. Cylindrium, Bonordan, Hdbk. Myk., p. 34; emended by Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 14 ; Sacc., Syll., 36. Distinguished by the scanty mycelium and the elongated cylindrical, concatenate conidia with blunt ends, this dif- ference in shape of conidia distinguishes between the present genus and Fusidium, where the conidia are fusiform (spindle-shaped). Cylindrium Cordae. Sacc. (fig. 3, p. 274.) Tufts white, very thin, slightly pulverulent ; conidia cylin- drical, tips abruptly truncate, colourless, 28-33 x 3-4 p. Cylindrium Cordae, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 169. On dead oak leaves. Not uncommon. Forming exceedingly thin white pileus on the leaf. CYLINDRIUM— GEOTRICHUM. 285 Cylindrium flavo-virens. Bon. Tufts thin, plane, yellowish-green ; conidia cylindric- fusiform, sometimes curved, both ends blunt, 14-15 x 3-3 ' 5 p. Cylindrium flavo-virens, Bon., Hdbk., p. 34; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 171. On fallen leaves of oak, beech, &c. Cylindrium heteronemum. Sacc. Tufts thin, small, white ; conidiophores not septate, simple or rarely forked above ; conidia rather variable in form, cylin- drical with blunt ends or fusoid, 15-40 x 3-4 /A, colourless. Cylindrium heteronemum, Sacc., Syll., iv. 177. On wood and dung. Eare. Intermediate in form of conidia between Fusidium and Cylindrium. POL YSCYT ALUM. Kiess. (fig. 21, p. 313.) Hyphae scanty, slightly branched, hyaline or smoky; conidia slender, cylindrical, truncate at both ends, con- catenate. Polyscytalum, Eiess, Bot. Ztg., 1853, p. 138 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 38! Polyscytalum fungoram. Sacc. (fig. 21, p. 313.) Tufts consisting of hyphae that are fasciculate at the base, brownish, colourless above, and running off into long, slender chains of conidia, that measure 10-18 x 3, hyaline, cylindrical, truncate at both ends. Polyscytalum fungorum, Sacc., Syll., 1622. On Nyctalis parasiticae. The conidial stage of Hypomyces asterosporus. GEOTKICHUM. Link. (fig. 17, p. 313.) Mycelium creeping, fertile branches or conidiophores ascending, septate; conidia shortly cylindrical with both ends truncate, colourless, chains of conidia short. Geotrichum, Link, Obs., i. p. 53 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 39. ^ Distinguished from Cylindrium by the presence of creeping, interwoven mycelium, and the shortly cylindrical conidia with truncate ends. 286 FUNGUS-FLOBA. Geotrichum candidum. Link. (fig. 17, p. 313.) Tufts pulvinate, white, rather powdery; sterile hyphae creeping, somewhat continuous; fertile ascending, short; conidia cylindrical, truncate at both ends, 5-10 x 4, hyaline. Geotrichum candidum, Link, Obs., i. p. 15; Sacc., Syll., n. 183. On the naked ground, also on damp, rotten paper, bones, &c. Geotrichum roseum. Grove. Hyphae creeping, white, interwoven ; conidia pale rose- coloured, concatenate, shortly cylindrical, ends truncate, 16-30 x 9-10 p. or sometimes longer. Geotrichum roseum, Grove, Journ. Bot., tab. 266, f. 8 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 185. Forming dense small, round or oblong rosy spots at the base of a species of Juncus. OIDIUM. Link (emended), (fig. 8, p. 313.) Growing on living plants. Mycelium creeping, conidio- phores erect, sub-simple ; chains of conidia soon breaking up ; conidia rather large, elliptical, colourless or coloured. Oidium, Link, emended by Saccardo, Mich., ii. p. 15; Sacc., Syll., 40. Developing on living plants, chiefly on the leaves. Many species have been proved to be the conidial condition of ascigerous fungi belonging to the Perisporiaceae. L On Dicotyledons. Oidium erysiphoides. Fr. Broadly effused, indeterminate, white; tufts conspicuous, rosy- white ; hyphae almost erect, very slender ; conidia ovate, oblong, pellucid, internally granular, 30-45 x 13-20 p. Oidium erysiphoides, Fries, Syst. Mycol., iii. p. 432 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 189. On living leaves of various plants. The conidial phase of a species of Erysiphe. Oidium leucoconium. Desm. (fig. 8, p. 313.) Tufts broadly effused, white ; hyphae creeping with short, erect, fertile branchlets ; conidia elliptical, 20-30 x 13-16 p.. OIDIUM. 287 Oidium leucoconium, Desmaz., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1829, xiii. p. 102, t. 6, f. 1-2 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 190. On stems, leaves, and calyces of cultivated and wild roses. The conidial condition of Sphaerotheca pannosa. Oidium Tuckeri. Berk. Tufts small, densely gregarious, often confluent and forming broad white patches of a loose, open texture, whitish, becoming dingy ; sterile hyphae with lobed haustoria, ending in short, suberect, colourless couidiophores ; conidia elliptical or oblong, ends obtuse, in short chains of 2-3, 25-30 x 15-17, granular within, hyaline. Oidium TucJceri, Berk., in Gard. Chron., 1847, p. 779 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 191. On living leaves and fruit of vine. Oidium farinosum. Cooke. White, mealy, eifused, covering the young leaves and twigs as if dusted with flour; threads simple, breaking up into elliptical, truncate joints or conidia, which are smooth, 28-30 x 12 p.. Oidium farinosum, Cooke, Grev., xvi. p. 10. On living leaves and twigs of apple. Oidium erumpens. Cke. & Mass. Tufts greyish-white, erumpent, rather compact, becoming dark-coloured with age, formed on the under surface of the leaves; conidia subglobose, at first rather quadrate, due to mutual pressure, concatenate, hyaline, 5 x 7 p.. On short stout conidiophores. Oidium erumpens, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 49. On living leaves of Eivea hypocrateriformis. Oidium chrysanthemi. Kab. Effused, white ; sterile hyphae creeping, aseptate, hyaline ; conidia in long chains, elliptic-oblong, rounded at both ends, granular inside, hyaline, 40-50 X 20-25 p.. Oidium Chrysanthemi, Eabenh., Hedw., i. p. 19, t. 3, f. 1 ; Sacc., Syll., no. 199. On leaves of cultivated species of Chrysanthemum. Oidium aceris. Rabach. Densely caespitose, whitish with a red tinge ; conidia ovoid or broadly ovate, often truncate, 25-45 X 8-12 p.. 288 FUNGUS-FLORA. Oidium aceria, Kabach., Flora, 1854, p. 207 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 207. On living leaves of Acer pseudoplatanus. The conidial stage of Uncinula bicornis. Oidium mespilinum. Thum. Tufts lax, broadly eifused like a delicate cobweb on the upper surface of the leaf, pure white ; hyphae short, simple, without septa, hyaline; conidia obovately-elliptical, both ends obtuse, simple, in chains of 2-3, hyaline or very pale grey, 10 X 6 /*. Oidium mespilinum, Thum., Fungh. Litor, n. 249; Sacc., Syll., n. 208, On living leaves of medlar (Mespilus germanica). Oidium pactolinum. Cooke. Thinly effused, golden-tawny ; hyphae very short, scarcely conspicuous ; conidia subglobose, white in chains truncate at the points of contact, at length when free globose, filled with subgranular golden endochrome, 10 /A diameter. Odium pactolinum, Cooke, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 209. On living jasmine leaves in a hothouse. Oidium balsamii. Mont. Forming a very delicate, white cobweb-like film, often broadly eifused and minutely powdery from the conidia ; sterile hyphae creeping, vaguely branched, sparingly septate, slender; chains of conidia elongated, conidia elliptical and truncate at both ends (barrel-shaped), hyaline, 15-22 x 8-10 u. Oidium balsamii, Mont., in B.& Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 763 (name only). On living leaves of various species of mullein ( Verbascum). The above description is from Montague's specimen in Berk. Herb., Kew. II. On Monocotyledons. Oidium monilioides. Link. Tufts broadly effused, ochraceous-white ; conidia forming moniliform chains, elliptical, white or dirty white, hyaline, 25-30 X 8-10 p.. OEDOCEPHALUM. 289 Oidium monilioides, Link, sp. pi. p. 122; Sacc., Syll iv n. 219. On the living leaves and culms of various grasses. The conidial stage of Erysiphe graminis. Subsect. 2. Macronemeae. Sacc. Tribe 3. Ceplwlosporieae. Sacc. OEDOCEPHALUM. Preuss. (figs. 4, 5, p. 274.) Sterile hyphae scanty ; creeping ; fertile hyphae erect, simple, gregarious, apex swollen and rough with minute point-like projections, to which the conidia are attached ; very slightly or not at all areolate; conidia sessile, con- tinuous, globose or oblong, hyaline or bright coloured. Oedocephalum, Preuss, Fung. Hoyersw., n. 100; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 47. Distinguished from Rhopalomyces in the swollen apex of the fertile hyphae not being broken up into polygonal portions. Oedocephalum roseum. Cooke. Forming effused rose-coloured tufts ; fertile hyphao short, simple, septate, heads subglobose ; conidia broadly elliptical with a basal apiculus, colourless, smooth, 11-14 x 8-10 /A. Oedocephalum roseum, Cooke, Grev., i. p. 184, t. 22, f. 8 ; Sacc., Syll., 226. On paper and old cloth, &c. Individual tufts almost invisible to the naked eye, but gregarious, and forming extended patches. Oedocephalum laeticolor. B. & Br. (fig. 4, p. 274.) Very minute, brick-red with a rosy tinge ; fertile hyph.no equal, pallid, apex inflated, not 1 mm. high; heads sub- globose, conidia subglobose or broadly elliptical, apiculato at the base, minutely warted, 15-20 X 9-12 //.. Oedocephalum laeticolor, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1056, t. 14, f. 12 ; Sacc., Syll., 228. On dung of sheep. 290 FUNGUS-FLORA. Oedocephalum Preussii. Sacc. (fig. 5, p. 274.) Loosely gregarious; fertile hyphae erect, base bulbous, becoming a little thinner upwards, apex broadly pyriform or nearly globose ; heads globose, white ; conidia colourless, broadly elliptical or nearly globose, apiculate at the base, 10 X 7-8 11. Oedocephalum Preussii, Sacc., Syll., iv. no. 233. On decaying leaves, stems, &c. Oedocephalum sulfureum. C. & M. Tufts hemispherical, often confluent, sulphur-coloured; threads septate, branching in a dichotomous manner, swollen into a globose, papillate vesicle at the apex ; conidia globose, hyaline, smooth, 3-5 /* diem. Oedocephalum sulfureum, Cooke and Massee, Grev., 17, p. 3. On damp decaying rope. KHOPALOMYCES. Corda. (figs. 19, 20, p. 274.) Sterile hyphae scanty, creeping ; fertile hyphae erect, simple or rarely furcate, apex inflated into a globose or broadly obovate vesiole which is distinctly areolate ; conidia elliptical, continuous, not concatenate, hyaline or slightly coloured, supported on papillae occupying the centre of the areolae. Rhopalomyces, Corda, Prachtflora, p. 3; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 50. Distinguished by the walls of the vesiculose heads of the erect, fertile hyphae being divided into distinct polygonal portions, each of which has a papilla at its centre that bears a conidium. Rhopalomyces candidus. B. & Br. White; sterile hyphae obsolete; fertile hyphae erect, simple ; vesicular head globose are broadly obovate, dis- tinctly areolate ; conidia minute, elliptical, 8 x 4-5 /*. Rhopalomyces candidus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 505, t. v. f. 3 ; Sauc. Syll., iv. n. 240. On deca} mg vegetable matter. RHOPALOM YCES — BOTRYOSPORIUM. 29 1 Rhopalomyces elegans. Corda. Fertile hyphae erect, aseptate, colourless, vesicles spherical, distinctly hexagonally areolate, centre of the areolae papillate ; conidia elliptic-oblong, hyaline then tinged with brown, 35-40 x 18 p.. Rhopalomyces elegans, Corda, Prachtflora, p. 3, t. ii. ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 239. On decaying herbaceous stems, &c. Rhopalomyces pallidus. B. & Br. (figs. 19, 20, p. 274.) Pale fawn-colour, effused, fertile hyphae forked, flexuous ; conidia minute, supported on the papillae occupying the centre of the areolae, 10 x 6 //,. Rhopalomyces cervinus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 504, t. v. f. 2 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 241. On decayed .Russian matting. Broadly effused, forming fawn-coloured, subfurfuraceous patches. BOTRYOSPORIUM. Corda. (figs. 3, 4, p. 358.) Mycelium creeping ; fertile hyphae, ascending, septate, simple or branched, and furnished with numerous short lateral branches; tips of the short lateral branchlets each bearing a globose head of spores that are produced on minute spine-like spicules present at the tip of the branchlet; conidia colourless, the heads soon dispersing. Each spicule bears a cluster of spores, the whole forming the head. Botryosporium, Corda, Anl., p. 53 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 54. Botryosporium diffusum. Corda. (figs. 3, 4, p. 358.) Fertile hyphae long, ascending, often more or less forked, septate, colourless, bearing numerous scattered short branch- lets of equal length, each with 3-4 spicules at the tip, each of these spicules bears a cluster of conidia, the whole forming a globose head. Conidia broadly ellipsoid or globose, colourless. Botryosporium diffusum, Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 265. On rotten wood, branches, leaves, &c. u 2 292 FUNGUS-FLORA. Botryosporium pulchrum. Corda. Tufts lax, broadly effused, white ; fertile branches long, simple or forked, with numerous scattered short branchlets of about equal length arranged in a racemose manner ; each branchlet bears at its apex five short spicules or conidio- phores, each of which in turn bears a cluster of conidia, the whole framing a globose head. Conidia colourless, broadly elliptical. Botryosporium pulchrum, Corda, Prachtflora, t. xix. ; Sacc., Syll.,-iv. n. 266. On stems of herbaceous plants CEPHALOSPORIUM. Corda. (fig. 23, p. 274.) Primary hyphae long, creeping and producing numerous erect, scattered short branchlets at intervals ; these branch- lets are of nearly equal length, and each bears at its tip a globose head of conidia. Cephalosporium, Corda, An!., p. 61 ; Sacc., Syll., p. 56 ; Grove, Journ. Bot., t. 257, f. 3. Distinguished from Botryosporium by the creeping primary hyphae, and also by the absence of distinct conidiophores at the tips of the branchlets. Differs from Acremonium in the capitate spores. Cephalosporium acremonium. Corda. (fig. 23, p. 274.) Tufts dense, rather cottony, at first white, then pale rose ; primary branches creeping, secondary erect, not septate, 40-50 x 3 //,; terminal heads of conidia globose, 8-10 ^ diameter; conidia colourless, elliptic-oblong; for a long time remaining in clusters, 4-5 x 2 p.. Cephalosporium acremonium, Corda, Icones Fungorum, iii, p. 11, f. 29; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 270. On stems of Bulus, Heradeum, on rotting wood and a Myxomycete. Heads round, pure white, about 10-12 //, diam., but varying in size from age. The long creeping stems are sometimes suberect ; the branches often once, sometimes twice forked, 30-40 /* high or more. Corda describes the spores as assuming a rosy tint, which no other author has PAPULOSPORA— GLIOCIADIUM. 293 observed. My specimens belong rather to Penzig's form, but scarcely differ from Corda' s figure, except in. the more oblong spores. (Grove.) PAPULOSPORA. Preuss. (figs. 1, 2, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae creeping, effused, septate ; fertile branches or conidiophores ascending, septate, bearing at the tip a head of conidia that does not readily separate into its component conidia. Conidia globose or elliptical, colourless or coloured. Papulospora, Preuss, Fl. Hoyers., n. 40; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 58. The head of conidia, as described above, is considered by some authors to be a single many-celled conidium. Papulospora sepedonioid.es. Preuss. (figs. 1, 2, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae effused, branched, septate, interwoven, brownish-rust colour; conidiophores colourless, septate, bearing at the tip a cluster of agglutinated conidia forming a red head ; conidia oblong, 10—15 p. long. Papulospora sepedonioides, Preuss, Fl. Hoyersw., n. 40; Sacc., Syll., n. 282. On decaying cabbage stalks, rotten apples, &c. GLIOCLADIUM. Corda. Stem erect, septate, penicillate above, branches and branchlets septate, crowned by a common gelatinous head. Conidia acrogenous, irregularly heaped together, simple, with a gelatinous coat. Gliocladium, Corda, Icon. Fung., iv. p. 31 ; Grove, Journ. Bot., vol. xxiii. p. 10. Differs from Penicillium in the spores being produced singly, not in chains, but remaining united in the mucous substance simultaneously excreted. (Grove.) Gliocladium penicillioides. Corda. Tufts minute, punctiform, white; stems erect, flexuous, thickened above, white ; branches opposite, branchlets 294 FUNGUS-FLOKA. whorled, quaternate, crowded; head of conidia globose, •white ; conidia 5-5 p long, conglutinate, oblong, surrounded by a thick gelatinous stratum. Gliocladium penicillioides, Corda, Icon. Fung., iv. p. 31, pi. vii. fig. 92 ; Grove, Journ. Bot., vol. xxiii. p. 10. On the hymenium of an old Stereum (probably hirsutum). The gelatinous heads of neighbouring stems unite, even 15—20 being thus bound together into one large common head. The resemblance of the Gliocladium to Penicillium is- striking, but I could not ascertain that the spores were ever in chains in my specimens, and the abundant gelatinous secretion of the former is a marked feature, which Mr. Plowright informs me that he did not notice iu the conidia of the Hypomyces figured in "Grevillea." I could not perceive in my spores the gelatinous coat which Corda figures ; they measured 5 X 2 /A, and were extremely abun- dant. The stems were thrice bi- tri-chotamous, the branchlets being parallel and appressed. (Grove.) Considered to be the conidial stage of Hypomyces aureo- nitens. Gliocladium lignicolum. Grove. Hyphae gregarious or fasciculate, erect, equal, 3-4 septate, hyaline, apex penicillate di- tri-chotamous ; head of conidia white, globose or obovate; conidia involved in. mucus, oblong ovoid, 2-2 • 5 x 1 ' 5 //.. Gliocladium lignicolum, Grove, Jonrn. Bot., vol. xxiii. p. 11. On wood. Perhaps a variety of Gliocladium penicillioides, from which it differs in the conidia being only half the length, and the habitat different. (Grove.) TRICHODERMA. Pers. (emend.) (fig. 26, p. 313.) Mycelium or sterile hyphae in plane, compact tufts, fertile branches ascending, typically 2-3 times forked, tips not inflated, but bearing a head of minute colourless or coloured conidia. Trichoderma, Persoon, Disp. Fung., p. 12 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 59. TIUCHODERMA — ASPERG1LLUS. 295 Trichoderma lignorum. Harz. (fig. 26, p. 313.) Tufts pulvinate, more or less circular, rather compact, then effused, at first white, then from the centre becoming entirely verdigris-green, here and there yellowish ; hyphae very slender, not septate ; fertile ascending, forking into 2-3 branches; conidia globose, minute, green, 3 /* dtam., collected into a small head. Trichoderma lignorum (Tode), Harz, Einig. Hyph., p. 23, t. iv., f. 6; Sacc., Syll., n. 284. Trichoderma viride, Pcrs., Syn., p. 230. On bark, wood, rotten leaves, &c. The conidial stage of Hypocrea rufa. Tribe 4. Aspergilleae. Sacc. ASPERGILLUS. Micheli. (fi-s. 20, 21, p. 274.) Mycelium creeping, effused, septate ; fertile hyphae or conidiophores erect, inflated and vesiculose at the tip, the vesiculose portion giving origin to numerous radiating chains of gonidia. Aspergillus, Mich., Nov. PI. Gen., 212; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 64. The sterigmata borne by the inflated head are often reduced to minute points. Many species are known to be the conidial stage of higher fungi. The mycelium of some species forms sclerotia. * Glaucous or greenish. Aspergillus glaucus. Link. (figs. 20, 21, p. 274.) Hyphae creeping, floccose, branched, indistinctly septate, uncoloured ; fertile erect, simple, almost without septa, hyaline or with a glaucous tinge, the apes: inflated into a vesicle covered with minute cylindrical sterigmata or conidiophores each bearing a chain of conidia ; conidia globose, slightly asperulate, hyaline, then glaucous, 8-10 p. diam. Aspergillus glaucus, Link, sp. pi., Fung., i. p. 67 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 304. 296 FUNGUS-FLOE A. On fruit, brandies, leaves, and all kinds of decaying organic matter. The conidial condition of Eurotium herbariorum. Aspergillus griseus. Link. Mycelium effused, grey, branched and interwoven, sparingly septate ; fertile hyphae erect, septate, head club- shaped or nearly globose, small, grey; basidia, cylindrical, minute ; conidia iu chains, globose, 2—3 /j, diameter. Aspergillus glaucus, Link, sp. pi., Fung., i. p. G9 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 306. On fruit and various decaying substances. Var, fenestrale, Link ; mycelium radiating in a den- dritic manner; Sacc., Syll., iv. 306. Byssocladium fenestrale, Link. On glass. Aspergillus virens. Link. Mycelium creeping, branched ; fertile ascending, slender, 300-500 x 10 /A, very sparingly septate, apex inflated, green ; conidia in chains, globose, greenish, 3 ju, diameter. Aspergillus virens, Link, Obs., i. p. 14; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 309. On decaying wasps' nests and other putrifying organic substances. ** Whitish. Aspergillus candidus. Link. Mycelium creeping, white; fertile branches erect, gre- garious, white, without septa as a rule, 150-200 x 4-5 p, apex inflated ; chains of couidia colourless ; conidia globose, 2-3 p. diam. Aspergillus candidus, Link, sp. pi., Fungi, i. p. 65 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 315. On fungi, dried plants, &c. The white colour and small conidia distinguish the present species from A. glaucus. Aspergillus mollis. Berk. Forming minute, scattered, whitish spots; mycelium branched, septate, interwoven, fertile hyphae erect, branched, ASPEKGILLUS. 297 heads clavate, conidia in chains, colourless, globose, 5 p. diameter. Aspergillus mollis, Berk., Engl. FL, vol. v. p. 340 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 340. On dead leaves. *** Reddish. Aspergillus roseus. Link. Mycelium scanty, creeping ; fertile branches erect, simple, without septa, head globose, conidia catenulate, pale rose- coloured, globose, 3 p diameter. Aspergillus roseus, Link, as determined by Berkeley in Eng. FL, v. p. 340 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 320. On damp paper, linen, &c. Scarcely visible during the vegetative stage, but showing as pale rose-coloured patches when in fruit. **** Yellowish or tawny. Aspergillus flavus. Link. Mycelium white, spreading in a cobweb-like manner; fertile branches erect, in loose tufts, tips globose, becoming yellowish; conidia in chains, globose, yellowish, very minutely warted, 5-7 p. diameter. Aspergillus flavus, Link, Obs., p. 14; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 328. On dried plants in herbaria, and on various organic substances. Aspergillus spiralis. Grove. Sterile hyphae, septate, spirally contorted, branched, inter- woven, citrin-yellow ; fertile hyphae yellow, erect, not septate, once or twice forked above, tips subclavate ; sterigmata obovate or oblong, constricted in the middle, 20-30 x 10 /*; conidia obovate then globose, smooth, yellow, 10—12 p. diameter. Aspergillus spiralis, Grove, Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 164, t. 257, f. 5 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 332. On the cork of a bottle containing a solution of carmine in ammonia. 298 FUNGUS-FLOKA. The mycelium spirally contorted, also the lower portion of the fertile hyphae, and the latter sometimes flexuous up to the apex. ***** Brownish. Aspergillus nigricans. Cooke. Fertile hyphae erect, colourless, simple, not septate, apex inflated into a globose vesicle ; eterigmata linear ; conidia in chains, globose, smoke-coloured, 5 /A diameter. Aspergillus nigricans, Cooke, Journ. Quekett Micr. Club, 1885, p. 3, pi. 9, f. 3 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 337. In meatus auditorius of human ear. The heads of conidia are black in the mass. STEEIGMATOCYSTIS. Cram. (figs. 27, 28, p. 313.) Mycelium creeping, fertile branches erect, not branched, tip inflated and covered with radiating basidia-like out- growths, each producing at the summit several slender spines or sterigmata ; these latter in turn bear each a chain of conidia. Sterigmatocystis, Cram., Yiert. Nat. GeselL, Zurich, 1859 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 71. With the general habit of Aspergillus, but known by the well-developed basidia and whorled sterigmata bearing the catenulate conidia. Sterigmatocystis dubia. Sacc. (figs. 27, 28, p. 313.) Tufts minute, white ; mycelium creeping, fertile threads erect, without septa, head globose ; basidia slender, radiating, each with 3—4 slender sterigmata at the apex, conidia in chains, glohose, colourless, 4-5 p. diameter. Sterigmatoci/stis dubia, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 346. Aspergillus dubius, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 520. On decaying cheese, dung, &c. AMBLYOSPOEIUM. Fres. (fig. 30, p. 313.) Mycelium copious, creeping, septate, interwoven; fertile hyphae ascending, tips not inflated but furnished with AMBLYOSPORIUM— PENICILLIUM. 299 numerous minute points that bear the chains of brightly coloured, fusiform conidia that are abruptly truncate at both ends. Amblyosporium, Fres., Beitr., p. 99, t. xii. f. 17-21 : Sacc Syll., iv. p. 77. Amblyosporium botrytis. Fres. (fig. 30, p. 313.) Tufts broadly effused, forming a woolly felt of a bright orange-red colour ; fertile hyphae ascending, orange-red, septate, 20-25 p. thick, branched, the concatenate conidia forming a bright orange head, conidia elliptic, both ends contracted and abruptly truncate, 1 5-25 x 10-12 p., Amblyosporium botrytis, Fres., Beitr., p. 99, t. xi. f. 17-21 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 372. On decaying fungi of various species. The mould often completely covers the host with a dense felt of a brilliant orange-red colour. In some instances numerous bright orange sclerotia are formed in the substance of the fungus attacked. PENICILLIUM. Link. (fig. 22, p. 274.) Mycelium creeping, septate ; fertile branches erect, with branchlets arranged in irregular verticils towards the apex; conidia globose, catenulate, colourless or brightly coloured. Penicillium, Link, sp. pi., Fungi, i. p. 69 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 78. Distinguished by the branchlets being arranged in irregular whorls, or in a penicillate manner, and the chains of globose conidia. * Glaucous or greyish. Penicillium glaucum. Link. (fig. 22, p. 274.) Mycelium effused, creeping, white ; sterile hyphae creeping, septate, interwoven ; fertile hyphae erect, apex penicil- lately branched, branches single or in pairs, erect, once or twice forked at the apex ; conidia concatenate, globose or broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline with a tinge of green, 4 p. diam., the chains of conidia produced at the tips of tho ultimate branchlets. 300 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Penicittium glaucum, Link, Obs. Myc., i. p. 15 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 373. On fruit, leaves, and on almost every kind of decaying or damp organic matter. Far. coremium, Sacc., Syll., n. 373. Fertile hyphae fasciculate, forming a white compound tern. Floccaria glauca, Grev., Scot. Cr. FL, t. 301. Penicillium quadrifidum. Salisb. Hyphae of mycelium nodulose, fertile threads septate, divided above into four equal branches, divided in a sub- fasciculate manner below, lips of the branches with 3—4 branchlets in a verticil ; conidia in long chains, globose, glaucous. Penicillium quadrifidum, Salisb., in Hallier's Zeitsch. Paras., iv. Bd., 1 Heft, Catt. Mic. Carp, urn., p. 123, t. vi., f. 11 ; Sacc., Syll. iv., n. 378. On human blood taken from a patient suffering from erysipelas. Penicillium pruriosum. Salisb. Fertile hyphae septate, branched (?), with a whorl of 6-8 branchlets at the apex ; conidia elliptic-globose. Penicillium pruriosum, Salisb., in Catt. Mic. Carp, um., p. 124, t. vi., f. 12; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 379. Appearing on mucous membrane. ** Whitish. Penicilliuin candidum. Link. White, appearing as minute tufts that soon run together ; sterile hyphae creeping, interwoven, septate ; fertile branches ascending or erect, septate, branched above, branches erect, bearing small branchlets that carry the chains of minute, globose, colourless conidia, measuring 2-3 /x, diameter. Penicillium candidum, Link, Obs. Mycol., i. p. 15; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 381. On decaying leaves, bulbs, fungi, &c. Far. coremoides (= Coremium candidum, Nees). Fertile hyphae fasciculate. PENICILLIUM. 301 Penicillium hypomycetis. Sacc. Effused, white, fertile threads erect, septate, '2-3 times forked at the apex, branches short, erect, the terminal ones bearing short chains of elliptical conidia, 3-4 X 2 /*. Penicillium hyphomycetis, Sacc., SylL, n. 382. Described and figured as the conidial stage of Hypomyces aureo-nitens, Tul., in Grevillea, vol. xi. p. 49, t. 156, figs, c, d. On Stereum hirsutum, accompanying the ascigerous condition of Hypomyces aureo-intens. Allied to P, candidum, differing in the greater regularity of branching, and elliptical conidia. Penicillium subtile. Berk. Very minute, snow-white ; mycelium very delicate, creeping ; fertile hyphae erect, simple or ternately divided ; conidia in short chains, broadly elliptical, apiculate at both ends, 20 x 8-10 /*. Penicillium subtile, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 241, t. xiv. f. 25 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 385. In the interior of a dead willow. The chains of conidia are few in number; the elliptic form of the conidia is unusual in the genus. Far. ramosius, Grove, Journ. Bot. Sterile hyphae creeping; fertile, erect, often ternate at the apex, branched below the apex ; conidia in short chains of 4-8, hyaline, broadly elliptical, apiculate at both ends, 16-20 x 10 /z. On rotten wood. Entirely pure white and very thin and delicate. Penicillium megalosporum. B. & Br. Pure white, short, hyphae fasciculate, conidia globose or oblong, smooth, 13-15 p. diameter. Penicillium megalosporum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1875, p. 34, n. 1457 ; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 386. In an old chicken-coop. There is no specimen of the present species in Berkeley's herbarium, consequently I cannot supplement the original meagre description. 302 FUNGUS-FLORA. Penicilliuxn sparsum. Grev. Tufts whitish, elongated, sterile hyphae effused; fertile branches simple, sparingly septate, suberect, forked near the apex, each branch with a terminal verticil of branchlets, conidia colourless, minute, globose. Penicillium sparsum, Greville, Scot. Crypt. Fl., t. 58, f. 2 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 390. On putrid stem of Lappa. Penicillium abnonne. B. & Br. White, hyphae scanty, delicate, continuous, apex swollen and obconical; conidia minute, nearly globose, catenulate, springing from the apex of the vesicle. Penicillium abnorme, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1914, t. 3, fig. 4 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 393. On leaves of Trientalis. As there are no specimens of the present species in Berkeley's herbarium, it is impossible to add to the above brief diagnosis, or to know whether the fungus belongs to Penicillium or Aspergillus. * Yellowish, ochraceous, or tawny. Penicillium bicolor. Fr. Sterile, hyphae effused, yellowish ; fertile hyphae more or less fasciculate, apex penicillately branched; conidia sub- globose, about 4 fj, diam. borne in chains at the tips of the branchlets. Penicillium Ucolor, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 408; Sacc., Syll., n. 394. Coremium glaucum, Link. (When the fertile hyphae are distinctly fasciculate.) On various decaying organic substances. Penicillium macrosporum. B. & Br. Orange, conidia globose, large. Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1978; Sacc., Syll., n. 396. On rotting lettuce. An imperfectly known species, described from a drawing. BRIAREA. 303 Penicillium coffeicolor. B. & Br. Broadly effused, umber ; fertile hyphae short, thick, conidia in short chains, subglobose or irregular, 12-13 p. diam., translucent, tinged with brown. Penicillium coffeicolor, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1614; Sacc., Syll., n. 403. Forming a felt on Pasteur's solution. Possibly an abnormal aquatic condition of some species. **** Beddish or rose-colour. Penicillium roseum. Link. Sterile hyphae very delicate, creeping, white, forming a very thin cobweb-like film on the matrix ; fertile hyphae erect, sparingly penicillately branched at the apex ; conidia in persistent, short chains, rose-colour, globose, 3 /JL diam. Penicillium roseum, Link, Obs., ii. p. 37 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 405. On dry potato stems. A coremioid form of the present species has been described. BRIAEEA. Corda. (fig. 22, p. 313.) Mycelium creeping; fertile hyphae erect, unbranched; chains of conidia springing directly from the tip of the fertile branch, which is not inflated, nor furnished with conidia- bearing branchlets. Briarea, Corda, in Sturm, D. C. Fl. France, ii. p. 11 ; Sacc., SylL, iv. p. 85. Distinguished from Aspergillus by the absence of an in- flated head, and from Penicillium by the absence of branchlets that bear the conidia. Briarea elegans. Corda. (fig. 22, p. 313.) Mycelium creeping, fertile branches erect, simple, con- stricted at the septa; chains of conidia loosely spreading and springing directly from the apex of the primary erect branch ; conidia subglobose. Briarea clegans, Sturm., Deutschl. Cr. FL, p. 11, f. 6; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 412. Forming grey, scattered or gregarious patches on decaying grass, leather, wood, &c. 304 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Tribe 5. Botrytideae. Sacc. HAPLAEIA. Link. (fig. 16, p. 313.) Mycelium creeping ; fertile branches erect, septate, once or several times bifurcating ; conidia globose or elliptical, one-celled, almost colourless, sessile and springing laterally from the branches. Haplaria, Link., Obs., i. p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 85. I am not acquainted with the species constituting the present genus, and am not certain as to the origin of the conidia which in figures are represented as scattered in an irregular manner over the branches. Haplaria grisea. Link. (fig. 16, p. 313.) Forming minute greyish tufts; hyphae very slender, rather rigid, simple or forked, becoming thin at the tip, sparingly septate ; conidia subglobose, very minute, at first clustered near to or below the tip, then becoming dispersed over every part, subhyaline. Haplaria grisea, Link, Obs., i. p. 9, f. 12 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. 11. 414. On damp grass leaves. HYPHODEEMA. Fries, (fig. 33, p. 313.) Mycelium very thin, septate, creeping and forming an effused stratum that is covered with erect, very slender, closely packed branches, each bearing a one-celled conidium at the apex. Hyphoderma, Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand., p. 447 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 89. Forming crust-like patches resembling a Corticium. Hyphoderma roseum. Fr. (fig. 33, p. 313.) Tufts compressed, at first rounded then eifused, minutely villose, margin minutely radiato-byssoid ; fertile branches very slender, erect, parallel, crowded, with a globose, rose- coloured conidiura at the apex, 7-8 p. diameter. ACREMONIUM — KH1XOTRICHUM. 305 Hyphoderma roseum, Fr., Summ. Veg. Scand., p. 447 ; Sacc. Syll., iv. n. 434. Forming orange or rosy patches on decayed wood, &c. Link, (emended), (fig. 32, p. 313.) Hyphae simple or sparingly "branched, creeping, with scattered, suberect conidiophores that bear a single conidium at the tip ; conidia colourless or brightly coloured. Acremonium, Link., Obs., i. p. 13 ; emended by Saccardo, Syll., iv. p. 89. Loosely interwoven, prostrate hyphae giving off slender branches, each with a single conidium at the tip, are the features of the present genus. Acremonium alternatum. Link. (fig. 32, p. 313.) Mycellium white, delicate, loosely interwoven ; fertile braches suberect, from alternate sides of the prostrate hyphae, acute, 40-50 p. long, conidia elliptical, straight or curved hyaline, 6-10 X 2-4 /*. Acremonium alternatum, Link., Obs. Myc., i. p. 13; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 435. On fallen leaves. The conidia are at first involved in mucus and are then globose, but at maturity the mucus disappears and the true form is seen. Acremonium verticillatum. Link. Mycelium white, very delicate, densely compacted ; fertile branches verticillate ; conidia elliptical, minute. Acremonium verticillatum, Link, Obs., i. p. 20 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 436. On rotten trunks, &c. RHINOTUICHUM. Corda. (fig. 6, p. 274.) Saprophytes. Mycelium creeping, fertile branches erect, fr-imple or sparingly branched ; tips of the branches with minute spindules that bear the one-celled, colourless or brightly coloured conidia. VOL. III. X 306 FUNGUS-FLORA. BhinotricMm, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 17 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 91. * Whitish or greyish. Bhinotrichum repens. Preuss. Tufts grey or yellowish ; mycelium, branched, septate, creeping, interwoven ; fertile branches erect, septate, above with spine-like warts that bear the conidia in loose clusters ; conidia elliptical, apiculate at the base, smooth, pale grey, protoplasm granular, 18-23 x 10-12 p.. Bhinotrichum repens, Preuss, Sturm, p. 6, t. 22 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 443. On rotten wood. Ehinotrichum niveum. Cke. & Mass. (fig. 6, p. 274.) Tufted, caespitose, snow-white ; fertile hyphae erect, simple, septate, not quite so thick as the diameter of the spores ; upper joint, and sometimes the one below, bearing conical spicules that bear the conidia; conidia continuous, hyaline, ovate or broadly elliptical, smooth, with a persistent minute apiculus at the base, 20-25 X 10-12 p.. Bhinotrichum niveum, Cooke & Massee, Grevillea, vol. xvi. p. 10. On dead wood. Rhinotrichum opuntia. B. & Br. White. Hyphae rather thick, simple below, towards the top forked 2-3 times, here and there rather swollen, tips of branchlets thickened, and furnished with rniuute wart-like projections that bear the globose, colourless conidia, mea- suring 8-9 /A diameter. Bhinotrichum opuntia, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 761, t. xvi. f. 13 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n 445. On wood. Rhinotrichum decolorans. Cooke. Snow-white then brownish ; hypha erect, tip 2-3 times furcate in a corymbose manner, tips slightly swollen, minutely denticulate ; conidia globose, minutely rugulose, colourless, apiculate, 10 p. diameter. KHINOTRICHUM. 307 Rhinoirichum decolorans, Cooke, Grevillea, v. p. 58 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. B. 446. On chips. Rhinotrichum lanosum. Cooke. White or pale ochraceous ; forming dense, extended patches ; mycelium delicate, branched, septate interwoven ; fertile branches decumbent, elongated, slender, septate, and with short, spreading branchlets, each with 3—4 minute spicules at the tip that bear the obovate, colourless conidia. Rhinotrichum lanosum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1769; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 451. Rhinotrichum lanosum, Cooke, Pop. Science Rev., 1871, t. 68, f. 1-3. Forming woolly patches on damp wall-paper. ** More or less rosy. Rhinotrichum Bloxami. B. & Br. Forming white or cream-coloured effused patches; my- celium white, decumbent, septate; fertile hyphae erect, sometimes sparingly divided, tips clavate bearing scattered spicules surmounted by subelliptic or slightly obovate conidia, which are sometimes obtuse, sometimes apiculate, 6 X 4/x. Rhinotrichum Bloxami, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist, n. 541 , t. vii. f. 19; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 451 On dead wood. Rhinotrichum decipiens. Cooke. Broadly effused, at first pale rose-coloured, becoming whitish with age, margin radiating ; mycelium densely inter- woven, creeping, branched, septate; fertile branches erect, closely septate, the one or two highest joints with short, pointed, wart-like projections that bear the elliptical, colour- less conidia, 22-25 x 14-15 p.. Rhinotrichum decipiens, Cke., Grev., xiv. p. 6 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 455. Incrusting bark and moss, resembling a Corticium, and in some instances can be separated in a sheet. 308 FUNGUS-FLOllA. *** Golden, citron, ochraceous, or tawny. Rhinotrichum ramosissimum. B. & C. Pale fawn-colour or clay-colour ; hyphae very much and irregularly branched, septate, the terminal joints elongated and furnished with slight, projecting points that bear the obovate conidia, which measure 7—8 x 4—5 /x. Rhinotrichum ramosissimum, Berk. & Curt., N. Amer. Fung., n. 662 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 469. On rotten wood. The British form differs from the type in having the hyphae densely fasciculate, resembling the capillitium of a Trichia after the rupture of the peridium. Rhinotrichum Thwaitesii. B. & Br. Tufts orbicular, often becoming confluent, yellow with a pale margin ; mycelium dense, interwoven, creeping, the tips becoming erect and branching in a forked manner, apices slightly thickened, denticulate, spores globose, very pale yellow, minutely warted, furnished with a very short pedicel, 7-10 p. diameter. Rhinotrichum Thwaitesii, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, vol. vii. p. 10, t. vi. f. 12 (n. 542) ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 470. On naked ground. Var. fulvum, Grove. Tawny or almost fuscous ; spores not so coarsely warted. On rotten wood. Rhinotrichum aureum. C. & M. Broadly effused, overrunning the entire matrix, bright deep orange ; sterile threads creeping, branched, thin, septate ; fertile threads erect, simple or forked, septate, 180-250 X 12 fj.; ultimate joint papillate with small, obtuse warts; conidia broadly elliptical, 18-20 x 10-12 /*, springing from the warts, and forming subglobose heads. Rhinotrichum aureum, Cke. & Mass. Grev., xviii. p. 27. On decaying Paxillus, Boletus, and Lactarius. SPOROTRICHUM, 309 SPOROTRICHUM. Link, (emended), (fig. 31, p. 313.) Hyphae vaguely and repeatedly branched, with or without septa, all similar and procumbent. Conidia springing from the tips of branchlets or spinous processes, subsolitary, elliptical or subglobose, one-celled. Sporotrichum, Link., sp. pi. Fungi, i. p. 1, emended by Saccardoin Mich., ii. p. 16 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 96. Distinguished from Sotrytis by all the hyphae being pro- cumbent, and the subsolitary spores ; from Trichosporium by never being black. * Whitish. f Saprophytes on Plants. Sporotrichum laxum. Nees. Forming minute white spots that often eventually become confluent; hyphae irregularly branched, forming lax, de- pressed tnfts ; conidia minute, white, elliptic or obovate. Sporotrichum laxum, Nees, Syst., p. 49, f. 45 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 483. Sporotrichum minutum, Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl., t. 108, f. 1. On rotten wood and on various substances. ff Growing on animals. (= Microsporon. Gruby.) Sporotrichum mentagrophytes. Bob. Hyphae densely interwoven ; conidia subglobose, very numerous, 6-12 /* diam. Sporotrichum mentagrophytes, Robin., Hist. Veget. Paras. ; Sacc., Syll., n. 499. On human hair, especially near the bulb. ** Yellow or saffron. Sporotrichum flavissimum. Link. Hyphae sparingly septate, vaguely branched, hyaline, interwoven and forming a loose, thick, broadly effused stratum, and giving off numerous short conidia-bearing 310 FUNGUS-FLORA. branches; conidia obovate or subglobose, 4-6 X 3-3 '5 //,, deep yellow. Sporotrichum flavissimum, Link, Obs., ii. p. 34 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 510. ? Sporotrichum sulphureum, Grev., Scot. Cr. Fl., t. 108, f. 2. On decaying leaves, stems, wood, tubers, &c., also on dung. Sporotrichum sulphureum. Grev. Tufts small, orbicular, clear yellow, sometimes becoming- confluent; hyphae very slender, scantily septate, branched, loosely interwoven ; conidia minute, globose, yellow. Sporotrichum sulphureum, Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl., t. 108, f. 2; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 511. On bark, dung, corks and other substances, in cellars, &c. Sporotrichum merdarium. Ehrb. Tufts minute, deep yellow, somewhat powdery ; branches of hyphae often trifid, slightly rough ; conidia globose, muri- culate, yellow, 9-10 p. diameter. Sporotrichum merdarium, Ehrenb., Sylv. Berol., p. 10 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 524. On dung. Distinguished from the other yellow species by its globular conidia, which leave a wavy or knobby outline in optical section, arising from the bluntly convex elevations by which the surface is ornamented. Conidia 5-6 p. diameter. On dog's dung. (Grove.) Sporotrichum aurantiacum. Grev. Forming minute orange-red tufts ; hyphae very slender, very much interwoven ; conidia globose, very minute. Sporotrichum aurantiacum, Grev. in Wern. Trans., iv. t. 5, f. 4 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 523. On dung, &c. Sporotrichum geochroum. Desm. (fig. 31, p. 313.) Tufts small, velvety, ochraceous with rust tinge ; fertile hyphae erect, minutely rough, very sparingly septate, branchlets scanty ; conidia globose, clear brown, 3-4 p. diameter. Sporotrichum geochroum, Desm., in Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 146 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 532. On rotten wood, &c. MONOSPORIUM. 311 *** Greenish. Sporotrichum chlorinum. Link. Forming effused, rather thick olive-green or yellowish patches ; hyphae dense, branched, interwoven ; conidia obovate, with a green tinge, 4-6 X 2-3 p.. Sporotriclium chlorinum, Link, Obs. Myc., ii. p. 35 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 569. On fallen leaves, especially oak. MONOSPORIUM. Bon. (fig. 4, p. 313.) Sterile hyphae creeping; fertile hyphae repeated branched in a tree-like manner, erect ; conidia hyaline or brightly coloured, terminal and solitary on the tips of the terminal branchlets. Monosporium, Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 95 ; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. p. 113. Monosporium olivaceum. C. & M. (fig. 4, p. 313.) Broadly, and for the most part densely effused, olive; hyphae interwoven, septate, pale olivaceous, fertile branches erect, sparingly branched towards the apex, branchlets some- times alternate, sometimes in pairs ; conidia hyaline, oval, 6-8 x 4 p.. Monosporium olivaceum, Cke. & Massee, Grevillea, vol. xvi. p. 78. On Corticium and bark. Monosporium ooprophilum. C. & M. Tufts snow-white, subglobose, sometimes confluent; hyphae interwoven, septate ; fertile hyphae short, repeatedly dicho- tomous, branches ascending, slightly narrower upwards ; conidia ovate, continuous, hyaline, granular inside. 12-15 x 10 p.. Monosporium copropliilum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 10. On dung. Monosporium saccharium. B. & Br. Tufts gelatinous, coffee-colour, fertile hyphae short, erect, somewhat clavate; spores obovate, base truncate, smooth, tinged coffee-colour, 10-13 X 7 //.. 312 FUNGUS-FLORA. Monosporium saccJiarinum, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1379 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 503. On decaying substances under glass. BOTEYTIS. Mich, (emended), (fig. 7, p. 274.) Sterile hyphae creeping, fertile erect, vaguely branched. Branchlets slender, tips rather acutj (Eubotrytis) ; branchlets thickened, rather obtuse (Polyactis) ; tips inflated and furnished with pointed wart-like projections (Pliymato- trichum); tips obtuse and divided into numerous spine-like projections (Cristularia). Conidia one-celled, globose, ellip- soid, or oblong, colourless or brightly coloured, variously aggregated near the tips of the brauchlets, bat not forming dense heads. Botrytis, Micheli, emended by Link, Sp. PI., i. p. 53; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 116. Polyactis, Link, (in part). A. Eubotrytis. Small, soft, colour variable ; branches slender, somewhat equal ; conidia loosely aggregated at the tips. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE MUCEDINEAK 1. Miloicia nivea, portion of plant and a free conidium; — Fig. 2, Pris- mariafurcata (enlarged, after Grove) ;— Fig. 3, Mucrosporium sphaeroce- phalum ;— Fig. 4, Monospormm olivaceum ; — [Fig. 5, Marsonia ipomeae, natural size, emerging from a branch ;— Fig. 6, portion of same ;— Fig. 7, Hypodermium orchidearum, emerging from a lenf;]— Fig. 8, Oidium Imcoconium ;— Fig. 9, Hormiscium tplendens ;— Fig. 10, Torula moni- lioides ;— Fig. 11, Gyroceras plantaginis ; Fig. 12, Ecltinobotryum atrum ; — Fig. 13, Stachybotrys asperula ;— Fig. 15, Cliromosporium lateritium ;— Fig. 15x, Clonostachys araucaria ;— Fig. 16, Haplaria grisea ;— Fig. 17, Geotrichum candidum ,— Fig. 18, Fmidium viride ;— Fig. 19, Rhopalamyces pallidus;— Fig. 20, head of same, showing areolated surface ;— Fig. 21, Polyscytalum fungorum ;— Fig. 22, Briar fa elegans;— Fig. 23, Septocy- hndrium Bonordeni ;— Fig. 24, Diplocladium melleum;— Fig. 25, Sept<- donium chrysospermum ;— Fig. 26, Triclwderma liqnorum ;— Fig. 27, Sterigmatocystis dul;ia;—F}g. 28, stction of head of same;— Fi^. 29, Microstroma album ;-Fig. HO, Amblyosporium lotnjtis ;— Fig. 31, Sporo- tnchum geochroum ;— Fig. 32, Acremonium alternatnm ;— Fig. 33, Hypho- derma roseum. All the figures are highly magnified. Figs. 5-7 do not belong to the Hyphomycetes. 314: FUNGUS-FLORA. * Whitish. Botrytis trabea. Sacc. Forming minute pale spots ; fertile hyphae erect, septate, sparingly branched in a forked manner, branches divided at the apex into 3-5 slender branchlets, each bearing a single, globose, colourless conidium, 5—6 p. diameter. Botrytis trabea, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 597. Slachylidium trabeum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1920, t. 3, f. 6. On an old beam. Botrytis corolligena. C. & M. (fig. 7, p. 274.) Pure white. Sterile hyphae scanty ; fertile, erect, septate, 7-8 ft thick, elongated, very shortly branched near the tip ; conidia elliptical, crowded in small subglobose heads, con- tinuous, hyaline, smooth, 25 X 15-18 /A. Botrytis corolligena, Cke & Mass., Grevillea, xvi. p. 10. ^n fading corollas of On fading corollas of Calceolaria. Botrytis gonabotryoides. C. & M. "Whitish. Hyphae gregarious but not fasciculate, erect, simple or furcate, septate, pale olive below, conidia elliptical, continuous, hyaline, 15 x 7—8 p., in subglobose, apical clusters, and also in three or four similar clusters at various heights around the septa of the hyphae, but the joints are not swollen, conidia-bearing branchlets short and crested at the tip. Botrytis gonabotryoidfs, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 79. On dead leaves of Hypericum calycinum. ** EeddisJi or lilac. Botrytis coccotricha. Sacc. Tufts rather large, pallid, then dingy rose-coloured ; hyphae branched in a dichotomous, rarely trichotomous manner, 6-7 p. thick, colourless below, rosy towards the tip ; conidia generally solitary at the attenuated tips of thy branchlets, elliptical, 25-30 /* long, at first granular, rufous- ferruginous. Botrytis coccotricha, Sacc., Fung. Ital., t. 694 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 614. On decayed branches. BOTEYTIS. 315 *** Yellow; tawny, or golden. Botrytis citrina. Berk. Forming thin patches 1 in. or more across, at first white, then yellow ; hyphae erect, septate, main branches attenuate or often in opposite pairs, branchlets short, each bearing a single pear-shaped yellow conidium at the tip, measuring 9-10 x 5 /*. Botrytis citrina, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. i. n. 127, t. viii. f. 12. On dead fallen branches of cherry. The hyphae when mature are bright yellow. Botrytis brevior. Sacc. Tufts minute, subglobose, rufous, hyphae sparingly branched, septate, joints short ; conidia elliptical, granu- lated, 5 x 7-8 p.. Botrytis brevior, Sacc., Syll., n. 635. Coccotrichum brevius, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1918, t. 3, f. 8. On bark. Tingeing water with a rufous shade. Subferruginous when dry. **** Clay-colour or greenish. Botrytis argillacea. Cooke. Forming broadly effused, thin, greyish-brown patches; fertile hyphae, erect, septate, main branches few, divided in a forked manner at the apex ; tips of branchlets slightly thickened, bearing small numbers of elliptical, almost colour- less conidia, measuring 10-12 X 7 p.. Botrytis argillacea, Cke., Grev., t. 48, f. 6 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 646. On wood. Forming clay-coloured patches 6 in. and more long. Botrytis virella. Fr. Forming an effused, powdery, very delicate greenish layer ; sterile hyphae creeping, about 3 /* thick, colourless, branded, septate; fertile hyphae erect, septate, coloured, 100-120 x 3 /x, bearing near the apex 2-4 short, slightly inflated branch- 316 FUNGUS-FLORA. lets, that bear the imperfect, greenish heads of conidia; conidia globose, pale dingy green, 2 n diameter. Botrytis virella, Fries, Summa. Veg. Sc., p. 491 ; Sacc., Sjll., n. 653. On very wet and rotten wood. ***** Broicnish or dark-coloured, Botrytis Tilletii. Desm. Forming dense and often broadly effused, fawn-coloured or brownish expansions; sterile hyphae 8-10 p. thick, septate, branched, interwoven ; fertile, same thickness, short, erect, irregularly or imperfectly verticillately branched near the apex, tips of the branchlets spinulose and bearing numerous elliptical or subglobose conidia, 4 x 3 or 4 p. diameter. Botrytis Tilletii, Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat. (1838), vol. x. p. 308 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 660. Running over moss, leaves, wood, &c. Botrytis croci. Cke. & Mass. Small dark smoky tufts, sometimes confluent and effused ; threads thick, rather closely septate, slightly branched at the attenuated tip.^, pale olive below, colourless above ; conidia elliptical, continuous, hyaline, 15-18 x 8-10 /x, collected at the tips of the branches in small heads of from 3-8 conidia. ^ Botrytis croci, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 10. On dead leaves of Crocus. B. Polyactis. Link. Large, rather rigid, forming brownish-grey tufts ; branches thickish, obtuse, usually with scattered tooth-like projections arranged in_a racemose or corymbose manner, and bearing the conidia. Botrytis vulgaris. Fr. Tufts greyish-olive, scattered ; often becoming confluent, fertile hyphae septate, ascending or erect, olive, branched near the tip ; primary branches short, spreading, bearing a few short branchlets usually arranged in pairs; conidia BOTRYTIS. 317 clustered at tips of branclilets, elliptical, smooth, pale brown, 10-12 x 7-9 JM. Botrytis vulgaris, Fries, Syst. Mycol., iii. p. 398; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 664. On decaying fruit, flowers, leaves, wood, &c. The following varieties, some of which have not yet been met with in Britain, are known. Far. plebeja, Fres., Beitr., p. 13, t. 11, f. 1-7. Tufts greyish-olive, hyphae rather rigid, ascending or erect, septate, sparingly branched or subsimple, fertile branches divided in a binate or ternate manner at the apex, nodulose ; conidia elliptical, hyaline, 10-14 X 7-8 /A, smooth, borne on very minute, verruculose branchlets that spring from the nodulose portions of the branches. On dead or fading leaves, branches, &c. Far. condensata, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 358. Tufts suberumpent, grey; conidia 10-12 x 9-10 /x. Parasitic on Tubercularia. Far. furcata, Fres., Beitr., p. 13, t. ii. f. 8-11. Tufts olive, hyphae 1 • 5 mm. high, once or twice forked, bearing tufts of conidia here and there ; conidia globose, 10-15 /JL diameter. On damp paper. Far. interrupta, Fres., I.e., figs. 12-14. Tufts brownish ; hyphae subsimple, elongated, subnodulose, conidia globoso-ellipsoid, 11-15 p, long, arranged in elongated clusters at the nodes and resembling an interrupted spike. On onion scape. Botrytis cana. Kunze & Schm. Forming subrotund hoary tufts that are often crowded or confluent ; hyphae septate, branched above in a botryoid manner; conidia elliptical, pale brown. Botrytis cana, Kunze & Schm., Myk., Heft i. p. 83 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 129 (not of Corda). Polyactis cana, Bon., Hdbk., p. 115, f. 156. On dead leaves of various plants. Botrytis vera. Fr. Forming minutely woolly tufts of a greyish colour ; fertile 318 FUNGUS-FLORA. hyphae vaguely branched above, septate; conidia almost colourless, elliptical, 10-12 x 5-7 p., arranged in a spicate manner at the tips of the branchlets. Botrytis vera, Fries, Syst. Myc.,iii. p. 417 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 666. Mucor botrytis, Bolton, Fung., t. 132, f. 3. On fruit, decaying herbaceous stems, fungi, &c. Botrytis cinerea. Pers. Sterile hyphae creeping, fertile erect, gregarious, simple or sparingly branched, and with several short, simple or divided branchlets near the apex, the ultimate branchlets spinulose; septate, slightly constricted at the septa, smoky- brown, 200-300 x 12-16 p.; conidia broadly elliptical or subglobose, apiculate, almost colourless, 10-12 /x. diameter. Botrytis cinerea, Pers., Syn., p. 690 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 667. On rotting leaves, stems, putrid fungi, &c. Far. sclerotiophila, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 358. Hyphae densely fasciculate, sooty -grey, septate, not at all or sparingly branched, nodulose above ; conidia springing from the nodules, elliptical, 8-9 x 6, almost hyaline. On dead stems of Umbellifers ; springing from an elongated, externally black sclerotiuui, once called Sclerotium durum. Botrytis capitata. B. & Br. Altogether white. Fertile hyphae arising from a basal inflated cell, erect, bifid or trifid above ; conidia obovate, 25 p. long. Botrytis capitata, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. (1881), p. 131, n. 1919 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 680. On Cheiranthus. Botrytis fascicularis. Sacc. Tufts minute, brown, shining; hyphae erect, clustered, rather wavy, fasciculate or connate at the base, brown, semi- pellucid above ; branches hyaline ; clusters of conidia sub- globose ; conidia oblong, large. Botrytis fascicularis, Sacc., Syll., n. 686. Polyactis fascicularis, Corda. On decaying plants. BOTRYTIS. 319 Botrytis aclada. Fr. Forming minute brownish tufts; hyphae unbranched, septate, erect ; conidia elliptic-oblong, almost colourless, G-8 x 5-6 i*., aggregated in elongated clusters at the tips of the hyphae. Botnjtis adada, Fres., Beitr., p. 16, t. ii. f. 23-24; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 672. On decaying onion scapes. C. Cristularia. Tips of the branchlets scarcely inflated, cristato-crenate or digitate. Botrytis depraedens. Sacc. Forming grey determinate or confluent spots on leaves ; hyphae colourless, ascending, septate, wavy, unbranched, terminated by elliptical basidia-like cells, the terminal one bilobed; head of conidia globose, subcompact; conidia globose, hyaline, 12 /* diameter. Botrytis depraedens, Cooke, some remarkable moulds, Quelet, Micr. Journ., v. ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 692. On sycamore leaves (Acer pseudo-platanus), which it destroys. D. Phymatotrichum. Tips of branches inflated and everywhere covered with pointed wart-like projections bearing the conidia. Botrytis tricephala. Sacc. Tufts minute, elliptical, white, 3 mm. long; sterile byphao hyaline, loosely interwoven ; fertile simple, erect, septate, 10 fji thick, simple above or divided into two branches each again divided into 3 short branchlets with globose inflated tips, from which originate the globose conidia, measuring 5 /x diameter. Botrytis tricepJiala, Sacc., Syll., iv. n, 698. Acmosporium tricephalum, Phillips, in Gard. Chron., Mar. 8, 1884, fig. 61. On fallen leaves of Cryptomeria Japonlca. 320 FUNGUS-FLORA. Botrytis galanthina. Sacc. Hyphae with short branches towards the tip, umbor- brown, branchlets incrassated at the tip ; conidia obovate, borne on elongated spicules, 15-18 //, long. Botrytis galanthina, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 705. Polyactis galanthina, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1385, t. viii. f. 8. On bulbs of snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis). OVULAEIA. Sacc. (fig. 8, p. 274.) Parasites. Hyphae subsimple, erect, more or less dis- tinctly furnished with minute tooth-like projections near the apex that bear the conidia. Conidia one-celled, colourless, solitary, or rarely in short chains. Ovularia, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 17; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 139. Closely allied to Samulariat but distinguished by the con- tinuous conidia. * On Dicotyledons. Ovularia lychnicola. Mass. Spots often rather large and numerous, subcircular, ochraceous; fertile hyphae short, simple, erect,, tufted; conidia cylindrical, attenuated slightly at both ends, colourless, 12-15 x 4 p. Bamularia lychnicola, Cke., Grrev., xiv. p. 40; Sacc., Syll., iv., n. 993. On living leaves of Lychnis diurna. Ovularia lapsanae. Mass. Spots at first inconspicuous then becoming dry and pale ; fertile hyphae tufted, simple or with a few short branchlets, 30-50 x 3 p., not septate ; conidia cylindrical, rather attenuated at both ends, 10-15 x 3-5-4 p, in short chains. Bamularia lampsanae, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 549 • Sacc. Syll., iv. n. 1008. On under surface of living leaves of nipplewort (Lapsana communis). Ovularia destructiva. Mass. Parasitic. Erumpent; forming broadly effused patches; OVULABIA. 321 fertile hvphae erect, simple, not septate, aggregated ; conidia elliptical, cream-coloured, 15 p, long, in short chains of two or three, terminal upon the hyphae. Rumularia destructive/,, Phill. & Plow., Grev., vi. p. 23, t. 94, f. 1 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 962. On Myrica gale. When it occurs upon the smaller branches it is in the manner of an encircling zone 1-3 cm. wide, which quickly causes loss of vitality of the parts beyond, very much in the same manner that RJiytisma maxima does. It also occurs on the under surfaces of the leaves, upon reddish- brown spots. (P. & P.). Ovularia senecionis. Mass. Tnfts white, conspicuous, irregular; hyphae erect, septate, v/avy, slender ; conidia cylindrical, ends rounded, con- tinuous, 7-18 X 5 p, colourless. Ramularia senecionis, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1023. Ctjlindrosporium senecionis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1G13. On leaves of Senecio vulgaris. Ovularia lactea. Mass. Spots subcircular, whitish, bounded by a brownish margin; hyphae rather wavy, 30—60 x 2 /*,; conidia variable, elliptic-oblong, fusoid, or cylindrical, both ends obtuse, 8-11 x 2-3 /A, colourless, in short chains. Ramularia lactea, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 549 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 979. On upper surface of living leaves of Viola liir'at V. odorata, &c. Ovularia armoraciae. Mas?. Spots irregular in form and size, often numerous, sub- oohraceous then pale; hyphae subfasciculate, springing from a prostrate mycelium, without septa, simple or rarely with ;m indication of branching; conidia elongated, cylindrical, both ends obtuse, colourless, 15-25 x 2-5-3 /* (or accord- ing to Fuckel, becoming subventricose, and measuring 22 x 5 fji). Ramularia armoraciae, Fold., Svmb. Myc., p. 361, t. i. f. 24 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 978. On leaves of horse-radish. 322 FUNGUS-FLORA. Ovularia interstitialis. Mass. Spots hypophyllous, yellowish ; conidiophores erect, aseptate, simple subflexuous or irregularly nodulose, 60-80 x 5-6 /*, supporting a single conidium attached obliquely to the abrupt apex ; conidia elliptic-oblong, colour- less, 15-18 x 5-7 p.. Peronospora interstitialis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. iv. vol. xv. p. 34 (n. 1455); Sacc., Syll., vii. n. 867. On the under surface of primrose leaves. " Spots hypo- phyllous, yellow, confined to the interstices of the veins, rarely extending slightly beyond them." (Berk.) A singular species, a typical Ovularia. The above descrip- tion is drawn up from the type specimens in Berkeley's herbarium at Kew. Ovularia rufibasis. Mass. Hypophyllous, spots on under surface, pale on upper surface bright brown, conidiophores erect, simple, aseptate, 60—80 x 4—5 /A, apex abrupt with a very minute oblique apiculus supporting a single conidium; conidia variable in shape, obovate, ovate, or elliptic-oblong, colourless, 25-30 x 5-7 p. Peronospora rufibasis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. iv. vol. xv. p. 34 (n. 1456); Sacc., Syll., vii. n. 873. On under surface of leaves of Myrica gale. Eare. Spots small, pallid, with corresponding bright brown spots on the upper surface of the leaf. The above diagnosis is drawn up from Berkeley's type specimens. Evidently a characteristic species of Ovularia. Ovularia cochleariae. Mass. Forming one or two large subcircular pale spots on leaves ; conidia elongated, cylindrical, both ends round, colourless, 25-30 X 2-5-3 p.. Eamularia cochleariae, Cke., Grev., xi. p. 155; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 977. On living leaves of Cocldearia officinalis. Ovularia alnicola. Mass. Spots circular, greyish -white then smoky, epiphyllous ; hyphae very short; conidia elliptical, colourless, in short chains, 10-14 X 4 /x. OVULARIA. 323 Ramularia alnicola, Cite., Grcv., xiv. p. 40 ; Sacc., Syll., iv n. 967. On living leaves of Alnus glutinosa. Ovularia scelerata. Mass. Spots elongated, brown, often becoming effused over the greater portion of the leaf ; hyphae short, scattered, generally on the under surface of the leaf; conidia cylindric-ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, colourless, 20 x 3- 5 p. Rumularia scelerata, Cke., Grev., xiv. p. 40 ; Sacc.., Syll., iv. n. 971. On living radical leaves of Eanunculus sceleratus. Ovularia rosea. Mass. Spots subochraceous or with a tinge of rose-colour; hyphae erect, fasciculate, simple or sparingly forked, tips subdenticulate, colourless, 30-40 x 2-5-3 p; conidia fusoid, 15-25 x 2-3 //,, colourless. JRamularia rosea, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 966. On the under surface of living leaves of Salix viminalis, S. triandra, S. vitellina, &c. Sometimes the conidia are spuriously 1-septate, due to the division of the protoplasm into two parts, but a true septum is not present. Ovularia asperfolii. Sacc. Tufts spot-like, depressed, white ; hyphae tortuous, sparingly septate, 50-70 X 4 //, ; conidia elliptical, base sub- apiculate, 10-12 x 7-8 p., hyaline, inserted on lateral or terminal scars of the hyphae. Ovularia asperfolii, Sacc., Fung. Yen., ser. v. p. 186; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 735. On leaves of Comfrey (Symphytom officinalis'). Those portions of the surface of the leaf opposed to the spots are yellow. Ovularia veronicae. Sacc. (fig. 8, p. 274.; Tufts white, often occupying nearly the whole of the under surface of the leaf; hyphae long, branched ; conidia cylindric-ellipsoid, one-celled, colourless, size very variable, 12-30 x 5-6 p. Oiularia veronicae, Sacc., Svli., iv. n. 742. Y 2 324 FUNGUS-FLORA. Ramularia i.eronicac, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 361 ; Berk. & Broome, Ann. N.-it. Hist., n. 1917, t. 3, f. 7. On under surface of leaves of various species of Speedwell ; Veronica hederifolia, V. agrestis, &c. Ovularia Lamii. Sacc. Tufts minute, white, seated on somewhat discoloured spots ; hyphae fasciculate, very short, simple, thinner than the elliptical, continuous coriidia which measure 18 x 6 p.. Ovularia Lamii, Sacc., Syll., n. 744. Ramularia Lamii, Fuckel, Syrnb. Myc., p. 361, t. 1, f. 25. On leaves of Lamium. Ovularia berberidis. Cke. Hypophyllous, greyish-white, effused ; hyphae short, simple; conidia elliptical, hyaline, 15-18 x 8-9 p.. Ovularia berberis, Cke., Grev., v. 16 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 746. On fading leaves of Bcrberidis asiatica. Ovularia syringiae. Berk. Hyphae decumbent, 300 //, long, conidia at first subglobose, apex papillate, then elliptical, large, 50-75 p. long. Ovulnria syringae, Berk, in Grev., 1882, p. 15 and 115; aLo in Gard. Chron., 1881, fig. 135, On leaves of Syringa. Ovularia obliqua. Oudem. Spots subcircular, subochraceous when dry, bordered by a red margin ; hyphae on both sides of the leaves, but usually on the under surface, fasciculate, simple or with 1-2 small branchlets, colourless, aseptate or rarely 1-septate, 70-125 x 3-4 p.; conidia elliptic-oblong, one-celled, often oblique, 18-28 x 9-12 p.. Ovularia obliqua, Oudemans, Hedw., 1883, p. 85; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 150. Pernnospora obliqua, Cke. On fading leaves of Eumex crispus, E. obtusifolius, &c. Said to be the conidial stage of Spliaerella rumicis, Fckl. ** On Monocotyledons. Ovularia elliptica. Berk. Hyphae short, here and there nodulose, septate, springing from creeping mycelium ; conidia elliptical, colourless, large. SEPEDONIUM — ASTEROPHORA. , 325 Ocularia elliptica, Berk., Gard. Chron., 1881, with fig., Giev., 1881, p. 51 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 752. On several cultivated varieties of Lilium. SEPEDONIUM. Link. (fig. 25, p. 313.) Hyphae vaguely branched, creeping; conidia produced at the tips of branches, solitary or 2-3 together, one-celled, minutely warted, hyaline or brightly coloured. Sepedonium, Link, Obs. Myc., i. p. 16 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 140. Most species are parasitic on fungi, and are the conidiul stage of species of Hypomyces. Sepedonium chrysosperamm. Fr. (fig. 25, p. 313.) Hyphae effused, interwoven, rather thick, almost hyaline, variously forked and branched, bearing short, spreading, lateral conidiophores ; conidia solitary, globose, minutely warted, very numerous, bright yellow, 13-17 /A diameter. Sepedonium cJtrysospermum, Fr., Svst. Myc., iii. p. 438 ; Sacc., Svll., n. 754. Very common on decaying fungi, Boletus, Agarics, &c. Probably a true parasite, attacking the fungus early and arresting its development. At first white, then bright yellow and powdery from the very numerous spores. The conidial condition of Hypomyces chrysospermus. Sepedonium Tulasneanum. Sacc. Effused, ochraceous or with an olive tinge, hyphae sparingly septate, dividing into 2-3 subequal, short branches near the apex, each producing at its summit an ochraceous, elliptic-fusiform, warted con id mm, 16-24 X 8-10 ft. Sepedonium Tulasneanum, Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. n. 766. Parasitic on various species of Boletus. The conidial condition of Hypomyces Tulasneanus. ASTEROPHOEA. Ditrn. (fig. 5, p. 358.) Hyphae vaguely branched, creeping; conidia stellatcly tuberculose. 326 FUNGUS-FLORA. AsteropJiora, Ditm., in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl., iii. p. 53 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 148. Shown by Brefeld to be the chlamydosporous state of the parasitic agaric Nyctalis. Asterophora agaricicola. Corda. (fig. 5, p. 358.) Hyphae filiform, septate, hyaline, interwoven, sparingly branched; conidia globose or broadly ellipiical, stellataly tuberculose, rarely 2 conidia superposed, hyaline then some- what dingy ochraceous, 18-24 p.. Asterophora agaricicola, Corda, Ic. Fung., vi. p. 8, f. 24; Sacc., Syll., n. 770. On the pileus of Nyctalis asterophora, of which Brefeld lias proved it to be the chlamydosporous condition. Tribe 6. Vertidllieae. Sacc. VEET1CILLIUM. Nees. (fig. 9, p. 274.) Vegetative hyphae creeping, septate, fertile erect, with more or less elongated branches that are frequently branched, and arranged in a verticillate manner; conidia solitary at the tips of the branchlets, colourless or coloured, simple or septate. Verficillium, Nees, Syst. der Pilze, p. 57; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 150. In most species both primary and secondary branches are arranged in a verticillate manner, and the secondary branches are thickened at the base, tapering towards the tip bearing the conidium. A. Eu-VerticilUum. Branches almost straight ; heads of conidia not involved in mucus. * Whitish. Verticillmm candelabrum. Bon. Tufts white, at first minute, then often growing into eacli other, velvety, fertile hyphae erect, septate, primary branches few, scattered, shorter towards top of main stem, ultimate VERTICILLIUM. 327 branchlets thick at the base, becoming thin at the tip, short, usually in whorls of three ; conidia elliptical, 4—6 x 3 p.. Verticillium candelabrum, Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 97, f. 121 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 777. On rotten wood, leaves, &c. Verticillium compactiusculum. Sacc. T Forming rather compact, effused white tufts, sterile creeping hyphae scanty, fertile erect, septate, primary and secondary branches in whorls of 3-4 ; conidia cylindric- oblong, 8-10 x 2-3 /*. Verticillium compactiusculum, Sncc., Fung. Ital., t. 724 ; Syll., iv. n. 781. On various decaying vegetable substances. Verticillium ampelinum. Cke. & Mass. White; caespitose. Hyphae erect, sparingly branched, ultimate branches mostly ternate, attenuated at the apex, septate, conidia elliptic, hyaline, continuous, 10 X 4 p.. Verticillium ampelinum, Cke. & Mass., Grevillea, vol. xvi. p. 79. On knots on vine stems. Verticillium distans. B. & Br. (fig. 9, p. 274.) Forming scattered, indistinct white patches, primary branches 3-4, alternate, secondary branches attenuated at the tip, in whorls, a whorl also terminates the main stem, conidia colourless, elliptic-oblong, becoming distinctly one- septate, 8-10 X 4 //,. Verticillium distans, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 534, t. 7, f. 16; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 784. On herbaceous stems. An examination of the type specimen in Berkeley's herbarium at Kew shows that the conidia are distinctly uniseptate at maturity, hence technically the species is not a Verticillium; but as the agreement with this genus is perfect in every other respect, it is retained here. Verticillium terrestre. Sacc. Vegetative mycelium creeping, interwoven, white, fertile erect, septate, often wavy, sometimes branched once or twice 328 FUXGUS-FLOBA. in a forked manner, secondary branches short, in verticils usually consisting of four branchlets ; conidia minute, globose, colourless. Verticillium terrestre, Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 785. Stachylidium terrestre, Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl., t. 257. On the bare ground and on fallen wood. Verticillium nanum. B. & Br. Very minute, white, barren hyphae creeping, interwoven, fertile erect, minute, wavy, branches short, in pairs or single ; conidia elliptical, white, 5 x 3 ft. Verticillium nanum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 532, t. 7, f. 18 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 789. On pears. A veiy minute and degenerate species, the whorls being reduced to two opposite branches, sometimes only one. Verticillium agaricinum. Corcla. Forming white, woolly tufts ; fertile hyphae erect, septate, verticillately branched, the lowermost and most A igorous branches with branchlets in verticils ; branchlets acute at the tip and bearing a single elliptic-obovate conidium (rarely more) at the apex ; conidia 14 x 5-6 p. Verticillium agaricinum, Corda, Icon. Fung., xi. p. 15, f. 68 ; Sacc., Syll., no. 790 (in part): (not Plowri«rht, Grevillea, pi. 150, f. A.) On Agarics. Verticillium lactescentium. Sacc. Effused, white; hyphae erect, 8-10 p. thick, attenuated towards the apex, septate, simple or with 1-2 branches towards the top, branchlets in whorls of 3-5, acuminate, each bearing a single conidium at the apex ; conidia elliptical, apiculate at the base, 25-30 x 10-12 p.. Verticillium lactescentium, Sacc., Syll., n. 791 ; Grevillea, pi. 153, fig. A. On species of Lactarius ; accompanying Hypomyces terrestris, of which it is the conidial form. Verticillium microspermum. Sacc. Effused, white; fertile branches erect, 5-6 p. thick, apex tapering, septate; branches in verticils of 3-4, bearing VEHTIC1LLIUM. 329 secondary verticils of 2-4 acuminate branchlets; conidia terminal, solitary, elliptical, 5 X 3 ft. VerticiUium microspermum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 793 ; Grevillea, pi. 154, fig. A. On Forties annosus ; accompanying Hypomyccs Broomeanus, of which it is the conidial form. VerticiUium aspergillus. B. & Br. White; sterile hyphae scanty, cieepiug; fertile branches erect, septate, simple, rarely branched near the base, up to 150 p. long, repeatedly dividing near the apex, in a dicho- tomous manner, the branches terminating in a verticil of 3-4 acuminate branchlets ; conidia apical, solitary, elliptical, 3 x 2 fi. Verticillium aspergillus, Berk. & Bvoome ; Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1384, pi. 8, f. 7 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 795. On decaying Poria vaporaria. The habit is that of ClonostacJiys araucaria, Cda. It is worth inquiry whether this may not be a state of Hypocrea farinosa. (B. & Br.) Verticillium quaternellum. Grove. Snow-white. Mycelium very slender, intricately branched, fertile hyphae short, hyaline, erect, almost cylindrical,, remotely septate ; branches cylindrical, straight, simple, in verticils of 3-4, and bearing 3-5 (most frequently four) conidia at the apex ; conidia cylindric-oblong, hyaline, 7-8 //. long. Verticillium quaternellum. Grove, Journ. Bot., vol. xiii. p. 10; t. 240, f. 7; Sacc., Syll., n. 726. j On Agaricus (Mycena). ** Rosy, red, taicny, or yellow. Verticillium epimyces. B. & Br. Forming effused, rather dense patches, at first white, then tinged with rose, primary and secondary branches usually in pairs, opposite, tertiary bram-hes short, becoming sharp pointed, often also in pairs ; conidia colourless, at first almost globose, then elliptical, 9-12 x 5 p. when mature. 330 FUNGUS-FLORA. Verticillium epimyces, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 533, t. vii. f. 15 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 798. On various species of decaying fungi. Verticillium buxi. Aners. & Fleisch. Forming effused, minutely pulverulent, very pale rose- coloured tufts; sterile hyphae creeping, interlaced; fertile erect, main branches short, in opposite pairs or whorls of three, secondary branchlets similarly arranged ; conidia elliptic-oblong, with a faint rosy tinge when mature, 6-10 x 3-4 fji. Verticillium buxi, Aners. & Fleisch. in Hedwigia, 18G7, p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 800. Not Penicillium roseum, Cooke, as stated by Saccardo. On the under surface of fading and dead box leaves. Verticillium lateritium. Berk. Forming broadly eifused velvety orange-red or vermilion- coloured patches; sterile hyphae dense, creeping septate, fertile erect, primary and secondary branches in verticils, the whorls becoming smaller upwards, giving the whole a pyramidal outline; conidia, like the hyphae, pale red by transmitted light, elliptic-oblong, 4-6 X 3 /x. Verticilli um 'lateritium, Berk., in Cke., Hdbk.,p. 635; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 808. On various decaying vegetable substances. [Verticillium Vizei, B. & Br., in Vize, Microfungi, n. 247. According to Saccardo, who has examined a specimen in Yize's exs., this is the imperfectly developed mycelium of Oospora perpusilla, Sacc. In the Kew copy there is only mycelium, and that only in small quantity.] ACROSTALAGMUS. Corda. (figs. 6, 7, p. 358.) Vegetative hyphae creeping, septate ; fertile hyphae erect, septate, primary branches in whorls that become smaller upwards, secondary branches also whorled ; conidia aggre- gated in clusters at the tips of the branchlets and involved in mucus. Acrostalagmus, Corda, Icon. Fung., ii. p. 15 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 163. ACEOSTALAGMUS— CLONOSTACHYS. 331 Resembling Vcrticillium in habit, distinguished by tho cluster of spores involved in mucus at the tip of each branchlet. By some the spores are considered as being enclosed in a cell, as in Mucor, but it has been shown by Berlese that the apparent membrane consists of mucus that disappears at maturity. Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus. Corda. (figs. 6, 7, p. 358.) Tufts pulverulent, effused, orange-red or vermilion ; vege- tative hyphae branched, septate; fertile hyphae erect, rigid, septate, primary and secondary branches arranged in whorls, clusters of conidia globose, conidia elliptical, very faintly tinged rose, 3-5 x 1-2 /*, Acrostalagmus cinnabnrinus, Corda, Ic. Fung., ii., p. 15, fig. 66; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 139. On various decaying vegetable substances. CLONOSTACHYS. Corda. (fig. 15A, p. 313.) Sterile hyphae creeping, continuous ; fertile, erect, simple, continuous below, septate towards the apex and giving off whorls of branches, iisually in fours, from the septa; branchlets also bearing whorls of branchlets, usually in fours; branchlets subulate, the upper part densely covered with white, continuous conidia, spirally aiTanged, and resembling a compact spike. Clonostachys, Corda, Prachtflora, p. 31, t. xv. ; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. p. 165. Clonostachys araucaria. Corda. (fig. 15A, p. 313.) Forming-minute white, downy tufts 1-2 line broad and i a line high ; fertile branches erect, simple and without septa for some distance from the base, septate above, and bearing verticils of branches at the septa, branches also verticillately arranged, branches and bvanchlets in fours ; the branches covered for some distance with closely crowded, oblong conidia, the whole resembling a spike ; spikes crowded, and forming a compact, elliptical head; conidia 5-6 X 2 //,. Clonosfachys araucaria, Corda, Prachtfl., p. 31, t. xv. ; Sacc., Syll., n. 849. 332 . FUNGUS-FLORA. On bark, wood, &c. A very beautiful fungus, resembling an Araucaria in miniatuie when seen under a low magnifying power. SPICAEIA. Harz. (fig. 10, p. 274.) Sterile hyphae creeping, branched, septate ; fertile hyphae erect, septate, repeatedly verticillately branched towards the apex, ultimate branchlets each bearing a diverging chain of elliptic or oblong, pale or colourless, continuous conidia. Splcarin, Harz, Hyph., p. 50 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 166. With the general habit of Verticillium, but distinct in the lax, spreading chains of conidia. Spicaria elegans. Harz. (fig. 10, p. 274.) Tufts thin, effused, minutely velvety, whitish ; fertile hyphae erect, septate, 2-3 times verticillately branched above, ultimate branchlets tapering, chains of couidia elon- gated, lax ; conidia elougato-elliptical, colourless. 5 x 3 p.. Spicaria elegans, Haiz,Hyphom.p. 51; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 853. On bark, fungi, &c. Far. muscorum, Grove, Journ. Bot., t. 256, f. 8. Fertile hyphae 150-250 x 4-5 p; conidia slightly larger than in type, subacute at both ends, 9 x 3 p. On moss, wood, &c. Forming a thin, white, pulverulent stratum. Tribe 7. Gonato'jotryteae. Sacc. GONATOBOTRYS. Corda. (fig. 12, p. 274.) Sterile hyphae creeping, fertile erect, septate, inflated at the septae, inflated portions covered with spicule-like pro- jections that bear the continuous conidia. Gonatrobatrys, Corda, Prachtflora, t. v. ; Sacc., Syll.. iv. p. 169. Must not be Confounded with Arthrobotrys, which has 1-septate conidia. GONATOBOTBYS— NEMATOGONIUM. 333 Gonatobotrys simplex. Corda. "White ; tufts lax, minute, downy ; fertile hyphae simple, long, erect, furnished with many nodes or swollen portions, septate, fertile nodes globose ; conidia hyaline, subglobose, base apiculate. Gonatobolrys simplex, Corda, PrachtfL, t. v. ; Sacc., Syll., n. 863. On decaying fruit of Tamus ; on hawthorn brandies ; on old perithecia of Vnlsa, &c. Gonatobotrys flava. Bon. (fig. 12. p. 274.) Tufts, minute, white then yellowish ; fertile hyphae erect, simple, here and there inflated, the inflated portions covered with spicules spirally arranged ; conidia elliptic-oblong, base subapiculate, 18-25 x 10-12 /*, at first colourless then slightly tinged yellow. Gonatobotrys flava. Bonorden's Hdbk., p. 105, f. 22, 23 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 864. On decayed wood, fungi, &c. NEMATOGONIUM. Desm. (fig. 13, p. 274.) Sterile hyphae creeping, fertile erect, conspicuously jointed, sterile joints thickened at both ends (bone-shaped), fertile jointa globose, smooth; conidia elliptical, continuous. Nematogonium, Desmazieres, Ann. So. Nat., 1834, ii. p. 69; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 170. Eecognised by the thigh-bone-shaped sterile joints of the erect hyphae interspersed with spherical joints bearing the conidia in loose clusters. Nematogonium aurantiacum. Desm. (fig. 13, p. 274.) Tufts orange-brown minutely velvety, often considerably effused; sterile hyphae very slender, septate, creeping; fertile hyphae erect, jointed, sterile joints inflated at both ends, with conidia-bearing globose cells interposed hero and there ; conidia obovate, base acute, 15 X 8-10 /x, with an orange tinge, sessile, arranged on the globose cells in loose clusters. Nematogonium aurantiacum, Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1834, ii. t. 11, f. 1 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 867. On rotten wood and bark. 334 FUNGUS-FLORA. Nematogonium aureum. Sacc. ' Fertile hyphae erect, short, club-shaped, cousisting of about four joints ; conidia elliptical, golden-yellow, sparsely scattered. Nematogonium aureum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 868. Aspergillm aureus, Berk., Eng. PL, vol. v. p. 340. On bark. No specimen exists in Berkeley's herbarium, and the de- scription is probably too brief to insure future identification, although mycologists are not wanting who imagine they possess the power of knowing exactly what species were intended in such cases. Possibly self-assurance goes for much on such occasions. Sect. II. DIDYMOSPOKAE. Sacc. DIPLOCLADIUM. Bon. (fig. 24, p. 313.) Sterile hyphae creeping ; fertile erect and verticillately branched; conidia elliptic-oblong or obovatc, 1 -septate, hyaline or clear and bright in colour, solitary or 2-3 at the tips of the branchlets. Diplodadium, Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 98 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 176. Diplodadium minus. Bon. Tufts, small, white, silky ; fertile hyphae ascending, oppositely branched; branchlets usually in threes at the ends of the branches, tips slightly thickened ; conidia obovate, 1-septate, slightly constricted, hyaline, 13-15 x 7-8 /x. Diplodadium minus, Bon., Hdbk., p. 98, t. 5, f. 119; Sacc., Syll., n. 871. Diplodadium Renneyi, Sacc., Syll., n. 875. Dactylium Benneyi, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1383. On trunks; forming white, downy patches 1-3 lines across. Diplodadium penicillioides. Sacc. White ; effused ; hyphae fasciculate, septate, 4-5 ^ thick, erect or ascending, vaguely branched, bearing at the apex an DIPLOCLADIUM. 335 imperfect whorl of 3-4 short, erect branchlets ; conidia apical, solitary, elliptic-clavate, becoming 1-septate, 12-14 X o fj.. Diplodadium penicillioides, Saoc., Syll., n. 872 ; Grev., pi. 150, fig. b. On decaying species of Polyporus, Agaricus, and Panus ; along Hypomyces aurantius, of which it is considered to be the conidial form. Diplodadium melleum. Sacc. (fig. 24, p. 313.) Forming minute, honey-coloured tufts ; hyphae branched at the apex, branchlets arranged in whorls, acute at the tip ; conidia elliptical, base slightly attenuated, almost colourless, 1 2-14 x 5-6 /*. Diplodadium melleum, Sacc., Syll., n. 874. Dactylium melleum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist, n. 1382, t. 8, f. 6. On old specimens of Polyporus and Stcreum. Diplodadium tenellum. Mass. Tufts white or with a reddish tinge ; hyphae aggregated, fertile, short, slender, erect, septate, branchlets short, sub- verticillate ; conidia slightly obovate, colourless, 1-septate, in clusters of 3—4 at the tips of the branches, 12—13 X 6 JJL. Mucrosporium tenellum, Sacc., Syll., n. 924. Dactylium tenellum, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 413. An examination of authentic specimens shows the spores to be constantly 1-septate, hence the species cannot be a Mucrosporium, as placed by Saccardo. Diplodadium macrosporum. Mass. Sterile hyphae loosely intervroven, white then pale rose- colour ; fertile subverticillately branched at the apex ; eonidia elliptic-oblong, apiculate at the base, colourless, 1-septate, 20-25 x 8-10 a, produced in clusters of 2-3 at the tips of the branchlets. Dactylium macrosporum, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 414; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 918. On bark, moss, &c. The spores are constantly 1-septate, hence the present species cannot belong to the genus Dactylium, where it was pbu-ed by Saccardo. 336 FUXGUS-FLORA. DIPLOSPORIUM. Bonord. (fig. 15, p. 274.) Sterile hyphae creeping ; fertile hyphae ascending or «erect, septate, vaguely branched ; conidia terminal on the branchlets, usually solitary, 1-septate, elliptical or oblong. Diplosporium, Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 93; Sacc., Sjll., iv. p. 178. Closely allied to Diplocladium, differing only in the trranchlets being scattered, and not in whorls. Diplosporium album. Bon. (fig. 15, p. 274.) Forming effused, lax, silky, snow-white tufts; fertile hyphae ascending, septate repeatedly irregularly forked ; conidia, oblong, 1-septate, constricted, 20—28 x 8 p ', hyaline, contents granular. Diplosporium album, Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 99, f. 108 ; Sacc., .Syll., n. 877. On decaying stems of bean ( Vicia faba) ; also on branches. Far. fungicolum, Sacc., Syll., n. 877 ; Grevillea, pi. 157, fig. d. Conidia elliptic-oblong base apiculate, remaining for a long time continuous, then 1-septate, not constricted, 18-23 X 6-7 p.. On Aethalium septicum, along with Hypomyces violascens, of which it is supposed to be the conidial form. Diplosporium cervinum. Sacc. Effused; pale fawn-colour; hyphae branched, septate; conidia oboyate, 1-septate, base apiculate. Diplosporium cervinum, Sacc., Syll., n. 879. Dactylium cervinum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1716. On branches of laburnum. There is no specimen in Berkeley's herbarium, and owing to the absence of information respecting the mode of branch- ing, it is uncertain whether the present belongs to Diplo- sporium or to Diplocladium. TRICHOTHECITJM. Link. (fig. 14, p. 274.) Sterile hyphae creeping ; fertile, simple, erect ; conidial terminal, solitary, two-celled, colourless or brightly coloured. DIPLOSPORIUM — TRICHOTHECIUM. 337 Tricoiltcciitm, Link, sp. pi. Fungi, i. p. 28; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 178. Trichoth6cir.nl roseum. Link. (fig. 14, p. 274.) Tufts minutely velvety, rather large, often becoming confluent, at fiist white then pale rose-coloured; fertile hyphae erect, short, without septa ; conidia pyriform, slightly constricted at the septum, attached obliquely to the narrow apex of the cunidiophore, 12-18 x 8-12 p., pale rose or almost colourless. TricJtotJiecium roseum, Link, Obs. Mycol., i. p. 16, f. 27 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 881. Dactylium roseum, Berk. On bark, leaves, fruit, paper, cheese, dung, &c. Trichothecium candidum. Wallr. Tufts roundish, often confluent, minutely velvety, white ; fertile hyphae erect, septate, 150 x 3 /x; conidia solitary, elliptic-oblong, apiculate at the base, two-celled, slightly conflicted at the septum, colourless, 20-25 x 10-15 /*. Trichotherium candidum, Wallr., Fl. Crypt., n. 1879 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 883. On bark and decaying vegetable substances. Care must be taken not to mistake bleached states of T. roseum for the present species. Trichothecium obovatum. Sacc. White, forming exceedingly minute tufts; fertile hyphae very slender, without septa ; conidia colourless, obovate, two-celled, not constricted at the septum, solitary or in pairs at the tips of the conidiophores, 14-17 X 10 /A. Tricltothecium obovatum, Sacc., Syll., n. 884. Dactylium cbocatum, Berk., Ann. IS'at. Hist., n. 242, t. 14, f. 20. On willow branches, springing from the exolcte perithecia of a Sphaeria. Trichothecium piriferum. Sacc. Tufts, minute, white, often becoming confluent and forming effused, minutely velvety patches; fertile hyphae aggregate, sparingly branched above; conidia obovate, two- celled, terminal cell largest, not constricted at the septum, colourless, 20-25 X 10-12 /*. VOL. III. Z 338 FUNGUS-FLORA. Trichothecium piriferum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 885. Dactylium piriferum, Fries, S. M., iii. p. 413. On dead stems and on the naked ground. Trichothecium domesticum. Fries. This species has been recorded as British ; but examina- tion of the specimens show it to be T. roseum. CEPHALOTHECIUM. Corda. (fig. 11, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae creeping; fertile hyphae erect, simple, septate; conldia oblong or clavate, 1-septate, hyaline, forming somewhat of a head at the tip of the hypha. Cephalothecium, Corda, Anl., p. 57 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 180. Differs from Trichothecium in the conidia being produced in clusters or heads. Cephalothecium candidum. Bon. (fig. 11, p. 358.) Tufts white, effused, or minute and bursting through the epidermis ; fertile hyphae erect ; subfasciculate, not sep- tate, 40-60 x 5—6 ft; conidia obovate, 1-septate, con- stricted, 12-14 x 8 p, 3-6 springing from the apex of the hypha. Cephalothecium candidum, Bonorden, Handbuch, p. 81, f. 89 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 891. On rotten branches. AETHROBOTEYS. Corda, (fig. 16, p, 274.) Hyphae erect, simple, septate, nodulose; nodes furnished with minute pointed warts spirally arranged, each bearing a single conidium; conidia elliptical or obovate, 1-septate, hyaline or bright and clear in colour. Arthrobotrys, Corda, Prachtfl. t. xxi • Sacc., Svll. iv p. 181. Arthrobotrys rosea. Mass. (fig. 16, p. 274.) Tufts small, downy, pale rose-colour; fertile hyphae erect, simple, sparingly septate, 7-8 p. thick, having 3-5 vesicular inflations at equal distances, swollen nodes, each bearino- a AliTIIKOBOTRYS— M Y COGONE. 339 head of conidia springing from minute spicules on the nodes ; conidia broadly pyriform, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, upper cell almost globose, lower small, apiculate, smooth, almost colourless. Arthroboinjs rosea, Massee, Journ. Roy. Microscop. Journ., vol. v., p. 758, pi. 13, figs. 0, 7 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 896. On wet rotten branches. MYCOGONE. Link. (fig. 11, p. 274.) Hyphae branched, interwoven ; fertile branches short, lateral. Conidia unequally two-celled, terminal cell largest, often warted. Mycogone, Link, sp. pi. Fungi, i. p. 29. There is some difference of opinion as to whether the conidia are in reality two-celled, the so-called lower cell is in most species not cut off from the conidiophore by a septum, of which it may be the inflated apex. Mycogone rosea. Link. Forming effused, velvety, rose-coloured patches ; hyphae slender, colourless, densely interwoven ; conidia obovate, reddish, two-celled, upper cell largest, warted, lower cell paler, smooth, 35-40 x 20-25 p.. Mycogone rosea, Link, Obs., i. p. 1C; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 899. On various decaying Agarics. Mycogone cervina. Ditm. (fig. 11, p. 274.) Forming greyish woolly tufts; hyphae slender, white, densely interwoven ; conidia two-celled, obtuse, fawn-coloured , upper cell largest, warted, lower cell paler, smooth, 28—3(3 X 18-20 p. Mi/coyone cervina, Ditm. in Sturm's D. F., t. 53; Sacc., Syll., iv. i). 900. On species of Peziza, as P. macropoda, &c. Mycogone anceps. Sacc. Tufts minute, ochraceous-olive, velvety, effused ; hyphne forked or vaguely branched, with scattered septa, yellowish ; conidia sometimes almost globose, 20 /* diam., Kometimea z 2 £40 FUNGUS-FLORA elliptical, 30-35 X 20, often slightly constricted at the basal HI ptum, contents granular, somewhat orange-colour. Mycogone anceps, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 372 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 902. On dung, human and other. Chlamydosporous condition of Pilobolus oedipus. DIDYMAEIA. Corda. (fig. 17, p. 274.) Parasitic. Hypjiae subsimple, erect, gregarious, bearing a single two-celled, colourless conidium at the tip. Didymaria, Corda, Ic. Fung., vi. p. 8 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 184. Didymaria Ungeri. Corda. (fig. 17, p. 274.) Forming subcircular oohraceous spots that become pale with age ; tufts white, minute, hypophyllous ; fertile hyphae erect, fasciculate, slender, unbranched, without septa, 50-60 X 3-4 p., bearing at the tip a single obovate-elliptic, colour- less, 1 -septate conidium scarcely or not all constricted at Ihe septum, 20-25 X 7-10 p.. Didymaria Ungeri, Corda, Anleit., t. B., f. 9. I.; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 904. On the under surface of living leaves of Eanunculus rcprns. BOSTKICHONEMA. Cesati. (fig. 18, p. 274.) Parasitic. Hyphae erect, unbranched, spirally waved, without septa, colourless. Conidia elliptic or oblong, wo-celled, hyaline. BostricJtonema, Cesati, Erb. Critt. Ital., n. 149; Sacc., Syll.. iv. p. 185. Distinguished from Didymaria by the wavy or spirally curved fertile hyphae. Bostrichonema alpestre. Ces. (fig. 18, p. 274.) Spots subcircular, ochraceous-brown ; fertile hyphae forming white tuffs on the under surface of the leaf, spirally waved, 130-140 X 4-6 p., sparingly septate, not BOSTBIOHONEMA— DACTYLIUM 311 constricted, slightly thinner towards the tip; conidia pro- duced at the apex (and laterally ?), elliptical, for a long time 1-celled, then 2-celled and slightly constricted at tin* septum, 20-22 x 14-15, colourless, curved, at lengtli asperulate. Bostrichonema alpestre, Cesati, Erb. Critt. Ital., n. 140 ; Sacc., Syll. iv. n. 909. On living leaves of Polygonum bistorta, P. vivipara, &c. Bostrichonema modestum. Sacc. White, springing from brownish spots ; hyphae almost straight or slightly wavy, about 100-7 /x; conidia elliptic- oblong, 1-septate, constricted, 24-27 X 8-10 /x. BostricJionema modestum, Sacc., Syll., n. 910. Dactylium modestum, Berk, and White, Scottish Nat., vol. iv. p. 162, t. 2, fig. 2. On the under surface of fading leaves of Alchemilla aljpina. Sect. III. PHRAGMOSPORAE. Sacc. Subsect. 1. Macronemeae. Sacc. Tribe 8. Dactylieao. Sacc. DACTYLIUM. Nees. (fig. 26, p. 274.) Saprophytes. Sterile hyphae creeping, fertile ascending, repeatedly branched in a verticillate manner, or (in the sub- gen. Helminthophora') once verticillately branched. Conidia oblong, 2 or many septate, colourless, subsolitary at the tips of the branchlets. < Dactylium, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 413; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 189. Dactylium dendroides. Fries, (fig. 26, p. 274.) Forming whitish, effused, byssoid tuits ; fertile hyphao erect, septate, main branches usually subopposite, branchlets in whorls of three as a rule, tips thin ; conidia oblong, apiculate at the base, 3-septate, scarcely constricted at tho septa, colourless, 26-32 x 10-13 /x. 342 FUXGUS-FLOBA. Dac.tylium dendroides, Fr., S. M., iii. p. 413; Sacc., Syll., n. 916. On various decaying Agarics and on the adjoining moss, &c. MUCKOSPORIUM. Preuss. (fig. 3, p. 313.) Sterile hyphae, septate, creeping fertile erect, verticil- lately branched, brauchlets with a cluster of spicules at the tip that bear a head of colourless, septate conidia. Mucrosporium, Preuss, F. Hovers w., n. 97 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 190. Distinguished from Dactylium by the tips of the branchlets bearing a head of spores instead of a single one as in the last-named genus. Mucrosporium sphaerocephalum. Sacc. (fig. 3, p. 313.) Forming effused, thin, persistently white patches ; sterile hyphae creeping, fertile erect, septate, towards the top nioro or less regularly branched in threes ; branchlets thickened at the base and tapering upwards, bearing at the tip a cluster of colourless, oblong, 3— septate spores, furnished with a short pedicel at the base, 20-26 x H-8 p.. Macrosporium sphaerocephalum, Sacc., Syll., n. 923. Dactylium sphaerocephalum, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. vi n. 233, t. 14, t. 27. On dead wood, branches, &c. DACTYLELLA. Grove, (fig. 25, p. 274.) Mucedinous, saprophytic. Fertile hyphae subject, simple; conidia elongated, pluriseptate, terminal, solitary. Dactylella, Grove, Journ. Bot. 1884, p. 199 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 193. Allied to Dactylium, but differing in the solitary spores. Distinguished from Piricularia more especially by the sapro- phytic habit of the species. Dactylella minuta. Grove. Scattered, white ; fertile hyphae cylindrical, slender, hyaline, unbranched, 120-150 /* high, apex passing into tho DACTYLELLA. 343 solitary, terminal, perfectly hyaline, clavulate, 6-S-septate conidium, measuring (30-70 x 14-15 p.. Dactylella minuta, Grove, Journ. Bot. 1884, p. 199, t. 246, f. 6 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 937. On dead wood. This species closely resembles Dactylium candidum, Nees (Bonord. Hdbk., p. 82, f. 139), but differs in the form of the spores, if Bonordt-n's figure be correct, and in their constant position as a continuation of the stem. It is certainly not congeneric with Dactylaria purpurella, Sacc. (Fung. Ital., f. 8). (Grove.) Far. fusiformis. Distinguished from type by the gre- garious or caespitose hyphae, and the elongato-fusoid conidia, 60-75 x 7-9. Dactylella rhombospora. Grove. Very much scattered and exceedingly delicate, closely resembling Dactylella minuta, but differing in the form of the conidia, which are broadly fusoid, almost rhomboid, and obtuse at both ends. Dactylella rhombospora, Grove, Journ. Bot., t. 257, f. 4; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 938. On rotten wood. Dactylella ellipsospora. Grove. Pure white, in effused tufts ; fertile hyphae slender, erect, not or very sparingly septate, white, 100-200 x 4 //, ; conidia elliptical, rather acute at both ends, colourless, guttulate, then a slender septum is formed near to each end, central cell with one large vacuole, 40-50 X 16-18 /*. Dactylella ellipsospora, Grove, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 939. Menispora ellipsospora, Preuss, F. Hoyersw., n. 69. On rotten wood, us, continuous, apex very minutely 'denticulate; conidia very variable, ovate, obovate, elliptical, ty ideally cylindrical and 1 -septate, colourless, 15-22 X 3-4 p. Ramularia variabilis, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 361 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1030. On leaves of foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), Verbascum thapsus, V. blattaria. Ramularia calcea. Ces. Spots minute, whitish, bounded by a brown margin; hyphae fasciculate, cylindrical, 15-20 X 2 ^, sparingly den- ticulate, hyaline, continuous; conidia cylindrical, slightly obtuse or apiculate at both ends, 25 x 3-3-5 //,, continuous or 1 -septate, hyaline. Ramularia calcea, Cesati, in Klotzsch, Herb. Mycol., 1681; Sacc., Syll., n. 1032. On leaves of ground-ivy (Glechoma hederacea). Ramularia cryptostegiae. Pirn. Snow-white, cottony, very delicate; hyphae simple or sparingly branched; conidia cylindric-oblong, apex rather obtuse, 30-40 x 6-7 p., delicately 1-3 septate, apical on the hyphae. PARASPORA. 3 ±7 Ramularia cryptostegiae, Pirn, Grevillea, 1880, p. 130; Saec., iSyll., n. 1048. On fallen seeds of Cryptostegia, in a hothonse. Ramularia pratensis. Sacc. (fig. 27, p. 274.) Spots generally epiphyllous, subcircular or elongated, pale oohraceous with a brown marginal zone; hyphae rather lax, terete, 30-40 x 4 /z, denticulate at the obtuse apex, colourless, continuous or 1-septate ; conulia cylindrical or .subfusoid, catenulate, becoming 1-septute, hyaline, 16—25 X 3-3 • 5 fjL. Bamularia pratensis, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 550; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1049. On leaves of Bumex acetosa. Ramularia urticae. Ces. Spots wliite then greyish, small, 1-3 mm., indefinite, on both surfaces of the leaf; hyphae hypophyllous, loosel\ fasciculate, subeffused, hyaline, continuous, 30-40 /A. long, denticulate above, rarely with very short branchlets; conidia cylindiic-fusoid, sometimes apiculate at both ends, becoming 1-septate, 15-20 X 3-5 /x,, forming rather long chains. Bamularia urticae, Cesati, in Fresen. Beitr., p. 89 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 1053. On leaves of Urtica dioica, and other nettles. Subsect. 11. Micronemeae. Sacc. Tribe 10. Fusomeae. Sacc. PAEASPORA. Grove. Saprophytic. Conidia septate, springing in minute clusters from a delicate, creeping mycelium. Paraspora, Grove, Journ. Bot., vol. xiii. (1884), p. 196; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 222. It resembles Baciridium, but hyphae are almost entirely wanting. (Grove.) Paraspora triseptata. Grove. White ; spores oblong, obliquely apiculate, hyaline, 3-septate, 15-20 X 5-6 /*, 348 FUNGUS-FLORA. Paraspora triseptata, Grove, Journ. Bot., vol. xiii. (1884), p. 196, pi. 246, f. 9; Sacc., Syll., n. 1084. On dead wood. Invisible to the naked eye ; consisting of small, closely compacted clusters of the erect spores. Tribe 11. Milowieae. Sacc. MILOWIA. Mass. (fig. 1, p. 313.) Sterile hyphae forming an intricately interwoven tuft that produces here and there towards the surface large vesicular bodies, which in turn bear 2-4 erect, C3rlindrical outgrowths, the contents of which become broken up by transverse septa into conidia ; the conidia at length escape through the ruptured apex of the mother hypha. Milowia, Massee, Journ. Eoy. Micr. Soc., vol. v. p. 758, pi. 13; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 222. The counterpart of Sporochisma in the Dematieae. The conidia present the appearance of spores in an ascus. Milowia nivea. Mass. (fig. 1, p. 313.) Tufts globose, 1 line across, snow-white; the erect hyphae containing the conidia, 60-70 x 7-8 p., and containing 6-8 cylindrical, abruptly truncate conidia, 9-10 X 6-7 p.. Milowia nieea, Mass., Journ. Koy. Micr. Soc., vol. v. p. 758, pi. 13; Sacc., Syll., n. 1086. On dead leaves of Blysmus compressus. Tribe 12. Septocylindrieae. Sacc. SEPTOCYLINDRIUM. Bon. (fig. 23, p. 313.) Hyphae very short, scarcely distinct from the conidia. Conidia cylindrical, colourless or brightly coloured, con- catenate, 2- many-septate. Septocylindrium, Bonurden, Handb., p. 35 • Sacc , Svll., iv. p. 223. The species are reduced to chains of septate conidia. SEI'TOCYLINDRIUM. 349 Septocylindrium Bonordenii. Sacc. (fig. 23, p. 313.) AVhite, velvety, effused, thin ; conidia cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, 30-40 x 4, at first continuous, then 2-4 septate, hyaline; chains rarely branched. Septocylindrium Bonordenii, Sacc., Syll., n. 1087. Cylindrium septatum, Bon., Hdbk., 35, f. 16. On rotten leaves, especially those of the snowdrop (Galan- thns means'). Septocylindrium elongatisporum. Sacc. Tufts effused, white, rather powdery ; hyphae erect, with a iew minute branchlets ; conidia cylindrical, tips rather acute, 1-3 septate, colourless, 15-25 x 5 p.. Septocylindrium elongatisporum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1094. Septonema elongatispora, Preuss, F. Hoyersw., n. 25. On dead stems of mint (Mentha) and nettle ( Urtica). Septocylindrium pallidum. Grove. Conidia pale olive, 3— septate, acute at the ends, 25—40 x 5-6, in short, straight, simple or rarely branched chains ; hyphae as long as the chains but thinner, sparingly septate, olive, darker than the conidia. Septocylindrium pallidum, Grove, Journ. Bot., tab. 266, f. 12 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1095. Forming pallid tufts on the ostiola of Diatrype stigma. The olive colour of hyphae and spores along with the well- developed hyphae suggest that the present species should be located with the Dematieae. Septocylindrium chaetospira. Grove. Subfasciculate or gregarious, white, chains of conidia erect, spirally coiled like a corkscrew, 200-250 p high; conidia becoming 3-septate, cylindrical, ends subacute, sometimes curved, hyaline, 20-25 X 2-5-3 /*. Septocylindrium chaetospira, Grove, Journ. But., tab. 266, f. 1 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1096. On rotten wood. The chains of conidia spirally coiled like a corkscrew readily distinguish this species. Septocylindrium concentricum. B. & Br. In small orbicular spots that often become confluent, every part at first white, the centre changing to pale ochraceous ; 350 FUNGUS-FLOKA. hyphae erect, short, septate, springing from a pale stroma; conidia iu chains, cylindrical, tips subacute, 1-septate, 16-25 X 3-7 p,. Septocylindrium concenlricum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1097. Septonema concentricum, B. & Br., in Rab. Fung. Eur., Exs., n. 777. On chips of larch and. pine. Septocylindrium viride. Sacc. Tufts very thin and cloud-like, more or less effused, greenish; stroma-like base very thin, yellowish; chains straight, rigid, with short branchlets; conidia subfusiform, tips obtuse, 3-septate, pellucid with a green tinge, 18-24 x 6-7 /*. Septocylindrium viride, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1107. Septonema viride, Corda, Ic. Fung., ii. p. 9, f. 44. On rotten wood. Septocylindrium Magnusianum. Sacc. Tufts suberumpent, dirty white, on reddish, slightly cor- rugated portions of both surfaces of the leaves, very minutely velvety; chains of conidia springing from a slight.ly inflated basal hypha ; conidia cylindrical, ends obtuse, 20—25 x 4 /x, colourless, 1-septate, not constricted at the septum. Septocylindrium Magnusianum, Sacc., Mich., i. p. 130; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1088. On fading leaves Trientalis Europaea. Sect. IV. STAUROSPOREAE. Sacc. PRISMARIA. Preuss. (fig. 2, p. 313.) Fertile hyphae erect, simple, not septate, conidia radiating from the tip and forming an incomplete head. Conidia elongated, colourless, with or without septa. Prismaria, Preuss, F. Hoyersw., n. 86; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 229. Distinguished by the unbranched, aseptate conidiophores producing a few elongated, radiating conidia at the tip that form a loose, non- compacted head. PRISMABIA — HELICOMYCES. 351 Prismaria furcata. Grove, (fig. 2, p. 313.) Scattered or gregarious, white ; mycelium thin, creeping ; fertile hyphae short or almost absent, equal, hyaline, non-sep- tate, heai ing at the tip two or rarely three radiating elongato- conical conidia, rounded at the base and attenuated upwards, inconspicuously multiseptate, colourless, 60-100 x 0-7 /*. Prismaria furcata, Grove, Journ. Bot., 1884, p. 198; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1110. On decaying wood. Sect. V. HELICOSPOBAE. Sacc. HELICOMYCES. Link. (fig. 19, p. 27-J.) Hyphae veiy short, without septa. Conidia cylindrical, spuriously septate, subhyaline or brightly coloured, spirally coiled. Helicomyces, Link., Obs., i. p. 19; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 233. The colourless or clear-coloured, long hypha-like spirally coiled conidia mark the genus. In some species there are several distinct coils in a conidium ; in others, the conidia are curved to form part of a circle only. Helicomyces roseus. Link. Forming minute pale rose-coloured patches ; hyphae very short, colourless, nodulose at the tip ; conidia springing frcm the nodules, rose-coloured, cylindrical, becoming many- septate, slightly tapering at both ends, curved in a loose spiral, 150-180 x 6 /x. Helicomyces roseus, Link., Obs. Myc., i. p. 19, t: i. f. 35; Sacc., Syl)., iv., n. 1115. On wood, branches, &c. AYheii old the tufts become whitish. Helicomyces tubulosus. Kiess. (fig. 19, p. 274.) Forming whitish minutely powdery, minute tufts; hyphftO very short ; conidia brown, many-septate, joints cuboid, spirally coiled into a long tube, joints of conidia about 10 p, the tube composed of 5-7 spirals. 352 FUNGUS-FLORA. Helicomyces tululosus, Eiess, Bot. Ztg,, 1853, p. 140, t. iii. f. 11-13; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1120. On rotten wood. Fam. II. DEMATIEAE. Fries. Hyphae forming a cottony or byssoid expansion, brown or black, rather rigid, threads lax, crowded but not aggregated in definite fascicles or heads. Hyphae and conidia typically blackish-brown, but in some cases the hyphae arc hyaline and the conidia dark; in others the hyphae are dark and the conidia almost colourless. In the present family the hyphae and conidia are never both colourless in the same fungus, there is also an absence of bright, clear colours, the predominating shade being blackish or olive-brown, the colour being in many cases so intense that the hyphae and conidia are quite opaque. Sect. I. Amerosporae. Sacc. Conidia globose, elliptical, or oblong, blackish or some- what hyaline, continuous, the hyphae always brown. Subsect. 1. Micronemeae. Sacc. Hyphae almost obsolete or very short, scarcely distinct from the conidia. Tribe 1. Conlosporieae. Sacc. Conidia not catenulate. Tribe 2. Toruleae. Sacc. Conidia catenulate. Tribe 3. Echinobotryeae. Saoc. Conidia crowded in small heads or racemos. DEMATIEAE. 353 Subsect. 2. Macronemeae. Sacc. Hyphae evident and distinct from the conidia. Tribe 4. Periconieae. Sacc. Conidia brown, capitate, not catenulate. Tribe 5. Arthrineae. Sacc. Conidia brown, not catenulate, produced in whorls along the hyphae. Tribe 6. Trichosporieae. Sacc. Conidia brown, not catenulate, produced vaguely in a scattered matter. Tribe 7. Monotosporeae. Sacc. Conidia brown, not catenulate, borne singly at the tips of erect hyphae or conidiophores. Tribe 8. Haplographieae. Sacc. Conidia brown, catenulate. § Conidia colourless or almost so, borne by short specialised conidiophores situated at the base of the long, sterile, erect, brown hyphae. Tribe 9. Myxotricheae. Sacc. Conidia aggregated to form a head ; (at first enclosed in a vesicle ?). §§ Conidia colourless or nearly so ; hyphae brown, not differentiated into fertile and sterile, i.e. all alike in structure. VOL. in. 2 A 354 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Tribe 10. Chlorideae. Sacc. Conidia solitary, i.e. neither catenulate nor capitate. Tribe 11. StacTiylidieae. Sacc. Conidia aggregated into a head. Tribe 12. Chalareae. Sacc. Conidia catenulate. Sect. II. Didymosporae. Sacc. Conidia elliptical or oblong, typically 1-septate. Subsect. 1. Micronemeae. Sacc. Hyphae very short, or scarcely distinguishable from the conidia. Tribe 13. Bisporeae. Sacc. Subsect. 2. Macronemeae. Sacc. Hyphae evident, distinct from the conidia. Tribe 14. Cladosporieae. Sacc. Conidia smooth, without appendages, not capitate. Sect. III. Phragmosporae. Sacc. Conidia elliptical, oblong, cylindrical, or worm-like, 2- many-septate, brown, rarely somewhat colourless. Subsect. 1. Micronemeae. Sacc. Fertile hyphae or conidiophores almost obsolete or very short, or scarcely distinguishable from the conidia. DEMAT1EAE. 355 Tribe 15. Clasteriosporieae. Sacc. Conidia not catermlate. Tribe 16. Septonemeae. Sacc. Cqnidia catenulate. Subsect. 2. Macronemeae. Sacc. Hyphae evident, distinct from the conidia. Tribe 17. HelmintJiosporieae. Sacc. Conidia few, borne at the apex or lateral and scattered. Tribe 18. Acrotliecieae. Sacc. Conidia either in sessile, lateral whorls, or forming a terminal head. Tribe 19. Sporochimeae. Sacc. Conidia catenulate, produced within the hyphae, then escaping. Tribe 20. Dendryphieae. Sacc. Conidia catenulate, springing from the apex of conidio- phores. Sect. IV. Dictyosporae. Sacc. Conidia globose, or oblong, transversely and longitudinally septate, brown. Subsect. 1. Micronemeae. Sacc. Hyphae almost obsolete or very short, scarcely distinct from the conidia. 2 A 2 356 FUNGUS-FLORA. Subsect. 2. Macronemeae. Sacc. Hyphae evident, distinct from the conidia. Sect. V. Staurosporae. Sacc. Conidia stellate. Sect. VI. Helicosporae. Sacc. Conidia cylindrical, coiled in a spiral plane, typically many-septate, hyaline or coloured. Fam. II. DEMATIEAE. Fries. Sect. I. AMEROSPORAE. Sacc. Subsect. 1. Micronemeae. Sacc. Tribe 1. Coniosporieae. Sacc. CONIOSPORIUM. Link. (figs. 18, 19, p. 358.) Conidia globose, elliptical, or discoid, springing from very short, colourless hyphae, generally forming when mature a pulverulent mass. Coniosporium, Link, Obs. Myc., i. p. 8; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 238. Coniosporium arundinis. Sacc. (figs. 18, 19, p. 358.) Conidia forming blackish, usually elongated or effused patches, originating from a yellowish pseudoparanchymatous mass of hyphae; conidia lenticular, outline circular or subangular, 8-12 p diameter by 4-6 //, in thickness, when young reddish brown, becoming darker and with an olive tinge. CONIOSPOKIUM— TORULA. 357 Coniosporium arundinis, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 124 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1150. On culms and sheaths of Arundo donax and Phragmites communis. Coniosporium physciae. Sacc. Conidia minute, elliptical, semipellucid, forming a black, pulverulent, superficial stratum. Coniosporium physciae, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1170. On the apothecia of Physcia parietina. Coniosporium carbonaceum. Cke. & Mass. Epiphyllous, eiFused, resembling patches of Fumago, black, opaque ; conidia oval or lemon-shaped, like spores of some species of Chaetomium, continuous, brown, opaque, 10 X 12 /*. Coniosporium carbonaceum, Cke. & Mass., Grevillea, vol. xvi. p. 79. Gymnosporium carbonaceum, Cams, MS. On leaves of meadowsweet (Spiraea ulmarid). Coniosporium olivaceum. Link. Patches small, rounded or oblong, blackish-olive ; conidia heaped together, subovate or somewhat irregular, 4-6 p. long, olive. Coniosporium olivaceum, Link, Obs., i. p. 8 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n, 1131. On wood. Tribe 2. Toruleae. Sacc. TORULA. Pers. (fig. 10, p. 313.) Sterile hyphae decumbent, fertile branches short, or very short and scarcely distinct from the chains of conidia. Chains either separate or aggregated in fascicles (Tetra- colium, Link), soon breaking up into their component conidia, which are all alike, black or brown, continuous, globose, oblong, or subfusoid. Torula, Pers., Syn., p. 693; amended by Saccardo in Michelia, ii. p. 21 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 247. TORULA. 359 I. Eu-Torula. Conidia smooth. * On Dicotyledons. Torula ulmicola. Eabenh. Black, tufts unequally and often broadly effused, rather shining ; conidia oblong, rounded at both ends, dirty brown, semi-pellucid, in long, branched chains. Torula ulmicola, Bab., Hdbk. Pilze, p. 35 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1201. On dead, slender twigs of Ulmus campestris. Torula pulvillus. B. & Br. Tufts minute, pulvinate, black, springing up in cracks in the bark ; chains rather compact, erect, sparingly branched, moniliform ; conidia oblong, ends rounded, 1-nucleate. Torula pulvillus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat, Hist., n. 463 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1206. On oak bark. Tufts about 1 mm. diameter. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE DEMATIEAE. Fig. 1, Papulospora sepedonoides ; — Fig. 2, head of same; — Fig. 3, Botryosporium diffusum ; — Fig. 4, Two heads of Bame; — Fig. 5, Asterophora agaricicola ; — Fig. 6, Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus ; — Fig. 7, head of same ; — Fig. 8, Camptoum curvatum ; — Fig. 9, Zygodesmus terrestris ; — Fig. 10, Monatospora pumila; — Fig. 11, Cephalothecium candidum ; — Fig. 12, Haplographium olivaceum; — Fig. 13, Acrospeira mirabilis; — Fig. 14, Periconia atra; — Fig. 15, JDematium Mspidulum; — Fig. 16, Acremoniella pallida ; — Fig. 17, Hadrotrichum arundinaceum ; — Fig. 18, Coniosporium arundinis ;— Fig. 19, spores of same ;— 20, Catenularia atra, Sacc. (not British); — Fig. 21, Arthrinum caridcolum; — Fig. 22, Virgaria umbrina; — Fig. 23, Cephalotrichum curium ;— Fig. 24, Menispora ciliata ;— Fig. 25, Trichosporium fuscum ;— Fig. 26, Oedemium atrum;—Fig. 27, Gonio- eporium puccinioides ; — Fig. 28, Thread of same, showing arrangement of conidia; — Fig. 29, Menispora lucida; — Fig. 30, Cliaetopsis grisea; — Fig. 31, Vertidadium apicale ;— Fig. 32, Myxotrichum ochraceum;— Fig. 33, Thread of same, showing barbs ;— Fig. 34, Scolecotrichum sticti- cum;— Fig. 35, Chalara longipes ;— Fig. 36, Stachtjlidium cyclosporum (after Grove);— Fig. 37, Sispora monilioiiles ;— Fig. 38, Dicoccum unisep- tatum ; — Fig. 39, Gonytrichum caesium ; — Fig. 40, Passalora bacilligera ; — Fig. 41, Bolacotricha grisea, showing general aspect of a tuft, and a single thread ;— Fig. 42, Spores of same in clusters, and free. (All the figures are highly magnified.) 360 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Torula monilioides. Corda. (fig. 10, p. 313.) Tufts effused, black ; conidia elliptical, subtruncate at both ends, 6-7 X 3-4 /x, smoky-brown, arranged in monili- form erect chains. Torula monilioides, Corda in Sturm's Deutsch. Cr. Fl., t. 38; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1217. On rotten wood and branches. Torula cylindrica. Berk. Forming black, effused patches ; basidia short, cylindric- clavate, erect ; chains of conidia short, decumbent ; conidia cylindrical, ends slightly rounded, dark smoky-brown, 7-9 X 5 /x. Torula cylindrica, Berk., Engl. Flor., v. p. 359; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1220. On fallen branches. Torula abbreviata. Corda. Tufts small, black, soon confluent, chains short, of 3-4 minute, globose, greyish-brown, semipellucid conidia. Torula abbreviata, Corda, Ic. Fling., i. p. 8, f. 130; Sacc., Syll. iv., n. 1233. On herbaceous stems, wood, &c. Var. sphaeriformis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 464. Not effused, but collected in little heaps; mycelium more abundant than in type, fertile hyphae forked, bearing the chains of conidia at the tips. On decorticated branches of Pinus sylvestris. Torula basicola. B. & Br. Forming black, effused patches ; sterile hyphae creeping, branched, here and there ascending; fertile hyphae very short; chains of conidia short, in compacted fascicles; conidia subquadrate, dark brown, 6-7 ^ diameter, not narrowed at the ends, hence the chains present no con- strictions. Torula basicola, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 465, t. xi. f. 4; Sacc., Syll., 1237. On stems of Pisum and Nemophila. Torula gyrosa. Cke. & Mass. Forming small punctiform spots, black; conidia sub- quadrate, three or four united in variously curved threads, TOKULA. 361 which are often adglutinated side by side, pale olive, 12 x 6-8 p., scarcely constricted at the joints. Torula gyrosa, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 10. On rotting pine wood. Torula pulveracea. Corda. Tufts blackish-olive, very thick and powdery, oblong, parallel, sometimes confluent, dense, stroma spurious, blackish ; chains of conidia branched ; conidia elliptic- oblong, smooth, 1-2 guttulate, olivaceous, 7-11 X 4-6 /x. Torula pulveracea, Corda, Ic. Fung., xi. p. 8, f. 38 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1221. On fallen branches, wood, &c. Torula antennata. Pers. Tufts eifused, felty, blackish-violet or black with ochra- ceous tinge ; fertile byphae, filiform short, conidia oblong, unequal, 10-15 X 3-4 //., sometimes slightly constricted at the centre, but never septate, with 1-3 hyaline oil globules, sooty ; in rather persistent, longish chains that are some- times branched. Torula antennata, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 21 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1189. On rotten wood of Fagus, Fraxlnus, Vitas and Corylus. Torula ovalispora. Berk. Tufts flattened, powdery, circular or elongated, black or with an olive tinge ; conidia in long chains, very irregular in form, broadly elliptical, fusiform, or oblong ; size vari- able, 8-15 x 4-6 p., 'clear pale brown. Torula ovalispora, Berk., Engl. Flora, vol. v. p. 359. Oospora ovalispora (Berk.), Sacc. et Vogl., Syll., iv. n. 30. On rotten wood and branches. Patches sometimes 4- in. across, black, powdery ; a typical Torula. The above description is drawn up from Berkeley's type specimen. Torula expansa. Pers. Tufts large ; chains of conidia aggregated or solitary, simple, straight, rather rigid, subpellucid, jointed, joints or conidia more or less quadrate, 7-10, central ones slightly largest, 6-8 p. diameter, not separating, brown. 362 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Torula expansa, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 22 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1231. Hormiscium expansum, Kunz., Myc., Heft i. p. 13, t. 1, f. 7. On herbaceous stems, rotten wood, &c. The conidia are more or less quadrate, and may possibly be only joints of an elongated conidiurn, slightly attenuated at each end, and if so, will not properly belong to the present genus, but to Hormiscium. Torula herbarum. Link. Tufts effused, minutely velvety, olivaceous then black with olive tinge ; sterile hyphae creeping, smoky, septate ; fertile short, erect, soon passing into the elongated, simple or branched chains of conidia. Conidia olive, subglobose, 6-7 /A diameter. Torula herbarum, Link, sp. pi. Fungi, i. p. 128 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1230. On decayed stems of various herbaceous plants. Torula nucleata. Cke. Forming small, irregular, thinly effused, blackish patches, mycelium creeping, thread with an attenuated hyaline base, above resolved into 6-8 subglobose concatenate conidia, which remain for a long time united ; conidia dark brown, with a large oil globule, 10-12 p. diameter. Torula nucleata, Cke., Grev., xvi. p. 79. On herb stems. ** On Monocotyledons. Torula graminis. Desm. Tufts very minute, subrotund or slightly elongated ; at first brown, then blackish ; chains of conidia simple, erect ; conidia globose, equal, blackish, 5-8 p. diameter. Torula graminis, Desmaz., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1834, ii. p. 72, t. ii. f. 6; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1246. On leaves of grasses and sedges. Torula rhizophila. Corda. Tufts oblong, minute, then confluent and forming lines, black ; hyphae simple or bifid, short, tinged brown ; conidia, HOKMISCIUM. 363 globose, equal, clear brown, translucent, 8-10 //, diameter, very soon free from each other. Torula rhizophila, Corda, Icon., p. 8, t. 11, f. 127; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1249. On rhizomes of Carex arenaria, Phragmites, Triticum repens, and other grasses and sedges. *** On paper. Torula chartarum. Corda. Tufts effused, indeterminate, black ; mycelium white, branched, septate, white; fertile hyphae hyaline, short, nodulose ; chains of conidia long, branched, wavy or erect ; conidia elliptical, smooth, brown, 8-9 x 5-6 /*. Torula chartarum, Corda, Ic. Fung., iv. p. 24, f. 78 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 1260. On damp decaying paper. II. TracJiytora. Sacc. Conidia rough. Torala asperula. Sacc. Tufts effused, sooty, velvety; sporophores cylindrical, simple or forked, 30-33 X 4 /x, ascending ; conidia globose, 6-7 p. diam., in chains, sooty-brown, minutely rough. Torula asperula, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 560; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1269. On damp rotting paper. HOKMISCIUM. Kunze. (fig. 9, p. 313.) Hyphae short or almost obsolete, or scarcely distinct from the conidia. Conidia catenulate, chains not readily breaking up, cuboid or globose-cuboid, brown. Hormiscium, Kunze, Myk., Heft i. p. 12; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 263. Very closely allied to the genus Torula, in fact the only difference consists in the chains of conidia not readily breaking up in the present genus. 364 FUNGUS-FLORA. Hormiscium splendens. Sacc. (fig. 9, p. 313.) Forming black, rather dense, velvety patches ; chains of conidia becoming thinner towards the tip, simple or rarely branched, straight or slightly wavy, up to 400 p. in length ; conidia subglobose, subcompressed in the direction of the long axis of the chain, blackish-brown, remaining in chains for a long time, at the base 10 p. diameter, rather smaller towards tip of chain. Hormiscium splendens, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1279. Torula splendens, Cooke, Grev., t. 48, f. 1. On bark. Hormiscium hysterioides. Sacc. Tufts linear, short, often parallel, black ; chains of conidia erect, crowded, equal, filiform, yellowish, remaining in parallel bundles for some time; conidia cylindric-cuboid, semipellucid. Hormiscium hysterioidcs, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1282. Torula hysterioides, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 9, f. 139. On rotten wood. The pale chains of conidia remaining collected in bundles for a long time mark the present species. Hormiscium stilbosporum. Sacc. Tufts erumpent, pulverulent, elongated, confluent, very black ; chains of conidia simple or unequally branched, wavy, conidia subquadrate, brown, 7-8 fi diameter. Hormiscium stilbosporum, Sacc., Syll., n. 1283. Torula stilbospora, Corda, in Sturm's Deutschl. PI., t. 46. On branches of poplar and willow. Hormiscium pithyophilum. Sacc. Effused, thick, superficial forming very irregular black patches; chains of conidia irregularly branched, branches becoming thinner at the tips, rather wavy ; conidia cuboid or globoso-cuboid, smoky-brown, 18-20 p. diameter. Hormiscium pithyophilum, Sacc., Syll., n. 1286. Bhacodium pithyophilum, Wallr., Fl. Cr., ii. p. 120. On branches and leaves of Taxus baccata and species of Abies and Pinus. GYROCERAS— ECHINOBOTRYUM. 365 GYROCERAS. Corda. (fig. 11, p. 313.) Sterile hyphae creeping, vaguely branched. Conidia dark coloured, cuboid, for a long time coherent in long cylindrical chains that are more or less curved or circinate towards the tip. Gyroceras, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 206. Distinguished from Torula by the cuboid conidia forming chains that are more or less curved. Gyroceras plantaginis. Sacc. (fig. 11, p. 313.) Forming rather large, irregular, velvety, black patches on the under surface of leaves ; sterile mycelium creeping, branched ; chains of conidia erect, brown, springing in fascicles, simple or rarely furcate, incurved ; conidia sub- quadrate, 9-13 p. or 10 x 5 p, smooth, brown, 1-guttulate. Gyroceras plantaginis, Sacc., Mich., i. p. 226 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1295. Torula plantaginis, Corda, Ic., iii. p. 5, t. i. f. 14. On leaves of Plantago media. Tribe 3. Echinolotryeae. Sacc. ECHINOBOTRYUM. Corda. (fig. 12, p. 313.) Hyphae slender, simple or with short branchlets ; conidia elliptical or lemon-shaped, smooth or minutely warted, brown, continuous, produced in clusters at the tips of the hyphae. Echinobotryum, Corda, Anleit., p. 10; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 268. Echinobotryum atrum. Corda. (fig. 12, p. 313.) Appearing as minute blackish tufts that usually become confluent; conidia pear-shaped, fixed by the broad end, apex beaked, pale, remainder brown, minutely warted, 10-12 x 6-8 /A, grouped in stellate clusters ; hyphae pale brown, septate. 366 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Echinobotryum atrum, Corda, Ic. Fung., iii. f. 6 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1297. EeMnobotryum leve. Sacc. Loosely gregarious, effused, black ; hyphae short, simple or with very short branchlets, sparingly septate, hyaline, conidia in loose racemose heads towards tip of hyphae, ovate or somewhat fusoid, 12 X 6-7 p., attenuated and more or less apiculate at the apex, base subtruncate, smooth, sooty, paler above, with a very short hyaline pedicil. Echinobotryum leve, Sacc., Mich., i. p. 82 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1298. On rotten wood, paper, dung, &c. Specimens agreed exactly with the description, in regard to the spores, but the hyaline hyphae belonged, I fear, to a fungus upon which the Echinobotryum was parasitic. I do not think that E. leve is distinct from E. atrum, Ca., being in fact merely " status junior" (Grove.) TKICHOSPOBIUM. Fr. (fig. 25, p. 358.) Hyphae creeping, brown or pale, vaguely branched ; conidia globose or elliptical, smooth, or minutely asperulose, brown, rarely almost colourless, terminal or lateral on short branchlets. Trichosporium, Fr., Summa Veg. Scand., p. 492: Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 288. A somewhat doubtful genus, at least so far as British species are concerned, and resembling a weft of broadly effused felt-like mycelium, but here and there producing conidia. Trichosporium umbrinum. Sacc. Hyphae septate, brown, forming a broadly effused, inter- laced stratum ; conidia rare, terminal on the branches, globose, smooth, brown, 12-14 p. diameter. Trichosporium umbrinum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1413. Colletosoporium umbrinum, Link., sp. pi. Fungi, i. p. 25. Forming a dense felt overrunning plant-pot's in a stove. Also inside bark on rotten trunks. TRICHOSPORIUM— STACHYBOTRYS. 367 Trichosporium fuscum. Sacc. (fig. 25, p. 358.) Hyphae brownish, interwoven into a dense felt, repeatedly irregularly branched, septate ; branchlets somewhat acute, conidia elliptical, brown, 8—11 X 6—7 ft, forming lax racemes at the tips of the branchlets. Trichosporium fuscum, Sacc., Mich., ii, p. 640; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1400. On rotten bark of pine and other trees ; often associated with Hosellinia aquila. Trichosporium inosculans. Sacc. Forming a dark brown, thin, minutely velvety crust ; sterile hyphae much branched, septate, interwoven ; fertile, erect, forked ; conidia elliptical, smooth, brown, 6 X 4 ^t. Trichosporium inosculans, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1427. Sporotrichum inosculans, Berk., Eng. Flor., v. p. 346. On dead fungi, Thelephora, &c. Trichosporium murinum. Sacc. Aggregated in minute tufts or effused, flocculose, greenish- grey then blackish-brown ; hyphae dichotomously or vaguely branched, septate, olive-brown; conidia inserted near the tips of the branchlets more or less spicate, ovate, 10-12 x 8 p., apex rather acute, 1-guttate, olive-brown. Trichosporium murinum, Sacc., Fung. Ital., t. 740 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1409. On rotten branches and on old Fistulina. Subsect. 2. Macronemeae. Sacc. Tribe 4. Periconieae. Sacc. STACHYBOTKYS. Corda. (fig. 13, p. 313.) Fertile hyphae erect, sometimes springing from a prostrate mycelium, entirely brown ; conidia forming a head at the apex, subglobose or elliptical, brown, sometimes (spuriously?) 1-septate, produced at the tips of short, specialised conidiophores. Stachybotrys, Corda, Anleit, p. 57 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 269. Characterised by the crown of specialised conidiophores at the apex of the erect fertile hyphae. 368 FUNGUS-FLORA. Stachybotrys alternans. Bon. Sterile hyphae creeping, branched, sparingly septate, often minutely rough or papillose, blackish-brown, 3—5 //. thick ; fertile erect, smoky or almost hyaline, slender, 3-5 /x. thick, often simple, apex not inflated, bearing numerous obclavate conidiophores, smoky or hyaline, 10 X 4-5 p. ; conidia terminal, elliptical, 7-9 X 5-6 /A, black, opaque. Stachybotrys alternans, Bonord. ; Hdbk., p. 117, fig. 185; Sacc., Syll., n. 1301. On damp paper. Stachybotrys atra. Corda. Tufts delicate, black; hyphae dichotomously branched, sparsely septate, yellowish-olive ; fertile branches ascending, paler upwards; apical conidiophores crowded, erect, some- what fusiform, almost colourless ; conidia elliptical, brown, 2-guttulate and (spuriously ?) 1-septate, smooth, 8-9 p. long. Stachyboirys atra, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 21, f. 278; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. n. 1303. On damp paper, damp walls, rotting wood, &c. Stachybotrys lobulata. Berk. Black, sterile hyphae creeping, fertile branches ascending or erect, simple or branched, pale upwards, crowned at the apex by 4-6 thickish, almost erect, hyaline conidiophores; conidia elliptical, 8-9 x 5-6 //,, brown, smooth at first, but distinctly warted when mature. Stachybotrys lolulata, Berk., Outl., p. 343; Sacc., Syll., n. 1304. Sporocybe lolulata, Berk., Ann. tfat. Hist., n. 228, t. 13, f. 17. On damp linen, paper, &c. From the articulated creeping mycelium, spring slender, very minutely scabrous threads, branched proliferously ; ramuli often alternate, attenuated, their apices swelling into a pyriform, 4-5-lobed receptacle, from which spring elliptic spores, some of which are echinulate, others smooth, with two nuclei. The lobes are not mamillate, as in S. atra, and the spores have no true septum. (Berk.) Stachybotrys dichroa. Grove. Hyphae scattered, erect, simple, hyaline, 3-8-septate, PERICONIA. 369 flexuons, 150-200 X 6 /x, diameter, thinner upwards, base somewhat bulbous, apex crowned with 5-6 hyaline, simple conidiophores arranged in a compact verticil, 1 2—1 5 and 3—4 /x ; conidia blackish-olive, oblong (spuriously ?) 1-septate, apex obtuse, base oblique and attenuated, involved in mucus and crowded together to form a spherical, black, shining head. Stachybotrys dichroa, Grove, in Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1306. On rotten stem of Carduus palustris. Stachybotrys asperula. Mass. (fig. 13, p. 313). Effused; black. Hyphae abundant, creeping, dichoto- mously branched, ascending, minutely rough, the tips crowned with pale, clavate conidiophores ; conidia globose, blackish-brown, opaque, minutely rough, 7-10 /A diameter. fitachybotrys asperula, Mass., Grevillea, vol. xvi. p. 26. On damp paper that had come from Ceylon, hence the fungus may possibly be an introduced species, although first noticed at Kew. PEKICONIA. Bon. (fig. 14, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae creeping, often obsolete, fertile brown r simple or with one or two short branches ; conidia usually globose, brown, not catenulate, forming a compact head at the apex of the stem. Periconia, Bonord., Hdbk., p. 112 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 270. Distinguished from Sporocybe by the stem consisting of a single hypha, whereas in the last-named genus the stem is composed of a compacted bundle of hyphae. Differs from Stachybotrys in the absence of conidiophores or short branch- lets bearing the conidia at the apex of the stem. Periconia byssoides. Pers. Forming small black patches ; fertile hyphae simple, erect, up to 1 mm. high, slightly attenuated upwards, apex, whitish and slightly inflated, remainder dark brown, septate ; head globose, compact ; conidia subglobose, apiculate, 5-7 p. diameter, dark brown, smooth (Berkeley says minutely echinulate). VOL. in. 2 B 370 FUNGUS-FLORA. Periconia byssoides, Pers., Syn., p. 686; Sacc., Syll., n. 1310. On decaying herbaceous stems, leaves, &c. The discrepancy between rough and smooth conidia may very possibly be due to difference of age in the specimens examined. Periconia atra. Corda. (fig. 14, p. 358.) Forming blackish-brown, very thin stains ; fertile hyphao very delicate, wavy, septate, sooty, somewhat incrassated at the base ; head almost globose ; conidia subglobose, with an apiculus, brown, rather pellucid, smooth, 4-5 //, diameter. Periconia atra, Corda, Icon. Fung., vol. i. p. 19, f. 258 : Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. n. 1311. On culms of grass, dead herbaceous stems, &c. Periconia nigrella. Sacc. Very minute, black, scarcely t? ram. high, fertile hyphae simple, very slender and rather attenuated upwards, 3-5- septate, dark brown ;* conidia globose, smooth, brown, 5 /u. diameter, forming a compact globose head. Periconia nigrella, Sacc., Syll., iv. 1328. Sporocybe nigrella, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 226, t. xiii. f. 16. On fallen grass, leaves. Periconia alternata. Sacc. Forming minute, greyish-black, suborbicular tufts ; sterile hyphae decumbent, slender, fertile ascending or erect, branched in a zigzag manner; tips of fertile branches swollen; conidia oblong, truncate at both ends, brown, 7-8 X 5 /i, compacted to form a globose head. Periconia alternata, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1332. Sporocybe alternata, Berk, in Cooke's Hdbk., n. 1698. On damp paper. Periconia podospora. Corda. Tufts brown ; hyphae erect, flexuous or wavy, brown, semipellucid ; septate, inflated and club-shaped at the apex ; conidia subglobose or obovate, brown, with a minute hyaline pedicel, 8-9 p. diameter, aggregated to form an oblong or elliptical head. CEPHALOTRICHUM. 371 Periconia podospora, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 19, f. 255; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1317. On stems of Heracleum spondylium, and other Umbellifers. Periconia minutissima. Corda. Tufts minute, brown, not much effused; fertile hyphae blackish -brown, pellucid, sparingly septate, erect and straight or subflexuous, rarely branched, apex with numerous nipple- like projections that bear the globose, dark brown conidia, 8 p. diameter, compacted to form a globose head. Periconia minutissima, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 19, fig. 256 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1320. On alder. Periconia minima. Sacc. Black, effused ; fertile hyphae erect or ascending, often forked, about 4-5 p. thick, brown, septate, apices hyaline, obtuse but not inflated ; heads of conidia rather large, more or less spherical, black; conidia subglobose with a basal apiculus, brown, smooth, 6—7 p. diameter. Periconia minima, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1333. Sporocybe minima, Cooke. On damp millboard. (Described from the type specimen). CEPHALOTKICHUM. Berk. (fig. 23, p. 358.) Fertile hyphae erect, brown, the apex divided into a number of irregularly branched, spine-like, spreading branches lhat collectively form a head; conidia subglobose, coloured, borne by the branchlets. Cephalotriclmm, Berk., Outl., p. 344 ; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. p. 275 (not of Link). Distinguished from Periconia and Staclnjbotrys by the crown of irregular, divided branchlets. Cephalotrichum curtum. Berk. (fig. 23, p. 358.) Scattered, very minute, brown ; fertile hyphae erect, short, slender, 1-2 septate, brown, apex branching to form a head, branches 2-3-furcate, with acute spine-like branchlets; conidia subglobose, smooth, 3-4 p. diameter, brown. 2 B 2 372 FUNGUS-FLORA. CepJialotrichum curtum, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 222, t. xi., f. 13 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 1336. On dead leaves of Carex. CAMPTOUM. Link. (fig. 8, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae obsolete ; fertile simple, hyaline, marked at regular intervals with brown rings ; conidia more or less boat-shaped, typically curved or inequilateral, continuous, brown. Camptoum, Link, Spec. PL Fungi, i. p. 44 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 276. Keadily distinguished by the hyaline fertile hyphae being marked with brown rings at regular intervals, and the terminal head of oblique spores. Camptoum curvatum. Link. (fig. 8, p. 358.) Tufts jet-black, velvety, often running into each other, hyphae filiform, slightly thickened at the base, hyaline, marked with prominent black rings, apex minutely verru- culose, and bearing the conidia, which are collected into a subglobose head, but soon disperse ; conidia ovate-oblong, variously curved, sooty-black, 18-20 X 7-8 p.. Camptoum curvatum, Link, Sp. PL Fungi, i. p. 44 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 1337. On dead leaves of Carex paludosa, Scirpm lacustris, Scirpus sylvaticus. ACROTHECA. Fuckel. Sterile hyphae creeping or almost obsolete ; fertile hyphae erect, simple brown ; conidia fusoid or cylindrical, brown or subhyaline. Acrolheca, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 380; emended by Saccardo, Mich., ii. p. 24; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 276. Acrotheca solani. Sacc. Fertile hyphae springing from dry spots, ochraceous, erect, slender, 80-90 x 3 /*, sparingly or not at all septate, brown, paler at the slightly attenuated tips, conidia cylindrical, ACROTHECA— ARTHKINIUM. 373 subacute at both ends, many guttulale, not septate, hyaline, 18 X 4 fji, in clusters of 2-4 at the tips of the hyphae. Acrotheca solani, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1342. On fading leaves of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Tribe 5. Arthrineae. Sacc. ARTHRINIUM. Kunze. (fig. 21, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae creeping or obsolete; feilile somewhat simple, hyaline, with thick black septa ; conidia lateral, whorled, often in fours, fusoid, oblong, or columnar, conti- nuous, brown. Arthrinum, Kunze, Heft i. p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. p. 279. Distinguished from Camptoum by the lateral whorls of conidia. Arthrinium caricicolum. K. & S. (fig. 21, p. 358.) Forming small jet-black tufts ; fertile hyphae ascending, rod-like, 50 x 4 ^, apex obtuse, transverse septa crowded, thick, black, remainder hyaline; conidia fusiform, ends obtuse, smoky, 50 X 8 /x, springing from the apex and lateral septa in a verticillate manner. Arthrinium caricicolum, Kunze and Schm., Myk., Heft i. p. 9, t. 1, f. 4 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 1349. On dead leaves of Carex. Arthrinium sporophleum. Kze. Forming small black tufts, hyphae slender, hyaline, nodulose and with crowded black septa, simple, base some- times slightly inflated ; conidia oblong or ovoid, somewhat inequilateral, rather acute at both ends and with a colour- less apiculus, in verticels of four, 9-14 p. long. Arthrinium sporophleum, Kunze, Myk., Heft ii. p. 104 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1350. On leaves of Carex and Juncus. 374 FUNGUS-FLORA. GONIOSPOKIUM. Link. (figs. 27, 28, p. 358.) Fertile hyphae erect, distinctly nodulosely-septate ; conidia lateral, opposite or verticillate, angular or globosely-angular, sooty, minutely stipitate. Goniosporium, Link, Spec. PI. Fungi, i. p. 45 ; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. p. 280. Distinguished by the fertile hyphae being distinctly swollen or nodulose at the septa, and the more or less angular spores. Goniosporium puccinioides. Link. (fig. 27, 28, p. 358.) Forming small, gregarious, rounded, black, somewhat shining tufts; hyphae distinctly swollen at the nodes, Hyaline, 3-4 /t thick, simple, bearing the conidia about the middle, often sterile above, apex obtuse ; conidia globosely cuboid or variously angular, 10-14 p. diameter, sooty brown. Goniosporium puccinioides, Link, Sp, PL Fungi, i. p. 45; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. n. 1354. On dead leaves of Carex stricta. Tribe 6. Trichosporieae. Sacc. VIRGARIA. Nees. (fig. 22, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae creeping ; fertile erect, simple or forked, or with a few erect branches, rather rigid, septate ; conidia inserted near the tip of the stem and the branches, globose or elliptical, sooty-brown. Virgaria, Nees, Syst., xi. p, 14; emended, Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. p. 280. Virgaria nigra. Nees. Tufts effused or compact, somewhat circular; fertile hyphae erect, dichotomously divided into slender, erect dark brown branches that are attenuated at the tips ; conidia globose, blackish brown, about 3 p. diameter. Virgaria nigra, Nees, Syst, ii. p. 14 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 1356. On rotten bark and wood. ACEOSPEIEA — ZYGODESMUS. 375 ACROSPEIKA. B. & Br. (fig. 13, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae decumbent ; fertile erect, branched above, septate ; tips of the branches somewhat spirally coiled, with many septa ; conidia more or less globose, muriculate pro- duced at the sides of certain of the joints of the spiral tips of the branches. Acrospeira, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 952; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. p. 282. Distinguished by the few rough spores being borne late- rally on the joints of the spiral or curved tips of the branches. Acrospeira mirabilis. B. & Br. (fig. 13, p. 358.) Fertile hyphae vaguely branched above, and closely septate ; branches spirally coiled or curved at the tip, and one or more of the cells near the apex bearing a more or less globose, dark brown, minutely warted spore 15-20 //. diameter. Acrospeira mirabilis, B. & Br., in Berk. Intr. Crypt. Bot., p. 305, f. 69A ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1366. On fruit of Castanea vesca. A most curious fungus, in which the dark granulated spores are formed by a transformation of the second joint from the top of the branchlets. All the four terminal joints swell, but the second one only in general proves fertile, though in a few instances the terminal joint is also trans- formed. (Berk. & Broome.) ZYGODESMUS. Corda. (fig. 9, p. 358.) Hyphae creeping, irregularly branched, brown or pale with numerous lateral swellings, the transverse septa appear- ing as if they did not extend across the hypha ; conidia globose or elliptical, coloured, epispore usually ornamented, rarely smooth, springing from minute tooth-like prickles, or from short, lateral branchlets, or sometimes from basidium- like bodies bearing sterigmata. Zygodesmus, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 11; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 283. 376 FUNGUS-FLORA. The species usually form more or less dry, loosely inter- woven patches on rotten wood, colour various shades of brown. Zygodesmus fuscus. Corda. Effused, brown, somewhat crustaceous, surface velvety ; hyphae branched, septate, reddish-brown, anastomosing and interwoven ; conidia globose, echinulate, yellowish brown, 9-11 fj. diameter, borne singly on short, slender, lateral conidiophores. Zygodesmus fuscus, Corda, Icon. Fung., iv. p. 26, f. 81 ; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 1370. On rotten wood, branches, &c. Saccardo says that an Italian specimen, agreeing with the present species in habit differs from Corda's figure in having basidia with four sterigmata. Zygodesmus terrestris. B. & Br. (fig. 9, p. 358 ) Effused, thin, brown, minutely velvety ; conidia somewhat elliptical or lemon-shaped, echinulate at maturity, 12 x 8-9 p.. Zygodesmus terrestris, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1915; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 1372. On the naked ground. OEDEMIUM. Link. (fig. 26, p. 358.) Fertile hyphae rigid, opaque, simple or slightly branched, with lateral or terminal, subglobose, rather large conidio- phores that bear numerous subglobose conidia. Oedemium, Ling, Sp. PI. Fung., i. p. 42 ; Sacc., SylL, iv. p. — J ( . The structure of the fungi constituting the present genus is not well understood. Berkeley considers, and perhaps correctly, the large lateral structures described above as conidiophores, to be the true conidia, and these are in most species multicellular. Oedemium atrum. Link. (fig. 26, p. 358.) Hyphae ^ erect, simple or slightly branched septate, blackish with a tinge of reddish-purple, opaque, densely •crowded and forming a thickish black, effused layer ; conidio- OEDEMIUM — MONOTOSPORA. 377 phores subglobose, black; conidia minute, subglobose or elliptical, scabrid, hyaline. Oedemium atrum, Link, Sp. PI. Fung., i. p. 43 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1448. On branches and bark of lime (Tilia), &c. Tribe 7. Monotosporeae. Sacc. MONOTOSPOKA. Corda. (fig. 10. p. 358.) Sterile hyphae creeping, scanty; fertile hyphae simple, distinct at the base, somewhat elongated, brown ; conidia apical, solitary, continuous, brown. Monotospora, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 11; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 299. Distinguished from Hadrotrichum and Acremoniella in the elongated, distinct, erect fertile hyphae. Monotospora sphaerocephala. B. & Br. Forming a dense, effused, black layer; fertile hyphae erect, simple, sparingly septate ; conidia globose, smooth, blackish-brown, more or less opaque, 21-26 /x diameter. Monotospora sphaerocephala, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 819, t. ix. f. 5; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1459. Monotospora repens. Mass. Forming small black tufts. Threads short, flexuous, simple or shortly branched, closely septate, especially upwards, where the cells are about equal in length and diameter, pale brownish above but hyaline at the base, 8-10 /x diameter; conidia solitary, apical, globose, dark brown, opaque, 20-25 /* diameter. Periconia repens, Cke., Grev., vol. xvi. p. 79. On herb stems. The solitary apical conidium removes the present species from Periconia. Monotospora pumila. Mass. (fig. 10, p. 358.) Fasciculate or scattered ; fertile hyphae simple, subulate, erect, septate, blackish-brown and opaque below, apex paler, conidia broadly obovate, opaque, blackish-brown, shining, 23-25 X 15-17 p.. 378 FUNGUS-FLORA. Monotospora pumila, Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 1463. Helminthosporium pumilum, Mass., Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., vol. v., p. 758 ; pi. 13, fig. 4 & 5. Parasitic on GrapJtium flexuosum, also on rotten wood and bark. Distinguished from M. meyalospora by the smaller, blackish, shining conidium. Monotospora megalospora. B. & Br. Forming small blackish tufts ; fertile hyphae erect, simple, somewhat equal, septate; conidia obovate, smooth, opaque, brown, 30-35 X 20 /*.- Monotospora megalospora, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n 759 ; t. xv. f. 11, n. 943; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 1460. On bark of yew ( Taxus). Var. fusispora, B. & Br., I.e., conidia broadly and obtusely fusiform, 28-30 x 23 p.. On rotten trunks. Monotospora asperospora. Cke. & Mass. Effused, black, forming thin, velvety patches ; threads erect, short, attenuated upwards from a discoid base, without septa, opaque and dark brown below, pale above ; conidia globose, minutely warted, brown, 24-28 p diameter. Monotospora asperospora, C. and M., Grev., vol. xvi. p. 69. On dead twigs of Clematis. HADKOTBICHUM. Fckl. (fig. 17, p. 358.) Hyphae short, simple but thickish, brown, fasciculate at the base ; conia globose or somewhat oblong, continuous, brown, apical and solitary. Hadrotrichum, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 221 ; Sacc., SylL, iv. p. 301. Fuckel considers the members of the present genus as the conidial condition of species of Scirrliia. Hadrotrichum arundinaceum. C. & M. (fig. 17, p. 358.) Black ; at first in small spherical tufts, at length confluent in velvety patches, threads branched, septate, creeping, HADKOTRICHUM — ACKEMONIELLA. 379 sooty, standing up erect, simple, fertile branches, each bearing a subglobose, opaque, nearly black conidium 30 p. diameter. Hadrotricnum arundinaceum, Cke. & Mass., Grevillea, vol. xvi. p. 11. On dead Arundo conspicua. ACREMONIELLA. Sacc. (fig. 16, p. 358.) Hyphae creeping or oblique, simple or branched, hyaline or coloured, having rather short conidiophores scattered at intervals ; conidia globose or elliptical, brown, continuous, solitary, apical. Acremoniella, Sacc., Fung. Ital., t. 713; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 302. Agrees in structure with Acremonium, but differs in the coloured spores. Acremoniella fusca. Sacc. Hyphae expanded, delicate, cobweb-like, effused, brown, conidiophorous branches attenuate or opposite, approximate, conidia globose, brown. Acremoniella fusca, Sacc., Syll., v. n. 1475. Acremonium fuscum, E. & S., Myk., Heft i. 79, t. 2, f. 23 ; Grev., Scot. Cr. PL, t. 124, fig. 1. On rotten pine-wood, &c. Acremoniella pallida. C. & M. (fig. 16, p. 358.) Somewhat effused, forming pallid spots on dead leaves, mycelium creeping, hyaline, fertile threads short, erect, septate, hyaline, with short, lateral, acuminate branches; conidia terminal, ovate, continuous, clear brown, 30-35 X 25,*. Acremoniella pallida, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 79. On dead leaves. 380 FUNGUS-FLORA. Tribe 8. Haplograpliieae. (fig. 20, p. 358.) CATENTJLARIA, Grove. Hyphae erect, fuscous, septate, bearing a chain of conidia at the apex ; conidia continuous, fuscous. Catenularia, Grove, in Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 303. Differs from the genus Cladotrichum in the non-septate conidia. Catenularia simplex. Grove. Effused, black ; sterile hyphae elongated, creeping, wavy, equal, fuscous, septa rare, somewhat branched, 3—4 p. thick ; fertile hyphae gregarious, erect, although sometimes bent or recurved, yet rigid, simple, 100-200 X 3-4 /*, fuscous, septate, inflated here and there, or cupulate upwards, the cups deeper in colour, and from the centre of the apical one originates a simple, rigid, erect chain of conidia ; chain con- sisting of 2-10 conidia, obovate or obconic, truncate at both ends, olivaceous then fuscous, 10 x 5-6 //,. Catenularia simplex, Grove, hi Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1482. On rotten wood. HAPLOGEAPHIUM. B. & Br. (fig. 12, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae creeping, scanty; fertile branches erect, septate, brown, bearing a head of very short or elongated branchlets at the summit, these in turn bear chains of simple, coloured conidia. Haplographium, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 6; Sacc., Syll., p. 304. Somewhat resembling Penicillium in general habit and structure, but dark-coloured. In some species the terminal branchlets bearing the chains of conidia are very short, in others more or less elongated. Haplographium delicatuluxn. B. & Br. Forming dark olive patches; fertile hyphae erect, dark olive-brown, simple or very rarely branched; sterigmata CATENULARIA— HAPLOGRAPHIUM. 381 very short, scarcely distinguishable from the conidia, aggre- gated at the tips of the hyphae ; conidia in simple or slightly branched chains and forming a small dark olive-coloured head, conidia elliptic- oblong, simple, olive, 4-5 x 2 • 5 yu. Haplagraphium delicatulum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 818, t. 9, f. 4; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1484. On dead trunks. Haplographium chartarum. Sacc. Tufts minute, olive, suborbicular or irregular, 4—16 mm. diameter ; fertile hyphae simple or sparingly branched above ; chains of conidia simple or branched ; conidia oblong, pale olive, 4-5 p. long. Haplographium chartarum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1487. Penicillium chartarum, Cke., Pop. Science Rev., 1871, t. 68, f. 4. On decaying paper, along with Sporodesmium alternaria. Haplographium bicolor. Grove. Fertile hyphae effused, gregarious, erect, straight, sep- tate sometimes 2-3 connate at the base, blackisti-brown, opaque, paler towards the rounded tip, base bulbous, 250-300 x 8 p. ; conidiophores numerous, radiating, pale, fasciculately branched ; conidia oblong or ovate, subacute, hyaline, 4-5 p. long, involved in mucus and forming an obovate pale honey-coloured head. Haplographium bicolor, Grove, Science Gossip, 1885, p. 197, f. 127, 128; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1490. On decayed wood. Haplographium tenuissimum. Grove. Effused, delicate, pale brown ; fertile hyphae unbranched, | mm. long, straight, filiform, base dilated, brown, semi- pellucid ; head subglobose formed by the yellow fasciculate conidiophores ; conidia elliptic-fusiform, 4-5 p. long, in lax chains. Haplographium tenuissimum, Grove, Sc. Gossip, 1885, p. 198, f. 130; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1491. Graphium tenuissimum, Cda. On chips, wood, &c. Haplographium saponis. Sacc. Black ; sterile hypbae creeping, fertile erect, forked at the 382 FUNGUS-FLOKA. tip ; branchlets turgid at the apex, each bearing 2-4 rather long chains of conidia ; conidia globose, black. Haplographium saponis, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1499. Penicillium saponis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1913, t. 3, f. 3. On soap. Haplographium olivaceum. C. &M. (fig. 12, p. 358.) Somewhat effused, dark olive, nearly black ; threads erect, septate, simple, dark, slightly clavate and paler at the apex ; conidia narrowly elliptical, catenulate in simple chains, 12—14 X 4 p., pale olive, forming a subglobose, rather lax head. Haplographium olivaceum, Cke. & Mass., Grevillea, vol. xvi. p. 11. On rotten wood. DEMATIUM. Pers. (fig. 15, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae scanty, creeping; fertile hyphae erect, simple or sparingly branched, septate, producing lateral chains of conidia. Conidia sphaeroid or ellipsoid, continuous, brown, sometimes connected by a short isthmus. Dematium, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 365 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 308. Sporodum, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 18. Dematium hispidulum. Fr. (fig. 15, p. 358.) Tufts minute, hemispherical, setulose, black; hyphae simple or sparingly branched, septate, the upper naked portion obtuse or often acute, brownish; conidia globose, dingy ochraceous, at length minutely asperulose, the terminal one largest and darkest coloured, 10-14 p. diameter. Dematium Mspidulum, Fr., S. Myc., iii. p. 365; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1500. Sporodum conopleoides, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 18, f. 247, iii. f. 22. Conoplea hispidula, Pers., Sym., p. 235. Dematium graminum, Libert. On decayed leaves of Arundo donax and various grasses. BOLACOTKICHA— MYXOTEICHUM. 383 Dematium vinosum. Mass. Forming broadly extended patches of a chocolate colour. Sterile hyphae creeping, colourless, septate, bearing here and there erect, branched, septate conidiophores ; conidia con- catenate, terminal on the conidiophores, shortly cylindrical, ends truncate (barrel-shaped), vinous brown, 10-12 x 8 /x. Dematium vinosum, Massee, Grevillea, vol. xxi. p. 7, pi. 182, f. 7. On damp, gummed paper. Commencing as pure white, waxy -looking patches ; the conidia are fully formed and full sized before they become tinged with colour. Tribe 9. Myxotrichea. Sacc. BOLACOTEICHA. B. & Br. (figs. 41, 42, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae more or less erect, simple, septate, some- what circinate or curved at the tips ; conidia clustered into small heaps, and held together by mucus, subglobose, hyaline, shortly pedicellate. Bolacotricha, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 506 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 316. The sterile hyphae stand up above the mass of spores, and are more or less curled at the tips. Bolacotricha grisea. B. & Br. (figs. 41, 42, p. 358.) Tufts pulvinate, effused, grey ; sterile hyphae flexuous, simple, equal or thickest downward, sparingly septate, pale rufous, apex more or less spirally incurved ; conidia crowded into glomerules, globose, granular within, 5—8 times the diameter of the hyphae. Bolacotricha grisea, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 506, t. v. f. 4 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1534. On rotten cabbage stalks, rotten sacking, &c. MYXOTEICHUM. Kunze. (figs. 32, 33, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae naked above, straight or circinate, very much branched below, dark-coloured ; conidia variously 384 FUNGUS-FLOKA. inserted on the branchlets, globose or ovoid, aggregated in clusters and held together by mucus. Myxotrichum, Kunze, Myk., Heft ii. p. 108; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 317. Allied to Bolacotricha, but distinguished by the sterile hyphae being very much branched near the base. Myxotrichum chartarum. Kunze. Hyphae very slender, decumbent, divaricately branched below, almost simple upwards, interwoven into blackish- olive tufts, the tips hooked ; conidia aggregated in clusters at the tips of the basal branchlets. Myxotrichum chartarum, Kunze, Myk., Heft ii. p. 110; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1535. On damp paper, &c. Myxotrichum cancellatum. Phil. . Tufts minute, subglobose, grey, ^ mm. diameter ; hyphae elongated, subulate, blackish, simple, elegantly cancellately branched near the base ; conidia elliptical, 3 //, long, some- what hyaline, covering the network of branchlets. Myxotrichum cancellatum, Phillips, in Grevillea; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1539. On rotten stem of Bartsia odontites. Myxotrichum deflexum. Berk. Tufts minute, slightly downy, grey, hyphae radiating, branched, branches opposite, deflexed, becoming shorter upwards, branchlets few, short, acute; ccnidia elliptic- oblong, collected in clusters towards the base of the tufts. Myxotrichum deflexum, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 122, t. viii. f. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1540. On paper, rotten wood, &c. Myxotrichum ochraceum. B. & Br. (figs. 32, 33, p. 358.) Yellow then greenish ; hyphae elongated, acute, branchlets deflexed ; conidia globose, 3-5 /*, diameter. Myxotrichum ochraceum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1475. t. i. f. 4; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1541. On wood. CHAETOPSIS — MENISPORA. 385 Tribe 10. Chloridieae. Sacc. CHAETOPSIS. Grev. (fig. 30, p. 358.) Hyphae erect, bearing towards the middle irregular whorls of short conidiophores ; conidia cylindrical, hyaline. Chaetopsis, Greville, Scot. Crypt. Flora, t. 236 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 324. Chaetopsis Wauchii. Grev. (fig. 30, p. 358.) Hyphae gregarious, blackish-brown, rather rigid, subulate, with short branchlets near the middle; conidia cylindric- oblong, abundant, hyaline, aggregated in greyish masses. Chaetopsis Wauchii, Grev., Scot. Cr. Fl., t. 236. Chaetopsis #mea,'Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1569. On rotten trunks, &c. MENISPOEA. Pers. (figs. 24 and 29, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae creeping, scanty; fertile erect, septate, brown, furnished with pellucid branches towards the middle ; conidia fuso id-falcate, continuous or spuriously septate, hya- line, sometimes (in subg. Eriomene) with a delicate spine at each end ; soon often bound into clusters by mucus. Menispora, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 32 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 325. * Eu-Menispora ; conidia without spinules at the ends. Menispora lucida. Corda. (fig. 29, p. 358.) Tufts minute, brown ; hyphae erect, lax, unequally septate or nodulose, brown and semipellucid below, paler above ; conidia fusoid, sometimes slightly curved, obtuse, hyaline, 4-6 nucleate. Menispora lucida, Corda, Fung. Icon., i. p. 16; Saco., Syll., iv. n. 1574. On wood. VOL. in. 2 o « 386 FUXGUS-FLOKA. ** Eriomene, Sacc. ; conidia ciliate at the ends. Menispora ciliata. Corda. (fig. 24, p. 358.) Tufts minute, somewhat effused, slightly tawny, with an olive tinge ; hyphae erect, somewhat dichotomous, lax, un- equally septate, sometimes incurved, olive-brown ; conidia fusoid, curved, hyaline 16-17 p. long, furnished with a very delicate long seta at each end. Menispora ciliata, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 16 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1583. On rotten wood, bark, &c. VEBTICICLADIUM. Preuss. (fig. 31, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae creeping; fertile erect, septate, verticil- lately branched above ; branches usually in fours, ultimate branchlets subulate ; conidia continuous, single at the tips of the branchlets, soon falling away. Verticicladium, Preuss, Fung., Hoyersw., n. 93 ; Sacc., Syll., p. 327. Habit of Verticillium, but belonging to the Dematieae. Verticicladium trifidum. Preuss. Tufts slender, effused, scarcely conspicuous, hoary-brown ; fertile hyphae erect, septate, semipellucid, base dilated, with spreading, verticillate branches above, blackish-brown ; coni- dia globose, pellucid, white. Verticicladium trifidum, Preuss, F. Hoyersw., n. 93 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1586. On rotten pine leaves, &c. Verticicladium apicale. B. & Br. (fig. 31, p. 358.) Effused, olive-black ; hyphae erect, septate ; branches api- cal, inflated at the base, whorled, short ; conidia globose, brown, 6-8 p. diameter. Verticicladium apicale, B. & Br. ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1588. ^Verticillium apicale, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 531, t. vii. fig. 17. On decorticated oak branches. GONYTBICHUM— STACHYLIDIUM. 387 Tribe 11. StacJiylidieae. Sacc. GONYTKICHUM. Nees. (fig. 39, p. 358.) Hyphae decumbent, branched, bearing here and there long, swollen, spinulose nodes ; conidia springing from the tips of the spines on the nodes, subglobose, almost solitary or col- lected into heads, and sometimes involved in mucus. Gonytrichum, Nees, Act. Leop., ix. p. 244, t. 15, f. 14; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 329. Gonytrichum caesium. Nees. (fig. 39, p. 358.) Tufts minute, pulvinate, grey at first, then brown ; hyphae rather rigid, septate; brown, apex paler, nodulose, spines subulate, almost colourless; conidia elliptical, 2-3 X 1 ft, sometimes 2-guttulate, and looking as if 1-septate, hyaline. Gonytrichum caesium, Nees, Act. Leopol., ix. p. 244, t. 15, f. 14; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1592. On fallen wood and branches. STACHYLIDIUM. Link. (fig. 36, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae creeping, scanty ; fertile erect, somewhat verticillately branched ; conidia aggregated at the tips of the branchlets, globose or elliptical. Stachylidium, Link, Obs., i. p. 13 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 331. Stachylidium cyclosporum. Grove, (fig. 36, p. 358.) Fertile hyphae erect, paler and attenuated upwards, base brown, 200-300 x 4 p., septate and branched above, branches 2-4 springing from the septa, 2-4 jointed, dividing into opposite or alternate branchlets, ultimate branchlets subu- late, hyaline, bearing a head of conidia 8-10 //, diameter ; conidia spherical, somewhat hyaline, 2— 2 '5 p, diameter, in- volved in mucus. Stachylidium cyclospora, Grove, Journ. Bot., 1885, p. 12, t. 257, f. 6; Sacc., Syll., iv. 1607. On fallen branches. 2 c 2 388 FUNGUS-FLOEA. Stachylidium extorre. Sacc. Effused, fusco-cinereous, velvety; hyphae erect, cylindri- cal, slightly thickened at the base, gradually attenuated up- wards, 50-200 x 4-5 /*, septate, opaque, dark brown, verti- cillately branched towards the apex ; branchlets apical or nearly so, paler, almost hyaline, 3-6 together, attenuated above, bulbous below, simple or rarely again branched; conidia forming spherical translucent globules 6-10 p. dia- meter on the apex of the branches, at first involved in mucus, then diffluent, oblong, 3-4 x 1 * 5 /JL, hyaline. Stachylidium extorre, Sacc., Mich., i. p. 84 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1603. On dead wood. No brown creeping threads at the base ; but many of the stems were beaten down by the weather, and the apex curl- ing upwards looked like a very short stem. Occasionally the stem seemed almost non-existent, and the crown of glistening ramuli was seated directly on the wood. (Grove.) Tribe 12. Chalareae. Sacc. CHALAEA. Corda. (fig. 35, p. 358.) Sterile hyphae absent or obsolete; fertile ones simple, short, straight, brown, sometimes flask-shaped ; conidia hya- line, cylindrical, truncate at both ends, in chains. Chalara, Corda, Icon. Fung., ii. p. 9: Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 333. Chalara longissima. Grove. Fertile hyphae densely gregarious, erect, rigid, straight, septate, equal, 150-170 x 4-5 p, fuscous below, paler and often somewhat inflated upwards, gradually passing into a very long, white, flexuous chain of conidia more than twice the length of the stem ; conidia fusoid, irregular, somewhat acute at both ends, almost hyaline, continuous, 1-4-guttulate, 10-15 X 3-4 p.. Chalara longissima, Grove, Journ. Bot, 1885, p. 12, t. 257 ; f. 8; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1615. On rotten wood. DICOCCUM — BISPOEA. 389 Chalara longipes. Cooke. (fig. 35, p. 358.) Tuft s effused, inconspicuous ; mycelium branched, often anastomosing, septate; hyphae simple, septate, brown, pel- lucid, apex running out into a rigid, very fragile, simple, dichotomous, or rarely trichotomous chain of cylindrical conidia. Chalara longipes, Cooke, Grev., 1881, p. 50 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1621. On damp fallen pine leaves, pericarp of walnut, &c. Sect. II. DIDYMOSPOKAE. Sacc. Subsect. 1. Micronemeae. Sacc. Tribe 13. Bisporeae. Sacc. DICOCCUM. Corda. (fig. 38, p. 358.) Conidia oblong or shortly clavate, brown, 1-septate, springing from very short simple hyphae. Dicoccum, Corda, in Sturm, Deutsch. Fl., t. 54 ; Sacc., Syll.T iv. p. 342. Dicoccum uniseptatum. B. & Br. (f. 38, p. 358.) Tufts minute, black; conidia obovate, 1-septate, vinous- black, shortly pedicellate, 12-13 p. long, the lower joint shortest and narrowest. Dicoccum uniseptatum, B. & Br.; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1628. Sporidesmium uniseptatum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 815, t. ix. f. 2. On twigs of Clematis vitalba. BISPOEA. Corda. (fig. 37, p. 358.) Conidia oblong, 1-septate, fuscous, catenulate; springing from very short hyphae. Bispora, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 343. Distinguished from Dicoccum by the concatenate conidia. 390 FUNGUS-FLORA. Bispora monilioid.es. Corda. (fig. 37, p. 358.) Effused, blackish-brown, powdery ; hyphae or conidio- phores short, subconical ; conidia shortly fusoid, truncate at both ends, 20-22 x 6-7 p., with one thick septum, not con- stricted, 2-guttulate, sooty -brown. Bispora monilioides, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 9, t. 11, f. 143; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1632. On oak and beech wood, especially the cut ends of trunks and stumps. According to Fuckel this is the conidial stage of Bisporella monilifera. Subsect. 2. Macronemeae. Sacc. Tribe 14. Cladosporieae. Sacc. PASSALOEA. Fries & Mont. (fig. 40, p. 358.) Hyphae elongated, filiform, intricate, many - septate, olivaceous; conidia oblong or fusoid, 1-septate, acrogenous. Passalora, Fries & Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 31 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 344. Closely allied to Fusidadium, but distinguished by the larger, pluriseptate conidiophores. Passalora bacilligera. M. & Fr. (fig. 40, p. 358.) SHypophyllous; hyphae somewhat fasciculate, simple, wavy, apex obtuse, olive, septate, intricate, forming minute sooty spots ; conidia acrogenous, elongato-obclavate, 1-sep- tate, 30-50 x 5-7 p.. Passalora bacilligera, M. & Fr., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 31, t. 12, fig. 5; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1640. On the under surface of fading leaves of Alnus glutinosa. FUSICLADIUM. Bon. (fig. 3, p. 397.) Hyphae short, straight, sparingly septate, somewhat fasciculate, olivaceous; conidia ovoid or subclavate, for a long time continuous, at length often 1-septate, acrogenous, solitary or in pairs. FUSICLADIUM— SCOLECOTRICHUM. 391 Fusicladium, Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 80; Sacc.. Syll., iv. n. 1642. Fusicladium dendriticum. Fckl. Effused, velvety, olivaceous, often growing on leaves in a dendritic manner; hyphae filiform, erect, fasciculate, 50-00 x 5 p., sparingly septate ; conidia apical, fusoid- obclavate, 30 x 7-9 //., for a long time continuous, then 1-septate, not constricted, olivaceous. Fusicladium dendriticum, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., i. p. 357 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1642. On fading leaves of apple and pear; sometimes also occurring on the fruit of the above-mentioned. Fusicladium depressum. B. & Br. (fig. 3, p. 397.) Tufts small, angular, up to 2 mm. across, blackish-brown, composed of roundish fascicles ; hyphae simple, short, con- tinuous, scarcely wavy, erect, olivaceous, 60-70 X 6-7 p.; conidia obclavate-fusoid, 50-55 x 7-8 //,, sometimes curved, niultiguttulate, olivaceous, continuous, then constricted and apparently 1-septate. Fusicladium depressum, B. & Br., Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1646. Cladosporium depressum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 514, t. v. f. 8. On under surface of living leaves of Angelica silvestris. SCOLECOTEICHUM. Kze. & Schm. (fig. 34, p. 358.) Hyphae short, somewhat fasciculate, olivaceous ; conidia oblong or ovate, lateral and terminal. Scolecotrichum, Kunze & Schrn., Myc., Heft i. p. 10; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 347. Allied to Fusicladium, but distinguished by the conidia being lateral as well as terminal. Scolecotrichum sticticum. B. & Br. (fig. 34, p. 358.) Tufts minute, point-like, gregarious, black ; hyphae fasciculate, nodulose or irregular ; conidia oblong-clavate, 1-septate, 40 /x, long. 392 FUNGUS-FLORA. Scolecotrichum sticticum, B. & Br.; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1660. Helminthosporium sticticum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 758 t. xv. f. 10. On dead leaves of grass. Scolecotrichum clavariarum. Sacc. Hyphae densely aggregated, simple, short, straight, obtuse, septate, blackish; conidia oblong, 1-septate, con- stricted, pellucid or opaque, 15-20 x 8 //,, cells often unequal, 1-guttulate. Scolecotrichum clavariarum, (Desm.), Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1661. Parasitic on Clavaria rugosa and C. fuliginea. POLYTHBINCIUM. Kze. & Schm. Hyphae erect, fasciculate, short, rather thick, distinctly and regularly wavy or twisted, blackish; conidia obovoid, 1-septate, acrogenous. Polythrincium, Kunze and Schm., Myk., Heft i. p. 13 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 350. Polythrincium trifolii. Kze. & Schm. Hyphae rigid, short, regularly twisted or waved, hypo- phyllous, forming grumous olive-brown patches that often become confluent, seated on yellow spots; conidia obovate, 1-septate, constricted, pale olive, 20-24 x 9-12 p.. Polythrincium trifolii, Kunze, Myk., Heft i. p. 13, t. 1, f. 8 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 350. CLADOSPOBIUM. Link. (fig. 2, p. 397.) Hyphae suhdecumbent, branched, olive ; conidia at first subglobose, then elliptical and typically 1-septate. Some- times 2— 3-septate and forming terminal or lateral short chains of 2—3 conidia. Cladosporium, Link, sp. pi. Fung., i. p. 39 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. !)• OoO. POLYTHRINCIUM — CLADOSPORIUM. 393 Erect, hyphae or conidiophores usually erect or ascending, simple, branched, or nodulose, usually forming velvety olive tufts or cloud-like patches on leaves, &c. Less robust than Helminthosporium and distinguished by the smaller, usually 1 -septate spores. f On Dicotyledons. Cladosporium epiphyllum. Mart. Tufts minute, forming rather olive-black, circular patches ; hyphae at first erect, then more or less declinate, branched, much intermixed, pale olive ; conidia elliptic-oblong, con- tinuous, then 1-3-septate, arranged in chains, olive 10-22 x 4-6/i. Cladosporium epiphyllum, Mart., Erlang., p. 351 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1718. On leaves of Quercus, Platanus, Populus, Laurocerasus, Hedera, &c., usually appearing on the under surface, under the form of numerous small patches. Cladosporium sphaerospermum. Penz. Tufts conspicuous, aggregated, confluent, forming a velvety layer; hyphae erect, septate, brown, 150-300 X 3-5-4 \L; conidia terminal or very near the apex, very variable, generally spherical or elliptical, concatenate, rarely 1 -septate, smaller form 3-4 x 4 /x, ; larger 6-14 x 8*5-4 /A, olivaceous, smooth. Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Penzig, Fung. Agrum. in Mich., ii. p. 473 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1688. On fading twigs and leaves of Cilrus. Cladosporium fulvum. Cooke. Effused, minutely velvety, reddish-brown ; hyphae erect, wavy, sparsely septate, nodulose, sparingly branched, brownish ; conidia elliptical, 1-septate, scarcely constricted at the septum, pale fulvous, pellucid, 10-20 x 4-5 p.. Cladosporium fulvum, Cke., in Eavenel's Fung. Amer. Exs., n. 599; Grevillea, 1883. p. 32 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1731. Cladosporium lycopersici, Plow. On living leaves of tomato (Solatium lycopersicum). Cladosporium lignicolum. Corda. Tufts thin, rather compact, black, £-1 in. across ; fertile 394 FUNGUS-FLORA. threads very short, simple or nearly so ; conidia elliptic- oblong, 1-septate, often in chains, dark brown and almost opaque, 8-10 X 5-6 p.. Cladosporium lignicolum, Corda, Icon. Fung., p. 14, t. iii. f; 206; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 1692. On rotten wood. Cladosporium brachonnium. B. & Br. Forming thin, effused, grey patches ; hyphae erect, wavy, nodulose above ; conidia elliptic-oblong, in one or more short terminal chains. Cladosporium brachormium, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 515 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1736. On leaves of Fumaria officinalis. Cladosporium juglandinum. Cke. Forming small, scattered, sooty patches on the under surface of the leaves ; hyphae septate, nodulose, slightly wavy, blackish-brown at the base, paler above; conidia apical, fnsoid, 1-septate, pellucid, 35 X 9 p.. Cladosporium juglandinum, Cke., Grev., xvi. p. 80 ; Sacc., Syll., SuppL, x. n. 7501. On walnut leaves (Juglans regia). Cladosporium herbarum. Link. (fig. 2, p. 397.) Tufts dense, aggregated, confluent, forming an olive- yellow, then blackish-olive stratum ; hyphae erect or ascend- ing, brown or olive, septate, sparingly branched, 5-7 p. thick ; conidia springing from near the tips of the hyphae, not at all or very shortly concatenate, pale brown or olive, form and size exceedingly variable, oblong, ovoid, oblong-elliptical, cylindrical, simple or 1-3-septate, constricted at the septa, smooth. Cladosporium herlarum, Link, Obs. Myc., ii. p. 37 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1665. On every portion of decaying herbaceous plants ; on wood, paper, fungi, &c. Cladosporium nodulosum. Corda. Tufts narrowly oblong, olive-brown then blackish ; hyphae clustered, long, wavy, pale brown, apex generally incurved, simple, with very short spurious, nodulose branchlets ; CLADOSPOEIUM. 395 conidia oblong or cuneate, simple or 1-septate, pale olive- brown, 15-16 ft diameter. Cladosporium nodulosum, Corda, Icon., i. p. 15, t. iv. f. 212 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1666. On rotten wood, herbaceous stems, leaves of grass, &c. ff On Monocotyledons. Cladosporium Kniphofiae. Cooke. Amphigenous ; spots olive, caespitose ; tufts minute, gregarious or confluent, velvety; hyphae simple, erect, flexuous, confluent at the base and fasciculate, nodulose at the septa, pale yellow-brown ; conidia typically 1-septate, afterwards sometimes 2-3-septate, twice the thickness of the hyphae, elliptical, 25-30 X 1 0 p, pale olive. Cladosporium Kniphofiae, Cke., Grev., xiv. p. 40; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1759. On dead leaves of Kniphofiae aloides. Cladosporium fasciculare. Fr. Spots oblong, greyish ; tufts of hyphae minute, erumpent ; tips of the hyphae wavy, black, indistinctly septate; conidia elliptic-oblong, continuous or rarely 1-septate, in chains that break up and form a conglobated mass ; conidia numerous, 8 x 4-5>. Cladosporium fasciculare, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 370; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1758. On stems of Asparagus, Lilium, &c. Cladosporium orchidearum. C. & M. Tufts erumpent, small, originating principally through the stomata, olivaceous; threads short, spaiin«;ly branched, septate, rather slender and flexuous ; conidia elliptical, uniseptate, pale olive, 17-18 x 5-6 p.. Cladosporium orchidearum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 80 ; Sacc., SyJl., iv. n. 7506. On fading leaves of cultivated orchids. Cladosporium sphaeroideum. Cooke. Forming minute black, compact, gregarious, spot-like, hemispherical, velvety tufts; hyphae densely fasciculate, short, septate ; conidia olive, 20-40 X 7 p. 396 FUNGUS-FLORA. Cladosporium spJiaeroideum, Cke. ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1745. On leaves of grasses. jf-f- On Acotyledons. Cladosporium epibryum. C. & M. Tufts very minute, black ; hyphae simple, short, flexuous, septate, olivaceous, paler upwards ; conidia elliptical, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, pale olive- brown, hyaline, 18-20 X 10-12 p.. Cladosporium epibryum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvii. p. 76 ; Sacc., Syll., x. no. 7509. In the capsules of mosses. The present species was first found on mosses collected in the United States. Cladosporium algarum. C. & M. Effused in irregular dark olive patches; threads erect, sparingly branched, septate, olive below, pale and attenuated above ; conidia oblong, cylindrical, 1-3-septate, slightly constricted, pale olive, 30-35 X 10 p.. Cladosporium algarum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 80. On washed up fronds of Laminaria flexicaulis. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE DEMATIEAE. Fig. 1, Cladotrichum CooJcei ; — Fig. 2, Cladosporium herbarum ; — Fig. 3, Fusicladium depressum ;— Fig. 4, Fusariella atromrens;—'Fig. 5, Spondylo- cladium fumosum ; — Fig. 6, Sporochisma mirabile ; — Fig. 7, Sporidesmium lobatum ; —Fig. 8, Clasterosporium vermiculatum ; — Fig. 9, Heterosporium typharum; — Fig. 10, Helminthosporium fusiforme; — Fig. 10A, Helico- sporium Mulleri ;— Fig. 11, Triposporium elegans ;— Fig. 12, Cerato- sporium digitatum; — Fig. 13, Dendryphium griseum ; — Fig. 14, Coniothe- cium mticolum; — Fig. 15, Tetraploa aristata; — Fig. 16, Brachysporium obovatum;— Fig. 17, Stemphylium asperosporum ;— Fig, 18, Septonema irregulare ;— Fig. 19, Napidadium arundinaceum ;— Fig. 20, Dictyospo- rium elegans; — Fig. 21, Alternaria brassicae; — Fig. 22. Acrothecium simplex;— Fig. 23, Dactylosporium brevipes ;— Fig. 24, Cercospora re- sedae ;— Fig. 25, Macrosporium nobile ;— Fig. 26, Septosporium bulbo- trichum; — Fig. 27, Speira toruloides; — Fig. 28, Stysanus stemonites ; — Fig. 29, Mystrosporium stemphylium ; — Fig. 30, Harpographium grarni- num;— Fig. 31, Isaria farinosa ;— Fig. 32, Fumago vagans ;— Fig. 33, Atractium flammeum ;— Fig. 34, Grapiothecium parasiticum. (All the figures are highly magnified.) FUNGUS-FLOKA. CLADOTKICHUM. Corda. (fig. 1, p. 397.) Sterile iiyphae creeping, fertile ascending, rather rigid, branched, dark-coloured, swollen here and there; conidia 1-septate, coloured, originating from the tips of branchlets ; usually in short chains. Cladotrichum, Corda, in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl. t. 20 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 370. The dark, branched threads with nodulose swellings here and there, and the 1-septate spores, mark the genus. Cladotrichum Cookei. Sacc. (fig. 1, p. 397.) Effused, black ; hyphae branched, forked, nodulose, septate, upper joints inflated or cupulate, conidia oblong, constricted, 1-septate, obtuse, often collapsed at the extremities, and then apparently truncate, 18-20 x 9-10 p.. Cladotrichum CooJcei, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1 784. Cladotrichum uniseptatum, Cke., Grev., v. iii., p. 182, pi. 48, f. 2. On sticks ; forming thick black velvety patches sometimes nearly an inch in length. Cladotrichum fuscum. Sacc. Tufts thin, indeterminate, brown ; hyphae intricately inter- woven, ascending, branched, wavy, branches diverging, obtuse ; conidia oblong, 1-septate. Cladotrichum fuscum, Sacc., n. 1800 (not n. 1786). Macrotrichum heterosporium, Grev., Ed. Phil. Journ., iii. t. 1. On dead capsules of Gcntiana campestris. Cladotrichum triseptatum. B. & Br. Forming broadly effused, jet-black minutely velvety patches ;_ hyphae repeatedly forked, septate, olive-brown, 5-7 ju, thick, tips with one or more globose swellings; conidia oblong, tips very obtusely rounded, 3-septate, constricted at the middle septum, 14-16 x 7-8 /x, dark olive-brown, at length nearly opaque. Cladotrichum triseptatum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 511, pi. 5, f. 7, ser. ii. vol. vii. On stumps. DIPLOCOCCIUM— CLASTEROSPORIUM. 399 The conidia are distinctly 3-septate in Berkeley's type specimen. The present species so obviously belongs to the present genus that it is retained here in spite of the conidia being 3-septate. DIPLOCOCCIUM. Grove. Fertile hyphae erect, septate, branched, olivaceous ; conidia catenulate, 1 -septate. Diplococcium, Grove, Journ. Bot., vol. xxiii. p. 167; Sacc., Syll., p. 374. Allied to Cladotrichum, but distinguished by the less rigid hyphae not being furnished with inflations here and there. Diplococcium spicatum. Grove. Fertile hyphae gregarious, somewhat fasciculate, erect, rather wavy, olive, septate, filiform, 200-300 x 4-5 /x, furnished with a few alternate, long, spreading branches ; conidia in chains of 3-4, opposite or verticillate near the tips of the branches; conidia 1 -septate, constricted at the septum, oblong, 9-10 x 4-5 /*, olivaceous, pellucid. Diplococcium spicatum, Grove, Journ. Bot., vol. xxiii. p. 167, pi. 257, fig. 7 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1802. On rotten wood. Sect. III. PHRAGM03PORAE. Sacc. Subsect. 1. Micronemeae. Sacc. Tribe 15. Clasterosporieae. Sacc. CLASTEROSPORIUM. Schw. (fig. 8, p. 397.) Saprogenous; hyphae creeping, bearing here and there solitary, fuscous, 2- many-septate, somewhat straight, fusoid or cylindrical conidia. Clasterosporium, Schweinitz, Syn. Amer. Fung., n. 2998; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 382. 400 FUNGUS-FLORA. Clasterosporium hirundo. Sacc. Densely and indeterminately effused, jet-black ; creeping hyphae scanty, filiform, septate, sooty, then disappearing; fertile hyphae very short; conico-cylindrical, erect, sparingly septate, sooty ; conidia very long, worm-like, often curved, somewhat constricted here and there, attenuated upwards, apex rounded, base wedge-shaped, truncate, septa crowded, joints numerous (55-65), 200-230 x 15 fi, sooty-black. Clasterosporium hirundo, Sacc., Mich., i. p. 85; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1814. On rotten oak wood. The typical form has not yet been recorded for Britain. Var. Anglicum. Grove, Journ. Bot., 1886, p. 14, t. 267, I. O. Forming aggregated, oblong or elongated, velvety, jet- black spots ; hyphae somewhat fasciculate, short, cylindrical, septate, 25—50 x 6—8 p., fuscous ; conidia sooty-brown, 300-400 //. or even up to 450 p. long, lanceolate below, 15 /*. thick, attenuated upwards into a very long, cylindrical beak 6-8 /x, thick, 50-60-septate, cells of beak quadrate, apex truncate, not paler. On dead wood. Var. minus. Grove, Journ. Bot., 1886, p. 14. Densely gregarious, forming effused black spots ; conidia lanceolate, attenuated into a long, cylindrical beak, 100-200 /A long, 10-12 p (beak 4-5 /A) thick, blackish-brown, semi- pellucid, 30-50-septate ; conidiophore short or elongated, rigid, 3-5 -septate. On rotten wood. Clasterosporium hormiscioides. Sacc. Effused, black, velvety; fertile hyphae or conidiophores 2-4 septate, ochraceous, 20-30 x 6 p : conidia worm-like, conico-cylindrical, 150-180 x 12-15 /*, tortuous, 35-45 joints, smoky-brown, 1-2 terminal joints hyaline and more or less swollen. Clasterosporium hormiscioides, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1815. On rotten wood and branches. Clasterosporium vermiculatum. Cke. (fig. 8, p. 397.) Effused, thin, black; mycelium creeping, simple or CLASTEROSPORIUM. 401 branched, septate, brown ; conidia erect, often fasciculate, cylindric-fusoid, blackish-brown, multi-septate, straight,, curved, or geniculate, obtuse and paler at both ends, 150- 200 //, long. Clasterosporium vermiculatum, Cke., Black Moulds, t. 11, f. 10; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1817. On oak wood. Clasterosporium fasciculare. Sacc. Tufts effused, black, opaque; conidia crowded, erect, obovate, very shortly pedicellate, usually 3-septate, scarcely or not at all constricted at the septa, blackish-brown, almost opaque, 30-40 x 20-25 /*. Clasterosporium fasciculare, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1834. On wood, especially birch. Clasterosporium opacum. Sacc. Unequally effused, jet black, opaque ; conidia very shortly pedicellate, oblong, elliptical, obovate, or otherwise variable, 1— 3-septate, more or less constricted at the septa, brown, then almost black and opaque, 25-35 x 13-18 /z. Clasterosporium opacum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1836. On elm trunks, &c. Clasterosporium fungorum. Sacc. Tufts effused, plane, jet black, 2-3 mm. across, compact, superficial ; conidia densely fasciculate, fusoid, apex rounded, 25-28 X 8 /*, straight or unequal sided, 3-, rarely 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, the two intermediate cells smoky and guttulate, attenuated at the base into a short, cylindrical conidiophore. Clasterosporium fungorum, Sacc., Miscell. Myc., i. ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1846. Sporidesmium atrum, Grev., Cr. Fl., t. 194. On various species of Corticium, &c. Clasterosporium abruptum. Sacc. Forming little, black, pulvinate tufts, and externally resembling a hairy Sphaeria ; conidia oblong or slightly clavate, apex rounded, base attenuated into a very short conidiophore, 3-4-septate, apical and basal joints short ; the second from the top very long, 50-75 X 12-18 p.. VOL. III. 2 D 402 FUNGUS-FLORA. Clastewsporium abruptum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1849. Sporidesmium abruptum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1042, 1865, p. 11, pi. xiv. fig. 8. Clasterosporium clavaeforme. Sacc. Tufts small, effused, black, opaque ; conidia fasciculately crowded, erect, clavate, unequal, base narrowed, 8—10- septate, pedicellate, blackish- brown, terminal joint paler. Clasterosporium clavaeforme, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1859. On rotten pine wood, &c. Far. leptopus, Sacc. Conidia fusoid, elliptical, or clavate, unequal, 30-40 x 15-20 /u., apex rounded, 3-6-septate, scarcely constricted, sooty, produced into a very short stein of the same colour at the base. On rotten wood. Clasterosporium parasiticum. Sacc. Parasitic, black; conidia cylindrical, straight, G-8-septate, twisted, brown, shortly stipitate, 50-70 x 10 //,. Clasterosporium parasiticum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1863. Sporidesmium parasiticum, Cke., Grev., vol. vi. p. 74. Parasitic on Pleospora mori on leaves of mulberry (JMorus). Clasterosporium caulicolum. Sacc. Effused, black ; conidia somewhat fasciculate, cylindric- fusoid, sooty, 7-8-septate, slightly constricted at the septa ; pedicel obsolete. Clasterosporium caulicolum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1868. On dry herbaceous stems. STIGMINA. Sacc. Conidia ovoid or oblong, 2- many-septate, coloured, ter- minal on short conidiophores, that are arranged in small clusters ; growing on leaves. Stigmina, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 22 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 294. Differs from Clasterosporium in the conidia being crowded into compact patches. Fusariella is distinguished by the fusoid, falcate conidia. STIGMINA — FUSAEIELLA. 403 p^Stigmina Visianica. Sacc. Patches minnte, scattered or gregarious, erumpent, be- coming superficial, flattened, blackish-olive, slightly velvety, hypophyllous ; conidia densely packed, but individually distinct at the base, springing from a dark, cellular basal stratum, elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse at both ends, 18-35 X 7-10 p, 2-4 usually 3-septate, rarely with 1 or more vertical septa, greenish-olive; conidiophores very short, hyaline. Stigmina Visianica, Sacc., Fung. Ital., t. 930 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1871. On fallen leaves of Platanus orientalis. Resembles Cladosporium epiphyllum in habit. FUSARIELLA. Sacc. (fig. 4, p. 397.) Fertile hyphae simple or variously branched, short or very short, somewhat hyaline, springing from a creeping mycelium ; conidia acrogenous, fusiform, more or less curved, 2- many-septate, olive or fuscous. Fusariella, Sacc., Misc. Myc., i. p. 29; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 395. Analogous with Fusarium. in the structure of the conidia, but resembling a Torula in habit. Fusariella atrovirens. Sacc. (fig. 4, p. 397.) Forming minute patches at first whitish, then black with a tinge of olive, hyphae whitish and radiating ; conidia forming a pulverulent central mass, fusiform, olive, 3-septate, 24-32 x 5-7 /A, straight, or usually more or less angularly bent or curved, the bending often due to the larger size of the second joint of the conidium. Fusariella atrovirens, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1876. Fusarium atrovirens, Berk., Engl. Flor., v. p. 351. On stem and leaves of onion (Allium). 2 D 2 404 FUNGUS-FLORA. Tribe 16. Septonemeae. Sacc. SEPTOXEMA. Corda. (fig. 18, p. 397.) Sterile hyphae creeping, often obsolete; fertile hyphae very short or scarcely distinct from tbe conidia. Conidia oblong, pluriseptate, brown, catenulate. Septonema, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 9; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 397. Distinguished from Torula and Hormiscium by the septate conidia. Septonema spilomeum. Berk. Tufts minute, scattered, blackish ; chains of conidia branched ; conidia elliptic-oblong, 3-septate, rugulose, smoky, 25-28 X 8 /*. Septonema spilomeum, Berk., Hook. Journ. 1845, iv. p. 310, t. xi., f. 5 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1895. On fallen wood, sawdust, &c. Septonema irregulare. B. & Br. (fig. 18, p. 397.) Effused, thin, black, very irregular in outline; conidia concatenate, elliptic-oblong, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 17-28 x 6-8 /A. Septonema irregulare, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 942, t. 15, f. 13; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1896. On living branches of Pyrus mains. Subsect. 2. Macronemeae. Sacc. Tribe 17. Helminthosporieae. Sacc. HELMINTHOSPORIUM. Link. (fig. 10, p. 397.) Hyphae rather rigid, subsimple, often nodulose, brown, usually growing on wood and forming velvety, effused stains ; conidia cylindrical, fusoid, or elongato-clavate, smooth, 2- many-septate, rigid. Helminthosporium, Link, Berlin Mag. 1809, iii. p. 10; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 402. SEPTONEMA — HELMINTHOSPORIUM. 405 The species with short subelliptical conidia, formerly included in the present genus will be found under Brachy- sporium. Distinguished from Cladosporium by the conidia being more than 1-septate at maturity. f Conidia 2-3-septate. Helminthosporium velutina. Link. Effused, black, velvety ; hyphae filiform, 200-250 X 6-7 p., septate, smoky-black ; conidia from oblong to ovate-obpyri- form, 25-30 x 11-13 /*, 3-septate, smoky, 3-guttulate, lowest cell subacute, hyaline. Helminthosporium velutinum, Link, Obs., i. p. 8 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1914. On rotten wood. Helminthosporium cylindricum. Corda. Effused, velvety, fuscous ; hyphae subfasciculate, filiform, long, simple, septate, sooty, paler upwards, 100-130 x 4-5 \L ; conidia cylindrical, apex rounded, base acute, 3-5-septate, 14-15 X 2-5 fj., pale smoke-brown. Helminthosporium cylindricum, Corda, in Sturm, t. ii. ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1917. On rotten wood, beech, &c. Helminthosporium simplex. Nees. Thin, effused, black, toruloid, hyphae densely crowded, simple or sparingly branched ; conidia pale, shortly fusiform, 2-3-septate. Helminthosporium simplex, Nees, Nova. Act. Leop., ix. p. 241, t. v. f. 11 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1921. On willow wood. Helminthosporium capitulatum. Corda. Tufts minute, somewhat effused, glaucous brown ; hyphae quite simple, erect, septate, clear brown, pellucid, apex white, and crowned with an incomplete, whitish head of conidia which are oblong, 3-septate, pellucid and white, 19-20 p. long, often curved, apical cells minute. 406 FUNGUS-FLORA. Helminthosporium capitulatum, Corda, Icon. Fung., ii. p. 13, t. x. f. 58 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1925. On wood of Tilia, &c. Helminthosporium molle. B. & C. Soft and velvety, black; hyphae simple, septate, wavy, more or less nodulose, obtuse; conidia oblong or elliptic- oblong, 3-5-septate, both ends obtuse, 20-30 X 4-5 p,. Helminthosporium molle, Berk. & Curt., N. Amer. Fung., n. 633; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1942. On branches of holly (Ilex), Passiflora, &c. Helminthosporium exasperatum. B. & Br. Hyphae fasciculate, flexuous, nodulose upwards ; conidia springing from the nodes, cylindric-oblong, ends rounded, 3- septate, 30-45 X 10-12 /A, smoky olive, base apiculate. Helminthosporium exasperatum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1380, t. vii. f. 4; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1945. On stems of Dianthus and Silene. Helminthosporium parvum. Grove. Thinly gregarious, brownish-black ; hyphae erect, septate, pale brown, slender, straight, the base sometimes rather incrassated, 80-90 X 3-4 /*, bearing at the apex a single (rarely 2) conidium; conidia oblong, 2-septate, 12-15 X 5-6 fi, apical cell somewhat quadrate and the basal one wedge-shaped, pale yellowish, central cell larger, rounded, brown. Helminthosporium parvum, Grove, Journ. Bot. 1886, p. 203, t. 267, f. 4; Sacc., Syll., Suppl. vols. i.-iv. n. 3626. On oak wood. Apical cell of conidium sometimes brownish, basal cell always pale. Helminthosporium minimum. Cke. Thinly effused, black; threads simple, erect, septate, rather thicker than the diameter of the conidia; conidia fusiform, obtuse at the ends, 3-septate, scarcely constricted, hyaline, 12-14 x 3-4 /*. Helminthosporium minimum, Cooke, Grevillea, vol. xvi. p. 80. On dead decorticated branches. HELMINTHOSPORIUM. 407 tf Conidia 3-5-septate. Helminthosporium tiliae. Fr. Effused, lax or slightly tufted ; conidia cylindric-obclavate, 60 X 15 p., 5-pseudo-septate, sooty, terminal or fasciculate, filiform, septate; hyphae of equal length. Helminthosporium tiliae, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 360 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1950. On dead, decorticated branches of Tilia. Quite distinct from Exosporium tiliae, although the two bear a superficial resemblance to each other. Helminthosporium Rousselianum. Mont. Hyphae sooty-black, gregarious, simple, base bulbous, apex pellucid, oblong, incrassated, nodulose, remotely septate ; conidia fusiform, hyaline, 3-5-septate, 50 X 5 pt inverted laterally in the hyphae. Helminthosporium Bousselianum, Mont., Cast., vi. n. 84 Mont., Syll. Crypt., n. 1129; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1957. On wood. Helminthosporium subulatum. Nees. Hyphae subsimple, subulate, loosely aggregated, straight conidia rather large, clavate, incurved, 3-4-septate. Helminthosporium subulatum, Nees, Nov. Act. N. C., ix. p. 242 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1958. On oak branches. Helminthosporium nanum. Nees. Hyphae simple or furcate, nodulose, opaque, rigid, erect, short; conidia subcylindrical, ends obtuse, 3-5-septate, equal to or twice as thick as the hyphae. -JWig Helminthosporium nanum, Nees, Syst., p. 67, f. 65 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1962. On rotten wood, stems, &c. Helminthosporium delicatulum. Berk. Tufts soft, thin, black, hyphao subulate, slender, multi- septate, brown, paler above ; conidia subhy aline, oblong, ends obtuse, 3-4 septate, curved cells sometimes vertically septate. 408 FUNGUS-FLORA. Helminihosporium delicatulum, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 233, t. xiii. f. 20 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1964. On stems of Umbellifers. Helminthosporium inconspicuum. C. & E. Forming a very thin, cloud-like stain, hyphae elongated, septate, nodulose, pale brown; conidia lanceolate, at first 4-6-nucleolate, then 3-5-septate, 80-120 X 20 /x, epispore thin. Helminthosporium inconspicuum, C. & E., Grev., t. 99, f. 19; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1969. On fading leaves of Indian corn (Zea mays'). Var. Britannicum. Grove, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1979. Effused, brownish, hyphae subflexuous, scarcely nodulose, 4— 5-septate, pale brown, 160-180 X 10 //,; conidia oblong, diaphanous, brownish endochroma divided then 3-5-septate, 60-100 X 18-22 fj.. On fading leaves of grass. The type has not been met with in Europe. ttt Conidia 6- many-septate. Helminthosporium macrocarpum. Grev. Broadly effused, black with olive or smoke-brown tinge, velvety; hyphae aggregated, subulate, simple or rarely sparingly branched, septate, 350-500 X 15-20 //,; conidia elongato-clavate, 6-9-septate, not constricted at the septa, dingy olive, 50-90 x 15-20 p.. Helminihosporium macrocarpum, Grev., Scot. Cr. FJ., t. 148 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1973. On branches and trunks of Carpinus, Quercus, Fraxinus, Castanea, Ulmus, Corylus, Acer, Cirsium, &c. Helminthosporium fusiforme. Corda. (fig. 10, p. 397.) Effused, blackish-brown, coarsely velvety ; hyphae filiform, waved, 100-140 X 5-6 /*, dirty brown, paler upwards, septate; conidia fusiform, 30-40 x 9-12 /*, 7-9-septate, dingy olive, paler generally at both ends. Helminthosporium fusiforme, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 13, f. 194; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1974. On branches and wood of hazel (Corylus), Eobinia, &c. HELMINTHOSPOEIUM. 409 Helminthosporium apiculatum. Corda. Tufts black, toruentose, effused, hyphae in fascicles, flexu- ous, tmbranched, 120-160 x 8 /x, tip minutely denticulate, brown; conidia elliptic -fusiform, 6-8-septate, brown, 35-40 X 10-13 p.. Helminthosporium apiculatum, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 13, f. 191 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1975. On wood. Helminthosporium scolecoides. Corda.* Tufts broadly effused, indeterminate, black; hyphae branched, angularly bent, rigid, brown, semipellucid ; conidia very long, 8-10-septate, brown, subtorulose, 50-60 /x long, terminal segment pale. Helminthosporium scolecoides, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 13, f. 180; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1978. On wood, herbaceous stems, &c. Helminthosporium folliculatum. Corda. Tufts minute, indeterminate, tomentose; hyphae lax, branched, slender, flexuous, brown, 150-200 x 8-10 /x; conidia very long, pod-shaped, thickish, brown, semipellucid, 6-7 -sep- tate, cells internally cuboid, 40-60 x 11-14 p, paler at the ends. Helminthosporium folliculatum, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 13, f. 180; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1979. On rotten wood, stems of species of Brassica, Zea, and various Umbellifers. Helminthosporium gongrotrichum. Corda. Tufts minute, black, somewhat effused ; hyphae simple, curved, rigid, nodulose, at first brown then quite black and opaque ; conidia elliptical, 34-35 /A long, attenuated at both ends, 7-8 septate, brown, pellucid. Helminthosporium gongrotrichum, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 13, t. iii. f. 192; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1981. On rotten beech wood, &c. Helminthosporium dendroideum. B. & Br. Spots indistinct, scattered, very thin, hyphae erect, attenu- ated upwards, septate, with short, lateral, conidia-bearing branchlets; conidia oblong-fusoid, slightly curved, 8-10-sep- tate, 55-65 x 8-10 /«, brown, basal cell pale. 410 FUNGUS-FLORA. Helminthosporium dendroideum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 946, t. xvi. f. 14; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 1983. On branches of Acer. Helminthosporium densum. Sacc. & Eoum. Shortly velvety, dense, blackish-brown ; conidia fusoid, somewhat acute at both ends, straight or often vaguely curved, 45-60 X 7-8 /*, 7-8-septate, not constricted, sooty ; hyphae cylindrical, somewhat attenuated below, 20-40 X 4—5 • 5 /z, more or less septate and constricted, olivaceous. Helminthosporium densum, Sacc. & Eoum., Eev. Myc., 1881, p. 29 ; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 1985. On Morns alba. Helminthosporium obclavatum. Sacc. Effused, forming black spots ; hyphae erect, filiform, base slightly swollen, 60-70 X 6-7 /x, sparingly septate, smoke- brown; conidia solitary at the apex, obclavate-fusoid, be- coming considerably attenuated above, 90 X 15 p., apex rounded, base truncate, 18-24-septate, brownish-black. Helminthosporium obclavatum, Sacc., Mich., i. p. 85 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1989. On rotten alder wood, &c. Helminthosporium Smithii. B. & Br. Forming broadly effused coarsely velvety patches on wood, or sometimes forming lines, or erumpent and forming reticu- lated patches on bark, black ; hyphae unbranched, flexuous, septate ; conidia apical, very long, multi-septate, straight or wavy, olive brown, cells cuboid, epispore very thick, 80-150 X 8-12 p. Helminthosporium Smithii, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 507, t. v. f. 5 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. 1991. On dead branches of holly, &c. Helminthosporium fusisporum. Berk. Hyphae densely aggregated, sparingly branched, obtuse, blackish; conidia fusoid, 6-7-septate, narrower than the hyphae. Helminthosporium fusisporum, Berk., Eng-. Fl., v., p. 336 ; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 2000. On rotten wood and branches. HELMINTHOSPOKIUM. -ill Hehninthosporium macilentum. Cooke. Broadly effused, black ; hyphae erect, septate, olive-brown ; conidia fusoid or subclavate, 7-10-septate, terminal on the hyphae and for a long time persistent, 50-65 x 10 //,. Helminthosporium macilentum, Cooke, Grev., t. 97, f. 18 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2002. On rotten wood. Helminthosporium turbinatum. B. & Br. Tufts thin, effused, velvety, brown ; hyphae slender, simple, straight, obscurely septate, pale brown ; conidia broadly turbinate, dark brown, subtruncate and apiculato at the apex, the apiculus often falling away, 3-7-septate, 21-26 x 14-15 p. Helminihosporium turbinatum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 508, t. 5, f. 6 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2005. Helminthosporium velatum. Corda. Mycelium effused, black, subtomentose ; hyphae simple, short, thick somewhat nodulose, septate and opaque below, apex thickened, continuous, semipellucid, furnished with a white, diaphanous veil, blackish-brown; conidia oblong, 5-6-septate, laterally adnate then deciduous, 36-37 //, long, yellowish brown, pellucid. Helminthosporium velatum, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 13, t. Ill, f. 183 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2006. On rotten wood. Helminthosporium rhabdiferum. B. & Br. Forming variously sized and rounded, intensely black patches, sparingly branched, septate, very short ; conidia straight, at first oblong and pale, 1-2-septate, then elongating and becoming sublinear, 7-11-septate, deep brown, torulose, 50-100 /x long. Helminthosporium rhabdiferum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1053, (1865) ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2010. On ripe peaches. Helminthosporium rhopaloides. Fres. Effused, velvety, blackish-olive ; hyphae terete, 1 50 X 9 yu, straight, septate, smoky-brown ; conidia cylindric-clavate, 412 FUNGUS-FLORA. obtuse at the ends, 9-12-septate, 60 x 10-11, produced at the tips of terminal branchlets, brown, terminal cell pale. Helminthosporium rhopaloides, Fres., Beitr. Myk., p. 50, t. vi., f. 15-21 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2013. On rotten stems of Dianthus, Brassica, &c. BRACHYSPOEIUM. Sacc. (fig. 16, p. 397.) Hyphae rigid, subsimple, brown ; conidia ovoid or piri- form, brown, 2- or few-septate, brown. Often growing on wood. Brachysporium, Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 423. Helminthosporium, of authors (in part). Distinguished from Helminthosporium by the shortness of the conidia. It is very doubtful whether relative size of conidia is sufficient to constitute a valid generic character when all other characters are common ; however, we have accepted Saccardo's genus, as in the present group any character that tends to individualise a group is of service, whether of generic value or not. Brachysporium stemphylioides. Sacc. Tufts effused, black, velvety ; hyphae short, simple, pale, crowded ; conidia terminal, solitary, large, obovate, 5-6-sep- tate, not constricted at the septa, the two central cells dark, the terminal ones colourless or yellowish, 35-37 X 16-18 /x,. Brachysporium stempliylioides, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2037. Helminthosporium stemphylioides, Corda, Prachtfl., p. 7, On dead wood. Brachysporium Salisburiae. Sacc. Hyphae torulose, 4-5 /A diam., yellow-brown, aggregated into minute blackish-olive tufts ; conidia at first ovoid, hya- line, 2-guttulate, afterwards larger, 2-3-septate, 14-21 x 6-7 p.. Brachysporium Salisburae, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2037. On fallen leaves of Salisburia. Brachysporium oosporum. Sacc. Tufts small, black, hyphae scattered, simple, blackish BRACHYSPORIUM. 413 brown, rather pellucid ; conidia oblong-ovoid, yellow-brown, pellucid, 18-20 ^ in length. Brachysporium oosporum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2040. Helminthosporium oosporum, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 14, f. 200. On decaying trunks, branches, &c. Brachysporium altum. Sacc. Tufts effused, tomentose, black ; hyphae slender, elon- gated, simple, subpellucid then very black and opaque, bear- ing conidia at the apex ; conidia oblong or piriform, attenu- ated below, 7-9-septate, blackish-brown, pellucid, lowest cell very small, uppermost one much larger. Brachysporium altum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2044. Helminthosporium altum, Preuss, Fung. Hoyersw., n. 59; and in Sturm's Deutschl. Or. H., t. 17. On rotten wood. Brachysporium hyalospermum. Sacc. Tufts somewhat effused, black ; hyphae simple, straight, rigid, fuscous, more or less pellucid; conidia minute, ob- ovate, 3-septate, 18-20 p. long, colourless. Brachysporium hyalospermum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2047. On rotten wood. Brachysporium apicale. Sacc. Hyphae simple, equal, septate, attenuated upwards, terminal cell verruculose and conidia-bearing; conidia apical, elliptical, 3-septate, brown, dark in the centre and hyaline at either extremity, 17-18 JJL long. Brachysporium apicale, Sacc., Syll., n. 2048. Helminthosporium apicale, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 947, t. xvi. f. 15. On fallen branches. Brachysporium Bloxami. Sacc. Sparingly effused, black, hyphae erect, rigid, opaque, slender, simple or rarely furcate, base generally slightly inflated; conidia terminal, elliptic-clavate, 3-celled, brown, 25-27 X 12-14 p., epispore thin. Brachysporium Bloxami, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2049. Helminthosporium Bloxami, Cke., Grevillea, xii. p. 36. On naked wood. 414 FUNGUS-FLORA. Brachysporium obovatum. Sacc. (fig. 16, p. 397.) Forming dense black velvety patches, hyphae erect, simple, septate, subulate, base slightly incrassated ; conidia apical, solitary, obovate, 2- septate, slightly constricted at the septa, brown, upper cell large, rounded at the free end, lowest cell minute, acute, 23-26 X 11-14 /*. Brachysporium obovatum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2052. Helminthosporium obovatum, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 232, t. xiii. f. 19. On rotten wood. The conidia are opaque and black and highly polished, shining like black glass beads when exa- mined in situ under a 1-in. objective. Brachysporium tingens. Sacc. Forming slightly effused, thin black patches that tinge the matrix of a purple colour; hyphae long, rigid, erect, septate, simple, cells short, brown ; conidia generally termi- nal, elliptic-clavate, 3 or rarely 4-septate, paler than the hyphae, epispore thin, 30 X 10 p.. Brachysporium tingens, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2053. Helminthosporium tingens, Cke., Grev., vii. p. 37. On rotten wood, Eemarkable for imparting a purplish tinge to the matrix. Brachysporium biseptatum. Sacc. & Eoum. Tufts minute, black, hyphae fasciculate, filiform 300 X 10 ft, septate, almost straight, rounded at the tip, deep smoky- brown ; conidia elliptical, 25-30 x 15 ft, rounded at both ends, 2-septate, not constricted, smooth, smoky-olive. Brachysporium biseptatum, Sacc. & Eoum., Mich., ii. p. 641 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2061. On putrid stems. Brachysporium ellipticum. B. & Br. Tufts black, very minute; fertile threads short, erect, simple or rarely forked above, septate, dark and opaque below, paler upwards; conidia elliptical, smooth, brown, 1-septate at maturity, terminal, sometimes 1-2 also spring from minute lateral spicules near the apex, 12-15 x 6 ft. Monotospora elliptica, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1909, t. iii. fig. 4. On dead herbaceous stems. CERCOSPORA. 415 CERCOSPORA. Fres. (fig. 24, p. 397.) Hyphae not rigid, simple or branched, brown, often parasitic and forming spots on leaves; conidia elongated and slender, brown or olive, rarely subhyaline, septate. Cercospora, Fres., Beitr., p. 90 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 431. Virgasporium, Cke. Cladosporium and Helminthosporium of various authors (in part). Distinguished by the vermiform septate spores. * On herbaceous Dicotyledons. Cercospora Bloxami. B. & Br. Forming pale orbicular spots, conidia elongato- fusiform, acute at both ends, multiseptate. Cercospora Bloxami, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1979 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2082. On fading leaves of Brassica napus and B. sinapis. Cercospora resedae. Fckl. (fig. 24, p. 397.) Forming minute grey, gregarious tufts on dry spots of the leaf, 2— 4. mm. diameter; hyphae densely crowded, un- branched, continuous or sparingly septate, straight below, subtortuous above, 50-70 x 4-5 /x, brown ; conidia borne at the tips of the hyphae, obclavate-linear, 4-5 septate, hyaline, 100-140 x 2-5-3^. Cercospora resedae, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 353 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2092. Virgasporium maculatum, Cke., Grev., iii. p. 182, t. xlviii. f. 4. On living leaves of Reseda odorata. Cercospora calthae. Cke. Spots orbicular, epiphyllous, brown ; hyphae short, hyaline ; conidia cylindrical, somewhat attenuated, septa scarcely distinct, 30-35 X 2 p.. Cercospora caltliae, Cke., Grev., xvii. p. 65 ; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. n. 7571. On fading leaves of Caltlia. 416 FUNGUS-FLORA. Cercospora ferruginea. Fckl. Tufte thin, delicate, broadly effused ; hyphae very long, slender, creeping, branched, septate, ferruginous ; conidia variable in length, often very long, elongato-clavate, often curved, 3-7-septate, brown, 40-100 X 6-7 /*. Cercospora ferruginea, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 354; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2138. On the under surface of living leaves of Artemisia vulgaris, also on species of Erigeron in Canada. Cercospora mercurialis. Pass. Spots rounded, silvery-white with a fuscous border ; tufts minute, hypophyllous, gregarioup, often occupying the central portion of the spots ; hyphae pale smoky, con- tinuous, contorted, nodulose, short, 20—40 X 5-6 /A ; conidia cylindric rod-shaped, attenuated upwards, 2-7-septate, wall thick, hyaline, 70-80 x 4-6 p., straight or slightly curved. Cercospora mercurialis, Passerini, in M. TJ., n. 783 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2193. On living or fading leaves of Mercurialis perennis. ** In woody Dicotyledons. Cercospora moricola. Cke. Hypophyllous ; spots orbicular, reddish-brown ; hyphae fasciculate, short, olive ; conidia attenuated upwards, 3-4- septate, hyaline, 70 x 3 /x. Cercospora moricola, Cke., in Eav. Amer. Fung., n. 587; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2281. On leaves of Morus alia and M. rubra. *** On Monocotyledons. Cercospora concentrica. C. & E. Spots large, subcircular or elliptical, ferruginous, at length greyish; hjphae fasciculate, pustulate, arranged concentrically, flexuose, unbranched, continuous or septate, 12-20 x 4; conidia cylindrical, thinner towards the tip, straight or curved, 3-5-septate, 40-70 x 3-4, reddish-brown at maturity. HETEROSPORIUM. 417 Ccrcospora concentrica, Cke. & Ellis, Grev., v. p. 90: Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2302, Cercospora yuccae, Cke. in Grev., vii. p. 35. On half-dead leaves of Yucca gloriosa and Y. filamentosa, in gardens. HETEROSPORIUM. Klotzsch. (fig. 9, p. 397.) Fertile hyphae, erect, fasciculate, septate, simple or branched, often nodulose, olive or blackish ; conidia ter- minal or lateral, septate, olive, epispore minutely warted,. at first catenulate in some species, but soon becoming free. Heterosporium, Klotzsch, Herb. Myc., i. n. 67 ; Cke., Grev., v. p. 122 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 480. Resembling Helminthosporium in general habit and struc- ture, in fact only distinguished by the minutely warted conidia. Growing on fading leaves or herbaceous stems, on algae, and fungi. * On Dicotyledons. Heterosporium echinulatum, Cke. Clusters small, often numerous, seated on brown spots,, usually on the upper surface of the leaf; hyphae fasciculate, springing from a small aggregation of cells, 100T200 x 8-10 /A, dusky olive, nodulose above, septate; conidia ter- minal or lateral, springing from the nodes, olive, minutely warted, 2-5-septate, cylindrical, constricted at the septa, 30-50 x 10-15 /A. Heterosporium echinulatum, Cke., Grev., v. p. 123; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2311. Helminthosporium echinulatum, Berk., Gard. Chron., 1870, p. 382. Heterosporium dianthi, Sacc. et Roum., Mich., ii. pp. 5591 and 643. On leaves of species of Dianthus. Heterosporium variabile. Cke. Forming distinct, small, more or less circular, densely velvety, dusky olive patches ; hyphae slender, 5-6 p. thick, VOL. III. 2 E 418 FUNGUS-FLOEA. septate, nodulose, olive, fasciculate ; conidia cylindrical, olive, 1-3-septate, minutely warted, 15-35 x 6-10 /j.. Heterosporium variabile, Cke., Grev., v. p. 123 ; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 2310. Forming small scattered patches on the upper surface of fading spinach leaves. Spots often numerous and becoming more or less confluent. Heterosporium laricis. Cke. & Mass. Tufts scattered, suborbicular, woolly, sooty; threads thick, septate, with the joints swollen, 15-18 p. thick, conidia 1-3-septate, elliptical, obtuse at the ends, minutely warted, pale fuliginous, 50-60 X 20 p.. Heterosporium lands, C. & M., Grev., xvi. p. 80. On fading larch leaves. ** On Monocotyledons. Heterosporium minutulum. C. & M. Forming velvety, dark olive patches of variable size and form; threads somewhat fasciculate, short, flexuous, sparingly septate, pale olive ; conidia 1— 2-septate, elliptical, rounded at the ends, not constricted, pale olive, epispores rough, 16-20 x 6-8 p.. Heterosporium minutulum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 11. On palm leaves (Chamaerops Jiumilis). Heterosporium ornithogali. Klotzsch. Forming broadly effused, olive, cloudy spots on the upper surface of leaves ; fertile hyphae erect, simple or rarely branched, septate, nodulose, olive, often flexuous, 100-250 x 8 X 14 /A, fasciculate, originating from a basal aggregation of hyphal cells resembling . a minute sclerotium ; conidia olive, cylindrical, 1-5-septate, very minutely warted, 25-90 X 8-14 p.. Heterosporium ornithogali, Klotzsch, Herb. Myc., i. n. 69 ; Cke., Grev., v. p. 123; Sacc., Syll., n. 2311. Helminthosporium exasperatum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1380, t. 7, f. 4; Sacc., Syll., n. 1945. On fading leaves of Ornithogalum, Convallaria, Smilax, and ether liliaceous plants. NAPICLADIUM, 419 Heterosporium typhanim. C. & M. (fig. 9, p. 397.) Tufts erumpent, elongated, gregarious, sooty; threads erect, mostly simple, septate, nodulose ; conidia 1-3-septate, elliptical, ends somewhat acute, rough with minute granules, pale olive, 30-40 X 10-14 p. Heterosporium typharum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 80. On leaves of Typha angustifolia. *** On Acotyledons. Heterosporium epimyces. C. & M. Occurring in more or less effused, dense, velvety, olive patches ; threads sparingly furcate, often simple, sparsely septate, pale fuscous ; conidia 1-3-septate, elliptical, minutely warted, pale olive, 25-30 x 8 p.. Heterosporium epimyces, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 80. On old specimens of Polyporus squamosus, Boletus felleus, Bussula nigricans, &c. NAPICLADIUM. Thumen (emended), (fig. 19, p. 397.) Fertile hyphae fasciculate, erect, short, not rigid ; conidia rather large, solitary at tip of hyphae, septate, smooth, coloured. Napicladium, Thumen, Hedw., 1875, p. 3; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 481. Somewhat resembling Helminthosporium and Brachysporium, but distinguished by the less rigid fertile hyphae, and the large solitary conidia. On living or fading leaves. Napicladium arundinaceum. Sacc. (fig. 19, p. 397.) Forming broadly effused, velvety, blackish-olive patches; hyphae fasciculate, short, thickened at the base, 1-2-septate, 50-60 x 7-8 fi, olive ; conidia obclavate, 40-50 x 15-18 /*, 1-2-septate, olive. Napicladium arundinaceum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2317. Helminthosporium arundinaceum, Corda, Ic. Fung., iii. p. 10, f. 25. On fading leaves of Phragmitcs commiuiis. 2 E 2 420 FUNGUS-FLORA. Tribe 18. Acrofhecleae. Sacc. SPONDYLOCLADIUM. Martius. (fig. 5, p. 397.) Sterile hyphae creeping, septate, fertile erect, simple, rather rigid. Cornelia spindle-shaped, or pear-shaped, coloured, generally 2-septate, produced in distant whorls on the hyphae. Spondylocladium, Martius, Erl., p. 355 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 482.^ Distinguished by the verticillate arrangement of the conidia. Spondylocladium fumosum. Martius. (fig. 5, p. 397.) Forming effused blackish patches, creeping mycelium septate, fertile erect, septate, not branched, tapering up- wards ; conidia brownish-olive, 2-septate, pear-shaped or broadly spindle-shaped, in 2—4 verticils of 3—6 conidia each, produced towards the apex of the hypha, a single conidium usually terminates the hypha, 21-25 x 10-12 //,. Spondylocladium fumosum, Martius, Evl., p. 355 ; Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1314, t. xviii, f. 7 (1870); Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2319. On rotten branches. ACROTHECIUM. Preuss. (fig. 22, p. 397.) Sterile or vegetative hyphae creeping, fertile erect, un- branched; conidia septate, coloured or almost colourless, springing in a cluster from the tip of the hypha. Acrothecium, Preuss, F. Hoyersw., n. 99, emended by Saccardo in Michelia, p. 29 (not of Corda). Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 483. Acrothecium delicatulum. B. & Br. Effused, blackish, fertile hyphae erect, septate, slighlty bulbous at the base, rarely forked at the tip ; conidia colour- less . springing just below the tip of the hypha, cylindrical, SPONDYLOCLADIUM — ACROTHECIUM. 421 curved, 2-3 septate, not constricted at fhe septa, 12- 20 x 4 p.. Acroihecium delicatulum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1055, t. xiv., f. 11 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2328. On decayed beech wood, also on bramble twigs. In the last habitat the hyphae are much scattered. Acrothecium simplex. B. & Br. (fig. 22, p. 397.) Effused, brownish-olive, erect hyphae simple, wavy, septate, brown; conidia few, springing from the apex, oblong or subclavate, 4-5-septate, at first colourless, then pale brown, 1 6-20 X 5-6 /*. Acrothecium simplex, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 950, t. xvi. f. 16; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2330. Far. elatum, Grove. Hyphae simple, erect, rather wavy, equal, brown, paler above, 240-280 x 6-7 /A ; conidia 3- septate, often in threes, hyaline, subclavate, 20-22 x 6 /x. On nettle stems. Acrothecium obovatum. Cke. Black, effused, velvety; fertile hyphae simple, septate, sooty, 150 X 5 /A; conidia obovate, 2-septate, 18-20 X 7-8 p., slightly constricted at the septa, sooty, terminal on the fertile hyphae in groups of 4-5. Acrothecium obovatum, Cke., Grev., v. p. 50, t. 80, f. 13; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2322. On dead wood. Acrothecium tenebrosum. Sacc. Tufts broad, black, fertile hyphae, gregarious, 200 X 3-4 /x, erect, septate, simple, base thickened or dilated, blackish- brown, paler upwards ; conidia oblong, ends rounded, curved, tinged brown, somewhat diaphanous, 3-5-septate, 20-25 x 5-6 p., springing from minute spinous processes, and form- ing a terminal head. Acrothecium tenebrowm, Saoc., Mich., i. p. 74 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2323. On dead wood. Spores at first hyaline, guttulate, then pale brown. It does not differ much from Helminthosporium apicale, B. & Br., except in the more numerous and uniformly coloured spores. (Grove.) 422 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Acrothecium xylogenum. Grove. Hyphae erect, straight or curved, equal, brown below, paler above, apex almost colourless, 120-150 ^ high^bearing a crown of 6-8 conidia at the apex ; conidia cylindrical, apex rounded, base acute, 4-guttulate, at length with three delicate septa, 14-17 X 3 ^, hyaline. Acrothecium xylogenum, Grove, Journ. Bot., 1886, p. 203, tab. 67, fig. 2 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3635. On rotten wood. Allied to A. caulium, but known by the persistently hyaline, 3-septate conidia. Tribe 19. Sporoschismeae. Sacc. SPOKOSCHISMA. B. & Br. (fig. 6, p. 397.) Fertile hyphae erect, simple ; conidia cylindrical, septate, coloured, produced in chains within the erect hyphae, and eventually escaping through the ruptured apex. Sporoschisma, B. & Br., inGard. Chron., 1847, p. 540 ; Sacc., Syll. iv., p. 486. Distinguished at once by the conidia being produced within the erect hyphae, and somewhat resembling an ascus containing spores, if in reality this is not the case. Sporoschisma mirabile. (B. & Br.) (fig. 6, p. 397.) Forming velvety, black patches, hyphae unbranched, cylindrical, abruptly narrowed at the base, erect, 200-250 x 14-15 yu, : within these hyphae the conidia are formed in a chain ; conidia brown, 3-septate, cylindrical, truncate, not constricted at the septa, 40-50 x 12 p.. Along with the conidia-forming hyphae are others that are sterile, septate, and frequently thickened at the tip. Sporoschisma mirabile, B. & Br., Gard. Chron., 1847, p. 540; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2333. Forming coarsely velvety blackish patches in rotten wood, and on stems of herbaceous plants. SPOROSCHISMA — DENDEYPHIUM. 42o Tribe 20. Dendryphieae. Sacc. DENDEYPHIDM. Wallr. (fig. 13, p. 397.) Vegetative hyphae creeping or almost absent, fertile kyphae erect, more or less branched at the tip ; conidia coloured, more or less cylindrical, septate, springing from the tips of the branches, usually produced in simple or branched chains. Dendryphium, Wallr., PI. Crypt., ii. p. 300 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 487. Dendryphium comosum. Wallr. Broadly effused, blackish, hyphae septate, 9-12 /x thick, dark brown, septate, simple, bearing at the apex simple or branched chains of cylindrico-fusoid, straight or slightly curved, yellowish-brown, 3-5 septate conidia, 25-35 x 6-7 /«,, slightly constricted at the septa. Dendryphium comosum, Wallr., Fl. Crypt., n. 1943; Sacc., iv. n. 2335. Forming blackish stains on decaying herbaceous stems, especially nettle. Dendryphium fumosum. Fr. Tufts small blackish-brown, hyphae erect, short, dark brown, septate, paler upwards, branchlets towards the apex pale, closely septate, spreading ; conidia catenulate, cylindric- fusoid, pale brown, 9-13 septate, not constricted at the septa, 25-35 x 5-6 ^. Dendryphium, fumosum, Fr., Summa Veg. Scand., 504 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2337. On herbaceous stems, especially umbellifers. Dendryphium griseum. B. & Br. (fig. 13, p. 397.) Tufts minute, sometimes more or less confluent, blue-grey, hyphae sparingly dichotomously branched above ; conidia cylindrical, tips apiculate, arranged in branching chains, 1-septate, 14—17 X 4—5 /x,, almost colourless. Dendryphium griseum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 540 t. vi. f. 11 ; Sacc., Syll,, iv. n. 2344. On putrid nettle stems. 424 FUNGUS-FLORA. Dendryphium ramosum. Cke. Forming blackish effused stains on stems of herbaceous plants, erect hyphae dark brown, closely septate, branched above, branches paler, forked ; conidia straight, cylindrical, 3-o-septate 24-28 x 6-8 /*, pale brown. Dendryphium ramosum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1690 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2147. On stems of Papaver, Hesperis, &c., forming broadly effused black stains. Dendryphium curtum. B. & Br. Forming blackish stains, hyphae short, septate, 7-8 p thick, blackish brown below, paler above, as are also the few short branchlets ; conidia cylindrical, 3— 5-septate, slightly con- stricted at the septa, 20-25 X 4-6 /x, pale brown. Dendryphium curtum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist, n. 538, tab. vi. f. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2348. On stems of herbaceous plants, woody branches of trees, &c. Dendryphium laxum. B. & Br. Forming effused blackish, velvety patches, erect hyphae short, closely septate, branched above, branches often wavy ; conidia linear-oblong or obclavate, 7-11 septate, slightly constricted at the septa, brown, 25-35 X 4-5 ^, springing from the tips of the branchlets. Dendryphium laxum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 539, t. vi., f. 10 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2350. ^ Forming black velvety patches on putrid stem of Inula viscosa. Sect. IY. DICTYOSPOKAE. Sacc. Subsect. 1. Micronemeae.. Sacc. SPOEODESMIUM. Link. (fig. 7, p. 397.) Mycelium generally scanty ; conidia from ovoid to oblong, often rather large, almost sessile, or shortly stipulate, muri- fbrmly septate, dark coloured. Sporodesmium, Link, Sp. PI. Fung., xi. p. 120- emended Sacc., Mich., xi. p. 23 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 497. SFOBODESMIUM. 425 Distinguished by the somewhat large, subsessile conidia being muriforrnly septate, i.e., having both transverse and vertical septa. Sporodesmium melanopodum. B. & Br. Tufts ample, black ; conidia subglobose, opaque, multi- septate, springing from a cellular base of variable size. Sporodesmium melanopodum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 455 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2356. On bark. Sporodesmium lobatum. B. & Br. (fig. 7, p. 397.) Tufts minute, black, pulvinate ; conidiophores short, arti- culated, hyaline below, broken up into subquaternate, sub- globose joints above ; conidia terminal, 15 p. long. Sporodesmium lobatum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1146, t. iii. f. 7 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2364. On pine wood. Sporodesmium scutellare. B. & Br. Tufts small, scattered, minute, shield-like ; conidia broadly obovate, muriformly septate, brown, pedicel short, one or few- celled. Sporodesmium scutellare, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist, n. 456 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2366. On larch bark. Sporodesmium antiquum. Corda. Tufts black, minutely downy, often effused ; irregularly cylindrical and sometimes slightly wavy, 100-150 X 20 /n muriformly septate, and broken up into numerous small cells, smoky brown, base narrowed into a minute stem* somewhat fasciculate. Sporodesmium antiquum, Corda, Icon. Fung., iii. f. 11; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2368. On trunks, wood, &c. Far. compactum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 453. Our species agrees in general character with Corda's, of which we have a specimen from the author, but it is more compact and composed of smaller cells (B. & Br.) On hard wood. 426 FUNGUS-FLORA. Sporodesmium polymorphum. Corda. Tufts black, opaque, effused, pulverulent; conidia ovoid or angularly elliptical, 40-50 x 25-30 /u, variously muri- forinly septate, blackish-brown, almost opaque ; sporophores short, terete, septate, paler than the conidia. Sporodesmium polymorphum, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 7, f. 119 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2377. On bark and wood of oak, birch, &c. Sporodesmium piriforme. Corda. Effused and somewhat crustaceous, black ; conidia obovate, at first septate, then cellular, 28-30 p. long, brown, semi- pellucid, 2-4-celled ; sporophores colourless, short or of medium length, filiform, flaccid, sometimes slightly curved. Sporodesmium piriforme, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 116; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2384. On rotten saw-dust. ^ Sporodesmium cladosporii. Corda. Tufts effused, olive; conidia ovoid, continuous, at length opaque brown and densely reticulately septate, scarcely con- stricted, 20-24 /A long ; conidiophores obsolete. Sporodesmium cladosporii, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p, 7, t. 11, f. 118; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2405. On dry pods of Phaseolus vulgaris, stems of Scrophularia, &c. Sporodesmium triglochinis. B. & Br. Tufts point-like, bright brown, springing from a cellular base; conidia obovate when young, then subglobose and obliquely septate, at length oblong and muriformly septate, 8-16 /* diameter; conidiophores short, thickened upwards. Sporodesmium triglochinis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1607, t. x., fig. 4; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2407. On Triylochin palustre. Sporodesmium chartarum. B. & C. Tufts small, black, velvety, often concentrically arranged and forming small patches ; conidia elliptical or subglobose, at first 2-3-septate, then muriformly septate, 10-16 ^ diameter ; conidiophores short, colourless. CONIOCETIIIUM. 427 Sporodesmium chartarum, B. & C., N. Amer. Fung., n. 531 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2413. On damp paper. CONIOTHECIUM. Corda. (6g. 14, p. 397.) Conidia very irregular and variable in form, cruciate or radiately septate, several often coalescent and forming black points or spots on leaves or wood. Coniothecium, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 2 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 508. Conidia usually very variable, resembling irregular con- glomerations of cells of Arariable size. A very badly defined genus, and it is doubtful whether many of the so-called species are such in reality. Coniothecium effusum. Corda. Black, broadly effused; conidia subglobose or irregular, sessile, brown, semipellucid, clustered into irregular masses. Coniothecium effusum, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 2, t. 1, f. 21 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2420. Sporodesmium lepraria, Berk. On wood. Coniothecium conglutinatum. Corda. Tufts small, black, subglobose or confluent ; conidia minute, ovoid, brown, 4-5 p. diam., aggregated in clusters. Coniothecium conglutinatum, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p, 2, t. 1, f. 20 ; Saco., Syll., iv. n. 2421. On birch wood, &c. Coniothecium amentacearum. Corda. Tufts pulvinate, black ; springing from a brown, fleshy, lactiform stroma, conidia somewhat oblong, brown, 13-14 /x, diameter, clustered. Coniothecium amentacearum, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 2, t. 1, f. 26 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2426. On dead branches of willow. Coniothecium betulinum. Corda. Tufts small, solitary, black, innate in the wood, at first covered, then erumpent, scarcely 1 mm. in diameter; conidia black, subglobose, 4-6 p. diameter, clustered. 428 FUNGUS-FLORA. Coniothecium betulinum, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 2, t. 1, f. 25 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2428. On dead branches of Betula alba. Coniothecium viticolum. C. & M. (fig. 14, p. 397.) Tufts erumpent, hemispherical, black, rather compact, loosely gregarious; conidia rounded, subglobose, variously agglutinated together, with 2-4 cells, usually in fours, pale olive, 12—15 fjL diameter. Coniothecium viticolum, C. & M., Grev., xvi. p. 9. On dead twigs of vine (Vitis vinifera). DICTYOSPOKIUM. Corda. (fig. 20, p. 397.) Conidia ovoid, or more or less cordate, formed of aggluti- nated, parallel rows of articulated filaments that do not separate from each other, without appendages. Dictyosporium, Corda, Icon., Fung., ii., p. 87 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 513. Dictyosporium elegans. Corda. (fig. 20, p. 397.) Growing on wood ; tufts effused, black ; conidia tongue- shaped, apex acute or rounded, rarely more or less contracted at the centre, base attenuated or cordate, cells diaphanous, yellow 4-5 rows, walls rather thick, brown or blackish, 57-60 p. long. Dictyosporium elegans, Corda, Icon. Fung., ii. p. 87 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2451. On rotten wood of oak, pine, &c. SPEIKA. Corda. (fig. 27, p. 397.) Conidia muriformly septate, sooty, formed of chains of cells that eventually separate, without appendages, base shortly stipitate or almost sessile. Speira, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 514. Somewhat like Dictyosporium, but distinguished by the chain of cells forming the spore opening out at maturity. TETRAPLOA— STEMPHYLIUM. 429 Speira toruloides. Corda. (fig. 27, p. 397.) Clusters of conidia irregular^ brown; sterile hyphae obsolete or none ; conidia more or less ovoid, formed of 6-7 longitudinal rows of articulated filaments, at first in contact with each other, but eventually separating, 50-60 /u. long, single joints 8-9 p diameter. Speira toruloides, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. fig. 140 ; Sacc., Syll., iv., n. 2454. On rotten leaves, stems, wood, &c. TETKAPLOA. B. & Br. (fig. 15, p. 397.) Conidia ovoid-oblong, muriformly septate, apex furnished with four slender spines, dingy brown ; mycelium obsolete. Tetraploa, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 457 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 516. Distinguished from allies by the delicate spines at the apex of the conidium. Tetraploa aristata. B. & Br. (fig. 15, p. 397.) Tufts effused, blackish-olive; conidia oblong, muriformly septate, smoky ochraceous, 30 x 20-22 /*, apex crowned with four slender spicules 60-90 X 3-4 /*, septate and divergent. Tetraploa aristata, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 457, tab. xi. fig. 6 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2463. On herbaceous stems, grass, &c. Subsect. 2. Macronemeae. Saec. STEMPHYLIUM. Wallr. (fig. 17, p. 397.) Hyphae decumbent, intricately branched, hyaline or smoky ; conidia elliptical or subglobose, 2- many-septate and muritbrm, smoky. Stemphylium, Wallr., PI. Cr.,p.300; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 519. Stemphylium macrosporoideum. B. & Br. Effused, thin, greyish-black; hyphae thin, effused, un- equally branched, branches sometimes anastomosing in a rectangular manner; conidia subglobose or resembling a 430 FUNGUS-FLORA. mulberry, cruciately or radiately septate, 12-18 p. diameter, colourless at first then brown. Stemphylium macrosporoideum (B. & Br.), Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 2478. Epochnium macrosporoideum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 131, t. viii., f. 14. On rotten branches of Eibes, &c. Stemphylium alternariae. Cke. Tufts irregular, dendritic, shining, brown ; mycelium abundant, creeping, delicate, hyaline, branched, septa scanty ; conidia irregular, ovate, somewhat pyriform or cylindrical ; 1- many-septate, brown. Stemphylium alternariae (Cke.), Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2497. Sporodesmium alternariae, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1440. On damp wall-paper, along with Sporodesmium chartarum. Stemphylium asperosporum. Cke. & Mass. (fig. 17, p. 397.) Wholly mouse-grey. Tufts irregular, confluent, and somewhat effused. Threads creeping, septate, branched, hyaline, fertile branches erect, slender, more or less branched near the tips, which are swollen into a depresso-globose torus, bearing the sessile, subglobose conidia, which consist of 2-4 sooty-brown, warted cells, each cell about 12 p. diameter. Stemphylium asperosporum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 11. On damp wall-paper. Eesembling in some respects Stemphylium alternariae, but the conidia are supported upon a distinct, pyriform, hyaline, terminal receptacle, and they are warted, and consist of but, a few cells. Stemphylium Magnusianum. Sacc. Tufts flattened, spot-like, indeterminate, rufescent-brown ; hyphae delicate, creeping, vaguely branched, continuous, hyaline or yellowish ; conidia subglobose, 20-30 //, diameter, presenting a reticulated appearance from the walls of the numerous cells, clear, rufous -colour. Stemphylium Magnusianum, Sacc., Mich., i. p. 132: Sacc., SylL, iv., n. 2484. On bark, rotting paper, dung, &c. MACROSPOEIUM. 431 MACEOSPOEIUM. Fries, (fig. 25, p. 397.) Hyphae subfasciculate, rather flaccid, erect or ascending, simple or branched, coloured, bearing at or near the tips oblong or clavate, nruriform, coloured conidia. Macrosporium, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 373 ; Sauc., Syll., iv. p. 523. On trunks, herbaceous stems, leaves, &c. ; usually sapro- phytes, but sometimes on living or languid portions. Often forming olive-black, more or less extended patches. Macrosporium commune. Eabh. Tufts numerous, densely gregarious, brownish; hyphae subfasciculatc, ascending, septate, not constricted at the septa, brown, 80-90 x 4-6 ; conidia variable in form, oblong, obovate, or clavate, attenuated at the base, 3-5-septate, septa transverse, oblique or longitudinal, olivaceous, epispore sometimes minutely granular, 18-35 X 8-14 p.. Macrosporium commune, Eabh., Fung. Eur. Exs., n. 1360 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2499. On the decayed portions of various plants. Considered to be the conidial condition of Pleospora Jierbarum. Macrosporium sarcinula. Berk. Forming compact patches ^-| in. across, white and downy, then blackish-olive; hyphae suberect, delicate, sparingly branched, soon disappearing after maturity ; conidia clavate, at length divided by septa into cuboid portions, yellow, then olive-brown, 14-24 x 8-10 /x.. Macrosporium sarcinula, Berk., Aim. Nat. Hist., n. 125, t. 8, fig. 10 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2500. On rotten cucumber fruits, also on dry grass leaves. Macrosporium cladosporioides. Desm. Spots large, irregular, fulvous, tufts velvety, minute, numerous; hyphae erect, simple, nodulose, septate, semi- hyaline, fasciculate, 150-200 x 5; conidia olive-brown, semi-pellucid, sometimes toruloae, unequal, 2-3, or up to 10-septate, ovoid, oblong or elongated, club-shaped, attenuated below and shortly pedicellate, 15—75 p. long. 434 FUNGUS-FLORA. Macrosporium cheiranthi. Fr. Hyphae erect, simple, pellucid, somewhat nodulose, sep- tate ; conidia very abundant, large, piriform, ovato-clavate, muriformly septate, "blackish-olive, about twice as thick as the hyphae. Macrosporium cheiranthi, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 374; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 2505. On fading leaves and fruit of species of CheirantJius and Drdba. Macrosporium convallariae. Fr. Spots rather silky, indeterminate, olivaceous, easily re- movable and soon disappearing ; hyphae erect, fugacious ; conidia obovate, blackish-olive, paler and narrowed at the base, muriformly septate ; pedicel short, hyaline. Macrosporium convallariae, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 373 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2574. On fading leaves of Convallaria multiflora. Macrosporium scolopendri. Cke. Spots brown, orbicular or irregular ; tufts small, scattered over the spots, olive ; threads short, seldom branched, sep- tate, slender ; conidia 3-4-septate, with 1-2 transverse septa, pale brown, 40 X 15 /*. Macrosporium scolopendri, Cke., Grev., xvi. p. 81. On fading fronds of Scolopendrium vulgare. MYSTROSPOKIUM. Corda. (fig. 29, p. 397.) Conidiophores simple or sparingly branched, rather- short and rigid, septate, typically brown; conidia elliptical, subglobose, or oblong, many-septate, muriform, blackish, acrogenous, subsolitary. Mystrosporium, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 12. ^ Allied to Macrosporium, but distinguished by the more rigid and darker-coloured hyphae and conidia. Mystrosporium stemphylium. Corda. (fig. 29, p. 397.) Tufts thin, broadly effused, blackish ; conidiophores short, flexuous, erect, olive-brown; conidia obovate, variable in MYSTKOSPOEIUM — SEPTOSPOEIUM. 435 form, cellular, unequal, 35-40 /x long, olive, yellow, or brown, pedicel short. Mystrosporium stemphylium, Corda, Icones Fungorum, ii. p. 13, t. x. f. 61. On stems and leaves of dahlia and mallow, also on rotten wood. Mystrosporium alliorum. Berk. Conidiophores flexuous, septate; conidia terminal or some- times lateral, oblong, constricted in the middle, subpiriforin, multiseptate and muriform, septa sometimes oblique. Mystrosporium alliorum, Berk., Gard. Chron., 1878, p. 192; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2592. On onions. I cannot find the type specimen in Berkeley's herbarium, hence cannot give more information, measurements, &c. SEPTOSPORIUM. Corda. (fig. 26, p. 397.) Hypha of two kinds — fertile short, sterile elongated; conidia elliptical or piriform, brown, murali-septate. Septosporium, Corda, in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl., t. 17 ; Sacc., Syll., iv., p. 543. Septosporium bulbotrichum. Corda. (fig. 26, p. 397.) In effused, slender, brown tufts ; sterile hyphae unbranched, base bulbous, septate, obtuse, brown below, yellowish up- wards, pellucid ; conidia pedicellate, springing up amongst the sterile hyphae, oblong-clavate, yellow ; pedicel septate, attenuated, 35-36 /* long. Septosporium bulbotrichum, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 12, f. 176. On rotten wood. Septosporium atrum. Corda. Tufts minutely downy, effused, black; hyphae erect, almost simple, wavy, grey, 2-3-septate, semipellucid ; conidia large, pedicellate, oblong or clavate, glaucous, somewhat pellucid; apiculus white or sometimes obsolete; pedicel filiform. 2 F 2 434 FUNGUS-FLORA. Macrosporium cheiranthi. Fr. Hyphae erect, simple, pellucid, somewhat nodulose, sep- tate; conidia very abundant, large, piriform, ovato-clavate, muriformly septate, blackish-olive, about twice as thick as the hyphae. Macrosporium cJieiranthi, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 374; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2505. On fading leaves and fruit of species of CTieiranihus and Draba. Macrosporium convallariae. Fr. Spots rather silky, indeterminate, olivaceous, easily re- movable and soon disappearing ; hyphae erect, fugacious ; conidia obovate, blackish-olive, paler and narrowed at the base, muriformly septate ; pedicel short, hyaline. Macrosporium convallariae, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 373 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2574. On fading leaves of Convallaria multiflora. Macrosporium seolopendri. Cke. Spots brown, orbicular or irregular ; tufts small, scattered over the spots, olive; threads short, seldom branched, sep- tate, slender ; conidia 3-4-septate, with 1-2 transverse septa, pale brown, 40 x 15 /A. Macrosporium seolopendri, Cke., Grev., xvi. p. 81. On fading fronds of Scolopendrium vulgar e. MYSTROSPOKIUM. Corda. (fig. 29, p. 397.) Conidiophores simple or sparingly branched, rather- short and rigid, septate, typically brown; conidia elliptical, subglobose, or oblong, many- septate, muriform, blackish, acrogenous, subsolitary. Mystrosporium, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 12. _ Allied to Macrosporium, but distinguished by the more rigid and darker-coloured hyphae and conidia. Mystrosporium stemphylium. Corda. (fig. 29, p. 397.) Tufts thin, broadly effused, blackish ; conidiophores short, flexuous, erect, olive-brown; conidia obovate, variable in MYSTROSPORIUM — SEPTOSPORIUM. 435 form, cellular, unequal, 35-40 /* long, olive, yellow, or brown, pedicel short. Mystrosporium stemphylium, Corda, Icones Fungorum, ii. p. 13, t. x. f. 61. On stems and leaves of dahlia and mallow, also on rotten wood. Mystrosporium alliorum. Berk. Conidiophores flexuous, septate ; conidia terminal or some • times lateral, oblong, constricted in the middle, subpiriform, multiseptate and muriform, septa sometimes oblique. Mystrosporium alliorum, Berk., Gard. Chron., 1878, p. 192; Sacc., Syll, iv. n. 2592. On onions. I cannot find the type specimen in Berkeley's herbarium, hence cannot give more information, measurements, &c. SEPTOSPORIUM. Corda. (fig. 26, p. 397.) Hypha of two kinds — fertile short, sterile elongated; conidia elliptical or piriforin, brown, murali-septate. Septosporium, Corda, in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl., t. 17 ; Sacc., Syll., iv, p. 543. Septosporium bulbotrichum. Corda. (fig. 26, p. 397.) In effused, slender, brown tufts ; sterile hyphae tmbranched, base bulbous, septate, obtuse, brown below, yellowish up- wards, pellucid ; conidia pedicellate, springing up amongst the sterile hyphae, oblong-clavate, yellow ; pedicel septate, attenuated, 35-36 /A long. Septosporium bulbotrichum, Corda, Ic. Fung., i. p. 12, f. 176. On rotten wood. Septosporium atrum. Corda. Tufts minutely downy, effused, black ; hyphae erect, almost simple, wavy, grey, 2-3-septate, semipellucid ; conidia large, pedicellate, oblong or clavate, glaucous, somewhat pellucid ; apiculus white or sometimes obsolete ; pedicel filiform. 2 F 2 436 FUNGUS-FLORA. Septosporium alrum, Corda, in Sturm's Deutsch. Fl., t. 17; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2600. DACTYLOSPOBIUM. Harz. (fig. 23, p. 397.) Hyphae erect, simple ; conidia obovate, murifonnly septate, brown, collected into a terminal head. Dactylosporium, Harz, Hyph., p. 44; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 545. Dactylosporium brevipes. Grove, (fig. 23, p. 397.) Gregarious, black ; hyphae erect, short, flexuous, fuscous, paler upwards, densely septate, subtorulose (cells sub- quadrate), simple or furcate towards the apex, 50-70 X 5 p,, bearing a jet-black head consisting of 5-8 conidia closely compacted; conidia obovate, deep fuscous, almost opaque, 20-22 X 10-13 /x, angularly cellular, one septum longitudinal, the remainder oblique or radiating. Dactylosporium brevipes, Grove, Journ. Bot., 1886, p. 204, tab. 267, f. 7; Sacc., Syll., Suppl. 1-4, n. 3641. On wood of sycamore. Closely allied to D. macropus, of which it is perhaps a variety. (Grove.) ALTERNARIA. Nees. (fig. 21, p. 397.) Hyphae fasciculate, somewhat erect, almost simple, short ; conidia clavately flask-shaped, muriformly septate, catenulate and connected by slender portions, soon separating. Alternaria, Nees, Syst. d. Pilze, ii. p. 72 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 545. Distinguished by the clavate, or flask-shaped muriformly septate olive conidia being united in chains and connected by narrow isthmus-like portions. Alternaria brassicae. Sacc. (fig. 21, p. 397.) Hyphae short, continuous, very shortly branched, tips equal, in small tufts; conidia in chains, deciduous, elongated, FUMAGO — CERATOSPORIUM. 437 fusoid or clavate, muriformly septate, olive-green, 50-85 x 12-18 p. Alternaria brassicae, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2613, On dry spots on the leaves of Brassica oleracea. FUMAGO. Pers. (fig. 32, p. 397.) Hyphae decumbent, intricately wefted, often moniliform and muriformly divided, usually forming black crust-like patches that fall away when dry; fertile hyphae erect, branched, conidia elliptical, oblong, or deformed, 1-2-septate, typically produced in chains. Fumago, Persoon, Myc. Eur., i. p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 547. Forming black, sooty, crust-like patches on living leaves and stems. Probably nothing more than a stage of development of the genus Capnodium. Fumago vagans. Pers. (fig. 32, p. 397.) Sterile creeping hyphae vaguely branched, free or more or less fasciculate, often confluent in cellular muraliform or multicellular masses, olive or smoky-brown ; fertile hyphae ascending, short, corymbosely branched above ; conidia formed at the tips of the branches, shortly catenulate, generally 2-celled, rarely continuous or 2-septate, 6-18 p long. Fumago vagans, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2618. Forming sooty patches on living leaves of various trees. Very variable, and undoubtedly the conidial phase of Capnodium. Sect. V. STAUKOSPOKAE. Sacc. CEKATOSPOEIUM. Schw. (fig. 12, p. 397.) Sterile hyphae slender, creeping ; conidia sessile, attached to each other in small clusters at the base, ascending, rigid, many-septate, brown. Ceratosporium, Schweinitz, Syn. Amer. Bor., t. 19, f. 3; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 552. 438 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Distinguished from Triposporium by the conidia being sessile, and the sterile hyphae almost obsolete. Ceratosporium digitatum. Sacc. (fig. 12, p. 397.) Forming effused, black, dense velvety patches ; conidia in fascicles of 2-4, attached at the base, sessile on the slender creeping threads, obclavate, wavy, many-septate, pale then dark brown, 80-120 x 12-16 /x. Ceratosporium digitatum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2625. Sporidesmium digitatum, Cke. On holly branches. 5* Macronemeae. TEIPOSPOEIUM. Corda. (fig. 11, p. 397.) Sterile hyphae scanty, creeping; fertile hyphae erect, brown, rigid, septate ; conidia terminal, brown, stellate with 3-4 rays. Triposporium, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 16 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 554. Distinguished by the coloured, stellate, 3-4-rayed conidia. Triposporium elegans. Corda. (fig. 11, p. 397.) Mycelium very slender, effused, brown ; fertile hyphae erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched, brown, trans- lucent, distantly septate ; conidia stellate, central point dark brown, the three or four rays paler, each ray 4-6-septate, tip subhyaline, 48-50 p. long. Triposporium elegans, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 160, fig. 220; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2631. On rotten wood. Triposporium ficinusium. Preuss. Tufts broad, black; hyphae erect, simple, septate, long, blackish-brown, dilated at the base, attenuated and paler upwards ; conidia solitary, inserted at the apex of the coni- diophore, pedicellate, tri-radiate, central portion, blackish- brown, rays paler, apiculus white, obtuse, 4-5-septate. Triposporium ficinusium, Preuss, Fung. Hoyersw., p. 54 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2634. On rotten wood. TRIPOSPOBIUM — HELICOSPORIUM. 439 Sect. VI. HELICOSPOKAE. Sacc. HELICOSPOKIUM. Nees. (figs. 10, p. 397, and 29, p. 443.) Sterile hyphae creeping, fertile ascending, dark-coloured, furnished here and there with small spine-like ongrowths that bear the conidia. Conidia terminal or lateral, spirally coiled, hyaline or coloured, pluriguttulate or pluriseptate, coloured. Helicosporium, Nees, Syst. der Pilze, p. 68 ; Emend., Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 29 ; Sacc., Syll., iv., p. 557. Some pale coloured species connect the present genus with Helicomyces in the Mucedineae. Helicosporium pulvinatum. Fr. Tufts broadly effused, dingy yellowish-white, becoming dusky ; hyphae slender, septate, branched, dingy olive, 3-4 p, diameter ; conidia in spirals with 2—3 turns, 2 p. diameter, 70-80 p. long, not septate but multinucleate, hyaline. Helicosporium pulvinatum, Fr., Syst. Myc., iii. p. 354; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2638. On rotten wood, especially oak. Far. effusum, Berk. Tufts effused, exceedingly thin; conidia colourless. Helicosporum Mulleri. Sacc. (fig 10, p. 397.) Tufts broadly effused, rather woolly, dark olive; sterile hyphae creeping, fertile ascending, fasciculate, 10 p. thick, not branched, septate, smoky or brownish, towards the tip with minute branchlets or tooth-like projections that give origin to the conidia. Conidia cylindrical, sparingly septate, 6-7 p. thick, colourless, spirally coiled, diameter of entire coil about 25 p.. Helicosporium Mulleri, Sacc. Mich., ii. p. 129 ; Sacc., Syll., iv, n. 2639. Helicoma Mulleri, Corda. On rotten wood of poplar, oak, &c. Helicosporium viride. Sacc. Tufts effused, olive-green ; mycelium olive, interwoven, fertile threads erect, septate, olive, tips paler ; conidia large, 440 FUNGUS-FLORA. cylindric - clavate, septate, hyaline, coiled in 1-2 loose spirals. Helicosporium viride, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2640. Helicocoryne viridis, Corda. On rotten wood. Helicosporium lumbricoides. Sacc. Effused, forming greyish- white spots ; hyphae creeping, slender, branched and more or less anastomosing, 4—5 //, dia- meter, remotely septate, pale sooty-grey, with hyaline denti- culations at the insertion of the conidia; conidia worm-like, coiled in 2-3 J loose spirals, 150 X 4 /x, with many guttulae in a single row, hyaline. Helicosporium lumbricoides, Sacc., Mich., i. p. 86; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2642. On rotten oak wood. Helicosporium vegetum. Nees. Tufts broadly and vaguely effused, golden, then yellow, at length olivaceous, sometimes black ; fertile hyphae straight, simple, rather closely septate, 300 X 4 /x, pallid at first, at length sooty-black, studded laterally with minute hyaline points to which the conidia are attached ; conidia filiform, in a spiral of 2-3 turns, 45-65 x 1-1 * 5 p., furnished with many guttulae in a single row, septate, greenish, pellucid. Helicosporium vegetum, Nees, Syst. d. Pilze, p. 68, fig. 69 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2643. On rotten wood, especially oak. Helicosporium ramosum. Mass. (fig. 29. p 443.) Tufts effused, often large, downy, dingy brown with an olive tinge ; sterile hyphae creeping, fertile ascending, vaguely branched, brownish, septate, 5—7 /x thick, bearing short lateral branches that gradually increase in length and form a close spiral, the whole forming an olive brown coni- dium varying from elliptical to obtusely fusiform, 60-80 X 30-40 /x, consisting of 7-9 coils. Helicoryne ramosum, Berk, and Smith, Gard. Chron., 1882, April 8th. On wood. STILBEAE. 441 Fam. III. STILBEAE. Fr. Byssoid fungi, pallid or brown. Sterile hyphae creeping, scanty; fertile hyphae or conidiophores collected in erect, stem-like fascicles (stromata), bearing the conidia at their tips. The present family differs from the two preceding in having the fertile hyphae agglutinated into erect, stem- like bundles, the tips of the hyphae usually becoming free near the apex of the fascicle, and bearing the spores. There are two primary groups, one resembling the Mucedineae in having the hyphae and conidia pallid ; the other resembling the Dematieae in having the hyphae and conidia dark coloured. Series I. Hyalostilbeae. Sacc. Hyphae and conidia pale. Sect. 1. Amerosporae. Sacc. Conidia globose, elliptical, or oblong, continuous, hyaline or pallid. Sect. 2. Phragmosporae. Sacc. Conidia oblong, or fusiformly-elongated, 2- many-septate or guttiilate. Series IJ. Phaeostilbeae. Sacc. Hyphae and conidia (or one or the other) brown, rigid. Sect. 1. Amerosporae. Sacc. Conidia globose, oblong, or elongated, continuous. Sect. 2. Phragmosporae. Sacc. Conidia oblong or cylindrical, 2- many-septate. 442 FUNG US-FLOE A. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE STILBEAE. Fig. 1, Exosporium tiliae ; section of fungus and conidium ; — Fig. 2, Epidochium atrovirens ; section of fungus, and portion of hyphae with a conidium ;— Fig. 3, Myrothecium inundatum ; general appearance of fungus, and portion of section showing conidiophores bearing conidia ; — Fig. 4, Atrobotryum atrum ;— Fig. 5, Aegerita Candida ;— Fig. 6, Dendro- dochium affine;—Fig. 7, Tuberculina persicina ;— Fig. 8, Volutella ciliata; — Fig, 9, sterile hypha and two conidiophores bearing conidia, of same STILBUM. 443 Fam. III. STILBEAE. Series I. Hyalostilbeae. Sacc. Sect. 1. Amerosporeae. Sacc. STILBUM. Tode. (figs. 20-22, p. 442.) Stroma subterete, usually elongated and stem-like, com- posed of agglutinated hyphae that become free above and form, a more or less swollen head ; conidia minute, con- tinuous, borne on the tips of the hyphae forming the head, at first involved in mucus. Stilbum, Tode, Fung. Mechl., i. p. 10 ; emended by Sac- cardo in Mich., ii. p. 32 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 564. The distinct, simple or branched stem bearing a single head, and the conidia involved in mucus characterise the genus. Small fungi, rarely exceeding ^ of an inch in height. Stilbum orbiculare. B. & Br. Forming white patches an inch or more in diameter, springing from a white, thin, pulverulent stratum, stem cylindrical, tomentose, often with a torn frill-like structure at the apex ; head globose ; conidia cylindrical, 5 x 2 p.. Stilbum orbiculare, B. & Br., Ann. Sci. Nat., n. 1714 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2676. On Lindbladia effusa. fungus; — Fig. 10, Epicoccum purpurascens, section of; — Fig. 11, coni- diuin of same; — Fig. 12, Endodesmia glauca; — Fig. 13, Bactridium helvellae, spore of; — Fig. 14, Fusarium solani ; — Fig. 15, Graphium subulatum ; — Fig. 16, Isaria citrina, and portion of a branch showing origin of conidia; — Fig. 17, Periola tamentosa ; — Fig. 18, Hymenvla rubella ;— Fig. 19, Sporocybe byssoides ;— Fig. 20, Stilbum citrinelluin;— Fig. 21, section of head ot same, showing it to consist of hyphae spreading from the stem ; — Fig. 22, hyphae bearing conidia, from head of tame ; — Fig. 23, Ceratium hydnoides ; — Fig. 24, Tubercularia euonymi ; section of fungus and curved condiophore ; — Fig. 25, Cylindrocolla. urticae; — Fig. 26, lllosporium roteum;— Fig. 27, Fusarium betae ;— Fig. 28, Spha- celia segetum ;— Fig. 29, Helicotporium ramosum. (All the figures are highly magnified.) 444 FUNGUS-FLOE A. Stilbum tomentosum. Schr. Gregarious, every part pure white, stem slender, tomen- tose ; head subrotund becoming opaque ; conidia globose, 2-3 p. diameter. The plants spring from an effused white, creeping mycelium. Stilbum tomentosum,, Schr., Journ., 1799, ii. p. 65, t. 3, f. 2; Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 2677. Very minute. Parasitic on various species of Myxogastres, as Trichia, Didymium, Arcyria, &c. Stilbum erythrocephalum. Ditm. Gregarious or scattered, stem rather thick, tomentose, whitish, terminating in a turbinato-globose, rosy or deep red head ; conidia elliptical, 4-6 X 2—2 • 3 p., hyaline, borne on slender, septate, colourless conidiophores that are nodulose at the apex, 50-60 X 3-3-5 p. Stilbum erythrocephalum, Ditm. in Sturm. D.C., t. 45 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2680. On damp dung of rabbits, pigeons, &c. Stilbum vulgare. Tode. Stems gregarious, fibrous, smooth, elongated, becoming thinner upwards, white, then yellowish; head globose, white, then yellowish ; conidia elliptical, hyaline, 8 X 5-6 p.. Stilbum vulgare, Tode, Mecklenb., i. p. 10, t. 2, f. 16 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2682. On rotten wood, oak cupules, &c. Stilbum pellucidum. Schrad. Scattered ; head white, from turbinate to subglobose ; stem equal, rigid, hyaline. Stilbum pellucidum, Schrad., Journ., 1779, p. 65; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2685. On rotten wood, decaying fungi, &c. Scarcely 2 mm. high. Allied to 8. vulgare. Stilbum acicula. Sacc. Mycelium obsolete ; stems scattered, scarcely 2 mm. high, gregarious, white or pallid, splitting longitudinally; head subglobose, white; conidia ellipsoid, minute. Stilbum acicula, Sacc., SylL, iv. n. 2691. Pachnocybe acicula, Berk., Engl. Flora, vol. v. p. 334. On herbaceous stems. STILBUM. 445 Stilbum vaporarium. B. & Br. Stems clustered, fasciculate, more or less connected at the base, grey ; heads flesh-coloured ; conidia elliptic-oblong, 7-8 x 3 p. Stilbum vaporarium, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 493 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2968. On wood. Distinguished from S. fasciculatum more especially by the larger size of the conidia. Stilbum fasciculatum. B. & Br. Stems flabellato-fasciculate, joined at the base, grey ; heads flesh-colour ; conidia elliptical, 5 X 2 /A. Stilbum fasciculatum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 492 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2699. On fallen -wood. According to Cooke the present species is the conidial condition of SpJiaerostilbe gracilipes. Stilbum fimetarium. B. & Br. Slender, clear-red, head at first subconic then becoming flattened and angular ; conidia ellipsoid, 6-7 //, long. Stilbum fimetarium, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 494; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2710. Small ; on the dung of various animals. Stilbum aurantiacum. Bab. Subfasciculate, orange ; stem smooth, darker at the base ; head subclavate ; conidia oblong, obtuse, subtruncate, 12- 14 p. long. Stilbum aurantiacum, Babington, Linn. Soc. Trans., 1839; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2714. On dead elm branches. Stilbum turbinatum. Tode. Head variable, globose, oval, or obpiriform, whitish or golden ; stem yellow, base greenish, pellucid ; conidia globose. Stilbum turbinatum, Tode, Meckl., p. 12, t. 2, f. 20 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2718. " Stilbum citrinum, Per?., Syn., p. 681. On rotten beech trunks. 446 FUNGUS-FLORA. Stilbum ramigenum. Sacc. Stem citrin-yellow, cylindrical, formed of filiform, septate, fasciculated hyphae, expanding at the apex into a sub- globose head; hyphae attenuated at the apex, bearing numerous short, lateral conidiophores ; coiiidia globose, echinulate, 10 p. diameter, collecting in masses. Stilbum ramigenum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n, 2719. Acremonium ramigenum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1319, t. 18, f. 10. On rotten branches. Stilbum melleum. B. & Br. Minute; pale yellow; stem short, hispid, dilated above; conidia globose, 1 • 5-2 p. diameter ; globose, warted, honey- coloured, crystallised bodies 12-15 p diameter are mixed with the conidia. Stilbum melleum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1G09, t. 10, fig. 5 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2667. On bark. Stilbum citrinellum. Cke. & Mass. (figs. 20-22, p. 442.) Minute, scattered, stem erect, cylindrical, whitish, a little attenuated upwards ; head subglobose, lemon-yellow ; com- pacted hyphae furcate at the tips ; conidia solitary, elliptical, continuous, hyaline, 7-9 X 4 /x. Stilbum citrinellum, Cke. & Massee, Grev., vol. xvi. p. 81. On fading leaves of Lycopodium. Whole fungus about 2 mm. high. ISAEIA. Pers. (fig. 31, p. 397.) Stroma erect, clavate and simple or variously branched or fimbriated, consisting of loosely compacted hyphae, every- where bearing conidia that are borne at the tips of the hyphae; conidia minute, globose or elliptical, continuous, colourless. Isaria, Persoon, Tent. Disp., p. 41 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 584. On the pupa, larval, or imago condition of insects, also on wood, dung, leaves, &c. The species on insects are mostly conidial conditions of species of Cordyceps. ISARIA. 447 * On insects. Isaria farinosa. Fr. (fig. 31, p. 397.) Subcaespitose ; white, 1 in. or more high, stem distinct, simple, glabrous, fertile, upper portion thickened, more or less branched, powdery ; conidia globose, hyaline, 2 /A diameter. Isaria farinosa, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 271 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2772. On dead, putrescent chrysalis form of various insects, especially those buried amongst fallen leaves. The conidial condition of Cordyceps militaris. Isaria floccosa. Fr. Caespitose ; subulate, simple, white, 2-4 mm. high, everywhere floccoso-tomentose ; conidia subglobose, 2 p diameter. Isaria floccosa, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 274 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2778. On larvae and pupae of Bombyx Jacobaea. Isaria sphingum. Schw. Gregarious; stromata erect, very long, filiform, often compressed, subpulverulent, springing, from a silky fibroso- crustaceous mycelium ; conidia subglobose, 2 //, diameter. Isaria sphingum, Schweinitz, Syn. Fung. Carol., p. 126, n. 1298 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2781. On the pupa of a dipterous insect in Scotland. In other countries on Sphingum and various Orthopterous and Lepi- dopterous insects. The ascigerous form, Cordyceps sphingum, Sacc., has not yet been recorded for this country. Isaria arachnophila. Ditm. Caespitose, springing from a whitish stroma, cylindrical, unbranched, white or with a suggestion of pink; conidia linear-oblong, 3-4 x 2 p.. Isaria arachnophila, Ditm. in Sturm, D. C. Fl., t. 55 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2791. On various spiders. 448 FUNGUS-FLORA. ** On dung or on the ground. Isaria felina. Fr. Tufted, slender, elongated, branched, white, consisting of more or less parallel hyphae firmly compacted in the centre, becoming loose at the periphery, tips of branches sometimes fimbriate; conidia about 3 x 2 /A. Isaria felina, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 271 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2793. On dung of cats and dogs. From |-| in. high. Isaria sulphurea. Fiedl. Gregarious, clavate pale sulphur-colour ; stem formed of a bundle of interwoven hyphae ; conidia borne on the minute branchlets of the hyphae, that are variously branched above, subglobose, with a yellow tinge, 5-6 p. diameter. Isaria sulphurea, Fiedl., in Eab. Fung., Eur., n. 60 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2794. On the dung of various mammals, and on manured ground. The flocci of my specimens did not anastomose so much as in Saccardo's drawing [Fung. Ital., t. 845], and they were swollen at intervals, the swelling being very similar to a conidium. (Grove.) *** On fungi. Isaria brachiata. Schum. Gregarious on a whitish stroma, white, erect, rigid, more or less branched, branches subhorizonal, flocculose ; conidia elliptical, hyaline, 3-4 X 2 ^. Isaria brachiata, Schum., Saell., ii. p. 443 : Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2800. ^ On various putrescent fungi ; also said to have occurred on leaves, roots, &c. Isaria intricata. Fr. Caespitose, thread-like, branched, white, 2-6 mm. high; branches few, erect, intricately interwoven, downy, the threads bearing one conidium at the apex. ISAKIA. 449 Isaria intricata, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 278 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2802. On various species of decaying or dried up fungi. Isaria citrina. Pers. (fig. 16, p. 442.) Gregarious, springing from a yellow stroma; yellowish, very much branched, villous and powdered with the white conidia, feathery above ; conidia subglobose, 3-4 //,. Isaria citrina, Pers., Syn., p. 689 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2801. On decaying fungi, also on trunks, &c. Isaria umbrina. Pers. Caespitose ; clavate, branched, salmon-colour ; branches divided, straight, tips rather flattened, everywhere villose ; conidia obovate, pale brown, 5-6 X 3 p.. Isaria umbrina, Pers., Syn., p. 687; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2807. About 2 lines high. On Hypoxylon coccineum, of which it is the conidial form. [Isaria microscopica, Grev., Scot. Or. Fl., t. 3 = Stilbum tomento8um.~\ **** On wood or bark. Isaria Priesii. Mont. Minute, up to 2 mm. high, whitish, fasciculate, erumpent, villous, conidia oblong, 3-4 //, long. Isaria Friesii, Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. ii., vi. p. 28, t. 12, f. 3 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2809. On the bark of branches, bursting through the epidermis. Sometimes greyish or yellowish. Isaria muscigena. Cke. & Mull. Pallid. Stroma erect, simple or forked, compressed, 1-2 lines high, gregarious, but not fasciculate ; conidia large, sphaeroidal, 8—9 //, diameter, hyaline. Isaria mmciyena, Cke. & Mull., Grev., vol. xvi. p. 81. Among Hypnum serpens, on trunks. Isaria albida. Fr. Gregarious, white, club-shaped, about 1 line high, club sometimes forked ; conidia elliptical, 6 x 4 /x. Isaria albida, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2814. VOL. III. 2 G 450 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Pachnocyle albida (Fr.), Berk., Eng. FL, v. p. 335. On rotten wood and herbaceous stems. Scattered specimens resemble short white hairs. Isaria spumarioides. Cooke. Densely tufted, white, palmate or infundibuliform, tips crisped, lobed, or serrate, attenuated below into a minute stem ; stems more or less connate ; conidia subglobose, 4-5 p, diameter. Isaria spumarioides, Cke., Grev. ; Sacc., Syll., iv. u. 2816. On bark. Superficially resembling Spumaria alba. Isaria tomentella. Fr. Gregarious; simple cylindrical or subclavate, dingy yellow, 1 line high, rather thick, villose. Isaria tomentella, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. 276 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2832. On rotten wood, also amongst leaves. Isaria clavata. Ditm. Gregarious ; springing from a stroma ; simple, clavate, whitish or sometimes brownish, villous ; conidia subglobose, 2—3 //, diameter. Isaria clavata, Ditm. in Sturm, D. C. FL, t. 56 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2826. On trunks. From 2-3 lines high. ***** On leaves, flowers, or fruit. Isaria fueiformis. Berk. Slender, pale or bright rose-colour, J in. high, simple or sparingly branched, branches acute; conidia very minute, globose, 2 p. diameter. Isaria fueiformis, Berk., Austr. Fung 'n. 205 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2839. On leaves and germinating seeds of grass. Isaria puberula. Berk. Minute, reddish, about 1 line high; stem straight, branches few and simple, tips clavate, subverticillate, mealy. CERATIUM — ATRACTIOI. 451 Isaria puberula, Berk., Ann. Xat. Hist., n. 221, t. xii. f. 12 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2839. On dead Dahlia flowers. Excluded species. Isaria mlcroscopica, Grev. = Stilbum tomentosum. CEKATIUM. Alb. & Schw. (fig. 23, p. 442.) Stroma club-shaped, simple or variously branched, in- distinctly cellular, externally covered everywhere with, conidia, borne on very short spicules that give to the stroma a velvety appearance, when the conidia have fallen away ; conidia large, continuous, hyaline. Ceratium, A. & S., Comp. Fung. Lus., p. 358 ; Sacc., Syll., vol. iv. p. 596. The present genus is considered by some authors as belonging to the Myxogastres, differing from the Hyphoniycetes in the absence of true hyphae, and in the conidia giving origin to active amoeboid bodies on germination. Saccardo considers the genus to be allied to Isaria, but the points of agreement appear to be confined to superficial resemblances. Ceratium hydnoides. A. & S. (fig. 23, p. 442.) Forming minute, or sometimes effused, pure white tufts, consisting of numerous erect, simple or slightly branched spines that deliquesce and almost disappear when touched ; conidia hyaline, smooth, broadly elliptical or globose, 10-12 x 8 or 10 /x, diameter. Ceratium hydnoides, A. & S., Com., p. 358, t. 11, f. 7; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2845. On rotten wood. Sect. 2. Phragmosporeae. Sacc. ATKACTIUM. Link. (fig. 33, p. 397.) Stroma stem-like, terete, composed of a fascicle of more or less parallel hyphae, expanded to form a conidia-bearing. 2 G 2 452 FUNGUS-FLORA. lead at the apex ; conidia falcate -vermicular, 2- many-septate, subhyaline. Atractium, Link, Berlin Mag., iii. p. 10 (1809); Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 599. Distinguished from other compound stemmed, more or less club-shaped genera by the slender, pointed, elongated, many- septate conidia. Atractium flammeum. Berk. & Eav. (fig. 33, p. 397.) Stroma cylindric-clavate, obtuse, shortly stipitate, 1 mm. high, reddish flame-colour ; whitish below, pruinose ; conidia fusoid, curved, both ends acute, hyaline, 4-6 septate, not -constricted at the septa, 70—75 //.long ; sporophores elongated, septate, 3 • 5 //, thick. Atractium flammeum. Berk. &Eav., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 757; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2860. On bark of living willow, &c. Series IT. Phaeostilbeae. Sacc. Sect. 1. Amerosporae. Sacc. SPOEOCYBE. Fries, (fig. 19, p. 442.) Stem consisting of a fascicle of hyphae, fibrous, apex •capitate and bearing the conidia ; capitulum globose or -elongated ; conidia subglobose or ellipsoid, brown. Sporocybe, Fries, emended by Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 138 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 604. Somewhat resembling Periconia in habit, but in the latter the stem consists of a single hypha, and not of a bundle of hyphae as in the present genus. Sporocybe byssoides. Bon. (fig. 19, p. 442.) Stems gregarious, subulate, 1 mm. high, rigid, blackish- grey, springing from a common compact base ; heads minute, blackish-olive; conidiophores paler, divergent; conidia obovate, 4-6 x 3-4 //,; olive, 1-guttulate. Sporocybe byssoides, Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 138, f. 217 ; Sacc., Syll., 2877 & 1310. On stems of herbaceous plants ; branches of ivy (Hedera\ box (Biww), &c. J k SPOKOCYBE. 453 Sporocybe brassicaecola. Sacc. Stem black, sometimes forked ; head globose, at first grey, then black ; conidia grey, irregular, more or less attenuated at the ends, 5—10 /A long. Sporocybe brassicaecola, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2878. Periconia brassicaecola, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1452, t. 1, f. 3. Forming dense black patches on the inside of decayed cabbage-stalks. Sporocybe cuneifera. Sacc. Stem attenuated upwards, brownish, simple or sparsely divided by the separation of the hyphae into two or more bundles from being firmly compacted below; heads ovate; conidia obversely cuneate or narrowly obovate, pale greenish- brown, 10-11 x 3-4 p.. Sporocybe cuneifera, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2879. Stilbum cuneiferum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1451 1 t. 1, f. 2. On rotten cabbage-stalks. Sporocybe calycioides. Fr. Black, 4 mm. high; mycelium effused, forming spots; head subglobose, compact ; stem slender, subulate, sometimes striate, sometimes flexuous. Sporocybe calycioides, Fries, Syst., Myc., iii. p. 342 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2855. Periconia calycioides (Fr.), Berk., Outl., p. 343. On dead herbaceous stems, trunks of beech, &c. Sporocybe atra. Sacc. Black. Scattered or gregarious, j— J mm. high ; stem erect, opaque, rather rigid ; head ovoid, with spreading, short hyaline conidiophores ; conidia oblong-fusiform, olive, 10-12 fj. long. Sporocybe atra, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2891. Graphium atrum, Desmaz., XVI. Not., p. 343 (1848.) On dry leaves of Holcits mollis and species of Festuca. Sporocybe Phillipsii. Sacc. Minute ; stem erect, cylindrical, black ; head globose ; conidia globose, brown, verruculose, 7-10 p. diameter. 454 FUNGUS-FLORA. Sporocybe Phillipsii, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2894. Periconia Phillipsii, Berk. & Leight., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1453 ; Grev., vol. iv. t. 42. On naked ground, along with a minute species of Thelocarpon. Stem about equal in height to the diameter of the head, thick for the size of the plant. Looks at first sight like a little Sphinctrina, so minute that it is quite invisible to the naked eye. (B. & L.). GEAPHIUM. Corda. (fig. 15, p. 442.) Stroma cylindrical, clavate, or capitate, brownish, rather rigid ; the upper hyphae paler, lax, and bearing the conidia ; conidia elliptical or oblong, hyaline, often involved in mucus at first. Graphium, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 18; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 609. Distinguished from Isaria and Stilbum by the dingy brown colour of the erect stroma. I. EU-GKAPHIUM. Head whitish or glaucose. Graphium stilboideum. Corda. Gregarious, scarcely 2 mm. high, stem long, filiform, consisting of parallel sooty hyphae, expanded at the apex into a pale subrotund discoid head ; conidia elliptic-oblong, 6x3, hyaline. Graphium stilboideum, Corda, Icon. Fung., ii. p. 69 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2896. On branches, cabbage-stems, &c. Graphium rigidum. Sacc. Stems gregarious, robust, rigid, blackish-olive, fragile, becoming subulate from a thickened base; head at first watery-white, then grey, compact, easily breaking off. GrapJiium rigidum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2897. Stilbum rigidum, Persoon, in Uster AnnaL, i. p. 32, f. 2 ; and Pers., Syn., p. 680. On rotten trunks. GEAPHIUM. 455 Graphium Desmazieri. Sacc. Coarsely velvety, sooty, stems erect, 450 X 40, formed of numerous brown septate hyphae; upper hyphae spreading in a paniculate manner, branched, almost hyaline, the small branchlets flexuoso-denticulate and bearing the hyaline, elliptical conidia, measuring 3-4 x 2'5 p. Grapliium Desmazieri, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2898 ; Fun«-. Ital., t. 394. Graphium flexuosum. Sacc. Gregarious, blackish, stem elongated, filiform, usually flexuous or geniculate, base slightly incrassated, composed of parallel, septate, brown hyphae; head clavate then subglobose, even ; conidia hyaline, subglobose, 2 • 5 /x dia- meter, borne at the tips of repeatedly forked hyaline hyphae. Graphium flexuosum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2902. Stilbum flexuosum, Massee, New Micro-Fungi, Journ. Eoy. Microscop. Soc., vol. v. p. 758, figs. 1-3. On rotten wood, 1-2 lines high, gregarious. Graphium subulatum. Sacc. (fig. 15, p. 442.) Stems scattered, rigid, 2—4 mm. high, subulate, black ; head elongated, cylindric-fusiform, acute, grey; conidia almost globose, hyaline. Graphium subulatum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2910. Periconia subulata, Nees, Act. Leop., ix. t. 5, f. 8. On trunks, pericarps, &c. Graphium Grovei. Sacc. Stems subgregarious, erect, 300-500 p. high, rigid, filiform, shining brown, blackish at the base ; head equal to the stem or a little more, also slightly thicker, rather clavate, obtuse or rather acute, never subulate; conidia rounded or oval, very minute, 2 /x. diameter, hyaline. Graphium Grovei, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2911. Pachnocybe clavulata, Grove, New or Noteworthy Fungi, Journ. Bot., vol. xxiii. p. 14, t. 256, f. 10. On rotten decorticated wood. Graphium Passerinii. Sacc. Stems hair-like, erect, brown, composed of fasciculate 456 FUNGUS-FLOEA. hyphae varying; in length, free at the tips and bearing the minute, ovate-oblong, continuous, hyaline conidia. Graphium Passerinii, Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 2912. Graphium subulatum, Pass, et Beltr., Fung. Sic., n. 33 (not ofNees). On dry corticated branches of Bubus. Graphium Stevensonii. Sacc. Scattered ; stem very short, black ; head white, globose ; conidia very minute, globose, hyaline, about 2 [*. diameter. Graphium Stevensonii, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2915. Stilbum Stevensonii, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1713. On rotten wood. Resembling a Didymium in habit. Graphium griseum. Sacc. Densely gregarious, velvety, short ; stems black, fibrous, about 2 mm. high, head subglobose, rather large, grey then blackish and globose ; conidia greyish, elliptical, 1-guttulate. Graphium griseum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2926. Pachnocybe grisea, Berk., Engl. Flor., v. p. 334. On decaying stems. Graphium glaucocephalum. Sacc. Tufts slender, powdery, glaucous, rather inconspicuous; stem short, slender, glabrous, blackish-brown, opaque; head globose, large, glaucous ; conidia ovate, yellowish, guttulate. Graphium glaucocephalum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2927. Sporocybe glaucocephala, Bon. Periconia glaucocephala, Corda. On rotten nettle stems, &c. Graphium piliforme. Sacc. Stems gregarious, straight, black, glabrous ; head spheri- cal, hyaline, very fugacious; conidia hyaline, elliptic-oblong, subcylindrical, at first conglutinated together. Graphium piliforme, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2928. Stilbum piliforme, Pers., Syn., p. 581. On rotten branches and herbaceous plants. GRAPHIUM. 457 Graphium nigrum. Sacc. Stem short, scarcely 1 mm. high, blackish ; head ovate or subglobose ; conidia subcylindrical, minute, numerous. Graphium nigrum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2931. Stilbum nigrum, Berk., Engl. Fl., v. p. 330. On rotten stems of Eriophorus. Graphium graminum. Cke. & Mass. Scattered, minute, dispersed over the leaves and culms, grey ; stems erect, composed of delicate septate threads, almost colourless when separated; conidia elliptical, con- tinuous, hyaline, 6 x 3-4 //.. Graphium graminum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 11. On Gi/nerium. Graphium penicilloides. Corda. Stems scattered, black, short, 100-130 /x high, thick, obtusely clavate above, sometimes swollen below, composed of fasciculate hyphae, paler upwards; conidia acrogenous, linear, hyaline, 4-5 x 1'5 /*, forming a whitish head. Graphium penicilloides, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 18, t. 5, f. 251 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2895. On bark of sycamore, poplar, &c. II. CHROMOCEPHALUM. Head brightly coloured. Graphium anomalum. Sacc. Minute, hardly 1 line high; head subglobose, yellow; stem black, yellow upwards, generally even, sometimes rather floccose at the base ; apex expanded, disciform, conidia almost fusiform. Graphium anomalum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2937. Stilbum anomalum, Berk., Mag. Zool. & Bot., n. 34, t. Ill, f. 9. On dead branches. Graphium bicolor. Sacc. Exceedingly minute; head rounded, whitish, at length becoming olive; stem rather firm, subulate, pallid, olive- brown at the base. Graphium bicolor, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2943. 458 FUNGUS-FLORA. Stilbum Ucolor, Pers., Syn., p. 682. On trunks, branches, &c. HABPOGKAPHIUM. Sacc. (fig. 30, p. 397.) Stroma forming a stem, apex forming a head or equal, sooty-brown, bearing more or less loose paler conidiophores upwards ; conidia elongated or falciform, continuous, hyaline. HarpograpJiium, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 33; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 619. Only differs from GrapMum in the elongated or falciform conidia. Harpographium graminum. Cke. & Mass. (fig. 30, p. 397.) Solitary, scattered, very minute ; stem consisting of a fascicle of septate, olive hyphae, becoming free and spread- ing above ; conidia cylindric-fusiform, 2-guttulate, hyaline, 12 x 5 p. HarpograpJiium graminum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 81. On straw. STYSANUS. Corda. (fig. 28, p. 397.) Stroma erect, cylindrical or clavate, brown, rather rigid ; conidia ovoid, lemon-shaped, or somewhat fusoid, subhyaline, concatenate, grouped into an oblong or subglobose, somewhat lax, terminal panicle. Stysanus, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 21 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 620. ^ Stysanus stemonites. Corda. (fig. 28, p. 397.) Gregarious, stem simple, thin, blackish-brown, consisting of septate, olive-brown, parallel hyphae, which separate above into a cylindrical head; conidia ovate or lemon-shaped, concatenate, almost colourless, 8 x 5 /x. Stysanus stemonites, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 22, t. vi. f. 283; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2951. On trunks, branches, leaves, &c. STYSANUS — GRAPHIOTHECIUM. 459 Stysanus clematidis. Fckl. Steins gregarious, slender, striate, black, 1 line nigh ; the conidia-bearing portion elongato-cylindrical, occupying half the length of the stem, grey ; conidia elliptical, 8x2^, hyaline. Stysanus clematidis, Fuckel, Svmb. Myc., p. 365; Sacc., SylL, 29(50. On rotting stem of clematis. Stysanus putredinis. Corda. Tufts, eft'used, crowded, shining white, then mealy and tinged with pale red ; stem straight, slender, wavy, downy and somewhat pilose, white; head large, obovate, snow- white ; chains of conidia at first few and distant, then becoming numerous and crowded, short; conidia elliptic- oblong, opalescent. Stysanus putredinis, Corda, Icon., iii. t. ii. f. 36 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2965. On rotten leaves, stems, &c. GEAPHIOTHECIUM. Fuckel. (fig. 34, p. 397.) Stroma vertical, composed of fasciculate hyphae, inflated at the base and resembling a perithecium. Conidia spring- ing from the tips of the hyphae, continuous, fusoid, cate- nulate. GrapJiiothecium, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 366 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 624. Distinguished amongst the genera with an elongated vertical stroma composed of fasciculate hyphae by the very much swollen base of the stroma, which resembles a perithe- cium in appearance. Graphiothecium parasiticum. Sacc. (fig- 34, p. 397.) Very minute, rather scattered, simple, stem composed of more or less parallel hyphae, very slender, siibulate, glabrous, blackish-brown, base spherically incrassated, above cylin- drical, white; chains of conidia short, conidia minute, elliptical, colourless, 5—7 p. long. Grapfiiot hecium parasilicum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2971. 460 FUNGUS-FLORA. Stysanus parasiticus, Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. iii. v. x. p. 344. On fading or rotten leaves of various plants. Sect. 2. Pliragmosporae. Sacc. AKTHEOBOTEYUM. Cesati. (fig. 4, p. 442.) Conidiophore capitate, on an elongated coloured, rigid stem composed of agglutinated, parallel, septate hyphae, that spread out at the apex and become more or less free, bearing the septate, coloured conidia at their tips. Arthrobotryum, Cesati in Hedw., i. t. iv. f. 1 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 608. Usually gregarious, the hyphae forming the compact, rigid, dark-coloured stem becoming free at the tip and forming a head, the tips of the hyphae bearing the conidia. Arthrobotryum stilboideum. Cesati. Gregarious, blackish brown, stem tapering upwards, blackish, conidia cylindrical, 3-septate, endochrome becoming pale brown, 10-12 x 4 p.. Arthrobotryum stilboideum, Cesati, Hedwigia, i. t. iv. f. 1 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2986. On rotten wood. Whole plant not 1 mm. in height. Arthrobotryum atrum. B. & Br. (fig. 4, p. 442.) Gregarious, blackish, stem stout, cylindrical, rigid ; head large, subglobose ; conidia cylindric-ovoid, 3-4 septate, the two end cells pale, remainder brown, 30-40 x 12-16 p. Arthrobotryum atrum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 822, t. ix. f. 6 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 2987. On dead stems of various herbaceous plants, and on branches. Fam. IV. TUBEECULAEIEAE. Ehrenb. Compact ; usually originating from a more or less de- veloped basal stroma ; wart-like, globose, discoid ; super- TUBEKCULARIEAE. 461 ficial or erumpent; waxy or subgelatinons. Conidia borne laterally or terminal on simple or branched conidiophores that are agglutinated together to form a head ; very rarely sessile. The principal character of the group under consideration consists in the agglutination of the conidiophores to form a \vaxy or subgelatinous, wart-like or depressed head ; conidia usually minute, very numerous. Series I. Tubercularieae mucedineae. Sacc. Hyphae and conidia hyaline or bright coloured (not black). Sect. 1. Amerosporae. Sacc. Conidia continuous, elliptical, curved, shortly cylindrical, or fusoid. Sect. 2. Didymosporae. Sacc. Conidia 1 -septate, hyaline or pale-coloured. Sect. 3. Phragmosporae. Sacc. Conidia elongated, fusiform or falcate, typically 2- many- septate. Series II. Tubercularieae dematieae. Sacc. Hyphae olivaceous or smoky-black ; conidia similarly coloured, rarely hyaline. Sect. 1. Amerosporae. Sacc. Conidia continuous, globose, elliptical, elongated, or unequal, for the most part brown. Sect. 2. Phragmosporae. Sacc. Conidia oblong or cylindrical, 2- many-septate, coloured. 462 FUNGUS-FLORA. Fam. IV. TUBEBCULARIEAE. Ehr. Series I. Tubercularieae mucedineae. Sacc. Sect. 1. Amerosporae. Sacc. TUBERCULAKIA. Tode. (fig. 24, p. 442.) Sporodochium wart-like or tubercular, sessile or subsessile, generally some shade of red, waxy, glabrous, very rarely ciliated at the margin ; conidia produced at the tips of lateral branchlets or at the apex of the conidiophores, con- tinuous, elliptical or oblong, typically solitary. Tubercularia, Tode, Meckl. Fung., i. p. 18 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 638. Many of the so-called species are known to be the conidial stage of species of Nectria. The sporodochium consists of densely compacted, simple or branched, straight or curved conidiophores which spring from a pseudo-parenchymatous base, and become expanded at the apex to form a more or less capitate structure. The minute conidia form a dense waxy layer covering the surface of the sporodochium. I. On trunks and branches of trees or woody shrubs. Tubercularia vulgaris. Tode. Sporodochia gregarious, rather large, erumpent, margin naked, red, shining, glabrous, globoso-depressed, sometimes flattened and also confluent, more or less shortly stipitate ; conidiophores fasciculate, straight, repeatedly forked, with very short lateral brancblets ; conidia elliptic-oblong, some- times slightly curved, 6-8 x 1-5-2 p., terminal on the branchlets. Tubercularia vulgaris, Tode, Meckl. Fung., i. p. 18, tab. iv. fig. 30 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3002. On branches of various trees. Tubercularia granulata. Pers. Dingy red, becoming rarely black, granuliforrn, erumpent ; TUEERCULARIA. 463 conidial stratum rugose, margin naked ; conidiophores filiform, branched ; conidia ovato-oblong, hyaline, borne on the lateral branchlets. Tulercularia granulata, Pers., Syn., p. 113; Sacc., Syll iv. n. 3006. On branches of various trees, bursting through the bark. Tubercularia nigricans. Link. Tubercles rather large, immersed, red, even, margin naked, stratum of conidia red ; flesh of tubercle at length black. Tubercularia nigricans, Link, Sp. PI., xi.p. 102 ; Sac., Syll., iv. n. 3009. On dead branches of elm, and other trees. Tubercularia versicolor. Sacc. Sporodochia minute, sometimes flesh colour, sometimes greenish ; conidia ovoid-oblong, 7-9 x 3-3 • 5 p., flesh-colour greenish, terminal on filiform conidiophores. Tubercularia versicolor, Sacc., Fung. Ital., t. 961 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3036. On box twigs (Buxus). Tubercularia sarmentosum. Fries. Sporodochia small, emerging in longitudinal lines through the split epidermis, crimson; conidia allantoid, 7-8 x 2-2 • 3 p, hyaline. Tubercularia sarmentosum, Fries, Obs., i. p. 208 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3042. On twigs of ivy, &c. Tubercularia subpedicellata. Schw. Sporodochia minute, pale brick red, narrowed below into a rather long base, epidermis elevated round the pedicel, head emerging above the ruptured cuticle, globose, the pedicel separated from the head by a red line; conidial stratum rugulose ; conidia 6-7 X 3-4 p.. Tiibercularia pedicellata, Schw., Syn. Amer. Bor., n. 3014; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3038. On Syrinya and Lycium. Tubercularia ligustri. Cke. Tubercles minute, convex, erumpent, soon black and de- pressed in the centre, subsessile ; conidia very minute, ellip- 464 FUNGUS-FLORA. tical, hyaline, 2 x 1 p. ; conidiopliores short, delicate, appa- rently simple. Tubercularia ligustri, Cke., Grev., vol. xvi. p. 49. On twigs of Ligustrum. Tubercularia euonymi. Eoum. (fig. 24, p. 442.) Tubercles minute, pulvinate, brick-red ; conidia cylindri- cal, G x 1 p-, produced laterally on filiform, strongly curved conidiophores. Tubercularia euonymi, Eoum., Fung. Gall., n. 55 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3013. On Euonymus. Tubercularia expallens. Fries. Tubercles subglobose, minute; flesli of stroma whitish, stratum of conidia pale rose-colour, then yellowish ; conidia ellipsoid, obtuse. Tubercularia expallens, Fries in index of Syst. Myc., iii. p. 197 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3015. On dead branches of horse-chestnut. Tubercularia sambuci. Corda. Erumpent, rather large, vermilion ; stroma somewhat im- mersed, convex, grumous, yellow inside, externally red ; conidia vermilion, minute, oblong, rather acute, diaphanous. Tubercularia sambuci, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 4, f. 69 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3020. On elder (Sambucus). Tubercularia aesculi. Opiz. Erumpent; tubercles short, fuscous inside, often lobed above, stratum of conidia vermilion ; conidia rather large, oblong, obtuse, whitish, diaphanous. Tubercularia aesculi, Opiz. in Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 4, f. 77 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3014. On dead branches of horse-chestnut. Tubercularia confluens. Pers. Gregarious, confluent, large, rosy flesh-colour, then pale ; conidial layer thick, diffluent; stroma pulvinate, whitish, yellowish inside at the base; conidia large, fusoid-ovate, somewhat obtuse. TUBERCULAKIA. 465 Tubercularia confluens, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 113 (in part); Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3017. On bark of poplar, willow, sycamore, &c. Tubercularia minor. Link. Far. Syringae, Cke. & Mass. Minute, erumpent, horn-coloured then flesh-colour or reddish, shining, gelatinous when moist, stroma readily falling away when mature ; conidia oblong, straight, rounded at the ends, 12 x 2 p.; conidiophores simple. Grev., 1889, p. 80. On twigs of lilac. II. On herbaceous stems. Tubercularia herbarum. Fries. Erumpent, innate, pallid, minute ; the wedge-shaped stroma purple inside, and covered with a pale conidial stratum; conidia ovate, involved in mucus. Tubercularia herbarum, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 465 ; Sacc.,. Syll., iv. n. 3056. On dead herbaceous stems. Tubercularia brassicae. Lib. Tubercles superficial, wart-like, minute, red, even ; conidia cylindrical, very slightly curved, 8-10 x 1| /*, hyaline, borne laterally on simple or forked, toothed conidiophores. Tubercularia brassicae, Lib., Herb., n. 1019 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3057. On decaying cabbage stalks. III. On leaves. Tubercularia aquifolia. C. & M. Tubercles scattered, innate, at length erumpent, pallid flesh-colour, subsessile ; conidiophores rather thick, furcate ; conidia narrowly elliptical or sausage shaped, obtuse, 12-15 X 2-3 p.. Tubercularia aquifolia, Cke., & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 49. On dead holly leaves. VOL. ni. 2 H 466 FUNGUS-FLORA. IV. On fir cones. Tubercularia conorum. C. & M. Tubercles sessile, erumpent in lines, convex, often con- fluent, rosy; conidiophores long, straight, erect; conidia allantoid, obtuse, 8-10 X 2-3 p. Tubercularia conorum, Cke. & Mass., Grev., xvi. p. 49. On fir cones. DENDEODOCHIUM. Bon. (fig. 6, p. 442.) Sporodochium pulvinate or wart-like, variable, white or bright-coloured ; conidia elliptical or oblong, hyaline, pro- duced at the tips of somewhat verticillately branched coni- diophores. Dendrodochium, Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 135 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 650. Allied to Tubercularia, but distinguished by the conidio- phores being more or less verticillately branched. Dendrodochium citrinum. Grove. Sporodochium wart-like, ^ mm. diam., circular, very con- vex, distinctly marginate ; disc shining, citrin-yellow, deepest outside the tumid margin ; conidiophores repeatedly 2— 5- ver- ticillately branched ; branches filiform ; conidia apical on the branchlets, spherical, yellowish, guttulate 1 • 75 p. diameter. Dendrodochium citrinum, Grove, in Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3083. On rotten wood of Pinus sylvestris (?). Dendrodochium affine. Sacc. (fig. 6, p. 442.) Sporodochium bursting through from below the cuticle, hence erumpent, depressedly cushion-shaped, reddish, mi- nute ; conidia broadly elliptical, 4-5 x 2-3 /t, biguttulate, at first with a faint tinge of rose, then hyaline ; conidiophores filiform, fasciculate, 2-3-times forked above, sparingly sep- tate ; sterile hyphae creeping, distantly septate. Dendrodochium affine, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 562 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3073. On dead stems of potato and sunflower. DENDRODOOHIUM— TUBERCULINA. 467 TUBEECTJLINA. Sacc. (fig 7, p. 442.) Sporodochium minute, plano-convex, often more or less violet, at length becoming hard and sclerotiform ; conidia subglobose, acrogenous, conidiophores rather thick, simple, or with a few short branchlets. Tuberculina, Sacc., Mich., vol. ii. p. 34 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 653 ; Mass., Brit. Fung., vol. i. p. 203. The species are remarkable for being parasitic on the mem- bers of another family of fungi, the Uredines. The general habit is that of a Tubercularia, near to which form-genus it is placed by Saccardo. Gobi, on the other hand, considers the genus as having more affinity with the Ustilagineae. Tuberculina persicina. Sacc. (fig. 7, p. 442.) Sporodochium plano-convex, minute, several often arranged concentrically, violet-brown, paler inside; conidia subglo- bose, 7-8 rarely 10 /i diameter, rosy-violet, smooth ; conidio- phores simple, or with a few scattered branches, aseptate, denticulate at the tips, almost colourless. Tuberculina persicina, Sacc., Fung. Ital., t. 964 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3088 ; Plow., Brit. Ured. and Ustilag., p. 299 (excl. syn. Tuberculina vinosa, Sacc.) ; Mass. Brit. Fung., vol. i. p. 204, fig. 132. Tubercularia persicina, Ditm. in Sturm's Fl. Deutschl., t. 49. Parasitic on Uredo, Aecidium, and Eoestelia stages of various Uredines. Tuberculina vinosa. Sacc. Closely allied to Tuberculina persicina, from which it differs in the larger pustules of a vinous colour ; conidia subglobose or ovoid, 11-12 x 10/t, conidiophores shorter, thicker, sep- tate, simple. Tuberculina vinosa, Sacc., Michelia, i. p. 262, and ii. p. 34; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3089; Massee, Brit. Fung., vol. i. p. 204. Parasitic on Aecidium on Coltsfoot, on Boestelia on apple and hawthorn, and on Aecidium on boraginaceous plants. Bare. 2 H 2 468 FUNGUS-FLORA. ILLOSPOEIUM. Mart. (fig. 26, p. 442.) Sporodochium wart-like, pulvinate, or somewhat effused, white or bright-coloured, subgelatinous and waxy, sometimes cracking ; conidia variable, globose or sigmoid, agglomerated in irregular clusters by mucus ; conidiophores variable. Illosporium, Martins, Fl. Or. Erlang., p. 325 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 656. Differs from Tubercularia in the conidia being held together in irregular masses by mucus. Often forming rosy stains on lichens. Illosporium roseum. Mart. (fig. 26, p. 442.) Erumpent, free, gregarious and forming irregular masses, soft, subgelatinous, deep rose-colour, readily becoming pow- dery and friable ; conidia ovoid, unequal, involved in mucus ; conidiophores branched and contorted. Illosporium roseum, Mart., FJ. ErL, p. 325 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3100. Growing on the thallus of various species of lichens, Physcia, Parmelia, &c. Illosporium coccineum. Fries. Sporodochia minute, crowded, globose, scattered every- where, scarlet, at length breaking up into similarly coloured conidia, which are subglobose and held by mucus in small groups. Illosporium coccineum, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 259"; Sacc., Syll., rV. n. 3101. On the thallus of various lichens. Illosporium corallinum. Eob. Gregarious, minute, rosy, globose, ovoid or cylindrical, more or less branched and coral-like ; conidia variable in shape, somewhat hyaline, agglutinated in groups. Illosporium corallinum, Eob., in Desro., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1848, x. p. 342 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3102. On various species of frondose lichens. Illosporium carneum. Fries. Gregarious, globose, free, soft, powdery, flesh-red ; conidia ILLOSPORIUM— AEGERITA. 469 ovoid, curved, rosy-hyaline, aggregated by mucus into small groups. Illosporium carneum, Fries, 'Syst. Myc., iii. p. 259 ; Sacc , Syll., iv. n. 3103. On lichens, especially belonging to the genus Peltigera. Illosporium Curreyi. Berk. Sporodochia subglobose or pulvinate, scattered or gregarious, formed of interwoven, branched hyphae that are constricted at the septa ; conidia bright yellow, globose. Arthroderma Curreyi, Berk., OutL, p. 357. Illosporium Curreyi, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3116. On dead twigs and leaves. AEGEEITA. Pers. (fig. 5, p. 442.) Sporodochium subglobose, sessile, delicate, somewhat mealy, superficial, growing on wood ; conidiophores white or pallid, short, rather thick, simple, or slightly branched, sometimes obsolete ; conidia globose or ovoid, rather large, more or less terminal, solitary. Aegerita, Pers., Disp. Fung., p. 40; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 661. Aegerita Candida. Pers. (fig. 5, p. 442.) Crowded, granular, subglobose; minute, pure white when growing, yellowish when dry, even, glabrous, minutely mealy from the numerous conidia ; sporophores short, fascicu- late, rather thick, cylindrical, wavy ; conidia elliptical, base sometimes apiculate, 12-15 X 7-8 /*, usually terminal, hya- line. Aegerita Candida, Persoon, Syn., p. 684 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3124. On wood and bark of elder in wet places. Aegerita virens. Carm. Scattered, granuliform, minute, hemispherical, olive ; coni- diophores fasciculate at the base, radiating, rather thick, flexuous, simple or dichotomous, often clavate at the tips; conidia terminal, globose, pale olive, 15 /u, diameter. Aegerita virens, Carmichael in Herb. ; Grev., vol. xvi. p. 81. On birch bark. 470 FUNGUS-FLOKA. SPHACELIA. Lev. (fig. 28, p. 442.) Sporodochium somewhat plane, effused, seated 011 a fleshy or waxy basal stratum ; conidiophores short, somewhat simple, rod-shaped ; conidia ovoid, single, acrogenous. Sphacelia, Lev., Mem. Soc. Linn., v. p. 578 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 666. Definitely known to be the conidial condition of species of Claviceps and JEpichloe. Sphacelia segetum. Lev. (fig. 28, p. 442.) Whitish, covering the surface of the young stroma of Claviceps purpurea with a somewhat mealy bloom ; coni- diophores rod-shaped, slightly clavate, densely packed, continuous, hyaline, 9—12 //, long; conidia solitary at the tips of the conidiophores, elliptical, hyaline, 4-6 X 2-3 p.. Sphacelia segetum, Lev., Mem. Soc. Linn., v. p. 578; Sacc., Syll., iv. 3147. Covering the surface of the young stroma of Claviceps purpurea, of which it is the conidial stage. Springing from the ovary of various species of grass. Sphacelia typhina. Sacc. Waxy, pale flesh-colour, encircling the leaf-sheaths or stems of grasses for a space of 1-2 in. as a continuous, thin, crustaceous layer; conidiophores 20-24 x l'5-2 //., rod- shaped, slightly attenuated upwards; conidia acrogenous, ovoid, 4-5 x 3 p., hyaline. Sphacelia typhina, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 297 : Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3150. On the leaf-sheath or rachis of various grasses, Dactylus, Holcus, Triticum, &c. The conidial condition of Epichloe typhina. HYMENTJLA. Fr. (fig. 18, p. 442.) Sporodochium disciform, regular, brightly coloured; conidia borne at the tips of simple or rarely "forked coni- diophores. SPHACELIA — HYMENULA. ' 47 Hymenula, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 233; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 667. The black species are arranged under the genus Hymenopsis, amongst the Tuberculariae dematiae. Hymenula constellata. B. & Br. Sporodochia orbicular, 1 * 5 mm. across, pallid, compact in the centre, conidiophores branched, compact ; conidia elliptical, 5 X 3 ,u. Hymenula constellata, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1590; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3170. On rotten wood. Hymenula rubella. Fr. (fig. 18, p. 442). Sporodochium oblong, shining, yellowish-red, agglutinated to the matrix ; conidiophores acicular, sometimes furcate, 20-25 x 1 /A; conidia terminal, cylindrical, ends obtuse, straight or slightly curved, 5-7 X 1*5 /x, hyaline. Hymenula rubella, Fries, Elench., ii. p. 38 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3171. On dead stems of Typha, Juncus, Phragmites, Carex, &c. Hymenula Berkeley!. Sacc. Sporodochium punctiform, pallid, gelatinous, dingy white or pale yellow, about -| mm, diameter ; sometimes subundu- late ; conidia elliptical, 5 //, long. Hymenula BerTceleyi, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3174. Hymenula punctiformis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 729 ; Berk., Outlines, p. 291. On fir wood. With the habit of a small Calloria. Hymenula vulgaris. Fries. Sporodochium subgelatinous, naked, slightly elevated, oblong or irregular, 2-6 mm. long, white or with a tinge of blue when fresh, blackish when dry ; conidiophores erect, densely crowded, very slender, colourless, simple (?), throw- ing off conidia at the apex ; conidia 5-6 X 1 * 5-2 /x, obtuse at both ends, colourless, very numerous, slightly curved. Hymenula vulgaris, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 234; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3157. On rotting stems of Angelica, Urtica, &c. 472 FUNGUS-FLORA. CYLINDROCOLLA. Bon. (fig. 25, p. 442.) Sporodochium subtremelloid, wart-like, irregular, brightly coloured; conidia terminal on the tips of repeatedly forked conidiophores, concatenate, rod-shaped, truncate at both ends. Cylindrocolla, Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 149 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 673. Characterised by the repeatedly dichotomising conidio- phores and the concatenate cylindrical truncate conidia. Cylindrocolla urticae. Bon. (fig. 25, p. 442.) Gregarious, irregularly circular, becoming collapsed in the centre, bright orange-red ; conidiophoi es repeatedly forked, elongated ; conidia terminal on the branchlets, cylindrical, 8-12 X 1*5 /^continuous, hyaline. Cylindrocolla urticae, Bon., Hdbk., p. 149 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3190. On dead nettle stems. Forming bright orange-red, sub- gelatinous, minute patches. Said to be the conidial con- dition of Calloria fusarioides. PERIOLA. Fries, (fig. 17, p. 442.) Sporodochium free, superficial, rounded, variable, sur- rounded by the _ cortex; stroma cellular, fleshy or somewhat gelatinous ; conidia globoso-ovoid, hyaline, continuous, in peripheral chains mixed with bristles. Periola, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 266; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 681. Allied to Volutella, but differing in the peripheral chains of conidia. Periola tomentosa. Fries, (fig. 17, p. 442.) Rounded, deformed, tomentose, white, scattered or con- glomerated, often confluent, base adnate, 4-6 mm. across, somewhat fleshy, pallid inside, firm; conidia obovate, minute, 5 x 3 p, hyaline, (catenulate ?), borne on densely •crowded, rod-shaped basidia. PERIOLA— VOLUTELLA. 473 Periola tomentosa, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 267 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. no. 681. On potatoes that have been stored. VOLUTELLA. Tode. (figs. 8 and 9, p. 442.) Sporodochium disciform, regular, margin with elongated cilia, or in some species everywhere with projecting spine- shaped hyphae or cilia, sessile or stipitate ; conidia elliptical, oblong, or subglobose, terminal or slender, simple or branched conidiophores, which constitute the sporodochium. Volutella, Tode, Mecklenb. Fung., i. p. 28; emended by Saccardo in Mich., ii. p. 36 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 682. Distinguished by the regular and symmetrical sporo- dochium, which is either fringed or studded all over with elongated projecting spine-like hyphae. Certain sessile, broadly applanate, more or less irregularly shaped ' species have been removed to the genus Psilonia. A. Sporodochium stipitate or with a narrowed base. Volutella ciliata. Fries, (figs. 8 and 9, p. 442.) Sporodochium substipitate or contracted at the base, pale pink or whitish, hemispherical, 150-200 /x across, disc slightly convex, furnished at the margin with a fringe of scattered, hyaline, continuous or septate, elongated, pointed hyphae 250-500 x 8-10 p. ; conidiophores densely crowded, unbranched, colourless or with a tinge of rose-colour ; conidia narrowly elliptic-oblong, ends rounded, hyaline, straight, or slightly subinequilatcral, 5-7 X 2— 2'5 p.. Volutella ciliata, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 467 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3223. On rotten wood and branches, also on decaying fruits, tubers, &c. Far. stipitata. Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3223. Sporodochium shortly stipitate, stem brownish, or subsessile, hemispherical, rather fleshy, covered above with a rose-coloured layer of conidia, marginal setae scanty, rigid, septate, subulate, hyaline ; conidia elliptic-oblong, minute, hyaline, 2-guttulate, 5 x 2-5/i. 474 FUNGUS-FLORA. Psilonia stipitata, Libert, exs. cent., iii. n. 287. On rotten branches and stems, and on various sclerotia. Volutella roseola. Cke. Sporodochium subglobose, rose-colour, seated on a distinct thin stem -like base, cilia marginal, elongated, flexuous, attenuated upwards ; conidia cylindrical, 3 X 1 /*. Volutella roseola, Cke., in Grevillea ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3230. On branches. Distinguished from Volutella ciliata by the much smaller conidia. Volutella hyacinthorum. Berk. Minute ; pure white, shortly but distinctly stipitate ; sporo- dochium surrounded by a row of long, pointed, colourless hairs ; conidia colourless, 4 x 1 ' 5 p.. Volutella hyacinthorum, Berk., Outl., p. 340 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3231. Psilonia hyacinthorum, Berk., Engl. Fl., v. p. 353. On dead bulbs, leaves, herbaceous stems, &c. Volutella nivea. Sacc. Erumpent; sporodochia gregarious or confluent, snow- white, 1-2 mm. diameter, sessile, hemispherical, hairs hyaline, numerous, wavy, with spreading branches ; conidia minute, elongate-cylindrical, curved, hyaline. Volutella nivea, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3236 (not of Fries), which is, as pointed out by Cooke, of insect origin, being caused by Adelges fagi, as proved by an authentic specimen from Fries. On bark of beech, emerging through the cracks. B. Base of Sporodochium broad and flattened. * Growing on Dicotyledons. Volutella setosa. Berk. Sporodochium white, sessile on a broad base, margined and its substance interspersed with elongated, continuous, hair-like hyphae; conidia globose, very minute, about 1 ft diameter. VOLUTELLA. 475 Volutella setosa, Berk., Outl., p. 340; Sacc,, Syll., iv. n. 3235. Aegerita setosa, Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl., tab. 268. fig. 2. On rotten herbaceous stems, &c. Volutella buxi. Berk. Sporodochia gregarious, minute, sessile, pulvinate, the elongated setae clear pale rose, septate, tips obtuse, 100-120 x 4 p. erecto-divergent, forming a fringe round the sporodochium ; conidia oblong-fusoid, acute at both ends, 10-12 x 3-5 /*; pale rose-colour. Volutella buxi, Berk., Outl., p. 340; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3237. Chaetostroma buxi, Corda, Icon. Fung., ii. f. 107. On the under surface of box leaves. Volutella gilva. Sacc. Sporodochia scattered, erumpent, convex, f— 1 mm. dia- meter, rather compact, sometimes elongated, dingy yellow or reddish, its substance interspersed with filiform, very wavy, 150-200 x 5-6 /A, septate, ochraceous setae that are rough at the tips; conidia cylindrical, straight, ends obtuse, 10-13 x 1-2-5 /A, basidia fasciculate, filiform, 15-20 X 1 • 5-2 fji. Volutella gilva, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 208; Sacc. Syll., iv. n. 3240. On putrid leaves, stems, &c. Volutella discoidea. Sacc. Sporodochium 2-4 mm. high, orbicular, elongated, flexuous, pale fulvous then browri, at first setulose all over, disc proliferous, margin rosy-brown ; conidia oblong or sub- cymbiform, 9 X 3-4 /A. Volutella discoidea, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3246. Psilonia discoidea, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist,, 1866, n. 1150, t. 3. f. 8. On rotten wood. ** Growing on Monocotyledons. Volutella arundinis. Desm. Sporodochium oblong, pale rose-colour ; setae hyaline, fasciculate ; conidia elliptical, 5 /A long. 476 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Volutella arundinis, Desm., Obs. Crypt., 1830, p. 12 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3261. On sheaths of Phragmites communis. Volutella melaloma. B. & Br. Sporodochia orange-colour, fringed with black, septate cilia ; conidia fusiform, often slightly curved, appendiculate, 8 X 4/t. Volutella melaloma, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist, n. 496, t. xi. f. 3 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3252. On leaves of a species of Carex. Volutella festucae. Sacc. Sporodochium sessile, epiphyllous, hemispherical, woolly, minute, lax, fugacious, whitish rose-colour ; setae subdistant, erect, simple, acute, continuous, hyaline ; conidia cylindrical, curved, ends obtuse, pale rose-colour, 5—6 x 2 /t. Volutella festucae, Sacc. Syll., iv. n. 3262. Psilonia festucae, Lib., Exs., n. 286. On leaves of Festuca. Sect. 2. Didymosporae. Sacc. ENDODESMIA. B. & Br. (emend.) (fig. 12, p. 442.) Sporodochium subglobose, conidiophores very short and forming a compact basal stratum, each bearing an erect chain of uniseptate conidia ; sterile hyphae numerous, elon- gated, radiating from the base, slender, continuous. Endodesmia, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1871, p 16 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 691. An examination of the type specimen shows that the spores are not at all appendiculate. Differs from Volutella in the long chains of 1- septate conidia. Endodesmia glauca. B. & Br. (fig. 12, p. 442.) Sporodochium about 1 line high and across, glaucous; conidiophores very short, rod-like, conidia elliptical, both ends rather acute, 1 -septate, smooth, almost or quite hyaline, catenulate, chains more or less erect ; sterile hyphae, radi- ating on all sides, very slender, rather wavy, 200 X 2 /*, con- tinuous, almost hyaline. ENDODESMIA — BACTRIDIUM. 477 Endodesmia glauca, Berk. & Brootne, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1871, n. 1318, t. xx. f. 9 (conidia wrong shape, and should not be appendiculate) ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3267. On old cabbage stalks, forming minute glaucous or greyish, silky-looking tufts under a lens. The above de- scription is drawn up from the type specimen. Sect. 3. Phragmosporae. Sacc. BACTEID1UM. Kunze. (fig. 13, p. 442.) Sporodochium superficial, rather thin, more or less convex ; conidia elongated, large, pluriseptate, colourless or coloured ; conidiophores simple or branched, terete. Bactridium, Kunze, Mykol., Heft i. p. 5 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 691. Distinguished by the very large, elongated, nraltiseptate conidia. Bactridium flavum. K. & S. Sporodochium nearly globose, clear orange, 1-1 • 5 mm. across; conidia fusiform-clavate, 150-180 x 30-50 ft, 5-6- septate, olive with a rufous tinge; sporophores simple, 150-180 x 8-10 /A, colourless. Bactridium flavum, Kunze & Schw., Myk., Heft i. p. 5, t. i. f. 2 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3268. On rotten wood. Bactridium acutum. B. & W. White ; parasitic, conidia attenuated at the base, apex acute, 1-3-septate, penultimate joint tumid. Bactridium acutum, Berk. & White; Scottish Nat., iv. p. 102, t. ii. f. 4; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3275. Parasitic on the hymenium of Peziza cocldeata. Differs from Bactridium Jielvellae in the conidia being constantly acute at the apex and attenuated towards the base. Bactridium helvellae. B. & Br. (fig. 13, p. 442.). Sporodochia confluent, thin, minute, subeffused ; conidio- phores suberect, sparingly branched ; conidia clavate, clavato- piriform, subfusiform, colourless, at maturity 6-7-septate, 60-70 x 14-16 p.. 478 FUNGUS-FLORA. Bactridium pezizae, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 816, t. ix. f. 3; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3276. _ On the hymenium of a Peziza. Bactridium atrovirens. Berk. Hyphae forked, pellucid; conidia lanceolate, 1-2-septate, dingy green, forming a minutely granular olive-green stratum. Bactridium atrovirens, Berk., Engl. Flora, vol. v. p. 350 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3278. On trunks. There is no specimen in the Berkeley herbarium. FUSARIUM. Link. (figs. 14 and 27, p. 442.) Sporodochium pulvinate or rather effused ; conidia fusoid or falcate, typically pluriseptate at maturity, borne at the tips of branched conidiophores. Fusarium, Link, Berl. Mag., iii. p. 10 (1809), emended by Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 35 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. p. 694. SXtL } of many old authors. Often occurring as more or less effused, orange crusts that are rather gelatinous when moist. I. EU-FUSARIUM. Conidia fusoid, falcate, or cylindrical, one or many-septate. Fusarium lateritium. Nees. Sporodochium variable, thick, erumpent, deep brick-red ; conidia arcuate, acute at both ends, 39-40 x 4-5 p, 4-5- septate, borne on oppositely branched conidiophores. Fusarium lateritium, Nees, Syst., f. 26; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3283. On dead branches, galls, &c. Fusarium sarcochroum. Sacc. Sporodochium erumpent, J-f mm. diameter, fleshy, rather convex, compact, at first white, then flesh-colour or reddish ; hyphae densely fasciculate, ascending, septate, repeatedly FUSARIUM. 479 dichotomously branched ; conidia produced at the tips of the branches, fusiform, slightly curved, acute at both ends, 3-5- septate, rosy-hyaline, 28-40 X 4-6 p.. Fusarium sarcochroum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3281. Selenosporium sarcochroum^ Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1850, xiv. p. 111. On the bark of branches. Pusarium pyrochroum. Sacc. Sporodochia spot-like or minute, erumpent, remaining partly covered, pale ochraceous, flame-colour when dry, -^-| mm. across ; conidia produced at the tips of verticillately branched, curved conidiophores, 35-40 x 3-5 /x, spuriously 3-5-septate, acute, rosy-hyaline. Fusarium pyrochroum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3282. Selenosporium pyrocliroum, l)esni., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1 850, xiv. p. 111. On dead branches. Fusarium vinosum. Mass. Sporodochia minute, gregarious, erumpent, deep vinous brown, often becoming confluent and forming a crust, some- what gelatinous ; conidia fusoid, arcuate, acuminate at the ends, 37 x 40 X 4-5 p., 5-septate, borne on oppositely branched conidiophores. On decaying beech mast. Fusarium viticola. Thiim. Sporodochia solitary or scattered, sometimes confluent, large, elevated, originating under the epidermis, which is at length perforated, slightly rugulose, shining, almost flesh- colour ; conidia exactly fusiform, slightly curved, sometimes straight, rather acute at both ends, 3-5-septate, not con- stricted at the septa, subnucleate or granular within, 36-40 X 4 p., hyaline. Fusarium viticola, Thiim, Weinst., p. 52, t. iii. f. 3; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 1288. On dry vine twigs. Fusarium tubercularioides. Sacc. Erumpent, minute, purple; stroma fleshy, ochraceous; conidia 45-50 p. long, fusiform, curved, very acute at both ends, 6-septate, white. 480 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Fusarium tubercularioides, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3299. Selenosporium tubercularioides, Corda, Ic., i. p. 7, f. 111. On rotten branches of Bubus. Fusarium foeni. B. & Br. Golden-red, sporodochium broadly effused, mycelium creeping, sparingly septate, conidiophores very short; conidia oblong, curved, 1— 2-septate, 45—50 X 5 p., hyaline. Fusarium foeni, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 550 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3306. On damp hay. Pusarium myosotidis. Cke. Hypophyllous. Spots small, irregular, pallid ; stroma thin ; conidia fusiform, curved, tnseptate, hyaline, 30 X 3-4 p. Fusarium myosotidis, Cke., Grev., xvi. p. 491 On fading leaves of Myosotis. Fusarium inaequale. Auersw. Conidia rose-colour, hyaline, variable in shape, oblong, fusiform, and linear, 1-5-septate or continuous, rounded at both ends, 7-15 p. long. Fusarium inaequale, Auersw., in Klot. Herb. Myc., n. 1383; Bot. Ztg., 1850, p. 439 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3310. On various decaying substances. Fusarium diffusum. Carm. Effused, orange, conidia fusiform, accuminate, slightly fusiform, especially at the extremities, 3-5-septate, hyaline, 60-70 X 3 fi. Fusarium diffusum, Carm. MS., Grev., xiv. p. 81. On thistle stems. Near F. roseum. Fusarium roseum. Link. Sporodochium minute, sessile, subglobose or rather effused, gregarious, rust-colour ; conidia fusiform, pale, very abundant, 30-65 X 4 fj., usually 3-septate. Fusarium roseum, Link., Sp. PI. Fungi, ii. p. 105; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3311. On decaying leaves and stems. Fusarium brassicae. Thum. Sporodochia wart-like, densely gregarious, sometimes but FUSARIUM. 481 rarely confluent, compact, rather firm, superficial, opaque brown ; conidia lunulate, fusiform, rather acute at both ends, 2 -septate, but not constricted at the septa, sometimes guttu- late, hyaline, 30-36 X 3-4 '5 p., conidiophores short. Fusarium brassicae, Thurn., Hedw., 1880, p. 191 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n, 3314. On rotten cabbage stalks. Fusarium Cordae. Mass. Sporodochiuni broad, orange ; hyphae creeping, branched and densely interwoven, 3-5 /JL thick, hyaline ; conidiophores acicular, branched ; conidia fusoid, curved, very acute at both ends, 3-5-septate, rosy-hyaline, 40-55 x 3-5 /*. Fusarium aurantiacum, Corda, in Sturm, t. 8. Fusarium oxytporum, Schlecht, var. aurantiacum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3334. On various decaying vegetable substances, seeds, fruits, &c. Corda's name is antedated by (Link) Sacc. Fusarium caeruleum. Sacc. Sporodochium broadly effused, bright violet-blue; conidia fusiform, 2-3-septate, curved, 24-30 X 5-6 //,. Fusarium caeruleum, Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3335. Fusarium violaceum, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 369. On rotten tubers of potato. Fusarium solani. S