1 553. HARVARD UNIVERSITY Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology MC2 LIBRARY FEB 2 7 Z006 HARVARD UNIVERSITY BRITISH JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 17, PART 1, APRIL 2004 ARTICLES 10 Invertebrate conservation in the UK - the role of Invertebrate Link (JCCB1) and the British Entomological and Natural History Society. O. D. Cheesman & J. W. Phillips 15 Notes on the distribution and habitats of some species of British Hemiptera. M. D. Eyre, J. C. Woodward & M. L. Luff 25 The digital photography of set insect specimens. M. J. Taylor 35 The predation of slugs by the New Zealand flatworm, Arthurdendyus triangulatus (Dendy) (Terricola: Geoplanidae). P. H. Gibson & D. J. Cosens 39 Green deserts? The invertebrate fauna of mown grass playing fields. R. A. Jones 45 First record of Pteromalus leucanthemi Janzon (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in Britain, with notes on identification and biology. A. Polaszek, D. Aplin, V. K. Brown & A. C. Gange 51 Elymana kozhevnikovi Zachvatkin (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Britain: identification, distribution and habitat. M. D. Eyre, J. C. Woodward & M. L. Luff SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 9 The 'pondweed' leafhopper Macrosteles ( = Erotettix) cyane (Boheman) (Cicadellidae) rediscovered in Surrey. J. S. Denton 23 The horsefly Atylotus rusticus (L.) in the Central Weald. A. Stubbs 24 Lasius brunneus (Latr.) (Hymenoptera: Fonnicidae): house ant, hero and coward. P. J. Attewell 33 Status of Paysandisia archon (Burmeister) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in southern Europe. T. Hollingworth 44 Sisyra terminalis (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) at Richmond Park, Surrey, in 1994. M. C. Harvey PROCEEDINGS & TRANSACTIONS / SOCIETY NEWS 1 The 2002 Presidential Address - Part 2. A History of Fishing Flies. P. C. Barnard REVIEWS 34 Butterflies of the Bristol region by R. Barnett, R. Higgins, T. Moulin & C. Wiltshire. R. Barrington 49 Butterflies in Slovenia by D. Withrington. A. Stubbs 50 Photographic atlas and identification key to the robber flies of Germany CD-ROM by F. Geller-Grim. A. Stubbs 53 Butterflies of Cyprus by C. Makris. R. Parker ANNOUNCEMENTS 54 The Common Plants Survey 2004 55 UK BAP Priority Species Review 2005: the role of Invertebrate Link (JCCBI) ibc British Entomological and Natural History Society Officers and Council for 2004/2005 ibc Amateur Entomologists’ Society ISSN 0952-7583 Vol. 17, Part 2 wr ' <^'>July 2004 MCZ UBRAr 1 Wb 1 5 BRITISH JOURNALOF ENTOMOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY BRITISH JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY Published by the British Entomological and Natural History Society and incorporating its Proceedings and Transactions Editor: J. S. Badmin, Ecology Group, Canterbury Christ Church College, The Mount, Stodmarsh Road, Canterbury, Kent CT3 4AQ (Tel/Fax: 01227 479628) email: jsb5@cant.ac.uk Associate Editor: M. Wilson, Ph.D., F.R.E.S., F.L.S. Department of Biodiversity & Systematic Biology, National Museums & Galleries of Wales, Cardiff CF10 3NP. (Tel: 02920 573263) email: Mike.Wilson@nmgw.ac.uk Editorial Committee: D. J. L. Agassiz, M.A., Ph D., F.R.E.S. R. D. G. Barrington, B.Sc. P. J. Chandler, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. B. Goater, B.Sc., M. I. Biol. A. J. Halstead, M.Sc., F.R.E.S. R. D. Hawkins, M.A. P. J. Hodge T. G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S. E F. G. McLean, Ph.D., F.R.E.S M. J. Simmons, M.Sc. P. A. Sokoloff, M.Sc., C.Biol., M I. Biol., F.R.E.S. T. R. E. Southwood, K.B., D.Sc., F.R.E.S. R. W. J. Uffen, M.Sc., F.R.E.S. B. K. West, B.Ed. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History is published by the British Entomological and Natural History Society, Dinton Pastures Country Park, Davis Street, Hurst, Reading. Berkshire RG10 OTH, UK. Tel: 01 189-321402. The Journal is distributed free to BENHS members. © 2004 British Entomological and Natural History Society. Typeset by Dobbie Typesetting Limited, Tavistock. Devon. Printed in England by Henry Ling Ltd, Dorchester, Dorset. BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Registered charity number: 213149 Meetings of the Society are held regularly in London, at the rooms of the Royal Entomological Society. 41 Queen’s Gate, London SW7 and the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION is planned for Saturday 13 November at Imperial College, London SW7. Frequent Field Meetings are held at weekends in the summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current Programme Card can be obtained on application to the Secretary, J. Muggleton, at the address given below. The Society maintains a library and invertebrate collections at its headquarters in Dinton Pastures, which are open to members on various advertised days each month, telephone 01189-321402 for the latest meeting news. The Society’s web site is: http://www.BENHS.org.uk Applications for membership to the Membership Secretary: A. Godfrey, 90 Bence Lane, Darton, Barnsley, South Yorkshire S75 5DA. Subscriptions and changes of address to the Membership Secretary: R. D. Hawkins, 30d Meadowcroft Close, Horley, Surrey RH6 9EL. Non-arrival of the Journal, faulty copies or other problems arising from distribution of the Journal or notices to the Distribution Secretary: D. Young, 22 Wordsworth Close, Saxmundham, Suffolk IPG 1WF. Tel: 01728 603568. Orders for books and back numbers of the Journal and Proceedings to the Sales Secretary: G. Boyd, 91 Fullingdale Road, Northampton NN3 2PZ. Tel: 01604 410056. General Enquiries to the Secretary: J. Muggleton, 30 Penton Road, Staines, Middlesex TW18 2LD. Tel: 01784-464537. email: jmuggleton@compuserve.com Society Website: www.benhs.org.uk for recent information on the Society’s meetings programme and general society details. Cover photograph: Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Masked adults with ovisacs. Photo: Crown copyright CSL. NOTE: The Editor invites submission of photographs for black and white reproduction on the front covers of the journal. The subject matter is open, with an emphasis on aesthetic value rather than scientific novelty. Submissions can be in the form of colour or black and white prints or colour transparencies. BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 N\CZ library 57 OFFICERS’ REPORTS EOR 2003 2004 Council Report 2003 The Council continues to meet seven times a year in the room^Vj^/^.^SA1' ^ Entomological Society, South Kensington, with an average of 15 merhoers attending on each occasion. In addition, the Society has five other committees, involving a total of twenty members. These committees meet at irregular intervals during the year or conduct their business by telephone, post and e-mail. During the year, the Council approved 52 applications for membership, while twelve members resigned and four deaths were reported to the Society. Thirteen members were struck-off for non-payment of subscriptions but one was re-instated shortly afterwards. The overall result of these changes has been positive, with the membership at the end of the year standing at 898, an increase of 24 on the previous year. The decrease in the number of members struck-off is in a large part due to the effort put in by our Assistant Treasurer, Roger Hawkins, in pursuing late payers. It would, of course, be better if he did not have to spend time doing this and we would urge members to pay by standing order if possible and to remember to write and tell us when they no longer wish to be members. A new membership list, prepared by Graham Collins, was published and distributed to members at the beginning of the year. Three members. Dr M. W. Harper, C. L. Nissen and C. F. Rivers, completed 50 years’ continuous membership at the end of the year and have been elected Special Life members. Following a query by a member, the Council has corrected an anomaly whereby Life members who completed 50 years’ membership were not elected Special Life members. The Council considered that as Special Life membership was an honour given to those who had supported and, in many cases, served the Society for a long period, it should apply to all members, however they paid their subscriptions. As a result. Dr J. A. Cornelius, Mrs C. Foord, B. Goater, S. W. Humphrey, D. J. Janson, C. G. Roche and R. W. J. Uffen, have joined the list of Special Life members. We wish them, and all our Special Life members, good health and continuing enjoyment of membership of the Society. The Society’s meetings have met with mixed success. The Field Meetings programme for 2003 listed 35 events between April and October, and included three meetings, in Surrey, Oxfordshire and Nottinghamshire, on National Moth Night. Meetings were held from Devon to Easter Ross and from Shropshire to Suffolk. Attendance varied from a dozen or more to nil and this was not obviously related to the weather or to the reputation of the site or the leader. Some of the meetings focused on particular target species, such as UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) priority moths, and in some cases these were found. Five meetings were held jointly with the British Plant Gall Society and these appear to have been popular the BPGS have requested further joint meetings in 2004. The monthly evening lecture meetings in the rooms of the Royal Entomological Society have continued to be poorly attended. Even the AGM has suffered, with only nineteen members being present to hear a fascinating talk from the retiring President. The Council can only speculate on why this is. With an increasing membership and large pool of members living in London, we might have expected attendances at these meetings to be much better than they are. The reasons why members, especially those living in the Greater London boroughs, are reluctant to attend evening meetings in South Kensington may be outside the control of the Society, but it would be helpful to know what they are. Perhaps members would like to write and tell us why? Seventeen Open Days were held at the Pelham-Clinton Building and there were seven workshop meetings 58 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 covering various groups of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera, together with a joint meeting with the British Plant Gall Society. It would seem that the membership is telling us to concentrate our efforts on these weekend, out of London, events. The Society's rooms were used during the year for committee meetings by the Entomological Club and by the British Myriapod and Isopod Group (BMIG). Discussions are continuing with BMIG concerning the incorporation of their library and collections with ours in the Pelham-Clinton Building. Once again Mike Simmons organised a successful Annual Exhibition and Dinner at Imperial College in November. This event also seems to have been affected by the London meeting malaise with an attendance of 165 members being the lowest for some years. At the same time, given the disparate interests and backgrounds of members of the Society, it is still an achievement to get 20% of the membership together at one place and time. The recovery in numbers attending the Annual Dinner has been maintained in part, no doubt, due to the much improved meals provided by the College. The Council came under considerable pressure during the year to expel a member for allegedly committing a wildlife crime and this led to the Council distributing a policy document to all members. Clearly the Council cannot comment or act on matters that are sub judice, but we can assure the membership that, should any member be found guilty of a wildlife crime, the Council will take action which is commensurate with the crime. We know of no Society member who has been convicted of a wildlife crime and the presumption of innocence until proven guilty must be the Society’s only policy. The matter has resulted in the resignation of two members, one on either side of the argument, which may put this issue and the Council’s response in perspective. On other conservation issues the Society has made representations to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), via Invertebrate Link, concerning the interpretation of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act with regard to members recording and taking insects on land open to public access. The Society has also contributed to consultations on a review of Part 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act. Buglife -the Insect Conservation Trust has continued to receive the Society’s support and together with the Amateur Entomologists’ Society we proposed Dr John Feltwell as new Buglife trustee. Dr Feltwell was duly elected a trustee. In supporting Buglife, the Society does not necessarily endorse all its statements and actions. John Muggleton has represented the Society on the steering group set up to oversee the planning of Butterfly Conservation's National Macromoth Recording Scheme, and the Society gave a grant of £1000 to assist with the planning phase of the scheme. The Heathland Fly Project, in which the Society acts as Lead Partner for work on three BAP fly species, formally ended in 2003. The project was equally funded over five years by grants from English Nature and the Society and has increased our knowledge of the biology of the beeflies Thyridanthrax fenestratus and Bombylius minor. The third species, the hoverfly Chrysotoxum octomaculatum, has remained elusive throughout. The project has also enabled some techniques to be developed for use with these species and the Society should take credit in being the only voluntary body to have Lead Partner status. The final report will allow interim management recommendations to be made and positive discussions have been held with representatives of landowners and managers such as English Nature, the Ministry of Defence, the National Trust and the Surrey Wildlife Trust. The future of funding for this project is uncertain but we hope that some further progress can be made and that there will be an opportunity next year to present some of the results to the membership. The Council is grateful to Stephen Miles for his enthusiasm and work in directing this project. BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 59 There have been no new publications this year but the Publications Committee continues to provide encouragement and support to the authors working on the Society's next planned new publications on British Plume moths, Heteroptera, and craneflies, as well as on a revision of New British Beetles. A new edition ol the Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera is being considered and one member has already volunteered to assist with this. As is customary, we cannot end without thanking the band of members who work behind the scenes supporting both the Council and the Society. Without them there would be no publications, no sales, no distribution, no exhibition, no Society. John Muggleton Treasurer s Report Financial Year to 31 December 2003 This year the financial markers have been positive and some of the unrealised losses sustained on our investments in recent years have been clawed back. There is still some distance to go however, before the recovery is complete. Your finance committee has been looking hard at the investments and a decision has been made to pull out of the worst performing bond and reinvest. Our present cash reserves are still sufficient to allow us to go through 2004 without selling investments. The accounts reflect the difference to the Society of a year when there was no new publication. Activity is generally down compared with the previous year and this is shown in both income and expenditure. We spent £5,698 more than we received, to which should be added depreciation of £5,946 to give net outgoings of £1 1,644. After taking into account the unrealised items, there was an overall reduction in all the funds together of £5,174. Although this is sustainable for some time and does not pose a threat to our activities, we must find ways of reversing the deficit over the next few years. Members are reminded of the form suggesting charitable bequests to the Society that I issued during the year. Our management costs are now running at just over 6% of our income and I will be pleased if we can maintain this level, but it must be borne in mind that many members who undertake voluntary work for the Society do not claim reimburse- ments to which they are entitled, thus masking the true cost. I thank them for their generosity. Although most areas of expenditure have been well controlled, the sharply increasing printing and distribution costs of the Journal give cause for some concern and your Council will be considering ways of combating this in the coming year. Once again A. S. Harmer has undertaken the independent examination of the financial records, this year together with H. G. M. Middleton. We thank both of our auditors for their contribution. A. J. Pickles Trustees' Report The principal activities of the Society are to hold meetings at the Society's Rooms for the reading of original papers, discussions and lectures, to hold an annual exhibition and field meetings; to issue publications and to form typical collections and a library. These activities are carried on with the object of promoting and advancing research in biological science and its diffusion. 60 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 The Society has enjoyed another successful year with a varied programme of Field Meetings, Indoor Meetings and Workshops. Further grants for entomological research have been made from the Maitland Emmet BENHS Research Fund and from the Hering Fund. A detailed risk assessment has been ongoing during the year. Signed on behalf of the Trustees J. Muggleton, Secretary Independent Examiners ' Report We report on the accounts of the Society for the year ended 31 December 2003, which are set out on the following pages. Respective Responsibilities of Trustees and Examiners As the Charity's Trustees you are responsible for the preparation of the accounts, you consider that the audit requirement of Section 43 (2) of the Charities Act 1993 does not apply. It is our responsibility to state, on the basis of procedures specified in the General Directions given by the Charity Commissioners under Section 43(7)(b) of the Act, whether particular matters have come to our attention. Basis of Independent Examiners’ Report Our examination was carried out in accordance with the General Directions given by the Charity Commissioners. An examination includes a review of the accounting records kept by the Charity and a comparison of the accounts presented with those records. It also includes consideration of any unusual items or disclosures in the accounts, and seeking explanations from you as Trustees concerning any such matters. The procedures undertaken do not provide all the evidence that would be required in an audit, and consequently we do not express an audit opinion on the view given by the accounts. Independent Examiners' Statement In connection with our examination, no matter has come to our attention: 1. which gives us reasonable cause to believe that in any material respects the requirements a. to keep accounting records in accordance with Section 41 of the Act, and b. to prepare accounts which accord with the accounting records and to comply with the accounting requirements of the Act, have not been met; or 2. to which, in our opinion, attention should be drawn in order to enable a proper understanding of the accounts to be reached. A. S. Harmer and H. G. M. Middleton BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 61 tenement of Financial Activities for the year ended 31 December 2003 Total Total Unrestricted Restricted Endowment Funds Funds Funds Funds Funds 31.12.03 31.12.02 Incoming Resources: Bequests and donations 351 351 1492 Subscriptions 12133 - - 12133 12614 Investment Income 5737 4064 812 10613 10996 Trading Income note 2 1630 10716 — 12346 19076 Sundry Income note 3 1302 - - 1302 1269 Total Incoming Resources 21153 14780 812 36745 45447 Resources Expended: Direct Charitable Expenditure: Cost of Journal & Distribution 12958 12958 9986 Cost of facility at Dinton Pastures — 3768 — 3768 3533 Members Meetings & Services 7523 - — 7523 8675 Library & Curation 2394 — - 2394 3248 Grants notes 10. 1 1 2982 — 422 3404 4608 Depreciation 3736 2210 - 5946 6361 29593 5978 422 35993 3641 1 Other Expenditure: Management costs 2416 2416 4964 Trading costs note 2 - 9980 - 9980 13063 2416 9980 - 12396 18027 Total Resources Expended 32009 15958 422 48389 54438 Net Resources before transfers (10856) (1178) 390 (11644) (8991) Net Incoming/ Outgoing Resources (10856) (1178) 390 (11644) (8991) Gains & Losses on Investment assets: Realised - - — — — Unrealised 3496 2479 495 6470 (25814) Net movement in Funds (7360) 1301 885 (5174) (34805) Fund Balances brought forward at 1 January 2003 109440 279393 15016 403849 438654 Fund Balances carried forward at 31 December 2003 102080 280694 15901 398675 403849 62 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 Summary Income and Expenditure Account 2003 2002 Gross Income of continuing operations 36745 45447 Total expenditure of continuing operations 48389 54438 Net Income/ Outgoings for the year (11644) (8991) Balance Sheet as at 31 December 2003 Notes 2003 2003 2002 2002 Fixed Assets: Tangible Assets 4 164050 169996 Investments 5 202861 196391 366911 366387 Current Assets: Stocks 17009 20558 Debtors 6 10468 10954 Cash at Bank and in hand 7 13197 13232 40674 44744 Creditors: amounts falling due within one year 8 8910 7282 Net current assets 31764 37462 Net assets 398675 403849 Funds: 9 Endowment Funds — Hering Fund Restricted Funds- Housing Fund 208470 15901 207905 15016 Special Publications Fund 72224 280694 71488 279393 Unrestricted Funds: Maitland Emmet BENHS Research Fund 50786 50021 General Fund 51294 102080 59419 109440 398675 403849 The accounts were approved by the Trustees on 4 March 2004 and signed on its behalf. Notes to the accounts for the year ended 3 1 December 2003 1. Accounting Policies The Accounts of the Charity are prepared in accordance with the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 1995, the statement of recommended BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 63 practice, Accounting by Charities, and with applicable accounting standards. They are drawn up on the historical accounting basis except that investments held as fixed assets are carried at market value. 1 . 1 Income Donations and legacies are accounted for as soon as their amount and receipt are certain. In the case of donations this is usually when they are received. All other income is accounted for under the accruals concept. Gifts in kind are valued at their estimated value to the Charity. 1.2 Expenditure Expenditure is accounted for under the accruals concept. The irrecoverable element of VAT is included with the item of expense to which it relates. Depreciation is allocated over the expenditure headings on the basis of the use of the assets concerned. 1.3 Tangible Fixed Assets Tangible fixed assets are stated at cost or trustees’ valuation less depreciation which is calculated at rates to write off the excess of cost over estimated residual values of individual assets over their estimated useful lives as follows Leasehold Buildings at Dinton Pastures 1 /70th of cost Fixtures and Equipment 10% of written down value 1.4 Investments Fixed asset investments are stated in the balance sheet at mid market value at the balance sheet date. 1.5 Stock Stock is valued at the lower of cost, including irrecoverable VAT, and market value and consists of publications and sundries held for resale. 1.6 Restricted Funds Restricted funds are subject to specific conditions laid down by the donors as to how they may be used. 2. Trading Income and Expenditure Trading income is derived from the sale of the British Journal of Entomology to non-members of the Society and from sale of the Society’s other publications and products, costs are those of printing and distributing these items. 3. Sundry Income Sundry income has been derived from the sale of surplus books and specimens, photocopying and income from the annual dinner. 64 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 4. Tangible fixed assets Leasehold Fixtures Property & Equipment Total Cost £ £ £ Al 1 January 2003 154736 69399 224135 Additions — — - Disposals - - - At 31 December 2003 1 54736 69399 224135 Depreciation At 1 January 2003 22100 32039 54139 Charge for year 2210 3736 5946 On disposals - - - At 31 December 2003 24310 35775 60085 Net book values At 31 December 2003 1 30426 33624 164050 At 31 December 2002 1 32636 37360 1 69996 Leasehold premises represents the cost of building and equipping the headquarters at Dinton Pastures Country Park. The total cost of these premises which were com- pleted during the year to 31 December 1993 are being amortised over the seventy year term of the lease. Fixtures and equipment includes a value for the library and collections as well as computers, microscopes and other ancillary equipment. 5. Investments In accordance with accounting requirements investments are shown in the balance sheet at market value. 2003 2002 M.V. Cost M.V. Cost Shell T & T 5501 1250 4956 1250 Unilever 9598 248 8971 248 M & G Chari fund 61893 20238 58830 20238 Hendersons Bond 54684 58000 52751 58000 AXA Sun Life Bond 47234 56000 47056 56000 Barings Bond 23951 25000 23827 25000 202861 160736 196391 160736 Unrealised gains arising in the year are shown in the Statement of Financial Activities. 6. Debtors Due within one year 2003 2002 Trade debtors 946 2530 Recoverable Taxation 4528 4528 Prepayments and accrued income 4994 3896 10468 10954 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 65 7. Cash at Bank and in Hand 2003 2002 In interest bearing accounts at National Westminster Bank 13197 13232 8. Creditors: amounts falling due within one year 9. Funds Trade Creditors 2103 2198 Accruals 6807 5084 8910 7282 Analysis of net assets between funds Tangible Fixed Assets Investments Net Current Assets Total Endowment Funds: Hering Fund — 15901 — 15901 Restricted Funds: Housing Fund 130426 78044 208470 Special Publications - 54410 17814 72224 Unrestricted Funds: Maitland Emmet BENHS Research Fund 32978 17808 50786 General Fund 33624 21528 (3858) 51294 1 64050 202861 3 1 764 398675 The Hering Fund was endowed to make grants out of income for research in specific areas of entomology. The Housing Fund consists of the property at Dinton Pastures and money put aside to finance its upkeep and eventual replacement. The funds were derived principally from bequests from the late Duke of Newcastle, Mr Crow and Mr Hammond. The Special Publications Fund finances the Society’s publications other than the British Journal of Entomology and surpluses from such publications are credited to this fund to finance future publications. 10. Bequest & Donations The Maitland Emmet BENHS Research Fund was established in 1996 with the intention of financing future grants for entomological research which would be less narrowly defined than those made by the Hering Fund. 11. Grants Grants of £1,702 were paid from the Maitland Emmet BENHS Research Fund and Hering Fund. Additional grants of £701 have been made in respect of the Hcathland Flies Project, half of which is recovered from English Nature and of £1,000 to support the feasibility study into the proposed macro-moth recording scheme. 66 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 The Maitland Emmet BENHS Research Fund The sum available for grants was £1700 and five applications were received. The shortage of funding this year meant that only four out of the five applications could be funded. The rejected application was technically good but, out of the five, was judged to have the lowest priority in relation to the Research Fund’s requirements. Four awards, totalling £1680, were made as follows: 1. Dr R.G. Field, £500, to survey sites of the Square-spotted Clay, Xestia rhomboidea (Esper), in Western Scotland. 2. Dr S. Hodge, £280, to carry out a survey of shore insects occurring on the Kent coastline. 3. Jane Smith, £500, to assist with travel expenses for a visit to Germany in connection with the revision of the Handbook for the Identification of British Sciarid Flies. 4. Dipl. -Biol. D. Telnovs of Riga, £400, to visit UK museums in connection with the production of a checklist and key to the British Anthicidae (Coleoptera). Ten of those people awarded grants in 2001 have reported on their work. Dr J. Chapman received a grant for work on developing a sex pheromone lure for monitoring stag beetles (Lucanus cervus (F.)). His work has confirmed that a sesquiterpene compound produced by male L. cervus is a true sex pheromone and will attract and arrest female L. cervus in laboratory trials. The effectiveness of this pheromone in field trials has yet to be demonstrated. Dr D. Goulson received a grant for work on the distribution of bumble bees on Salisbury Plain Training Area and has published the results of this study in the Society’s Journal ( British Journal of Entomology and Natural History , 16, 95-102). Mr J. Harold, who was awarded a grant to produce a report on moths recorded in North Wales in 2001, has produced the report, a copy of which has been placed in the Society’s library. Dr J. W. Ismay received a grant which enabled him to travel to museums in Berlin and Budapest to examine type material related to his revision of the British Chloropidae (Diptera). As a result his studies have been greatly advanced and a paper on the British Chlorops can now be finalised. Jenni Johnstone, who was awarded a grant to enable her to visit the Orkney Islands to investigate the distribution and diversity of aculeate Hymenoptera on the islands, was able to visit the Mainland, Hoy, Shapinsay and Rousay in 2002. No species new to the islands were found but new localities were discovered for several species and other known localities were confirmed. She hoped to complete the survey in 2003. Dr M. F. Fuff has reported that he was able to make two visits to the Natural History Museum (NHM) using his grant. These visits have enabled him to study material of the remaining carabid taxa he needed to see in order to complete a new key to the British Carabidae. Dr M. G. Morris, received a grant for travel to the NHM in order to progress work for his RES Handbook on The True Weevils Part II -the Ceutorhynchinae. He reports that his grant has funded part of the expenses involved in eleven visits to the NHM to examine material not in his own collection, that the accounts of the species have been completed and the keys have been written and revised but require further testing. Mr T. Prescott, on behalf of the RSPB (Scotland) was awarded a grant to purchase a moth trap and books to assist with monitoring Fepidoptera in the Badenoch and Strathspey area. The trap and books were purchased, with matching funding from RSPB, and the trap has been used by lepidopterists visiting the area. Dr. A. J. A. Stewart was awarded a grant to conduct a survey of the BAP-listed reed beetle Donacia aquatica (F.). He has reported that a survey of 16 locations within the Broads was made in 2002 and these BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 67 included the last recorded site in the area. Although six species of Donacia and two species of Plateumaris were found, no specimens of D. aquatica were seen. He recommends concentrating future searches on grazing marshes rather than fens. Mr. W. G. Tremewan was awarded a grant to enable him to visit his PhD supervisor in Aberdeen to consult on work needed for the completion of his thesis on the genetics of zygaenid moths, in which he has investigated the genetics of the colour variation within and between species. We congratulate Dr Tremewan on the successful completion of this work. A report has been received from Mr D. J. Mann who received a grant in 2000 to enable him to examine specimens of various scarabaeid and meloid beetles in English museum collections. He was able to examine specimens in the collections of six museums. Two papers are in preparation, one a review of species of the Meloe subgenus Eurymeloe , and the other a review of the British species in the Aphodius subgenus Melinopterus. We have to report that, in spite of receiving reminders, one grant report is now overdue, that from Mr M. Kilner, whose report was due in June 2003. 1 should like to thank the other members of the Research Fund panel for their careful and prompt assessments of this year’s grant applications. The Society invites applications for future awards from this fund in the fields of non-marine arthropod taxonomy, field biology and conservation related to the fauna of the British Isles. Applications should be sent to the Society’s Honorary Secretary (from whom further details can be obtained) before 30 September in any year. John Muggleton Professor Hering Memorial Fund The Committee agreed to support just a single application for 2004. Dr Vladimir Zlobin, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, was awarded the sum of £500 to collect Agromyzidae and make observations on their biology. The results are intended for publication as part of a volume in the series Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. The fieldwork will take place in the steppe area of the Orenburg Province in the Russian Far East. I have received copies of two excellent works this year, the Fund having helped with the costs of publication. One of these was a global review of the Fepidoptera superfamilies Nepticuloidea and Tischerioidea by Professor Rimantas Puplesis and Dr Arunas Diskus, Vilnius Pedagogical University, Lithuania. The other was a revision of the Afrotropical members of the Diptera subfamily Plastotephritinae by Dr. A. E. Whittington, National Museums of Scotland. These are major contributions to their respective areas of research. It is very pleasing to see the Fund associated with projects that lead to such tangible outputs. Copies of these works have been provided by the authors and have been placed in the Society's library. Candace Fow, University of California, Davis, received a Hering grant for 2003 for her study of the behavioural ecology of the leaf-mining Fepidoptera species Antispila nyssaefoliella Clemens (Hcliozelidae). She was reported that she discovered at least three parasitoid species that attack particular stages of the leafminer. The larva of nyssaefoliella has a chitinous dorsal band that scrapes against the leafmine creating a loud sound. The dorsal band is lost at pupation, so it appears to be a larval adaptation alone. Candace Fow's first experiments have shown that there is a match 68 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 between the leafminer vibrational responses and those frequencies that are predicted to indicate the presence of an attacking parasitoid. 1 am delighted to report that David Henshaw has agreed to become a member ol the Hering Fund Committee. We are extremely pleased to have the benefit of his expertise. He was a close associate of Dr Kenneth Spencer, so it is particularly fitting that he joins us. I thank the other members of the Hering Committee for the work they have done on assessing applications to the Fund. Publications part financed by the Fund Puplesis, R. & Diskus, A. 2003. The Nepticuloidea & Tischerioideci ( Lepidoptera) -a globed review, with strategic regional revisions. 512 pp. Vilnius: Kaunas, Lutute. Whittington, A. E. 2003. Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical Plastotephritinae (Diptera; Platystomatidae). Stadia Dipterologica, Suppl 12. Malcolm Scoble Librarian’s Report This past year I have been mainly occupied with compiling the electronic library database on our new computer. I have installed a copy in the members’ directory so that users can search it to identify the items we hold. Several visitors to the Pelham- Clinton Building have made use of this facility. However, this project continues, as there is a large backlog of new acquisitions that has built up over the past year or so, while I have been occupied with other objectives. Indeed, dealing with this backlog of material will be my main aim for the coming year. To this end, I have had another batch of bookplates printed and will probably require more before completion of this project. In May your Society hosted a meeting of the Entomological Club at the Pelham- Clinton Building. Those present were given a guided tour of the collections and library, and great interest was shown in our books and journals. Several unusual publications were singled out for closer examination and comment. From my point of view it was a privilege to have been involved in this event. In my report last year, I mentioned that a proposal to prohibit journal loans had been received and that I was going to canvas users of the library regarding this. Towards the end of the year I placed a form in the library inviting members to vote for or against journal loans. So far, three users have voted for prohibition, with six against. This is not a large response and I will leave the form in the library until the end of March in the hope that more members will indicate their preference. It is my intention to hold a postal auction of duplicate books in 2004. I will report the outcome in next year’s report and, if successful, I may hold another auction of surplus material during the coming year, so watch this space! Once again, I have had to circulate recall letters to several members who have books on loan that are now overdue, but I was pleased at the recent return of many manuscripts, field notes, entomological diaries and correspondence that had been on loan to a member for research purposes. Subject to further discussions, I intend to finalise arrangements for the inclusion of the recently affiliated British Myriapod and Isopod Group’s library with our own. On the journal front, I have to report that no further progress has been made this year with the binding of back numbers, but that BR. .1. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 69 this process is nearly complete now. However, 1 have arranged an exchange of our Journal for Acta Entomologica Slovenica. To conclude my report 1 wish to express my grateful thanks to Dr John Muggleton for sorting and logging our new journals. I would also like to extend my thanks to David Young, Paul Harding, John Badmin, Katherine Hearn, Mark Teller, Ian Ferguson, Brian Gardiner, Rimantas Puplesis, Andrew Whittington and Arunas Diskus for donating books and journals to the library during this period. Ian Sims Curators Report The main consideration in 2003 was what action should be taken to relieve pressure on space posed by surplus collections, bearing in mind that space in the collections room is very limited to accommodate any further acquisitions. There had initially been a pressing need to move cabinets away from an alarm sensor although this is no longer necessary following discussion between David Wedd and the alarm company. There was, nevertheless, a need to establish a policy for dealing with surplus specimens, especially of Macrolepidoptera. This is essential so that cabinets can be cleared (and possibly sold), without resulting in loss of data associated with specimens, as has often happened in the past. Macrolepidoptera surplus to requirements include the contents of the existing “Duplicates Cabinet ’, which now mainly contains specimens of little interest to members. A larger number of surplus Macrolepidoptera are included in the Emmet collection and to a lesser extent other collections. Altogether, approximately 10,000 specimens are involved. The Council's subcommittee, previously set up to consider this problem, met in April. It was agreed that availability of duplicate material should be publicised to members and it was decided that the current situation could best be dealt with by including a specific occasion in the programme, when members could attend and select their wants. This would avoid impinging on Open Days and all members would be aware that this was their last chance to take up this offer. Consequently a weekend in April 2004 has been allocated for the purpose. The recent reminder sent out with the Journal resulted in increased interest in this and the Saturday is now fully subscribed. I am sure that there will still be plenty of material remaining on the Sunday so if anyone wishes to attend to scavenge what remains could they let me know as soon as possible. It was decided that data on specimens to be disposed of in this way would be recorded and I am grateful to Tony Davis and David Wedd for volunteering to carry this out. This process is underway and I am assured that at least the recording of significant specimens will be completed before the deadline. This would of course be unnecessary if we knew that collections already received had been documented or the data in them supplied to recording schemes or records centres. Following the April weekend, the residue of material could then be offered to museums, universities or other bodies wanting reference collections. Also, if in future entire collections surplus to requirements are relocated in this way, only this needs to be documented and not individual specimen data. If these solutions do not prove practicable then destruction of unwanted specimens may be the only option. This will be an ongoing issue with future acquisitions, especially of Lepidoptera but to some extent also Coleoptera of which duplicate 70 BR J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 material is still being processed. It is recognised that it will in future be necessary to prioritise acquisitions and avoid acquiring further large Lepidoptera collections. Members considering the Society as a future recipient of their collections need to be aware of these constraints. An article on the subject of disposal of collections is planned for the Journal. The need to inform the Society of intentions and discuss this in advance would be stressed. So would the importance of documenting collections and taking steps to ensure that any notebooks or other documentation remains with the collection following the death of the collector. One collection came to us in 2003, that of the late Norman Lockington of Loughton, Essex, for which I thank his widow. This comprised a general collection of all orders other than Lepidoptera and was housed in two Hill units. However, because of the need for the family to sell these it was necessary to clear them and a day was spent transferring the specimens to store boxes. 1 am grateful to Mrs Lockington for her hospitality during this process. This removal had the advantage of it being easier to accommodate the collection. We would have had difficulty finding space for the cabinets. On the other hand we used up our supply of surplus store boxes. On arrival at Dinton Pastures the Orthoptera were immediately passed to Roger Hawkins and the sawflies to Andrew Halstead, as they kindly volunteered to check identities. Andrew has since transferred the specimens to the main collection. In this case the collection was well documented and the relevant information came to us with it. In September I again attended the annual meeting of collection managers. This time it was held at the Liverpool Museum and we had the opportunity to see their new facilities, with plenty of working space. Among the usual range of issues discussed, several cases of new pests afflicting various institutions were related. I learned that the identity of the Anthrenus species, that has a resurgence from time to time in our building, is certain. Apparently it does not need to be checked by a coleopterist, as only one species is known to be resistant to naphthalene. Hopefully we may in the future have space for a deep freeze as this is the only safe method of control. Once again I am grateful to all those who have donated specimens to the Society in the past year and those who have assisted in other ways, including correction of misidentifications in the collections. I particularly thank Robert Norledge for donating a collection of slides of Collembola, collected at Dinton Pastures. This is an Order that had been sadly missing from our collections (and also previously unrecorded at Dinton Pastures). As many authorities no longer regard them as insects it is also an extension of our holdings into “other arthropods!”. I am also indebted to John Robbins of Porlock, Somerset, who completed work on Eric Bradford’s leaf mine collection during 2003, but this has yet to be returned to the Society. Peter Chandler Building Manager s Report The year 2002 was enjoyable; 2003 has been even more so. I live near enough to Dinton Pastures to be able to visit the Pelham-Clinton Building every week, usually at least twice, so have been able to check the facilities regularly, and this year there have been remarkably few problems. The heating and air-conditioning have functioned well, while the alarm system has remained blissfully silent. One of the ‘key-holders’ even professed disappointment that he had never been called out in an emergency! There is a shortage of space at present, although at the ‘Duplicates Weekend’ next April we should be able to release a quantity of surplus specimens. BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 71 and after that, a number of insect-cabinets. The library, too, will benefit from the distribution to members of a mountain of surplus entomological journals. My frequent visits have enabled me to get to know the management of the Country Park and to see some of the varied activities they organise, especially the outstanding work they do with the young and the disabled. I have also come to enjoy the friendliness of the Tea Cosy Cafe, and it is pleasing that on Open Days plenty of members regularly take advantage of the varied and inexpensive food served in pleasant surroundings. To be told recently at the cafe that ‘you have some very nice people in your Society’ was not surprising, but still good to hear. 1 am steadily exploring the Park’s 350 acres, with its eight lakes and two rivers, its meadows, woods and remarkable flora and fauna. A selection of the photographs I have taken now hangs in the library at the Pelham-Clinton Building and, as people seem to like them, I shall add others regularly. Dinton Pastures is a wonderful place, and we are very lucky to have our Society’s headquarters in such lovely surroundings. During the year I mentioned that if any member found weekend Open Days inconvenient, but wished to visit the Society’s rooms at some other time, 1 should be happy to open the Building, provided I was given advance notice. I am delighted that so many people accepted the offer, which still stands. Finally 1 owe thanks to John Muggleton and Peter Chandler for their unfailing helpfulness; to Andrew Halstead, who tidies up our garden area, and to the members who attend innumerable workshops, conferences and Open Days, often filling both rooms completely with a clutter of boxes, bags, overcoats, notebooks and coffee cups -yet invariably, when they leave, the place is spotless. It makes the job of Building Manager very easy, and a pleasure. David Wedd Editor s Report The publication dates for the four parts of Volume 16 of the British Journal of Entomology & Natural History were March, June, October 2003 and January 2004, respectively. Each issue was either 64 or 72 pages in length, with the whole volume extending to a total of 272 pages. This was considerably longer than the 200 pages for Volume 15 of the previous year. A large part of the credit for this can go to Paul Waring and John Phillips who coerced reluctant field meeting leaders to submit their reports to the Journal , so there was a catching up exercise with reports covering the years 2000-2002. Although these totalled 40 and this sounds a large figure, many field meetings over this 3-year period still remain unreported. Field meetings are an important part of the Society’s activities, taking place as they do, in all parts of Britain and leaders should aim to provide accounts of these meetings, however brief for others to enjoy. They also provide an interesting historical picture of the Society (types of mv trap, collecting equipment and dress code spring to mind). An appreciative number of reports for 2003 have been received, and these will be published in batches during the year, so there is still plenty of time to submit your field reports for 2003. In addition to the usual reports of Society Indoor meetings, the Annual Exhibition, and Officers’ reports. Volume 16 included 30 articles. There were 9 on Hymenoptera, 7 on Hemiptera, 6 on Coleoptera, 5 on Diptera, 1 on Blattoidea and 2 on Lepidoptera. There were several general articles, on the Society's expedition to Belize, the President’s Address on a conservation agenda for entomologists over the next 100 years and bumblebee abundance on Salisbury Plain, together with three 72 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 full-length articles describing species new to Britain. There were also 12 book reviews and obituaries of three well-known, respected entomologists. There was a move towards reporting longer-term ecological studies, which often tend to be more insightful than the single casual observation, and these are to be encouraged. The Editor would certainly like to receive more, lengthy articles for publication, as these tend to form the basis around which individual parts of the Journal can be planned and sent to press. A novel departure this year was the insertion of individual colour portraits of insects next to the relevant text in the Annual Exhibition report, using photographs specially taken by Richard Jones. Despite some teething problems with the lay-out and balancing the size of pictures on the page this was achieved reasonably successfully. The colour and clarity were about as good as could be expected with the scanner used. However it is likely that we will return to using colour-plates in 2004 as these are easier to arrange in the text at minimal cost. Finally, 1 wish to thank Mike Wilson and Richard Jones for their sound advice on editorial matters. I would also like to take the opportunity of thanking all those who have given their time in assisting the Journal during the year, reviewing manuscripts, compiling the Annual Exhibition reports, proof-reading and all the other minor tasks that go towards making the Journal a success. John S. Badmin BOOK REVIEWS Close-up by Chris Jones & Alex Ball (The Natural History Museum 2004) 64pp. (ISBN 0 565 09172 7) and Wildlife Garden at the Natural History Museum by Roy Vickery (NHM, 2004) 64pp. (ISBN 0 565 09185 9). £5.95 each. Both pocket sized books ( 1 50 x 140 mm), are lavishly illustrated in colour and aimed mainly at capturing the eye of visitors to the Natural History Museum. Entomologists will be attracted more to the colour-enhanced scanning electron microscope photographs in Close-up which contains many stunning examples from the world of insects. Having had the privilege of examining gold-plated stableflies using the museum’s first SEM in 1960s, the images bring back the exhilaration of seeing this ultrastructural world for the first time, casually flicking the SEM dial by x 1000 and zooming in on the minutest structures. Every entomologist should have the opportunity of using a scanning electron microscope at some stage during their lifetime as it allows you to see whole insects at high magnification in perfect focus. You can see how the aphid’s stylets or the mosquito’s mouthparts are arranged for probing and equally how hairy and waxy some plant surfaces are that larvae have to hold onto or eat. You really do enter the insect world. The second book by Roy Vickery charts the successful building of an educational wildlife garden in the museum’s grounds. The garden contains five major habitats found in southern England; a hay meadow, ponds and wetland, woodlands including coppice, hedgerow, and chalk grassland! Despite its small size, the garden now boasts a list of more than 350 species of beetle, 462 species of Lepidoptera and hundreds of other invertebrate species, though many are tourists just like the human visitors pouring through the museum’s front door. Both books are well-written and intended to encourage the reader to investigate wildlife in more detail: we cannot ask for more. John S. Badmin BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 73 THE 2003 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS- PART 1- REPORT Basil Harley Martins, Great Horkesley, Colchester, Essex C06 4 AH Two years ago, when 1 was invited to stand for election as a Vice-President of the British Entomological and Natural History Society, I knew that this would lead to my becoming President in the year 2003/2004, a prospect which was somewhat daunting. Although 1 have been a member of the Society since 1975, I had previously played no part in its management, and simply took advantage, as an ordinary member, of the splendid efforts put in by the various officers who ensured its smooth running. I did attend some meetings, both indoor and in the field, but pressure of work made this more difficult in recent years. It was therefore with great diffidence and some reluctance that I accepted the challenge and was duly elected on the almost customary one-party slate. My year as President seemed quite a long way off. However, it arrived with surprising speed and during the past twelve months I have come to admire even more the smooth, efficient and friendly way in which the various officers perform their duties the President being no more than at best a figurehead and hopefully not a liability and encumbrance. I should like to pay tribute to all the officers of the Society who have all handled the work they have voluntarily undertaken, often at considerable personal sacrifice. A few, without wishing to single out members of Council invidiously, I shall nevertheless mention by name. Without doubt my task would not have been as easy as it has seemed had it not been for the efficiency of the Honorary Secretary, John Muggleton- the perfect adjutant, ever ready at one’s elbow with a quiet hint should something have been forgotten and with immaculately presented procedural instructions, but never obtrusive despite his considerable presence. I do thank him warmly for the help he has given me. Next I should mention our Treasurer, Tony Pickles, who has guided the Society over various hurdles in the past and who has ensured that our finances remain stable. His wise counsel is always available and his advice is always sought whenever extraordinary expenses are being contemplated. After thirteen years in office he deserves our heartfelt thanks. I would also mention Peter Chandler, our Curator for the past eighteen years, who ensures that our collections are well cared for and at the same time easily available for study and research. The fourth I would mention by name is Paul Waring, who, despite wearing many hats outside the Society, somehow contrives not only to organize and attend many of the field meetings and make numerous contributions to the literature in the journals, but has also volunteered to trawl through and analyse past field-meeting records with a view to obtaining some perspective of what is happening to our Lepidoptera. He is a human dynamo and we must pray that he will not break down. To all other officers and members of the Council whom I have not mentioned specifically I would express my thanks for the work they have done during the past year, organizing Open Days and Workshops at Dinton Pastures, representing the Society at a variety of meetings or helping to organize other events. It is now my sad duty to talk about nine members whose deaths have been reported to us during the past year, two of whom died more than a year ago; one death we learnt of only today. Dr John Bradley, our esteemed honorary member, died on 4 January this year at the age of 83. He was a former member of the staff at the BM(NH), now the Natural History Museum, in South Kensington, which he joined in 1938 as a preparator in the Department of Entomology. War service intervened and he served in campaigns 74 BIT J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 in North Africa, Italy and Austria before returning to entomological work at the Museum, in which he undertook the curation of the microlepidoptera collection ol Edward Meyrick consisting of over 100,000 specimens, gathered from many parts of the world, over 14,000 of which were unidentified types. The result of this work, with the co-operation of an American colleague. Jack Gates Clarke, who was seconded from the United States National Museum, was an eight-volume catalogue published by the British Museum. In 1964, John transferred to the Identification Service of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, now CABI, but he remained at work in the Lepidoptera section of the Museum. In the same year, he joined the BENHS. With Dr W. G. Tremewan, as co-author and Arthur Smith as artist, he worked on the two volumes of British T or tricoid Moths, published by the Ray Society in 1973 and 1979. These were greatly welcomed by lepidopterists and also horticulturalists because there was no recent work available on these species, many of which were considered of economic importance. John Bradley, in association with D. S. Fletcher, also produced the Recorder's Log Book and Label List of British Butterflies and Moths which was a complete list of the British fauna. The Log Book numbers accorded to the species were widely used not only for recording but also in the literature and have been continuously updated by the senior author (Steve Fletcher having died a year or two ago). The most recent version was published in 2000 and marked 50 years of John’s entomological literary contributions. John also compiled and published, with technical help from his two sons, David and Michael, the Checklist of Lepidoptera recorded from the British Isles , the second edition of which was issued in 2000. John was also associated in an editorial capacity with the Entomologist's Gazette and the Entomologist’s Record and kept in contact with continental authors. He never lost his enthusiasm for British Lepidoptera and was very excited when I told him last year of a pug moth new to Britain, Eupithecia massiliata Milliere & Daudoin. He said it was about time for a new one to be found! I treasure a setting bristle made from a whisker taken from a dead tiger in Belle Vue Zoo, Manchester, and given me by John! It is very effective. John was a kindly and congenial though reserved man with a good sense of humour. He will be much missed by those who knew him. He has bequeathed books from his library to the Society. Kenneth Cooper of Hucknall, Nottinghamshire died on 31 July 2001 but the Society has only recently become aware of his death. He was born in 1925 and so was just old enough to serve in the war. He trained as a troop-carrying glider pilot but did not go into action as peace came. In his professional life he worked in the textile industry, serving in the company founded by his father until he sold his interests in it when his son emigrated to Australia. His great enthusiasms were Lepidoptera, particularly micros, photography and sailing. He had a zest for life and has been greatly missed by the Derbyshire Entomological Society which he joined in 1986, two years before he joined the BENHS. Peter Standing died in April 2002 at the early age of 55. He served in the Royal Air Force, reaching the rank of Squadron-Leader. On his retirement from the RAF after the Falklands War he joined Virgin Airlines as a senior transatlantic pilot. He joined the society in 1989, registering his interest as Lepidoptera. His fascination with butterflies led him to rear endangered British species for the purpose of controlled releases into the wild. An extremely charming, popular and friendly man and a gifted pianist, his premature death came as a great shock to those who knew him. David Warner, whose death on 21 February 2003 the Society did not learn about until the late spring, joined the Society in 1998. He lived and worked in and around Essex and was a stalwart member of the Colchester Natural History Society. He was much involved in the design and production of the Butterflies of Colchester and North BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 75 East Essex , published at the end of 2002. His interests were breeding butterflies and re-introducing them into areas from which they had become locally extinct. He was a quiet man with a dry sense of humour who was good with beginners. Maurice Waterhouse, who died in April 2003 at the relatively early age of 64, lived life to the full. He was in his career a semi-professional footballer, engineer, chicken farmer and warden of an RSPB nature reserve. In the latter job, which he held from 1969 to 2000 at Coombe Valley, Staffordshire, he inspired many with his great enthusiasm for nature conservation a passion which he also carried over into reserves in other parts of Europe, advising on conservation management. He was knowledgeable on Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera and donated many specimens to the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery in Stoke-on-Trent. He did not join our Society until 2000, so his premature death deprived us of the benefit of what others have spoken of as inspirational teaching in the field of conservation. David Porter of Hailsham, East Sussex, died on 21 July 2003 having joined the Society in 1987. He had been a schoolmaster at secondary schools in Stevenage and Hailsham, retiring early as head of biology in 1993. His interests were Hemiptera. Diptera, aculeate Hymenoptera and especially Coleoptera. His immaculately mounted collection comprising several thousand specimens was donated to the Booth Museum, Brighton. Dr David Phillips of Livingstone, West Lothian, who joined us only in 2001, died in December 2003. His interests were Hymenoptera and Diptera and he was also a member of the Dipterists’ Forum. Ronald Parfitt, a special life member, died in January this year after 62 years’ membership of the Society, having joined in 1942 with Lepidoptera his declared interest. During World War II he worked at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough. Eric Classey recalls his use of sugaring during this time when lamps were not allowed. He did, however, have a head-lamp which he could direct on to tree-trunks and sugar-patches without raising an alarm. He was excellent company, having a good sense of humour. Latterly he moved to live in Cornwall where, although submitting occasional records, he was not actively involved with local lepidopterists. Mrs Jackie Ryrie joined the Society in 1995 and died in January 2004. She lived in Wick, Caithness, and her main interest was ‘peatland invertebrates’. She was one of the team who, in the 1980s, discovered a species of beetle new to Britain, the dytisticid Oreodytes alpinus (Paykull). This is included in Peter Hodge and Richard Jones’s New British Beetles , 1995. We have already stood in memory of these members at this and previous meetings so I shall not ask you to do so again. The year has been relatively uneventful and you will have heard reports for 2003 from the various officers. There continues to be debate in certain quarters about the undesirability of collecting rare species. In the course of looking through accounts of past meetings, I came across one in March 1897 when a discussion, opened by C. G. Barrett, took place on ‘the protection of insects in danger of extermination'. T. W. Hall, who had been President in 1895, suggested that, as an extreme measure, ‘a black list of greedy collectors should be formed and even published in the magazines’. J. W. Tutt, admitting that he himself was essentially a collector, nevertheless condemned excessive target collecting but wished that collectors would ‘collect with their head as well as with their hands’. That, I think, remains the position of this Society. Responsible collecting within the law should be permitted and, in some circumstances, even encouraged. I must not fail to mention that one of our special life members, Christine Foord who, with her late husband Ron, built up a great collection of 35 mm slides, mainly 76 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 of natural history subjects, has made arrangements to leave it to the Society after her death. The slides, which number about 45,000, have been seen by Andrew Halstead who confirmed that the Society would certainly benefit from such a bequest. We are most grateful to Mrs Foord for her generous and thoughtful action. If I have omitted to thank or praise anybody, or inadvertently failed to mention any event 1 should have done, I would beg your indulgence. 1 would stress what a great honour and privilege it has been to have followed in the footsteps of the many famous and distinguished entomologists who have presided over the Society during the past 130 years. I hope that I may now move quickly to the final stage of my presidency, my main address, especially bearing in mind the constraints of time. SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Empicoris baerunspningi (Dohrn) (Hem: Reduviidae), Agrilus biguttatus F. (Col: Buprestidae) and Rhinocyllus conicus Frolich (CohCurculionidae) in Gloucestershire. On a brief visit to Toddington Manor (SP0333) on 12 June 2003, I found a rich invertebrate fauna associated with old parkland trees. On one large oak I beat a male Empicoris baerunspningi from the shattered stump of a broken off lower bough. This appears to be a much favoured microhabitat for this delicate bug. Two other large, moribund oaks were heavily infested with Agrilus biguttatus , with the charcteristic emergence holes adundant. Both appear to be new county records (Keith Alexander, pers. comm.). Other important captures included the RDB1 click beetle Ampedus rufipennis (Stephensj(Elateridae) on hogweed. Another scarce species which is well established in the area was the spider Nigma walckenaeri (Roewer) (Araneae: Dictynidae) which is otherwise largely restricted to the Home counties. On the 5 November 2003, I visited Cattybrook Brick Pit, Almondsbury (ST5983) where I found 1 1 adult Rhinocyllus conicus wintering under the lifting bark of a small, recently dead oak tree growing on the open revegetating slopes of this large quarry. These appear to be the first records of this beetle in Gloucestershire. Jonty Denton, Kingsmead, Wield Road. Medstead, Hampshire, GU34 5NJ. JontyDenton@aol.com. Plectrocnemia geniculata McLachlan (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) in Surrey. On 18 August 2003, 1 collected a single dead male caddis from a spider’s web close to a stream crossing Strawberry Bottom, on Pirbright Ranges (SU9259). Using Macan (1973) it keyed out to Plectrocnemia geniculata. According to Wallace (1991), this species is common throughout most of Britain but he had no records for south-east England, adding prophetically that “he would be surprised if it was not there somewhere!’’ The caddis was taken close to a swift flowing stream shaded by Phragmites , surrounded by the most extensive areas of mire habitat in Surrey. I have since learned that there is a single male of this species in the NHM collection, collected at Ightham, Kent by D. E. Kimmins on 28 April 1963 (P. C. Barnard, pers. comm.). This record was not included in Wallace's review. Jonty Denton, Kingsmead, Wield Road, Medstead, Hampshire GU34 5NJ. E-mail: JontyDenton@aol.com. References Macan, T. T. 1973. A Key to the Adults of the British Trichoptera. Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association, No. 43. Wallace, I. D. 1991. A Review of the Trichoptera of Great Britain. NCC, Peterborough. BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 77 THE 2003 RESIDENTIAL ADDRESS- PART 2 LOVELL EVE (1814-1865) AND HIS COMPANY Basil Harley Mai uhs, Great Horkesley, Colchester, Essex C'06 4 AH In the proceedings of the South London Entomological Society for 1880, Mr A. Fieklin, the President, in his published Address, remarked that the Society should not confine its attention to entomology and that its scope be enlarged to include other branches of natural history, if necessary changing its name. The proposal was clearly given a lot of thought since it was not adopted until five years later, in 1885 under the presidency of Richard South, when the Society changed its name to the South London Entomological and Natural History Society and restated its aims. Its object henceforward would be ‘the diffusion of biological science’ generally. It is in that spirit that the Society has continued to the present, although entomological activities remain overwhelmingly predominant. In my own address this evening, I too propose to speak on a broader aspect of natural history which, while not principally entomological, features entomology in it, at times prominently. I have entitled it ‘Lovell Reeve (1814-1865), naturalist and publisher; and the publishing company he founded’. Two of our Society’s first patrons, H. T. Stainton and E. C. Rye, were among his firm’s earliest entomological authors, and, as you will learn in the course of this talk, works by two other of our revered forerunners figured large in the list of its publications at the end of the nineteenth century. Preparation of my address has occupied a great deal more of my time than I had originally anticipated because Reeve’s range of activities was considerable though this is not widely known. Those who have heard of or written about him tend to think of him only in relation to their own particular areas of interest. His name and that of the company he founded may well be familiar to botanists and gardeners, or to conchologists, or to entomologists, or even to those interested in the techniques of natural history printing or the development of photographically illustrated books, but none would seem to have appreciated the full extent of his interests and of his personal involvement in all of these and linked them together. I have consequently been obliged to consult the libraries of very many institutions holding archival and other relevant material. Even so, information about him is sparse and incomplete. I have come to agree with C. G. Barrett, the lepidopterist, who remarked in 1892 that ‘there is a duty always imposed upon the President of a Society such as this which, if he were a particularly modest man would almost make him pause before accepting the office, were it not for the wise and prudent arrangement by which the duty is deferred until the term of office has expired,’ adding, by way of clarification, if it were needed: ‘It is the duty of delivering a Presidential Address!’ I am thankful indeed that this is my last presidential duty since it has been a demanding task, but I can nevertheless say without hesitation that piecing together facts, however sketchy, about the subject of my talk has given me a lot of pleasure. Lovell Augustus Reeve was born on 19 April 1814 to Fanny (nee Lovell), wife of Thomas Reeve of 15 and 16 Ludgate Hill, a well-to-do draper and mercer who was representative of the old school of City traders. The father would seem to have belonged to an earlier age since he has been described as wearing silver knee-buckles, and having his powdered hair dressed in a pigtail, as would have been customary among men of his station in the eighteenth century. In early life. Thomas Reeve had 78 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 shared lodgings with Robert Waithman, a close friend and fellow draper. They married sisters whose surname Reeve bestowed on his son. For fifteen years Thomas Reeve was on the Common Council of the City of London, but his ambition never matched that of his brother-in-law, Robert Waithman. The latter was extremely active politically, becoming successively Alderman in 1818, Sheriff in 1820, and Lord Mayor of London in 1823, and was also elected MP for the City of London which he represented in four parliaments between 1818 and 1833, though not continuously. From this background it can be seen that young Reeve came from a good bourgeois family and had valuable connections. Lovell Reeve was a gifted and intelligent boy. He attended school at Stockwell where he had already received an excellent classical education by the age of thirteen, obtaining in no more than four years eight prizes for his proficiency in Greek and Latin. He might have been expected to go on to a public school or university to further an academic career in which he would almost certainly have achieved great distinction. However, this was not to be since he was removed from school in 1827 and bound apprentice for seven years to a grocer and tea dealer, a Mr Francis Graham, whose shop was at nearby 37 Ludgate Hill, where he was to learn the business of dealing in spices, tea, sugar, molasses and other commodities. This seems an unlikely and most unpromising beginning for a future naturalist and publisher. However, in a fragment of autobiography he recalled how, one day, fortuitously, a sailor sauntered into the shop with a little bundle of cowrie shells. ‘Were these shells ever alive?’, he asked the sailor, ‘Alive!’ said he, ‘Believe you, my boy, every one on them', and he opened out his double-knotted blue calico handkerchief on to the counter (Melvill, 1901). The sight of the brilliantly enamelled shells made a deep impression on him and his purchase of them for a few pence was the starting point of his passion for conchology, which was to develop into a deep interest in natural history generally. Reeve was fortunate to have an apprentice friend, by name of George Walker, who was a compositor with the firm of Spottiswoode, a well-known printing company even in those days. This friend was already a collector of shells and knowledgeable about natural history. Together, after shutting up shop, they would spend the evening poring over his friend’s collection at his lodgings in Shoe Lane and talking about the origins and life histories of the molluscs he had obtained from sailors and shell dealers who frequented the vicinity of the nearby London Docks. Thus encouraged, Lovell Reeve became an avid collector himself. At this date, Ludgate Hill was probably the greatest thoroughfare in London and it was recorded that through it there passed in twelve hours 8752 vehicles, 13,025 horses and 105,352 persons which was certainly good for trade (Thornbury, n.d.). Young Lovell Reeve lived in an attic room in Ludgate Hill overlooking the courtyard of the famous ‘Belle Sauvage’ Inn. Here, in earlier times, actors had performed and fencing had been taught. Now, from his latticed window Reeve could see not plays or fights but, instead, the regular arrival of mail coaches into the yard, the guards sounding their horns on arrival and departure. The coachmen and guards were frequent customers at the shop. In the late evening, on returning home, he would divide his time between studying his conchological treasures, which he kept in a two-foot square box, and watching the bustling activity in the yard. Years later. Reeve commemorated his friend by naming a particularly beautiful mollusc ‘ Cypraea Walkeri ’ Reeve. Whilst serving his apprenticeship, Reeve enthusiastically pursued his study of shells and the life histories of the animals which inhabited them. He was more than just a shell collector, and showed considerable interest in the broader science of malacology. In the early 1830s, he made the acquaintance of Dr John Edward Gray of the British Museum, through whom he learned of the newly founded British BR J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 79 Association for the Advancement of Science, which in 1833 had as its President the celebrated geologist. Professor Adam Sedgwick, FRS. In that year, Lovell Reeve was granted a week’s holiday to attend the third meeting of the Association in Cambridge. Inspired by its President and displaying an exceptional thirst for knowledge, he made many valuable contacts which were to be most useful to him in the years ahead. Though not yet twenty years old, he was made leader of the conchologists exploring the Fens between Cambridge and Ely which included Wicken, a happy hunting ground for zoologists and botanists but which even then were under threat of destruction by drainage. Swallowtails and large copper butterflies were still to be found in the fens at that date, as well as rare moths, plants and molluscs, many of which have since become extinct. On completion of his apprenticeship in 1834, Reeve made a journey to Paris, armed with letters of introduction to the principal naturalists there, and was warmly received at the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes by M. Henri-Marie de Blainville, who was the successor to M. Georges Cuvier, the distinguished French naturalist. At a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, he delivered his first scientific paper on the classification of the Mollusca. By the time he returned to London, his mind was fully made up that he should follow a career other than that for which he had trained and for which he was clearly intellectually unsuited. He immediately set to work on his first major publication Conchologia Systematica- an ambitious quarto work in two volumes, containing 301 coloured plates, which were published by Longman in 1840 and 1841 respectively. The cost of this was far greater than he could hope to recover from sales, except in the very long term. He was obliged to pay for it from his share of the estate on Ludgate Hill, left to him on his father’s death a year or so previously. In 1841, by good fortune, Lovell Reeve saw an advertisement in The Times of a sale of shells in Rotterdam. As a collector himself, he decided to attend it and was delighted to find that what was displayed, spread out on large trays in a stable yard, were highly sought-after specimens that were worth many times more than he was required to pay for them. They were chiefly of the rarest and most valuable kinds and had been collected in the Moluccan Islands in what came to be known as the Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia, by the Governor-General, van Ryder, and then sent back to Holland where their value was not appreciated by those handling the sale. Reeve purchased the lot. He brought them back with him to England, and in 1842, with profits earned from the transaction and, it was said, with some assistance from friends, he opened a shop for the sale of natural history specimens at 8 King William Street (now William IV Street) off the Strand. He also acquired a Stanhope hand-printing press, cases of type, a lithographic press and the necessary printing plates, lithographic stones and other equipment for the production of the books on conchology that he was already planning to publish himself. His enthusiasm was matched by his energy and his knowledge, which was exceptional in such a young man (Plate 1, p. 80), but his experience in trade had no doubt also made him shrewd as well as prepared to take a calculated risk. This entrepreneurial aspect of his character was evident throughout his all-too-short career. Nothing is known of the staff he employed and there must have been several, but it is clear the he was always the driving force in any partnership. His first publications, mainly on conchology but also on botanical exploration, with important works by Dr .1. D. Hooker, the brilliant son of the great Sir William Joseph Hooker of Kew, were published between 1843 and 1845 and bore the imprint Reeve. Brothers, King William Street. Nothing seems to be known of this brother, whose name no longer appeared as sole partner after 1845 though from 1847 to 1849 80 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 PLATE I. Portrait of Lovell Reeve in 1849 at the age of 35. Lithograph by T. H. Maguire. a third partner's name was included in a new imprint, Reeve, Benham and Reeve. By 1850, however, the brother having possibly died, this had become Reeve & Benham, still of King William Street. In 1851, the partnership moved to 5 Henrietta Street where, after 1852, the name Benham too ceased to be mentioned. That lease was later extended to include No. 6 as well as No. 5, and the firm continued to operate from there long after Lovell Reeve’s own death in 1865 and BR. J. ENT. NAT HIST., 17: 2004 81 until after the First World War, following the expiry of its lease of the property from the Duke of Bedford’s Estate. Back in 1840, one of the greatest collections of natural history specimens made in the Far East had been brought to England by the naturalist and traveller Hugh Cuming, who later became one of Reeve's closest friends and who left him a bequest on his death though sadly Reeve did not outlive him long enough to enjoy it. Cuming had been abroad for four and a half years and had accumulated 147 large cases of specimens, 90 of which he arranged to be transported in three large wagons to his home in Gower Street. In addition to over 1200 birds, thousands of insects, crabs and reptiles, and some 3500 species of plants, including ferns, of which he brought back 130,000 dried specimens, there were over 3000 species of shells, many new to science. These were to form the basis of Lovell Reeve’s great publication, Conchologia Iconica; or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals which he began publishing in monthly parts in January 1843 from his establishment in King William Street (see Plate 3, p. 89). The illustrations are considered to be ‘the most accurate and among the most beautiful of all those published prior to the widespread use of photographic reproductions’ (Dance, 1966). They were beautifully drawn on stone by George Brettingham Sowerby II from his own pencil sketches, and printed by the lithographic process by the lithographer Vincent Brooks and then coloured by hand. Publication of Conchologia Iconica continued at the same rate for the next twenty- five years, its completion being finally achieved in 1878 with the twentieth volume. It was a mammoth work, containing 281 monographs of 289 genera, illustrated on 2727 lithographic plates, all but five hand-coloured. Some 27,000 molluscs were depicted, over 2000 of which were described new to science by Reeve himself, including Paralaoma caputspinulae (Reeve, 1852) which was added to the British list as an adventive from the Mediterranean as recently as 1985. Such was the quality of these plates, all drawn by Sowerby ‘expressly from nature of the natural size’, that they came to be regarded as an illustrated guide to the major collections from which they were obtained, notably those of Hugh Cuming and John Dennison, a wealthy mid-nineteenth century collector. Any shell from these collections from which an illustration had been made for that work would always stimulate competition in the sale room. Individual parts, published as monographs, were intially sold at six shillings (30p) plain and ten shillings (50p) coloured. By 1 April 1843, 27 parts had been published. Reeve’s plan was to publish two genera together, each as a monograph. A title and index was to be issued on completion of each family and the entire work bound as seven volumes. In the event, the number of additional shells that needed to be described extended the original estimate of colour figures from about 1700 by over 1000 as the work expanded to twenty volumes. The great shell-collecting craze, which dated from the early eighteenth century, continued to flourish until the end of the nineteenth. Consequently, the timing of Reeve’s venture was for him most fortunate. The work, which has come to be known familiarly as 'Conch, [pronounced ‘Conk’] Icon.', was eagerly bought by both professional scientific and private hobby collectors and has itself acquired a status among great natural history books bordering on iconographic. Being published in monthly parts at reasonably affordable prices, it sold well, though many buyers might not have been able to sustain the monthly outlay for years on end or even retain their enthusiasm for it. The title page and preliminary text for the final volume contained a preface written by Lovell Reeve’s widow, Martha, in which she proudly stated: ‘On the completion of this great work, a few words appear due to the Subscribers. In the British Museum, England possesses a collection of shells- 82 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 including that of the late Mr Hugh Cuming, acquired by purchase in 1865 -which for richness and completeness rivals all other collections in the world put together. ‘The “Conchologia Iconica” was commenced by my late husband, Mr Lovell Reeve, in 1843, as the exponent of these and other collections. At the time of his decease, in 1865, fifteen volumes of the work had been completed. Although these, containing as they do most of the important Genera, would have been no inconsiderable contribution to Conchological science, still as many Genera remained unrepresented, it was thought desirable to continue the work to a point at which, for all practical purposes, it might be pronounced complete. 'The literary conduct of the work was therefore entrusted to Mr G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., who had hitherto supplied the artistic portion. ‘His Royal Highness the late Prince Consort was amongst the earliest subscribers, and his subscription (for two copies) has been generously continued by Her Majesty the Queen. ‘Many of the earlier subscribers have not lived to see the completion of the work, in the commencement of which they took a lively interest, but their subscriptions have been continued by members of the family, or have been replaced by other individuals. ‘To Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, and to the rest of the Subscribers, 1 beg to tender my most grateful acknowledgements, for the continued support which has enabled me to bring the work to what I trust will be deemed a satisfactory conclusion.’ MARTHA REEVE The Cottage, Gilston, near Harlow March 29, 1878 In recent years, copies of this monumental work have fetched very high prices in the saleroom. In 1992, Tony Swann, a director of Wheldon & Wesley, natural history booksellers, reported that a short time previously they had valued a set of volumes at £20,000. He added that he knew of another set catalogued by a bookdealer in 1988 at £48,000, though he doubted it had sold for that price, having been sold on to another dealer. It remains one of the great, finely illustrated scientific works of the nineteenth century and today is almost beyond price. I have dwelt on this extraordinary conchological work since, through the quality and importance of its text and illustrations, meticulously prepared for publication by Reeve when he was not yet thirty years old and so carefully and tastefully executed in line with his original plan. Reeve was able to bring regular revenue into his company and to build up sufficient capital such as would enable him to expand into other branches of natural history and science -botany, bryology, phycology, arachnology, entomology, ornithology and mammalia, as well as horticulture, geology, mineralogy, exploration and photography. In 1844, the ambitious young Reeve began negotiating to take over the Botanical Magazine from Samuel Curtis, which Samuel's father, William Curtis had founded in 1787 (Plate 2). He had already published one work that year -under the imprint Reeve Brothers of King William Street-the first of three volumes by Dr Joseph Dalton Hooker in his series Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of Her Majesty’s Ships Erebus and Terror (1839-43). It contained 200 colour plates. In the same year he took over and published Sir William Hooker’s London Journal of Botany under the revised imprint. Reeve, Benham and Reeve. In 1845 he finally obtained control of BR. .1. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 83 CURTIS’S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE, j L COMPRISING THE Pants of tl;c L\opal (Darkens of Itttu, AND OF OTHER BOTANICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN GREAT BRITAIN ; WITH SUITABLE DESCRIPTIONS; AND A SUPPLEMENT OF BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL INFORMATION ; BY SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, K.H., D.C.L., Oxon. L.L.I). F.R.S., and L.S., Vice-President of thcLinmean Society, and Director of the Iloyal Gardens of Kcw. VOL. I. OF THE THIRD SERIES; (Or Vol. LXXI. of the whole Work.) ~VVVVVVV\AAAAAAAAAAAA/VV “ Nature and Art t’adorn the page combine And flowers exotic grace our northern clime.” LONDON : REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND; 1845. PLATE 2. The cover of the renamed Curtis’s Botanical Magazine , the first under Lovell Reeve's management. Published in .Inly LS45, it shows t he spectacular newly opened Great Palm House at Kew, designed by Decimus Burton and Richard Turner. 84 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17. 2004 what was then renamed Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, and in July published the first issue under his management. The price per monthly issue was 3s. 6d (17jp) coloured and 2s. 6d ( 1 2^p) plain. These new publications brought him into close and regular contact with the Hookers of Kew and other leading botanists of the day. The colour plates, often with one large plate folded to accommodate images of large specimens, which had previously been hand-coloured line-engravings, were thenceforward produced as hand-coloured lithographs, a medium which gave a far more delicate result. The botanical artist W. H. Fitch, whom Sir William Hooker employed at Kew, was an immediate convert to the merits of lithographic printing. In 1849, a financial crisis loomed for the Botanical Magazine due to falling circulation and Reeve proposed to reduce the number of plates in order to cut costs. He had problems with Sir William Hooker who objected strongly to this plan and who at the same time wanted a higher fee to be paid for his own text and also for his artist, Fitch, but the economics of the magazine, which was also suffering from severe competition, made economies essential. Reeve could not afford to sustain losses at the same time as he was expanding his list of other titles, though he benefited from the Botanical Magazine's, reputation which had grown markedly under Sir William Hooker's editorship and his own proprietorship. The flow of publications from the King William Street premises increased steadily with the appearance in 1845 and 1846 of further works on molluscs by Agnes Catlow and Lovell Reeve himself; and on botany and related subjects under the authorship amongst others of J. D. Hooker, W. H. Harvey and C. D. Badham. Of particular beauty was the latter's well-illustrated book, A Treatise on the esculent [i.e. edible] Funguses of England, on which a reviewer at the time commented that the collector could scarcely make a mistake! One would hope not. Harvey’s Phycologia Britannica; or, a history of British Seaweeds, published in parts between 1849 and 1851 and bound in volumes with 360 colour plates, each species being given a plate to itself, was to become a standard work. The nineteenth century was an age in which Britain's Empire grew to its greatest extent. Its naturalists travelled widely to explore and record the plants and animals within its territories, often on board Her Majesty's Discovery Ships which were sailing to every corner of the globe. Although these expeditions do not fall strictly into the category of British natural history study, it is interesting to note the extent of these journeys which provided such valuable material for Lovell Reeve's company’s publications. For example, the account of HMS Samcirang's exploration of the Southern Oceans, was published in 1880, with Reeve himself one of the contributors on the molluscs collected. Other contributors included Sir Richard Owen, the first director of the Natural History Museum at South Kensington; Sir John Richardson, the ichthyologist and Arctic explorer; J. E. Gray, Reeve’s old acquaintance and mentor from the 1830s when he was still an apprentice; and Adam White, zoologist from the British Museum. These contacts undoubtedly enhanced Reeve’s standing considerably, enabling him to communicate and negotiate with his authors on a more-or-less equal footing. Reeve was undoubtedly a confident, determined and strong-willed man but he seemed to get on well with his authors, frequently older than himself, and retain their respect. Nevertheless, it is hard to conceive how a new publishing company, run by a young man without any formal scientific qualification, could have achieved so much in its first ten or eleven years. A contemporary lithograph, drawn when he was only 35, shows him to be a sensitive and handsome man of charm and dignity. Other early works in the genre of travel included a remarkable book on Travels in the Interior of Brazil by George Gardner, the botanical explorer, published in 1846, BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 85 W. J. Hooker’s monograph Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya , based on his son Joseph’s exploration with his drawings of new species, published in 1849, and Botanical journey to the Western Himalayas and Tibet of 1852 by Dr 1 homas Thompson. The account of his Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro by Alfred Russel Wallace followed in 1853, live years before Wallace sent Charles Darwin his manuscript containing his own theories of evolution which were based on these South American journeys. In 1850, for the European traveller, he published The Tourist's Flora by Joseph Woods, ‘a descriptive catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of the British Islands, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and the Italian Islands’. Over 500 pages long, it contained no plates but included a very comprehensive list of species, keyed out under genera to which there is a detailed introduction. Reeve’s own reputation was growing fast. The output of his small publishing company in its first ten years of existence, working first from King William Street and then from Henrietta Street, had been ambitious and considerable. Reeve & Co., as by then it was known, continued to publish new books, liberally illustrated with hand-coloured lithographs of high quality, while managing to maintain an increasing flow of the journals and part-works Reeve had already begun. The letterpress composing, printing, etc., and the litho preparing, transferring, printing, etc., we do on the premises’, he had told Sir William Jardine, the Edinburgh publisher, in 1845 when there was still production capacity to fill. He added that, Tor original drawings we employ different artists according to the nature of the subject . . . For the colouring we employ different hands for each branch.’ Most of the work produced and published by Lovell Reeve included colour plates which were of good quality. Being executed on the premises, supervision could be strictly maintained, with the hand-colourists carefully matching the artist's pattern plates (Plate 4, p. 90) a procedure that the firm followed until well after the end of the nineteenth century, though in 1854 the firm’s lithographic press was sold to Vincent Brooks who became the principal supplier. All letterpress printing was contracted out to one or other of the many local printing houses so that the company could concentrate on publishing. Reeve had been elected an associate of the Linnean Society in 1842, his nomination having been supported by John Gould, the ornithologist and publisher; George Brettingham Sowerby I, the conchologist son of James Sowerby, famous botanical artist, and father of Reeve's artist G. B. Sowerby II; and his conchological collector friend, the traveller Hugh Cuming. Associate members paid reduced subscriptions and had no say in the conduct of the Society’s affairs. In 1846 he was nominated for election to the Fellowship of the Linnean Society. The list of those who then supported him read like a roll of honour and included, among others, the botanist Robert Brown, Sir Richard Owen, Sir William Hooker, Professor Thomas Bell, the distinguished zoologist (who bought Gilbert White's old home. The Wakes, at Selborne), and William Yarrell, the prolific zoological author. Many of Reeve's distinguished authors were Fellows of the Linnean Society and quite a few were also Fellows of Britain’s oldest and most prestigious body of scientists, the Royal Society. Reeve obviously entertained hopes that he would himself be elected FRS. Charles Darwin, a Fellow since 1839, wrote to him encouragingly on 14 March 1849: ‘1 have heard an account with what uncommon zeal you have pursued natural history and on this ground I shall be happy to append my signature to your paper and to wish you all success. I hope for the honour of that Society your being in the publishing trade cannot be the smallest objection to you.’ However, he was not elected a reflection, perhaps, of the snobbery of the time rather than his ineligibility. In 1853, he was however elected Fellow of another distinguished scientific body, the Geological Society. 86 BR J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 Reeve determined to produce series of books that would appeal on a popular level to the amateur and student. He was not alone in this. Several publishers came into the market with varying degrees of success, depending on the standing and quality of their authors. First was Sir William Jardine in Edinburgh who launched his 'Naturalists’ Library’ in 1833 to cover a wide range of subjects, not entirely confined to British species. Colour plates for some of Jardine’s volumes were actually printed in London by Reeve. Closely behind Jardine was Van Voorst in 1836 with a series entitled 'Natural History of the British Islands’ which continued haltingly until 1880. This had good authors, such as William Yarrell on fishes and birds, Thomas Bell on quadrupeds, reptiles and Crustacea, and Edward Forbes on starfishes and Mollusca. The best of these titles were published before Reeve’s company entered into the competition. Another publisher, Swan Sonnenschein, directed its titles at a lower age group with 'The Young Collector’ series, producing about 15 books on a wide variety of natural history subjects for the beginner between 1885 and 1897 and a slightly more advanced series called ‘The Young Collectors' Handbooks’, with six works, all published in 1883, including three titles by W. F. Kirby on Beetles; Butterflies and Moths; and other insect Orders. There were others on Birds; Shells; and Flowering Plants but none had any coloured plates. Reeve joined the field in 1848 with his ‘Popular Natural History’ series. This ran until 1858 when it was passed to Routledge which later linked with Warne to publish the famous Wayside and Woodland series. In the same year Reeve started publication of a more advanced but still introductory series of Natural History books for students and amateurs which was known as the ‘Crown Series’. These were very successful, and included authoritative texts and excellent colour plates. Each work aimed, as the advertisements announced, ‘to treat of a department of Natural History sufficiently limited in extent to admit of a satisfactory degree of completeness’. The Crown Series included an introductory work on British Beetles by E. C. Rye, whom 1 have mentioned earlier as a patron and early member of our Society, published in 1866. A second was on British Butterflies and Moths by H. T. Stainton, distinguished leipdopterist and another of our early patrons. In addition there were three entomological works on British Bees , British Wasps and Ants, and British Flies. Further titles published were on British Spiders, British Flowering Plants, British Ferns and British Grasses. An important feature of all Reeve’s books was the inclusion of hand-coloured plates, in this case not lithographed but mainly printed from steel engravings. The excellent Crown Series continued until at least 1891, the last being on British Fungi by George Edward Massee, a leading mycologist, and, incidentally, father of Arthur Morel Massee, President of our Society in 1961, whose superbly set collection of Coleoptera is now at Dinton Pastures. One immensely successful work published by Lovell Reeve & Company, and possibly its best known, was Handbook of the British Flora by George Bentham. Reeve originally wanted this to be illustrated with colour plates by W. H. Fitch to supersede Sowerby’s English Botany, 1790-1814, which had text by Sir James Edward Smith, the first President of the Linnean Society. However, Joseph Hooker, who was relying on Fitch to complete the illustrations for the third part of his Botany of the Antarctic Voyage, would not countenance it. In the event. Reeve published the work as the first in the Crown Series, with no plates and no figures as Bentham himself had proposed. For his text and copyright Reeve paid Bentham the sum of fifty pounds, on the broad understanding that he would submit the whole manuscript before the end of 1856. Bentham was as good as his word and the book was published in 1858. It was an immediate success. BR .1. F.NT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 87 In 1865, Reeve was able to publish Bentham’s Handbook with Fitch’s line drawings, as he had originally wanted, though sold uncoloured. In a letter to Bentham dated 17 January 1862, discussing its treatment, he wrote ‘I would propose to adopt [a] larger size, the type to be the same as the type of the Preface of the original edition, except that it should not be leaded, the lines closer. The illustrated edition would then come into one volume of goodly proportions, forming a goodly cyclopaedia’. He offered to have specimen pages prepared as soon as he had some engravings of the figures. In the event, the work was published in two volumes. The content of this letter is a clear indication of Reeve’s interest in good typographical treatment no less than in a good text. All his books are far better designed than most of those published by his rivals. The layouts of his title pages make good use of line spacing and varied typefaces and sizes but not excessively so. Bentham’s Handbook was to go into seven editions. The 5th edition was revised in 1887 by J. D. (by then Sir Joseph) Hooker, after which it became universally known as ‘Bentham & Hooker’. What botanist or entomologist working in the first half of the twentieth century would not have been familiar with ‘Bentham & Hooker’, a handy comprehensive guide to identification? This must surely have been the most widely used popular British Flora ever, unchallenged by any serious rival until 1952 when Cambridge University Press published Flora of the British Isles by Clapham, Tutin & Warburg. Fitch’s Illustrations of the British Flora, forming an illustrated companion to Mr Bentham’s Handbook was published by Reeve & Company in 1880. They, too, went into very many editions and, together the two Bentham & Hooker volumes became an essential vade mecitm for the field botanist. Lovell Reeve’s attempt to start a major entomological series for the serious entomologist began and ended between 1851 and 1856 with three volumes on Diptera by Francis Walker and one on Microlepidoptera by Henry Stainton. Under the title Insecta Britannica , it did not get beyond those four volumes. A fifth volume that had been announced on 'Hemiptera and Homoptera’ was never published and no others were ever mentioned. The series, under the auspices of a distinguished committee consisting of the President of the Entomological Society and other well- known entomologists including William Spence and J. F. Stephens, may have stalled because of Reeve’s inability through pressure of work to follow it up. He certainly had a lot on his hands at the time. However, on John Curtis’s death, he took over Curtis’s British Entomology , which he republished in eight volumes instead of the original sixteen but with the same number of 770 coloured plates though at half the price of the first edition. Perhaps he was inspired by these to plan the other entomological series that Reeve & Co. were to publish so successfully during the last decades of the nineteenth century. In a diary entry for February 1849 he had written of the difficulty he had in finding time in which to think and to work on his Elements of Conchology which he had begun in 1846 and would not complete until 1860. ‘It is not easy’, he noted, ‘to write the description of a new shell amid the interruptions of daily life’. In the following month, he lamented: ‘I am so bewildered with work, in addition to the demands of business that 1 scarcely know how best to occupy my time’. Three days later an entry read ‘feeling unwell, obliged to withdraw from business’. He was obviously under great strain and the pressure was not going to ease in the years ahead. Despite his overwork, and in addition to all his other ventures. Reeve continued to take on more and more as he began to engage in publishing literary and photographic journals as well as scientific books. From 1850 to 1858 he ran The Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lett res, Arts and Science as proprietor and editor-in-chief. In 1858 he used the Literary Gazette to announce a new monthly. 88 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 The Stereoscopic Magazine , selling at 2s. 6d (12^p) per issue, with the purpose ol depicting landscapes, architecture, antiquities, natural history, sculpture and portraiture, with accompanying descriptive text by writers of eminence. Stereo- scopic photographs were to be printed to give a three-dimensional effect. The first book ever to use this technique was Teneriffe, an astronomer's experiment , by Piazzi Smyth, published by Reeve in the same year. It was advertised as ‘an interesting novelty’ and caused a mild sensation. Smyth described Lovell Reeve as ‘my intelligent and scientific publisher’, but the process was labour intensive and the 2000 copies printed, each with 20 stereoscopic images, entailed pasting down 40,000 photographic images on to preprinted pages. Reeve published only four books using this process but for a time he continued to produce packets of stereoscopic pictures which were sold in monthly issues of a new venture, The Stereoscopic Cabinet. In 1863, publication of a new venture, The Stereoscopic Magazine was halted and Reeve started yet another serial. Portraits of Men of Eminence in Literature, Science and Art with Biographical Memoirs. Among the distinguished people featured were his shell-collecting friend, Hugh Cuming, John Obadiah Westwood, the entomologist, and Lovell Reeve himself. In 1863, Reeve brought out his own Land and freshwater mollusks indigenous to, or naturalized in, the British Isles , a work illustrated by text figures but without colour plates, which was regarded by some as his finest contribution to their study (Bentham, 1865). He also published a Handbook to British Mosses by M. J. Berkeley, a popular moss flora with 24 delicately executed colour plates aimed at beginners which later, in 1895, went into a second edition. In 1862, Lovell Reeve had brought Francis Lesiter Soper into the business as a partner. Little is known about Soper, who was only four years Reeve’s junior but long outlived him. He was presumably engaged to handle the day-to-day affairs that so frustrated Reeve, since there is no evidence that he was other than a businessman. For the first twenty years of its existence, the firm would seem to have been run as a ‘one-man band’ but, as it grew, this could not continue. Perhaps Reeve had a presentiment of his early death. He was clearly very ill by 1864. In a letter to Dr Joseph Hooker written on 24 October 1864 he told him that he and his wife had decided to give up his establishment at Sutton, near Hounslow and move back to live in Henrietta Street so as not to neglect the business. He had he said, ‘that day, managed to get into work for an hour or two, the first time for nearly a month’, but he added that he had ‘little hope of recovery’. A year later, Francis Soper, in a letter to George Bentham on 10 October 1865, reported that Reeve was ‘in a very precarious state with scarcely a hope of any permanent improvement’. By 18 November he was dead. A lengthy biographical sketch was published in the December 1865 number of Portraits of Men of Eminence. The photographic portrait shows a man old before his time (Plate 5). Though only 51 years old, his hair has turned white and he looks withdrawn and ill, almost resigned to death. There is not a glimmer of the vitality which characterizes the earlier portrait. A postscript was added reporting his demise and paying tribute to his energy and enterprise, to which the very existence of the magazine itself was due. Despite his illness and the severe suffering which according to The Times obituary he had endured for eighteen months, Reeve continued to work until near the end. One of his last public appearances was at the famous conchological sale held at the end of April 1865 in Stevens’ Auction Rooms, King Street, Covent Garden, of the collection of the late John Dennison. On the third day of the sale, he was wheeled into the room in a bath chair and was immediately surrounded by his many friends. For a very high price, he bought a most perfect specimen of a Conus gloriamaris , the BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 89 / li/i ■xcuL Joticfr CONCHO LOG IA t. //A ICONIC A; COMPLETE REPERTORY OF SPECIES. PICTORIAL. Conus gtorin-mari*. DESCRIPTIVE. Bv LOVELL REEVE, A.L.S., E.Z.S., Etc., AUTHOR OK TIIB ‘ COXCHOI.OOIA SYSTEMATICA.’ THK FIGURES HKING DRAWN BY HIM UPON STONE FROM ORIGINAL PENCIL SKETCHES By G. B. SOWERBY, Jun. L O N I) O N : PRINTED FOR, PUBLISHED, AND SOLD BY LOVELL REEVE, NATURALIST, 8 KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND: SOI.D All .so BY «; B. SOWHRBV, SO OR HAT RUSSELL STRKKT: FORTIN. MAHSON AND CO.. PARIS: ASHER AND CO., RERUN- 1843. PLATE 3. Title page of Lovell Reeve’s monumental publication on shells, launched in January 1843 but not completed until 1878, 35 years after his death. The shell depicted is Conns gloriamaris, a great rarity, (see p. 81). 90 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17. 2004 PLATE 4. Pattern plates for Fowler & Donisthorpe’s supplementary volume to Coleoptera of the British Islands , 1913, showing (left) the uncoloured lithographs and (right) the artist’s colour for the hand colourists, (see p. 85). BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 91 PLATE 5. Studio portrait of Lovell Reeve at the age of 51, when he was already a very sick man, taken by Ernest Edwards in 1865 for Portraits of Men of Eminence, (see p. 88). 92 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 PLATE 6. Caterpillars of Swallowtail, Black-veined, Large and Small Whites, Orange-tip, Brimstone and Clouded Yellow on their foodplants, drawn from nature by Eleonora Wilson for her husband O. S. Wilson’s Larvae of the British Lepidoptera. (see p. 97). BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 93 PLATE 7. Caterpillars of Lackey, Ground Lackey, Fox Moth and Oak and Grass Eggars on their foodplants, drawn by Eleonora Wilson for Larvae of the British Lepidoptera. 94 BR J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 PLATE 8. Purple Emperor, male and female, with larva and pupa, from C. G. Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British Islands , Vol. 1. Two male ‘vars’ are also shown, (p.97). BR J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 95 PLATE 9. The rare migrant Rosy Underwing and the familiar Red Underwing moths, with eggs and larva of the latter, from Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British Islands, Vol. 6. 96 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 I, ft.-'.-vn & •' Londrn PLATE 4-3. V:j. *-n', .** r wi Tn>r PLATE 10. Four small bees of the genus Osmia from E. Saunders’ Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British Islands. The central patch is a correction to the artist’s pattern plate, and the splashes of watercolour reflect its constant use. (see p. 97). BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 97 species figured on the title-page of Conchologia Iconica, which shortly afterwards he sold on to the Australian Museum in Sydney. In one of his diary entries he had once remarked that by buying and selling shells he procured the means by which he lived. The impact of Reeve’s death on the company must have been devastating. Soper had to contend with financial problems and to ensure that the publishing programme was maintained. He was no doubt a competent administrator and able to deal with authors already contracted and even to take on new titles offered to the company, but there is no evidence that he was knowledgeable about natural history, horticulture or any of the specialist fields in which they published. All the work that had been undertaken over the twenty-three years of Lovell Reeve’s control of the company derived from Reeve’s own personal enthusiasm and enterprise. On 8 January 1867, after only one year without Reeve’s support, Soper had written to Dr Joseph Hooker that fit is a slow and difficult process to turn natural history books into cash'. With works of the standard that Reeve had set and was determined to maintain, the question can legitimately be asked: "Has anything changed?’ In 1883, L. Reeve & Co. published Frederick Townsend’s Flora of Hampshire, its only County Flora. I mention it in this talk because our firm, Harley Books has published only one Flora which we brought out in 1996 under the same title as Reeve's and as the direct successor to Townsend. It is not known how and when the last major titles, nearly all entomological, were commissioned and contracted for but it would not be surprising if Lovell Reeve had had at least some hand in their planning before his death. Apart from H. C. Lang’s Butterflies of Europe ([1881— ]1 884) in two volumes with 82 colour plates, they all seem, as already implied, to supplement and expand on the titles published without colour plates in his Insecta Britannica series which came to such an abrupt end in 1856. The new series of uniformly bound monographs of British insect fauna started with Owen Wilson’s Larvae of the British Lepidoptera and their foodplants (Plates 6 & 7), published in parts from 1872 to 1880 with 40 colour plates; continued with W. W. Fowler’s Coleoptera of the British Islands in 5 volumes with 1 80 colour plates from 1 887 to 1891; followed by Edward Saunders’ Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the British Islands with 3 1 colour plates in 1 892; C. G. Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British Islands in 1 1 volumes with 504 colour plates from 1892 to 1907 (Plates 8 & 9); James Edwards’ Hemiptera- Homoptera of the British Islands , with 28 colour plates from 1894 to 1896; and finally, Edward Saunders’ Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British Islands with 51 colour plates in 1896 (Plate 10). Barrett died in 1904 before the last two volumes of his Lepidoptera were published, and his last one was seen through the press by Richard South. The publication of the separate Index to Barrett’s Lepidoptera , issued in 1907, and the sixth supplementary volume of Fowler’s Coleoptera with 20 colour plates (see Plate 4, p. 90), published in 1913 with H. St J. Donisthorpe as co-author, brought to an end the line of original entomological texts under this great imprint. In 1915, a new botanical work was published. This was on the Potamogetons (pond weeds) of the British Isles by Alfred Fryer, with 60 colour plates. The company’s only other significant new work was Further Illustrations of British Plants by R. W. Butcher which did not emerge until 1930, with line drawings by Florence Strudwick. No new title in any category was published subsequently, so far as I am aware. The company found itself in growing financial difficulties during the early years of the twentieth century. The Botanieal Magazine was proving a liability, especially as after 1904 the Hooker family connection had come to an end. F. L. Soper was trying to off-load it on to Kew and eventually succeeded in having it taken over by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1924. By the time he died in 1910 at the age of 92, the 98 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 business was being run by two of his three sons, A. L. and F. R. Soper, the latter ol whom believed the business should be sold, and expressed himself ‘tired of his connection with it’. Apart from the very few new titles already mentioned, sales were maintained from its backlist and individual coloured plates from both Curtis’s Botanical Magazine and the Flora I Magazine , a relatively short-lived journal founded by Reeve for horticulturalists. Efforts to sell the company, however, did not meet with success and it seems to have staggered on until the 1970s selling almost entirely from stock, reprints or printed plates, coloured by hand as they had been since 1842, according to demand. Some time after the lease finally expired, the company had moved to Kent from where it operated at addresses in and around Ashford. In the company’s archive at Kew there appear to be only desultory records after 1911. The last extant shareholders’ register in 1911 gives nine names, including five Sopers, two Mitchells and two by the name of Davis. Three were women. Could any of these have been daughters of Martha Reeve, Lovell Reeve’s widow who had presumably died many years previously? And what happened to Reeve’s other descendants? He apparently had three daughters as well as a son, J. L. Reeve, who is mentioned in a footnote to his father’s entry in The Dictionary of National Biography. These questions merit further investigation which I have not had time to pursue. Reeve’s own collection of shells and his library had been sold in three sales on 24/25 May 1864, and, very soon after his death, on 23 January and 9 February 1866. In 1968, the pattern plates for Conchologia Iconica were presented by Richard I. Johnson, who had bought them from a dealer in England, to the library of the Department of Molluscs, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University in the United States. In the 1970s Eric Classey bought some of the entomological sheets and coloured plates, including the pattern plates, some of which I obtained from his firm and am proud to own. The sad decline of Lovell Reeve & Co. in the early years of the twentieth century has tended to obscure its remarkable performance in the nineteenth. This great company, which owed so much to the dedication of its founder, Lovell Reeve, who was described in his obituary in The Bookseller of 30 December 1865 as ‘one of the most eminent scientific publishers this country has ever produced’, must not be allowed to be forgotten. I hope tonight I have secured some wider recognition of its achievements. Acknowledgements In preparing this Address I have had considerable help from the following librarians who, with their staff, have afforded me access to material and provided me with copies of correspondence, articles and pages from books, all of which have been of great value to me. I am grateful to them all: Gina Douglas, Linnean Society of London; and also staff at the Geological Society of London, Burlington House; John Flanagan, Royal Botanic Gardens Library, Kew; Julie Harvey, Entomology Library; Paul Cooper, General Library, as well as staff in the Botany Library, all of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington; John Underwood, Science Museum, South Kensington; Beril Pedersen. Royal Entomolo- gical Society of London; Ruth Barriskill, Peter Ross and Lynn MacNab, Guildhall Library, Corporation of London; Elize Rowan, National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh; Bob Pullen, St Bride Printing Library, London. I should also like to thank Ray Desmond, the former librarian at Kew, who drew my attention to certain papers there. BR. .1. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 99 I am fortunate that I have also been able to consult my own extensive natural history library which contains many of the books about which I have spoken and which I have illustrated tonight, including a number from the library of my wife’s great-grandfather, Richard Milne- Red head, FLS, now in my possession. 1 particularly thank my wife, Annette who has given me enormous support under pressure without which 1 would never have been ready in time! References and Further Reading Anon., 1865. Lovell Reeve, FLS, FGS. Portraits of Men of Eminence in Literature, Science and Art with Biographical Memoirs , pp. 85-88, photographic portrait by Ernest Edwards. Bentham, G., 1865. Presidential Address [2 Nov. 1865). Obituary notices: Lovell Reeve Esq. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1865-66: 1 xxxiii 1 xxxiv. Bridson, G. D. R., Phillips, Valerie C. & Harvey, A. P., 1980. Natural History Manuscript Resources in the British Isles , pp. 89 and 257. Mansell. Brown, P. A. H.. 1982. London Publishers and Printers c. 1800-1870 , p. 156. British Library Board. Cleeveley, R. J., 1995. Some ‘Malacological pioneers’ and their links with the transition of shell- collecting to conchology during the first half of the nineteenth century. Archives of Natural History 22: 401, Fig. 10. Dance, S. Peter, 1966. Shell Collecting , p. 183; plate XXXII. Faber & Faber. Dance, S. Peter, 1976. 'Shells’ in Natural History Auctions, 1700-1972. A Register of Sales in the British Isles, pp. 45-51, compiled by J. M. Chalmers- Hunt. Sotheby Parke Bernet. Desmond, R., 1987. A celebration of flowers- two hundred years of Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in association with Collingridge. Dictionary of National Biography. Reeve, Lovell Augustus (1814-1865). Compact Edn 2: 855. Oxford. Hamilton, W. J., 1866. Anniversary Address of the President: Obituaries, Mr Lovell Reeve. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 22: xxxiii-xxxiv. Hodson's Booksellers. Publishers and Stationers Directory, 1855. Facsimile, with introduction by Graham Pollard. Occasional Publication No. 7. Oxford Bibliographical Society, Bodleian Library, Oxford. Johnson, Richard I„ 1970. Reeve, L. A. and G. B. Sowerby, Conchologia iconica (1843-78): the original pattern set. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History : 5: 288. Melvill, J. C., 1901. Lovell Reeve: a brief sketch of his life and career. Journal of Conchology 9: 344-357. Stark, Amy E., 1981. Lovell Augustus Reeve (181 4— 1 865) — Publisher and Patron of the Stereograph. History of Photography 5: 3-15. Stark, Amy E., el a/., 1982. Correspondence. History of Photography 6: 179 181. Swann, A., 1992. Conchological Books-a bookseller’s perspective, 14pp. Privately published. Thornbury, W., (n.d.) Old and New London 1, pp. 66, 68, 220-222. Cassell, Petter & Galpin. 100 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 BOOK REVIEWS Shieldbugs of Surrey by Roger D. Hawkins. Surrey Wildlife Trust 2003. Hardback 192 pp. ISBN 0 9526065 7 7. £15.00. Shieldbugs of Surrey is the eighth volume in the Surrey Wildlife Atlas Series and mostly presents the work of 48 recorders during the 25 years to 2002. The title of the book is somewhat misleading as it not only includes those insects called shieldbugs by Southwood & Leston i.e. the families Acanthosomatidae, Cydnidae, Scutelleridae and Pentatomidae but also the Coreidae, Alydidae. Rhopalidae, Pyrrhocoridae and Stenocephalidae. The first part is divided into 22 sections which range from a discussion on Surrey and its habitats to advice on how to dissect Eurygaster. An illustrated key to all the British species is provided and there are magnificent photographs of 42 adult species and 21 nymphs. Whilst four pages are devoted to shieldbug life-history and two to collecting bugs just one is given to predators and parasites. As the latter mentions only Astata hoops (Schrank) (Hym: Sphecidae) and Subclytia rotundiventris (Fallen) (Dip: Tachinidae) it is a puzzle why photographs of Gymnosoma rotundatum (L.) and Phasia hemipterci (Fabr.) (Dip: Tachinidae) are given without further reference in the text. The remainder is dedicated to an account of 46 species recorded from the county. Coverage is very good with only about a dozen tetrads without records. Eleven species are known from 100 or more tetrads including the Red Data Book 1 Box Bug Gonocerus acute angulatus (Goeze) which is actually more widespread than Piezo- dorus liturcitus (Fabr.). Unfortunately two species Pitedia juniper ina (L.) and Sehirus impressus (Horvath) are declared extinct and a further four known from single records. The amount of space allocated to each species varies from just over half a page in the case of Legnotus picipes (Fallen) to almost six pages for Cyphostethus tristriatus (Fabr.) and for 22 there are phenology charts. Where species have increased their range and abundance the history is explained and for the rarer species full data are given. There is some explanation of the etymology of the scientific names and from Pyrrhocoris and Acanthosoma we are led to comprehend why Pyracantha is the Firethorn. Having started on such a fascinating topic one wonders why the author did not finish. The entire volume is written in clear, concise English and, from data added a day before submission to the printer in August 2003, is fully up-to-date. It contains a wealth of biological information and must rank as one of the most important publications on British Heteroptera for almost 45 years. The author said “Perhaps the greatest regret, on completing the distribution for Surrey, is that they do not extend to the south coast of England, and at least from Kent to Dorset”. Hopefully this book will stimulate others to rectify the situation. Laurence Clemons Butterflies in Kent, 1991-2000. By Eric Philp. 24pp. Transactions of the Kent Field Club 17 (1) 2004. Just published as part of the KFC publications, as a follow-up to The Butterflies of Kent (1993) available from the Hon. Editor, J.S. Badmin, Coppice Place, Kent ME13 9RP. Price £3.00. BR. J ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 101 VARIATION IN EUPHYDRYAS CYNTHIA (D.&S.) IN THE ALPES MARITIME, SOUTHERN FRANCE T. G. Howarth 12 Fitzpain Close, West Parley, Ferndown, Dorset BH22 8SE Abstract Several unusual variations of the fritillary Euphydryas cynthia collected in the Alpes Maritime were referred to, but not illustrated in the Presidential Address given by the author to the Society in 1952. A colour plate of these butterflies, kindly prepared by the National Museums of Scotland where the specimens are now stored, is reproduced below. Background A little over half a century ago I was asked to collect some alpine species of Rhophalocera in the Alpes Maritime, southern France for a Mr A. Simmons of Southwell, Nottinghamshire. I visited St Martin Vesubie in 1950 and again in the following year when I was President of this Society. I gave an account of my two visits in my Presidential Address in 1952 but due to adverse circumstances I was not able to illustrate in colour some of the remarkable aberrations of the fritillary Euphydryas cynthia (D. & S.) that I was fortunate to encounter on my first visit. I had always wanted to have a photographic record of these individuals and then 1 learnt that Mr Simmons had bequeathed his collection to the National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh. 1 subsequently contacted Dr Mark Shaw to see if it would be possible to have a photograph taken of some of the specimens and 1 am very pleased due to his' kindness to have a portrait of them at last (Plate 1 1). Further details of the conditions under which the specimens were collected are provided in the original address which is quoted below: “I searched in vain for Euphydryas cynthia for several days but finally located it near the Col already mentioned at about 7000 ft. This attractive “Fritillary”, which resembles E. aurinea Rott. in its female, is much more sexually dimorphic than our British species in having a beautiful brown, black and white barred male. On climbing higher a day or so later I found the butterfly in hundreds. The sexes were equally common and in the high wind and during cloudy weather it was easy to find pairs in copula and at rest in the grass tufts. These tufts were to become the object of my searches for I was fortunate in taking an extreme aberration on one of my first visits. As one would imagine, cynthia varies in much the same manner as does aurinea and it was with great excitement that I boxed this $ aberration. It has many of the black spots coalescing on the upper surface and on the undersurface of the hindwings has the whitish submarginal spots radiating inwards and replacing the usual yellowish ground colour as far as the discal area, which is a plain reddish brown. I took four or five of this type of aberration and one with all the black markings replaced by a beautiful dove grey giving this insect a faint resemblance to a photographic negative. The males varied little compared with the females, and mostly towards a reduction or enlargement of the white markings on the upper surface of the wings. Due to the lateness of the season and the appalling weather conditions prevailing in 1951, larvae of this species were to be found commonly only half grown where the butterflies would have been emerging in the preceding year. 102 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 PLATE 1 1 . Females of Euphydryas cynthia showing variation within a population on Mt Balme de la Frema, La Colmiane, St Martin Vesubie, Alpes Maritime, southern France 7,000 feet, late June to July 1950 & 1951. Ex collection of A. Simmons. Reproduced by kind permission of the Trustees of the National Museums of Scotland. They feed on Plantago alpina L. a small plant with little tufts of spiky leaves which up here only grows about an inch high, but lower down grows much more luxuriantly with leaves nearly six inches long.” Reference Howarth, T. G. 1952. The 1952 Presidential Address- Part 2. Collecting Lepidoptera in the South of France 1950 and 1951. Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society 1952-53: 52-65. BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 103 RODOLIA CARDINALIS (MULSANT), THE VEDALIA LADYBIRD (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) FEEDING ON ICERYA PURCHAS1 MASKELL, COTTONY CUSHION SCALE (HEMIPTERA: MARGARODIIME) IN LONDON GARDENS A. Salisbury1 and R.G. Booth2 1 Entomology Section, Royal Horticultural Society’s Garden, Wistey, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB ~c/o Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD Abstract The Vedalia ladybird Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), a cosmopolitan species native to Australia, is reported from two locations in London for the first time. Its continued presence will depend to a great extent on the survival of its prey, the recently established scale leery a purchasi Masked . Introduction On 30 September 2003 two adult specimens of an unfamiliar coccinellid were collected from the garden of a public house in Chelsea, London (TQ2777). These were subsequently identified as the Vedalia ladybird, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant). by Roger Booth. A further visit to the site by Max Barclay, Roger Booth and Darren Mann at dusk on 9 October 2003 found many R. cardinalis , together with its usual host, Icerya purchasi Masked, on ivy (Hedera Ite/i.x L.) growing over the boundary wall of the pub garden next to the pavement. Roger Booth visited the site again on the morning of 13 October 2003 and observed several adult R. cardinalis running over the leaves of ivy and other hedge shrubs along the adjacent pavement, together with abundant larval exuviae and thick infestations of I. purchasi. Many of the ladybird final-instar larval exuviae were empty, but several contained developing pupae or teneral adults. Another brief visit was made with A.J.W. (Tony) Aden during the early afternoon on 17 October 2003, when R. cardinalis adults were still active and both adults and larval exuviae were observed on property boundary wads as wed as on foliage. On a visit to the area by Andrew Halstead on 22 October 2003, pupal exuviae of the ladybird were found on an I. purchasi- infested Acacia dealbata Link at a different site in Chelsea (TQ2677), some 300-400 m away from the first. In addition, active R. cardinalis larvae and pupae were observed at the original site on /. purchasi infested lime (Tilia spp. ), Viburnum x rhytidophylloides Suring. and ivy. This is the first time that this ladybird has been recorded from the UK. Specimens have been deposited in The Natural History Museum, London, the Oxford University Museum and the Royal Horticultural Society’s collections. Field description Rodolia cardinalis is convex dorsally and short-oval in outline (Fig. 1 ). It resembles the scynmine ladybirds among the British fauna in having its surface covered with short, dense pubescence and in having short antennae, but is larger (2.6 4.2 mm), has 8-segmented antennae and rather stout, basally-thickened tibiae. British examples are mostly pitchy black above with smaller reddish markings, and while the species is variable in coloration, from almost ad red to almost ad black, typical examples are reddish with two pairs of dark markings and a dark suture on the elytra. 104 HR. .1. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 Figure I. Two adult Rodolia cardinalis feeding outdoors on cottony cushion scale, 2003. Photo: Andrew Salisbury Discussion Rodolia cardinalis is the ladybird that was introduced into California (USA) from Australia in the late 19th Century to control the cottony cushion scale, I. purchasi. This introduction saved the Californian citrus industry and is one of the most widely quoted examples of successful classical biological control. It is more or less host- specific on leery a spp., at least for its development, and today the ladybird is found feeding on the scale in many places around the world (Clausen, 1978). As we are not aware of any commercial use in glasshouses of this ladybird for biological control in Britain, it is therefore likely to have either been accidentally imported with infested plants, or been illegally released. With the increasing frequency of I. purchasi occurring in Britain out of doors and on conservatory plants (Watson & Malumphy, 2004) the ladybird may become established and it could possibly have a controlling effect on the scale. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Juliet Dukes, who spotted the first R. cardinalis walking up a pint glass. Max Barclay for facilitating the identification and source of the ladybird. Gillian Watson for confirming the identification of I. purchasi. James Armitage for his help with plant identification and taxonomy. Darren Mann. Tony Allen and Andrew Halstead for additional information and assistance. References Clausen, C.P. (ed.) 1978. Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. Agriculture Handbook, United States Department of Agriculture, 480: 1- 545. Watson, G.W. & Malumphy, C.P. 2004. Icerya purchasi Masked, Cottony Cushion Scale (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), causing damage to ornamental plants growing outdoors in London. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History , 17: 105-109. BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 105 ICERYA PURCHASI MASKELL, COTTONY CUSHION SCALE (HEMIPTERA: MARGARODIDAE), CAUSING DAMAGE TO ORNAMENTAL PLANTS GROWING OUTDOORS IN LONDON G. W. WATSON Entomology Department , The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5 BD C. P. MALUMPHY Central Science Laboratory , Sand Hutton, York Y04 I LZ Abstract Iceryct purchasi Maskell is reported as established outdoors in England for the first time. It has been found on ornamental plants belonging to 24 genera, and caused severe damage to Acacia dealbatci , Choisya ternata , Hebe sp., Lawns nobilis and Pyracantha coccinea. Interception records of /. purchasi on imported plant material to England are summarised. Introduction Icerya purchasi Maskell is probably native to Australia (CAB International, 2002), but has been spread by international plant trade to such an extent that it is now found throughout the warmer parts of the world. It has numerous common names of which the most widely used in English are ‘Fluted scale’ and ‘Cottony cushion scale’. It occurs throughout the Mediterranean and appears to have recently increased its natural geographical range northwards in Europe. Severe infestations were found on ornamental plants in the centre of Paris, France, in 1999 (Matile-Ferrero et ah, 1999). It has been detected in Britain on many occasions on imported plant material and transient populations have existed in glasshouses. During 1996, 2001 and 2002, /. purchasi was found breeding on plants growing outdoors in Greater London and Addlestone, Surrey. The purpose of this communication is to report the occurrence of /. purchasi breeding outdoors in Britain for the first time. Slide-mounted specimens of I. purchasi from these records have been deposited at the Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton (CSL) and The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH). Field Description In life, I. purchasi is very distinctive (Fig. 1) and it is unlikely to be confused with any native scale insect (Coccoidea) found in Britain. The adults are large (body with ovisac up to 10 mm long), oval, reddish brown witfi a granular surface and an orange-red border, with small dorsal tufts of white wax and black setae. The legs and antennae are black. Each wingless adult carries a large, white, fluted ovisac up to 15 mm long. The immature stages have red bodies covered in white and yellow wax and long, thin, translucent wax rods. Icerya purchasi usually feeds along the major veins on the lower leaf surfaces, and on the stems of host plants, often congregating in large, conspicuous masses. 106 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 Figure 1. Adults of Icerya purchasi with ovisacs Authoritative identification of I. purchasi requires microscopic examination of slide-mounted adults (preferably teneral). There are tufts of black hair on the body, unlike most other Icerya species worldwide, in which the body hairs are not pigmented. Useful references for the identification of I. purchasi include Rao (1951), Howell & Beshear (1981), Williams & Watson (1990) and Morales (1991). Host Plants and Biology Icerya purchasi is highly polyphagous, attacking mainly woody ornamental and crop plants including fruit and forest trees. The host-plant genera most widely grown in Britain are: Acacia , Begonia , Buxus , Camellia , Choisya , Citrus , Cytisus , E/aeagnus , Euphorbia, Fragciria , Fuchsia , Hebe , Hedera, Hydrangea, Impatiens , Jasminum, Juncus, Laburnum, Laurus, Medicago, Morus, Pelargonium , Pittosporum, Primus, Quercus, Rosa, Senecio, Spirea , Syringa and Ulex. The species has four instars in the hermaphrodite wingless adult and five instars in the rare, winged male (Morales, 1991). Each wingless adult has a pair of ovotestes and produces 600-1000 eggs, normally by self-fertilisation. The eggs are laid in a BR J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 107 fluted ovisac of white wax secreted at the posterior end of the insect; this shelters them until the crawlers hatch and disperse. Fecundity varies with the size of the parent, the quality of the host plant, and climatic conditions. The functional males develop from unfertilised eggs and are uncommon; each has a single pair of brown wings and long, hairy antennae. The first instar crawlers are the only stage of I. purchasi that actively and passively disperses; subsequent stages of the wingless form are sessile unless seriously disturbed. Each crawler is only capable of walking a few metres before settling to feed. However, strong wind can pick up crawlers and carry them for considerable distances. On Aldabra Atoll in the Indian ocean. Hill (1980) recorded crawlers of the related species, I. seychellarum (Westwood) being taken by wind to an altitude of 6 metres and over a distance of 3.5 kilometres. Several predators and some dipterous parasitoids have been recorded attacking /. purchasi in tropical and subtropical countries, of which members of the genus Rodolia (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are often the most important natural enemies. Geographical Distribution Icerya purchasi is generally considered to have originated in Australia, but its wide climatic tolerance has enabled it to become established as a pest in southern Europe, unlike related Icerva species (CAB International, 2002). It has been discovered periodically in glasshouses in temperate regions, and was recorded as established outdoors in France (Paris) in 1999 by Matile-Ferrero et al. (1999). Its recent establishment in northern France and Britain suggests that the species may be extending its distribution northwards, possibly as a result of climate change. Records of Icerya purchasi in Britain Icerya purchasi was first recorded from Britain in 1926, on Pittosporum plants imported from France two years earlier and grown under glass in Derby (Green, 1926). Green considered that I. purchasi could become “a serious pest in our plant houses, though it is improbable that it could survive a winter in the open”. The infested plants were destroyed. The species was later found breeding on Acacia plants in a conservatory in Cheshire in 1931; Green (1931) reported that “the second invasion was a more serious affair”. The Plant Pathology Laboratory, Harpenden, organised the eradication of the infestation but I. purchasi continues to be intercepted in Britain on imported plant material and transient populations have been found breeding under artificial conditions (Boratynski & Williams, 1964). Recent interceptions of /. purchasi by the Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) at commercial plant nurseries include the following: Buckinghamshire, Aylesbury, on Lauras nobilis L. from Italy, 19.ix.2002; Cambridgeshire, Ely, on Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck from Italy, 5.iii.20903; Huntingdon, on Adenanthos sp. from Israel, 14. v. 1998; Cheshire, Knutsford, on Adenanthos sp. from Israel, 24.viii.2001 ; Cornwall, Penzance, on C. sinensis from ?I taly, 28. iv. 1997; Essex, Kirby Cross, on C. liman (L.) Burm. and C. sinensis, origin unknown, 1 1 .xii.2002; Greater London, on C. Union from Italy, 7.ix. 1 998; Ham, on C. Union from Italy, 4.ix. 1 998 (present for 18 months), on C. niitis Blanco, “C. myrtifolium ”, C. Union and C. sinensis from Italy, 20.iii.2000; Hampshire, Ampfleld, on Citrus sp. from Italy, 23. i. 2001; Ringwood, on C. reticulata Blanco and C. unshiu (Mak.) Marcov. from Spain, 6.ix. 1 999; Lincolnshire, Spalding, on C. reticulata , 22.V.1998, on Pittosporum from ?Israel, 24.x. 2000; Middlesex, Enfield, on C. limom 17.x. 2002; North Yorkshire, 108 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 York, on Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands from The Netherlands, 28. v. 2002; Surrey, Banstead, on L. nobilis from Belgium, 27.iii.2000; West Sussex, Barnham, on Leucospermum sp. from Israel, 26.iii.2001; and West Grinstead, on Acacia , Bougainvillea and Citrus sp., origin unknown, 1 3. viii . 1998. Andrew Halstead, Senior Entomologist at the Royal Horticultural Society’s (RHS) Garden, Wisley, has received the following samples of /. purchasi from private gardens since 1999: Cornwall, Truro, on Acacia sp., 29.vii.1999; Dorset, Monk Sherbourne, on Acacia dealbata Link, 18.i.2002; Durham, Washington, on Citrus sp., 7.xi.2000; Kent, Maidstone, on Citrus sp., 1 0.xi. 1 999; Chislehurst, on Citrus sp., 5.ii.2001; Lincolnshire, Spalding, on A. dealbata , 17.iv.2001; Surrey, Ockley, on A. dealbata , 24.vii.2000; West Sussex, Lerring, on A. dealbata , 5.xii . 1 999; and Wiltshire, Salisbury, on Citrus sp., 24.X.2001, but it is not known which of these records were collected outdoors. However, I. purchasi definitely has been found breeding outdoors in Britain at eight localities, most within Greater London: Balham (SW12), on Acacia sp., ‘I Acer sp. and ICotoneaster sp., 8.xi.2002; Barkston Gardens (SW5), on Acacia dealbata , 20.X.2001; Bishopsgate, on Acacia sp. and Hedera helix L. growing over a building, 1 2.ix. 1 996; Chelsea (SW10), in very large numbers on two L. nobilis and two Choisya ternata (La Llave & Lex.) Kunth plants, viii. 2002 (the householder believed that an Acacia sp. had been killed by the pest); Chelsea Park Gardens (SW3), on Acacia sp., 5.ii.2003; and Lulham (SW6), in several adjacent gardens on Begonia sp.. Camellia japonica L., Choisya ternata , Dahlia sp., Elaeagnus sp., Hebe sp., Hedera helix , Hydrangea sp., Impatiens sp., Jasminum spp., L. nobilis , Prunus sp., Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem., Ouercus sp., Rosa sp., Senecio sp., 1 Spire a sp., Syringa sp. and Wisteria sp. Heavy infestations caused severe damage to C. ternata , Hebe sp., L. nobilis and P. coccinea. The owner of one of the infested gardens described some plants as looking as if they had been burnt, due to the foliage being completely smothered in black sooty mould growing on honeydew excreted by the insects. Icerva purchasi has been collected also from the formal gardens at Hampton Court Palace on Citrus sp., 24. viii. 2002; and on L. nobilis , 22. xi. 2002. The Citrus plants were protected during the winter. Most recently, it was found in Surrey, Addlestone, on A. dealbata and H. helix growing against the wall of a row of terraced houses, 24. xi. 2002; and in London (SW3) on Laburnum sp.. Acacia sp. and H. helix , 16.xii.2003. Economic Importance Icerva purchasi is economically most important in the Mediterranean as a pest of Acacia , Citrus and Pittosporum. Infestation by the scale damages plants mainly by sap depletion; shoots dry up and die, and defoliation occurs. In addition, the copious honeydew excreted by the insects coats adjacent leaves, often giving rise to sooty moulds, blocking light and air from the leaves and impairing photosynthesis. The regulation of /. purchasi by natural enemies is one of the classic success stories in biological control. A detailed account of the introduction of the Vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), into California and its control of/, purchasi is given by Caltagirone & Doutt (1989). Remarks The number of identifications of /. purchasi made by the Royal Horticultural Society, Central Science Laboratory and The Natural History Museum has increased BR. .1. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 109 during the last ten years, indicating that this pest is being imported into Britain more frequently. The increase is almost certainly due to the growing popularity of conservatory plants, such as Citrus spp. and Acacia dealba t a, which are usually imported from the Mediterranean and may harbour early nymphal stages of /. purchasi that go undetected at plant quarantine inspection. Icerya purcliasi has the potential to spread more widely outdoors in sheltered situations in southern England and particularly in large urban heat islands, such as London. It can be moved over long distances by wind (Hill, 1980) and on ornamental plants in trade (CAB International, 2002), and has been found at commercial plant nurseries on numerous occasions. Suspected outbreaks, or interceptions, of non-indigenous insects on growing plants should be reported to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate office or the PHSI HQ, York (Tel.: 01904 455174, Fax: 01904 455197) and samples submitted to CSL for identification. Acknowledgements Andrew Halstead of the Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley; Jon Martin of the Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, London; and Christine Tilbury of the Forestry Commission kindly provided identification records of I. purchasi. This work was partly funded by the Plant Health Division, Defra. References Boratynski, K.L. & Williams, D.J., 1964. Coccoidea. In Checklist of British Insects, by Kloet, G.S. & Hinks, W.D. (Eds) 2nd ed. Handbook for the Identification of British Insects 1 1: 87- 94. CAB International, 2002. Icerya purchasi. Crop Protection Compendium, Global Module, 2nd Edition. CD-ROM. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Caltagirone, L.E. & Doutt, R.L., 1989. The history of the vedalia beetle importation to California and its impact on the development of biological control. Annua I Review of Entomology 34: 1-16. Green, E.E., 1926. Observations on British Coccidae. X. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 62: 172-183. Green, E.E., 1931. Observations on British Coccidae. XIII. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 67: 99-106. Hill. M.G., 1980. Wind dispersal of the coccid Icerya seychellarum (Margarodidae: Homoptera) on Aldabra Atoll. Journal of Animal Ecology 49: 939-957. Howell, .1.0. & Beshear, R.J., 1981. An illustrated redescription of Icerya purchasi. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 16: 44 1 — 444. Matile-Ferrero, D., Legrand, J. & Riffet, X., 1999. Unc surprenante infestation de la cochenille australienne Icerya purchasi Masked en plein Paris [Hemiptera. Margarodidae]. Revue Franpaise d'Entomologie (N.S.) 21: 175-178. Morales, C.F., 1991. Margarodidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). Fauna of New Zealand 21: 1-123. Rao, V.P., 1951. Iceryine scale insects recorded from the Orient. Indian Journal of Entomology 12: 39-66, 127-158. Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part 3. The Soft Scales (Coccidae) and other Families. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 266 pp. 110 BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS The Black Bog Ant Formica Candida (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Surrey - On 23 July 2003, we visited the Pirbright Ranges to survey Hagthorne Bog for invertebrates. We both picked up singleton workers of a shiny black ant on open Sphagnetum areas. Subsequently on 18 August we visited the area again with John Pontin and David Baldock to look for further examples of this ant, which we were convinced was F. Candida (Smith). Workers were swept from open mire areas near Colony Bog, and in Strawberry Bottom where a nest was also located containing a few dozen workers. The ants were only found in very open parts of the mire areas with little tall emergent vegetation (National Vegetation Classification M21 Narthecium ossifra- gum- Sphagnum pilosum valley mire habitats (Rodwell, 1991), and avoided areas tending towards M25 Molinia dominated communities. The lack of any previous Surrey record is somewhat surprising given the attentions of workers such as Horace Donisthorpe, but access into this hazardous training area has always been very limited, and it does support by far and away the largest mire areas in the county. The Pirbright Bogs have much in common with the larger New Forest mire systems, and most of the rarer invertebrates present in Hagthorne, Colony and Strawberry Bottom bogs occur in the New Forest. Many thanks to the following: Mary Adler for organising the meetings, the Ministry of Defence for allowing us access to the training area and John Pontin for confirming the identification of this species. - Jonty Denton, Kingsmead, Wield Road, Alton, Hants GU34 5NJ, UK. Graham A. Collins, 15 Hurst Way, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 7AP, UK. Reference Rodwell, J. S. (ed) 1991. British Plant Communities 2: Mires & Heaths. Cambridge University Press. A recent record of Hippodamia 13-punctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Dorset. - On 25 August 2002, a single male of this distinctive-looking ladybird was captured at Hengistbury Head, Dorset whilst recording Diptera and aculeate Hymenoptera on a fine sunny day. The precise location of capture is not recalled, though the day’s surveying concentrated almost exclusively on the west slope of Warren Hill and the heathland north and north-west of this (around NGR SZ169908) and involved much sweeping of heather and acid grassland. No surveying of wetland (the favoured habitat) took place, though saltmarsh and Phragmites occur nearby. 1 am grateful to Roger Booth of the Natural History Museum for confirming the specimen and to the ranger service for permitting recording at the site. This may be the first British record of the beetle since 1952, though it could just represent a vagrant. The same day produced a good list of scarcer bees and wasps, including Andrena argentala Smith, Bombus humilis Illiger (a particularly strong population), Cerceris ruficornis (Fab.), Cryptocheilus not at us (Rossius), Gorytes bicinctus (Rossius), Mat ilia europaea L., Nomada f'ucata Panzer, Sphecodes longulus von Hagens and S. reticulatus Thomson. Steven J. Falk, Warwickshire Museum, Market Place, Warwick CV34 4SA. E-mail: Stevenfalk@ warwickshire.gov.uk. BR J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 EUPTERYX DECEMNOTATA REY (HEMIPTERA, CICADELLIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN N. Maczey1 and M. R. Wilson2 1 Ecological Applications CAB! Bioscience, Bakeham Latte, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY ~ Department of Biodiversity A Systematic Biology, National Museums A Galleries of Wales, Cardiff, CF10 3NP Abstract The leafhopper Eupteryx decemnotata Rey (Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae), is reported for the first time from southern Britain. Notes on the taxonomy, distribution and biology are given. Introduction Within the subfamily of the Typhlocybinae, most species of the genus Eupteryx are characterized by very distinctive colour patterns on wings and head. This and the fact that a lot of the species feed on common and widespread host plants, especially on nettles and Lamiaceae (Stewart, 1988), makes them one of the most obvious leafhopper genera in urban and suburban environments. Currently sixteen species are known from Britain (Le Quesne & Payne, 1981). On the 17th August 2002 a single specimen of a Eupteryx species was collected from a potted plant of Salvia officinalis L. from a garden in Ascot, Berkshire (SU927678). Since the specimen was a female, no certain identification was possible although the distinctive pattern of the vertex suggested the species was E. decemnotata Rey (Fig. la). Then on the 21st August a single male specimen was obtained from the same plant. The dissection of the aedeagus was consistent with that for E. decemnotata from the figure in Ribaut (1936). No other specimens were recorded until one male and three females were collected by Andrew Halstead from Salvia and other herbs at Wisley Gardens, Surrey during the week up to October 5th, which were confirmed as E. decemnotata. Further Eupteryx including specimens of E. decemnotata were collected there on the 14th October 2002. Other species found on S. officinalis at Wisley were E. atropunctata (Goeze), E. florida Ribaut, and E. melissae Curtis. European Distribution Eupteryx decemnotata is a widespread species of the Mediterranean region of France and Italy (Ribaut, 1936; Nast, 1972, 1987) but has apparently started to spread northwards recently. In Germany it was first recorded in 1989 and has been found since in more than 20 localities all over the country (Nickel 2003). More recent records are from Switzerland, eastern Austria, Slovenia and parts of France outside the Mediterreanean region (Giinthart, 1987; della Giustina & Balasse, 1999; Holzinger & Seljak, 2001; Miihletaler, 2001; Nickel, 2003). This rapid range expansion might be partially related to the extensive and growing trade in garden herbs, which would explain the almost exclusive appearance of the species in synanthropic habitats and the lack of it in natural sites within the newly invaded BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST.. 17: 2004 Fig. 1. Eupteryx decemnotata; head, pronotum and scutellum of (a) forma typica ; (b) var. Lombardi ; (c) var. trocldearis ; (d) var. litterata (drawings adapted from Ribaut, 1936). Fig. 2. Aedeagus of (a); Eupteryx decemnotata (b) E. ze/leri; (c) E. melissae; (d) E. fiorida (drawings adapted from Ribaut, 1936). range (Nickel & Remane, 2002). Another explanation for the range expansion could be ongoing climate change. Here milder winters might be even more important for a species of Mediterranean origin than warmer summers. Various species of the Lamiaceae are named as host plants for this mesophyll- feeding species: S. officinalis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Melissa officinalis Linnaeus, Ncpeta spp. and Thymus spp. (Vidano el a/., 1979; Scaltriti, 1989; Nickel & Remane, 2002). In Switzerland E. decemnotata is known as a pest on rosemary (R. officinalis) grown in plastic tunnels (Mittaz et al., 2001). However, in Britain E. decemnotata has been found only on S. officinalis so far. It is possible that the species is already widespread in southern England and it is most likely to be found in synanthropic habitats such as gardens, parks and other urban green spaces due to its hostplant habitat. Previous work has suggested that the higher than average temperatures found within London can influence the abundance and life history of leafhoppers (Badmin, 1995). Higher temperatures in combination with a high density of suitable host plants make it likely that E. decemnotata is already well established within the London area. Identification of E. decemnotata specimens using the key of Le Quesne & Payne (1981) leads to E. melissae. So it is important to distinguish E. decemnotata from 2 Host Plants and Biology Identification BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 17: 2004 113 E.melissae and as well from the similar E.florida, which both can appear on the same host plants together with E. decemnotata. Although the typical pattern of the vertex of the forma typica (Fig. la) already gives a strong clue to the identification of the species, in some cases only the investigation of the aedeagus (Fig. 2) can confirm its identity, as other variations with different head patterns have been described from France (Ribaut, 1936) (Figs, lb d). However, these forms have not been found in Britain so far. The main characteristics of the aedeagus of E. decemnotata in comparison with closely related species (e.g. E. melissae , E. florida) are an evenly curved dorsal side (Fig. 2a 1), a distinctive medial sharp hooklike structure pointing inwards from the distal end (Fig. 2a2) and lateral crested ridges towards the distal end (Fig. 2a3). It should be mentioned here that the aedeagus of E. decemnotata is very similar to that of E. zelleri Kirschbaum (Fig. 2b), a closely related species widespread in the Mediterranean region. The main difference between them is that the aedeagus of E. zelleri lacks the lateral crested ridges and has the medial hook formed in a more elongated and curved way. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Andrew Halstead (Royal Horticultural Society) for providing Eupteryx specimens from Wisley Gardens and Herbert Nickel for access to his manuscript in preparation. References Badmin, J.S. 1995. An overwintering population of Zygina rubrovittata (Lethierry) (Hem., Cicadellidae) in London. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 131: 151-157. Giustina, W. della & Balasse. H. 1999. Gone with the wind: Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha collected by the French network of suction traps in 1994. Marburger entomologische Publikationen 3: 7-42. Gtinthart. H. 1987. Fur die Schweiz neue und wenig gesammelte Zikaden-Arten (Horn., Auchenorrhyncha), 2. Erganzung. Mitteilungen dev Schweizerischen Entomologischen GeseHschaft 60: 83-105. Holzinger, W.E. & Seljak, G. 2001. New records of planthoppers and leafhoppers from Slovenia, with a checklist of hitherto recorded species (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Acta entomologica S/ovenica 9: 39-66. Le Quesne, W.J. & K.R. Payne 1981. Cicadellidae (Typhlocybinae) with a checklist of the British Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera, Homoptera). Handbook for the Identification of British Insects Vol.I I, Part 2(c). Mittaz, C., Crettenand, Y., Carron, C.A., Rey, C. & Carlen, C. 2001. Essais de lutte contre les cicadelles en culture de romarin sous abri. (Control trials against cieadellids on rosemary under shelter). Revue Suisse de Viticulture, Arboriculture et Horticulture. 33: 21 1-214. Miihlethaler, R. 2001. Untersuchungen zur Zikadenfauna der Lebensraumtypen von Basel. Beitrdge zur Zikadenkunde. 4: 1 1-32. Nast, .1. 1972. Palaearctic Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera). An annotated checklist. Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa : 550 pp. Nast, .1. 1987. The Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) of Europe. Annates zoologica Warszawa 40: 535-662. Nickel, H. 2003. The leafhoppers and planthoppers of Germany (Hemiptera, Auchenor- rhyncha): Patterns and strategies in a highly diverse group of phytophagous insects. Pensoft Series Faunistica No. 2