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BRITISH MINERALOGY:

OR
COLOURED FIGURES

INTENDED TO ELUCIDATE

THE MINERALOGY

OF

reat MWritatn.

BY JAMES SOWERBY, F.L.S.

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF
GOTTINGEN,

DESIGNER OF ENGLISH BOTANY, AUTHOR OF
ENGLISH FUNGI, ETC.

(With Assistance.)

ES

As for the Earth, out of it ccmeth Bread, and under it is turned up as it
were Fire. The Stones of it are the Places of Sapphires; and it hath
Dust of Gold. Jos xxviii. 5, 6.

—EEEEEE

VOL. II.

EEL

LONDON:

PRINTED BY

BR. TAYLOR AND CO., 38, SHOE-LANE, FLEET-STREET ;

And sold by the Author, J. Sowrrpy, at No. 2, Mead Place, Lambeth;
and by Wuirz, Fleet-street; Symonps, Pater-noster-row;
and all other Booksellers.

—S

MIDCCCYI.

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Dec7 1.1804, Pubufped by Tel Sower &; London

TAB. CII.

SILEX Quartzum, crystallizatum.
Crystallized Quartz; Cairn Gorum Crystals.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 4. Silex. Spec. 1. Quartzum.

Syn. Quartz hyalin plagiédre. Haty, v. 2. 413.
Quartz hyalin rhombifére. Hauy, v. 2. 413.

Caran Gorum Crystals have been known for some years,
and are said to have first caused the lapidaries to settle in
Aberdeen, where they have been constantly employed in
cutting them for seals, ring-stones, &c. They are per-
haps of the oldest formation, and are found of various de-
grees of transparency, and sometimes are coloured yellow
or brown. When of a deep colour they are esteemed as
topazes*, and if clear and large are sold at a high price.
The brown ones are also valued if clear; but when of a bad
yellow, or muddy brown, the lapidaries have recourse to
their art, and prove them to be rock crystals, by dissipating
their colour, and giving them a transparent lustre. See p. 88.

This specimen is remarkable for the face s of Haiiy (2. e.
the little narrow face in the middle of the mght-hand out-
line, which is often more regularly rhombcidal), being a
truncation of the solid angle of the base of the pyramid;
and the oblique face on the column, which is just below it,

* Topazes are found in the Brazils, &c.

VOL. Il. B

)
on the same outline, corresponding with the faces on the
upper figure, so as to make them more distinct. This latter
is on the right hand of the column in most of the crystals
on this group, and has not been before noticed. The next
outline of a whole crystal lying on its column (from Cairn
Gorum) has this face on the column on the other side,
and a face on the edge of the pyramid and column, m of
Haiiy ; which is somewhat rare. The left-hand outline has
a little hollow in one corner, enclosing some liquid. The
next figure shows the water, as it is commonly called,
slightly magnified ; which is mostly known by a little blad-
der of air moying as the crystal is moved. There is some-
thing that floats in the liquid, and looks like soot, or
oxide of carbon. Crystals containing water or some liquid
are sold ata high price. I do not know that any substance
has been observed floating in the liquid within any crystal
before.

The above group is in the collection of G. Laing, Esq.
of Edinburgh. The others are in my own cabinet.

TAB. CIII.
QUARTZUM calcareum: Var. decompo-

nens.

Decomposing calcareous Pudding-stone.

Class 2. Earths. Order 3. Aggregate.
Gen. 1. Quartzum. Spec. Calcareum.

Gen. CHAR. Quartz aggregated by the help of some
cement.

Spec. Cuar. By the help of carbonate of lime.

I+ often happens that siliceous aggregates decompose, espe-
cially when their cement is calcareous ; which is the case
with the present specimen. It is perhaps now first spoken
of, and gives us reason to suppose that the: iron or colouring
substance is disengaged from the calcareous cement by
some agent capable of penetrating the inmost recesses of
the stones. This cement filled the cavities of the mass,
leaving them hollow, or with the porous remains of the
pebbles only filling a part of the old cavity. It has been
asked whether these stones are not rather forming than de-
composing. We answer, that the cavities are shaped as if
each had been filled by a whole stone, and the whole mass
seems to be falling to pieces. In these masses some of the
stones are whole, and in part soft, and may be scratched
by a knife, or even by the nail, while the other part is as
hard as a common flint pebble. Some of the pebbles

B®?

A

are formed almost wholly of Carbonate of Lime, some
of Silex, others partly of Oxide of Iron. I have some
of the second kind from a well dug in Richmond-park,
found among clay at the depth of 365 feet, taken notice
of by my friend Mr. J. Murray, then gardener to Mr.
Addington. I first received specimens of this nature
from Warwick by chance; and the appearance of it
was new to me, and to all whom I consulted about it.
Lady M. Thynne, who was going to Warwick, kindly pro-
posed to send me any mineralogical subject found in the
neighbourhood. I requested her Ladyship to pay some at-
tention to this, and was soon favoured with many curious
specimens of decomposing rock; among which was that
here figured. It is a piece of rock, chiefly quartz and car-
bonate of lime, inclining to be somewhat spongy and
reddish with the oxide of iron: some of the cavities are
empty, others have some remains of the pebbles, and others
are nearly whole. The lower figure has the appearance of
having been acommon pebble, the colouring part of which
has suffered oxygenization so as to becomea loose ferru-
einous ochre, and the earthy parts of the stone are nearly se-
parated. Some of the best mill-stones are of this nature on
a larger scale, the quartz being left very porous ; and these
are pyeferred for grinding of corn.

LOA

PAB GIN:

FERRUM sulphureum.
Sulphuret of Iron. Iron Pyrites.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 7. lron.: Spec. 4. Sulphuret of.
Div. 2. Imitative.

Syn. Sulphuret of Iron of particular Shapes. Bab.204,

Ee

Sutruur and Iron in combination are very common, and
the forms of such compounds are extremely various, both
in regular crystallization and in the ruder states. The
specimen in the upper figure was given me by the Rey. Mr.
Charles Sutton, and it resembles such as have been formed
in chalk with an ochraceous outside. It has greatly the ap-
pearance of the fruit of the Platanus Orientalis: the sur-
face, however, is crystallized, in quadrangular pyramids, or
half relieved octaédrons, with or without truncations. This
may convince the discerning that the form does not depend
on the fruit of the platanus, but is a form natural to itself,
and curious for its regularity of appearance. The forms of
the crystallization are magnified beneath, to show how
curiously they connive, sometimes giving a floriform appear
ance. ‘The next was found among the marly rocks at Sheppy
Island, and seems to have been of a thickish consistence
like treacle, dropping at intervals, and giving this singular
formation of an inverted cone. The next figure, resembling

6

a Mushroom-button, seems formed in a similar way, with
trifling differences in the circumstances; as the lower figure
does also, which resembles an Acorn. The crystallization
and metallic appearance help to undeceive. However, this is
not always the case; and even this might, from its rugosity,
often having the appearance of the shagginess in a Mush-
room, or of the squamz on the cup of the Acorn, mislead
those who do not pay regard to the crystallization natural
to Pyrites. The cracks resembling stripes in the left-hand
Mushroom-like figure help a little to favour the deception.
It may not be amiss to observe, that on Sheppy Isle Mush-
rooms are extremely abundant; and this may have given
rise to the idea of their being petrified, though any less
fugacious Fungus might have stood a better chance of being
petrified. This sort of Pyrites is extremely common im ar-
gillaceous marl all over the kingdom, and it varies infinitely.

4

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LOS

a

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ns Sowcrby, Longer

TAB CY,

FERRUM sulphureum, decomponens.
Sulphuret of Iron, decomposing.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 7. Iron. Spec. 4. Sulphuret of Iron.

ee

SULPHURET of Iron, or Iron Pyrites, under certain changes
of atmosphere, forms Sulphate of Iron, or Green Vitriol, as
figured in ¢al. 23, and often falls to pieces with efflo-
rescence; to prevent which, and to preserve curious spe-
cimens, we are obliged to keep them immersed in water.
The upper specimen was sufficiently protected by the dark,
partly crystallized, outward coat, from decomposing in the
common atmosphere of a room, in a damp neighbourhood ;
but soon after it was broken, the more porous parts put
forth curls of lightish-green vitriol, and at the edges chiefly,
sulphur. It still slowly decomposes, and has continued to
do so fer some months: in time perhaps it may fall to
pieces, or remain a porous iron ochre, like the lower figure.
These specimens were found among a micaceous limestone
in a quarry near Godstone, in Surry, where they roll down
from the top in great abundance.

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TAB. CVI.
FERRUM $argillaceum.

Argillaceous Oxide of Iron.

Class 3. Metals. Order 2. Mixed.
Gen. 1. Iron. Spec. 1. Argillaceous.
Div. 1. Imitative.

ee

‘Tuese seem common in marly and gravelly land, and are
abundant at Shotover hill and its neighbourhood, where they
are situated so as to assist in forming the fine yellow ochre
of so great valueas a pigment. They vary extremely in their
shape, sometimes branching like a stag’s horn, or a branch
of a tree, and have been taken for such petrified. They are
often coated concentrically, imitating, as it were, the Me-
dulla, Liber, Cortex and Cuticle. It may seem that the mois-
ture in passing through loosish marl has been impregnated
with the oxide of iron, and, periodically drying, leaves the
marl and oxide of iron concentrated 3 which forms the coat-
ing, according to the looseness of the earth. They some-
times concentrate to a ball, but at other times have only one
or two coatings.

The upper figure is from Charlton in Kent, and had the
remains of a shell of the Turbo kind in it. The inside of the
screw 1s covered with minute crystals of carbonate of lime:
tal. 62.63. There are other impressions of shells about it.

The left-hand figure has the form of a pebble with a
lightish ferruginous ochre on the inside, and a dark crust.

10

The right-hand figure had loose pieces of ochre in it, of
different colours, pinkish, &c., and they sometimes have
wet marl and waterin them. Such are called Enhydros by
_ Sir J. Hill. The specimen came from Moushold Heath,

near Norwich.

N

11

TAB. CVI.

FERRUM argillaceum.
Argillaceous Ovide of Iron.

Tuis is nearly the same as that figured in the last plate ;
but it has pebbles and gravel about it, which are cemented
with it into a hollow box-like form. It was discovered by
an endeavour to break the stone from off the top of the
upper figure, and thus formed a lid to the box. This was
given me by T. Marsham, Esq. F. L.S. The lower figure
is curiously concentrated with light ochre and a darker
umber, and serves to give an idea of the formation of some
pebbles, particularly of the nature of those called Egyptian
pebbles, (not the most admired sort,) of which more will

be said hereafter.

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13

TAB, CVIII.

FERRU M §argillaceum.
Argillaceous Oxide of Iran.

My very good friend the Rey. J. Harriman sent me this
from the banks of the river Tees, which place seems to
abound in a great variety of curious petrifactions. It appears
to be a fragment of a large flat piece of a confirmed Iron-
stone, and, I should suspect, ‘a very good one of the kind.
It is however rendered additionally curious, as it includes
Carbonate of Lime, or Calcareous Spar, in the form of

Echinus spines, but different from any before noticed,

+

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SBP 21805. Pushed By

15

TAB. CIX.

BARYTES carbonata.
Crystallized Carbonate of Barytes.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 6. Barytes. Spec. 2. Carbonata.

<i t —

I am indebted to the munificence of F. Hall, Esq., for
some superb specimens of Carbonate and Sulphate of —
Barytes. Among them was the present specimen of Car-
bonate of Barytes; and as it is the first time that it has
been noticed with elengated spiculz so distinctly seen in
hexaédral pyramids, I am pleased at the opportunity of
exhibiting a figure of them. They are on a gangue of
Galena or Sulphuret of Lead, forming an irregular sphere,
echinated as it were with these spicule: see the upper
Jjigure.

The lower figure on the right hand is a group of the spi-
culated crystals : on the left hand is a geometrical outline di-
stinguishing the facets, three of which are continued to the
apex, alternating with three which do not reach so high:
sometimes these last are scarcely to be seen, and the spiculze
seem to have only three sides.

It is from Arkendale, near Richmond, Yorkshire.

roll &
age, 4
8

1*

TAB. CI.

FERRU M. nativum*.
Meteoric Iron.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 7. Iron. Spec. 1. Native Iron.

Spec. CHar. Malleable, and nearly uncombined.

Syn. Ferrum retractorium, granulis nitentibus, ma-
trici virescenti immixtis, (Ferrum virens Linn.)
cujus fragmenta, ab unius ad viginti usque lbra-
rum pondus, cortice nigro scoriaceo circum-
data, ad Plann, prope Tabor, circuli Bechinensis
Bohemiz passim reperiuntur. Lithoph. Born.
pars 1.125.

Stones said to have fallen from the Clouds. E. King’s
Remarks on, &c. 21.

Certain Stony and Metalline Substances which have
fallen from the Atmosphere. Phil. Trans. 1802.
part 1. 174, 183.

To introduce a substance, however curious, as having fallen
like a meteor from the skies, or as Phaéton from the heavens,
might seem absurd in a work on British Mineralogy. But,
whatever may be the extent of this term mineralogy, it 1s

* We have arranged this as a native Iron, which is its great characteristic
ingredient. It must come near the Iron of Siberia, Bohemia, &c., and be fol-
lowed by the suboxides.

VOD. | Ule B*

O*

pretty universally understood to include a knowledge of stones
and metals; among the latter of which we place this pro-
duction, and feel much gratified in adding so great a ra-
rity to the British catalogue. But we ought, in. charity, to
wish such may still continue to be rare, as otherwise the
consequences might be dreadful. Tt is particularly to be
noted that the same substances are only found under similar
circumstances. Many of these stones haves fallen abroad
in different places, but only two are known to have fallen in
Great Britain; the first in Yorkshire, part of which is here
figured; and the other in Scotland.
They have been found to contain

1. Silex.

2. Iron in a malleable state.

3. Magnesia.

4. Martial Pyrites.

5. Nickel.

The silica is lightish grey, in some parts rather vitreous,

with rectangular yellowish fragments :—see the left hand
figure. It is in very numerous but minute particles, which
require the aid of a magnifier to be distinguished.—The iron
is grey, much dispersed in particles of different sizes, mostly
very small, often in rows, and sometimes in veins.—The |
magnesia seems combined with the silica, and the nickel
chiefly with the iron.—The pyrites are dispersed in particles
among the whole, some enclosing malleable iron, and some
looking, when magnified, like particles of quicksilver; others
are more distinct, and tarnished like common pyrites. They
emit a blue blaze if projected on red-hot charcoal, and are
easily fusible, becoming magnetic. The coating appears to
be fused together, is very thin, and somewhat less magnetic
than the rest; in some parts entering and forming veins
within the stone. The whole is in texture like a compact
sandstone, and may be crumbled into little pieces by the
nail. The fracture is irregularly conchoidal, sandy or

3%
earthy. There are dispersed through the whole several sphe-
rules of a laminated texture, which were first observed by
Mr. Howard.

The upper figure is a fragment showing the coat and the
indentations common to most of these stones, also the little
reticulated cracks sometimes filled up with the whiter parts
of the stone.

The right hand middle figure shows the other side of the
same fragment, with a vein of iron, somewhat oxidated,
since being broken; also little knots of iron, of a metallic
lustre, which are irregularly scattered among the more mi-
nute particles of the same, with pyrites in the mass of the
whitish earthy substance, composed of silex and magnesia.

The left hand figure shows the vitreous substance found
in some parts of the stone, highly magnified. Count Bournon
has found the same in the Sienna one. It is to be scratched
with the nail, else we should have compared it with
the peridot of Bournon, or chrysolite of Werner, which is
found in the Siberian iron. It is remarkable, that besides
this substance I have some crystallized pyrites adhering to a
piece of Siberian iron in my possession.

The lower right hand fragment is magnified. It shows the
granular formation of the stone, with somewhat tarnished
pyrites, and the particles of iron in circular rows.

The two bottom left hand figures represent the earthy shpe-
rules*.

The following account of the Yorkshire stone was com-
municated by Major TorpHam:

Tue man who, by some fortuitous circumstance, happens
to possess any extraordinary curiosity, has a very trouble-
some companion. He is liable to have his time occupied in

* These agree partly with those found by the Count de Bournon in the
Bohemian stone.

Ak

answering letters from any stranger that may choose to ask
questions, his house searched, his grounds ransacked; and,
if the circumstance be very singular, he has the additional
pleasure of having every word he says disbelieved on the sub-
ject. It was my good fortune to tumble into this predica-
ment by a stone falling near my house in the country: and
though I have been called upon, both publicly and privately,
for a thousand accounts, and have answered innumerable
inquiries from the ingenious, and those who had no in-
genuity whatever ; yet, as curiosity is a stream that never
ceases, I found that this said stream might flow on for ever.
I made one resolution, therefore, once for all. I was re-
solved to consign the stone in question to some public
museum, where public curiosity might be amply gratified,
and to deliver with it the most accurate account I was able
to take from living witnesses on the spot, as I was at that
time engaged on business in London. Mr. Sowerby, the
publisher of a very ingenious work on mineralogy, has now
the stone in his possession; and I doubt not the delineation
of it, which accompanies this account, is extremely ac-
curate and faithful.

The stone, therefore, coming from where it may, or
bringing with it, in the words of Hamlet,

«“ Airs from heaven, or blasts from hell,”

will no longer ‘* blush unseen,” but be subject to be ex-
amined, disputed, and commented upon by every philoso-
pher in the United Kingdom, who may choose to visit the
Museum of Mr. Sowerby; where they may, if possible, settle
those points which J could never settle, though many of
my inguirers seemed to think it mighty easy—viz: What
projectile force could throw a stone of 56 pounds in weight
from any volcano upon earth to the spot near my house
where the stone fell? Whether it might not come from some
volcano in the Moon? an idea to which French Sgavans
much incline: or, Whether a flash of lightning striking into

ae

che ground might not have power to conglomerate, to form
at once, and, as it were, to knead together that heterogeneous
mass of sulphureous and mineral matter of which this
stone, and all others that are supposed to have so fallen,
seem to be composed ?

Having premised thus much, lest there should be found a
person who might suppose I had the smallest wish or in-
clination to impose upon the world a wonderful story, I
shall proceed to state what circumstances attended the fall-
ing of the stone in question, which was witnessed by many
people who could have no interest in fabricating a false ac-
count, and were far too simple to have done so. What is most
singular is, that it should have been so well attested, because
on the high wolds of Yorkshire thousands of stones might
have fallen, and there might not have been even a solitary
shepherd, or his more solitary dog, to have witnessed the
occurrence.

It was on Sunday, about three o’clock, the thirteenth of
December, in the year 1795, that the stone in question fell
within two fields of my house. The weather was misty, and,
at times, inclining to rain; and though there was some
thunder and lightning at a distance, it was not till the fall-
ing of the stone that the explosion took place, which alarmed
the surrounding country, and which created so distinctly
the sensation that something very singular had happened.

When the stone fell, a shepherd of mine, who was return-
ing from his sheep, was about 150 yards from the spot;
George Sawden, a carpenter, was passing within 60 yards ;
and John Shipley, one of my farming servants, was so near
the spot where it fell, that he was struck very forcibly by
some of the mud and earth raised by the stone dashing into
the earth, which it penetrated to the depth of twelve inches,
and seven afterwards into the chalk rock,—making in all a

‘depth of nineteen inches from the surface.
While the stone was passing through the air—which it

ise

did in a north-east direction from the sea-coast—numbers
of persons distinguished a body passing through the clouds,’
though not able to ascertain what it was: and two sons of
the clergyman of Wold Newton (a village near me) saw it
pass so distinctly by them, that they ran up immediately to
my house, to know if any thing extraordinary had happened.

In the different villages over which the stone took its
direction, various were the people who heard the noise of
something passing through the air, accurately and distinctly,
though they could not imagine what was the cause of it:
and in many of the provincial newspapers these accounts
were published at the time from different persons.

In fact, no circumstance of the kind had ever more con-
current testimonies : and the appearance of the stone itself,
while it resembles in composition those which are supposed
to have fallen in various other parts of the world, has no
counterpart or resemblance in the natural stones of the
country.

The stone in its fall excavated a place of the depth before
mentioned, and of something more than a yard in diameter.
It had fixed itself so strongly in the chalk rock, that it re-
quired some labour to dig it out.

On being brought home, it was weighed; and the exact
weight, at that time, was 56 pounds; which has been di-
minished in a small degree at present, by different pieces
being taken from it as presents to different literati of the
country. Mr. King, the antiquarian, in his account of
Sky-fallen Stones, has published an account of this, with
many curious and learned remarks on those which have fallen
at different periods.

All the three witnesses who saw it fall agree perfectly in
their account of the manner of its fall, and that they saw a
dark body passing through the air, and ultimately strike
into the ground: and though, from their situation and
characters in life, they could have no possible object in

7s

detailing a false account of this transaction, I felt so de-
sirous of giving this matter every degree of authenticity,
that, as a magistrate, I took their accounts upon oath, im-
mediately on my return into the country. I saw no reason
to doubt any of their evidence, after the most minute in-
vestigation of it.

While Mr. Sowerby delivers in the work he is editing a
very accurate delineation of the stone itself; at his request,
I have transmitted to him this account of the circumstances
attendant on it, to accompany the publication. But I mean
not to enter into any literary warfare with those sceptics,
who think it much easier to doubt every word of this
account than to believe such an event could take place.
Hume held the same language on miracles of a more sacred
nature. There is no shorter way of disposing of any thing
than to deny or disbelieve it: but sometimes

« They who come to scoff, remain to pray.”

To perpetuate the spot where the stone fell, I have erected
a pillar, with a plantation around it. The pillar is built over
the exact place which the stone excavated, and has this in-
scription on a tablet :
Here
On this Spot,
December 13th 1798, fell from the Atmosphere
An extraordinary Stone!
In Breadth 28 Inches,
In Length 30 Inches,
and
Whose Weight was 56 Pounds!
Tuis CoLumMN
In Memory of it was erected by
Enwarp TorpHaM

1799.

S*

Through the kind interference of my friend, G. Laing,
Esq., Mr. Craufurd was so good as to send a part of the
stone which fell in Scotland to compare with the Yorkshire
one. It appears to consist of similar substances, and has
the same sort of coating, though the pyritaceous particles
are perhaps somewhat less conspicuous.

This stone was seen to fall into a small drain of water, at
Possil Quarry, by two men, two boys and a dog, April 5,
1804. Among these was the overseer of the quarry, who
was talking to a man in a tree near the place. At the time
of its fall a noise was heard, which continued about two
minutes, beginning in the west, and passing by the south,
round towards the east, with as much noise at first as if
three or four cannon had been fired near the bridge, which
conducts the canal of Clyde and Forth over the river Kelvin,
a mile and half westward of the quarry; and afterwards a
violent rushing whizzing noise ensued*.

The overseer, upon observing the atmosphere, was alarmed
at seeing a misty commotion, and called to the man in the
tree, desiring him to come down, saying, ‘* I think there is

2

some judgment coming upon us.’ The man was scarcely
got down, when something fell into the drain, splashing
the water about 20 feet round. The eldest boy observed
the appearance of smoke, and something reddish moving
rapidly through the air from the westward. The younger
hoy, at the instant before the stroke against the ground, was
heard to call out, “* O such areek!’? He says he saw the
appearance of smoke near the place where the substance fell.
The overseer, when he observed a hole in the drain where
the substance appeared to them to have fallen, made his arm
bare,and thrust it into the cavity, which was not yet filled up,

the water being very shallow. It was nearly perpendicular,

* The dog ran home as if frightened. The noise was heard by many
people at different places, within 20 miles, and SO feet under ground in the
Possil Quarry.

O*

or rather inclining from the west downwards to the east, at
the bottom, about 18 inches deep. The overseer felt some-
thing hard, but was not able to move it with his hand: he
therefore caused it to be dug out; and it proved to be the
same substance as that sent from other parts of the world,
and said to have been observed under similar circumstances.

Sir Joseph Banks first observed the similarity of these
substances to one another when he went to see the York-
shire one exhibited in Piccadilly, and compared it with a
fragment of what he had got from Benares; and he was so
good as to indulge me with the loan of a very perfect one
from L’ Aigle to compare with the British one: it was nearly
black all over; but a small fragment had been detached,
probably to see how it agreed with the others ; which it
does in all respects with the Yorkshire and Possil stones,
except that the outside is of a purer black, perhaps from its
falling in more favourable circumstances. The Yorkshire
one fell against a damp chalk rock, and was partly disco-
loured by it. The Scottish one seems a little more rusty,
and lighter, in the outer coat, the inside somewhat oxidated
in spots; the natural effect of its falling through water. I
have been favoured by Robert Ferguson, Esq., a friend of
Mr. Laing, with another bit from L’_Azgle, which is greyer
than any others, as it has more iron in it, a largish vein of
which forms a sort of reticulation, with asomewhat circular
elliptical appearance, like some kind of marble, or irregular
meshes.

The stone which fell December 13, 1803, in Bavaria, ona
cottage, is somewhat remarkable for the day and month,
agreeing with those of the Yorkshire one; and it is said that
the pyrites were of a cubical form.

It may be a satisfaction to many of our readers to subjoin
some account of other stones said to have fallen from the
clouds, formerly and in our times, in foreign countries, from
Mr. King’s ingenious account, especially as they detail par-

VOL. Il, or

HOF

ticulars that may develop some circumstances that ought
to be known, and show more of the nature of these sub-
stances than are to be understood from the two which have
fallen in our own country.

“ Tradition has handed down to us the fall of stones in
antient times. The learned Grevius leads us to conclude
that the image of Diana was a stone which fell from the
clouds. He tells us, on unquestionable authorities, that
many other images of Heathen deities were merely such.

«« Herodianus says that the Phcenicians had no statue of
the Sun but a great stone which they reported to have fallen
from heaven.

«¢ Clemens Alexandrinus concludes the worship of stones
to have been the first and earliest idolatry in the world.

‘< Plutarch mentions a stone which formerly fell from
the clouds; and the old writer from whom he took his ac-
count says: ¢ It hovered about for along time; seemed to
throw out splinters, which flew around like wandering stars,
before they fell, and at last it came down to the earth a
stone of extraordinary size.’ Pliny tells us of its being pre-
served in his days, and that it was of a dark burnt colour.
He mentions one also which fell at Abydos, and was wor-
shipped at that place; and of another at Pontidzea.

“< Livy (whose credulity has been censured for preserv-
ing traditions of an extraordinary kind, which have been
proved in ages of more enlarged information to be founded
in truth,) describes a fall of stones on Mount Alba, during
the reign of Tullus Hostilius, about 650 years before the
birth of Christ.” i

Mr. King very properly quotes the Royal Psalmist: ‘* The
Lord also thundered out of heaven, and the Highest gave
his Thunder, Hailstones and Coals of Fire*.”

* Psalm v. At the same page he speaks of the large hailstones observed
by my friend P. Rashleigh, Esq- of Menabilly, giving figures of them between
5 and 6 inches in circumference, and of which he has been so obliging as to
send me a model.

i bes

And if we read from verse 7 to 15, we seem to have in
the language of the Psalms a tolerable account of the manner
of their falling. ‘ At the brightness which was before him,
thick Clouds passed, Hailstones and Coals of Fire.”

There are many opinions concerning the origin of these
stones, and the Abbé Stutz remarks (vide Mr. King’s ac-
count), ‘There is a great step from the disbelief of tales,
to the finding out the true cause of a phenomenon which
appears wonderful to us. And probably,” says he, ‘* I should
have committed the fault into which we are so naturally led,
respecting things we cannot explain; and have rather denied
the whole history, than have determined to believe anything
so incredible, if various new writings on electricity and
thunder had not fortunately, at that time, come into my
hands, concerning remarkable experiments of reviving me-
tallic calces by the electric spark. Lightning is an electrical
stroke on a large scale. If then the reduction of iron can be
obtained by the discharge of an electrical machine, why
should not this be accomplished as well, and with much
greater effect, by the very powerful discharge of the lightning
from the clouds?”

Thus, some consider that these stones may have been
formed or generated in the air, by a combination of the mi-
neral substances which had risen as exhalations from the
earth; and the learned Mr. King gives us a very ingenious
detail how it might naturally happen—* That the ashes from
volcanos, after being thrown to an immense height, may
consolidate by help of the particles of iron and pyritical
dust, take fire either spontaneously or by means of the elec-
tric fluid within them, producing many explosions, and, by
a sudden crystallization and consolidation taking place,
form stones of various sizes, which fall to the ground; but
the clayey ashes not hardening so rapidly as the metallic
particles crystallize, an opportunity was given for im-

Lo

pressions to be made on the surfaces of some of the stones,
by means of others.”

These dents, I think, look more truly like. pieces
having burst from the mass, which always appears more
like an irregular fragment of a rock than a conglomerated
body that had gathered in the air, which most likely would
have been spherical. The Yorkshire stone, which has many
of these hollows, fell alone.

We can say but little about the probability of their falling
through our atmosphere from any of the planets: their
coming hot to the earth, with so little velocity and force,
after falling from so immense a distance, and their angular
form, make it more astonishing. Mr. Howard observes
that the concordance of facts seems to render it most indis-
putable that certain stony and metallic substances have, at
different periods, fallen to the earth. Whence they came,
he thinks is involved in complete obscurity.

In the account of the explosion of the meteor near
Benares, in the East-Indies, by John Lloyd Williams, Esq.
and the falling of stones at the same time, we find a good
history of the nature and manner of their fall, which hap-
pened on the 19th of December 1798, at eight o’clock in
the evening; and we conclude the effect must have been
very conspicuous. A meteor is said to have appeared in the
western part of the hemisphere, and was but a short time
visible. It was observed by several Europeans, as well as
natives, in different parts of the country, who described
it as a large ball of fire, accompanied by a loud rumbling
noise, not unlike an ill-discharged platoon of musketry. The
light came into a Mr. Davis’s room, projecting the shadow
of the frames of the window as in the brightest moonlight.
A number of stones were said to have fallen from it near
Krakhut, a village about 14 miles from Benares, many of
which were picked up from the fields. They penetrated

about six inches into the ground, and were spread about
-100 yards from each other; one, which weighed about two
pounds, had fallen through the top of a watchman’s hut.
At the time the meteor appeared the sky was perfectly
serene, and not the least vestige of a cloud had been seen
since the 11th of the month, nor were any observed for
many days after. These stones accord with those described
by Mr. Howard, who observes there are no volcanoes on
the continent of India.

If we suppose that these stones originate in the sphere of
our globe, it must follow that the substances are within our
atmosphere; and no doubt they are, or we should not have been
acquainted with them. It has been thought that they may
arise with vapours, smoke, &c., and by the attractive power
of electricity become conglomerated; and that the inflam-
mable part may have undergone combustion in a high re-
gion; and that, as it cools, the gravity being augmented,
they are no longer driven by the currents which sometimes
reign in the atmosphere, but, losing part of their velocity,
drop to the earth again *. It may not be amiss to consi-
der whether any other means may not be as natural, and
this by degrees may perhaps lead to the truth.

That our travelling geologists have not found any thing
concordant with this substance may be, because it would not
be sufficiently remarkable to claim their attention; and so
it may seem, when the appearance ef this substance before
ignition would not be new or uncommon. ‘The rocks, of
which I have got fragments, that I think most likely to pro-
duce such a combination of substanees, are found in Wales;
and as Scotland, and other places, even abroad, much re-
semble Wales in some particulars, they may do so in this;
and, as they contain most of the substances which these do,
and in the proper proportions, combined with other (perhaps

* Their force when falling is not very considerable.

VOL, IT, D*

ja*

fortuitous) circumstances (which happily do not very com-
monly combine to overwhelm us in a shower of stones),
may be detached by the electric fluid attracted by the iron,
which is known to be pure among pyrites. Thus, if we
consider a part of the atmosphere surcharged with electric
fluid coming in contact with such a rock, a discharge would.
take place; the iron would be heated to a certain depth; the
opposition of damp, within the rock, would produce a rare-
faction of sufficient violence * to cause a great report, and
detach a fragment or fragments ; and the iron becoming so
suddenly heated must set the sulphur on fire; which, while
the stone was projected by the violent force necessary for
detaching it, would be vivified as if blown by the bellows
of a forge; till, the sulphur being exhausted, and the iron
cooled, it would fall to the ground, with the scent of sul-
phur remaining, and sometimes a portion of heat. As it
passed, a rushing noise (like the wind of forge-bellows)
would be heard; the stone would emit sparks; and the irre-
cularities would, more or less, cause pieces to fly from it,
with a crackling or gun-shot noise; and it might sometimes
have a comet-like form. The parts projected foremost
would be of a white heat, as the force would augment it;
and the sulphur would cause flame and smoke in clouds;
the sparks and detached pieces would be left behind, as it
passed, and appear something like the fiery tail of a comet.
Thus far for conjecture: time may bring the truth to light;
and if our travelling geologists will attend to this, I see no
great improbability attached to the chance of finding rocks
holding these substances in due proportion ; and perhaps ex-
periments may verify the truth of this or some other con-
jecture, and any natural rationale will be more or less con-
fided in, as it agrees with the circumstances proved. Py-
rites, we know, are always in action, or ready to act, under

* The ferce of steam is sufficiently known.

lar

an infinite variety of circumstances. Thus, changes of
weather, even without thunder or lightning, or atmo-
spheric electricity, may produce, by uniting occurrences,
similar pheenomena.

Dr. E. Clarke, of Jesus College, Cambridge, entertains a
different opinion respecting the origin of those substances ;
and isnow employed in preparing a dissertation upon this sub-
ject for the Royal Society. The result of this opinion he has
communicated, referring to his Memorial for the proofs ne-
cessary to establish its truth; as the work at large is too long
for insertion here. He considers all the substances of the
mineral kingdomas capabie of existing inasolid, fluid, oraéri-
form state; according to the predominance of the active or
passive priticiple: that is to say, of the principle of repulsion,
or the principle of attraction. These two powers always coun-

-teracting each other, have been variously denominated; but
their most recent appellations have been caloric, or the fluid
matter or heat, and the law of gravity. The last of these was
completely developed by Sir Isaac Newton; who determined
the azency of the passive principle, or the law of gravity, to
vary inversely as the square of the distance from the centre.
The first, and perhaps the most important principle, whose
agency prevents the particles of the most solid bodies from
coming in contact with each other, remains to be developed
by the discoveries of future science. One fact respecting it
is generally admitted ; that the power of attraction, inde-
pendent of its agency, would be infinite. Admitting this
truth, we can form no idea of the degree of solidity to
which matter so circumstanced might be liable.

In regions remote from the earth’s surface, where light
enters into the least combination with matter, and gcnerates
the lowest degree of that modification of it, to which the
term caloric has been applied, the particles of bodies, result-
ing from th® decomposition of aériform fluids, will be
brought very near each other; and the consequence must

16%

necessarily be a degree of solidity equal to that of any known
substance of the mineral kingdom. The mass of iron which
fell in Sclavonia of 68lb. in weight *, Dr. Clarke considers as
the result of such an agency in the passive principle. If this
were really true, the iron so formed would be entirely destitute
of carbon; whichis found tobe thecase. Thereis no body more
solid than water: yet water is brought by a similar process
from the atmosphere, and it becomes fluid at the temperature
to which the earth’s surface is exposed. Iron may result from
the combination of many aériform fluids. Like water, it
is capable of combustion; and there is not more reason fort
supposing it a simple substance, than there was for believing
water an elementary principle, before it was discovered to
result from the synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen,

We now give the analyses from the ingenious account by
E. Howard; Esq. in Phil. Trans. 1802, part 1. page 168
and following:

Of the stone which fell in Portugal, by the Royal French

Academicians,

Sulphur - = - - - 8g
fron 2 eee
Vitrifiable earth - - - 554

160

Stone of Ensishcim, by Mons. Barthold, gave in 100 gr.

Sulphur <= = Grama
OW. == =, = RO
Magnesia - - - - - 14
Alumina - - - - - 17
Tame, <=. = =) = =)2 58
Silica p= = = ie ae

97

* It is now in the Imperial cabinet at Vienna.

17*

Stone from Benares, the outside coating of which was
found by Mr. Howard to contain iron and nickel. The py-
ritaceous part in 16 grains contained,

Sulphur - - - - - @
Tron - - - - = - 102

Nickel Sie) eee Me |) ONT

Earthy matter - - - 2
1524

The globular particles in 100 gr. contained,

Silica - - - - - - 50
Magnesia - - - - - 15
Oxide of iron - - - 34
- Oxide of nickel - = - 92
1012

The earthy cement in 100 gr. contained,

Silica a = - -_ = 48
Magnesia - - - - - 18
Oxide of iron A mheshar atone athe ¥ |
Oxide of nickel - - - 21
1022

150 gr. of the Sienna stone.

Earthy part.
Silica - - - 70 In the metallic part,
Magnesia - - 34 Iron - = 6
Oxide of iron 52 Nickel - 2

Oxide of nickel 3

18=

150 gr. of earthy part of the

- Yorkshire stone, 34 gr. malleable part.
Silieai =" = -. ees ' Oxide of iron 37%
Magnesia - - 37 . Nickels - - 4

Oxide of iron 48
Oxide of nickel 2

a 6s”
55 gr. Bohemian: stone.
Earthy part.

Silicayi a= i jx ye 29) ii 14 gr. malleable part.
Magnesia - - 92 Oxide of iron = 1724
Oxide of iron 231 Nickels tums) eee
Oxide of nickel 12

594

The specific gravity of the Yorkshire stone is 3508. That
of the others is from 3352 to 4281. p

Extracts from the hand-bill, which was given away at
the time the Yorkshire stone was exhibited in London,
and which is now preserved by Lady Wilson. Part is ex-
tracted from the Oracle of February 9, 1796, in a letter
to Jas. Boaden, Esq.

The exact weight of the stone which fell, was weighed
on being dug up. It was by Merlin’s balance 3 stone 13
pounds: when taken up it was warm, and smoked. A la-
bourer saw it coming down at the distance of about 10 yards
from the ground; and, as it fell, a number of explosions
were heard by three men at short intervals, about as loud as
apistol. At Bridlington, and at different villages, sounds

* When there is an overplus, it is from the metallic parts absorbing oxygen
from the acids in the progress of analysation.

19*

were heard in the air, which the inhabitants took to be the
noise of guns at sea. When the labourer recovered from
the extreme alarm into which the descent of such a stone
had thrown him, his first description was, ‘ that the clouds
opened as it fell, and he thought heaven and earth were
coming together.”

The following is the account given by Mr. L. Wilson:
«° T hereby certify to the public, that while I was in
Yorkshire, near Capt. Topham’s grounds, I heard noises
in the air like the report of acannon at a distance, and
at the same time [ felt two distinct concussions of the
earth, which shook the buildings and the church near
the spot where I was at the time. I was very much sur-
prised, not knowing from what such circumstances could
arise: within a very short space of time afterwards, I was
informed that a stone had fallen within 200 yards of me;
and a servant, belonging to my uncle, Mr. Wm. Parke,
who resides near to Capt. Topham, was one of the people
who saw it fall.”

<< Charles Prestin, son of the Rev. Mr: Prestin, eleven
years of age, being in the church-yard at play, on Sunday,
Dec. 13, 1795, at half-past three in the afternoon, after
hearing a noise as of firing of cannon, heard at the above
time a hissing in the air, and was sure something fell near
the cottage belonging to Capt. Topham.

Given under my hand, this 29th day of April, 1796,

Wm. PRESTIN,
Curate of Wold Newton, Yorkshire.”

wee

‘enet ‘
Pate {32 5
fuathat

« Hey

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nm

i
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i

j
i

L1ZO

TAB...CX.
SILEX. baryticus.

Harmotome or Staurolite.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 4. Silex. Spec. Barytic.

Spec. CHar. Combined with Barytes and Argil, fu-
sible into a frothy enamel, with a greenish phos-
phorescence.

Syn. Staurolite. Kirw. 1. 282.
Harmotome. Haty, 3. 191.
Kreuzstein. LEmmerling, 1. 209.
Hyacinthe blanche cruciforme. De Lisle, 2. 299.
De Born, 1. 79.

EEE

Brrrtsu Staurolite has only been observed hitherto at
Strontian in Scotland, a place famous for Carbonate of
Strontian—see fal. 65. It is generally found on a gangue
of Carbonate of Lime, which is mostly crystallized.

Its common form is a quadrangular prism, with the lateral
solid angles truncated, and forming a four-sided pyramid,
alternating at each end; or, in other words, making an
elongated dodecaédron, similar to that of garnet, but not of
the same angle. Two of the opposite edges of the pyramids
are mostly truncated, in British specimens. ‘The crystals
are generally laryer than in those of Andreasberg, and more
nearly resemble those of Oberstein.

VOL. I. c

18

Staurolite is chiefly admired for often assuming a cruci-
form appearance, looking like five crystals, four being
united round a fifth. It appears however to be a regularity
in the ageregating of the sides, without a sufficiency to fill
up the lateral edges—see the lower figure.

They have been called twin crystals, as if two had passed
across each other.

The whole appearance is somewhat glassy, of a blueish
pearly lustre, having a foliated fracture on. the broader faces.
In other respects it is somewhat conchoidal, and hard enough
to scratch glass.

- Fusible by the blowpipe into a frothy enamel. It does
not form a jelly when combined with acids. But if thrown
on charcoal it emits a yellow phosphoric light. :

On analysis by Klaproth it was found to contain

Silex - - 49
Baryt - - 18
Argil - - 16
Water - 15

98

Its primitive form is said to be an octaédron, divisible in
the direction of the diagonals of the mutual base of the
pyramids, so as to form four irregular tetraédrons, or se-
parate four sohd angles, leaving a rhomboidal dodecaédron,
which might perhaps with more propriety have been called
the primitive, to save confusion.

i
iy

Fob 42.2805. Lubighad by Jaé Sowerby, London:

=

19

TAB. CXI.

SILEX Quartzum; Var. opalinum.

Opal.
Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 4. Silex. Spec. 1. Quartz.

Div. 3. Amorphous.

Syn. Quartz resinite opalin. Haiiy, 2. 434.
Opale. De Lisle, 2.145. De Born, 1. 81.
Edler Opal. Emmerl. 1. 277.

Calcedoine irisée, Opale. Daub. 3:
Halb-opal. Werner.

We cannot, I believe, boast of very beautiful Opals in
England.

The rarity of this gem makes it worthy of notice, and the
present specimen shows it passing trom Calcedony to Ca-
cholong, and from thence to Hydrophanous Opal, or what
has been called Oculus mundi. Lastly, it forms the Semi-
opal or Common Opal. The Calcedony is hardly to be
distinguished in a drawing, it is the darker part mixed
with Copper Pyrites in the figure. The name Cacholong
applies to the opaque whiter and softer part, which may be
scraped with the finger nail, and will, like all Agates and
Calcedony, become more transparent in water. Hydro-
phanous Opal is the less opaque part, of a greenish hue, and
in water becomes like the opal or blueish green part. In this
state it resists the finger nail, and, while in water, is not to
be distinguished from the Opal, but becomes opaque again

20

when dry.—Common Opal is nearly the same in appearance,
either wet or dry, and comprises the grayish, blueish, green-
ish, and yellowish parts with a milky or waxy lustre, (like the
Semi- or Halb-Opal of Werner,) with a vitrescent effulgence
or yellowish fiery glare, in some lights, especially in the
flaws. Fracture glassy. Hardness sufficient to cut glass.

The most beautiful specimen ever discovered of this sub-
stance is in the possession of J. M. Cripps, Esq. of Lewes,
in Sussex. It was presented to that gentleman at Constan-
tinople, by his excellency Count Ludolf, envoy from the
court of Naples to the Porte. It belonged originally to the
Capudan Pacha, and was found in Bulgaria. Unlike the
common specimens, in which Opaline Wood appears in
small veins intersecting the common Fossil Wood, or ina
fragile state like Pitch Stone, it has throughout the whiteness
of Cacholong, and in some parts the lustre and colour of the
genuine Opal. It_is larger than a man’s body, and weighs
148 lb. 9% oz. avoirdupois. It presents half the trunk of a
large tree, with the node of one of its principal branches.
The timber, the bark, and every part of the mass is perfectly
opaline.

The Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks had a Mammoth’s
grinder in his possession, lately found on our coast, opalized.
Other bones of the Mammoth are found in this country
occasionally. I saw a tooth of a Mammoth from America,
somewhat opalized, in the late Mr. John Hunter’s mu-
seum. ‘There are some also in the British Museum.

Sir Hans Sloane gave 2001. for an Oculus mundi now in
the British Museum.

r er
werly, Lender:

TAB. CXII.

ZINCUM sulphureum ; Var. cubicumn.
Cubical Sulphuret of Zinc, or Blend.

Class 3.- Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 6. Zinc. Spec. 2. Sulphuret of.
Dw. 1. Crystallized.

eel

Tue rectangular or cubical formation of these crystals of
Blend is, I believe, quite new to the Mineralogical World.
Two specimens have been sent from Cornwall, one marked
from Tincroft, the other from Polgooth, and were probably
from the stores of a miner who did not exactly know from
what mine they were brought. These luckily came into the
hands of my kind friend A. MacLeay, Esq., Secretary to
the Linnean Society, who was so good as to give me the
one here figured.

The cubes of this specimen curiously show the diagonal
striz, and indicate the accumulation of plates upon the te-
traédrons, or more common modification*. See these more

plainly marked on the upper right hand geometrical figure.

* It may not be amiss to remark that several other substances are striated
in the direction of their principal modification; as Fluor, whose primitive is
an octaédron, but is generally striated in the direction of a cube; Oaide of

Tin, &c. This arrangement of striz isapt to mislead inexperienced observers.

29

The right hand figure shows these marks more faintly like
the original with the marks of the fracture parallel to the
edges—see the figure beneath, which, if carried regularly on
every edge, would produce the rhomboidal dodecaédron,
one of the characters of Blend. The gangue is mostly
Copper Pyrites.

Since figuring this specimen I have met with a finer one
from Cornwall with smaller distinct cubic crystals, or
rather separate ones, much resembling Pyrites: the diagonal
striz however help to detect it, they are nearly gold=co-

Joured, and iridescent externally, but dark like Blend within,

23

TAB. CXIII.

FERRUM oxygenizatum; Var. stalactiticum,
Stalactitical Oxide of Iron.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 8. Iron. Spec. 3. Oxide of.
Div. 2, Imitative.

eee

‘Tuts specimen of stalactitical hematitic Oxide of Iron is re-
markable for being so closely surrounded with Rock Crystal,
in a very curious situation. It is apparent that the Iron
has been precipitated in a very moist state, and was not
likely to penetrate the Rock Crystal, which therefore has sur-
rounded the Iron, and must evidently have been formed at
the same time with the Iron, or afterwards ; but this latter
is certainly most probable.

This is the blackest state of Hzematites, with the radiating
fracture, its common character.

This specimen is from Cornwall, the rocks of which

country are generally supposed to be of primitive formation,

jn it an Tite’ ;

Hen) | Lusaeh st ‘igalpst,

nork Hs she or

wri Hook tdi M high buon! a
, Poy

neil gps = PCS pS SER Ee Roe
~'hS BAG OTA, cai

oe és 7 es
SF es? s7ad. vltnabiy
tod; abso

TO SER IDS aft é

# eee: i

Aodtene siti inning to 9

ey

ne "

Lender.

By Tal Sowers

Lubtyhe.

es.

25
TAB. CXIV.

FERRUM oxygenizatum ; Var. stalactiticum.
Stalactitical Owide of Lron.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 8. Iron. Spec. 3. Oxide of.

T'urs is another remarkable stalactitical production from
Mam-Tor in Derbyshire. It was given me by my friend
N. J. Winch, Esq., F. L. S. of Newcastle, and has been
taken for Mineral Pitch, as its appearance would warrant us
to suppose. It is however found to be an Oxide of Iron.
Its situation is nearly as remarkable, when carcfully
examined, as that of the last; for its being so distinctly
formed above the calcareous stalactite, gives an idea of its
being a lighter substance. This might appear impossible :
Nature, however, is seldom at variance with herself,
and by a steady observance we may reconcile these apparent
difficulties. It might happen that water very readily took
up the Oxide of Iron which it found in its passage through
the matrix, and, by dropping into some hollow, formed
a stalactite, often coated by that which follows, and which
was not so soon dissolved, or so soon fitted for precipitation.
Some of its coats are in such a state that they resemble
Martial Ethiops.

It comes near to the appearance of Heematites ; it however
has not the striated character, but rather the conchoidal
fracture of Pitch. A little heat renders it magnetic, but
does not take much of the blackness off: perhaps it con-
tains a little Manganese, as the ochraceous part becomes
somewhat crimson with heat.

VOL. II. D

26

A small degree of heat would melt it, if it were Pitch.
This is a sort of proof of a natural application of a che-
mical trial necessary in Mineralogy.

The ochraceous part at first sight resembles a parcel of
leaves from a chalybeate spring, and is of as deep an
orange-colour as any I have seen.

The calcareous part may be the Calx sinter of Werner,
which is a sort of crystallized stalactite, and the fracture is
more or less distinct in this specimen, as well internally as
externally. It seems to have been formed after the Iron,
by nearly the same process, but was retained longer by the
water.

io
ii

ae AL

int

MerR1 2605. Pubyhed by Ta! Sowerby, Leder,

27

TAB CN.

SILEX Quartzum.
Rock Crystal.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 4. Silex. Spec. 1. Quartzum.
Div. 1. Crystallized.

Rock-crystats have been distinguished by many Mine-
ralogists from the manner in which the crystals, depending
- on. the column, swell or thicken in the middle. This
mode of discrimination is perhaps tolerably correct, as I
believe Rock Crystals alone are thus crystallized. It however
does not determine that all Rock Crystals are thus formed,
as may be seen by the Cairn Gorm Crystals, tal. 102.
We may perhaps say that it can scarcely be otherwise deter-
mined from Quartz, unless by fire*; and it has been observed
that Rock Crystals rubbed together are phosphorescent, or
give light on collision in the dark, and exhale a peculiar
empyreumatic odour. All stones as hard as common flint,
to the consolidated aérial Diamond, will do this with very
little difference.

Rock Crystal is often accompanied with Chlorite, and of
so vivid a vegetable green that it much resembles moss, and
has in some instances been taken for such: in this speci-
men, parts are impregnated with it, and seem decomposing:
the whole has something besides of an opaque whitish cast,
rather peculiar to this sort of Crystal. They often have
the substance called Lac-Lune about them.

* In which Quartz becomes opaque.

feet

“4 9th

teats

ee

sh ee =

\e

‘ft 4 we fala:
futat oud Ad gear ©
ails ‘to shone? |
rid a wr Hod a
ah wn ely.

% Riane ) cio
i etd, Rei vail ted

| ii sani iain it
my pan

7 ae
oi

March 2 1805. Publefped by Jaf Sowerby, Lorde.

29
TAB. CXVI.
MACLE or Chiastoliie.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.

Syn. Macle Basaltique, &c. De I’ Isle, 2. 440.
Macles. Daubenton, 16.
Chiastolith. Karsten, 28.
Macle. Hawy, 3. 267.
A black slate holding in it great numbers oF Spl-
nulz of an Echinus spatagus*. /Voodward’s
Catalogue of Fossils, t. 2. 55.

Mr. Davey having in the summer of 1804 found this
substance on the summit of Mount Skiddaw in Cumber-
land, I am indebted to him for the power of adding it to
the British list; and we.had supposed it entirely new to
Great Britain, had not Professor Hailstone assured us that it
had not escaped the great founder of that professorship,
Dr. Woodward, who, however, according to the knowledge
of his time, considered it as a petrifaction. The same
substance is said to have been found in some part of Scot-
land.

We do not know of its being mentioned by any author
of the Mineralogy of Scotland, and indeed very few of the
Mineralogists of the present day have mentioned it. The
same sort, and in a similar gangue, has been brought to
England from Bayreuth, and another sort has been im-
ported occasionally from Lisbon, which are without a

* We have some Serpulz petrified in marle, whose section much resembles

this: the inside part is round, and the four corners more ox less rounded.
Found in Norfolk by the Rev. Charles Sutton.

50

gangue, and much larger than these. They are religiously
esteemed on account of the resemblance of the black part
to a cross, and are sold by the monks as of great use to the
possessor, generally somewhat mutilated to humour the
appearance of the cross, and to fit them for wearing, as
preservatives from all evils. Mr. Humphrys has a specimen
of this last sort about three quarters of an inch broad at top,
and nearly resembling ours.

Mr. Hailstone promised to lend me that in Dr. Wood-

ward’s collection at Cambridge, if different or better than
the one figured ; and as I have not received it, we may con-
clude it is nearly the same,
As far as we have seen, it is crystallized in slightly rhom-
boidal four-sided prisms of about 85° and 95°, according to
De V’Isle. The laminz seem parallel to the faces of the
column, and there appears by the’construction and meeting
of the lamine that there may be a diagonal division. Frac-
ture fine, earthy, approaching to splintery. According to
Hatiy, it appears that the integrant molecule is the te-
traédron.

I hope we may mect with this fossil in greater perfection
one day in Great Britain, so that I may be able to give a
better account of it. I have something so nearly resembling
it that T am apt to think they are the same, with an almost
entire black centre, and merely a whiter pearly covering.
The black is generally supposed to be like the shale or
substance the crystals are enclosed in, so that the whiter
part is chiefiy spoken of; and it is very curious that they are
so governed by a peculiar modification as to conjoin in such
a manner as to envelope each other, yet retaining the
rhomboidal form. ;

Spec. Grav. 2°9444.

As we have seen no analysis, we could not determine its
systematic name or place; but we hope to attain more
knowledge of it at some future period.

Y

London

Sowerby.

TAB. CXVIT.

STRONTIA sulphata.
Sulphate of Strontian.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1, Homogeneous.
Gen. 6. Strontia. Spec. 2. Sulphate of.
Div. 1. Crystallized,

Spec. Car. Strontian in combination with Sul-
phuric Acid.
Syn. Schewefel Saurer strontianit. Emmerl. 3. 312.
Strontiane. Dauhenton, tab. 19.
La Celestine. Brochant, 1. 640.
Strontiane sulfatée. Hatiy, 2. 313.

Some time in the year 1794 Mr. Tobin, of Bristol, first
showed me, and was so good as to give me specimens of
Sulphate of Strontian, from Redland, near Bristol; and it
had been then but recently discovered, I believe, by himself,
and was very little known. This was about the time Mr.
Kirwan published his Elements of Mineralogy, We were
next indebted to Mr. Clayfield for specimens, who, in 1797,
discovered it at Aust Passage, near Bristol. The present
ficure is partly from one of his specimens. He observes
that he discovered detached veins in different parts of the
cliff. The strata in which the veins are found are nearly
horizontal, consisting of Limestone of different hardnesses,
and argillaceous Sandstone intermixed with Clay and
Gypsum, and some of the fissures were filled up with
Sulphate of Strontian from 3 to 12 inches in thickness,

32

The primitive appears to be a rhomboidal prism of about
105°, and 75° according to Haiiy. Ours are a little trun-
cated at the solid angles, otherwise they represent the primi-
tive, and are nearer so than any we have seen or heard of.

The fractures are parallel to the primitive faces, and
those of the upper and lower faces are brightest, and often
show a sort of opaline lustre. Sometimes we can discern
the two diagonal fractures. Cross fracture somewhat
splintery, harder than Carbonate of Lime, and softer than
Sulphate of Barytes. The natural colour is a little milky
and somewhat blueish, whence Werner called it Celestine.
It is nearly transparent. Spec. Grav. according to Mr.
Clayfield from 3°88 to 3°96; the fibrous about 3°91. Ana-
lysis by Mr. Clayfield :

Strontian - 116°5
Acid: =" 83°5
A little Iron

200

Sulphate of Strontian was in many cabinets before this
discovery of Mr. Tobin, as Sulphate of Lime, or Sulphate
of Barytes,—among others in the Woodwardian Collection
at Cambridge, as I am informed by Professor Hailstone.

It is found in Sicily, Mont-Martre near Paris, and in
America. Those of Sicily are said to be the finest, and
are columnar, not tabular like the Bristol ones.

33

TAB. CXVILL.

ST R ONTI A sulphata.
Sulphate of Strontian.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

Tue plated Sulphate of Strontian here figured is in a sort of
sandy matrix, and was the first specimen I received from
Mr. Clayfield. It is like that which I first had from
Mr. Tobin, excepting that the latter was in much larger
pieces, without matrix, and nearly white. The crystals
are mostly confused, yet are occasionally found very neatly
determined at two or three sides, as in this specimen.

The geometrical sketch at the bottom shows the bevelling
at the corner, between the primitive faces.

This kind is chiefly found at Redland near Bristol.

VOL. II. E

(el,

i

ii gave cee
sf

ba:

Sa)

tbr 2.1805. Lubifhed by Ja! Sowerby, Lender.

39

TA CxIX

STRONTIA _ sulphata.
Sulphate of Strontian.

Div. 2. Imitative.
EEE

WE have represented the following varieties of this curious
substance, to show those most generally known, at least in
Great Britain. |

The upper figure is from Aust Passage, near Bristol, and
its curved appearance renders it at first sight sufficiently .
curious, besides its partaking of the blue and red colours.

The striated Strontian in the middle Jjigure seems to
answer to the name of Cceelestine, as Werner calls it, moré
generally than the last, as it is here coloured.

The fibres A this sort, which comes from Breslington, are

very straight, and somewhat laminated.

LZO

Spril 1.1803 Pibbjhed by Taé Sowerty, Londons

37
Te CX

SLLEX Granatus.
White Garnet.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1.. Homogeneous.
Gen. 4. Silex. Spec. Granatus.
Div. 1. Crystallized.

EEE E_—EEE EE

Tue Rev. John Harriman is the only person from whom
I have received this substance, and it has not, to my know-
ledge, been spoken of by any author.. Indeed its diminu-
tive size might almost elude our search, even with the help
of the lens. By that aid, however, we can discern in it the ~
modification common to Garnet, viz. the rhomboidal do-
decaédron. We must own that the trial of the species was
chiefly strengthened by the aid of the blowpipe, under which
it resembles the common Garnet, tab. 43 and 44 of this
work. These are found in irregular parcels, each crystal
being from about the size of a small pin’s head to extreme
minuteness, sometimes pretty clear and bright, at other
times yellowish and of a dirty hue. They have generally
well defined sharp facets, which seem to vary but little.
They run in lines at the intervals of the divisions in the
matrix, which attracted notice by the curious appearance of
its yellowish, greenish, light and dark reddish, and brown
colours. These Garnets are sometimes mixed among a
rough mass of nearly their own nature, which seems to in-
corporate with some Quartz. In fusion by the blowpipe
they run into a black enamel without addition. The matrix
is chiefly Carbonate of Lime, and a siliceous substance re-
sembling dull reddish Jasper.

way ’
, 4 set Tha
47 c
| fe

39
TAB. CXXI.

SILEX magnesiatus; var. amianthiformis.

Amianthus.
Class 2. Earths. Order 1.: Homogeneous.
Gen. 4. Silex. Spec. | Magnesiatus, |

Dw. 2. Imitative.

Spec. CHar. Silex in combination with Magnesia.
Syn, Amianth. Kirw.v. 1.161. Emmerl. 1. 402,
Jameson, 1. 442. Wern.
Asbestus maturus, Amianthus. /Valler, 1. 408,
410. 7
Asbeste. Hauy, 3. 245.

AMIANTHUS is probably a decomposition, or change per- |
formed perhaps by some yet unknown chemical agent, as
its situations in solid rocks seem to evince. This unknown
chemical agent does not appear to be common, as the Amian-
thus is not an universal substance in the silky filamentous
form. The present specimen was undoubtedly chosen with
a scientific view by my kind patron Lord Seaforth, who
brought it from Portsoy.

It is partly what is called Mountain Cork in a rather
dense state, including some very fine transparent Carbonate
of Lime, in which there are extremely slender filaments of
Amianthus, seemingly passing through it, and in some parts

8

40

so incorporated with it, that it is not to be discerned where
they end or where the Carbonate of Lime begins. The fila-
‘ments run perpendicularly to the more dense or cork-like
surface of the upper and lower sides of the specimen, which
however has more of a cottony texture, but is much finer
_than any colton or vegetable thread: the first seems infinitely

fine; the latter may be seen by a microscope to show a

finally confirmed hollow filament*. It generally is found

in Serpentine rocks.

* Twas highly pleased to find in Mr. Carlisle’s Croonian lecture read to
the Royal Society, Nov. 8, 1804, that he had determined the final filament
in muscular flesh. I had been much puzzled with the assertion that Lewen-
fe had found them infinitely divisible: having long since taken the pains
to examine a Piece of mutton flesh, I found the smallest filaments easily
discernible, and according with Mr. Carlisle’s accurate account, as far as

I examined, but they are not so in Aslestus, or any filamentous earth.

5 ok tae a

Poy

halk

Al

TAB. CXXIL

SILEX magnesiatus : var. amianthiformis.
Leather-like Amianthus.

Div. 2. Imitative.

Tuts bears a strong resemblance to the Oak Leather or
~ Xylostroma Giganteum of English Fungi, tab. 358, so as
scarcely to be known by outward appearance, unless with
the help of a microscope; when we find the one formed
of exceeding fine filaments, and the other of hollow
filaments. They are both flexible like leather, and to the
touch equally soft. In cutting they require much the same
force and sharpness of the instrument ; they also tear nearly
alike, with a shaggy filamentous appearance. One very
sure test remains, that the one being heated red hot does
not apparently undergo any change, but recovers its former
_ appearance when taken from the fire; while the other burns
away like touchwood or a fusee, or like the spunk prepared

from Bol. zgnarius, E. F. 132, or Fungus Tinder.

423

Ma 11805, Publyfhed 2 Jal Sowerby, Lender:

43

TAB. CXXIII.

SILEX magnesiatus; var. amianthiformis.
Silky Amianthus, or Asbestus. —

Div. 2. Imitative.

——— EEE

Trurs beautiful substance is found chiefly in the Island of
Anglesea, North Wales; and at Portsoy, in Serpentine
rocks, as they are mostly called. Itis generally found in
the fissures and cracks, passing like a sort of crystallization
from the sides to the centre in infinitely small spicule,
being sometimes quite indurated, though retaining nearly
the same appearance as that which may be easily separated
by the nail. The upper figure is from Portsoy, and is in-
cluded in a somewhat woody Asbestos of a light colour.
The lower figure came from Wales in a dirtyish Serpentine,
and is partly covered with the Green Nephrite or Axe Stone,
nearly approaching that from the Molucca Islands, of
which the natives make their hatchets.

Amianthus, or Asbestos, as it has been more commonly
ealled, was formerly used for preserving the ashes of de-
ceased persons, by being woven into a cloth to wrap them up

in while burning *, and by being incombustible it retained

* In weaving it they use other threads to assist; but those afterwards burn
away, leaving a perfect amianthine cloth; a fine specimen of which was

lately preserved at Rome. See Dr. Smith’s Tour, v. 2. 201.

44

those ashes most conveniently. Scotland and Wales have
a satiny variety which runs in veins among Serpentines,
and sometimes among a kind of Steatite. - It varies in co-
lour, but is most frequently white, satiny, and so much re-
sembling silk that there can be no better comparison. It
separates into silky filaments, of equal flexibility and fineness
with the most attenuated thread, insomuch that they ap-
pear to divide beyond our power of examination. They

seem solid, as do the filaments of all stones of this nature.

May 2.2806. Lublhed: by Ja! Sowerby, Londons

L124

_ -

45

TAB. CXXIV.

SILEX magnesiatus; var. amianthiformis.
Wood-like Amianthus, or Asbestus.

Div. 2. Imitative.
eS

T's is formed in upright and often curved filaments, some-
times in masses or plates. It is often indurated in a high
degree, and resembles wood petrified—see the lower figure.
The present kind is found at Portsoy in Scotland in great
abundance and variety, crossing in many directions through
the Serpentine rocks. The upper specimen was given me by
Lord Seaforth. It is somewhat undulated, and varies in
colour ; is harder in some parts, and softer in others. In
some it may be separated into flocculi with the finger nail,
and in others it is so hard as to bear a good polish; when
it is more brittle, and approaches to Actinolite. The lower
piece was lent me by my friend G. Laing, Esq.; it comes
also from Portsoy, and is remarkable for filling a narrow
flaw in the Serpentine in a very thin plate, and showing
fractures transverse to the striz at nearly right angles. It
is also very regular in hardness, so as to take a good polish
all over the face; béing about the hardness of common
marble. This, and many earthy substances, resemble wood,
especially the undulating slaty or irregularly schistiform
rocks.

-

ae: 7
Tole ge ttn teas

L225

verby, Lerasyen

dow

rs
Fa

Lubbf hed by

S

June 180,

AG

TAB OXXMV.

URANIUM oxygenizatum.
Oxide of Uranite.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 3. Uranium. Spec. 1. Oxygenizatum.
Div. 1. Crystallized.

Gen. Cuar. Dark brownish gray, dull, soft, brittle.
Spec. Grav. 6°44. Difficultly fusible. Soluble
in nitric acid. hoe
Spec. CHar. Combined with a large portion of
oxygen.

Syn. Uranitic ochre. Kirw. 2. 303.
Grun Uranerz. Emmerl. 2. 584.
Urane oxidé. Hauy, 4. 283.
Uran mica. Jameson.
Uranglimmer. ‘Werner.

Cornwatt has produced this substance but very sparingly.
It is mostly imported from Bohemia, Saska in the Bannat,
and Saxony, on a gangue composed of Pech-blende* in a
‘decomposing state, and was first discovered by Klaproth in
1789. It has been confounded by many with Muriate of

Copper, and with Green Mica. Ours was labelled as Muriate

*® A suboxide of Uranite.

AS

of Copper from Cornwall, and it appears not to have been
well known when Mr. Rashleigh published. his first part of
Specimens of British Minerals, &c., for it was there called
“*Thin four-sided Crystals of bright Green Copper Ore from
Carharrack.” Mr. Kirwan informs us of its being first
taken for Green Mica by Werner, and afterwards. for
Calcolite.

The matrix of this specimen is Quartz, Arseniate of

_ Copper, &c. Under the blowpipe it melts, becoming black.

TAB... CXXVEI:

Turs variety is of a yellower hue, and appears to be splitting
and decomposing, as it seems to decay at the edges, be-
coming rounded as if worn by oxygenizement. The gangue
is chiefly a black Oxide of Copper.

Its Spec. Grav. is 3°1212.

726

Jer22 1805 LUBA by Se. Sowerby, Liredorn

L127

Jaret, 1806. Pubinad by Ja! Sewarts, Londen

49

TAB. CXXVIL.

BARYTES carbonata.
Carbonate of Barytes.

We are obliged to F. Hall, Esq., of Arkendale near Rich-
mond, Yorkshire, for the superb specimen from part of which
this figure was taken: it is at first sight very interesting, as
the crystallization is apparently a most perfect representa-
tion of the dodecaédral Quartz, with the two hexaédral
pyramids meeting at their mutual base without any inter-
mediate prism—a very rare circumstance in Quartz. On
further examination we find a modification seemingly pe-
culiar to itself, and which has never been recognised in
Quartz, or in any other substance before: see the right and
left hand figures. It is so new in its nature that an expres-
sion is wanted for it, as it is not what may be termed
mackled, but may rather be called articulated or jointed.
These figures have one or two joints, lengthening the
crystal endways without a tendency to continuing at the
mutual bases, or filling up the interruption so as to form
the plane of the column; the vacancy is just contrary to
those of the Carbonate of Lead, which it somewhat re-
sembles in the first instance: see tal. 89, 90, 91, and may
be of much utility for external discrimination. We have
been able by this specimen to determine partly the measure,
and compare with Quartz—the incidence of one of the
pyramids of Quartz upon the other measuring, according
to Haiiy, 103° and some seconds, and we find if in Car-
bonate of Barytes to measure above 126°.
VOL. Il. F

50

The Carbonate of Barytes has, in this specimen, a ten-
dency to crystallize in groups, in a stellated manner: see
the middle figure. The whole of the Carbonate of Barytes
is chiefly formed on Carbonate of Lime, and is partly
covered with Sulphate of Barytes in fine spicula. Some of
the Carbonate of Lime is in Garnet dodecaédrons with short
columns, an uncommon form for Carbonate of Lime: see
tab. 128, right hand outline.

L128

Fimel, 1805. PidGfhed by Ja Sowerdy, Londenz

TAB. CXXVITI.

CALX carbonata; var. dodecaeédra.

Dodecaédral crystallized Carbonate of Lime.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 1. Lime. Spec. 5. Carbonate of Lime.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

Syn. Chaux carbonatée bisunitaire } 3}. Hauy, 2. 142.

eee EE

Some Carbonates of Lime, with regard to their crystalli-
zation; are not uncommon. This however is of the scarce
kind; and was it not for the manner in which the modifica-
tion appears to be formed, it might, under the common
idea of its being a rhomboidal dodecaédron, be esteemed as
a Garnet, or some other substance that commonly exhibits
that figure.—The fracture of Carbonate of Lime is very ap-
parent in it; as well as the shapes of the primitive rhombs,
which will be found to agree with the figure of the fracture ;
and are placed in such a manner as to form the dodecaédron.
Thus we find the column is formed of laminz placed on
the face of the rhomb decreasing from the lateral edges. Its
termination is at one or both ends, clearly in the form of
the equiaxe.—The middle figure expresses this with the
fracture, which is mostly on the edges. The whole is a
sort of inverse crystal; the column being, as it were,
formed contrary to the usual custom.

The specimen from which this figure was taken was lent
us by our friend Mr. Rich. Phillips, who brought it from
the North.

‘ Nite oe Co a ett eee

‘

Po Srires repay od i wnkanul wae). Cees aan ‘
| ft) Ba" og ig 3) eae PEL x er
+ Het ta ir - as i wu
~ ot a PWS Aes ee) xa
1 a | 2% a
Eat i tal a3
{ k we 3 ha,
xa :
: { A wi r y vr Parts 3
F Z NANA APS a
; .
— " ee Sf rpe. - 1 hi
4 seat wi
= oe i
baie 7a
s- i \ ; tary a, een, 9 : set
oe ten be hes) yt 14-4 ai STE ae wf f
ote a i belaseas . : ie ote) ee eee!
Hl u yc x } i aie we
F tear aS , 1: : Pein vives iy piney Sarees
F ae oh ik omar ‘al EYEE Pa Fix. t ins r
2 ; ? " :
y vty ” t ‘
iti -%
7 >
rityy ite Pay
4
:
f ‘
d !
riy
J
, ;
>
R P
1 Lead of . , %
~ 7 . r
. 4 ' : ;
nf iy ot yoo
f . ; : : ; :

229

Zz

= Ted Z. L805. Lu

Ox
9

TAB. CXXIX.

PLUMBUM sulphatum crystallizatum.
Crystallized Sulphate of Lead.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous,
Gen. 15. Lead. Spec. 4. Sulphate of Lead..

Div. 1. Crystallized. Var. 1. Primitive.

Syn. Plomb sulfaté primitif p. Hawy, 3. 504.
Naturlischer blei vitriol. Emmerl. 3. 413.
Native Vitriol of Lead. Kirwan, 2.211.

J sexreve there is no place in the world, except Anglesea
in North Wales, where this substance has been found; and
all we have heard or seen of it came from the Parys
mine. We were extremely lucky, after having met with
the best collection of crystals in the world, from the pre-
sent octaédron, through various modifications, to have
found an extraordinary addition in another set that we
had received through the favour of our good friend, and
friend to Natural History, the Rev. Hugh Davies, F. L. S.*

These were so new as to make the former set doubly va-
luable. The present specimen is not so brilliant as many,
but, of the kind, is one of the largest and best crystals yet

procured, Its fracture in some directions is laminated,

* See tab. 190,

54

parallel to the primitive, in others vitreous. Perhaps one
of its characters may be taken from its odour, which is
similar to the smell of the place in which white lead is
prepared, with a peculiar pungency.. It is easily reduced on
charcoal.—The forms are in general somewhat neat, and
the crystals are sometimes as clear as the finest glass; at
other times they are coloured with an oxide of Iron, from
a yellowish hue to a rusty brown.—They are brittle, and
soft enough to be scratched by Sulphate of Barytes, but not
Carbonate of Lime, and are mostly found on an ochraceous

pangue.

4
+

ee)
ort at Raa et

L230

Te ii |

ey, Y QE wae

55

TAB. CXXX.

PLUMBUM sulphatum.
Crystallized Sulphate of Lead.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

SEES

Tus is one of the set of modifications of Sulphate of Lead
which does not appear to have been noticed in any collec-
tion but my own, and shows a curious change as to the
formation taking place by means of spicule. The inner
part of the crystals are of the primitive octaédron, appa-
rently rounding to a new modification by decomposition,
and forming spicule from the mutual bases of the two
pyramids of the octaédron.—This seems quite new to the
mineralogical world: however, I have Carbonate of Lead
in dodecaédral crystals, looking as if decomposing, with

spicule attached in a particular manner.

se

Lorie silgin se woe mein j

“¥
a

on alt te. Si
‘ ae ote } ea Dea i f
. Phas & iat bb) ae
omecqiiasiy ya ens eos) oF uibauor bie
: Mee mate ;
rast ‘Tes iciefcee aie _—
(it) of wasn. ating entre a 2idl'T—., arb?

beat. Yo ston oda ove t TTIW Oy

nad, the is, Bt aaink aol

eioia wleoinas i B ai ie atin slusigy

57

TAB. CXXXI.

PLUMBUM sulphureum; var. hematiticum.
Hematitic Sulphuret of Lead, or Hematitie

Galena.
Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 15. Lead. Spec. 3. Sulphuret of Lead.

Div. 2. Imitative.

I wave heard it remarked from time to time that Galena
was to be found in Coal at Matlock in Derbyshire, and Y
have had a specimen sent me from thence, but it was so
full of a decomposing Pyrites that it fell to pieces.

Lady Aylesford, whose ingenuity is well known, and
who has a fine collection of drawings of nearly all the
English plants, made by her own hand, was so kind as to
exert herself, when in the country last autumn, and
procure for me some very curious minerals from Coventry 5
among which was the specimen here represented. This
is not only rare from being among Coal, but for being
in this curious hematitic form, a form which has not yet
been noticed in Galena, and which will help more perfectly
to show the nature of substances that have a regular pri-
mitive crystal, passing into, or placing themselves in, a
rounding figure.

The present specimen is radiating from a centre, forming
circular and hemispherical segments, much resembling
Hematitic Iron Ore—tal. 56 and 131.

This substance is evidently formed of cubes, and has
assumed this particular shape from certain circumstances ;

58

and settling from its solvent with, perfect preservation of its
nuclei, which are very clear upon a careful examination.
Although very minute, they are distinct cubes: and as any
form made up of ‘perfect cubes with level sides would, in
forming a radiating figure, be loose in its texture, unless well
closed with others in the interstices; so this, so loosely
formed in that particular,.is very useful to us to determine
other facts of the like nature. The left hand figure is of
two nuclei—and the right hand figure shows the manner
ef its accumulation, and will be useful in analogy.

PARR

NSS Nat a eee

\
mh
?
r

bs au fe

ant ese nan
ie

Auge 2.1805. Lublstped By Jal Sowerby, Loria.

L132

59

TAB. CXXXII.

PLUMBUM sulphureum; var. antimoniatum.
Antimoniated Galena, or Sulphuret of Lead.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 15. Lead. Spec. 3. Sulphuret of Lead.

Div. 2. Imitative. Var. Antimoniated.

Syn. Plomb sulfuré antimonifére. Hawy, 3. 462.

Tuis is often found “accompanying common Galena.
Tt is externally. known to Mineralogists by the peculiar
small striated appearance which is attributed to the nature
- of the crystallization of the Antimony, and which seems
to derange the primitives of Common Galena; so that one
substance interrupting another may be recognized here;
and perhaps in some other place we may be able to show
something more important in the nature of the laws of
mixed crystallization.
The specimen here figured was sent by my friend the
Rev. J. Harriman. It seems to be less antimoniated

towards the base, and somewhat resembling tab. 131.

aie aan oT - proonanoniolt di i ated
Sd gal to Joustigin® 8 ate,

: Sor “A 5.

anole a) oO aA

a te _swilaged ortiy
gaieece gilt

i it e199 dgidtin bas Tei

—9hS isilt of } Spee Hit} lion iy 2 avrigiasiog ad 3

‘

aap “gored basiagoor od yint sailove, yauqueotnt |

-

Be cece dha» o? aids ad qact ay ooalg Taille samme tH acini 2
ih ‘yo aurel odd Yo! suited od? at MisrOqini sien" yoidisanoe ae
Mr ie nae Pg OE es

coins ne oe :
wi Ay

Sl. Ant nueildasses: isdwemos

bs

23,

“tng! 28095. Pub ifhned By Jo:

i Sowerby, London

61

TAB. CXXXIII.

FERRUM oxygenizatum.
Wood-like Iron Ore.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 8. Iron. Spec. 3. Oxide of.

Div, 2. Imitative. Var. Wood-like.

WHS

Cuanzezs Jos. Harrorn, Esq., was so good as to bring
the specimen from which this figure was taken, from
Bristol. It was found in a ploughed field in that neigh-
bourhood. It is of that variety often called Wood-like
Iron Ore, and much resembles Wood-like Tin Ore. It
however is much lighter and softer, and much larger than
Wood-Tin has ever been found. Its weight is about 7lb., and
its diameter about 6 inches by 5 inches. The figure being
smaller, the many centres from which the radii form give
it a pretty variegated appearance, and the radii are relieved
by the darker tints of the striz which are least ochry. The
circles are so regular in some parts as to appear rather
forced in the drawing: it may, however, be safely said that
they are not more regular in the drawing than in the
specimen. It may be curious to observe how reciprocal the
force of formation is in this specimen, as each centre has
terminated its radii with as little disturbance to its neigh-
bour as possible. The primitive crystal of Oxide of Iron is
not yet known; whatever it 1s, it must have some affinity to
the Galena—tal. 131. 8

4 ec rherioge Heck Meee as
) ao i ae aes € ea

Saas a6 7?
nage, tatht ii hig!
ostit. baalhe: heeflicg |

a ne rita

ty iota! dau? is

beta pdf du ety mb Sei ara: ean theraiert eosdane

Bi 3 igil hs it

Sig: meat hae sult
“eagle Sie BBE:

suite hise doen ad
oe ni: dscns ye
ant fagotg 150" duk fe
aad stinso daed es) (et
=dgiont ait OF shew?

ui acnl to oben ® 16 fates
oF indls saps ava 3

*
&

© andhd

t

ay

’

‘

7

ran
4

i

63
TAB. CXXXIV.
ARGILLA hydrata.

Hydrargillite.
Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 1. Argil. Spec. 2. Hydrargillite.

Div. 1. Crystallized.
Spec. Caar. Argil in combination with water.
Syn. Hydrargillite. Davy in Phil. Trans,

Wavellite. Balbingion in Mr. Davy’s Paper
in Phil. Trans.

Accorp1nc to our system, we of necessity differ from
Dr. Babington in the name of this mineral. We venerate
Dr. Wavell as-an old acquaintance, and have little doubt
but his name will be handed down to posterity as the first dis-
coverer of this substance, near Barnstaple. Through having
in my possession the valuable collection of W. Day, Esq., I
havehad specimens of it several years under the title of a Zeolite
from Devonshire, and was going to figure it as such; but —
on examining and finding it a very doubtful Zeolite, I put it
by for some future analysis or investigation. It happened,
however, luckily to fall into the hands of Mr. Davy, who
fully investigated it, and from the nature of its composition
he very properly names it Hydrargillite (from véwp water,
and agyiAacs clay) ; and under so good an authority, we have
little else todo than to quote a part of his paper from the
Philosophical Transactions.

‘© The most common appearance is in hemispherical
groups of crystals” (on the surface of the gangue); “in
some instances it exists as a collection of irregularly
disposed prisms forming small veins in the stone: as yet I
believe no insulated or distinct crystals have been found.”

s

64

(My specimens terminate the radii owtwardly, something
like Sulphate of Barytes, and seem to be parts of a de-
pressed octaédron, sometimes a little truncated: see middle
Jigures.) ** Its colour is white in a few cases with a tinge
of gray or green, and in some pieces (apparently beginning
to decompose) of yellow. Its lustre is silky, some nearly
opaque. Its texture is loose.” Our upper figure chiefly
resembles this description. The lower figure has small
dark circles, which seem to be the same substance with the
margin darkest. Those larger spreading radii, which con-
dense into white opaque circles with the help of smaller
stella, terminate towards the ends. |

The whiter parts are small opaque clusters, in which
the three darker ones are imbedded.

A similar substance has been found near Truro in Corn-
wall, which has been examined by the Rev. W. Gregor, of
which I hope hereafter to give a figure.

Mr. Davy’s analysis of Hydrargillite :
Alumine » 2) ge mei 70
arly east ceiver?
PMC Uuleels Novy Sissi
TOSS ieie'e +0 eee

ee

100'0

Upon further examination we find it possible that the
crystal may be derived from the cube, as we find the fracture
perpendicular to the terminal faces of the right hand figure
on a plane with the lengthened sides; and another parallel
to the plane of the terminal face. I think I can with a
magnifying lens discover a fracture on the sides. The co-
lumn or prism is contrary to these faces, forming four sides,
and there are two triangular faces set edgewise on the
broader angle. We could not measure these faces, but
hope that we may, some time or other, meet with larger
crystals fit for that purpose. These faces are often some-
what rounded with a rusty sort of decomposition.

Peat aty
Pubiphed Aug? 2. 180 5.

. Lendon

65

TAB. CXXXV.
PLUMBUM cupreo-antimoniatum sulphu-

reum.

Sulphurated Cupreo-antimoniated Lead.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 15. Lead. Spec. 3. Sulphuret of Lead.
Syn. Triple Sulphuret of Lead, Antimony, and Copper.
Bournon and Hatchett in Phil. Trans. 1804.
| Pari.
Ore of Antimony. Rashleigh, v. 1. pl. 19.

Tuts comes from Huel Boys in the parish of Endellion, in
Cornwall, and has been always rare, and was supposed to
be a Sulphuret of Antimony, until Mr. Hatchett analysed
a substance nearly related to it, but somewhat lighter-co-
loured, and found in the same mine—see pl. 136—which
agrees with it in the nature of its crystallization, as is pointed
out with much ingenuity by the Count de Bournon in the
Philosophical Transactions.

They are found to be triple Sulphurets, and when most
pure contain chiefly Lead, Antimony and Copper in the
metallic state in union with Sulphur. Thus the whole
becomes a cupreous antimoniated Galena, and, as most
related to Lead Ore or Galena, we name it as above.

The present specimen is as it were passing into this
triplet, as one of the common appearances of Sulphuret of

VOL, 11. G

66

Antimony is with it in the form of hairs and spicule, and
the crystals are composed of, as it were, bundles of fibres,
making a more or less complete modification, and aceumu-
lating in whorls or in crosses: see the right and left hand
Jigures. The signs of the primitive cube are distinctly seen
upon the ends of the groups, and the reverse of the same
figure; but it is difficult to see the primitive fracture, as, al-
though they have a loose appearance, they are so incorporated
that they fracture most like a compact glassy substance,
conchoidally and irregularly. We however had the luck to
find one fractured face which may agree with the Count’s
ideas. We have in this therefore the cubic sign of the
primitive with the edges bevilled at an angle of 150° on the
upper face, and of 120° on the prism, nearly as the Count
de Bournon observes. .

TAB. CXXXVI.

From the purity of these specimens, which were lent me
by Mr. Richard Phillips, resulted a most perfect analysis by
Mr. Hatchett, who has determined the proportion of the
substances in it: and the largeness of the crystals has been
the cause of Count de Bournon’s determining the primitive
crystal and modifications, which is so difficult, as he ob-
serves, from the irregularity of their increase. The primitive,
as he remarks, is a rectangular tetraédral prism, which has
its terminal faces perpendicular to its axis. Thus it isa
sort of cube, and from observation on my specimen (see
tab. 135.) I find the iniegrant molecule may be a triédral
prism, four of which make a cube.

fais

duct 1b05, PuBlijped by Jat Peserby, Lender,

67

We have here figured what appears to be one of the
largest crystals that have yet been seen: it is terminated at
both ends with short columns in the form of plates, and
stuck sideways on the gangue; the column forming hexaé-
dral faces, chiefly on account of the deepness of the other
faces, and the decrease towards the middle, mentioned at
tab. 135. Thus the face decreasing on the column is re-
duced to a small triangle: see right hand figure. On this
crystal we also observe another modification that has not
yet been mentioned by Count de Bournon, viz. the upper
face on the corner of what he calls the primitive prism,
forming from the terminal face probably at the same angle
with those on a line with the prism: see figure a.

Mr. Hatchett, after a careful analysis, found it to
contain :

Lead . . . 42°62
Antimony . 24°23
Sulphur Oh MEN Lf

Copper )).:%. 12:80
PROMS fees 20,
Poss eins aS

100°00

Tt is of a grayer colour, and much more fusible than
Galena, as it melts before it is red hot; it leaves a cupreous
residuum, whereas the fibrous part—tab. 135—leaves scarce

any. Its lustre is very great. Fig. 1 points out the faces
of the column, which are very small. The right hand figure
is the natural crystal; and the left hand figure is a geome-
trical outline, to explain the faces above and below the
column.

sadist aa
BSEMP RAS ©

ne

2

69

TAB. CXXXVII.
HYDROGEN Bitumen.

Elastic Bitumen, or Fossil Caout-chou.

Class 1. Combustibles. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 1. Hydrogen*. Spec. 1. Bitumen.

Gen. Cuar. Inflammable, easily converted into gas
by calor. Forms water by combustion with
ogygen gas. ,

Spec. Cuar. Nearly pure, foetid, not easily volatile.

Syn. Elastic Bitumen. Hatchett in Linn. Trans.

v. 4, 146.
Bitume élastique. Hawy, v. 3. 313.
Elastic Bitumen. Schmeisser, v. 1. 290.
Mineral Cahoutchou. Kirwan, v. 2. 48.
Elastisches erdpech. Karsten, 42.
Cahoutchou fossile. Laméthérie, v. 2. 540.

Tue Elastic Bitumens were first noticed at Castleton, in
Derbyshire, about the year 1786. Perhaps their general
resemblance to the Caout-chou, or Indian rubber, dis-
covered about half a century ago, might in a great measure
be the cause of their being noticed ; for we are often struck
with the comparative resemblance of a thing which other-

* Unknown in its pure state, unless as the softest and purest Bitumen.
VOL. II. H

70

wise might have passed unnoticed. It is however a curious
circumstance that they have not been discovered elsewhere,
although Petroleum, Naphta, and analogous substances, as
Maltha, Mineral Tar, Pitch, and Asphaltum, which are
nearly related to the above, are found in many parts of the
world, as well as at Castleton, where this substance is
found. These always differ from the vegetable substances
of the same nature (viz.) common Tar and Pitch, by their
peculiar odour, which somewhat resembles oil of brick,
used by Lapidaries, and which I understand is a kind of
burnt oil. It is very different from the well known scent
of Pitch and Tar. Vegetable Caout-chou differs from both.
So, we may say that the under-ground change seems to be
the cause of the odour. We cannot at present account for
the elasticity, otherwise than in the words of the ingenious
Mr. Hatchett in the Linnean Transactions: ‘* From what
I have already related, I suspect that the elastic property is
occasioned by the interposition of very minute portions of
air, or some other elastic fluid between the parts of the
Bitumen, and that this takes place by means of some un-
known cause at the time of formation; for, when these
Bitumens are melted, the elastic fluid is liberated, and the
mass loses that fine spongy texture which I suspect to have
been the cause of the elastic property.”

It is somewhat curious that it is found as it were oozing
out of, or attached to, the rocks. The present specimen
is attached to common Limestone rock, mostly Stinkstein:
see p. 81 Brit. Min. It is nearly the softest of the elastic
sort : Some parts of it are almost in an oleaginous state, and
stick to the fingers. It is nearly the colour of common
Caout-chou, but will not stretch out like it, although it
springs to its form after compression; and hence it differs a
little from Caout-chou, as the indenture of the impression
is not so easily made permanent. It is by no means so
tough as common Indian rubber.

Sept 2.21805, Pusifhed by Tal Sowerby, Londen:

(i

TAB. CXXXVIII.

Tus is a harder specimen than the former, and much
about the density of common Caout-chou. It 1s some-
what remarkable for its peculiar conchoidal fracture, on
the faces of which, when minutely examined, peculiar
risings occur, bounded by curved lines crossing each other,
and terminating in a kind of centre not unaptly re-
sembling the fracture of Carbonate of Lime with a kind of
curvilinear crystallization*; the cracks seem not at all
guided by this. The elasticity is something like the former,
as it soon separates if we endeavour to stretch it out. It is
externally of a blooming gray, and internally of an olive
green colour. This is oozing more or less from different
parts of the ganeue, which is a mixture of Carbonate of
Lime, Galena, &c. Some of the smaller particles have a

reddish illinition in their flaws.

* I have lately received a fine specimen of Carbonate of Lime from
Mr. Hall of Arkendale, very expressive of this.

“pera rece mY me j
FETRES US Tae

Nectar

ay ny,

sidw Pe

shape)

Labyray a Be

REE:

ie

L39

73

TAB. CXXXIX.

Iw examining the Bitumens, it is difficult to say whether
they pass from Naphta and Petroleum to Pitch and Asphal-
tum, by a regular gradation, through the elastic kind, or
not, as they seem to pass naturally from one to another
without them. Most people would have been satisfied with
the series had the elastic ones not occurred. By accidentally
breaking a mass of crystallized Carbonate of Lime, was
found in a hollow a black mineral pitch, in a liquid state:
see the left hand bottom figure. This has now become con-
densed and elastic, but not so much so as the substance in
the last figure. The crust or outer surface is brownish,
with more elasticity, and may be separated by the nail like
the middle figure, which shows the outside and inside. The
left hand figure shows also hollows in the centre of the
outer crust, or external parts, something like the mouth of a
minute crater; giving a strong idea of its having been once
ina state of powerful ebullition from that hole. This is a
darker-coloured Bitumen, possessed of greater elasticity than
any that has been before noticed. Among specimens this
should be placed as the darkest, and perhaps nearly the last of
the elastic sorts. The next in this plate is a more indurated
Bitumen, much resembling the last (at first sight), and

which seems to haye been in a state of ebullition, from

74

the circular indentures remaining on the bubbles: see the
right hand figures at the bottom. ‘They are very neatly
formed upon whitish cubic Fluor, and seem as if they had
splashed about in falling; for they give the idea of having
dropped on the surface of the crystals of the Fluor in a
state of strong ebullition, perhaps more so than the former.
Whatever is the cause, the effect may be gained by a
stronger heat; as, the nearer these substances approach
combustion, the more they harden, and form the appearance
of Asphaltum, which we suspect this substance to be.
This is from the same neighbourhood as the others, and is
totally black all through. Fracture conchoidal and shining,
destitute of any lighter iJlinitions, being perfectly opaque.

Ry RGD Det)

Fat

pat eR y

vyh

ie

{ Diet 4
IRC ie He

eave
ant

BRN

iy :
iy AN
ei" x
Nea
Liver
oath

Seay at py uce f

1 L40

SEPEL. 8085,

75

TAB. CXL.

OF the indurated Bitumens, one of the first we met with
was included in coarse, somewhat earthy, elastic Bitumen,
and much represented in form a gun flint, with fractures
not unlike those in common flints. It proved extremely
pure, of a dark olive green, and was closely surrounded by
the other bitumen, as if it had been the fragment of a
larger piece preceding in formation the earthy sort. We
have since found a larger specimen of a similar nature,
with a black outside—see the Lottom figure, and also a small
stalactite or lengthened drop. The smaller fractures in
these show transmitted lights or illinitions of a warm
yellow colour.

Thus it should appear that an accumulation of this
yellow light, mixed with the black, gives the greenish hue to
the substance. We suspect that these colours are more or
less caused by the different degrees of oxygenizement of
Tron.

Dull greens are seldom happily imitated by illuminators ;
thus, our figures may in this instance be rather too gay.
According to the best chemists, Bitumen is formed prin-
cipally of Hydrogen* with more or less Oxide of Carbon,

Oxide of Iron, and other incidental substances.

* Combined with but a small portion of Calor.

Mer ear
Tei f ; \ Jee
ft ict
i
Nive} aaa Mth /
y & 2
ff ‘
I
i} ‘ em
wy A: ;
a Pee ivgicnl ae
i , 4 ‘
Ves be

eae oh

STL 1905. PuBifrek By Jal Sowerby. Londenc

L241

7

TAB. CXLI.
FERRUM Cupreo-arseniatum.

Cupreous Arsemate of Iron.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 7. Iron. Spec. Arseniate.
Var, Cupreous.

Spec. CHar. Iron, Copper, and Arsenic Acid in
combination.

Syn. Cupreous Arseniate of Iron. Bournon and
Chenevix, Phil. Trans. for 1801.

Turis substance, which is rare in Cornwall, we understand
has been brought from Siberia by Professor Pallas, accord-
ing to Mr. Chenevix, to whom we are obliged for the
analysis of it, and to Count Bournon for the most ac-
curate account of its crystallization, which agrees with
our specimens. It is found in the Muttrel mine along
with the cubic Arseniate of Iron. The crystals are always
small, generally clustered, more or less in bundles or con-
fused. The individuals form rhomboidal prisms having
the two opposite angles very obtuse; and consequently the
two others are very acute, terminating with four scalene
triangular faces, - fixed lower on the acute angles than on
the obtuse ones. We cannot be certain that the angle bear-
ing upon the obtuse side of the pyramid is not a right angle:
see the geometrical figure. The upper specimen is a largish

78

collection of clusters variously grouped, the clusters formed
of crystals diverging from a centre, with the faces of the
pyramid only exposed. It is on an irregular gangue of white
Quartz with some blackish lumps of gray Sulphuret of
Copper, and a few rectangular plates, perhaps Uranite.
The left hand lottom figure represents a specimen with
more distinct crystals looking like spiculz, scattered in
the hollows of an ochraceous gangue. These sometimes
expose one, and at others both ends: see the lower figure.
These crystals are mostly of a light shining sage green.

Analysis by Mr. Chenevix:

Silica we koa ss OS
Arsenic Acid . . 33°5
Oxide of Iron. . 27°5

Oxide of Copper . 22°5
Whatenye coy tih. ot

Oct 2605, Pubifhed by Jas Sowerby, Londen,

(9

TAB. CXEM.

ARGILLA hydrata.
Hydrate of Argill, or Hydrargilhte.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 1. Argill. Spec. 2. Hydrate.

Accorpinc to our expectation before expressed, we are
enabled to give figures from Cornish specimens of this
substance by favour of the Rev. Mr. Gregor, who lent us
his best specimen, which is represented in the upper figure.
This is in looser radii than those from Barnstaple, but ap-
pears to agree precisely in the form of the crystal, which,
according to our idea, shows more of the primitive faces,
(viz.) the flat sides of the column, as that shows only one
primitive face at the apex. We could not attempt to
measure these crystals, they are so extremely small. The
gangue is also different. We retain Mr. Davy’s name of
Hydrargillite, although Mr. Gregor believes there is an
acid contained in it, but it is not determined what acid, or
whether it is essential to the mineral. It is formed in the
hollows of the rock or gangue, with Quartz crystals coloured
with red Oxide of Iron more or less sticking in mammille
about them, probably mixed with Oxide of Copper; but it
has not undergone regular examination. On some parts
of the gangue there appears to be Oxide of Uranite: see
tal. 124; and Mr. Gregor, by some trials made with small
quantities, thinks it contains, beside Uranium, a little

80

Oxide of Lead, Sime, Silica, and a metallic substance
differing in properties from Uranium.

We hope this will be further examined. Mr. G.’s paper
on this subject to the Royal Society has been read, but is not
yet printed. We have another specimen from our friend
Mr. Rashleigh, where the spiculz are much smaller, and the
bundles composed in such a manner as to give il a cottony
appearance, whilst a few of the crystals are nearly like the
above.

We have annexed to the plate aspecimen from our liberal
friend last mentioned, which accords extremely well with
the common appearance of that from Barnstaple, showing
them to be the same, which has been doubted, and the crystal-
lization sufficiently corresponds with them. The part of the
gangue in which this is imbedded is of a grayish colour, and
somewhat though not distinctly approaching a schistose
appearance, like those from Barnstaple. The rest of the
matrix resembles that of the others from Cornwall, which
are whitish Quartz mingled with soft Mica, such as the
Cornish Apatite is generally found in. Those from
Cornwall were supposed to be different species from those
from Barnstaple. We are more confident with regard to
the crystals, from having been favoured by Dr. Wavell
with many interesting specimens, some of which have a
pearly appearance not before mentioned. All the specimens
figured in the present plate are from Stenna Gwinn in
Cornwall.

a

iis

Rahat iy ee

PAI Sa ee

— ore

|
{

$1

TAB. CXLIII.

CALX carbonata;: var. inversa.

Inverse crystallized Carbonate of Lime.

Carzonate oF Lime has been remarked at Portland
Island for its fine topazine colour, and has thence been
denominated Sugar-candied Spar, or Candied Sugar Spar.
These crystals are not uncommon in other places, but are
often finest in the fissures of the Portland Stone. The
Stalagmites from Bath, Yorkshire, &c. present the same
substance, generally less massy, and the crystallization
more or less in spiculz, which often accord with this in
form: therefore this will serve as an illustration of all,
whether small or large, and most of the fanciful formations
are of this nature. The present specimen terminates in
acute rhombs somewhat rounded, forming a pyramid upon
the obtuse angle of the nucleus: see the left hand geome-
trical figure. These often have some crystals formed under
the same circumstances on the sides; and it is a curiosity
worth observation here, that these smaller ones are pro-
bably formed at a time when the others are nearly perfected
but not quite so, as the crystallization is somewhat inde-
pendent ; yet they were enabled to stick so into the larger
ones, as to be of equal solidity with the rest of the

mass.

RES

2s)

dene soeiseine

Sea

>, 2 Wine’ Hoot Wi Pa i Ae
alo rig: seta: Sie

144

§3

TAB. -CXLIV.

Tuts is nearly of the same formation as the last, the
crystallization radiating from various centres with the ter-
minations meeting*: they however are in more determined
columns of three sides, and the pyramids at first sight
appear more simple : however, there is a tendency to double
each face of the pyramid, making, like the metastatique, a
six-sided pyramid. This is one of the darkest-coloured ones

of this nature.

* The Radii in Mr. Hall’s specimen, mentioned tal. 138, are a foot long,
the sides cf which are divided by a double direction of curved lines crossing
to a central bar, consequently circumscribing rhombic forms with two con-

vex and two concave sides.

By fae bie ya

L4S

Decl 2 1606. PubifhneL ty Ja* Sowerby, London:

TAB. CXLV.

CUPRUM oxygenizatum.
Crystallized Red Oxide of Copper.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

ne -——e

I wave already figured some Cubical and Octaédral Ruby
Coppers. The present one from Cornwall is extremely
rare and curious, as it has a remarkable modification—the
cubo-octaédron of Haiiy, with the addition of an obtuse
four-sided pyramid on each cubic face, formed as it were of
somewhat distinct plates. In one crystal this pyramid is
formed into a cross, the plates of which it is composed being
notched or incomplete in the centre of their edges, and
complete at the corners: see the right hand upper figure.
Withthese are crystals of similar forms, of very pure Copper,
composed of oblong particles with a reticulated appearance,
as if they were some of the others, of an anterior formation,
having been deprived of their oxygen. These crystals are
very extraordinary, as they comprehend the Octaédron
with truncated edges: they have also truncated and bevelled
solid angles, making a very compound crystal: see the
left hand figure. The intermediate varieties are the dode-
caedron and octaédron, truncated at the solid angles, The

VOL. Il. gai

86

particles show some signs of being thread-like confused
octaédrons, somewhat resembling those on the following
plate, tal. 147. They are externally between acopper colour
and red, scarcely metallic in the lustre, until cut, and then
perfectly so. It is, as the Count de Bournon observes, useful
im many instances to use a magnifier to examine crystals ;
and we should lose some very interesting beauties without it.
These indeed may be pretty well seen by the eye alone, but
it is admirable to observe how neatly these are formed by
such help as the magnifying glass. We do not know of

any other specimen of this kind.

rar ae
¢ ia

I a a gi lien

3 246

Lect. 2805. Publfhed By Tze Sowerby, Lordor:

87

TAB. CXEVII.

CUPRUM oxygenizatum.
Filamentose Oxide of Copper.

Div. 2. Imitative.

oe E-EEEEEEE

N ATURE, ever various and instructive, often represents one
thing with the appearance of another. Thus, a casual obser-
ver would expect that this Copper Ore merely consisted of
filaments of scarlet silk: however, on examination with the
help of a Jens, we with certainty distinguish the contrary,
and see how beautifully Nature varies her operations, and
under certain circumstances accomplishes the same end
with different appearances: thus, the molecule are forming
threads more or less discoverable in the shape of elongated
octaédrons or cubes. The upper figure is decomposing
Feltspar and Quartz with these filaments of Ruby Copper
Ore, some of which are in bent 4-sided threads crossing
each other. Others are irregular and confused, apparently
having been disturbed: see the left hand upper figure. In
some parts they are disposed in straight filaments, crossing
each other at right angles, as if disposed to form a cube: see

the right hand upper figure. The lower figure is chiefly Ruby

, 88

Copper and Native Copper, with a little Quartz and Copper
Pyrites. The fibres on this are Jarger, and show signs of
elongated octaédrons and rectangular prisms. They are
beautifully pellucid and transparent, with the full lustre of
a ruby. We may add that there is a regular gradation from
the powdery oxide, naturally opaque, through masses of
confused filaments so extremely fine as to partake of the
same opacity, to such as resemble fine wool.

We were favoured with this last specimen by Messrs.
W, and R. Phillips, who had it from Redruth in Cornwall.

147

ee 7. 2. Zr, Lenaden-
rae zx Ss Fal ower:
D. hee ie Sat
td lef
1S. _2
me, <2.

89

TAB. CXLVILI.

CALX carbonata, dura.
Hard Carbonate of Lime

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 3. Calx. Spec. 5. Carbonate of Lime.

Div. 1. Crystallized*.

Syn. A new species of hard Carbonate of Lime.
Bournon, Phil. Trans. 1803. 325.

Great Britain is highly indebted to the Right Hon.
Charles Greville’s mineralogical ardour, for one of the most
complete and scientific collections in the world; and I am
happy to congratulate my friends on his generosity in
readily allowing me the free use of it, as nothing can now
be wanted, as far as is at present known, to complete the
British history of this kingdom of Nature, with my own
collection and those of other friends already mentioned.

The present specimen from Scotland is a great curiosity
to the mineralogical world, and was first noticed in Mr.
Greville’s collection by the Count de Bournon, who has
given an excellent account of it in Phil. Trans.

We understand that only a few specimens have been
preserved, which were collected in the neighbourhood of
Glasgow.

The structure at first sight has something new in it; butit
might be taken for Carbonate of Lime, which it really is,

* In arranging this variety, we would place it after all the other crystals.

90

although the fracture much resembles that of Quartz, but
is somewhat rougher. We admire the Count de Bournon’s
indefatigable patience in measuring and pointing out the
modification of these crystals, which we did not attempt;
we have only ventured to point out a few faces that were
passed over, as they may possibly be somewhat interesting ;
for which reason we have made sketches of them. The
bases seem exactly as the Count has determined them.
The principal are 3 small ones on the summit, as represented
Jig. 2.—Fig. 4. shows a minute triangular one, and one of
those above mentioned. The matrix is ferriferous Car-
bonate of Lime with Pyrites and small double-pointed
crystals of Quartz.

Flos-ferri and Arragon Spar of old authors belong to this
variely.

nara
ah

Ne Peete
ars

Lane

Pati

Wit

Ol

TAB; OXLVHL.
CALX carbonata feetida.

Ochraceous Stinkstein.

Div. 2. Imitative.

EE

Tue formation of this substance, however singular, seems
hitherto to have escaped notice. It may nevertheless lead
us to a determination in many cases. It might at first be
taken for a Coralline ; but we have by comparison of speci-
mens convinced ourselves that it is rather an assemblage of
funnel-shaped Stalactites formed in a fluid medium, the
_ surface of which has become encrusted at regular intervals,
especially around the Stalactite. Although there is a variety
of specimens, yet the structure coincides very accurately in
many of them. Some indeed are more puzzling to account
for than the present. It not uncommonly happens that
Stalactites are hollow, (see tal. 6.) and others undulated.
They also evidently forma deposit, or case after case, on the
outside in a concentric manner. This does not seem to
have been formed so; the peculiar state of the substance of
which it appears to have been composed, having only a
certain quantity of moisture, enough to form a kind of paste,

which may have allowed it to have dropped into one mass

02

at more or less regular periods, producing this remarkable
appearance. Now, it happens that the spot which produces
a variety of these produces also the Botryoidal Stinkstein
i great abundance and variety: see éal. 38. They are
generally found filled with a dusty ochraceous marle, such
as would readily allow scattered drops of water to collect it
on their surfaces.

I received most of my specimens from my friend

N. J. Winch, Esq., who collected them near Sunderland.

{2

iD) a Ea
Spy e, ai ae |
) ai rm ur vs

FA aaa

93

TA BO OXLIX.

ARGILLA marga.
Argillaceous Marle.

Class 2. Earths. Order 2. Compound.
Gen. 1. Argilla. Spec. 1. Marle.

Div. 1. Imitative.

Syn. Tophus turbinatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13.
v. 3. 190.

WE so frequently find the figure of Corallines, or other
organized substances, that we are often puzzled to ac-
count for them; some however are readily. understood to be
infiltrations taking place of them, and that before us has
hitherto been considered by many in this light. The sin-
gular regularity of the specimen here figured has given rise
to many conjectures. In giving my opinion I desire to
discover the truth; and having made many comparisons, I
agree with Linnzus, that it is rather a Stalactite formed
under certain circumstances among other operations of
nature, which may be continued to a great extent. Thus,
Mr. Martyn observes that a very large space in Derbyshire
is of this formation. It is finely undulated: in other re-
spects the cones run into each other, something like a
child’s horn gig—which will separate into a number of
cones, more or less perfect, if placed by the fire. From the
present specimen I separated some cones, by alternately
wetting and drying it. We do not know how minutely

94.

they may be divided. The fracture is like other compact
calcareous marles, that are not governed by the conical
formation. We have had them from two or three friends
in Derbyshire. The present specimen was given me by
Mr. Baker, by favour of my friend the Rev. James Dalton,
and comes from the alum-works at Boulby in Yorkshire
belonging to the former gentleman, and was remarked for
being in the form of a horse’s hoof, having settled upon a
Cornu-Ammonis.

They are mostly of an argillaceous marle: but I have one
from Cumberland, given me by Mr. Buchanan from Barton
fell, which seems to be more of an Iron ore than any of
my others. In most of the English specimens the cones
are rather confusedly coalesced. In foreign ones, groups of
cones joined together by their edges are apt to separate ;
whence Linnzus’s description. The present specimen
figured contains so much pyrites dispersed through it, that
\t might be used as an alum ore.

Pecl 21805, Publsiped By Jal Sowerty, London:

95

WV Ae OL)
ARSENICUM ferreum.

Troney Arsenic.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. Arsenic. Spec. Combined with Iron.

Dw. 1. Crystallized.

Spec. CHar. Arsenic in combination with Iron.
Syn. Fer arsenical. - Aauy, 4. 56.
Afsenic pyriteux. Mispickel. Born, 2. 197.
Native Arsenicyalloyed with Iron. Kirw. 2. 256.

Tus substance much resembles the whitish Iron Pyrites
or arsenical Sulphuret of Tron, and seems to have been
partly confounded with it by Kirwan; who observes, that
« the Marcasite found near Dublin, called Irish Diamonds,
is of this species.” This latter is however to be most
readily distinguished by the crystals being right-angled*,
whereas the present is an acutely rhomboidal prism. It is
perhaps not unnatural for Irish Pyrites to have a little ar-
senic, but not in sufficient quantity to characterize a species.
The colour is different in the interior; one being a grayish.
white, the other yellowish.

* A small portion of arsenic may be found in them, but not sufficient to
alter the crystal.

06

The specimen figured came from Cornwall, and is re-
markable for having somewhat acicular crystals collected in
divaricating bunches, which pervade Blende, Copper Pyrites,
and Quartz. Before the blowpipe it melts easily, gives
out copious white fumes strongly scented with Garlic, and
highly noxious to the lungs: what remains is a small gray
globule of magnetic Iron.

The right hand figure shows the primitive rhomboidal
termination of an elongated crystal, with adecrement upon
the obtuse solid angle. The face produced by this decre-
ment gives for its incidence upon the rhomboidal face 149°
or thereabouts: this modification seems to be new, as Hatiy
has not mentioned it.

The left hand figure represents another view of the: pri-
mitive, with a decrement on the acute angle, which agrees

with letter s of Hatiy’s fig. 137.

LZSZ

Leorndore:

owerky,

Dec! 2.1605. Pubifhed By Jai J

OF

TAB. CLI.

CALX carbonata, echiniformis.
Echinus-formed Carbonate of Lime.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 3. Lime. Spec. 5. Carbonate of Lime.

Div. 2. Imitative.

a

~

Tuar animals are indebted to minerals is very evident,
although vegetables may be the instruments by which their
nutriment is prepared. We may also say that great part of
the mineral world is much indebted to the animal for its
present appearance ; for, under certain circumstances, na-
ture allows the animal construction to remain long after the
animal itself. In this instance, it might have been a doubt
whether a construction so complete as this Echinus and its
spines could be an infiltration of Carbonate of Lime in place
of the case, or rather bone, or the remains of the Carbonate
of Lime which existed while the animal possessed it. Its
fracture is sufficient to determine it to be Carbonate of
Lime, without any other trial; and upon examination it is
found to be nearly pure.

Mr. Hatchett, in his valuable account of the shells and
bones of animals, proves the case of a recent Echinus to be
bone, as it contains its due proportion of Phosphate of
Lime. This is therefore the more curious, as there is no
Phosphorus remaining to destroy the crystallized character;
the carbonic acid predominating effectually in that parti-

98

cular. To know the animals that are thus found as it were
petrified may not seem at all the province of the minera-
logist, nor is it perhaps strictly necessary; vet it is conve-
nient to have such information, as it may be sometimes of
great importance; and it must appear remarkable to all, that
although the petrified remains of other animals are very uni-
versal, yet those of our own species are never found. The
effects of the change in the Echinus are remarkable, as it
appears to be extremely gentle; for the parts of the shells
which are of a delicate structure, and are easily separated in
common decay, are often very little disturbed by the changes
of the animal substance. The animal parts, exclusive of
the Carbonate of Lime, must pass away, while Carbonate
of Lime, or Flint, is filling up the vacancy.

This species of Echinus is either a new one, or a variety
of Echinus Cidaris of British Miscellany, and was sent to
me from Queensford by my kind friend T. Mead, Esq.
The soil in which it was found is a chalky marle.

TAB. oe

Tue apparent loss of the animals in these Ecchi is as yet
unaccounted for, and an immense quantity must have been
Jost to our view; although, on the examination or analysis
of Earths, the animal substances have never been discovered.
Mineralogists have indeed Jately discovered alkalz in some
Basalts, &c. which was always supposed to belong to the

vegetable kingdom. This specimen was found in a chalky

LEZ

Del 2605. PeBlyped By Jas Sowerty, Londo:

99

rock at Saffron Walden by my friend Thomas Walford,
Esq. We have the spines from various places. Its great
curiosity is, that the shell part is extremely perfect as a
Carbonate of Lime, although filled up with Flint; which has
scarcely disturbed it, notwithstanding its having overflowed
as it were at both ends. This is also said te be a variety of
the Echinus Cidaris; to which we do not readily assent.
P. Rashleigh, Esq. has figured another species, Echinus
circinatus, under similar circumstances; which not being
uncommon, serves well to show that nature performs the
same offices by similar means in various places; and, as
Mr. Rashleigh observes, its particular structure will point
out to the theorist that it is not the immediate effect of fire,
in the common acceptation of that term, but, with the aid
of other principles, modifying the operation so as to give

another idea.

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101

EAB.) CLIT

PLUMBUM carbonatum primitivum.
Primitive Crystallized Carbonate of Lead.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 15. Lead. Spec. 4. Carbonate of Lead.

Div. 1. Crystallized.
EEE

"Tus specimen is a great curiosity, as it does not seem to
aye been before known that Carbonate of Lead crystallized
in rhomboidal prisms. Hatiy seemed to think the octaédron
to be the primitive figure; indeed we have been able in
some specimens to trace all but four of his fractures ; this
however appears to be preferable, as it bears some analogy
to Sulphate of Barytes, which has a rhomboidal primitive
only differing in ‘the angles, otherwise often producing
similar modifications, which vary according to the nature
of the substance. The angles of this rhomboidal prism are
76° and 104°; the laminz are very distinct on all the faces.
Carbonate of Lead, when we find it so nearly resembling
this substance, may soon be discovered by the help of the
blowpipe in procuring a little globule of Lead from it on
Charcoal. They both form a nearly opaque glass ; but if
the heat is continued, the one will of course be reduced to
Lead, and the other will remain unaltered.

VOL, II. K

102

TAB. CLIV.

PLUMBUM carbonatum octaedrum.
Octaédral Carbonate of Lead.

eee fe

We are indebted for the present specimen to James
Brodie, Esq., who. brought it from Stolfield near Lossie
Mouth, Elginshire, from an estate of Johu Brander, Esq. It
is curious for having an octaédral crystal nearly resembling,
at first sight, the secondary one figured by Haiiy, pl. 67.
Jig. 46. There are the four faces of the primitive octa-
édron as mentioned by Haiiy, fig. 45. M: See the trapezoidal
faces. It has also four triangular faces agreeing with y of
g. 50.— Haiiy.

This specimen is an example of a hard flinty rock holding
Galszena or common Lead ore, sufficiently good to tempt
the miner; but the hardness of the rock is an obstacle not
easily overcome without an amazing expense. In these
improved times, however, I should think this difficulty
less considerable than formerly, if the ore is suffi-
ciently abundant. There is perhaps an additional hope to
the owner that he may not be aware of, which is, that
Phosphate and Carbonate of Lead accompany the Galzena ;
and where these are, the rock is fissile, and more easily ac-
cessible. The situation, as to distance of fuel and conve-

niences for smelting, is certainly to be considered.

; toa
Feb 2.t60s. Publi ped by Je Sowertp, Londo

LE4-

103

TAs OLN.

PLUMBUM carbonatum.
Straw-like Carbonate of Lead.

Div. 2. Imitative.

Syn. Plomb carbonaté aciculaire. Hauy, 3. 483.
a EEE

Carzonate of Lead in spicule is found in some parts
of Cornwall, Devonshire, Somersetshire, the county of
Durham and other places where Lead ores are found, but
the richest specimens are found at Wanlockhead in Scotland,
The present specimen is an extremely irregular bundle of
fibrous crystals, many of them nearly tubular, curiously
formed among ochre which gives it an odd appearance.
The spiculz are chiefly formed into irregular columns,
something like short pieces of straw. It is upon an Ar-
gillaceous Iron Stone with thin veins of Quartz.

Mr. Laing, from whom we had this, has a specimen
with similar crystals seven inches in length, five in breadth,
and four in thickness. The crystals are in similar groups,
but cemented by amorphous Carbonate of Lead. The
entire specimen is of a pure silky white colour. Large
as this specimen is, the crystals are not greater than in

the one figured.

‘owerby, Lordor.

y Jar S

UBlif hed EB;

2

LEBI2 2865.

105

TAB. CLVI.

ZINCUM oxygenizatum.
Crystallized Owide of Zine.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 6. Zincum. Spec. 1. Oxygenizatum.

Gein. Cuar. Light gray, ductile, brittle. Fracture
foliated, brilliant; easily fusible, burning with a
green flame and soluble in acids.

Spec. CHar. Zinc in combination with Oxygen.

Syn. Zinc, mineralized by Oxygen. Aurw. 2. 233.

Galmei. Emmerl. 2. 454.

Zinc oxydé. Hauy, 4.159.

Calamine, ou Pierre Calaminaire. De Lisle,
Boullee/o

Havine figured Blende or Sulphuret of Zinc, tab. 74 and
75, we are glad to add perfect crystals of the Oxide of Zinc.
It was sent by Earl Ferrers, from his mines in Leicester-
shire, to Miss Codrington, and enriched that Lady’s collec-
tion of minerals, who discovered these beautiful crystals.
It is the only specimen that has yet been noticed ; and we
cannot help mentioning that lady’s generosity in allowing —
us to examine it with every freedom. I thought it of much
use to figure and describe it as well as was practicable from
the little that can be spared from the specimen, which alto-
gether does not contain more than a grain or two at the
most. It consists of beautiful topaze-coloured crystals
dispersed about the specimen, some of which are too small

106

to be seen without the help of a lens: others, however, may
be seen without one, three in particular, as figured. Hi-
therto crystals of Oxide of Zinc have been but little noticed
in Great Britain. Mr. Smithson, in Phil. Trans. for the
year 1803, part i. 17. after speaking of a yellowish Calamine
from Derbyshire not electric, says of Electric Calamine—
“* that the Abbé Haity has considered this kind as differing
from the other Calamines only in the circumstance of being
in distinct crystals; but it has already appeared, in the
instance of the Derbyshire Calamine, that all the crystals
are not electric by heat, and hence, that it is not merely
to its being in this state that this species owes the above
quality. And the following experiments on some crystals
of electric Calamine from Regbania in Hungary, can leave
no doubt of its being a combination of Calx of Zine with
Quartz; since the quantity of Quartz obtained, and the
perfect regularity and transparency of these crystals, make
it impossible to suppose it a foreign admixture of them.
They were not scratched by a pin; a knife marked them.

“* According to Pelletier’s* experiments on the Calamine
of Fribourg in Brisgaw, which is undoubtedly of this
species, its composition is:

Ouarizy. en OL oO

Calx of Zinc . 0°38
Water . . s*0le

1°00

and according to his own experiments :
Ouartz 2°. « 0°250
Calx of Zinc . 0°683
Water ov fe ten MOO 4e:
MOSS. in ocuce: csp ROROS

1°0C0

* Journal de Physique, vol. 20, 434.

107

‘© The water, he observes, is most probably not essential ;
and in that case, from his experiments, it would be :
Quartz Teepe) wou 02261
Oxide of Zinc . 0.739

—_—=

1°000

—————s

‘‘He also says he has found this species of Calamine
among the productions of Derbyshire in small brown
crystals, &c.; and their form seems, as far as minuteness
and compression together will allow of judging, nearly or
quite the same as those of Regbania; and the least atom of
them on being heated immediately evinces their nature by
the strong electricity it acquires. On their solution in
acids they leave Quartz.”’

When we first looked at this specimen, not having seen
such before, we did not know what it was; but on trial
with the blowpipe, as it passed into flocculi and dissipated,
we soon determined it; nor did we consult any author,
until we had made sketches of the crystals, when we were
not a little pleased to find our observations agree with those
of others as to the form of them. There are some additional
facets not mentioned in Haiiy, which, although very
minute, were sharp enough to be discerned. It is very
curious to see a small portion gently warmed, how readily it
attracts a few scrapings of paper which cling to it for some
time.

These little elegant crystals stand on a gangue of red
Sulphate of Barytes crystallized on the surface in little
plates of a pinkish colour, modified something like tal. 96,
bottom figure. There are some blotches of marle mixed
with the gangue. We also find, on the surface, Sulphuret
of Zinc and Sulphuret of Copper in somewhat irregular
groups of crystals ; the first of a gray colour, the latter of
a golden hue, and almost in tetraédrons. There are some
nearly metastatic crystals of Carbonate of Lime, and a few
crystals of Galena.

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Fe.

109

TAB. CLVII.

SILEX Quartzum; var. Jaspis.
Quartz-Jasper.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 4, Silex. . Spec. 1. Pure.

Div. 3. Amorphous,
Syn. Quartz-Jaspe. Haitiy, 2. 435.

~ Gemeiner Jaspis. Emmerl. 1. 243.
Jasper. Kirw. 1. 309.

Some Jasper has the appearance of a ribband, and is called
Ribband or Band Jasper. Either term is intelligible, and
may answer the purpose well enough as to this part of the
character, although it may with much propriety be called
Stratified. Jasper is nearly allied to flint approaching
hornstone, having rather a horny appearance. It is an im-
pure amorphous Quartz, somewhat altered by a mixture of

Argilla*. Its fracture is smooth, conchoidal or bluntish,

* Porcelain Jasper is said to contain:
Silica meme iOOrlo:

Argilla . . . 27-25
Magnesia . . 3:00
Oxide of Iron . 2°50
Potash .. - 366

ee

95°216

110

splintery, very little translucent at the edges. It is rather
tougher but scarcely harder than flint. It occurs in
many varieties, and is often marked with darker and lighter
stripes, but seldom very bright. Dull green is perhaps
most frequent. The present figure exhibits a very distinct
neatly striped vein in part of a variegated rock composed of
Quartz, &c., and there are smail threads in little veins
passing irregularly from it. It was picked up on the coast
of Airshire, and is in the possession of my friend Mr. Laing
of Edinburgh.

I have pieces of large masses of Jaspér striped or co-
loured nearly in the same way, from the shores of Scotland.
Jasper was formerly much used for large trinkets, &c., as

it takes a good polish.

Feb, 2.2805. Lub lied

by Jal Sowerby. London.

258

111

TAB. CLVIII.

PLUMBUM pbhosphatum.
Phosphate of Lead.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 14. Plumbum. Spec. 2. Phosphatum.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

WE have already figured Phosphate of Lead, éal. 84.
of the present work. These beautiful little specimens show
the yellow and orange varieties, and two different modifi-
cations of the crystals, one bevilled on the horizontal edges
of the column (see the right hand figure), the other
rounded on the same edges, approaching such as form
spiculze, and is as it were formed of spiculz, side by side, by
which we see an example of crystals forming of spiculz or
lengthening in their modifications by spicula; which often
happens, according to circumstances, as other substances
do in plates, as has been most commonly observed. These

specimens came from Wanlockhead by favour of G. Laing,
Esq.

ie

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eb. 2.205, Publifped by Jal Sowerby, London:

1138

TAB. CLIX.

CALX Carbonata.
Crystallized Carbonate of Lame.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 3. Lime. Spec. 5. Carbonate of Lime.

‘Tuis curious specimen is from Wanlockhead in Scotland.
Besides the whole group being formed like a cone, the in-
dividuals are a curious crystallization with a three-sided
column somewhat rounding and truncated at the apex, and
a central depression. The sides of the column are again
divided into four facets, better understood by the figure
than by description. The apex is formed of a six-sided
facet.

We thought it somewhat resembled the hard Carbonate
of Lime; but the fracture and its softness give evident
proofs of the contrary. We do not know that this modi-
fication is to be found in any cabinet but in that of
Mr. Laing, which contains the specimen here figured. It
is formed as it were from the edges of the nucleus or pri-
mitiye rhomb, with the obtuse angle upwards; the laminze
decrease less than in the metastatic, and consequently form
a longer pyramid, which, as it is inclined to be round-

ing, cannot be measured. The truncations nearly on the

114

column and those on the pyramid give it an odd appearance,
more especially that on the apex, which has-a rising margin.
The order of formation from regular nuclei shows how
much variety nature is capable of producing by the most
simple means.

The specimen is a little coloured towards the bottom
with ochraceous Oxide of Iron, and in some parts are a

few blotches of decomposing Pyrites.

eye iy earn ees

Seine

+75) (og einen,
hore eee:

Raceteti 5

é EI Sie".

TAB. CLX.

SILEX Quartzum ; var.
Quartz, or Agate.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 4. Silex. Spec. 1. Quartzum.

Div. 2. Imitative.

Tue river Tay in Perthshire, as well as other parts of
Scotland, affords many beautiful pebbles, with circles and
centres with more or less of the appearance of eyes, &c.
The upper one has been cut for ornament, and was a present
from Lady Wilson to her daughter Lady Arden. The lower
specimen came from the Tay above mentioned, and was
lent me by my friend G. Laing, Esq. These pebbles ap-
pear to be formed in the rocks in short stalactites forming
in coats, which being more or less coloured by Oxide of
Tron, form stripes or circles, &c.; the outside rather
knobby. This the lapidaries have taken advantage of, as is
seen in these pebbles, and it assists in the disposition of
the colours. Much seems to depend upon Quartz, Alu-
mine and Iron to increase the beauties of this stone,
forming in it Jasper, Agate, Cornelian, &c., so arranged
in one stone as to give it variety and beauty*. The parts
with greenish specks, which are magnified a little at the
bottom, are more porous than the rest, apparently filled
with Chlorite.

* The red circles are often specks of red in transparent Quartz.

AN gene ey

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lowerhy, London,

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v7.

tb

117

TAB. CLXL.

SILEX analcimus primitivus.

Cubical Analcime.

eee aoe
Class 2. Earth. Order 1. Homogeneaus.
Gen. 4. Silex. Spec. Analcime.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

Atuoucs the Cubic Analcime of Haiiy, or what is still
by some called Cubic Zeolite, is not rare in some parts of
Ireland, especially among basaltic rocks, yet we have had
very little account of it. The present specimens were
sent me by favour of my friend Mr. Templeton, F. L. S.,
of Belfast, and were gathered at Cave Hill, near that
place. Haiiy distinguishes this fossil as having fractures
on the six faces*, or in three directions only; but these
specimens are not always easily procured. It is, however,
sufficiently distinct from Fluor by its superior hardness,
easy fusion into a transparent white glass without ebulli-
tion, and want of phosphorescence; having indeed all the
characters of tal. 59, except as to form. I have met
with impressions of this with other Analcime, as well as
small crystals imbedded in the radiated Analcime, or what
is by some called radiated Zeolite, in the holes of Basaltic
Trap, if I may so call it, for it certainly is not Lava, with
which this sort of Trap has been confounded. I hope soon

* Those of the cube.
VOL. Il. L

118

to find an opportunity of explaining the nature of Basalt
and Volcanic Trap, which has caused so much argument
amongst men of science as to its nature and origin.

The upper specimen shows an almost independent largish
crystal.

The lower specimen is a considerable group of small
crystals, with sometimes curved or concave faces, marked
with diagonal striz :—see the lateral magnified figure.

This substance in these shapes occurs in many parts
abroad, as well as in Scotland; but I do not know that it
has been mentioned as found in Ireland till now.

Gori 2.1806. Publithed by Jat Sowerby, London:

162

119

TAB. CLXII.

FERRUM sulphureum ; var.
Hair-like Pyrites, or Sulphuret of Iron.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 8. Iron. Spec. 5. Sulphuret.

Dw. 2. Imitative.

Turs beautiful specimen was found many years ago in the
magnificent Lime Quarries of Lord Elgin, at Broomhall in
Fifeshire, and is the only one of the kind which has been
discovered.

The specimen is in the possession of my kind friend
Robert Ferguson, Esq., who was so good as to send it
from Scotland for me to delineate. The appearance of so
many radiating, straight, bristle-like forms has a re-
markable effect, and is very striking. Although they are
extremely attenuated, they seem to be square, and are
probably elongated octaédrons. Their passing through and
among the Pearlspar* so uninterruptedly is worthy of
notice, and will give us reason to believe that both sub-
stances settled from their solvents at the same time, or
nearly so, without disturbing each other. They are both
upon shelly grayish Lime Stone. It is with much pleasure
that I introduce this as a British specimen, as it is not at all
generally known to be found any where but at Joachimsthal
in Bohemia, and even there very seldom.

* See tab. 19.

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121

TAB. CLXITII.

SILEX quartzum; var. ligniformis.
Wood-like Quartz, or Petrified Wood.

Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 4. Silex. Spec. 1. Quartzum.

Div, 2. Imitative.

LEE EEE

Perrirtep Wood is by no means uncommon. It is,
however, equally curious with many rarities, in showing
some of the phenomena of the creation. Thus we find,
when one substance passes away, another takes its place.
This is an excellent evidence that when one substance passes
to decay it forms and organizes others. The water that
once assisted in the rise and flourishing verdure of the
wood when in youth and health, now, in decay, helps to
introduce a new substance in its place, and with such
nicety that it is quite a deception. The colour and ex-
ternal appearance are still the same, although turned to
stone; and the parts of the Wood, Hydrogen and Car-
bonic Acid are now evaporated.

This specimen was brought from Fonthill in Wiltshire
by A. B. Lambert, Esq., V. P.L.S. It was eighteen
inches in length, and twelve inches in circumference, and
is one of the best specimens I have seen to show the nature
of the change of place, viz. the Silex replacing the carbo-
naceous principle of the wood; the Silex in solution, as it
were, taking place of the former substance particle by par-
ticle. It is admirable to see the longitudinal and lateral fibres

WZ

so perfectly arranged and coloured, with so little disturb-
ance, that the very cracks and broken parts are detected
with the utmost precision. Possibly the Oxide of Iron, or
colouring substance, does not evaporate with the other prin-
ciples: thus the colour of the parts is identically preserved.
The specimen is externally somewhat granular, with the
appearance of a fine-grained compact Sandstone, more
dense in the centre, resembling Flint, and in some parts
almost Opal *. '

I have received specimens of this nature from Ireland,
through the kindness of Dr. Scott and Mr. Templeton,
and from Warwickshire by favour of Lady Aylesford,
variously stained, and otherwise acted upon in the same
piece, showing that the Wood had been more or less de-
composed, or was decomposing in different parts, before
the metamorphosis had taken place. Since the above was
written His Grace the Duke of Bedford has favoured me
with a curious and interesting piece of Petrified Wood,
from Aspley, which has the hollows left by some insect
very perfect. A most remarkable specimen of this kind, is
described in Dr. Smith’s Tour on the Continent, v. 3. 113.

* Wood wholly opalized is sometimes found.

TABS (CEx Ly:

Tue former specimen is externally very much allied to a
Sandstone, although somewhat more condensed in the -
middle ot centre; which often happens. The upper speci-
men in this plate is part of a piece found in Fleet-street in

Biifned Bt Jar Sowerby, London

P,
£

_ Apri 226206.

123

repairing the sewer there, and was given me by Thomas
Furley Forster, Esq., F.L.S. It was very loose in the outer
texture, and is quite solid within, losing the appearance of
Wood, having the hardness and fracture of Flint, with a
colour like that of Wood. It is stained black in some
parts, having the appearance of burnt Wood. In this
specimen we can scarcely determine whether it had been
scorched or blackened by artificial fire, (as is sometimes
done with Wood to give durability, and to prevent its
rotting,) or by a natural process, more gentle. The piece
figured below came from Derbyshire by favour of Mr.
Martin, and is nearly black all over, excepting the outside,
where it seems the bark may have covered it. This black-
ness gives it the appearance of having been charred by fire ;
but fire in the usual way must have affected the outside by
stains or smoke, &c.: this therefore is an extraordinary
appearance, and difficult to be accounted for with certainty.
It is however to be seen, in some specimens which I possess,
that the charring process may be effected by the natural pro-
gress or decomposition, which is continually seen to take
place as far as our limits extend, and all over the surface of
the globe. The Silex in this specimen, by attempting to
crystallize, has rendered it somewhat granular, and has
in some measure destroyed the finer and more delicate parts
of the Wood.

I do not at present hazard a conjecture about what kinds
of Woods these are. I have had many opinions from good
judges about them; but must wait for further experience
and more varieties. The remains of petrified woods, im-
pressions of plants, &c. in different states are very uni-
versal. In coal-countries, and sometimes in other places,
the Carbon and Bitumen often pass into Coal, or new com-
binations under the influence of their particular situations.

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Sor LL 1B06. Publjped 2y- Jat Sowerky, London:

125

TAB. CLXV.

FERRUM Scheelatum.
Scheelate of Iron, or Wolfram.

Syn. Wolfram. De Lisle, é. ii. 311. and i. 262.
Scheelin ferruginé. Hazy.

Tus substance had long retained the German name of
Wolfram, although mineralogists were much divided about
what class to refer it to, until Scheele had discovered
Tungsten. It is found in tolerable quantity in Cornwall,
and is said to be mostly found in Tin-Countries. We, how-
ever, have specimens from the Isle of Man by favour of
His Grace the Duke of Athol, and Lord James Murray.
I understand that Tin has formerly been known there.
Much Spathose Iron Ore has been found there, very much
of the same nature and kind as that figured in tab. 53. of
this work.

The present specimen was the gift of my good friend
P. Rashleigh, Esq., often mentioned in this work, and
is of the more consequence as it is in some parts crystal-
lized, so as to allow me to describe the form of its crystals,
and in which state it is rarely seen.

The primitive crystal is a cube which may be fractured —
parallel to one of its faces, commonly with great ease, and
parallel to another with some difficulty; but in the direc-
tion of the third with much irregularity. The crystals on
the upper specimen are so small that they cannot be under-
stood without the help of a lens. It is accordingly repre-

126

sented by an outline on the left hand of the plate to show
its modification, and another more complicated on the
right. By examining these it will be found that they mo-
dify principally on one side of the crystal, leaving the other
sometimes unchanged. The right hand one is more com-
pound than any of Haiiy’s crystals.

The lower specimen has part of a pyramidal face exposed,
and the plated fracture is very distinct as well as the shining
lustre of the surface: this somewhat resembles the specimen
from the Isle of Man, and is the most usual form of large
ones.

‘ -s
ee 2 %

TAB. CLXVI.

Tue rarity of this substance in determined crystals, espe-
cially in Great Britain, is a sufficient excuse for figuring a
specimen of the present appearance, which has no preten-
sion at first sight to value. Experience, however, has
shown us that in some things that rarely crystallize a
characteristic specimen is a tolerable prize. The present
has some small but determined crystals when examined
carefully with a lens, and the little middle figure is a sin-
gular formation of hexangular plates, which being deposited
at the lower part regularly in equal-sized plates, form an
hexaédral column. Those immediately above the column,
diminishing by degrees, form part of a pyramid; and a few
plates of a little larger dimensions, hanging slightly over
at the apex, seem to explain by this small irregularity, that
the plates formed before they were deposited. The lower
middle outline explains the primitive rectangular figure, and

Apri 1. 2600. Psi hed By Jas Sowerby, Londir:

127

the accumulation on the sides, forming the hexaédral plates.
The right hand geometrical figure shows the rectangular
primitive or cubic form within the column, which by a little
thought may by a tyro be comprehended as the primitive
form that accumulates to that of the left hand figure. The
hexangular column has four angles of 121° and two of 118°.
The gangue is composed of Chlorite, Quartz, Oxide of
Tin, and Arsenical Iron, or Mispickel. The specimen
comes from Cornwall.

Tungstate of Iron has not, that I know of, been found
otherwise than crystallized, although the crystals are almost
always interrupted. It may be known from most other
substances by its peculiar fracture, which in the tabular
crystals is perpendicular to their larger faces. It may be
scraped by a knife, giving a chocolate brown powder.

ope eben
TlQRRIINr SA) aurora: wis) ‘ Saab mg 2 trl
;

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129

TAB. CLXVII.

MANGANESIUM oxygenizatum.
Oxide of Manganese.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 5. Manganese. Spec. 2. Oxide of.

Div. 3. Amorphous.
et

Iw tal. 86. of this work we have figured a rare specimen of
Oxide of Manganese in columnar crystals. The present
amorphous specimen is curious on account of the variety
which it exhibits. It is supposed to be mostly Oxide of
Manganese in different states, white, brown, and black ;
and the manner of its mixture adds to its beauty. The
specimen is in the possession of Mr. Rashleigh, who re-
ceived it from Devonshire. I have been favoured with
specimens of red Manganese from the same place, where
there is a great variety. Besides Oxide of Manganese this
specimen contains in the whiter parts a tolerable proportion
of Carbonate of Lime, which in some is crystallized like

Pearl Spar, tal. 19.

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131

TAB. CLXVIII.

CUPRUM arseniatum.
Arseniate of Copper.

Class 3. Metals. Order 1. Homogeneous,
Gen. 10. Copper. Spec. 8. Arseniate of.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

Syn. Arseniateof Copper. Bourn. Phil. Trans. 1801.

Tus is the third variety of Arseniate of Copper, which the
Count de Bournon calls the acute octaédron, in which the
more inclined planes meet at an angle of 84°, and the others
at an angle of 68°. The first variety or obtuse octaédron is
figured in fab. 31. and 32., and the second variety in
hexaédral plates tal. 37. The present is mostly of a darker
colour than the others, and is commonly of a bottle-green
as it is called, viz. a dark blackish green. Like many
other crystallizations it is somewhat rounding, but mostly
with concave faces, which are here noticed in the geome-
trical figure as well as the straighter one, and also the
manner of the elongation of the octaédron towards form-
ing a prism, which it often assumes by being placed on
one end; thus at first sight giving a new idea, and form-
ing a four-sided prism with a diédral summit.

By the analysis of Mr. Chenevix, this species is found to
contain,
Oxide‘of Copper.) 52>. | 60
Arsenic Acid’ 22s me t3or7

TAB. CLXIX.

Iw describing the crystals on this specimen I may use the
words of Count Bournon, who, after speaking of the
elongated octaédron of the former table, says, “ The angles
of 96° are replaced by a plane which is equally inclined on
the adjacent sides, and is frequently very broad. Then
the tetraédral prism is changed into a flat hexaédral prism
having two angles of 84°, and the others of 138°.” The
Count never saw the angles of 84° replaced. ‘¢ The average
specific gravity of this Arseniate of Copper taken on five

pure pieces was 4°280.”

TAB. CLXX.

Mk. rasuieicH, with his usual ardour for the promotion
of science, sent me the present specimen of Arseniate of
Copper. It has the appearance of cubic crystals of Arseniate
of Iron on the apex or ends of the radii of Wood Copper.
However, a good crystallographer may find out the real con-
formation ; and as it is truly curious and instructive, we
were pleased to have such a specimen come under our in-
spection, that it may be understood hereafter. The two

preceding Tables show the nature of this modification, and

tT

AN Ua SS é,

Junet, 1606, PuBij{pel ty JeZ Sowsty, London,

Apri 2.1806. Lubby/p ea by /

133

it is only a series of radiating, or partly radiating crystals,
which crowd together wedge-like, as happens with cal-
careous Spar, terminating with octaédrons so crowded as
to show in general only as much as resembles the sides of
a cube placed obliquely with the edge upwards: see the
left hand figure. The other outlines show how it accords
with the modification of the preceding figures.

There is a tendency to a concave formation of the faces
which belongs to this ectaédron, and often may be seen in
cubes of Arseniate of Iron, tal. 87: it in some measure
aids the deception, The Arseniate of Iron is generally of
a yellow-green.

The Arseniate of Copper in these three tables rests upon
Quartz in part crystallized, but chiefly in broken fragments

mixed with Oxide of Iron.

VOL. II. M

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TAB. CUXXIT.
FERRUM Sulphuretum,
Sulphuret of Iron, or Iron Pyrites.

Div. 2. Imitative.

Miuyerats are necessarily Jessons of the changes on the
terraqueous globe. “Tie present specimen shows the cast
of an Anomia surrounded’ by Pyrites, and the place for-
merly occupied by the shell remains nearly emptv. It is
extremely curious, that the Pyrites, in solution, should
have formed the cast and enclosed the whole, and by some
agent afterwards the shell should have been dissolved.
Lord Altamont’s finding Gypsum enclosed in Pyrites (and
I have myself found it occasionally since) would, perhaps,
account for this, if we had found Gypswm in the place
where the shell had been, or near it ; for the sulphur in an
acidulous state might have combined with the lime.

We are obliged to Mr. Weeks, of Hurst Pierpoint, for
this specimen, gathered by himself in that neighbourhood,

curious for many interesting fossil productions.

me ra

Af
Jaret 2806. Pubiyhed By Jas Sowerby, Lender 3

TAB. CLXXIT.

BARYTES sulphata ; var. stellata.
Stellate Sulphate of Barytes.

Div. 2. Imitative.

Syn. White semi-pellucid Spar. Woodward, 88.
spec. a. 16.
Starred waxen-vein. Grew’s Museum, p. 312.
Lepastrum. ill. p. 146. tab. 2. spec. 1. 2.

Tus substance was once taken for Gypsum, or Sulphate
of Lime; but is since found to be Sulphate of Barytes. To
those that examine the crystallization it will be easier di-
stinguishable, than by any other external character that we
know of.

These varieties of Sulphate of Barytes are chiefly found on
the western side of the island of Sheepy, in Kent; and we
do not know them to have been found so perfect elsewhere
in England, or in any other country. The marley cliffs of
that place, perhaps raised by the deluge, and full of a great
variety of antediluvian relics, have been for years falling
down in small or large masses.. snd from these cliffs are
to be seen lumps of marle from the size of an ostrich egg *
to several feet in diameter; in which these Sulphates of
Barytes are concealed till the masses fall or break to pieces

* Those about this size are sometimes called sea eggs by some of the
guides ; and when the divisions are lined with the yellower carbonate of
lime, they have a more apt resemblance to eggs.

138

on the shore, or are broken (as they often are) on purpose
for examination. The larger lumps (commonly called Sep-
taria, and formerly Ludus Helmontii*) most generally con-
tain them in greatest perfection among the divisions or sort
of cracks in the insides.

The upper figure is prettily relieved by the delicate yellow
carbonate of lime, or waxen vein, as it 1s commonly called,
which fills up the divisions, and the Lepastri are generally
fixed on the calcareous partitions, which are often crystal-
lized, varying in colour, thickness, and number of coats.
This specimen is remarkable for having a star on the side,
placed immediately on the argillaceous marle, which is re-
presented divided by the carbonate of lime.

TAB. CLXXII.

Tue Lepastri vary in general form, but not much in their
crystallization ; that is to say, they vary in the height,
largeness, and spreading of the group. Thus there are four
the most general appearances of these aggregated stelle,
which are perhaps sufficiently described by the figures. It
may however be observed, that the ends of the crystals
generally incline downwards ; indeed they are rarely other-
wise f.

‘The piece of Sepéariwm is covered with two coats in this
specimen, as well as the last, but is of the more usual co-
lour. The coat on the left hand side appears to be just

forming.
* Of which we shall speak more at large in another place.

+ We shall explain the crystallization with some larger varieties of Sul-

phate of Barytes shortly.

L173

Jwre2. 2806. Lutifped By Jas Si owerby, London,

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139

TAB. CLXXIV.

CALX carbonata; var. radiata.
Madreporite ? or Radiated Carbonate of Lime.

Div. 2. Imitative.

Syn. Madrepor-stein. Journal des Mines, n. 47.
p. 831.
Madreporite. Hazy, 4. 378.

Wuen I gathered this specimen, which seemed to have
fallen from the rock at Bow-and-Arrow Castle, on the Isle
of Portland, I was instigated to keep it as of an uncommon
construction, to serve as a memorandum of the place, and
to recall to my memory the nature of that part of my ex-
- cursion. This sort of relic, though sometimes not very
handsome, is nevertheless pleasing; and it is a continual
enjoyment of a pleasure to be reminded of it.

This has been rendered of more consequence, since it is
a curious example of the utility of the knowledge of crys-
tallization, which in this case distinguishes it from a coral ;
and might have made the substance called Madreporite
better understood. It is said, “ the Madreporite belonging
to the class of calcareous stones, found by M. de Mollé
some years ago at Russbachthall, in the county of Salz-
bourg, is a stone of transportation. Some specimens
weigh from twenty to thirty pounds.”

‘¢ Externally it resembles Basaltes, so much, that some
Mineralogists considered it to be the same; others believed

140

that it was produced from Madrepores; but it discovers no
certain characters of a primitive organic formation: be-
sides, it has so great a resemblance to the real Madrepores,
that it has thence borrowed its name. It is of a gray co-
lour, composed of divergent prisms, brilliant on their trans-
verse fracture, and of a black and duller colour on the
longitudinal fracture. The fracture exhibits a tissue of
small bent laminz ; it is entirely opaque, brittle, rough to
the touch, and of moderate hardness; the intervals be-
tween the bundles which compose it are in part filled with
small white leaves of Calcareous Spar.”

There are three or four analyses of this substance. Ac-
cording to Mollé, a hundred grains of it contain,

Lime.. ee ee ee ee 63 +
iAlumimes ot ieee oO eee

Iron.. ee ee ee QO MO) cee

Analysed by Klaproth, it was found to contain,

Carbonate of Mimevy.)) 2.6. 1.22 sew sic, 93500
Magnesiays. ) -. /.,\:0 0 20
Iron.. Sat esoh theie bade ue elmer
Charcoal 5 oo sto 0" vey. oak Meee ane ee ORO

Sandy iolex ccs ic). fo aly Ute y neice ms
An atom of Oxide of Manganese .. .. .. .«

99 75

Haiiy’s experience gave him reason to think himself
satisfied that this substance, which has been made so con-
spicuous, is a Carbonate of Lime; and my specimen 1s 4
confirmation of this opinion, being certainly nearly the
same thing; but now the improved knowledge in crystal-
lography helps us more readily to decide it. Like the Madre-
porite, at first sight it looks like Basalt, and somewhat re-

141

sembles a Coral, or Madrepore, and shines on the trans-
verse fracture ; viz. on the faces of the primitive rhomb
which discover it: indeed, we know of nothing in the de-
scription that-does not sufficiently accord with ours. The
small bent lamine are a consequence of the radiation—see
tal. 131. This is an example of one of the dullest speci-
mens of Carbonate of Lime of the crystallized and divergent
kind, dulled with adventitious matter: thence the variations
of the analysis.

“i a noon

Peat
oe at

at

Senet. 06. Lub by hed By Jat Sowerby, London

143

TAB, CLXXV.

CALX carbonata; var. inversa.
Inverted Carbonate of Lime.

Div. 2. Crystallized; var. inverted rhomb.
2

Wauerz there is much Carbonate of Lime, as at Portland
Island, there may be expected much variety. Thus there
are some varieties of that sort used for building, see /ab. 8 ;
and also some of the crystallized, see tal. 143, 144. As
well as ¢al. 174, the present specimen is rather a whim-
sical one, showing how nature sports, yet conformable to
a certain regularity.

The last aggregation of molecules had apparently formed
nuclei of inverted rhombs, arranging themselves something
like an inverted pyramid—see left hand figure, tab. 174.
The present specimen has a great variety of three-sided
pyramids, nearly regular, or with prominent sides, (see the
left hand lower figure,) and consequently concave faces,
(see the right hand figure,) and with various kinds of

bases, as in the other separate figures.

rs Leone penn
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L176

JarneL 1806. Lubizxhed By Jal Sowerty, London.

TAB. CLXXVI.

PLUMBUM sulphureum.
Sulphuret of Lead.

Div. 1. Crystallized; var. Cubo-octaédron compressed and
mackled. ie

We have exhibited the primitive cubic crystals of this
substance, tal. 24. It is not rare to see the corners trun-
cated, which are the faces of the octaédron ; thus it passes
to what has been called the cubo-octaédron—see the de-
scription, and ¢al. 99. It has been lately observed, that
Sulphuret of Lead, or Galena, has rarely been found in six-
sided tables ; and those who have the few so found, think
much of them on that account; and it is certainly a cu-
riosity, when we see a substance so decidedly fracturing in
cubes to find it forming the octaédron, which it often ap-
proaches, and sometimes does most perfectly—that a com-
bination of these forms should be deposited, and at the
same time with two of the faces much broader than the
rest, or other twelve; viz. six hexangular faces of the oc-
taédron, and six rectangular faces of the cube—see the
middle geometrical figure: that these should again be so
deposited in crystallizing, as for two to meet with two of
the broader faces as a basis to each, of the nature of that of
the mackle, tab. 33; and like that they will meet at oppo-
site angles, as if turned on an axis. Thus the six-sided

146

faces of the octaédral formation, and the right-angled ones
of the cube formation, may meet opposite, as at the right
hand figure, or alternate, as on the left hand figure.

The upper figure is from a specimen in the Marchioness
of Bath’s cabinet, and contains most of these ‘modifica-
tions. The lower one is from a specimen in my own col-
lection. They both came from Derbyshire some time since,
and are the only British ones we know of.

es

Arigh 1. 1806 Publifhed by Ja! Sowerky, Lander.

Iie

147

TAB. CLXXVHII.

CALX _ carbonata.
Carbonate of Lime.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

Tue hills of Pentland, near Edinburgh, are famous for
- Petunse*, and much variety in Mineralogy; also for Agates
and other Pebbles. I am obliged to Mr. Jackson, who was
botanizing in that neighbourhood, for this specimen; for,
although he does not study mineralogy, he was struck by
the singular appearance of this stone when he picked it up,
and the regular formation of the Carbonate of Lime placed
so distinctly within the hollow is certainly worthy of no-
tice; for we know of no theory which satisfactorily accounts
for such a formation. The surrounding pinky Quartz, in
bundles of little eighteen-sided crystals, lines the cavity, and
the jasperine Quartz (if I may so call the red coat) seems
to terminate the whole pebble as it were, which is sur-
rounded by part of the rock of a brown hue, called trap,
_ In which there are smaller or larger pebbles sometimes in-
cluded, and sometimes hollows where others have been
entrapped. These hollows are sometimes coated with a
green or blue earthy substance called by some the Green
Earth of Verau, probably owing to an uncertain mixture of
Iron: this occasionally coats also the stones included. The

* An interesting substance used in porcelain.
VOL. Ii. N

148

Carbonate of Lime is composed of half of a very acute
rhomb with three largish faces of the zquiaxe, and three
smaller ones, probably belonging to the primitive rhomb:
see geometrical figure.

It is not a little singular that the like stones excluding
the trap have been found in Wiltshire at a small depth un-
der ground, of which I have obtained a specimen by favour
of the Marchioness of Bath.

This specimen, rich with information, is particularly worth
the attention as well of the novice as of the adept, con-
sidering the curious divisions of formation in the different
substances of which it is composed. The part of the rock
this came from seems to have been a mixture, as it were a
chaotic one, (if I may so term it,) appearing like the frag-
ments of various rocks that had undergone the action of
moist elements, so as to form air, and water bubbles,
which could not immediately escape. Apparently a con-
tinual deposition has taken place, more still forming, and
enclosing the preceding till the whole matter was deposited.
In the mean time each elementary substance, according to
the particular formation of its molecules, and the nature
of its nearest neighbour, formed, either by itself or into
combination. Thus the Carbonic Acid and Lime united
together, so as to construct a Crystal in the middle of this
hollow as complete as circumstances would admit of, de-
pending on the quantity of Carbonate of Lime received in
solution, perfecting some faces and depositing the other
molecules irregularly. A small tinge of Iron stained the sol-
vent, and consequently the Crystal towards the top is a
little coloured. The surrounding Quartz has also crystal-
lized under similar circumstances, and is somewhat stained
with the Oxide of Iron among the Crystals, giving this
lining a pinkish hue, which is again conspicuous at the
outer side and edge next the piece of compound rock.

Se

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178

Aug 22 2606 Lubighed. By Jas Sowerts, London:

149

TAB. CLXXVIIL.

CALX carbonata.
Fasciculated Carbonate of Lime.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

————— ee

Tuese Crystals of Carbonate of Lime, I believe, are
rather scarce. The representation of a regular Crystal so
neatly formed by a bundle of spiculz is truly curious; and
it is generally found that they have a light ochraceous or
brown tint with an opaque glaucous appearance, prettily
contrasted with the brilliancy of the Quartz on which they
lie. This is, we understand, one of the rarest of the
numerous productions of Derbyshire, and is found at a

considerable depth in the ground,

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151

TAB. CLXXIX.

FERRUM oxygenizatum. »
Oxide of Iron.

Div. 2. Imitative.

Tuts specimen, although generally speaking it might’ be
called an Heematitic Iron Ore, having most of the cha-
racters belonging to it, differs from that substance in not
being striated, and in having more of an earthy fracture ;
it however may be placed near the Hzematites. Whether it
is a cast or change after crystallization may be difficult to
determine. The lump at first looks like a globular Sulphate
of Barytes (see tab, 96.) with the plated or tabular Crystals
standing edgeways, but these are probably derived from
the decomposition of Pyrites; they are however each of
them so much blistered or covered with bubbles (see the
right hand side of the lower figure, tab. 56. a formation
common to many Heematites) that they cannot be made
out. The hollow is lined with very thin-edged, probably
tabular, Crystals, belonging to those of tal. 60. These
are covered with a dark red or somewhat crimson powdery
glimmer, sparkling like that of tab. 64. The stalk, or
lower part, seems to have been cubical Iron Pyrites: see
tab. 29 and 30, which are externally covered with bubbles.
Possibly the whole once formed a Sulphuret of Iron or
Pyrites, and having lost the Sulphur has become a mere
Oxide of Iron. Such fortuitous circumstances as this was

152

formed by, sometimes give the shapes of pears, apples, le-
mons, &c. which are as highly valued as if true petrifactions,
and are very often difficult to be accounted for, especially
by those who have not seen a series of specimens.

This specimen was found about the year 1799 neat
Staunton, about five miles from Ulverstone, Lancashire,
and in that neighbourhood smaller balls have been found
with the appearance of the inner part of this, which has
been called velvety, downy, &c.

780

t Sowerby, London.

-lugztho6 Publishd by Ja

TAB. CLXXX.

SILEX Mica.
Mica.

Gen. 4. Silex.

Syn. Mica, Muscovy Talc. Kirwan, v, 1. 210,
Mica. Hazy, v. 3. 208.
* Mica membranacea. M. laminosa, &c. Linn.
ed, 13. ft. 3: 58.
Glimmer of the Germans.

! ee

Mica, punads, or pmpis, has been long noticed as a glittering
* substance, and often serves to countenance the idea that
our streets are paved with gold and silver. It is one of
the first things that takes the attention when fragments of
the granite stones from Aberdeen are lying in our streets for
paving or building, which has been frequent since the
improvement of forming such durable stones into shape for
that purpose ; an improvement not much above half a
century old. It soon becomes as it were familiar to the
Mineralogist by its frequent occurrence ; yet there is some
confusion with regard to its identity, as it has been con-
founded with Talc: see tab. 182, 183, and 184.

The present specimen has most of the characters belong-
ing to this very curious substance; it has signs of the in-
tegrant molecule, a triédral prism, whose base is equi-
lateral, and of the rhomboidal prism formed of two of these
its primitive, with various lengthened rhomboids, hexagons,

154

&c.: see figures. It sometimes has the laminez bent. Its
lustre is of the changeable kind; the upper plates showing
the accumulated refracted silvery opacity between those
beneath, each plate being transparent if separated*. It is
flexible and elastic; the plates, when bent, will return to
their places with a considerable spring (see Lottom figure,
a plate bent thus much will return—the straight line seen
through shows its transparency): this elasticity, and its
being destitute of unctuosity, distinguish it from Talc, as
hitherto the varieties of one species have been placed among
those of the other by several mineralogists.

Muscovy Talc of the older authors is undoubtedly Mica,
so named in contradiction to Venetian Talc; which, al-
though nearly allied, is yet a distinct species, and may be
Jooked on as a good sample of Talc.

TAB. CLXXXI.

Tus specimen differs very little from the Mica from
Muscovy, which is occasionally found some feet in diameter.
Scotland and Cornwall produce it three or four inches
square, or even larger. This kind of Mica is used for lan-
terns, &c. and is very convenient for ships, as it bears the
explosion of cannon without cracking. It is however hable
to get scratched, and becomes rather opaque by heat; which
epacity is not removed by water. This substance is spoken
of as introduced into Rome in the time of Seneca to admit

* Its fine lustre we -cannot imitate without hazard of the colour
changing; we therefore must request our friends to consider the shining
parts of the plate as of a fine silvery or pearly lustre.

161

Ang rboBb.LUbisna by Ja! Sowerby, London.

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155

light into their apartments; but Agricola considered what
was then used as a plaister-stone*, (Sulphate of Lime,
tab. 67.) saying that although it was not affected by the
heat of summer or cold of winter, yet wet wasted it con-
siderably. These characters confirm his opinion; for we
know that Sulphate of Lime is found in France in crystal-
lized masses sufficiently large to form, when split and cut,
squares of many inches diameter. The name Talc has
been applied to any laminated substance.
Mica analysed by Vauquelin was found to contain:

Ue aie: yieceul) ss COLO
Aromas ee isa) SOnO
Oxide of Iron... = 7°0
Magnesia tye iis 30
Eimer ei ies 1°33

94°68
Loss 5°32

100°00

* It seems to have been used in Agricola’s time to shelter plants; in which
ease it would be much exposed to weather.

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fag.

157

TAB. CLXXXII.

SILEX Talcum.
Talc.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

Syn. Talc, Venetian Talc. Kirwan, v. 1. 150.
Talc. Hauy, t. 3. 252.
Chlorite. Kirwan, v. 1. 147.
Talcum viridans. ‘I. lamellare, and many
others. Linn. ed. 13. t. 3. 51 et seq.
Mica Talcosa. Jbid. t. 3. 59.
Talk. Emmerling, t. 1. 391.

SSE EEE

Cu onrirt is not a scientific name, according to our pre-
sent improvements in mineralogical knowledge, as it is per-
fectly confined to a green variety of Talc, found either in |
small laminated crystals, granular fragments or masses, or
disseminated through Quartz, &c. Its grain 1s sometimes
very fine. I find in this latter state it is scarcely known by
any one, as any green earthy substance may be confounded
withit. Talc and Mica, as observed under fab. 180, have
been till lately much confounded; but since the publication
of Mr. Kirwan’s excellent work they have been more and
more defined.

The upper specimen came from Stenna-Gwyn in Com-
wall, where it is found in abundance, often holding Phosphate

158

of Lime, among Quartz, and decomposing Feltspar;
whence the rock itself is often called Apatite, the old
name for Phosphate of Lime. Abundance of Oxide of
Tin often accompanies it. This is a variety of Talc, agreeing
with that called Chlorite in every external character except
colour, which instead of being green is that of cream.

The lower specimen has the colour most usually allotted
to Chlorite, which is undoubtedly to be attributed to a
large adventitious mixture of Iron, which at the same time
renders it easily fusible. :

Mica and Talc seem to have the same forms in their
Crystals, but they are never by any means so large or well
defined in Tale. These Crystals are remarkably soapy or
greasy to the touch, particularly if bruised. The laminz are
very easily broken, and are apt to divide into minute greasy
scales ; which property has rendered this fossil an ingre-,
dient in cosmetics. The white varieties are difficultly fusible.

White Talc analysed by Hoépfner was found to contain:
Silex: wee a oO

Magnesiay-scicwierieye nA
Avgil cis) ioe. eam

Chlorite by Vauquelin :

Silica: +). sk, ee eee ao
Amgallays.n) jo oii cde 49 gh peel oa
Masnigsia 2.) <.2'i:0 os ipa eee
Oxide.of Iron. ..<i4, as scat 4300
Muriate of Soda and Potash 2:0
Water os og ynde atte yn 220
TOSS eet iain Sea ee

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159

TAB. CLXXXIII.

" SILEX , Talecum.
Talc.

Div. 2. Imitative, in grains.

—— Ee

‘Waen it is found ina state as if it had suffered a change
after parting with the original rock, and with the remains
of other subjects and animal exuviz, it assumes a new ap-
pearance. Thus it is found heaped in abundance in strata
that seem to have originated from the fragments of rocks, as
in the sandy marle * of many parts of Somersetshire, Wilt-
shire, &c.

The upper spectmen came from Stourhead near the seat
of Sir Richard Hoare, Bart., and was picked up on that
gentleman’s estate by my friend Charles Mead, Esq. The
shell is formed of Lime, and the sand has some fragments
of Lime among it, probably more or less composed of
broken shells, while the Chlorite is interspersed, forming
dark green specks. The shell is curiously divided by five
large ridges, between each of which are three smaller ones.

We take advantage of figuring the perfect and rare
remains of this shell, as it may be of future use, perhaps,
in settling some geological questions.

I gathered sand nearly of the same nature at Charlton
in Kent, some years since, curiously mottled or stratified

* The provincial name for this is good, being Green Sand.

160

with Chlorite: see the under figure ; and Woodward men-
tions greenish sand from Woolwich, p. 11. Lord Alta-
mont, Dr. Clarke and Mr. Warburton have since favoured
me with some sandy Lime from the Castle Hill, near
Cambridge, where it is very abundant, and contains nu- _
merous petrifactions.

TAB. CLXXXIV.

Tus forms an appearance not unlike Mortar with the—
green Chlorite among it. When it has a more perfect ap-
pearance of mortar without the green, it is considered as
good manure, and is provincially called Goult. It is often
found about a foot from the surface. This is chiefly used to
make the best white bricks of Cambridgeshire. That with
granular Talc or Chlorite is of a dull hue, and is found
deeper. The same substance, somewhat more compact,
is called in Ireland Mulatto-Stone: see tal. 185. I have
figured some of the petrifactions that occur, considering
them as useful to mineralogy. Those in this stone are
generally of a dark brown stony appearance, accompanied
by rugose lumps of various sizes of nearly the same sub-
stance, somewhat similar to the swampy Iron Ore of
Kirwan, v. 2. 183. The petrifactions are coloured like it,
sometimes with a nearer approach to the hue of Pyrites.
These petrifactions are the round one on the left hand,
supposed a hinder tooth of some fish; the right hand is
considered as a fish’s bony palate; the middle upper figure
is a bivalve shell, the upper valve remaining in the state of
Carbonate of Lime, the lower one browned with the ore. It
is a kind of Anomia called a Gryphite, very frequent among

Aug “8 b06 Lubliskd by Ja$ Sowerby, London.

aca

Seay

“S

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161

petrifactions. On the left, under that, is part of a Coral,
near which is a fish’s palate, such as often extends to the
form of a Lupin pod. The left hand figure below is part
of a Cornu Ammonis. The rude lump of the brown ore on
the right, with the adhering shells, like those of the Ano-
mia Squamula, found sticking on crabs, oysters, &c., has
the impression of the deeper valve of a small Gryphite.

In all our specimens of green sandy Talc, it has been so
worn and rubbed about that it has lost its laminated texture,
and become earthy in its fracture.

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— —

163

TAB. CLXXXV.

SILEX talcum, var. arenaceum.
Sandy Talc.

Syn. Mulatto Stone of the Irish.
lit MBG RNAS an

Tuts is abundant in the neighbourhood of Belfast, and
found under a stratum of Limestone. It is harder than the
last, being sufficiently incorporated and indurated to be
termed a stone, thus differing from the foregoing, although
perhaps containing the same materials ; viz. Sand and Lime,
with, possibly, some Clay, besides Talc. |

The upper figure represents a piece sent by my friend .
Mr. Templeton, of Belfast, which has the impression of an
oyster without any remains of the shell, and that part
which seemed to be the impression of the connecting car-
tilage of the oyster has the fracture of Carbonate of Lime.
There are often, I presume, very curious shells found in
this substance ; I, however, have, as yet, only obtained some
crushed and unintelligible fragments. The green Tale
which spots this stone gives it the characteristic by which
it is commonly recognised, and I have often known stones
with other greenish substances confounded with it.

The lower specimen was sent, with others, by Dr. Scott.
All had more or less of impressions on them, and mostly
of the same animal or shell, something like a curved oyster*,

* Of these I have some curious small specimens sent by my friend Mr.
Wood, from near Wingham in Kent, about ten miles from the sea. There
were no vestiges of Chlorite about them.

VOL. II. 9

164

which is very common where sand and chlorite are found
together.

The formation of these rocks or sandy marles, &c. seems
to be nearly of the same date wherever they are found,
although sometimes near the surface of the earth, and some-
times covered with Limestone-rock at various depths,

186

Oct21606Publisha by Jat Sowerby, London,

Po ee

165

TAB. CLXX XVI.
BITUMEN resiniferum.

Resinous Bitumen.

Class 1. Combustibles. Order 3. Mixed.
Gen. 1. Bitumen.
Syn. Retinasphaltum. Hatchett in Phil. Trans. for
1804. 410.

Turs very inflammable substance would, by its usual ap-
pearance, be taken for dark Umber while wet, and for
common Clay when dry; consequently there is nothing in
its common appearance that would indicate its inflammabi-
lity or resinous quality. Very nice discrimination is there-
fore requisite to comprehend it. To the touch, however,
it in some measure indicates a resinous quality.

Mr. Hatchett, who first mentioned it in Linn. Trans.
v. 4. 139, observes that ‘a yellowish brown compact sub-
stance, which in colour and fracture somewhat resembles
ferruginous clay, is found occasionally with the Bovey
Coal. It is brittle, and is highly inflammable; it melts
like Bitumen, and emits a smoke which in smell resembles
Amber. This substance is but rarely found.’ He also
observes, inthe Philosophical Transactions for 1804, p. 402,
that “ it is found in pieces of a moderate size. The frac-
ture is imperfectly conchoidal. It appears earthy externally ;
but when broken exhibits, in a slight degree, a vitreous
lustre. The fragments are irregularly angular, and com-
pletely opaque at the edges, It is extremely brittle. It

166

does not apparently become softened when held some time
in the hand, but emits a faint resinous odour. The spe-
cific gravity at a temperature of 60° of Fahrenheit is 1.135.
When placed on a heated iron it immediately melts, smokes
much, burns with a bright flame, and yields a very fra-
grant odour, like some of the sweet-scented resins, but
which at last becomes slightly tainted with that of asphal-
tum. The melted mass, when cold, is black, very brittle,
and breaks with a glossy fracture.”
By the analysis of 100 grains by Mr. Hatchett it appears

to contain :

Resin’): te nly a Mags

Asphaltum\js.25 4.0) “ewer

Earthy residuum .. .. 3

I had the pleasure of receiving this, with a valuable series
of the wood passing to the most perfect Bovey Coal, from
Bovey Heathfield, near Chudleigh, Devonshire, by favour
of Dr. Becke.

DAB. CU xox eile

Apter figuring the Resinous Asphaltum, I conceive it
very proper to show the nature of the Wood, from the same
spot, in its passage to what the people of the neighbour-
hood call Plank, and Bovey Coal. Thus we have, by the
favour of agood friend to science, obtained the Wood that
may have assisted in affording this Resinous Asphaltum
by a regular and gradual mineral change, depending upon
the situation, depth, &c.

Od-z1606 Fublisna by Jas Soverby London .

= WSSH Tears
Os - five
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167

The upper specimen is nearly in the state in which we
find very rotten wood sometimes above ground, and even
in parts of living trees, with an earthy, fossil-like ap-
pearance. The grain and fracture of the wood still remain,
with the fragments so sharp, that were it not for the colour
and dull earthy appearance, it would seem but little altered :
itis, however, so soft as to rub away under the finger like
Roman Ochre, or the brown inside of the bark of some old
firs. It burns at first with a flame, then with much smoke
and an odour Jike the Resinous Bitumen, retaining a spark
for some time, almost like Touchwood.

The luwer specimen 13 nearly of the same nature as the
above, with a more rotten appearance, and so soft as to
have been pierced with roots like an earth; which also some-
times happens to the rotten parts of living trees, and I have
seen their own branches shoot roots into such decayed parts.
But what is very remarkable, the two broad surfaces of this
specimen have exactly the appearance of having been burnt,
so as to be a perfect charcoal; and neither these fibres nor
the inner part seem to have been scorched*. Mr. Hatchett
remarks that * the half-charred appearance of Bovey Coal
cannot be adduced as any proof that the original vegetable
bodies have been exposed to the partial effects of subter-
raneous fire.”” Now at first sight this specimen would seem
to seme an evidence to the contrary; but Nature coincides
greatly with Mr. Hatchett, and in the general acceptation
of our idea of water, there is little doubt but it has been,
according to its nature, the cause of the effect here pro-
duced. We must remember that water is a very active
agent, and is never quiet where there is the smallest room for

* Whether either of these specimens contains the alkaline principle or
not I do not know. Iam happy, however, to find that Mr. Hatchett, in his
Analysis of the Iceland Schistus and Bovey Coal, Phil. Trens. for 1804, p.399,
found that the alkaline principle was wanung, as I asserted to be the case
in. the wood-tike part of Newcastle Coal. Brit. Mim. tal. 109.

168

its action; and as soon as the least fermentation is pro-
duced, calor or fire is evolved: and as this is continued from
time to time, it is capable of producing the greatest effects.
Thus the wood is formed into charcoal, slowly or otherwise,
but actually by calor or fire, though water seems to be the
principal agent. That this is one of Nature’s methods for
some of the varieties of combustion that take place will be
perhaps more and more apparent, as well as that this agent,
in many instances, produces common fire, as in a hay-
stack, &c. yet a haystack may sometimes be in part so
scorched and burnt as to be spoiled, without actual or
rapid fire manifested by the red heat or flame.

7

Oct21606. Publishd by Jat Sowerby London.

169

TAB. CLXXXVIII.

CARBO oxygenizatus bituminosus.
Bituminous Oaide of Carbon, or Bovey Coal.

Class 1. Combustibles, Order 3, Mixed.
Syn. Bovey Coal. Hatchett in Phil. Trans. for
1804. 385.

Compact Carbonated Wood. Kirw. 2. 61.

Bovey, in Devonshire, has been some time famous for af=
fording a fossilized wood of a nature rather peculiar to the
place, commonly called Bovey Coal. I was prevented ex-
amining the place when [ went that way, by want of time.
Indeed there was little necessity for it; as the Rev. Mr.
Rackett, Dr. Maton, Mr. Hatchett, &c. were more com-
petent to the purpose: see Maton’s Tour, 187. Linn. Trans.
v. 4.138. Although Mr. Hatchett examined the matter a
second time, and would not venture to offer any opinion on
the subject, I am highly indebted to my good friend the
Rev. Dr. Beeke for procuring and assisting me with the best
information concerning the particular nature of the change
wrought on the wood as it advances towards the most per-
fect Bovey Coal.

It appears that the main dip is from south to north, and
that, as Mr. Hatchett observes, the upper or southernmost
end terminates like the remains of a bog, and the rest de-
clines with an appearance of a continuation of this bog
sunk downwards, forming the dip. The upper part con-
tains stumps and broken remains of shrubs and trees, very
little changed: a little way down they are somewhiat re+
sinously bityminized; see tal. 187, and the appearance of

OF

wood is still very distinct. To the touch they are greasy,
and will readily polish with a slight application of the finger
nail, being as it were saturated or closed with bituminous
_ matter. In some places the resinous Asphaltum is intermixed;
see tal. 186: in other places is seen the resino-bituminous
wood, as it were burnt, or formed into common charcoal,
tab. 187. The most perfect Bovey Coal is found at the
greatest depth, being as it were a compound of these two,
with the bituminous principle less resinous and the Coal
more indurated, forminy a wood-like bituminous coal. There
are 17 strata found in intermediate gradations, composed of
many varieties, depending on their situations: the lowest
‘most perfect, about 70 feet deep or more, where the va-
rious pressures, and the state of confinement of the different
strata, retard or accellerate the process. It seldom forms a
large piece of black Surturbrand, although the charcoal be-
fore mentioned is as black as common charcoal. It, how-
ever, 1s often very dark-coloured, like part of the lowest
figure, and is used as coal by the poor in the neighbour-
hood, and at a pottery, established on purpose, as I under-
stand, to turn it to account. The smcll, however, is offen-
sive to most strangers, from its not being a true charcoal.

‘© Tt burns to a charcoal,” as Mr. Hatchett observes,
~ readily, with a flame, like half-charred wood. It does
not crackle ; and, if completely burned, leaves a quantity of
white ashes, exactly similar to those of wood.”

If I might hazard a conjecture, the place seems suited to
the phenomenon; the dip is from the south, where a woed
and a bog (as I am informed) rise, as it were, out of the
earth ; or in other words, the northern side of this boggy
wood is lowest, and has become gradually buried.

In the vicissitudes and changes that are natural to certain
parts of the globe, we find plains formed between hills and
mountains, lakes and rivers made level. Shonld this place
formerly have been a large bag, the lowermost.and deepest

171

part of which, according to Dr. Maton, v. 1. 107, rests on
a bed of sand now seventeen feet deep, it may have sunk
into spaces for springs, &c. and that at seventeen different
periods, between each of which there was time sufficient
for the forming of fresh wood and fresh clay, in adequate
proportion to the thickness of each stratum, as the sinking
of the wood was probably followed by something of an in-
undation, whether quick or slow. Thus the change of the
wood might be effected; the lowest or oldest being nearest,
when compared with the rest, to perfect coal. The strata
here are, however, less dense and looser than that under
which the Northern or Newcastle Coals are formed ; conse- |
quently it is a series pointing out something like a modern
formation, giving us apparently a hint of the commence-
ment of a more remote one. The cause, I think, may be
presumed adequate to the effect ; if we suppose a more or less
perfect communication (according to the time of the falling of
the first stratum) with the external southern aspect, the ef-
fects of wet and dry would rot the wood, and an evaporation
would more or less be carried on, so as to accomplish the
changes here seen; the upper strata being least changed,
and only rotting by imbibing and evaporating moisture
night and day, winter and summer. The resinous or bitu-
minous parts have been more or less allowed to evaporate,
according to the pressure; at the surface but little, and at
the bottom scarcely at all, being out of the reach of per-
ceptible change ; and as it loses its most volatile principles,
the more durable woody principle, or carbon, will last for
ages, like a post charred to preserve it from the damps
when put into the ground, which is so rendered extremely
durable. We are sure to find that the post rots where there
is most vicissitude of wet and dry, or nearly on the surface
of the ground, and sometimes the damps will penetrate and
rot the inside of the charred part which is itself almost in-
destructible.

172

TTAB. CLXX MK

Surturbrand.

Tus is found near the mouth of the Ouse, ten miles from

Brighton, Sussex, and is of the same kind as the Surtur«
brand of Iceland. Near the surface of the ground its
changes are somewhat different from those of the foregoing,
as it is less resino-bituminous, and more oxy-carbonized.
It is found in large masses resembling compressed stumps
of trees, and is of a most perfect black like Jet; but if
compared with good Jet, has rather a gray cast. Sir Joseph
Banks gave me a piece near two feet Jung, and above one
in the broadest diameter; the compressed diameter is a
little above two inches. The transverse section shows the
concentric formation of the wood, and the sides crack and
flake off more or less in circles. It is more brittle than
Jet, and, being less bituminous, is not rendered electric
by friction. It is often so much impregnated with Pyrites
that it is apt to fall to pieces with the change of the
atmosphere, even when preserved in cabinets.

Mr. Hatchett observes of Surturbrand, Linn. Trans. v. 4.
399, “that it is rather harder than Bovey Coal, but in
every other respect the same.” I take the liberty to say
that it is generally blacker, and appears to have been less
disturbed, being more regularly formed, and the transverse
fracture more polished, while that of the Bovey Coal has
rather a resinous appearance.

I have a specimen from Dr. Scott, found near Belfast,
on the side of a mountain, the stratum being three feet
thick, which comes immediately between the two (if we
stand upon very nice distinction), not being so soft as Bovey
Coal, nor having such a polish as the Surturbrand. Mr.
Warburton was so good as to bring me a small serics of
these productions from Sussex, among which was the
Surturbrand.

0c!.2,606-Fublish a by Ja’ Sowerly, London.

eM Sai toe Miaeton Ds
oN.

SOIR aac alerts

173

TAB. CXC.
SULPHUR nativum.

Native Sulphur, or Brimstone.

Class 1. Combustibles, Order 1. Homogeneous,
Gen. 6. Sulphur. Spec. 1. Native.
Grn. CuHar. Solid. Colour pale yellow. Burns
with a blue flame and pungent suffocating odour.
Spec. CHar. Uncombined.
Syn, Native Sulphur. Kirw. 2. 69.
Soufre. Hauy, 3. 277.
Natiirlischer schwefel. Emmerl. 2. 89.
Pyrites nativus. Linn. ed. 13.v. 3. 113.

I wave specimens of native Sulphur from Amlwch, North
Wales, by favour of the Rev. H. Davies. It is in an earthy-
looking state, something like Flowers of Sulphur. I do not
know that it has vet been found crystallized in Great Britain,
but I however think there may still be a chance of it. The
present is in a dull dusty state, but in some parts tolerably
pure, and after being refined is cast into cones and sent up
to London.

Upen a minute examination with a lens, it appears to be
mixed with fine white Sand or granules of Quartz; see the
lower figure. .

It is rather curious to find that Sulphur with Iron, &c.
is very common, and the odour of Sulphur is very strong
in many places wnder ground fresh dug, particularly among

174

decayed vegetables in summer; yet most authors speak of
it as only found in the neighbourhood of volcanoes. This is
not the case in Wales.

It is so well known in housewifery that it hardly requires
identifying : I, however, add a part of Kirwan’s description.
Its colour is yellowish with some shade of green; it is
found concrete or in loose powder; by friction emits a pe-
culiar odour*, and becomes electric; heated to i70° Fahr.
it generally evaporates ; melts at 185°, and then appears red s
it flames of a bright blue at 302°, emitting a sharp or pun-
gent odour when it absorbs the pure air of the atmosphere,
causing a stifling sensation, and becomes acidified, forming
Sulphuric Acid; in close vessels it sublimes without much

alteration.
* Pretty well known.

PAB CXCr

W uen I first visited the Isle of Dogs, at Blackwall, thought
it would be interesting to observe and collect the strata as
belonging to a certain level pretty well determined by its
vicinity to the Thames. Among other subjects it was both
beautiful and interesting to observe the Sulphur forming on
the old stumps of the trees that were found from nine to
eighteen feet below the common level of the place; and
perhaps it is no less remarkable that a stratum of leaves,
which was in some places three or more feet thick, had a
strong odour of Sulphur; but the Sulphur in general formed
Sulphate of Lime, or Gypsum, with the little Lime among it,
sparkling. in the sun like minute diamonds. The same
occurred sometimes upon the stumps of trees ; but in some

Oct.r2006, Publish d by Ja? Soweaty London .

LA

175

parts the Sulphur was nearly pure, and even of a brighter
colour than that from Amlwch, and covered largish spaces
somewhat copiously, so that the wood was not dis-
cerned; in other places it seemed to be passing with the
moisture out of the cracks, and followed the longitudinal
direction of the fibres, very prettily contrasting with the
sparkling Gypsum. The golden, if not shining, hue in
some places equalled in beauty the yellow Lichens which
often enrich che stumps of trees above ground, We believe,
however, that it in some places occurs in the inside of
growing trees, as we remember having seen it, but did not
at the time make a careful investigation of the matter.

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Octxib06 Pubusha by Ja! Sowerby,London.

177

‘TAB, CXCII.

CARBO oxygenizatus.
Oxide of Carbon, or Coak.

Class 1. Combustibles. | Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen. 7. Carbon. Spec. 3. Oxide.

I wave been favoured by different friends with Coak, or
what is commonly termed Cinder, found near the Dyke of
Whinstone*, or Blue-stone Dyke, which crosses Cockfield
Fell, and other Coal-mines in the North. When the Coal in
these mines is examined, we find it is the more like Coak or
Cinder the nearer it is to the Whinstone. The figure will
show the Coak-like fracture on the Coal at the upper part,
which is the appearance it had when I first received it, and
exactly corresponded with many move in the general nature
and appearance of artificial Coak, in forming a horizontal
columnar appearance, with cracks, and burning without
flame, &c. When examined with a lens, I found the per-
forations differing from artificial Coak, in being more
smooth and shining. The other part of the Coal was not
unlike common Coal at first appearance ; but on nicer exa-
mination with a lens, I perceived little globules of Pyrites
fitting to, and filling the hollows, and giving an idea that
by their passing out the Coal would be rendered all like
the upper part. I put it into a drawer with the other spe-

* Whin here must not be confounded with small-grained Granite: it is
rather a gray basalt including feldtspar. This dyke is of a very great extent,

178

cimens in October 1804, and seldom looked at it till it
became conspicuous this year, when the Pyrites had de-
composed, and the Sulphur was passing out as figured, but
with a different effect to what it seemed to have had in its
native place; for, instead of leaving the Coal in the form
of Coak, it was actually falling to pieces with another sort
of fracture and tendency to crumble to dust, as it seems
likely to do now very soon. The lower figure shows a frag-
ment partly columnar, with the empty holes ; the left hand
end shows the Pyrites in the upper holes and the Sulphur
below, corresponding with the figure of the little upper
particle of iron Pyrites, and the Sulphur dust underneath.
The Coal further from the Whin has fewer, but often larger,
holes in it, and it sometimes has only a few. At the
distance of a few feet the Coal is free from hollows, and
burns like the best Newcastle Coal.

Dec’21506.Fublisha by Jaf Sovrty,London .

|

179

TAB. CXCII.
SILEX Prehnites.

Prehnite.
Class 2. Earths. Order 1. Homogeneous.
Gen, 4. Silex. Spec. Prehnite.

Syn. Prehnite. Hauy, 3.167. Kirw. 1. 274.
Schorl en gerbes de Schreiber, Prehnit. E7zn-
merl. 1. 192.
Zeolithe verdatre. De Born, 1. 203.
Chrysolite du Cap. De Lisle, 2. 275.

Prenntre was said to have been first discovered by co-
Jonel Prehn, who brought it from the Cape of Good Hope ;
Haitiy, however, says that citizen Rochon was beforehand
with him.—lIt is now found in many parts of Scotland.
The present specimen comes from Dumbarton, and, when
examined, exhibits a curious arrangement of crystals, in
groups, forming hemispherically, and showing faces which
are the edges of tabular crystals arranged somewhat in seg-
ments of circles, having the larger crystals im the centre;
see the left-hand lower figure. These crystals seem to
betray signs of eight faces besides the two broader ones,
leke the right-hand figures. The nucleus we could not posi-
tively determine ; it seems, however, to be a nearly rectan-
gular table, as expressed by the dotted lines : thus the cor-
ners are as it were unfinished, or truncated. The upper
Jigure is of the natural size ; the lower one, for the sake of
VOL. U. P

180

explanation, is magnified. This fossil lines the cavities
of a sort of Kragg of Kirwan. The same crystals are also
found at Salisbury Craig, Edinburgh. The substance is
sometimes found amorphous, as at King’s Park.

TAB CXC:

Turs was sent me by my friend G. Laing, Esq., from
Hartfield near Paisley. It is a fine specimen showing
the green side of the radii, and the crystals in nearly re-
gular four-sided columns, with two opposite truncations at
the apex ; these truncations, or secondary faces, are the same
as those in the former description, fab. 193, on the upper
edges, and ought to be particularly remembered, as they
assist in forming a very singular modification, which will
be shown in

ThA Baden

Tus specimen came from the same place as the last, and
leads toa curious modification. The crystals are arranged in
double stellated groups, the radii of each extending so as
to meet at the edges, like the spokes of two wheels placed
against each other, contrary to their position on carriages ;
the periphery of thewheels coming together ; the edges form-
ing one circular face; see the left- and right-hand figures.
These are grouped among roughish indistinct semi-orbicular
masses. The colour is not so attracting as the formation,
being dull and brownish. This mineral is formed in the
cavities of _Krage rock somewhat approaching Porphyry.
The crystals are nearly. similar to those of. tal. 193, but
the secondary faces being larger, the terminal one is lost
in an edge.

Decisho6 Publish by Jan*® Jowerhy, bead «

19S

Breclaabob Publishd by Jas Sowerky Londer

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181

TAB. CXCVI.

Tuese specimens are from Salisbury Craigs, Edinburgh,
and show the conical wheel-like formation nearly in per-
fection, but very small. I have, therefore, greatly magni-
fied the right-hand outline, which shows a narrow primitive
edge, bounded by two lines. A similar crystallization is
found at Kings Park, Edinburgh.

The lower sort I have from Frisky Hall, near the banks
of the Clyde, about three miles from Glasgow ; and also
from Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh. It shows a broad primitive
face on the edge of the crystals, bounded by two acute
ridges, which are placed very confusedly on the speci-
mens.

The Right Hon. Charles Greville has in his collection a
specimen from Dauphiné with crystals, not much unlike
the magnified left-hand bottom figure, in size and colour.

Fant

bi dies
sith Seow “eri i

197

183

TAB. CXCVIL

FERRUM suboxygenatum.
Suboxide of Iron. Magnetic Iron Ore.

Div. 3. Amorphous, in Grains,

A rew years since, the Rev. Dr. Charles Sutton sent me,
among other natural curiosities, some sand from Hunstan-
ton, in Norfolk, of ablackish appearance. Not being at
that time engaged in mineralogical pursuits, I laid it by ;
but when I was about to begin this work, he kindly
brought me some more, which was still blacker. On
looking attentively at it, I thought attractible iron might
be the cause of its blackness, and soon found it to be the
case, and that some of the sand might be rendered magne-
tical, the particles clinging together after being detached
from the magnet. I considered it as a great curiosity, par-
ticularly as I had no where seen mention made of such
sand, excepting from America, and requested to have
more, at the same time speaking of its qualities; which.
request was kindly attended to. Shortly after, I received a.
note informing me that what had since been found was
not attractible, and the same was observed by some other
friends, who attempted to procure me some from other
places. I examined the sand to discover the natural cause
for this, and found it was not so black, and that there was
little or no attractible iron; only some brown ochraceous
particles, like Bog Iron Ore. It might have become oxi-
dated by the weather: thus there is a season to find it in
perfection, which should be attended to; and if it proves
useful, it may, no doubt, be had in great abundance, being
found in many places near the coast. Some was found in

184

very common-looking sand sent me from Scarborough by
my friend Dr. Travis, since which I have had the pleasure
of receiving Iron Sand from Wicklow in Ireland, by fa-
vour of Dr. Scott. In examining this it evidently betrayed
its habitat by minute particles of gold, besides which it has
Octaédral Iron more or less oxidated, and some Cubic
Pyrites, Pebbles, &c.

Again, in July last, my valued friend James Brodie, Esq.
sent me some beautiful Arena ponderosa, as it was called,
sent by Governor Stewart of Fort St. George from the Ferry
of Ardentenny in Argylshire, where, the governor observes,
it is found in the greatest abundance, washed out of the
banks by the seas; and what was sent me was as pure as
that separated from the others, and somewhat. brighter,
with octaédral crystals, small, black, abundant, and very
attractible.

The right-hand upper figure is of the pebbles and sand
from Hunstanton in a heap, and the particles of iron of
the size generally found, by the side. The figure underneath
is such as is found when the sea has washed it and oxi-
dated it. The five pebbles on the side magnified are three
common Quartz pebbles, which compose common sand,
and two darker, chiefly Oxide of Iron. The left-hand upper

gure is the Irish Sand, and the figures on the side show
the Octaédron, Cube, Gold, and Pyrites. Beneath isthe
outline of a magnet, and the Iron in common as attracted
by it at the base. The middle figure is a parcel like. that
from Scotland, or such as has been separated from :the
other sands.

Thus it appears that this sort of Sand, which was hitherto
supposed to be found only in America, has now been
found in England, Scotland, and Ireland, or the three
grand divisions of the British empire. I should think these
might be of great use to the proprietors, if properly attended
to. I understand Ardentenny is the property of Lord
Dunmore,

‘
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oe

185

TAB. CXCVITI.

CALX carbonata, var. ferrifera.
Ferriferous Carbonate of Lime.

Tus is part of a superb specimen collected last summer
by John George Children, Esq. at Audlim mine, about
eight miles from Bodmin, Cornwall, and is somewhat the
more remarkable as it used to be said that Carbonate of
Lime was not to be found in Cornwall. The whiter part of
the specimen is a cavity handsomely filled with crystallized
Carbonate of Lime of a very uncommon modification,
being nearly an hexaédral plate with the equiaxe and pri-
mitive bevellings, if I may so call them. It is rather re-
markable that the external surfaces of these crystals are
whitish, and the inside of a rich dark brown, as the darker
surrounding part shows*. Tal. 62. British Mineralogy
is nearly of the same nature, but under common circum-
stances grows blacker by exposure to the air.

This specimen has many other curious circumstances of
change and position of mineral substances attending it;
viz. the redder parts are a sort of Carnelian Quartz, some-
what approaching Chalcedony, coloured by a rich Oxide of

Tron, and this is sometimes covered by Cachalon: see

British Mineralogy, ¢ad. 111.

* This specimen has probably been broken from an opposite piece, and
was given to the worthy Mr. Rashleigh.

186

Besides this there are yellow spiculated tubes, almost
crystallized, radiating, &c. These are to be seen as forme
ing over wire-shaped Pyrites; see Brit. Min. tab. 162.
This has decomposed in some parts, leaving the hollow
where it has been with enough to show the appearance of a
wire, as the fracture in some parts on the opposite side
shows ; perhaps it may be between Eisen Keisel, or the
German Iron Flint, and Carnelian. Some gray Cachalon
covers the Carnelian in the hollow as represented at the
top of the figure. The yellower Quartz seems to be coloured

by yellow oxide of Iron, probably the decomposed Pyrites.

187

TAB. CXCIX.

SILEX Quartzum.
Crystallized Quartz.

Div. 1. Crystallized.

Tus curious specimens were lent me by Philip Rash-
leigh, Esq. of Menabilly, and are said to contain Arsenical
Cobalt. They came from Poulteney mine, and are rare
specimens, on account of the mine having been destroyed
by the overflowing ofa river. The Quartz is more regularly
eighteen-sided than usual, although it is as it were clogged
up with such abundance of a metal, that it otherwise
would be nearly obliterated in its character; and that it
should crystallize under such circumstances, distinctly and
regularly at both ends, merely as if heaped on each other,
as in the top figure, is very remarkable. There appears to
be little else than Arsenical Iron among them, but
capillary Silver and flowers of Cobalt are sometimes to be

seen very distinctly about the gangue.

VOL. Il. Qa.

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189

TAR CG. Oi
FERRUM sulphuretm. |
Iron Pyrites in petrified Wood.

.

Tue upper specimen seems to have been part of a cylin-
drical piece of wood, and was found 260 feet below the sur-
face of the earth in digging a well in Richmond Park in
1804. It appears to have had worm-holes, or holes of
Terebelle, perforating it in various directions, which may
be presumed to have happened before the process called
petrifying had taken place. This may more properly be
called Pyritaceous Wood, as the Pyrites or Sulphuret of
Iron has filled the pores of the wood so perfectly, that the
shape, and somewhat of the texture of wood, was seen,
but as if formed of Pyrites. The worm-holes, some lined
with Pyrites, and others doubly lined. One side being
“nearly covered with Pyrites makes it a beautiful specimen,
as well as an instructive one. The lower piece was per-
haps of different wood, appearing like part of a plank.
This was found 100 feet deep in digging a well for Mr.
Truman’s brewhouse, Spitalfields, London. The worm.-
holes are lined like the other; but they scem to have been
a particular species which prefer a straight direction, cross-
ing the fibres of the wood. Jt is somewhat remarkable

that the woody nature remains, and being found damp and

190

fully saturated with the Pyrites, it cracked and contracted
from it, and is held together in some parts as if artificially
done with wires, and is in some parts curved and warped.
Thus, although these pieces of wood seem to have been
many years under this process, they are not much changed,
but I may say rather, preserved, as, now it is exposed to
the common air, these changes which show its nature have
become evident; it will soon fall to decay: in the same
manner as some part has already done. The Iron and Sul-
phur decomposing the water of the atmosphere, the Sul-
phur becoming acidified dissolves the Iron, forming green

vitriol or Sulphate of Iron which is very deliquescent.

SYSTEMATICAL INDEX

TO

VOL: IT.

CLASS I. COMBUSTIBLES.

ORDER 1. HOMOGENEOUS,

GEN. 2. Hydrogen

Spec. 1. bitumen —

Gen. 6. Sulphur

Spec. 1. nativum —

Gen. 7. Carbo
Spec. 3. oxygenatus

ORDER 2. COMPOUND.

Gen. 1. Bitumen
Spee. resiniferum

—

Gen. 4. Carbo oxygenatus

Spec. bituminosus

CLASS I. EARTHS.

ORDER 1. HOMOGENEOUS.

Gen. 1. Argilla
Spec.2. hydrata —

Spec. ? macle —
Gen. 3. Calx »
Spec. 5. carbonata
Div. 1. crystallized

var. fasciculata
inversa

dodecaédra

Div. 2. imitative
VOL. Il.

var. echiniformis

feetida

Tab. | Gen. 4. Silex

137 Spec. 1. quartzum

138 Div. 1. crystallized
139 COE RCE
140

Div. 2. imitative
var. agatums

a ligniformis
Div. 3. amorphum
192 var. jaspis = —

opalinum
Spec. baryticus
Div. 1. crystallized
Spec. analcimus

186 Div. 1. crystallized

187 primitivus
Spec. mica

188 Div. 1. crystallized

1 89 primitivus

Spec. talcum
Div. 1. crystallized
Div. 2. imitative —

var. arenaceum
134 Spec. granatus
142 Di». 1. crystailized
116 Spec. magnesiatus

var. amianthiformis

ee MAIR RCT AGT

179 en MT

178 Spec. prehnites —

143
144
175 RETIN

198 | Gen. 5. Strontia

198 Spec. 1. sulphata

147 Div. 1. crystallized
174

R

192
Tab.
Div. 2. imitative — 119
Gen. 6. Barytes
Spec. 1. sulphata
Div. 2. imitative — 172
ee 73
Spec. 2. carbonata
Div. 1. crystallized — 109
oo 127
ORDER 2. MIXED.
‘Gen. 1. Argilla Marga
Div. 2. imitative — 149
Gen. 4. Quartzum
var, decomponens 103
CLASS III. METALS,
ORDER 1. HOMOGENEOUS,
Gen. 3. Uranium
Spec. 1. oxygenatum
Div. 1. crystallized — 125
126
Gen. 5. Manganesium
Spec. 2. oxygenatum
Div. 3. amorphum — 167
Gen. 6. Zincum
Spec. 1. oxygenatum
Div. 1. crystallized — 156
Spec. 2. sulphureum
Div. 1. crystallized
var. cubicum — 4112
Gen. 8. Ferrum
Spec. 1. nativum — — 101
Spec. 2, suboxygenatum — 197
Spec. 3. oygenatum
Div. witative: — — 33
179
war. stalactiticum — 113
114
var. argillaceum — 106

SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

Tab:
var. argillaceum — 108
Spec. 4, sulphureum
Div. 2. imitative — — 104
var. filiformis —=~ 162
anomiaformis — 171k
decomponens — 105
—_— 200
Spec. 5. cupreo-arseniatum 141
Spec. scheelatum — 165
—s== 166
Gen. 10. Cuprum
Spec. 2. oxygenatum
Div. 1. crystallized = 145
Spec. arseniatum
Div. 1. crystallized — 168
169
- 170
Gen. 11. Arsenicum
Spec. ferreum — — 150
Gen. 15. Plumbum
Spec. 2. phosphatum
Div. 1. crystallized —- 158
Spec. 3. sulphureum
Div. 1. crystallized — 176
var. antimoniatum— 132
Div. 2. imitative
var. hzematiticum — 1931
Spec. 4 sulphatum
Div. 1. crystallized — 129
—_————--- 130
Spec. 5. carbonatum
Div. 1. crystallized — 153
154
Div. 2. imitative — 155
Spec. 6. cupreo-antimoniatum
sulphureum — 135
—— 136.
ORDER 2. COMPOUND.

Gen. 1. Ferram oxygenatum

var. argillacerum —

106
107

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

..TO

VOL. II.

Aeate, CVS trans viatrsene rem enue:
/: SCRUTINY aE MoE Oh Sale Bie BRIN uy
PAINNIATALINGS Mele ers i eRe 121 —

I 7 Oh CaS RE EEG

mMaleimes cubyeale s/h dene css s
mnpmony, Oreo. . dos 6. on.
Sulphuret of.) 30) 02240.
EATON Eby GTAte Of foie i detals iss 6 ees
abollanyGrata ri. oat we cies oleces 154.
Sa IMENT Gh oh Ga al aiacinislon he
Aroillaccous|Marles. 2.80). iss o's
PGT ACOM SS PAL as oss \a0s, 0, 0.4 «00s cleo es
PETSEINGs A ITOMYA ele isias, Gui tie oleic secede
native, alloyed with Iron ..
PVCS rales ole Seles eens oh oye
ZANTSEMICUMMeRREUM se). (540.14): Soe
RE SUCS CN rear eral) se cis fei Anis ero iki'ere

RSP INALLUNN ese ers oye. s 6 seks wale
IAXC=SLOTIC). ersiecsiin es Seve che es cece

Bapytes, carbomata.... 0542 vs6s << 109.
crystallized carbonate of....

sulphata, var. stellata...... 172,
sulphate of, stellated......

Bitume elastique

Bitumen, aay
= BLESIMLCEUITA are ota cinieists'\ ors

Blende

oo 98° 9209 8028 0 Oo

VOL, Il, $

124

142
142
149
149

150

150

186

63. 79

194 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Tab.
Cairn-Gorum Crystals ............ 102
Calamine, ou Pierre calaminaire .. ..
Calcedony | t
Calcedoine irisée § °° °°" Bae ies
Calxicarbonatawyen.iy05 es aoteence 159.177,178
uray); Hanes cee 147
— echiniformis. 42). 45% 151, 152
——— ferniteray.)\,</ssnerersre oe 198
— —— fetida.............. 148
—— —— var.dodecaédra.. .... 128
—— rT slahveevace os BAcaiaig 4 143,144.175
— a AONENE. 6 Si Bobbin 174
TaN CS) Ae SRA ES BA le Al
Candied Sugar Spar’. .,....j.%/. 226. se
Czout-choues fossil 22. tee cle ete 137
Carboloxygenatusi 42 sper emcee 192
- ——_———. bituminosus ...... 188
Carbon MOXIGEIOL). 4 crc eee ete eee 192
DitUMINnoUsT st. 188
Chaux carbonatée bisunitaire.. .. ..
Ciniastolitejs oes. wien cr Hates ae 116
Clhiiastolithe een oe ivecalebleee eae
@hlontece see ae oe | ess teeter
WnrysolitenduyCaps.. .\.1'e/tlere o'er.
oaks ta. Bee eso hueuicvavavayaye net sterapanes 192
Wal BOVE ysale 4c s:<15 5 «sichederens' «oe ete 188
Weelestines Maa) s\. is ceiishotn ec cles
Wopper,, arsemiate Of(-), setts.) sha 31 168,169,170
— oxide of, crystallized red .. 145
filamentose...... 146
WC Ty Stale ROCK cca; “lis wiece ceatetean <nettere
Cuprum arseniatum ......".2.%. .- .. | 168,169,170
—= oxygenatum...4-./0/.!.'s.'s,.'» 145, 146
E
Kchinus-formed Carbonate of Lime..
miley opaliicvp teeters atcls cheiet: cpa ertoteers
Mlectric: Calamimes sc22 tote sete oie
IDV CHOA NS 6a. 56s OFS es BEB Benn Ae
Brapech, velastisches’.., ):-t'.'.'-'- eer
BEDIOPS-MAALblAl < o)\ae)oysheboyek-eisueqoieys
F
Mer ATSENICA aN ce clesabe te eee
Ferrum cupreo-arseniatum .. ...... 141
EK Ve nthiss Sb odes oe : 101
OrGuxsElMslepnad son agcaodc NSS 1748)

———_ ——————._ var. argillaceum 106, 107

105

19
113.147.149

D7 ag,

131, 132

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Tab,
Ferrum oxygenatum, var. stalactiticum 113, .114
retractorlum...... eiettelloleliehels
Scheelafam ss 2a Wei 105
— suboxygenatum.. .. ...... 197
Giallo) ay mcbTeel) IBM Aiea aera ... |104.171.200
———var..... Zale pe aslosweeteike 162
———— — decomponets. . 105
Moss ferris. erry. Oe ss ae
G
Galena, antimomiated . 2.4 20 6. eee 132
HeMATEIES i5/e sawed Sees 131
Balmer Mes kara s Dee ae
Senet y WILE N tse cmis cs oS oe 120
Gemenier-Jaspis arose a aus
Slimmer Tes ek ese be ee
Grun=uranerzs eek. eee
H
Haalb=opalh \ eae siete oc See Lect s
Plarmotome fey 2k ieee see
Hyacinthe blanche cruciforme ......
Piycvangillitenseet tee era a osesene ae 134
Hydrogen Bitumen... eee. S) 137 — 140
J
aspers, PORCe lain | site lohe) s sialerkenteys nays
BETA pe Civ sey, siytte sgh ene
JER UBC BGe be Sl Sodan dome wo dodas 6
PRSCIMEMMEL ey eveutaerepabenen Wecirvels
Iron, arseniate of, cupreous........ 141
IMeteorieyy. Sine ioe Soap
—— ore, magnetic.............. 197
— WOOGm Me ie) pak a elk: 133
Sere ORIG EVOR ete aie! os sa averene Wie eae: 179
— ArpillACGOUs! |... ie osm ens
—— stalactitical mai. sua. 193; 114
—— Pyrites..... oT Bu AS dito ais
mere SCHCCLALE OF. aie a iule-m weitere
I SUDOMIGCIOL 1s) NE rails es: 107
raw SUP MALE VOL aie. s ale ala sets) we ele 4
—— sulphuret of................ 171
— decomposing ......
hairelikers) es. oe
Pr OMyPALSCTIC oraevoy ele o.c!st sitionereliels ct ele = 150
K
Kreuzstein . AAloooscogods BO

105

Page.
23. 25
1*
125
183
5.135.189
119
th
90

59
57
105
37
109
153
A7.

23. 25

196 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Tab.
L
Lead, carbonate of, octaédral .. .... 154
PLIUMtIVe,-/11-- oy 153
— ~———— straw-like .. .... 155
—— phosphate of .. .. .......... 158
sulphate of, crystallized ...... 129, 130
sulphurated, cupreo-antimoniated 135, 136
———_ sulphuret Of. 2) = 3. os oe cee 176
ee antmoniated ei 132
oe hematitie’. 25. Se 131
—__————— triple, with Anti-
mony and Copper
vitriol of, native...... ayvovetee
[Laeiantlinss pbb0es bs ooOds 1655655
Wime>carponate of’... «ise ore ste 159. 177
—— echinus-formed .. 151,; 152
Se ferriferous). 2 so 198
——__ fasciculated...... 178
— oe ard een eae te 147
———e NVEESCH sisson Asda Ales
Tadiated’s a eats 174
MGS —NelmMOM IE so. /p.0 Sa yevevexenctarove
M
WVIAC etiaien simetelcial's\avelesaveishelevoree ialivte 116
=ASAIIGUE © = ioln)ciaiclolelobe tele ‘
WVIGCIES Min critiorcrs his steaks cpaton eee
Viadreponitels cass siecle) stats Ba iofa tetowete
Wladrepor-steln'.). crs eet eer ee ee
Malthat freee: Seer Be rencrve ede
Manganese, oxide of...... Seater 167
Manganesium oxygenatum .. ...... 167
WViarle;vargillaceous):).. <..ch «4 om )oeie
Weteore Mronet oo. sebietweascmaek
NWicatoe cies ais bic Biche oo MERE 180, 181
laminosa }
membpranacea WW a ene
talcosa 3.022). Sia /hiclniato es Senet
Mineral aay
ES Ce ene
Whispickel’.(. FyoRe. ies Dial sisie steer
Wiilatto Stone <., cece hich nk cee
N
Naphiaoeaets seco “56 GSOUn Cao"

Wephinte;eGreen 7). % -nelok (c= mieiie' =

81.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Tab.
O
Oculus) MUM 3) sce ape vw elale vole
Opal, common
Edler
Halb (cccrsecesess
hydrophanous
CO pale ee re) oN rape ede,
@praline WO). 2) .) . . 54 elo e's (ode /atat'ers
JP
iBefroleum:.\1)27.)4.).'. wi almiabescoteitepavers ot
pierre Calaminainrer. ./..</. sleier'ole tere rere
Ritehs crmimeral eh sats eyo As eremeesecaeaevs
Plomb carbonaté aciculaire .. ......
Sulfate primitify. 2, 6 e%jcc err
sulfuré antimonifere .. ......
Plumbum carbonatum.. .......... 155
—— — primitivum. .. 153
- octaedrum 152
cupreo - antimoniatum sul-

PHUTCUM Ee issn 135, 136
phosphatumas). 3:0) -(-rs sie 158
sulphatum, cryst......... 129, 130
SU PHU UII cette stese os 176

— var, antimonia-
tum. . 132
var. heematiti-
cum... 13]
Prehnitess scfe.ic cosets EA Oe Nt on 193, 104,
195, 196
Pudding Stone, decomposing calca-
FEOUS 1 opsbobes se) ciciiohalesoholetskebsrat one
AV BiteSy AIP SMSC ye c/s cioht el ieyeret etclohchal< 162
_ RIAUIVUIS oyresral ed fey) oleh cllolis)elieyiali=¥/-) oie
Q
Quartz) crystallized 22 oP eR
yalim' |) plagiedre: i. .20).vepseeis
hyalinyrhombitere,....//43)..58 3
SASPEBIL A RON PA oho doiavs snees
Jasper st tis aba ia. 5) Me 157
OPH NEHER UNS Bie is co NII 160
TEsiMIe-O palm, sry. (elenckescicles ‘
WOOGIE! crys a) bssleise sree 163
Quartzum calcareum, var. decompo-
MENS .. cevesene o aol le}e te fevegeltaye 103

Page.

198 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Tab. Page.
R
Hetmasphaltum yy. 5 sus cies; BG a/4 165
S
Scheelin| ferrugine)..|.!.2.¢ certo 125
Schorl en gerbes, de Schreiber...... 179
Schwefel, naturlischer............ 173
saurer strontianit ........ 31
Deplarian ne Penis oleeeiaeaeiaveree alee: 138
Silex analcimus primitivus,........ 161 117
Baty ties ive). sieves Sats etets cue 110 17
QEANALUS . 6 os wes we em isic ries 120 37
MAONESIALUS/ aye la sis ge eece ec.
— ——___-——_ var. amianthiformis 121 39
VC ee er 180, 181| 153, 154
Quartznm eee ae eeu ete 115. 199 27. 187
— crystallizatum...... 102 1
— (WB ONO SOO OOO He 160 115
— ———. — Jaspis.. ...... 157 109
aoa — opalinum ...... prio 19
—— ————. — ligniformis... .. 163 121
mee PLCHMILESE Nei. boise A cpio 193, 194,
195, 106 179
talCHIM eS er. «cis c'sesosede oe 182,183,184 157.000
— var, arenaceum .. .... 185 163
Sky-fallen| Stones .. 2. 2 do. ssiiek » 6*
Slate; a black; ac. ....2 2 «.biineiicl. 29
SOMITE, 5) sjabne:cis of" stale i oes 173
Spar, Sugar-candied.............. 81
white semipellucid.. ........ 137
Stalagmiites yan 25) cei» lone vee «i shee 81
Biannolitery Wace site keWacpee vole couse 110 17
Stinkstein;. ochraceous... 5-2 ..0<,60,0. Ql
Stone, of Benares
of Basico cee Sieneenate 17*
of Sienna
Stones said to have fallen from the
Clomdsiry sewer inw 5 els. s ogc eine 1*
Stony and metalline Substances, &c.. . 1*
Strontia sulphata..).) <. 1.1. ..6e - oi »- {117,118,119} 31. 33. 35
Strontiane sulfaté } 31
Strontianit, schwefel saurer f§ ° oe
pirontian, sulphate of 2.) 5.2. scieeis. 117,118,119} 31. 33. 35
Bulpbar, se ae A OES, 25 |) (290) Tort ayes

Surturbrand BOs. oo cise ema soe 189 172

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 199

Tab. Page.
T
BRET Gere clslibel svopare, syeusieloieratsteretveuaehen eve 182,183,184}157 — 161
MIRNA 6 bo OBcn Gb bdbucdad 153
SANG riae Wele\elcololstelsropeleyal cele 163
Wenatey oe oash no cudasocods 157
Talcum lamellare } 15
SMP AW sievteraye ell gyeiiet's : 57
viridans
BURA Regen cfaveee ta coiet sole cyepeisd oisiistshel svete) ol's 157
Mate Merall. (ks). cis che «ea Ueies eis eis 70
Mophuws)turbiMAatus)././.).:.'2/s/re « =) jes <0 03
Man estaterOl TOMA) -ieie)2 2 clsseioie «/sioree 127
Vv
WHOL, SO Ga TG See ae eli ae 105 7
Maturliseher .)jsjalais/ 2 vere valisters 53
Wrap limaMmMen se sis lite ec etoile 3 47
TUM C ANS is Gy Sadao 0; Save lense ib,
Wiremie OxidG Sane ee See, ee eM “ib
Uranenz.) Gags ec ho heey ee ib.
Wranmite; oxide lsh se ods ce seu Re 125, 126 47, 48
Usanitic Ochresins 8 oe 5 Oe Pt Ane ei 47
Uranium oxygenatum.. .......... 125, 126 47, 48
Hy iW
Wravelliteie eae deli ceteee eis 63
Wraxen-vein; starred <5 /4NeR 137
WWolivann et Sia ct yee eict-crereueieses austen 125
Wood, compact carbonated ........ 169
We triMedy fowls tau epee ctewaeN ae 163 121
Z r
APOME MCUBICAL Sysie)s seta aero uaielel 117
Verdatne aay cie suencne ae eam 179
Zinc, mineralized by oxygen........ 105
oxide of crystallized). 37 em), 156 105
(0). 9/04 (CHU las Ae 105
sulphuret of, cubical.. ...... 21
Lieto OXY SEMAN) 2/5)! eek sioleiet 156 105
sulphureum, var. cubicum.. 112 21

R. Taylor and Co., 38, Shoe Lane.

CORRIGENDA.

Page. line.
2* 18 for Silica, read Silex.
24 for Silica, read Silex.
3 21 for Siberlan, read Siberian.
9 2 for Ferrum argillaceum, read Ferrum oxygenatum; var. argil-
laceum.
5 for Spec. 1. Argillaceous, read Spec. 3. Oxide of

Mf 2) for FUL. S: read Tr. L.'S:

15 dele from, “They are,” on 1. 12 as far as “ spiculz,” on l. 14. and
read “They form an irregular echinated sphere, on a
gangue of Galena or Sulphuret of Lead.” And on I. 15
add “ They are found to be fusible by the blowpipe.”

31 5 for Gen. 6. read Gen. 5.

57 3% from the bottom dele “ and 131.”
13 for Gorm read Gorum.

87 1 for 147 read 146.

95 3 for Ironey read Irony.

101 5 for Spec. 4. read Spec. 5.

131 5 from bottom for species, read variety.

135 2 for sulphuretum, read sulphureum.

137 3 for stellate, read stellated.

ube bsg,

ac

re bo gcee
? eo
ts «8

"aapaya8?