BRITISH laner FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENERA BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS k # BY W. BAXTER, A. L. S. F. H. S. &c. CURATOR OF THE OXFORD BOTANIC GARDEN. There is a lesson in each flower, A story in each stream and bower. On every herb on which you tread Are written words which rightly read, Will lead you from earth’s fragrant sod To hope, and holiness, and God. A. Cunningham. VOL. I. OXFORD. PUBLISH FD BY HIE AUTHOR I # SOLD BY J. H. PARKER; AND BY WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND CO. LONDON. 1834. +-QK3>Cib . B3£ 4 : Tiie object proposed in the present publication, is to supply the lovers of Botany with a set of Figures, which, the author trusts, may be relied on for accuracy, while every unnecessary expence will be avoided ; and in order to reduce the work within moderate limits it will be confined to a single species of each Genus of British Flowering Plants, which will be sufficient for all general purposes. The want of such a work must be felt by every Student of Botany, and the author has been induced to undertake it, chiefly by the complaints of his Pupils, that they could make but little progress without such assistance. He feels confident that the liberality of the Public will repay him for the labour and expence which the work will require ; and he has much pleasure in taking this opportunity of expressing his gratitude for the kind support he has already experienced. The works principally made use of by the author in com- piling the Generic and Specific Characters, and the Characters of the Natural Orders, are Sir J. E. Smith’s “ English Flora ;” Dr. Withering’s “ Botanical Arrangement of British Plants Dr. Hooker’s “ British Flora Dr. Lindley’s “ Introduction to the Natural System of Botany and “ Synopsis of the British Flora;” and M. Richard’s “Elements of Botany;” transla- ted by W. Macgillvray A. M. &c. All of which may be con- sidered as classical works with the Botanical Student. The latest publications on British Botany contain about 500 Genera of Flowering Plants ; consequently the present work, agreeably to the plan adopted, will not exceed six volumes. Botanic Garden, Oxford, Feb. 25, 1834. FIELD FLOWERS. Ye Field Flowers ! the gardens eclipse you, ’tis true. Yet, wildlings of Nature, I doat upon you, For ye waft me to Summers of old, When the earth teemed around me with fairy delight, And when daisies and buttercups gladdened my sight, Like treasures of silver and gold. 1 love you for lulling me back into dreams Of the blue Highland mountains and echoing streams. And of broken glades breathing their balm. While the deer was seen glancing in sunshine remote. Arid the deep mellow crush of the wood-pigeon’s note. Made music that sweetened the calm. Not a pastoral song has a pleasanter tune Than ye speak to my heart, little wildlings of June ; Of old ruinous castles ye tell : Where L thought it delightful your beauties to find, When the magic of Nature first breathed on my mind. And your blossoms were part of her spell. Kv’n now what affections the violet awakes! What loved little islands, twice seen in their lakes. Can the wild water-lily restore ! W hat landscapes I read in the primrose' s looks, And what pictures of pebbled and minnowy brooks In the Vetches that tangled their shore ! * Earth’s cultureless buds, to my heart ye were dear. Ere the fever of passion, or ague of fear Had scathed my existence’s bloom; Once I welcome you more, in life’s passionless stage With the visions of youth to revisit my age, And I wish you to grow on my tomb. Cameuele. ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. I. PLATE Achillea Ptarmica, L. . . 36 Adonis autumnalis, L- . . 7 Adoxa moschatellina, L. . 42 Adoxa tuberosa. Gray . • 42 yEthusa Cynapium, L. . . 19 Ayrostis linearis, Roth. . . 59 Ajax fenestralis, Giay . . 73 Ajax festalis, Salisb. . . 73 Alopecurus pratensis, L. . 45 Anagallis arvensis, L. . . 29 Anchusa sempervirens, L. . 48 Androstemum officinalis, All . 39 Anemone nemorosa, L. . . 43 Anemonanthea nemorosa, Gray 43 Antirrhinum cymbalaria, L. . 23 Aristolochia clemalilis, L. . 28 Asperula odorata, L. . . .46 Atropa Belladonna, L. . . 10 Atropa lethalis, Salisb. . . 10 Beilis perennis, L. . . . 44 Bistorta major, Ray ... 5 Blackstonia perfoliata, Huds. 13 Borago officinalis, L. . . 66 Borrayo hortensis, Ray . . 66 Borrayo officinalis, Gray . 66 Brunella vulyaris, Stokes . . 67 Buylossa sempervirens, Gray . 48 Bupleurum rotundifolium, L. . 13 Butomus umbellatus, L. . 34 Culluna vulgaris, Hull. . . 76 Calluna sag ittcef alia, Gray . 76 Campanula heterophylla, Gray 61 Campanula rotundilolia, L. . 61 Centaurea cyanus, L. .35 Cerastites cambrica. Gray . 54 Chamanerion spicalum, Gray . 14 Chelidonium majus, L. . 51 Clilora perfoliata, L. . . . 69 Chondrilla muralis, Lam. . 27 ChrysanthernumParthenium, Lind.20 Circa;a lutetiana, L. . . .9 Circcca ovalifolia, Stokes . 9 Colchicum autumnale, L. . .17 Colchicum commune, Ray . 17 Convallaria majalis, L. . .78 Convolvulus arvensis, L. . 58 Cuscuta europaea, L. . . .19 Cynodon Dactylon, Rich. . 59 Cynodon sarmentosum. Gray . 59 Cytisus scoparius, Link . . 77 Digitaria stolonifera, Schr. . 59 Draba verna, L. 38 Epilobium angustifolium, L. . 14 Epimedium alpinum, L. . . 47 Erica vulgaris, L. . . 76 Eriophila vulgaris, DC. . 38 Erysimum Cbeiranlhoides, L. . 62 Euphrasia officinalis, L. . 72 Fritiliaria meleagris, L. . . 1 Fritillaria tessellata, Salisb. . 1 Gagea fascicularis, Salisb. . 41 Gagea lutea, Ker ... . 41 Galanthus nivalis, L. . . . 33 Galeopsis cannabina, Willd. 75 Galeopsis versicolor, Curtis . 75 Genista sioparia, Lam. . 77 Genista vulgaris, Gray . . 77 PLATE Geranium pratense, L. . 30 Geum rivale, L. ... 3 Hedera Helix, L. ... 32 Herba Paris, Ray . .6 llippuris vulgaris, L. . . 49 Holcus lanatus, 1 64 Hyacinthus Anglicus, Ray . 74 Hyacinthus non-scriptus, L. . 74 Hyacinthus nutans, Ger. . 74 Hypericum Androscemum, L. . 39 Hypericum perforatum, L. . 80 Lamium album, L. . . 31 Leucojum aestivum, L. . 55 Leucojum vernum, L. (2nd ed.) 13 Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. . 23 Lobelia urens, L. ... 79 Lychnis Flos-cuculi, L. . 71 Lychnis plumarius, Gray . . 71 Lycopsis arvensis, L. . . 21 Malva moschata, L. . . .25 Matricaria Parthenium, I.. . 20 Meconopsis Cambrica, DC .54 Myosotis palustris, Roth. . 57 Myosotis scorpioides, palustris, L. 57 Narcissus Pseudo- Narcissus, Neottia spiralis, Swartz . Ophrys apifera, Huds. Ophrys insectifera, L. . Ophrys spiralis, L. . Ornithogalum luteum, L. Panicum Dactylon, L. Papaver Cambricum, L. Papaver somniferum, L. Papaver sylvestre, Ray Paris quadrifolia, I,. Parnassia palustris, L. Paronychia vulgaris, Ray Phaiaris canariensis, L. Plileum pratense, L. Polygonum Bistorta, L. Prenanthes muralis, L. . Prunella vulgaris, L. . Pyrethrum Parthenium, Sm. Reseda lutea, L. Reseda vulyaris, Ray Salvia pratensis, L. Samolus valerandi, L. Saponaria officinalis, L. Scilla non-scripta, Hoff. . Scilla nutans, Sm. Sclaria pratensis, Maench, Scutellaria galericulata, L. Senecio soualidus, L. . Senecio Chrysanthemifolius, Spartium scoparium, L. . Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. Stachys palustris, 1,. Tanacetum vulgare, L. . Teucrium scorodonia, L. Triglochin palustre, L. Tulipa sylvestris, L. . Verbena officinalis, L. Verbena vulgaris, Ray Veronica bibarbata, Stokes Veronica Chamoedrys, L. . Viola canina, L. . . Viscum album, L. 73 63 8 8 63 41 59 54 53 53 6 70 33 56 68 5 27 67 20 15 15 65 11 37 74 74 65 12 52 52 77 63 16 24 22 60 2 26 26 50 50 4 40 SYSTEMATICAL INDEX TO VOL. I. PLATE RIonandria. 1 stamen (p. 49.) Hippuris vulgaris 49 Diandria. 2 stamens, (p. 50.) Veronica Chamaedrys 50 Salvia pratensis . . 65 Circaea lutetiana 9 Triandria. 3 stamens, (pp. 45&56) Alopecurus pratensis 45 Phalaris canariensis . 56 Phleum pratense 68 Ilolcus lanatus . 64 Gynodon Dactylon . 59 Tetrandria. 4 stamens, (p. 46) Asperula odorata 46 Epiniedium alpinum 47 Pentandria. 5 stamens, (p. 48) Borago officinalis 66 Lycopsis arvensis . 21 Anchusa semptrvirens 48 Myosotis palustris . 57 Anagallis arvensis . 29 Atropa Belladonna . 10 Convolvulus arvensis 58 Samolus Valerandi . 11 Lobelia m ens . 79 Campanula rolundifolia . 61 Viola canina . . 4 Hedera Helix . 32 Cuscuta europara 18 Hithusa Cynapium . 19 Bupleurum rotundifolium 13 Parnassia palustris . 70 Hexandria. 6 stamens (p. 33) Leucojum aestivum . 55 Galanthus nivalis 33 ISarcissus Pseudo- narcissus . 73 Convallaria Majalis 78 Gagea lutea . 41 Jlyacintiius non-scriptus 74 Friiillaria Meleagris . 1 Tulipa sylvestris 2 Triglochin palustre . 60 Colchicum autumnale 17 Octanduia. 8 stamens (p. 42.) Chlora perfoliata 69 Calluna vulgaris . 76 Edpilobium angustifolium 14 Polygonum Bistorta . . 5 Paris quadrifolia 6 Adoxa moschatellina 42 Enneandria. 9 stamens, (p. 34) Butomus umbellatus 34 Dccandria. 10 stamens, (p. 37) Saponaria officinalis . 37 Lychnis Elo-cuculi 71 Docecandria. 12 to 19 stamens. (p. 15. 2nd ed.) Reseda lutea . 15 PLATE Icos an dr i a . 20 or more stamens placed on the calyx (p. 3.) Geum rivale .... 3 Polyandria. Many stamens, insert- ed upon the receptacle, (pp. 7, 43, 51) Papaver somniferum . . .53 Meconopsis Carpbrica . 54 Chelidonium majus . . .51 Anemone nemorosa . . 43 Adonis autumnalis ... 7 Didynamia. 4 stamens; two longer than the other two, (p.31.) Teucrium Scorodonia . . .22 Galeopsis versicolor . . 75 Eamium album ... 31 Stachvs palustris . . .16 Prunella vulgaris ... 67 Scutellaria galericulata . .12 Euphrasia officinalis . . 72 Linaria Cymbalaria . . .23 Verbena officinalis ... 26 Tetradynamta. 6 stamens, 4 long and 2 short, (p. 38) Draba verna . . . . 38 Erysimum cheiranthoides . . 62 Monadelphia. Filaments combined in one set. Geranium pratense . . .30 Malva moschata ... 25 DiADELruiA. Filaments combined in two sets (p. 77.) Spartium scoparium . . 77 Poly a Delphi a. Filaments combined in more than two sets, (p.39 ) A ndrosaemum officinale . . 39 Hypericum perforatum . . 80 Syngenesia. Anthers united into a tube. Flowers compound. Prenanthes muralis . . .27 Tanaeetum vulgare . . 24 Senecio squalidus ... 52 Beilis perenuis . . . .44 Pyrethrum Parthenium . . 20 Achillea Ptarmica . . .36 Centaurea Cyanus ... 35 G ynandria. Stamens situated upon the style or column, above the ger- men, (p. 8.) Ophrys apifera ... 8 Spiranthus autumnalis . . 63 Aristolochia clematitis . . 28 Dhecia. Stamens and pistils in se- parate flowers, and on different plants. Viscum album . . . .40 ENGLISH INDEX TO VOL. I. .Adonis-flower . PI.ATF. . 7 Lobelia, (acrid) PLATE 79 All-heal . lfl Mare’s-tail . 49 Archangel . 31 Marsh- Arrow-grass . 60 Barren-wort 47 Marsh Mouse Ear. . 57 Base Rocket . . . 15 Meadow Clary 65 Bee Nettle . 75 Meadow Lychnis . 71 Bee Ophrys . 8 Meadow Saffron # 17 Birthwort 28 Meadow- Sage . 65 Bistort . . . 5 Meadow Soft-grass . 64 Blue-bell 61 Mignonette . 15 Blue-bottle . 35 Misseltoe 40 Borage . . . 66 Mountain Snow-drop . 45 Brook-weed . 11 Musk Mallow 25 Broom 77 Nail-wort . 38 Bugloss, small . 21 Narcissus 73 Canary-grass 56 One-berrv . 6 Cat’s-tail-grass . . 68 Oxford Weed 23 Celandine 51 Park Leaves . 39 Chequered Daffodil Clown’s Wound-wort . 1 Persian Willow 14 16 Pheasant’s Eye . 7 Corn Bind-weed . . 58 Pimpernel (scarlet) . Poor Man’s Weather-gl 29 Corn-flower . 35 ass . 29 Cranes-bill, (Meadow) . 30 Ragged Robin 71 Creeping Dog’s-tooth-grass . 59 Rag-wort (inelegant) . 52 Daffodil! 73 Rose-bay Willow-herb 14 Daisy . 44 Round leaved Bell-flower . 61 Dead-nettle (white) 31 Saint John’s Wort . 80 Deadly Nightshade . 10 Self-heal 67 Dodder (greater) 18 Simpler’s Joy . 26 Dog’s Violet . 4 Skull-cap 12 Dool -grass . . 59, a Snake’s Head . 1 Durva 59, a Snake Weed 5 Dwale . . . 10 Sneeze-wort . 36 Enchanter’s Nightshade 9 Snow-flake 55 Evergreen Alkanet . 48 Soap-wort . 37 Eye-bright 72 Sweet Woodruff 46 Fair Maid of February . 33 Tansy . 24 Feverfew . 20 ThorowWax . 13 Flos-Adonis . 7 Timothy Grass 68 Flowering Rush . Fool’s Parsley 34 Treacle Mustard . . 62 . 19 True Love 6 Forget-me-not . . 57 Tuberoot . . 17 Fox-tail-grass (Meadow) . . 45 Tulip 2 French Willow . 14 Tutsan . 39 Fritillary . . 1 Vervain 26 Gagea (yellow) 41 Water Avens . 3 Germander Speedwell . 50 Water Gladiole . 34 Goose-tongue 36 Water Pimpernel . 11 Grass of Parnassus . 70 Welsh Poppy 54 Great Water Scorpion-grass . 57 White Poppy . 53 Hare-bell . 74 Whitlow-grass . 38 Hare’s Ear . 13 Wild Germander . 50 Heath-bell . 61 Wild Hyacinth . 74 Heather 76 Wild Tulip . 2 Hemp-nettle . 75 Wind-flower 43 Herb Paris • 6 Witch’s Thimble . . 61 Hooded Willow-herb . 12 Wood Nymph 43 Ivy . . • . 32 Wood Sage . . 22 Ivy-leaved Toad-flax . 23 Woodruff . . 46 Ivy-leaved Wall Lettuce 27 W orm-seed . 62 Ladies’ Traces . 73 Yellow Centaury 69 Lily of the Valley . 78 Yorkshire Fog . 64 Ling . 76 Cryptogamic Plants noticed. Natural Orders described. FOLIO FOLIO .'Ecidium albescens . 42 a Amaryllide® 55 a leucospermum . 43 a Asphodeleai 41 a Asterorria Piunell® . 67 a Butomem 34 a Erysiphe aspeiifoliorum . 21 Circmace® (2nd ed.) 9 n. J nitida . (2nd ed.) 9 a Composite 27 a Hvsterium foliicolum 32 a Crucifer® . 38 a Gramineum 68 a Hvpeiicine® . 80 a Peziza tuberosa . 43 a Juncagine® 60 a Puccinia adox® 42 a Liliace® (2nd ed.) 1 a anemones 43 a Lobeliace® 79 a circ®® (2nd ed.) 9 a Loranthe® 40 a Scillarum . 74 a Resedace® . (2nd ed.) 15 a Sphaeria punctiformis 32 a Violace® (2nd ed.) 4 a typhina 64 a Uredo anemones 43 a — Campanulas . 61 a Hvpericorum 39 a N. B. When a follows a folio, it de- Riiinanthacearum 72 a notes the second page of that folio. CORRECTIONS and ADDITIONS. Folio 4 a, after the 11th line, add — Puccinia Viola, Grev. FI. Edin. p. 432 ; and BScidium Violarum, ibid. p. 444, are frequently found parasitical on the leaves and leaf-stalks of Viola canina, on Shotover Hill and Bagley Wood, near Oxford. Folio 6, line 2, (2nd ed.)/or Monogynia read Tetragynia. Folio 6, line 19, (1st ed.)/or London read Loudon’s. Folio 16, line 8, (1st ed.)/or art read are. Folio 32 a, line 4 from the bottom, for Spha'air (in some copies) read Spha'ria. Fol. 36 a, line 2 from the bottom, for X nthium (in some copies) read Xanthium. Folio 40, lines 18 & 19, from the bottom, for White-thorn read Black-thorn. Folio 56, line 2, for Monogynia read Digynia. Folio 59, line 2, for Monogynia read Digynia. Folio 60, line 21, for Pa'lustre read PaliPstre. Fol. 66. line 16 from the bottom, for Borago read Borrago. Folio 73 a, line 11, after the Rev.C. Abbot, insert — “ Bucks; One of the woods at Stowe, near Black-pit Pond, is remarkable for the Narcissus Pseudo- narcissus, with which it is so profusely enamelled, that the country people have denominated it the Daffadowndilly W ood.” Mr. G. Woodward, Surgeon, Bicester, Oxfordshire. (Feb. 16, 1834.) Folio 80 a, line 22 from the bottom, after 1821, add — Johnston’s Flora of Berwick, p. 167. KING, PRINTER, ST. CI.EMENt’s, OXFORD. . 7 FRI'J ILL ARIA MELEAG-R IS- SNAKE 'S HEAD (1.) FRITILLA'RIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Hexa'ndria, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Lilia'cete, Jussieu. — Lindley’s Synopsis, p. 266 ; Introduction to the Natural System of Botany, p. $79. — Richard’s Elements of Botany, translated by W. Macgillivray, A. M. p. 403. — Tulipa'cEjE, De Candolle. Generic Character. Calyx none. Corolla (Perian'thium, see p. 33.) inferior, bell-shaped, spreading at the base, of 6 oblong parallel petals, each with a nectariferous cavity at the base on the inside, (fig. 1.) Filaments 6, (fig. 2.) awl-shaped, attached to the bottom of each petal, close to the style, shorter than the corolla. Anthers oblong, 4-cornered, upright, attached by the back. Germen (fig. 3.) superior, oblong, 3-sided (triangular), blunt. Style (fig. 3.) simple, longer than the stamens. Stigmas 3, oblong, spreading, downy on the upper side. Capsule oblong, blunt, with 3 lobes, 3 cells, and 3 valves, connected by network, with central partitions. Seeds numerous, flat, crowded one above another in 2 rows ; their outer margin rounded. Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order by the naked, inferior, bell-shaped corolla of 6 petals, with a nectarifer- ous gland at the base of each. Only one species British. FRITILLA'RIA MELEA'GRlSf. Fritillary. Chequered Daffodil. Snake’s-head. Specific Character. All the leaves alternate; strap-spear- shaped, pointed. Stem single-flowered. Nectary strap-shaped. Points of the Petals turned inwards. English Botany, (by Sir J. E. Smith, and Mr. James Sowerby,) t. 622. — Curtis’s Flora l.ondinensis, t.20. — Hudson’s Flora Anglica, (2nded.) p. 144. — Smith’s Flora Britannica, v. i. p. 360. English Flora, v. ii. p. 139. — Wither- ing’s Botanical Arrangements, (7th ed.) v. ii. p.424. — JLindley’s Synopsis, p. 266. — Hooker’s British Flora, p. 158.— Sibthorp’s Flora Oxoniensis, p. 110. — Abbot’s Flora Bedfordiensis, p. 75. — Purton’s Midland Flora, v. iii. p. 31. — Relhan’s Flora Cantabrigiensis, (3rd ed.) p. 139.— Walker’s Flora of Oxford- shire, p. 92. — Fritilldria tessellcita, Gray’s Natural Arrangement of British Plants, v. ii. p. 174. — Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, v. i. p.289. f. 153. — Fritilldria variegdta, Johnson’s Gerarde, 149. Localities. — Moist meadows and pastures, principally in the southern parts of ENGLAND. — Oxfordshire; Abundant in Magdalen College Meadow, and Cowley Meadows near Oxford, both the purple and the white varieties. W. B. — Berkshire; Meadows between Kennington and Oxford. W. B. Meadows about Burghfield Bridge, near Reading : Mr. Faruon, in Turner and Dillwyn’s Botanist’s Guide. — Bedfordshire; At Bromham : Rev. C. Abbot, in Flora Bedfordiensis. — Buckinghamshire ; Peat-field near Dorney : Mr. Gotobed. — Cambridgeshire; In some closes at Westhoe, near Linton : Rev. R. Relhan, in Flora Cantabrigiensis. — Cumberland; About Keswick: Mr. Hutton, in Botanist’s Guide. — Dorsetshire ; In the wood on the left hand Fig. 1. A Petal, to show the Nectary. — Fig. 2. Stamens. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigma. * From fritillus, a dice-box ; which the form of the corolla may be sup- posed to resemble. Withering. — “ Movet arma fritillo.” Juvenal. t From its chequered appearance, not uniike that of a chess-board. belween Frittleford and Sturminster Newton 1 Dr. Pulteney, in Bot. Guide. — Leicestershire; Near Leicester: Dr. Arnold. — Middlesex; “In Mawde Fields near Rislip Common, plentifully, where they have been observed near 60 years:” Blackstone, in Specimen Botanicum, (1746), p. 23. F.nfield : Mr. Hudson, in Flora Anglica. Meadows at Totteridge : Rev. J. Davies, in Bot. Guide. — Norfolk ; In a field called the Seven Acres, and the adjoining ones, by the side of Mendham long lane, near Harleston, where it also varies with a white flower: Rev. H. Tilney. — Staffordshire ; In a meadow near Blymhill, plentifully : Mr. Dickenson, in Bot. Guide. Meadows on the right hand side of the road leading from Wolesely Bridge to Stafford : Dr. Wither- ing.— Suffolk; Meadows at Laxfield, near the Church: Mr. Davy, in Bot. Guide. Between Laxfield and Stirrup-street : Mr. Woodward, ibid. At Little Stonham, a troublesome weed : Mrs. Cobeold. Meadow at Hawsted : Sir T. G. Cullum, ibid. — Surrey ; Meadows near the Thames between Mort- lake and Kew : Mr. Hudson, and Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Warwickshire ; Wroxall Field : Mr. W. G. Perry, in Purton’s Midland Flora. Perennial. — Flowers in April and May. Root, a small, depressed, roundish bulb, throwing out numerous fibres from beneath. Stem from 6 to 12, or 1 8 inches high ; round, smooth, leafy, quite simple, drooping at the top. Leaves alternate, half embracing the stem, round on the under, and channelled on the upper side, pointed, somewhat glaucous. Flowers terminal, pendu- lous, regularly chequered with pale and dark purple, sometimes white. Petals oval, their points turned inwards. Nectary, a strap- shaped cavity at the base of each petal. Capsule obovate, blunt, 6-furrowed, upright. It varies with white flowers, and sometimes with two flowers on a stem. Both these varieties, as well as others of different shades of purple, are common about Oxford. Dr. Withering observed the white flowered variety in great abundance in a meadow on the right of the road leading from Wolesely-bridge to Stafford, not a quarter of a mile from the bridge ; and Mr. W. G. Perry found the same variety in a meadow by the road-side opposite to Wroxall Abbey, Warwickshire. There are few plants that are greater favourites with the Horticulturist and the Florist than the various exotic species and varieties which compose the Lilia'ce-e. The plants of this Natural Order are all monocotyledonous (having only one seed-lobe), and mostly herbaceous, with scaly, or solid, bul- biferous (seldom fibrous) roots. Their leaves are spear-shaped, or heart- shaped, with parallel veins. The flowers are sometimes solitary and terminal, sometimes in simple spikes, or branched racemes, often large and handsome, and frequently variegated with the most lovely colours. The perian'thium (calyx and corolla confounded) is inferior, coloured, and regular, of 6 pieces (petals of Linnjeus), which occasionally cohere at the base, so as to form a tube ; these 6 pieces are disposed in two rows, three being external, and three internal ; the former are, by some Botanists, called sepals, the latter petals. The stamens are 6 in number, inserted into the pieces of the perian'thium. The ovary ( germen J has 3 cells, and 3 prominent ribs, each cell contains many ovules (unripe seeds). The style is simple or wanting; and the stigma is simple or 3-lobed. The fruit is a 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded capsule, with a loculicidal dehiscence, (i.e. the dissepiments, or partitions, are situated on the middle of the inner surface of the valves). The seeds are flat, and packed one upon the other in 1 or 2 rows ; they have a spongy, dilated, often winged integument ; their albumen is fleshy, and contains the embryo, the radical of which is turned towards the hilutn or scar. This order contains only two British Genera, namely, FritillaHiia and Tu'lipa. TULfPA SYLVE’.STRIS - WILD TULIP T/. (2.) TU'LIPA* * Linnean Class and Order. Hexa'ndria, Monogy'nja. Natural Order. Lilia'cea^, Juss. — Lindl. Synop. p. 266 ; Introduct. to the Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 279. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 403. — Tulipa'cete, De Candolle. — Hemerocalli'bete, Dr. R. Brown. Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla f Perianthium , see p. 33.) inferior, bell-shaped, of 6 egg-shaped, concave, upright petals, without nectaries (honey-pores J at the base. Filaments 6, (fig. 1.) awl-shaped, flattish, upright, very short. Anthers oblong, four- cornered, upright, distant. Germen (fig. 2.) superior, large, ob- long, with 3 more or less blunt angles. Style none. Stigma either three-cornered (triangular) or three-lobed, permanent. Capsule triangular, with 3 intermediate furrows, 3 cells, and 3 valves, which are fringed at the edges, and have central partitions. Seeds numer- ous, flat, inversely egg-shaped, crowded one above another, in two rows. The naked, inferior, bell-shaped corolla, of 6 petals, which have no nectaries, the sessile stigma, and the flat seeds, will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. TU'LIPA SYLVE'STRIS. Wild Tulip. Spec. Char. Stem 1-flowered, a little drooping. Leaves spear- shaped. Stigma triangular, abrupt. Stamens hairy at the base. Engl. Bot. t. 63. — Hooker’s Flora Londinensis, t. 19. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 361. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 140. — With. Bot. Arr. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.425. — Lindl. Syn. p. 266. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 159. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 173. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 75. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 171. v. iii. p. 351. — Hooker’s Flora Scotica, p. 101. — Walker’s Flora of Oxfordshire, p. 92. — Tulipa bononiensis, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 138. Localities. — In old chalk-pits in some parts of ENGLAND, and in SCOT- LAND. — Not common. — Oxfordshire ; near Bullington, and by the side of the walk round Christ Church Meadow, Oxford : Dr. Williams, Regius Pro- fessor of Botany. — Berks ; Besselsleigh, near Oxford : Miss Hoskins. — Bed- fordshire ; Whipsnade, on the borders of Hertfordshire: Rev. D. Jenks, in FI. Bedf.— Dorsetshire ; In the hollow way, near the church at Melbury, near Shaftsbury : Dr. Pijlteney, in Bot. Guide. — Durham ; near Blackwell : Mr. Winch, in With. Bot. Arr. — Gloucestershire ; In Bitton meadows, opposite the church: Rev. H. T. Ellicombe, ibid. — Middlesex ; Top of Muswell Hill: Mr. J. Woods, jun. in With. Bot. Arr. — Norfolk; In old chalk-pits near Norwich: Mr. Rose, in Sm. FI. Brit. — Suffolk; Chalk-pit near St. Peter’s Barn, Risby Gate Street, Bury : Sir T. G. Cullum, Bart, in Bot. Guide. — Surrey ; At Wimbledon: Mr. W. Pampun, jun. Abundant near Leatherhead : Air. G. Penny, A. L. S. — Warwickshire ; About Allesley; and in meadows by the Bourne at Shustock : Rev. W. T. Bree, in Purt. Mid. FI. — Worcestershire ; Among the limestone quarries on Malvern Hilis : J. T. Goodman, in Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, v. iii. p. 161. — SCOT- LAND ; Near Hamilton and Brechin, and in an old quarry at Bennie Craig, Firth of Forth : Mr. J. T. Mackay, in Hook. Br. FL Perennial. — Flowers in April. Fig. 1. Stamens, Germen, and Stigma. — Fig. 2. Germen. — Fig. 3. Section of Germen. * From' loWmn, the Persian name for a turban, the shape and colour of the flower somewhat resembling that kind of Eastern head-dress. t See p. 1. Bulb egg-shaped, tumid on one side, brown. Stem simple, nearly upright, about a foot high, round, smooth, 1-flowered ; leafy about the middle, tapering at the base. Leaves alternate, clasping the stem, spear-shaped, slightly keeled, smooth, rather glaucous, taper- ing at each end. Flower somewhat drooping, sweet scented, bright yellow ; externally greenish. Filaments yellow, flatted, surrounded with a fringe of short white hairs at the bottom. Anthers and Pollen yellow. Stigma sharply triangular, blunt ; not dilated, nor downy, like the garden Tulip. Tiilipa Sylvistris is specifically distinguished from the common garden Tulip ( T . Gesneriana) by the acute petals, hairy at the point and base ; and from that and every other species, at present known, by the flowers being drooping before they expand. The bulbs send out lateral shoots, of a considerable length, forming new bulbs at the extremity ; this character, Mr. Ker informs us, (see Bot. Mag. t. 1202.) will distinguish Tiilipa sylvistris from T. cel- sidna and T. hijldrus ; both of which produce their offsets in a perpendicular direction. See Hook. FI. Lond. and Sm. Engl. FI. This is frequently cultivated in gardens under the name of sweet- scented Florentine Tulip, and is much admired for the elegance of its flowers, its gracefully pendent buds, and its agreeable and delicate perfume. A variety with double flowers is not uncommon in gar- dens.— Linnaeus remarks, that the flower of Tiilipa Sylvestris does not begin to open till about 10 o’clock in the morning, whereas the garden Tulip opens before 8. He reports, from Parkinson, that the roots boiled, and eaten with oil and pepper, are palatable and wholesome ; whereas Haller says they are acrid and cause vomiting. If, in the Winter, a bulb of the Tulip is cautiously divided in a vertical di- rection, and the few concentric coats of which it consists are carefully removed, the whole flower of the next Summer’s Tulip, with its petals, stamens, and pistil, may be very distinctly seen with the help of a common pocket magnify- ing glass, or even by the naked eye. This has not escaped the observation of one of our favourite Poets. “ Here lies a bulb, the child of earth, Buried alive beneath the clod, Ere long to spring, by second birth, A new and nobler work of God. "Tis said, that microscopic power Might through its swaddling folds descry The infant image of the flower, Too exquisite to meet the eye. This, vernal suns and rains will swell, Till from its dark abode it peep, Like Venus rising from her shell. Amidst the spring-tide of the deep. Two shapely leaves will first unfold, Then on a smooth elastic stem, The verdant bud shall turn to gold, And open in a diadem. Not one of Flora’s brilliant race, A form more perfect can display, — Art could not feign more simple grace. Nor Nature take a tint away.” — Montgomery. g$ ' ■ ■ ■ GEUM-RlVALE. WATEH -AVEJV3. 2 (3.) GE'UM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Icosa'ndria, Polygy'nia. Natural Order. Rosa'ce^e, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 88 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 81. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 528. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 leaf, permanent, 5-cleft, with 5 external bracteolse (small leaflets, situated on the calyx, and alternate with its segments). Petals 5, rounded, un- divided or cloven, attached by their claws to the rim of the calyx opposite to the bracteolae, about as long as the calyx. Filaments numerous, awl-shaped, from the rim of the calyx, shorter than the corolla. Anthers short, roundish, of 2 cells. Germens (figs. 2 & 4.) superior, egg-shaped, compressed, numerous, forming a round head. Styles long, terminal, with a joint above the middle; lower part permanent, upper deciduous. Stigmas simple. Seeds egg-shaped, compressed, hairy, each with a long terminal tail (fig. 4.), formed of the hardened lower part of the style, and terminating in a hook. Receptacle (fig. 3.) cylindrical, dry, hairy. The bent hooked tail of the seeds, and the cylindrical, dry, hairy receptacle, will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. GE'UM RIVA'LE. Water Avens. Spec. Char. Root-leaves interruptedly pinnate, somewhat lyrate. Stipulas egg-shaped, pointed, cut. Flowers drooping. Styles hairy above the curvature. Engl. Bot. t. 106. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 226. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 554. — Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 430. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 638. — Lindl. Syn. p. 98. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 254.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 579. — Lightfoot’s FI. Scot. v. i. p. 274. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 163. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 114. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 241. v. iii. p. 361. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 206. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 165. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 118. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 146. — Caryophyllata montana purpurea, Ray’s Synopsis, p. 253. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 994. Localities. — Moist meadows and woods. — Not unfrequent in the North of England ; in Scotland, and in Wales. Withering. — Oxfordshire ; Marston, and Noke : Dr. Sibthorp. In a copse near Elsfield, and in Calves’ Close, at Headington, near Oxford : Rev. Ro. Walker. — Berkshire; Banks of the Rennet, near Newbury :• Mr. Gotobed. In Theale meadows near Reading : Rev. Rd. Walker. Side of the Canal, about a mile from Hungerford ; June, 1833 : Mr. A.R. Burt. — Bedfordshire ; Putnoe Wood : Rev. C.Abeot. — Cam- bridgeshire ; Pastures near Wood Ditton, Hall, Catlidge, and W’ood Ditton Park Woods: Rev. R. Reliian. Shady Camps: Rev. Dr. Chevallier, in FI. Cant.— Cheshire ; Frequent in the Wems, a marshy place near Stayley Hall: Mr. Bradbury, in Bot. Guide. — Cumberland; Kirtland, and Bramp- ton : Mr. Hutchinson. Road-side between Penrith and Keswick: Mr. Far- don, Bot. Guide. — Derbyshire; Chee Tor; Hassop ; Pinxton : Mr. Coke. About Hayfield : Mr. L. Howard. Dovedale : Mr. J. Woods, jun. Beard’s Wood near Low Leighton : Mr. O. Sims, in Bot. Guide. Abundant about Fig. 1. Section of the Calyx, showing the situation of the Stamens. — Fig. 2. Receptacle and*Seeds. — Fig. 3. Cylindrical, dry, hairy Receptacle, with seeds removed. — Fig. 4. A Seed a little magnified. * From geuo, Gr. to give out a flavour ; from the agreeable aromatic quality of the roots. Withering. Matlock: N. B. Young, Esq. New College — Dorsetshire; At Frome near Evershot, common: Rev. G. Crabbe, in Bot. Guide. — Durham; Frequent near Darlington : Mr. Robson — Hampshire ; About Andover : Mr.BoRRER. — Herefordshire ; Northern parts of the county : Mr. Duncumb. — Lincolnshire; Horncastle : Rev. R. Reliian. — Northumberland ; Scott’s Wood, and every wood near Newcastle : Mr. AVinch. — Norfolk ; Osier Ground at Thorpe, and in Woolverton Wood : Dr. Martyn. Meadows between Norwich and Thorpe ; Prior’s Wood between Downham and Lynn: Dr. Smith. Near Bingham : Mr. AVoodward. Fincham, and Marham : Rev. R. Forby. Old Bucken- ham : Mr. Jas. Turner. — Nottinghamshire; In the close by Asply House, along the wood-side, and in other places about Nottingham : Deerinc. — Shropshire ; Wem ddu near Llanymenech ; and Bagley Brook, Shrewsbury : Dr. Evans. Faintree : Miss Purton, in Midi. FI. Maulbrook, near Walton : Hall. — Somersetshire ; By the road-side on the left hand as you go from Frome to Shepton, about a quarter of a mile beyond Brewton road-gate : Mr. Sole. — Staffordshire; At Ilam : Mr. J. AVoons, jun. Between AValsall and Aldridge: Rev. AAr. S. RuFronD, in Purt. Midi. FI. — Suffolk ; About Bury : Sir T. G. Cullum. — Sussex; In a bog near Chichester: Dr. Martyn. — Warwickshire ; Arley AAfood, &c. : Rev. W.T. Bree, in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 165. — Wilts ; Sides of the River Avon near Salisbury : Dr. Maton. — Worcestershire ; About Abberley: Mr. Hickman, in Purt. Midi. FI. — Yorkshire ; In moist woods about C. Howard, common : Teesdale. About Leeds ; near Skipton, in great abundance : Rev. AV. AVood. Angram Wood, near Coxwold : Rev. Archdeacon Pierson. All wet places about Copgrove : Rev. J. Dalton, in Bot. Guide. — WALES. Anglesea ; Lligwy- wood : Rev. H. Davies. — Brecknockshire ; Usgoed Hendry : Mr. J. Woods, jun. — Denbighshire ; AVood below Gam : Mr. Griffith. Among the rocks of the Waterfall called Rhaiadr. Mawr between Conway and Llanrwst : Mr. Bingley. — Flintshire; Frequent about Mold : AArARiNG. — Glamorganshire; Usgoed Eynon Gam : Mr. J. Woods, jun. About Pont Nedd. \rachn : L. AV. Dillwynn, Esq. — Common in SCOTLAND : Lightfoot, in FI. Scot. — Hab- bie’s How and Newbattle AVoods, near Edinburgh: Dr. Graham. — Rosslyn, Auchindenny.and Arniston Woods : Di.Greville, in FI. Edin.— IRELAND. Queen's County ; In Sir R. Staple’s woods. — County of Kerry ; Brandon Mountain. — County of Cork; Priest’s Leap Mountain. — County of Dublin; In Woodlands : Mr. J. T. Mackay, in Catal. of PI. of Ireland. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root somewhat woody, horizontal ; reddish, astringent, aromatic, smelling like cloves. Herbage hairy. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, slightly panicled, otherwise simple, round, purplish in the upper part. Root-leaves stalked, their terminal lobe very large, lobed, and sharply crenate. Stem-leaves stalked, ternate, or 3-lobed. Stipulas of the latter egg-shaped, pointed, cut, purplish. Flowers drooping, becoming upright as the seeds ripen. Calyx flat at the base, purplish brown. Petals upright, of a tawny red colour, streaked. Germen, and lowest part of the Style, clothed with long hairs, above which are some shorter and glandular ones ; but a considerable space under the curvature is smooth ; above the curvature is a rather long, hairy portion, which falls off with the Stigma, leaving a hook be- hind. Varies by cultivation with double, and sometimes with pro- liferous flowers f. t The powdered root is used by the Canadians to cure tertian agues. ‘ VIOLA- C ANINA DcSJ-S-TY; OLE T ?/ (4.) V I' O L A * * Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Viola'cete, Juss.- — Lindl. Syn. p. 35 ; Intro- duction to Nat. Syst. p. 146. — Violarie'^e. De Candolle. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 505. Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 5 permanent, oblong, upright, pointed, equal sepals (leaves), which are elongated at the base. Corolla irregular, of 5 unequal petals, the uppermost broadest, slightly cleft, and turned downwards, terminating at the base in a horn-shaped, blunt nectary, projecting between the sepals; two lateral .petals opposite, equal, blunt, straight ; two lowermost equal, larger, and turned upwards (the position of the flower being re- versed). Filaments very small, the two adjoining the uppermost petal have 2 combined spurs, (fig. 1.) which enter the nectary. Anthers broad, converging (approaching each other) , scarcely con- nected, blunt, each terminating in a membranous point. Germen superior, roundish. Style thread-shaped, extending beyond the anthers. Stigma oblique. Capsule (fig. 2.) egg-shaped, three- edged, blunt, with 1 cell and 3 rigid, finally reflexed valves, (fig. 3). Seeds many, egg-shaped, polished, attached to the linear central receptacle ( placenta ) of each valve. The 5-leaved calyx, irregular, spurred corolla, and 1-celled cap- sule of 3 valves, will distinguish this from all other genera with an inferior polypetalous corolla, in the same class and order. Eight species British ; all of which have their flowers reversed, or inverted. VI'OLA CANI'NA. Dog’s Violet. Spec. Char. Stem, as it attains full growth, ascending, chan- nelled. Leaves heart-shaped, somewhat pointed. Stipulas ser- rated. Bracteas awl-shaped, entire. Calyx acute. Engl. Bot. t. 620. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 108.— Huds. FI. Angl. p. 379. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 246. Eng. FI. v. i. p. 303. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 328. — Lindl. Syn. p. 35. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 106. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 669. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 508. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 83. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 190. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 418. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.; p. 93. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 77. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 52. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 60. — Mackay’s Catal. of thePlants found in Ireland, p.23. — Viola Martin inodora sylvestris, Ray’s Syn. p. 364. — Viola canina sylvestris, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 851. Localities. — In woods, thickets, hedge-banks, and heathy ground. — Very common. Perennial. — Flowers in April and May. Root somewhat woody. Stem at first none, or very short ; after- wards rising to the height of from 6 to 8, or 10 inches ; it is some- Fig. 1. The five converging Anthers and two Spurs. — Fig. 2. The Calyx, un- ripe Capsule, and Style. — Fig. 3. Ripe Capsule, showing the three Valves, and the Seeds. * “ According to some, from Ion, (being the food of the metamorphosed Io,) the Greek appellation. — ‘ A vi olendi,' (f rom the power of its scent,) accord- ing to others. — And again, ‘quod juxta vias nasci amat ;’ because it loves, to grow by way-sides, where it introduces itself to the notice of passengers.” Dr. Hooker. what zigzag, leafy, smooth, channelled on one side, rounded on the other, alternately. Leaves heart-shaped, more or less pointed, nearly smooth, crenate (scolloped). Stipulas rather deeply toothed, or fringed. Flower-stalks square, upright ; the earlier ones radical (growing from the root), the rest cauline (growing from the stem), axillary, solitary, bearing two narrow, entire, awl-shaped Bracteas in the upper part, and one nodding ; blue, (sometimes white,) scent- less f Flower, with purple lines in the mouth, and a greenish white, abrupt spur. Calyx-leaves strap-spear-shaped. Anthers slightly cohering, and tipped with an orange-coloured membrane. Capsule oblong, its valves compressed J. The Natural Order Viola 'ce^: consists of polypetalous (having more than one petal), dicotyledonous (having two seed-lobes) herbs or shrubs, with simple, usually alternate, rarely opposite leaves, each leaf furnished with a pair of permanent stipulas. The calyx is com- posed of 5 permanent sepals, with an imbricate aestivation, usually elongated at the base. The corolla, which is inferior, consists of 5 equal or unequal petals, usually with an obliquely convolute aesti- vation, one of them generally spurred. The stamens are 5 in num- ber, either alternate with the petals, or, as is occasionally the case, opposite to them, inserted on an hypogynous (inferior) disk, often unequal ; anthers of 2 lobes, bursting inwards, either separate or cohering, and lying close upon the ovarium (germen) ; the filaments are dilated, and lengthened out beyond the anthers ; two of which, in the irregular flowers, are generally furnished with an appendage in the form of a recurved horn at their base, and is prolonged into the spur. The ovarium ( germen ) is 1-celled, and many-seeded, or rarely 1-seeded, with 3 parietal placenta (receptacle of the seeds J, which are opposite to the 3 outer sepals. The style is single, and usually decimate (bent), with an oblique hooked stigma. The fruit is a capsule of 3 valves, each valve bearing a placenta or trophosperm (receptacle of the seeds) on the middle of its inner surface. The seeds contain an upright embryo (corculum or little heart J in a fleshy albumen or endosperm , (a white, farinaceous fleshy sub- stance, destined to nourish the embryo of the seed). Vi'ola is the only British Genus in this order. t This deficiency in the Dog’s Violet is noticed by the Poet in the following lines — “ Deceitful plant! from thee no odours rise, Perfume the air, or scent the mossy glade, Altho’ thy blossoms wear the modest guise Of her§, the sweetest offspring of the shade. Yet not like her’s, still shunning to be seen. And by their fragrant breath, alone, betray’d, Veiled in the vesture of a scantier green, To every gazer are thy flowers displayed. Thus Virtue’s garb Hypocrisy may wear, Kneel as she kneels, or give as she has given ; But, ah ! no meek retiring worth is there. No incense of the heart exhales to heaven !” Chauncy Hare Townsend. •t Hoot emetic and cathartic. Wood ville. — § The sweet violet, Viola odorata. POLYGONUM -BISTORTA . BIS TORTor SHAKE -WEED. 71 (5.) POLY'GONUM* * Linnean Class and Order. Octa'ndria, Trigy'nia. Natural Order. Polygo'nea:. Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 209; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 169. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 424. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) monosepalous (of one sepal or leaf), inferior, turbinate (top-shaped), more or less coloured, permanent, deeply divided into 5 egg-shaped, blunt, segments. Corolla none. Filaments from 5 to 8, awl-shaped. Anthers roundish, incumbent (fixed to the side of the filament). Germen (fig. 2.) superior, roundish, either triangular or compressed. Styles generally 3, in those with compressed Germens only 2, thread-shaped, in some species partly combined. Stigmas sessile. Seed-vessel none, ex- cept the closed calyx or perianthium. Seed (fig. 3.) solitary, either triangular or compressed, pointed. Embryo ( corculum, or little heart ) enveloped in a farinaceous albumen or endosperm. (See Viola Canina, p. 4.) The single, inferior, coloured, 5-parted perianthium , and solitary naked seed, will distinguish this genus from others in the same class. Ten species British. POLY'GONUM BISTOR'TAf. Great Bistort, or Snake-weed. Spec. Char. Stem simple, bearing one spike of flowers. Leaves egg-shaped, wavy, running down into the footstalks. Kngl. Hot. t. 509. — Curt. FI. I.ond. t. 22. — \Voodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 100. t.34. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 168. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.427. Kngl. FI. v. ii. p. 236. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.497. — Lindl. Syn. p. 212. — lfook. Brit. FI. p. 182. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 206. — Siblh. FI. Oxon. p. 128. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 88. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 197. — Reih. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 163. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 120. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 89.— ltev. G. E. Smith's PI. of'S. Kent, p. 24. — Jones and Kingston’s Flora Devoniensis, pp. 69 & 137. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 114. — Mack. Catal. of l’l. of Ireland, p. 38. — Perry’s Plant® Varvicenses Select®, p. 36. — Bistorta major , Ray’s Syn. p. 147. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 399. — Blacks. Spec. Bot. p. 7. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 267. Localities. — Moist meadows and fertile pastures ; most common in the North. — Oxfordshire; Near Gosford Bridge: Dr. Snmionr. Observed in the same place by Mr. T. W. Weaver, June 14, 1832. On the banks of the Isis beyond Iffley, near Oxford : Dr. Sibthorp. In Hall's Close at Holton, near Wheatley: Mr. John Lovegkovl. — Berks; In Oseney Meadow, between the Mill and Ferry Hinksey, near Oxford: Mr. E. 15. Hewlett. — Bedfordsh. Hyde Mill, Luton, and Thuileigh: Rev. C. Abbot. — Bucks; Hedge in a wet meadow near Chippenham: Mr. Gotobicd — Cambridgeshire; Closes near How’s House, Whitwell, Hinton, and Shelford : Rev. R. Ri liian. — Cheshire; Near Stockport : Mr. G. Holme. — Derbyshire ; Near Derby : Mr. Wiia'ielv. S. Normanton ; Crick; in a meadow by Mr. Bennett’s, Mack- worth: Mr. Pilkincton. At Ashbourn : Mr. J. Woods, juu. — Devon; In meadows at Holwell, near Manaton, and at Widdccombe-in-the-Moor : FI. Devoniensis. — Dorsetshire ; About Sturminster, Shelborne, and Moreton : Dr. PuLTiNLY. — Durham; Wood below Gateshead: Mr. Winch. Near Eg lesion : Bcv. J. Harkiman. — Essex; River-side aL Broomfield: Mr. W. CimrsTY. — Field behind Denham Vicarage: Mr. E. Forsteb, jun. — By the side of the Chelmer, about two miles above Chelmsford : I.oud. Mag. of Nat. Fig- 1. Calyx and Stamens. — Fig. 2. Germen and Styles. — Fig. 3. Seed. — Fig. 4. Section of ditto.— Fig. 5. A Segment of the Calyx, showing the necta- riferous gland at the base. * Front polus, many ; and yonu, a knee ax joint . from the numerous joints of the stem. Dr. Hooker. t From the tortuous root. Hist. v. iv. p. 44(3. — Herefordshire ; In the Northern parts of (lie County : Mr. Duncump.. — Herts; By the river-side at Iiickmansworth : Dr. Martyn In a marshy meadow near Redburn : Mr. K. Forster, jun. — Kent ; In afield to the right upon Stoneslreet, about eight miles from II y the: Mr. W. Fagg, in Sm. PI. of S. Kent. — Leicestershire ; Moist closes about Humberston and Evington, near Leicester: Dr. Pulteney. — Middlesex ; Meadow by Bishop’s Wood near Hampstead : Mr. Curtis. River-side about Uxbridge: Brack- stone. Top of Muswell Hill: Mr. J. Woods, jun. — Norfolk; At Heigham near Norwich : Mrs. Kett, in Sm. FI. Brit. Near Brome : Mr. W oonw aud. — Northamptonshire ; Meadows near the Ouse, not far from Cosgrove : Morton. — Northumberland; Between Dunston and Darwenlhaugh : Mr. Winch. — Nottinghamshire; In a close between the Leen and Linton churchyard: Deering. — Shropshire ; Near the Mill at Meol ; Sutton near Shrewsbury, four miles from Oswestry on the Welch Pool road : Mr. Aikin. — Somerset- shire; Near Yeovil: Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 174 .—Staffordshire ; Near the Infirmary, Stafford: Dr. Withering. — Suffolk; Rendham, in a meadow next the Parsonage; North Glemham in one next the road : Rev. G. Crabb. Shipmeadow : Mr. Woodward. Low meadows near the Pest House, Bury: Sir T. G. Cui.i.um. — Surrey ; Battersea Meadows: Meriiet and Dr. Smith. — Sussex; Near Midhurst : Mr. Borrer. — Warwickshire ; Plen- tiful in a meadow at Tamworth and Fasely : Ray. Near Packinton: Coun- tess of Aylesford. In a field at Oversley : Mr. Pitrton. Allesley : Rev. W. T. Bree. Garlic Meadow near Penn’s Mill, Erdington : Dr. Wither- ing.— Worcestershire ; Near Bromsgrove, on the side of the Kidderminster road : Mr. Purton. Ham Green, near Mathon and Martley : Mr. Ballard. Moist meadows to the North of Malvern Hills: Mr. E. Lees. — Yorkshire ; Near Rotherham: Mr. L. Langley. About Sheffield, Halifax, and Brad- ford: Ray. Near C. Howard : Teesdale. Near Coxwold, and Newburgh: Rev. A rchd. Pierson. About Leeds : Rev. W. Wood. JVIackershaw Wood, and meadows near Ripon : Mr. Brunton. Near North Lees ; Magdale Close above Tanfield : Rev. J. Dalton. Meadow adjoining Fountains Abbey : Mr. D. Turner. — WALES. Anglesea ; Near Llanfaes Church, and on Treffos demesne. — Denbighshire ; In a trench without the western wall of the Castle of Ruthin : Waring. — Flintshire ; Moist meadows in the front of Plus On, in the parish of Mold : Mr. Griffith. — SCOTLAND. About Inverary : Mr. Ligiitfoot. Marshy ground at Roseburn, near Coltbridge, and banks of the North Esk, below Hevock Mill: Mr. Maughan. Waste ground, Kilbride; Glen near Castlemilk ; and banks of the Kilvin atGairbraid: Mr. Hopkirk. Below Greenock, Bute, and Arran, plentiful : Mr. Murray. Rosslyn Woods: Mr. Arnott. — IRELAND. Meadows near Bantry : Miss Hutch- ins. In a field at Ashtown near Monkstown : Capt. Pratt. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root large, more or less bent or crooked, somewhat creeping, and furnished with numerous fibres. Stems from 1 to 2 feet high, sim- ple, upright, round, striated, smooth, leafy. Leaves smooth, egg- shaped, wavy, bluntish ; glaucous beneath ; the radical ones on long winged footstalks. Footstalks of the stent-leaves tubular and sheath- ing, each crowned with a membranous jagged, withered stipula. Spike terminal, upright, round, dense, many-flowered. Partial- stalks simple, very slender, with short brown bracteas at the base. Calyx rose-coloured, deeply 5-cleft, blunt, spreading, with necta- riferous glands at the base, (fig. 5). Stamens 8, longer than the calyx. Styles quite distinct. Stigmas small, blunt. Seed tri- angular, dark brown, shining +. t Root one of the strongest vegetable astringents. Young shoots sometimes boiled for the table. — M. Hemstaedt, of Berlin, has discovered that this plant will tan leather effectually, and with a much smaller quantity than is necessary of oak bark. Withering. PARIS-QUADRIFOIIA gERB-IULRI&y (6.) P A' R I S * *. Linnean Class and Order. OcTA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Smila'ceas. Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 271; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 277. — Asparagi. Juss. Gen. Plant, p. 40. — Sm. Gr. Bot. p. 71. — Asparagi'neze, Tribe Pari'dete. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 402. Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 4 spear-shaped, pointed, spread- ing, permanent sepals ( leaves J, the length of the petals. Corolla of 4 awl-shaped, spreading, equal, permanent petals, which are similar to the sepals, but narrower and alternate with them. Fila- ments (fig. 1.) 8, awl-shaped, rather short below the anthers, which are long, strap-shaped, of 2 cells, united by their backs to the mid- dle part of the filaments, whose points rise above them. Germen superior, roundish, with 4 furrows. Styles 4, (fig. 2.), spreading, shorter than the stamens. Stigmas oblong, simple, downy on the upper side. Berry (fig. 2.) nearly globular, with 4 blunt angles, and 4 cells (fig. 3). Seeds several, globular, attached, in 2 rows, to a central receptacle ( placenta J. Distinguished from other genera of the same class and order by a calyx of 4 sepals, a corolla of 4 awl-shaped petals, and a berry of 4, many-seeded cells. One species British. PA'RIS QUADRIFO'LIA. Herb Paris. True-love. One- berry. Spec. Char. Leaves egg-shaped, generally 4 in a whorl, at the top of a simple stem. Flower solitary. Eng. Bot. t. 7. — Redout. Liliac. t.226. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.172. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 431. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 241. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 500. — Lind. Syn. p. 271. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 184. — Gray’s Nat. Arr-. v. ii. p. 187. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v.i. p. 209. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 131. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.90. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 201. and v. iii. p. 356. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 165. — Hook. FI. Scot p. 122. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 91. — Walk. Fi. of Oxf. p. 116. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s Plants of South Kent, p. 24. — Mack. Catal. of PI. Ireland, p. 38. — Professor Henslow, in Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History for June, 1832, p. 429. — Herba Paris, Ray’s Syn. p.264. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 405. Localities. — In moist shady woods and thickets in many parts of England, and Scotland, but not common.— ENGLAND. Oxfordshire ; Headington- Wick Copse. In a wood in the parish of Mungewell : J. Oglander, Esq. Merton College, 1822. Plentiful in Pinsley Wood near Church Ilandborougn, 1833. Wood near Upper Assington, July, 1833 : Mr. E. Jenner, Kensington Gardens, Brighton. — Berks ; Coppice below Greenham Chapel. Wytham Wood, near Oxford: W. B. — Bedfordsh. Woods at Hawnes, and Renhold ; and in Clapham Park Wood. — Bucks ; In a chalk-pit in a wood near Little Missenden Church. — Cambridgeshire ; Woods at Kingston, Eversden, and Wood Ditton. — Cheshire ; In a wood near the Bolling ; and not far from Seale Moor. Wood in Brinnington, near Stockport. In plantations near Bostock House. — Cumberland ; Bank Wood, Naworth Woods, and road-side between Hatton Moor and Penrith. IsellWood, near the river. — Derbyshire ; Pinxton ; Newton Wood. Love-lane near Derby. In Longford Long-lane, in a pit near Dalbury Lees. Rocks opposite Matlock Bath. — Dorsetsh. Wood atTurnworth, but sparingly ; Hanging Woods at Ashcomb ; Broadly and Morgan’s Wood, Fig. 1. Stamens. — Fig. 2. Germen and Styles. — Fig. 3. Section of Seed- vessel, showing the double row of seeds attached to the central receptacle. — Fig. 4. A Stamen magnified. * Named, it is said, from par, paris, equal, on account of the regularity of its leaves and flowers. Dr. Hooker, t See Adoxa Moschatetlina, p. 42. note. near Blandford.— Durham ; Near Egleston. In deep shades near the Gunner’s Pool, Eden Dean. — Essex; Woods about Henham and Quendon. Cracks Wood, Henham, and Widdington Wood. In a wood near liroomfiekl, and in the Thrift Wood near Chelmsford. — Hampsh. In the Church-litten-Coppice, Selborne. — Herefordsh. Northern parts of the county. Woods near Eastnor. — Huntingtonsk. In llipton Woods. — Kent; About the middle of ISvseing Wood, near Feversham. Woods at Waldershaw. In the orchard at the 121ms, and in most of the woods about Dover, often with 5, G, and 7 leaves. In thickets near Lyminge. I n Stowting Wood, and in the Wood above the Cherry-garden, near the Turnpike. — Lancask. About Yealand. — Leicestersh. Hollinghall Wood near Loughborough, Buddon Wood, and Stocking Wood near Leicester. Okely Wood near Hathern. Charnwood Forest. — Middlesex ; Ken- Wood, Hampstead. Old Park Hanging Wood, and elsewhere about Harefield. — Nor- folk; In Blackwell, and Pismill Woods. Bedingham Wood near Bungay. Rackheath Wood. — Northamptonsh. In Whittleborough Forest ; in Brampton and Cransley Woods; also in Ilanvick Wood. — Northumberland; Heaton Wood, Scott’s Wood near Newcastle, and boggy woods below Morpeth. — Nottinyhumsh. In Colnwick Wood. About Asply. Pleasley Wood, near Beauvale Abbey and Newton Wood. — Shropsh . Wood ten miles from Shrews- bury on the Ludlow road. Spernal Park, and Cliff Wood near Bridgnorth. — Somersetsh. Near Ashby Lodge, on Landsdown. In Stockwood, Keynsham, and in a small copse by the side of the Wells road, eight miles from Bristol. — Suffolk; Woods at Rushbrook, and Great Saxham. — Staffordsh. Near Stone. Warwicksh. Locke’s Rough near Coleshill. Bannerley Rough, Coleshill , Eillongley, &c. — Westmoreland ; Islands in Winandermere. — Worcester sh. Wood near the Devil's Den near Clifton-upon-Teme. Woods and thickets on the side of Breedon Hill. About Frankley. In thick woods at the western bases of the two beacons on Malvern Hills. — Yorkshire; Most of the shady woods about Castle Howard. Near Leeds. Newburgh, Byland, Wass, Hoving- ham, Conisthorpe Woods. Studley, Hackfall. Morcar Wood by Copgrove, and elsewhere, most common. Near Rotherham. — WALES. Denbighshire; Among the thickets on the north side of Garregwen Rocks, and on the opposite side of the rivulet. — Flintsh. Sparingly in a wood in Treithin, and in one at Broncoed, both near Leeswood. — SCOTLAND. Wood about a mile south of Newhattle, near Dalkeith. Den of Bethaick, four miles from Perth. Banks a little above Caldcrwood. Banks of the Cart opposite the Mill : and bank of the Kelvin opposite the second Mill, Glasgow. Woods, Aberdeen. Glen of Lenny, north of Loch Menteith. — Fifeshire ; Banks of the Isla near Airly Castle. Woods of Lyndock, banks of the Dee, sides of Loch Ness, and woods of Du’mblane.— IRELAND. County of Kerry ; Ross Woods. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root% creeping, somewhat fleshy. Stem quite simple, from 8 to 12 inches high, upright, round, smooth, naked, except at the top. Leaves broadly egg-shaped, oval, or inversely egg-shaped, pointed, ^rowing in a whorl at the top of the stem, usually 4, rarely 3, 5, or 6; of a dull green. Flower-stalk upright, angular, twisted, simple, and single flowered. Calyx-leaves ( sepals ) 3-ribbed. Petals narrow and pointed. Anthers yellow. Styles purplish black. Germen violet. Every other part of the flower is of a yellowish green. Berry purplish black. riant more curious than beautiful, but well deserving a place in the shrub- bery ; it should be planted in a shady situation where it is likely not to be dis- tuned. Mr. W. Tew, of Church Handborough, brought me some fine specimens from that neighbourhood, (in flower May 11, 1833); amongst them was one with 5 leaves, 5 sepals, 5 petals, 10 stamens, and 5 pistils. [The Rev. J. S. Henst.ow, A. M. Reg. Prof, of Bot. in the Univ. of Cam- bridge, has published a very interesting and valuable Taper in Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist, for June, 1832, p. 429, “ On the Varieties of Paris quadrifolia , considered with respect to the Ordinary Characteristics of Monocotylcdonous Plants.”] [ Roots purgative. Berry said to be narcotic and dangerous. ADCfNIS aTJTUMNaLTS SHEAtiAWT'S - £T£. G (7.) ADO'NIS* *. Linnean Class and Order Poi.ya'ndkia f, Polygy'nia. Natural Order. Ranuncula'ce/e. Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. G. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 5 blunt, concave, converging, somewhat coloured, deciduous sepals (leaves). Corolla of from 5 to 15, oblong, blunt, shining petals (fig. 3), without nectaries on the claws. Filaments (fig. 4.) numerous, awl-shaped, very short. Anthers terminal, indexed, of 2 round lobes. Germens superior, numerous, incurved, arranged in a round, or egg-shaped head (fig. 2.) Styles none. Stigmas pointed, spreading. Seeds ( cariopsides of Lind.J (fig. 6.) numerous, angular, gibbous at the base, pointed at the summit, without any appendage. Receptacle (fig. 7.) cylindrical. Distinguished from other Genera in the same class and order, by the 5-leaved calyx, the corolla of from 5 to 15 petals without nectaries, and the numerous awnless seeds. — The want of a nectary at the base of the petals will distinguish this genus from that of Ranunculus. One species British. ADO'NIS AUTUMNA'LIS. Pheasant’s-eye. Adonis- flower. Flos-adonis. Spec. Char. Petals about 8, concave. Seeds reticulated, collected into a egg-shaped head. Stem branched. Engl. Bot. t. 308. — Curt. FI. bond. 1. 135. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 23!). — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 586. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 43. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 676. — Lindl. Syn. p. 9. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 264. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 724. — Sihth. FI. Oxon. p. 171.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 172.— Walk. FI. Oxf. p. 154.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p.23. — Flos Adonis, Kay’s Syn. p. 251. — Flos Adonis f lore rubro, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 387. — lllackstone’s Specimen Botanicum, p. 22. Localities. — In corn-fields, but not common. — Oxfordshire ; In corn-fields near the Observatory, Oxford: Dr. SmTiionp, in FI. Oxon. — Dorsetshire; In several cornfields near Blandford, in a field opposite the first milestone on the Dorchester road, and in Stour Paine-field ou the borders of the Camp Down : Dr. Pulteney, in Bot. Guide. — In Gloucestershire; Miss Lysons, in Sm. FI. Brit. — Hampshire; Matterley Farm: Dr. Pulteney, in Bot. Guide. — Kent ; In the closes between Stoncchurch and Qucenhithe, plentiful : Mr. J. SiienARD. in Ray’s Syn. — In the corn-fields about Hartford, but more abun- dantly in the marshes by the side of the Thames between Hartford and Green- hitlie : Mr. J. Woons, jun. in Bot. Guide. — Middlesex ; Among the corn at Acton: Mr. Watson, in Blackstone’s Spec. Bot. Frequent about London: Fig.l. Calyx and Petals removed, showing the situation of the stamens. — Fig. 2. Germens. — Fig. 3. A Petal. — Fig. 4. A Stamen. — Fig. 5. A Head of Seeds. — Fig. 6. A Seed. — Fig. 7. The Cylindrical Receptacle. • From the deep red colour of the Corolla, which gave the idea of its being stained by the blood of Adonis, who was killed by a boar while hunting. Dr. HooKEn. + The 13th class in the Linnean Artificial System ; it comprehends all those plants which have perfect (lowers with 20 or more distinct stamens in each, in- serted into the receptacle below the pistil, (hypoyynous) . Mr. Curtis, in FI. Lond.— Norfolk ; Near Danver Sluice Mrs. Plestow, in Sm. Eng. FI. — Wiltshire : In cornfields: Dr. Maton, in Bot. Guide. — SCOTLAND. Occasionally about Glasgow : Mr. Hopkirk, in Hook. FI. Scot. — IRELAND. About Dublin : Dr. Wade, in Sm. Eng. Flora. Annual. — Flowers from May to September. Root tapering, fibrous. Stem upright, from 6 inches to a foot, or more, high, branched, often bushy, round, striated, leafy, hol- low. Leaves dark green, alternate, sessile, triply, and copiously wing-cleft (pinnatifid). Segments strap-shaped, pointed, smooth, and shining on the under side. Sepals ( leaves of the calyx ) somewhat oval, blunt, concave, purple, deciduous, shorter than the petals. Petals (fig. 3.) from 6 to 8, of a deep shining crim- son, with a black spot at the base of each. Anthers (fig. 4.) dark violet. Seeds wrinkled, composing an oblong-egg-shaped head, (fig. 5.), not an inch long. This is a very pretty annual for the flower border, and if seeds of it are sown in the autumn as soon as they are ripe, and again in the spring, the plants from these two sowings will enliven the garden with their brilliant crimson blossoms from June to Octo- ber. Besides the English names given above, it has been called Bird's-eye, Red Maythes, Red Chamomile, and Rose-a-rubie. Miller informs us, in his Gardener’s Dictionary (1759), that great quantities of the flowers of this plant were annually brought to London, and sold in the streets by the name of Red Morocco. In French it is called goultes de sang ( drops of blood ) ; aile de faisan ( pheasant' s-wing ) ; and oeil de perdrix ( partridge' s-eye ). 0PH3YS APIFERA . BEE- ORCH1S.V (8) O'PHRYS* * Linnean Class and Order. GYNA'NDRiAf, Mona'ndria. Natural Order. Orchi'dea:. Juss. — Tribe, Ophry'dea:. — Lind. Syn. pp. 256 & 259 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. pp. 262 & 265. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 412. — Sir J. E. Smith’s Eng. FI. v. iv. p. 3. Gen. Char. Pcriantliium [calyx and corolla %) superior. Sepals 3 (figs, a, a, a.), oblong, ribbed, equal, spreading, sometimes co- loured. Petals 2 (b, b.), narrow, oblong, undivided, much smaller than the sepals, and generally coloured. Lip ( nectary of Linn.y (c.) without a spur, convex above, concave beneath, more or less lobed, usually hairy, and figured. Anther oblong, of 2 parallel cells, more or less close together over the stigma. Pollen-masses ( stamens of Linnaeus,) (fig. 1. f. and figs. 2 & 3) stalked, with 2 glands, each of which is enclosed in a separate pouch (fig. 1. g.) Germen (fig. 1. d.) inferior, oblong, curved, and furrowed. Style or Column (fig. 1. h.) short and thick, channelled in front. Stigma (fig. 1. e.) a moist cavity under the Anther. Capsule (fig. 4.) oblong, blunt, angular, with prominent ribs. Seeds very numerous, minute, coated. The spreading Sepals, convex Lip without a spur, and the Glands of the stalks of the Pollen-masses being each of them enclosed in a separate pouch, will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Five species British. O'PHRYS API'FERA. Bee Ophrys, or Bee Orchis. Spec. Char. Lip the length of the calyx, tumid, with 5 re- flexed marginal lobes ; the terminal one awl-shaped ; the rest hairy above. Sepals coloured. Petals ciliated. Engl. Bot. t. 383. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 66. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd. ed.) p. 391. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p.938. Engl. FI. v.iv. p. 30. — With. (7th ed.) v.ii. p. 42 — Lindl.Syn. p. 262.— Ilook. Brit. FI. p. 375. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 204. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 13 —Abbot’s FI. Bed. p. 195. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 426, and v. iii. p. 379. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 365. — FI. Devon, pp. 144 & 131. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 52. t. 4. f. 10 (it 11. — Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i p. 398. f. 178. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 256. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 76. — Ophrys insectifera. i. Linn. Sp. PI. 1343. — Orchis fuciflora, galea et alis purpurascentibus, Ray’s Syn. p.379. — Testiculus Vulpinus secundus Sphegodes, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 212. Localities. — In meadows and pastures, especially on a chalky or limestone soil. — Oxfordshire; Penley Hangings. Near Nuffield. Near Mungewell. I have twice observed a few plants of this Ophrys near the old load going over the south side of Shotover-hill. W. B. — Berks; On Streatley Hills. Near some old stone-pits about half a mile south-west of South Hinksey Plentiful in the same place in 1831. Near Appleton. In a Plantation on the right hand side of the road going from Hurley Bottom to Henley, and in a wood near the Druid’s Temple, Park Place near Henley. — Bedfordshire; Hawnes, Barton, and Thurleigh. — Bucks; On the Chalk-hill near Hedsor Wharf. In a, a, a. Sepals, or Leaves of the Calyx. — b, b. Petals. — c. Labellum. — Fig. 1. d. Germen. e. Stigma, f. Pollen-masses, g. Pouches or Cells of the Anther, h. Style or Column. — Fig. 2. A Pollen-mass. — Fig. 3. The same magnified. — Fig. 4. Capsule. — Fig. 5. Root. * From ophrus, Gr. the eye-brow, one species of which is said to have been used by the ancients, either to blacken the eye-brows or to make them grow. t The 20th class in the Linnean Artificial System; it comprehends those plants which have perfect flowers, with the stamens united with, or growing out of, the Pistil ; either proceeding from the Germen, as in Aristolochia, t. 28, or from the style, as in the Orchidece, } See Galanthus, p. 33. note. I a chalk-pit near Bulstrode. At Gerard’s Cross. Chalk -pit near Medmenham, on the road to Henley, July, 1833. — Cumbridgesh. Moor Barns, Madingley Wood, Hinton, Teversham, I'ulbourn, Burrough-green, Chippenham, Linton, near Hall Wood, and Catlidge. — Dcrbysh. Near Matlock. — Devon. Braus- combe Cliffs, and limestone rocks around l'orbay. On rocks near the village of Babicombe. At Kingsteignton. — Dorsetsh. On Hod and Hambledon Hills, and many other places on the baulks in Nutford-field, near Blandford. — Durham ; Booker’s Gill, near Fulwell. Fields on the coast, three miles south of Sunder- land. Near Ryhope Turnpike Gate. — Essex ; Chalk-pits at l’urfleet, near Newport, and in the foot-way from Henham to Chickney. Near Great Leighs, and Broomfield. — Gkmcestersh. Shepscombe Hill, Painswiek. — Hampsh. Near Winchester, Bordean-hill, Steep-hill, and Carisbrooke. — Herefordsh. In the centrical parts of the county. — Hertfordsh. Chaik-pitson North-hall Common, and towards Rush-green near Hertford. — Kent; In Haley Wood-pits near Hartford. Common about Dover, and throughout the county. — Leicestersh. In a close near Stocking Wood, but rare ; on the north-west side of the county.— Middlesex ; In the old Chalk-pit near Harefield Mill. — Norfolk ; Old pastures at Earsham. Common about Harleston. At Denton. At Gillingham. — North- cimptonsh. Bushy Common between Blatherwick and Finshed. — Nottinghamsh. About Aspley. — Shropsh. Benthal Edge near Ludlow. — Somersetsh. On the high ground behind St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol. Near Yeovil — Suffolk ; Not uncommon about Yoxford. About Bury. Near Bungay. About Harleston. Brampton. — Surrey ; On Reigate Hill. In chalk-pits on Epsom Downs near Ashted, and about Boxhill near Dorking. — Sussex ; On declivities near Steyn- ing. On the declivity near Offham chalk-pit near Lewes, and on the Downs near Mount Caburn. — Wilts ; Trenches at Old Saium. — Worcestersh. In rough pastures in a clayey soil on the S. side of Great Combcrton towards Woollershill. Cracome Hill near Fladbury, and on the side of the road at the foot of the hill. About Abberley. Eastham near Tenbury. On the limestone rocks at Leigh Sinton Malvern Hills. Yorksh. Near Hildenley stone-quarry, Laver Banks, Ripon, Studley Woods, Thorp Arch, Kippax, and near Copgrove. Near Ro- therham. About Wansley near Richmond. — WALES. Glamorgansh. About Penrice and Margam. — IRELAND. Portmarnock Sands near the S. end, abundantly. Near Enniskerry, on dry banks by the marsh near the bridge. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root of two roundish, unequal knobs or bulbs, furnished at the top with a few longish, fleshy fibres. Stem from 6 to 12 inches high, round, leafy. Leaves spear-shaped, sheathing the stem. Floral-leaves (bracteas ) strap-spear-shaped, longer than the ger- mens. Calyx-leaves ( sepals ) widely spreading, oblong-egg- shaped, concave, of a pink or rose colour, with the keel, and two nerves green. Petals very small, oblong, bluntish, convex, spreading, greenish, hairy on the inner surface. Lip ( libellitm , or nectary ) large, prominent, tumid, or inflated, very much re- sembling a small humble-bee, scarcely so long as the calyx ; its disk smooth and polished, dark brown, variously marked witli yellowish, angular, or curved lines and spots ; the margin in five shallow reflected lobes, of which the two uppermost are pro- minent, and very hairy above, like the thighs of a bee ; the two next dilated, thin, and rounded ; the terminal one elongated, awl-shaped, acute, somewhat recurved at the point. Style or Column green, vaulted, with a sharp incurved, hooked point above the anther. Cells of the anther 2, strap-shaped, considerably distant from each other, above the stigma. Pollen-masses yellow, with long taper stalks. Capsule large, witli thick prominent ribs. The flower of this species so nearly resembles a small humble bee, that it might at a very short distance be mistaken for one. A variety with a white. flower has been found by Dr. Pulteney at Bordean, Hampshire, and by Miss Ultiioff, near Ilalesworth, Suffolk. / 1 1}\ I J C! RCJS4. HJTJETIANA *;jrC£XtfTKK'-5 MTCUTSZ.+DZ k (0.) CIRCLE' A*. Linncan Class and Order. Dia'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Circ^a,cea2+, Lindl. Syn. p. 109; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 57. — Onagra'ri/E, Juss. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 522. — Hook. FI. Scot. pt. ii. p. 258. — Onagras, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 317. — Sir J. E. Smith’s Gram, of Bot. p. 166. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 2.) superior, deciduous, tubular at the base ; limb in 2, egg-shaped, deflexed segments. Corolla of 2, in- versely heart-shaped petals, alternate with the segments of the calyx. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals, inserted into the calyx. Filaments swelling upwards. Anthers roundish. Disk large, cup-shaped, filling up the whole of the tube of the calyx, and projecting beyond it. Ovarium ( Germen ) 2-celled, with an upright ovulum in each cell ; Style simple, arising out of the disk. Stigma dilated, notched. Fruit ( capsule J 2-celled, 2-valved, and 2-seeded. Seeds 1 in each cell, upright ; albumen none ; embryo upright ; radi- cle short, inferior. Herbaceous plants, with creeping roots, and opposite, stalked, toothed leaves. Flowers in terminal and lateral racemes, covered with uncinate (hooked) hairs. The superior tubular calyx in 2 segments ; the corolla of 2 petals ; and the 2-celled capsule, with only one seed in each cell ; will dis- tinguish this genus from all others in the same class and order. Two species British. CIllC/E'A LUTETIA'NA. Common Enchanter’s Nightshade. Spec. Char. Stem upright, downy. Leaves egg-shaped, pointed, slightly toothed, opaque and downy, longer than the foot- stalk. Eng Bot. t. 1056. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 204. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 12. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 10. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 13. F.ngl. Fl.v. i. p. 15. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 13. — Lindl. Syn. p. 110. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. II.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 80. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p. 9. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 7. — Purt. Midi. Fig. 1. A Flower, natural size. — Fig. 2. The same, with the petals removed, showing the Germen, Calyx, Disk, Style, and Stamens, magnified. — Fig. 3. Up- per part of the Disk andStvle, magnified. — Fig. 4. A Petal. — Fig. 5. Capsule. — Fig. 6. Section of ditto. — Fig. 7. A Seed. — Fig. 8. A Root. * From Circe, the Enchantress; either from the prettiness of its flowers, or, as some say, from growing in damp shady places, where plants used for incan- tations are found. Dr. Hooker, in Br. FI — According to Boerhaavk the name originated from the fruit, which is clothed with hooked bristles, laying hold on the clothes of passengers, and drawing them to it, as Circe was fabled to do by her enchantments. + See Veronica chamaddrys, p. 50. note +• j An Order established by Dr. Findley, Professor of Botany in the Univer- sity of London, who observes, that “ it differs from Onagra'ri/e in its large fleshy disk, which fills up the tube of the calyx, in its solitary erect ovula, and in the binary division of the flower. It is connected with that order through Lopezia, with which it cannot, however, be absolutely associated; and bears about the same relation to On agr a* rize as is borne by H a lor age. e.” Syn. p. 109. — Circcea is the only genus in this Order, consequently the. character of the order is the same as that of the genus given above. See “ Observations on the Natural Order of th e Onagrdrice \ by A. L Jussieu.” Published in “An- nals of Botany,” vol. i. p. 530. FI. v. i. p. 54. — Tlelh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 7. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 4. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p. 2. — FI. Devon, pp. 2 & 169.— Johnston’s FI. Berwick, v. i. p. 6. — Rev. G. K. Sm. FI. of S. Kent, p. 1. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 3. — Hay's Syn. p. 289. — Johnsons Gerarde, p. 351. — Circaea ovalijolia, Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. ]>. 558. Localities. — In moist shady woods, coppices, hedge bottoms, churchyards, orchards, ike. — Not uncommon. Perennial. — Flowers from June to August. Root creeping. Stem from a foot and a half to two feet high, round, leafy, the joints swelling, and sometimes reddish, clothed, more or less, with soft hairs, which, on the lower part of the stem, are reflexed (bent backwards), on the upper part straight and projecting. Leaves opposite, stalked, egg-spear-shaped, somewhat toothed, minutely hairy, hairs on the footstalks and veins indexed (bent inwards). Clusters (Racemes), as well as the stems, more or less branched. Calyx-leaves coloured, deflexed. Petals inversely heart-shaped, spreading, white or rose coloured. Capsule reflexed, clothed with white hooked bristles. Seeds two. According to Mr. Curtis the caterpillar of Sphinx Elpenor, or Elephant Hawk Moth, which chiefly confines itself to the Galium palustre, or Marsh Ladies Bedstraw, has sometimes been found feeding on this plant ; and we are informed by the Rev. G. E. Smith, in his very interesting little work on the Phoenogamous (or flowering) Plants of South Kent, that “ this plant, with Mercuridlis perennis, three species of Salix, Rosa canina, R. rubiginosa ; the Monthly Provence, Bishop, and Frankfort roses in gardens, Fra- ejaria sterilis, &c. is used in the construction of cells by the various Leaf-cutter Bees. The plants of Circce'a, destitute of flowers,” Mr. Smith observes, “ are usually preferred.” Pucc’/nia Circa' ), .Wr^ut. of 'Mill infrii jvjwoT? — .Iwuuv i jf| ,!•>.!' 1 1 1 > i ! 1 1 - • . u • ' f»i|j Vi )w; v» «f .*> Jr^tsd' 4/mp-"p .Ixotbw wi »"A ^nf’ni'H'i U»t hni. ••■r. I> no. *ii*. , mi. ! <1 dMi.nn : 1 ‘»iil* V. tl.« w ,| iwyitJl) *tWtaoiV) .\*ir.v*ai f-i/xl) *x«/>llni «n>-' .hyuff-ko OfMtdvV) .tartans ‘ to ■».!) .tain to .nan m olirlw .JrkrH* t t v, •>«l-*vci .ovr; tl> !i .*-rfJ:»nd tahiorl ^Jiita ri*i* tariff hsvtr • 4m*s>V to tn»j-'»{\\3L "lo • i !(iqi Mr ‘>Mv. iw.o'v.A i*||v If n rtd in VIO >. tf , »v -rt tJvAsd IHiolf- ,*•'** ' 'A j loj *uottu+:nrttitXkj* wifi’ «r-H ,«ii •.!•:. j . i MO* ill hi ib ' 1 r •> ■' •' •iI4 ''(fo# >!* jo auiuufb , ■ ®vmO k> *tr.rfq sjfT *•*! vjnn -V ”.09H&h»KJ ylJjvO«*J ytc " «K*7i info HI i Jr 'I 8's f.irvxoO Imm ,#£? .q.«i»q. too'imp m« jiiiH nr.-ft Vi bovuiI »ii» ao (To nm'rvrf ton w ,5^^ .(j .i»:.’ii, hits j'bwtxO won ,booW (I n iV m>r) *io MfWi.- tad m t u Mf » ii i . i . • . . ; i fit ..T .ooxO .up ' > !y y it ■«•»• ,nV , ' i.-y- t*-nu,' ill ;lted .iiii.i'f uelect;c, p. 21. — Rev. G. E. Smith's PI. of S. Kent, p. 15. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 62.— A'tropa lethdlis, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. i. p. 330. — Bellado.ina, Ray’s Syn. p. ‘MS.— Solatium lethale, Johnson s Gerarde, p.340. Locauiiis. — Hedgesand waste ground, on a calcarious soil, especially about ruins. — Oxfordsh. Wychwood Forest, near Witney; and between Nettlebed and Henley: L)r. Snsi none. Blenheim Park, near the monument : Aug. 1831. W. Haht Baxter. Queen’s Wood in Blenheim Park, near the road to lland- lmrough, pointed out to me by Mr. John Long, of Long I laud borough. June 30,1833. Air. Long informs me that it grows plentiful in a place called Step- hill, in the parish of Long llandborough : W. B. Aetr the road-side going up Stokenchurch Hill: Air. P. B. Ayres, 1833. — Berks ; In llsley Churchyard, and about the ruins at Hampstead AJarshall : Dr. Nomi ntN. Tilehurst Com- mon, and Flnglefield : Rev. R. Walker, B. If. — Uedfordsh . Near W hipsnade, on the borders of Herts: Rev.C. Abbot. — Bucks; On Keep-hill, near High Wycombe: Mr. YV. Curtis. — Cambridyesh. Cottenhant, Triplow, Fulbourn, Ruche, and Wisbeach : Rev. R. Relhan. — Cumberland ; lsell Hall Woods: Air. Hutchinson. — Derbysh. llardwiek Park: Dr. Stokes. Durham; Banks Fig. I . Corolla, cut open to show the stamens. — Fig. 2. Calyx, Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 3. Ripe Berry. — Fig. 4 Transverse section of ditto. * Fiom A’tropos, the third Fate ; she who was supposed to cut the thread of life, in allusion to the deadly quality of the plant. t The 5th class in the Linnean Artificial System ; it comprehends all those plants which have perfect flowers, with 5 distinct stamens in each. t Bella-donna, ( Fair-lady, J probably arose from its being used as a cosme- tic by the Italian belles. Wri hiring. of the Wear, near Durham Abbey: Mr. Winch. — Essex; About Woodford : Mr. It. Warner. — Gloucestersh. Yard of l.antony Abbey, near Gloucester: Air. Baixard. — Hampsh. Netley Abbey: Mr. W. Christy. — Herts; be- tween Temsford-milis and Welwyn: Dr. Mahtyn. Near Tring : Mr. VV. Pamplin, jun. — Kent; About Rochester, and between that and Maidstone: Dr. Mahtyn. Near Faversham : Mr. E. Jacob. — In Pedlinge Wood: Air. G. Qi'i-Hampton, in Uev. G K. Sm. PI. of S. Kent. — Lancash. Very luxuriant among the ruins of Furness Abbey, whence the valley is called the Vale of Nightshade: Mr. Atkinson. — Leicestersh. Near the ruins of Gracedieu Nun- nery, at the northern extremity of Charnwood Forest; soil carboniferous lime- stone: Rev. A. Br.oxAM *, in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. Iti7. — Lincolnsh. About Holland: I)r. AIartyn. — Norfolk; In St. Faith’s Newton, near Nor- wich : Air. Woodward. — Northamptonsh. Road-sides near Peterborough; also in Blatherwicke Park, at Kingseliffe: Kev. S. Palmer, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. ii. p. 387. — Notts; ( 1 lit ton- hill, and Mansfield: Dr. Martyn. — Rutlandsh. Near Luffenham: Dr. Martyn. — Shropsh. Lillieshall Abbey. I H3"2 : Dr. Li.ovn. — Surrey; At Dorking. — Waruicksh. Sutton Coldfield: Ray. — Wilts ; Near Great iiedwyn, 1833: \V Barti.ftt, Fsq. — JPorccf- tersh. About the ruins of Dudley Castle : 1815, Rev. \V. S. Rut ford ; and Rev. W. S. Brickni.lt., 1828. Bell’s Mill, near Stourbridge : Scott. — Yorkshire ; Kirby Fleetham, near Richmond: L. E. (). in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 168. Near the river Don. in the vicinity of Doncaster: Mr. S. Art’! .my, in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist, vol.v. p.557. — Berivicksh. On the hanks of W other Water, near Wooler: Mr. Winch.— SCOTLAN D. Angusshire ; In the Den of Bonnetown, near Montrose: Mr. Don, in Agricul. Report of Angus. — King's Park at Stirling, and at I-Coltnkill : Lie in foot. — Ranks of the Cart, Gathcart Mill : Dr. Brown. — Ruins of Borthwick Castle : Air. P. Nru.i., and Air. Mauchan. — Sea-side immediately west of the waggon-road fiom Lime- kilns: Dr. Grkvii.lf., in FI. Edin —WALES. Denbighsh The Fron. near Chirk: Mr. II. Barrett. — IRELAND. At Straubally, by the brook, near the old Monastery : Dr. Wade. Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Root thick and fleshy. Stems herbaceous, from 2, to 4 or 5 feet high, round, branched in a forked manner, leafy, and somewhat downy. Leaves on footstalks egg-shaped, pointed, entire, nearly smooth on the upper surface, a little downy on the under, growing in pairs, one of which is smaller than the other, of a dull dark green. Peduncles f flower-stalks J solitary, imperfectly axillary, 1- flowered, gradually thickening upwards. Flowers of a lurid purple colour, nearly an inch long, hell-shaped, drooping. Calyx (fig. 2.) viscous. Berry (fig. 3.), when ripe, of a shining violet black, the size of a small cherry, 2-celled. The whole plant is of a dark and lurid aspect, and is one of the most active and deleterious vegetable poisons we have among all our indigenous plants : the berries are most poisonous, and have furnished many instances ol their fatal effects, particularly upon childten, who, allured by their beautiful appearance and sweet taste, have been tempted to eat them. Even half a berry has been known to have proved fatal. A draught of vinegar, and keeping the patient walking to prevent sleep, are said to he the surest means of cure. The leaves were first employed in medicine, under the form of fomentation, in cases of cancer, and they have been given internally in infusion ; hut the suffer- ings of the patient, under ever so small a dose, are said to bedreadiul. An ex- tract of the plant has been found useful to the Oculist, by its having the peculiar property (on applying it externally) of dilating the pupil; but it ought, in all cases, to be usrd with extreme caution, as instances aie recorded of its causing permanent blindness. The juice of the ripe berries is said to stain paper of a beautiful and durable purple. Mr. \V. Curtis says, that a goat ate the leaves and stems of this plant without injury; and that the caterpillais of Phalcena Antigua and Phalcena Brassiere feed upon the foliage. — According to Bu- chanan, the Scots mixed a quantity of the juice of the Belladonna with the bread and d i ink which uy their truce they were to supply the Danes with, which so intoxicated them i fiat the Scots killed a great part of Sw end’s army while asleep. * See alsoan interesting little book, written by the Rev. A. Bloxam, infilled “ A Description of Bradgate Park, and the adjacent country ; with Remarks on the Natural History of Charnwood Forest, and a Memoir ol Lady Jane Grey.” No date, but probably published about 1828. SAMOLTJS VALERANBI. WATER PIMPERNEL . 7/ (11.) SA'MOLUS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'ma. Natural Order. Primula'chav, Ventenat. — Lind!. Svn. p. 182; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 225. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 431. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 529. — Lysima'chi.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 95. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 95. Gen. Char. Calyx half superior, (Sir J. E. Smith considered it as being inferior, the tul e closely investing the lower half of the germen,) in 5 deep, upright, triangular, equal, permanent seg- ments. Corolla (fig. 2.) of one petal (monopetalous,) salver- shaped ; tube short, the length of the calyx ; limb spreading, in 5 deep, blunt lobes, with 5 small, intermediate scales (imperfect stamens ?) at their base, which are bent inwards. Filaments 5, from the middle of the tube, and opposite to the segments of the limb, awl-shaped, short (see fig. 2.) Anthers roundish, 2-lobed, sheltered by the scales of the corolla. Germen (fig. 3.) half infe- rior, nearly globular. Style upright, short. Stigma capitate (knobbed). Capsule (figs 4 and 6.) globular, of one cell, opening with 5 recurved teeth. Receptacle ( placenta J central, loose. Seeds numerous, fixed by one end to the receptacle, albuminous. Embryo included ; radicle next the hilum or scar. The salver-shaped, 5-cleft corolla, with scales between the seg- ments, and the half inferior capsule of 1 cell, and 5 recurved teeth, will distinguish this genus from all others in the same class and order. One species British. SA'MOLUS VALERA'NDI. Water Pimpernel. Common Brook-weed. Spec. Char. Leaves inversely egg-shaped, blunt. Clusters corymbose, many-flowered. Floral-leaves small, solitary, in the middle of each partial stalk. Kng. Rot. t. 703.— Curt. FI. Lorul. \ 268.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 243.— Ray’s Svn. p. 283. —Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 94. — Sin. FI. Brit. v.i. p.259. Engl. FI. v. i. p.323. — \\ it h. (7tli ed.) v. i.p. 308.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.733. — Lindl. Syn. p. 185. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 98. — Liarhtf. FI. Scot. v. i.p. 142. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 79. — Abbot's FI. Bedf. p.49. — Pint. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 120. — Kelli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 98. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 80. — Giev. FI. Edin. p 55. — FI. Devon, pp. 41 & 142. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 62. — W alk. F’l. of Oxf. p. 64. — Rev. G. K. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 15. — Perry’s PI. Varvicensis Selects;, p. 21. — Anayallis aquatica rotundifolia, Johnson’s Gerarde, p.620. Locai itti s. — In marshes, wet ditches, watery places, flee. Frequent. — Ox- fordsh. Sides of the ditch on the north side of Cowley Marsh, and in the Peat- bogs under Ileadington-Wick Copse : Dr. Sib i non i*. Ditch side between Ilev- fields-Hut and Port-Meadow ; and in meadows near Oddington : YV B. On the batiks of the Cherivell between Magdalen Bridge and King's Mill, Oxford, 1833 : YV. Hart Baxter. — Berks ; In ditches in the Park, and in the intrench- Fig. 1. Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 2. Corolla cut open to show the Stamens and Scales. — F’ig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. Capsule. — Fig. 5. Longitudinal section of ditto, with seeds removed to show the receptacle. All magnified. * From the island Samos, according to some authors, where Vai.f.randus, a Botanist of the 16th century, is said to have gathered our Sdmolus Valerandi. Others, as Theis, from san, salutary, and mos, a hog in Celtic, because it was used by the ancients for the curing of diseases in hogs. Dr. Hooker. t See A'tropa Belladonna, p. 10, note f* mcnts at Caesar’s Camp, East Hampstead : Mr. W. A. Dflamotte. — Bed- fordsh. On the hanks of t he Ouse above Bedford: Rev. C. Abbot. — ('am- bridyesh. Chesterton, Tiumpington, and Teversham Moors; and in the Isle of Ely: Rev. R. Reliian. — Cornwall ; Near Fowey, Ruan Langhorne, and in the Vale of Menachan: Rev. J. 1’. Jones, in Bot. Tour}. Band’s End near Penzance: Rev. W. T. Brfe, in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 161. On the coast between Sunderland and Byhope: Mr. Winch, in With. Arr. — Devonsh. Clyst Marshes, Branscombe Cliffs, Kxminster Marshes ; about Starcross and Kenton. Marychurch : Rev A. Neck, in FI. Devon. Braunton Burrows: Dr. Waveli., ibid. Torquay : Rev.R.P. W elland, ibid. — Essex ; In a little bog 2 miles from East Horndon Church : Mr. Hill. — Hampsh. 1 n the salt marshes about Lvmington: Dr. Withring. — Kent ; In Brent Marshes near Faversham, Mr. E. Jacob. Sides of wet d itches about Woolwich, Charlton, and Greenwich; more particularly on the road leading from New-cross Turnpike to the Island of St Helena, Rotherhithe: Mr. W. Cum is. — On oozing clay between Sandgale and Folkslone; In Eastwear Bay; and on the banks of dykes in the Marsh : Rev. G. E. Sun h. — Lancash. About Southport near Liveipoo). and Westbech : Mr. Christy. — Middlesex ; In the large ditches leading from Poplar to the Isle of Dogs, opposite to Greenwich: Mr. Jones. Northurrberland ; In bogs at Millington Quay, and Prestwick Carr: Mr. Winch. — Surrey ; In a marshy spot on the left of the footpath leading from the Red House to Battersea: Mr. W. Pamci.in, jun. — Warwicksh. Banks of the river Alne, above Oversley, and in some boggy ground near Bidford Grange: Mr. Pvuton. Near the river Beam, in front of Flora Cottage, Leamington: Mr. Smith. Near Itchington : Rev. W. T. Bree. — Wilts; In Bouood Patk, near Caine: Dr. Stokes. — Worcestersh. On the side of the brook running from the brine-pit on Defford Common: Mr. Ballaiid. — Yorksh. Baydales near Darlington: L. E. O. in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 168. — Upon Stockton Moor, by the side of the turnpike road, near Castle Howard: Mr. R. Tkesdai e. — Beruicksh. On the coast at Bamborough : Mr. Wincii. Low moist spots on Holy Island Links : Thom p • — Wet rocks on the sea banks near Gunsgreen: Mr. A. Baird. — WALES. In marshes and near springs : Rev. H. Davies. — SCOTLAND. In marshy places in the Island of Gigha: Rev. J. Light foot . — On the banks of the Clyde, and Bowling-bay, near Glasgow, plentiful: Mr. Hoi-kirk. — Largs, Bute, and Arran: Mr. Murray. Lime-kilns, Fifeshire, and Guillon Links, near Edinburgh: Mr. Maughan. South Queensferry : Air. Neill. — Links near St. Germains : Air. D. S i t oAnT.- — IRELAND. Salt marshes near Sandy- rnount, Ringsend, &c. : AJr. J. T. AJackay. — It is said to be an inhabitant of al- most every part of the globe. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root fibrous, white. The whole herb smooth, of a pale green colour, and somewhat succulent. Stem upright, from 6 to 1 2 inches high, round, leafy, more or less branched in the upper part. Leaves alternate, inversely egg-shaped, quite entire, lower ones on leaf- stalks, upper ones nearly sessile. Clusters ( Racemes ) many- flowered, flowers small, white, scentless. Partial Flowerstalks (Pedicels) solitary, one-flowered, bent upwards about the middle, with a small, egg-spear-shaped, deciduous Floral-leaf ( Bractea ) at the bend. Calyx hell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short cylindrical tube, and a spreading border of 5 blunt equal segments, alternating with which are 5 small, spear-shaped scales, which are bent inwards, and are supposed by some authors to be abortive stamens. Stamens shorter than the tube. Fila- ments awl-shaped. Anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen half inferior, nearly globular. Style short, upright. Stigma capitate. Capsule upright, globular, opening at the top with 5 recurved teeth. Seeds many, small, angular, of a rusty brown colour. Re- ceptacle ( Placenta ) on a short stalk, globose, spongy, loose. t “ A Botanical l our through various Parts of the Counties of Devon and Cornwall.” By the Rev. John Pike Jones. Published by Treadwin, Exeter ; and Whittaker and Co. London, 1820. / COMM'O/S SCULL- CAP SCUTELLA'EiA ©ALEKiCULATA (12.) SCUTELLA'RI A* *. Linnean Class and Order. Didyna'mia f, Gymnospb'rmiaJ. Natural Order. Labia'ta:, Juss. Gen. Plant, p. 110. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 99. ; Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Lindl. Syn. p. 196. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 239. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 439. — Loud, flort. Brit. p. 528. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal or leaf (mono- sepalous or monophv'llous), tubular, short, 2-lipped, both lips entire, blunt, and closed after flowering ; the upper lip having a conspicuous, concave tooth or scale on the upper side. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal (monopetalous) , gaping (ringent), closed; tube very short, throat much longer, ascending, compressed, dilated upwards, upper lip concave, in 3 segments, the middle one con- cave, cloven, the side ones fiat, covered by the middle one ; lower lip broader, in 3 shallow lobes. Filaments (fig. 3.) 4, two longer than the other two (didynamous), concealed beneath the upper lip. Anthers small, roundish, fixed to the side of the filament (incum- bent), 2-lobed. Germen (fig. 4.) 4-lobed. Style (fig. 4.) thread- shaped, on a level with the stamens. Stigma simple, pointed, bent in (incurved). Seeds [Nuts of Decand. and Lind.) 4, roundish, covered by the closed, permanent Calyx. The scale on the upper side of the calyx, which is closed after flowering, will distinguish this from all other genera, with a 2-lipped calyx, in the same class and order. Two species British. SCUTELLA'RIA GALERICULA'TA. Common Skull-cap. Hooded Willow-herb. Spec. Char. Leaves spear-shaped, seollopped (crenate), rug- ged, heart-shaped at the base. Flowers axillary. Engl. Bot. t. 523 — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 155. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 335. — Duds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 265. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 645. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 113. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 724.— Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 389. — Lindl. Syn. p.204. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.282 — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.32t). — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 190. — Abbot's FI. Bedf. p. 134. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p 282. — Relh. F’l. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 248. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 185. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 134. FI. Devon, pp. 102 ic 146. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 134.— Perry’s PI. Yarvic. Selects, p. 51. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 172. — Mack. Cat. PL of Irel. p. 57. — Cassida palustris vulgatior, flore coeriileo, Ray’s Syn. p. 244. — Lysimdchia yalericulata, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 477. Localities. — By the sides of ponds, rivers, and watery ditches. Not un- common. Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Root white, jointed, and creeping. Stem from 10 to 18 inches high, upright, sharply 4-cornered (quadrangular) , with the sides a Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Corolla cut open, and a little mag- nified, showing the Stamens. — Fig. 4. Section of the Calyx, showing the Ger- men, Style, and Stigma. * From scutella, a small vessel, on account of the figure of the calyx, which is not unlike a cup with its handle. The calyx inverted presents the figure of a helmet with visor raised. — Loud, in Encyclop. of Plants. t See Lamium album, p. 31. note t- i See Lamium album, p.31. note f, little hollowed, and marked with 2 lines, leafy, branched, somewhat downy, down minute and bent back (recurved). Leaves opposite, on shcrt leaf-stalks, tapering from a heart-shaped (cordate) base into a broadish spear-shaped, blunt figure, w ith shallow" notches or teeth (serratuxes), a little wrinkled, veined, minutely hairy, paler underneath. Floral-leaves ( Bracteas ) two, very small, bristle- shaped, at the base of the Flower-stalk (Peduncle). Flowers axil- lary, in pairs, or solitary, on short peduncles, all leaning to one side of the stem or branches (unilateral), downy, the upper part varie- gated with shades of blue, the under nearly white, with light blue stripes, the n outh almost closed. Calyx hairy, furnished above with an arched scale. When the corolla falls off, the closed calyx and its lid become remarkable, somewhat resembling, in external appearance, a helmet with its crest, and characterize the genus beyond all uncertainty. Dr. Withering remarks, that when the blossom falls off, the calyx closes upon the seeds, which when ripe, being still smaller than the calyx, could not possibly open its mouth, or overcome its elastic force, and must consequently remain without a pos- sibility of escaping, did not Nature, ever fruitful of resources, find a method to discharge them. The calyx becoming dry, divides into two distinct parts ; when the seeds already detached from the receptacle, fall to the ground. Cows, goats, and sheep, are said to eat this plant ; horses and swine to refuse it. Scutelldria lateriflora, a North American plant, bears a great resemblance to this species, but it is more branched, the leaves are broader, more egg-shaped, and have longer footstalks, and the flowers are not solitary, or in pairs, as in S. galericulata, but are produced on racemes or bunches, from the axils of the leaves. This species (S. lateriflora) has been much celebrated in America as a remedy for preventing and curing Hydrophobia, and when properly and seasonably administered is seldom known to fail. Although the S. lateriflora and S. galericulata so nearly resemble each other, in external appearance, yet the latter is said to possess none of the virtues of the former, and a mistake of taking one for the other has sometimes produced fatal effects. See “ A History of the introduction and use of Scutellaria lateriflora, ( skull-cap ,) as a remedy for preventing and curing Hydrophoeia, occasioned by the bite of Rabid Animals ; with cases, accompanied with a plate of the plant. By Lyman Spalding, M. D.” Printed at New York, 1819. “ Then names are good, for how, without their aid Is knowledge gained by man. to man conveyed 1 But from that source, shall all our pleasure flow ? Shall ail our knowledge he, these names to know 1 Then he with memory hlest, shall bear away The palm front Gm w, and Middleton, and Hay : No ! let us rather seek in grove and field. What food for wonder, what for use they yield ; Some just remark, from Nature’s people bring, And some new source of homage for iter King.” — Crabbe. ... •. V ' 1 i N x . f BUPLEU'RUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndriaI, Digy'niA. Natural Order. Umrei.u'ferte, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218 — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132.; Lindl. Syn. p. 111.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 4. ; Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. ; Hook. Brit. FI. p. 112 — 114. ; Loud. Hort. Brit p. 517. Gen. Char. Flowers (fig. 1.) all regular, perfect and prolific. Calyx none. Petals 5, equal, roundish, entire, very short, with a broad involute point. Filaments 5, thread-shaped, spreading rather beyond the corolla. Anthers roundish. Gcrmen inferior, egg- oblong, furrowed. Styles 2, very short, spreading, not extending beyond the circumference of their broad, tumid, rather depressed, bases. Stigmas simple, minute. Floral Receptacle none, unless the dilated margin of the tumid bases of the styles may be taken for such. Fruit (figs. 2 & 3.) egg-oblong, blunt, a little com- pressed at the side, crowned with the very short permanent styles. Carpels (seeds, Linn, and Sm.7 (figs. 5 & 6.) with 5 equal and winged, filiform and sharp, or slender and obsolete ridges, of which the lateral ones are marginal. Interstices ( channels ) with or without vittce (receptacles of coloured oily matter). Seed taper, convex, flattish in front. Involucres various. Flowers greenish- yellow. Leaves entire. The broad wedge-shaped, very short, involute petals ; the egg- shaped, blunt fruit, with sharp prominent ribs, and flat interstices ; and the short styles swollen at the base ; will distinguish this genus from other umbellifera, with solid, unarmed, wingless, la- terally compressed fruit. Three species British. BUPLEU'RUM ROTUNDIFO'LIUM. Thorow-wax J. Hare’s ear. Spec. Char. General involucrum wanting. Leaves perfoliate, roundish egg-shaped. Partial involucrums mucronate. Engl. Bot. t. 99. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 340. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 111. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.292. Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 93. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 363. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 526. — Lindl. Syn. p. 120. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 124. — Sibth. FI. Oxon.p.92. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.57. — Purt. Midi. FI. v.i. p. 148. — llelh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.)_ p. 111. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select, p. 25. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 84. — Bupleurum perfoliatum rotundifolium annuuni, Hay’s Syn. p. 221 .—Perfolidta vulgdris, Johnson’s Gerarde, p.536. Localities. — In corn-fields, especially on a chalky soil. Not common. — Oxfordshire; Parks; Southleigh ; and Middleton Stoney : Dr. Siethoiu-. Fig. 1. A Flower. — Figs. 2 6c 3. Fruit entire. — Fig. 4. A transverse section of ditto. — Figs. 5 & 6. Separate Seeds. — Fig. 7. A Seed cut to show the albumen and situation of the embryo.— Fig 8. Embryo.— All, except fig. 2. magnified. * From bos, Gr. an ox, and pleuron, Gr. a rib ; from the ribbed leaves in some of the species. Dr. Hooker, in Br. FI. f See Anchusa sempervirens, p. 48, note f. t From the stem waxing, i, e. growing thorow, or through, the leaves. Corn-fields in St. Giles’s Fields, and on Bullington Green, near Oxford. Be- tween Church Handborough and the Mill : W. B. Near Northmore: Mr. H. B.rnnETT. Kirtlington fields, and fields about Cottisford : G. Woodward, Esq. Surgeon. Bicester*. — Berks; Corn-fields between Ferry Hinksey and Cumnor Hurst: W. B. — Bedfordshire ; Barton Hill, and Woburn: Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgeshire; Gogmagog Hills, bv the lower road; Stapleford; Tever- sham ; and between Quey Church and Bottisham: Rev. R. R run an. Abun- dant about Swoffham: Rev. Professor Henslow. — Dorsetshire ; On Langton Farm, near Blandford ; and between Spetisburv and Aimer : Dr. Pui.teney. — Essex; About Ugly, and Newport: Mr. E. Forster, jun. Near Purfleet: Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. Near Broomfield : J. G. in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iv. p.446 — Kent; Between Greenhilhe and Stone, in a field by the road; and near Lewisham: Dr. Martyn. About Dartford : Mr. J. Woods, jun. — About Cobham: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Lincolnshire ; Carlby, between Stamford and Bourn: Mr. Woodward — Middlesex; Near the Mill at Hare- field: Mr. Bi.ackstone. — Norfolk; Corn-fields at Marham: Mr. Woodward. — Suffolk; Wheat-fields at Saxham : Sir T. G. Cullum. — Surrey; Leather- head and Sutton : Dr. Martyn. Amongst the corn on Epsom Downs: Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. Near Box-hill: Mr. J. Woods, jun. Near Guildford: Mr. W. A. Delamotte. — Sussex ; Near the Rock at Uckfield, by the footpath to Pilt Down: Mr. Borrer. Near Tunbridge Wells: Mr. Forster. — Warwickshire ; Bidford and Wootton, near Warwick: Rev. W. T. Bree, in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii p. 163. Bidford, Haslor, and Grafton : Mr. Pur- ton. — Wilts ; Near Amesbury, on Salisbury Plain, plentiful : Dr. Withering, and E. Duke, F.sq. — Worcestershire ; Badsey and Bretforton : Mr. Piirton. — Yorkshire; Near Malton, and Slingsby : Mr. Teesdai.e. Near Copgrove : Bev. J. Dalton. Near Ripon : Mr. Bruxtov. About Barton: Rev. Arch- deacon Pierson. Near Rotherham: Mr. L. Langley, in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. ii. p. 269. Annual. — Flowers in June and July. Root small, tapering, and fibrous. Stem, from one to two feet, or two feet and a half high, slightly zigzag, upright, round, hollow, smooth, leafy, branched alternately in the upper part, and some- what corymbose, very hard and rigid, and often of a reddish-purple colour. Leaves alternate, remarkably perfoliate, broadly egg-shaped, quite entire, smooth, bluish green, sometimes purplish at the mar- gin, tipped with a minute awn or spine, principal veins radiating from their union with the stem. Umbels terminal, compound, soli- tary, of about 6 general rays, and rather more very short partial ones. General involucrum none. Partial one of from 3 to 5 large, egg-shaped, ribbed, yellowish-green, bristly pointed leaves. Flowers yellow. Petals very short, and rolled inwards. Seeds ( Carpella of Hooker and Lindley) oblong, flattish on one side, convex on the other, with 5 prominent, bordered ribs. — This plant is reckoned among the vulnerary herbs, in old Herbals. * On the 18th instant (January, 1834) Mr. Woodward, who is an excellent British Botanist, was so kind as to forward to me, from Bicester, a few bulbs (one of them in flower) of Lucojum vernum ; which he obtained from a brake near the Catholic Chapel, Hethe, Oxfordshire ; where, he informs me, it grows in immense quantities, and has been known to grow there for more than a cen- tury, no house nor village being near the spot. This plant is a native of Italy, the south of France, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, but it has never before been found wild in Britain. It has been cultivated in this country ever since the time of Gerarde (1596), yet it is at this time a rare plant in our gardens. That it should have become naturalized in such quantity in the place above mentioned, seems rather an extraordinary circumstance. EPTLOEIUM aKOU ST IF OLI TTM mELe'ar (14.) E P L L O' B I U M *. Linnean Clans and Order. Octa'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Onagra'ria?. Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 107.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 56. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 522. ; Loud. Ilort. Brit. p. 513. — Ona'grte, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 317. — Sm.Gram. of Bot. p. 166. — Epilobia'cete, Ventenat. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) superior, of 1 sepal (monosepalous), deeply divided into 4 oblong, pointed, coloured segments, which fall off after flowering. Corolla of 4 petals (tetrapetalous), which are dilated upwards, more or less cloven, spreading, and inserted between the divisions of the calyx. Filaments 8, awl-shaped, from the throat of the calyx ; 4 alternate ones shorter. Anthers oval, compressed, blunt, attached by the back. Germen (fig. 2.) in- ferior, cylindrical, slightly 4-cornered, very long. Style thread- shaped. Stigma thick, blunt, either undivided, or usually in four deep, recurved segments. Capsule (fig. 3.) very long, bluntly 4-cornered, furrowed, with 4 cells, and 4 strap-shaped valves, with central partitions. Seeds (fig. 4.) numerous, small, oblong, each crowned with a tuft of hairs. Receptacle ( placenta ) very long, strap-shaped, 4-cornered (quadrangular) , pliant, coloured, its angles meeting the central partition of each valve. Herbaceous plants , with simple, generally toothed, leaves. Flowers purple or rose coloured, axillary and solitary, or terminal in leafy clusters or spikes. Seed-down silky. The superior, deeply 4-cleft calyx ; corolla of 4 petals ; and the elongated, 4-celled, 4-valved capsule, with many bearded seeds; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Nine species British. EPILO'BIUM ANGUSTIFO'LIUM. Rose-bay Willow-herb. Persian, or French Willow. Spec. Char. Leaves scattered, strap-spear-shaped, veiny smooth. Flowers irregular, somewhat spiked. Stamens bent down . Eng. Bot. t. 1917. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 106 — Linn. Sp. PI. p.493. — Huds. FI. A ngl. (2nd ed.) p. 161 . — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 409. Eng. FI. v. ii. p 212. — With, ("th ed.) v. ii. p. 469. — Lindl. Syn. p. 103. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 179. — Light!. FI. Scot. v. i. p 197. — '>ibt h . FI. Oxon. p. 121. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 34. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. lii. p.326. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 116. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 85. — Johnston’s Kl. of Berwick, v. i. p. 86. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p.23. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 1U6. — FI. Bath. p. 16. — Lysimachia speciosa, quibusdam Onagra dicta, siliquosa, Kay’s Syn. p. 310. — Chamcenerion, John- son Gorarde, p. 477. — Cliammnerion Spicatuni, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 559. Localities. — In meadows, moistshady places, woods, &c. Rare. — Oxfordsh. At Grays, near Henley : Rev. Mr. Lightfoot. Stokenchurch: Dr. Sun hobr. — Berks; On the outside of a copse above Childswell Farm : 1823. W.B. Near Appleton: Miss Hoskins. — Bed/ordsh. Near Dunstable: Rev. C. Abbot. — Bucks; In a wood on Comb-Hill near Ellesborough : Blaikstone. Fledge near Farnharn, in abundance: Mr. Gotobed. — Cheshire ; In Longdendale, above Tintwistle: Air. Bradbury. — Cumberland ; Banks of the Eden, Corby : Mr. Hutchinson. — Derbysh. Matlock; Dailey: Mr. Coke. On high rocks by Fig. 1. Germen, Calyx, Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 2. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — F’ig. 3. Seed-vessel. — Fig. 4. A Seed. * From epi, Gr. upon, and lobos, a pod ; the flower being placed upon the top of the elongated seed-vessel. Dr. Hooker, in Bril. Flora. t See Adu.va Mosc/iate'llina, p. 42. n. f. Sparry Pit near Chapel le Frith : Mr. O. Sims. — Durham ; On the banks of the Tees in Teesdale : Rev. J. Haiuuman. — Rocks above Feldon Lead-Mill, two miles west of Edmondbyers; and by the Tees, above Middleton: Mr. Winch, — Hampsh. About two miles before you come to Alton from Ashton, by the side of a copse: Rav. In the road from Chichester to Arundel : Mr. E. Forster, jun. Woods near A lresford : N.B. Young, Esq. New College, Oxford. — Herts; Near Chcshunt Church: Mr. J. Woods, jun. Plentiful near Berkhamstead : Mr. Woodward. — Kent ; Woods about half a mile west of River Poorhouse, by Dover: Mr. Dii.i.wyn. Maize Hill beyond Greenwich: Mr. W. Curtis. Above Chaiing, on the Canterbury road : Mr. E. Jacob, and Rev. G. E. Smith. — Lancash. Satterthwaite at Brow Edge on Furness Fells: Mr. Jackson. Hawkshead : Dr. Marti n. — Middlesex ; Cane Wood, Hampstead : Dr. Mar- tvn. By the side of a hill about midway betweeu Uxbridge and Beaconsfield : Blackstonf. Near East Barnett: Mr. J. Woods, jun, — Northumberland ' ; Whin Rocks on the west side of Shewing Shields; and banks of the rivulet above Langley Ford at the foot of Cheviot : Mr. Winch. — Somersetsk. Natu- ralized near the bridge below the Paper Mill at Combe Down : Dr. H. Gibbs, in Babington’s Flora Bathoniensis. — Staffordsk. Near the Canal-bridge at Old- bury: Dr. Withering. — Suffolk ; In a wood at Hedenham, about three miles from Bungay : Mr. D. Stock, in Lou. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 155. — Surrey ; On a rising ground, beyond the Robin Hood Inn, in the road to Kingston-upon- Tiiames: SirJ. E. Smith, in Engl. F’l. Plentiful on Boxhill ; and between Wimbledon and Kingston : Mr. J. Woods, jun. — Sussex; Near a stone-quarry between Lambei hurst and Stone Crouch: Mr. E. Forster, jun. Wood in the way from the Wells at Tunbridge to F'rant ; and near Beyham Abbey : For- ster. In several parts of St. Leonard’s Forest ; and in woods near Arundel : Mr. Borrer. — Warwicksh. Ryton Wood : Rev. W.T. Bree, in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 164. — Worcestersh. Near Bewdley: Mr. Dyer. Within rails inclosing a young quick-set hedge, the boundary of Iverley common : Air. Purton, in Midi. FI. — Yorksli. Meadows near Sheffield, plentiful: Ray. In Btlsdale above Helmsley : Mr. Teesdale. Near Saivlev by Ripon : Mr. Brun- ton. Morcar Wood near Copgrove : Rev. J. Dalton. By the Swale, near Richmond : L. E. O. in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 168. — [ Berwick ; in a very deep and savage glen about one mile south of Fastcastle : Rev. A. Bair p.] — WALES. Carnarvonsh. Among the bushes in several of the meadows in Cwm y Clo, at the bottom of the Lower Llanberris Lake: Mr. Bingi.ey. — SCOTLAND. In the Cor;, ton Woods, and rocks to the East of the Kirk of Shots, near Hamilton : Dr. Parsons. Near Lock Luinaig, 20 miles west of Sterling, by the road from Tyndrum: Dr. Stuart. Habbie’s How, Pentland Hills. In Collington and Abercorn Woods: Mr. Maughan. Banks of the Clyde at Barncluith : Mr. Hopkihk. Fall of Fversaad Woods by Lochness: Mr. Murray. Rosslyn and Auchindenny Woods: Dr. Graham. — IRE- LAN D. — Among loose stones at the Scalp, left band side of the road as you go to Enniskerry : Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root creeping, somewhat fleshy. Steins from 3 to 6 feet high, upright, reddish-brown, simple, or slightly branched upwards, round, smooth, and leafy. Leaves scattered, nearly sessile, strap-spear- shaped, pointed, weavy, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth, veiny, glaucous beneath, single ribbed, rib whitish. Calyx coloured. Flowers numerous, deep rose-coloured, sometimes white, on long, terminal, upright clusters, with a small strap-shaped bractea under each partial stalk. Petals unequal, inversely egg-shaped, or in- versely heart-shaped. Germen hoary, purplish on the upper side. Stamens and Style bent downwards. Pollen blue. Stigma large, 4-cleft. Capsule very long, with 4 blunt angles. Seeds small, each crowned with a tuft of long white hairs. Receptacle very long, loose, pliant, coloured, and 4-angled, the angles meeting the central partition of each valve. This is a very ornamental plant, and on that account :t is frequency planted in gardens ; but as it increases very much by its long creeping roots, it is apt to become a troublesome weed to the gardener. — The. young shoots are said to be eatable, and an infusion of the plant to be intoxicating. In Kamschatca an ale is hiewed from the pith ; and the down of the seeds, mixed with cotton or iur, has been manufactured into stockings, and other articles of clothing. ' ■ 4 RESEDA 1DTEA WILD - LUDITCWETTE . 0 (15.) RES E' DA* *. Linnean Class and Order. DonECA'NniuAf, Trigy'nia. Natural Order. Reseda'ceyE. Dc Candolle. — Lindl. Syu. p. 219; Introd. lo Nat. Syst. p. 1 0(3. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 500. — Loud, llort Brit. p. 500. — Cappa'rides, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 242. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p 140. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 2.) inferior, of one sepal, deeply di- vided into several narrow, irregular, permanent segments. Corolla (fig. 1) of 3, 4, 5, or 6, unequal, deciduous Petals, which are vari- ously cut or divided (see fig. 3. a, b b, c.). Nectary (fig. 3. d.) a flat, upright, permanent, coloured gland, between the uppermost petal, or petals, and the stamens. Filaments (fig. 1.) short, hair- like, drooping, variable in number, from 11 to 15, sometimes more. Anthers oblong, upright. Germen (fig. 2.) superior, angular, un- equally tumid. Styles 3, sometimes 4, terminal, short, or scarcely any. Stigmas blunt. Capsule (fig. 4.) pitcher-shaped, angular, tumid, leathery, of 1 cell, open at the top between the styles. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, stalked, ranged along 3, sometimes 4, la- teral longitudinal receptacles or placenta;. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the variously cut petals, and the 1-celled gaping capsule. Three species British. RESE'DA LU'TEA. Wild Mignonette. Base Rocket. Rocket- Yellow- Weed. Spec. Char. Leaves deeply 3-cleft ; lower ones wing-cleft. Calyx in 6 divisions. Petal G, very unequal. Kng. Bot. t. 321. — Jacquin’s Flora; Austriacre, 353. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 645. — Hods. FI. Ansi. (2nd ed.) p. 207. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.513. — Lngl. FI. v. ii. p. 348.— With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.584. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p.666. — Lindl. Syn. p. 219. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.218. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 249. — Sib. FI. Oxun. p. 151. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 105. — Hell). FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 190. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 147. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 105. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 133. — Mack. Cat. of PI. of Iteland, p. 46. — Reseda vulgaris, Kay’s Syn. p. 366. — Reseda Plinii , Johnson’s Gerarde, p.277. Localities — Corn-fields and waste place', on a chalky and calcareous soil. Not common. — Oxfordsh. At Kensington, and 1 lenity : Dr. Sihthorp. In old stone-pits at Wheatley: Mr. J. Lovegiiove. Between Skimming-dish Gate and the bye road to Fringford, very scarce : G. Wooowakd, Esq. Bicester. Between Steeple Aston and Rousham : Miss Arms ■.tiuding.— Berks; About Reading : Mr. A. R. Bluer. — Redfordsh. Barton Hill: Rev. C. AnnoT. — Cambridgesh. In corn-fields and pastures: Rev. R. iil'i.iiAN. — Durham; Between Sunder- land and South Shields: Mr. Wonsan.— Gloucester sh. On a wall at Clifton near Bristol : Mr. Swayne. — Norfolk ; Frequent in the county : Mr. Woodward. — Suffolk ; On a chalky soil, frequent: Mr. Woodward. — In Surrey ; Mr. W. Pampi.in, jun. — Somersetsh. On Beacon Hill, Combe Down, near Burnt- house Gate, and other parts of the hill, in the neighbourhood of Bath : Mr. C. C. Bamngton, in FI. Bathoniensis. — Wilts ; Near Great Bedwyn : W. Bartlett, Esq. — Torksh. Near Rotherham: Air. L. Langley , in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. ii. p.270. — SCOTLAND. Hills between Pettycur and Burnt Island: Fig. 1. Corolla. — Fig. 2. Calyx, Germen, and 3 Stigmas.— Fig. 3. Nectary and Petals, magnified ; a, 2 upper Petals, bb, 2 middle ones ; c, 2 lower outs; and d, Nectary. — Fig. 4. Seed-vessel. * From resedo, to allay or mitigate; from some supposed medical qualities. t The eleventh class in the Linnias Artificial System ; it comprehends those plants with perfect flowers, which hare from 12 to 19 stamens, both numbers inclusive. Mr. P. Neil, in Hook. FI. Scot. Near Kirkcaldy : Mr. Chalmers, ibid. Near Kaith : Mr. 1). Don, ibid. Between Arbroath and Montrose: Mr. Don, ibid. Hoad-side between Linlithgow and Falkirk : Mr. Maugiian, ibid. Debris of Salisbury Craigs: Mr. D. Sri uaiit, in Grev. FI. lulin. Annat Park, Kilspin- die, Perthshire: Mr. YV. Gorrie, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 440. — IRELAND. On a gravelly bank by the side of the road, under the Strawberry banks, near Chjpelizod : Mr. J. T. Mack a y, in Cat. of PI. of Ireland. Annual. — If the Winter is mild it is sometimes Biennial, or even Perennial. — Flowers from June to September. Root somewhat woody. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, very much branched, thick, woody, striated, leafy, nearly smooth. Leaves alter- nate, somewhat stalked, with minute gland-like stipulas at the base, smooth, very various, upper ones deeply 3-cleft (trifid), lower ones wing-cleft (pinnatifid), or doubly wing-cleft (bipinnatifid), the seg- ments in all strap-shaped, entire, flat, or wavy. Clusters terminal, many-flowered, tapering. Flowers buff-coloured, slightly scented, each on a partial flower-stalk, with a small bractea at its base. Calyx cut into 6 narrow strap-shaped segments. Petals 6, variously and unequally lobed, two upper ones with 2 wing-like lobes, two lateral ones unequally 2- or 3-cleft, two lower ones nearly entire. Nectary greenish-yellow, fringed. Stamens about 20, hanging down. Cap- sule triangular, open at top, and terminated by the 3 (sometimes 4) permanent stigmas. Seeds somewhat kidney-shaped, black and shining. Every part of the plant is clothed, more or less, with minute, semi- transparent glands. The larva of Pontia daplidia, of Curt. Blit. Entom. v. i. t. 48, and Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. ii. p. 228, fig. 61, feeds upon this species as well as on various Cruciferce. It is one of our rarest British Butterflies, not above 5 or 6 having been caught in this coun- try previous to 1829. t he Natural Order Resedacea *, of which Reseda is the only British exam- ple, was, 1 believe, hi nt established by M. De Candolle; it is composed of her- baceous, dicotyledonous plants, with alternate leaves, the surface of which is minutely papillose ; and minute, gland-like stipula. The Calyx is inferior, permanent, and deeply cut into from 4 to 6 segments. The Corolla consists of from 4 to 6 irregular, lobed Petals. The Stamens are inserted below the Germen (hypogynous), and vary in number from 10 to 15 or 20 ; the Filaments are up- right, and the Anthers 2-celled, each cell opening by a longitudinal groove. Between the Petals and the Stamens is a kind of annular or shield-shaped, glan- dular mass ( nectary of Ltnn.9, which is more elevated on the upper side, and thus forms a liypogyuous disk of a peculiar kind. The Ovary ( Germen) is ses- sile, 3-lobed. 1-celled, and many-seeded, with 3 parietal placenta (recepta- cles). Stiymas 3, glandular, sessile. Fruit (Capsule) dry and membranous, or succulent, opening at the summit. Seeds several, kidney-shaped, attached to 3 parietal placentae; the embryo is taper, curved, without albumen; and the radicle or rootlet is superior. Dr. Lindley, Professor of Botany in the London University, has given a very difteient explanation of the flower of Reseda. This distinguished Botanist con- siders the Calyx (tig. 2. ) as a common involucrum ; the Petals (fig. 3. a, b b, and c,) as so many neutral florets ; and the Nectary, a Calyx of a. fertile floret in the middle, composed of Stamens and Pistils.— See bis very splendid work, entitled Collectanea Botanica, t. 22. : and his Introduction to the Na- tural System of Botany, p. 106. The ltev. ,L S. Henslow, M. A. See. Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge, has published a very interesting and curious paper “ On a Monstro- sity of the common Mignionette,” in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philo- sophical Society, vol. v. pt. i. (1833.) * The properties of this family are little known. Reseda luteola yields a yellow dye, and the Mignonette, Reseda odorata, is cultivated for the sake of its delightfully fragrant flouers. (16.) STA CHYS* * * * §. Linnean Class and Order. Didyna'mia f, Gymcspe'rmia+. Natural Order. Labia't je, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 110. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 99 ; Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 63 ; Lind. Syn. p. 196 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p.239; Bentham in Bot. Register, (1829.) — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.439. — Loudon’s Hort. Brit, p.528. — Verticilla'ta;, of Ray and of Linnaeus. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 4) inferior, of one sepal, tubular, some- what bell-shaped, 10-ribbed, with 5, nearly equal, spinous pointed teeth. Corolla, (fig. 3) of 1 petal, gaping (ringent) ; tube very short ; throat oblong, swelling beneath at the base ; upper lip upright, egg-shaped, mostly arched, often notched, (entire, Hook.) ; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes reflexed, the middle one largest, notched. Filaments 4 (fig. 1), two longer than the other two (didynamous), awl-shaped, shorter than the upper lip, and, after the anthers are burst, bent back on each side of the mouth. Anthers roundish, of 2 valves. Germen (fig. 2) angular, 4-lobed. Style (fig. 2) thread-shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigma cloven, pointed. Seeds 4 (fig. 5), angular, blunt, in the bottom of the permanent, scarcely altered calyx. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the nearly regular, 5-cleft calyx ; the lower lip of the corolla with reflexed lateral lobes ; and the stamens spreading outwards at each side, after the anthers are burst. Five species British. STA'CHYS PALU'STRIS. Clown’s Woundwort. All-heal §. Spec. Char. Whorls of from 6 to about 10 flowers. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, mostly sessile, and half embracing the stem. Curt. Fl. Lond. t. 208. — Eng. Bot. 1. 1675.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 81 1. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. 259. — Sm. FI. Brit. v.ii. p. 633. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 99.— With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 715. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.372. — Lind. Syn. p. 202. — Hook. Brit. Fl. p.277. — Light!’. Fl. Scot. v.i. p. 313. — Sibth. Fl. Oxon. p. 186. — Abbot’s Fl. Bed!', p. 130.— Purt. Midi. Fl.v. i. p. 271. — Relh. Fl. Cantab. (3rd edit.) p.242. — Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 183. — Grev. Fl.Edin. p.132. — Fl. Devon, pp. 99 & 145. — Johnston’s Fl. of Berwick, v. i. p. 133.— Walk. FL of Oxf. p. 168. — Sideritis Anglica strumosa radice, ltay’s Syn. p. 242.-— Panax coloni, John- son’s Gerarde, p. 1005. Localities.— Banks of rivers, wet ditches, watery places, moist cornfields, &c. —Common. Fig. 1. Corolla cut open, showing the upper lip and the stamens.— Fig. 2. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 3. Corolla. — Fig. 4. Calyx. — Fig. 5. A Seed! — Fig. 6. Tuberous extremity of a Boot. — Figs. 1 &2. magnified. * From st a chits, Gr. a spike, or ear of corn ; the inflorescence affecting that form. f See Lamium album, p. 31 , n. t. See p. 31, n. f. § From its high repute, formerly, as a vulnerary. For a curious account of some extraordinary cures performed by means of this plant, secGerarde’s Herbal, p. 1005. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root creeping, producing many shoots, which become tuberous towards the Autumn, and render the plant difficult of extirpation. Stem 2 feet high, upright, branched, 4-angled, hollow ; clothed, especially at the angles, with stiffish hairs, which turn downwards ; jointed, joints hairy, and often purplish. Leaves opposite, strap- spear-shaped, serrated, spreading, somewhat wrinkled, silky above, downy beneath, the ribs roughish with reflexed bristles ; sessile, and slightly embracing the stem, or on very short leaf stalks. Flowers of a pale purple, variegated with violet and white, and arranged in whorls of from 6 to 10 flowers, forming a lax spike, each whorl of which is accompanied by a pair of small deflexed leaves. Calyx of one leaf, somewhat bell-shaped, cut into 5 nearly equal, sharp- pointed teeth, hairy, hairs terminating in small globules ; purplish, and marked with 10 elevated lines. Corolla of one petal, gaping, tube very short, cylindrical, crowned internally with hairs ; mouth marked with 2 prominent dots at the base of the upper lip ; lower lip beautifully variegated with violet and white. Filaments hairy, thickest in the middle. Anthers purplish-black ; Pollen white. Germen angular, 4-lobed. Style thread-shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigma bifid, pointed. Seeds somewhat triangular, en- closed in the permanent calyx. A few years ago (about 1818?) the Society of Arts voted the silver Ceres medal to Joseph Houlton, Esq. F. L. S., &c. for introducing this plant to public notice. The thick tuberous buds formed on the roots of this species, and from which the stems of the next year are to arise, abound, from the end of autumn to the close of winter, in a mild, somewhat sweetish, farinaceous matter ; these tubers, it is said, are then fit for domestic use, being crisp, without fibre, and of a peculiar, but scarcely perceptible flavour. The Rev. Mr. Lightfoot informs us, in his Flora Scotica, v. ii. p. 313, that in times of necessity they have been eaten by men, either boiled, or dried, and made into bread ; but Mr. Houi.ton has the credit of having first suggested its use as an esculent vegetable, and of having made some experiments on the best way of cultivating it. This is supposed to be the only known instance of a plant belonging to the Natural Order of the Labiate, producing farinaceous tubers, capa- ble of being applied to human food. See Loud. Gard. Mag. vol. v. p. 546. On account of its extensively creeping roots it is often a great pest to the farmer, especially in cornfields in low moist situations. — Hogs are said to be fond of the roots ; and Mr. Curtis thought, that when the crop was off they might be turned into those fields where the plant abounds, to great advantage. Is. Thusett. Jkl (17.) CO'LCHICU M * *. Linnean Class and Order. Hexa'ndria t, Trigy'nia. Xalural Order. MelanthaSce.e, Dr. R. Brown. — Lind. Syn. p. 264 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 272. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 539. — Colchica'ce.e, Decandolle. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 401. Gex. Char. Calyx none. Corolla ( Perianthium%) of 1 petal, tube very long, angular, extending down to the root, and arising from a spatha; limb bell-shaped, in 6 deep, elliptical, concave, upright segments, the 3 innermost of which are rather the smallest. Filaments 6, (see fig. 1.) awl-shaped, inserted into the tube of the corolla, shorter than the limb. Anthers oblong, of 2 cells and 4 valves, peltate, incumbent. Germen imbedded in the root, roundish. Styles 3, thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigmas strap-shaped, recurved, channelled, downy. Capsules 3, superior, stalked, oblong, single-celled, inflated ; convex externally ; sharp at the inner edge, where they are combined longitudinally, and where they finally burst and separate. Seeds numerous, globose, attached irregularly to each margin of the capsule. Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by the naked, inferior, monopetalous (1-petaled), tubular corolla ; and the 3 inflated capsules, united at the base. One species British. CO'LCHICUM AUTUMNA'LE. Common Meadow-saffron. Tuberoot. Naked Lady. Upstart. Spec. Char. Leaves flat, broadly spear-shaped, upright. Seg- ments of the corolla oblong. Eng. Bot. t. 133.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 485 — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 175.— Woodv. Med. Bot. v. iii. p. 483. t. 177. — Mart. FI. Bust, p.60 1 — Sm. FI. Brit, v. i. p.399. Engl. FI. v. ii. p.202. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 461. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 172. — Lindl. Syn. p.264. — Hook. Brit. Fk p. 172. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 192. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 1 19.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 83.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 183. and v. iii. p. 353. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 152. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 114. — FI. Devon, p. 66. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 105. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selecta:, p.33. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 51. — Colchicum commune, Ray’s Syn. p. 373. — Colchicum anglicum purpureum et album, John.Ger. p. 157. Localities. — In meadows, pastures, and woods. Not common. — Oxfordsh. Near Coombe, Heythrop, Stanton Hareourt, and Ashford Mills: Dr. Sininonp. Between Headington and Barton, near Oxford: Mr. H. Hinton. Plentiful in w’oods at Church Ilandborough, 1809 & 1833; W. B. In meadows N. of Upper Heyford: W. B. Leafield, Wychw'ood Forest: Mr. J. H. Parker. Near Filkins and Bradwell : Bishop of Carlisle. Meadows on the left of the road between Bicester and Landford Lane, plentifully: Mr. G. Wood- ward. Near Alvescott: Mr. H. Barrett. Common in Meadows about Rollright: Miss Armetriding. — Berksh. Near Appleton, and Cumuor: N. B. Young, Esq. New Coll. Eaton Stibble : Mr. II. Barrett.— Bedfordsh. About Barford, and Thurleigh : Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. Wood Ditton: Rev. R. Relhan; — Cheshire; Meadow between Castle Hall, and River, Stayley : Mr. Bradbury. — Derbysh. About Marston Montgomery; between Duffield and Burley ; in Breadsal Long-Meadow ; and near Derby : Mr. Pil- kington. — Devon; Meadows at Torwood, near Torquay: Messrs. Jones and Kingston.— Dorsetsh. In St. Mary Blandford Meadows on the E. side of Mill Ditch ; and in many other places in the meadows washed by the course of the Fig. 1. Corolla, cut open to show the situation of the Stamens, Germen, and Pistils. — Fig. 2. The three combined Capsules. — Fig. 3. A transverse section of ditto, to show the position of the seeds. * From Colchis, a province of Asia, on the East side of the Euxine sea, where it was said to grow abundantly. t See Galanthus nivalis, p. 33, note -f. { See p. 33, note t. Stour: Dr. Pulteney— About Spetisbury : Dr. Maton.— Durham ; In a field opposite Egleston : Rev. J. Harridan. Near Dai lington : Mr. Robson. — Gloucestersh. In the meadow between the Church and the Medicinal Spring at Cheltenham : Dr. Withering. About Painswick : Mr. O. Roberts. — Hampsh. In a wood at Appleshaw: Mr. BonROR Near Eiphook : Mr. H. Bar rut. — Herefordsh. About the noith and centre of the county: Mr. Dun- ruMH.— Lancash. A little below Newby Jlridge, on the left hand side of the road to Ulverstone : Mr. J. Woods jun. — Northamptonsh . In woods at Cran- sley, and in a meadow at King’s Thorp: Morton.— Notts ; In Nottingham meadows, and about Trent Bridge: Dr. Deerinc.— Shropsh. Castle Fields, four miles from Oswestry on the Welch Pool road ; Hope Mead near Bishop’s Castle; near Cavnbam Court, Ludlow: Dr. Evans. About Wellington and Hales Owen: Dr. Withering. In a field opposite Aston, the seat of W. Lloyd, Esq. by Oswestry : Rev. J. Daviis. Sweeney near Oswestry : Mr. H. Barrett. — Somersetsh. Meadows between Bath and Bristol: Mr. Dvrn. Near Farley Castle, and in the fields about Bishop’s Norton, abundantly : Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. About Keynham, W hitchurch, Queen’s Charlton, and Pensford: Dr. Withering. In low moist pastures, and also in woods on the upper part of the hills about Bail) : Rev. C. C. Baeington. — Stuffordsh. In Weston Park: Sir J. E. Smith. By the Trent, near Burton : Mrs. Acland, in Purt Mid. FI. — Suffolk ; At Little Stonham: Mrs. Cobbold. Laxfield : Mr. Davy. — Great Barton, and Hawsted : Sir T. G. Cui.lum. About Soham, Easton, & c.: Rev. G. Crabbe. Near Bury: Mr. Woodward. Pastures at Cretiugham, a most noxious weed : Mr. Mouse. Near Bungay, both purple and white flowered varieties in abundance: Mr. D Stock, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. ii. p.387. — Wurwicksh. Near Packington : Countess of Ayles- ford. Harford, Norhrooke, &c.: Mr. W. G. Perry. White flowered va- riety at Whitacre: Rev. W7. T. Brie. Near Long Compton: Miss Arme- ■i hiding. — Wilts; About Great Bedwyn : W. Barti.ett, Ksq. — Worcestersh. About Great Comberton, Great Malvern, and many other places in the county : N ash. On the banks of the Severn, near W orcester, both purple and white flowered varieties : Mr. E. Lfes, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 161. — Yorksh. Near Fen y Bridge, Knaresborough, and South Dalton: Mr. Tees* dalf. About Ripon: Mr. Brunton. At Thivkleby: Rev. Archdeacon PirnsoN. Limestone pastures about Kippax, andLedslon; about Apperley Bridge, in Airdale, on clay : Rev. W. Wood. At Copgrove: Rev. J. Dalton. River side at Fryston : Mr. A. Aikin. Near Rotherham : Mr. L. Langley, in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. ii. p 269. Near Richmond. L. E. O. ibid. p. 168. — WALES. Flintsh. Under a beech-tree between Upper l.ecswood House, and the river near Mold: Mr. Griffith. — SCOTLAND. At Alloa, about the sealof Air. Erskine: Rev. J. Lichifoot. Perennial. — Flowers in September and October. Bulb solid, resembling that of a tulip, furrowed on one side. Stem none. Leaves sessile, sheathing, radical, strap-spear-shaped, blunt, entire, dark green, smooth, a foot or more long, and from 1 to 2 inches broad. Flowers several, rising from the root, and ap- pearing in succession, pale purple, sometimes white ; tube from 5 or 6 to 8 or 10 inches long, white, and surrounded at the base by 2 or 3 membranous sheath’-. Limb cut into 6, somewhat un- equal, oblong, upright, concave segments. Germen at the base of the bulb, inclosed in one common sheath, and accompanied by the rudiments of the future leaves. Styles as long as the stamens, thread-shaped, reaching nearly to the base of the tube. Stiymas linear, recurved, channelled, downy. Fruit oval, formed of the 3 inflated, many-seeded Capsules. Seeds round, whitish, polished. The flowers appear in September, the leaves and fruit not till the Spring following §. A very curious variety of this species (var. 8. floribus serotinis, Eng. FI.) was found in a meadow near Devizes, Wilts, by Mr. Salmon, about the year 1800, and was, in 1806, figured in the 20th volume of English Botany, 1. 1432. Plant acrid and poisonous, and farmers should be cautious how they turn cattle into pastures where it grows. Its properties are said to be similar to those of the officinal squill, and it is supposed to form a principal ingredient in the famous Gout medicine, commonly called Eau Medicinale . See W'ith. Bot. Arr. 7th ed. v. ii. pp. 461, 462. ' ' . . C U8CTJTA. 2VUROPJ&A COMMOir DOJjDSR o CU'SC UTA* *. Linnet* n Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Convolvula'cEjE, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 167; Iutrod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 218. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 442. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 526. — Convolvuli, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 132. — Sra. Gr. of Bot. p. 103. Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal (monose- palous), cup-shaped, in 5, sometimes only 4, broad, more or less deep, permanent segments ; its base fleshy. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal (monopetalous) , with an elliptical tube; the limb divided into 5, sometimes Only 4, deep, spreading, equal segments, which, in some species, are accompanied at the base with as many in- flexed scales, alternate with the segments, and closing the throat. Filaments (fig. 3.) 5, sometimes only 4, awl-shaped, upright, sho. ter than the corolla. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. Germen (fig. 4.) superior, roundish. Styles 2, sometimes 1 or 3, shorter than the corolla, spreading. Stigma simple or capitate (knobbed). Capsule (figs. 5 & 6.) membranous, elliptical, 2-celled, bursting all round towards the base. Seeds 2 in each cell, large, inversely egg-shaped, upright. Embryo without cotyledons. — Gertner observes, that the embryo is filiform, spiral, monocotyledonous, and yellow ; and that it makes about 3 convolutions round the central, globose, fleshy Albumen , (see figs. 7. & 8). Parasitical twining leafless plants, with thread-like stems, and nearly sessile lateral heads, or spikes, of pale flowers, each flower accompanied by a bractea. The monopetalous, inferior, bell-shaped corolla ; and the cap- sule of 2 cells, bursting all round transversely at the base ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. CU'SCUTA EUROP2E'A. Greater Dodder. Hellweed. Spec. Char. Flowers nearly sessile. Corolla without any scales at the base of the stamens. Stigmas acute. Engl. Bot.t. 378. (not t. 55.) — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 67. — Linn.Sp. PI. p. 180. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 282. Eng. FI. v. ii. p.24. — With. (7th ed.) v.ii. p.25t. — Lindl. Syn. p. 168. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 112. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 63.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 36. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 139. — Belli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 108. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 86. — Grev. F). Edin. p. 60.— Paley’s Natural Theology, with plates and notes, by Mr. Paxton, of Oxford, (2nd ed.) v. ii. p. 131. t. 36. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 72. — Perry’s PI. Varvie. Select®, p. 24. — Mack. Catal. of PI. oflrel. p. 26. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 31. — Cuscuta, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 577. Cassytha major, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p. 346. Localities. — On nettles, thistles, flax, beans, &c. Not common. — Oxford- shire ; Iffley, near Oxford : Dr. SiBTiioRn. Near Cassington, on the road to Church llandborough, in great abundance ; and on nettles, in a hedge on the south side of a lane, south of the church at Church Handborough, June 30, 1833: W. B. — Berks; Near Newbury : Mr. Biciieno. Between South I link- sey and Childswell Farm : W. B. " In a hedge by the footpath leading from Oxford to South Hinksey, on the blackthorn ('Prunus spinosaj, the stems of Fig. 1 Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Corolla cut open and magnified. — Fig. 4. Germen. — Figs. 5 and 6. Separate valves of the Capsule : 5, lower valve ; 6, upper ditto. — -Figs. 7 and 8. Spiral Embryo, highly mag- nified. From Gehtm k. * Fhe same as Kassutha, Gr. probably from the Arabic Keshout, ( rh£is.) * Dr. Hook r r, in Br. FI. t The 5th class in the Linnean Artificial System; it comprehends all those plants which have perfect flowers, with 5 distinct stamens in each. which it had entirely covered in a thick mass, until it readied the smaller branches, from whence it spread to the top of the bush, giving it a very pleasing appearance; Aug. 27, 1833:” Mrs. Enw. J inner, Near Caesar’s Camp: Mr. W. A. Dki.amottf. — Bedfordsh. Common: Rev. C. Abbot. — Bucks; Hedges near E'on: Mr. Gotobi o. — Cambridgesh. Madingley, Barton. Oak- ington, and Swavesey : Rev. R. Rklha n. — Dorsetsh. On nettles about Bland- ford, on beans in Pimpern cornfield, and on vetches: Hr. Pui.teney. — Essex ; On nettles at Castle Hedingham : Mr. D. Turner. — Hatnpsh. In Hawley- lane : Mr. W. A. Delamotte. — Kent; Near Canlerbuiv, in a lane called Water-lane, near St. Stephens: Mr. J. Dix. — Leicestersh. On nettles near Leicester, but not common : Dr. Pulteni y. — Somersetsh. Near Bath: Rev. C. C. Babincton. — Surrey ; On hops in a hedge near Thorpe, by Egham ; Mr. D. Wicks. — Sussex; In hedges at Portslade and at Pangdean near Brighton ; nowand then infields of vetches: Mr BoRiton. — Warwicksh. Flax- fidds about Packington : Counitss of Aylesford. Near Allesley : Rev. W. J . Bree, in Loud. Mag of Nat. Hist. v. iii.p. 163. — Worcester sh . At Shipslon- upon-Stour: Rev. Dr. Jones. Batsey, and South Littleton: Mr. Purton, in Midi. FI. — SCOTLAND. Musselburgh near Edinburgh: Mr. P. Neill. — IRELAND: Mr. J. T. Mackay. Annual. — Flowers in August and September. Root simple, small and slender, dying as soon as the stem has attached itself to some other plant. Stem thread-shaped, reddish, smooth, branched, twining, from right to left, round the stems of other plants, to the height of 2 or 3 feet, attaching itself to them by means of short, downy, root-like tubercles, which penetrate the epidermis of the foster plant, from which it derives its nourish- ment. Leaves none. Flowers in dense roundish heads, whitish, nearly sessile. Calyx reddish, usually 5-cleft. Tube of the Co- rolla bell-shaped, becoming globose, destitute of scales in the throat. Limb short, cut into 5, sometimes only 4, spreading seg- ments, permanent as well as the stamens, which are generally 5. Germen globular. Styles short, reddish. Stigmas acute. Capsule nearly globular, pellucid, reticulated, and invested with the dry corolla. Seeds rounded, rough with very small elevated tubercles. About 20 years ago, 1 saw, at Cassington, near Oxford, a large field of beans completely matted together with this parasite ; it had taken possession of the whole crop, and having elevated itself several inches above the beans, pro- duced a very beautiful effect, especially when the sun shone upon it. When it prevails so extensively as in this instance, it must he a very serious evil lo the farmer. In the first, volume of Loudon’s Gardners’ Magazine, (pp. 79 & 197,) we are informed, that crops of Lucern are sometimes very much injured by this parasite in France and Italy. The farmers there find the best methods of de- stroying it to be, “ either by cutting the Lucern frequently early in the season, and thus preventing the Dodder from fixing itself, or by paring or burning the surface, and thus destroying at once both the Lucern and the seeds of the para- site.” The fresh plant boiled in water, with a little ginger and allspice, operates as an aperient. Hill. The Natural Order Con volvula'ce.e, consists of dicotyledonous Herbaceous plants or shrubs, whose stems are usually twining, and milky, smooth, or with a simple pubescence. Their leaves (except in cuscuta, which is destitute of them,) are alternate, undivided, or lobed, seldom pinnatifid, with no stipulas. Their inflorescence (modes of flowering) axillary or terminal ; peduncles (flouer-stalks) 1- or many-flowered, the partial ones generally with 2 brac- teas. Their calyx is inferior, permanent, and 5-cleft. Their corolla is hypo- gynous (infeiior), of 1 petal, regular, deciduous ; its limb 5-lobed, and generally plaited. Their stamens are 5, inserted into the base of the corolla, and alter- nate with the segments. The ovarium (germen) is simple, and supported upon an angular iivpogynous disk, and has from 2 to 4 cells containing a small number of ovules. Style one, usually divided at the top, sometimes down to the base; stigmas blunt or pointed. The capsule has from 1 to 4 cells; the valves fitting, at their edges, to the angles of a loose dissepiment, bearing the seeds at its base ; sometimes the capsule remains closed, or opens transversely. The embryo, of which the cotyledons are flat and plicate, is rolled upon itself, 'and placed in the centie of a soft and, as it were, mucilaginous albumen. See Lind. Syn. and Rich, by Ma'cgillivray. 1 lie only British Genera in this order are Convolvulus, t. 58 ; and Cuscuta. In the latter the embryo has no cotyledons. '9 -K THTTJSA. CYTSTjCpTXJH . FOOL ’& - FAJZ SL£Y~. O BuCa-nic Cura/en OxTSrd. 7^33 . (19.) yETHU'SA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. UMBELLi'FKrtA?, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of But.. p. 132 ; Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 32. — Lind. Syn. p. 11 1 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Hook. Brit. FI. pp. 1 12 — 1 14. — Rich, by Macgiiliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. Gen. Char. Flowers all perfect; the marginal ones a little irregular. Calyx superior, very minute, often scarcely discernible. Corolla of 5 petals, which are inversely heart-shaped, with a sharp indexed point ; the outermost rather the largest. Filaments 5 (tig. 2.), thread-shaped, horizontal, shorter than the corolla. Anthers roundish. Gerrnen (fig. 3.) inferior, roundish, egg-shaped, deeply furrowed, rather pointed. Styles 2, short, spreading, tumid and egg-shaped at the base ; at length reflexed, scarcely elongated. Stigmas blunt. Fruit roundish-egg-shaped. Carpels [seeds, Linn.) with 5 elevated, thick, sharply-keeled ridges, the lateral ones mar- ginal, a little broader than the other, and bordered by a somewhat winged keel. Channels ( interstices ) with 1 vitta (see p. 13,). Seed half globose. General Involucrum none. Partial Involu- crum (fig. 1.) of 3 unilateral pendulous leaves. The roundish egg-shaped fruit, with 10 elevated, thick, sharply keeled ridges ; the inversely heart-shaped, deeply lobed petals with a sharp inflexed point; the short styles, tumid, and egg- shaped at the base ; and the partial involucrum of 3 unilateral drooping leaves (see fig. 1.) ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. jETHU'SA CYNA'PIUM. Common Fool’s Parsley. Lesser Hemlock. Spec. Char. Leaves uniform, leaflets wedge-shaped, decurrent (running down the leaf-stalk), segments spear-shaped. Eng. Bot. t. 1192. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 18. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 367. — Huds. FI. Ang. (2nd ed.) p. 123 — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p 323. — Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 64. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 386. — Lindl. Syn. p. 1 19. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 122. — Ligluf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 165. — Sibth. PI. Oxon. p. 99. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 65. — Port. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 155. — lfelh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 122. — Hook. FI. Scot, p. 92. — Grev. FI. Ldin. p.66. — FI. Devon, pp. 52 dc 167. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 69. — Curt. Brit. P.ntom. v. i. t. II. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 79. — Mack. Catal of PI. of 1 1 el. p. 29. — Bab. FI. Bath, p 20. — JEthusa tenuifolia, Gray’s Nat. Arr. y. ii. p. 513. — Cicutdria tenuifolia, Bay’s Syn. p. 215.— John- son’s Gerarde, p. 1063. Locali iies.— A common weed in gardens and cultivated fields. Fig. 1. Partial Involucrum. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Germen, Calyx, and Styles. — Fig. 4. Fruit. — F’ig. 5. Transverse section of ditto.— I ig. 6. Back of a Carpellum. — Fig. 7. Front of ditto. — Figs. 2, 3, 5, 6, & 7, more or less magnified. * From ailho, Gr. to burn, on account of its acrid quality. Dr. Hooker, in Br. FI. f The 5tbclass in the Linnean Artificial System ; it comprehends ail those plants which have perfect flowers with 5 distiuct stamens in each. Annual. — Flowers in July, August, and September. Root tapering, branched, whitish. Stem from 1 to 2 feet, or more, high, upright, branched, somewhat zigzag, jointed, round, smooth, striated, sometimes purplish, but not spotted. Leaves twice pinnate (bi-pinnate), smoolh, dark lurid green, segments egg-spear-shaped, variously cut, lobed, and more or less decurrent : the lower leaves are sometimes thrice pinnate (tri-pinnate) . Umbels terminal, on long stalks, spreading, and flattish. Umbcllules ( partial or secondary Umbels ) small, distant. General Involu- crum wanting. Partial lnvolvcrum of 3 long, strap-shaped, uni- lateral, drooping leaves, by which it may be readily distinguished from all other plants of the same natural order. Flowers white. Petals somewhat radiating, inversely heart-shaped, with the sum- mits bent in. Anthers purplish. Fruit roundish-egg-shaped, striated, pale brown. Whole plant smooth, except the flower- stalks, which are angular, and the angles are furnished with a minute transparent, papillose membrane. Whole plant poisonous, and when eaten said to cause vomiting, delirium, numbness of the extremities, and often death. We are informed in Mr. Loudon’s Gardeners' Magazine, vol. ii. p. 337, that a boy of six years old, who had taken some of the plant for parsley, at four o’clock, began immediately to utter cries of anguish, complained of cramps in the stomach, assumed a livid hue, and died at midnight. Another child, though the contents of his stomach were ejected, went out of his senses, but by great care ultimately recovered. Two Ladies of Castle Donnington, in Leices- tershire, partook of some salad, into which some Fool’s-parsley had been put for common parsley ; they suffered a great deal, but ultimately recovered. — We cannot, as Dr. Withering observes, be too particular in discriminating these deleterious herbs, espe- cially as they are frequently found growing intermixed with culinary vegetables. This plant has been sometimes mistaken for common parsley, but it may be readily distinguished by its leaves, which are of a much darker green, more flat, and more finely divided. It also wants the peculiar smell of the common parsley. If the curled-leaved parsley only was cultivated in gardens, no such mis- takes could happen. Fool’s-parsley may be distinguished from Hemlock ( Conrum maculdtumj, in the stem not being spotted, in its having but little smell, and by its more humble growth. Cowrs, horses, sheep, goats, and swine, are said to eat it. It is reported to be poisonous to geese. 4 . FYEETHRTJM P.AJ? THENIITM . rEVBRFEW . PY 'RETHRUM* * Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia f , Polyga'mia, SUPERFLUA %. Natural Order. Compo'sitas §, Adans. Tribe, Corymbi- FER/E ||, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 143.; Introd. to the Nat. Syst. pp. 197 & 199. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 522. Synan- the're.e, tribe, Corymui'fer.e, Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 & 455. — Corymbi'fer.iE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 177. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 121. Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. 1.) hemisphe- rical, imbricated. Scales oblong, nearly equal, bluntith, with membranaceous margins. Corolla compound, radiant ; florets of the disk (fig. 2.) perfect (having both stamens and a pistil), tubu- lar, with 5 equal spreading segments; those of the radius (fig. 3.) numerous, strap-shaped, spreading, with 3 terminal teeth. Ft la- ments 5, hair-like, short, in the tubular florets only. Anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen angular, abrupt. Style thread-shaped, not longer than the anthers. Stigmas spreading, blunt, somewhat notched. Seed-vessel none, the calyx remaining unchanged. Seed (fig. 4.) in all the florets oblong, angular, abrupt, furrowed, crowned with an elevated membranous border. Recep- tacle (fig. 6.) naked, convex. Distinguished from other genera, with strap-shaped marginal florets and a naked receptacle, in the same class and order, by the elevated membranous border which crowns the seed ; and the hemispherical, imbricated calyx, whose scales are rather acute and membranous at the edges. Three species British. PY'RETHRUM PARTHE'NIUM. Common Feverfew. Spec. Char. Leaves stalked, compound, flat, leaflets egg- shaped, cut, the uppermost confluent (running one into the other at the base). Flower-stalks corymbose. Stem upright. Rays shorter than the diameter of the disk. Engl. Bot. t. 1231.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 900. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 451. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 951. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 365. FI. Scot. p. 246. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 349. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 180. — FI. Devon, pp. 140 5c 160. — Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. Tubular floret of the Disk. — Fig. 3. Strap- shaped floret of the Ray. — Fig. 4. Seed. — Fig. 5. Receptacle, with the seed upon it. — Fig. 6. Receptacle, with the seed taken off. — Figs. 2 & 4 magnified. * From its resemblance to the Purethron , Gr. of Dioscorides, so called from pur , fire, on account of its acrid roots. Dr. Hooker, in Br. FI. t The 19th class in the Linnean System, comprehending all those plants with compound flowers, the stamens of which are united by their anthers into a tube. It is a very natural and extremely numerous class. I The second order of the Linnean class Svncene'si*, containing all those compound flowers in which the florets of the disk have, each of them, 5 sta- mens and a pistil, and the florets of the ray a pistil only, and all producing perfect seed. $ See Prendnthes muralis, t. 27. H See Achillea Ptdrmica, t. 36. Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 188.— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 245. — Mack. Cntal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 74. — Chrysanthemum Parthinium, Linn. Syn. p. 148.— Bab. FI. Bath. p. 26.- — Matricaria Partkinhnn, Linn. Sp. PI. p.1255. — Huds. FI. Angl.(2nd ed.) p. 371. — Wcodv. Med. Bot. Suppl. t. 249. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 490.— Sibil). FI. Oxon. p. 2.78. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 185. — Putt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 401. — Matricaria vulgaris, Giay’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 454. — Matricaria, Bay’s Syn. p. 187. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 652. Localities.— In waste ground, about hedges, old walls, dry banks, &c. — Frequent. It is rather rare about Oxford ; I have seen it only on the walls of St. John’s College Gardens, and between the Parks and Summer Town. The Rev. B. Walker has noticed it on a wall at Headington near Oxfotd, in the lane lead- ing to Barton. Biennial. — Flowers from June to November. Root fibrous, tufted. Stem round, upright, firm, branched, leafy, furrowed, especially in the upper part, slightly hairy, 2 or 3 feet high. Leaves alternate, stalked, of a pale yellowish green, slightly hoary, and when magnified appear sprinkled with minute spangles, once or twice pinnate or pinnatifid ; the leaflets, or seg- ments, somewhat egg-shaped, decurrent, cut. Panicle corymbose, sometimes compound. Flower-stalks 2 or 3 inches long, furrowed, a little hoary, single flowered, swelling upwards. Flowers upright, about half an inch broad. Florets of the disk very small, crooked, yellow at the summit, and sprinkled with minute shining particles ; those of the ray short, broad, abrupt, 2-ribbed, often wanting. Seeds crowned with a short membrane. Whole plant bitter, and strong scented. “ In natural affinity it ranks with the common Chamomile and Tansy, and its sensible qualities shew it to be nearly allied to them in its medicinal character ; it possesses similar virtues with the former plant, only milder in its effects. The expressed juice is used as a vermifuge. It has been likewise recommended as a febrifuge ; hence its English name,” Feverfew. Purton’s Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 401. A decoction of the plant is reckoned tonic, stimulating, and anti-hysteric. It yields an oil by distillation. A variety with a double flower is sometimes cultivated in gardens. . ■ 2/ L.YCOPSIS AKYENSIS. WILD 3VGZ.0SS O LYCO'PSIS* * Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndriaI, Mo.xogv'nia. Natural Order. Boragi'.ne/E, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 128. — Sm. Grain, of Bot. p. 102. — Lindl. Syn. p. 163; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 241. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 440. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 527. — Asperifo'lde, Linn. Gen. PI. 6th edit. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 247. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, monosepalous (of 1 sepal), deeply divided into 5, oblong, pointed, upright, or somewhat spreading segments, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3) mono- petalous (of 1 petal), funnel-shaped; Tube cylindrical, doubly bent, the mouth closed with 5 blunt, convex, hairy, approaching valves ; Limb in 5 rather deep, rounded segments, sometimes slightly irregular. Filaments 5, very small, within the tube, at its uppermost curvature. Anthers oblong, incumbent. Germens (fig. 4.) 4. Style (fig. 4.) thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigma blunt, notched. Seeds (figs. 5 & 6) 4, egg-shaped, angu- lar, with a bordered scar, attached to the base of the enlarged swelling calyx. The funnel-shaped corolla with a doubly bent tube, the mouth closed with concave, blunt valves, and the seeds concave at the base, will distinguish this from other genera with a monopetalous, inferior corolla, and four (apparently) naked seeds, in the same class and order. One species British. LYCO'PSIS ARVE'NSIS. Small Bugloss. Spec. Char. Leaves spear-shaped, wavy, somewhat toothed, very bristly. Calyx upright while in flower. Limb of the corolla slightly unequal. Eng. Bot. t. 938. — Curl. FI. T.ond. t. 336. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 199. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 82. — Sm. FI. Biil. v. i. p. 221. Eng. FI. v. i. p.267. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 286. — Lindl. Syn. p. 165. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 82. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 135.— Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p. 71. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf p. 43. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 1 10.— Belh. FI. Cant. (3id ed.) p. 83. — Hook. FI. Scot. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Corolla cut open, longitudinally, to show the situation of the 5 stamens and scales. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma.— Fig. 5. Calyx and 4 Seeds.— Fig. 6. Two of the Seeds.— Fig. 3. is a little magnified. * From lukos, Gr. a irotf, and oj)sis, Gr. a face ; from a fancied resemblance in the gaping flower to the head of a wolf. Dr. Hooker. Dr. Lehmann, Professor of Botany at Hamburgh, and author of a classical revision of the Asperifolia;, in 2 volumes quaiso, intitled Planta e Familia Asperifoliarum Nticiferee, published at Beilin in 1818, has reduced this genus to Anchusa, (see p. 48 of this work,) with which it agrees in the bordered scar of the seed ; but the curvature of the tube affords a remarkable and constant character, on which account Sir J. E. Smith, Dr. Hooker, Dr. W ithering, and Dr. Lindcey, have kept them distinct, t See A'tropa Belladonna, p. 10, note f. p 79.— G rev. FI. Eilin. p. 47. — FI. Devon, pp. 35 & 152. — Johnston’s FI. of llerw. v. i. p.54— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 51. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 2 !. — Buy loss a urvensis, Gray’s Nat. A rr. v. ii. p. 351. — Buglossa sylvestris minor, Pay's Sj n. p. 227. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 799. Locauiie . — In corn-fields, waste ground, and on dry hanks, especially where the soil is lightand sandy. — Common. Annual. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Root simple, fibrous, whitish. Whole plant harsh, rough, and bristly ; hairs or bristles arising from a white callous tubercle. Stem upright, thick, round, or slightly angular, leafy, from 18 in- ches to 2 feet high, usually branched at top only. Leaves alter- nate, light green, single ribbed, wavy, somewhat toothed ; the lower ones bluntest, tapering down into footstalks ; upper ones sessile, or clasping the stem. Clusters in pairs, forked, revolute, leafy ; upright when in fruit. Partial-stalks upright, shorter than the calyx. Calyx very bristly ; segments oblong, acute, upright, spreading as the seed ripens. Corolla sky-blue ; tube and scales white ; Limb a little irregular, and inclining. Seeds large, hard, nearly black, egg-shaped, pointed, wrinkled and granulated. Co- rolla sometimes varies to white. A very minute parasitical fungus, Ery'siphe Aspcrifoli6rum, of Dr. Greville’s Flora Edinensis, is sometimes found on the stem and leaves of this plant in the neighbourhood of Oxford, in the Autumn. M. Jean Fontana, Member of the Academy of Turin, has strongly recommended the application of Lycopsis arvensis, bruised and pounded, to the worst kind of carbunculous ulcerations ; but the practice, says Dr. Withering, has not attracted much atten- tion in England. I (22.) TEU'CRIUM* *. Linncan Class and Order. Didyna'mia f, Gymnospe'kmia +. Natural Order. Labia't/e. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 1 10. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 99. ;JEngl. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Lindl. Syn. p. 196 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 239. — Bentham, in Bot. Regist. folios 1282, 1289, 1292, and 1300. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 439. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p. 528. — Verticilla't.®, of Ray and of Linnaeus. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) monosepalous (of 1 sepal), inferior, somewhat bell-shaped, a little unequal, tumid at the base, the limb deeply divided into 5 pointed segments. Corolla (fisj. 2.) mono- petalous (of 1 petal), ringent (gaping) ; lube cylindrical, short, curved upwards ; upper lip apparently wanting, being divided to the very base into 2 distant, egg-shaped, oblong, ascending, lateral lobes ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the central lobe the largest, flat or concave, undivided or cloven. Filaments (fig. 3.) 4, 2 longer than the other 2 (didynamous) , awl-shaped, much longer than the upper lip of the corolla, and projecting between its segments, as- cending, incurved. Germen (fig. 4.) superior, 4-cleft. Style (fig. 4.) incurved. Stic/ma in 2 pointed, spreading segments. Seeds 4, oblong, rounded, wrinkled, in the bottom of the permanent calyx. The upper lip of the corolla, in two very deep, remote, lateral lobes, will distinguish this from other genera with a nearly regular, 5-cleft calyx, in the same class and order. Three species British. TEU'CRIUM SCORODO'NIA. Wood Sage. Sage-leaved Ger- mander. Spec. Char. Leaves heart-shaped, stalked, crenate, hairy. Flowers in lateral and terminal, 1-sided, racemes. Stem upright. Engl. Bot. t. 1543. — Curt FI. Bond. t. 295. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.789. — Huds.Fl. Angl. (2nd edit.) p.248. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. (306. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 68. — With. (7th edit.)v. iii. p. 694. — Lindl. Syn. p. 198. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 272. — Light. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 303. — Sibrh. Fl.Oxon. p. 180. — Abbot’s FI. Bed. p. 125. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.273. —Belli. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 232. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 180. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 128. — FI. Devon, pp. 96 ik. 143. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 129. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 160. — Perry’s Plant* Varvic. Select*, p. 48. — Mack. Cat. of PI. of Ireland, p. 54. — Bah. FI. Bath. p. 39. — Scorodonia solitaria, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 370. — Scorodonia sen salvia agrestis. Hay’s Syn. p. 245. — Johnson’s Gerarde. p.662. Localities. — In woods, on heaths, and in stony and bushy places, on a sandy soil. Frequent in most counties in England, Ireland, and Scotland. — Oxfordshire; Shotover Hill, and Stow Wood: Dr. Sibtiiohp. — Berks; Bag- ley Wood, and Cumner Hurst: W. B. — Appleton, and near Beading: Mr. Parker. — Bedfordshire ; Aspley, and Ampthill; Bev. C. AnnoT. — Cam- bridgeshire; White Wood near Gamlingay : Rev. R. Biiimn. — Leicester- shire ; Woods near Grooby I’ool: Bev. A. Bloxham, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Fig. 1. Calyx and Bractea. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — F’ig. 3. A Stamen.— Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. [In the annexed Plate the Engraver has represented the floral leaves too blunt, they should have been sharp pointed. J * From Teucer, Prince of Troy, who first employed this plant medicinally. Dr. Hooker, in Brit. Flora, t See Lamium album, folio 31, note t J See folio 31 , note Hist. v. iii p. 167. — Somersetshire ; At Wyck near Bath : Rev. 0. C. Bawso- iov. — Surrey; About Battersea: Mr. W. Pampun, jun. — Warwickshire; Pophill Lane ; about Fitchell ; Ragley Woods, &c. : Mr. T. Burton. Hatton Wood; load-side between Hatton and Warwick; and between Leek Wootton Field and Stonleigh, &c. : Mr. W. CL Pi nny. Side of the Upper Street Road between Rugby and Hillmorton ; lt!31 : W. B. — SCOTLAN D. King’s Paik, Edinburgh : Mr. Yalden. Rosslyn Woods, &c. : Dr. Urkviixe. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root woody, somewhat creeping. Stem 4-angled, upright, rigid, hairy, from 18 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves opposite, stalked, oblong, heart-shaped, very much wringled (rugose), crenate, or bluntly seriate, hairy. Clusters ( racemes J upright, terminal and axillary. Flowers in pairs, growing all one way (unilateral), with a small, egg-shaped, pointed, floral-leaf at the base of each partial stalk. Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip upright, entire, or slightly 3-lobed; lower lip with 4 rather unequal, sharp-pointed teeth, which are bent inwards. Corolla pale yellow, lower lip long, concave, hairy. Stamens purple, hairy. Anthers yellow. — Whole plant somewhat glutinous, bitter, and smelling very much like hops, especially when bruised. Mr. Laurents says, (in Young's Annals of Agriculture, v. i. p. 247,) “ Seeing so much fine ground under costly hops, I could not but repine at the expence of soil, poles, dung, and labour, be- stowed on this plant ; especially, when there is great reason to suppose, that the Tcucrium scorodonia would better answer the purpose. Of this plant, I can so far say, that in smell and taste it resembles hops. Its virtues remain to be ascertained by experi- ence, and may in a great measure be collected from those of its congenercs. The name by which it goes in some authors is Am- brosia, a name announcing something immortal and divine ; and to this day Ambroise is the appellation by which it goes among the common people in the island of Jersey. Here, in years when Cider, the common beverage, has failed, I have known the people malt each his barley at home, and, instead of hops, use to very good purpose, the Ambroise of their hedges.” Rutty says, that when this herb is boiled in wort, the beer sooner becomes clear, than when hops are made use of. Dr. Withering relates, that upon trial it gave too much colour to the liquor. I .* ■ , . ri v . *.* V ' * * ■ * . • ■ ,y. f V7 , iivV • • ill f ... ; , .’qoH . ( if *i * ;■■ ■ • ■ • ti V. - -ni ;i,6j . ••.»•• •) ' i-‘vifu. j r. - ..rtf '» I ■ ■ V. ,v i H ' , t ■ ■ ■ " J * M r 23 AJSTIRIIXNUM CYMBALARIA JVY-£J£AVZ;i> SjVA PJ3J? a. do JV (23.) LINA'RTA*. Linnean Class and Order. Didyna'mia+, Angiospe'rmia. Natural Order. Scrophulari'ne.e, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Svn. p. 187. ; Introduce to Nat. Syst.p. 228. — Scrophulari'nae, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 434. — Sm. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 115. — I.oud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. — Scropuula'roe, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 117. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 100. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, deeply divided into 5 ob- long, permanent segments, the 2 lower ones rather more distant from each other than the rest. Corolla (fig. 2.) personate, spured at the base ; upper lip (fig. 3.) cloven, reflexed at the sides ; lower lip obtuse, 3-lobed, with an elevated palate, closing the mouth, and hollow underneath. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 4, two of them longer than the other two (didynamous,) concealed under the upper lip of the corolla, and sometimes accompanied by a fifth abortive stamen. Anthers (see fig. 3.) converging (approaching each othnr). Germen (fig. 4.) roundish, or esrg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Sterna blunt. Capsule (figs. 5, 6, & 7.) egg-shaped, or globular, 2-celled, opening with several valves, or teeth, at the apex. Seeds numerous, roundish, or angular, or winged, attached to an oblong cylindrical receptacle (placenta) , in the middle of the partition. Distinguished from Antirrhinum by the spur at the base of the corolla, and by the capsule opening by 2 instead of 3 pores ; and from all other genera in the same class and order, by the above characters, and by tbe 5-cleft calyx, the per- sonate corolla, and the 2-celled capsule. Six species British. LIN.VRIA CYMBALA'RIA. Ivy-leaved Toadflax. Oxford-weed. Spec. Char. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, 5-lobed, alternate, smooth. Stems trailing. Miller’s Gard. Diet. — Lindl. Syn. p. 191. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 287. — Curt. Brit. F.ntomol. v. i. p.38 — Bab. FI. Bath. p.34. — Antirrhinum Cymbaldria, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 851. — Eng. Bot. t. 502.— Curt. FI. Lond. t.57. — -Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 271. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 656. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 131. — With. (7th edit.) v. iii. p. 733. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 194.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 137.— Purl. Mini. FI. v. i. p. 288. — Kelli. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 252. — Hook. FI. Scot, p. 188. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 136 — FI. Devon, pp. 104 &c 147. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 176.— Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selecte; p. 52.— Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 58. — Cymbalaria hederacea, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 322. — Cymbalaria Italica, John. Ger. p. 530. — Linar ia hederaceo folio glabro, seu Cymbalaria vulgaris, Dill, in Ray’s Syn. p. *282. Localities. — On old walls, rocks, &c. in many places. Supposed to have escaped originally from gardens. — Oxfordsh. Abundant on almost every wall in Oxford. On tbe walls close to the wooden bridge over the river near the Cottages at Nuneham Courteney near Oxford; and on a wall north of the Church at Burford : W. B. On old walls at Bicester, and Islip, plentifully ; Mr. G. Woodward. — Berks ; On the walls of Windsor Castle: Rev. Dr. Goodenouch. On the ruins at Park-place : Mr. Bicheno. — Bedfordsh. Luton Hooe: Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. On the walls of the Great House at Drayton; Bartlow Church ; Fulbourn, on the garden wall of 11. G. Townly, Esq.: Ilev. R. Reliian. — Cheshire; On the road-side at Bank-Top near Stockport: Mr. G. Holme. Garden walls at Addington: Mr. Bradbury. — Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Upper Lip of the Corolla, with the 4 Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. Unripe Capsule. — Fig. 6. Transverse section of the same. — Fig. 7. Capsule, after the seeds are discharged. _ * From linum, flax, which the leaves of some species resemble. f See Ldmium album, folio 31, note f. [At the bottom of the plate, for Antirrhi'num, read Lina'ria.] Derbysh. Wingerworth, Glopwell, ami S. Normanton: Mr. Coke. On an old wall at Pleasly, between Chesterfield and Mansfield: Rev. VV. Wood. — Devon; On walls in and about Kxetei : Mr. .Iacob. Walls of the vicarage and churchyard at Widdecombe-in-the-Moor : FI. Devon.— Dorsetsh. Frequent on old garden walls: Dr. Pui.te ne v.— Essex ; On an old wall at Stubbers: Mr. E. FotiSTf-n, jun. Westham: Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. — Gloucestersh. On walls about Clifton : M r. Dveh. — Lincolnsh. On the walls of Burleigh Castle near Stamford: Mr. Woodward. — Middlesex; About Chelsea, and other places, frequent, especially adjoining the lhames; the walls of the Physic Garden, Chelsea, are covered with it : Mr. Conns. Walls at Ilighgate: Rev. S. Palmer, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. ii. p. 266. — Shropsh. On a wall at Oldport near Oswestry : Dr. Evans, and Mr. H. Barrett. — Somersetsh. At Brislington, and about Redland Court near Bristol: Dr. Withering. Com- mon on old walls at Bath: Rev. C. C. Babington. — Surrey; On walls at Vauxhall, Battersea, and other places by the Thames side: Mr. Hudson. Clapham, Battersea, Wandsworth, &c.: Mr. W. Pampltn, jun. About Eg- ham : Mr. W. A. Delamotte. — Sussex; At Chichester: Mr. Bnnrion. — XVarwicksh. On St. Mary’s churchyard wall, and on a wall in Mellox’ Lane, Warwick: Mr. W. G. Perry. On the garden walls at Rilton Ilall, near Rugby ; July 12, 1831 : \V. B. — Wilts; Near Great Bedwyn: Mr. W. Bart- lett.— Worcestersh. On the Abbey wal I at Great Malvern: Mr. Porton. — Yorksh. Walls at Coxwold, Newburgh, and Londsborough : Rev. Aiu u deacon Pierson. On old walls at Pontefract : Mr. Brunton. — Found occasionally in WALES, SCOTLAND, and IRELAND. Perennial. — Flowers from April to December. Root fibrous. Stems numerous, tufted, thread-shaped, very much branched, trailing, or pendulous, round, smooth, leafy, often pur- plish. Leaves on long footstalks, alternate and opposite, somewhat resembling those of Ivy ; 5-lobed, sometimes only 3-lobed ; lobes of the upper pointed, of the lower blunt, rather fleshy, of a bright shin- ing green, often purple beneath. Flowers solitary, axillary, on long fruit-stalks, bending at the top. Calyx segments equal, smooth. Corolla small, variegated with violet and blue ; palate yellow ; spur slender, crooked, a little longer than the calyx. Capsule roundish, surface uneven, of 2 cells, opening at top into several segments. Seeds black, wrinkled. Whole plant quite smooth. This very pretty plant is a native of Italy, and is said to have been originally introduced into England by means of its seeds having been brought in some marble sculptures from that country to Oxford, where it has long established it- self on the walls of the Colleges, gardens, Nc. in such abundance, as to have obtained the name of “ Oxford-weed.” The following anecdote, connected with this plant, is recorded byPROEEssoR Schultes, to whom it was related by the late learned and amiable Dr. G. Williams, M. D. F. R.S. F. L. S., \c. Pi ofessor of Botany in the University of Oxford. — When Linnaeus visited England in 1736, “ be presented himself at Oxford to Dillenius and Sherard, being then a very young man, and his system having as yet made but little noise in the world of science. The latter received him with cordiality; but Dillenius was very cool, and said to SiiEnARD, ‘ this is the young fellow who is putting all Botanists and Botany into confusion.’ Lin n;eus did not understand the English language, in which this remark was made, but yet be recognized in the word canfiuschjen (so pro- nounced by Dillenius in his German accent), the Latin epithet confusio. He was silent: Sherard and Dillenius walked up and down in the garden with their new acquaintance, and stopped by a wall overgrown with Antirrhinum (Lin aria ) Cymbalaria ; a plant upon which they were desirous to have the opinion of Linnaeus, as much doubt bad existed respecting it. Linnaeus re- moved these difficulties with his natural perspicuity, ’i he gentlemen again pointed to a second, and a third plant, of which they felt uncertain ; and again the Swede explained the dubious points with perfect ease. Dillenius was sur- prised; and Sherard observed to him, that he could perceive ‘ no confusion at all’ in Linn/eus. He invited the stranger to dine with him ; and during the se- veral days that Linnaeus remained in Oxford, he found that the dislike which Dillenius had at first entertained towards him, wore gradually away, and gave place to esteem and friendship. On taking leave, Linnjeus remarked to Dille- nius, that he should be very sorry to have brought confusion into the garden at Oxford. Dillenius blushed, and apologized for the hasty word which had escaped his lips.” Sciiultes’s Botanical Visit to England ; published in Dr. Hooker's Botanical Miscellany, v. i. p. 48—78. -*rtt J -.4, > ft- -V’ ii % ' » • n i i^TU ,i- , • £ m* ' ' MM • • C. , 0 .-.i :> 9k 4 y I 4 It !V -*M ■* • Hkis .:»• ' ",v • , - **'/»■ ; * > '« M a ■ i <24 > 7bdtrU. Z/rl CMatUvs.Sc (24.) TANACE'TUM * *. Linnean Class and Order. Syngene^sia f, Polyca'mia, Su- pe'rflua +. Natural Order. Compo'sit2E§. Tribe, Corymbi'fera2||. Juss. — Lind. Syn. pp. 140 & 142 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. pp. 197 & 199. — Compo'sita5 ; suborder, Anthemi'dea:. Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 522. — Synanthe're.e ; tribe, Corymgi'fera5. Rich, by Macg. pp. 454, 455J— Corymbi'ff.r/e, sect. 4. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 177 & 184. — Sm. Gram. ofBot. pp. 121 & 123; Eng. FI. v.iii. p.334. Ge.\. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx) (fig. 4.) hemisphe- rical, imbricated (tiled), of numerous, oblong, close scales, the innermost membranous at the margin. Corolla compound ; of two kinds of florets ; those of the disk (figs. 2 & 3.) numerous, per- fect (having both stamens and a pistil), tubular, regular, level- topped, with a 5-cleft limb; those of the ray (fig. 1.) few, some- times wanting, tubular at the base, their iimb flat, spreading, slightly prominent, 3-cleft, without stamens. Filaments (see fig. 3.) in the florets of the disk only, hair-like, very short. Anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen in all the florets inversely egg- shaped, compressed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigmas (see figs. 1 & 2.) a little prominent, recurved, obtuse. Seed-vessel none. Seed (fig. 5.) oblong, angular, crowned with a slight membranous border, or pappus. Receptacle (see fig. 4.) convex, dotted, naked. The imbricated, hemispherical calyx ; the 3-cleft, tubular florets of the circumference (these florets are sometimes wanting) ; the naked receptacle, and the seed crowned with a membranous, entire border ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. TANACE'TUM VULGA'RE. Common Tansy. Spec. Char. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, cut, serrated, naked. Engl. Hot. t. 1229. — Linn. Spec. PI. p. 1184. — lluds. FI. Angl. (2nd. edit.) p. 357. — Sm. FI. Hi it. v. ii. p. 862. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 405. — With. (7th edit.) v. iii. p. 920. — Woodv. Med. Hot. v. ii. p. 314. t. 115.— Gray's Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 448. — Lind. Syn. p. 149. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 355. — Light!'. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 465. — Siblh. FI. Gxon. p. 249. — Abbot s FI. Bedf. p. 179. — Part. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 392. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 335. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 239.— FI. Devon, pp. 136 3c 158. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 180. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 235. — Perry's I’l. Yarvic. Selects, p. 69.— Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 72. — Bab. FI. Ball), p.27. — Tanacetum, Kay’s Syn. p. 188. — Johns. Ger. p. 650. Locai.ii ii s — Mountainous meadows, hilly pastures, road-sides, hedges, and banks of rivers. Not very common, but found, more or less, in most counties in England. — O.c/ordsh. Shotover-hill, and Southleigh: Dr. Sinrnonp. Head- ington-wick Copse near Oxford : Rev. Richard Wai kkr. — Berks ; Near Ap- F'ig. 1. A 3-cleft Floret of the Ray, with the projecting style, and cloven, recurved Stigma. — Fig. 2. A 5-cleft Floret of the Disk.— Fig.3. A Floret of the Disk cut open to show the 5 united Anthers. — Fig. 4. Calyx and Receptacle. — F'ig. 5. A Seed. — All, except fig. 4, magnified. * Altered from Athanasia ; being n, Gr. not, and thanatos, Gr. death, or that which does not easily lade. Di llooKtn, in BY. FI. f Sec Pyre.thrum Parthenivm , folio 20, 2nd edit, note t } See folio 20, 2nd ed. note +. $ See lolio 27. || Fol. 36 a. pleton : Mr. 11. Bariiait. — Bedfordsh ■ Bromham Grange: Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridyesh. Cottenham : Rev. K. II eluan. — Cheshire ; Meadows about Bellow-hill near Whitchurch, abundantly : Mr. Virnon, in Blacks. Sp. Hot. — Devon. About Teignmouth, and Torquay : Dr. W n hiring. Teverton, Cliud- leigh, Moieton, Nortb liovey, Alarychurch, and lxingskerwell : Rev. A. Nick, in I'd. Devon. — Essex ; About Woodford: Mr. It. Warner, in PI. Wood!'. — Kent; Near Queen Court and L'plecs: Mr. Jacob.— Lancash. Banks of the D well, and other places about Manchester : Mr. Cai.ey.— Leicestersh. Glen- field near ('Itarn wood forest: liev. A. Bi.oxa.m, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist, v. iii. p. 267. — Notts ; In Nottingham Park, and in closes about Mansfield : Dr. Dkkiung. — Somersetsh. Between Piper’s Hill and Bridgewater, and among the cliffs at. Cheddar: Dr. \V i t hkrino. On the banks of the Avon near Hen- ham and lveynsham : Mr. F. Russell, inWilh. Bot. Air. — In Surrey : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Waru-icKsh. Oversley ; opposite Aleester Mill, on the side of the turnpike toad ; near to Hertford Bridge, (Aleester): AD. 1’vrton, in Midi. FI. Between Leamington and Kenilworth: Air. Smiiii, in Perry’s PI. Yarv. Selectic. Saint Alary's Church-yard and College walls, Warwick ; side of the Avon between Nicholas’ Aleadow and the Aqueduct, Warwick ; Hatton Hill, &c.: Air. W. G. Peiiby, in PI. Varv. Selects?. Plentiful in a lane called Alarygreen, and in hedges near it. at Ilillmorton, near Rugby, July 6, 1831 : also about half a mile from Rugby on the road to Clifton: W. B. — Wilts; Near Gieat Bedwyn : Air. W. Bartlett. — Worcestersh. On the banks of the Severn near Worcester: Air. Finn in Lies, in Loud. Alag. Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 441. — WALKS. Anglesey ; By the side of a rill between Penmon Church and the sea: Welsh Bot.— SCO TLA N D. About Glasgow: Dr Hooker — IRELAND. By the Old Chutch at Howth, plentiful: Air. J. T. AIackav. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root somewhat creeping. Stem upright, from 18 inches to 3 feet high, scored, leafy, solid, unbranched, smooth, sometimes red- dish. Leaves alternate, clasping the stem, doubly and deeply pinnatifid, sharply serrated, dark green, smooth. Flowers numer- ous, flatfish, of a golden yellow, forming dense terminating corymbs. The Florets of the ray scarcely apparent, often wanting. Calyx - leaves blunt, membranous at the edge. Seeds 5-angled, crowned with a slightly 5-toothed membranous margin. A curled-leaved variety is cultivated in gardens. Tansy is bitter, and aromatic, and its flavour not ungrateful. It is often cul- tivated in gardens for culinary putposes; and the tender leaves and juice arc sometimes used to give a colour and flavour to puddings. This plant is said to flourish luxuriantly on the banks of the Avon, near llenham and Keynsham, where Air. Frederick Russell observed boys gathering a boat-load of it to convey to Bristol for the purpose of making wine. Tansy has been much used as a vermifuge, and testimonies of its efficacy are given by many respectable physicians: not only the leaves, but the seeds have been employed with this intention, and substituted for those of Santonicutn. We are told by Dr. Clark, that in Scotland Tansy was found to be of great service in various cases of gout ; and Dr. Cullen, who afterwards was informed of the effects it produced upon those who had used the herb for this purpose, says, “ I have known several who have taken it without any advantage, and some others who leported that they had been relieved from the frequency of their gout.” The plant may be taken in powder to the quantity of a dram, or more, for a dose ; but it has been more commonly taken in infusion, or drank as tea. Dr. Thuelkeld, in his Synopsis Stirpuim Hibernicarum, relates the case of asoldierat Montpelier, who had an obstinate dropsy, of which he was cured only by a decoction of Tansy. Of the juice of the tender leaves, with eggs, are made cakes, called a Tansy, used at the Paschal season by Papists, to dissipate the flatulences occasioned by what Dr. Thuelkeld terms, “ the idle conceit of eating fish and pulse for forty days in Lent; but (says the Doctor) 1 have seen several victims to super- stition, who have broken a hale constitution by that presumptuous lasting, so that neither 'Tansy nor steel could repair it.” If a dead animal substance be rubbed with Tansy, the flesh-fly will not attack it. 'The Finlanders obtain a green dye from it. Cows and sheep eat this plant; horses, goats, and swine refuse it. It affords nourishment to Aphis Tanaceti, and Ckrysomela Tanaceti, Linn. Also to Andrena albicans, and tibialis. See Wood vi lee’s Med. Bot. and Withering’s Bot. Arr. I >' . ' ! ’• 1 • • - *.$• •••vi - . MAJ.VA MOSCHATA mzts/t- 'Crtu:ow (25.) M A'LVA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Monade'lphia, Poly'andria. Natural Order. Malva'ce.e:, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 271. — Sm. Gram, of But. p. 148. — Lindl. Syn. p. 40 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 33. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 476. — Loud. Ilort. Brit. p. 502. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) double, permanent ; outer smallest, of 3 egg-shaped, pointed leaves ; inner of 1 leaf, divided half way down into 5 broad segments. Petals (fig. 7.) 5, inversely heart- shaped, abrupt, flat, their claws attached to the tube formed by the stamens. Filaments (fig. 3.) numerous, hair-like, united below into a tube. Anthers (fig. 5.) kidney-shaped. Germen round, fiat. Style (fig. 4.) cylindrical. Stigmas numerous, bristle-shaped, about as long as the style. Capsules as many as the stigmas, flat, 2-valved, 1-celled, ranged in a circle round the columnar receptacle, finally deciduous. Seeds solitary, kidney-shaped. Distinguished from Althea and Lavatera by its outer calyx of three distinct leaves. Three species British. MA'LVA MOSCHA'TA. Musk Mallow. Spec. Char. Stem upright, lower leaves kidney-shaped, in 5 or 7 broad cut lobes. Stein-leaves with 5 deeply wing-cleft, jagged segments. Stem and Calyx scabrous from simple hairs. Eng. Bot. t.754. — Curt. Fi. Lond. t. 228. — Bot. Mag. v. xlix. t. 2298. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 971.— Muds. FI. A ngl. (2nd ed.) p. 308. — Sm. Flora Britannica, v. ii. p. 741. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 247. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 810. — Lindl. Syn. p. 40. — Hook. 15r. FI. p.314. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.376. — Sibth. Fi. Oxon. p. 216. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 151. — Belli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.282. — Purt. Mid. FI. v. i. p. 324. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 209. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 152. — Smiih’s Plants of South Kent, p. 38.— FI. Devon, pp. 117 & 179. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 153. — Perry’s PI. Yarv. Selecta;, p. 59. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 202. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 9. — Mack. Catal. of l’l. of liel. p. 64. — Alcea tenui- folia crispa ; Dillenius, in Ray’s Syn. p. 253. Localities. — Meadows, pastures, road-sides, hedge-banks, woods, &c. — On a gravelly soil. — Mot unfrequent in most parts of Britain, especially in the Mid- land Counties. — Oxfordsh. Culliam Heath, Southleigh, and between Witney and Burford: Dr. SiBTiionr. Road-side between Woodstock Paik and Stones- field ; between Stonesfield and Ashford Mills ; and between Ashford Mills and the Leathern Bottle public house ; July 30, 1831. On a bank close to the river Evenlode, between Church Handborough and Ensham : W. B. In woods and fields at Church Handborough: Mr. W. Tew, 1832. Headington, near Ox- ford: Mrs. Lorina Walker, in Walk. FI. of Oxf. Stoke Spinny Wood, and Gravenhill Wood, plentifully : Mr. G. Woodward. On the outside of W'ootton Wood, and in a lane between Tackley and Rousham : Miss Armetriding. Near Alvescott: Mr. H. Barrett. — Berks ; Cumnor Hurst, and Bagley Wood: W. B.—Bedfordsh. About Milton, Clapham, and Bletsoe : Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. Kingston Wood, and Linton: Rev. R. Rei.han. — Devon; Meadows and hedges, frequent: Messrs. Jones and Kingston. — Kent; On the rugged hill side near Lymne Castle, and by the road side at Lyminge : Rev. G. E. Smith. — Leicestersh. About Grooby Pool, near Leicester: Rev. A. Bloxam, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 167. — Surrey ; About Batter- sea: Mr. W. Pamrlin, jun. — Somersetsh. At Hampton Rocks, Warley, Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. The same, showing the circular arrangement of the Capsules. — Fig. 3. Stamens, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 4. Style and Stigmas, after the Stamens are removed. — Fig. 5. An Anther. — Fig. 6. An Anther, after shedding its Pollen.— Fig. 7. A Petal. * Altered from Malache, Gr. soft, in allusion to the emollient nature of the species. Dr. Hooker. Inglishcombe, &c.: Rev. C. C. Bamncion. — Wariuicksh. King's Cougliton, and fields between Cougliton Court and Alcester: Air. Purton. Near Ston- leigh, Hatton, and on the Stratford and Kenilworth roads to Warwick, Ac.: Air. W. G. Perry. — Wilts ; Common near Great Bedwyn : Air. John Bart- lett.— Worcestersh. In a wood on the summit of Abberley Hill, west of Abbeiley Church ; andin hedges about Bewdley : Air. W. G. Perry, in Loud. Alag. of Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 451. — Yorksh. Near Richmond, both rose-coloured and white: T. E. L. in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 71. — SCOTLAND. About Dunbaiton Castle: AJr. IloriuRK, in Hook. FI. Scot. Lasswade, near Edinburgh: Air. AIaughan, in Grev. FI. Edin. — IRELAND. Near Ennis- kerry, and in the County of Kilkenny: Air. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root whitish, tough, and somewhat woody. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, neatly upright, round, leafy, hollow, slightly branched. Root- leaves on long stalks, roundish, kidney-shaped, cut into 3 or 5 main lobes, each of which is frequently again 3-lobed and cut, soon wither- ing away. Stem-leaves divided to the very base into 5 wing-cleft (pinnatifid) lobes, the segments of which are all strap-shaped, pointed, channelled, sometimes wavy (undulated), and in some degree hairy, seldom quite smooth. Flowers large and handsome, rose coloured, sometimes white; produced towards the top of the stems and branches, on long, axillary, simple stalks. Calyx double, paler than the foliage, coarsely hairy, or bristly ; its three outer leaves (sepals) strap-spear-shaped. Petals wedge-shaped, slightly cloven, jagged. Filaments numerous, united below into a whitish, hairy, cylindrical tube (monadelphous), separate at the top, and bending back. Anthers kidney-shaped, changing from flesh-coloured to purple, and then to bluish. Capsules numerous. — Whole plant clothed, more or less, with spreading, simple, not starry hairs, un- accompanied by any short dense woolly pubescence. I n hot weather, or when drawn lightly through the hand, it generally, though not always, yields a faint musky odour. The present is less mucilagin- ous than the other British species, and is seldom used in medicine ; but the beauty of its blossoms entitle it to a place in the flower garden, it has, by some Botanists, been confounded with the Vervain Mallow, Malva Alcea of Linnreus ; but it may be dis- tinguished from that species by the hairs on the plant being simple, the root-leaves kidney-shaped, and the 3 outer leaves of the calyx being spear-shaped. In M. Alcea the hairs on the plant are starry, the root-leaves angular, and the 3 outer leaves of the calyx egg- shaped. The white flowered variety of M. Moschata, which is sometimes cultivated in gardens, has been observed by Mr. Dillwyn, in fields near Eyethorn, in Kent ; and by Mr. John Bartlett, by the road- side near Bedwin, Wilts. All the species of this genus, as well as of the genera Althaea and Lavatera, are mucilaginous and emollient, and are said to be totally destitute of all unwholesome qualities. The fibres of the Mallows are particularly beautiful ; in some of the species they are finer than camel’s hair, arid are easily procured by maceration. “ The farina is a pretty microscopic object, appearing toothed like the wheel of a watch.” Linn. — “ It is globular, and covered with prickles, which give it the toothed appearance.” Withering. In the Language of Flowers the mallow is used as symbolical of a sweet and mild disposition. 26 (26.) VERB E'N A. * *. Linnean Class and Order. DiDYNA'MiAf, Gymnospe'rmia +. Natural Order. Verbena'ce;e, Juss. — Lind. Syn. p. 195; Jntrod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 238. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 438. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 529. — Viticfs, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. Pl.pp. 106 & 108. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 98. Gen. Chau. Calyx (fig. 1.) of 1 leaf, tubular, angular, with 5 teeth, one of which is shorter than the rest. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, unequal ; tube cylindrical, twice as long as the calyx, straight in the lower half, dilated and curved in the upper. Limb spread- ing, in 5 deep, rounded, nearly equal segments. Filaments 4, in some species only 2, slender, very short, incurved, within the tube of the corolla, 2 of them shorter. Anthers incumbent, of 2 round- ed lobes. Germen (fig. 4.) superior, 4-cornered. Style slender, as long as the tube. Stigma blunt. Seeds 2 or 4, oblong, angular, roughish, inclosed in one thin, membranous, evanescent pellicle. Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by the shorter upper tooth of the calyx, the curved, and nearly equal corolla, and the stamens inclosed in the tube. One species British. VERBE'NA OFFICINA'LIS. Vervain. Simpler’s Joy. Spec. Char. Stamens 4. Spikes slender, panicled. Leaves deeply cut. Stem mostly solitary. Eng. Rot. t. 767. — Curt. FI. I.ond. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 29. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 249.— Sm. FI. Biit v.ii. p.608. F.ng. FI. v.iii. p.71. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 696. — Gray's Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 390. — Lind. Syn. p. 196. — Hook. Br. FI . p. 290. — Light f. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 78. — Sibth . F’l. Oxon. p . 181 . — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 127.— Hurt. Mid. FI. v. i. p. 56. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 233. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 190.— Grev. F’l. Edin. p . 1 38. — FI. Devon, pp. 106 & 143. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 162. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selector, p. 48. — Bab. FI. Bath, p. 40. — Verbena Vulgaris, Ray’s Syn. p. 236. — V. Communis, Johnson’s Gerarde, 718. Localitiis. — By roadsides, on stonewalls, and in dry waste ground, or pastures, about villages. — Common in some parts of England. — About Oxford, and Rugby, but rather uncommon: W. B.— Not common in Ireland, and very rare in Scotland. — Plentiful near Cork: Mr. Drummond. — Very abundant by waysides near Killarney, and sparingly at Killmacannick, county of Wicklow : Mr. J.T. Mackay, in Catalogue of the Plants found in Ireland. — At lnver- keithing, Scotland: Dr. Parsons, in FI. Scot. Perennial. — Flowers from July to October. Root woody, somewhat creeping. Stem curved at the base, then upright, from 1 to 2 feet, or more, high, square, leafy, rough with small prickles or bristles. Leaves roughish, variously jagged, or pinnatifid, the upper ones 3-cleft, or simple, tapering at the base Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Corolla cut open to show the situa- tion of the Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — All magnified. * Ftom the Celtic name Ferfaen, and probably referring to its use in the rite* of heathen worship, and the idolatrous sacrifices of the Pagans. Withering. Linn.eus placed this genus in the class Diandria, because some of its species have only 2 stamens ; but as the species found in Britain has always 4, it is, by most English Botanical authors, placed in the class Didynamia, where the Eng- lish Botanist would expect to find it. t See Lamitim album, fol. 31, note f. t Idem, not* }. into short, broad, footstalks. Spikes several, opposite, and termi- nal, stalked, slender, pointed, lengthening out after flowering, and forming altogether a kind of panicle. Flowers numerous, small, sessile, bluish, each accompanied by a small egg-shaped pointed Horal leaf ( bractea ), shorter than the calyx. Stamens 4, two of them shorter than the other two (didynamous). Seeds blunt, dotted with minute hollows; when young they are inclosed in one common skin, or pellicle, which is obliterated as they ripen. Among the Ancients the Verbena O fficinalis, or common Vervain, was held in great veneration, especially by the Priests of Rome, of Gaul, and of Greece, the Magi of India, and the Druids of Britain. Many peculiar rites were observed by them at the gathering of this plant. After libations of honey had been poured forth, it was ga- thered with much solemn ceremony at the rising of the dog-star, when neither sun nor moon shone. In digging it up, the left hand only was used. It was then waved aloft, and the leaves, stalk, and root were dried separately in the shade, and thus prepared it was believed to be capable of curing the bite of all rabid animals, and arresting the progress of the venom of serpents ; the root, suspended about the neck as an amulet, was recommended as a sovereign me- dicine for the king’s evil, and a variety of diseases. It was also used in sacrificial rites and incantations; and chaplets of it were worn by Ambassadors and Heralds at Arms, on denouncing war, or conveying messages of defiance. It was likewise considered a charm to conciliate friendship : — “ There are fairer flowers that bloom on the lea, And give out their fragrant scent to the gale; But the vervain, with charmed leaf, shall be 'The plant of our choosing, though scentless and pale. For, wrapp’d in the veil of thy lowly flower, They say that a powerful influence dwells, And that, duly cull d in the star-bright hour, Thou bindest the heart by thy powerful spells. AVe will plant thee beneath our sheltering tree, In our bovver we will bid thy blossoms unfold ; So faithful and Ann may our friendships be. So never may glowing hearts grow cold.”— Wild Garland. It is said that, even in the present day, the rustics in some parts of Germany and France, are wont to gather this plant under certain phases of the moon, accompanied by unintelligible cabalistic ejacu- lations, believing that the herb thus procured will operate as a charm against every calamity, natural and supernatural, and even possess the power “ That hind’reth witches of fheir will.” — With. Bot. Arr. “ Modern practice does not allow it to possess any medical efficacy, and its fanciful peculiarities are in no repute ; yet it seems to hanker after its lost fame, and lingers around the dwellings of man, for though not solely found about our habitations, as Miller thought, yet generally, when perceived, it is near some inhabited or ruined residence, not as a stray from cultivation, but from preference.” Journal of a Naturalist, 3rd cd. p. 96. PHEITAN^HES MURAL IS IVY ZSAVEZ WAZZ.-LET TVC£ . 2/ PRENA'NTHES * *. Linnean Class 8p Order. Syngene'sia f, Polyga'mia Equa'lis. Natural Order. Compo'sitve, Adanson. Tribe, Cichora- ceav, Lind. Syn. pp. 140 & 142 ; Infrod. to Nat. Syst. pp. 197 & 201. — Loud. Hurt. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Cichora'ce^e, Juss. Gen. FI. p. 168. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe're.e, Rich, by Mac°;i]liv. p. 454. Gen. Char, lnvolucrum ( common calyx J (fig. 1.) cylindrical, smooth, double ; the inner of as many strap-shaped, equal scales as there are florets; the outer of a few very short unequal ones at the base of the inner. Corolla compound, composed of a single rowof per- fect, equal, strap-shaped, abrupt, 4- or 5-toothed florets ( flosculij (fig. 2.) Filaments 5, hair-like. Anthers united into a slender cylin- drical tube. Germcn oblong. Style thread-shaped, longer than the stamens. Stigmas 2, revolute (rolled back). Seed ( akenium of Richard) (fig. 3.) oblong, furrowed. Seed-down (pappus) hair-like, roughish, nearly or quite sessile. Receptacle naked, very narrow. Distinguished from other genera of the same class and order, by the naked receptacle; nearly sessile, simple down; double calyx; and very few (from about 5 to 8) florets. One species British. PRENA'NTHES MURA'LIS. Ivy-leaved Wall-lettuce. Spec. Char. Florets five. Leaves runcinate. Eng. Bot. t. 457. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 306. — Linn.Sp. PI. p. 1121. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 338.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 821. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 348. — W ith. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 887. — Ilook. Brit. Fi. p. 340 — Lightf FI. Scot. v. i. p. 431. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p.238. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 376. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.319. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 277. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. t. 391. — Sm. PI. of S. Kent. p. 46.— Walk. FI. of ( )xf. p. 223. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Selects, p. 65. — .Mack. Catal. of PI. of It el. p. 69. — Chondrilla muralis, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 415. — Lindl. Syn. p. 157. — Bab. F). Bath. p. 28. — Lactuca sylvestris murorum flore luteo, Ray’s Syn. p. 162. — Sonchus leevis muralis, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 293. Localihls. — On old walls, in woods, and on hedge-banks, especially on a chalky soil. Not common. — Oxfordsh. In Stokenchurch woods, and on the top of Stanton Harcourt kitchen : Dr. SiBTironr. On the walls ef Magdalen College, and on Long Wall : Rev. R. Walker. On walls goingfrom the Broad IValk into St. A Mate’s ; on the north side of the Church of St. Peter’s in the East, Oxford. On a bridge between Lower Woolvercot and Godstow ; and in woods on Henley Park Hill : \V. B. — Berks ; On old pollard willows in Bag- ley Wood : W. B. — Bucks; At Cleifden: Dr. Mari yn. — Cambridgesh. On the willows by the Old Sluice behind Grandchester Mill ; Trumpinglon, in the lane leading from the bridge, towards the village ; Chippenham, on the walls of the Park: Rev. R. Reiman. — Verbysh. About Peek’s Hole: Dr. Martin. — Herts; Near Welwyn: ibid. — Kent; Upon old walls at Hythe; in woody lanes; and upon banks of the chalk: llev. G. E. Smith. — Leicestersh. In Swithland Slate Pits, Charnwood Forest near Leicester: Rev. A. Bloxam, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 167. — Middlesex ; On Hampstead Heath and Hornsey: Dr. Martin, in Miller’s Gard. Diet. — Norfolk ; About Bishopgate- street, Norwich : ibid. — Northamptonsh. At Weekly: ibid. — Notts; About Basford: ibid. — Shropsh. On walls at fiord’s Park: Mr. Porton, in Mid. FI. — Surrey; Near Croydon : Dr. Martyn. — Warwicksh. In a wet shady lane Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A separate Floret, magnified, showing the united an- thers, the style terminated by the two revolute stigmas; and at the base of the floret the germen, crowned with the simple, hair-like pappus. — Fig. 3. Seed. — Fig. 4. Expanded Calyx, showing the small naked receptacle. * From prenes, Gr. drooping, and anthos, Gr. a flower ; the blossoms drooping, or hanging down. + See Tussilago, Farfara, folio 91, note f- between Middle-town and Sarabourne ; and on the licdse-bank between Wash- Cord and the Boot, at Mapleboiough Gieen : Mr Bur ion. — On walls in Mellos' Lane, and Vineyard Lane, Warwick: Mr. \V. G. PtnitY. — Worcestersh. Blackstone Rock, and Rock Wood, near Bewdley ; in a wood by Picket Rock, and Summer Hill, near Kidderminster; and Rock Hill, a mile and a half from Broomsgrove, on the road to Alcester: Mr. W. G. Perry, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 451.— SCO I LAND. On shady rocks, and walls of old castles in the Lowlands: Rev. J. Lightpoot. — IRELAND. Abundant in woods at Oollon: Dr. Wade, in Mackay’s Catai. Perennial. — Flowers from July to September. Root somewhat woody, fibrous. Whole plant smooth, tender, and brittle, with a milky, bitter juice. Stem from 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, upright, slender, round, hollow, leafy, simple below, some- what zigzag (flexuose) towards the top, glaucous and purplish. Leaves runcinate (cut into several transverse segments which point backwards), toothed, clasping the stem at the base ; lower segments smallest, terminal one large, somewhat triangular, toothed, and very much resembling the leaves on the creeping stems of ivy ; their under side is often more or less purple. Root-leaves stalked. Pa- nicle very much branched, and singularly divaricated (spreading widely from each other) in all directions. Floral-leaves ( bracteas) small, egg-shaped, pointed. Flowers upright, bright yellow. Outer Calxjx of 3 egg-shaped, or spear-shaped scales ; the inner of 5 strap- shaped, purplish leaflets, which are membranous at the edges. Seeds inversely egg-shaped, striated, black. Seed-down elevated on a short stalk or pedicle as the seed ripens. The Order Composites, to which the present plant belongs, is one of the most extensive, most natural, and best defined in the vegeta- ble kingdom. It is composed of Herbaceous plants and shrubs, with alternate (rarely opposite) leaves. Their yZotum(called/Zore<$),which are generally small, are collected into dense heads, called capitula, or calathidia, which are hemispherical, globular, and more or less elongated. Each head, or capitulum, is composed of a common re- ceptacle; an involucrum which surrounds the capitulum, and which is composed of scales, the form, number, and disposition of which vary in different genera; and small scales or hairs, which are fre- quently found on the receptacle at the base of each flower, and called palce of the receptacle. The ftowers which form the capitula, are of two kinds, either funnel-shaped, with 4 or 5 regular lobes, when they are called florets (fiosculi) ; or strap-shaped, when they are called semiflorets ( semiflosculi J ; sometimes the capitula are com- posed exclusively of florets f flosculosce J , sometimes exclusively of semiflorets fsemiflosculoscej , and sometimes their centre , or disk, is occupied by florets, and their circumference, or ray, by semiflorets fradiatcej. Each flower presents the following organization. The Calyx, which is adherent to the ovary, and undistinguishable from it, has its limb entire, membranous, toothed, and formed of scales, hairs, or feathers, and called pappus. The Corolla of one petal, regular or irregular ; five Stamens, with distinct filaments, and united Anthers, which form a tube, through which passes the simple Style, terminated by a bifid Stigma. Th e fruit is a small, indehiscent, dry pericarpium, crowned with the limb of the calyx. Seed solitary, upright; embryo with a taper, inferior radicle ; albumen none. — See Richard's Elem. of Bot. and Lind. Syn. of the British Flora. c ,7 - • fl’ . . * ' ARISTOLOCHIA. Ct-EMATIT I S C0MM0AT-B1RTHW0RT 1/ Ms.. IF d(l. ARISTOLO'CHIA* * Linncan Class and Order. GYNA'NDRlAf , Hexa'ndria. Natural Order. Aristolo'chi.-e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 72. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 85. — Lindl. Syn. p. 224. Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 72. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.418. — Asa'rina2, Link. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 533. Gen. Char. Calyx ( Corolla of Linn.) superior, of one leaf, tubu- lar, coloured, tumid, and nearly globose at the base, the mouth dilated on one side, and lengthened out into a strap-shaped lobe. Corolla none. Filaments none. Anthers (fig. 1.) six, sessile, and inserted round the base of the style ; vertical, each of two oblong, separated, parallel, bivalve cells. Germen (see fig. 1.) inferior, oblong, angu- lar. Style scarcely any. Stigma nearly globular, with 6 deep lobes; the summit concave. Capsule (fig. 3.) large, egg-shaped, 6-angled, and 6-celled. Seeds (fig. 5.) many in each cell, flat, ho- rizontal, lying over each other, triangular, with a dilated or thickened margin. — The only genus in Gynandria Hexandria. One species British. ARISTOLO'CHIA CLEMATI'TIS. Common Birthwort. Spec. Char. Stem upright. Leaves heart-shaped, flowers crowded, upright, mouth of the calyx dilated on one side. Eng. Bot. t. 398.— Hook. FI. Lond. t. 149. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1364. — Iluds. FI. A ngl. (2nd edit.) p. 394. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 947. Kng. FI. v. iv. p 53. — Woodv. Med. Bot. t.238. — With. (7th cd.) v. ii. p. 462. — Lind. Syn. p. 225. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 381. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 112. — Pua. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 430. and v. iii. p. 380. — Relli. FI. Cant. (3id edit.) p. 368. — Walk. FI. Oxf. p. 260. — Aristolochia infesta, Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.262. — Aristolochia saracenica, Johnson’s Geraide, p. 847. — Aristolochia clematitis recta off. Blacks. Sp. Bot. p. 5. Localities. — In woods, thickets, pastures, &c. and especially among the ruins of nunneries. Very rare. — Oxfordshire ; Near the walls of Godstow Nunnery: Dr. Sibthorp, (1794). In the same place: (1833) W. B. Near Kencott: Rev. Dr. Goodenough. In the same place: (1833) Mr. H. Barrett. In the Garden Ground at Sir Alexander Croke’s, Studley Priory: Rev. R. Walker, in FI. of Oxf. — Berks ; Hedge near Windsor: Mr. Gotobf.d. — Cam- bridgeshire ; At Milton, and Whittlesford : Rev. R. Relhan. — Essex; In a wood two miles from Thorndon : Mr. Hill, in Blacks. Sp. Bot. — Kent ; Near Maidstone, and in other parts of the county : Mr. Hudson. — Norfolk; Among the ruins of Carrow Abbey, Norwich: Rev. C. Sutton, in Bot. Guide. — Suffolk; At Slurston near Diss : Mr. Woodward. Perennial. — Flowers from June to September. Root creeping, long, and slender, increasing very fast, and ren- dering the plant difficult of extirpation. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, up- right, simple, round, striated, leafy, somewhat zigzag, especially in the upper part ; not climbing. Leaves rather coriaceous (leathery), alternate, heart-shaped, with a wide space at the base, entire, blunt, shining above ; pale green, smooth, and veiny beneath, with pedate Fig. 1. Germen, Stamens, and Stigma, magnified. — Fig. 2. The summit of the Stigma.— Fig. 3. Unripe Capsule, natural size.— Fig. 4. Transverse section of the same. — Fig. 5. A Seed. * From Aristos, Gr. best, and lochereo, Gr. to bring forth ; in allusion to its supposed virtues. t See O'phrys Apifera, folio 8, (2nd ed.) note t- (bird-footed) ribs. Stipulas none. Leafstalks nearly as long as the leaves. Flowers several together, from the bosom of each leaf, on simple stalks, upright, or hanging down, pale yellow, or butf- coloured, scentless. Capsule large, pendulous, somewhat inversely egg-shaped, concave at the summit, with 6 blunt lobes, and as many cells ; it very rarely comes to perfection. Sir J. E. Smith, in his Introduction to Botany, says, “ A very curious observation is recorded by Schreber and Willdenow con- cerning this plant. The stamens and pistils of this flower are in- closed in its globular base, the anthers being under the stigma, and by no means commodiously situated for conveying their pollen to it. This, therefore, is accomplished by an insect, the Tipula pennicor- nis , which enters the flower by the tubular part ; but that part being thickly lined with indexed hairs, though the fly enters easily, its re- turn is totally impeded, till the corolla fades, when the hairs lie flat against the sides, and allow the captive to escape. In the mean while the insect, continually struggling for liberty, and pacing his prison round and round, has brushed the pollen about the stigma. I do not doubt the accuracy of this account, though I have never caught the imprisoned Tipula. Indeed I have never seen any fruit formed by this plant.” — Introd. to Bot. ed. 5, p. 273. The first time I saw the Aristolochia ClematitisX was on the 12th of July, 1812, at Godstow. It was growing close to where part of the foundation of the Nunnery had then very recently been re- moved. On opening some of the flowers, for it was then in blossom, I found within the globular base of the tube several very minute winged insects, which proved, on examination, to be the Tipula pennicornis of LinNjEUS, which is said by Schreber and W ill- denow to be an auxilliary to the fertilization of the flower of this species. I have observed them in abundance in the flowers of the same species of Aristolochia, every year, for these last 20 years, in the Oxford Botanic Garden, where the plant always forms fruit, but the fruit very rarely comes to perfection. There were three or four fine ones produced in the autumn of 1832, one of which is repre- sented in the annexed plate, from a careful drawing by Mr. Isaac Russell, of Oxford. I do not know that it has ever before been represented in any work on British Botany. Sir J. E. Smith in- forms us, that he had “never seen any fruit formed by this plant neither had he ever seen the Tipula till I sent him specimens of it from the Oxford Garden, in August, 1813. This plant is by no means so plentiful at Godstow now, as it was 20 years ago ; and the Botanist who wishes to find it there, must look for it in a hedge on the bank of a watery ditch close to that part of the ruins which is nearest to Wytham. W. B. January 23, 1833. t The root of Aristolochia is aromatic and bitter, but not ungrateful to the palate. It makes a considerable part of the Portland Powder, a medicine that has been in high repute as a cure lor the gout, but a long continued use of such medicine is said to be extremely hurtful, and often to produce effects more formidable than the original disease. As a warm, stimulating medicine, it still retains a place in some Pharmacopoeias. Great virtues were attributed to it by the ancients, as appears from the writings of DiosconrnES, Gaeen, and Plinv. An opinion is said to prevail in France, that the produce of vineyards in which this plant abounds, becomes deteiiorated in quality. — See With. Bot. Arr. and Puirr. Midi. F). e *|f* ANAOATJ.IS ARVEN3I3. (29.) ANAGALLIS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Primula'ce.®. V ent. — Lind. Syn. p. 182 ; Intro, to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 225; Rich, by Macgill. p. 431. — Lysima'- CHIjE. Juss. Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five pointed, spreading segments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, without a tube, limb nearly flat, in five roundish- egg-shaped segments. Filaments five, slender, upright, shorter than the corolla, clothed with prominent glandular hairs. Anthers heart- shaped. Germen globose. Style thread-shaped. Stigma knobbed. Capsule globose, of one cell, splitting horizontally into two hemis- pherical valves. Seeds numerous, angular. Receptacle large, globu- lar, pitted, unconnected. — Distinguished by the hairy stamens, and the one-celled capsule bursting all round. Three species British. ANAGA'LLIS ARYE'NSISf. Scarlet Pimpernel, or Poor Man’s Weather-glass. Spec. Char. Leaves egg-shaped, sessile, dotted beneath. Stem trailing. Corolla minutely notched. Eng. Bot. t. 529. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 12. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 230. — Engl. FI. v. i. p. 280. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 296. — Lind. Syn. p. 185. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 87. — Sib. FI. Oxon. p. 74. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 46 — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i.p. 115. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 87. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.72. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 49. — Professor Henslow, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 537. and v. iv. p. 466. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 54 —Anagallis flore phceniceo, Bay’s Syn. 282. — Anagallis mas, Johnson’s Gerarde. 617. Localities. — In fields and gardens. — Common. Annual. — Flowers all the Summer. Root small, fibrous. Stem branched, from 3 to 6 inches or more long, square, frequently dotted with purple, more or less trailing (procumbent). Leaves sessile, opposite, egg-shaped, many-ribbed, dotted on the under side. Flower-stalks angular, longer than the leaves, twisted, and bending downwards after flowering. Calyx permanent, segments spear-shaped, pointed, keeled, and membra- nous at the edges. Corolla bright scarlet, purplish, or violet coloured at the bottom, its edges finely crenate, or minutely fringed with glands. Stamens purple, dilated and smooth at the base, hairy above, hairs jointed. Anthers yellow, heart-shaped. Style purple, perma- nent. Stigma capitate. Capsule round, smooth, shining, slightly transparent, opening all round ; the valves marked with five coloured lines. Seeds numerous, brown, roughish, angular, each with a central dot. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2 and 3. Two varieties of the Corolla. — Fig. 4. The five Stamens magnified. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma, ditto. — Fig. 6. A Stamen, more highly magnified, to show the articulated hairs on the filament. — Fig. 7. Calyx and Capsule — Fig. 8. A Capsule, showing the transverse sepa- ration of the valves. — Fig. 9. One of the hairs of the filament highly magnified. * From anagelao, Gr. to laugh. Plint says the Anagallis excites plea- sure ; and Dioscorides, that it removes obstructions of the liver which create sadness. Dr. Hooker, in Br. FI. t This species was formerly celebrated for its medical qualities, and given in maniacal cases, and even in the hydrophobia, but it is now fallen into disuse. Small birds are very fond of the seeds. " Nature,” observes Mr. Curtis, in his Flora Londinensis, “ seems to have taken uncommon pains in the formation of this little plant; few possess more liveliness of colour or greater delicacy of structure ; this must be sufficiently ob- vious to every common observer, but when its minute parts come to be viewed by the microscope, we are charmed with beauties altogether novel and unex- pected ; we then find that the edges of the flowers, which to the naked eye ap- pear a little uneven or hairy, are furnished with a number of little glands placed on footstalks, and that the hairs of the filaments, which par'ly tend to distinguish this genus, are regularly jointed. The pistil, which generally arises upright betwixt the stamens, is here inclined to one side, so that the stigma is placed without the circle of the stamens. The care which Nature has taken likewise in the preservation of these delicate parts from the injury of the weather, is not less remarkable. Every morning, if the weather be fair and warm, the blossoms fully expand, but if rain falls, or there be much moisture in the air, the flowers quickly close themselves up to secure the inclosed anther® and stigjna from having their functions destroyed : from this property it has acquired the name of the Shepherd’s, or Poor Man’s Weather-glass, — they have remarked, that if the flowers be open in a morning it will prove a fine day, if shut, the con- trary.”— It is stated in Loudon’s Encyclop»dia of Plants, that the flowers open regularly about eight minutes past seven in the morning in our latitude, and close about three minutes past two in the afternoon. Hence it is distin- guished by Linn/eus as one of the Flora: Horologia , which is thus elegantly alluded to by Mrs. Hemans, in her Dial or Flowers — “ ’Twas a lovely thought to mark the hours. As they floated in light away. By the opening and the folding flowers. That laugh to the summer’s day. Thus had each moment its own rich hue. And its graceful cup or bell, In whose coloured vase might sleep the dew, I.ike a pearl in an ocean-shell. To such sweet signs might the time have flow’d In a golden current on, Ere from the garden, man’s first abode, The glorious guests were gone. Yet is not life, in its real flight, Mark’d thus — even thus — on earth, By the closing of one hope’s delight. And another’s gentle birth ? Oh ! let us live, so that flower by flower. Shutting in turn, may leave A lingerer still for the sunset hour, A charm for the shaded eve.” A variety of the A. arvensis with a white flower is mentioned by Ray, as having been found in Cowley field, near Oxford, by Mr. Bobart. — A variety with a white flower, with a purplish pink eye, has been found by Mr. John Dillwyn, at Penllegare, South Wales : and by the Rev. E. Wilson, in York- shire.— In September, 1813, I found a variety with a kind of liver-coloured corolla, (fig. 2.) in a brick-field between Kensington and Hammersmith, at the back of Seymore-place. All these varieties, as well as A. carulea\, have come up spontaneously in the Oxford Garden every year for these eighteen years past. — A pale pink flowered variety was found by the Rev. Hugh Davies, in Anglesea ; and Professor Henslow, of Cambridge, met with the same variety at Higham, in Kent. — Mr. Wm. Pamplin, jun. of Lavender Hill Nursery, Wandsworth, informs me that a dull-red variety grow’s yearly in that nursey, spontaneously; he thinks it may probably be Parkinson’s sullen-red variety. Mr. Pamplin says they have also a light salmon coloured variety, and another nearly white, with a deep centre to the corolla, sent from near Taplow, Bucks, by Mr. Wm. Hurst. — A variety is sometimes met with that has four leaves growing together round the stem. J Botanists are of different opinions respecting the Specific Identity of Ana- gallis arvensis and c arnica ; some consider them as mere varieties, diffeiing only in the colour of the blossoms ; others have described them as distinct spe- cies. See Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist, v iii. p. 537 ; v. iv. pp. 79, 277, 278, and 466. and the several works quoted in the foregoing page. (30.) GERA'NIUM* * Linnean Class and Order. Monade'lphia, Deca'ndria. Natural Order. Gerania'cea?. Juss. — Lind. Syn. p. 56 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 139. — Gerania'ce/E. Tribe, Gera- nieOe. Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 56. Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of five egg-shaped, pointed, con- cave, permanent leaves (sepals). Corolla of five inversely-heart- shaped, spreading petals, all equal and regular, and much larger than the calyx. Nectaries five glands, which are alternate with the petals. Filaments ten, fertile, united at the base (monadelphous), spreading at the summit, five alternate ones longer than the rest, all of them shorter than the corolla. Anthers oblong, versatile (turn- ing about like a vane). Gcrmen superior, roundish, with five fur- rows. Style awl-shaped, upright, longer than the stamens, per- manent. Stigmas five, oblong, reflexed. Capsules five, nearly globular, aggregate, membranous, separating at their inner margin, each tipped with a long strap-shaped, flat, upright, pointed, stiff awn, which is almost smooth and naked, not spiral, but finally re- curved, or rolled back, and adhering by its point to the top of the style. Seeds, one in each capsule, roundish-kidney-shaped, — Distinguished from other genera of the same class by the ten fertile stamens, the beaked fruit of five aggregate capsules, and the re- curved, not spiral, naked awn. Herbaceous Plants with mostly opposite, stalked leaves, which are lobed in a palmate manner, and cut. Stipulas membranous ; Flowers, one or two on a stalk, either axillary, or opposite to the upper alternate leaves. Thirteen species British. GERA'NIUM PRATE'NSE. Blue Meadow Crane’s-bill. Spec. Char. Stalks 2-flowered. Leaves in 5 or 7 deep seg- ments, sharply wing-cleft and serrated. Capsules hairy, not wrinkled. Stamens smooth, much dilated at the base. Eng. Bot. t. 404. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 250. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 732. — Eng. FI. v.iii. p.235. — With. (7th edit.) v. iii. p. 804.— Lind. Syn. p. 56. — Hook. Br. FI. p.312. — Sib. FI. Oxon. p. 212. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 148. — Itelh. FI. Cant. p. 277. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 319. — Hook. FI. Scot p. 206. — GrevvFl. Edin. p. 149. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 198.— Geranium batrachoides, Hay’s Syn. p. 360. — Johnson's Gerarde, 942. Localities.— In meadows, pastures, and thickets.— In many parts of Eng- land.— Southleigh, St. Clement’s, and Marston, Oxford. Dr. Sibthorp. — Meadow near Ileadington Hill. Rev. Ru. Walker, in FI. of Oxf. — Near the path to South Ilinksey, Berks. — Cumnor and Besselsleigh, Berks: Appleton, Berks, abundant, particularly in the church-yard, and in the meadows near the river Thames. Miss Hoskins.— On the side of a ditch between the Diamond- House and the Woodstock Road, about a mile from Oxford. — Very abundant in meadows adjoining the Avon, and by road-sides near Rugby, Brownsover, and Newbold, in Warwickshire. July, 1831. W. B. — Common in Warwick- Fig. 1. Stamens, Styles, and Nectariferous Glands. — Fig. 2. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 3. Calyx ; and ripe Capsules, separated from the base of the Style, and curled backwards. * From geranos, Gr. a Crane ; the fruit resembling the beak of that bird. shire. Mr. Purton, in Mid. FI. — About Battersea, Surrey. Mr. Cuiitis, in H. Lond. and Mr. VV . Pampun, jun. — Chesterton, Dilton, Hinton, Histon, Girton, and Madingley, Cambridgeshire. Rev. R. Rflhan, in FI. Cantab. — Common in Bedfordshire. Rev. C. Abbot, in FI. Bedf. — About Lough- borough, Buddon Wood, the Stocking Wood, and the river- side, near Leices- ter.— Between Chertsey Bridge and Sheperton, Middlesex. — Between London and Dulwich. — Near the Thames, Buckinghamshire. — Reigate and elsewhere in Surrey. — About Plumpton, near Lewes, Sussex. — Reading and Windsor, near the Thames. — About Stockport, Cheshire. — Common in Cumberland. — frequent in Derbyshire.— By the side of the Stour and the Frome, Dorsetshire. — Road-side near Walbottle Dean. Banks of the Wear, and of the Team, Dur- ham.— Between Otley and Ingleton, and about Coxwold, Leeds, and Ripon, Yorkshire. — On the banks of the Pont below Pontland, Northumberland. — In Nottinghamshire. — Castle Fields, Shropshire. — Ilam, Staffordshire. — Darsham, Suffolk. — Ripton, Huntingdonshire. Botanist’sGuide. — “ On the fertile green sand of the Vale of Pewsey, in Wiltshire ; on the sound calcareous loam over the great oolite, on the new red sandstone beds of Somersetshire ; and on the rich alluvial beds that accompany the course of the Bristol Avon, through Wiltshire, Somerset, and Gloucester, and on the old red sandstone of Glouces- tershire, this Geranium is both abundant and magnificent.” Causidicus, in Loud. Mag. of Nat Hist. v. iv. p. 462. — On the bank at Clomendy, in Llanve- ras ; and in the church-yard of Llanveras, Denbighshire. — Rhyd y Mwyn, in the parish of Mold, and in the field which is next above the bridge called PontLlong, and between the rivers Alen and Terrig, in the township of Lees- wood, Flintshire. — frequent about Pont Nedd Yachn, and Aberpergam, Gla- morganshire.— Plentiful about Lstrad Vetid, Brecknockshire. — Near Beaumaris, in thelsle of Anglesea, Bor. GutDE. — King’s Park, Edinburgh. Dr. Gheville, in FI. Edin. — “ Every stream in Ayrshire, and to the east of Glasgow, is ren- dered eminently beautiful by the rich azure of its transparent petals, and the singular verdure of its long peltate leaf. The Clyde, the Calder, the Tannock, and every streamlet near Bothwell, and Campsie Fells, possesses this flower. The bed of these rivers is basaltic.” Mr. Thomson, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 416. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root somewhat woody, fibrous, reddish brown. Stem from one to three feet high, upright, branched, swollen at the joints, roundish, downy, and tinged, more or less, with red. Leaves deeply divided into five or seven lobes, each of which is variously cleft, and every segment acute, hairy, with strong ribs underneath. Lower leaves on long footstalks, which are nearly central ; upper almost sessile, divi- sions nearly strap-shaped. Floral-leaves four, spear-shaped, pointed. Flowers mostly two together, very large, blue; on short downy flower-stalks ( peduncles ) . Calyx-leaves (sepals) egg-shaped, point- ed, concave, bearded, clammy, ribbed, and membranous at the edges. Petals inversely-egg-shaped, nearly entire, with seven or nine whitish lines, and a little hairy at the base. Filaments ten, quite smooth, greatly dilated into a triangular figure at the base. Anthers purple. Capsule even, hairy all over. Seeds dotted. A very handsome species, frequently cultivated in gardens, where it varies with striped, and sometimes with entirely white flowers. There is also a variety with double flowers cultivated in gardens, and which is said to have been found near Athol-house, Scotland, by the late Lady Charlotte Murray. — I observed the white flowered variety in a meadow just behind the water-mill near the turnpike road going from Rugby t o Brownsover, June 28, 1831. W. B. LAMTUM ALBUM WHITS, DEAD -2/ETTDE V (31.) LA'MIUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. DiDYNA;MiAf, Gymnosper'mia J. Natural Order. LABiA'TiE. Juss. — Lind. Syn. p. 196. — Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 239. — Rich, by Macgillv. p. 439. Gen. Char. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, dilated towards the mouth, with five nearly equal, awned teeth, spreading at the point, permanent. Corolla ringent, longer than the calyx ; tube cylindri- cal, short; limb open; throat inflated, compressed, bulging, bor- dered at each side with one or more little reflexed teeth ; upper lip vaulted, roundish, blunt, undivided or cloven ; lower shorter, in- versely-heart-shaped, notched, more or less reflexed. Filaments four, awl-shaped, covered by the upper lip. Anthers incumbent, oblong, hairy, 2-valved. Gcrmen superior, 4-cleft. Style thread- shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigma in two pointed spreading segments. Seeds four, level-topped, short, three-cornered, convex on one side, blunt at each end, in the bottom of the open-mouthed calyx. — The bristle-shaped tooth on each side the mouth of the corolla will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Perennial, or annual herbs, with opposite heart-shaped, mostly serrated, downy leaves, and numerous, large, whorled, scentless flowers, which are either red, purplish, or white ; never yellow. Five species British. LA'MIUM A'LBUM. White Dead-nettle, or Archangel. Spec. Char. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, strongly serrated, hairy. Flowers, about twenty in a whorl. Tube of the Calyx shorter than its teeth. Upper lip of the Corolla notched ; lateral teeth solitary, spear-shaped. Eng. Bot. t.768. — Curt FI. Lond. 1. 115. — Martyn’s Flora Rustica, t. 26. — Sm. FI. Br. v. ii. p. 626.— Eng. FI. v.iii. p. 89. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 708. — Lind. Syn. p. 203. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 276. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 183. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 128. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit. ) p.238. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 269.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 181.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 130.— Walk. FI. Oxf. p. 165. — Ray’s Syn. p. 240. — Johnson’s Gerarde, 702. Localities. — Borders of fields, waste places, and road-sides. Common. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. The same with the 4 Seeds. — Fig. 3. Corolla. — Fig. 4. The upper lip of the Corolla, and part of the Tube, showing the 4 Sta- mens.— Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Seeds. * From laimos, Gr. the throat, on account of the shape of the flower, t From dis, Gr. twice, and dunamis, Gr. power. The 14th class in the Artificial System of Linnieus, comprehending those plants which have perfect flowers, with 4 Stamens in each, the two outer of which are longer than the two inner. These flowers have only one pistil, and the corolla is irregular, either gaping (ringent), that is, having the lips open ; or masked (personate), having the lips closed by a palate. See Linaria Cymbalaria, t. 23. The class is di- vided into two orders, viz. Gymnospermia, in which the seeds are 4, naked, and situated within the base of the calyx ; and Angiospermia, in which the seeds are numerous, and all inclosed in a superior, 2-celled capsule. t From gumnos, Gr. naked, and sperma, Gr. a seed. The seeds in this order being (apparently) naked, and lodged in the bottom of the permanent calyx, which serves instead of a seed-vessel. It contains most of the Labiatce (lipped plants) of Jussieu, and the Verticillatee (plants that flower at the joints) of Ray and Linna.us. Perennial. — Flowers from April to November. Root white, jointed, creeping. Stems numerous, upright, un- branched, about a foot or eighteen inches high, slender at bottom, square, hollow, more or less hairy, frequently cf a reddish purple colour ; the young shoots weak and ascending. Leaves opposite, heart-shaped, pointed, strongly serrated, deep green, unspotted, stalked, veiny and hairy, those about the root frequently small, round and crenated. Leaf-stalks ( petioles ) broader at the base, longer on the leaves next the root. Flowers large, from 10 to 20 in a whorl, white, rarely tinged with red, hairy, lip cream coloured. Calyx sessile, slightly ten ribbed, hairy, with five bristly pointed teeth, marked on the lower side at bottom with dark purple spots, and supported by a short strap-shaped floral-leaf. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, upper lip arched, hairy, with a slight notch, mouth with a small spear-shaped tooth on each side ; lower lip bifid, turned back, slightly notched, and spotted at bottom. Anthers black, hairy. Pollen yellow. The whole plant, when handled, or bruised, has a disagreeable smell, and is scarcely ever eaten by cattle, but it is much resorted to by bees, for the sake of the honey, which it secretes in considerable quantity at the base of the tube of the corolla ; on this account Dr. Withering recommends it to be encouraged in the precincts of the apiary. It is not now used in medicine, though it was formerly considered useful in disorders of the lungs. — Boys make whistles of the stalks. It increases very fast by its strong creeping roots, but as they run horizontally near the surface of the ground, the plant is easily ex- tirpated. The class and order Didynamia Gymnospermia consists of plants which are all either herbaceous or shrubby, with square, branched, leafy stems; and opposite, simple, entire or serrated, sometimes divided, leaves ; never with any stipulas. The flowers are either solitary, or in opposite, nearly sessile, axillary clusters, or dense tufts, resembling whorls; their colour reddish, purple, blue, white, or yellow. The qualities of these plants are aromatic or bitter; and their herbage, especially the leaves and calyx, is furnished with round pellucid dots or pores, which are the seat of an aromatic essential oil. The pubescence, in many species, exudes a similar, or more viscid, or a bitter secretion. Sometimes the growing parts are attacked by insects for the lodgement of their eggs, and then these secretions are changed to acid or astringent ones. The plants of this order (Gymnospermia) are all harmless, not a single unwholesome, or even suspicious species having been found amongst them. KEDERA HELIX. COMMON' /VX A j / C M Sc. (32.) HE'D ERA* *. Linnean Clasp and Order. Penta'ndria, Monooy'nia. Natural Order. Caprifolia'ce^e. Juss. — Lind. Syn. p. 131. Caprifolia'ceas, Sect. Hedera'ceas, Lindl. — Introd. to the Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 206. — Rich, by Macgillv. p. 460. Gen. Char. Calyx very small, of five teeth, surrounding the germen. Petals five, oblong, spreading, broadest at the base, bent inwards at the points. Filaments five, awl-shaped, upright, as long as the petals. Anthers cloven at the base, fixed sideways (incum- bent). Germen turban-shaped (turbinate), surrounded by the ring- like (annular) receptacle of the flower. Style very short, furrowed. Stigma simple. Berry globular, succulent, of five cells. Seeds from 3 to 5, large, oblong, gibbous on one side, angular on the other. — Distinguished by the superior corolla of 5 petals, which are broadest at the base. The calyx surrounding the germen, simple style ; and succulent 5 celled, 3 to 5 seeded berry. Climbing evergreen shrubs, with scattered, smooth, stalked, sim- ple leaves; and terminal bracteated umbels, or heads, of pale or greenish flowers. One species British. HE'DERA HE'LIX. Common Ivy. Spec. Char. Leaves, some egg-shaped, some lobed. Eng. Bot. t. 1267. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 16. — Sra. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 267. — Eng. FI. v. i. p. 334. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 337. — Lind. Syn. p. 133. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 109.— Siblh. FI. Oxon p. 85.— Abbot’s FI Bedf. p. 53.— Belli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 101. — Purt. Mid. FI. v. i. p. 132. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 82. — Grev. FI. Edin.p. 56. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 67. — Hedera communis major et minor, Ray’s Syn. p.459‘ — Hedera corymbosa and H. Helix, Johnson's Gerarde, 858. Localities.— Woods, hedges, trunks of trees, old buildings. An evergreen Shrub. — Flowers from September to December. Stem very long, branched, trailing on the ground, or climbing up walls, rocks, trees, &c. adhering to them by means of dense tufted fibres. As long as it trails upon the ground, or is fixed to any sup- port, the stems are slender and flexible ; but when it has reached to the top of its support, they shorten and become woody, forming themselves into large bushy heads, and in this state producing flowers and fruit. Leaves alternate, oh long slender leaf-stalks, shining, dark green, smooth, often veined with whitish lines ; those on the trailing or climbing branches 3 or 5 lobed ; those on the flower- ing ones undivided, and egg-shaped, sometimes diamond-shaped (rhomboid). Every part of the plant, except the old stems, frequently furnished, more or less, with a starry (stellate) pubescence. Flowers yellowish, or greenish white, produced in close roundish umbels, at the extremity of the branches. Calyx teeth very small. Petals Fig. 1. CorollarStamens, and Style. — Fig. 2. Germen and Style. — Fig. 3. A Berry. — Fig. 4. A Berry cut transversely, showing the five cells and five seeds. —Fig. 5. A Seed. • Name, of uncertain origin. reflexed. Berry smooth, and black, internally whitish and mealy, with from 3 to 5 seeds. The whole plant is somewhat aromatic, especially the young' climbing branches; and a vpry fragrant resin exudes from the old stems when bruised. There is a variety, called Irish Ivy, which has much larger leaves, and is of very rapid growth, and on that account is much cultivated for hiding unsightly walls, buildings, &c. The Ivy begins to flower about September, and continues flower- ing, if the weather is open, till the middle or latter end of December, as was the case last year, 1832. In consequence of its flowering so late, it is much resorted to by bees and flies, when little other food is to be had. The berries increase during the winter, are fully formed in February, and ripen in April, furnishing food for wild Pigeons, Blackbirds, Thrushes, &c. in the spring. Sheep are said to be fond of Ivy, it is considered a warm and wholesome food for -them, and in snowy weather shepherds cut down branches of it for their flocks to browse on. — Cato directs, that in a scarcity of hay, cattle should be foddered with it. — It was held in great esteem by the ancients, and with it they formed the Poetic Garland. Bacchus is represented crowned with Ivy, to prevent intoxication ; and Homer describes his heroes as drinking out of a cup made of the wood. The fruit bearing branches of it, are used, with Holly, to decorate churches and houses at Christmas. The leaves are said to ease painful corns if applied to them ; and in the Highlands an ointment is made from them to cure burns. The branches, being very full of leaves, are sometimes made use of by gardeners to pro- tect the blossoms of Apricot, Peach, and Nectarine trees, from the cold winds of February and March. The roots are used by leather-cutters to wet their knives upon; and when large, boxes, and even tables, are made of them. The Ivy is not, as some have supposed it to be, a parasitical plant, for it de- rives its nourishment from the soil in which it grows, by means of roots which it sends into the earth, and not by those fibres by which it fixes itself to other bodies for support; this may be proved by cutting the stem through, above the ground, when it will be found that the part above the separation will die. This method of destroying it is often practised by the woodman, from an idea that it is injurious to the trees on which it grows ; but, according to the facts and observations of Mr. Repton on the supposed Effects of Ivy upon Trees, pub- lished in the 11th volume of the Transactions of theLinnaaan Society, it appears, that instead of its being injurious to the trees which support it, it is often bene- ficial to them, and that its growth deserves to be encouraged ra ther than checked. Mr. Curtis observes, that few people are acquainted with the beauty of Ivy ; when suffered to run up a stake, and at length to form itself into a standard, the singular complication of its branches, and the vivid hue of its leaves, give it one of the first places amongst evergreens in a shrubbery. In the Language of Flowers, Ivy is an emblem of Fidelity in Friendship. It is the badge of the Scottish Clan Gordon. 'll A Sp ha e Ipir'^p unctifo'rmis, Grev. FI. Edin. p. 362, and Hyste'rium folii'colum, Var. He'deree, Grev. Scot. Crypt. Flora, t. 129. f. 1, are parasitic on dead leaves of the Ivy. The first is very common ; the latter rather rare, at least in the neighbourhood of Oxford. fJfltfte&Dtl jPv„& fj?~3n. p.272. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 185. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 134. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 91. — Purt. Midi. FI. v.i. p.204. v. iii. p 357. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 168. — Lightf’oot’s FI. Scot. v. i. p. 211. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 123. — Grev. FI. Edin . p.92. — Rev. G.E. Smith’s Plants of S. Kent, p. 25. — Mackay’s Catalogue of the Plants of [reland, p. 38. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 117. — Butomus, Ray’s Syn. p.273. — Gladiolus palustris cordi, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 29. Localities. — On the margins of rivers, and in ponds and ditches. — On the banks of the Isis, and the Cherwell, and in watery ditches in the neighbourhood of Oxford, plentiful. — Common about the Avon, and the Swifts, near Rugby, in Warwickshire, especially near the bridge and the new aqueducts going from thence to Newbold and Brownsover. 1831. W. B. — In the rivers Avon, Arrow, and Alne, in many places near Alcester, Warwickshire. Mr. Pukton, in Mid. FI. — Priory Pools, and in the Avon, near Warwick. Mr. Perry, in With. Bot. Arr. — River Blythe, near Coleshill ; and about Stafford and Tamworth. Dr. Withering, ibid. — Skerne, near Darlington. Mr. Robson, ibid. — Side of the river Avon, at Evesham. Mr. Ballard, ibid. — About Bungay. Mr. Wood- ward, ibid. — In ditches between Ince and the sen, north of Liverpool. Mr. Shepherd, ibid. —Mere, near Scarborough. Mr. Travis, ibid. — About White Cliff', and Durmeston, near Blandford. Dr. Pulteney, ibid. — Bushy Park, Middlesex. Mr. Winch, ibid. — Paper-Mills, Chesterton. Granchester. ’Fever- sham Moor River Cam. Isle of Ely, &c. Rev. R. Relhan, in FI. Cantab. — Fig. 1. The 9 Stamens and 6 Pistils. — Fig. 2. A single Stamen. — Fig. 3. A single Pistil. — Fig. 4. One of the three inner Petals. — Fig. 5. One of the three outer ditto. These three outer petals are described by some authors as a colour- ed calyx, and are called sepals. — Fig. 6. The 6 Capsules. * From Bous, Gr. an Ox, and tomos, Gr. sharp, because the sharp leaves injure the mouths of cattle that browze upon them. t The ninth Class of the Artificial System of Linnaus, containing those plants which have 9 distinct stamens, of which Butomus is the only British example. Between Stourport Bridge and the Lickhill, Worcestershire. Mrs. Gardner, in Purt. Mid. FI. — In the Marshes near the banks of the Severn, about Frami- lode, Gloucestershire. G.W.Sandys, Esq. Pembroke College. — Near Dept- ford, and the Marshes by Blackwall, in great abundance, although very scarce in many other parts of Great Britain. Mr. Curtis, in FI. Lond. — In wide ditches between Battersea Bridge and Vauxhall. Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Plastow Marshes, banks of the Thames. J. Bartlett, Esq. — Dykes near the Sea, south of Lydd. Near Sandwich, Kent. ltev. G. E. Smith. — In the Peat Pits, near Newbury, Berks. Dr. Noeheden, and Mr. Bicheno, in Dr. Mavor’s Survey of Berkshire, p. 248. — In Buckinghamshire, on the banks of the Thames. Mr. P. B. Ayres. — About Bath. C. C. Babington, in Mag. of Nat. Hist, v. i. p. 392. — Grooby Pool, near Leicester. Rev. A. Bloxam, in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 167. — In the Chelmer, near Chelmsford, Essex. J. G. in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 447. — In Cors ddygai, Anglesea. Welsh Bot. — Duddingston Lock, Scotland. Mr. J. Mackay, in Hook. FI. Scot. — Lock of Clunie. Rev. Mr. M‘ Ritchie, ibid. — Ditches near the Grand Canal, county of Kildare. Banks of the Shannon at Castle-Connel, near Limerick. Near D’Esterre’s Bridge, and near Corrofin, in great abundance. Mr. J. T. Mackay, in Catal. of Plants of Ireland. Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Root white, tuberous, horizontal, and sending down a great num- ber of long fibres from the underside. Whole herb smooth, and very cellular. Leaves all radical (growing immediately from the' root), upright, narrow, quite entire, 3-sided, pointed, and more or less spirally twisted at the extremity, 2 or 3 feet high. Stalk solitary, taller than the leaves, round, very smooth, and terminating in a large umbel of beautiful rose-coloured Jlowers. Flower-stalks thread-shaped, unequal, about 4 inches long, with spear-shaped, brownish bracteas at their base, and a general three-leaved, mem- branous spatha or involucre beneath them. This is a stately and beautiful aquatic, and the only plant of the class Ennea'ndria that grows wild in the British Isles. It is well adapted for ornamenting the margins of fish-ponds, and other pieces of water. “ The Water-Gladiole, or Grassie Rush,” says Gerarde, “ is, of all others, the fairest and most pleasant to behold, and serveth very well for the decking and trimming up of houses, because of the beautie and braverie thereof.” — The corolla varies in different shades of red, or purple mixed with white : and is some- times entirely white. The stem at bottom, and the flower-stalks at top, are often tinged with red. The number 3 is evidently pre- dominent in the fructification : the corolla being doubly tripetalous ; the stamens thrice three; the pistils six; the capsules six, in a hexagon form ; and the involucre three-leaved. See Miller's Gard. Diet, by Martyn. The following Character of the Natural Order Buto'me^ to which our present plant belongs, is given by Professor Lindley, in his “Synopsis of the British Flora a work which no student of British Botany ought to be without. — “ Sepals 3, herbaceous. Petals 3, coloured, petaloid. Stamens definite or indefinite, bypogynous (inserted beneath the Germen). Ovaries (Germens) superior, 3, 6, or more, either distinct or united into a single mass. Stigmas , the same number as the Ovaries, simple. Follicles ( Capsules J roanv- seeded, either distinct and rostrate, or united in a single mass. Seeds minu'e, very numerous, attached to the whole of the inner surface of the fruit : Albu- men none: Embryo with the same direction as the seed. — Aquatic plants. Leaves very vascular, often yielding a milky juice, with parallel veins. Flowers in umbels, conspicuous, purple, or yellow.” — The only Genera in this order are, Butomus, Limnocharis, and Hydrocleys : the two last are not British. CFNTATOEA CYANUS. BLUE-BOTTLE. 7/. (35.) CENTAURE'A* * Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia, Polyga'mia, Frus- tra'nta f. Natural Order. Compo'sit/f,. Tribe, Cynaroce'phalte. Juss. — Lind. Syn. pp. 140 & 152.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. ofBot. pp. 197 & 200. — Synanthe're^e. Tribe, Cynaroce'phala:. — Rich, by Macgillv. pp. 454 & 455. Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx J roundish, imbri- cated (tiled), with closely converging scales (bracteae), which are scarious (skinny), or spiny in various ways. Corolla compound: Florets all tubular, of two kinds ; those of the disk perfect, regular, with five equal spreading segments, an oblong limb, and a slender tube ; those of the ray fewer, with the rudiments of a pistil only, not perfecting seed, spreading, often wanting, funnel-shaped, with five or more unequal segments. Filaments, in the florets of the disk only, hair-like, very short. Anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen small, oblong. Style thread-shaped, about the length of the stamens. Stigma blunt, often cleft, prominent The florets of the Ray have only the rudiments of a germen, with scarcely any style or stigma. Seeds in the disk only, various in shape. Calyx ( pappus , or seed-down J generally short, bristly, or feathery, in some wanting. Receptacle bristly. — Distinguished by the bristly receptacle, the feathery or hair-like seed-down, and by the florets of the ray being funnel-shaped, dilated, irregular, and longer than those of the disk. Seven species British. CENTAURE'A CYA'NUS. Corn Blue-bottle. Corn-flower. Knapweed. Spec. Char. Scales of the Involucrum serrated. Leaves strap- spear-shaped, entire ; the lower ones toothed towards the base. Eng. Hot. t. 277. — Curt. FI. Lond. — Martyn’s FI. Rust. t. 111. — Sm. FI. Br. v. ii. p. 911. — Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 466. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.958. — Lind. Syn. p. 155. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 368. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 260. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 187. — Purt. Mid. FI. v. ii. p. 413. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 353. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 249. — Grev. F). Edin. p. 183. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 249. — Cya'nus, Ray’s Syn. p. 198. — Cya'nus vulga'ris, John. Gerarde, 732. Localities. — In corn-fields. — Commonin most parts of England. Frequent in Scotland. Dr. Hooker. — In Ireland, but rather rare. Mr. Mackay. Fig. 1. Involucrum, or common Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Floret of the Disk. — F’ig. 3. A Floret of the Ray. — Fig. 4. The Stamens and Pistil, showing the five separated filaments, the combined Anthers, and the prominent cloven Stigma.— Fig. 5. The Style and Stigma. — Fig. 6. The bristly Receptacle. — Fig. 7. A Seed. — Figs. 4 and 5 highly magnified. * From the Centaur, Chiron, who is said to have cured himself with this plant of a wound he received in the foot from Hercules. t The third order of the class Syngene'sia of the Linnean System. It con- tains all those compound flowers which have the florets of the disk perfect, that is, with both stamens and a pistil, and which produce seed; and the florets of the ray neuter, that is, having neither stamens nor pistil, or only the rudiments of a pistil, and producing no seed. Of this order, Centaure'a is the only British example. Annual. — Flowers from June to August. Root somewhat spindle-shaped, with many rigid fibres. Stem upright, 2 or 3 feet high, much branched, leafy, angular, and co- vered with a loose, cottony down. Leaves sessile, alternate, 3-ribbed, strap-spear-shaped, pointed, entire, whitish and cottony underneath, the lower ones broader, mostly toothed or pinnatifid, but the radical ones are entire. Flowers numerous, solitary, on naked stalks. Involucrum egg-shaped, its scales smooth, serrated, with sharp, white or brown teeth. Florets of the Ray large and spreading, generally with more than five segments, of a bright sky-blue ; those of the disk purplish. Filaments surrounded, just below the anthers, with a fringe of silvery glandular hairs. Anthers almost black, horny at the top. Stigma cloven, and projecting a little above the anthers. Seed somewhat inversely-egg-shaped, rather compressed, a little downy, and crowned with the bristly calyx ( pappus of Linn. ) The expressed juice of the florets is said to make a good blue ink ; it also stains linen of a beautiful blue ; but the colour is not perma- nent in the mode in which it has hitherto been applied. Sir James Edward Smith says, the wild flowers afford a blue for painting in water-colours, the expressed juice requiring only to be mixed with cold alum water. The same author informs us that the sepa- rate floret in English Botany, coloured with this, by way of expe- riment, has now stood well for 30 years. — White, dark purple, and other coloured varieties, are frequently cultivated amongst other hardy annuals in flower gardens. — G.W.Sandys, Esq. of Pembroke College, found several plants of the white flowered variety in corn- fields near Stroud in Gloucestershire, in 1832. — The Blue-bottle is one of the most beautiful of our wild plants, but it is a pernicious weed to the Farmer, and requires his greatest care to eradicate ; as it is not only very injurious to his corn, but blunts the sickles used in reaping it : from this circumstance it is, by some old authors, called Hurt-sickle. It is also called Blue-ball, Blue-blow , and Corn- flower. In Scotland it is called Blue Bonnets. “ There is a flower, a purple flower. Sown by the wind, nursed by the shower, O’er which Love has breathed a powerful spell, The truth of whispering hope to tell ; And with scarlet poppies around like a bower, Found the maiden her mystic flower. Now, gentle flower, I pray thee tell. If my lover loves me, and loves me well ; So may the fall of the morning dew, Keep the sun from fading thy tender blue.” L. E. L. 36 (36.) AC H ILLE'A* *. Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia, Polyga'mia Su- PE'RFLUAf. Natural Order. Compo'sitas. Tribe, Corymbi'feRjE. Juss. — Lind. Syn. pp. 140 & 142; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 & 199. — Synanthe'rejE. Tribe, Corymbi'fer2E. — Rich, by Macgillv. pp. 454 & 455. Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) egg-shaped, imbri- cated (tiled), with several egg-shaped, pointed, converging scales (bracteae). Corolla compound, radiant ; florets of the disk all per- fect (with both stamens and a pistil), tubular, with 5 equal spread- ing segments; those of the ray from 5 to 10, strap-shaped, but peculiarly short and rounded, broader than long, inversely-heart- shaped, with a small intermediate lobe or tooth. Filaments five, in the tubular florets only, hair-like, very short. Anthers forming a cylindrical tube. Germen ( ovarium) in all the florets small, inversely-egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigmas spreading, blunt. Seed in all the florets inversely-egg- shaped, blunt, without any border or crown. Receptacle narrow, slightly elevated, beset with spear-shaped, chaffy, pointed, deciduous scales, as tall as the florets of the disk. — Distinguished by the egg- shaped, imbricated involucrum ; the nearly flat, chaffy receptacle ; the few (from 5 to 10) roundish, inversely-heart-shaped florets of the ray ; and the want of pappus to the seeds. Four species British. ACHILLE'A PTA'RMICA. Sneeze-wort. Goose-tongue. Spec. Char. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, pointed, equal, and sharply serrated, smooth. Eng. Bot. t. 757. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 343. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 908. — Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 460. — With. (7th edit.) v. iii. p. 956. — Lind. Syn. p. 151. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 367.— Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 260.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 187.— Relh, FI. Cant. p. 351. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 400. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 248. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 182. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.248. — Ptarmica, Ray’s Syn. p. 183. — Johnson’s Gerarde, 606. Localities. — In wet hedges and thickets, moist meadows and pastures, and about the banks of rivers, and ditches. — Frequent. Perennial. — Flowers in July, August, and September. Root creeping, somewhat jointed, and sending out many long fibres. Stem upright, from one to three feet high, slightly angular, smooth, hollow, leafy, with small axillary rudiments of branches; Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A tubular Floret of the Disk, highly magnified. — Fig. 3. Same, natural size. — Fig. 4. Stamens and Pistil, highly magnified. — Fig. 5. A strap-shaped Floret of the Ray, highly magnified. — Fig. 6. Same, natural size. — Fig. 7. The chaffy Receptacle. — Fig. 8. A Seed. * From Achilles, the famous Grecian hero, who is reported to have studied plants under Chiron, and to have extracted vulnerary virtues from this herb. t The second order of the Linnean class Syngene'sia, comprehending all those compound flowers in which theflorets of the disk have, each of them, five stamens and a pistil, and the florets of the ray a pistil only, and all producing perfect seed. corymbose at the top. Leaves alternate, sessile, undivided, strap- shaped, or slightly spear-shaped, pointed, two or three inches long, smooth on both sides, and somewhat shining, of a deep green colour, closely, very minutely and sharply serrated, with bristly teeth. Flowers white in the disk as well as in the ray, larger than in most of the genus, and with a greater number of ligulate (strap-shaped) florets. Calyx rather hemispherical. Seeds compressed, dilated at the edges (having a kind of wing on each side), but not crowned at the top. The whole plant, ancl especially the root, has a pungent, biting taste, and when chewed in the mouth, like Pellitory of Spain, it promotes a flow of saliva, and is found serviceable in the cure of the tooth-ache. In the Spring, the young tender shoots are put into salads to correct the coldness of other herbs. The dried powder of the leaves snuffed up the nostrils excites sneezing, hence it has acquired the name of Sneeze-wort. Horses, cows, sheep, goats, and swine eat it. A variety with double flowers is not uncommon in gardens, where it is known by the name of Double Ptarmica, or Batchelors' Buttons. In this variety the leaves are truly spear-shaped, with deeper serratures ; and all the florets, except a few in the very centre of the disk, are strap-shaped. — Merrett, in his Pinax, published in 1666, mentions the double-flowered Ptarmica as having been found wild near Chilmarlc, in Wiltshire. — Mr. T. I.awson observed it in one of the little Islands called Small Holme, in the great Lake of Winander-mere, previous to 1724 : and it has been since found at Ripton, by Mr. J. Whitelocke, Nurseryman at Fulham. The natural order Compo'sit.® (see Prenanthes muralis, p. 27) is divided into three principal tribes, Corymbi'fera:, Cynaroce- phala:, and Cichora'cea:. Our present plant belongs to the first of these, namely, Corymbifera. This tribe comprehends all those Compdsita in which the florets of the disk are Jloscular ( tu- bularJ, and which have the stigma not articulated with the style. It contains the following British Genera. 1. EUPATO'RIQM 16. PETASPTES 2. CHRYSO'COMA 17. CINERA'RIA 3. CONY'ZY 18. BE'LLIS 4. I'NULA 19. CHRYSANTHEMUM 5. LIMBA'RDA 20. PY'RETHRUM, t. 20 6. PULICA'RIA 21. MATRICA'RIA 7. A'STER 22. ARTEMl'SIA 8. ERI'GERON 23. TANACE'TUM, t. 24 9. SOLIDA'GO 24. DIO'TIS 10. ANTENNA'RIA 25. MARUTA 11. GNAPHA'LIUM 26. A'NTHEMIS 12. FILA'GO 27. ACHILLE'A, t. 36 13. SENE'CIO 28. X 'JNTHIUM 14. DOR3'NlCUM 29. BI'DENS. 15. TUSSILA'GO SAPONARIA* * Linnean Class and Order. Deca'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Caryophy'lle^e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 299. — Caryophy'lle^e ; Tribe, Sile'neaj. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 43 & 44; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 156. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 501 and 502. — Caryophy'llEjE ; Tribe, Dia'nthe.e. — Rich, by Macgil. pp. 507 & 508. — DianthiNjE, Burnett’s Outlines of Bot. p. 805. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal (monosepalous), tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base, permanent. Corolla of 5 petals (see fig. 2.), with narrow angular claws the length of the calyx ; limb flat, dilated towards the extremity, blunt. Filaments (fig. 3.) 10, awl-shaped, as long as the calyx, attached alternately to the claws of the petals ; 5 of them later than the rest. Anthers oblong, blunt, incumbent. Germen (fig. 4.) somewhat stalked, nearly cylindrical. Styles (fig. 4.) 2, upright, parallel, as long as the stamens. Stigmas pointed, downy. Capsule (fig. 5.) oblong, concealed in the calyx, 1-celled, opening with 4 teeth. Seeds (fig. 6.) numerous, small, roundish-kidney-shaped, rather rough, attached horizontally to a central, unconnected, columnar receptacle. This genus differs from that of Dianthus, in not having any scales or bracteae at the base of the calyx ; and it is distinguished from the other genera in the same class and order, by a corolla of 5 petals, a tubular, 1-leaved calyx, and an oblong, 1-celled, many-seeded capsule. One species British. SAPONA'RIA OFFICINA'LIS. Common Soapwort. Spec. Char. Leaves egg-spear-shaped. Calyx cylindrical, smooth. Engl. Bot. t. 1060. — Curt. FI. Lond. — Woodv. Med. Bot. t. 25. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 584. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 183. — Sm. FI. Brit. v.ii. p. 459- Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 284. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.537. — Gray’s Nat. An. v. ii. p.642. — Lindl. Syn. p. 45. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 199. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 138. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.94. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 208. — R.elh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 173. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 134. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 95 — FI. Devon, pp. 72 & 182. — Sm. PL of S. Kent, p. 25.— Mack. Catal. p. 43.— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 120.— Perry’s PL Varvic. Selectas, p.39. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.7. — Ly'chnis Saponaria dicta, Ray’s Syn. p. 339. — Saponaria, Johnson’s Gerarde, 444. Localities. — Tn meadows, by river sides, on hedge-banks, &c. Not com- mon.— Oxfordsh. Stanton Harcourt : Dr. Sibthorp.— Near Marston : Rev. R. AVai.ker. — Berks; Hedges near Old Windsor. — Bedfordsh. Bromham, and Sharbrook. — Catnbridgesh. Barnwell; Paper-Mills; Granchester; Mading- ley; Shelford; Hinton; Comberton, near the Church; and Whittlesford. — Cheshire ; On the banks of the Mersey, near Stockport, but rare. — Cumberland ; Usemire, and Howtown, Ullswater; and Ake-beck-bridge, by Pooley. In a hedge in Aspatria Village, no garden near. Derbysh. Elmeton ; Duffield. — Devon; Between Kingsteignton and Sandy Gate; near Bickington ; Wilming- ton; and Shaldon, near the Sands : FI. Devon. Road-side between Star-Cross and Exeter. — Dorset; Near Milbourne St. Andrews; and in other places in hedges of Orchards about villages. — Durham; Chester le Street new bridge: Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. The 10 Stamens, and 2 Pistils. — Fig. 4. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. A Capsule. — Fig. 6. A Seed. * From sapo, Lat. soap ; the leaves being used as a substitute for that arti- cle in washing. f The 10th class in the Linnean- Artificial System ; it comprehends all those plants which have perfect flowers with 10 distinct stamens in each. Mr. Winch. Near Darlington. — Essex; Wood at Purfleet ; and in a hedge at Laindon Hills. Gloucestersh. Somerton and Beverstone. Side of the Avon, by the passage at Conham near Bristol. — Hampsh. Odiham. — Kent ; Near Linton; Blackheath ; near Morden College. At Lyminge and Sibton: Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent. Between the Half-way House and Gad’s Hill, in the way to Rochester. — Lancash. Near Blackpool. Near Southport: Mr. G. Crosfield. On the brink of the river below Preston. — Leicestersh. Hedges about orchards, &c. but not common. — Middlesex ; Near the churchyard at Iver. — Norfolk; Hedges by the Bungay road at Haddisco; and under a wall at the entrance to Lower Sheringham. — Notts ; Near the Bath at Mansfield. — Shropsh. By the road-side between Llanarnonerch and the new bridge. Nes- cliffe, on the road to Oswestry. Banks of the Severn above and below Bridge- north. — Somersetsh. Road-side near Burnt-house Gale Turnpike, on the Wells road. — Suffolk ; Westleton, Hackestow, &c. By the turnpike road atMarles- ford. Near Bungay, by the road to Flixton. Hedge at Beccles by Rose Hall, and on the Halesworlh road. — Surrey ; Between London and Dulwich. — Sussex; Between Storrington and Washington Common; very plentiful at East Bourne, and on the wide beach towards Langley Fort. — Warwickshire ; Hedge-bank at Dunnington, opposite Mr. Gould’s. Naturalized in a hedge at the S. W. corner of a field that was formerly my father’s garden, about a quarter of a mile from Rugby, on the road to Barby ; July 10, 1831 : W. B. — Westmoreland ; Banks of the Lune at Kirby Lonsdale, abundantly. — Worcestersh. Near Han- ley.— Yorksh. NearShipton; Collingham Moor ; Snaith ; and on the banks of the Swale by Topcliffe. — WALES. Anglesea ; Hedges at Llangadwalader, and other places. — Brecknocksh. At Llangattock, near Crickhowel. — Den- bighsh. Denbigh Castle, between the church and the town ; also on the left of the road as you enter the town of Ruthin from Denbigh.— Flintsh. Among the ruins and rubbish of Basingwerk Abbey. — Glamorgansh. Burrows about Ma- rino ; near Swansea ; and between Cardiff and Llandaff. — Montgomerysh. Hedges of the lane that leads from Llan Rhaiadr to Pistill Rhaiadr : Bot. Guide. — SCOTLAND. Road-sides between Dean and Ravelston ; near Ross- lyn Chapel ; banks of the Esk, above coalpits ; and side of the Mill-Lead, op- posite the old bridge at Musselburgh : Mr. Maughan. Cliesh Wood, Kinross- shire: Mr. Arnott. — Behind Burnt-Island: Mr. Neill. — IRELAND. Fields of Odin, above Rathfarnham : Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in July, August, and September. Root somewhat fleshy, branching, and creeping. Plant nearly or quite smooth, a little succulent. Stem about 18 inches or 2 feet high, upright, round, leafy ; panicled in the upper part. Leaves sessile, opposite, egg-spear-shaped, inclining to elliptic, pointed, 3-ribbed, entire, combined at the base. Flowers in a roundish ter- minal panicle, large, flesh-coloured, or pale pink, sometimes white ; sweet scented, on short, opposite, downy stalks, which are accom- panied by spear-shaped pointed bracteas Calyx somewhat downy, an inch long. Petals inversely heart-shaped, their claws with four angles, and crowned with a cloven scale. + A variety with double flowers has been found wild at Haughmond Abbey, Shrewsbury, by Dr. F.vans. — At Impington near Cambridge, by the Rev. Mr. Relhan. — At North Glemham, in the road to Swelling, by the Rev.G.CnABB. — Between Cheriton and Bramdean, Hampshire, by Dr. Pulteney. — In the road to Sittingbourne, Kent, and at Cornforth, Lancashire, by Dr. Martyn. — And on the banks of the Dodder, near Ball’s Bridge and Donnybrook, in Ireland, by Mr. J. T. Mackay. — This variety is frequently cultivated in gardens. A curious variety, with combined sheathing upper leaves, and a monopetal- ous corolla, was found in Northamptonshire by Gerarde ; and recently near Liverpool, by Dr. Bostock. t Whole plant bitter. Bruised and agitated with water, it raises a lather like soap, which washes spots out of clothes, (whence called Fuller’ s-herb). A decoction of it, applied externally, cures the itch. The Germans use it instead of sarsaparilla in syphilitic complaints. — M. Andry, of Paris, cures violent go- norrhaeas, by giving half an ounce of the inspissated juice daily : and with the ex- tract, and a decoction of the leaves and roots, M. Jurine removes ulcers, pains, and emaciations, which have resisted the use of mercury. Withering. b ) r 38 I Rufeell. Del Pv.h^' 2>y MCBu.xfcf*'. Bo tan te&xrelen.OKfonJ ' J&3& . CMttitwz.rr (38.) D RA'BA * *. Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia f, Siliculo'sa. Natural Order. Cruci'ferte, Juss. Gen. PI. p.237. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 138. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 498. — Cruci'fervE ; Sub- order, PlEURORHI'zEyE. Tribe, ALYSSl'NEyE, or Peeurorhi'zEjE Latise'pt.eJ. Lind. Syn. pp. 20, 21, and 25. — Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499 ; and Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i. pp. 143 & 238. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) equal at the base, somewhat spreading, deciduous; Sepals 4, egg-shaped, concave. Petals (fig. 2.) 4, either cloven, notched, or entire, spreading, with short claws. Filaments (fig. 3.) 6, simple, awl-shaped. Anthers of 2 roundish lobes. Germen (fig. 3.) egg-shaped. Style very short. Stigma knobbed (capitate), flat. Pouch ( siliculaj (fig. 4.) oblong-oval, laterally compressed, entire, tipped with the style or stigma, 2-celled, valves nearly flat, separating from the bottom; Partition (fig. 5.) membra- nous, of the same shape and breadth. Seeds many in each cell, small, roundish, not bordered. Cotyledons accumbent (fig. 6). The entire, oval, laterally compressed pouch, nearly flat valves, and numerous seeds, will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. A numerous herbaceous genus; its pubescence forked or starry. Leaves undivided. Flowers white or yellow, without bracteas. Smith. Five species British. DRA'BA VE'RNA. Common Whitlow-grass. Nailwort. Spec. Char. Stalks radical, naked. Petals deeply cloven. Leaves spear-shaped, somewhat toothed, hairy. Engl. Bot. t. 586. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 49. — Linn. Sp PI. p. 896. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.273. — Sm. FI. Br. v. ii. p.677. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 158. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 755. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 299. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 697. — Lightf. FI. Scot v. i. p. 337. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 198. — Abbot’s FI. Bed. p. 141. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 300. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 260. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 196. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 141. — FI. Devon, pp. 110 5c 188. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 141. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 183. — Erdphila Vulgaris, Lind. Syn. p.26. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 5. — Parony'chia Vulgaris, Ray’s Syn. p.292. — Johnson’s Gerarde, 624. Localities. — On walls, rocks, banks, and dry waste ground. Common. Annual. — Flowers in February, March, and April. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. Stamens. — Fig. 4. A Pouch, with the 2 valves opening from the base, and showing the seeds and the partition. — Fig. 5. The 2 valves removed, showing the thin membranous partition or pla- centa, and the attachment of the seeds to its sides. — Fig. 6. A Seed, showing the 2 Cotyledons, with the radicle lying upon their edg«s, (pleurorhizece).— All, except figs. 4 and 5, more or less magnified. * From drabe, Gr. acrid, as are the leaves of many of this tribe. Hooker. t From tetra, Gr. four, and dunamis, Gr. -power. The 15th class of the Linnean Artificial System, comprehending all those perfect plants which have cruciform flowers with 4 long and 2 short stamens; the 2 shorter ones standing directly opposite to each other. — This class is a truly natural one, and corre- sponds entirely with the cruciferce of Jussieu. — Linn*us divides it into 2 or- ders : 1st. Siliculo'sa, in which the truit is a silicula, pouch or roundish pod, fig. 4. 2nd. Siliqvo'sa, in which the fruit is a siliqua, or long pod. } Fiom latus, broad, and septum, a partition. Loudon. Root fibrous. Ste/n none. Leaves several, arranged in a star- like form, close to the ground, oblong-spear-shaped, entire, or slightly toothed, hairy, hairs either simple or forked. Flower-stalks one or more, radical, from 2 to 6 inches high, round, wavy, leaf- less, hairy when young, smooth after flowering, terminating in a small corymbose head of minute, white, inodorous flowers, which elongates into a fruit-bearing raceme or cluster. Petals twice the length of the calyx, cloven half way down (bifid), fig. 2. Sil'ieulce (pods) rather distant, oval, compressed, smooth, crowned with the permanent sessile stigma. This is one of our earliest flowering plants, enlivening the tops of walls, rocks, and barren uncultivated places, with its little white blossoms, at a time when there are very few other flowers to attract our attention ; and though it is insignificant in itself, yet it excites in us the pleasing reflection that the season is approaching, when “ All that is sweet to smell, all that can charm Or eye or ear, bursts forth on every side, And crowds upon the senses.” LinN/EUS, in his Tour in Lapland, informs us that the Dr aba Verna in Smoland, is called Rye Flower, because as soon as the husbandman sees it in bloom, he is accustomed to sow his Lent corn. He observes also, that the flowers hang down in the night, and in rainy weather. In some countries abundance of this little plant is supposed to prognosticate dearness of corn ; which may have some foundation, as a wet season produces a great crop of this little weed. — It may be used as salad. Goats, sheep, and horses eat it ; cows are not fond of it ; swine refuse it. The Order Cruci'i f.r,t., to which this plant belongs, is one of the largest and most natural families in the vegetable kingdom : in the plants composing it, the Calyx consists of 4 Sepals (fig. 1.), which are mostly deciduous, and often prominent at the base. The Corolla is composed of 4 Petals (fig. 2.), which are alternate with the sepals, and represent a cross. The Stamens are 6 in number (fig. 3.) of which 2 are shorter, opposite, and solitary, and sometimes furnished with a lateral tooth, or an interior scale ; and 4 longer in opposite pairs, generally distinct, but sometimes connate, or furnished with a tooth on the inside. The Nectaries are various green glands, situated upon the recepta- cle between the petals and the stamens and the germen. The Germen or Ovary is superior : the Style short or wanting ; and the Stigma is2-lobed, and perma- nent. The Fruit is either a long, strap-shaped, often more or less quadrangu- lar, or sometimes cylindrical Pod, containing many seeds, when it is termed a Siliqua ; or it is a short roundish pod or pouch, containing one, or very few seeds, when it is called a Silicula (fig. 4.) ; it is of 2 valves, and mostly of 2 cells, with a parallel partition (placenta), which projects more or less at the summit. The valves separate at the base. In a few instances the fruit is of one valve, jointed, and not bursting. The Seeds are attached in a single row by a little stalk, called a funiculus, to each side of the placenta: (fig. 5.), and are generally pendulous, they have no Albumen. The Cotyledons and the Radicle are applied to each other in different ways, and afford characters on which M. Decandolce has founded his suborders of this very natural family — these will be explained hereafter. Those who wish for particular information on the Crucifera: will do well to peruse with attention a very masterly account of this order in Professor Linbley’s Introduction to the Natural System of Botany, pp. 14 to 18. 39 AN BH O Sit MUM OFFICINALE. TUTSAN. I \ '.r. Sottxfiic (rardcri.OxforciJ82&. (39.) ANDROSiE'MUiYl* *. Linnean Class and Order. Polyade'lpiiia f, Poi.ya'ndria. Natural Order. Hyperici'nkvE, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 41. ; Tntrod. to Nat. Syst. of But. p. 47. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 486. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 504. — Hype'rica, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 254. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 143. — Hyperica'ce.® ; Subtype, Hypericidte, Burnett’s Out!, of Bot. pp. 796 & 797. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 3.) inferior, of 1 sepal, deeply divided into 5 egg-shaped, concave, permanent segments. Petals 5, oblong, egg-shaped, spreading. Filaments (figs. 1 & 2.) numerous, hair- like, united at the base into 3 sets. Anthers small, roundish. Ger- men (see fig. 1.) superior, roundish. Styles (see fig. 3.) 3. Stigma simple. Capsule (see figs. 3 & 4.) berried, 1-celled. — Distinguished from Hypericum, t. 80, by the 1-celled, berry-like capsule. One species British. ANDROSTE'MUM OFFICINA'LE. Tutsan, or Park Leaves. Spec. Char. Stem shrubby, 2-edged Leaves egg-shaped, ses- sile. Flowers terminal. Sepals unequal, roundish, egg-shaped, blunt. Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 632. — Lindl. Syn. p. 43. — Hype ricutn Androsae- mum, Linn. — Eng. Bot. t. 1225. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 265. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1102. — Huds. FI. Angl.(2nd ed.) p.332. — Sin. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 800. Eng. FI. v. iii. p.323. — With. (7th ed ) v. iii. p. 869. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 335. — Siblh. FI. Oxon. p.233. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.352. v. iii. p.374. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 221. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 45. — FI. Devon, pp. 127 & 178. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.217.— Bab. FI. Bath. p. 9.— Mack. Catal.of Pi. of lie), p. 68. — Hypericum maximum And 'rosuimum vulgare dictum, Kay’s Syn. p. >143. — Clymenon Italorum, Johnson’s Gerarde, 543. Localities. — In moist shady lanes, thickets, and woods. — Not common. — Ox/or dsh. Shotover Plantations; Stokenchurch ; Nettlebed Woods: Dr. Sui- thorp. On the North side of Shotover- Hill, and in a lane leading from the bottom of the hill to Horsepath ; also in a ditch at the top of the hill, a little before you come to the gate leading to Mr. Schulz’s ; and by the side of a ditch near the old fish-ponds in the Plantations: Aug. 3, 1831, W. B. — Berks ; About Cookham : Mr. Bicheno. Maidenhead Thicket, and Bisham Hill : Mr. W.A. Delamotte. — Cheshire ; In a wood near the Broken Brow ; and woods near Scout Mill. — Cornwall; Abundant: Eow. Duke, Esq. Exeter Coll. — Near Pengwarry ; and in lanes near Saltash. — Devon; Near Brixton; stream-side below Ogwell Mill ; near Newton ; and in a lane leading from Bitton Mill, near Teignmouth, to Haldon. Near Chudleigh, Lympstone, llsington, and l iver- ton. Near Clovelly : Miss Armethioing. — Dorsetsh. Woods about Critchel- House ; about Henbury ; in a wood above Grange in Purbeck; and in Cran- bourne Chase. — Durham; Near Darlington. — Essex; On Epping Forest ; in a wood near Thorndon ; near Woodford : in a lane on the left hand side of the road from Brentwood to Ongar, about half a mile from Ongar. — Gloucestersh. Woods at Wick Cliffs. St. Vincent’s Rocks, Clifton: Miss Arm et ri ding. — Hampsh. Buriton Lane, New Forest; Bere Forest. Stony hollow lanes at Sel- borne. Steephill; and between Luccomb and Bonchurch, Isle ot Wight. — Here/ordsh. In the Northern parts of the county. — Herts; Duke of Bridge- Fig. 1. Stamens, Germen, and Pistils. — Fig. 2. One of the three sets of Stamens. — Fig. 3. Calyx, and nearly ripe Berry. — Fig. 4. Transverse section of the Berry. — Fig. 5. A bit of the Stem, magnified. * That is, andros, aima, Gr. man’s blood ; because, if the yellow flowering- tops are bruised between the fingers, they will immediately communicate a deep crimson stain. Withering. f From polus, Gr. many, and adelphos, Gr. a brother, several brother- hoods. The 18th class in the Linnean Artificial System; it comprehends all those plants with perfect flowers in which the stamens are united by their fila- ments into more than two sets, fig. 1. water’s woods at Askeridge ; and near Berkamstead. — Kent ; In most of the woods about Dover, as in the wood on Lymne Kill, plentifully; between Chiselhurst and Bromley; in Eastwear Bay; and in the wood below Lymne Castle, &c. : Rev. G. K. Smith. — Middlesex ; Bacher and Hampstead Heaths. In a thicket near Harefield Chuich ; also between Ilighgate and Aluswell Hill. — Norfolk; At Field Bailing. About Costesey. Lane at Mautby ; and about North Walsham. — Northamptonsh. Woods about the mineral spring at King’s Cliff. — Shropsh. Cross Hill near Shrewsbury. In a thicket at Hays. Between Bridgenorth and Faintree, on the side of the turnpike-road : Mr. Purton. — Somersetsh. Near Yeovil. Woods near Bath : Mr. Babington. — Stqffbrdsh. Woods near Burslem. — Surrey; Wimbleton Woods. Bare-Hill Lane near Doiking : Mr. W. Pampljn, jun — Sussex ; About old Roar, and at the fish- ponds near Hastings. Woods about Penn’s Rocks, Harrison’s Rocks, and elsewhere near Tutibiidge Wells. Not uncommon in the Weald. — Warwicksh. In woods at Meriden: Mr. Buck. — Westmoreland; In the Lady Holme in Winandermere. Rocky woods, frequent. Lane by Stockgill Force above Am- bleside. — Wilts ; Laverstock near Salisbury. Near Great Bedwyn : W. Bart- lett, Esq. — Worcestersh. Lanes at the foot of Malvern Hill. Near Little Malvern Priory ; in a wood by Picket Rock, near Kidderminster; and in a deep hollow way in a marly soil between Worcester and Tewkesbury. — Yorksh. Cook-wood near Sheffield. Near Halifax. Wood about Kirkstal Abbey ; and Ruswarp Carrs near Whitby. — WALES. Anglesea ; Old Park, and hedges near Beaumaris. — Brecknocksh. About Brecon. — Carmarthensh. In several places near Carmarthen. — Carnarvonsh. In a hedge near the Menai, between Carnarvon and Llanfair lscaer ; and in the woods at Glangconna, near Carnar- von. Side of the great road near Cwm Delhi, at the foot of Snowdon, leading from Capel Cerig to Beddgelert. Denbighsh. Merllyn Dingle near Garn, be- tween the Wash-house and the Mill. — Glamorgansh. Frequent about Cardiff, Neath, Penrice, and throughout the county. — Pembrokesh. Common about Stackpole Court. See Turner and Dellwyn’s Botanist’s Guide. — SCOT- LAND. In the woods at Inverary, and at Lock Ransa, in the Isle of Arran : Ligiitfoot. — Of common occurrence about Dunluce Castle, Antrim : Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 438. — IRELAND. Under hedges and in woods in the county of Dublin, frequent: Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers from July to September. Root thick and woody, of a reddish colour, sending out long fibres. Stems somewhat shrubby, about 2 feet high, smooth, slightly winged on opposite sides (fig. 5.), branched towards the top. Leaves opposite, sessile, egg-shaped, or somewhat heart-shaped, widely spreading, glaucous on the under side, and reticulated with numerous veins, which become through age of a reddish or purple colour : the lower leaves are generally the least. Panicle terminal, upright, forked, many-Howered, with angular, or winged, smooth Stalks. Flowers of a yellowish colour, about an inch wide, with 3 sets of Stamens (fig. 1.), and as many Styles. The 3 outer segments of the calyx are the largest. Berry purplish-black when ripe ; imper- fectly 3-celled. The leaves and other parts of the plant have an aro- matic scent when rubbed The French call this plant Toute-seine, All-heal ; whence its English name Tutsan. The name of Park Leaves has been applied to it, from its being frequently found in Parks +. “ It is often admitted into gardens; and was formerly esteemed for its medical qualities as a vulnerary, the leaves readily healing any fresh wounds. The leaves, given in substance, were supposed to de- stroy worms. By distillation they yield an essential oil. The dried plant boiled in water, with alum, dyes yarn of a yellow colour ; and the Swedes give a fine purple tinge to their spirits with the flowers. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it ; horses and swine refuse it.” With. t TJrido Hypericorum, DC. FI. Fr. is parasitic on the under surface of the leaves of this species about Oxford. It is new to the British Flora. — See Baxter’s Stirpes Cryptogamce Oxonienses, N. 42. (1825.) u o C Mathew* St (40.) VI'SCUM*. Linnean Class and Order. Dice'cia, Tetra'ndria. Natural Order. Lora'nthea2, Rich, and Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 133 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 208. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 461. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 519. — Lora'nthiNjE, sect. L<" rantha'cete, Burnett’s Outlines of Bot. pp. 763 & 764. — Caprifolia, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 210. Gen. Char. Barren Flowers (fig. 1.) ; Calyx obsolete. Corolla of 1 petal, in 4 deep, egg-shaped, pointed, equal segments. Fila- ments none. Anthers 4, egg-shaped, compressed, sessile on the base of each segment of the corolla, all over pitted, or cellular. Fertile Flowers (fig. 2.) ; Calyx a slight border. Corolla of 4, egg-shaped, equal, deciduous petals. Germen inferior, egg-shaped, crowned with the calyx. Style none. Stigma blunt. Berry globular, smooth, juicy, viscid, of 1 cell. Seed 1, heart-shaped, compressed. Em- bryos 1 or 2, sometimes 3, (fig. 4.) One species British. VI'SCUM A'LBUM. White, or Common Misseltoe. Missel. Spec. Char. Leaves inversely egg-spear-shaped, blunt. Stem forked, with sessile, intermediate heads, of about 5 flowers. Eng. Bot. t. 1470. — Woodv. Med. Bot. Suppl. t. 270. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1451. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 431. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 1074 Eng. FI. v. iv. p.236. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p 240. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.492. — Lindl. Syn. p. 133. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 434. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 63. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 214. — Purt. Mid. FI. v. ii. p. 474. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 406. — Hook. FI. Scot, p.288. — FI. Devon, pp. 159 & 164. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 295. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 22. — Viscum , Ray’s Syn. p. 464. — Johnson’s Gerarde, 1350. Localities. — Parasitical on trees, especially on the Apple-tree fPyrus ma- lus) ; the White-thorn (Cratayus oxyacanthaj ; the Lime (Tilia europaa J ; the Maple ( Acer campestre, t. 98.J ; the Ash ( Fraxinus excelsior) ; the Poplar; and the Willow ; very rarely on the oak. — Oxfordsh. Near Bland’s Court: Dr. Sibthorp. On old apple-trees at Ibston, near Stokenchurch : 1824, W. B. — Berks; About Appleton, on willows: Miss Hoskins. East Hamstead Park, on the white-thorn. On oaks at Sand-pit Gate, Windsor Forest ; and on Crispin oak, Winkfield Plain : Mr. W. A. Delamotte. — Bedfordsh. On trees, common: Rev. C. Abbot. — Bucks ; On the left hand side of the road going from High Wycombe to West Wycombe, on the White-thorn (Cratcegus oxyacanthaj ; the Black-thorn (Prunus spinosa J ; and the Crab-tree fPyrus malusj ; and on Apple-trees at Long Wick: Mr. P. B. Ayres, April, 1833. — Cambridgesh. On various trees: Rev. R. Relh an. — Denbighsh. BrynkinaltPark, on oaks: Mr. Barrett. — Devon ; In an orchard at Holcombe Rogers, ( Regis 1) on the borders of Somersetshire : Rev. R. Neck, in FI. Devon. — Gloucestersh. Common in this county. In Babminton Park, on the Hawthorn, the Crab, and the Maple, in great abundance : Mr. J. Robinson, Gardener, Wadham College. On a Beech-tree, 1832 : G. W. Sandys, Esq. Pembroke College.— Hampsh. Observed in this county by Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Herefordsh. Common in this county, both on orchard and hedge-row fruit-trees: Dr. Withering. — Kent; On trees in this county: ibid. — Northumberland ; On trees near Bed- lington, the only station in the district: Mr. Winch. — Somersetsh. Not uncom- mon on Apple-trees ; in an orchard a little beyond the bridge on the road to Box, in great plenty : Rev. C. C. Babington. — Warwicksh. Norbrooke : Mr. W. G. Perry. — Worcestersh. Common in this county : Dr. Withering. a. A branch of a barren plant. — b. Ditto of a fertile one. — Fig. 1. A stamen- bearing Corolla. — Fig. 2. A pistil bearing ditto. — Fig. 3. A Berry cut through transversely. — Fig. 4. A Seed divided vertically, showing the double embryo. — Fig. 5. An embryo, magnified. — F’ig. 6. A Seed after it has germinated, showing the manner in which it produces the radicles, and attaches them to the bark. * From the yEoIIc Biskos, tenacious; from the adhesive property of the berries, or plant. Withering. Shrub. — Flowers in April and May. Root woody, thick, incorporated deeply with the wood of the tree on which it grows. Stem bushy, about a foot or 18 inches high, very much branched, repeatedly forked (dichotomous), jointed, round, smooth, and even, of a pale yellowish-green colour. Leaves nearly the same colour as the stem, opposite, tongue-shaped, from an inch and a half to 2 } inches long, very entire, with parallel ribs, smooth, rigid, almost woody, evergreen. Flowers yellowish-green, in small, axillary heads, about 3 or 5 in each head. Berries globu- lar, the size of a currant, white, pellucid, sweet, very glutinous in- ternally. Seed with from 1 to 3 Embryos j\ Some curious experiments are recorded by M. Richard, in his Elements of Botany, as having 1 en made on the germination of the seed of the Misseltoe. I am indebted to M. Parigot, B. A. of the University of Ghent, for the follow- ing observations, which are extracted chiefly from the above-named work. “ In opposition to the law of the tendency of roots towards the earth’s centre, the Misseltoe, in common with some other parasitic plants, shoots out its radicle in whatever position chance places it. Thus, when the seed, which is enveloped with a thick and clammy gluten, happens to fix itself (or, as is often the case, is placed by the Missel Thrush, Turdus viscivorus of Linn., in the act of clean- ing its bill from the glutinous seed) on the under part of a branch, the radicle, which is a kind of tubercle hollowed out like a French-horn, directs itself up- wards. In short, iu whatever position the seed may be fixed to the branch, the radicle always directs itself perpendicularly to the axis of the branch. The radi- cle presents also another unvarying tendency, which is, that of avoiding the light. Experiments have been made by M. Dutrochet, in which this seed, which finds its first nutriment in the gluten that envelopes it, was made to ger- minate on the two sides of the panes of a window, in both cases the radicles directed themselves towards the interior of the room, as if in quest of darkness J.” No art has yet made this plant take root in the earth ; but if the berries, when fully ripe, are rubbed on the smooth bark of almost any tree, but especially the Apple or the Crab, they will adhere closely, and produce plants the following Winter. Several plants, in different stages of growth, all of which have been produced by this method, are now growing on Apple trees in the Oxford Bo- tanic Garden. The berries, when boiled with a small portion of vegetable oil, serve to make the best birdlime. It was formerly in great repute as a remedy for epileptic and other complaints, but it is now disregarded. It was one of those plants which was held sacred by the Druids, who ordained that it should be cut with a golden knife, and only by the Priest, who was to be clothed in white, and the plant received on a white napkin, when the moon was six days old. This ceremony was accompanied by the sacrifice of two white bulls. Thus consecrated, Missel- toe was considered an antidote to poisons, and a preventative of all the various ills of Pandora’s box. — In the Christmas ceremony of the bush may be yet re- cognized a slight vestige of the importance once attached to this peculiar shrub. 'The Lora'ntheje are dicotyledonous, parasitical herbaceous plants, with op- posite, veinless, fleshy Leaves without stipul*. The Flowers are often monoe- cious. (sometimes dioecious, ) axillary or terminal, solitary, corymbose, orspiked. The Calyx is superior, with 2 bracteae at the base. The Corolla is composed of from 4 to 8 Petals, which are more or less united at the base. The Stamens are of the same number as the petals, and opposite to them. The Ovary is 1 -celled ; the Ovule pendulous; the Style 1, or none ; the Stigma simple. The Fruit is succulent, and 1 -celled ; the Seed is solitary and pendulous; the Testa mem- branous; the Embryo cylindrical, longer than the fleshy Albumen ; and the Radicle is naked, club shaped, and superior. — Lindley and Richard. T Out of nine seeds which I rubbed on the smooth bark of an Apple-tree in the Botanic Garden, this Spring (1833), and left there to germinate; two produced only one radicle each ; six produced two radicles each ; and one produced three. It appears, from this experiment, that two is the most common number of radi- cles produced by each seed of this curious plant. — See figs. 4 & 6. t This experiment was verified last year (1833) in several seeds which were let to vegetate on the panes of my window in the Botanic Garden. W. B. 1834. (41.) GAGEA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Hexa'ndria, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Asphode'le^e, Dr. R. Brown. — Lind. Syn. p. 266 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 273. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 539. — Asphodeli, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 51.— Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 74. — Lilia'ce^e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 403. — Liliacin^e ; type, As- phodelacejE ; subtype, Scillid^e, Burnett’s Outl. of Bot. pp. 425, 427, & 428. Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla (Perianthium, see p. 33y (fig. 1.) inferior, of 6, somewhat herbaceous, permanent petals, ap- proaching below, spreading above. Filaments 6, not dilated at the base, inserted at the bottom of the petals. Germen (fig. 2.) su- perior, egg-shaped, 3-sided. Style (fig. 2.) upright, permanent. Stigma gaping. Capsule (fig. 3.) 3-sided (triangular), of 3 cells, and 3 valves. Seeds many, small, and roundish. — Flowers yellow, umbellate or corymbose, with leafy bracteas. Distinguished from Ornithdgalum by the stamens being not dilated at the base, and by the stigma being bifid or gaping. — Mr. Salis- bury says, “ the character of the inflorescence, if there was no other, distinguishes it from all the neighbouring genera with an hypogynous (inferior) corolla.” One speeies British. GA'GEA LU'TEA, Ker. Yellow Gagea. Yellow Star of Belh- lehem. Spec. Char. Root-leaves 1 or 2, strap-spear-shaped, longer than the angular scape. Umbel simple. Bracteas strap-spear- shaped, longer than the umbel. Petals spear-shaped, blunt. Gagea lutea, Ker, in Botanical Magazine, t. 1200. — Lindl. Syn. p. 268. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 155. — Gagea fascicular is, Mr. R. A. Salisbury, in Annals of Botany, v. ii. p. 555. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 180. — Ornithugalum luteurn, Engl. Bot. t. 21. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 121. — Redout6 Liliacees, t. 302. fig. 1. Ray’s Syn. p. 372. — Linn. Sp PI. p. 439. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed ) p. 143. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.362. Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 142. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 426. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 180. — Sibth. FI. Oxon.p. 111. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 102. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 76. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.93. — Ornithogalum luteum, sive eepa agraria, Johnson’s Gerarde, 165. Localities. — In woods and pastures. — Rar e.~Oxfordsh. Woods near Ash- ford Mills; Fauler: Dr. Siisthorp. Blenheim Park, near new bridge; and outside of Cornbury Park Wall : J. Coles, Esq. F. L. S. — In Berksh. : J. E. Biciieno, Esq. — Cheshire; In a close near Willow-Moor at Bellow-Hill : Mr. Vernon, in Blacks. Sp. Bot. — Cumberland; Near Keswick. Mr. Hutton. — Derbysh. Park-Hall YVoods: Rev. Mr. Pashlev. In a meadow adjoining the Copper Mills, Derby : Mr. Whately. — Durham ; Near Pierce Bridge; Barn- ard Castle; and Whorlton ; and shores of the Tees near Egleston ; and Bishop Auckland: Rev. J. IIarriman. — Somersetsh. In a cornfield at Winstaunton : Merrett. — Suffolk; Found some years since by Mr. Ashby, in a hedge at Shipmeadow, between Beccles and Bungay ; there were but few plants, and he has never been able to see it since : D. Turner, Esq. — Surrey ; Meadow near Godalmin: Mr. Hill, in Blackst. Sp. Bot.— Westmoreland; Near Kendal: Dr. Withering. — Yorksh. Near Greta Bridge, andBignal: Ray. Welburn Fig. 1. Perianthium spread open to show the six Stamens. — Fig. 2. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 3. Capsule, and permanent Style. — Fig. 4. A transverse section of the same. * So named (by R. A. Salisbury, Esq. F. R. S. in Annals of Botany) in honour of the late Sir Tho. Gage, Baronet, an excellent British Botanist. near Kirby-moor-side. Near Doncaster ; Stitnam ; Dunkirk Wood, near Sleningford, five miles north of Ripon, abundant. Hungry Hill, Robin Hood’s Bank, and banks of the Skell, Ripon. In the long flat at Knaresborough. Mal- ham Cove: Bot. Guide. Near Richmond: L. E. O. in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 168. — SCOTL A N D. Side of a rivulet near Auchtertool, and in the Den of Forret, four miles from Cupor, Fifeshire. Near Dupplin. Woods at Cortachy Castle, north of Forfar, in abundance, and truly wild: D. Don, Hook. FI. Scot. Perennial. — Flowers in March and April. Bulb small, about the size of a hazel-nut. Scape solitary, from 4 to 6 inches high, unequally angular, and terminated by a simple, rarely a double, umbel of 3 or 4, sometimes more, flowers, on angu- lar, smooth, upright flower-stalks, about an inch and a half long ; accompanied at the base by 2 or 3 unequal bracteas, one of which is much larger than the others, and longer than the flower-stalks ; and one of them occasionally very minute ; their edges more or less fringed with soft, loose hairs. Root-leaf 1, rarely 2, strap-spear- shaped, pointed, ribbed, keeled, upright, and taller than the scape. Corolla of 6 spear-shaped, keeled petals, disposed in two series, the inner of a greenish-yellow colour, the outer green. Filaments awl- shaped, flattish. Anthers and Pistils yellow. Style triangular. The bulbous roots of this species have been used for food, in times of scarcity, in Sweden. Stukm says, that the bulbs, roasted in ashes and mixed with honey, are useful in healing sores ; and that the ex- pressed juice of the roots is beneficial to children in convulsions. The Natural Order Asphode'le/f. comprises many very pretty, and some handsome plants. They are all monocotyledonous (having only one seed-lobe), herbaceous plants, or occasionally trees, with bulbs, or fasciculated roots. Their leaves have parallel veins ; their flower-stalks are jointed, or articulated in the middle ; and their flowers are coloured. They have a petal-like, regular, 6-parted or 6-cleft peridnthium ( corolla). Six stamens, which are perigynous (inserted upon the perianthium) , or hypogynous (inserted below the germen) ; the 3 opposite the 3 outer pieces of the perianthium (sepals) sometimes either unlike the rest, or wanting. Ovarium (germen) superior, of 3 cells, with 2 or many seeds in each cell. Ovules (unripe seeds), when 2, ascending. Style one. Stigma en- tire, or with 3 short lobes. The fruit is mostly a 3-celled, 3-valved capsule, with a loculicidal dehiscence (i. e. the dissepiments, or par- titions, are situated on the middle of the inner surface of the valves) ; occasionally succulent, and sometimes 3-parted. The seeds have a black, brittle, and crustaceous testa. The albumen is fleshy, and contains the embryo. This order is distinguished from that of Lilia'cEjE by the smaller flowers, and hard, black, brittle testa, or integuments of the seed. — See Professor Lindley’s Introd. to the Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 273. ADO'XA MCSCHATELLINa, TVEICn ors MO S CffA. TKr.L . 7/ / KyiUlJfl CJUUlA JPu.£ Ay W3a,M ft r ./So ta.n. cc 6? a. role n A?j(/%rci. ft?} $ . ANEMONE NEMOBOSA. fTOOD jlnem&jstjs. % I Fujkill'tf CJUtAtm.S* C ?ac 5 ■: i (42.) ADO'XA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Octa'ndria f, Tetragy'nia. Natural Order. Saxifra'gEjE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 308. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 163. — Lindl. Syn. p. 66 ; Introduct. to Nat. Syst. p. 49. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 511. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Succulents, Linn. — Rosases ; sect. Aralins ; type, Ara- lia'ces. Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 765, & 767. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 3.) half inferior, 2- or 3-cleft, seg- ments permanent, flat and spreading. Corolla (figs. 1 & 2.) of one petal, wheel-shaped, in 4 or 5 deep, egg-shaped, pointed, spreading segments, which are longer than the calyx. Filaments 8 or 10, awl-shaped, as long as the calyx. Anthers (fig. 4.) terminal, 1-celled, roundish. Germen half superior. Styles 4 or 5, simple, short, upright, a little spreading, united at their base, which is per- manent (see f.5). Stigmas simple. Berry (fig. 6.) globose, 1-celled, half invested with the permanent calyx, whose segments surround the middle part of it. Seeds 4, compressed, each surrounded with a vertical, membranous border. The terminal flower only is 4-cleft, with 8 stamens, and 4 pistils ; the lateral ones are 5-cleft, with 10 stamens, and 5 pistils : hence, according to a rule assumed by Linnaeus, this genus is placed in Octandria Tetragy'nia. — Distinguished from other British genera of the same class and order, by the half inferior calyx, and mono- petalous corolla. Only one species known. ADO'XA MOSCHATE'LLINA. Tuberous Moschatell. Eng. Bot. t. 453.— Curt. FI. Lond. t. 137.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 527.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 172. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 432. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 242. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 501 . — Lind. Syn. p. 67.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 184. — Light. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 209.— Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 131.— Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 91.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 202. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 165. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 123. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 91. — FI. Devon, pp. 71 & 168. — Walk. FI. Oxf. p. 1 16. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select*, p. 37. — Bab. FI. Bath p. 19. — Adoxa tuberosa, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 493. — Moschatellina foliis Fumaria bullosa, Ray’s Syn. p. 267. — Radix cava minima viridi flore, Johnson’s Gerarde, 1091. Localities. — Moist woods, groves, thickets, and shady hedges. Not uucom- mon. — Oxfordsh. Shotover Plantations ; Southleigh ; and woods near Ashford Mills : Dr. Sibthoup. South side of Shotover Hill : 1813; Mr. James Hinton. Hedge-banks between Shotover Hill and the Plantations ; and in the Plantation, in great abundance, in flower April 16, 1831. On a Heath between Barton and Stanton St. John, a little beyond Bayswater ; in a lane near Stow Wood ; and in Headingtou-Wick Copse, in fruit June 4, 1831: W.B. — Berks; In a Fig. 1. A terminal Corolla, with 8 Stamens. — Fig. 2. A lateral Corolla, with 10 Stamens. — Fig. 3. Calyx and Pistils. — Fig. 4. A Segment of the Corolla, showing the insertion of the Stamens. — Fig. 5. Calyx and Pistils, magnified. — Fig. 6. A Berry, surrounded by the remains of the Calyx. * From a Gr. privative, without; and doxa, Gr. glory ; void of show ; from the humble and insignificant aspect of this little flower. f The 8th class in the Artificial System of Linn.eus, comprising those plants which have perfect flowers with 8 distinct stamens in each. — When the number of stamens and pistils differ in different flowers on the same plant, as is the case with Adoxa, it was a rule laid down by Linn,eus, that the class and order should then be determined by the number of those organs in the terminating flower, in which they are found to be constant. copse near VVootton Heath ; and under hedges, bushes, &c. on the left hand side of the road just before you come to Bagley Wood, going from Oxford to Abingdon: W. B. Near Sandhurst: Mr. W. A. Dei.amotte. — Bedfordsh. Aspley, Renhold, and Clapham : Rev. 0. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. About Chesterton, and Shalford: Rev. R. Relhan. — Devon. Chudleigh, Ashburton, Totness, and Lustleigh : road-side between Manatou and North Bovey ; Withe- combe Wood, near Exmouth; Tavistock, ic.: FI. Dev. — Hampsh. Near Boar- hunt: Rev. S. Palmer, in Mag. Nat. Hist. — Kent ; About Tenlerden : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. In Charlton \\ ood, near London: Mr. W. Curtis. — Leicestersh Ulvescroft Priory, near Charnwood Forest: Rev. A Bloxham. in Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 167. — Shropsh. Dingles, near Hord’s Park: Mr. Puri on. — Somersetsh. Frequent about Bath: Rev. C. C. Babington. — War- iviclcsk. Alcester Mill, in the rough ground by the flood-gates : Mr. Purton. In the wood on the S. W. side of the pool at Edgbaston, plentiful ; and in the woods to the N. of Aston Park, near Birmingham: Dr. Withering. Grove at Wootton Grange, &c. not rare : Mr. W. G. Perry. — Wilts; About Great Bedwyn : W. Bartlett, Esq.— SCOTLAND. In the Hermitage : Dr. Par- sons, in Lightf. FI. Scot. Near the top of Craig-chailliach, Breadelbane : Mr. Stuart, ibid. Frequent about Glasgow, in woods, and about the roots of hedges: Mr. Hopkirk, in Hook. FI. Scot. Banks of the Helvin, Glasgow : Mr. Murray, ibid. Moist woods opposite the Bleachfield, Rosslyn : Mr. Neill, in Grev. FI. Edin. Wood near the Paper-Mill, at Colinton: Mr. D. Stuart, ibid. Between Lasswade and Rosslyn : Mr. Arnott, ibid. Braid Burn ; bank opposite Melville Castle: Dr. Graham, ibid. Arniston Woods, and at Craig- lockhart, but rare: Dr. Greville, ibid. Perennial. — Flowers in April and May. Root white, fleshy, creeping, with tooth-like scales. Stems soli- tary, upright, simple, and nearly square, 3 or 4 inches high. Root- leaves 2 or 3, on long foot-stalks, biternate (twice ternate), lobed and cut, smooth and shining ; segments or lobes egg-shaped, with a short point. Stem-leaves 2, simply ternate, opposite, smaller than the root-leaves, and on short stalks. Flowers pale yellowish-green, forming a round head, which is composed of 5 flowers, one of which is terminal, with a 2-cleft calyx, a 4-cleft corolla, 8 stamens, and 4 pistils ; 4 are lateral, with a 3-cleft calyx, a 5-cleft corolla, 10 stamens, and 5 pistils. Fruit a berry, becoming pulpy as it ripens. This is an unobtrusive little plant, flowering as early as the latter end of March, or the beginning of April, and ripening its berries in May, soon after which its leaves decay. It delights to grow in moist shady places in woods, and similar situations ; a circumstance which has not escaped the notice of the poet. “ Adoxa loves the greenwood shade ; There, waving through the verdant glade. Her scented seed she strews.” The flowers have a musky smell in the evening, or early in the morning while moist with dew ; and hence, by some, called Musk Crowfoot. The cryptogamic Botanist will find two interesting little parasites on the leaves and stems of this plant in the vicinity of Oxford, viz. Puccinia Adoxa of Decandolle, and JEcidium albescens, of Dr. Greville ; the latter is a beautiful little plant, remarkable for its general white aspect, which partly arises from the surface of the leaf being blistered for some distance round the plant. See Grev. FL Edin. pp. 432 & 444. (43.) ANEMO'NE* *: Linnean Class and Order. PoLYA'NDRiAf, Polygy'nia. Natural Order. Ranuncui.a'ce.e ; Sect. 1. — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 136. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. — Rich, by Macgil. p. 465. — Ranuncula'cea:, Sect. ix. Anemo'nea:. Lind. Introd. to the Nat. Syst. pp. 6 & 8. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 495 & 496. — Rosales, sect. Ranunculi'na:; subsect, Ranunculiana:. Type, Ranuncui.acea: ; Subtype, Anemonea: ; Burnett’s Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 828, 832, 837, & 838. Gen. Char. Involucrum of 3 divided leaves, which are more or less distant from the flower. Calxjx none. Petals from 5 to 15^ inferior, regular, in one or more rows, imbricated in the bud, de- ciduous. Filaments (f. 1.) numerous, hair-like, about half the length of the corolla. Anthers terminal, of 2 round lobes, which burst out- wardly. Germens superior, numerous, collected into a round or ob- long head. Styles (f. 2 & 3.) tapering, short. Stigmas simple, bluntish. Seeds (Pericarps, Hook. Br. FI.) numerous, pointed, tipped with the permanent styles, which in some species become feathery tails. — The 3-leaved, involucrum, the imbricated aestivation of the flower, number of petals, (from 5 to 15), numerous seeds, and the want of a calyx and nectaries, will distinguish this genus from others, in the same class and order. Tuberous rooted, stemless herbs, with stalked, more or less di- vided, or compound leaves, and solitary or aggregate flowers, on radical stalks, with a leafy involucrum or bractea. Flowers blue, purplish, red, white, or yellow. Very variable. Four species British. ANEMO'NE NEMORO'SA. Wood-Anemone. Wood-Nymph. Wind-Flower. Spec. Char. Flowers solitary. Petals 6, oval. Seeds pointed, without tails. Involucrum of 3 ternate or quinate, stalked, lobed, and cut leaves. Eng. Bot. t. 355. — Curt. FI. Lond.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 762. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 236. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 581. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 36. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 671. — Lindl. Syn. p. 9. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 264. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 284. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 170. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 119.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 256.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 219.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 171. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 122. — FI. Devon, pp. 92 &c 193. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 121. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 153. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 1. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 52. — Anemone nimorum alba, Ray’s Syn. p.259. — Johnson’s Gerarde, 383. — Anemonanthea nemordsa, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 725. Localities. — In woods, hedges, thickets, and on heaths. — Common. Perennial. — Flowers in April. Root tuberous, nearly cylindrical, creeping horizontally under the surface of the earth, chesnut-coloured on the outside, white within, Fig. 1. Stamens. — Fig. 2. Germens and Styles. — Fig. 3. A separate Germen. — Fig. 4. A Seed. — Fig. 5. The same magnified. * From anemos, Gr. the wind ; because many of the species grow in exposed situations. Dr. Hooker, in Br. FI. t The 13th class in the Linnean Artificial System , containing those plants which have perfect flowers, with more than 20 distinct stamens in each, inserted into the receptacle, below the pistillum ( hypogynous ). brittle, and furnished with brown fibres. Leaves on long foot-stalks, ternate or quinate, mostly 3-cleft, always irregularly cut ; the margin and ribs slightly hairy. Involucrum of 3 similar leaves, with shorter leaf-stalks, situated above half way up the flower-stalk, which is simple and slightly hairy. Flowers rather drooping, solitary. Petals white, often purplish at the back, each more than half an inch long, of an oblong-oval shape, with a shallow notch at the summit. Germens (figs. 2 & 3.) downy. Seeds (figs. 4 & 5.) beaked with the style almost their own length. — The flowers expand in fine clear weather, but close, and bend downwards in the evening, or in wet weather, whereby the delicate parts of the flower are secured from injury. Mr. Hutton observed a variety with the petals entirely of a purplish red colour, near Keswick ; the same variety has been observed in Devonshire ; and in a grass ground on the North side of Shotover Hill, near Oxford, in April, 1831. A double-flowered variety is commonly cultivated in gardens. The whole plant is acrid. Accord- ing to Linnaeus, oxen, goats, and sheep eat it, but horses and swine refuse it. Cattle brought from open to woody pastures, and eating of this plant, have been effected with the bloody-flux. — Dr. Wither- ing informs us, on the authority of Swediaur, that the recent flowers are poisonous ; that the plant yields an acrid, volatile prin- ciple, so corrosive as to be used externally, instead of cantharides ; and that it is serviceable in head-aches, tertian agues, and rheumatic gout. A beautiful little parasite, JEc'idium leucospermum of Decan- dolle, (Baxter’s Stir. Crypt. Oxon. No. 89), is not uncommon on the leaves, and sometimes on the flowers of this Anemdne, in the vicinity of Oxford, especially in Bagley Wood, and on Shotover Hill. It also produces, on its leaves and leaf-stalks, the Puccinia Anemones of Persoon (Baxter’s St. Crypt. Oxon. No. 82) in plenty. Uredo Anemones is also found upon it, but not common. The roots are sometimes attacked by Pez'iza tuberosa, (Sowerby’s Fungi, t. 63), which is very destructive to them. I once lost a whole bed of British Anemones, consisting of Anemdne nemordsa, double and single; A. Ranunculo'ides ; and A. Apennina\; entirely through the ravages of this fungus. A leaf of Anemdne nemordsa, with Puccinia anemones growing on its under surface, was mistaken by Dr. Dillenius for a species of Fern, and was by him described and figured as such, in his edition of Ray’s Syn. p. 124. t. 3. fig. 1., under the name of Filix lobata, globulis pulverulentis undique aspersa. The original specimen, from which the drawing was made, is still preserved in the Bobar- tian Herbarium in the Library of the Oxford Botanic Garden. See Loudon’s Gardeners’ Mag. v. iii. p. 490. t The Anemone apennina has been found by Mrs. Pearce, of Beaumont- street, Oxford, in a copse near Shillingford, Berks; on the left hand in the lane from Hatford, after crossing the turnpike road ; plentiful. BELL1S PEREKJJIS. COMMON DAISY: X c J 2 s&3a.xteT./3oZa.nl c tri* rdai\.Oxfi>rti./J35' (44.) BE'LLIS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia, Polyga'mia, Su- PER'FLUAf. Natural Order. Compo'sitae + ; Tribe, Corymbi'fer2E§, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. pp. 197 & 199.— Composite ; Subtribe, Aste're®, Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Synanthereae ; Tribe, Corymbi'feriE. — Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 & 455. — Corymbi'fera;, Sect. hi. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 177 & 183.— Sm. Gr. of Bot. pp. 121 & 123.— Syringa- les ; Subord. Asterosag ; Sect. Asterinas ; Subsect. Asteri- anas, Burnett’s Outl. of Bot. p. 900, 901, 920, & 924. Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx, fig. 5.J simple, hemispherical, upright, of from 10 to 20 spear-shaped, equal scales (bracteae), in two rows. Corolla compound, rayed ; Florets of the disk (fig. L) numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal spreading segments; those of the ray (fig. 3.) strap-shaped, "ery slightly notched at the end, more in number than the scales of the calyx. Filaments 5, in the tubular florets only, hair-like, very short. Jlnthers forming a cylindrical, notched tube (fig. 2). Germen ( ovarium ) in all the florets inversely egg-shaped. Style thread- shaped. Stigmas spreading, oblong, rather shorter and thicker in the Horets of the disk than in the florets of the ray. Seed-vessel none, but the spreading unaltered calyx. Seed (fig. 4.) inversely egg-shaped, compressed, without any seed-down. Receptacle coni- cal, hollow, and naked, (figs. 5 & 6). — The naked conical recepta- cle, want of seed-down, and hemispherical involucrum composed of two rows of equal scales, will distinguish this from other genera, with a radiated corolla, in the same class and order. One species British. BE'LLIS PERE'NNIS. Common Daisy ||. Spec. Char. Root creeping. Flower-stalks radical, naked, 1-flowered. Leaves inversely egg-shaped, crenate. Engl. Bot. t. 424. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1248. — Huds. FI. Angl.(2nd. ed.) p. 370. — Sm. FI. Brit. v.ii. p. 897. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 447. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 947. — Lindl. Syn. p. 148. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 365. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 454. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 487. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 256. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 184. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 409. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 348. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 246. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 180. — FI. Devon, pp. 139 & 160. — Johnston’s FI. of Berk. v. i. p. 186. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 244. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 26. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 74. — Beilis syl- vdstris minor , Ray’s Syn. p. 184. — Bdllis minor sylvdstris, John. Ger. 636. Localities. — In meadows and pastures, everywhere. “ ’Tis Flora’s page: — in every place, In every season fresh and fair, It opens with perennial grace, And blossoms everywhere. Fig. 1. A tubular 5-cleft Floret of the Disk, showing theGermens and Stigma. — Fig. 2. The 5 short, slender Filaments, and the united Anthers, which form a cylindrical notched tube, through which the Style passes. — Fig. 3. A strap- shaped Floret of the Ray, showing the Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. A Seed. — Fig. 5. Involucrum and cone-shaped Receptacle, after the seeds are removed. — Fig. 6. A vertical section of the same. — Figs. 1, 2, & 3, are magnified. * From bellus, pretty. f See p. 36. f See p. 27. § See p. 36. || The word Daisy is a compound of day’s and eye, Day’s-eye. Flora Domest. — In Yorkshire it is called Bairnwort, probably from the delight which children On waste and woodiand, rock and plain, Its humble buds unheeded rise ; The Rose has but a summer’s reign, The Daisy never dies.” — J. Montgomery. Root somewhat creeping, throwing out many fibres. Leaves numerous, mostly radical, inversely egg-shaped, blunt, crenate (notched), more or less hairy, tapering at the base. Flower-stalks several, radical, 3 or 4 inches high, ascending, simple, round, solid at the bottom, hollow upwards, hairy, each bearing a solitary flower. Calyx dark green, spreading; scales or bracteas, in two rows. Florets of the disk yellow, numerous ; those of the ray white, often beautifully tinged with crimson on the outside, especially towards their tips. The Receptacle is hollow (fig. 6.), and remarkably con- vex, or pointed. Seeds somewhat inversely egg-shaped, flat, some- times fringed at the sides^f. This plant varies very much in size, according to the nature of the soil on which it grows ; in poor land it is often little more than an inch high, with a wiry stalk and a small flower ; but in rich soil it will rise to the height of from 4 to 6 inches, with all its parts proportionably large. The accompanying engraving, with the excep- tion of the sections, was made from a drawing by Miss Saunders, by whom it was kindly communicated to the Editor. Many va- rieties of the Daisy are cultivated in gardens, as the double red, the double white, or speckled, and the proliferous, or Hen and Chicken Daisy. “ The Daisy,” says Mr. Phillips, “ has been made the emblem of Inno- cence, because it contributes more than any other flower to infantine amusement and the joys of childhood.” — “ In the days of chivalry it was the emblem of fidelity in love, and was frequently borne at tournaments, both by ladies and by knights.” — This little, “ modest, crimson-tipped flower,” appears ever to have been a general favourite. — “ Who,” says Miss Kent, “ can see, or hear the name of the Daisy, the common Field Daisy, without a thousand pleasurable associations 1 It is connected with the sports of childhood and with the plea- sures of youth. W e walk abroad to seek it ; yet it is the very emblem of home. It is a favourite with man, woman, and child : it is the robin of flowers. Turn it all ways, and on every side you will find new beauty. You are attracted by the snowy white leaves (florets of the ray), contrasted by the golden tuft in the centre (florets of the disk), as it rears its head above the green grass: pluck it, and you will find it backed by a delicate star of green (involucrum), and tipped with a blush-colour, or a bright crimson. ‘ Daisies with their pinky lashes’ are among the first darlings of Spring. — They are in flower almost all the year; closing in the evening and in wet weather, and opening on the return of the sun.” — Flora Domestica. “ Star of the mead ! sweet daughter of the day, Whose opening flower invites the morning ray, Oft have I watched thy closing buds at eve, Which for the parting sun-beams seemed to grieve; And, when gay morning gilt the dew-bright plain, Seen them unclasp their folded leaves again.” — Leyden. take in gathering these flowers. Withering. — The French call it Marguerite, the name of a woman, expressive of beauty, from margarita, a pearl. Dr. Hooker. The leaves of the Daisy are slightly acrid ; and the roots have a penetrat- ing pungency. Withering. — In some parts of Germany it is said to be boiled and eaten with meat, as a pot-herb; but it does not seem to promise much, either as physic or food, for man. Curtis. — Horses, sheep, and cows refuse it Linnaeus, i . *>' ■ ■ . . ' ■ l-i » k • «• tm.-r »- *. • ! (45.) ALOPECU'RUS* *. Linnean Class and Order. TRiA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'nea:. Juss. — Lind. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 3.) of 2 valves (glumes), containing one floret. Valves egg-spear-shaped, pointed, compressed, ribbed, nearly equal, often united at the base. Corolla (fig. 1.) of one concave, ribbed, pointless valve (palea), about the same length as the calyx. Awn arising from the base of the palea, (fig. 1.) and above twice its length, roughish, finally twisted and reflexed. Fila- ments 3, hair-like. Anthers cloven at each end. Germen roundish. Styles 2, hair-like, more or less united at the base. Stigma long, feathery, spreading. Seed egg-shaped, smooth, loose, and covered with the palea. — Distinguished from other genera of GraminecE by the densely contracted spike-like panicle, the 1-flowered spikelets, awnless glumes, and single palea with an awn arising from its base. Six species British. ALOPECU'RUS PRATE'NSIS. Meadow Fox-tail-Grass. Spec. Char. Culm upright, smooth. Panicle spiked, cylin- drical, blunt. Glumes pointed, hairy, united at the base ; Awn twice the length of the palea. Eng. Bot. t. 759. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 296. — Host’s leones et Descriptiones Graminum Austriaconun, v. ii. p. 24. t. 21. — Knapp’s Gramina Britannica, t. 14. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 27. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 72. Eng. FI. v. i. p. 79. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 148 — Mart. FI. Rustica, t. 6. — Lind. Syn. p. 299. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 27. — Graves’ British Grasses, t. 21. — Leers’ Flora Herbornensis, p. 15. t. 2. f. 4. — Sinclair’s Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis, p. 139. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 142. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 34. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 12. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 67. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 27. — Curtis on Grasses, (5th ed.) p. 8. t. 2. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 21. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 14. — Trinius’, De Graminibus, p. 142. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 17. — Gramen Alopecuro simile glabrum, cum pilis longiusculis in spica, Ray’s Syn. p. 396. — Gramen Alopecuroides majus, Johnson’s Gerarde, 10. Localities. — Meadows and pastures. — Common. Perennial. — Flowers in May. Root fibrous. Culms (stems J from 18 inches to 3 feet high, upright, jointed, smooth, striated, leafy, the part between the upper joint and the panicle somewhat twisted. Leaves a little glaucous, flat, roughish on the upper side, nearly smooth on the under ; from 4 to 10 inches long, and about a quarter of an inch broad, gradually tapering to a point. Sheaths long, furrowed, smooth, and slightly swollen. Stipula (a whitish membrane at the summit of the sheath) short, and blunt. Panicle densely spiked, an inch and a half to Fig. 1. The 3 Stamens and 2 Pistils, and the Corolla, or Palea, with the Awn arising from its base.— Fig. 2. The Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 3. A Floret, showing the Glumes, the Palea, the Stamens, and the Pistils. * From alopex, Gr. a fox, and oura, Gr. a tail ; in allusion to the form of the spike. Withering. t The third class in the Artificial System of Linn.eus, containing all those plants which have perfect flowers with 3 distinct stamens in each. two inches or more in length ; round, cylindrical, blunt, soft, with silvery hairs. Calyx-glumes united at the base, hairy, compressed. Corolla fpaleaj folded, nearly as long as the calyx-glumes, with 5 green ribs, and a prominent dorsal awn. Anthers prominent, yellow, or purplish. Styles entirely united. Stigmas separate, long, slender, and feathery. Seed egg-shaped, small. This is one of our very best Grasses for permanent pasture, being early, plentiful in produce, and grateful to cattle in general. It has the power of vegetating very quickly, and will bear to be cut twice in a year to advantage. It naturally prefers a moist soil, and is best adapted for the improvement of such wet meadows as have been drained of their superfluous moisture, where, if due attention be paid in its introduction, it soon forms itself into a close thick turf, and from its rapidity of growth will maintain itself against many of the more powerfully creeping kinds. Mr. Sinclair informs us, in his very excellent and valuable work, the Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis, that this Grass constitutes part of the produce of all the richest pastures he had examined in Lincolnshire, Devonshire, and in the Vale of Aylesbury ; and that he found it still more pre- valent in Mr. Westcar’s celebrated pastures at Creslew than in those of Lincolnshire and Devon. “ Useful as is this Grass, yet the produce of the seed is not equal to what one might fancy, from the simple observance of the spiked head, which is capacious enough to afford abundance ; a species of fly, we are told, deposits upon the plant its eggs, and as the young larvae are produced, they feed upon the sweet and milky substance which the tender germ contains, and which in time would be ma- tured to seed : the depredations of this fly are said to be so great, that shortly every germ must be destroyed, had not nature appointed another insect to seek this animal as its food ! Cimex campeslris is the leviathan who takes his pastime there, and gorges on the delicate and helpless larvae : and Mr. Swayne observes, ‘ so corpu- lent does it become through its gluttony, that although it is provided with wings it can scarcely make use of them, nor even walk with agility ; it is probable it destroys thousands in a day.’ Could we carry our researches farther, there is little doubt but this Cimex be- comes, in its turn, an instrument to the being of higher orders of creation, and they to others, and thus, by successive gradations, con- tribute to the existence of Nature’s noblest animal ! who seems, in every instance, to have been the designed favourite of his Creator; and ultimately all his good works perfect themselves in order, some to satisfy his natural wants, some for his comfort, and some even for his fanciful desires ; and all teach us to receive them with grati- tude, and enjoy them with humility.” Mr. Knapp, in Gramina Britannica. ASPERUXA ODORATA. SWEET WOODRUFF. ]/ Pu 7f3& xfe r Satanic (tarot 9 n.CxArot S&yb . (46.) AS PE'R UL A* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'npria, Monogy'nma. Natural Order. Stella'ta:. Linnceus. — Lind. Syn. p. 128.; Introduce to Nat. Syst. p. 202. — Rubia'cea:, Sect. 1. Juss. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 459. Gen. Char. Calyx superior, of 4 small teeth, deciduous. Co- rolla (figs. 1 & 2.) monopetalous (of one petal), funnel-shaped. Tube nearly cylindrical, various in length. Limb in 4, occasionally but 3, deep, oblong, spreading segments. Filaments 4, short, in the mouth of the tube, alternate with the segments of the limb. Anthers of 2 round lobes. Germen inferior, of 2 roundish lobes. Style thread-shaped, divided at the upper part. Stigma capitate, small. Fruit dry, not crowned by the calyx, of 2 cells, and 2 seeds. Seeds solitary, roundish, large. The superior, monopetalous, tubular corolla, and 2-seeded dry fruit, without a crown, will distinguish this genus from others in the same class and order. Two species British. ASPE'RULA ODORA'TA. Sweet Woodruff, or Woodroof. Spec. Char. Leaves about 8 in a whorl, spear-shaped. Flowers panicled, on long stalks. Engl. Bot. t. 755. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 249. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd. ed.) p. 66. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 172. — Engl. FI. v. i. p. 197. — With. (7lh ed.) v. ii. p. 220. — Lind. Syn. p. 130. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 65. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 481. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 115. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 57. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 32. — Furl. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 101. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 57. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 50.— Grev. F’l. Edin. p. 35. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 36. — Aspirula, Ray’s Syn. p. 224. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1124. Localities. — In woods and shady places: not uncommon. — Woods and shady places about Oxford. Dr. Sibthokp, in FI. Oxon. — Copse on the banks of the Evenlode, near Ashford Mill, Oxon : and in Bagley Wood, Berks. W. B. — Oversley : Spernal : and Ragley Woods, Warwickshire. Mr. Purton, in Mid). FI. — In the Plantations about Coton House, near Rugby, Warwickshire. Mr. Nelson, 1831. — Aspley : King’s Wood, near Ampthill, Bedfordshire. Rev. C. Abbot, in FI. Bedf. — Fulbourn : Kingston : Hall Wood ; Cambridge- shire. Rev. R. Reliian, in FI. Cant. — Common in woods about London, especially Charlton Wood. Mr. Curtis, in FI. Lond. — Woods in Surrey. Mr. W. Pampi.in, jun. — Woods in Hertfordshire. Mr. Woodward, in With. Bot. Arr. — Near Armingdale Wood, Norwich. Mr. Cnow, ibid. — About Chep- stow, plentiful in the hedges. Air. Pitt, ibid. — At the Leasowes, near Hales- owen. Dr. Withering, ibid. — Woods about Garn, Denbighshire. Mr. Griffith, ibid. — In Langton Copse, and Broadly Wood, near Blandford. Dr. Pulteney, ibid. — Beech Wood on Lansdown. Rev. H. T. Ellicombe, Fig. 1. Corolla and Germen. — Fig. 2. Corolla opened lengthways, to show the 4 Stamens. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigmas.— Fig. 4. Fruit. — Fig. 5. A hooked Bristle of the fruit. — All, except fig. 4. a little magnified. * From asper, Lat. rough, owing to the roughness of some species of the genus. t The 4th class in the Artificial System of Linn;f.us, containing all those plants which have perfect flowers with four dietinct equal stamens in each. ibid. — Anglesey. Rev. H. Davies, ibid. — Woods and shady places in Scot- land, plentiful. Dr. Hookeh, in FI. Scot. — Debris below Salisbury Craigs. Mr, Neill, in Grev. FI. Edin. — Rosslyn and Auchindenny Woods, abundant : Coiinton Woods : Braid Hermitage. Dr. GnF.vn.LE, in FI. Edin. — Plentiful at the Dargle, Ireland. Mr. J. T. Mackay, in Catal. of PI. of Ireland. Perennial. — Flowers in April and May. Root creeping, slender, jointed, of a yellowish colour. Stems upright, from 6 to 10 or 12 inches high, simple, smooth, four- cornered, with a groove on each side. Leaves growing generally 8 together in a whorl round the stem, spear-shaped, pointed, about an inch long, spreading, smooth, a little rolled back at the sides, the margins and midrib set with small spines, which point towards the summit. Panicles generally 3 together, at the top of the stem, on longish stalks, which are forked and subdivided. Flowers small, pure white, with a short tube; fragrant chiefly at night. Fruit rough, with projecting hooked bristles. The strongly aromatic flowers infused in water, it is said, far ex- cel in flavour the teas imported from China; and the whole plant, as soon as it begins to dry, diffuses a pleasant and lasting fragrance, like that of new hay, verging towards the flavour of bitter almonds. In Germany it is used to give a grateful flavour to wine. When kept among clothes it not only imparts an agreeable perfume to them, but it is said also to preserve them from insects. According to the observations of Linnaeus, cows, horses, sheep, and goats, eat it ; swine refuse it. The English names of this plant in old authors are very various : Turner, in his Herbal, published in 1568, calls it Wood-rose, or Wood-rowell, from the whorls of leaves resembling some kinds of rowels of spurs. Gerarde Woodrooffe, Woodrowe, and Wood- rowell. Parkinson Woodroofe. Dr. Withering says, that in some old authors it is spelt Woodderowjfe. The repetition of the double letters in this word often affords great amusement to children learning to spell, (w oo dd e — r o w ff e.) ftrAjD'IiTw.ttrDtr Pub by ^Baxter Be tunic C?a rd t n .Ox Bo -ret Stf~5b . C.MatAtmrs £c. (47.) EPIME'DIUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. BERBERi'DEyE. Ventenant. — Lind. Syn. p. 14. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. Bot. p. 30. — Rich by Macgilliv. p. 469. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 4 small, egg-shaped, concave, blunt, spreading, deciduous leaves. Corolla of 4 egg- shaped, equal, blunt, concave, spreading petals, (fig. 2.) which are opposite to the leaves of the calyx. Nectaries 4, cup-shaped, (fig. 3.) blunt, equal, one lying upon each petal, and nearly as long, attached underneath to the receptacle, by one side of the orifice. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, upright, close to the style. Anthers oblong, 2-celled, attached longitudinally to the inner side of the filament, below its summit, each cell opening by a valve, which bursts from the bottom and rolls back. Germen (fig. 5.) oblong, with a furrow at the back. Style roundish, as long as the stamens. Stigma simple. Pod oblong, pointed, of 1 cell and 2 valves. Seeds numerous, oblong. — Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by a corolla of 4 petals, 4 large hollow nectaries, lying on the petals, a superior, 1-celled, many-seeded pod, and a deciduous calyx. One species British. EPIME'DIUM ALPI'NUM. Alpine Barrenwort. Spec. Char. Root-leaves none ; Stem-leaf twice or thrice ternate. Engl. Bot. t. 438. — Flora Graeca, v. ii. p. 39. t. 150. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 187. — Eng. FI. v. i. p. 220. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 235. — Lindl. Syn. p. 15. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 68.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 708. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 55. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 38. — Epimedium, Johnson’s Gerarde, 480- — Black. Spec. Bot. p. 19. Localities. — Woods, and in mountain thickets. — Very rare. — In woods near Bingley, about six miles from North Bierley, Yorkshire, where it was first found by Dr. Richardson, prior to 1740. See BlaCkstone’s Spec. Bot. — (Mr. Hailstone, in Whitaker’s Craven, observes, that it is not now to be found in Bingley Woods. Dr. Withering, in Bot. Arr.) — Dr. Withering informs us that Mr. Roeson sent him a specimen, which was gathered on Skiddaw, in July, 1795; and that he had also specimens from the Rev. T. Gisborne, whose plants were discovered in 1787, in a very wild part of Cum- berland, called Carrock Fell. — On Saddleback, near Threlkeld, Cumberland. Mr. Hutton and Mr. Rudoe, in Bot. Guide. — About the ruins of Mugdoch Castle, near Glasgow, abundantly. Mr. Hopkirk, in Hook. FI. Scot. — Hun- ter’s Tryste, near Edinburgh. Dr. Hastings, ibid. Perennial. — Flowers in May. Root somewhat creeping, of a reddish-brown colour on the out- side, yellowish-white within. Stems upright, stiff, unbranched, Fig. 1. A Sepal, (Calyx leaf). — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. One of the Nectaries.— Fig. 4. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Pod (Siliqua). — Fig. 7. The same, with one of the valves removed to show the seeds. * “ Name of obscure origin: applied by Dioscorides to a plant, which some suppose to be the Eotryckium Lunaria, and which grew plentifully in Media.” Dr. Hooker. round, smooth and shining, from 6 inches to about a foot high, each bearing at its summit one compound leaf, which is twice or thrice ternate. Petioles ( leaf- stalks) swollen at the base. Leaflets an inch and a half, or two inches long, heart-shaped, pointed, very delicate, smooth on the upper side, hairy and somewhat glaucous on the under, slightly serrated, the serratures tipped with a short bristle ; lateral • leaflets unequal, and all, more or less, reclining towards the ground. Raceme ( cluster J branched, springing from the swollen base of the leaf-stalk, shorter than the leaf. Flowers nodding, rather handsome, and furnished with 4 curious, mem- branous, inflated, yellow nectaries, which are nearly as large as the petals, and are generally full of honey. Anthers very curious, of 2 cells, and 2 lid-like valves, which open elastically, and allow the pollen to escape. The Epimedium Alpinum is a singular and rather a handsome plant, and is well deserving a place in the Flower Garden. It will grow in almost any situation, but thrives best in the shade. Its curiously constructed flowers will amply repay a careful investiga- tion of them. The insertion of the sepals, the petals, the nectaries, and the stamens, are all opposite to each other, and not alternate, as in most instances. It appears to have been known to Gf.rarde as early as the 16th century, for he tells us, in his Herbal, published at London in 1 597, that this rare and strange plant was sent to him from the French King’s herbarist, Robinus, who dwelt in Paris, at the sign of the Black Head, in the street called Du bout du Monde, (the end of the world). “ I planted it,” says he, “ in my garden, but it was dried away with the extreme heat of the sun, which happened in the year 1590, since which time it bringeth. seed to perfection.” — Johnson, in his edition of Gerarde’s Herbal, published in 1633, adds, that it grew in the garden of his friend Mr. John Milion, in Old-Street, and some other gardens about town. — It is said to be a native of the Alps, and Apennines, and also of Japan, as well as of England and Scotland. ANCKUSA. .SEMPEHVIEENS EVJBMORBEir ALKANET 71 // -i Zltlm n\ •tth.Dfl CJf*f4~-9.St (48.) ANCHU'SA* *. Linnean Class and Order. PENTA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Boragi'nea:, Jussieu's Genera Plantarum, p. 128.; Lind). Syn. p. 163.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 241. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 440. — Sir J. E. Smith’s Grammar of Botany, p. 102. — Asperifo'li;e, Ray and Linnaeus. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of one leaf, oblong, cylin- drical, in 5, more or less deep, pointed segments, permanent. Co- rolla (fig. 2.) of one petal, funnel-shaped; Tube strait, cylindrical, tumid in the lower part, as long as the calyx; Limb more or less spreading, in 5 rather deep, blunt, equal lobes ; Mouth closed with 5 upright, blunt, vaulted, hairy, converging valves. Filaments 5, very short, in the throat of the corolla, alternate with the valves. Anthers oblong, concealed by the valves. Germen (fig. 3.) superior, 4-parted. Style cylindrical, shorter than the tube. Stigma cloven. Seeds ( Nuts of Lindl. Syn.) roundish, or blunt, wrinkled, each hol- lowed out at the base. (See figs. 4, 5, & 6.) The funnel-shaped corolla, strait tube, and obtuse, entire, con- cave valves at its orifice, will distinguish this from other genera with a monopetalous, inferior corolla, and 2 or 4 apparently naked seeds, in the same class and order. Two species British. ANCHU'SA SEMPERVI'RENS. Evergreen Alkanet. Spec. Char. Flower-stalks axillary, each bearing two dense spikes, with an intermediate flower, and two principal egg-shaped bracteas. Leaves egg-shaped, pointed. Engl. Bot. t. 45. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 94. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 80. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 215. — Engl. FI. v. i. p.258. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 280. — Lindl. Syn. p. 165. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 82. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 133. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 81. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 22. — Hook. FI. Scot, p. 68. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 45. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 49. — Mack, Oatal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 21. — Buglossa sempervirens, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.352. — Buglossum latifolium semper virens, Dillenius, in Ray’s Synopsis, p. 227. — Borago sempervirens, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 797. Localities. — In waste ground, among ruins, and by way-sides : rare. — At Rousham, Oxon. Miss Armetriding, in Walker’s Flora of Oxfordshire. — At Edgbaston, near Birmingham, and Brettel-lane, near Stourbridge. Scott, in Purt. Midi. FI. — Near Horns-place, near Rochester, Kent. Mr. J. Sher a rd, in Ray’s Syn. — On Boughton Hill, and in a churchyard near Feversham, Kent. L. W. Dillwyn, Esq. in Bot. Guide. — Emmanuel College, in the Master’s close, under one of the walnut-trees. Back Yard of Christ’s College. Rev. R. Relhan, in FI. Cant. — Vauxhall, Surrey. Dr. Martyn. — By the road- Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla opened vertically to show the Stamens and Valves. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. Calyx and Seeds. — Figs. 5 & 6. Seeds. — All, except fig. 4. magnified. * From agchousa, Gr. paint. The roots of one species, Anchusa tinctoria, yield a red dye, which has been used in former times to stain the face. Dr. Hooker, in Brit. FI. t The 5th class in the Linnean Artificial System, comprehending all those plants which have perfect flowers, with five distinct stamens in each. side at Great Yeldham. Air. E. Foster, jun. — Road-side at Walthamstow, Essex, possibly from a garden. Mr. W.Pamplin, jun. — Near Maidenhead; and, Kenton. Rev. Dr. Beeke. — Near Sidmouth. Dr. Withering. — About Barnstaple. Dr. Maton. — On Durnsford Hill, between Exeter and Moreton Hampstead, Devon. Mr. E. Forster, jun. in Bot. Guide. — About Fawey. Mr. E. Forster, jun : and near Liskeard, Cornwall. Mr. D. Turner, ibid. — About Norwich in several places, as well as at Haddiscoe, Norfolk. Sir J. E. Smith, in Engl. FI. — At Walpole, by Halesworlh, Suffolk. Dr. Hooker, ibid. — Bury, in the lanes near Haberdon. Sir T. G. Cullum. — At Framlingham, in the way to Parham, past the watery lane. Rev. G. Crabb. — Burgh Castle, near the gardens ; Suffolk. Mr. Wigg, in Bot. Guide. — Plentifully on a bank between Lewes and Southover ; Sussex. W. Borrer, Esq. ibid. — On the road between Kendal and Ambleside, two or three miles from the former town. Rev. J. Harriman, ibid. — The Blanketts, near Worcester. Air. Ballard. — By the road between Settle and Ingleton, Yorkshire. Mr. Teesdale, ibid. — In AJamhead churchyard, and near Dartmouth, Devon. Rev. Pike Jones, in With. Bot. Arr. — Among the ruins of Basingwerk Abbey, near Holywell. Mr. Griffith.— In the parish ofWhiteford. Air. Pennant. — And on the ruins of Maes-glAs Alonastery, Flintshire. Rev. W. Bincley. — At Inverary. Rev. W. Wood, in Sm. Engl. FI. — At Bagland, near Neath , Glamorganshire. Air. J. Woods, jun. in Bot. Guide. — Glen of Dunglass. Dr. Parsons, in Hook. FI. Scot. — Deanbank, near the village of the Water of Leith : Road-sides between Crossgates and Keltie, Kinross-shire. Mr. Maugiigan, ibid.— Banks of the Clyde, above Hamilton : near Chatelherault and Castlemilk, Glasgow. Air. Hopkirk, ibid. — Craig-Alillar Castle, Edinburgh. Mr. Neill, 1799. in Grev. FI. Edin. — In hedges near Douglass, in the county of Cork. Air. Drummond, in Alack. Catal. of Plants of Ireland. Perennial. — Flowers from May to August. Root thick, mucilaginous ; black on the outside, nearly white within. Stems from a foot to 1 8 inches high, round, slightly angu- lar, leafy, and clothed with projecting, rigid hairs or bristles. Root- leaves stalked, about a span long, egg-shaped, pointed, of a deep, dark green, lasting through the winter. Stem-leaves alternate, upper ones sessile, egg-shaped, broad, and marked, like the root- leaves, with transverse veins. Flower- stalks axillary (growing be- tween a leaf and the stem), from an inch and a half to 2 inches and a half long, each divided at the top into two short, close spikes, with an intermediate flower, and two principal egg-shaped bracteas. Partial Bracteas spear-shaped. Calyx rather longer than the tube of the corolla, thickly clothed with white bristly hairs. Corolla with a shorter tube than in most other species of Anchusa, and more salver-shaped than funnel-shaped. Limb of a beautiful sky blue ; tube short, nearly white ; the valves white and downy. Seeds ( Nuts of Lind. Syn.) egg-shaped, brown, compressed, with elevated wrinkles, and a cavity at the base of each J. One of our prettiest native plants, and well deserving a place in the Flower Garden. t “ The Alkanet roots produced in England are very inferior for yielding a fine red colour, to those of A. tinctoria grown in the Levant. The cortical parts only give the dye.” Dr. Withering. *9 CMablsvu 2)t (49.) HIPPU'RIS* * Linnean Class and Order. MoNA'NDRiAf, Monogv'nia Natural Order. Halora'gea:. Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 110 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 57. — Hygrobie^:. Rich by Macgilliv. p. 521. — Naiades. Juss. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 66. Gen. Char. Calyx superior, scarcely discernable, forming a minute rim to the oval Germen, (figs. 1 & 2). Corolla none. Filament one, superior, upright, fixed within the calyx, produced as the anther ripens. Anther of two round lobes, at first sessile. Style awl-shaped, lying in a channel of the anther, (fig. 1). Stigma simple, pointed. Fruit (fig. 3.) a small, 1-celled, 1-seeded nut. Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by the very minute, superior calyx, simple stigma, and 1-seeded fruit. One species British. HIPPU'RIS VULGA'RIS. Common Mare’s Tail. Spec. Char. Leaves linear, many in each whorl. Eng.' Rot. t. 763 — Curt. FI. Lond. t.287. — Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 2. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 4. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 4. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 6. — Lind. Syn. p. 110. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 2. — Don’s General System of Gardening and Botany, v. ii. p. 705. f. 104. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p.556. — Light!. FI. Scot.- v. i. p. 70. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 1. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 1. — Part. Midi. FI. v. iii. p.3. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 2.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 2. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 1. — Mackay’s Catal. of Plants found in Ireland, p. 7. — Johnson’s Flora of Berwick-upon-Tweed, (1829) v. ii. p.272. — Walk. FI of Oxf. p. 1. — Limno- peuce, Ray’s Syn. p. 136. — Cauda equina fcemina, Johnson’s Gerarde.p. 1114. Localities. — In lakes, ponds, and watery ditches. — Not common. — Oxford- shire ; Blenheim Park ; Ensham Common ; Binsey Common : Dr. Sibthorp, in FI. Oxon. Ditches near the Canal between High Bridge and Hayfield’s Hut ; in Port Meadow ; and between Oxford and Botley : 1833. W. B. — Bedford- shire ; In ditches, common : Rev. C. Abbot, in FT. Bedf. — Buckinghamshire ; In a lake near a bridge in the Duke of Buckingham’s Park at Stow, plentiful: 1831. W. B. — Cambridgeshire ; in ponds, ditches, marshes, and rivers: Rev. R. Relhan, in FI. Cant. — Cumberland ; In Old Eden, parish of Aldinghain, and at Low Gelt Bridge, Brampton : Mr. Hutchinson, in With. Bot. Arr. — Durham ; In the Skerne, near the bridge at Darlington: and at Hell Kettles : Rev. J. T. Fenwick, in Winch’s Botanist’s Guide through the Counties of Northumberland and Durham, (1805). — Gloucestershire ; A lake in Tortworth Park : Mr. Baker, in With. Bot. Arr. — Hampshire ; Common in streams about Alresford, and Winchester: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Lancashire Almost everywhere in muddy ditches in the N. W. part of the county : Mr. Hall. At Bootle, and in ditches about F’ormby, near Liveipool : Dr. Bostock, in With, F’ig. 1. A Flower in a young state, showing the Stamen, the Germen, and the Style. — Fig. 2. The same in a more advanced state. — F ig. 3. The F’ruit. — Fig. 4. A transverse slice of the Stem, showing the large Air Cells. — All, more or less, magnified. * From Ippos, Gr. a horse, and oura, Gr. a tail ; from afancied resemblance in its mode of growth. Withering. t From monos, Gr. one, and aner, Gr. The first of the twenty-four classes of the Artificial System of Linnif.us : it comprehends all those plants which produce perfect flowers, (i. e. flowers which have each of them one or more stamens and pistils,) with only one stamen in each. I “ From monos, Gr. one, and gune ; here made applicable to the. pistil, or style, an essential part of the pistil ; or, when the style is so short as not to be visible, the stigmas are counted. The student will do well to bear in mind the meaning of the names applied to the Linnean Classes and Orders, for they are beautifully expressive of their essential characters.” Dr. Hoorer. Bot. Arr. — Middlesex; Near Hornsey: Hudson, in FI. Angl. In Harefield River, and in a bog on Uxbridge Moor, plentiful : Blackstone, in Spec. Bot. p. 20. — Norfolk; Near Lynn, and in other parts of the county: Sir J. E. Smith, in FI. Brit. — Northamptonshire ; Near the bridge entering Brockhall Lawn from Norton: Mr. Griffith, in Withering. — Northumberland; At Prestwick Carr : Winch’s Guide. — Staffordshire ; About a mile from Stafford, in ditches adjoining the foot-road to Aston : Dr. Withering, in Bot. Arr. — Suffolk; About Bungay, very common : Mr. Woodward, in Bot. Guide. — Yorkshire; In the lakes on Brigstear Moss, about four miles from Kendall, plentiful: Mr. Curtis, in FI Lond. — In rivers and rivulets about Castle Ho- ward : Mr. R. Teesdalf, in Trans of Linn. Soc. v. ii. p. 104. Near Rother- ham : Mr. Langley, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. ii. p.269. — WALES. Flintshire ; In ditches adjoining Rhyd Marsh, near Prestatyn : Mr. Griffith, in With. Bot. Arr. — Berwick-upon-Tweed ; In the Leet below Belville Farm, in the parish of Eccles : Rev. A. Baird, in FI. of Berwick. Lithtillum Loch and Ferneyrig Marsh: Mr. R. D. Thomson, ibid. — SCOTLAND. Lochend and Duddingston Loch near Edinburgh : Mr. Brown, in With. Bot. Arr. — Castle Semple Loch near Glasgow : Mr. Hopkirk, in Hook. FI. Scot. — About Forfar : Mr. G. Don, ibid. — Loch of Clunie, and Marsh of Bonachalley : Mr. Arnott, ibid. — IRELAND. Plentiful in the ponds in Mr. White’s demesne at Woodlands : Mr. J. T. Mackay, in Catal. of Plants of Ireland. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root creeping, white, throwing out numerous slender fibres from the joints. Stems numerous, rising a foot or more above the water, upright, simple, round, smooth, striated, jointed, spongy, with a central column containing spiral vessels. Leaves from 8 to 10 or 12 in a whorl round each joint of the stem, sessile, narrow, strap- shaped, from half an inch to three quarters of an inch, or more, long, somewhat callous at the points, quite entire, without nerves. Flowers very simple, sessile, one at the base of each of the upper leaves, the lower ones often without stamens. Calyx very minute, forming a slightly elevated rim on the top of the germen. Filament attached to the inside of the calyx, at first very short, (fig. 1.) but afterwards becoming as long as the pistil, (fig. 2). Anthers very large, of two roundish lobes, when young having the style passing between the lobes, (fig. 1). Style short, naked. Stigma tapering to a point, white and downy when magnified. Germen inferior, oval. Fruit a small 1-celled nut, (fig. 3.) containing a single, inverted seed. Dr. Hooker informs us, in his British Flora, that in deep streams of water connecting the little Lakes, or Broads, at Surling- ham, Norfolk, he had had this plant pointed out to him, by Mr. Deere, 2 and 3 feet long, with the leaves excessively crowded, 3, and even 4 inches long, pellucid, with an opaque nerve, their points not callous ; the whole plant submerged, and consequently barren. On Ben-y-gloe, in Scotland, at a considerable elevation above the sea, the same distinguished Botanist found a variety, the opposite extreme of this, scarcely 4 inches high, and apparently the Hippuris montana of Reich Ic. t. 86. According to the observations of LinNjEUS, goats will eat this plant, but cows, sheep, horses, and swine refuse it. Gmelin says, that wild-ducks in the North feed upon it ; and it is reputed to assist in purifying the air in standing water, marshes, &c. — A transverse slice of the stem (fig. 4.) is a beautiful microscopic object. fy A-D elarroffl /iel* CMaZifr; St (50.) VERONICA.* *. Linnean Class and Order. DiA'NHRiAf, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Scrophulari'nEjE. Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 187; Introd. to Nat. Syst. Bot. p. 228. — Scrophula'rinjE. Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 434. — Scrophula'ri.®:. Juss. — Sm. Gram, of Botany, p. 100. Gen. Char. Ca'lyx (fig. 3.) monosepalus (of one leaf), inferior, permanent, in 4, rarely 5, deep, spear-shaped, pointed, more or less unequal segments. Corolla (fig. 1.) monopetalous (of one petal), wheel-shaped, deciduous, tube nearly as long as the calyx ; limb flat, in 4 deep, unequal, entire segments, the lower one smallest, the upper broadest. Filaments 2, spreading, tapering downwards. Anthers oblong. Germen compressed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens, declining (bent downwards). Stigma small, notched. Capsule (fig. 2.) various in shape, either egg-shaped, oval, or inversely heart-shaped, compressed at the point, of 2 cells, and 4 valves. Seeds numerous, roundish. The monopetalous, wheel-shaped corolla of 4 unequal segments, of which the lower is the smallest, and the superior capsule of 2 cells and 4 valves, will distinguish this genus from all others in the same class and order. Nineteen species British. VERONICA CHAMtE'DRYS. Wild Germander. German- der Speedwell. Spec. Char. Cluster lateral. Leaves egg-shaped, sessile, wrinkled, deeply serrated. Stem diffuse (loosely spreading), hairy, but the hairs disposed only in two opposite longitudinal lines. Calyx 4-cleft, spear-shaped. Engl. Bot. t. 623. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. . — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 6. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 22. Engl. FI. v. i. p.23. — With. •(7th ed.) v. ii. p. 20. — Lindl. Syn. p. 189. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 6. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 86. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 74. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 5. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 4. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 50. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 9. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 7.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 4. — Johns. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 7. — Jones and Kingston’s FI. De- voniensis, pp. 3 & 149. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 5. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ire- land, p. 3. — Veronica bibarbata, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 307. — Veronica chameedrys sylvestris dicta, Ray’s Syn. p. 281. — Chameedrys sylvestris, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 657- Localities. — In woods and pastures, and on hedge-banks. — Common. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root somewhat creeping. Stems procumbent (lying on the ground), or somewhat ascending, a foot long, with two opposite hairy lines, which take different sides between each pair of leaves. Fig. 1. Corolla, Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 2. Capsule. — Fig. 3. Calyx. * “ From the Romish Saint of that name, but how connected is not obvious. Among various conjectures as to the origin of this name, the most rational seems to be, that it was compounded of the Greek words phero , to bring , and nike, victory; alluding to its supposed efficacy in subduing diseases.” VVitiiering. t The 2nd class in the Linnean Artificial System, containing all those plants which have perfect flowers, with 2 distinct stamens in each. Leaves opposite, sessile, rarely somewhat stalked, egg-shaped, strongly veined, wrinkled, deeply serrated, most hairy about the margin. Clusters ( Racemes ) axillary, generally opposite, simple, upright, long, pointed, many-flowered, rising above the stem, their stalk hairy all round. Flowers numerous, on slender pedicels (partial flower-stalks), with a spear-shaped bractea (floral-leaf) at the base of each. Divisions of the Calyx 4, spear-shaped, hairy, hairs tipped with a minute globule. Corolla transient, but very beautiful, ex- panding only in fine weather, bright blue, with darker streaks, and a white centre ; their outside pale and flesh-coloured. Capsule small, inversely heart-shaped, hairy round the edge, shorter than the calyx. Seeds flat, of a reddish brown colour J. — When this plant is cultivated in a garden, the leaves, especially the upper ones, often become elevated on foot-stalks, thus approaching Veronica montana, which it much resembles. — Mr. Borrer found a variety with white flowers, at Udimere, near Rye in Sussex. The plants which compose the Natural Order Scrophulari'ne.e are dicotyledonous, generally herbaceous, seldom shrubs, with op- posite, sometimes alternate, leaves. Their inflorescence various. They have an inferior, monosepalous, divided, permanent calyx. A monopetalous, hypogynous ‘(inferior), usually irregular, deciduous corolla, with an imbricated aestivation. Two or 4 stamens ; when 4, 2 of them are longer than the other 2 (didynamous), very seldom equal. The ovarium ( germen J is superior, of 2 cells, with many seeds in each ; the style is simple, and terminated by a 2-lobed stigma. The fruit is a 2-celled capsule, (very rarely a berry), with from 2 to 4 valves, which are either entire or bifid ; the dissepiment (partition) is either double, arising from the incurved margins of the valves ; or simple, and in that case either parallel with, or oppo- site to, the valves. The placenta ( receptacles of the seed) are cen- tral, and are either united to the dissepiment, or separate from it. The seeds are numerous, and contain, under their proper integument, a kernel, composed of a fleshy albumen (a white, farinaceous, fleshy substance, destined to nourish the embryo of the seed), which en- closes a straight cylindrical embryo, having its radicle (root-let) turned towards the hilum (scar). — See Lindl. Syn. and Rich, by Macgilliv. — Veronica is the only British Genus in this order that has only 2 stamens. i This beautiful little plant is one of the principal ornaments to our hedge- hanks in the months of May and .Tune. It is often mistaken for the real German Forget-me-not, (Myositis palustrisj hut differs Irom that in having only 2 stamens instead of 5 ; in tlie corolla being wheel-shaped, with 4 unequal seg- ments, instead of salver-shaped, with 5 equal lobes. It differs also in its place of growth, which is generally on dry banks, or in woods ; while the real Forget- me-not is almost always found to grow near water, as on the margins of rivers, ponds, and watery ditches, or in wet boggy places. — Ur. Withering says the leaves are a better substitute for tea than those of Veronica officinalis, being more grateful and less astringent.— According to the observations of Linn/eus, cows and goats eat it, but horses, sheep, and swine refuse it. — At the end of Summer we often find globular cottony knobs, or galls, on this plant ; these are caused by a minute species of Cynips, or gall-fly, which punctures the plant, and then deposits its eggs in the substance of the stem. C ■JV*’ (51.) CHELIDO'NIUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Polya ndria, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Papavera'ce/e. Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 16; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 8. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 497. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 2 roundish, egg-shaped, concave, pointed, smooth, deciduous sepals (leaves). Corolla of 4 equal, roundish, flat, spreading petals, which are narrowest at the base. Filaments (fig. 2.) about 30, flat, broadest upwards, shorter than the corolla. Anthers oblong, vertical, compressed, upright, 2-lobed. Germen (fig. 4.) superior, cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Style none. Stigma small, blunt, cloven. Pod (fig. 5.) linear, somewhat cylindrical, of 1 cell, and 2 undulated, deciduous valves, (fig. 7). Seeds (figs. 8 & 9.) numerous, oval, dotted, po- lished, with a pale, compressed, notched crest (fig. 9.) along the upper edge ; arranged in 2 rows, on short stalks, along a linear, permanent, marginal receptacle ( placenta J, (fig. 6.) at each side between the edges of the valves. Distinguished from other genera of the same class and order, by the 2-leaved calyx, the 4-petalled corolla, 1-celled pod, and crested seeds. One species British, according to Sir J. E. Smith; two according to Dr. Lindley. CHELIDO'NIUM MA'JUS. Common Celandine. Spec. Char. Peduncles (flower-stalks) umbellate. Leaves pin- natifid (wing-cleft), with rounded segments, the lobes of which are toothed. Petals elliptical, entire. De Candolle. Engl. Bot. t. 1581. — Woodv. Med. Bot. Suppl. t. 263. — Huds. El. Angl. (2nded.) p.228. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.563. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 4. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.643. — Lindl. Syn. p. 18. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.257. — Gray’s Mat. Arr. v. ii. p. 702. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 278. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 164. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 115. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.252. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 211. — Hook. F). Scot. p. 167. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 119. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s Plants of South Kent, p. 29. — -Johnson’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 119. — FI. Devon, pp. 89 & 192. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 147. — Mack. Catal of PI. of Ireland, p. 51. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1069. — Papaver corniculatum Inteum, Chelidonia dictum, Ray’s Syn. p. 309. Loca i.ities. — In hedges, rough shady places, on rubbish, old walls, and un- cultivated ground. Perennial. — Flowers in May, June, and July. Root somewhat spindle-shaped. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, branched, swollen at the joints, leafy, round, smooth, or slightly hairy. Leaves alternate, smooth, very deeply pinnatifid (wing-cleft). Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Stamens. — Fig. 3. A separate Stamen, a little mag- nified.— Fig. 4. Germen. — Fig. 5. Pod. — Fig. 6. The same with two valves removed, showing the Seeds attached to the marginal placenta. — Fig. 7. One of the Valves. — Fig. 8. A Seed. — F'ig. 9. The same magnified, showing the Crest. * From ckelidon, Gr. a swallow ; probably from the plant flowering at the time of the arrival of those birds. Dr. Hooker. t The 13th class in the Linnean Artificial System, containing all those plants which have perfect flowers, with more than 20 distinct stamens in each, inserted into the receptacle, below the pistil, (hypoyynous). with 2 or 3 pair of lobes, and a larger terminal one, all rounded, bluntly lobed, and notched ; the lateral lobes sometimes dilated at their lower margin, near the base, almost as if auricled (eared) ; of a deep shining green above, glaucous green underneath. Flower- stalks long, umbellate at the top. Calyx yellowish green, or tawny, smooth, sometimes hairy. Petals 4, bright yellow. Stamens vari- ous in number, from 20 to 25, sometimes less than 20, seldom so many as 30. Seeds black and shining, each with a white deciduous crest, (fig. 9). It approaches to the class Tetr adynamia in the cru- ciform shape of the corolla, and its silique or pod ; which, however, differs essentially, in being only 1-celled. Every part of the plant is brittle, and full of an orange-coloured juice, which is foetid, and very acrid. It is said to cure tetters and ringworms. Diluted with milk it consumes white opake spots on the eyes. It destroys warts, and cures psora. Mr. Salisbury says, in his Botanist's Companion, v. ii. p. 82, that it is an excellent medicine in the jaundice, and other obstructions of the viscera, and if taken with perseverance will do great service against the scurvy. It should be used fresh, as it looses the greatest part of its virtue in drying. The root is very bitter, and is greatly esteemed among the natives of Cochin-China, for a variety of medical purposes. A double-flowered variety is sometimes admitted into gardens; and it has been found wild near Battersea in Surrey, by Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. Variety /?, of Sir J. E. Smith’s Flora Britannica, and English Flora, was first mentioned as a British plant, though merely as a va- riety, by Dr. Dillenius, in the 3rd edition of Ray's Synopsis, p. 309, where he informs us that it was observed plentifully among the ruins of the Duke of Leeds’ seat at Wimbleton, by Mr. Mar- tyn. This variety differs from the first in the segments of the leaves being cut into narrow, strap-shaped, jagged, pointed lobes ; and in the petals being deeply cut into 2 or 3 principal divisions, which are again cut or serrated. Professors De Candolle and Lindley consider this as a distinct species, (Chelidonium lacinia- tumj but Sir J. E. Smith, Dr. Withering, and Professor Hooker, retain it as a variety of Ch. majus. Mr. Phillip Miller informs us, in his Gardener's Dictionary, that he propagated it by seeds for more than 30 years, and never found it vary. I have myself cultivated it in the Oxford Botanic Garden, (where it is now become a weed,) nearly 20 years, and have never found it to change. (52.) SENE'CIO* * * * § Linnean Class and Order. Syngf.ne'sia, Polyga'mia, Su- pe'rflua f. Natural Order. Compo'sitai+. Tribe, Corymbi'feRjE §. Juss. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142; Introduct. to Nat. Syst. pp. 197 & 199. — Synanthe'reje. Tribe, Corymbi'fer^e. — Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 & 455. Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. 1.) double; the inner cylindrical, of numerous, equal, parallel, strap-shaped, con- tiguous scales ; the outer of a smaller number of minute imbricated scales at the base of the former, and, like those, all withered-looking, and generally black at the tips. Corolla compound, longer than, the calyx ; florets of the disk (fig. 2.) numerous, all perfect, (having both stamens and a pistil,) tubular, with 5 equal segments ; florets of the ray (fig. 3.) strap-shaped, slightly toothed, various in length, without stamens, sometimes (as is the case in senecio vulgaris, or common groundsel) the florets of the ray are wanting. Filaments 5, slender, short. Anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen, in all the florets, inversely egg-shaped, small. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigmas 2, oblong, spreading. Seed- vessel none, but the unchanged, finally spreading, calyx (fig. 4). Seed inversely egg-shaped, rather angular. Seed-down simple, sessile, hair-like, roughish (fig. 5). Receptacle naked, tessellated, slightly convex. Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with an upright stem ; undivided, serrated, or variously pinnatifid, smooth, or downy, leaves. And corymbose flowers, which are, in all the British species, yellow. — Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by the naked receptacle , simple seed-down, and the double involucrum, or common calyx, the scales of which have withered-looking, black tips. Ten species British. SENE'CIO SQUA'LIDUS. Inelegant Ragwort. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Floret of the Disk. — Fig. 3. A Floret of the Ray. — Fig. 4. Calyx reflexed, showing the receptacle and a seed. — Fig. 5. A single Ray of the Down or Pappus. — All, except Figs. 1 & 4, more or less magnified. * From senex, an old man ; or senescere, to grow old ; the flowers going off early, and producing their seeds crowned with a down, like grey hairs. — Dr. Martyn. t The second order of the Linnean class Syncene'sia, comprehending all those compound flowers in which th e florets of the disk have, each of them, 5 stamens and a pistil, and th e florets of the ray a pistil only, and all producing perfect seed. t See Prenanthes Muralis, p. 27 § This tribe contains all those CoMro'srr.i. in which the florets of the disk ar efloscular (tubular), and which have the stigma not articulated with the style. See Achillea Pturmica, p. 36. Spec. Char. Rays spreading, its florets elliptical, nearly en- tire. Leaves smooth, pinnatifid, with distant, and somewhat strap- shaped, segments. Engl. Bot. t. 600.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 883. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 431.— With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 937.— Lind). Syn. p. 146.— Hook. Br. FI. p. 361.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 470. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 64. — Walk. FI. Oxf. p. 241. — Senecio Chrysanthemifolius, Bivona Bernardi Cent. 2. 52; fide Sir J. E. Smith. Localities. — On walls, and among rubbish.— Oxfordshire ; very common on walls, and among rubbish, in and about Oxford.— Berkshire ; On a wall at Wytham, on the left hand side just as you enter the village from Godstow. May 22,1833. W. B. — Devonshire; On walls and rubbish atBiddeford: E. For- ster, Esq. in Hook. Br. FI. Annual. — Flowers from May to October. Root fibrous. Stem upright, from a foot to 18 inches high, branched, leafy, smooth, striated, often a little hairy. Leaves nearly or quite smooth, bright green, rather fleshy, either sessile or somewhat stem-clasping, deeply wing-cleft, the segments narrow, nearly strap-shaped, pointed, distant, and more or less toothed, their margins somewhat revolute (rolled back), sometimes purplish underneath. Flowers loosely corymbose, terminal, upright, not numerous, accompanied with small awl-shaped bracteas on the partial stalks. Calyx smooth, inner scales narrow, strap-shaped, equal, outer fewer, small, loose, all of them tipped with black ; reflexed when the seeds are ripe. Florets all of a bright, golden yellow; those of the disk very numerous; of the ray about 12, oval, broad, slightly 3-toothed at the extremity, generally spreading, but becoming revolute as tbey fade. Seeds a little silky. Down (fig. 5.) roughish. The plant smells like Tansy or Mugwort. The late Sir Joseph Banks is said to have been the first who noticed this species on the walls about Oxford. Dillenius is re- corded to have sent seeds of it to Linnaeus, but whether he gathered them from the Oxford Garden, or from the walls of the town, is uncertain. It is a native of Sicily and the South of Europe ; and it is not improbable but it originally naturalized itself about Oxford from seeds which escaped from the Botanic Garden. There is no doubt but it is the senecionis species alluded to by Dr. Sibthorp, in his Preface to the Flora Oxoniensis, p. 8, (1794) ; but it was not published as a British plant till the late Sir James Edward Smith inserted it in the English Botany, and in his Flora Britannica, published in 1800. The trivial name squalidus, or inelegant , seems misapplied, as it is one of the handsomest British species in the genus. (53.) PAPA VER* * Linnean Class and Order. PoLYA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Papavera'ce^J. Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 16; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 8. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 497. Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 2 egg-shaped, concave, blunt, equal, deciduous sepals. Corolla of 4 large, roundish, crumpled, spreading petals, which are narrowest at the base ; 2 opposite ones smallest. Filaments (fig. 1.) numerous, hair-like, much shorter than the corolla. Anthers terminal, upright, somewhat stalked, oblong, blunt, compressed. Germen large, roundish or oblong. Style none. Stigma peltate (shield-shaped), radiated, downy, per- manent. Capsule egg-shaped, or inversely egg-shaped, or oblong, coriaceous (of a leathery substance), large, of one cell, opening by minute valves concealed beneath the permanent stigma. Placentae ( Receptacles of the seeds J projecting into the cavity, and forming as many incomplete dissepiments (partitions) as there are rays of the stigma. Seeds very numerous, kidney-shaped, minute, dotted, at- tached to the dissepiments. Herbaceous plants, with divided leaves, and a white milky juice ; the peduncles (flower-stalks) drooping before flowering. Flowers large, various in colour, mostly scarlet or yellow, rarely white or purplish. Capsules bristly or smooth. — The 2-leaved calyx, 1-celled capsule, and sessile radiated stigma, will distinguish this from other genera with a tetrapetalous (4-petalled) corolla, in the same class and order. Six species British. PAPA'VER SOMNPFERUM. White Poppy. Spec. Char. Capsule nearly globular, smooth as well as the calyx and stem. Leaves embracing the stem, notched, glaucous. Engl. Rot. t. 2145. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. iii. p. 503. 1. 185.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 231. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.568. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 11. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. G48. — Lindl. Syn. p. 17. — Hook. Brit. FI p.256. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 705. — lion's Gener. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 131. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 166. — Purt. Midi. FI. v.i. p.250. — Relh. FI. Gant. (3rd ed.) p. 214. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 168. — FI. Devon, p. 90. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 149. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of Ireland, p. 51. — Papdver Sylvestre, Ray’s Syn. p. 308. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 370. Locai.jtifs. — On sandy ground in Fens. Uncultivated places. — Oxford- shire ; Near the Observatory, Oxford ; by Gidstow Nunnery : Or. SiBTHonr, in FI. Oxon. Cornfields at Mapledurham, plentiful, July 21, 1833 : Mr. A. R. Burt — Cambridgeshire ; Waterbeach Fen ; on the banks of the closes which separate Denny barm from the Ely Road; Rampton : Rev. R. Ret.- han, in FI. Cantab. — Devon; On cliffs between Sidmouth and Branscombe: Fig. 1. Stamens. — Fig. 2. Germen and Sessile, radiated Stigma. — Fig. 3. Capsule cut through transversely, showing the Placent* projecting into the cavity, and forming incomplete partitions. — Fig. 4. A Seed highly magnified. * From papa, pap, because it was used with pap, and given to children to induce sleep ; a custom, says Dr. Thornton, which has carried thousands to the grave. t The 13th class in the Linnean Artificial System , containing all those plants which have perfect flowers, with more than 20 distinct stamens in each, inserted into the receptacle, below the pistil Chypogynous). f See Meconopsis Cambrica, page 51. Rev. Mr. Tozer, in FI. Devon. — Durham; YVillington Ballast Hills: Mr. Winch, in Bot. Guide. — Kent; Cornfields about Hartford: Mr. S. Woods. Near the Medway at Rochester : Mr. Winch, in Bot. Guide. — Norfolk ; On the hanks of all the fen ditches, where the soil is sandy, in the parish of Hock- wold cum Wilton ; certainly wild ■' Rev. Mr. White, in Bot. Guide. — Stafford- shire ; Moat of Tutbury Castle, with flowers much smaller than the cultivated sort : Mr. W. Christy, in With. Bot. Arr. — Warwickshire ; Cornfields near the road going from Rugby to Barbv, and on Jarrett’s Heath near Rugby, rare, (1831), probably escaped from gardens, but the plants were much smaller than those usually cultivated. — SCOTLAND. Angusshire ; On newly-trenched ground in the neighbourhood of Delvine House, near Coupar: Miss Watson, in Sm. Engl. FI. — IRELAND. Sandy fields near Kilbarrick Church. Wav- sides opposite Lord Howth’s Deer-park, and other places about Howth ; not common: Mr. Mackay, in Catal. of PI. of Ireland. Annual. — Flowers in June and July. Root tapering, with several strong fibres. Stem upright, 3 or 4 feet high, branched, leafy, smooth, and glaucous. Leaves alter- nate, large, wavy, irregularly lobed, cut, or deeply serrated, and clasping the stein by their broad heart-shaped base. Flowers large, drooping while in the bud, but becoming upright as the corolla ex- pands. Petals purplish white, with a large violet spot at the base of each. Germen nearly globular, rays of the stigma from 8 to 10, or more. Capsule nearly globular, sometimes furrowed. Seeds very numerous, kidney-shaped, reticulated, oily, sweet, and eatable. The whole plant is glaucous and smooth, except that the flower- stalks sometimes bear a few scattered, spreading, bristly hairs. — Many fine varieties with double flowers, of every shade of purple, scarlet, crimson, and even green, mixed with white, are not un- common in gardens. Opium is the milky juice of this species, inspissated by the beat of the sun, and blackened by drying. It is obtained by making incisions in the capsules every evening, and in the morning the sap, which has distilled from the wound, and become thickened, is scraped off, and being afterwards worked by the hand in the sunshine, is formed into cakes of about four pounds weight each. 'The quantity of this drug used for medical and other purposes is immense : 600,000 pounds are said to be annually exported from the Ganges alone. — Laudanum is a solution of Opium in spirit of wine. A syrup, made with a decoction of the capsules, is kept in the shops, under the name of Diacodion. The seeds are sometimes used to make emulsions, but they have nothing of the narcotic virtues of the other parts of the plant. The Persians and Germans are said still to sprinkle these seeds over their rice and wheaten cakes, a practice of great antiquity. 'They are sometimes sent to table mixed with honey, and are also much used, by their German name of Maw-seed, as a cooling food for singing birds. It is cultivated in Flanders, and also in England, especially about Evesham, and Kettering, not only for the above-named purposes, but also for the sake of the seeds, from which an oil is extracted which is little inferior to olive oil, and often substituted for Florentine. The seeds consist of a simple farinaceous matter united with a bland oil used by Painters. — M. Robiquet has discovered, that the narcotic quality of the Poppy is owing to a crvstalli- zable substance called morphinm, which possesses some properties in common with ammonia. It seems to be a solid and combustible alkali : its action on the animal economy is violent, even in the smallest quantity. For a more particular account of the medical propeities of the Poppy, and the method of cultivating it, for the purpose of obtaining Opium, see the following works. — Woodville’s Medical Botany, v. iii. p. 503. (1792). — Miller's Gar- dener's and Botanist' s Dictionary, by Dr. Mautyn, v. ii.pt. 1. Art. Papaver, (1807). — Thornton’s Family Herbal, p. 534, (1810). — A Paper on the Pre- paration of Opium in Great Britain, by John Young, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, published in the Fldinburgii Philosophical Journal, vol. i. p.258, (1819). — Don's General System of Gardening and Botany, vol. i. p. 131, (1831). lift teUiH V \ o vM- '.•! ns .ill .tut - f| , - -V-1 . ,, \ > S ! klMj , (54. ) MECONO'PSIS* *. Linnean Class and Order. PoLYA'NDRiAf Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Papavera'ce/E. Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 16; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 8. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 497. Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 2 egg-shaped, concave, equal, somewhat bristly, deciduous sepals. Corolla of 4 large, roundish, crumpled, spreading petals, the 2 inner ones the smallest. Filaments very numerous, hair-like, much shorter than the corolla. Anthers terminal, upright, somewhat stalked, oblong, blunt, compressed. Germen oblong. Style evident, short. Stigma of from 4 to 6 ra- diating, downy, permanent lobes. Capsule superior, inversely egg- oblong, coriaceous, of one cell, opening by, from 4 to 6, valves at the top. Placentce ( Receptacles of the seeds) narrow, scarcely pro- jecting into the inside of the capsule. Seeds very numerous, kidney- shaped, minute, dotted. This Genus is distinguished from that of Papaver by the evident style, and narrow, scarcely projecting placentce. It is, as De Candolle observes, a genus between Papaver and Argemdne. One species British. MECONO'PSIS CA'MBRICA. Common Welsh-Poppy. Spec. Char. Capsules smooth, with from 4 to 6 valves. Leaves stalked, pinnate, cut. De Candolle’s Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale, v. ii. p. 87. fide Sir J. E. Smith. — Lindl. Syn. p. 17. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 256. — Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 135. — Papdver Cambricum, Linn.— Engl. Bot. t. 66. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 231. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 568. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 12. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 650. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 168. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 120. — Mack. Catal. PI. of Ireland, p. 51. — FI. Devon, pp. 90 & 192. — Papdver cambricum perenne.flore sulphur co, Dillenius’ Hortus Elthamensis, v. ii. p. 300. t. 223. f. 290. — Papdver luteum perenne, laciniato folio, Cam- brobritannicum, Ray’s Syn. p. 309. — Cerastites cambrica, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 704. Localities. — In moist rocky shady situations. Very rare in ENGLAND. — Cumberland; Near Portingseale : Mr. Winch, in With. Bot. Arr. Near Keswick: Mr. Hutton, in Bot. Guide. — Devonshire; Woods around Lidford Fall, abundant. Woods at Endsleigh and Dunterton : Messrs. Jones and Kingston, in FI Devoniensis. Near Linton : Mr. Jacob, ibid. — Lancashire; Near Holker : Mr. Woodward, in Bot. Guide. Brathay : Rev. J. Dodd, ibid. — Somersetshire ; On the rocks at Chedder: Dr. Dillenius, in Hortus Elthamensis. — Westmoreland; About Kendal, plentifully: Mr. Hudson, in FI. Angl. — By the Ferry-house at Winandermere : Mr. Woodward, in Bot. Guide. Grasmere : Rev. W. Wood, ibid. In shady lanes near Ktrkby Lons- dale : Sir J. E. Smith, in FI. Brit. — Yorkshire ; Mossdale Head in Wensley Dale : Mr. Brunton. — W A LF.S. Carnarvonshire ; Near the bridge at Aber, in the bed of the river : Mr. Lhwyd, in Ray’s Syn. On the back of Snowdon, going from Carnarvon to Llanberris, not far from the Castle : Mr. Ray, in Syn. — Denbighshire ; near Pont Meredith : Mr. Griffith. — Glamorganshire ; About Pont Nedd Vachn, Aberdylais, &c. plentiful: Mr. Dillvvyn, in Bot. Guide. — Montgomeryshire; On the Breiddin Hills: Mr. Aikin, in Bot. Fig. 1. Stamens. — Fig. 2. Germen and Pistil. — Fig. 3. Capsule. — Fig. 4. Transverse Section of the same.— Fig. 5. A Seed, magnified. * From mecon, Gr. a Poppy, and opsis, Gr. a resemblance. Dr. IIookir. t See Papdver Somniferum , p. 53. Guide. Craig Own Pistill near Newtown : Dr. Evans, ibid. — SCOTLAND. Hanks of the Water of Leith, near Woodhall ; Messrs. Sommehville and Mauohan, in Hook. FI. Scotica. Braid Woods and Cliesh Woods: Mr. Arnott, ibid.— IRELAND. Rostrevor-hill, in crevices of rocks by the side of a stream, where it had been previously observed by Mr. John White : Mr. Mackay, in Catal. of PI. of Ireland. Benbulben, Sligo: E. Morphy, Esq. in Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 438. Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Root tapering, branched, fibrous, yellowish brown on the outside, nearly white within. Stem upright, branched, a foot or more high, leafy, nearly smooth, or clothed, more or less, with scattered pro- jecting hairs. Root-leaves with very long petioles (leaf-stalks). Stem-leaves with shorter, all pinnate (winged), with nearly egg- shaped, pointed, lobed, and cut, somewhat decurrent, nearly smooth leaflets, the terminating one 3-lobed. Peduncle [flower-stalk) very long, slightly hairy, bearing one large, fragrant, lemon-coloured flower. Calyx hairy. Capsule oblong, tapering towards the base. Seeds very numerous, minute, kidney-shaped, and beautifully reti- culated or dotted. — The whole plant is tender and brittle, of a light, somewhat glaucous green colour, with a white milky juice. The large, handsome, and delicate, lemon-coloured flowers render it not unworthy a place in the Flower Garden, where it will thrive in a moist shady situation, but it will not do in an open exposed place. It has naturalized itself at the bottom of the Oxford Botanic Garden, under a wall facing nearly North East. The Natural Order Papavera'ce.e, to which the present plant belongs, is composed of dicotyledonous, herbaceous plants, or shrubs, with a white or yellowish milky juice, alternate, more or less divided leaves, and long 1-flowered peduncles. The calyx consists of 2 deciduous sepals. The corolla is composed of 4, or a multiple of 4, petals, which are hypogvnous (inferior), inserted in a cruciate manner, and which are plaited and puckered previous to their ex- pansion. The stamens (fig. 1.) are hypogynous (i. e. inserted into the receptacle below the pistil), and are either 8, or a multiple of 4, but more generally they are more numerous, and, in some instances, inserted in 4 parcels, one of which adheres to the base of each petal. The anthers are bi-locular (2-celled), and innate. The ovari/ ( germenj (fig. 2.) is solitary. The style short, or wanting, and terminated by as many stigmas (or lobes of the stigma) as there are placenta;. The fruit is 1-celled, either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placentas, (Plate 51, f. 5, 6, & 7,) or capsular, with several pla- centae, (Plate 53, f. 3. and Plate 54, f. 3). The seeds (f. 5.) are numerous, each with a minute embryo in the base of a fleshy albu- men.— See Lindlcy's Synopsis, and Richard's Elements. British Genera in this Order are, 1. Papa'ver, Plate 53. — 2. Mecono'psis, Plate 54. — 3. Glaucium. — 4. Romeria. — and 5. Chelidonium, Plate 51. • ■* tU - • •• IH O- J. I . • •’« • •-J .«$ :-y.i ?. • i,M 'U I LEUCOJUM ^STIVUM SUMMER SJSTOWFI.AKE . 2/ WAJ)tlamoU^D» l. Vf JZaxb> Botajuc vi* i*{ i • (56.) PH A' LA 111 S* *. Linnean Class and Order. TRiA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'neve. Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293 ; Tntrod. to Nat. Syst. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Sir J. E. Smith’s English Flora, v. i. p. 71. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) single flowered, of 2, nearly equal, compressed, keeled valves (glumes), whose straight inner margins meet. Corolla of 2 equal, cartilaginous, downy, awnless valves, (paleae), accompanied at the base by 1 or 2 small, spear-shaped pointed valves of other imperfect flowers (fig. 2). Nectaries , two equal, egg-shaped, thin scales (squamulae). Filaments 3, hair-like. Anthers oblong. Germen egg-shaped. Styles very short. Stigmas long and feathery. Seed egg-shaped, closely invested with the hardened corolla, which does not open. Inflorescence more or less compound, though often apparently a simple spike. Distinguished from other genera of Graminece with a panicled in- florescence, by a single-flowered calyx of 2 upright, boat-shaped, awnless valves, and a corolla of 2 awnless, equal paleae, each with a scale at its base. Two species British. PHA'LARIS CANARIE'NSIS. Cultivated Canary-grass. Spec. Char. Panicle egg-shaped, resembling a spike. Calyx- glumes boat-shaped, entire at the point, accompanied by the single valves of 2 other florets. Eng. Bot. t. 1310. — Host’s leones et Descriptiones Graminium Austriaco- rum, v. ii. p. 28. t. 38. — Schreber’s Beschreibung der Graser, t. 10. f. 2. — Knapp’s Gramina Britannica, t. 3. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 23 — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 62. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 74. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 142 — Lindl. Syn. p. 300. Hook. Brit. FI. p. 28. — Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 140. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 17. — Leers’ Flora Herbornensis, p. 17. t. 7. f. 3*. — Sinclair’s Hortus Gramineus W'oburnensis, p. 19. f. 4. and p. 399. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 33. — Purl. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 7. — Hook. FI. Scot, p 23. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 14. — Johnson’s FI. Berwick, v. i p. 18.— FI. Devon, pp. 11 & 120. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 16.— Phalaris major , semine albo, Dill, in Ray’s Syn. p. 394. — Phalaris, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 86. Localities.— Naturalized in waste places, by road-sides, and on dunghills. — Oxfordshire ; Behind the Observatory, Oxford : Dr. Sietiior i>, in FI. Oxon. Borders of fields behind St. Clement’s, and by the side of the Banbury road between Oxford and Summer Town : W. B. — Devonshire; Between Exmouth and Lympstone, on the lower road : Rev. J. Jervis, in FI. Devon. — Northum- berland ; On the Ballast Hills of Tyne and Wear : Mr. Winch. — Wanvick- shire ; Near Rugby, on the road to Bilton. — Worcestershire ; New’s Wood, Fig. 1 . The 2-valved Calyx, the valves a little separated to show the Corolla, the 3 Stamens, and 2 Pistils. — Fig. 2. The Calyx removed, showing the Corolla with 2 spear-shaped valves or abortive Florets at its base. — Fig. 3. The Seed. — Fig. 4. The same, showing the Embryo at the base. — Fig. 6. Embryo and its cotyledon separated from the Albumen. — Fig. 5. The Embryo separate. — All, except fig. 3, more or less magnified. * From p halos, Gr. shining ; Canary-seed being very glossy. Dr. Hooker. t The 3rd class in the Artificial System of Linna.us, comprehending all those plants which have perfect flowers, with 3 distinct stamens in each. adjoining to Malvern : Mr. Ballard, in With. Bol. Arr. — Isle of Anglesea ; Road-side between 'l'yfry and Pennynydd —SCOTLAND. About the Sand- hills Toll-cross, Glasgow: Mr. Hopkihx, in Hook. FI. Scot. Sometimes met with about Edinburgh : Dr. Grevili.e, in FI. Edinensis. Annual. — Flowers from June to September. Root fibrous, white. Culm (stem) from 1 to 2 feet or more high, upright, round, striated, leafy, swelling a little at the joints, and often branching at the lower part. Leaves broad, rough about the edges and nerves; somewhat pubescent, strap-spear-shaped, pointed, with a long tumid sheath (vagina), and a thin membranous blunt stipula (ligula). The sheath of the upper leaf is more tumid than that of the lower ones, and envelopes and protects the panicle whilst young. Panicle compact, upright, compound, an inch or more long, egg-shaped, resembling a simple spike, beautifully variegated with green and white. Valves ( glumes ) of the calyx (fig. 1.) much longer than the corolla, with 2 green ribs on each side, and a deep and sharp keel, which increases towards the sum- mit, when it becomes rather suddenly acuminated. Within the calyx glumes, and opposite to them, are 2 small spear-shaped pointed valves, considered by some Botanists as 2 abortive florets, and by others as 2 external valves of the corolla ; these are much smaller than the awnless, equal palece, or true valves of the corolla, which always remain closed, forming a hard shining coat to the seed (figs. 3 & 4.), which is egg-shaped, and of a yellowish, or dark brown colour. Experiments made upon this Grass by Air. G. Sinclair, author of the Hnrtus Gramineus Woburnensis , prove the herbage to be but little nutritive, and the plant cannot be recommended for cultivation but for the seeds only, which are esteemed the best food for the Canary and other small singing birds ; and for this purpose it appears to have been cultivated in England for more than 300 years. Mr. Knapp, in his excellent work on the British Grasses, pub- lished in 1804, informs us that “ the tyranny of the bigotted Philip of Spain, and the persecutions of his evil agent the Duke of Alva, expelled from their native country many of the industrious inhabitants of the Low-lands, who flying from their merciless enemy, sought an asylum under the government of these kingdoms, introducing with them the arts of horticulture, and the escu- lent vegetables at that day unknown in England ; and by them was first culti- vated Phalaris canariensis. The county of Kent * was chosen by the Nether- landers as the most favourable soil for their employment, nor do we know that the canary-yrass has been attempted to be grown but in that county where first introduced by the Low-land emigrants.” $ In the Isle of Thanet, Canary is sown the first dry week in February, on furrows from 10 to 15 inches apart, (the land being previously made fine and light on the surface,) about 4 or 5 gallons per acre, and kept clean by repeated hoeings, when necessary, during the summer. It is generally ripe by the be- ginning of September. The seed clings remarkably to the husk ; and, in order to detach it, the crop must be left a long lime on the ground to receive moisture sufficient to destroy the texture of the envelopment, otherwise it would be hardly possible to thrash out the seed. The chaff is a roost excellent food for horses. — See Boys’ General Vie tv of the Agriculture of the County of Kent. •V C Mafhc*,’*J)el . (59.) CY'NO DON* * Linnean Class and Order. TRiA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'neaj. Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293; Introd. to Nat. Syst. Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Sir J. E. Smith’s Gram, of Bot. p. 68. Eng. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. Gen. Char. S pikelets (fig. 1.) 1-sided, in 2 or more rows, 1-flowered, attached to a flat rachis or receptacle. Glumes ( valves of the calyxj 2, keeled, nearly equal, spear-shaped, pointed, awn- less, containing a single floret. Paleae ( valves of the corolla J 2, longer than the glumes, unequal, keeled, compressed, awnless, the outer much the broadest, and clasping the inner. Nectary of two minute scales (squamulae). Filaments 3, longer than the paleae or corolla. Anthers cloven at each end. Germen egg-shaped. Styles distinct. Stigmas feathery. Seed egg-shaped, coated with the hardened paleae (corolla). Distinguished from other Graminecc by the digitate or racemose Spikes; the 1-sided (unilateral) Spikelets; the 1-flowered Calyx of 2, nearly equal, spreading, boat-shaped Glumes; the Corolla of 2, awnless, compressed Paleae ; and the Seed coated with the hardened Corolla. One species British. CY'NODON DA'CTY'LON. Creeping Dog’s-tooth-grass. Spec. Char. Spikes digitate, 4 or 5, crowded together. Paleae or Corolla smooth. Cy'nodon Dactylon, Brown’s Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen. p. 187.— Sm. Eng. FI. v. i. p. 95. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 145. t. 21. — Lind. Syn. p.298. — Hook. Brit FI. p.57. — Sincl. Hort. Gram. Woburn, p. 290, with a plate. — C. Sarmentosum, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 100. — Pani- cum Dactylon, Eng. Bot. t. 850. — Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t. 13. — Host’s leones et Descriptiones Graminum Austiiacorum, v. ii. p. 15. t. 18. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 25. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 67. — Digitaria stolonifera, Schrader’s Flora Germanica, v. i. p. 165, fide Sir J. E. Smith. — Agrostis linearis, Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. p.375. Ascertained by Mr. Lambert-, see Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, v. vii. p. 309. — Gramin repens, cum paniculd graminis manure, Ray’s Syn. p. 399. — Gramen dactiloides, radice repente, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 28 — Durva, Sir W. Jones, in Asiatic Researches, v. iv. p. 248, with a figure of the Plant, at p. 252. — Beli Caraga, Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus, v. xii. p. 87. t. 47. Locai.ities. — On the sandy sea-shore between Penzance and Market-jeu, in Cornwall, abundantly, where it was first observed by Mr. Newton, in the time of Ray. It has been since found in the same place by Mr. Stackhouse. Perennial. — Flowers in July, August, and September. Fig. 1. A single Floret, showing the 2 Glumes or Calyx, the 2 Paleae or Corolla, the 3 Stamens, and 2 feathery Pistils, magnified. — Fig. 2. The 3 Sta- mens, the Germen, and 2 Pistils, more highly magnified. * From cucm, a. dog, and odous, a tooth. t See Phalaris canariensis, p. 59. note t. Roots creeping, somewhat woody, and rather brittle, smooth, yellowish white, producing strong, branching fibres from the joints. Stems cylindrical, leafy, very smooth, matted, creeping to a con- siderable extent, and, like the roots, throwing out fibres from the joints. Leaves tapering, sharp-pointed, hairy, a little glaucous ; with long, striated, smooth, sometimes hairy sheaths, and a short, hairy stipula. Flowering-branches upright, from 5 to 8 or 10 inches high, leafy, simple, and terminating in 4 or 5 nearly equal, crowded, upright, finally spreading, many-flowered, thread-shaped spikes ; the common stalk or rachis of each triangular, roughish, flat, and slightly bordered on one side. Spikelets ( Flowers of Smith and Withering) nearly sessile, shining and purplish, all growing on one side of the rachis or spike-stalk. Palece compressed, longer than the glumes, and opposite to them ; occasionally with the rudiment of a second floret, like a small bristle. Mr. Lambert and Mr. G. Sinclair have both very satisfactorily proved the Cy'nodon Dactylon to be the same species as the Durva, Dub, or Doob-grass of the Hindoos ; but from the experiments of Mr. Sinclair, as recorded in his valuable work, the Hortus Grami- neus Woburnensis, it appears that the produce and nutritive powers of this grass, in Great Britain, are insignificant, compared to the importance attached to them in the East Indies, where it grows luxuriantly, and is highly valued as food for horses, &c. It is much praised by the late Sir W. Jones, in the 4th volume of the Asiatic Researches for its great beauty, as well as for its usefulness. — “ Its flowers,” says this elegant writer, “ in their perfect state, are among the loveliest objects in the vegetable world, and appear, through a lens, like minute rubies and emeralds, in constant motion from the least breath of air. It is the sweetest and most nutricious pasture for cattle ; and its usefulness, added to its beauty, induced the Hindus, in their earliest ages, to believe that it was the mansion of a benevolent nymph. Even the Veda celebrates it ; as in the following text of the A' t! harvana : ‘ May Durva, which rose from the water of life, which has a hundred roots and a hundred stems, efface a hundred of my sins, and prolong my existence on earth for a hundred years.’ ” t Pages 248 & 249. 60 C. Ma. H*mv> 2>*i.*Sc. (60.) TRIGLO'CHIN* *. Linnean Class and Order. HEXA'NDRiAf, Trigy'nia. Natural Order. Juncagi'nete. Richard. — Lind. Syn. p. 252 ; Introd. to Nat. Sys. p. 290. — Alisma'ce^e, Section Juncagi'nEjE. Rich by Macgilliv. p. 399. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1. a.) inferior, of 3 roundish, blunt, concave, deciduous sepals. Corolla of 3 egg-shaped, concave, bluntish petals (fig. 1. b.), a little longer than the sepals. Filaments 6, very short, 3 opposite to the sepals, 3 to the petals. Anthers (fig. 2. a.) large, roundish, 2-lobed, shorter than the petals, their backs turned towards the pistil. Germen (fig. 2. b.) superior, large, egg-oblong, with 3 or 6 furrows. Styles none. Stigmas (fig. 1. c.) 3 or 6, reflexed, feathery. Fruit (figs. 3 & 4.) strap-shaped, or egg-oblong, blunt, formed of 3 or 6 1-seeded, indehiscent capsules, united by a longitudinal receptacle, from which they separate at the base. Seeds (fig. 5.) solitary, oblong, pointed, triangular. The Calyx of 3 sepals, Corolla of 3 petals, and Fruit opening at the base, with 3 Valves, will distinguish this genus from others in the same class and order. Two species British. TRIGLO'CHIN PA'LUSTRE. Marsh Arrow-grass. Spec. Char. Fruit 3-celled, nearly linear, tapering at the base. Eng. Bot. t. 366. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 98. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. 152. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.398. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 200. — Lindl. Syn. p. 252. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 171. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 219. — Lightf. FI Scot. v. i. p. 191. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 119.- Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 83.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 187. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 151. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 114. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 84. — Johnson’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 83. — FI. Devon, pp. 65 & 127. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 104. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 35. — Jun- cajo palustris et vulgaris, Ray’s Syn. p. 435. — Gramen aquaticum spicatum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 13. not the figure. Gramen maritimum spicatum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 20. the figure only. Localities. — Boggy places, wet meadows, and pastures. Not uncommon. — Oxfordshire; Common about Oxford, Cowley Marsh: Dr. Sibtiiorp. On the side of the canal going to Woolvercot ; on the south side of Shotover-hill ; abundant in the meadows near the canal beyond Heyfields-hut ; and in the bog under Bullington-green, near Oxford; also in the bogs on the north of Upper Heyferd. — Bedfordshire; Hassock’s Meadow, and Ampthil) Bogs : Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgeshire ; Granchester Meadow, Teversham Moor, See. : Rev. R. Relhan. — Devon; Marshes about the river F.x near Exmouth, and about Torquay; Rev. J. P. Jones. — Lancashire. ; Bootle near Liverpool : Dr. Bos- tock. — Surrey ; In Battersea Marshes, between the Bridge and the Red House: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Warwickshire ; Near Tamworth : Dr. Withering. Alcester, in Mr. Bloxam’s field at the edge of the water ; and above the village of Great Alne, in some boggy ground : Mr. Purton. Bogs Fig. 1. A Flower, a. Calyx, b. Corolla, c. Stigmas. — Fig. 2. The samp, with the Sepals and Petals removed, a. The 6 Stamens, b. Pistils. — Fig. 3. Fruit. — Fig. 4. The same magnified. — Fig. 5. A Seed. * From treis, Gr. three, and glochin, Gr. a point; the fruit opening in three points, like the barbs of an arrow, t See Galanthus nivalis, p. 33. notei. near Coleshill : Rev. W.T. Bree. — Worcestershire; Feckenham : Mr. Pur- ton. Boggy places near Malvern Hills : Mr. E. Lees. Finny Rough near Stone: Mr. W. G. Perry. — Yorkshire; In Terrington Cor near Castle Howard: Mr. R. Teesdale. Near Rotherham: Mr. L. Langley. — About Berwick-upon-Tweed. — Plentiful in some parts of SCOTLAND. — Frequent in IRELAND. Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Root fibrous. Leaves all radical, numerous, from 6 to 12 inches long, upright, fleshy, strap-shaped, semicylindrical, slightly chan- nelled on the upper side, smooth, sheathing and membranous at the base. Scape f stalk J solitary, from 6 to 12 inches high, simple, naked, round, or slightly angular, and terminating in a loose, up- right spike or cluster of small, greenish flowers , on short upright peduncles, without bracteas. Anthers nearly sessile, 3 within the sepals, and 3 within the petals. Fruit 3-celled, formed of 3 strap- shaped, 1-seeded, indehiscent capsules united by a common recep- tacle, each capsule separating at its base, and suspended by its extremity, in this state giving the fruit a strong resemblance to a 3-barbed Arrow-head. — “ Mr. W. Wilson finds that the leaves, when bruised, yield a very fetid smell, and that the root, under certain circumstances at least, is a creeping one ; sending out jointed, scaly runners, with comparatively large, egg-shaped, shortly acuminated bulbs at the extremity. These bulbs at the end of the jointed runners have very much the appearance of a scorpion’s tail.” Dr. Hooker. — Plants confined in a small compartment of the aquarium in the Oxford Botanic Garden, produced these bulbs in abundance : (see the plate). — Linnaeus remarks, that goats, sheep, horses, and swine eat this plant, and that cows are extremely fond of it. The few plants which compose the Natural Order Juncagi'neas, are monocotyledonous and herbaceous, and grow in bogs or moist places. Their leaves are sword-shaped, with parallel veins, their flowers inconspicuous, and produced in naked spikes, or clusters. Their sepals and petals are herbaceous, rarely wanting. Their stamens are 6 in number. Their ovaries superior, either 3 or 6, ad- hering firmly to each other. Their ovules are solitary, or 2 approach- ing at their base, upright. Their pericarpiums (see Lindl. Introd. to Bot. p. 162) are dry and indehiscent, each containing 1 or 2 seeds, which are upright, and without albumen, their embryo having the same direction as the seed, with a lateral cleft for the emission of the plumula. See Lindl. Syn, p. 252. I 61 CAMPANULA KOTDNDIFOLU. MOtrUTO -LIB A.VEJ1 BELlj-FEOftTBR.1! W.A DtlarnoTtt , Dll . Cjf*tkwF,Sc. Bui Vi Baxter Botanic Girder Oxford (61.) CAMPANULA* *. Linnean Class and Order . Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Campanula'ceae, Juss. Gen. Plant, p. 163. — Lindl. Syn. p. 135 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 185. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 453. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 3.) superior, of one sepal (monosepal- ous), deeply divided into 5 pointed, upright, sometimes rather spreading segments ; in some with intermediate, reflexed, tumid lobes ; permanent. Corolla of 1 petal (monopetalous) , bell-shaped, with 5 broad, spreading, regular lobes, withering ; impervious at the base, combined with the calyx, and furnished at the lower part with 5 acute, approaching valves (fig. 2.) (nectaries of Linnccus), which cover the top of the germen. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short, from the point of each valve. Anthers longer than their filaments, strap-shaped, compressed, spreading. Germen inferior, angular. Style thread-shaped, downy, longer than the stamens. Stigma of from 3 to 5 revolute segments or lobes. Capsule round- ish, or inversely egg-shaped, angular and ribbed, of 3 or 5 cells, rarely of 2 only, bursting by 3 or 5 torn lateral openings, between the ribs. Seeds numerous, small, attached to a columnar receptacle or placenta. The bell-shaped corolla ; from 2 to 5 lobed, revolute stigma ; and the roundish or inversely egg-shaped capsule of from 2 to 5 cells, with torn fissures at the base, will distinguish this from other genera with a monopetalous superior corolla in the same class and order. Nine species British. CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFO'LIA. Round-leaved Bell- flower. Blue-bell.of Heath-bell. Witch’s Thimble. H*R£$£tL. S C oT L fiiji D Spec. Char. Root-leaves heart or kidney-shaped, crenate, very soon withering. Stem-leaves strap-shaped, entire. Engl. Bot. t- 866. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 226. — Johnson's Gerarde, p. 462. — Ray’s Syn. p. 277, excluding the reference to J. Bauhin. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. 95. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.235. Engl. FI. v. i. p.287. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.301. — Lindl. Syn. p. 136. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 100. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 141. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 80. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 48. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 118. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 89 — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 74. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 50. — FI. Devon, pp. 37 ix 154. — Johnson’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 58.— W alk. FI. of Oxf. p. 56. — Campanula heterophylla, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 408. Localities. — On heaths, walls, road-sides, hedge-banks, and barren pas- tures ; mostly on a dry soil. Common. Perennial. — Flowers from June to September. Root white, thickish, creeping, fibrous, sweetish. Stems several, from 6 inches to a foot or more high, upright, slender, round, smooth, Fig. 1. Five Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 2. A Stamen. — Fig. 3. Calyx and Pistil. — Fig. 4. Capsule. — Fig, 5. Transverse Section of ditto. — Fig. 6. The Pores or Openings at the base of the Capsule. — Fig. 7. Root-leaves.— Fig. 8. Lower part of the Stem. * From Campana, Lat. a little bell ; from the shape of the corolla, t See Anchusa sempervirens, p. 48. note t. or sometimes a little downy, especially the lower part, solid, milky, very slightly, if at all branched. Root-leaves (fig. 7.) numerous, heart or kidney-shaped, bluntly toothed, or notched ; on long, nar- row, strap-shaped foot-stalks. Stem-leaves (fig. 8.), lower ones spear-shaped, and slightly toothed; upper ones long, strap-shaped, pointed, entire, and very narrow, tapering at the base into short foot-stalks. Flowers in a loose drooping panicle ; blue, sometimes white, on long, slender, tremulous stalks, with an awl-shaped bractea (floral-leaf) to each. Segments of the Calyx (fig. 3.) strap-awl-shaped, entire, spreading. Corolla thrice as long as the calyx, twisted in decay. Capsule (figs. 4 & 5.) 3-celled. — It is observed by Dr. Hooker that the root-leaves soon wither, and thus this part of the specific character is often wanting %. A very dwarf variety of this species is sometimes met with on mountainous rocks and in barren ground ; it was observed in Scot- land by Mr. Ltghtfoot, previous to 1777, on the hill of Moncrief, near Perth, only about 2 inches high, and bearing but one flower. This was originally taken for Campanula uniflora of Linnaeus, a very different plant, by Mr. Hudson. — Mr. W. G. Perry has found the same variety in a stone-quarry in the Pigwells, at Warwick. Campanula pumila, of Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, t. 512, both the blue and the white flowered kinds of which are now common in our Gardens, was considered by Linnaeus as a variety of C. rotun- difolia ; this, however, has never been seen wild in Britain, and is doubtless a very distinct species, characterized, as Sir J. E. Smith observes, by the numerous serrated, inversely egg-shaped or spear- shaped stem-leaves, to say nothing of its smaller size, and brighter green hue. It is Campanula pus'illa of Jacquin’s Collectanea, v. ii. p. 79; and C. caspitdsa of Villars§, and of Scopoli||. It appears to have been the opinion of Dr. Withering, and many other Botanists, that Scilla nutans was the Blue-bell of Scotland ; but Dr. Johnson, the author of an excellent and interesting “ Flora of Berwick-upon-Tweed,” has proved, I think beyond a doubt, that Campanula rotundifilia is the true Blue-bell of that country. “ I have,” says this distinguished Botanist, “ spent nearly the whole of the days of my life in the extreme north of England, and in , the south of Scotland, and until science had made known to me another and a less interesting nomenclature, I knew the Campdnula only as the Blue- bell of my native land ; and a subsequent enquiry has satisfied me that 1 am correct. These heart-stirring and endearing names, I regret to add, are fast lapsing to oblivion, and, unless the local florist will commemorate them in Ins pages, our children will read our pastoral poets without knowledge of the ob- jects described.” Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 461. t Linnjeus informs us that cows, goats, sheep, and horses eat this plant, but that swine refuse it, and that a green pigment is obtained from the flowers. Uredo Campanula: of Pkrsoon’s Synopsis Fungorum, p.217, andGnE- vicle’s Flora Edinensis, p. 440, is not uncommon on the inferior surface of the leaves of this and other species of Campanula about Oxford, in Summer and Autumn. It is a small parasitical fungus of a bright yellow colour when in a recent state, but soon after drying it becomes nearly white. 6 Histoire des Plantes de Dauphinfi, vol. ii, p. 500. || Flora Carniolica, 2nd ed. v. i. p. 143. I. "Rufjcll Del. W Baxter But uni c (riinl M Q-/jor ’ic 1/u.rJtn OzjZr* (63.) SPIRA'NTHES* *. Linnean Class and Order. Gyna'ndria f, Mona'ndria. Natural Order. Orchi'dea:. Juss. Gen. Plant, p. 64. — Or- chi'deas, Tribe Neottie'a;. Lindl. Syn. pp. 256 & 257; Introd. to Nat. Sy st. p.262. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 412. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 81 ; Eng. FI. v. iv. p. 3. — Hook. FI. Scot. pt. ii. p. 187. Gen. Char. Perianthium ( calyx and corolla^) (tig. 2.) su- perior. Sepals 3 (fig. 3. b. b. b.), concave, egg-shaped, or spear- shaped, approaching, permanent, coloured, equal in length ; the 2 lateral ones meeting under the nectary. Petals 2, (fig. 3. c. c.), oblong, upright, approaching under the upper sepal, and about the same length. Lip ( nectary of Linn.,) (fig. 3. d.) as long as the sepals, shovel-shaped, clawed, (unquiculate,) with 2 fleshy projec- tions at the base, entire. Anther (fig. 4. b.) roundish, parallel to the stigma, of 2 cells close together, depositing the obovate (inversely egg-shaped) masses of pollen (fig. 4. c.) upon the stigma. German (fig. 2.) inferior, inversely egg-shaped, with 3 furrows. Style or Column (fig. 5. a.) taper, club-shaped, distinct, with 2 teeth at the apex (fig. 4. d). Stigma prominent in front, globose, beaked. Capsule (fig. 6.) inversely egg-shaped, blunt, with 3 furrows, and 3 blunt angles. Seeds very minute. The converging sepals and petals ; shovel-shaped, clawed, entire lip , with 2 fleshy projections at the base ; anther parallel with the stigma; the taper, club-shaped column, with 2 teeth at the apex; and the projecting beaked stigma, will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. SPIRA'NTHES AUTUMNA'LIS. Ladies’ Traces, or Ladies’ Tresses. Spec. Char. Root-leaves oblong, somewhat stalked. Spike twisted, unilateral. Bracteas downy, tumid. Lip egg-shaped, entire. Spirdnth.es autumnalis, Richard, Mem. Mus. v. iv. p. 59. fide Gray. — Gray’s Mat. Air. v. ii. p. 208.— Lindl. Syn. p. 257. — Neottia spiralis, Sm. Eng. FI. v. iv. p. 35. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 376. — l’erry’s PI. Varvicenses Selects, p. 73. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p.58. — FI. Devon, pp. 144 and 132. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 257. — O' phrys spiralis, Linn. — Engl. Bot. t. 541. — Curt. FI. Bond. t. 270 — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed ) p. 389. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 934. — With. (7lh ed.) v. ii. p. 37. — Siblh. FI. Oxon. p. 12. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 194. — Purt. Midi. FI. v.i. p. 425. v. iii. p.387. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 363. — Orchis spiralis alba odorata, Ray’s Syn. p. 378. — Triorchis, Johuson’s Gerarde, p. 218. Localities. — In meadows and pastures on a chalky or gravelly soil ; also in wet boggy places. Mot uncommon in ENGLAND- — Oxfordshire ; On a dry Fig. 1. A Bractea or Floral leaf. — Fig. 2. Germen and Perianthium. — Fig. 3. The same spread open: a. the Germen; b. b. b. the Sepals ; c. c. the Petals ; d. the Lip — Fig. 4. Sepals, Petals, and Lip removed : a. Germen; b. Anther; c. Pollen-masses; d. Pointed summit of the Stigma. — Fig. 5. a. Style; b. Stigma. — Fig. 6. Capsule. — All, except fig. 6, more or less magnified. * From spier a, Gr. a screw, or any thing spirally twisted ; on account of the disposition of the flowers on their spike. Delicate little herbaceous plants with fibrous (or tuberous) roots, and generally white flowers, S. astivalis ( autumna- lis of Lind. Syn.) has the germs on the flower-stalks placed regularly one above another, somewhat resembling tresses of plaited hair ; whence its name of Ladies’ Traces or Tresses. Prof. Lindley, in Loud. Ency. of Plants, p. 755. t See O' phrys apifera, p 8. note t. } See Galanthus nivalis, p.33. note t. bank on the left hand side of the road going up Shotover Hill from Cheyney Lane ; also in a wet place on the south side of the hill, near a spring opposite the foot path to Bullington Green: Mr. J. Benwell, and Mr. J. Hinton, 1810. In the same places, 1833, W. B. — Berks ; In Hampstead park: Mr. Bichfno. — Bedfordshire ; Hilly pastures near Thurleigh : Rev. C. Abbot. — Bucks ; On the Fern in Little Marlow: Dr. Martyn. — Plentiful in and about the Planta- tions at Dropmore : Mr. E. Jenner, Sept. 1833. — Cambridgeshire; Hill of Health ; Coldham Common ; in a field on the left hand side of the road leading from the Histon to the Ely road ; on the side of Teversham Moor ; Newmarket Heath; Moor near Snailwell : Rev. R. Relhan. — Cornwall; In a croft near Whitehall, on the road from Truro to Redruth : Mr. Watt, in With. Bot. Arr. Near Penzance : Rev. W. T. Bree, in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 161. — Devon ; On the Ness, Teignmouth: Dr. Withering. — Dorsetshire; Under the rocks at Pinney Cliffs, near Lyme : Mr. Knappe, in With. Bot. Arr. — Essex ; On Danbury Common : J. G. in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 447. — Hampshire ; In the Long Lith, and towards the south corner of the Common, Selborne : Rev. G. White. — Kent; About Dartford : Dr. Martyn. On Dartford Heath, plentiful : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. Upon turfy ground above the shore between Sandgate and Eolkstone; and at the foot of the Chalk Downs above Newington, upon Folkstone-Hil], &c. abundant: Rev. G.E. Smith. — Lancashire ; Aller- ton, and in the woods at Ince near Liverpool: Dr. Bostock. — Leicestershire ; Closes near Buddon Wood. — Middlesex ; On Hanwell Heath near lsleworth, and on Enfield Chase: Dr. Martyn. — Northamptonshire; Warckton: ib.— Nottinghamshire ; Near East Leke: ibid. — Somersetshire ; On the slope of the Down ascending to Walton Castle, on the Clevedon side : Mr. F. Russell. Lawns about Wick House, near Bristol: Dr. Withering. — Staffordshire ; Meadows at King’s Swinford : Rev. W.T. Bree. — Surrey; Barn Elms: Dr. Martyn. ReygateHill: Mr. Winch. — Warwickshire ; In a field close to the brick-kiln in the road from Bedford to Binton, and at Suitterfield near to the Lodge Farm : Mr. Purton. — In a field crossed by the foot-road from Warwick to Hampton-on-the-hill : Mr. W. G. Perry. — Worcestershire ; On the wet commons, Malvern Hills: Mr. E. Lees, in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 161. — Yorkshire; Near Rotherham: Mr. L. Langley, ibid. v. ii. p. 270. Near Doncaster, on each side of the liver Don : Mr. S. Appleby, ibid. v. v. p. 557. — WALES. Denbighshire; Pastures about Voylas: Mr. Griffith. Angle- sea; Rev. H. Davies. — IRELAND. Near Cork: Rev. W. Hincks. On Bray Common: Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers from August to October. Root composed of 2 or 3, sometimes more, oblong, cylindrical, nearly perpendicular, brown, downy tubers or knobs, with a few small fibres. Root-leaves several, tufted, egg-spear-shaped, entire, smooth, bright green, spreading, on broad leafy foot-stalks. Stem from 4 to 8 inches high, smooth below, downy above, clothed with a few spear-shaped, pointed, sheathing leaves. Spike from 2 to 4 inches long, singularly spiral, of many, crowded, small, white, sweet-scented flowers, in a single row, each with an egg-shaped, tumid, pointed, downy, close bractea (fig. 1.). The upper sepal and the 2 petals are so combined, as to appear like one piece (see fig. 2.). Lip (fig. 2. d.) a little longer than the rest of the flower, oblong, broader and slightly crenate at the apex. Anther and Stigma both sharp pointed. Capsule oblique, inversely egg-shaped, with 3 pro- minent ribs. “ According to Mr. Salisbury, no plant whatever is more easy to cultivate than this; at Chapel- A) lerton it propagated itself every- where, springing up from seeds in the neighbouring pots, whatever soil or plants happened to be in them ; and they were once found germinating on a dead root of a Persian Cyclamen, in a pot, which for want of draining was full of Jungermannias.” Professor Lindley, in Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants, p. 755. 61 HOLCUS LANA TUS . MEADOW SOFT- &RA SS. 2/ C.ttaZTtewsiDel.lfSc tot* bj tfBa-vckr Botanic Ot^ard. (64.) HO'LCUS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'ne^e. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 68.; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Loud. Hovt. Brit. p. 542. Gen. Char. Panicle loose. Calyx of 2 nearly equal, keeled, ribless, awnless glumes (valves), containing a spikelet of 2 florets (fig. 1.) the upper with stamens only, and awned; the lower per- fect and awnless, Corolla of 2 unequal Paleae (valves) . Nectary a cloven, smooth, membranous scale (fig. 3). Filaments 3 in each floret, hair-like, very delicate. Anthers oblong, notched at each end. Germen egg-shaped. Styles short, widely spreading. Stigmas large, feathery. Needs covered by the hardened permanent corolla. The calyx of 2 nearly equal, keeled glumes, containing 2 florets ; the upper floret with stamens only, and awned, the lower perfect and awnless ; and the seed coated with the hardened corolla ; will distinguish this from other Genera of Gramineae with a panicled inflorescence. T wo species British. HO'LCUS LANA'TUS. Meadow Soft-grass. Yorkshire Whites. Yorkshire Fog. Spec. Char. Calyx-glumes rather blunt, with a sharp point. Imperfect floret with a curved awn included within the calyx. No tuft of hairs at the joints of the culm. Root fibrous. Eng. Bot. 1. 1169. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 228. — Knappe’s Gram. Brit. t. 37. — Host’s Gram. Austr. v. i. p. 2. t. 2. — Schreber’s Beschreibung der Griiser, t. 20. f. 1. — Linn. Sp. PI. 1485. — Huds. FI. Angl. p. 440. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. p. 89. Eng. FI. v. i. p. 107. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 158. — Lindl. Syn. p. 305. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 38. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 135. — Light f. FI. Scot, v. ii. p. 631. — Leers’ FI. Herb. (2nd ed.) p. 221. t. 7. f. 6. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 118. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 40. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 218. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 492.— Relb. FI. Cantab, (3rd ed.) p. 33. — Graves’ British Grasses, t. 46. — Sincl. Hort. Gram. Woborn. p.21. f. 10. ; and p. 163, with a plate. — FI. Devon, pp. 14 and 122. — Johnson’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 21. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 21. — Baxter’s Library of Agricultural and Horticultural Knowledge, (2nd ed.) p. 306 f. — Gramin miliaceum pratense rnolle, Ray’s Syn. p. 404. Localities. — In meadows and pastures. Common. Fig. 1. A Spikelet, showing the 2 Calyx-glumes, containing within them the 2 florets, each with 3 stamens. — Fig. 2. The Germen, 2 Styles, and feathery Stigmas of the lower or perfect floret. — Fig. 3. The 2 Paleae of the Corolla, and the cloven membranous Nectary. All magnified. * From elko, Gr. to extract, because it was supposed to have the property of drawing out thorns from the flesh. Dr. Hooker. t See Phdlaris canariensis, p. 56. note t. | “ The Library of Agricultural and Horticultural Knowledge,” &c. 2nd edition, royal 8vo. 1832; Printed and Published by Mr. J. Baxter, of Lewes, Sussex. This volume contains a vast quantity of very useful and valuable in- formation on the particular subjects on which it professes to treat ; and is one of the very best books that can be recommended either 1o the Country Gentleman, the Farmer, or the Gardener, as a book of general reference, on subjects con- nected with Farming and Gardening. Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Root fibrous, tufted, not creeping. Culms (stems) numerous, up- right, simple, from 1 to 2 feet high, smooth above; clothed on the lower part with soft deflexed hairs. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, flat and striated above, keeled below ; covered on every part with soft hairs, which give them a greyish appearance. Sheath (vagina) marked with narrow, purplish lines, hairy on the outside, smooth and shining within. Stipula (ligula) blunt, toothed, hairy on the outside and on the edge. Panicle thrice compound, at first con- tracted, reddish, and a little drooping ; afterwards upright, spread- ing, and whitish, with downy stalks. Glumes (calyx-valves) 2. dotted, hoary, or downy, nearly equal in length, the innermost broadest, with 3 ribs, and terminating in a point; the inner smaller and keeled. Florets shorter than the Glumes, as is also the awn of the barren floret. The awn in this species, as Sir J. E. Smith ob- serves, is twisted and recurved when dry, but turns inwards when moist. Seed coated by the hardened polished palece or corolla. “ This Grass is very common, and grows on all soils, from the richest to the poorest. It attains to the greatest degree of luxuri- ance on light moist soils, particularly on those of a peaty nature. Cattle prefer almost any other grass to this ; it is seen in pastures with its full-grown downy leaves entire, while the grasses which surround it are eaten to the roots. The numerous downy hairs which cover the whole plant, render the hay which is made of it soft and spongy, and in this state it is also disliked by cattle, parti- cularly by horses. The nutritive matter consists almost entirely of mucilage and sugar. The grasses most liked by cattle have always a portion of bitter extractive and saline matters, as constituents of their nutritive principle. This grass, however objectionable in lands capable of growing the superior grasses, is yet of value on high, poor, exposed soils ; there it affords a larger supply of food than any other grass, but it should not be introduced without mature consideration. The seeds are light and easily dispersed by the winds ; and when once in possession of a soil, particularly of a moist and light one, there is scarcely any means that will get rid of it, without a course of fallow and clean tillage.” — Mr. G. Sin- clair, in Baxter’s Lib. of Agricul. and Hort. Knowl. p. 306. A very pretty fungus, Sphaeria typh'ina of Persoon, Sphaeria spiculifera of Sowerby, is frequently found on the culms and leaves of this Grass in the neighbourhood of Oxford. An excellent figure and description of this parasite is given by Dr. Greville, in his very beautiful “ Scottish Cryptogamic Flora," t. 204. It is sometimes found on other Grasses. 65 SALVIA PRATED SIS. WAJHieZamettcDel. MEADOW SAOJE. 1/ (65.) • SALVIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Dia'ndiua f, Moxogy'ma. Natural Order. Laijia'ta?, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 110. — Lind. Syn. p. 196; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 239. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 439. Sm. Gram, of Dot. p. 99. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of one sepal, tubular, ribbed, per- manent, unequally two-lipped, upper lip three-toothed, lower lip two-toothed. Corolla of one petal, having the tube dilated upwards, compressed ; upper lip concave, curved inwards, notched ; lower lip broad, three-lobed, the middle lobe the largest, and cloven. Stamens two (fig. 1.) Filaments with two spreading branches, one only bearing a perfect, oblong, single-celled Anther. German (fig. 3.) four-cleft. Style (fig. 2.) thread-shaped, curved with the sta- mens, and usually longer. Stigtna forked. Seeds (fig. 4.) four, oval, in the bottom of the dry converging calyx. The inferior, monopetalous, ringent corolla ; the filaments with 2 spreading branches, one only bearing a perfect anther, and the 4 apparently naked seeds; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Only two species British. — The exotic species of this genus are numerous, and many of them, especially some of those recently in- troduced into England, are very beautiful, and prove great orna- ments to our gardens in the summer and autumn. SA'LVIA PRATE'NSIS. Meadow Clary, or Sage. Clear-eye. Spec. Char. Lower Leaves oblong, crenate ; heart-shaped at the base ; stalked ; uppermost sessile, clasping the stem. Brac- teas very small. Corolla thrice as long as the calyx, glandular and viscid at the summit. Eng. Rot. t. 153. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 35. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 10. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 30. Eng). F). v. i. p. 34. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 26. — Lindl. Syn. p. 197. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 10. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 8. — Abbot’s FI. Bcdf. p. 6. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 8. — Sclarea pratensis, Gray ’s Natt. Arr. v. ii. p.388 .—Sclarea pratensis foliis serratis.jdore cccruleo. Dillenius in Hay’s Synopsis, p. 237. — Horminum Sylvestre Fuchsii , Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 769. Localities. — Dry pastures, meadows, and about hedges. Rare. — Oxford- shire ; Between Middleton Stoney and Ardley: Dr. Siutiiorp, in FI. Oxon. Mr. T. W. Weaver found it in the same place, in abundance, in 1832. About Enstone and Spelsbury : Rev. J. Sibley, 1832. — Bedfordshire ; In a pasture near Ford-End Farm: Rev. G. Abbot in FI. Bed). — Derbyshire; Clinch; Mr. Hallows, in Bot. Guide. — Gloucestershire ; Wick Cliffs. Mr. Swayne, in Bot. Guide. — Kent; near Cobham, Ray: Near Feversham, Mr. Dickson. — Norfolk; In Horsford Meadow, Gough’s Camden. — Northamptonshire ; In King’s Thorp Church-yard, abundantly, Moreton. — Surrey ; Common in Fig. 1. The two Stamens.— Fig. 2. The Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 3. the four unripe Seeds. — Fig. 4. A seed. * From Salvo, to save or heal, in allusion to its balmy or healing qualities. Dr. Hooker. t See Veronica Chamaedrys, p. 50, note t. this County: Dr. Sioms, in Lot. Guide. — Sussex; Common also in this County : Dr. Siokf.s, ibid. — Yorkshire ; “ In the North Biding, but 1 cannot tecollect the place:” Mr. Telsoai.e, ibid. — WALES; Isle of Auylesea ; In dry rtieadows, near Llanidan : Mr. Bingi.ey, ibid. — Glamorganshire ; Lime- stone meadows about Pott Eynon : Dr. Turton, ibid. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root somewhat woody, fibrous, brown and yellow on the out- ■ side, nearly white within. Stesn from 2 to 3 feet high, upright, square, hairy, not very aromatic. Leaves oblong, heart-shaped at the base, nearly smooth, irregularly crenate, or notched, wrinkled and veiny, deep green ; root-leaves and lower stem-leaves on long leaf stalks ; the uppermost sessile, stem-clasping, and sharp pointed. Flowers about six in a whorl, whorls numerous, forming a long loose spike ; each whorl is accompanied by a pair of small, egg- shaped, pointed bracteas. Corolla large and handsome, nearly four times as long as the calyx, of a fine purplish blue. The flower- stalks and calyx, as well as the summit of the corolla, are hairy and viscid. The seeds of this, as well as of many other species of Salvia, are covered with a dense mucilage, which is not visible till the seeds are wetted. This mucilage I have found to be partly composed of very minute spiral vessels, similar to those first described by Professor Lindley as parti’- composing the mucous matter which envelopes the seeds of Colldmia linearis. These spiral vessels are very numer- ous in the mucous matter which envelopes the seeds of Salvia vcr- bendca ; if a seed of this species is placed on a bit of glass on the stage of a compound microscope, and then subjected to moisture, by dropping upon it a drop or two of clear water, the spiral vessels may be seen, almost immediately, to dart forth from the outside of the testa or skin, and to form a complete and beautiful radius round the seed. If the seed on which the experiment has been tried is allowed to dry upon the glass, the spiral vessels will remain in thmr extended position, (their bases enclosed in the mucous matter which also dries upon the glass,) and may be preserved as an in- teresting object for the microscope at any future time. See Walker’s FI. Oxf. p. 9 and the “ Report of the second Meeting of the British Association for the advancement of science,” p. 593. — The seeds are sometimes used for removing extraneous matter from the eye, put under the eye-lid for a few moments. t The Flora of Oxfordshire, and its Contiguous Counties, (comprising the Flowering Plants only ;) airanged in easy and familiar language, according to the Linnarau and Natural Systems, &c. By Richard VVai.kei«, B.D. F.L.S. and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 8vo. 1833. Pub i hed by H. Slatter, High street, Oxford. Those who would wish to become acquainted with the flowering plants of Oxford- shire, and its contiguous counties, their places of growth, &c. will find this woik a very useful and interesting guide. The descriptions of the plants are accurate and concise, and are preceded by an easy and familiar introduction, both to the Linnaran and Jussieuan systems, accompanied by twelve illustialivc plates. BOH AGO OFFICINALIS JtCA~DfZasvt o C&MJkf&JV J30M.J& OJS. C AfatherfJiSc O (66.) HORA'GO * Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Boragi'xete, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 128. — Lindl- Syn. p. 163; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 241. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p- 440. Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 102. — Asperifoliae, Linn. Sm- Eng. FI. v. i. p. 247. Ge.v. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of one sepal, deeply di- vided into 5 moderately spreading segments, permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, wheel-shaped ; tube of various lengths ; limb in 5 deep, flat, or twisted segments, widely spreading; mouth bor- dered with 5 short, blunt, notched valves, or with awl-shaped ones, or with both, in whicli case the latter bear the stamens at the inner side (fig. 3). Filaments 5, awl-shaped, various in length, converg- ing. Anthers arrow-shaped, or oblong and notched. Germens (figs. 4 and 5.) 4. Style (fig. 4.) cylindrical. Stigma capitate. Seeds 4, (figs. 5 and 6.), egg-shaped, converging, rugged, or tuber- culated, keeled outwardly towards the point, globular at the base, attached to the bottom of the closed calyx. The wheel-shaped corolla, with its mouth closed with awl-shaped or notched valves, and the 4 (apparently) naked seeds, will distin- guish this from other genera, with a monopetalous, inferior corolla, in the same class and order. One species British. BORA'GO OFFICINA'LTS. Common Borage. Spec. Ciiar. Lower Leaves inversely egg-shaped, narrowed at the base. Segments of the corolla egg-shaped, pointed, spreading. Eng. Bot. t. 36. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 197. — Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 82. — Sm. FI. Blit. v. i. p.219. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 264. — With. (7th ed.) v. li. p.284. — Lindl. Syn. p. 164. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 82. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 71. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 43. — Thornton’s Family Herbal, p. 167. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. III. — llellian’s FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 82. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 70. — Giev. FI. Edin. p. 46. — FI. Devon, pp. 35. and 151. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 53. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Select, p 16. — Kev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 13. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 50. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p.21.— Baxt. Lib. of Agiicul. and Hort. Know). (2nd ed ) p. 54. — Borayo hortensis, John- son’s Gerarde, p.797. — Borago officinalis, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. it. p.350. — Borrago hortensis, Bay’s Syn p. 228. Localities. — In waste or cultivated ground, byroad-sides, and amongst rub- bish. A doubtful native. — Oxfordshire ; Near the Parks: Dr. SiEruonv. Side of the Banbury road, between Oxford and Summer Town, August, 1831. IV. B. — Berks ; On walls and among rubbish : Dr. M a vou’s Agticul. Surv. of Berks. — Bedfordshire; Duck Mill, Bedford; Amplhill Warren: Rev. C. Abbot, in El. Bedf. — Cambridgeshire ; Parker’s Piece; Emmanuel College; Jesus Grove; Cow-fen: Rev. It. Rf.lhan. — Cornwall ; Kedgworth ; near St. Fig. 1. Calyx. —Fig. 2. Corolla, with the Valves and Stamens. — Fig. 3. One of the Stamens, attached to one of the awl-shaped Valves. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. Lobes of the Calyx removed, showing the four unripe seeds attached to its base. — Fig. 6. A ripe Seed, or N ut. *■ From Cor, heart, and ago, tobring ; thence corrupted into Borago, or as the French spell it, Borrago. Dr. Hook i n. t See Anchusa sempervirens, p. 48. note *. Just; amlbelw(en Crafthole and Loop: Rev. J. F. Jokes, in Bot. Tour. — Devon ; About Chudleigh and Teignmouth : Rev. J. P. Jones, ibid. Banksof the river near Tavistock : Mr. Knapp. — Durham ; On the Ballast hills of Tyne and Wear: Mr. Winch. — Hampshire; Godshill, Isle of Wight : Mr. W. G. Snookf, in W ith. Bot. Arr.- — Kent ; At the entrance into Sandwich from Deal ; and about Lyme Castle: Air, Dillwyn; By the road-side Ilythe East; and at Winchelsea, near the east gate: Rev. G. E. Smith. — In Surrey ; Air. W. Pampi.in. Jun. — Warwickshire ; In a field by Arrow turnpike : Air. Purton, in Midi. FI. — WALES. Carnarvonshire ; On the summit of a high rock at I.landrydno, near Conway: Rev. S. Dickenson. — SCOTLAND; At Burnt- island : Air. AIai'chan. About Glasgow, but generally near gardens : Air. Hop- kirk. On the Debiis of Salisbury Craigs : Air. Bainbridoe, in Grev. FI.F.din. — IRELAND. County of Cork ; Old Abbey of Timolegne : Mr. Drummond, in Mack. Catal. Annual. — Flowers from June to November. Root tapering, and mucilaginous. Whole plant clothed all over with white awl-shaped bristles, seated on a vesicular tubercle, which is often of a reddish colour ; these tubercles, Mr. Thomson observes in his Lectures on Botany, p. 642, “ contain a fluid, which is ejected through the bristle when it is compressed so as to wound the finger; and which being left in the wound excites a slight degree of in- flammation in the part.” Stem branched, from 1 to 2 feet high, round, hollow, spreading, leafy. Leaves alternate, egg-shaped, wavy, and more or less toothed ; the lower ones broadest, and stalked ; the upper ones sessile, somewhat stem-clasping, and slightly decurrent. Flowers numerous, and very beautiful, in terminal drooping bunches. Calyx divided to the very base. Corolla nearly an inch broad, of a brilliant blue colour ; pink in the bud ; segments of the limb spear-shaped ; tube very short and white. Outer valves short, obtuse, and slightly notched ; inner ones (fig. 3.) awl-shaped, dark purple, or blackish. Filaments very short, attached to the dilated base of the awl-shaped valves. Anthers strap-shaped, pro- minent, blackish. Style thread-shaped, usually shorter than the stamens. Seeds wrinkled or warty, of a light shining brown. The whole plant has somewhat the smell of cucumber. The flowers sometimes vary to flesh-coloured or white ; the latter variety has been found in Kent, by Mr. Dillavyn, and by ihe Rev. G. E. Smith; about Allesley in Warwickshire, by the Rev. W. T. Buee; and it comes up annually from self-sown seeds in the Oxford Botanic Garden. Borage was formerly reckoned one of the four cordial flowers, along with Alkanet, Roses, and Violets, and was held in great repute as a cordial herb, for exhilarating the spirits; and hence the old adage, “ I Borage, bring always courage.” The plant is now seldom used, except as an ingredient in cool tankards, for summer drinking. The young and tender tops are good in salads, or as a pot herb. The juice affords a true nitre. . • - - . PRUSTELLA VUXGARIS . SEZF-MEAL. ll C Mu thswa, Dei. &£c . PRUNE'LL A.* *. Linnean Class and Order. Didyna'mia f, Gymnospe'rmia. % Natural Order. Labia'tas, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 110. — Lind. Syn. p. 196 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 239. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 439. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 99. ; Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. — Verticilla'ta;, of Ray, and of Linnreus. Gen. Ciiar. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, bell-shaped, 2-lipped; upper lip flat, dilated, very abrupt, with 3 very short pointed teeth; lower lip much narrower, but about as long, straight, di- vided half way down into two sharp pointed segments. Corolla (fig. 2.) ringent (gaping) ; tube short, cylindrical ; throat longer and wider ; upper lip concave, entire, inflexed ; lower lip reflexed, divided into 3 rounded, blunt, crenate lobes, the middle one broadest. Filaments 4, (fig. 4.) two a little longer than the other two, awl-shaped, forked at the summit. Anthers on the lower branch of each filament, opening transversely by 2 valves. Ger- man 4-lobed. Style (fig. 5.) thread-shaped, directed, like the stamens, towards the upper lip, and on a level with them. Stigma : divided into 2 sharp recurved points. Seeds (figs. 6 & 7.) 4, some- what egg-shaped, shining, in the bottom of the closed, dry, reti- culated calyx. Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by the 2-lipped calyx, and the forked filaments, one of the points bearing the anther, the other naked. One species British. PRUNE'LLA VULGA'RIS. Common Self-heal, or Slough- heal. Spec. Char. Leaves stalked, between oblong and egg-shaped ; teeth of the upper lip of the calyx very minute. Eng. Bot. t. 961. — Curt. FI. Lon