+yK306
.B36
v. 2

h BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS.

M

i

BY W. BAXTER, A. L. S. F. H. S. &c.

Curator of the Oxford Botanic Garden.

Author of Stirpes Cryptogames Oxonienses.

There is religion in a flower ;

Its still small voice is as the voice of conscience :

Mountains and oceans, planets, suns, and systems,

Bear not the impress of Almighty power
In characters more legible than those
Which He has written on the tiniest flower,

Whose light bell bends beneath the dew-drop’s weight.

H. G. BELL.

VOL. II.

OXFORD.

PUBLISHED EV THE AUTHOR ;

SOLD BY J. H. PARKER;

AND BY WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND CO. LONDON.

1835.

+<3iK30C,

336

'• •: '• <' • t i

)j n ■

TO

CHARLES G. B. DAUBENY, M.D.

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, LINNEAN, HORTICULTURAL,
AND GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON;

AND PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND CHEMISTRY
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD ;

THIS VOLUME

OF

BRITISH PHiENOGAMOUS BOTANY,

IS,

WITH HIS PERMISSION,

MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED,

BY HIS MUCH OBLIGED
AND MOST OBEDIENT SERVANT,

WILLIAM BAXTER.

)

Botanic Garden, Oxford,
Oct. 17, 1835.

Flowers are the brightest things which earth
On her broad bosom loves to cherish ;
Gay they appear as childhood’s mirth.

Like fading dreams of hope they perish.

In every clime, in every age,

Mankind have felt their pleasing sway ;
And lays to them have decked the page
Of moralist, and minstrel gay.

By them the lover tells his tale.

They can his hopes, his fears express ;
The maid, when words or looks would fail.
Can thus a kind return confess.

They wreath the harp at banquets tried,
With them we crown the crested brave ;
They deck the maid — adorn the bride—

Or form the chaplets for her grave.

R. Patterson.

MAN THUS CAmOPHYTTAJS . CLOVE PINE.

JPu&f by hTBaJchr Botanic Gerckn. oxford 193U

1/

CJf.Jt

IF Ml

(81.)

DI A NTH US* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Deca'ndria, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Caryophy'llete, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p.
299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159.; Lindl. Syn. p 43.; Introd. to
Nat. Syst. p. 156. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 507.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubular, cy-
lindrical, striated, permanent, with 5 teeth at the mouth ; and 2,
or more, pairs of opposite, imbricated scales or bractese at the base.
Corolla of 5 petals (fig. 2.) ; their claws narrow, angular, as long
as the calyx, and attached to the receptacle ; their limbs flat, di-
lated towards the summit, blunt, and variously notched. Filaments
(fig. 3.) 10, awl-shaped, as long as the calyx, or longer ; spreading
at the top ; often more or less combined at the base. Anthers egg-
oblong, compressed, incumbent. Gcrmen (fig. 4.) somewhat stalk-
ed, oval. Styles (fig. 4.) 2, awl-shaped, longer than the stamen*.
Stigmas recurved, tapering, downy on the upper side. Capsule
(figs. 5 & 6.) covered by the permanent calyx, cylindrical, of 1 cell,
opening with 4 teeth. Seeds numerous, roundish, compressed, at-
tached to a central, unconnected, columnar receptacle or placenta.
(See fig. 6.)

Distinguished from Saponaria, t. 37, by the scales at the base
of the calyx ; and from other genera in the same class and
order, by the monosepalous (1-sepaled), tubular calyx ; the penta-
petalous (5-petaled) corolla; and the 1 -celled, oblong capsule.

Six species British.

DIA'NTHUS CARYOPHY'LLUS. Clove Pink, or Carnation.

Spec. Char. Leaves smooth edged. Flowers solitary ; scales
of the calyx almost rhomboid, very short. Petals notched, beardless.

Engl. Hot. t. 214.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 587. — Hud*. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 184. —
Sm. i l. Brit. v. ii. p. 461. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 287. — Tran, of Linn. Soc. v. ii. p.
299. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 539.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 644. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 44. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 200. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 173. —Don’s Gen.
Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. i. p. 387. — Caryophyllus simplex, flore minor e,
pallide rubente, Ray’s Syn. p. 336. — Caryophyllus sylvestris simplex, John-
son’s Gerarde, p. 591.

Loca litiis. — On old ruinous walls.— Very rare. — Cambridgeshire; Lever-
inirton near Westbeach : Dr. Withering. On the walls of Chippenham Park :
Rev. R. Rei.han. — Essex ; Tower on the Wall at East Ham : Mr. Dii.lwyn,
in Bot. Guide. — Kent ; On Rochester and Deal Castles: Mr. Dillwyn, ibid,
and Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. On Sandown Castle: Rev. G. E. Smith. — Shrop-
shire ; On the walls of Ludlow Castle : Dr. Evans, in Bot. Guide. — Yorkshire ;
On the walls of Fountains Abbey : Mr. Brunton, ibid. — WALES. Glamor-
ganshire; On the walls of Cardiff Castle: Dr. Turton, in Bot. Guide.

Fig. 1. Calyx and Bracteas. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. The ten Stamens and
two Pistils. — Fig. 4. Germen and Pistils. — Fig. 5. Capsule. — Fig. 6. Vertical
section of ditto. — Fig. 7. A Flower of a white variety of D. Caryophyllus.

* From zeus, dios, Gr. Jupiter, and anthos, Gr. a flower ; dedicated as it
were to Deity itself ; to express the high value that was set upon this charming
genus of plants. Dr. Hooki r.
f See Saponaria officinalis, p. 37, note f.

Perennial. — Flowers in Jane and July.

Root rather woody, branching at the crown. Herbage of a
sea-green colour (glaucous) . Stem upright, jointed, branched in
a panicled manner. Leaves strap-shaped, channelled, fascicu-
lated ; margins smooth, entire, except just above the base, where
they are minutely toothed or fringed. Flowers solitary, fragrant,
at the top of each branch. Bracteas ( scales at the base of the
calyx) 4, broadly egg-shaped, pointed, not a quarter so long as
the tube, the two outermost narrower than the inner ones, which
are broader than they are long. Petals broad, smooth, varying
from a pale flesh-colour to a deep red ; their outer edge sharply
toothed.

The drawing was made from a plant which flowered in the
Oxford Botanic Garden in 1833, and which was, in 1831, pre-
sented to that establishment, from an old wall at Rochester Castle,
by the Rev. G. E. Smith, of St. John’s College, and author of a
“ Catalogue of the Plants of South Kent.”

The white flowered variety, fig. 7, is from a plant which had, in
1833, established itself on a wall belonging to Mr. Wilson, Porter
of Worcester College.

Dianthus Caryophy' llus is the origin of all our beautiful varieties
of Garden Carnations.

The common Pheasant’s-eye Pink, Didnthus arenarius of Hud-
son (not of Linnaeus) has by many Botanists been considered
only a variety of the preceding ; but the Rev. G. E. Smith has,
and I think very justly, determined it to be specifically different
from that species, and has named it Dianthus Hudsoni. It differs
from D. Caryophyllus in the margins of the leaves being minutely
serrated, from the base to the point ; in the petals being more or
less hairy at the disk near the claw ; and in their outer margin
being more deeply and more irregularly cut. Specimens, and
living plants of this species, from Weston-hanger, in Kent, were
sent to the Oxford Garden, in October, 1831, by the Rev. G. E.
Smith. — This species is the origin of the Garden Pink, of which
there are so many double varieties.

“ Gardeners,” observes Dr. Withering, “ well know that from the seed of
the Carnation, Pinks are never obtained, nor from that of Pinks can Carnations
be procured. In fact these favourite flowers originate from distinct species, and
are not mere varieties of the same, as has been erroneously, and even recently,
intimated. The art of floriculture, sometimes despised with a reprehensible de-
gree of fastidiousness, has in this instance transformed a plant comparatively
obscure, into one of the most delightful charms which the lap of Flora contains.
The surpiising metamorphoses which the most indifferent are accustomed to
contemplate with pleasure, were probably commenced beneath a more genial
sky than that of Britain ; for we learn from Pliny, that these productions were
unknown to the Greeks, and equally so to the Romans until the Augustan age,
when they were obtained from the brave Biscayans, as one trophy resulting from
the conquest of that province, and were thence called Cantabrica. Our gar-
dens may now receive embellishments from more than 300 different kinds of
Carnations, under the denomination of Flakes, Bizarres, and Picotees (Picquet-
tes, spotted) ; and these may be propagated by cuttings, but more succesfully
by layers about the month of July. Surely floriculture must at least be deemed
an innocent amusement ; and that which could excite the admiration of the
most powerful intellect cannot be altogether insignificant.” Botannical Ar-
rangement, v. ii. p. 539.

IRIS PSEUD -AC ORUS

YELLOW WATER-IRIS 2/

CM

Pub d ty W Laxter Botanic Gardt>\ oifoso

(82.)

IRIS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. TRiA'NDRiA-f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Iri'jdEjE, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p.

254. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 260. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 408. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 137. — Irides, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 57. — Sin. Gr.
of Bot. p. 76. — EnsatvE, Ker in Annals of Bot. v. i. p. 219.

Gen. Char. Calyx an inferior spatha or sheath of 2 leafy
valves. Corolla (Perianthium^J superior, in 6 segments; the 3
outer (sepals of Lindl.) largest, rounded, reflexed, opposite to, and
applied underneath the stigmas; sometimes hairy above; the 3 in-
ner segments (petals of Lindl.) upright, narrow ; all united by a
firm thick base, (see fig. 1.). Filaments 3, awl-shaped, opposite
the larger segments. Anthers oblong, straight, depressed. Germen
(fig. 2.) inferior, oblong, 3-furrowed. Style (fig. 2.) simple, very short.
Stigmas 3, equal, very large, and resembling petals (see fig. 2.) ;
keeled on the upper, furrowed on the under side, leaning on the
stamens, 2-lipped, upper lip cloven, upright, lower lip very small
notched at the end. Capsule angular (fig. 3.), of 3 cells, and 3
valves. Seeds (fig. 4.) numerous, 2-ranked, globular, or angular
from pressure.

The Corolla of 6 deep unequal segments, alternately reflexed ;
and the 2-lipped, petal-like stigmas, will distinguish this from other
genera, with a superior corolla, in the same class and order.

Two species British.

IRIS PSEUD- ACORUS. Yellow Water-Iris. Corn-Flag; or
Fleur-de-Luce.

Spec. Char. Leaves sword-shaped. Corolla beardless ; its inner
segments smaller than the stigmas. Seeds angular.

Eng. Bot. t. 578. — Curt. F). Lond. t. 197. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 56. — Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 14.— VVoodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 114. t. 40. — Sm. FI. Brit,
v. i. p. 41. — Engl. FI. v. i. p. 48. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 96. — Lindl. Syn. p.

255. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 18. — Light. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 86. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.21. —
Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 9. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 60. N v. iii. p. 337. — Relh. FI.
Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 19. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 16. — Grev. FI. Edit), p. 9. — FI. Devon,
pp. 6 &c 130. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 14. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of
lrel. p. 10. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 11. — Babington’s FI. Bath. p. 50. — Iris pa-
lustris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 196. — Iris palustris lutea, Ray’s Syn. p.374.
— Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 50.

Localities. — In wet meadows and ditches, and on the margins of pools and
rivers; frequent.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root large, horizontal, brown on the outside, reddish within, very
astringent, sending down from the lower part many long whitish
fibres. Stems from 2 to 4 feet ‘high, upright, somewhat zig-zag,
round, and smooth. Leaves upright, in two opposite rows, clasp-

Fig. 1. The 3 inner Petals, the 3 Stamens, and the upper part of the Germen.
— Fig. 2. The Germen, Style, and 3 large, petal-like Stigmas. — Fig. 3. The
Capsule. — Fig. 4. A Seed.

* From the brilliancy of its colours, and the graceful curve of its petals emu-
lating the arch of Iris, or the rainbow. Dr. Withering.

-f- See pp. 45 & 56, note t-

t From sphathe, Gr. a sheath, a species of membranous calyx, which bursts
longitudinally, and is remote from the flower.

$ See p. 33, note $.

in<j each other by their compressed base (equitant), sword-shaped,
ribbed, grass-green. Valves of the spatha or sheath spear-shaped.
Flowers upright, showy, of a yellow colour, the 3 outer and larger
petals reflexed, their disk pencilled with dark purple.

“ Those,” says Mr. Curtis, “ who have examined the structure
of the flowers of this plant, must allow it to be at once beautiful,
delicate, and singularly curious; the stigma (fig. 2.) in particular
deserves to be noticed by the student, being in form and substance
more like the petals than the part it really is*.”

The juice of the fresh root is excessively acrid, and has been
found to act as an aperient, after other powerful means have failed ;
the dose is 80 drops every hour or two, but being very violent in its
operation, it might prove a dangerous remedy in incautious hands,
but when mixed with milk, it is said to act in the mildest manner.
The fresh roots have been mixed with the food of swine bitten by
a mad dog, and they escaped the disease, when others bitten by
the same dog died raving mad. The root loses most of its acri-
mony by drying. Mr. Lightfoot informs us, in lbs Flora Scotica,
that in Arran, and some other of the Western Isles, the roots are
used to dye black ; and that in Jura they are boiled with copperas
to make Ink. A slice of the fresh root, held between the teeth
removes some kinds of tooth-ache.

Linn.eus asserts this plant to be decidedly injurious to all cattle,
except goats. Mr. W. Skrimshire has discovered that the seeds
of this Iris afford an excellent substitute for foreign coffee ; and
that being roasted in the same manner, they are extremely whole-
some and nutritious in proportion of half an ounce or an ounce to
a pint of boiling water.

A variety of Iris Pseud-acorns with a white flower is said in
Ray’s Synopsis, to have been observed by Mr. Dale, a Physician,
and an excellent botanist ; of Braintree, in Essex.

The Natural Order Iri’deje is composed of Monocotyledonous, generally
herbaceous plants, whose roots are either tuberous or fibrous. Their stems are
round or compressed ; their leaves are fiat, sword-shaped, equitant, and two-
ranked, except in crocus. Their inflorescence is various, being spiked, corym-
bose, paniclcd, or crowded. Their .flowers, which are often very large, and
most of them extremely beautiful, are enveloped, previous to their expansion, in
a membranous, thin, or scariose spatha. Their perianthium ( corolla of S.m.)
is superior, in six parts, which are either partially cohering, or entirely separate,
sometimes irregular, the 3 inner (petals) being sometimes very short. Their
stamens, which are always 3, arise from the base of the outer segments (sepals) ;
filaments distinct or united (monadelphous) ; anthers fixed by their base,
2-celled, bursting externally lengthwise. The ovarium is3-celled, cells many-
seeded; style 1; stigmas 3, often petaloid (petal-like), sometimes 2-lipped.
The capsule is 3-celled, and 3-valved, with a loculicidal dehiscence, (i. e. the
dissepiments or partitions are situated on the middle of the inner surface of the
valves). The seeds are attached to the inner angle of the cell, or sometimes to
a central column, becoming loose ; their embryo undivided, and placed in a
Heshy or horny albumen. See Lindley’s Synopsis, and Richard by Afacgil-
livray. — The only British Genera which belong to this order are Iris, Tricho-
nema, and Crocus; but it compiehends a great many exotic genera, amongst
which are some of the most beautiful productions of the vegetable kingdom, and
which, from their easy culture, have become universal favourites in our gardens.

* A very curious account of the agency of insects in promoting the fertiliza-
tion of the different species of Iris may be seen in that very entertaining and
instructive work, Kirby and Spence’s “Introduction to Entomology, or Ele-
ments of the Natural Ilistory of Insects,” vol. i. p. 293. ; and in Dr. Wuher-
ins's Hot. Arr. v. ii. p.96.

tan i--

BRYO'NIA * *

Linnean Class and Order. Mon<e'cia f, Penta'ndria.

Natural Order. Cucurbita'ce/E, Linn. — Jus3. Gen. PI. p.
393. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 186. — Lindl. Syn. p. 319. ; — Introd.
to Nat. Syst. p. 192. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 517. — Loud. Hort.
Brit. p. 515.

Gen. Char. Barren flower, Calyx (see fig. 1.) of 1 sepal or
leaf, bell-shaped, with 5 pointed teeth. Corolla (figs. 1 and 2.)
connected with the calyx, bell-shaped, in 5 deep, egg-shaped,
spreading segments. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 3, short. Anthers
5 ; 2 together on 2 of the filaments; the fifth solitary on the third
filament. Fertile Flower on the same, or a separate plant. Calyx
and Corolla as in the barren flower. Germen (figs. 3 & 4.) inferior.
Style (fig. 4.) 3-cleft, shorter than the corolla. Stigmas cloven,
spreading. Berry (figs. 5 and 6.) more or less globular, smooth,
and even, of 2 or more cells. Seeds (fig. 7.) in pairs, roundish, or
somewhat angular, attached to the rind.

The 5-toothed calyx ; 5-cleft corolla ; 3 filaments and 5 anthers
of the barren Hower ; the trifid style, and globose, many-seeded,
inferior berry of the fertile one ; will distinguish this from other
genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

BRYO'NIA DIOICA. Red-berried Bryony. Wild Vine.
Tetter-berry.

Spec. Char. Leaves palmate (hand-shaped), rough on both
sides, with callous points. Barren and fertile flowers on separate
plants.

Eng. Bot. t. 439. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 1019. Eng. FI. v. iv. p. 138. — With.
(7th ed.) v. ii. p.9'2. — Lindl. Syn. p.319. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 404. — Sibth. FI.
Oxon. p. 82.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 217. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 413. —
Flook. FI. Scot. p. 272. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 278. — FI. Bath, p. 16. — Bryonia
alba, Hay’s Syn. p. 261. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 869. — Huds. FI. Angl. p. 437.
— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii. p. 590. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. iii. p. 517. t. 189. —
Bryonia ruderalis, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 551.

Localities. — In woods and hedges. Common in many parts of England,
ltare in Scotland.

Perennial. — Flowers from May to September.

Root very large, fleshy, white, and branched. Sterns herbaceous,
annual, rough, leafy, slender, slightly branched, climbing by their
tendrils to a considerable height, often to the tops of hedges, and
even trees. Leaves alternate, on round hairy petioles (leaf-stalks),
3 or 4 inches broad, deeply 5-lobed, rough all over with minute
callous tubercles. Tendrils axillary, simple, often twining first one

F'ig. 1. Calyx and Corolla of a barren flower. — Fig. 2. Corolla of a barren
flower cut open, to show the 5 stamens. — F'ig. 3. Calyx and Corolla of a fertile
flower. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigmas of ditto, a little magnified. — F'ig. 5.
A Berry. — Fig. 6. A transveise section of ditto. — F’ig. 7. A Seed.

* From bruo, Gr. to shoot or grow rapidly, in allusion to the quick growth
of the stems. L)r. Hooker.

t From monos, Gr. one, and oicia, Gr. a house; the 2lst class in the Lin-
nean Artificial System ; comprehending those plants which have stamens only
in one flower, and a pistil, or pistils, only in another, but both kinds of flowers
growing on the same plant.

way and then the contrary. Flowers in axillary bunches, all barren
on one plant, all fertile on another, contrary to the other species
of this genus which have the two kinds of flowers on the same
plant, and are therefore placed in the class moncecia of the Linnean
system. Calyx of the barren flower (fig. 1.) bell-shaped, and deeply
divided into 5 narrow pointed segments. Corolla (fig. 2.) of a
yellowish white colour, with green veins, in 5 egg-shaped, spread-
ing segments. Filaments 3, very short, 2 of them with 2 anthers
each, and one with a single anther. The Calyx and Corolla, of the
fertile flower (fig. 3.) resemble those of the barren one, but are
smaller. Germen round. Style (fig. 4.) strong, upright, the length of
the corolla. Stigmas 3, spreading. Berry red, smooth, fetid when
bruised, containing from 3 to 6 seeds. Sir J. E. Smith says, “ the
true Bryonia alba of Linnaeus, found on the Continent, has black
fruit ; being called alba from its white root, in contradistinction to
Tamus, the black-rooted Bryony.”

The root of the Red-berried Bryony is purgative and acrid ; a
dram of it in substance, or half an ounce of it infused in wine, is
a full dose. Dr. Thornton, in his Family Herbal, says that as
an external application, he has seen great good result in cases of
gout, rheumatism, and paralytic affections. The root is scraped
with a knife, and the scrapings, which feel like soap, are to be rubbed
over the affected parts once a day. Immediately a sense of ting-
ling is felt, like the sting of nettles, which soon goes off : and this
mild rubefacient, Dr. Thornton informs us, he has found also do
good in cases of asthma and pleuretic affections, rubbed over the
chest. A decoction made with one pound of the fresh root is the
best drastic for horned cattle. It is now thrown out of our Dispen-
satory, but Dr. W ithering is of opinion that the active virtues of
this plant seem to give it a claim to more attention than is now be-
stowed upon it. The root, which frequently grows to a very large
size, is sometimes formed into the human figure, by means of the
continued application of a mould to the root while it is yet growing,
and sold for the real mandrake ( A'tropa mandra! gora) .

Goats, according to Linnaeus’s observations, eat this plant, but
Horses, Cows, Sheep, and Swine refuse it.

The Natural Order Cucu rbita'ce^e is composed of herbaceous, monopetalous,
dicotyledonous plants, with annual or perennial, fibrous or tuberous roots, suc-
culent stems, climbing by means of tendrils ; and alternate, petiolated, more or
less lobed leaves, which are covered with numerous asperities. Their flowers
are usually monoecious, rarely dioecious, or still more rarely united. Their
calyx is 5-toothed, sometimes obsolete. Their corolla is 5-parted, scarcely
distinguishable from the calyx, very cellular, with strongly marked reticulated
veins, sometimes fringed. Their stamens, which are 5 in number, aie either
distinct, or united in 3 parcels, their anthers 2-celled, strap-shaped, and bent
upon themselves, something like the letter S placed horizontally, with its
branches very close. The ovary (germen) is inferior, 1 -celled, with 3 parietal
placenta; ; a short style, and very thick, velvety or fringed stigmas. Tn e fruit
is fleshy, more or less succulent, crowned by the scar of the calyx, 1-celled,
with 3 parietal placent® (partitions). The seeds are flat, egg-shaped, and en-
veloped in an arillus, which is either juicy, or dry and membranous ; their testa
is coriaceous, and often thick at the margin ; their embryo flat, and destitute of
albumen ; their cotyledons are foliaceous and veined ; and their radicle is next
the hilum.

Brydnia is the only British example of this order, but it contains several
exotic genera, some species of which are used in medicine ; and a few which
are cultivated in our gardens as articles of food, as the melon, the cucumber,
the gourd, the squash, or vegetable marrow, &c.

81

GENISTA TINCTOHIA

DYRRS GJZEEIT-W&EID.

Pul/ oy "W Bata. *110 Gordon* oxronn xas*.

(84.)

GENl'STA * *.

Linnean Class and Order. DiADE'LPHiAf, Deca'ndria.

Natural Order. Legumino'sas, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 345. — Sm.
Gr. of Bot. p. 174. — Lindl. Syn. p. 75. — Introd. to Nat. Syst. p.
87. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 532. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 259. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 509. — Papiliona'ce^e of Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, tubular, of 1 sepal ; 2-
lipped ; upper lip in 2 deep segments ; lower lip with 3 teeth.
Corolla of 5 petals ; standard (fig. 2.) oblong, ascending, very dis-
tant from the rest; wings (fig. 3.) oblong, spreading; keel of 2
petals, oblong, straight, slightly cohering by their lower edges.
Filaments (fig. 5.) 1 0, in 2 sets, though more or less united at the
bottom ; the odd one awl-shaped, separated more than half way
down. Anthers small, roundish. Germen (fig. 6.) oblong, com-
pressed. Style awl-shaped, ascending, deciduous. Stigma ter-
minal, simple, or slightly capitate. Legume (figs. 7 and 8.) flat,
compressed, or rather turgid, oblong, or roundish, obliquely pointed,
of 1 cell and 2 concave valves, subtended by the permanent curved
base of the style. Seeds (fig. 9.) several, roundish, or somewhat
quadrangular.

The filaments in 2 sets united at the base ; the pistil depress-
ing the keel ; the terminal somewhat capitate stigma; the turgid
Legume ; and the reflexed standard ; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

Three species British.

GENl'STA TINCTO'RIA. Dyer’s Green-weed. Wood-waxen.

Spec. Char. Branches round, striated, upright, without thorns.
Leaves spear-shaped, smooth. Legumes smooth, nearly cylindrical.

Engl. Bot. t. 44.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 998. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 311. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 754. F.ngl. FI. v. iii. p. 263. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 829.
— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 595. — Lindl. Syn. p.77. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 319. —
Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p 384. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.219. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.
153. — Purt. Midi. FI. v.i. p.332. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 288. — Curt. Brit.
F.ntom. t. 313 ! — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 211. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 154. — Johnston’s
FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 158. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 152. —
Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p.204. — Perry’s PI. Varic. Selectae, p. 60. — Bab. FI. Bath,
p. 11. — Mack. Cat. of Plants of Ireland, p. 65. — Genistella tinctoria, Ray’s
Syn. p. 474. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1316.

Localities. — In rough pastures, thickets, and the dry borders of fields. Fre-
quent in most counties in England; and in the Lowlands of Scotland. It is
very uncommon in the vicinity of Oxford; 1 have only seen it in Headington
Copse, near Marston Lane ; and near some old stone-pits about half a mile
south-west of South Hinksey, and there only a few scattered plants; but on a
common near the Canal on the left hand side of the road going from Upper
Heyford to Somerton, about 14 miles from Oxford, it grows in great abundance.

Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Standard. — Fig. 3. One of the Wings. — Fig. 4. The
Keel. — Fig. 5. The Calyx and Stamens. — F’ig. 6. The Germen. — Fig. 7. The
Legume. — Fig. 8. The inner side of one of the valves of the Legume, showing
the seeds.

* Fromp'en, a shrub, in Celtic. Dr. Hooker.
t See Spartium scoparium, p. 77, note f-

A Shrub. — Flowers in July and August.

Root woody, creeping widely. Stems many, one or two feet
high, slender, smooth, leafy, between round and angular, branched.
Leaves simple, scattered, nearly sessile, spear-shaped, of a deep
shining green : mostly smooth, but sometimes having a few hairs
at the edges and underneath. Flowers on short axillary stalks,
forming a kind of leafy spike at the summit of the branches.
Calyx (fig. 1.) smooth, angular, deeply 5-cleft, with a pair of small
awl-shaped bracteas near its base. Petals of a uniform bright
yellow ; standard (vexillum) (fig. 2.) oblong, blunt, with a shallow
notch at the summit, wings (fig. 3.) oblong ; keel (fig. 4.) com-
pressed. Stigma a little knob. Odd stamen very deeply sepa-
rated, (see fig. 5.) Legume (figs. 7 and 8.) smooth, somewhat
compressed, and containing several seeds.

The whole plant atfords the dyer a good yellow colour, and with
Woad ( Isatis tinctoria ) a good green. When Cows feed on it,
their milk, and the butter or cheese made from it, are fsaid to be
very bitter. Dr. Withering says, that a dram and a half of the
powdered seeds is mildly laxative ; and that a decoction of the
plant is sometimes diuretic, and therefore has proved serviceable
m dropsical cases. A salt prepared from the ashes is recommended
in the same disorder. It is esteemed in Russia as a cure for
hydrophobia. The author of that interesting and very popular
work, “the Journal of a Naturalist,” informs us that this plant “ is
seldom eaten by cattle, except in cases of great necessity, and re-
mains untouched, if other food be obtainable, giving a deceitful
appearance of verdure to a naked pasture.” — “ I know not,” says
the same writer, “ any use to which it is applicable but for the
dyer. Our poorer people a few years ago used to collect it by
cart loads about the month of July ; and the season of ‘ wood-
waxen ’ was a little harvest to them : but it interfered greatly with
our hay-making. Women could gain each about 2 shillings a day,
clear of all expenses, by gathering it ; but they complained that it
was a very hard and laborious occupation, the plant being drawn
up by the roots, which are strongly interwoven in the soil. The
use of this dyer’s broom is to prepare woollen cloths for the re-
ception of another colour. It communicates to the article a dull
yellow, which will then, by being dipped into another liquor, or
composition, according to the shade required, receive a green hue.
Vegetable filaments, cotton, flax, &c., are very differently formed
from those threads afforded by animals, as silk and wool, and are
differently disposed to receive colours. The dye, that will give a
fine colour to the one, is perhaps rejected by the other ; and this
plant is rarely or never used by the dyer for cotton articles.”

A very curious insect, Centrotus Genistce of Curt Brit. Entomol.
t. 313, is sometimes found upon this plant.

JRJkl.

VERBASCUM NIGRUM. DARK MOLLKJW . 2/

F'ue ^ ijr W Bductrr fiotanie C+rdon Oxford If 34

r.J lotion Sr

VERB A'S CUM* * * * §.

Linnean Class and Order. PENTA'NDUiAf, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Sola'ne/E, Jass. Gen. PI. p. 124.— Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 101. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 307. — Lindl. Syn. p. 180; In-
troduce to Nat. Svst. p. 231. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 435. — Loud.
Hort. Brit, p.527.'

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, small, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep,
upright, shar p-pointed, nearly equal segments, permanent. Corolla
(fig. 2.) of 1 petal, wheel-shaped, unequal ; tube cylindrical, very
short ; limb spreading, in 5 deep, rounded segments. Filaments
(fig. 3.) 5, awl-shaped, unequal, declining, almost always woolly
at the base, shorter than the corolla, inserted into its base. Anthers
kidney-shaped, compressed, bursting along the upper edge, im-
perfectly 2-celled. Germen (fig. 4.) superior, roundish. Style
(fig. 4.) thread-shaped, slightly swelling upwards, declining, rather
longer than the stamens. Stigma blunt. Capsule (figs. 5 & 6.)
egg-shaped, slightly compressed, or roundish, of 2 cells and 2
valves, opening at the top ; partition double, frequently incomplete.
Receptacle egg-shaped or globular, central, connected at each side,
in an early state, with the valves. Seeds numerous, very small,
angular, dotted, covering the receptacle.

The wheel-shaped, irregular corolla ; 2-celled capsule ; blunt
stigma ; and declining stamens ; will distinguish this from other
genera with a monopetalous, inferior corolla, and numerous covered
seeds, in the same class and order.

Six species British.

VERBA'SCUM NIGRUM %. Dark Mullein§. Black Mullein.

Spec. Char. Leaves oblong-heart-shaped, stalked, waved and
crenate, slightly downy; Stem angular; Cluster spiked, mostly
solitary.

Eng. Bot. t. 59.— Hook. FI. Lond. 1. 103. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 253. — Huds. FI.
Anel. (2nd ed.) p. 90. — Sm. FI. Brit. v.i. p. 251. Eng. FI. v. i. p. 311. — With.
(7th edd v. ii. p. 313. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 328. — Lindl. Syn. p. 181. —
Hook. Brit. FI. p. 95. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 77. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 50. — Purt.
Midi. FI. v. i. p. 125.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 94. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 78.—
Grev. FI. Edin. p. 53.— FI. Devon, pp. 40 & 150.— Johns. FI. of Berwick, v. i.
p. 59. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 61. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select®, p. 20. — John-
son’s Gerarde, p. 775. — Verbascum nigrum flore parvo, apicibus purpureis,
Ray’s Syn. p. 288.

Fig 1. Calyx and Pistil — Fig. 2. Corolla and Stamens. — Fig. 3. A Stamen
magnified, to show the bearded filament. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. —
Fig. 5. Capsule. — Fig. 6. A Capsule cut transversely.

* Altered from Barbascum, from Barba, a beard, in allusion to the shaggy
nature of the foliage in most species. Dr. Hooker.

f See Anchusa Sempervirens, p. 48.

t Dr. Maktyn observes, “ it is pity that Linnjeus adopted its common name
of nigrum or black as a trivial, because it tends to mislead, for it has nothing
black about it, the leaves being only dark coloured, in comparison with some
other species, as Thapsus, Lychnitis, and Pulverulentum ; the nap on all
which may be used for tinder, or to make wicks for lamps, whence the name of
Lychnitis to the second of the above-named species.”

§ The English generic name Mullein had its origin from the French Mullene,
from the softness of the leaves. Dr. Hooker.

Localities. — On banks, and byroad sides, on a gravelly or chalky soil.
Frequent. — Oxfordshire ; About Nettlebed, Henley, and Stokenchurch : Or.
SiitTiiotiP. A little way out of Henley, on the road to High Wycombe; May
23, 1831 : W. 11. In a stone-pit at Forest-Hill ; Aug. 1832 : Rev. R. Walker,
B. D., Author of the Flora of Oxfordshire. Near Bignell ; and in Souldern:
Air. G. Woodward. — between Fawler and Cornbury Bark, in abundance : G.
Coles, Esq. Woodstock. — Berks ; Side of the road between Besselsleigh and
Tubney Wood: W. B. About Appleton, abundant: Miss Hoskins. — Bed-
fordshire ; Sandy, Warden, and Aspley: Rev. C. A bbot — Cambridgeshire ;
Shelford, Triplow, Gogmagog Hills, Fulbourn, Linton, and Abington : Rev.
R. Reliian. — Devonshire ; Amongst the rubbish of a lime-kiln at Tor
Moham .- Rev. A. Neck, in FI. Devon. In Long Lane, Exminster; and
in a lane leading from Exminster to Kenford. At Ilsham, near Torquay :
Rev. It. P. Welland, ibid. Between Crafthole and Leoe: Rev. P. Jones.
— Durham; 'Tyne and Wear Ballast Hills: Mr. Winch. — Essex; In a
lane leading from Chigwell to Chigwell Row : Mr. R. Warner. — Hampsh.
Arreton : Air. Snooke. — Kent ; Crayford, Shooter’s Hill, Charlton, Blackheath,
Lewisham, Woolwich Warren, Bromley, West Wickham, Plumslead, Bexley,
Westerham, Orpington, Dartford, and Ospringe : Dr. AIaiitvn. St. Alartin’s
Hill, near Canterbury : Air. E. Jacob. — Leicestershire ; Glenfield, near Cham-
wood Forest: Rev. A. Bloxham, in Loud. Alag. of Nat. Hist, v.iii. p. 167. —
Middlesex; About Hampstead; near Richmond Bridge; at Strand on the
Green; and about Ilarefield : Dr. AIartyn. — Surrey; Dupper’s Hill near
Croydon; about F.sher and Godalmin: Dr. AIartvn. — Sussex; Tiliington :
Dr. AIartyn. — Warwickshire ; Near the cross, on the road from Ashow to
Stoneleigh, plentiful: Air. W. G. Perry. — Worcestershire ; About Stour-
bridge, on the side of the Bromsgrove road, &c. : Air. Purton, in Mid. FI.—
SCOTLAND. Links between Seton and Gosford: Dr. Yule, in Hook. FI.
Scot. Banks of the river Ksk opposite coal-pits ; and at Borthwick Castle : Air.
AIauchan. Near Boglehill, east of Cockenzie, : Air. Neill, in Grev. FI. Edin.

Perennial. — Flowers from July to September.

Stem simple or very little branched, upright, 2 or 3 feet high,
leafy, angular, striated, and often coloured. Leaves heart-shaped,
veiny, waved and crenate, somewhat downy, but not hoary, dark
green, the radical ones a foot long, on very long petioles, (leaf-
stalks) , those of the stem smaller, and becoming less and less pe-
tiolate upwards. Cluster spiked, long, terminal, mostly solitary,
many-flowered, but not very compact. Flowers in bundles, about
seven in a set, of a golden-yellow colour. Filaments (fig. 3.)
clothed with fine purple hairs. Anthers orange.

A handsome plant, not unworthy a place in the flower garden.
“ The beauty of its golden yellow blossoms is much enriched by
the tints of purplish brown at the mouth of the tube, and orange-
coloured Anthers. The flowers are grateful to bees, and should be
encouraged near to the Apiarium. Minute attention to the con-
spicuous parts of these flowers might perhaps lead to the detection
of a singular circumstance thus recorded by Goldsmith : ‘ But
honey is not the only food on which these animals (insects) subsist.
The meal (farina) of flowers, of which their wax is formed, is one
of their most favourite repasts. When the flowers upon which
bees generally feed are not fully expanded, and this meal or dust
is not offered in sufficient quantities, the bees pinch the top of the
slamina in which it is contained, with their teeth ; and thus anti-
cipate the progress of vegetation.’ Swine eat this plant ; Sheep
are not fond of it; Cows, Horses, and Goats refuse it.” With.
v. ii. p. 313.

The flowers sometimes vary to white.

BALL OTA. WIG-BA BZ.JLCJC HOfiEKOUISD U

0 H Del

IhSf &r WBaxfrr. Botanic Garden Oxford

CM.Sc.

(86.)

BA LLO'T A* *.

Linncan Class and Order. Didyna'mia f, Gymnospe'rmia J.

Natural Order. Labia'tas, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 110. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 99. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Lindl. Syn. p. 196 ; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. p. 239. — Bentham, in Bot. Register (1829). — Rich, by
Macgilliv. p.439. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. — Verticilla'TjE of
Ray, and of Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal (monosepalous),
tubular, oblong, with 5 angles, 10 ribs, and 1 0 furrows, permanent ;
limb somewhat salver-shaped, dilated, spreading, plaited, regular,
with 5 pointed teeth. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal (monopetalous) ,
gaping (ringent) ; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx ; upper lip
upright, egg-shaped, concave, notched ; lower lip 3-lobed, the
middle lobe largest and cleft. Filaments (fig. 3.) 4, two longer
than the other two, awl-shaped, directed towards the upper lip (see
fig. 2). Anthers oblong, of 2 spreading valves. Germen (fig. 4.)
small, 4-lobed. Style (fig. 4.) thread-shaped, as long as the stamens.
Stigma slender, cleft. Seeds (fig. 6.) 4, egg-shaped, in the bottom
of the somewhat hardened calyx.

Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by
the 5-cleft, nearly regular calyx, with 10 furrows, and the vaulted,
hairy, upper lip of the corolla.

Linnaeus observes, that Balldta has the involucrum of Clinopo-
dium, the calyx of Marrubium, and the blossom of Stachys, but
is more nearly allied to Marrubium.

One species British.

BALLO'TA Nl'GRA. Black Horehound. Henbit.

Spec. Char. Leaves egg-shaped, undivided, serrated. Calyx
funnel-shaped, abrupt, with short spreading teeth.

Engl. Bot. t. 46. — Linn. Spec. PI. ( 1 st ed.) p. 582.— Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.)
p. 260 — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 635. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 101. — With. (7th ed.)
v. iii. p. 716. — Lindl. Syn. p. 201. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 274. — Lightf. FI. Scot,
v. i. p. 314. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 187. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 131. — Purt. Midi.
FI. v. i. p.274 — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 243. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 184. —
Grev. FI. Edin. p. 132. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 133. — FI. Devon,
pp. 100 & 145. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 169. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 39. — Mack. Catal.
of PI. of Irel. p. 56 — Ballote feet id a, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 379. —Ballote,
Ray’s Syn. p. 244. — Marrubium nigrum , Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 701.

Localities. — Waste places, and under hedges. Common.

Perennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Stem 2 or 3 feet high, upright, branched, leafy, brownish, and
clothed with fine, recurved hairs. Leaves petiolated (on leaf-stalks) ,
wrinkled, lower ones heart-shaped, crenate (scolloped), upper ones
egg-shaped, strongly, and nearly equally serrated. Whorls axillary.

Fig. 1. Calyx and Bracteas. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Upper Lip of the
Corolla, and the 4, didynamous Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen and Style. — Fig. 5.
Calyx, after the seed is ripe. — Fig. 6. A Seed.

* Ballote, Gr. from Ballo, Gr. to reject, on account of its disagreeable
smell. Dr. Hooker.

f See Lamium album, fol. 31, note f- t See fol. 31, note }.

many-flowered, stalked, compound, bracteated, often accompanied
by small leaves. Bracteas bristle-shaped, fringed, shorter than the
Calyx (fig. 5.), which is cylindrical, and hairy, with 10 furrows
and as many ribs, the upper part dilated and funnel-shaped, with
5 short, blunt, veiny lobes or teeth, each of which is tipped with a
small spreading, bristly point. Corolla (fig. 2.) of a dull purple
colour, sometimes white ; upper lip cloven, vaulted, clothed on
the outside with white hairs, which, more or less, converge into a
pointed tuft ; lower lip 3-lobed, and marked with white veins, the
middle lobe the largest, inversely heart-shaped. The calyx attains
its full size long before the corolla expands, giving the latter the ap-
pearance of having already fallen off, though, on examination,
they will be found at the bottom of the former.

The whole herb is clothed with fine soft hair or down, and has
a peculiar pungent and disagreeable smell. It is recommended in
hysterical cases. The Swedes reckon it almost a universal remedy
in the diseases of their cattle. Horses, Cows, Goats, and Sheep
refuse it.

There is a variety with a white flower, ( Ballota alba, Linn. Sp.
PI. 2nd ed. p. 814.), but it is not common. The Rev. R. Walker,
F. L. S., & c. of Magdalen College, Author of the Flora of Oxford-
shire, has found it about Littlemore, near Oxford. The Rev. G. E.
Smith has observed it near Sandgate in Kent ; Mr. W. Pamplin,
jun. in Surrey; Mr. Woodward, near Hammersmith ; Dr. Stokes,
at Stafford ; Mr. Winch, near Hartlepool, Durham ; and Sir J. E.
Smith, between Norwich and Hellesdon, Norfolk.

The Labia'tvE form one of the most natural families in the vege-
table kingdom. They are dicotyledonous, herbaceous plants or
under-shrubs, of W'hich the stem is 4-cornered, with opposite rami-
fications ; the leaves are opposite, divided or undivided, without
stipulse, replete with receptacles of aromatic oil. The flowers are
produced in opposite, nearly sessile, axillary cymes, resembling
whorls; sometimes as if capitate. The calyx is monosepalous,
tubular, 5- or 10-toothed, inferior, permanent, the odd tooth being
next the axis ; regular or irregular. The corolla is monopetalous,
inferior, 2-lipped; the upper lip is undivided or bifid, and over-
lapping the lower lip, which is larger and 3-lobed. The stamens
are 4 in number, 2 of which are longer than the other 2 (didyna-
mous), inserted upon the corolla, alternately with the lobes of the
lower lip ; the 2 upper stamens are sometimes imperfect, or want-
ing ; the anthers are 2-lobed ; the lohes sometimes so far apart at
the base that the 2 cells are confluent at the apex ; sometimes 1 cell
altogether obsolete. The ovarium (aermen) is deeply 4-lobed,
and seated in a fleshy hypogynous disk ; the lobes each containing
1 upright ovulum. The style is single, and proceeds from the base
of the lobes of the ovarium. Stigma bifid, and usually pointed.
The fruit is composed of 4 small nuts (seeds of Linn.) enclosed
within the permanent calyx. The seeds are upright, with little or
no albumen ; an upright embryo ; and flat cotyledons.

No unwholesome or even suspicious species is found among the
plants of this very natural order. See Lindl. Syn. and Rich, by
Macgilliv.

*7

AGON IT UM KAPELLU6 MONK’S -JIOOD U

Pub* by w. Baxter. Botanic Garden. Oxford, lttz

WA D Jti

CUst

(87.)

ACONI'TUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. Polyan'driaI, Pentagy'nia.

Natural Order. Ranuncula'ce.-e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. —
Sm. Gram, of Botany, p. 136. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. ; Introd. to Nat.
Syst. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495.

Gex. Char. Calyx none. Corolla [calyx of Decandolle, Lind-
ley, and Hooker) inferior, unequal, of 5 petals, 4 of them in pairs,
opposite ; the upper one hooded, or tubular, inverted, the convex
or hinder part being uppermost, the deflexed point recurved ; 2 la-
teral ones roundish, opposite, converging ; 2 lowermost oblong,
deflexed. Nectaries ( petals of Lindl. ) (fig. 3.) 2, within the hol-
low of the uppermost petal, on long awl-shaped stalks, tubular,
drooping, oblique at the orifice, recurved at the honey-bag behind.
Filaments (figs. 1 & 3.) numerous, broad at the base, awl-shaped,
short, directed towards the upper petal, some of the innermost often
dilated and abortive. Anthers roundish, small, upright. Germens
(fig. 2.) superior, 3, 4, or 5, oblong. Styles terminal, awl-shaped,
spreading. Stigmas simple, acute. Capsules f follicles J (fig. 4.)
as many as the germens, straight, egg-shaped-oblong, of 1 valve,
bursting at the inner side. Seeds (fig. 5.) numerous, angular, rugged,
at the edges of the capsule.

The naked corolla of 5 petals, the upper one hooded ; and the
2 recurved, stalked nectaries concealed within the hollow of the
uppermost petal or hood ; will distinguish this from other genera
in the same class and order.

One species British.

ACONI'TUM NAPE'LLUS. Common Wolf’s-bane. Monk’s-
hood. Helmet-flower. Friar’s-cap.

Spec. Char. Upper petal arched at the back, spur of the
nectary nearly conical, bent down, wings of the stamens cuspidate
(bristle-pointed), or none. Leaves deeply 5-cleft, cut, with strap-
shaped segments, furrowed above. Germens 3 — 5, smooth.

Linn. Sp. PI. p. 751. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 16. t. 6. — Purt. Midi. FI.

v. iii. p. 47, note. — Sin. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 31. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 665.

Lindl. Syn. p. 13. — Ilook. Brit. FI. p. 261. — Don’s General System of Gaiden-
ing and Botany, v. i. p. 56. — Napellus verus coeruleus, John. Ger. p. 972.

Localities. — In watery places ; by the sides of streams, &e. Rare. First
discovered in a wild state by the Rev. Edwabd Whitehead, of Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, in 1819. — Devonshire ; In some profusion on the margin of a
limpid stream between two and three hundred yards below Ogwell Mill, in a
small meadow, with a footpath leading down the opposite side of the stream :
F. Russell, Esq. and Dr. Withering, 1827. — Herefordshire; In a truly
wild state by the side of the river 'Feme ; and in great abundance on the banks
of a brook, running into that river: Rev. E. Whitehead, Fellow of Corpus
Christi College, Oxford, 1819. Banks of a brook near Little Hereford ; June,

Fig. 1. Stamens.— Fig. 2. Germens, Styles, and Stigmas.— Fig. 3. Nectaries
and Stamens. — Fig. 4. A Capsule or Follicle. — Fig. 5. A Seed.

* Theophrastus derives the name from Aconis, Gr. a city of Bithynia, near
which'it is said to abound : other Etymologists deduce it from aeon, acne, Gr.
a dart ; savage nations poisoning their missiles with a preparation from certain
species. Dr. Withering.
f See Anemone nemorosa, fol. 43. note t-

1833 : Dr. Lloyd. — Somersetshire ; In watery ground, on both sides of a brook,
at Ford, near YViveliscomb, for the course of a mile or more, as well as in other
similar situations in that neighbourhood, 1825: Mr. T. Clark, jun. in With.
Bot. Arr.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root thick and fleshy, tapering, somewhat tuberous ; of a brown
colour on the outside, and yellowish white within. Stem upright,
from 3 to 4, or 5 feet high ; simple, leafy, clothed with minute
recurved hairs. Leaves alternate ; lower ones on long, upper ones
on short leaf-stalks ; clothed with a few minute recurved hairs like
those on the stem, divided to the base into 5 lobes, each lobe cut
into numerous, strap-shaped, pointed, somewhat revolute segments ;
nearly smooth on both sides ; paler underneath, marked on the
upper side with a furrow along the course of the mid-rib. Flowers
large, dark blue, terminating the stem in a solitary, simple, upright
cluster. Several varieties of this species are cultivated in gardens.

The plant from which the drawing was made, was sent from its
locality near the river Teme, to the Oxford Botanic Garden, in
1819, by the Rev. Edward Whitehead.

Every part of the fresh plant is strongly poisonous, but the root is particularly
virulent, and many instances of its fatal effects are recorded both by ancient and
modern writers; nevertheless, as frequently happens when rightly understood,
qualities the most baneful may be converted into blessings, and in the present
instance Dr. Storch, a German physician, advocates the medical virtues even
of the Aconite. Dr. Lempriere (Lectures, p. 234) declares it to possess a
caustic suffocating quality, by which swallowing is immediately affected and
the stomach corroded. Dodonjeus relates an instance, recent in his time, of five
persons at Antwerp, who ate the root by mistake, and all died. Dr. Turner
also mentions, that some Frenchmen at the same place, eating the shoots of this
plant for those of Masterwort ( Imperatoria ostruthiumj , all died in the course
of two days, except two players, who quickly evacuated all that they had taken
by vomit. Theie is an account, in the Philosophical Transactions, of a man
who was poisoned, in the year 1732, by eating some of this plant in a salad,
instead of celery ; and Dr. Willis, in his work De Anima Brutorum, gives an
instance of a man who died in a few hours, by eating the tender leaves of this
plant also in a salad. Mor.eus relates a case of a person in Sweden, who hav-
ing eaten some of the fresh leaves of the Napellus, became maniacal, and the
surgeon who was called to his assistance, declared that the plant was not the
cause of the disorder; and to convince the company that it was perfectly inno-
cent, he eat freely of its leaves; but he suffered by his temerity, for soon after
he died in great agony. Physiologists suppose the pernicious effects of this
plant to be produced by irritating the nervous coats of the stomach and intes-
tines, so as to occasion violent convulsions through the whole body. To relieve
the stomach of its noxious contents, an infusion of tobacco, followed by oily and
mucilaginous medicines have been recommended. The juice was formerly
used by savage nations for the purpose of poisoning arrows; and also to poison
flesh with, for the destruction of wolves, foxes, and other ravenous beasts. —
LiNNiEUs says, it is fatal to kine and goats, especially when they come fresh to
it, and are not acquainted with the plant ; but that it does no injury to horses,
who eat it only when dry. Monk's-hood should not be planted where children
have access, lest they should put the leaves or flowers in their mouths, or rub
them about their eyes, fora great disoider may be thus occasioned ; and the
farina of the flowers blown into the eyes will cause dangerous inflammation. —
See Mill. Gard. Did. — Woodv. Med. Bot. — With. Bot Am— and Don's Gen.
Syst. of Gard. and Bot.

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AGKIMONIA. EUP AT O R I A . COMMON AG-J3 I MO NY. 2l

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(88.)

AGRIMONIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Dodeca'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Rosa'ceas, Juss. Gen. PI. p.334. — Sm.Gram.
of Bot. p. 171. — Lindl. Syn. p. 88 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 81. —
Rich by Macgilliv. p. 528. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 512.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 3.) inferior, of 1 sepal, turbinate,
permanent, covered with rigid hooked bristles, with 5 small, pointed,
permanent marginal segments ; the tube subsequently hardened,
closed over the seeds. Corolla of 5, flat, spreading, notched, petals,
each with a small narrow claw, attached to the rim of the calyx.

' Filaments (fig. 1.) hair-like, arising from the rim of the calyx,
shorter than the corolla, indeterminate in number, from 7 to 20.
Anthers small, 2-lobed, compressed. Germens 2, sometimes 3,
egg-shaped, compressed, at the bottom of the calyx. Styles (figs. 2
and 5) lateral, simple, as long as the stamens. Stigma obtuse, un-
divided. Seeds (fig. 6.) generally 2, sometimes 1, or 3, egg-shaped,
smooth, compressed, pointed, upright, inclosed in the hardened
tube of the calyx, (see fig. 4).

Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by
the 5-cleft calyx ; the corolla of 5 petals ; and the seeds invested
by the hardened calyx.

One species British.

AGRIMO'NIA EUPATO'RIA. Common Agrimony.

Spec. Char. Stem-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leaflets elliptic-
oblong ; the terminal one stalked. Calyx bristly. Spikes elongated.

Eng. Bot. t. 1335.— Curt. FI. Lond. t. 317.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 643.— Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 206. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 511. Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 346. —
With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 575. — Lindl. Syn. p. 99. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 217. — Light.
FI. Scot. v. i. p. 247. — Mart. FI. Rust. t.37. — Woodv. Med. Bot. Suppl. t. 258.
Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 150. — Abbot’s FI. Bed. p. 104. — Purt. Mid. FI. v. i. p. 228.
— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 189. — Hook Fi. Scot. p. 147. — Grev. FI. Edin.
p. 105. — Johnston’s FI. Berw. v. i. p. 105. — FI. Devon, pp. 79 & 171. — Don’s
Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 563. — Walk. FI. Oxf. p. 132. — Mack. Cat.
of PI. of Irel. p. 46. — Agrimonia vulgaris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 577. —
Agrimonia, Ray’s Syn. p. 202.— Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 712.

Localities. — In bushy places ; by road sides ; and on the borders of fields. —
Common.

Fig. 1. Stamens. — Fig. 2. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 3. Calyx. —
Fig. 4. Transverse section of the hardened tube of the Calyx and Seeds. — Fig. 5.
A separate Gerinen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Seeds.

* Corrupted from Argemone, a name given by the Greeks to a plant sup-
posed to cure the cataract in the eye, called argema, Gr. Dr. Hooker.

According to Dr. Withering, the name is derived from agros, Gr. a field;
and meno, Gr. to inhabit; its usual station being in corn-fields.

+ The eleventh class in the Linnean Artificial System ; it comprehends
those plants with perfect flowers, which have from 12 to 19 stamens in each,
both numbers inclusive.

1 agree with Dr. Hooker in considering the genus Agrimonia would be better
placed with its affinities in the class Icosandria.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root tapering, reddish, branched at the summit, not creeping ;
its flavour very astringent. Herb deep green, covered with soft
silky hairs, and when slightly bruised exhaling a peculiar, but
grateful, aromatic scent. Stem upright, cylindrical, about 2 feet
high, scarcely branched. Leaves alternate, about a span long, com-
posed of several pair of leaflets, with various small intermediate
ones, and an odd one at the end ; leaflets mostly opposite, nearly
sessile, somewhat egg-shaped, veiny, coarsely serrated, the small
leaflets for the most part entire or 3-cleft, terminal leaflet more or
less stalked. Stipulas of the upper leaves rounded, palmate (hand-
shaped). Flowers yellow, very numerous, in a close tapering spike,
with lobed bracteas. Calyx of the fruit externally surrounded
with rigid, filiform, hooked bristles, which attach themselves to any
thing that comes in their way, like burs. Petals egg-shaped, con-
cave, very slightly notched at the summit, twice as long as the
calyx. Stamens from 5 to 12. Germen crowned with the calyx,
and a yellowish fleshy receptacle. Styles thread-shaped. Stigmas
blunt. Seeds 2, nearly egg-shaped, smooth, flattish on one side.

Agrimony has been chiefly regarded as a medicinal plant, and
as such is often raised in gardens. The leaves have a slightly
bitterish, roughish taste, accompanied with an agreeable, though
weak, aromatic flavour. The flowers are in smell stronger, and
more agreeable, than the leaves, and in taste somewhat weaker.
They readily give out their virtues both to water and rectified spirit.
The leaves impart to the former a greenish yellow, to the latter a
deep green colour : the flowers yield their own deep yellow tincture
to both menstrua.

The Canadians are said to use an infusion of the root of Agrimony in burn-
ing fevers with great success ; and an infusion of six ounces of the crown of the
root, in a quart of boiling water, sweetened with honey, and half a pint of it
drank three times a day, Dr. Hill says, is an effectual cure for the jaundice,
lie advises to begin with an emetic, afterwards to keep the bowels soluble, and
to continue the medicine as long as any symptoms of the disease remain. —
Infusions of the leaves, which are not disagreeable, may be used as tea. The
plant has long been recommended in scorbutic disorders, in debility and laxity
of the intestines, &c. Digested in whey, it affords a useful diet-drink, for the
Spring season, not ungrateful to the palate or the stomach. Dr. Alston pre-
fers administering the herb in a powder, when the intention is to corroborate ;
and if thus taken in large quantity, he expects it will cure ague. According to
the observations of Linn/eus sheep and goats eat it ; cows, horses, and swine
refuse it. The flowers, fresh gathered, smell like apricots. See Curt. FI. Loud.
and With. Bot. Arr. 7th edition.

(89.)

PRIMULA* *.

Li nnean Class and Order. Penta^dria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Pkimula'ce^e. Ventenat. — Lind. Syn. p. 182 ;
Introduct. to Nat. Syst. p. 225. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 431. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 529. — Lysima'chi^e. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 95. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 95. — Precis of Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, monosepalous (of 1 sepal),
tubular, upright, with 5 pointed teeth, and 5 angles, regular, per-
manent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3) monopetalous (of 1 petal), salver-
shaped ; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx ; limb spreading, in
5, rather deep, inversely heart-shaped segments ; mouth open.
Filaments (see fig. 3) 5, in the throat of the corolla, very short, and
opposite to the segments of the limb. Anthers (see fig. 3) upright,
pointed, converging (approaching each other at the top), within
the tube. Germen (fig. 4) globular. Style (see fig. 4) thread-
shaped, the length of the calyx. Stigma globular. Capsule (fig. 5)
cylindrical, of 1 cell, opening at the top with 1 0 upright parallel
teeth (fig. 6). Seeds (fig. 8) numerous, roundish, attached to an
oblong, central receptacle or placenta (see fig. 7).

The 1 -celled capsule , opening with 10 teeth ; the salver-shaped
corolla, with a cylindrical tube, open in the throat ; and the globu-
lar stigma ; will distinguish this from other genera vvith a mono-
petalous, inferior corolla, and numerous covered seeds, in the same
class and order.

Five species British.

PRI'MULA VE'RIS. Common Cowslip +. Paigle.

Spec. Char. Leaves toothed, wrinkled, contracted towards the
middle. Stalk many-flowered. Limb of the corolla concave.

Engl. Bot. t. 5. — l.inn. Sp. PI. p. 204. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 84. — Sm .
Fj. Brit. v. i. p.223. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 271. — Gray's Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 302. —
J.indl. Syn. p. 184. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.90. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. viii. t. 348. —
Relh. I I. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 85. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 71. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 47.
— FI. Devon, pp. 35 &c 142. — Johnston’s FI. Berk. v.i. p. 55. — Walk. FI. of Oxf.
p.52. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ire. p. 22. — Primula veris, a. officinalis, Lightf.
FI. Scot. v. i. p. 136. — Rev. Professor Henslow, in Cat of Brit. PI. p. 19. — Bab.
FI. Bath. p. 41. — Primula officinalis. Curt. FI. I.ond. t. 67. — With. (7th ed.)
v. ii. p.289. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 72. — Abb. FI. Bed. p. 44. — Purt. Mid. FI. v. i.
p. 114. — Primula veris major, Ray’s Syn. p. 284. — Johnson’s Gerar. p. 780.

Localities. — In meadows and pastures, chiefly on a clay, or chalky soil. —
Common in most counties but that of Devon, where it is of rare occurrence, ex-
cept on the borders of Somerset and Dorset: FI. Devoniensis.

Perennial. — Flowers in April and May.

Root growing obliquely, appearing as if bitten off at the end,
beset with thick reddish scales, which are the remains of past leaves,

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. The same cut open, and a little
magnified to show the Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5.
Capsule. — Fig. 6. The summit of the same, showing the 10 teeth. — Fig. 7. Cap-
sule divided vertically, to show the receptacle or placenta. — Fig. 8. A Seed.

* From Primus, first, on account of the early appearance of the flowers in the
commonest of the species. Hence also Prim-rose. Drs. Hook. & Wither.
t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note t*

t “ As some think, from their resemblance of scent to the breath of a cow;
perhaps from growing much in pasture grounds, and often meeting the cow’s
lip.” Dr. Johnson.

sending down numerous very long round whitish fibres ; it has a
singular smell, somewhat like that of Anise. Leaves all radical,
inversely egg-oblong, hoary, more finely downy and soft than in
either Primula vulgaris , or P. elalior, contracted in the middle, so
as frequently to become heart-shaped, as it were, with winged foot-
stalks ; their margin toothed and wavy. Scapes ( stalks ) few, 2 or
3 times longer than the leaves, round, upright, pale, villose, termi-
nated by an umbell of flowers, which are unequally pedicelled, each
pedicle (partial flower-stalk) accompanied at the base by a small,
concave, pale, pointed bractea. Calyx 5-cornered, downy. Limb of
the Corolla much smaller than in the Oxlip ( Primula elatiorj,
concave, or cup-shaped, of a deeper yellow on the upper side, with
5 orange-coloured spots at the base ; in these spots Shakspeare,
who has described the blossoms of the Cowslip with a degree of
accuracy almost botanical, supposed their sweet odour lo reside.

“ The cowslips tall her pensioners be,

In their gold coats spots we see;

Those be rubies, fairy favours,

In those freckles live their savours.” — Mids. Night's Dream.

The blossoms of the Cowslip, in its wild state, usually hang to one side, a
character which has not escaped the notice of some of our Poets.

Thus Thompson, in his Seasons —

“ Then seek the bank where flowering elders crowd,

Where scatter’d wild the Lily of the Vale

Its balmy essence breathes, where cowslips hang

The dewy head, where purple violets lurk.” — Spring, 1. 143.

Milton, in his Lycidas, calls them —

“ Cowslips wan that hang the pensive head.”

And one of our favourite modern poets alludes to the dumping of the blossoms
of this plant, in the following beautiful lines.

“ Now in my walk with sweet surprise
I see the first Spring Cowslip rise,

The plant whose pensile flowers
Bend to the earth their beauteous eyes,

In sunshine, as in showers.” — Montgomery.

The leaves of the Cowship are sometimes eaten as a pot-herb, and in salads;
and they are recommended for feeding silk-worms, before the leaves of the mul-
berry tree make their appearance. The blossoms are used for making a pleasant
wine, approaching in flavour to the Museadel wines of the south of France. It
is commonly supposed to possess a somniferous quality. The process of making
this wine is alluded to by Montgomery, in the following lines.

“ Where thick thy primrose blossoms play.

Lovely and innocent as they,

O’er coppice, lawns, and dells,

In bands the village children stray
To pluck thy honied bells:

Whose simple sweets, with curious skill,

The frugal cottage dames distil,

Nor envy France the vine ;

While many a festal cup they fill
Of Britain’s homely wine.”

Sir J. F.. Smith mentions a dark-flowered variety, called the Black Cowslip,
having been sent to him from Bedfordshire, by the late Rev. Hr. Abuoit, with
the calyx divided to the base; and from Northumberland, by Mr. Winch,
with the same part unaltered.

An hose in hose vaiiety of. the Cowslip is cultivated in gardens; and both
Gerarde and Parkinson figure a variety of it with full flowers, which they
describe as being common in gardens in their time (1597—1629) ; this variety is
now very rare.

9d>

Pub* by W. Baxter. £cliinu burden . Oxford. IS3 U

nrA JJ. id

CMjc

(90.)

VALERIANA* *

Linncan Class and Order. TriiA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Valeria^E-te, Dccand. — Lind. Syn. p. 137 ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 197. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 458. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 520. — Dipsa'ce/E, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 194. — Sm. Gr.
of Bot. p. 125.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see figs. 3 and 4) a slight border to the
top of the Germen, at length unfolding into a feathery pappus or
crown for the seed. Corolla (fig. 1.) monopetalous (of 1 petal),
tubular, with a protuberance or spur on one side at the base, con-
taining honey ; limb cut into 5 blunt, rather unequal segments.
Filaments 3, or fewer than 3, awl-shaped, upright, borne by the
corolla, and as long as the limb. Anthers oblong. Germen (see
fig. 2.) inferior, elliptic-oblong, of 1 cell. Style (see fig. 2.) thread-
shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigma mostly simple. Seed
(fig. 4.) egg-oblong, compressed, with 3 ribs at one side, and 1 at
the other, crowned with many, spreading, feathery rays, which
unroll gradually.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the superior, 5-cleft corolla, with a protuberance at the base ; and
the single seed with a feathery radiating crown.

Sir J. E. Smith observes, that the seed in this genus is truly naked,
having only a membranous film besides its outer skin, or testa.

Four species British.

VALERIA'NA RU'BRA. Red Valerian.

Spec. Char. Corolla with a long spur, and only 1 stamen.
Leaves egg-spear-shaped, nearly entire.

Engl. Bot.t. 1531. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 44.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 12. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.37. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 42. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 88. —
Hook. Biit. FI. p. 14.— Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 20. — Kelli. 1‘ 1. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 17. —
Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 5. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 14.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 7. — FI.
Devon, pp. 5 & 162. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 10. —Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select®,
p. 4. — Alack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 10.— Valeriana rubra Dodonai, John-
son's Gerarde,. p.678. — Centrantlius ruber, Decandolle’s FI. Fr. v.iv. p.239;
Prod. v. iv. p. 632 — Centranthus marinus, Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 479. —
Centranthus latifolius, Hindi. Syn. p. 139.

Localities. — On old walls, chalk cliffs, &c. Rare. — Oxfordsh. On the wall
of Merton College Garden: Dr. Siimionr, 1794. It is growing in the same
plajce now. May 22, 1834, hut the white flowered variety predominates: W. B. —
Cumbridyesh. Old walls at Colon ; and Babraham ; and on Ely Cathedral, and
the walls adjoining on the south side: Rev. R. Relhan. — Frequent in Corn-

Fig. 1. Corolla, Stamen, and Style. — Fig. 2. Germen, Style, and Stigma. —
Fig. 3. Two seeds, crowned with the unexpanded feathery down, or pappus.
Fig. 4. A seed, with the pappus expanded.

* From Valeo, to be powerful, on account of the medicinal effects of some
species. Dr. Hooker.

f The third class in the Linnean Artificial System; comprehending all
those plants which have perfect flowers, with three distinct stamens in each.
Valeriana rubra dift’eis from other British species of Valerian, in having only
oue stamen instead of three ; on that account made a new genus of by some
Botanists.

wall: Mr. Hudson. — Devon; On old walls and buildings, at Exeter, Dowlish,
Ashburton,. Teignmouth, Dartmouth, Tor Abbey, &c. : Messrs. Jones and
Kingston, in FI. Devon. — Kent; Sandy hills near Dartfoid, by the road side:
Gent. Mag. 1797, p. 217. — Norfolk; In Bishopgate-street, Norwich: Sir
J. E. Smith. — Northumberland ; On the walls of Hulm Abbey, near Aln-
wick: Mr. Winch. — Somersetsh. On Glaslonbury Abbey: English Botany.
On the rocky hill of Weston-Super-Mare: Rutter’s Somerset. — Surrey; On
the walls of Morton Abbey; August 23, 1758: Dr. Martyn. — Warwicksh.
On the east gate, Warwick: Mr. W. G. Perry. — Worcester sh. On the walls of
the Priory gate at Crickhowell : Mr. Edwin Lees, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist,
v. iii. p. 161. — WALES. Anglesey ; Llanidan churchyard wall: Welsh. Bot. —
SGOTLAN D. Old walls of Inverleith: Mr. E. S. Maugha n, in Hook. FI. Scot.
— IRELAND. On walls, generally near gardens: Mr. J.T. Mackay.

Perennial. — Flowers from May to August.

Root somewhat woody, spreading. Whole plant very smooth
aftd even. Stems a foot or more high, leafy, very smooth, and
rather glaucous. Leaves, as in all the species of this genus, op-
posite; lower ones somewhat stalked, spear-shaped, entire, rather
succulent ; upper ones sessile, more egg-shaped, and occasionally
toothed at the broadest part. Flowers of a fine deep rose colour,
sometimes varying to a pale flesh colour, or white ; they are very
numerous, scentless, upright, forming a dense corymbose head, of
forked, unilateral spikes. Seed egg-shaped, narrowed upwards, a
little compressed, crowned by the sessile feathery down, or pappus,
(see fig. 4).

The celebrated French Botanist, Professor Decandolle, has
separated this, and 2 or 3 exotic species, from Valeriana, and has,
with them, consituted a new genus which he has named Centrdn-
thus ; this genus differs from Valeriana only in the long spur at the
base of the tube, and in having 1 stamen instead of 3.

Valeriana rubra, although apparently wild, and very abundant
in the chalk-pits in Kent, is considered to be originally the outcast
of gardens. — Dr. Withering observes, “ From the progress of
time and intercourse with foreign parts, so many exotics have be-
come naturalized in Britian, that it is scarcely possible to define what
may strictly be considered indigenous; and in the present state of
scientific research, were we rigidly to adhere to aborigines, exclud-
ing those plants which there is reason to suspect may have been
gradually propagated from gardens or other adventitious sources,
our catalogue would be deemed extremely incomplete. Valeriana
rubra, and V. pyrenaica are instances of these dubice, being more
properly natives of the south of Europe, yet not unfrequently grow-
ing wild with us.” Bot. Air. v. ii. p. 89, note.

m

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TUSSILAGO FiEFARA - COMMON COLTC -BOOT. 2/

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(91.)

TUSSILA'GO * *.

Linnean Class and Order. Sy NGENE^siA’f , Polyga/mia, Su-
pe'rflua X •

Natural Order. Compo'sitjE§ ; Tribe, Corymbi'fera5||. Juss.
— Lind. Syn. pp. 140 & 142 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. pp. 197 & 199. —
Compo'siTjE ; suborder, Jacobe'^e. Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 &
521. — Synanthe're*: ; tribe, Corymbi'fer^e. Rich, by Macg.
pp. 454, 455.— Corymbi'fer^:, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 177
& 180. — Sm. Gram. ofBot. pp. 121 & 123 ; Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 334.

Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. 1.) cylindrical,
formed of a simple row of strap-shaped, upright, close, parallel,
equal scales. Corolla compound, of two kinds of florets ; those
of the disk (fig. 2.) few, perfect (having both stamens and a pistil),
tubular, in 5, nearly equal segments ; those of the ray numerous,
long, strap-shaped, without stamens. Filaments (fig. 3) 5, in the
florets of the disk only, awl-shaped, very short. Anthers (see fig. 3)
united into a cylindrical tube. Germen inversely egg-shaped, short,
often imperfect. Style (see fig. 3) thread-shaped. Stigmas (see
figs. 2, 3, & 4) 2, prominent, strap-shaped when perfect, thick and
short when abortive. Seed-vessel none, except the hardly altered,
finally reflexed, calyx (fig. 6). Seed (fig. 5) oblong, compressed.
Down ( pappus ) (fig. 5) simple, sessile (not stalked). Receptacle
(fig. 6) naked. Scape single flowered.

Distinguished from other genera, with strap-shaped marginal
florets, in the same class and order, by the naked receptacle ; the
calyx of a simple row of equal, strap-shaped scales; the simple
pappus ; and the inversely egg-shaped, compressed seed. And
from the genus Petasi'tes, by the strap-shaped marginal florets ;
and the single-flowered scape (flower-stalk).

One species British.

TUSSILA'GO FA'RFARA. Common Colt’s-foot.

Spec. Char. Leaves heart-shaped, angular, toothed, cottony
beneath. Scape woolly, clothed with scaly bracteas.

Engl. Bot. t. 429.— Curt. FI. Loud. t. . — Linn. Sp. PI p. 1214. — Huds.

FI. Angl. (3rd ed.) p.364. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.878. Eng. FI. v. iii.p. 425. —
With. (7th. ed.) v. iii. p. 933. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 37. 1. 13. — Lindl. Syn.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A tubular floret of the disk. — Fig. 3. The 5 Fila-
ments, with the Anthers united into a tube round the pistil. — Fig. 4. A strap-
shaped floret of the ray. — Fig. 5. A Seed, crowned with the sessile, simple pap-
pus.— Fig. 6. The Receptacle, and reflexed Calyx. — Figs. 2, 3, & 4, a little
magnified.

* Altered from Tussis, a cough, in the cure of which the plant has been
employed.

t The 19th class in the Artificial System of Linn.eus ; the plants of which
it is composed have all of them compound .flowers, with their stamens united
by their anthers into a cylindrical tube. Here, as Sir ,T. E. Smith observes in
his Introduction to Botany, “ The Linnean method of arrangement performs
more than it promises,” for this class forms one of the most natural and exten-
sive families in the vegetable kingdom. It comprehends the Compo'sita: of
Linnceus ; the Cinaroce'fhal/e, Cichoha'cejf., and Corymbi/f£r,e, of Jus-
sieu ; and the Synanthe'reje, of Richard.

t See. Achillea Ptarmina, fol. 36, note f. $ See Prenanlhes muralis, fol. 27, a.

|| See Achillea Ptarmica, fol. 36, a.

Cant. (3rd ed) p. 340. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 242. — Grev. FI. FTdin. p. 177. — Curt.
Ilrit. Entomol. v. viii. t. 367. — FI. Devon, pp. 137 & 159 — Johnston’s HI. of
Berw. v. i. p. 183. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p 239. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 25. — Mack.
Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 73. — Tussilago vulgaris , Gray’s IS at. Arr. v. ii. p. 472.
— Tussilago, Ray’s Nyn. p. 173. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 811.

Localities. — In moist places ; on a clay or marly soil ; and on lime-stone
rubbish. Common.

Perennial. — Flowers in March and April.

Root very long, mucilaginous, bitterish, whitish, creeping hori-
zontally under the ground, sending oft" many fibres, and propagat-
ing itself far and wide, thus becoming a most troublesome weed to
the farmer and gardener. Leaves (these do not appear till after
the flowers) upright, on long furrowed, reddish brown leaf-stalks,
heart-shaped, slightly lobed, sharply and copiously toothed, very
smooth, and of a slightly glaucous green colour above ; pure white,
and densely cottony, with prominent veins beneath, the cotton easily
rubbing off; when young they are rolled back, and in that state are
thickly enveloped in cottony down. Stalks ( scapes J numerous,
radical, appearing before the leaves, solitary or in clusters, from 3
to 5 inches high, lengthening after flowering, round, woolly, and
clothed with numerous, scattered, smooth, reddish brown scales or
bracleas, which are crowded under the flower, like an exterior calyx.
Flowers bright yellow, terminating the scapes, upright while in
blossom, after flowering hanging down, but when the down of the
seeds expands, becoming upright again. Scales of the Calyx strap-
shaped, reddish brown. Florets of the Ray very narrow, in 2 or 3
rows, as long as the calyx, expanding. Florets of the Disk tubular,
swelling upwards, 5-cleft. Seed-down sessile, longer than the calyx.

Colt' s-foot is the first plant that vegetates in marl or lime-stone rubble. Mr.
Holdicii observes, that every part of the root will produce a plant, and though
buried to the depth of a yard or more, it will vegetate, send up a stem to the
surface, and spread with astonishing rapidity. It must never be suffered to pro-
duce flowers, or fully expand its leaves. Draining, paring, and burning, fol-
lowed by a naked summer fallow, with hoeing in due season, will completely
eradicate this nuisance. Mr. Pit says, that it may be destroyed by cutting off
the crown of the root in March. The downy substance on the undersurface of
the leaves, wrapped in a rag, dipped in a solution of saltpetre, and dried in the
sun, makes the best tinder. The leaves are the basis of the British herb tobacco.
The smoaking of this herb, as a remedy for obstinate coughs, was recommended
by Pliny ; and Linnaeus says, that it is still used in Sweden for the same pur-
pose. The leaves are somewhat austere, bitterish, and mucilaginous to the
taste. They were formerly much used in coughs and consumptive complaints ;
and perhaps not without reason, for Dr. Cullen found them to do considerable
service in scrophulous cases ; he gave a decoction of the dried leaves, and found
it succeed where sea-water failed. Fuller relates the case of a girl, with
twelve scrophulous sores, who was cured by drinking, daily, as much as she
could, for above four months, of a decoction of the leaves made so strong as to
be sweetish and glutinous. A decoction with wormwood is said to have done
wonders in calculous complaints. It is sometimes used as tea, sweetened with
honey, for colds and asthmas, and has frequently given relief, if not effected a
cure. According to the observations of Linnaus, goats and sheep eat it; cows
are fond of it ; horses and swine refuse it.

Two very pretty parasitical Fungi, Uredo Tussildginis, Grev. FI.
Edin. p. 437 ; and JEcidium Tussildginis , ib. p. 447 ; are common
on the under-surface of the leaves of Tussilago Fdrfara about Oxford.

i Kpa.

(92.)

MU'SCARI* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Hexa'ndria-]-, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Asi'iionE'j.KyE+, Dr. R. Brown. — Lind. Syn.
p. 266 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 273. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 539. —
Aspiio'deli, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 51. — Sin. Grain, ol Bot. p. 74. —
Lilia'cea?, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 403.

Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla (peria.nlhium%) (fig. 1.)
inferior, monopetalous (of 1 petal), egg-shaped, inflated in the
middle, 6-toothed. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 6, simple, smooth, awl-
shaped, inserted into the middle of the corolla, and inclosed within
it. Anthers oblong, converging. Germcn (see fig. 2.) superior,
roundish, with 3 angles, and 3 furrows. Style (see fig. 2.) simple,
upright, shorter than the corolla, deciduous. Stigma blunt. Cap-
sule (see figs. 3 & 4.) 3-sided, with 3 prominent angles, or 3 lobes,
3 cells, and 3 valves, with central partitions. Cells 2-seeded. Seeds
egg-shaped.

The egg-shaped, inflated, 6-toothed, deciduous corolla or perian-
thium ; the 3-cornered capsule with prominent angles ; and the
cells, each containing 2 seeds ; will distinguish this from other
genera, with a naked, inferior corolla, in the same class and order.

One species British.

MU'SCARI RACEMO'SUM. Starch Grape-Hyacinth.

Spec. Char. Flowers crowded, egg-shaped, 6-furrowed, upper
ones sessile, abortive. Leaves strap-shaped, channelled, flaccid,
longer than the scape.

Miller’s Gartl. Diet.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 176 — Lindl. Syn. p. 269. —
Hook. Brit. FI. p. 157 .—Hyacinthus racemosns. Linn. Sp. Pi. p.455. — Engl.
Bot. t. 1931.— Jacq. FI. Aust. t. 187.— Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 122— Sm. Eng. FI.
v. ii. p. 149. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p.431. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.94. — Hyacin-
thus racemosns cceruleus minor juncifolius, Rudbeck’s Compi Elysii, v. ii.
p. 25. f. 7. — Hyacinthus hot ryoides cceruleus, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 118.

Locai.ities. — In grassy fields, and among ruins. Very rare. — Oxfordshire ;
Old walls in Bicester, and Wendlebury: Mr G. Woodward. — Berks; Near
Newbury: Dr. Lamb. — Norfolk ; On the earthy ledge of the old city wall, on
the north side of Norwich, plentiful: Sir J. E. Smith. — Suffolk; In fields at
Hengrave ; and Plantations at Oavenham : Sir T. G. Culbum : On a sandy
soil at Cavenham: Rev. G. R. Leathls.

Fig. 1. Corolla, opened vertically to show the Stamens. — Fig. 2. Gerinen,
Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 3. Capsule. — Fig. 4. A Transverse Section of the
same.

* From moschos. Gr musk, a smell yielded by one species, (Muscari Mos-
chatum, of Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 734). Dr. Hooker.

f The sixth class in the Artificial System of Linnjeus ; it contains those
plants which have perfect flowers, with six distinct, equal stamens in each.

Many of the plants of which this class is composed, are amongst the most
elegant and beautiful in the vegetable kingdom ; the greater number of then) are
monocotyledonous (having only one seed-leaf or cotyledon) , and hexapetalous
( 6-petaled ), ox monopetalous (1 -petaled), and 6-cleft. It comprises several
very natural families, as Amaryllideee , folio 55, a; Melanthdcece ; Asjihodv-
lecc, folio 41, a ; Smildcea ; Lilidcece , folio 1, (2nd edit.) a ; Junceee ; Jun-
caginece, folio 60, a ; and some others,
t See Gdgea lutea, fob 41, a. J Sec Galdnthns nivalis, fob 33, note f.

Perennial. — Flowers in April.

Bulb small, egg-shaped, brown on the outside. Leaves many,
growing immediately from the bulb, deep green, flaccid, and loosely
spreading ; strap-shaped, very narrow, about 9 inches or a foot
long; channelled on the upper side ; semi-cylindrical on the lower.
Scape f stalk J solitary, upright, cylindrical, shorter than the leaves,
often brownish, terminated by a close, upright cluster of numerous,
drooping, dark blue flowers, which are imbricated (tiled) down-
wards, each on a short, slender pedicle, accompanied by a minute
bractea at its base. Corolla small ; tube oblong, ventricose (dis-
tended in the middle) ; limb cut into 6 minute, spreading, white
teeth. Capsule with 3 rounded lobes. Seeds 2 in each cell. The
flowers smell like wet starch ; many of the uppermost of them are
pale, diminutive, and imperfect.

This plant is a native of the South of Europe. Dr. Martyn
informs us that he gathered it in flower, near Geneva, on the 8th
of April, 1779. It was cultivated by Gerarde in 1596; he calls
it Blew Grape-flower ; and Parkinson, in his Paradisi in Soli,
1629, calls it the Dark Blew Grape-flower. In that very useful
work, “ The Botanist’s Guide through England and Wales, by
Dawson Turner, Esq. F. R. S., &c. ; and L. W.Dillwyn, Esq.
F. R. S., &c.” this plant is first recorded as a native of Britain, on
the authority of Sir T. G. Cullum, who found it plentifully in the
habitats above mentioned, and considers it “at least equally entitled
to a place in the British Flora as Tulipa sylvestris (t. 2.), and many
other naturalized species.”

1 RDel.

TJX. EX EUROPJ&US. COMMON FURZE. \
by W.Jiaxter, Botanic Ga.rd.cn. Oxford.

CM Sc

(93.)

U'L EX* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Diade'lphia f, Deca'ndria.

Natural Order. Legumino's^e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 345. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 174. — Lindl. Syn. p. 75. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p.
87. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 532. — Sm. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 259. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 509. — Papiliona'ce.®, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 2 egg-shaped, concave,
equal, coloured, permanent sepals, rather shorter than the keel of
the corolla ; the upper with 2 small teeth ; the lower with 3. Co-
rolla of 5 petals ; standard (fig. 2.) egg-shaped, cloven, ascending ;
wings (fig. 3.) oblong, obtuse, shorter than the standard; keel (fig. 4.)
of 2, straight, obtuse petals, cohering by their lower edges. Fila-
ments (fig. 5.) 10, all united at the base, one of them separated for
more than half its length. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. Germen
(fig. 6.) oblong, nearly cylindrical, hairy. Style (fig. 6.) awl-shaped,
curved upwards. Stigma small, obtuse. Legume (figs. 7 & 8.)
oblong, turgid, straight, scarcely longer than the calyx, of 1 cell,
and 2 hard, concave, elastic valves. Seeds (figs. 9 & 10.) from
6 to 8, polished, somewhat angular, slightly compressed, with a
tumid, cloven crest.

The monadelpbous stamens, and disepalous (2-leaved) calyx,
nearly as long as the legume, will distinguish this from other genera
in the same class and order.

Two species British.

U'LEK EUROPiE'US. Common Furze. Whin. Gorse.

Spec. Char. Teeth of the Calyx very minute, close together.
Bracteas egg-shaped, loose. Branches upright.

Eng. Bot. t. 742. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1045. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 312. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 756. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 265. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 380. —
Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.594. — Lindl. Syn. p. 77. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 318. —
Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 385. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 220. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.
154. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i p. 330. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p.289. — Curt. Brit.
Entom. v. i. t. 21 ! — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 212. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 155. — FI. Devon.
PP-119 &174. — Johnst. FI. Bervv. v.i. p.158. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and
Bot. v.ii. p. 148. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 205. — Baxter’s Lib. of Agricul. and
Horticul. Knowledge, (2nd ed.) p.269 — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 11. — Mack. Catal.
of PI. of Irel. p. 65— Genista spinosa vulgaris, Ray’s Syn. p. 475.— Johnson’s
Gerarde, p. 1319.

Localities. — Abundant on heaths, on commons, and by road-sides, in most
parts of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Said to be extremely luxuriant
in Cornwall, growing to the height of 6 or 8 feet.

A Shrub. — Flowers in April or May, and occasionally at all seasons.

Stems from 2 to 5 feet or more high, very much branched ;
branches very close, upright, green, roughish, hairy when young,
furrowed, spinous at the end, and beset with large, compound.

Fig. 1 . Calj x. — Fig. 2. Standard. — Fig. 3. One of the Wings. — Fig. 4. Keel. —
Fig. 5. Stamens. — Fig. 6. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 7. Legume. — Fig. 8.
The same opened, to show the two valves and the seeds. — Fig. 9. A Seed. —
Fig. 10. The same a little magnified.

* Said to be ac, a point, in Celtic, in reference to the prickly branches. Mr.
G. Don.

t See Spartium Scoparium, folio 77.

spreading, striated, green, pungent, smoother, permanent thorns.
Leaves few, scattered, small, solitary, awl-shaped, entire, spinous-
pointed, roughish or hairy, deciduous. Peduncles fjloiver-stalks )
solitary or in pairs, single-flowered. Bracteas 2, at the base of the
calyx, small, egg-shaped, loose, or spreading, and like the pedun-
cles and calyx, densely downy. Calyx (fig. 1.) of a brownish yel-
low or rusty colour, downy, its teeth very small, and so close
together, as to be scarcely distinguishable. Corolla half as long
again as the calyx, of a bright golden yellow, with a peculiar op-
pressive scent. Legumes (figs. 7 & 8.) oblong, downy, about half
an inch long, bursting elastically in dry hot weather, with a crack-
ling noise, and scattering their seeds extensively. Seeds (figs. 9 &
10.) somewhat heart-shaped, smooth and shining, with a very pro-
minent cloven crest.

A very ornamental variety with double flowers is cultivated in
gardens.

Dr. Withering observes, that Furze is in some respects a very hardy plant,
and will make fences upon the bleaker mountains, and close to the sea-side,
where the spray of the sea kills almost every other shrub ; but it is impatient
of cold, is often destroyed by severe frost, and is rarely found in the northern
parts of our island. It is frequently employed for hedges, but, excepting where
it occupies a considerable breadth on a raised mound, it does not last long, get-
ting naked at the bottom. The chief use of this shrub, however, is to afford firing
for the poor, and when employed for this purpose, it ought not to be cut oftener
than every founh year. In Cornwall, and many other parts of England, it is
used for heating ovens, which it does very soon, burning rapidly, and with a
great degree of heat; it was also used for burning lime j but since the general
diffusion of coal by canals and improved roads, its relative importance for fuel
is greatly diminished. It has been recommended as a green food for cattle ; for
this purpose the shoots should not be more than two years old, and they require
to be passed between rollers, or beaten by a mallet, to bruise the ligneous parts
and the thorns. Horses are said to be exceeding fond of it, but it should be
used soon after it has been bruised. — Dr. Anderson says, that cattle eat it per-
fectly well when thoroughly bruised, and grow as fat upon it as upon turnips.
It is said that furze contains salt, which is the reason that horses and cattle fed
on it soon get a clear skin.

Provence appears to be the boundary south, of furze; northwards it does not
grow in Sweden or Russia. Linnjf.us lamented that he could hardly preserve
it alive in a green-house ; it is reported, that when this great man came to Eng-
land, in 1736, he was so much delighted with the golden blossoms of this shrub,
which he saw for the first time on the commons near London, that he fell on his
knees in a transport of admiration, and offered up a prayer of thanksgiving to
the great Author of Natuie. It was with this plant that the late Sir James
Edward Smith commenced the study of Botany. “ 1 became desirous at the
age of eighteen,” says this excellent Botanist, “ of studying Botany as a
science. The only book I could then procure was Berkenhout, Hudson’s Flora
having become extremely scarce. I received Berkenhout on the 9th of January,
1778, and on the 11th began, with infinite delight, to examine the Ulex Euro-
pceus, the only plant then in flower. I then first comprehended the nature of
systematic arrangement and the Linnjean principles, little aware that at that
instant the world was losing the great genius, who was to be my future guide,
for Linnaeus died in the night of January the 11th, 1778.” Vide Tr. of Linn.
Soc. v. vii. p.299. “ After the decease of the younger Linnaus, in 1783, Sir
J. E. Smith purchased the Museum, Books, &c. of the immortal Swede. Since
the death of Sir James,” which took place on the 17th of Match, 1828, " they
have become the property of the Linnean Society — a society formed under the
immediate auspices of Sir James, its first President. Of this enthusiastic and
learned Botanist, we can truly say with SritENGEL, that he proved himself
' dignissimus Li mux i hares.' ” Nat. Poetical Companion, p. 89.

AJUGA

REP TANS. COMMON BUGLE. ?/

I R Bei-

rut1 by V Baxter Botanic Garden. Oxford

CMatke^'J.Sc .

(94.)

A' JUGA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DiDYNA'MiA-f, Gymnospe'rmia+.

Natural Order. Labia'TjE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 110. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 99. Eng;. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Lindl. Syn. p. 196 ; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. p. 239. — Bentham, in Bot. Reg. (1829). — Rich, by
Macgilliv. p. 439. — Loud.Hort. Brit, p.528. — Verticilla'tje of
Ray and of Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) of 1 sepal, divided about half way
down into 5, nearly equal segments, permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.)
of 1 petal, gaping (ringent) ; tube sometimes inflated at the base,
not quite straight. Upper lip very short, upright, blunt, notched ;
lower lip large, spreading, 3-lobed ; the central lobe either un-
divided or inversely heart-shaped ; lateral ones small. Filaments
(fig. 3.) 4, 2 longer than the other 2 (didynamous), longer than the
upper lip, shorter than the lower, incurved. Germen (figs. 4 & 5.)
superior, of 4 rounded lobes. Style (figs. 4 & 5.) incurved. Stigma
(see fig. 5.) in 2 pointed, spreading segments. Seeds (fig. 6.) 4,
rugged, oblong, rounded, in the bottom of the unaltered calyx.

The very minute upper lip of the corolla will distinguish this
from other genera, with a nearly regular 5-cleft calyx, in the same
class and order.

Four species British.

A'JUGA RE'PTANS. Common Bugle. Sickle Wort. Herb
Carpenter.

Spec. Char. Plant nearly smooth ; Stem solitary, with creep-
ing stolones. Lower lip of the corolla 4-cleft.

Eng. Bot. t. 489. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. — . — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 785. — Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 248. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 604. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 65. —
With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 693. — Lindl. Syn. p. 198. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 273. —
Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 302. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 180.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.
125.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 270.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 231.— Hook. FI.
Scot. p. 179. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 128. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. iii. t. 139 ! — FI.
Devon, pp. 96 & 143. — Johnston’s FI. Berw. v. i. p. 129. — Perry’s PI. Varv.
Select®, p. 48. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 160. — Bab. Fl. Bath. p. 39. — Mackay’s
Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p.54. — Bugulareptans, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p.367.
— Bugula, Ray’s Syn. p.245. — Johnson's Gerarde, p.631.

Localities. — In woods, and moist pastures. Common.

Perennial. — Flowers in April and May.

Root somewhat woody, sending out many long fibres. Stem
solitary, simple, upright, quadrangular, leafy, from 6 to 8 or 10
inches high, purplish, the angles sharp, and often hairy. Stolones §

Fig. 1. Calyx and Pistil. — Fig. 2. Corolla and Stamens. — Fig. 3. The same,
opened longitudinally, to show the stamens, a little magnified. —Fig. 4. Germen,
Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma, with part of the Calyx,
a little magnified. — Fig. 6. A Seed.

* From Abiga, ( Abigo , to drive away), of the Latins, a medicinal plant allied
to this. Dr. Hookfr.
t See Lamiam album, folio 31, note t-
j See folio 31, note t, and second page of the same folio.

$ Stulo, a sucker, or kind of stem, which runs on the surface of the ground,
and strikes root at every joint.

( runners J long and slender. Leaves inversely egg-shaped, some-
what scolloped, veiny; the lower ones tapering into footstalks;
the upper ones sessile, nearly entire ; those accompanying ihe
flowers becoming gradually smaller and shorter as they approach
the top, often purplish. Flowers in whorls, from the axils of the
leaves. Segments of the calyx hairy. Corolla blue, sometimes
white or flesh-coloured, hairy on the outside ; lower lip 4-cleft.
The white flowered variety is said to abound in the Isle of Wight.
In dry mountainous situations the plant becomes somewhat hairy.

Common Bugle has been considered by the old writers as an
excellent vulnerary, both internally and externally; hence the
French had this expression : Those who have Bugle, and Sanicle,
need no surgeon. — The Rev. R. Walker observes, in his Flora
of Oxfordshire, that almost any other leaf would probably answer
the same purpose of excluding the air, and healing a wound, by
what surgeons call the first intention. It is numbered amongst
cooling and gently astringent vegetables, but its virtues are as yet
but slightly ascertained. In sore throats, without much constitu-
tional derangement, it is said to be a specific ; and some foreign
Physicians of eminence have recommended a decoction of it in
the quinsy.

The Labia't.t. form one of the most natural families in the vegetable king-
dom. The plants which compose it are either herbaceous, or slightly shrubby.
Their stems are 4-cornered, with opposite ramifications. Their leaves opposite,
simple, entire or serrated, sometimes divided; without stipulae; replete with
receptacles of aromatic oil. Their flowers are produced in opposite, nearly
sessile, axillary cymes, resembling whorls ; sometimes as if capitate. Their
calyx (fig. 1.) is inferior, tubular, 5- or 10-toothed, permanent, the odd tooth
being next the axis ; regular or irregular. Their corolla (fig. 2.) is monopetal-
ous, inferior, 2-lipped ; the upper lip undivided or bifid, overlapping the lower,
which is larger and 3-lobed. The stamens (fig. 3.) are 4 in number, 2 of which
are shorter than the other 2 (didynamous), inserted upon the corolla, alternately
with the lobes of the lower lip ; the 2 upper sometimes wanting (see Salvia, t.
65); anthers 2-celled ; sometimes apparently 1-celled, in consequence of the
confluence of the cells at the apex ; sometimes one cell is altogether obsolete, or
the 2 cells separated by a bifurcation of the connectivum *. Ihe ovarium
( germenj is deeply 4-lobed, and seated in a fleshy hypogynous (inferior) disk ;
the lobes each containing one upright ovulum. The style is simple, proceeding
from the base of the lobes of the ovarium, and terminated by a bifid, usually
pointed stigma. The fruit is composed of from 1 to 4 small nuts, enclosed
within the permanent calyx. The seeds are upright, with little or no albumen ;
an upright embryo ; and flat cotyledons.

The plants of this family contain an aromatic volatile oil, camphor, and a
bitter extractive, which render them stomatic, stimulant, and tonic. No poison-
ous or deleterious species has been found amongst them. See Rich, by Macgillv.
and Lindl. Synopsis.

An arrangement of the genera of the Labiatae has been published by Mr.
BiiNTHAM in the Botanical Reyister, folios 1282, 1289, 1292, and 1300.

* The solid substance which connects the two lobes of the anther, and which
is in fact a continuation of the filament, as the midrib of a leaf is of the petiole
(or leaf-stalk). Dr. Lindley.

SCILLA BIFOLIA. TWO ZEJLVUJO & QUILL . U

Puldby W Baxter, Botanic G-ardcn.OxJb^d^ .

IR.DrZ.

W.E.A.Sc.

(95.)

SC I'LLA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Hexa'ndriaI, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Asphode'le/eJ, Dr. R. Brown. — Lind. Syn.
p. 266 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 273. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 539. —
Aspho'deli, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 51. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 74. —
Lilia'cea:, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 403.

Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla ( perianthium§ ) (fig. 1.)
inferior, of 6 spreading, deciduous petals. Filaments (see figs.
1 & 2.) 6, thread-shaped, smooth, attached to the base of the
petals. Anthers oblong, incumbent. German (fig. 3.) superior,
roundish. Style simple, shorter than the stamens, deciduous. Stigma
simple. Capsule (fig. 4.) nearly egg-shaped, smooth, with 3 fur-
rows, 3 cells, and 3 valves, each valve with a central dissepiment
or partition. Seeds roundish.

Distinguished from other genera, with a naked inferior corolla,
in the same class and order, by the corolla of 6 spreading decidu-
ous petals ; the smooth, thread-shaped filaments inserted at the
base of the petals ; the 3-celled capsule ; and roundish seeds. The
corolla of 6 spreading deciduous petals, will distinguish Scilla from
Hyac'mthus (t. 74), and Muscari (t. 92).

Three species British.

SCI'LLA BIFO'LIA. Two-leaved Squill. Star-Hyacinth.

Spec. Char. Bulb coated. Cluster slightly corymbose. Brac-
teas none, or very minute. Flowers nearly upright. Leaves spear-
shaped, mostly two.

Engl. Hot. t. 24.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 443. — Jacquin’s Florae Austriacae, v. ii. p.
11. t. 117. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 365. Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 146. — Curt. Bot. Mag.
t. 746. — With. (7lh ed.) v. ii. p. 429. — Annals of Botany, v. i. p. 104. — Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 178. — Lindl. Syn. p.269. — Hook. Brit. Fl. p. 156. — Hyacin-
thus stellaris bifolius Germanicus, Rudb. Campii Elysii, v. ii. p. 33. f. 1. ; also
f. 2 & 3. — Hyacinthus stellatus Fuchsii, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 106.

Localities. — In groves in the west of England, but very rare : Engl. FI. —
Sir James Edward Smith first introduced this species into English Botany , on
the authority of Buddle’s Herbarium, in the British Museum; but it has since
been received from the west of England, by Mr. Sims, Druggist, of Norwich :
Sm. FI. Brit.

Perennial. — Flowers in March and April.

Bulb tunicated, egg-shaped. Leaves seldom more than two from
the same bulb, upright, spear-shaped, bluntish, concave, slightly
keeled. Scape ( stalk. ) from the centre of the bulb, a little taller
than the leaves, upright, round. Cluster ( raceme J inclining,
somewhat corymbose. Bracteas very small, sometimes altogether

Fig. 1. Corolla, Stamens, and Germen. — Fig. 2. A Petal and a Stamen. —
Fig. 3. Germen and Pistil. — Fig. 4. A Capsule.

* From scullo, Gr. to injure ; in Arabic also, t isgyl . Dr. Hoorer.
t the sixth class in the Linnean Artificial System; it comprehends those
plants which have perfect flowers, with 6 distinct equal stamens in each,
f See Gagea lutea, folio.41, a. $ See Galanthus nivalis, fol. 33, note {.

wanting. Flowers from 4 to 10, upright, scentless; the lower ones
generally on the longest stalks. Petals egg-shaped, bluntish,
widely spreading, of a beautiful lightish blue colour, rarely vary-
ing to pink or white. Stamens thread-shaped, equal, shorter than
the petals, to the base of which they are slightly attached. Anthers
brownish.

This elegant little plant, which has not, that I have heard,
been found wild in any part of Britain except in the locality above
mentioned, is said to be very common in the neighbourhood of
Paris. It is also a native of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria ;
and has been cultivated in our gardens, which it enlivens with its
beautiful blue flowers early in the Spring, ever since the time
of Gerarde, in 1597. — Rudueck§ has figured a variety of this
with 3 leaves, which he calls Hyacinthus stellaris trifolius ; and
another with white flowers, Hyacinthus stellaris albus. See his
Campii Elysii, v. ii. p. 33. figs. 2 & 3. The variety with 3 leaves
is not unfrequently met with in gardens ; the white-flowered va-
riety is more uncommon.

§ Olaus Rudbeck was professor of Botany at Upsal, lie was a man of very
extensive learning ; in antiquities, especially those of the northern nations, and
in the learned languages, his knowledge is said to have been unbounded. He
was a good Anatomist, and an excellent Botanist, and, in this science he had,
says Sir J. E. Smith, erected to himself what might reasonably have been thought
a “ monumentuin asre perennius,” in one of the greatest undertakings of the
kind, a collection of fine wooden cuts of all the plants then known. They were
to have been arranged and named according to Bauhin’s Pinax, in 12 large
volumes folio; but two volumes were scarcely printed, when, in 1702, a dread-
ful fire, which laid almost all Upsal in ashes, destroyed his work, together with
many thousand wooden blocks already cut ; besides his herbarium, Ac. Grief
for their loss is supposed to iiave occasioned his death, which happened on the
12th of December, 1702. He was assisted in his great work above mentioned,
by his son, Olaus Rudbeck, who succeeded him as Professor of Botany at Up-
sal. All that now remains of this work are three copies of the first, and six
of the second volume ; these are now considered as great curiosities. A copy
of each of these two volumes is in the Sherardian Library in the Oxford Botanic
Garden.

Linnjevs was possessed of about 120 of the wooden blocks of the first volume,
as well as 8 or 10 unpublished blocks belonging to some intended one ; all which
came, with his collection, into the hands of Sir J. E. Smith ; they are most of
them admirable figures of the Grasses. These Sir J. E. Smith published under
the title of Reliquice Rudbeckiance , folio, 1789. See Tr. of Linn. Soc. v.i.
p.22; and Loud. Gard. Mag. v. x. p. 111.

A foreign genus of Sygenecious Plants, many handsome species of which are
now common in our gardens, was named Rudbeckia by Linn*us, after this
meritorious Botanist.

DAPHNE "ME Z E B.ETTMZ. COMMON ME ZE-REON

IfiDtl

Jhii ^ iy V7t Baxter Botanic (xardan. tfjr/onjJjW*

C MSc

(96.)

DA'PHNE* *.

Linnean Class and Order. OcTA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Thyme'lte,e, Juss. Gen. PI. p.76. — Sm.Gram.
of Bot. p. 87. — Lindl. Syn. p. 208 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 75. —
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 421. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.532.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, monosepalous (of 1 sepal),
resembling a Corolla, tubular, withering ; tube cylindrical, longer
than the limb, closed, containing the stamens ; limb in 4 deep,
egg-shaped, spreading, coloured segments. Corolla none. Fila-
ments (see fig. 1 .) 8, short, in two rows, from about the middle of
the tube. Anthers roundish, 2-celled, upright, contained within
the tube. Germen (fig. 2.) superior, egg-shaped. Style (see figs.

1 & 2.) very short, terminal. Stigma (see figs. 1 & 2.) capitate,
depressed, entire. Berry (fig. 3.) oval, of 1 cell. Seed solitary,
pendulous, oval, large, with a thin brittle skin.

Distinguished from other genera, with apetalous flowers, ( flowers
destitute of petals), in the same class and order, by the coloured,
4-cleft, inferior calyx, and single seeded berry.

Two species British.

DA'PHNE MEZE'REUM. Common Mezereon. Spurge-
olive. Dwarf Bay.

Spec. Char. Flowers lateral, sessile, about three together, ap-
pearing before the spear-shaped, deciduous leaves.

Eng. Bot. 1. 1381. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 509. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 167. —
VVoodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 68. t. 23. — Sin. FI. Brit. v. i. p.420. ling. FI. v. ii.
p. 228. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.489. — Lindl. Syn. p. 209. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.
181.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 33.— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 111.— Bab. FI. Bath,
p. 44. — Daphne Florida, Giay’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.265. — Chamcelea Germa-
nica, site Mezereon, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1402.

Localities. — In woods. Very rare. — Oxfordsh. In Wychwood Forest : Mr.
Issac Wheeler. — Berks; Appleton Common: Dr. Williams, Professor of
Bot. Oxford. Eaton Stibble, and Appleton Common: Mr. H. Barrett. —
Derbysh. Matlock, Chee Tor: Mr. Coke, in Hot. Guide.— Dorsetsh. In divers
parts of Cranbourue Chace : Di .Pulteney , ibid. — Durham ; Naturalized among
the Tunstall Hills, south of Sunderland: Air. Winch. — Gloucestersh. Stream
side in the dingle above Ebivorth fish-ponds, Painswick : Mr. O. Roberts. —
Hampsh. In Selborne Hanger, among the shrubs at the south-east end above
the cottages: Rev. G. White. Woods near Andover, plentifully: Miller. —
Somersetsh. In Brass Knocker Wood, near Bath : Dr. Davis, in FI. Bath. —
Stojfrordsh. In Needwood Forest: Mr. Pitt. — Wilts ; About Great Bedwyn:
W. Bartlett, Esq. — Worcestersh. About Eastham and Stanford: Rev. Enw.
Whitehead, Corpus Chiisti College. — Yorksh. In Oldfield Wood, near Ripon,
doubtful if wild : Mr. Brunton. On an island in the Swale, now perfectly
wild : L. E. O. in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 169.

A Shrub. — Flowers in February and March.

Stem bushy, 4 or 5 feet high, with upright, alternate, smooth,
tough and pliant branches, which are leafy while young. Leaves
scattered, stalked, spear-shaped, smooth, about two inches long,
appearing after the flowers, and soon accompanied by flower-buds

Fig. 1. Calyx, Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 2. Germen, Style, and Stigma. —
Fig. 3. Vertical section of the Berry. — All a little enlarged.

* So named in allusion to the Nymph Daphne, who was changed into a
Laurel ; some of the plants of this genus having the habit of Laurels. Hooker.

t See Adoxa moschatellina, folio 42, note f.

for the next season. The Flowers come out very early in the
Spring, before the leaves appear, and are situated on the shoots of
the former year, in little tufts, which are often so thickly placed as
to entirely conceal the branches. Bracteas several, egg-shaped,
smooth, brown. Corolla none. Calyx for per ianthiumj like a
corolla in texture, of a beautiful crimson-colour ; the tube hairy on
the outside. Berries, when ripe, scarlet, not quite so large, nor
quite so globular as represented in the accompanying plate.

There is a variety with white flowers ; and the berries also vary
to a yellow or orange colour.

The Mezereon is one of our most early flowering shrubs, and one of the great-
est ornaments to our gardens in the months of February and March, when it
is, as Cow per says,

“ Though leafless, well attired, and thick beset

With blushing wreaths, investing every spray.”

The flowers are very sweet scented, and where there are many together, they
will perfume the air to a considerable distance. It is observed by Mr. Phillips,
that “ Nature, whose works never cease to excite our admiration, astonishes us
by the wonders contained in the buds of this plant, where not only the flowers,
but the parts of fructification may be distinctly seen the year before they unfold
themselves.” To this fact I can myself bear testimony, for having this afternoon,
June 25, 1834, carefully dissected one of the buds, I could discern, with the
help of a common pocket lens, the flower, and also the pistil and stamens, very
distinctly.

The plant is extremely acrid, especially when fresh, and if retained in the
mouth excites great and long continued heat and inflammation, particularly of
the throat and fauces; the berries also have the same effects, and, when swal-
lowed, prove a powerful corrosive poison, not only to man, but to dogs, wolves,
foxes, &c. ; yet they are attractive to singing birds, especially to the several
species of Finch ( Loxia ). Dr. Swediaur informs us, that the antidote to this
potent poison is camphor. The branches afford a yellow dye. An ointment
prepared from the bark or the berries has been successfully applied to ill-condi-
tioned ulcers. In Fiance and the Peninsula the bark, macerated a little in vine-
gar, is applied to the skin to promote a discharge as a perpetual blister; and is
also occasionally serviceable, when masticated, as a remedy for the tooth-ache.
It is used by fraudulent brewers to communicate an intoxicating quality and
strong taste to weak beer; a practice worthy of execration. See Wither. Bot.
Arr. and Woodv. Med. Bot.

The Natural Order , Thyme'lje.*, of which Daphne is the only British
example, is composed of dicotyledonous shrubs, rarely herbaceous plants, with
tenacious bark. The leaves have no stipula;, and are either alternate or oppo-
site, and entire. The flowers are capitate or spiked, terminal or axillary, oc-
casionally solitary. The calyx is inferior, coloured and petal-like, more or less
tubular, with 4 or 5 divisions, which are imbricated before expansion. They
have no corolla, but the calyx is sometimes furnished with scales in the orifice,
as in the exotic genus Gnidia. The stamens are definite, inserted in the tube or
its orifice, generally 8 in number, sometimes 4, less frequently 2; when equal
in number to the segments of the calyx or fewer, opposite to them ; the anthers
are 2-celled, opening lengthwise in the middle. The ovarium is solitary, and
contains a single pendent ovulum. The style is simple ; and terminated lay an
equally simple stigma. The fruit is hard, dry, and nut-like, or drupaceous.
The albumen is thin and fleshy, sometimes wanting. The embryo is straight,
and reversed; the cotyledons plano-convex; the radicle short and superior;
and th ejolumula inconspicuous. See Lind. Syn. and Rich, by Macgilliv.

(97.)

A'LLIUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. IIexa'ndria f, Moxog y'nia.

Natural Order. Asphode'le.eJ, Dr. R. Brown. — Lind.Syn.
p. 266; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 273. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 539. —
Aspho'deli, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 51. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 74. —
Lilia'ce/e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 403.

Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla ( perianthium§J inferior,
of 6 oblong or egg-shaped, somewhat spreading petals, regular ;
the 3 innermost petals rather the smallest. Filaments (fig. 2.) 6,
awl-shaped, more or less flattened, simple or 3-cleft, about as long as
the corolla. Anthers solitary, central, oblong, incumbent. Germen
(fig. 1.) superior, turbinate, short, angular, or lobed. Style (fig. 1.)
simple, cylindrical or angular, upright. Stigma pointed. Capsule
(fig. 4.) short and broad, with 3 lobes, 3 cells, and 3 membranous
valves with central partitions (see fig. 3). Seeds (fig. 5.) few,
roundish, angular, and covered with a black brittle skin. Flowers
in terminal umbels, arising from a 2-leaved spatha. Some bulbs
are often intermixed with the flowers.

Distinguished from other genera, with a naked, inferior corolla,
in the same class and order, by the corolla of 6 oblong or egg-
shaped, spreading petals; the awl-shaped, flattened filaments; the
pointed stigma ; and the angular seeds.

Seven species British.

A'LLIUM URSrNUM||. Bear’s Garlick. Broad-leaved Garlick.
Ramsons.

Spec. Char. Scape triangular ; umbel without bulbs, level-
topped ; stamens simple ; leaves between egg-shaped and spear-
shaped, on footstalks.

Eng. Bot. t. 1‘22.— Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 179. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 431. — Huds.
FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 140. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.359. Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 137. —
With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 423. — Lindl. Syn. p.268. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 154. —
Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 179. — Sibth. Fj. Oxon. p. 110. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.
74. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 169. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 138. — Hook. FI.
Scot. p. 101. — Grev. FI. Edin. p.76. — Curt. Brit Entomol. v. viii. t. 366. — FI.
Devon, pp. 58 & 130. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 77 — Rev. G. E. Smith’s
PI. of S. Kent, p. 21. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 92. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Selectae, p.
29. — Mack.Catal. of PI. of Ire), p. 33. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.51. — Allium sylvestre
latifolium, Ray’s Syn. p. 370 — Molly latifolia, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 180.

Localities. — In moist woods, hedges, and meadows. Frequent. — Oxfordsk.
Plentiful in Stow Wood; Headington- Wick Copse: Dr. Siethorp, 1794. In
the same places ; 1830, \V. B. In a copse near Norton Windmill, Bicester :
Mr. G. Woodward, 1834. — Bedfordsh. Whipsnade, near Dunstable: Rev.

Fig. 1. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 2. Stamens, &c. — Fig. 3. Capsule
after it has discharged the seeds. — Fig. 4. Capsule before it opens. — Fig. 5. A
Seed.

* From the Celtic all, which signifies acrid, burning. Dr. Hooker. — Dr.
Withering thinks it is probably derived from also, Gr. to shun or avoid ; the
smell being disagreeable to many. f See Muscari racemosum, fol. 92, n. f.
t See Gagea lutea, fol. 41, a. $ See Galanthvs nivdlis, fol. 33, n. j.

|| Bear’ s or bearish, Lat. ; the coarseness of its qualities, like the manners
of some human beings, may, in both cases, justify a comparison. Sir J. E.
Smith, in Eng. FI.

C. Abbot. — Cambridyesh. Ditton, and Hinton: Rev. It. Rei.han. — Cheshire ;
Fields about Runcorn: Dr. Withering. — Cumberland ; On Ramp’s Holm,
an island of Derwent Water, so called from being covered with this plant : Mr.
Winch. — Devon; About Chudleigh : Rev. J. P. Jones. in Rot. Tour. Road-
side near Ashburton; banks of the Teign and Dart, in various places; near
Endsleith ; ditches of the old castle at Totness: Messrs. Jones and King-
ston.— Kent; Among the Alders near Hernhill-Church, Feversham, plenti-
fully: Mr. E. Jacob. Below Postling Wood, at the east base of Castle-Hill,
Folkstone: Rev. G. E. Smith. — Leicestersk. Sheet hedges and other woods
adjoining Grooby Pool, near Leicester: Rev. A. Bloxam, in Loud Mag. of
Fiat. Hist. v. iii. p. 167. — Middlesex ; In a meadow near Gulchwelk; Hendon-
Place near the church; and about Kentish Town : Dr. Mabtyn. — Northamp-
tonsh. In woods on the south side of Cliff ; Suly, near the lodge ; and W hittfe-
wood Forest: Morton. — Notts; In Colwick Wood, going fiom Colwick Spring
towards the Park: Dr. Dei-ring. — Somersetsh. In hedges on Charmy Down,
and in Warley, and other woods near Bath: Rev. C. C. Babington. By the
road-side between Axbridge and Cross: Dr. Withering. Castle Ground,
and liver-side, near Taunton: Miss Bliss. — Warwiclcsh. In Spernall and
Oversley Woods ; on moist ditch-banks at Hay House, Castle Bromwick, in
great plenty : Mr. T. Puiiion. Sevetal meadows near Penn’s Mill, at Eiding-
ton, abound so much with this plant, as to be called the Garlic Meadows : Dr.
Withering. — Wilts ; N ear Great Bedwyn : W. Bartlett, Esq. — WALES.
In the Isle of Anglesea: Rev. II. Davies. — SCOTLAND. At Drumlanrig in
Nithsdale; in the woods at Rosslyn Castle, and at Loch Ransa in the Isle of
Arran; Rev. J. Ligiitfoot. In King’s Park, Edinburgh: Mr. D. Steuart
and Dr. Graham: Arniston Woods : Dr. Greville.— IRELAND. In woods,
common: Mr. J. T. Mackay.

Perennial. — Flowers in May.

Bulb white, oblong, tapering. Stem none. Leaves only 1 or 2,
spear-shaped, about a span long, upright, pointed, broad, smooth,
entire, of a bright green colour, with a broadish central rib, and
many fine parallel, lateral ones, connected by transverse reticula-
tions. Petioles f footstalks) semicylindrical, much shorter than the
leaves, and sheathing at the base. Scape solitary, triangular, about
a foot high, upright, smooth, bearing, at the top, a flatfish umbel of
many pure-white flowers, arising from a 2-leaved spatha. Petals
oblong, pointed, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, simple, slightly
attached to the base of each petal. Germen 3-lobed. Style a
little elongated.

This is a handsome species, but it exhales, like most other spe-
cies of its genus, when bruised, a very strong disagreeable odour.
Cows eat it, but it communicates its nauseous flavour to the milk
and butter, so as to be very offensive, if not unwholesome, in the
Spring. In Khamschatka it is used as a principal anti-scorbutic, as
well as for culinary purposes, and is gathered in large quantities for
Winter service. An infusion in brandy is esteemed a good remedy
for the gravel. It is said that other plants growing near it do not
flourish.

gd

'ey Sc

(98.)

ACER* *.

Linnean Class and Order. OcTA'NDRiA-f, Monogy'nia.
Natural Order. Aceri'neaj, Decandolle. — Lind). Syn. p. 55 ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 117. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 489. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 505. — Acera, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 250. — Sm. Gram, of
Bot. p. 141.

Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 1 sepal ; flat and orbicular at
the base ; the margin in 5 deep, pointed, oblonsr, permanent seg-
ments. Corolla of 5 inversely egg-shaped petals, of the same size
and substance as the segments of the calyx, and alternate with them.
Filaments (fig. 2.) generally 8, awl-shaped, inserted into the calyx.
Anthers peltate, roundish, of 2 lobes. Germen (fisr. 3.) superior,
compressed, of 2 lobes. Style cylindrical, gradually elongated.
Stigmas (see fig. 3.) 2 or 3, tapering to a point, slender, reflexed.
Capsules (figs. 4 & 5.) as many as the stigmas, united at the base,
roundish, compressed, each terminating in a firm, membranous,
spreading wing, (hence called a samara,) 1-celled. Seeds (see
fig. 6.) 1 or 2, roundish. Cotyledons folded.

The anthers are imperfect in some of the flowers, the pistils in
some others (see figs. 1 and 2), but many flowers are perfect in both
organs. The divisions of the calyx, as well as the petals, vary in
number, and the stamens accord with them. Sir J. E. Smith.

The 5-cleft, inferior calyx ; the corolla of 5 petals ; and the
winged capsule; will distinguish this from other genera in the same
class and order.

Two species British.

ACER CAMPE'STRE. Common Maple.

Spec. Char. Leaves irregularly 5-lobed, obtuse, somewhat cut.
Flowers in upright clusters.

Engl. Bot. t. 304. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1497. — Evelyn’s Silva, by Dr. Hunter,
p. 191. .t. .— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 445. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 422.
Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 231. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 475. — Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.
636. — Lindl. Syn. p. 55. — Ilook. Brit. FI. p. 174. — Light. FI. Scot. v. ii. p.640. —
Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 127. — Abbot’s FI. Berlf. p. 220. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3id ed.)
p. 161. — Hurt. Midi. FI. v.ii. p. 492. — Ilook. FI. Scot. p. 120. — Grev. FI. Edin.
p. 89. — FI. Devon pp. 69 & 179.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p.
649. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. vii. t. 328. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 112. — Bab. FI.
Bath. p. 10 — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ire), p. 37. — Acer minus, Ray’s Syn. p.
470. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1484.

Luca litifs. — In woods, thickets, and hedges. — Common in ENGLAND;
rare in SCOTLAND and IRELAND.

A Tree. — Flowers in May and June.

A small tree, the bark of whose trunk and larger branches, is
corky and full of fissures; that of the younger branches smooth.
Leaves small, opposite, downy while young, on long downy pe-

Fig. 1. A Flower with Stamens only. — Fig. 2. Stamens and Disk. — Fig. 3.
A Flower with both Stamens and a Pistil, showing the Germen, Style, and
Stigmas. — Figs. 4 Sc 5 Capsules or Samara?. — Fig. 6. One of the Capsules di-
vided to show the seed.

* F’rom acer, Lat. sharp or hard, which comes from ac, a point, in Celtic.
The name is applied to this genus, because the wood is extremely hard, and was
formerly much sought after for the purpose of making pikes and lances, &c. Mr.
G. Don. t Sec Adoxa Moschatellina, folio 42, note t*

tides (leaf-stalks), divided nearly half way down into 3 principal
lobes, with 2 smaller lateral ones ; lobes obtuse, notched, some-
times entire. Clusters (racemes) terminating the young shoots,
hairy, short, and somewhat corymbose. Flowers pale green. Anthers
hairy between the lobes. Capsules ( samara ) downy, horizontally
spreading nearly in a right line, with smooth, oblong, reddish wings.
Mr. Knapp observes, in the Journal of a Naturalist, that “ the
singular ruggedness of the branches and shoots, when they have
attained a year’s growth, and the depth of the furrows, give it a
strongly marked character among our shrubs. If one of these
rugged young shoots be cut through horizontally with a sharp knife,
its cork-like bark presents the figure of a star with five or more rays,
sometimes irregularly, but generally exactly defined. A thin slice
from this surface (see Journ. of a Nat. t. 3. f. 1.) is a beautiful and
curious object in the microscope, exhibiting the different channels,
and variously-formed tubes, through which the sap flows, and the
air circulates for the supply of all the diversified requirements of
the plantj.”

Maple was formeily the principal wood for all kinds of cabinet work, and,
according to Evelyn, the knobs of anlient trees affording beautiful and richiy
variegated specimens were collected by the curious at high prices. — When beau-
tifully veined or spotted, it was much prized by the Romans, and of such were
composed the celebrated Tigrin and Pantherine tables; of which some particu-
lar specimens, as those of Cicero, Asinius Gali.us, King Juba, and the
Mamitanian Ptolomy, are said to have been worth nearly their weight in gold.
But in modern times it has been in a great degree superseded by mahogany.
When allowed to grow to timber, it makes excellent gun-stocks, and screws for
cyder-presses. The timber is far superior to that of the beech ( Fayus Sylva-
tica) lor all uses of the Turner, particularly for dishes, cups, trenchers, and
bowls ; vessels may be thus produced so thin as to transmit light. \\ hen it
abounds in knots, as it frequently does, it is highly esteemed by the Joiners for
inlaying, &c. and on account of the lightness of the wood, it is often used by
musical instrument makers. In the Vale of Gloucester, where oak timber is
scarce, it is used for gale-stuff and other purposes ; but the principal value of the
Maple is for underwood ; it is of quick growth, and affords good fuel. The
leaves often, in Summer, exhibit a white mouldy aspect, probably occasioned by
the interwoven filaments of Erysiphe bicornes, a minute parasitical fungus, the
receptacles of which I find very commonly interspersed amongst these filaments
on the leaves of the Maple in the neighbourhood of Oxford. Two other parasites,
Rhytisma acerinum, and Erineum purpurescens , are also not uncommon on
the leaves of this tree, the former on the upper, the latter on the under surface.
The leaves are also frequently beset with numerous red-coloured spiculie, oc-
casioned by the puncture of some insect, probably for the formation of a nidus
for its young. The caterpiller of the Feathered Prominent Moth ( Ptilophora
Plumigera, Curt. Brit. lint. t. 328.) feeds on the foliage of the Maple.

The Natural Order Aceri'ne;e, of which Acer is the only British genus, is
composed of polypetalous, dicotyledonous trees, with simple, rarely pinnate,
opposite leaves, without slipnla;. Their .flowers are often polygamous, some-
times apetalous, and are disposed in axillary or terminal racemes or corymbs.
They are characterized as follows: — Calyx divided into 5, or occasionally from
4 to 9 parts, with an imbricated mslivation. Petals equal in number to the
lobes of the calyx, inserted round a hypogynous disk. Stamens inserted upon
a hypogynous disk, generally 8, not often any other number, always definite.
Ovarium (fig. 3.) 2-lobed ; style 1 ; stigmas 2; fruit (figs. 4 & 5.) formed of
2 parts, which are indehiscent and winged ; each 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds.
Seeds upright, with a thickened lining to the testa. Albumen none; embryo
curved, with foliaceous wrinkled cotyledons, and an inferior radicle. See
Lindl. Synop. p. 53.

This species,” observes L)r. Lindlly, “ requires careful examination,
several curious varieties, some of which have been even considered species, aic
dcsciihed by the Botanists of Germany, and probably exist in this country.”

A'ffTHOXANTHUM OTORATaM SW&E T- SC BATTED VEmTAL-^EASS '//
Pu.id by W Barter. Botanic BardenOaeferd JdSi

C Jbfa,£h.»nrc I)tl & Sc

(99.)

ANTHOXA-'NTHUM *.

Linnean Class and Order. Di.Vn dri Af, Digv'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'nejE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 68.— Lindl. Syn. p. 293. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot.
p. 292.— Loud. Hort. Brit, p.542. — Gra'mina, Rich. byMacgilliv.
p. 393. — Sm. Eng. FI. v. i. p. 71.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) single-flowered, of 2 egg-shaped,
pointed, concave glumes (valves) ; the inner glume the largest.
Corolla (fig. 2.) of 2 equal paleae (valves), shorter than the calyx,
awned at the back ; the longer awn jointed. Nectary (see fig. 3.)
of 2 egg-shaped, thin, minute scales, clasping the base of the
germen. Stamens (see fig. 3.) hair-like, longer than the corolla.
Anthers oblong, forked at each end. Germen (fig. 4.) superior,
oblong. Styles (fig. 4.) short. Stigmas (fig. 4.) upright, long,
downy. Seed (fig. 5.) solitary, roundish, acute at each end, naked,
unconnected with the glumes (fig. 2.)

Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by
the calyx of 2 glumes, containing 1 flower ; the corolla of 2 awned
paleae, and the solitary seed. And from other British Gramineae, by
having only 2 stamens instead of 3, the usual number in that order.

One species British.

ANTHOXA'NTHUM ODORA'TUM. Sweet-scented Vernal-
Grass.

Spec. Char. Panicle spiked, oblong. Flowers longer than
their awns, on short stalks.

Engl. Bot. t. 647. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 4. — Host’s Gram. Aust. v. i. p. 5. t 5. —
Knapp's Gram. Brit. p. 1. t. 1. — Sclireb. Besch. der Griiser, t. 5. — Linn. Sp.
PI. p. 40. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 11.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 31. Engl.
FI. v. i. p. 37. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 82. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 135. —
Lindl. Syn. p. 306. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 14. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 81.— Leers’
F’l. Herb. p. 6. t. 2. f. 1. — Martyn’s FI. Rustica, t. 23. — Sibtli. FI .Oxon. p. 18. —
Abbot s FI. Bedf. p. 8. — Putt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 58.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.)
p. 13. — Graves’ Brit. Grasses, t. 16. — Curt. Observ. on the Brit. Grasses, (5th
edit.) p. 7. t. 1. — Sincl. Hort. Gram. Woburn, p. 18. f. 1. and p. 134, with a
plate. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 11. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 7. — FI. Devon, pp. 10 6c 119.
— Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 9. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.9. — Baxter’s Library of
Agiicul. and Horticul. Knowledge, (2nd edit.) p.294, with a figure. — Bab. FI.
Bath. p. 56. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 10. — Gramen vernum spica brevi
laxa, Ray’s Syn. p. 398.

Locai.ities. — In meadows and pastures. Common.

Perennial. — Flowers in April and May.

Root fibrous. Culms [stems] at first growing obliquely, after-
wards becoming upright, cylindrical, smooth, from 6 inches to a
foot or more high, with 1 or 2 joints. Leaves flat, bright green, a
little hairy ; each with a white, membranous, sheathing Stipula.
Spike or rather spike-like panicle oblong, loose ; the fiowerstalks in

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. The two palex of the Corolla. — Fig. 3. The Stamens
and Pistils, with the Germen inclosed in the Nectary. — Fig. 4. Germen, Styles,
and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. A Seed. — Figs. 2 & 3 magnified.

4 From anthos. Gr. a flower, and xanthos, Gr. yellow ; from the yellowish
hue of the spikes, especially in age. Dr. Hooter n.

t See Veronica Chamcedrys, folio 50, note f.

bundles, very short, somewhat branched, upright ; before and after
flowering contracted closer, the lower ones more remote. Flowers
generally closed, brownish, turning yellow with age. Paleee of the
Corolla the length only of the shorter glume of the Calyx. Nectary
(see fig. 3.) of 2 small, pellucid, shining, egg-shaped scales, con-
sidered by some Botanists as an inner corolla, these closely embrace
the germen, and are not easily distinguished, unless they are ob-
served just at the time that the anthers are protruding from between
them, when they are very distinct; but as soon as the anthers are
excluded, they again close on the germen, and continue to form a
coat to the seed which does not separate. Filaments 2, (by which
it is distinguished from all other British Grasses, except Bromus
diandrus,) very long. Anthers long, purple, and forked at each
end, (see fig. 3.) Seed (fig. 5.) single, and inclosed within the
brown, shining nectary.

Dr. Brown has taken a very different view of the flowers of this
genus from that given above ; he considers the calyx as 3-flowered ;
the 2 paleee of the corolla as two imperfect outer and lower flowers,
each reduced to a single awned valve; and the two valves of the
nectary as constituting a central perfect flower. — Mr. Wilson ob-
serves, that the germen is spurred at the base, and that there is no
scale there, as in most other Grasses. See Hook. Brit. FI.

This is one of our earliest Grasses, and principally occasions the
delightful smell so peculiar to new-mown hay; hence its name of
odoratum, or sweet-scented. If the leaves are gathered and held in
the hand a few minutes, they exhale a grateful odour, similar to that
of Woodruff ( Asperula odorata ) , t. 46. — Boccone states, that a
distilled water is prepared from this grass, as the vehicle of some
perfumes. If it be gathered while in flower, wrapped in a paper,
and carried in the pocket, it retains the smell of new-mown hay for
a long time. This fragrance depends, according to Vogel, upon the
presence of Benzoic acid. — The late Mr. John Sinclair states, that
it constitutes a portion of the herbage on pastures on almost every
kind of soil, although it attains to perfection on those only that are
deep and moist. It thrives best, he says, and is most productive and
permanent when combined with other species of grasses, and it is
therefore a true permanent pasture grass. When sown by itself, it
is not a profitable grass. In Baxter’s Library of Agricultural
and Horticultural Knowledge, we are informed that “ Mr. Grant,
of Leighton, laid down a field of considerable extent with this grass,
and another adjoining field with the meadow foxtail, ( Alopecurus
pratensisj, t. 45. A portion of clover seed was sown in each case;
white clover ( Trifolium repens) with the former ; and red clover
(Trifolium pratense) with the latter grass. Both fields were open
at the same time to sheep. The stock gave a decided preference to
the meadow foxtail.” — “ We saw,” says Mr. Sinclair, “ this
trial conducted on a large scale, and with every impartiality, by
Mr. Grant, and the conclusions agreed with the results of our own
trials — that the sweet-scented vernal is a useful ingredient in pas-
tures on a deep moist soil, but is unfit to be cultivated by itself.”

CE3LA-SUS. WILD CHERJAY. \
pyjj ' WSaxUr3ttanic Gnedin. Oxford* 1&3L

W-E-A&c

100

I RE el.

(100.)

PRU'NUS* *

Linnenn Class and Order. Icosa'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Amygda'le.e, Lind. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of
Bot. p. 84. — Drupa'cea:, Decand. FI. Fran9aise, v. iv. p. 479. —
Rosa'ceas; Sect. Amygda'lea^, Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 334 & 340. —
Sin. Gram, of Bot. pp. 171 & 173. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 512. —
Rosa'cea;, Sect. Drupa'cea:, Lind. Syn. pp. 88 & 89. — Rich, by
Macgilliv. pp. 528 & 529.

Ge\. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, bell-shaped,
with 5 blunt, concave, marginal segments, deciduous. Corolla of 5,
roundish, concave, large, spreading petals, attached to the ritn of
the calyx by short claws. Filaments (see fig. 1.) from 20 to 30,
awl-shaped, nearly as long as the corolla, from the rim of the calyx
within the petals. Anthers short, of 2 round lobes. Germen (see
fig. 2.) superior, roundish. Style thread-shaped, terminal, the
length of the stamens. Stigma round. Drupe (fig. 4.) roundish
or elliptical. Nut (fig. 3.) very hard, somewhat compressed, ot
1 cell, and 2 more or less distinct valves, prominent at the margin,
with an intermediate furrow; kernel solitary, suspended from the
top.

Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by
the inferior, 5-cleft calyx ; the corolla of 5 petals ; and the nut of
the drupe with slightly prominent seams.

Five species British.

PRU'NUS CE'RASUS. Wild Cherry-tree.

Spec. Char. Flowers in nearly sessile umbels ; leaves egg-spear-
shaped, somewhat downy beneath ; conduplicate in the bud.

Ens. Cot. t. 706. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 679. — Huds. FI. A ngl. (2nd ed.) p. 213. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.526. Eng. FI. v.ii. p.354. — VViih. (7th ed.) v.iii. p. 593. —
Hook. Brit. FI. p. 220. — Hunter’s Evelyn’s Silva, p. 188, with a plate. — Sibtli.
FI. Oxon. p. 155. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 107. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 233. —
Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 195. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 150. — Grev. FI. Edin.
p. 108. — FI. Devon, pp. 81 & 173. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 109. — Walk.
FI. of Oxf. p. 134. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 47. — Primus avium. Linn.
Sp. PI. 6801 — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.254. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p. 154. — Abbot's
FI. Bedf. p. 107. — Cerasus avium, Lindl. Syn p.90. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of
Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 505. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 14. — Cerasus hortensis, Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 590. — Cerasus sylvestris fructu rubro, and C. sylvestris
fructu niyro, Ray’s Syn. p. 463.— Cerasus vulyaris, and C. nigra, Johnson’s
Gerarde, pp. 1502 & 1505.

Localities. — In woods and hedges. Not uncommon in most parts of Eng-
land. It is not very plentiful about Oxford ; I have observed it in Marston-
lane ; in Shotover Plantations; and in Bagley-Wood. — About R-ugby, in
Warwickshire, it is rather abundant, especially on Jarrett’s Heath between that
town and the village of Dunchurch ; April, 1834.

Fig. 1. Calyx and Stamens.— Fig. 2. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 3. The
Stone. — Fig. 4. The Fruit or Drupe.

* Said to be a word of Asiatic origin ; in Greek, prouue, supposed to signify
the Wild Plum. Dr Withering.

t 1 he 12th class in the Linnean System, containing those plants which have
perfect flowers with 29 or more stamens in each, inserted into the calyx ; which
is monosepalous and concave, and the claws of the petals are fixed into its inner
side. The situation of the stamens easily distinguishes this class from that of
Polyandria, in which they are placed on the receptacle (see fol. 51.)

Tree. — Flowers in April and May.

A moderate sized tree, with round branches, and a polished ash-
coloured bark, whose cuticle splits horizontally. The leaves are
petiolated, egg-shaped, or egg-spear-shaped, pointed and veiny,
with glandular serratures ; the upper surface smooth ; the under
more or less hairy, especially about the veins. There are usually
2 unequal, reddish-coloured glands either at the base of the leaves,
or at the top of the footstalks. Stipulas and bracteas pale, with
glandular teeth or fringes, deciduous. The flowers are white, on
long simple stalks, but few together, in umbels produced by differ-
ent buds from the foliage. Calyx at length ref exed. Nut hard,
very smooth. There are several varieties of Wild Cherry enu-
merated in the English Flora of Sir J. E. Smith, differing princi-
pally in the shape and colour of the fruit. In variety a. of that
work, the fruit is red, acid, and austere ; in [3. smaller and heart-
shaped; in y. small, round, red, and not ripe before September;
in S. (P. avium of Sibthorp) rather small, roundish, black, and
sweet ; and in variety e. larger, and of a better flavour, but of the
same colour. The leaves in every variety are simply folded flat
(conduplicate) while young, by which character cherries differ from
the Bullace tribe, in which the leaves are rolled lengthways in a
spiral manner (convolute). In the Spring, when in full bloom, it
is highly ornamental; and Dr. Hunter says, that the French often
plant it for avenues to their houses. It is the original stock from
which all the cultivated kinds are derived.

The Gum that exudes from the Wild Cherry-tree is said to be equal to Gum
Arabic, though differing in chemical qualities. Hasselquest relates, that more
than one hundred men, during a siege, were kept alive for near two months,
without any other sustenance than a little of this Gum taken into the mouth
sometimes, and suffered gradually to dissolve. It is remarkable that the barks
of all the trees which furnish this bland mucilaginous substance are highly
astringent ; that of the Acacia itself, (from certain species of which Gum Arabic
is obtained,) is used in India for tanning ; and in our own country the Cherry
and Plum trees, which also yield Gum, have astringent harks. The wood is
hard and tough. It is used by the Turner, and is formed into chairs and hoops,
and stained to imitate mahogany. — The leaves of this species, and those of the
sloe-, ( Prunus spinosa ,) have been employed as a substitute for tea.

The Natural Order Amygda'le® is composed of polypetalous dicotyledon-
ous Trees or Shrubs. Their leaves are simple, alternate, and usually glandu-
lar towards the base. Their Stipulce simple, and mostly glandular ; and their
Flowers white or pink. They have a 5-toothed, deciduous Calyx, lined with
a disk; the fifth lobe next the axis. The Corolla is composed of 5 petals, which
are perigynous (situated on the rim of the calyx). The Stamens, (see fig. 1.)
which are from 20 to about 30 in number, arise from the throat of the calyx, and
are curved inwards in aestivation. The Anthers are innate, 2-celled, and burst
longitudinally. The Ovary (see fig. 2.) is superior, solitary, simple, and 1-
celled. The Ovula 2, suspended ; the Styles terminal, with a furrow on one
side, and terminating in a kidney-shaped Stigma. The Fruit is a drupe, with
the putamen (the inner coat or shell) sometimes separating spontaneously from
the sarcocarp (the intermediate substance between the outer skin or epicarp,
and the inner coat or shell). The Seeds are mostly solitary, and suspended.
The Embryo straight, with the radicle pointing to the hilum ; and the Cotyle-
dons thick ; with no Albumen. Prussic Acid is present in the leaves and kernel.

This order is distinguished from Rosacea and Pomdcea, by its fruit being a
drupe (see fig. 4.), and by the presence of Prussic Acid ; from Leguminosa, by
the equal petals and stamens, and by the fruit. See Lind. Introd. to Nat. Syst.
of Botany.

■ .

.

■

■ ■

:

201

-&1S3L.

I.X.Dtl

i CMSc

(101.)

SY'MPHYTUM* * * * §

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndriaI, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Boragi'nead Juss. Gen. PI. p. 128. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 102. — Lindl. Syn. p. 163 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 241. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 440. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
527. — Asperifo'lia2, Linn. — Sm. Eng. FI. v. i. p. 247.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep,
pointed, upright segments, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) of
1 petal, cylindrical, bell-shaped ; tube short ; limb ventricose
(distended in the middle), with 5 short, spreading, marginal seg-
ments ; mouth closed with 5 spear-shaped, fringed, converging
valves §, shorter than the limb. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 5, short,
in the throat of the corolla, alternate with the valves. Anthers
arrow-shaped, pointed, concealed by the valves. Germens (fig. 4.)
4, abrupt. Style (fig. 4.) slightly club-shaped, as long as the co-
rolla. Stigma simple. Seeds (fig. 5.) 4, egg-shaped, tumid, con-
verging, attached to the base of the enlarged calyx.

Distinguished from other genera with a monopetalous inferior
corolla, and 4 naked seeds, in the same class and order, by the
limb of the corolla being bell-shaped, and its orifice closed by 5 awl-
shaped converging scales or valves.

Two species British.

SY'MPHYTUM OFFICINA'LE. Common Comfrey.

Spec. Char. Leaves between egg-shaped and spear-shaped,
very decurrent, and winging the upper part of the stem ; finely
hairy.

Engl. Bot. t. 817. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 230. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 195. — Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 81. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 218. Engl. FI. v. i. p.263. —
With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 284. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 356. — Lindl. Syn. p.
164. — Hook. Brit FI. p. 81.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 134. — YVoodv. Med. Bot.
Supp. t.21-5. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 70. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 42. — Purt. Midi.
FI. v. i. p. 108.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 81 . — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 69. — Grev.
FI. Edin. p. 45. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of South Kent, p. 13.— Fi. Devon, pp.
34 Sc 151. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. ii. p. 275. — Walk. FI. of Oxf p. 50. —
Perry’s PI. Varvie. Selectae, p. 16. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ire!, p. 21 — Bab. FI.
Bath. p. 32. — Symphytum magnum, Ray’s Syn. p. 230. — Consolida major,
Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 806.

Localities. — In watery meadows, and about the banks of rivers and ditches.
Not uncommon.

Fig. 1. Calyx, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. The same cut
open to show the Stamens and Valves. — Fig. 4. Germens, Style, and Stigma. —
Fig. 5. A Seed.

* From Sumphuo, Gr. to grow together, from its supposed healing quali-

ties, in uniting wounds. Rev. R. Walker.

t See Anchusa sempervirens, f. 48. i See Pulmonaria officinalis, f. 102, a.

§ These valves are hollow within, with an aperture at the base on the out-
side of the corolla.

Perennial. — Flowers from May to September.

Root black on the outside, white within, large, branched, fleshy,
abounding with a slimy juice. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, upright,
branched, hairy, winged, especially above, with the decurrent bases
of the leaves. Root-leaves on long footstalks, rough. Stem-leaves,
lower ones between egg-shaped and spear-shaped ; upper ones
spear-shaped, sessile, somewhat stem-clasping, very decurrent,
and more or less waved at the margin. Clusters growing in pairs,
stalked, hairy, forked at the base, revolute. Calyx more or less
spreading. Corolla usually of a yellowish white, sometimes pur-
ple ; this last variety is the S. Patens of Dr. Sibthorp, and is
occasionally met with about Oxford ; I have seen it on the bank
of a ditch by the side of the towing path between High Bridge and
Hayfield’s Hut, and also by the side of the footpath leading across
the fields from St. Clement’s to Cowley Marsh. Mr. Curtis has
figured a very beautiful red variety of this species in his British
Entomology, v. iv. t. 155, which he gathered in the middle of
September, upon Sandown Marshes in the Isle of Wight ; and at
the same time Mr. Curtis found several specimens with flowers of
the richest purple, and others entirely green.

The root abounds in a pure mucilage, which renders it useful in
coughs,’ and all internal irritations ; the leaves give a grateful
flavour to cakes and panada, and the young stems and leaves are
good when boiled. A decoction of the roots is used by dyers to
extract the colouring matter from Gum Lac. — Cows and sheep are
said to eat it ; horses, goats, and swine, to refuse it.

Uredo Sy'mphyti , D C. FI. Fr. v. vi. p. 87, is not uncommon on
the under surface of the leaves of the Common Comfrey, in the
neighbourhood of Oxford, especially in Long Meadow, going to
Iffley ; and on the side of the ditches going to South Hinksey.

PULM OWARIA. OFFICINALIS. COMMON" LUNGWORT.

IPIhl

WEASc.

(10* *2.)

PULMONA'RIA*

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Boragi'ne/E, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 128. — Stn. Gr.
of Bot. p. 102. — Lindl. Syn. p. 163 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 241. —
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 440. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 527. — Asperi-
fo'luf., Linn. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 247.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubular, pris-
matic, with 5 angles, and 5 equal segments, permanent. Corolla
(fig. 2.) of 1 petal, funnel-shaped ; tube cylindrical, as long as the
calyx ; limb in 5 shallow, rounded, moderately spreading segments ;
mouth naked and open. Filaments (fig. 3.) 5, very short, in the
mouth of the tube. Anthers oval, upright, converging. Germens
(fig. 4.) 4, roundish, downy. Style (fig. 4.) thread-shaped, shorter
than the calyx. Stigma small, bluntish, notched. Seeds 4, almost
globular, even and polished, hairy, attached to the base of the en-
larged, bell-shaped calyx.

The funnel-shaped corolla, naked in the throat ; and the 5-cleft,
prismatic calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera, with a
monopetalous, inferior corolla, and 4 naked seeds, in the same class
and order.

Two species British.

PULMONA'RIA OFFICINA'LIS. Common Lungwort. Jeru-
salem Cows-lips.

Spec. Char. Root-leaves between egg-shaped and heart-shaped,
on footstalks ; upper stem-leaves sessile, egg-shaped.

Engl. Bot. 1. 118, (excluding the root-leaves, which belong to P. angusti -
folia). — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 194. — Huds. FI. Ang. (2nd ed.) p. 81. — Sm. FI. Brit,
v. i. p. 217. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 261. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 282. — Gray’s Nat.
Arr. v. ii. p. 353. — Lindl. Syn. p. 164. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 80. — Woodv. Med.
Bot. Suppl. t. 212. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 42. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 69. — Grov.
FI. Edin. p. 45. — Pulmonaria maculosa, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 808, (fig. 2, of
Gerarde, appears to be the present species, and not fig. 1).

Localities. — In woods and thickets. Rare. — Bedfordshire ; Between Thur-
leigh and Milton-Ernys ; Rev. R. Relhan. — Cumberland; Near Keswick:
Mr. Hutton. — Gloucestershire ; Bitton ; Wick Rocks: Rev. H. T. Eli.i-
combe. — Hampshire ; Common in Exbury Wood: Mr. Rudce. — Northum-
berland; In a wood at Howick, plentifully : Rev. J. Dodd. — Surrey; Between
Croydon and Godstone: Dr. Miln. — Wilts; In a shady lane about a mile
from Bromham : Mr. Nonius. — Yorkshire; Cliff Wood, six miles west of
Darlington Durham: Mr. E. Robson. — WALES. Glamorganshire; Woods
between Neath and Pyle: Dr. Turton. — SCOTLAND. In Arniston Woods,
abundant; Banks of the N. Esk, near Kevookmill, sparingly: Mr. Maugham.
Banks of Clyde, about Dalbeth and Eastahill, probably an outcast of the garden :
Mr. Hopkirk.

Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Corolla cut open to show the five
Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germens, Style, and Stigma.

* From Pulmo, the lungs, from the use formerly made of this and other Bo-
ragineas in pulmonary affections. In the present instance, the spotted leaves,
resembling the lungs, were the principal recommendation. Dr. Hooker.
f See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48.

Perennial. — Flowers in May.

Root fibrous. Stems many, from 9 to 12 inches high, upright,
somewhat angular, simple, leafy, very rough. Root-leaves egg-
heart-shaped, on long footstalks. Lower stem-leaves egg-spear-
shaped ; upper ones heart-spear-shaped, half embracing the stem ;
all of them entire, rough, harsh, light green, and usually variegated
with whitish-green spots on the upper side, whence they have been
thought to resemble the human lungs, and were therefore supposed
good for coughs. Clusters 2, terminal, corymbose, upright, with
1 or 2 bracteas at the lower part. Calyx hairy. Corolla reddish
or flesh-coloured in the bud, changing, as soon as expanded, to
violet blue ; tube whitish, a little longer than the calyx. Seeds
brown, or blackish, downy. There is a variety with white flowers,
which, as well as the common one, is frequent in gardens.

This plant, when burnt, is said to afford a larger quantity of
ashes than any other vegetable ; often one-seventh of its weight.
Sheep and goats eat it ; cows are not fond of it ; horses and swine
refuse it. Chrysomela nemorum feeds upon it.

The Natural Order Boraci'nf.ae consists of herbaceous plants or shrubs ;
with round stems, and alternate leaves, which are covered with asperities, con-
sisting of hairs proceeding from an indurated enlarged base. Their flowers are
produced in l -sided spikes or racemes (clusters), or panicles, sometimes solitary
and axillary. The calyx (fig. 1.) is monosepalous, regular, permanent, and

4- or 5-lobed. The corolla (fig. 2.) inferior, monopetalous, generally regular,

5- cleft, sometimes 4-cleft, with an imbricate ajstivation ; and in a certain num-
ber of genera presents, near the throat, five projecting appendages (valves or
scales, see t. 101, fig. 3.), which are hollow within, and open externally at their
base. The stamens are inserted upon the corolla (see fig. 3), and are equal in
number to its lobes, and alternate with them, seldom in greater number. The
ovarium ( germenj (fig. 4.) is 4-parted, and 4-seeded ; the ovula (seed) is at-
tached to the lowest point of the cavity ; the style (fig. 4.) is simple, and termi-
nated by a simple or bifid stigma. Nuts ( seeds of Linn.) 4, distinct. The seed
is separable from the pericarpium, without albumen. Embryo with a superior
radicle, and flat cotyledons parallel with the axis. See Lind. Syn. p. 163

The plants of this order are nearly allied to those of the order Labia't* (see
folio 94, a.) but “ are essentially distinguished by the regularity of the corolla,
the presence of 5 fertile stamens, the absence of resinous dots, the round (not
square) figure of the stem, and the scabrous alternate leaves. On account of
this last character, they are often called Asperifoliee. From all other monopetal-
ous orders they are known by the 4 deep lobes of the ovarium, called by Linnean
botanists naked seeds.” Dr. Lindley.

103

(103.)

HELLE'BORUS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Polygy'niA.

Natural Order. Ranuncula'ceat, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 136. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. ; Introd. to Nat.
Syst. of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit,
p. 495.

Gex. Char. Calyx (corolla of Linn.) inferior, permanent (see
fig. 1.), of 5 roundish, blunt, large, concave sepals, which are
usually green. Corolla of from 8 to 10 petals ( nectaries of Linn.y,
(figs. 2 & 3.) small, 2-lipped, tubular, narrow, and nectariferous at
the base ; deciduous. Filaments (see fig. 2.) very numerous, awl-
shaped. Anthers terminal, upright, roundish, of 2 cells, bursting
at the edges. Germens (fig. 4.) superior, from 3 to 10, egg-shaped,
compressed, upright. Styles (see fig. 4.) awl-shaped. Stigmas
terminal, roundish. Follicles (see fig. 1.) egg-shaped, compressed,
coriaceous, keeled, beaked with the styles, opening at the rounded
inner margin. Seeds several, oval, at the edges of the follicle,
attached, in 2 rows, to a strap-shaped, double notched, deciduous
receptacle f placenta J.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the calyx of 5 permanent, regular sepals ; the small, tubular,
2-lipped, nectariferous petals; and the nearly upright, many-
seeded follicles.

Two species British.

HELLE'BORUS FCE'TIDUS. Stinking Hellebore. Bear’s-
foot. Setterwort.

Spec. Char. Stem many-flowered, leafy ; leaves pedate. Calyx
converging.

Eng. Bot. t. 613. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 784. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 245. —
Woodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 53. t. 19. — Sm. FI. Biit. v. ii. p 508. Eng. FI. v. iii.
p. 58. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 686.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 713. — Lind. Syn.
p. 13. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 268. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. i. p. 46. —
Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 177. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 124.— l’urt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.264,
and v. iii. p.363. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3d ed.) p.226. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. viii.
t. 363 ! — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 176. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 127. — Perry’s PI. Varvic.
Selectae, p. 47. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 159. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 2. — Helleboraster
maximus, Ray’s Syn. p.271. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 976.

Localities. — In pastures, thickets, and waste ground, on a chalky or gravelly
soil. Not common. — Oxfordshire; Cornbury Stone-quarries : Dr. Sibthoiip,
and J. Coles, Esq. King’s-wood Lane, and Lower Heyford: Mr. G. Wood-
ward.— Bedfordshire ; Thickets near Bromham, Stevington, and Stagsden :
Rev. C. Abbot. — Bucks; Chalk-hill, near Hedsor Wharf: Mr. Gotobed. —
Cambridgeshire ; Pastures and hedges at Cherry Hinton, Fulbourn, and Trip-
low : Rev. R. Relhan. — Cumberland ; Near Keswick : Mr. Hutton. — Derby-
shire ; Croraford Moor : Mr. Coke. Dethick : Mr. Hallows. Matlock: Mrs.
Acland. — Devon; Quarry near Bampton : Miss Bliss. — Durham; Banks of
the Tees below VVinstoD Bridge: Rev. J. Harriman. Woods in Weardale:
Mr. Winch — Essex ; In the hedge opposite High Laver: Mr. T. F. Forster.
Opposite a farm house at Muncombe, near Woodford: Mr. R. Warner. —
Gloucestershire ; Woods in Tortworth Park: Mr. Baker. Side of Jack’s
Green, Shepscombe, Painswick: Mr. O. Roberts.— Hampshire ; All over the

Fig. 1. The Capsules or Follicles, after they have discharged their seeds, with
the permanent Calyx. — Fig. 2. Petals and Stamens. —Fig. 3. A separate Petal. —
Fig. 4. Germens, Styles, and Stigmas.

* From helein, Gr. to cause death; and bora, Gr. food, from the poisonous
nature of the plant. t See Anemone nemvrosa, folio 43, note f.

Highwoocl and Coney-croft-hanger, Selboine: Rev. G. White.— Near tlie 39th
milestone in the road to Basingstoke: Mr. E. Forster, jun —Kent; Between
Northfleet and Gravesend: Ur. Martyn. Road-side up the Chalk-hill, about
a mile N. W. from Charing: Mr. E. Jacou.— Norfolk ; In a hedge at Stiffkev
near Wells: Mr. E. Forster, jun. On the Castle Hill at Castle Acre: Sir
J. E. Smith — Northamptonshire ; Rockingham Forest, common : Mr. Pitt. —
Northumberland ; Woods in Allondale: Mr. Winch. — Somersetshire ; Woods
between Gounsbery and Blackwell, plentifully: Mr. Hudson. On the inner
side of the wall w hich joins the garden of the farm-house on Claverton Down,
near Bath : Dr. Heneage Gidbs, in FI. Bath.— Suffolk ; In several places of
the parish of Brandish : Mr. J. Sheraro, in Ray’s Syn. Bath Hills by Bun-
gay : Mr Woodward. Laxfield, Newton, and Cranford: Mr. Davy.- — Sussex;
Upon the Downs towards Chichester, along the road : Dr. Dii.lenius, in Ray’s
Syn. Between Pyecombe and Newtimber; and in Arundel Paik: Mr. W.
Borrer. — Warwickshire ; Near Studley Castle, Dunnington, and Arrow:
Mr. T. Purton. Hagley : Mr. Hickman. — Wilts ; Woods at Clarendon near
Salisbury: Dr. Martyn. Near Great Bedwyn : W. Bartlett, Esq. — Wor-
cestershire; Southstone’s Rock: Mrs. Gardner. — Yorkshire; Lanes at
Campsall near Doncaster: Mr. Tkfsdale. — WALES. Anglesea ; NearTyfry :
Rev. H. Davies. — Denbighshire ; In Park Pierce, and the Crest near Denbigh :
Mr. Griffith.— Glamorganshire; Near Park Mill tou>ards Pennard Castle
by Swansea : Dr. Turton. — SCOTLAND. Banks of the Clyde at Blantyre
Priory, abundantly. Old walls, Barncluish, Glasgow : Mr. IIopKinK. Between
Arnstruther andKepply: Mr. Chalmers. By the Doune, Ayr: Mr. James
Wilson, in Brit. FI.

Perennial. — Flowers in March and April.

Root small, with a great number of slender dark-coloured fibres.
Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, perennial, towards the bottom round,
strong, naked, but marked with alternate scares, the vestiges of
former leaves ; branched at the top, and producing great abund-
ance of flowers. Leaves very dark green, on long petioles (fool-
stalks), truly pedate (bird-footed), of 7 or 9 spear-shaped, serrated
leaflets ; upper ones, or rather their footstalks, gradually becoming
pale, spear-shaped, entire bracleas. Flowers numerous, panicled,
drooping, almost globular. Calyx ( corolla of Linn.) large, pale
green, tinged with purple at the apex. Petals ( nectaries of Linn.)
from 5 to 8, small, tubular, and nectariferous at the base. Stamens
about as long as the calyx. Styles 3 or 4.

The whole herb is foetid, acrid, violently cathartic, with a nause-
ous taste, especially when fresh. The leaves, when dried, are
sometimes given as a domestic medicine to destroy worms ; but
they must be used cautiously, as many instances of their fatal
effects are recorded. A dose of about 15 grains of the powder of
the dried leaves is given to children, which proves gently emetic
and purgative. The decoction of about a drachm of the fresh leaves
being considered equal to 15 grains of the dry ones ; it is usually
repeated on two, and sometimes three successive mornings, and
seldom fails to bring away worms, if there be any in the intestinal
canal. Mr. Purton informs us, in his Midland Flora, vol. iii. p.
364, that he never could increase the dose of powdered leaves
beyond ten grains, without producing considerable disturbance in
the intestinal canal ; nor can the same quantity of the fresh-dried
plant be exceeded with any degree of safety. The powdered roots
mixed with meal are said to destroy mice. Country people put the
root into setons made through the dewlaps of oxen, with the ex-
pectation of drawing off or relieving by the discharge, murrain or
any other disease of cattle, a very ancient practice, recorded by
Absyrtus and Hierocles. — See W oodville' s Med. Bot. ; Wither-
ing's Bot. Arr. ; Martyn' s- Mill. Gard. Diet., Sfc.

CMnHcwz.hel.S-Sc. 4/ ^ Baxler. Botanic Garden. Oxford leu

(104 )

BRI'ZA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria f, Dicy'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'nE/E, Juss. Gen. PL p. 28. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 68. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot.
p. 292. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Gra'mina, Rich, by Macgilliv.
p, 393. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71.

Gen. Char. Panicle loose. Calyx (see fig. 1 .) of 2 nearly equal,
avvnless, inversely egg-shaped, blunt, expanded, concave, slightly
keeled glumes (valves), containing a broad egg-shaped, or triangu-
lar, blunt, compressed spikelet (fig. 1.) of many, awnless, 2-ranked
imbricated, perfect florets. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 2 unequal, awnless,
obtuse paleae (valves) ; the outer nearly orbicular, or inversely egg-
shaped, expanded, concave, sometimes gibbous, contracted or in-
flexed at the edges, without rib or prominent keel ; inner much
smaller, flatter, oval, or inversely egg-shaped, entire or notched,
inflexed at the edges ; both permanent, embracing the seed. Nectary
a cloven scale. Filaments (see fig. 2.) hair-like, longer than the
glumes. Anthers oblong, cloven at each end, pendulous. Germen
(fig. 3.) egg-shaped. Styles (fig. 3.) very short. Stigmas (fig. 3.)
feathery, long, cylindrical. Seed nearly orbicular, flat, pressed
closely between the valves of the corolla, and coated with the outer
one, to which it is firmly united.

Distinguished from other genera, with a loose spreading panicle,
in the same class and order, by the many-flowered, egg-shaped
spikelets ; the awnless paleee ; and the depressed seed, united to
the palete.

Two species British.

BRFZA ME'DIA. Common Quaking-grass. Lady’s-hair.
Shaker..

Spec. Char. Panicle spreading, tremulous. Spikelets broadly
egg-shaped, about 7-flowered. Calyx shorter than the florets.

Engl. Bot. t. 340. — Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t. 60.— Host’s Gr. Aust. v. ii. p.
22. t.29. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 103. — Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.38.— Sm. FI.
Brit. v. i. p. 109. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 133. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 175. — Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 109. — Lindl. Syn. p. 315. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 44. — Lightf. FI.
Scot. v. i. p.99. — Leers’ FI. Herb. (2nd ed.) p. 26 t 7. f. 2. — Martyn’s FI.
ltust. t. 39. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 43. — Abbot’s Ft. Bedf. p. 19. — Purl. Midi. FI.
v. i. p. 86.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 38. — Sincl. Hort. Gram. Woburn, p.23.
fig. 14. and p.205, with a plate. — Curt. Brit. Etr tom. v. iv. 1. 186. — Hook. FI. Scot.
p.37. — Grev. Fl.Edin. p. 24. — FI. Devon, pp. 18 & 124. — Johnst. F’l. Berw. v. i.
p. 25. — Walk. FI of Oxf. p. 24. — Bab. FI. Bath . p. 59. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of
Ireland, p. 14. — Grarnen ■tremulum, Ray’s Syn. p. 412.

Localities. — In meadows and pastures. F’requent.

Perennial. — Flowers from May to July.

Fig. 1. A Spikelet. — Fig. 2. A Floret, with the three Stamens. — Fig. 3. The
Germen, Styles, and Stigmas.— All magnified.

* From brizo, Gr. to nod ; alluding to the pendulous or nutant position of
the blossoms. Withering.
f Sec Alopecurus pratensis, folio 45, note f.

Root fibrous, tufted. Culms (stems] from 8 or 10 inches to a
foot and a half high, slender, upright, very smooth, leafy chiefly
towards the bottom. Leaves deep green, strap-spear-shaped, short,
flat, roughish. Panicle handsome, upright, much branched,
branches very much spreading, somewhat flexuose, slender, and
tinged with purple. Spikelets (fig. 1.) tremulous, shining, purple.
Florets (fig. 2.) about 7, more or less green or greenish-white at
the edges, the iower ones projecting a little beyond the calyx, which
renders the spikelet egg-shaped. Calyx-valves ( glumes ) very con-
cave, somewhat compressed. Outer valve (palea) of the corolla
much like the calyx, but rather smaller ; inner one minute, re-
sembling a flat scale within the outer one.

Sir J. E. Smith mentions having had from Mr. J. E. Bowman
a beautiful Welch specimen, whose florets were 12 or more, green
and white, with 3 ribs towards each margin, more conspicuous
than in the common kind.

B> iza Media is one of our most elegant and beautiful grasses,
but it is of no particular value to the farmer ; it is not uncommon
both in damp and dry situations in most parts of England ; in
Scotland it is more rare. From experiments, made bv the late Mr.
G. Sinclair, with this grass on different kinds of soil, the results
of which are given in his very excellent work the Hortus Gramineus
Woburnensis, it appears to be better fitted for a poor sandy soil
than for a loomy or moist clayey one. “ Its nutritive powers,”
says Mr. Sinclair, “are considerable, when compared with other
Grasses affecting a similar soil. It is eaten by horses, cows, and
sheep. These merits therefore demand attention, and though it is
unfit, comparatively, for rich permanent pasture, yet, for poor sandy,
and also for poor tenacious soils, where improvement in other re-
spects cannot be sufficiently effected to fit them for the production
of the superior Grasses, this will be found of value.”

It is j ustly observed by Mr. Knapp, that “ we have no indigenous
plant more universally known than Briza Media ; the Quaking-
grass,” says this elegant writer, “ is in the hands of every child,
and the peculiar simplicity of its habit, and elegant manner in which
the spiculee are disposed, ‘ trembling at Zephyr’s whisp’ring breath,’
render it not unfrequently an associated ornament in the bouquet.”

If a seed of this Grass be carefully dissected in a microscope, the
young plant will be found with its roots and leaves perfectly formed.
See Baker’s Microscope Made Easy, p. 252.

“ Most kinds of seeds must be prepared, in order to discover the
minute plants they contain, by steeping them in warm water till
their coats can be separated and their seminal leaves opened with-
out laceration ; though some few sorts may be dissected better
dry.” Ibid.

t

CA pLTJS

i

Plci* WB&xtlrBottmxc Gurdtn. OxfordjJit

CYFHIPEDIUM

(105)

CYPRIPE'DIUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Gyna'ndria f, Dia'ndria.

Natural Order. Orchi'de.®, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 64. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 81. ; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 3. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 412. —
Orchi'dea; ; tribe, CypripedieUe, Lindl. Syn. pp. 256 & 263. ;
Introduct. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 262 & 265. — Loud. Hort. Brit,
pp. 536 & 537.

Gen. Char. Perianthium% ( Calyx and Corolla ) superior.
Sepals 3, between egg-shaped and spear-shaped, taper pointed,
spreading, coloured; the upper one the broadest, the two lowermost
generally combined nearly their whole length. Petals 2, about the
same length as the sepals, or longer, spreading, strap-spear-shaped,
pointed, wavy. Lip (Nectary of Linn.) without a spur; inversely
egg-shaped, inflated, blunt, membranous, prominent, mostly shorter
than the petals, with an irregular longitudinal fissure above. Fila-
ments (see figs. 1, 2, and 3) 2, on the column, lateral, opposite,
spreading, oblong, fleshy. Anthers (see figs. 1, 2, and 3) lateral,
elliptical. Germen inferior, oblong, triangular, furrowed. Style
or Column (see figs. 1, 2, and 3) short and stout, somewhat com-
pressed, bearing the stamens, and terminating above them in a di-
lated, petal-like, horizontal lobe, or appendage, representing a barren
stamen, and dividing the anthers. Stigma (see fig. 1.) beneath this
appendage, and parallel to it, in like manner dilated and flattened,
but smaller. Capsule (figs. 4 & 5) oblong, angular, furrowed. Seeds
oblong, numerous.

Distinguished from other genera in the same class by the large,
inflated lip or nectary ; the 2 fertile stamens ; and the dilated, petal-
like lobe (or sterile stamen) at the summit of the column, separating
the anthers (see figs. 1 & 2).

One species British.

CYPRIPE'DIUM CALCE'OLUS. Common Lady’s Slipper.

Spec. Char. Stem leafy. Terminal lobe of the column nearly
egg-shaped, channelled. Lip shorter than the sepals, somewhat
laterally compressed.

Engl. Bot. t. 1. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 42 ! ! — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1346. — Iluds. FI.
Angl.(2nd ed.) p.392. — Saiisb. in Tr. Lin. Soc. v. i. p. 76. t. 2. f. 1. — Sm. Fi. Br.
v. iii. p. 941. Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 51. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 48.— Lind. Syn. p.
263. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 380. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. ix. t. 416! — W'inch’s
Essay on the Geogr. Distrib. of Plants, &c. p.24. — Cypripedium ferrugineum,
Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 2 13. — Calce'olus Maries, Ray’s Syn. p. 385. — John-
son’s Gerarde, p. 443. — Blackst. Spec. Bot. p. 10.

Localities. — In mountainous woods and thickets, in the North of England.
Very rare. — Durham; The north branch of Castle Eden Dene: Mr. Robson.
Castle Eden Dene ; on rocks not far from the sea ; (a different habitat from Mr.
Robson’s;) Mr. Winch, who states, that it is not found at Warm-shades, near
Keswick, as reported by Hutton : Dr. Withering. — Lancashire ; Borough

Fig. 1. Column, with its petal-like appendage, the 2 Stamens, and the Pistil. —
•Fig. 2. A front view of the same. — Fig. 3. The under side of the Column, Sta-
mens, and Pistil, the appendage or sterile Stamen being removed. — Fig. 4. Cap-
sule.— Fig. 5. The same divided longitudinally.

* From Kupris, Gr. Venus; and podion, Gr. a shoe or slipper: Venus'
slipper.

t See Ophrys apifera, fol. 8. n. t- 7 See Galanthus nivalis, fol. 33. n. f .

Hall Paik: Dr. Mari vn. — Yorkshire ; In the Helk’s Wood by Ingleborough :
Rayt^-Mt. D. Turner informs us, in the Botanist’s Guide, v. ii. p. 712, that
this plant was not to be found in Helk’s Wood when he was at Ingleton in 1796 ;
and Mr. Woodward also says, that he searched for it in vain in Helk’s Wood,
a gardener of Ingleby having eradicated every plant. Woods about Clapham
and Ingleton: Hudson. Woods and hilly pastures in the neighbourhood of
Kilsey : Mr. W. Curtis. Woods about Kilsey Crag, Wharfdale : Mr. Wood.
About Arnrliffe, 1 itten, and Kettlewell : Mr. Knowi.ton. Dr. Hooker, in
company with the Rev. James Dalton and Mr. Joseph Woods, gathered it,
in flower, near Arncliffe, in June, 1808. Between Ingleton and Chappel in the
Dale, 1800: Mr. Brunton.

Perennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Root thick, of a brownish colour, creeping horizontally, and
throwing out many, fleshy, long, simple fibres. Stem solitary, from
9 to 12 or 18 inches high, leafy, solid, striated, and downy. Leaves
large, alternate, egg-shaped, entire, rather pointed, a little downy,
somewhat waved about the margin, clasping or sheathing the stem
at the base. Flowers terminal, usually solitary, rarely two together,
nodding, large and showy. Sepals ribbed, an inch and a half long,
of a rich dark-brown colour ; the two lowermost combined. Petals
of the same colour, rather longer and narrower than the sepals, and
slightly wavy. Lip (labellwm) large, inflated, curved, rounded at
the bottom, the edges contracled, yellow, wrinkled, reticulated with
veins, internally spotted, about an inch long, bearing a slight re-
semblance to a little shoe or slipper, and hence the trivial name.
Lady's Slipper. Column (see fig. 1.) short, yellow, expanded at
the apex into an oblong, petal-like lobe or appendage, ( superior lip
of Authors; sterile stamen of Brown), with 2 angles, more or less
blunt at the ba3e ; the extremity rounded, with a short indexed
point ; yellow, spotted with red. Filaments (see fig. 3) 2, lateral,
yellow, narrow-wedge-shaped, a little curved. Anthers (see figs.
2 & 3) orbicular, hemispherical, marginate, 2-celled, fixed near the
middle to the inferior part of the filaments. Germen inferior,
curved, tapering below, pubescent. Style (see figs. 1, 2, and 3)
affixed to the base of the lobes of the column, large, somewhat egg-
shaped, on a short footstalk. Capsule (fig. 4.) upright, about an
inch long, somewhat prism-shaped, with 3 flat sides, and 3-ribbed
angles ; within having 3 longitudinal, parietal, seminiferous re-
ceptacles.

“ Our British Flora,” says Dr. Hooker, in his very beautiful and splendid
Flora Londinensis, “ can boast very few plants indeed superior in beauty of
form and colour, or in singularity of appearance, to the Cypripedium Calce'o-
lus, which consequently, like the O'rchis hircina, Cy'clamen europee'um,
and many other species of showy exterior, but rare occurrence, are objects of
constant search by gardeners and cultivators, and likely soon to add to the num-
ber of those which have been natives of our isle.”

According to Mr. Graves, in FI. Lond. “ to succeed in the cultivation of
this beautiful plant, it is necessary in transplanting to remove the root with as
large a portion of earth as can be made to adhere to it. It may then be plunged
in a mixture of loam and peat earth, in a situation where it may only receive the
morning sun ; and in Winter it should be protected with a quantity of moss or
dead leaves thickly strown over it; or, if in a pot, may be sheltered by a frame,
during the severest frost.” — 1 have heard of a peasant in the North of England,
who propagated this plant for sale, very successfully, by planting it under the
shade of his gooseberry trees ; and the finest plants 1 have seen, are in the garden
of the Rev. Dr. Bridges, President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where
they have flourished and increased, for several years, under some shrubs which
screen them from the sun till the afternoon.

(106.)

LAV AT E'RA* *

Linnean Class and Order. Monade'lphia f, Polya'ndria.

Natural Order. Malva'ce®, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 271. — Sm. Gr.
of Bot. p. 148. — Lindl. Syn. p. 40 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p.
33. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 476. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 502.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 2.) inferior, double, permanent ; outer
(fig. 1.) largest, of 1 sepal, in 3 broad, deep, spreading segments;
inner (see figs. 2 & 5.) of 1 sepal, divided half way down into
5 more upright and pointed lobes. Corolla of 5 inversely heart-
shaped, blunt, flat, spreading petals, attached by their contracted
claws to the tube of the stamens. Filaments (see figs. 2 & 3.) nu-
merous, hair-like, united below into a cylindrical tube. Anthers
kidney-shaped. Germen (fig. 4.) round, depressed. Style (fig. 4.)
cylindrical, with a conical permanent base. Stigmas (see fig. 4.)
from 7 to 14, bristle-shaped, as long as the style. Capsules (fig. 6.)
as many as the stigmas, compressed, either tumid, or concave and
wrinkled, at the back, ranged in a circle round the columnar recep-
tacle, which in some species is greatly dilated ; each of 2 valves
and 1 cell, finally deciduous. Seeds (fig. 7.) solitary, kidney-shaped.

The outer calyx of 3 lobes; and the whorled, single-seeded
capsules ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class
and order.

One species British.

LAVATE'RA ARBO'REA. Sea Tree-mallow.

Spec. Char. Stem woody. Leaves with about 7 angles, downy,
plaited. Peduncles axillary, clustered, single-flowered.

Engl. Bot. 1. 1841. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 972.— Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 306.
— Sm FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 742. Engl. FI. v. iiL p. 248. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.
810. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 639. — Lindl. Syn. p. 41. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.
314. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 374. — Davies’ Welsh Botanology, p. 67. — Hook.
FI. Scot. p. 209. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 153. — FI. Devon, pp. 117 ic 179. — Don’s
Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 469. — Mack. Catal of PI. of Irel. p. 64. —
Malva arborea marina nostras, Ray’s Syn. p. 252.

Localities. — Hocks, &c. near the sea. Rare. — Cornwall ; Godrevy Island,
near Portreath ; Mullion-gull Rock in St. Ives’ Bay, &c. : Borlase. — Devon ;
At Teignmouth: Dr. Withering. On the rock at the entrance of Torbay,
plentifully: Mr. Weston. Plymouth: FI. Devon. — Dorsetshire; Recorded
by Ray as a native of Portland and Chesil Bank, where it is still found: Dr.
Pulteney. — Hampshire; At Hurst Castle, over against the Isle of Wight:
Ray. — Somersetshire ; Steep Holmes Island, Severn Sea : Mr. W. Christy. —
WALES. Anglesea; On islets S. W. and West coast of Anglesea ; near
Llanddwyn; and on the South Stack, near Holyhead : Rev. H. Davies. On
the island of Caldey near Tenby: Ray. On the Elyange Stack, and other in-

Fig. 1. Outer Calyx or Involucrum. — Fig. 2. Outer and Inner Calyx with
Stamens and Pistils. — Fig. 3. Cylindrical Tube formed by the union of the nu-
merous filaments. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. Outer and
inner Calyx, and Germen. — Fig. 6. A whorl of Capsules. — Fig. 7. A Seed.

* So named by Tournefort, in honour of Lavater, a physician at Zurich.
Dr. Martyn.

t From monos, Gr. one, and adelpkos, Gr. a brotherhood ; the 16th class
in the Linnean Artificial System, containing those plants which have perfect
flowers, with their stamens united by their filaments into one tube or brotherhood.

sulated rocks about Stockpole Court : Mr. Milne. On Tenby Rocks next the
sea : Sir J. Cullum. — SCO TLAND. On rocks upon the sea coast, as in Inch-
Garvey and Mykric Inch, in the Firth of Forth, and in Basse Island: Sibbald.
— IRELAND. On Ireland’s-Eye, and on old walls near the harbour of Gal-
way. On cliffs on the South isle of Arran, and near Dingle : Mr. J. T. Mackay.

Biennial. — Flowers from July to October.

Root much branched, running deep into the ground. Stem
scarred, thick, and of a somewhat woody substance, growing, when
in a garden, to the height of from 6 to 10 feet, upright, straight;
simple below, but branching towards the top into a leafy head ; the
branches besprinkled with fine, deflexed, compound, bristly hairs.
Leaves of a greyish green, pliant, soft and downy, alternate, on long
footstalks ; their margin in 7, 5, or 3 shallow, crenate lobes. Flowers
mostly in pairs, sometimes 3 together, on upright peduncles an inch
and a half long. Outer Calyx ( involucrum of Dr. Lindley’s Sy-
nopsis J much larger than the inner ; segments broad, blunt, some-
times notched. Corolla purplish-red, with dark blotches at the
base of the petals. Cylinder of united filaments purple, woolly at
the base. Germen smooth. Style usually 8-cleft at the top. Stigmas
revolute, reddish. Capsules about 8, kidney-shaped, sharply 3-
cornered, membranaceous, wrinkled, closed on all sides, pale-bay-
coloured, not opening. Seeds kidney-shaped, ash-coloured.

This species is frequently met with in gardens, where, if it is al-
lowed to scatter its seeds, it will spring up for many successive years,
and often attain a large size. The young plants will, as Sir J. E.
Smith observes, now and then survive one or more mild Winters ;
but having once blossomed it perishes.

The Natural Order Malva'ce.® is composed of Herbaceous
Plants, Shrubs, and Trees, with a stellate pubescence, and alternate,
more or less divided leaves, furnished with two stipulae at their base.
The calyx is of 5 sepals, very seldom of 3 or 4, more or less united
at the base, with a valvate aestivation, often bearing external
bracteae (outer calyx, fig. 1.) forming an involucrum. The corolla
is generally composed of 5 petals, which are hypogvnous, alternate
with the lobes of the calyx, spirally twisted at first, either distinct
or united together at their base, by means of the filaments of the
stameas, so that the corolla falls off entire. The stamens are
usually indefinite, rarely of the same number as the petals, hvpo-
gynous; the filaments are monadelphous ; the anthers 1-celled,
kidney-shaped, bursting transversely. The ovarium ( germen ) is
formed by the union of several carpels round a common axis, either
distinct or coherent. Styles the same number as the carpels, either
united or distinct ; stigmas variable. The fruit is either capsular
or baccate, its carpels being either 1 -seeded or many-seeded, some-
times united in one, sometimes separate or separable ; their dehis-
cence either loculicidal or septicidal. The seeds, which are some-
times hairy, are generally without albumen; they have a curved
embryo, with twisted and doubled cotyledons.

The Malvacecc abound in mucilage, and are consequently demulcent. No
plant belonging to this family is known to possess unwholesome qualities. See
Lindl. Syn. and Rich, by Macgilliv. The British Genera in this older are
Malvu, t, 25.; Alt ha a ; and Lavatera, 1. 106.

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(107.)

CRA'MBE* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia f , Siliculo'sa %.

Natural Order. CrucTferjE§, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 138. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 498. — Cruci'ferjE,
Suborder Orthoplo'ceje ||, Tribe Rapha'ne^e, (or Orthoplo'-
ce A2 Lomenta'cete), Lind. Syn. pp. 20 & 34. ; Introd. to Nat.
Syst. pp. 14 & 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499. ; Mag. of
Nat. Hist. v. i. pp. 143 & 240.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) inferior, spreading, nearly equal
at the base. Sepals 4, elliptical, concave, deciduous. Petals (fig. 2.)
4, equal, each with a spreading, rounded, ohtuse border, rather
longer than its claw. Filaments (figs. 1 & 3.) 6, two of them about
as long as the calyx, the other four longer, and generally each of
them with a sharp lateral tooth. Anther $ oblong, upright. Germen
(fig. 4.) oblong. Style scarcely any. Stigma (see fig. 4.) rather
thick and blunt. Pouch ( SiliculaJ (fig. 5.) succulent, finally
leathery, of 2 joints, each of 1 cell, the upper joint globose, not
bursting, deciduous, bearing 1 seed inverted, upon a stalk arising
from the bottom of the cell (see fig. 6.) ; lower joint abortive, re-
sembling a pedicle. Cotyledons roundish, convex, fleshy, incum-
bent, and folded lengthwise (conduplicate), see figs. 7 & 8.

The globose, stalked, coriaceous (leathery), deciduous pouch, of
1 cell, without valves ; and solitary seed, with incumbent and con-
duplicate cotyledons ; will distinguish this from other genera in the
same class and order.

One species British.

CRA'MBE MARI'TIMA. Sea Kale. Sea Colewort.

Spec. Char. Longer filaments forked. Pouch blunt. Leaves
roundish, sinuated, wavy, toothed, glaucous, and, as well as the
stem, very smooth.

Engl. Rot. t. 924.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 937.-Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 299.—
Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.695. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 184. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.
751.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p.689. — Lind. Syn. p. 34. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.294.
— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 364.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 193. — FI. Devon, pp. 107 6c
187.— Johnst. FI. Bevv. v. i. p. 143. — Rev. J. E. Smith’s PI. ofS. Kent. p.36. —
Baxt. Lib. of Agr. and Hort. Knowl. (2nd ed.) p.538. — Loudon’s Encyclop. of
Gardening, p.729. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. i. p. 256. — Mack.
Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 61. — Crdmbe maritime, Brassicee folio, Ray’s Syn. p.
307. — Brassica marina Anglica, Johnsoo’s Gerarde, p.315.

Localities. — On the sea-coast in sandy or stony soils. Not very uncommon.
— Cornwall ; Near Mevagissey : Mr. Watt. — Cumberland; Coast between

Fig. 1. Calyx, Stamens, and Pistil.— Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. One of the
longer Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen and Stigma. — Fig. 5. A Pouch, or Silicula. —
Fig. 6. Pouch opened virtically, showing the seed suspended by its long curved,
capillary stalk. — Fig. 7. The folded Cotyledons and Radicle. — Fig. 8. Trans-
verse section of the same.

* From krambe, the Greek name of Sea-kale or Sea-cabbage ; which is de-
rived from krambos, Gr. dry, because the plants usually grow in sand. Don.

f See Draba verna, folio 38, note f-

t The first order in the Linnean class, Tetradyna'mia, containing those
plants of that class with a short roundish pouch, the longitudinal and transverse
diameters of which are nearly equal. § See Draba verna, fol. 38, a.

6 From orthos, Gr. upright, and ploke, Gr. a fold ; the cotyledons in this
order being incumbent (see folio 62, note j|), and at the same time folded
together or plaited lengthwise through their middle, enwrapping the radicle in
the recess, thus 0>>. When this is the case the cotyledons are said to be
incumbent and folded.

Ravenglass and Bootle : Mr. Wood. Between Maryport and Flimby : Rev. J.
Hariuman. — Devon; Cliffs near Teignmouth : Dr. Maton. Frequent on the
marly cliffs, but rare in pure sand: Rev. Dr. Beeke. Sidroouth Cliffs, in in-
accessible places : Mr. D. Turner. Cliffs at Dawlish : 1830, Mr. J. H. Parker.
Slapton Sands, from thence it was first obtained for cultivation in 1795: FI. Dev. —
Dorset ; Not uncommon on the sandy shores ; on Chesil Bank ; about Weymouth ;
on the Purbeck coast ; and at the North Haven, about Poole: Dr. Pulteney.
Lulvvorth Cove : Dr. Withering.— Essex ; On the sea-shore between the town
of Harwich and the Cliff: Dale. — Hampsh. Western Court: Dr. Pulteney. —
Kent ; In St. Margaret’s and Langdon Bays; and very plentiful on the beach
about half way from Dover to Folkstone : Mr. Dillwyn. Lydden Spout ; East-
wear Bay ; Dover: Rev. G. E. Smith. — Lancash. Roosebeck in Low Furness:
Mr. Woodward. — Lincolnsh. Among the sand hills on the coast, in abund-
ance: Sir Joseph Banks. — Norfolk; Abundant at Mundesley : Sir J. E. Smith.
— Suffolk; On the beach at Dunwich: Mr. Davy. Between Dunwich and
Southwold on the Suffolk coast, abundantly: Dr. Withering. — Sussex; On
the cliffs at Beachy Head ; on the beach at East Bourne, and near Shoreham :
Mr. Borreu. At Hastings, and Worthing: Mr.T. F. Forster, jun. — Yorksh.
Cliff at Whitby: Mr. Brunton. — WALES. Anglesea ; Sandy sea-coast be-
tween Rhuddgaerand Llanddwyn : Bing ley. — Carnarvonsh. On the coast in
various parts of the promontory of Llyn : Bingley'. Beach near Crickaeth,
plentifully : Rev. H. Davies. In the most inaccessible rocks of the Lesser
Orme’s Head, near Conway, facing North : Mr. Griffith. — Glamor gansh.
Rocks about Port Eynon : Dr. Turton. Pembrokesh. Cliffs at Tenby: Dr.
Turton. — SCOTLAND. Near Fast-castle: Rev. J. Lightfoot. Isle of
Isla: Dr. Walker. — IRELAND. Strand near Bantry: Mr. Drummond.
Sea-coast between Malahide and Beldoyle: Mr. J. T. Mackay.

Perennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Root thick and fleshy. Whole plant smooth, glaucous (sea-
green), and somewhat succulent. Stems several, from 1 to 2 feet
high, branched, spreading, and leafy. Root-leaves on leaf-stalks,
very large, spreading or deflexed, variously waved, jagged, and in-
dented, of a leathery texture ; generally sea-green, sometimes tinged
with purple. Stem-leaves sessile. Clusters terminal, collected into
dense panicles. Flowers white, smelling strong of honey. Pouches
(fig. 5.) smooth, the size of Black Currants.

“ The country people in the West of England have been, from time imme-
morial, in the practice of watching when the shoots and leaf-stalks begin to
push up the sand and gravel in March and April, when they cut them off under-
ground, as is done in gathering Asparagus, and boil them as greens. About the
middle of the last century the plant was first introduced into gardens, grown on
deep sandy soil, and blanched either by sand, ashes, litter, or by covering with
flower-pots, earthen pots made on purpose, or any opaque cover. It is now
almost as universal in good gardens as Asparagus, and, like it, is forced, either
by taking up the roots and planting them on a hot-bed, or in a border of a
forcing-house, or by covering or surrounding them with litter, in the open
garden. Before covering a bed with warm litter, each plant, or stool of plants,
is covered with an earthenware blanching-pot, or wicker case, to keep off the
dung from the young shoots, and to ensure their being blanched. No plant is
so easily forced, and, unlike Asparagus , it yields produce the first Spring after
raising from seed. The taste is very like that of Cauliflower. Professor Mar-
tyn has printed some valuable instructions for its cultivation, from the MSS. of
the Rev. M. Laurent; and the late Mr. W. Curtis, by a Pamphlet on the
Culture, has done more to recommend it, and diffuse the knowledge of it, than
any of his predecessors. Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. — For more par-
ticulars respecting the cultivation. &c. of Sea-Kale, see the excellent work of
Mr. Don, just quoted ; Mr. Loudon’s valuable Encyclopaedia of Gardening ; IT
and Baxter’s Lib. of Agr. and Hort. Knowledge.

IT The great number of beautiful wood-cuts, and the vast fund of valuable infor-
mation which this work contains on every department of Horticulture, Floricul-
ture, Landscape Gardening, &c. as well as the cheapness at which it is pub-
lished, cannot fail to recommend it to every Gardener and Florist in the king-
dom. To the young Gardener it is almost indispensible. Mr. Loudon is now
publishing a new, and much improved edition of it, which he is bringing out in
Monthly Parts, at a price which will enable every working Gardener, and Gar-
dening Apprentice, to put himself in possession of it.

C MDtZ <t-Sc. I*ub diy W Baxter Botanic Garden Oxford.J<S34- ■

(108.)

DA'CTYLIS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. TRiA'.\DRiAf, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'neje, Juss. (Jen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 68. — Lindl. Syn. p 293. ; Introduct. to Nat Syst. of Bot.
p. 292. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Grami'na, Rich, by Macgilliv.
p. 393. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71.

Gen. Char. Panicle, with the secondary branches short and
very dense, subsecund. Calyx (fig. 1.) of 2 unequal, strap-spear-
shaped, taper-pointed, keeled, compressed glumes, containing a
spikelet of several florets (fig. 2). Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 2 unequal,
spear-shaped, keeled, compressed palece, the outer one more or less
awned, flat, and membranous at the edges ; the inner one about as
long as the outer, but narrower, 2-ribbed, folded, and acutely cloven
at the point. Nectary of 2 spear-shaped, pointed scales, tumid at
the base. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 3, hair-like, longer than the co-
rolla. Anthers oblong, cloven at each end. Germen (fig. 3.) round-
ish. Styles (fig. 3.) very short, distinct. Stigmas (fig. 3.) spread-
ing, oblong, feathery. Seed oblong, with a longitudinal furrow,
covered by the unchanged corolla, but loose, not attached to it.

Distinguished from other genera, with a panicled inflorescence,
and many-Howered spikelets, in the same class and order, by the
unilateral, short, and very dense, secondary branches ; the calyx of
2 unequal glumes, the larger one keeled ; and the corolla of 2 spear-
shaped, scarcely awned palece, inclosing the fruit.

Nearly allied to Festuca, and scarcely to be distinguished from
that genus, except in habit.

One species British.

DA'CTYLIS GLOMER A'T A. Rough Cock’s-foot GrassJ.
Orchard Grass.

Spec. Char. Panicle distinctly branched. Flowers in dense
globular tufts, pointing one way. Corolla somewhat awned, 5-
ribbed, taper-pointed.

Engl. Bot. t. 335. — Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t. 62. — Host’s Gram. Austr. v. ii. p.
67. t. 94. — Schreb. Besch. der Graser. t. 8. f. 2. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 105. — Huds.
FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 43. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 1 1 1. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 134. —
With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 175. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 125. — Lind. Syn. p.310.
— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 44. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 99. — Leers’ FI. Herb. (2nd
ed.) p. 22. t. 3. f. 3. — Martyn’s FI. Rust. t. 14. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 43. — Abb.
FI. Bedf. p. 20.— Curt. Observ. on British Grasses, (5th ed.) p. 89. t. 7. — Purt.
Midi. FI. v. i. p. 69. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.39. — Sincl. Hort. Gram. Wo-
burn. p. 23. f. 15. and p. 136., with a plate. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 37.— Grev. FI.
Edin. p. 24. — FI. Devon, pp. 18 & 124. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 25. —
Baxter’s Lib. of Agricul. and Horticul. Know. (2nd ed.) p. 295., with a figure. —
Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.25. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 58. — Mack. C’atal. of PI. of Irel.
p. 14. — Gramen asperum, Ray’s Syn. p. 400.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Two Florets, shewing the Stamens and Pistils. —
Fijj. 3. Germen and Pistils.

* From daktulos, Gr. a finger ; the cluster of spikes somewhat resembling
fingers. Withering. f See Alopecurus pratinsis, folio 45, note f.

t The name of Cock’s-foot, by which this grass is known, is not wholly inap-
plicable, for by inverting the flowering heads, some idea is given of the animal’s
loot, with the lower branch projecting like a spur. Knapp.

Localities. — In meadows, hedges, and shady places. Common.

Perennial — Flowers from June to September.

Root fibrous, tufted. Culm upright, from 1 to 3 feet high ;
somewhat compressed, slightly 2-edged, leafy below, naked and
roughish above. Leaves strap-shaped, flat, pointed, from 6 inches
to a foot and a half long, dull green, spreading, striated, harsh,
rough, chiefly at the edges. Sheaths ( vagina J rough, keeled, com-
pressed. Stipula fligula) white, oblong, blunt, mostly torn. Pa-
nicle alternately branched ; branches angular, stiff, very rough,
spreading, especially the lowermost, each bearing a compound, egg-
shaped or globular, dense tuft, of unilateral, bristly, crowded spike-
lets. Calyx membranous, very unequal ; the outer valve (glume)
3-ribbed, rough at the keel. Florets 3 or 4, rarely 1 only ; outer
valve (palea) of the Corolla 5-ribbed, rough at the keel, with a short
awn-like point ; inner valve (palea) fringed at the ribs. Anthers of
a pale violet colour, or yellow, changing to white.

The Cock’s-foot is a rough coarse grass, and hence the names of Rough-grass
and Hard-grass ; but it is extremely hardy, productive, and rather early. Its
flourishing under the drip of trees may be a recommendation, but the head is so
large, that in heavy rains it is apt to be laid. It should always be cut whilst
young and tender, either for hay or fodder. The late Mr. G. Sinclair con-
sidered it one of the most valuable of the grasses. “ It springs very quickly
after being cropped, and continues productive, with little interruption, through-
out the season. Like every other of the more valuable pasture grasses, it will
not, when sown by itself, form a close sward, but becomes tufty. When sown
in certain proportions according to the soil, in combination with others, it is a
very profitable plant. It requires to be depastured closely, under every circum-
stance, to reap the full advantage of its great merits. In the pastures most
celebrated for fattening and keeping the largest quantity of stock in Devonshire,
Lincolnshire, and in the Vale of Aylesbury, which we minutely and carefully
examined, we found Cock’s-foot in every instance to constitute a portion of the
herbage. In the most skilfully managed of these pastures, the foliage or herbage
of the Cock’s-foot was only distinguished by an experienced eye from that of
the Alopecurus pratensis (see t. 45), Pda pratensis, Pda trivialis, Lolium
perinne, Cynosurus cristdtus, and other fine-leaved grasses, a fact which proves
the futility of the objections that have been raised without due consideration
against Cock’s-foot, as to its being a coarse grass. It. wants only to be com-
bined with others in due proportion to the nature of the soil, and judiciously de-
pastured, to render it equal, if not superior in value to any of the superior or
essential pasture grasses. It flowers from June till August, ripens its seeds in
July, or if the herbage of Spring is eaten dorvn to a late period, the seed does not
ripen until August, or even the beginning of September. The late Mr. Roger
Parker, of Munden, Herts, was the first who collected the seed in any con-
siderable bulk for farm practice, w hich was afterwards extended and brought into
more general notice by Mr. Coke, of Norfolk.” Sinclair, in Baxter's Library
of Agricultural and Horticultural Knowledge.

WEAUnMSc

(109)

SAG ITTA'RI A* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Monce'cia f, Polya 'ndria.

Natural Order. Alisma'ce/E, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p.
253. ; Inlrod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 253. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.
399. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 536. — Alismi'n.e ; type Alisma'cejE,
Burnett’s Outlines of Botany, pp. 422 & 423+. — Junci, sect. 3.
Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 43 & 46. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 72.

Gen. Char. Barren for stameniferous ) Flowers (fig. 1.) nu-
merous. Calyx (fig. 3.) of 3 egg-shaped, concave, permanent
sepals. Corolla (see fig. 1.) of 3 roundish, blunt, flat, spreading, de-
ciduous petals, thrice the size of the sepals, and alternate with them.
Filaments (figs. 3 & 4.) numerous, about 24, awl-shaped, collected
into a round head. Anthers upright, heart-shaped, much shorter
than the petals. — Fertile for pistilliferous J Flowers (fig. 2.) fewer,
below the barren ones. Sepals and Petals as in them. Germens
( Ovaries of Lindl. y (fig. 6.) numerous, collected into a head, com-
pressed, tumid externally, tapering into very short styles. Stigmas
taper-pointed, permanent. Seeds (Nuts of Lind.) numerous, in-
versely egg-shaped, compressed, beaked, surrounded with a vertical,
dilated, compressed margin, broadest externally. Embryo simple,
undivided, folded.

The calyx of 3 sepals ; the corolla of 3 petals ; about 24 stamens ;
numerous pistils ; and the numerous, bordered seeds ( nuts of Lind.)
will distinguish this from o*her genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

SAGITTA'RIA SAGITTIFO'LIA. Common Arrow-head.

Spec. Char. Leaves arrow-shaped; the lobes spear-shaped,
straight.

Enel- Hot. t. 84. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1410. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 420. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 1023. Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 144. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.
688. — Lindl. Syn. p. 253. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 406. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 178. —
Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 209.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 467. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd
ed.) p. 3J4. — Loud. Encycl. of Gard. p. 768, paragraph 1411. — FI. Devon, p.
154. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 280. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select®, p. 78. — Bab. FI.

Fig. 1. Barren or Stameniferous Flower.— Fig. 2. Fertile or Pistiliferous
Flower. — Fig. 3. Calyx and Stamens. — Fig. 4. A single Stamen. — Fig. 5. Seed,
or Nut, a little magnified. — Fig. 6. Germen. — Fig. 7. Part of a Leaf-stalk. —

Fig. 8. A Tuber.

* From Sagitta, Lat. an Arrow ; from the form of the leaves resembling the
head of an arrow. f See Bryonia dioica, fol. 83, note f.

t “ Outlines of Botany ; being a Practical Guide to the Study of Plants. By
Gilbert T. Burnett, Professor of Botany in King’s College, London, and
Fellow of several Societies.” Octavo, 1833. London: published by John
Churchill, 16, Prince’s Street, Soho. — Professor Burnett has rendered very
essential service to the science of Botany by the publication of this excellent
Work, which is not only replete with scientific instruction, but abounds also in
useful practical matter, and amusing information ; it is, indeed, one of the very
best books that can be recommended to all interested in the delightful science on
which it treats. The young Botanist, more especially, will find it a most va-
luable acquisition to his library, as the great number of excellent Wood-cuts,
illustrative of the different subjects described, will greatly facilitate his studies,
and enable him to understand, with ease, those particular parts of Plants, on
which the characters of the Classes, Orders, Sections. Types, §c. are founded.
Not only to the Botanical, but also to the Medical Student, and the Naturalist,
it will be found a most valuable work, and will amply repay a careful perusal
of its pages.

Bath. p.47. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ire), p. 82. — Sagittaria aqudtica , Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 216. — Sagitta, Ray’s Syn. p. 2,r)8. — Sagittdria major el
minor, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 416.

Localities. — In watery ditches, ponds, and margins of rivers. Not uncom-
mon in most parts of England, and Ireland. Not found in Scotland : Sir J. E.
Smith. — Very abundant about Oxford ; also about Rugby in Warwickshire, on
the banks of the Avon, and in ponds and watery ditches near it: 1831, W. B.

Perennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Root (fig. 8.) tuberous, somewhat egg-shaped, or nearly globular,
with many long fibres. Herb milky, smooth. Leaves all from the
root, on long, triangular, very cellular footstalks (see fig. 7.) ; the
first, which are always under water, long, and strap-shaped, by
some authors considered as a variety, and well figured in Flora
Danica, t. 172. ; the succeeding, which rise above the water, large,
truly arrow-shaped, very entire, smooth, with parallel ribs and
reticulated veins. — Nothing, observes Sir J. E. Smith, is more
variable than the breadth and size of the leaves, which are dimi-
nished almost to nothing when deeply immersed in the water, or
exposed to a rapid current. Hence several varieties are mentioned
by authors, but the slightest observation will discover them to be
evanescent. Flowers handsome, 3 in each whorl, with combined,
egg-spear-shaped bracteas at the base of their partial stalks. Petals
white, with a purplish tinge at the claw, soon falling off. It is not
uncommon with very small, narrow leaves, in the canal between
High Bridge and Hayfields Hut, near Oxford.

This species ol Sagittaria is a native of Siberia, China, Cochin-china, Japan,
and Virginia, as well as of Europe, in pools, ditches, and slow streams. Re-
presentations of this plant often occur on oriental porcelain, associated with the
consecrated Cyamus, or Sacred Bean, whose history is given in Exotic Botany,
v. i. t 59. The late Mr. Payne Knight, so distinguished for his piofound
learning, suggested to Sir J. E. Smith, that. “ as the Cyamus is an acknow-
ledged emblem of fertility and reproduction, the Arrow-head indicates the con-
trary, or a destroying power. They are the Egg, and the Anchor, or Arrow-
head, so general in architectural ornaments.”

The Arrow-head is one of our most beautiful plants, and a great ornament to
our rivers and pools in the months of June, July, and August. The tuhers,
(fig. 8.) which are produced at the extremity of the roots, in the mud at the
bottom of the water, are said to constitute a considerable part of the food of the
Chinese, on which account this plant is much cultivated by them ; they are said
to be very similar to those of the West India Arrow-root, ( Maranta Arundi-
naceaj and are sometimes dried and pounded, but are reported to have an
acrid unpleasant taste ; hut this might, it is believed, be got rid of by washing
the powder in water. — Horses, goats, and swine eat this plant ; cows are not
fond of it.

The Natural Order Alisma'ce.e is composed of Monocotyle-
donous, Herbaceous Plants, which grow in watery places, and on
the margins of rivers, pools, and brooks. The leaves are radical,
entire, with parallel veins, and broad expansions. The flowers
either separated or united. The sepals 3, and herbaceous ; the
petals 3, and corollaceous ; the stamens definite or indefinite ; the
ovaries ( germens of Sm.) superior, several, 1-celled ; the ovules
solitary, or 2, attached to the suture, at a distance from each other ;
the styles and stigmas the same number as the ovaries ; the fruit
(seeds of Sm.) dry, not opening, 1- or 2-seeded ; the seeds without
albumen ; the embryo curved in the shape of a horse-shoe, undi-
vided, with the same direction as the seed. See Lind. Syn. p. 253.

110

I hluficU flel Pub* by W.B<^ztffr. Bolantc 'rarhn. Oxford Jt£5£

WJlAHu&Sc.

(110.)

SOLA'NUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Solanea;, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 124. — Sin. Gr.
of Bot. p. 101. — Lindl. Syn. p. 180. ; Introd. to Nat. Systof Bot.
p. 231. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 435. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 527. —
Lurida; of Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in from 5 to
10, more or less deep, acute segments, permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.)
of 1 petal, wheel-shaped ; tube very short ; limb much longer,
reflexed, plaited, in 4, 5, or 6 sharp-pointed, equal, rather deep
segments. Filaments 4, 5, or 6, short, awl-shaped. Anthers
(figs. 3 & 4.) much longer, oblong, angular, converging, sometimes
unequal, opening by two pores at the apex. Germen, (figs. 5 & 6.)
roundish. Style (figs. 5 & 6.) thread-shaped, longer than the sta-
mens, deciduous. Stigma blunt, simple or notched. Berry (f. 7.)
roundish or egg-shaped, smooth, with a hollow dot at the end ; of
2, occasionally more, cells, with a fleshy receptacle to each, con-
nected with the partition. Seeds (fig. 9.) numerous, roundish,
compressed, imbedded in pulp ; sometimes minutely dotted. Em-
bryo, (according to De Candolle) spiral.

Distinguished from other genera, with a monopetalous, inferior
corolla, in the same class and order, by the calyx of from 5 to 10
segments ; the wheel-shaped corolla ; the anthers opening by 2
pores at the extremity ; and the roundish berry of 2 or more cells.

Two species British.

SOLA'NUM DULCAMA'RA +. Woody Nightshade. Bitter-
sweet.

Spec. Char. Stem shrubby, zigzag, without thorns. Leaves
heart-shaped, upper ones hastate. Clusters cymose.

Engl. bot. t. 365. — Curt. FI. Loud. t. 14. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.264. — Woodv.
Med. Bot. v. i. p. 97. t. 33.— Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 93. — Srn. FI. Brit,
v. i p.256. Eng. FI v. i. p. 317. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 318. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 182. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 94. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 145. — Sihth. FI. Oxon.
p. 78. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 51— Purt. Midi. Fi. v. i. p. 129— Relh. FI. Cant.
(3rd ed.) p. 96. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 79. — Cirev. FI. Edin. p. 54. — FI. Devon pp.
40 5c 150. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 61. — Thorton’s Family Herbal, p. 141. —
Walk. FI. of Oxf. p 63. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 33. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p.
24 Solatium lignosum, seu Dulcamara, Bay’s Syn. p. 265. — Dulcamdra
Jtexuosa, Gray’s Nat. Arr. of Bril. PI. v. ii. p. 331. — Amara dulcis, Johnson’s
Gerarde, p. 350.

Localities. — In moist hedges and thickets. Not uncommon in most counties
in England ; more rare in Scotland and Ireland.

A Shrub. — Flowers from June to August.

Root woody. Stem shrubby, somewhat climbing, branched,
thinly beset with small pointed tubercles, slightly angular, and

F’ig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Tha 5 united Anthers. — Fig. 4. A
single Anther. — Fig. 5. Calyx, Germen, & Pistil. — Fig. 6 Germen and Pistil. —
Fig. 7. A Berry. — Fig. 8. A transverse section of a Berry. — Fig. 9. A Seed.

* Name of doubtful origin. According to some from Solamen, on account
of the comfort or solace derived from some species as a medicine. Dr. Hooker.

t See Anchusa sempervirens, fol. 48, note +.

t From dulcis, sweet, and amara, bitter; in allusion to the flavour of the
herb when chewed. Loudon.

growing, when supported, to the height of many feet. Branches
alternate, the younger ones purplish. Leaves pointed, alternate, on
leafstalks, generally smooth ; the lower ones egg-shaped or heart-
shaped ; the upper ones more or less perfectly halberd-shaped ;
all entire at the margin. Flowers in branched clusters, either op-
posite to the leaves or terminal, sometimes on the opposite side
between two leaves (pedunculus intemodis) , see the plate. Bracteas
minute. Corolla purple, deeply 5-cleft, the segments reflexed,
with 2 round, green spots at the base of each. Anthers large,
yellow, upright, united into a kind of cone. Dr. Withering
observes, that the anthers on the first opening of the blossom are
readily separable, but that afterwards growing dryer, they sooner
tear than be disjoined. Berry egg-shaped, bright red, glossy,
bitter, and poisonous. The Flowers are sometimes flesh-coloured,
rarely white.

Ray and Hudson mention a hairy variety as growing on the
southern coast of England ; and on the 4th of J uly, 1 834, I ob-
served a variety, very common in a hedge bounding a plantation
about half a mile below the Spaw at Dorton, the stems and leaves
of which were so closely covered with fine white hairs, as to give
the whole plant a very hoary appearance.

The white-flowered variety has been noticed about Glasgow by
Mr. Hopkiuk : it is also occasionally met with about Oxford ; my
daughter Ruth brought me a specimen of this variety in flower, on
the 14th of July last, which she gathered in a hedge by the side of
the footpath between Oxford and South Hinksey.

The root and young branches of the Dulcamara , in the form of
a decoction, much diluted with milk, have been recommended in
scrophulous or glandular obstructions.

The Berries are tempting to children, and poisonous ; though not
so much so as those of Atropa Belladonna , t. 10.

Sheep and goats eat the plant ; horses, cow's, and swine refuse it.

The active principle of Solanum Dulcamara is an alkali, called
Solania, which is, in that plant, combinedwith malic acid. Turner.

THE NIGHT-SHADE.

Tread aside from my starry bloom !

1 am the nurse, who feed the tomb
( The tomb, my child) with dainties piled,

Until it grows strong as a tempest wild.

Trample not on a virgin flower!

1 am the maid of the midnight hour;

1 bear sweet sleep, to those who weep,

And lie on their eyelids dark and deep.

Tread not thou on my snaky eyes !

1 am the worm that the weary prize,

The Nile’s soft asp, that they strive to grasp,

And one that a queen has loved to clasp !

Pity me ! 1 am she, whom man.

Hath hated since ever the world began ;

1 soothe his brain, in the night of pain.

But at morning he waketh, — and all is vaiu !

Barry Cornwall.

I

111

PYRUS TORMU'TALIS . WILD SERVICE

Rub .by Y RaxtezBotwruc Gwlm. Oxjvrd . 1&SI

- TREE. I?

WSAIluitSc. 1

(in.)

PY'RUS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Icosa'ndria f, Pentagy'nia*.

Natural Order. Poma'cete, Lindl. in Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. xiii.
p. 88 ; Syn. p. 103 ; Intr. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 83. — Rosa'ce ve;
tribe, Poma'cea:, Juss. Gen. PL p. 334. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp.
171 & 172. — Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 528 & 530. — Loud. Hort.
Brit. pp. 512 & 513. — Rosales ; sect. Rosina: ; type, Pyriana: ;
subt. Pyrida:, Burnett’s Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 683,693, & 695.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) superior, of 1 sepal, concave, deeply
divided into 5 spreading, mostly permanent segments. Corolla of
5 roundish, concave petals, much larger than the calyx, and arising
from its rim. Filaments (fig. 1.) 20, inserted on the rim of the
calyx within the petals, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla.
Anthers oblong, of 2 lobes. Germen inferior, roundish. Styles
from 2 or 3 to 5, thread-shaped, about the length of the stamens.
Stigmas simple, or bluntish. Fruit (fig. 2.) roundish, or somewhat
oblong, umbilicated, fleshy, of as many cartilaginous or membra-
nous, bivalve cells as there are styles. Seeds 2 in each cell, up-
right, inversely egg-shaped, flattened at one side.

Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, bv
the superior, 5-cleft calyx ; 5 petals ; and fruit with from 2 to 5
membranous 2-valved cells, with 2 seeds in each.

Gertner first united the Linnean Genera, Py'rus and Sorbus,
including Cydonia (the Quince). The cells of the fruit in Pyrus
vary, even in one species, the common Pear, from cartilaginous to
membranous, and gradations in texture from one species to another
are so insensible, that they baffle all generic distinction. The bony
cells of Mespilus, each of one piece, and not splitting asunder, per-
haps sufficiently mark that genus. Sir. J. E. Smith.

Seven species British.

PY'RUS TORMINA'LIS §. Wild Service-tree, or Sorb.

Spec. Char. Leaves simple, egg-shaped or heart-shaped, ser-
rated, 7-lobed ; the lower lobes spreading. Flower-stalks corym-
bose, branched.

Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 532. Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 362. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.
603. — Lind. Syn. p. 105. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.222. — Relli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.
198. — FI. Devon, pp. 83 & 170. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 136. — Don’s Gen. Syst.
of Card, and Bot. v. ii. p. 647. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select®, p. 43. — Bab. FI.
Bath, p. 16. — Cratcegus torminalis, Linn. Sp. PI. p.68l. — Eng. Bot. t. 298. — ■
Huds. Fl. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 214. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 565. — Hunt.

Fig. 1. Calyx, Stamens, and Pistils. — Fig. 2. A Fruit or Apple. — Fig. 3. A
transverse section of the same, showing the Cells.

* From the Celtic peren, a pear. In Greek apios, from apt, Celtic ; whence
apple in English, appel, German ; abhal pradhaugh in Gaelic. Dr. Hooker.

•f See Primus cerastes, folio 100.

t In this order of the class Icosandria, Sir J. E. Smith has included all such
plants of that class as have from 2 to 5 styles, and occasionally, from accidental
luxuriance only, 1 or 2 more.

$ From tormina, gripings ; from the griping pains it produces in the bowels
when eaten before the fruit has been touched by the frost, after which it becomes
more wholesome. Professor Burnett.

Evelyn's Silva, p. 181, with a plate. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 156. — 1’urt. Midi. F1‘
v. i. p.235. — Sorbus torminalis, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1471. — Burnett’s Outl’
of Bot. p C98. — Mespilus Apii folio sylvestris non spinosa, sue Sorbus tormi-
nalis, Ray’s Syn. p. 453.

Locai.itifs. — In woods and hedges; chiefly in the Midland and Southern
counties. — Oxfordsh. Woods at Stanton St. John’s ; Stokenchurch ; and near
Ashford Mills : Dr. Sibtbohp. In woods and hedges on the right-hand side of
the road going from Blenheim Park to Stonesfield: July 30, 1831, W. B. —
Berks , In Bagley Wood, nearly opposite to the village of Kenington: 1824,
W. B. — Cambridgesh. Gransden: Rev. R. Relfian. — Cornwall: Hare Down
near Bodmin : Rev. J. Pikf. Jones. — Devon ; Hedges and woods at llsington ;
HolneChace: Rev. A. Neck. — Dorsetsh. Woods about Lytchet; Charborough ;
and Henbury. Broad Wood near Blandford, and many others: Dr. Pulteney.
— Essex; Plentiful in hedges between Blackmore and Ingatestone: Rev. J.
Davies. On Epping Forest, and elsewhere in woods and hedges : Mr. E. Fon-
steii , jun — Herefordsh. About the centre of the county : Duncvmb. — Herts ;
Near Broxted Park : Mr. E. Fobster. — Lancash. On the rocks at Knot’s-hole,
near Liverpool, in a situation quite exposed to the salt water, and where it must
occasionally be washed by the spray of the sea: Dr. Bostock. — Middlesex;
Bishop’s and Cane Woods, Hampstead: Dr. Martyn. — Norfolk ; Ditching-
ham Bath Hills: Mr. Woodward. — Northamptonsh. Cliff W oods, and Woods
at Oundle : Dr. Martyn. — Somersetsh. Hinton Wood, near Bath: Dr. Davis.
— Staffordsh. Pendeford, in hedges: Mr. Pitt. — Suffolk; Darsham : Mr.
Davy. — Surrey; Between London and Dulwich : Mr.S. Harris. — Warwick-
shiro ; On the side of the footpath to Mr. Petford’s, Alcester Park: Mr.
Purton, — Worcester sh. Woods on the Malvern Hills: Mr. Edwin Lees, in
Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 161. — W ALES. Denbig/ish. Very common
aboul Gain: Mr. Griffith — Glamorgansh. Sides of Neath Walley: Mr.
Dim wyn. Woods about Penrice : Dr. Turton.

A Tree. — Flowers in April and May.

A tree of slow growth, but often of considerable size, rising to
the height of 40 or 50 feet, with a large trunk, spreading at the top
into many branches, so as to form a large head. The young
branches are covered with a purplish bark, marked with white
spots. Leaves alternate, deciduous, on long stalks, broad, smooth,
firm, dark-green, veiny, sharply serrated, with 7, sometimes only 5,
acute lobes, of which the lower pair are broadest and most distant.
Stipulas none. Flowers white, numerous, in large, terminal, corym-
bose, downy panicles. Styles from 3 to 5, even in flowers of the
same panicle. Fruit roundish, compressed, shaped somewhat like
common Haws, but larger, ripening in Autumn, when they are of a
brown colour, and dotted ; their cells are of the same number as
the styles.

“ The fruit of the Service partakes of the quality of the Medlar,
both in the green and in the ripe state. It is gathered in bunches,
and put into, or hung on, a cleft stick of about a yard long, which
becomes a mass of berries ; in this state the fruit is sold by the
country people, and then hung up in a garden to receive the damp
air of the night, which causes it to undergo a kind of putrefactive
fermentation, and in this soft state it is eaten, and has a more
agreeable acid than the Medlar. The wood of this tree is of a fine
hard grain, and very white ; it is esteemed by the Turner and
Carver, as well as for the making of gun-stocks. It is used by
Mill-wrights for cogs to wheels, &c. in preference to any other
wood : it is also a very durable yvood for buildings that are ex-
posed to a northern aspect.” See Phillips’ Pomarium Brilan-
vicum, (2nd ed.) p. 340.

112

TRITICUM REFENS. CREEPING WHEAT-GRASS. ?J
C-M<Cth*mJ>dJ:Sc. Pt/1 W Baxter JHolmic. ffarde%0ifirdj£$4..

(112.)

T Rl'TICUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndriaI-. Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'neac, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gr.
of Bot. p. 68. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of But.
p. 292. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Gra'mina, Linn. — Rich, by
Macgill. p. 393. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Gramina'les; sect.
Triticin.® ; type, Hordea'ce.e, Burnett’s Outl. of Bot. pp. 359
and 362.

Gen. Char. Common Receptacle f rachis J elongated, toothed
alternately on each side, compressed, wavy. Spikelets (fig. 1.) soli-
tary at each tooth, lateral, contrary to the main stalk, many-
flowered. Calyx (fig. 2.) of 2 concave, oblong, ribbed or keeled,
nearly equal, opposite glumes , with or without terminal awns.
Florets 3 or more in each spikelet, 2-ranked, applied laterally to
the rachis. Corolla (fig. 3.) of 2, spear-shaped palea, outer palea
resembling the calyx, concave, keeled or furrowed, pointed or awn-
ed ; inner palea flat, awnless, inflexed on each side at the lateral
rib. Nectary (fig. 5.) of 2 pointed scales, tumid at the base. Fila-
ments (see fig. 3.) 3, hair-like. Anthers (see fig. 3.) strap-shaped,
forked at each end. Germen (fig. 4.) turbinate. Styles (fig. 4.) 2,
short, distinct. Stigmas (see fig. 4.) feathery. Seed egg-shaped,
blunt, with a narrow channel along the upper side, loose, but en-
veloped in the unchanged corolla.

Distinguished from other genera, with aggregate florets on a
jointed or toothed rachis, with lateral excavations, in the same class
and order, by a solitary, many-seeded calyx of 2 transverse oppo-
site glumes.

Five species British.

TRI'TICUM RE'PENS. Creeping Wheat-grass. Couch-grass.
Squitch.

Spec. Char. Glumes pointed or awned, spear-shaped, many-
ribbed. Florets about 5, sharp-pointed or awned. Leaves flat.
Root creeping.

Engl. Bot. t. 909. — Knapp. Gr. Brit. t. 111. — Host. Gram. Aust. v. ii. p. 17.
t. 21. — Schreb. Beschr. der Graser, t. 26. — Graves’ Brit. Grasses, t. 130. — Linn.
Sp. PI. p. 128. — Huds FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 57. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 158.
Engl. Fi. v. i. p. 182. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 205. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 54. —
Mart. FI. Rust. t. 124. — Leers’ FI. Herb. (2nd ed ) p. 44. t. 12. f. 3. — Lightf. FI.
Scot. v. i. p. 109. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 52.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 27. — Purt.
Midi. FI. v. i. p. 89. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 51. — Sincl. Hort. Gram.
Woburn, p. 27. f. 25. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 44. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 31. — FI. Dev.
pp. 22 &c 125. — Johnst. FI. Berw. v. i. p. 31. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. 7. t. 309. —

Fig. 1. A Spikelet, (rather larger than nature). — Fig. 2. Calyx. — Fig. 3. A
Floret, shewing the 2 Paleae, the 3 Stamens, and the 2 Pistils. — Fig. 4. Germen
and Pistils. — Fig. 5. The Nectary. — Fig. 6. The upper part of the Sheath and
the base of the Leaves, to show (in the broadest part of the legume) the short
stipula.

* So called because it is tritum, beaten, or thrashed, as corn, out of the ear.
Dr. Withering.

t See •Alopeeurus pratensis, fol. 45, note f.

Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 33.— Bah. Fi. Bath. p.39. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Jrel p.
17. — Agropyrum repens, Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 96.— Lindl. Syn. p. 299. —
Gramen spica triticea repens vulgare, caninum dictum, llay’s Syn. p. 390.

Locat-ittes. — In fields, hedges, waste places, and cultivated land, everywhere.
Perennial. — Flowers from June to September.

Root long, creeping very much, so as to be with difficulty extir-
pated, jointed, clothed with membranous sheaths; fibres downy.
Stems from 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, upright, slender, round, striated,
leafy. Leaves spreading, often growing from one side only, strap-
shaped, pointed, flat, from 5 inches to a foot long, and 3 or 4 lines
broad ; lower surface smooth, the margins and the upper surface
very rough. Sheaths tight, striated, smooth. Stipula fligulaj
(fig. 6.) very short, and finely notched. Spike nearly upright, 3 or
4 inches long, flat, composed of numerous, pretty close, elliptic-
oblong spikelets ; the rachis or common spike-staik is sometimes
hairy, especially at the edges. Florets from 4 to 9, the colour of
the foliage. Glum.es of the Calyx spear-shaped, ribbed, pointed
or awned. Outer Palea of the Corolla similar to the glumes, but
with fewer ribs, and those chiefly towards the summit, which end
either in a short point, continued from the Keel, or in a terminal
rough Awn, various in length, but seldom longer than the palea
itself ; inner Palea obtuse, or notched, awnless. A glaucous va-
riety (T. junceum of Relh.) is not uncommon on the sea-coast. I
have observed a glaucous variety, probably the same as the above,
in Binsey-lane near Oxford ; and near the West Leys, at Rugby,
in Warwickshire.

This very common grass is the pest of gardens and arable lands ;
it abounds also in hedges. Several other grasses, however, with
creeping roots, are confounded with this by the husbandman, under
the names of Quich, Squitch, Couch, &c. all corrupted from Quick,
which signifies Living : and this grass was evidently so called,
because every particle of the root will grow. On some parts of
the Continent the roots are collected in large quantities, and sold
in the markets to feed horses. We cannot, says Mr. Graves, de-
termine how these roots may be acted upon by the climate, but
with us, cattle generally must be hard pressed before they would
touch them. They have a sweet taste, somewhat approaching to
that of Liquorice ; when dried and ground to meal, they are said
to have been made into bread in times of scarcity ; and on account
of the saccharine matter they contain, they have been recommend-
ed to be brewed for beer. The juice of them drank liberally, is
recommended by Boerhaave in obstructions of the viscera, parti-
cularly in cases of schirrous liver and jaundice. Dogs eat the
leaves as an emetic, probably acting mechanically.

The most effectual method of getting rid of this troublesome weed, is by
ploughing, and carefully picking out the roots, by hand, and burning them ;
fallowing in a dry Summer has been recommended, but the roots have been
known to retain their vital properties, after being dried for the Herbariunq and
laid by for several months.

In gardens the common method of destroying it, is by forking out the roots
as soon as the blade appears, or by trenching the ground very deep, and turning
the quich into the bottom below the reach of vegetation. The roots of this plant
are seldom found to run more than 9 inches or a foot deep in the ground.

(113)

I) I GITA' LIS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DmYNA'MiAf, Angiospe'rmia*.

Natural Order. Scropiiulaiu'ne.e^, Dr. R. Brown. — Lind.
Svn. p. 187.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p. 228. — Scrophula'riNjE,
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 434. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 115. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 528. — ScRopnuLA'iUrE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 1 17. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 100.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, much shorter than the
corolla, of 1 sepal, deeply divided into 5 roundish, pointed seg-
ments, permanent ; the upper segment narrower than the rest.
Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, bell-shaped ; tube large, cylindrical and
con'racted at the base, dilated and tumid upwards; limb small,
with 4 unequal segments, the upper one recurved, slightly cloven,
lower one largest. Filaments (fig. 3.) 4, two long and two short,
awl-shaped, arising from the tube of the corolla towards the base,
bent, declining. Anthers deeply cloven, pointed. Germen egg-
shaped, pointed. Style (fig. 4.) ih read-shaped, as long as the sta-
mens. Stigma cloven, pointed. Capsule (fig. 5.) egg-shaped,
pointed, of 2 cells and 2 cloven valves, with a double partition
formed by the infiexed margins of the valves. Seeds very nu-
merous, small, oblong, angular, attached to a central, oblong parti-
tion in each cell.

Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by
the 5-cleft calyx; bell-shaped, 4-lobed corolla , tumid underneath;
bent stamens ; and 2-celied capsule.

One species British.

DIGITA'LIS PURPU'REA. Purple Foxglove.

Spec. Char. Segments of the Calyx egg-shaped, acute. Co-
rolla obtuse ; its upper lip or lobe scarcely cloven. Leaves downy.

Engl. Bot. t. 1297. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 48. — Ray’s Syn. p.283. — Johnson’s
Gerarde, p. 790. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 866. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 275. —
Woodv. IMed. Bot. v. i. p. 71. t. 24. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 665. Eng. FI. v. iii.
p. 140. — With. (7th ed ) v. iii. p. 739. — Linril. Syn. p. 192. — Flook. Brit. FI. p.
289. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 330. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 197. — Abbot's FI.
Bedf p. 139. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.294. — Thornton’s Family Herbal, p. 590. —
Hook. FI. Scot. p. 189. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 138. — FI. Devon, pp. 106 & 148. —
Johnston’s FI. of Berry, p. 138. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. x. t. 468. — Walk. FI.
of Oxf. p. 180. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selectae, p. 53. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of
Irel. p. 59. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 34. — Digitalis speciosa, Salisbury’s Prodromus,
p. 100. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 325.

Localities. — Hedge-banks, woods, and sides of bills on a gravelly or sandy
soil. Common in most counties: but not in Norfolk or Suffolk. — It is not found
in the immediate neighbourhood of Oxford, its nearest habitat 1 believe is a copse
just above Childswell Farm ; and abundant near Cumner; Berks. — It grows in
the greatest abundance near the woods on Stokenchurch Hill, Oxfordshire. — It
is aho plentiful about Rugby in Warwickshire.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla.— Fig. 3. Stamens. — Fig. 4. Pistil. — Fig. 5.
Capsule. — Fig. 6. Transverse Section of Capsule.

* From digitus, a finger ; its flowers resembling the finger of a glove, (and
hence sometimes called Finger -flou er) ; so named by Fuchsius, alter its Ger-
man designation. Dr. Wn ii bring.

t See Ldmium album, f. 31. n. f. t See Euphrasia offi indlis, f. 72. n. t .
$ See Veronica ChaouJdrys, f. 50. a.

Biennial. — Flowers from Jane to August.

Root composed of numerous long and slender fibres. Stem from
3 to 5 or 6 feet high, upright, mostly simple, leafy, roundish, with
several slight angles, pubescent or downy. Leaves alternate, be-
tween egg-shaped and spear-shaped, crenate, downy, rugged and
veiny, of a dull green above, whitish underneath ; tapering at the
base into winged footstalks ; root-leaves largest. Flowers large
and handsome, in long terminal spikes or clusters, pendulous, and
leaning all one way. Bracteas spear-shaped. Flower-stalks pu-
bescent, thickest at the top, 1-Howered ; after the flower drops off,
becoming nearly upright. Segments of the Calyx egg-shaped,
pointed ; the upper segment narrower than the rest. Corolla of
1 petal, nearly bell-shaped, above an inch long, purple, (sometimes
white), marked in the inside with blood-coloured spots and hairs.
The white variety of this is not uncommon in gardens, and it has
been found wild in several parts of England, as in Shentone-lane,
near Hartlebury, in Worcestershire, by Dr. Stokes; on Ramps Holm
in Derwentwater, by Mr. Winch; about Moxhull, Staffordshire,
by Dr. Withering ; near Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, by Mr.
Purton ; and by the road-side near Penmynydd, Anglesey, by the
Rev. H. Davies.

“ Was it not,” says Mr. Curtis, “ that we are too apt to treat with neglect
the beautiful plants of our own country, merely because they are common and
easily obtained, the stately and elegant Foxglove would much oftener be the
pride of our gardens than it is at present; for it is not only peculiarly striking at
a distance, but its floweis and their several parts become beautiful in proportion
to the nearness of our view. How singularly and how regularly do the blossoms
hang one over another! How delicate are the little spots which ornament the
inside of the flow er ! and like the wings of some of our small Buttetfhes, smile
at the attempt of the Painter to do them justice ; how pleasing is it to behold the
nestling Bee hide itself in its pendulous blossoms ! while extracting its sweets
which furnish our tables with honey, and our manufacturers with wax: nor are
the more interior parts of the flower less worthy of our admiration, or less adapted
to the improvement of the young Botanist : here all the parts of the fructification
being large, he will readily obtain a distinct idea of them ; but more particularly
of the fotm of the anthers, and the alteration which takes place in them, pre-
vious to, and after the discharge of the pollen.” FI. Lond.

“ Old authors recommend the Foxglove as a pulmonary and epileptic medi-
cine boiled in wine or water, without any particular caution: the leaves are now
considered as one of our most valuable diuretics in dropsy, either in powder, in-
fusion, or tincture, and as a sedative in pulmonary consumption ; but it must be
employed with care, as it has a great effect in reducing arterial action, and re-
tarding the pulse, and this action is frequently exerted suddenly, by the accumu-
lated effects of small doses, so that if the practitioner be not constantly on his
guard, he may be surprised by the occurrence of fatal symptoms and lose his pa-
tient, even after he has relinquished the use of the medicine.” Gray's Nat.Arr.

“ We have few indigenous plants,” observes Mr. Knapp, “ not one, per-
haps, which we have so often summoned to aid us in our distresses as the Fox-
glove ; no plant, not even the Colchicum, (t. 17.) has been more the object of
our fears, our hopes, our trust, and disappointment, than this: we have been
grateful for the relief it has afforded, and we have mourned the insufficiency of
its powers ; could we rely upon its yielding the virtues it is considered to possess,
or could we regulate or controul its influence, it would exist unrivalled for beauty
and worth amidst our island plants.” Journal of a Natur. 2nd ed. p. 90.

Those who wish for more particular information respecting the medical pro-
perties of this plant, may consult Ur. Withi ring’s Account of the Foxglove,
published in 1785, and since reprinted in the Memoirs and Tracts of that author,
vol. ii. p. 103. — VVoodville’s Medical Mot. v.i. p. 71. — Thornton's Family
Herbal, p. 590, &c.

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114

1 Rujstll. Del.

COHNTJS SANGUTNEA. JJ7AZ) CORTTAI..

Ptii ^ by WB oxter, Botonxc G-ur de i.

WEJ.Sc

(114.)

CO'RNUS* *.

Linncan Class and Order. TETRA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Caprifolia'cete ; Sect. Hedera'cea: ; De-
cand. — Lind. Svn. pp. 131 & 132; Introd. to Nat. Syst. pp. 206
& 207. — Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 460 & 461. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
519. — Caprifoli'a ; Sect. 4, Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 210 & 214. — Sm.
Gr. of Bot. pp. 129 & 131. — Rosales; Sect. Aralina-:; Type,
Cornea'cea; ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 765, & 766. — Stei.-
latav, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 3.) superior, of 4 minute, deci-
duous teeth. Corolla (fig. 1.) of 4, oblong, pointed, flat, equal
petals, broad at the base. Filaments (see figs. 1 & 2.) 4, awl-
shaped, upright, longer than the petals, and alternate with them.
Anthers roundish, incumbent. Germen (see fig. 3.) inferior, round-
ish, compressed. Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, as long as the
corolla. Stigma blunt. Drupe (figs. 4 & 5.) roundish, naked and
pitted at the summit. Nut oblong, or somewhat heart-shaped, of
2 cells, with 1 seed in each.

The herbaceous species of this genus have always a large white
involucrum of 4 leaves, under each umbel ; the shrubby cymose
species have none.

Distinguished from other genera with a corolla of 4 petals in the
same class and order, by the inferior drupe, with a nut of 2 cells
and 2 seeds, and the petals having no nectary.

Two species British.

CO'RNUS SANGUI'NEA. Wild Cornel-tree. Dog-wood.

Spec, Char. Arborescent; branches straight. Leaves oppo-
site, egg-shaped, green on both sides. Cymes flat, without an
involucrum.

Enel. Bot. t. 249. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 171.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 70. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 188. Engl. FI. v. i. p.221. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 236. —
Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 490. — Lindl. Syn. p. 133. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 69. —
Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.61. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 35. — Purt. Midi. F’l. v.i. p. 100. —
Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 65. — Hook FI. Scot. p. 55. — Grev. FI. Edin. p.
38.— FI. Devon, pp. 29 & 164.— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 41.— Mack. Catal. of PI.
of Ireland, p. 19. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 22. — Cornus feemina, Ray’s Syn. p. 460.
— Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1467.

Localities. — In woods and hedges, especially on a chalky or limestone
soil. — Common.

A Shrub. — Flowers in June, and sometimes again in September
and October.

Fig. 1. Corolla, Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 2. The same, with the Petals re-
moved.— Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. Drupe.— Fig 5. The
same, with the upper half of the fleshy covering removed to show the Nut.

* From cornu, a horn; on account of the hard compact nature of the
wood.

t The 4th class in the Linnean Artificial System ; it comprehends all those
plants which have perfect flowers, with 4 distinct, equal stamens in each.

This grows from 4 to 8 or 10 feet high. Branches opposite,
straight, round', smooth, the younger ones of a dark red colour,
especially on the side most exposed to the light. Leaves opposite,
stalked, quite entire, but sometimes a little waved at the margin,
egg-shaped, pointed, nearly smooth on the upper surface, more
hairy on the under, strongly nerved, with many transverse veins ;
they change to a blood-red colour before they fall. Cymes (tufts)
terminal, composed of numerous, greenish-white flowers, which
are rather unpleasantly scented. Calyx very small, 4-toothed.
Petals spear-shaped, revolute at the sides, inserted, with the sta-
mens, into a glandular, 4-lobed ring, which crowns the germen.
Fruit dark purple, very bitter, like every other part of the plant. A
variety with variegated leaves, is sometimes cultivated in gardens.

Cornus sanguinea will grow under the drip of other trees, and
on that account it is a valuable shrub in close plantations. Its
flowers are not very showy ; but, as Mr. Phillips observes, the
variety of red, yellow, and umber tints which its foliage affords in
the Autumn, and the beautiful red colour of its young branches
during the Winter months, fully compensates for any want of
splendour in its blossoms. The English names of this shrub are
rather numerous. It is often called Female cornel, to distinguish
it from Cornus mascula ; and Hound's berry-tree ; Hound’s tree ;
Dog's berry-tree ; Prick-wood, from its use in making skewers.
Gatten-tree ; and Bloody-twig. It is the Virga sanguinea of an-
cient authors.

The berries of this shrub are bitter and styptic ; they dye pur-
ple ; and the fleshy part of them abounds in oil, which in many
parts of the Continent is extracted by boiling and pressure, both
for burning and for table use. The wood is hard, and is made use
of for cart timber and rustic instruments, for mill-cogs, spokes,
lace-bobbings, butchers’ skewers, and tooth-picks. It also affords
one of the best charcoals for the manufacture of gunpowder.

A small parasite, Sphce’ria cornicola, Frie’s Systema Mycolo-
ginum, v. ii. p. 530, is sometimes found on the leaves of this plant
about Oxford.

^ 110

BEHBERIS VULGARIS . COMMON NAJRSJSRRN. 1}

Pithily W.B**le*Bota nic. Gar dev, OxfonL,2dSL-

IRuJjtH. Del

CMatkerqSt

i

(115.)

BE'llBERIS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Hexa'ndria f, Moncgy'nia.

Natural Order. Berberi'det:, Vent. — Lindl. Syn. p. 14. ; In-
trod. to Nat. Syst. p. 30. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 469. — Loud. Hort.
Brit. p. 497. — Berberides, Juss. Gen. FI. p. 286. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 154. — Rosales; Subord. Rhveadoste ; Sect. Ranun-
culiNvE ; Subsect. Berberiana-: ; Type, Berbekaceas ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 828, 829, & 831.

Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 6 spreading, concave, coloured,
deciduous sepals ; the 3 outer ones the smallest. Corolla of 6
roundish egg-shaped, concave, spreading petals, opposite to the
sepals, each with 2 oblong, more deeply coloured, probably
nectariferous glands at the base (fig. 2.). Filaments (fig. 3.) 6,
strap-shaped, flattened, blunt, opposite to the petals, but shorter,
attached to the base of each. Anthers of 2 separate lobes, on the
opposite edges of the summit of the filament, each opening by a
valve, from the bottom upwards. Germen (fig. 4.) superior, cylin-
drical, as long as the stamens. Style none. Sliyma single, round
and flat, broader than the germen, acutely bordered, permanent.
Berry (fig. 6.) oblong, blunt, of one cell, pulpy, opening at the top.
Seeds (fig. 7.) 2 or 3, oblong, cylindrical, upright, attached by short
stalks to the lower part of the cell.

The calyz of 6 sepals ; the inferior corolla of 6 petals ; and the
2 or 3 seeded berry ; will distinguish this from other genera in the
same class and order.

One species British.

BE'RBERIS VULGA'RIS. Common Barberry. Pipperidge-bush.

Spec. Char. Thorns 3-c.eft. Clusters pendulous. Leaves in-
versely egg-shaped, oblong, with bristly serratures. Petals entire.

Engl. Bot. t. 49.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 471. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 137. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 387. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 184. Tracts on Natural History,
p. 165. — Woodv. Med. Bot. Suppl. t. 234. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 450. — Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.708. — Lindl. Syn. p. 14. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 150. — Lightf. FI.
Scot. v. i. p. 178. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 108. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 80. — Purt.
Midi. FI. v. i. p. 180. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 145. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.
111. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 82. — FI. Devon, pp. 63 & 192. — Johnst. FI. Berw.
v. i. p. 81. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. viii. t. 378. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 101. —
Petry’s PI. Varvic. Select®, p. 32. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 2. — Mack. Catal. of PI.
eflrel. p. 34. — Berberis dumetorum, Ra> ’s Syn. p. 465. — Spina acida, sive
oxyacantha, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1325.

Localities. — In woods, and hedges, and on bushy calcarious hills. — Oxford-
shire ; Medley: Dr. Sibtiiorp. In hedges by the road side between Middle-
ton Stony and Ardley: plentiful : July 22, 1831, W. B. Abundant in a hedge
that divides Bucknell-neld from that of Ardley : Rev. W. Baker, M. A. About
Great Chesterton and Bucknell : Mr. G. Woodward. On the walls of God-
stow Nunnery: Rev. R. Walker. — Berks ; In ,Bagley Wood: 1834. W. B.
In a hedge in the Vineyard Piece, near Cumner: Mrs. King. — Bedfordshire ;
Clapham Lane, and Milton Ernys : Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. Chester-

Fig. 1. A Petal. — Fig. 2. Inside view of a Petal, showing the 2 nectariferous
glands at its base. — Fig. 3. Stamens, Germen, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. Germen
and Stigma. — Fig. 5. A single Stamen. — Fig. 6. A Cluster of Berries. — Fig. 7.
A Seed.

* Berberys is the Arabic name of the fruit.
+ See Galanthus nivalis, folio 33, note t-

ton; Granchester; Triplow • Hinton; and Hildersham : Rev. R. Relhan. —
Devon; Near C'hudleigh ; llsington ; and Plymouth: FI. Devon. — Essex;
About Walden: Dr. Withering. Frequent in Norfolk and Suffolk, and most
other counties. — Somersetsh. Near Tadwick ; the top of the hill at Lyncotnbe ;
and B i ad ford : FI. Bath. — IVaruicksh. Overslev ; Grafton; andBilsIey: Mr.
Purton. LeekWootton; and Warwick: Mr. W. G. Perry. In hedges near
Bilton Hall, and on the Banks of the Avon near Holbrook Grange, near Rugby :
1831, W. B.— In IRELAND and SCOTLAND.

Shrub. — Flowers in May and June.

A bushy Shrub from 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, in a cultivated state,
often much taller. Branches alternate, flexible, angular, with a
pale brown bark. Leaves in tufts, from lateral buds, deciduous,
stalked, somewhat inversely egg-shaped, more or less pointed,
between serrated and fringed. Thorns at the base of each leaf-
bud, 3-cleft, spreading, sharp ; channelled underneath. Clusters
solitary, from the centre of each bud, stalked, simple, many-
flowered, drooping, longer than the leaves. Flowers of a bright
yellow colour, with red glands. Berries red, oblong, a little curved,
very acid. The irritability of the stamens of this plant is very re-
markable, if the inside of the filaments be touched near the base,
by any extraneous body, as the point of a needle, &c. they imme-
diately spring up, and strike the anthers against the stigma.

The inner bark of the stem infused in beer has the reputation of curing the
jaundice. With the assistance of alum it dyes linen a beautiful yellow. The
roots boiled in lye, dye wool yellow. The astringent principle is so abundant
in the bark of this plant, that it is used in Poland to tan leather. The acid pre-
sent in the Barberry is the oxalic, and it renders the berries so sour that birds
will not eat them ; but boiled with sugar they form a most agreeable rob or
jelly. A very refreshing drink, which is considered serviceable in fevers, is
made by bruising the berries, and steeping them in water.

A small parasitical fungus ( JEcidium Berberides) is very frequent on the
leaves, and some have supposed that it generates the dust which, carried from
the bush by winds, gives rise to the minute fungus which is the cause cf the rust
in wheat and other corn; this opinion, however, is groundless, for the rust in
corn is occasioned by the growth of Puccinia graminis, a very different plant
from that which grows on the leaves of the Bai berry. There is, however, an-
other parasite still more common on the leaves of this shrub than the JEcidium,
and that is the Erysiphe Berberides, or Barberry Mildew ; this frequently
covers the whole surface of the leaves with a thin white substance, which, when
examined with a microscope, appears to consist of very delicate, forked fila-
ments, with very minute dark-coloured, globular bodies, interspersed amongst
them. Whether this has any influence in causing the mildew in corn, growing
in its neighbourhood, I am not prepared to say.

A variety with berries destitute of seed is cultivated in gardens ; the berries of
this variety are preferable to those of the other for making rob or jelly. They
are frequently preserved for garnishing dishes in the Winter.

The Natural Order Berbeiu'deie consists of Shrubs or perennial herbaceous
Plants, for the most part smooth, and with simple or compound leaves, which
are alternate, and destitute of Stipules. The flowers are yellow or white, and
usually disposed in racemes or panicles. The sepals, which are deciduous, are
either 3, 4, or 6, in a double row, surrounded externally by petal-like scales.
Th e petals are hypogynous (inferior), either equal in number to the sepals, and
opposite to them, or twice as many, generally with an appendage at the base in
the inside. The stamens are equal in number to the petals, and opposite to
them. The anthers have generally two separated cells, opening from the bottom
to the top by a small somewhat elastic valve. The ovarium is solitary, and
1-celled ; the style rather lateral ; and the stigma orbicular. The fruit is
berried or capsular, and 1-celled. The seeds are 1, 2, or 3, and are attached to
the bottom of the cell on one side. The albumen is between fleshy and cor-
neous ; the embryo straight in the axis ; and the cotyledons flat. — See Lind. Syn.

*

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(lie.)

LO'LIUM* *.

Liimean Class and Order. TitiA'NDiuAf, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'ne/E, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gr. of
JBot. p. 68. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p.
292. Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 642. — Gra'mina, Linn. — Rich, by
Macgilliv. p. 393. — Sin. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. Guamina'les ; Sect.
Triticinte ; Type, Hordea'ce/E ; Burnett’s Outl. of Bot. pp.
359 & 362.

Gen. Char. Common Receptacle (rachisj elongated, alter-
nately channelled to receive the separate spikelcts. Spi/telets many-
flowered, at right angles with the rachis. Bractea (see fig 1.) of
1 spear-shaped, slightly concave, permanent leaf, at the base of
each spikelet. Calyx of 2 lateral glumes, often deficient. Corolla
(fig. 2.) of 2, nearly equal pale®, the outer palea spear-shaped, or
elliptical, concave, somewhat keeled, acute, cloven at the point,
more or less awned ; the awn terminating the keel, at the cleft of
the palea. Inner palea elliptical, rather smaller than the outer, in-
flexed at the edges. Nectary of 2, sometimes cloven, scales. Fila-
ments (see fig. 2.) 3, hair-like, shorter than the corolla. Anthers
oblong, cloven at each end. Germen (see fig. 3) blunt. Styles
(see fig. 3.) very short. Stigmas (see fig. 3.) oblong, feathery along
the upper side. Seed oblong, channelled in front, where it is united
to the inner palea of the corolla, being loosely invested on the op-
posite side with the outer palea.

Distinguished from other genera, with aggregate florets on a
jointed or toothed rachis, with lateral excavations, in the same class
and order, by a bractea (a 1-valved calyx, of Linn.) at the base of
each spikelet.

Three species British.

LO'LIUM PERE'NNE. Perennial Darnel. Ray-grass. Rye-
grass. Red Darnel. Crop.

Spec. Char. Pale® very slightly awned. Spikelets longer
than the bractea?. Florets spear-shaped.

Engl. Bot.t.315. — Knapp’s Gr. Brit. t. 100. — Host. Gr. Austr. v.i. p.20.
t. 25. — Schreb. Beschr. der Graser. t. 37. — Graves’ Br. Grasses, t. 115. — Hook.
FI. Lond. t. 18. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 122. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 55. — Sm.
FI. Brit. v. i. p. 148. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 173. — With. (7th ed.) p. 199. — Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 93. — Lindl. Syn. p.295. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 56.— Leers’ FI.
Herb. (2nd ed.) p. 46. t. 12. f. 1. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 4. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i.
p. 107. — Siblh. FI. Oxon. p. 50. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 26. — Pint. Midi. FI. v. i.
p. 87. — Belli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 48. — Sincl. Hort Gram. Woburn, p. 25. f.
22. and p. 211, with a plate of the slender variety (tenue)\ and p. 216, with a
plate of Russell’s variety (Russellianum). — Curt. Observ.on the Brit. Grasses,
(5th ed.) p. 31. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 45. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 31. — FI. Devon, pp!
23 & 123 — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 30. — Baxter’s Lib. of Agricul. and Hort.
Knowl. (2nd ed.) p. 304, with a figure. — Walk. F’l. of Oxf. p. 31.— Bab. FI. Bath.

p. 60. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 16. — Lolium rubrum, Johns. Ger. p. 78.

Gramen loliaceum angustiore folio et spied, Ray’s Syn. p. 395.

Fig. 1. Portion of the Rachis, and a Bractea (Calyx of Linn.).— Fig. 2. Co-
rolla, Stamens, and Pistils. — Fig. 3. Germen and Pistils.

* From laion, Gr. corn ; and oloon, Gr. injury. Thornton. The seeds of
Lolium temujentum, mixed in the bread, or fermented in ale, are said to cause
inioxication in men, beasts, and birds, and to bring on fatal convulsions. Eng. FI.
t See Alopecurus pratenSis, fol. 45, note f.

Localities. — In meadows, pastures, cultivated fields, road sides, waste
places. &c. Common.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root somewhat creeping, fibrous. Culms several, from 1 to 2
feet high, round, rigid, leafy, with purplish tumid joints, the lower-
most of which are bent. Leaves strap-shaped, pointed, flat, dark
green, smooth, striated. Sheaths somewhat compressed, of a light
yellowish green, striated, smooth. Stipula short, projecting a little
beyond the base of the leaf, membranaceous, entire, blunt. Spike
2-ranked, nearly upright, with a smooth common stalk or rachis.
Spikelets numerous, alternate, upright, nearly sessile, either distant
or crowded, many-flowered. Outer palea strap-spear-shaped,
keeled, acute, generally with a short awn, just below the cloven tip,
scarcely distinguishable, and frequently wanting. Styles very short.
Seed strap-shaped.

Sir J. E. Smith enumerates 3 varieties of this species; his variety P. ( L. tenue
of Linnjeus,) he informs us, “ is only a starved state of the plant, with 3 or 4
florets only, but still the spikelet extends beyond the calyx.” I have cultivated
this variety in the Oxford Garden for many years, and it has not changed its
character, as given above; 1 have also found it to be only of annual duration.
This circumstance seems almost sufficient to constitute a specific difference.
Variety y. of Sir J. Smith has a branched, or compound, general spike ; and
variety S. has a short, broad, egg-shaped, close one ; these two varieties are oc-
casionally found about Oxford. Mr. Sinclair notices a viviparous variety, and
another with a double flower.

The Eye-grass appears to have been cultivated in this country previous to the
year 1677, and is said, in Plot s Natural History of Oxfordshire, to have been
first sown in the chiltern parts of that county, and to have been afterwards
brought nearer Oxford by one Mr. Eustace, of Islip. “ The natural habit of
this Grass is to produce much and comparatively heavy seed ; this property ren-
ders it not only an unprofitable impoverisher of the ground, compared with
Cock’s-foot C Dactylis glomerata, 1. 108.^ and other species, but also a trouble-
some weed in the wheat ciop when that follows it in rotation. The produce is
chiefly in the Spring, for the Midsummer and aftermath crop of herbage is al-
ways deficient. On the other hand, Rye-grass is valuable for Spring produce,
its seed vegetates in a superior manner, is easily collected, and is less expensive
at first. If the pioduce and nutritive powers of Eye grass be compared with
those of Cock’s-foot Grass, it will be found inferior in the proportion of 18 to 8
nearly ; to Meadow Foxtail ( Alopecurus pratensis, t. 4>.) in the proportion of
12 to 5; and to the Meadow Fescue fFestuca pratensis J in the proportion of
17 to 5. In the comparison from which the above estimates were made, the
crops at the time of perfecting the seed were omitted for the sake of comparison.
In the alternate husbandry. Eye-grass possesses the valuable property of arriv-
ing soon at perfection from seed. The Meadow Foxtail, which is greatly su-
perior to Rye-grass in early growth and weight of produce, is defective in its
seed, and, like the Meadow Fescue, does not attain perfection in one season.
The objection to Eye-grass in the alternate husbandry, may he greatly removed
by combining with it a portion of Cock’s-foot, Timothy ( Phleum pratense,
t. 68.7, Meadow F’escue, and Meadow Foxtail Grasses. The aftermath pro-
duce would be found double in quantity lo that of Rye-grass and Clover alone;
and should it happen, on any occasion, to he desirable to continue the ley more
than one year, the pasture would improve instead of diminish in the produce of
pasturage. Another advantage is the superior quantity of vegetable matter
which this mixture of different grasses affords to the soil when ploughed in.
Among the numerous varieties of Eye-grass (of which a Mr. Whitworth had,
in 1823, collected as many as 60), the following are the most interesting to the
Agriculturist. 1. Common Eye-grass ; this is used when only one year’s ley is
required or praticed. 2. llroad-spiked llye-grass. 3. Facev’s Rye-grass;
this is a valuable variety on most soils. 4. Russell’s llye-grass; this will be
found by far the most valuable variety in all deep soils of thq best quality for
permanent pasture. 5. Ruck,’s. 6. Whitworth’s; this and Pacey’s are
well adapted for high wold lands. 7. Stackney’s ; this approaches near to that
of the Russell llye-grass. — The usual quantity of Rye-grass seed sown per
acre in the alternate husbandry, is 2 pecks with 14 pounds of clover ; a quantity
too small to stock the surface with plants, and consequently a large space of the
soil is left unoccupied, by the numerous vacancies between them.” Sinclair,
in Baxl. Lib. of Agricul. and Horticul. Know], p. 305.

217

IjATHYRTJS LATIFOLIUS. EVAZ BELAS TTWG- JREtJL. 21

C.MSc

Pub*b/. WBaxter Botanic Garden. 0xfordl836

(117.)

LA'THYRUS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DiADE'LPHiAf, Deca'ndria.

Natural Order. Legumino'sa:, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 345. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 174. — Lindl. Spi. p. 75; Introd. to Nat. Syst. p.
87. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 532. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 259. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 509. — Papiliona'cejEIJ: of Linnaeus. — Ro-
sales, subtype Vicid^e, Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp.614 &661.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, cup-shaped, unequal, of
1 sepal, with 5 spear-shaped segments, the 2 upper ones shortest,
the lower one longest. Corolla butterHy-shaped, of 5 petals ;
Standard (fig. 4.) largest, inversely heart-shaped, reflexed at the
sides ; Wings (fig. 5.) oblong, blunt, somewhat curved upwards,
approaching each other ; Keel (fig. 6.) rounded, of 2 united petals,
with separate claws. Filaments (fig. 2.) 10, 9 united into a com-
pressed tube, open at the upper edge ; the tenth hair-like, separate.
Anthers small, roundish. Gcrmen (fig. 3.) oblong, compressed.
Style (see fig. 3.) ascending, flattened vertically, dilated upwards,
acute at the end. Stigma (fig. 7.) extending from the middle of
the style to the end, downy along the fore part. Legume or pod
long, either cylindrical or compressed, pointed, of 1 cell, and 2
valves. Seeds several, roundish, or angular.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the style being flat, dilated at the end, and downy or pubescent
in front.

Seven species British.

LA/THYRUS LATIFO'LIUS, Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea.

Spec. Char. Peduncles many-flowered. Tendrils branched,
each bearing two elliptical mucronated leaflets. Stem winged.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Stamens, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style,
and Stigma. — Fig. 4. The Vexillum or Standard. — Fig. 5. One of the Alae or
Wings. — Fig. 6. The Carina or Keel. — Fig. 7. The flat, downy Stigma, a little
magnified. — Fig. 8. A Legume of Ldthyrus sylvestris.

* From Lathurus (Gr.) of Theophrastus, which is said to be from la (Gr.),
augmentative, and thouros (Gr.), any thing exciting ; in reference to the quali-
ties of the seeds. Mr. Don.

f See Spdrtium scopdrium. fol. 77, note f.

{ From papilio, a. butterfly. The flowers in this order are irregular and
spreading, and bear some resemblance to a butterfly expanding its wings for
flight. Miss Kent, in her elegant and pleasing work, “ Flora Domestica,”
speaking of a white variety of the Sweet Pea, Ldthyrus odoratus, says, the
flowers “ are justly termed Papilionaceous, for they do indeed look like butter-
flies turned to flowers, and we almost expect to see them start from their stalks
as we look at them ; they seem,” indeed, “only lingering to sip theirown honey.”
The various petals which compose this kind of flower are 5 in number, and
are distinguished by appropriate names. The uppermost (fig. 4.) which is up-
right, and more expanded than the rest, is named the vexillum or standard ;
the two side ones (fig. 5.), which are at right angles with the vexillum, and pa-
rallel with each other, are called alee or wings ; and the two lower ones (fig. 6.),
which are shaped like the alas, and parallel with them, (and which often cohere
by the lower margins so as to become, as it were, but one petal,) form the Ca-
rina or keel , which encloses the internal organs. — In the genus Trifolium all
the petals are sometimes united into one at the lower part.

316. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 766. Engl. FI. v. iii. p.277. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii.
p. 840. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 611. — Lindl. Syn. p. 85.— Hook. Brit. FI. p.
322. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 8. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 156. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd
ed.) p.292.— Hook. FI. Scot p. 214. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii.
p.332. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 208. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 14. — Lathyrus major
latifolius, Ray’s Syn. p. 319. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1229. .*

Localities. — In woods and hedges. Very rare. — Berks ; In Tubney Wood,
about six miles from Oxford: Miss Hoskins. — Bedfordsh. Hawnes and Brom-
ham : Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. Borley Wood, on the S. W. side; In
the woody part of the Devil’s Ditch, near Canvass Hall : Rev. R. Relhan. —
Cornwall ; Cliff near Fowey: Edw. Duke, Esq. — Hampsh. On Sandown
Beach, Isle of Wight: Dr. Pulteney. — Kent ; In a hedge at Copton ; and by
the road-side near Boughton-street, near Feversham : Mr. E. Jacob. — Somer-
setshire; At Charlcombe and lnglishcombe, and inClaverton, Warley, Wolley,
and Smallcombe Woods: Rev. C. C. Babington. — Worcestersh. In Severn
Stoke Copse : Mr. Ballard. — WALES. Carnarvotish. Near Gyffen Mill,
about half a mile from Conway : Bingley. — SCOTLAND. Among the debris
of Salisbury Craigs: Miss Boswell. Woods near Kirkcudbright: Mr.
Maughan.

Perennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Root much branched, but not creeping. Herb smooth, of a
somewhat glaucous hue. Stems several, thick, broadly winged, and
climbing, by means of tendrils, to the height of 6 or 8 feet. Lea flets
in pairs, broadly elliptical, rolled in at the edge, blunt at the sum-
mit, but terminating in a little point or bristle, 3- or 5-ribbed,
reticulated with veins. Tendrils generally in 5 branches, terminating
the leaf-stalks, which are winged, and furnished at their base with
a pair of half-halbert-shaped stipulce. Flowers from 5 to 10 toge-
ther, on long axillary peduncles, each flower on a short partial
flower-stalk (pedicel), with a small awl-shaped bractea at its base.
Lower teeth of the Calyx elongated. Corolla large and handsome,
of a fine rose-colour. Legume long, compressed, and rather
narrow.

This species is distinguished from Lathyrus sylvestris by the
greater breadth of the leaves, (which are always broader than the
winged stem,) and by the greater abundance as well as superior
size of the flowers, which are very shewy ; and frequently begin to
expand as early as June, and continue, in succession, through the
months of July, August, September, and October. On this account
it is often cultivated in gardens, but, as it is a large and somewhat
ram pant growing plant, it is better adapted for shrubberies, arbours,
and trellis work, than for the common flower border. Bees resort
much to this plant, and the flowers furnish them with abundance
of honey. Professor Martyn suggests, that the prodigious crop
yielded by this plant, and the lasting nature of its roots, even in a
barren soil, should render it a fit object for agricultural expe-
riment.

A variety with a white flower is sometimes met with in gardens,
but it is rather rare. Mr. Don notices a curious variety ( var . mon -

strdsus, Gen Syst. of Gard. and Bot.) , with a calyx of 5 linear se-
pals ; abortive petals and stamens ; and foliaceous legumes, desti-
tute of seeds. Neither of these varieties have been found wild
in England.

118

IF Dil

Pu-i? ly NT'&zttrBetaivLc Garden. Oxford i&sS

(118.)

C R AlT^E'G US* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Icosa'ndria f, Pentagy'nia*.

Natural Order. Poma'ceje, Lindl. in Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. xiii.
p. 88; Syn. p. 103; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 83. — Ro-
sa'cea2, tribe, Poma'ce/e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 334. — Sm. Gram, of
Bot. pp. 171 & 172. — Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 528 & 530. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. pp. 512 & 513. — Rosa'les, subt. Pyrid^e, Burnett’s
Outl of Bot. pp. 614 & 695.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) superior, of 1 sepal, in 5 pointed
segments, permanent. Corolla of 5 roundish, concave petals, at-
tached to the rim of the calyx. Filaments (fig. 2.) about 20, awl-
shaped, incurved, fixed to the rim of the calyx within the petals.
Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. Germcn inferior, oval or round. Styles
(fig. 1.) from 2 to 5, rarely 1 only, thread-shaped, upright. Stigmas
knobbed. Fruit (figs. 3 & 4.) oval or round, concealing the upper
end of the cells, which are bony, and do not burst except in germi-
nation. Seeds (see fig. 5.) 2 in each cell, upright, inversely egg-
shaped, blunt, pointed at the base where they are attached.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the urceolate (pitcher-shaped), 5-cleft calyx; orbicular petals ;
ovarium of from 2 to 5 cells ; smooth styles ; and fleshy, egg-
shaped, or round fruit, closed by the calycine teeth or the thickened
disk, concealing the upper end of the bony cells.

One species British.

CRATjE'GUS OXYACA'NTHA. Hawthorn §. White-thorn.
May.

Spec. Char. Branches thorny. Leaves smooth, 3- or 5-lobed,
serrated. Flowers corymbose. Styles l or 2.

Linn. Sp. PI. p. 683. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 214. — With. (7th ed.)
v. iii. p. 596. — Lindl. Syn. p. 104. — Hook. Br. FI. p.221. — Hunt. Evelyn’s Silva,
p. 184. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 255. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 1-51. — Grev. FI. Edin.
p. 109. — FI. Devon, pp. 82 & 170. — Loud. Encyl. of Gard. p. 1145, Paragr.
1935. — Baxt. Lib. of Agricul. and Horticul. Knowl. p.574. — Don’s Gen. Syst.
of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 600. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. i. t. 31. — Bab. FI. Bath,
p. 16. — Mack. Cat. of PI. of Irel. p. 48. — Cratagus monogyna, Sibth. F). Oxon.
p. 156. — Abbot's FI. Bedf. p. 108. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i p. 235.— Mespilus
oxyacantha, Eng. Bot. t. 2504. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 529. Engl. FI. v. ii. p.
359. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed ) p. 197 — Johnston’s FI. of Bervv. v. i. p. 109.—
Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 135. — Mespilus monogyna, and M. digyna, Gray’s Nat.
Arr. v. ii. p. 565. — Mespilus Apii folio sylvestris spinosa, sive oxyacantha,
Ray’s Syn. p. 453. — Oxyacanthus, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1327.

Localities. — In woods, copses, hedges, &c. Everywhere.

Shrub or Tree. — Flowers in May and June.

From 5 or 6 to 20 or 30 feet high, with smooth bark, and hard
wood. Branches smooth, thorny ; thorns lateral, awl-shaped.

Fig. 1. Calyx and Pistils.— Fig. 2. Calyx, Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig 3. A
Berry. — Fig. 4. The same, with the upper half of the fleshy part or sarcocarp
removed, shewing the putamen or endocarp (bony cell) with the style attached
to its summit. — Fig. 5. A transverse section of the Endocarp, shewing the seed
within it.

* From cratos, Gr. strength ; in allusion to the extreme hardness of the
wood. Hooker.

+ See Primus cerasus, folio 100. f See Py'rustormindlis, folio 111.

$ The Hawthorn is the badge of the Highland clan Ogilvie.

sharp. Leaves alternate, deciduous, on longish, slender footstalks,
smooth, or sometimes slightly hairy, deep green, glossy, tapering
at the base ; more or less 3-lobed, or 5-lobed, cut and serrated,
wedge-shaped or rounded. Stipulas in pairs, crescent-shaped, cut,
deciduous, varying much in size. The Flowers are sweet scented,
and are produced in terminal corymbs ; they are generally white,
but sometimes they are pink or almost scarlet. The Anthers are
pink, changing to black. The Styles vary in number, from 1 to 2,
and sometimes 3, in different flowers of the same bunch. The
Fruit is mealy, insipid, mostly of a dark red colour when ripe, but
sometimes yellow ; its cells as many as the styles, furrowed exter-
nally, and very hard.

“ Few of our native plants,” says Dr. Hooker, “ present a more beautiful
sight than a well-grown bush of Hawthorn, with its dense masses of white and
fragrant flowers, backed by the shining dark green leaves ” — It is a most valu-
able plant for forming impenetrable, close, durable, and easily raised fences,
called quickset hedges, and it bears clipping to any extent. The timber of such
plants as grow singly, and attain a tolerable size, is valued by the Millwright
and Turner, and the roots by the Cabinet-maker. — Sang observes, that the tim-
ber is often spoiled through inattention after cutting ; if it be allowed to lie in
intire logs or trunks, it soon heats and becomes quite brittle and worthless ; it
therefore ought to be cut up instantly into planks and laid to dry. A decoction
of the bark yields a yellow dye, and with copperas is used to dye black. The
fruit or haws afford abundant food for small birds during hard Winters, when
little else is to be obtained. There are several varieties of this plant cultivated
in gardens, as the large scarlet hawthorn, the yellow-beriied hawthorn, the
maple-leaved, and the double blossomed ; but perhaps the most remarkable va-
riety is the Glastonbury thorn, which frequently blows twice a year, in May,
and again in December or January. A plant of this variety, which is growing
in the Oxford Garden, has had some fully expanded blossoms upon it nearly
the whole of this month (December), and there are several upon it now, (Dec.
25, 1834), fully expanded, and a number of flower-buds nearly ready to open.
There is a tradition of this variety having sprung from the staff of Joseph of
Abimathea, who, with his missionary companions, resolved there (at Glaston-
bury) to found the first Christian Church in this land, stuck it into the ground,
when it quickly put forth branches and blossoms. A more particular account
of this remarkable variety of the Hawthorn may be seen in Withering’s Bot.
Arr. (7th ed) ; The Avalonian Guide , (4th ed.) p.50 ; and Loudon’s Mag. of
Nat. Hist. v. vii. p. 552. — The largest and handsomest tree of the common Haw-
thorn 1 have seen, is growing in the middle of a field about 3 miles fiom Rugby
in Warwickshire, on the left hand side of the road going from Brownsover to
Coton House, the seat of Grimes, Esq.

A variety with white fruit is mentioned by Dr. Witiierinc, as having been
found near Bampton in Oxfordshire.

Mcidium laceratum, of Grev. Scot. Crypt. FI. t.209, and Baxt. Stirp. Crypt.
Oxon. No. 45 ; and Erineum clandestinum, Grev. Scot. Crypt. FI. 1. 141. f. 2.,
are parasitical on the leaves of the Hawthorn. The HZcidium is also frequent on
the fruit as well as on the leaves.

When old, the Hawthorn frequently becomes nearly covered with mosses and
lichens, especially the grey lichens, Usnea hirta, Evernia prunastri, and
Kamalina farinacea • “ They,” says Dr. Johnston, in his very interesting
Flora of Berwick, “ who have wandered across moors, or in our retired dells,
will often have noticed — ’tis a common object — a thorn with few leaves and
many a withered branch, old certainly, yet firm and unalterable for many a year,
hung in profusion with these lichens. Such a thorn Wordsworth has described
with his usual simplicity :

‘ Like rock or stone, it is o’ergrown
With lichens to the very top,

And hung with heavy tufts of moss,

A melancholy crop :

Up from the earth these mosses creep,

And this poor thorn they clasp it round
So close, you’d say that they were bent.

With plain and manifest intent,

To drag it to the ground.’ ”

-

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.

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£.S Del.

TSIG-XJ STRUM VULG-AHE . FRIVSZT.
Pu b ? by W. Baxter. B otan ic Garden, Oxford. 16SS

CM Sc.

(119)

LIGU'STRUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DiA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Olea'ce/e, Lindl. Introd. to the Nat. Syst. of
Bot. p. 224. — Olei'ne.e, Hoffmannsegg and Link. — Lind). Syn.
p. 171. — Ole'inav, Loud. Hort. Brit, p.524. — Jasmines, Juss.
Gen. PI. p. 104. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 97. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p. 437. — Sapia'rIjE, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, very small, tubular, with
4 upright teeth. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) of 1 petal, funnel-shaped,
tube cylindrical, longer than the calyx ; limb with 4 deep, egg-
shaped, spreading segments ; valvular in the bud. Filaments
(figs. 2 & 3.) 2, opposite, alternate with the segments, in the
mouth of the tube. Anthers upright, nearly as long as the co-
rolla. Germen (fig. 5.) superior, oval. Style (fig. 5.) short.
Stigma (fig. 5.) thick, cloven. Berry (fig. 6.) of 2 cells. Seeds
(fig. 8.) 2 in each cell, convex on one side, angular on the other.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by an inferior, monopetalous, regular, 4-cleft corolla , and a berry
with 4 seeds.

One species British.

LIGU'STRUM VULGA'RE. Common Privet, Print, or Prim-
print.

Spec. Char. Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped, blunt, with a small
point. Panicle compact.

Engl. Hot. t. 764. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 300.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 10. — Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 3. — Sm.Fl. Brit. v. i. p. 12. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 13. — With.
(7th ed.) v. ii. p. 12. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 391.— Lindl. Syn. p. 171. — Hook.
Brit. FI. p. 3. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 72. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 4. — Abbot’s
FI. Bedf. p. 2. — Hurt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 50; and v. iii. p. 335. — Helh. FI. Cant.
(3rd ed.) p. 6. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 3. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 2. — FI. Devon, pp. 1.
and 153. — Johnston’s FI. Berw. v. i. p. 5. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 3. — Curt. Brit.
Entomol. v. ix. t. 409. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ire), p. 8. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 30.
— Ligustrum, Ray’s Syn p.465. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1394.

Loca cities. — In hedges, woods, and thickets, especially on a gravelly or
chalky soil. Not uncommon in most parts of England ; more rare in Scotland. —
It is abundant in the neighbourhood of Oxford ; and also about Rugby in
Warwickshire.

A Shrub. — Flowers in May and June.

This grows to the height of 6 or 8 feet ; it is smooth, and bitter,
much branched, and the bark is of a greenish-ash colour, irregu-
larly sprinkled with numerous prominent points. Branches straight,
filled with pith ; wood hard. Buds axillary, egg-shaped, of a few
opposite scales. Leaves opposite, on very short stalks, elliptic-

Fig. 1. Calyx and Pistil. — Fig. 2. Calyx, Corolla, Stamens, and Pistil. —
Fig. 3. Corolla cut open virtically. — Fig. 4. A Stamen. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style,
and Stigma. — Fig. 6. A Berry. — Fig. 7. A transverse section of the same.—
Fig. 8. A Seed.

* From ligo, to bind ; on account of the use sometimes made of its long and
pliant branches. Dr. Hooker.

f See Veronica chamccdrys, folio 50, note f.

spear-shaped, quite entire, somewhat resembling those of the
myrtle, but of a duller hue ; almost evergreen in mild seasons.
Panicles many-flowered, dense, thrice-compound, and somewhat
pyramidal. Flowers strongly scented, white ; changing to a reddish
brown colour before they fall ; segments thick and fleshy. Stamens
generally 2, but sometimes 3 or 4, in each flower. Berries globu-
lar, purplish black, nauseous, and very bitter.

The Privet is a very useful and ornamental shrub, and is easily
propagated, either by cuttings, layers, or suckers, but the strongest
and best plants are those raised from seeds. Its chief use is to form
hedges, as it bears clipping well, and is not liable to be disfigured
by insects, and having only fibrous roots, it robs the ground less
than almost any other shrub. It will grow under the drip of trees,
and is one of the few plants that will bear the smoky atmosphere
of towns. According to Linn^us, cows, sheep, and goats eat the
Privet ; but horses refuse it. Sphinx Ligustri, or Privet Hawk
Moth, and Phalcena Syringaria, feed on it in their catterpillar
state ; and the Meloe vesicatorius, Cantharides or Blister Beetle,
is said to have been found on it. The leaves are bitter and slightly
astringent. The wood is very hard, and fit for the Turner. The
berries, which are filled with a dry, spongy, violet pulp, (from
which, according to Scopoli, a rose-coloured pigment may be
prepared,) continue on the shrub till Spring, and in times of scar-
city are eaten by different sorts of birds, particularly the bullfinch.
With the addition of alum, they dye wool and silk of a good and
durable green, but for this purpose they must be gathered as soon
as they are ripe.

A variety of this shrub, with yellow berries, is frequently culti-
vated in gardens, as is also a variety with variegated leaves.

The Natural Order Olea'ce^r, to which the Privet belongs, is
composed of trees or shrubs, with opposite, simple, sometimes pin-
nated, leaves. The flowers are produced in terminal or axillary
racemes or panicles, and are usually hermaphrodite, but sometimes
dioecious. The calyx is inferior, monosepalous, divided, and per-
manent. The corolla is hypogonous, monopetalous, 4-cleft, occa-
sionally of 4 petals, connected in pairs by the intervention of the
filaments, sometimes without petals ; aestivation somewhat valvate.
The stamens are 2 in number, and are alternate with the segments
of the corolla or with the petals. The anthers are 2-celled, and
open longitudinally. The ovarium is simple, without any hypo-
gynous disk, it is 2-celled ; the cells are 2-seeded ; the ovules
pendulous and collateral ; the style one or none ; and the stigma
bifid or undivided. The fruit is drupaceous, berried, or capsular,
and is often by abortion 1 -seeded. The seeds have a dense, fleshy,
abundant albumen ; the embryo is straight ; the cotyledons folia-
ceous, partly asunder ; the radicle is superior ; and the plumula
inconspicuous. See Lindl. Syn. p. 171.

\

,

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.

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hCBBL'S CATCH FLY . O .

/9.0

T‘ub*byTA£ftojcCcrl Bnfanic CrartFnn.. Oyo , » j }

(1* *20.)

SILE'NE*.

Linnean Class and Order. DECA'NDRiAf, Trigy'nia.

Natural Order. Caryophy'llea:, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p.
299. — Sra. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Lindl. Svn. p. 43 ; Introd. to
Nat. Syst. p. 156. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 507. — Loud. Hort. Brit,
p. 501. — Rosales, sect. Dianthin.*, Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp.
614 & 805.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1 .) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubular, angu-
lar or furrowed, often ventricose, 5-toothed, naked, permanent.
Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) of 5 petals, claws narrow, as long as the
calyx, bordered, dilated upwards, attached to the receptacle (see
fig. 3.), which is cylindrical, sometimes much elongated and co-
lumnar ; limb flat, involute in the bud, blunt, either undivided or
cloven, either naked at the base, or furnished with 2, simple or
divided, distinct or combined, upright scales (fig. 4.), which form
a crown at the mouth of the corolla. Filaments (figs. 3 & 4.) 10,
awl-shaped, 5 alternate ones attached to the petals, and rather
later than the rest. Anthers (see fig. 4.) oblong, or roundish. Ger-
man (see fig. 5.) cylindrical. Styles (see fig. 5.) 3, short, upright.
Stigmas oblong, oblique, downy along the upper or inner side.
Capsule (fig. 6.) covered by the calyx, egg-oblong, often stalked,
imperfectly 3-celled (see fig. 8.) opening at the top by 6 teeth.
Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, stalked, roughish, attached to the
central column (see fig. 7.).

The capsule of 3 incomplete cells ; the clawed petals ; and mo-
nosepalous calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera in the
same class and order.

Eleven species British.

SILE'NE ARME'RIA. Common Catchfly. Lobel’s Catchfly.
Limewort.

Spec. Char. Panicles forked, level-topped, many-flowered.
Petals notched, each with a double, awl-shaped scale. Calyx
club-shaped, and, as well as the leaves, smooth. Leaves egg-
spear-shaped. Stem viscid. Capsule not longer than its stalk.

Eng. Bot. 1. 1398. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.601. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 189. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 471. Flngl. FI. v. ii. p. 296. — With. (7lh ed.) v. ii. p. 545. —
Lindl. Syn. p. 46. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 203. — Loud. Encycl. of Gard. p. 735. —
Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v.i. p.414. — Silene latifolia, Gray’s Nat. Arr.
v. ii. p. 647. — Lychnis viscosa purpurea latifolia Icevis, Dillenios, in Ray’s
Syn. p. 341. — Muscipula Lobelii, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 601.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. The same, with the Petals separated
to show the Stamens, &c.— Fig. 4. A separate Petal, with a Stamen attached to
the base of its claw. — Fig. 5. Germen and Pistils, elevated on a cylindrical re-
ceptacle or stalk. — Fig. 6. Capsule — Fig. 7. A verticle section of the same, to
show the central columnar Placenta or Receptacle of the Seeds. — Fig. 8. A
transverse section of the same, shewing the 3 imperfect cells.

* Said to be derived from sialon, Gr. saliva, in allusion to the viscid moisture
on the stalks of many of the species, by which flies of the smaller kinds are en-
trapped ; hence the English name of the genus, Catchfly. Don.
f See Saponaria officinalis, folio 37, note f.

Locai.ities.— In corn-fields, on banks, or on old walls. Very rare. A doubt-
ful native. — Cheshire; On the banks of the liver, half a mile below Chester :
Dr. Richardson, in Ray’s Syn. — Surrey ; In a corn-field at Weybridge, with
Silene anglica : W. Borrer, Esq.

Annual — Flowers from June to September.

Root small, and tapering. Whole plant of a glaucous green
colour. Stem from a foot to 18 inches high, upright, round, leafy,
smooth, alternately branched ; under each of the 2 or 3 upper
joints is a broad, brownish coloured glutinous ring, which catches
and imprisons small insects that happen to alight upon it ; this
viscidity is more or less common to all the species, and hence the
genus has obtained the English name of Catchfly. Leaves sessile,
opposite, egg-oblong, of a light glaucous green, very smooth.
Flowers numerous, on very short stalks, produced at the end of
the stem and branches, in upright, close, repeatedly forked, level-
topped panicles ; each subdivision accompanied by a pair of small
pointed bracteas. Calyx (fig. 1.) tubular, swelling upwards, very
smooth, often reddish, with 10 ribs and 5 teeth. Corolla (fig. 2.)
rose-coloured, sometimes white. Petals (fig. 4.) inversely heart-
shaped, always spreading, each with a pair of upright, tapering,
pointed scales at the base of the limb (see fig. 4.) ; these scales
were considered by Linnceus as nectaries, they constitute a crown
at the mouth of the tube formed by the claws of the petals. Cap-
sule (fig. 6.) slender, oblong, within the calyx, and elevated on a
stalk (see fig. 5.), often more than its own length ; hence, as Dr.
Hooker observes, the lower part of the calyx is contracted, while
the upper part is swollen by the enlargement of the capsule.
Seeds very small, somewhat kidney-shaped, furrowed at the back,
rough with elevated lines, which, on the 2 flat sides, radiate from
the base or hilum.

This is a pretty species, and is very common in gardens, where it has been cul-
tivated for a great length of time as a hardy annual, and is known to almost
everybody by the name of Lobtl’s Catchfly. It grows wild in France, Ger-
many, and Switzerland, but it can scarcely be considered a native of England ;
the circumstance, however, of its having been found naturalized in the places
above mentioned by Dr. Richardson and Mr. Borrer, has obtained it a place
in the British Floras. Silene is a very extensive genus ; Mr. Don, in his very
excellent work, “ A General System of Gardening and Botany,” describes 256
species, natives of different parts of the globe.

One species, Silene inflate, which is not uncommon in cornfields, and on
banks, &c. by road-sides in many parts of England, has been recommended for
cultivation, as a substitute for Asparagus or Green Peas, the young shoots
having the flavour of both. They should be gathered when about 2 inches long,
and the more they are blanched the better. The leaves boiled have also some-
what the flavour of peas, and proved of great use to the inhabitants of Minorca
in 1685, when a swarm of locusts had destroyed the harvest. Bryant, in his
“ Flora Dietetica,” says, the cultivation of this species would well reward the
gardener’s trouble. See With. Arr. and Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot.

Two minute fungi, jEciduim Behenis, Decand. FI. Fr. v. vi. p. 94. ; and Baxt.
Stirp, Crypt. Oxon. Nu. 90. ; and Credo Behenis, Decand. FI. Fr. v. vi. p. 93. ;
are parasitical on the leaves and stems of Silene inflata. 1 found them both
on this species of Silene, near the road leading from Bullington Green to Chey-
ney Lane, near Oxford, in August, 1827. I do not know that either of them
had before been found in England.

.

.

i /■ ' . • ; :*«;

*

THORN-APPLE

ONIUM

DAT ’J R A'

//.W.

f.'Xufsrn <j*v.

(121.)

DAT UR A* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Sola'ne.-e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 124. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 101. — Lindl. Syn. p-. 180; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot.
p. 231. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 435. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 527. —
Luridae of Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 1 sepal, oblong, tubular, swell-
ing, with 5 angles and 5 teeth, separating horizontally near the
base, leaving a circular, reflexed, permanent portion below the
germen. Corolla of 1 petal, funnel-shaped, regular ; tube cylin-
drical, generally longer than the calyx ; limb upright, but expand-
ing, with 5 angles, 5 plaits, and 5 shallow, pointed, equal lobes.
Stamens (fig. 1.) 5, equal, awl-shaped, as long as the tube, to which
they are united for about half their length. Anthers heart-shaped-
oblong, upright, compressed, blunt. Germen egg-shaped, 4-celled.
Style (fig. 2.) central, thread-shaped, straight, upright, the length
of the stamens. Stigma thick, blunt, of 2 oblique lobes, united
above. Capsule (fig. 3.) nearly egg-shaped, often prickly, stand-
ing upon the permanent base of the calyx, of 2 half divided cells,
and 4 valves ; receptacles (placentae) 2 to each cell, columnar, ver-
tical, spongy, dotted, each attached, by a lateral process, to the
principal transverse partition or dissepiment. Seeds numerous,
kidney-shaped, dotted, covering the placentae.

Distinguished from other genera, with a monopetalous, inferior
corolla, in the same class and order, by a tubular, deciduous calyx ;
funnel-shaped, plaited corolla ; and 2-celled, 4-valved capsule.

One species British.

DATU'RA STRAMO'NIUM. Common Thorn-apple.

Spec. Char. Herbaceous ; Leaves egg-shaped, smooth, lobed,
or sinuated. Fruit egg-shaped, upright, spinous.

Engl. Bot. t. 1288. — Curt. FI. Lond.— Linn. Sp. FI. p. 255. — Iluds. Ft.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 92. — VVoodv. Med. Bot. v. ii. p.338. t. 124. — Sm. FI. Brit,
v.i. p.254. Engl. FI. v. i. p.314. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 315. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 181. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 93. — Burt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 127. — Belli. FI. Cantab.
(3rd ed.) p.94. — Thornton’s Family Herbal, p. 18(1. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Select,
p. 21. — Stramonium foetidum, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.330. — Stramonium
spinosum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 348. — Solatium pom o spinosa oblongo, jiore
calathoide, Stramonium vulyb dictum, Ray’s Syn. p. 266.

Localities. — In waste ground, among rubbish, and on dunghills. Supposed
to have originally escaped from gardens. Rare. — Oxfordshire; Place- Yard,
Bicester; and Charlton on Otmoor : Mr. G. Woodwaiu>. — Berks ; In a meadow
nearlleading: Mr. Fardon.— Bucks ; On rubbish at Salt-Hill : Mr. Gotoeed.
— Cambridgesh. Wesbeach : Mr. Skrimsiiire. In theGravel-pits at Barnwell ;
supposed to be brought from the Botanic Garden : Rev. R.Relhan. — Cheshire ;
Cross road between Chorley and Chelford: Mr. G. Holme. — Cumberland;
Wallow Crag, Keswick: Mr. Hutton. — Derbysh. Derby, and Pinxton : Mr.
Pii.kington. — Durham; On Sunderland Ballast Hills : Mr. Winch. Near
Darlington: Mr. Backhouse. Durham and Norton: J. Hoc, Esq .—Hampsh.

Fig. 1. The 5 Stamens, attached to the inside of the tube of the corolla. — Fig.
2. The Pistil, with the remains of the calyx. — Fig. 3. The Capsule.

* From its Arabic appellation T&tdrah (Forskal.) In some parts of the
East Indies too, it is called D&turo. Dr. Hooker.
t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note f-

At Ryde, Isle of Wight : Mr. S. Woods. — Middlesex; About London, com-
mon: L. W. Dili.wyn, Esq. — Norfolk; By the road-side beyond Brooke, in
the way from Norwich to Bungay: Ur. Smith. — Suffolk; On Fritton Heath,
and hedges adjoining, very copiously : Mr. Woodward. — Surrey ; About Bat-
tersea: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Warwicksh. About Salford and Alcester: Mr.
Pi'hton. On a nevvly-foimed bank of earth in the Saltisford Brick Yard, War-
wick : Mr. W. G. Perry. — Worcestersh. On waste ground near the church at
Little Malvern: Mr. E. Lies. — WALES. Anglesey; Produced abundantly
on breaking up a piece of old ground in the demesne of Maes y Portli ; which
had not undergone any agricultural process for at least a century : Rev. H. Da-
vies.— Glamorgansh. Not uncommon on dunghills about Swansea: L. W.
Dillwyn, Esq. — IRELAND. Abundant about the river Lions: Dr. Wabe,

Annual. — Flowers in July and August.

Root large, divided and fibrous. Stem from 1 to 3 feet high,
smooth, much branched, forked, spreading, leafy. Leaves from
the forks of the stem and branches, large, broad towards the base,
pointed at the extremity, variously and sharply sinuated and tooth-
ed, of a dark green, on round shortish leafstalks. Flowers large,
axillary, upright, white, sweet scented, on short upright peduncles.
Calyx pale green. Corolla about 3 inches long, white, with a
greenish, 5-angled tube. Fruit about the size of a walnut in its
outer coat, very prickly. Seeds kidney-shaped, black. At night the
leaves, particularly the upper ones, rise up and inclose the flowers.

We are informed by Gerap.de, (1597,) that the Thorn-Apple was brought to
England in seed from Constantinople by Lord Edward Zovch. Mr. Miller
says, it was probably first introduced from Italy or Spain. It is occasionally
found wild on dunghills, in cultivated ground, and amongst rubbish ; on this
account, Mr. Ray (1690), and Mr. Hudson (1762), placed it amongst the Bri-
tish l’lants, regarding it at the same time as a doubtful native ; and later writers
on British Botany have followed their example. Kalm informs us, in his Travels
into North America, that it grows about all the villages, and that this and the
Phytolacca are the worst weeds there ; and Mr. Curn is says, that in the earth
brought with plants from various parts of that extensive country, we are sure to
have the Thorn-Apple come up. Every part of the plant is a strong narcotic
poison, producing intoxication, delirium, loss of memory, sometimes tiansitory
and sometimes permanent, convulsions, Xc. and death. Dr. Barton mentions
the cases of two British soldiers, who eat it by mistake, for the Chenopodium
album, ( White Goosefoot or Fat HenJ one became furious, and ran about like
a madman, and the other died, with the symptoms of genuine tetanus. To coun-
teract the effects of Stramonium, Read’s pump should be used, or sulphate of
zinc or copper taken till vomiting is excited. Vinegar is said to be a good anti-
dote to the effects of this poison.

An ointment prepared from the leaves has been used as an application to
external inflammations and burns ; in the latter a remarkable instance is no-
ticed by Gerarde, p. 319, Johnson’s edition. — l ire Edinburgh College directs
an extract to be prepared by evaporating the expressed juice of the leaves.
This has been given with great, advantage in convulsive affections and epilep-
sies. Out of 14 epileptic patients, 8 were entirely cured by it at Stockholm.
The dose from 2 to 16 grains a day, (see Lond. Med. Journ. v. ii. p. 295).
This plant has lately been in great repute, for its efficacy in alleviating and
warding off fits of Spasmodic Asthma, being smoked like tobacco. “ It is
the root only, and the lower part of the stem, which seem to possess the anti-
asthmatic virtue ; these should be cut into small pieces, and put into a com-
mon tobacco pipe, and the smoke must be swallowed together with the saliva
produced by the smoke ; after which the sufferer will, in a few minutes, be
relieved from all the convulsive heaving, and probably drop into a comfortable
sleep, from which be will awake refreshed ; and in general perfectly recover-
ed. lie must avoid drinking with the pipe, but will find a dish of coffee
afterwards highly refreshing.” See Monthly Magaz. v. xxix. p. 409.

The Chinese are forbidden by law from putting this plant into fermented
liquors, with a view to intoxicate. See Curt. FI. Lond. ; With. Bot. Arr. ;
Loud. Gard. Mag. v. ii. p. 337, &c.

WEA.Se.

IJt-LU.

(1* *2.)

SAMBUCUS*

Llnnean Class and Order. Penta'ndriaI, Trigy'nia.

Natural Order. Caprifolia'ce/e ; sect. Sambuci'nea? ; De-
mand.— Hindi. Syn. p. 131 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 206 &
207. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 460. — Loud. Ilort. Brit. p. 519. —
Capiufolia ; sect. 3, Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 210 & 213. — Sm.Gram.
of Bot. pp. 129 & 130.

Gem. Char. Calyx (figs. 1 & 2.) superior, of 1 sepal, very
small, 5-cleft, permanent. Corolla (figs. 3 & 4.) of 1 petal, nearly
wheel-shaped, but slightly concave, in 5 deep, blunt, reflexcd seg-
ments. Filaments (figs. 4 & 5.) 5, awl-shaped, as long as the
corolla, inserted into its base, alternate with the segments. Anthers
roundish heart-shaped. Germen (see figs. 1 & 2.) inferior, egg-
shaped, blunt. Style none. Stigmas (see figs. 4 & 6.) 3, blunt.
Berry (figs. 7 & 8.) inferior, globular, of 1 cell, with 3 seeds. Seeds
convex at the outside, angular inwards.

The superior, 5-cleft corolla, and 3-seeded berry, will distinguish
this from other genera in the same class and order.

Two species British.

SAMBUCUS E'BULUS. Dwarf Elder. Danewort?. Wall-
wort or Walewort.

Spec. Char. Cymes with three principal branches. Stipulas
leafy. Stem herbaceous.

Eng. Hot. t. 475. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 213! — Linn. Sp. PI. p.385. — Hulls. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 130. — Sro. FI. Brit. v. i. p.336. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 103. —
With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 400. — Hindi. Syn. p. 132. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 143. —
Woodv. Med. Bot. Suppl. t. 260. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 171. — Sibth. FI. Ox.
p. 104. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 70. — I’urt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 162. and v. iii. p.349. —
Jtelh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 129. — Thornton’s Family Herbal, p. 327. — Hook.
FI. Scot. p. 96.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 72. — FI. Devon, pp. 55 & 164. — Johnst. FI.
of Berw. v. ii. p.278. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 86. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select®,
p. 26. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 22. — Mack. Catal. PI. of Ircl. p. 31. — Sambucus hu-
milis, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 489. — Sambucus humilis seu Ebulus, Hay’s
Syn. p. 461. — Ebulus, sire Sambucus humilis, Johnson's Gerarde, p. 1426.

Localities. — In waste ground, way-sides, and about hedges. Not common.
Oxfordsh. In the Parks behind Wadham College, (1794). In the same place,
1834: VV. IS. Near Ensham. Outside of Tackley Park. Miss Armetridino.
Between Tackley and Whitehill : G. Coles, Esq. Tusmore Park, plentifully.
G. Woodward, Esq. — Uedfordsh. Hedges, common. — Cambridgesh. ftlad-
ingly, near the well ; near the road to Hinton; Oakington ; Barrington; Evers-
den, &c. — Cheshire; in Rainow, road-side Bridge near Goodwin’s Mill. —
Cumberland ; Alston Moor. Very near Aspatria, in a field on the East side
of the town . —Derby sh. S. Normanton ; Bakewell ; Dethick; Wirksworth;
Alport near Youlegrave; Bolton; and Behind the White Hart, Buxton. —
Devon: In afield at Staverton. Dalicli ; Woodbury Hill; Marychurch. —
Dorset; In Spetisbury Town Street ; and in hedges above the village near the
Kings.— Durham ; Lane between Cawsev Hall and Beamish Burn. — Essex;
In a lane leading to Upton. Ditch in the lane opposite Ham Hall. In the

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2 Same magnified. — Fig. 3. Back view of Corolla. —
Fig. 4. Front view of do. with the 5 stamens and 3 stigmas. — Fig. 5. A separate
Stamen. — Fig. 6. The Stigmas, magnified. — Fig. 7. Berry. — Fig. 8. Transverse

section of ditto.

* From Sambuca, a musical instrument of the ancients, (perhaps the same
as the Italian pipe sampoyna), usually made of this plant. Dr. Withering.
f See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note -f.
f From a notion of its having sprung from the blood of the Danes.

Castle Ditch at Pleshy. Near Danbury. — Glouceslersh. Barren Hills above
the Avon, St. George s near Bristol. Dursley. — Hants ; Between Luccomb
and Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. Among the rubbish and ruined foundations
of the Priory of Selhorne. Near Carisbrook Castle, I. W. and near. Housborn.
In fields, and in the church-yard at King’s Worthy near Winchester, 1834.
Beaulieu Abbey, and Ilordle church-yard. — Huntingtonsh. Warboys. — Lan-
cash. Goose Green near Dalton. — Leicestersh. Church-vards at Normanton,
near Loughborough, and Great Leke; fields leading from Rodely Plain to Tur-
caston. — Middlesex ; Uxbridge Moor. In a meadow at Breakspears. — Norfolk ;
Honingham. Mendham long lane by llarleston. Near the church at south-
wood, abundantly. Acle. lUarham — Northamptonsh. Borders of fields and
highways at Boughton ; Harditigstone ; and M ilton Lordships. On Slaton Hill
at the crossing of \\ atling Street between Northampton and Daventry. Rock-
ingham Forest near Kirby House.— Nottinghamsh. In great plenty in a close
over against Gumston, in the path-way leading to Tolleston, about a mile and a
halffrom Nottingham ; alsoin Bunny Lane.— Shropsh. At Fern Hill near Whit-
tington ; about \\ hittington Castle. — Somersets'll Doynton & Charkcombe, near
Bath. — Staffordsh. Tudbury Castle ; near Rudgeley. — Suffolk; Near Fram-
linghair, , in the road to Moodbridge, and near Parham in the same road. Bramp-
t<n; Rumburgh. Near Lowestoft; Gorgleston, by the old steeple; Hales-
worth. — Surrey ; On Riddle’s Down between Croydon and Godstone. Left
hand side of the road near Kwel Church. — Sussex; Generally on chalky soil,
but not very common. — Warwicksh. At the foot of Tam worth Castle Hill, to-
wards the river. Near Grafton Church on the side of the road. — Yorksh. Lund,
in the East Riding ; many places in the North Riding. Near Ripon, in the lane
close to Leeming Turnpike Gate ; near N. Allerton. Undei Scarborough Castle
Walls. Melsonby by Richmond; Piersbridge. — WALF.S. Anglesey; Plen-
tifully on several spots near Beaumares. On a small declivity near Bryn; ntar
Fferam Gorniog. in Pentraeth. — Denbighsh. Between Llansannan Church and
the river — Merionethsh. In a hedge near Harlech Castle. — SCOTLAND.
Near Dumfries on the road towards Caerlavrock Castle. At Dupplin near
Perth. Road-side between Kittochside and Carmunnock. Clyde ironworks,
&c. Hedges at Cask, Perthshire, and near Cullorlen. Near Inverkeithing.
Field by the road from Edinburgh to Dalkeith. S bank of the water of Leith,
&c. — IRELAND. Lambav. In Powcrscourt Demesne, just before you enter
the Deer-park, and in a churchyard below Kenmare.

Perennial. — Flowers in July.

Root fleshy, creeping. Stem annual, from 3 to 4 feet high, sim-
ple, upright, leafy, deeply and unequally furrowed, rough. Leaves
opposite, unequally pinnate, dark green, nearly smooth, with 3 or
4 pair of egg-spear-shaped, pointed, sharply serrated leaflets, un-
equal at their base. Stipulas large, leafy, cut, sometimes accom-
panying a pair of leaflets, as well as the main footstalk. Cymes
large, terminal, dense, in 3 principal branches, and those again
dividing into many others, hairy, and many-flowered. Flowers
all stalked, of a dull purplish hue. Filaments thick, upright, white,
with large reddish anthers. Berries globular, purplish black, with
3, sometimes 4, seeds.

The whole plant has a very disagreeable smell, resembling that
of the common Elder, but stronger and more unpleasant. Its quali-
ties are violently purgative, sometimes emetic ; yet a rob of the fruit
is said to have been taken with safety, as far as an ounce. The
berries give out a violet colour, and are used to dye blue. The
green leaves drive away mice from granaries, and moles f o n their
usual haunts ; and the Silesians strew them where heir pigs lie,
under a persuasion that they prevent some of the diseases to which
those animals are liable. No cattle will eat this plant. Boiled
and reduced to powder it is used advantageously for scouring
metallic vessels. See Engl. FI. ; With. ; Mart. Mill. Diet. Src.

1 his species is distinguished from S ambit cits nigra ( common Elder J, by the
cteeping root, herbaceous stem, and longer and narrower leaflets.

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J23

EUONYMUS EITRQPitTJS. COMMON KINDLE -TREE, -fy
JPtcb^bj ^rBdxXer.'BotaPZic CrUrdax Qj^o-rd ]$55

(123 )

EUO'NYMUS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Pexta'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Celastri'ne/e, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 74 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 110. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p.537. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 508. — Rosa'les ; sect. Ilicin^e ;
type, Celastra'ceae ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 617, & 621. —
Rhamni, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 376. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 182. —
Dumosae, Linnaeus.

Gew Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 4 or 5 deep,
rounded concave segments, flat, with a peltate disk in the bottom.
Corolla (fig. 2.) of 4 or 5 oblong, flat, spreading petals, inserted in
the disk. Stamens (see fig. 2.) 4 or 5, inserted upon glands at the
margin of the disk, alternate with the petals. Anthers 2-lobed.
Germen (see fig. 2 ) superior, depressed, pointed. Style short,
simple. Stigma blunt. Capsule (fig. 3.) succulent, coloured, with
from 3 to 5 angles, and as many cells and coriaceous valves hav-
ing central partitions. Seeds (fig. 4.) solitary, egg-shaped ; each
enveloped in a coloured, fleshy arillus J. Embryo (fig. 7.) green,
straight, in the axis of a fleshy albumen (see fig. 6.)

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by an inferior, flat calyx ; a corolla of 4 or 5 petals ; a capsule of
4 or 5 cells ; and seeds with a coloured fleshy arillus.

One species British.

EUO'NYMUS EUROPjE'US. Common Spindle-tree. Prick-
wood. Gatteridge-tree.

Spec. Char. Branches smooth and even. Leaves egg-spear-
shaped, petiolate. Flowers mostly 4-cleft and tetrandrous. Petals
pointed.

Engl. Bot. t. 362.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 286. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.98. —
Sm. PI. Brit. v. i. p.262.. Ping. FI. v. i. p.329. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.324. —
(tray's Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 620. — Lindl. Syn. p. 74. — Ilook. Brit. FI. p. 104. —
Hunt. P'.velyn’s Silva, p. 412. — Light!'. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 145- — Sibth. FI. Oxon.
p. 82. — Abb. FI. liedf. p. 52. — Ptlrt. Midi. Pi. v. i. p. 131. and v. iii. p. 347.—
llelh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 100. — Hook. PI. Scot. p. 81. — Grev. FI. Edin.
p. 55. — FI. Devon, pp. 42 & 1 78. — Johnst. FI. of Bervv. v. i. p. 63. — Curt. Brit.
Entom. v. iv. t. 194. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 66. — Perry’s PI. Varvie. Selectaj,
p. 22. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 11. — Mack. C'atal. of PI. of Irel. p. 25. — Euonymns
Vulgaris, Hay’s Syn. p. 468. — Euonymus Theophrasti, John. Uerar. p. 1468.

Localities. — In woods and hedges. Not uncommon in most parts of Eng-
land ; moie rare in Scotland and Ireland. — Oxfordsh. In the lane leading from
the Botlev road to Binsey : Dr. Sibthoup. Near Shotover Plantations ; Head-
ing Copse near Marston Lane; Ileadington Wick Copse ; on the Woodstock
road between Oxford and Summer Town ; and between Northleigh and Ash-
ford Mill : 1831, W. B. — Berks ; Hedges between South Hinksey and Bagley
Wood : W. B. — Bedfords/'.. Itenhold, Cople, and Aspley : Kev. C. Abbot. —
Cambridgesh. Madingley Wood, Granchester, Kingston Wood, &c. : Rev. R.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla, Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 3. A Capsule.

Fig. 4. A Seed invested with the Arillus. — Fig. 5. The same, with part of the
Arillus removed. — Fig. 6. Transverse section of a Seed. — Prig. 7. Embryo, a

little magnified.

* From Euonyme, Mother to the Furies, in allusion to the injurious effects
of the fruit produced by this plant. Dr. IIookfu.
f See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note -j-.

} A proc ess of the placenta adhering to the hilum of seeds, and sometimes
enveloping them ; a peculiar substance covering the seeds. G. Don.

Rfxhan. — Cumberland ; By Ullswater in Gowbarrow Park: Mr, Hutchin-
son.— Devon ; Woods and hedges, frequent. Chudleigli, Moreton, llsington,
Totness, Maryehurch, &c. : FI. Devon. — Dorset ; Common: Dr. Pui.teney. —
Durham ; Castle Eden Dean ; and Derwent-water, at Barrow : Mr. Winch. —
Essex ; Near Woodford ; Mr. Warner. — Gloucestersh. About Bitton, and
Wick: Hev. H. T. Eli.icom uf. In a hedge a little above the Dell rivulet, to-
wards Longridge, near Painswiek : Mr. O. Roberts. — Kent ; Common near
Feversham : E. Jacob, Esq. — Notts ; In Wood-lane going to St. Ann’s Well,
Nottingham : and in many hedges besides: Dr. Dei rinc. — Somersetsh. Fre-
quent about Bath : Hev. C. C. ISabington. — Warwicksh. Coleshill : Hev W. T.
Bree. Oversley Wood, and Wetheley Wood: T. Burton, Esq. — Wilts; Near
Great Bedwyn : W. Barti.ett, Esq — Worcestersh. Blackstone Rock, near
Bewdley: Scott. — Yorksh. Near Hotherham: Mr. L. Langley, in I.oud.
M. N II. v. ii. p. 269. Wood near Richmond : E. E. <). ibid. v. iii. p. 168. —
Berwick; Ashwood; Belford: Thompson— WALES. Anglesey; Llanfi-
hangel Dinsylwi, above the sea. Old fortifications on Bryn Gwydryn, plenti-
fully : Rev. H. Davies. — SCOTLAND. King’s Park, near Edinburgh: Sir-
uai.d. Near Craigmillar Castle: Maugiian. — IRELAND. Plentiful in the
County of Cork : Mr. Drummond. Limestone Rocks near Galway, and Dar-
gle W'oods : Mr. J. T. IMackay.

A Shrub, or small Tree. — Flowers in May and June.

From 3 to 12 or 18 feet high. Branches smooth, green, cylin-
drical, the younger ones angular. Leaves opposite,' egg-spear-
shaped, pointed, finely serrated, smooth, about 2 inches long, on
short leaf-stalks, accompanied at their base by very small, awl-
shaped bracleas, which soon fall off. Flowers in small, axillary,
pedunculate, panicled clusters ; the first that open are pentandrous,
and have 5 petals ; the others are mostly tetrandrous, and have
only 4 petals. Petals small, greenish white. Capsules with 4 or
5 bluntish angles, of a fine rose-colour, sometimes white. Arillus,
or outer coat of the seeds, of an orange colour, forming an elegant
contrast with the red or white valves.

The whole plant is foetid and poisonous. The berries operate violently on the
bowels. Theyare said to be fatal to sheep and goats, if taken as food. Powder-
ed, and sprinkled upon the hair, they destroy vermin. According to Linnaius,
cows, goats, and sheep eat the leaves, but horses refuse them. Mr. W oodward
observes, that cows are so fond of the shoots in the Spring, as constantly to
break down the banks of the field wherever a plant of it stands. If the wood be
cut when the plant is in blossom, it is tough, and is not easily broken; and in
that state is used by watch-makers for cleaning clocks and watches, and to make
skewers and toothpicks. Musical instrument-makers use it for keys of organs,
&c. ; and Linnieus informs us that it affords the best charcoal for drawing.

The Natural Order Celastri'neie, is composed of Shrubs or Trees, with
simple, alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary cymes of small whitish or
greenish flowers. The calyx consists of 4 or 5 sepals, connected at the base,
and imbricated previous to expansion. The corolla is composed of 4 or 5 flat,
slightly fleshy petals, destitute of claws, and inserted under the margin of the
disk, with an imbricate estivation. Yhe stamens are equal in number with the
petals, and alternate with them, inserted either upon the edge of the disk, or upon
its upper surface. The anthers are 2-celled, and burst inwards. The disk is
large, expanded, flat, closely surrounding the ovary, and covering the flat part
of the calyx. The ovary fgermenj is superior, immetsed in the disk and ad-
hering to it, with 3 or 4 ceils; the cells are 1- or many-seeded ; the ovules fixed
to the inner angle of the cells by a short narrow podosperm, and ascending.
The fruit is superior ; either a 3- or 4-celled capsule (fig. 3.), with 3 or 4 valves
with a dissepiment in the middle of each, or a dry drupe containing a 1- or
2-celled nut; the cells of each are 1- or many-seeded. Ihe seeds are ascend-
ing, seldom inverted by resupination, either provided with an arillus (fig. 5.), or
without one; the albumen is fleshy ; and the embryo (fig. 7.) straight; with
flat, thick cotyledons, and a short inferior radicle. See Lindl. Syn. ; Rich, by
Macgilliv. ; and Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard, and Bot.

Euonymus is the only British example of this order.

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O HNITHO 3-At.UM UM!

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(124.)

ORNITHOGALUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Hexa'ndria f, Moxogy^xia.

Natural Order. AsphodeAe^eJ, Dr. R. Brown. — Lind. Syn.
p. 266; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 273. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
539. — Aspho'deli, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 51. — Sm. Gram, of Bot.
p. 74. — Lilia'cea:, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 403. — Lilia'les ; sect.
Lilia'cina: ; type, Asphodela'cete ; subtype, Scillida: ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. pp. 418, 425, 427, & 428.

Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla ( Perianthium§J inferior,
of 6 spear-shaped, permanent petals (tig. 1.), somewhat thickened
at the keel, approaching below, spreading above, withering upon
the stalk. Filaments (fig. 2.) 6, upright, alternately larger or di-
lated at the base (see figs. 3 & 4.), attached to the base of the
petals. Anthers terminal, versatile, shortened after the pollen is
shed. Germen (fig. 5.) superior, angular, with intermediate fur-
rows. Style (see fig. 5.) awl-shaped, upright, permanent. Stigma
blunt. Capsule roundish, with 3 prominent angles, and 3 inter-
mediate furrows, 3 cells, and 3 valves with central partitions. Seeds
several, roundish.

Distinguished from Gdgea, t. 41, by the stamens being dilated
at the base, and by the stigma being blunt and not gaping ; and,
from all other genera, with a naked inferior corolla in the same
class and order, by the 6 spear-shaped, permanent petals, and the
filaments dilated at the base.

Three species British.

ORNITHO'GALUM UMBELLA'TUM. Common Star of Beth-
lehem.

Spec. Char. Flowers in a corymb ; outer fruit-stalks taller
than the central ones. Filaments dilated, tapering, entire.

Eng. Bot. 1. 130. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 45. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 441. — Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 143. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.364. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 143. —
With. (7th ed. ) v. ii. p. 427. — Grav’s Natur. Arr. v. ii. p. 179 — Lindl. Syn. p.
269.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 155.— Sibth. FI. Oxon.p. 111.— Abb. FI. Bedf. p.76—
Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 173. — Kelh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 139.— Hook. FI.
Scot. p. 102. — FI. Devon, pp. 58 & 129. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. vol. x. t. 470. —
Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.93. — Perry’s Pi. Varv. Select*, p. 30. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.
51. — Ornithogalum vulgare et varius, majus et minus, Ray’s Syn. p. 372. —
Ornithogalum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 165.

Localities. — In meadows, pastures, and copses, in various parts of England,
but not common. — Oxfordsh. Near Barton; and in Christ Church Meadow:
Dr.SiBTHORP, 1794. in Christ Church Meadow. 1829, Rev. Dr. Bridges,
President of Corpus Christi College. In a copse between Sandford Toll-gate
and an ancient farm house, in considerable abundance : April 2, 1831 , VV. B. —
Bedfordsh. Everton Heath : Rev.C. Abbot. — Bucks ; Hedges between Datchet
and Eton in abundance: and sparingly in the meadows near Eton: Mr. Goto-
bed. — Cambridgesh. Fulbourn: Rev. R. Rklhan. — Cheshire ; Meadows near
Cheadle Bridge, 3 miles from Stockport: Mr. G. Holme. — Cornwall; Near
Marazion : Rev. W. T. Buee, in Loud. M. N. H. v. iv. p. 161. — Cumberland ;

Fig. 1. A Petal. — Fig. 2. The 6 Stamens, Germen, and Pistil. — Figs. 3 & 4.
Separate Stamens. — Fig. 5. Germen and Pistil.

* From ornis, ornithos, Gr. a bird ; and gala, Gr. milk. Dr. Hooker.
t See Galanthus nivalis, folio 33, note f. f See folio 41, a.

§ See Galanthus nivalis, folio 33, note (.

Near Keswick: Mr. Hutton. — Devon ; In orchards at Ilsington, apparently
wild : FI. Devon. — Gloucestersh. On the top of a hill 3 miles on this side of
Bristol: Meiihett. Billon meadows, opposite the church : Rev. H. T. Eli.i-
combe. — Middlesex ; In plenty on the point of lar.d adjoining Teddington Lock,
and by the river side in that neighbourhood : E. K. in Loud. M. N. H. v. i. p.
83. — Norfolk ; At Babcrgh near Norwich : Mr. Wagstaffe. Old Buckenham :
Mr. Turner. — Somersetsh. In a field near the Caisson at Combehay: Dr.
Davis. — Suffolk ; At Little Stonham ; Mrs. Cobhold. — Surrey ; In the closes
about Streatham : Dr. Marten. In a piece of waste pasture near the Thames,
West of the Red House ; and in meadows W. of Wandsworth ; I have seen it
also plentiful in a meadow near Mortlake : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. In a mea-
dow near Wimbledon: W. W. Saunders, Esq. in Curt. Entom. — Sussex ; At
Lewes: W. Borrer, Esq. — Warwicksh. Meadows near the Avon, Warwick:
Rev. W. T. Bree, in Loud. Mag. N. H. v. iii. p. 164. Near the pond in God-
frey’s Lammas, Warwick: Mr. G. W. Perry. — Wilts; Near Great Bedwyn:
W. Bartlett, Esq. — Yorksh. By Ledstone Hall near Leeds: Dr. Marten.
Meadows near Ripon ; on the foot road to a pasture, called Red Bank, by Ilipon :
Mr. Brunton. In a field near Knaresborough : Mr. Robson. Near Rother-
ham : Mr. L. Langi.ee, in Loud. M. N. H. v. ii. p. 269. — WALES. Anglesey ;
In a wood near Maes y Porlh: Rev. H. Davis. — Flint sh. Meadows adjoiniug
Basingwerk Abbey : D. Turner, Esq. — Pembrokesh. Wild in a w ood close to
Stackpole Couit House : Mr. Milne. — SCO TLAND. Near Glasgow: Stark.

Perennial. — Flowers from April to June.

Bulb egg-shaped, tunicated, white, increasing plentifully by off-
sets. Leaves several, radical, strap-shaped, convex and striated on
the outside, channelled within, with a white silvery rib, smooth,
bluntish, and soon withering at the tip. Scape ( stalk J from the
centre of the bulb, upright, round, polished, from 8 to 10 inches
high, terminating in a corymb of from 4 to 9 upright flowers, all
nearly on a level at top, the lowermost peduncles being gradually
longest. Bracleas solitary, at the base of each peduncle (partial
stalk), large, membranous, spear-shaped, pointed, permanent, but
soon withering and turning brown. Corolla white, with a broad
green line along the under side of each petal. Filaments (figs. 3
& 4.) spear-shaped, flat, fleshy, every other broader. This spe-
cies, as Mr. Woodward observes, is very improperly called urn-,
bellatum, the inflorescence being evidently corymbose.

This plant, though found apparently wild in so many parts of England, is
supposed not to have been originally a British native. It is very common in
gardens, where it is deserving a place in the flower borders, which it will en-
liveu with its brilliant white blossoms, in sunny * days, from the latter end
of April to the beginning of June. It is a native of the southern parts of
Europe, Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Carniola, Italy, and the
Levant; in orchards, pastures, vineyards, and thickets.

Linnaius says, (Mant. p. 364, and Prelectiones, p.287.) that the roots of this
plant are the Dove’s dung, which was sold so dear during the siege of Samaria,
(II Book of Kings, ch. vi. v. 25.) ; “ which interpretation appears highly pro-
bable from the obvious identity of the name ornithogalum ( Bird’s -milk J, and
which was applied to this plant by many of the antient writers, as Dioscoridfs,
Pliny, &c., and from the circumstance that they are, when boiled, eaten at the
present day by the poorer inhabitants of Palestine, where it grows in abundance ;
whence its English name Star of Bethlehem.” f

* Pale as a pensive cloister’d nun

The Bethlem star her face unveils,

When o’er the mountain peers the sun,

But shades it from the vesper gales. — Mrs. C. Smith.

T See “ A Catalogue of the rarer species of Indigenous Plants, which have
been observed growing in the vicinity of Battersea and Clapham, systematically
arranged ; with a reference to the figures in ‘ English Botany.’ By \\ . Pamp-
lin, jun. Lavender Hill Nursery. Clapham : printed by II. N. Batten. 1827.”

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(125.)

IMPATIENS* *

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy^nia.

Natural Order. Balsami'ne/e, a. Rich. — Lindl. Syn. p. 59 ;
Introduce to Nat. Syst. ofBot. p. 142. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 506. —
Rosales ; sect. Gruina: ; type, Balsamina'ce,® ; Burn. Outl. of
Bot. pp. 614, 808, & 811. — Gerania, affinia, Juss. Gen. PI. pp.
268 & 269. — Sm. Gram. ofBot. pp. 147 & 148. — Corydales, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 2 small, roundish,
pointed, concave, lateral, rather unequal, coloured, deciduous se-
pals. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 4 petals, 2 outer alternating with the
sepals ; upper one roundish, flat, slightly 3-cleft, pointed in
the middle, constituting the upper lip ; lower one (Nectary of
Linn. fig. 6.) entire, tubular, tapering at the base into a curved
spur ; two inner petals (fig. 4.) large, alternating with the outer
ones, reflexed, dilated outwards, blunt, irregular, usually bifid or
appendiculate, constituting the lower lip. Filaments (fig. 7.) 5,
fixed to the receptacle, short, incurved, thickened at the apex.
Anthers 5, united at the base, 3 of them 2-celled, and the
2 in front of the upper petal 1-celled. Germen (fig. 8.) superior,
of 5 cells. Style none. Stigmas 5, united. Capsule (fig. 9.) egg-
oblong, pointed, of 5 cells and 5 strap-shaped valves, separating
elastically, and rolling inwards from the base to the apex (see fig.
10). Seeds several, oval, attached to a membranous-bordered
central column or placenta.

Three of the anthers being 2-celled, and 2 of them only 1-celled ;
the united stigmas ; and the capsule of 5 cells, and 5 elastic valves ;
will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order.

Two species British J-

IMPA'TIENS NOLI-ME-TANGERE. Yellow Balsam. Touch-
me-not. Quick-in-hand.

Spec. Char. Joints of the stem swollen. Leaves egg-shaped,
serrated. Peduncles 3- 4-flowered, shorter than the leaves, and
spreading under them ; Flowers pendulous ; spur recurved at the
end.

Engl. Bot. t. 937. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1329. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd cd.) p. 380. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 243. Engl. FI. v. i. p.299. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 332. —
Lindl. Syn. p. 60. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 105. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 76. — Don’s Gen.
Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 750. — Impatiens palustris, Gray’s Nat. Arr.
v. ii. p. 630. — Balsamine lutea, sive Noli me tangere, Ray’s Syn. p. 316. —

4 Persicaria siliguosa, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 446.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. One of the inner Petals, with the
appendage, fig. 5. — Fig. 4. Two inner Petals. — Fig. 6. The lower outer Petal,
(Nectary of Linneeus), with the Calyx and Stamens. — Fig. 7. The 5 united
Anthers. — Fig. 8. The Pistil. — Fig. 9. A Capsule. — Fig. 10. The same after it
has discharged the seeds. — Fig. 11. A Seed.

* Impatient ; from the sudden opening of the valves of the capsule, when the
fruit is touched. Dr. Hooker.

•f See Anc/iusa sempervirens, folio 48, note f.

j A very eminent Botanist, W. Bonn eh. Esq. informs me, (Aug, 25, 1834,)
that Impatiens fulva has been traced 6 or 7 miles along the river \Vey, above
and below Guildford, Surrey, as well as on several streams running into it, near
Ripley, and at Albury, and Shiere. Probably the Rev. L. Jenyns’ Surrey
locality for I. Noli-me-tangere, belongs to this species.

Loca i.iTits. — In moist shady places and banks of rivulets: chiefly in the
North, but rare. — Cheshire; Near Lyme Hall: Mr. G. Holme.— Cumberland ;
Keswick : Mr. Hutton. At Scale Hill: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Dorset; In the
grove at Dean’s Court, Winbourne, apparently of natural growth: Dr. Put-
tenev.— Lancash. Satterthvvaite, by the Cloth Mill: Ray. By the side of
Coniston Lake: Mr. Woodward. — Surrey ; Near Guildford : Rev. L. Jenyns.
— Westmoreland ; On the banks of W'mandermere, and in little brooks, and
watery places near Rydal Hall, plentifully: Sir J. E. Smith. Kirby Lons-
dale, not far from the bridge: Mr. Woodward. Near the foot-path between
the inn at Ambleside and the cascade : D. Tuuneii, Esq. — Wilts ; Sides of the
river Avon, near Salisbury : Dr. Maton. — Yorksh. Roots of the old walls in
Fountains Abbey: Teesdale. Banks of the Shell in Studley Woods: Mr.
Brunton. — WALES. Merionethsh. By the road-side from Dolgelle to
Erwgoed Chapel, about a mile short of the latter place on the right hand : Mr.
A. Aikin. — Montgomerysh. Within a mile of Montgomery atGwernDhee:
Merrett. Banks of the liver Camlet at Morrington in the parish of Chirbury,
about 5 miles from Montgomery: Bindley. — SCOTLAND. Abundant in a
wet glen at Castlemilk, near Glasgow ; but probably the outcast of a garden :
Mr. Hopkirk.

Annual. — Flowers in July and August.

Root fleshy, with many, entangled, horizontal fibres. Stem up-
right, from 12 to 18 inches high, succulent and brittle, swollen at
the joints, of a pale yellowish green, smooth, shining, and some-
what transparent. Leaves alternate, stalked, egg-shaped or ellip-
tical, irregularly serrated, smooth. Stipulas none. Flowers large
and handsome, yellow, spotted with orange, 4 or 5 together, on
branching axillary stalks ; in dry ground the corolla is often abor-
tive. Capsule (fig. 9.) succulent, when nearly ripe bursting elas-
tically, and scattering its seeds with considerable force, the valves
then become spirally twisted as in fig 10. This phenomenon is
well explained by Dr. Lindley.

“ The tissue of the valves,” says this excellent Botanist, “ consists of cel-
lules, that gradually diminish in size from the outside to the inside; and the
fluids of the external cellules ate the densest. The latter gradually empty the
inner cellules and distend themselves, so that the external tissue is disposed to
expand, and the internal to contiact, whenever any thing occurs to destroy the
force that keeps them straight. This at last happehs by the disarticulation of
the valves, the peduncle, and the axis ; and then each valve rapidly rolls in-
wards with a sudden spontaneous movement. M. Di trochi.t proved that it
was possible to invert this phenomenon by producing exosmose : for that purpose
he threw fresh valves of Impatiens into sugar and water, which gradually emptied
the external tissue, and, after rendering the valves straight, at length curved
them backwards.” Introd. to Bot. p. 282.

'The whole plant is considerably acrid, and no animal, except the goat, is said
to eat it. The caterpillar of the Elephant Ilawkmoth ('Sphinx ElpenorJ lives
upon it.

T he Natural Order Balsami'neje consists of succulent herbaceous dicoty-
ledonous plants, w hose leaves are simple, opposite or alternate, toothed, and
destitute of stipulce. Their peduncles are axillary. Their calyx (fig. 1.) form-
ed of 2 small, deciduous, opposite, usually mucronate sepals, which are imbri-
cate in aestivation. T heir corolla is inferior, and composed of 4 petals, the
2 outer ones alternating with the sepals, and ending in a callous tip, the upper
one arched and emarginate, the lower one (figs. 2 & 6) entire, and drawn out
into a spur at the base; the 2 inner petals (figs. 3 A 4.) alternating with the
outer ones, more petal-like and equal with each other, usually bifid or appendi-
culate (fig. 5.) Their stamens are 5 in number, hypogynous, and closely girt-
ing the ovary ; their filargents are short and thickened at the apex; their
Anthers rather connate, bursting lengthwise, the 3 lower ones opposite the-
petals, egg-shaped, 2-celled, the 2 superior ones rising in front of the upper
petal ; these are sometimes 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled. Their ovary is single,
and without a style. Their stigmas are 5, either distinct or connected into 1.
Their capsule is oblong or egg-shaped, with 5 elastic valves, (fig 10.), and 5
cells formed by membranous projections of the placenta, which occupies the
axis of the fruit, and is connected with the apex by 5 slender threads. Their seeds
are numerous, and suspended, w'ithout albumen ; the embryo is straight, with
a superior radicle ; and the cotyledons are flat on the inside and convex on the
outside. Don and Lindley.

126

LEON'CTRiTS CARDIAC A. . MOTTHEj

Pu.b £ by 2T E &xtex Satanic Grardtn. Oribr&lSSi

CMithmrg' Sc

(126.)

LEONU'RUS* *

Linnean Class and Order. DiDYNA'MiAf, Gymnospe'rmia*.

Natural Order. Lauia'tje§, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 110. — Sm.Gram.
of Bot. p. 99. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Lindl. Syn. p. 196 ; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 239. — Bentham, in Bot. Regist. (1829). —
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 439. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. — Syrin-
gales ; sect. MenthinjE ; type, Menthacea: ; subtype, Nepe-
tidvE ; Burnett’s Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 958, 968, and 973. —
V erti cell AT/E, of Ray and of Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubular, cylin-
drical, with 5 prominent angles, and 5 sharp, spreading teeth,
permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.) ringent ; not above twice the length
of the calyx ; tube short, cylindrical, narrow; throat longish, but
little dilated ; limb spreading ; upper lip (fig. 3.) longest, concave,
protuberant, rounded and undivided at the summit, covered with
soft hairs ; lower lip, (fig. 4.) reflexed, in 3 deep, spear-shaped,
undivided, smooth, nearly equal lobes. Filaments (figs. 3 & 4.) 4,
2 longer than the other 2, much shorter than the corolla, sheltered
under the upper lip. Anthers (see fig. 5.) roundish-oblong, at-
tached by the back, incumbent, clothed in an early state with
minute, globular, solid, shining granulations, and soon bursting in
front into 2 cells. Germcn (fig. 6.) 4-lobed, abrupt. Style (fig. 6.)
thread-shaped, incurved. Stigma of 2 pointed, spreading seg-
ments. Seeds (fig. 7.) 4, quadrangular, abrupt, hairy, in the tube
of the slightly hardened, strongly veined calyx.

Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by
the very hairy upper lip of the corolla, and the hard shining granu-
lations with which the anthers are besprinkled.

One species British.

LEONU'RUS CARDI'ACA. Common Motherwort. Lion’s-tail.

Spec. Char. Upper leaves spear-shaped, either 3-lobed or
undivided.

Engl. Bot. t.286. — I.inn. Sp. PI. p. 817.— Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 261. —
Sm. FI. Biit. v. ii. p. 637. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 104. — With. (7th. ed.) v. iii. p.
717. — Lind. Syn. p. 199. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 275.— Light!'. FI. Scot. v.i. p.316.
— Abbot’s FL Bedf. p. 131. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 284. — Relh. FI. Cantab.
(3rd edit.) p.244. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 184. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 133. — FI. Devon,
pp. 100 & 146. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selects;, p. 50. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of
Irel. p. 56. — Cardiaca vulgaris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 379. — Cardiaca,
Ray’s Syn. p. 239.— Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 705.

Localities. — About hedges, and in waste places, on a gravelly or calcareous
soil. Very rare. — Bedfordshire; Road-sides at Ford-End : Rev. C. Abbot. —
Cambridgesh. On the bank of the Newmarket Road, beyond the Paper Mills;
at the back part of Truinpington, towards Shelford; and at Elm, near Wis-

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 3. Under side of the upper
lip of the Corolla, with the 4 Stamens. — Fig. 4. Lower lip of the Corolla, and
the Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 5. A Stamen magnified to shew the Globules on
the Anther. — Fig. 6. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 7. Seeds.

* From Leon, Gr. Lion ; and oapa, Gr. a tail ; from a fancied resemblance
in the plant to a Lion’s tail. Dr. Hooker.

t See Lamium album, folio 31, note f.

} See folio 31, note t, and the second page of the same folio.

$ See A'juga replans, folio 94, a.

beach: Rev. R. Relhan. — Cumberland ; Langrigg, Broomfield: Mr. Hutch-
inson.— Derbysh. Handley: Mr. Coke. Mackworth : Mr. Pilkington. —
Devon ; Near the Rope-walk, Biddeford : Mr. Polwhele. Near Canonteign,
Cliudleigh, Lustleigh, North Bovery, and Teigngrace. FI. Devon. — Dorsetsh.
About dunghills, probably the outcast of gardens: Dr. Pulteney. — Here -
fordsh. Between Ledbury and Ross: Mr. Purton. — Kent; Cockset, in Os-
pringe, near Feversham: E. Jacob, Esq. — Lancashire; Near Southport: G.
Crosfield, Esq. Liverpool. — Leicestersh. Found sometimes in farm-yards:
Dr. Pulteney. — Norfolk ; In a lane between Lexharn and Newton: Gough’s
Camden. Earsham ; and in a hedge, and on an adjoining bank, near Ditch-
ingham : Mr. Woodward. Near Holkham: W. Borrfr, Esq. By the
wind-mill at Wortwell near Harleston : Rev. H. Tilney. Potter Fleigham,
on the road to Ludham : D. Turner, Esq. About Norwich : Sir J. E. Smith.
— Northumberland ; Naturalized in fields dt Spring Gardens near Newcastle:
N. J. Winch, Esq. Near Wycliffe: Rev. J. Harriman. — Notts; On the
right hand going into Barford from Nottingham ; on the left hand of Lenton
Field going to the Abbey-yard from Nottingham Park ; and near Brockstone in
a close by the road-side leading to Nuttal: Dr. Deering. — Somersetsh. By
the way-side at Chedder : Mr. E. Forster, jun. Waste ground near Bristol :
D. Turner, Esq. Near the village of Worle : Rutter’s Somerset, p. 322. —
Suffolk ; Lane near the Toll-gate, Bury : Sir T. G. Culeum. About Bungay :
Mr. Woodward. North Cove near Beccles: Mr. F. Turner, —Surrey ; In
a lane near Coombe Wood : Mr. Sowerby. — Sussex; Stopham Bridge near
Pulborough : W. Borrer, Esq. In Selsey Island near Chichester : Hudson. —
Warwicksh. King’s Coughton : Mr. Purton. — Worcestersh. Near Malvern :
Mr. Purton. — Yorksh. Between Tickhill and Worksop: Hudson. Lane near
Melmerby : Mr. Brunton. About Leeds: Rev. W. Woods. Village of
Scotton near Ivnaresborough : Rev. J. Dalton. Near Rotherham: Mr. L.
Langley, in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. ii. p. 270. Side of the river Don near
Potteric Car: Mr. S. Appleby, ibid. vol. v. p. 559. — WALES. Anglesey;
On old walls near Llanddyfnan Hall; on the Point near Beaumares: Rev. H.
Davies. — Flintsh. In a hedge on the right of the road leading from Huwarden
to Flolywell, about two miles and a half from Hawarden: Bingley. — SCOT-
LAND. In a shady walk behind Fisherrow, and in Collington Woods, near
Edinburgh: Mr. Mauchan. About Cragnethan Castle, Glasgow : Mr. Hop-
kirk. — IRELAND. Road-side between Cork and Foaty : Mr. Drummond.

Perennial. — Flowers from June to September.

Root fibrous, by some authors considered biennial. Stem 2 or 3
feet high, upright, branched, minutely downy, purplish, sharply
4-angled, with intermediate channels ; leafy. Leaves very numer-
ous, opposite, on long footstalks (petioles), dark green, somewhat
downy ; the lowermost broadest, and deeply jagged ; upper ones
sharply 3-lobed ; those about the summit spear-shaped and un-
divided. Whorls numerous, axillary, many-flowered. Bracteas
bristle-shaped. Calyx rigid, with sharp spreading teeth. Corolla
reddish-white, the upper lip clothed with dense, white, shaggy,
upright hairs ; lower lip deeper coloured, variegated, smooth, in
3 nearly equal, entire lobes. Filaments (fig. 5.) hairy. Anthers
brown, besprinkled on the outside with white opaque globules,
which look like enamel.

The plant has a strong but not an agreeable smell, and a bitter
taste. It was formerly in use in palpitations of the heart, and in
that disease of the stomach called heartburn ; but its reputed virtues
are now little regarded ; yet hence originated its old appellation
of Curdiacu.

i*7

THYMUS SERPYLLIIK . WILD THYME ~U
IRuufsdl, Del. Puh? b? W.Baxtsr, Botanic Gardn.Qitjori M CMathevs. S c

(127)

THY'MUS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DiDYNA'MiAf, Gymnospe'rmia £.

Natural Order. Labia'tac§, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 1 10. — Sm. Gram.
ofBot.p.99. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Lindl. Syn. p. 196. Intr. to Nat.
Syst. of Bot. p. 239. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 439. — Bentham, in Bot.
Reg. (1829.) — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. — Syringales; sect.
MenthiNvE ; type, Menthaceas ; subtype, Saturidae ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. pp.' 900, 958, 968, & 972. — Verticilatje, of Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (figs. 1 & 2.) inferior, of 1 sepal, 10-ribbed,
tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip broadest, 3-toothed ; lower lip bifid ;
throat closed by converging hairs (see fig. 7.) Corolla (figs. 3
& 4.) ringent ; tube about as long as the calyx : 2-lipped, upper
lip upright, nearly flat, blunt, with a small notch ; lower lip
spreading and 3-lobed, middle lobe entire. Filaments (see figs.
3, 4, & 5.) 4, slender, distant. Anthers 2-celled, cells parallel.
Germen (fig. 6.) 4-cleft. Style (fig. 6.) thread-shaped. Stigma
(see figs. 2 & 6.) in 2 pointed segments. Seeds 4, small, roundish,
in the bottom of the closed calyx.

Distinguished from other genera, with a 2-lipped calyx, in the
same class and order, by the bell-shaped calyx, the throat closed
with converging hairs ; and the lower lip of the corolla with the
middle lobe entire. This last character will distinguish it from the
genus Calamentha ; and the bell-shaped calyx, not gibbous at the
base, from that of Acinos.

One species British.

THY'MUS SERPY'LLUM||. Wild Thyme. Mother of Thyme.
Shepherd’s Thyme.

Spec. Char. Flowers in small heads. Stems branched, de-
cumbent. Leaves flat, egg-shaped, blunt, entire ; petiolate, and
more or less ciliated at the base.

Engl. Hot. t. 1415. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. . — I.inn. Sp. PI. p. 825. — Huds.
FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.262. — Sin. FI. Brit. v. ii. p 639. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 107. —
With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 719. — Lindl. Syn. p. 204. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.272 —
Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 318. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 188. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.
132. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 279. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p.246. — Hook.
FI. Scot. p. 185. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 134. — FI. Devon, pp. 101 & 146. — Johnst.
FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 134. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 170. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 39. —
Mack. Cat. of PI. of Irel. p. 57. — Serpyllum vulgdre, Ray’s Syn. p. 230. —
Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 570.

Localities. — On heaths and dry mountainous ground. Common.
Perennial. — Flowers from June to August.

Root woody, fibrous, somewhat creeping, and of a brownish
colour. Stems numerous, slender, woody, recumbent, more or

Figs. 1 & 2. Calyx. — Figs. 3 & 4. Corolla and Stamens. — Fig. 5. Vertical
section of Corolla, showing the 4 Stamens and the Pistil. — Fig. 6. Germen,
Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 7. Part of a Capitulum, after the corollas had fallen
off. — All, except figs. 6 & 7, a little larger than nature.

* From thumos, Gr. strength; from its balsamic odour, strengthening the
animal spirits. Dr. Hookeh. t See Lamium album , folio 31, note f.

t See folio 31 , note {. and also the 2nd page of the same folio.

}See foiios 86, and 94, a.

The Latin name of serpyllum, and the Greek erpullon, is derived from
erpn, Gr. to creep. Dr.*MAlirvN.

less downy, much branched, branches opposite or alternate, com-
monly tinged with red. Leaves opposite, oblong-egg-shaped, pe-
tiolate, very entire, with hollow dots on both surfaces, and a few
long, white hairs at the base. Flowers purple, each on a short
stalk (see fig. 7.), forming a small roundish head at the summit of
the branches. Calyx (fig, 2.) coloured, striated, the mouth closed
with white converging hairs (see fig. 7.). Corolla purplish red,
small, upper lip upright ; middle lobe of the lower lip entire.
Anthers very minute. Style longer than the corolla, and turning
upwards. Seeds very small, brownish.

This species is subject to considerable variations ; Sir J. E.
Smith, in his British Flora, and Dr. Withering, in his Botanical
Arrangements, enumerate 9 varieties : viz. 1. The Common Wild
Thyme. 2. The white-flowered. 3. The large flowered. 4. The
broad-leaved. 5. The Lemon Thyme. 6. The smooth narrow-leaved.
7. The hoary-leaved. 8. A more shrubby, hairy variety, with pale
red blossoms. And 9. A small, hairy, creeping, scentless variety.
Variety 4 was found in Okey-hole, Somersetshire. Var. 5 is fre-
quently cultivated in gardens for its peculiarly agreeable odour, and
its use for culinary purposes. Bees are fond of the flowers, and as
it continues to blossom late, Dr. Withering recommends beds of
it to be planted in every Bee garden. Being an accidental variety,
it can only be preserved by means of slips or cuttings. It is found
wild in Kent ; at Downton-castle, Shropshire ; and near the Nine
Wells, by the foot-way to Shelford, Cambridgeshire. Var. 6 is
found near Kitt’s Coffee-house, Boxley Hill ; and Var. 7, on Gog-
magog Hills, Cambridgeshire ; Bullington Green near Oxford ; and
other barren places : this scarcely differs in any thing from the
common Thyme, except in its hairiness. Var. 8 is found on some
of the Welsh mountains; and Var. 9 in Ireland. In Gray’s Na-
tural Arrangement of British Plants, vol. ii. pp. 382 & 383, some
of the above varieties are made distinct species.

Wild Thyme is gratefully fragrant, and yields an essential oil that is very
heating. An infusion of the leaves is recommended by Linnxus to remove the
head-ache, occasioned by an excess of the preceding evening. It is reputed also
to be an almost infallible cure for that troublesome disorder the Incubus, or
Night-mare, taken by way of tea. It yields camphor by distillation, and is
very grateful and refreshing to those who are afflicted with nervous disorders. —
Dr. Armstrong, in his Poem, The Art of Preserving Health, recommends
the soil where this plant abounds, as particularly healthful, and the most de-
sirable situation for building.

“ Mark where the dry champaign

Swells into cheerful hills: where Marjorum
And Thyme, the love of bees, perfume the air ,

There bid thy roofs high on the basking steep
Ascend, there light thy hospitable fires.”

Book i. Line 275.

“ A general opinion prevails that the flesh of sheep, that feed upon aromatic
plants, particularly upon Thyme, is much superiorin flavour to common mutton ;
but Mr. Bowles, the ingenious author of the account of the sheep-walks in
Spain, (Gent. Mag. 1764), considers this as a vulgar error. He says, sheep are
not fond of aromatic plants; that they will carefully push aside Thyme to get
at the grass growing beneath it ; and that they never touch it, unless when walk-
ing apace, and then they will catch at any thing. Branches of Thyme strewed
about articles liable to damage from mice, are said to prevent their depredations ;
and probably sprinkling the essential oil might prove effectual. ” Wiiiiering. —
Cottony galls are sometimes observable on the wild Thyme ; these arc supposed
to be the nidus of a species of Tephritis.

V

128

vibuhnum: lantana

■Pm? ^ iy. W^axle^Betanic (ri'den, byZndMS

W El Sc

IR del.

(128.)

VIBURNUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Trigy'nia.

Natural Order. Caprifolia'ce.e ; sect. Sambuci'nea3 ; De-
cand. — Lindl. Syn. p. 131. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 206
and 207. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 460. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 519. —
Caprifo'lia ; sect. 3. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 210 & 213. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. pp. 129 & 130. — Dumosje, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) superior, very small, of 1 sepal, in
5 deep segments, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) of 1 petal,
shortly funnel-shaped, with 5 blunt, spreading, marginal lobes.
Filaments (fig. 2.) 5, awl-shaped, spreading, as long as the corolla,
inserted into its tube, alternate with the segments. Germen (see
fig. 1.) inferior, roundish, a little compressed. Style none. Stigmas
3, sessile, blunt. Berry (figs. 4 & 5.) roundish, either globular or
compressed, of 1 cell. Seed solitary, hard, roundish, compressed.

The superior, 5-cleft corolla; and berry with only one seed;
will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order.

o o

Two species British.

VIBURNUM LANTA'NA. Pliant Mealy-tree. Mealy Guelder-
rose. Wayfaring-tree.

Spec. Char. Branches mealy. Leaves heart-shaped, serrated,
veiny ; downy beneath.

Engl. Bot. t. 331. — Jaquin’s Florae Austriacae, t. 341. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 384.

— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 129. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 334. Engl. FI. v. ii.
p. 107. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 399. — Lindi. Syn. p. 132. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.
142. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 170. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p. 104. — Abb. FI. Bedf.
p. fi9. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 160. — Relhan's FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 129. —
Hook. FI. Scot. p. 96.— FI. Devon, pp. 54 & 164. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. ii.
p. 278. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 86. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 22. — Viburnum farino-
sum, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 488. — Viburnum, Ray’s Syn. p.460. — Lantdna
she Viburnum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1490.

Locai.ities. — In woods and hedges, especially on a chalky or limestone soil. •
Common in many parts of England. — Rare in Scotland. — \rery common in the
vicinity of Oxford.

A Shrub or small Tree. — Flowers from May to July.

A large shrub, with numerous, opposite, round, pliant branches,
which are clothed, in a young state, with a kind of mealy pubes-
cence, consisting of tufted stellated down. Leaves deciduous,
opposite, heart-shaped, rounded, finely serrated, strongly veined,
downy, especially on the under side ; the down radiated, each hair
consisting of several rays diverging from a point. Stipulas none.
Bracteas several, small, pointed. Flowers in large terminating,
solitary, many-flowered cymes. Corolla white, cloven about half
way down, spreading. Anthers yellowish. Stigmas sessile, short,
blunt. Berries compressed, in an early state red on the outer side,
yellow on the inner ; finally black, with a little mealy astringent
pulp. Seed large, heart-shaped, flat and furrowed.

Fig. 1. Germen, Calyx, and Stigma. — Figs. 2 & 3. Corolla and Stamens. —
Fig. 4. Three of the Berries. — Fig. 5. A separate Berry.

* Name of doubtful origin.

t See Attchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note f.

The leaves turn of a dark red colour in the autumn. The bark
of the root is used to make bird-lime, though inferior to Holly for
that purpose. The berries are astringent. Evelyn says, a de-
coction of the leaves will not only dye the hair black, but will
fasten the roots also. — The long, quick growing, tough branches,
make excellent bands for faggots ; and, according to Pallas, the
young shoots are much esteemed in the Crimea for the tubes of
tobacco-pipes. A very minute fungus, probably a species of
Erysiphe, is parasitical on the under surface of the leaves of this
species, near Bagley Wood, Berks.

“ The origin of one of the trivial names of this plant, is plea-
singly, though fancifully accounted for, by one of Nature’s own
Poets, in the following lines.”

“ THE WAY-FARING TREE.

“ Way-faring Tree! what ancient claim
Hast thou to that right pleasant name?

Was it that some faint pilgrim came
Unhopedly to thee,

In the brown desert’s weary way
’Mid toil and thirst’s consuming sway.

And there, as ’neath thy shade he lay,

Bless’d the Way-faring Tree ?

" Or is it that, thou lov’st to show
Thy coronals of fragrant snow,

Like life’s spontaneous joys that flow
In paths by thousands beat ?

AVhate’er it be. I love it well ;

A name, methinks, that surely fell
From poet, in some evening dell.

Wandering with fancies sweet.

“ A name given in those olden days,

When, ’mid the wild-wood’s vernal sprays.

The merle and mavis pour’d their lays
In the lone listener's ear,

Like songs of an enchanted land.

Sung sweetly to some fairy band,

Listening with doff’d helms in each hand.

In some green hollow near.” — W. Howjtt.

The Natural Order Caprifolia'cea: is composed of dicoty-
ledonous shrubs or herbaceous plants, with opposite, rarely alternate
leaves, without stipuke. The flowers are usually cymose, some-
times corymbose, or umbellate, often sweet scented. The calyx is
superior, monosepalous, adherent by its lower part to the ovary,
generally with 2 or more bractece at its base, entire or lobed. The
corolla is superior, monopetalous or polypetalous, wheel-shaped or
tubular, regular or irregular. The stamens are equal in number
to the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them, (see plate 122,
f. 4.) The ovarium has from 1 to 5 cells, one of which is often
monospermous (1 -seeded), the others polyspermous (many-seeded);
in the former the ovulum is pendulous. The style is simple, and
terminated by 1 or 3 stigmas. The fruit is indehiscent, of 1 or
more cells, either dry, fleshy, or succulent, and crowned by the
permanent lobes of the calyx. The seeds are either solitary and
pendulous, or numerous and attached to the axis. The testa is often
bony ; the embryo is straight at the top of the fleshy albumen ; and
the radical is superior. See Lind. Syn. and Rich, by Macgilliv.

CLEMATIS VITALBA. COMMON TRAVELER'S SOY. T)
Pub * Jy WBaxter.Betanic CPirdm.Oxfkra. Idil.

kjjl V

Pi*

\ m

n

i /

I

(129.)

CLE'MATIS* * * * §

Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Polygy'nia.

Natural Order. Ranuncula'ce.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. —
Sm. Gram of Bot. p. 136.— Lindl. Syn. p. 7. Introd. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 6.— Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
495. — Rosales; sect. Ranunculinas ; subsect. Ranunculianas ;
type, Ranunculaceaf. ; subtype, Clematideas ; Burn. Outl. of
Bot. pp. 614, 828, 832, 837, & 838.

Gen. Ciiar. Involucrum none, or situated under the flower, in
the form of a calyx. Calyx ( corolla of Linn.y (fig. 1.) inferior, of
from 4 to 8, regular, oblong, coloured sepals, in the bud either
valvular, or folded in at the edges. Corolla none. Filaments
(see fig. 2.) numerous, swelling upwards. Anthers (see fig. 2.) ter-
minal, of 2 oblong lobes, bursting laterally. Germens (fig. 3.)
superior, sessile, egg-shaped, collected into a roundhead. Styles
(fig. 3.) terminal, longer than the stamens. Stigmas simple.
Pericarps ( seeds of Linn.y1 (figs. 5 & 6.) indehiscent, numerous,
egg-shaped, compressed, 1 -seeded, placed on a capitate receptacle,
and terminated by a long, mostly feathery tail.

The valvate or induplicate restivation of the calyx [corolla of
Linn.) ; the want of a corolla ; the tailed pericarps [seeds of Linn.) ;
and the capitate receptacle ; will distinguish this from other genera
in the same class and order.

One species British.

CLE'MATIS VITA'LBA*. Common Traveller’s Joy§. Vir-
gin’s Bower. Old Man’s Beard ||.

Spec. Char. Stem climbing. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets heart-
shaped, partly cut. Petioles twining, permanent. Panicles forked,
not longer than the leaves.

Engl. Bot. t. 612. — Curt. FI. Load. t. 244! — Jacq. FI. Austr. t. 308. — Linn.
Sp. PI. p.766. — Huds. FI. Ansi. (2nd ed.) p. 238. — Sm. FI. Biit. v. ii. p.583.
Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 39. — With. (7th. ed.) v. iii. p.673. — Lindl. Syn. p. 8. — Hook.
Brit. FI. p.263. — Siblh. FI. Uxon. p. 170. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 1 19.— l’uit.
Midi. FI. v. i. p.265. — Relit. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 220. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.
171.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 122.— FI. Devon, pp. 92 Sc 192. — Don’s Uen. Syst. of
Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 4. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 153. — Perry’s Plant® Varvic.
Select, p. 45. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.l. — Clematis dumosa, Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii.
p. Til.— Clematis latifolia, sen Atrajene quibusdam, Bay’s Syn. p. 258. —
Viorna, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 886.

Localities.— In woods and hedges, especially on a calcareous soil.— Com-
mon about Oxford, and in many other parts of England. Bare in Scotland.

Fig, 1. Calyx and Pistils. — Fig. 2. A Stamen. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and
Stigma. — Fig. 4. Pistils. — Fig. 5. Pericarpium with its feathery tail. — Fig. 6.
The same without the feathery appendage.

* From clema, Gr. a vine branch ; because most of the species climb like the
vine. Don.

t See Anemone nemorosa, note t-

X F’rom Vitis alba, White vine. Withering.

§ Thus named by Geraiide in 1597. “ Traveller's Joie, as decking and
adorning waies and hedges, where people travel. Virgin's bower, by reason of
the goodly shadow which they make with their thick bushing and climbing; as
also for the beautie of the flowers, and the pleasant scent or savour of the same."

|| From the hoary appearance of the silky, elongated styles. Withering.

A Shrub. — Flowers in July and August.

Stems numerous, woody, angular, very long, much entangled,
climbing up the adjoining shrubs and trees, to which they attach
themselves by means of the permanent, hardened, twining foot-
stalks, (petioles,) which serve as tendrils. Leaves deciduous,
opposite, spreading ; their leaflets 5, stalked, heart-shaped, pointed,
finely hairy, either quite entire, unequally cut, or coarsely serrated.
Flowers greenish white, sweet-scented, in axillary and terminal
panicles. Sepals 4, sometimes 5, thick, spreading, reflexed, most
downy on the outside. Pericarps (figs. 5 & 6.) furnished with
long, wavy, feathery and silky tails, forming beautiful tufts, which
towards autumn ornament and enliven the hedges, when flowers
have vanished. The seeds retain their vegetative principle for
many years, if kept dry. It is a noxious plant in hedges, as it is
apt to suffocate and destroy those trees and shrubs which are planted
for defence. The whole plant is astringent, corrosive, and diuretic.
An infusion has been recommended in dropsy ; it has also been
used as a rubefacient in the treatment of rheumatism. The
branches are so strong and pliant as to be used for bands or withs
for faggots. Boys frequently cut off a piece from a dry branch,
light it, and smoke it like a cigar ; hence they call it smoke-wood.
In F ranee, the stems and branches are used for making bee-hives,
baskets, &c. The dried leaves are said to form good fodder for
cattle, notwithstanding they would poison the animals if they were
eaten in a fresh state.

The Natural Order Ranuncui.a'ceje is composed of polypetalous dicotyle-
donous herbs, or very rarely shrubs ; with alternate or opposite, generally di-
vided leaves, their petioles more or less dilated at the base, and forming a sheath
half embracing the stem. Hairs/d any, simple. The inflorescence is variable.
The calyx is composed of from 3 to 0 inferior, deciduous sepals, which are ge-
nerally imbricate in arstivation, occasionally they are valvate or duplicate. The
corolla consists of from 5 to 15 petals, which are inferior, and arranged in one
or more rows, distinct; sometimes they are deformed in correspondence with
metamorphosis in the stamens ; sometimes (as in the genus Clematis) the corolla
is wanting. The stamens are hypogynous, free, and indefinite in number; the
anthers are adnate, and usually turned outwards. The pistils, which are seated
on a torus or receptacle, are 1-celled or united into a single many-celled pistil-
lum ; the ovarium is one or more seeded, the ovules adhering to the inner edge ;
the styles are short and simple, one to each ovarium. i\\e fruit is either pseu-
dospermous*, baccate with one or more seeds, capsular, or follicular with one
or two valves. The seeds are albuminous ; when solitary, either upright orpen-
dulous, or if many, usually disposed in one row along the margin of the carpel.
The embryo is minute, and placed in the base of a corneous (horny) albumen.

Many of the plants of this order are very ornamental, and are, on
that account, cultivated in gardens, but their acrid and venomous
properties are very great. The principle upon which their delete-
rious powers depends is, according to the observation of Krappe.v,
of a very singular nature. It is so volatile, that in most cases, sim-
ply drying in the air, or infusion in water, is sufficient to destroy it ;
it is said to be neither acrid nor alkaline, but its activity is increased
by the addition of acids, or the admixture of honey, sugar, wine,
or alcohol, and it is in reality destructable only in water. The
fresh herb applied externally to the skin causes blisters. The roots
are usually drastic or emetic. See Lindl. Synop. and Don's Gen.
Syst. of Gard. and Bot.

A falsa seed, a small carpel, as those of Ranunculus and Clematis. 1)on.

130

HERACLEUM SPHONDYLIUM. COW-PARSNBP

MS Pul.* ly WBixttr, Satanlt Gar den. Oxford

yiaf.rUlrl.

1/rftcjSz?/ St

(130.)

HERA'CLEUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'nhria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Umbelli'ferae, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 1 1 1 . Introd. to Nat. Syst. of
Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517.
— Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales, subord. Angelicosas ; sect.
Angelicinas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 762, & 770.

Gen. Char. Flowers incompletely separated ; the inner ones
barren, or abortive ; those of the circumference perfect and prolific.
Calyx superior, of 5 small, pointed teeth, obliterated in the fruit.
Corolla (fig. 1.) of 5, inversely heart-shaped petals, their points
inflexed ; in the innermost flowers the petals are smallest, nearly
equal and regular ; in those of the circumference much larger, ir-
regular and radiant, the outer one largest, with equal lobes, the rest
more or less unequally divided ; the 2 inner ones smallest, (see figs.
1,2,3.). Filaments (fig. 4.) 5, thread-shaped, longer than the
corolla, spreading, a little incurved. Anthers roundish. Germen
(figs. 4 & 5.) inferior, egg-shaped, slightly compressed transversely.
Styles (see fig. 4.) 2, at first upright, rather short, subsequently
flattened, spreading and somewhat elongated ; broad and pyramidal
at the base. Stigmas blunt, notched. Floral Receptacle (see fig. 5.)
undulated, crenate, obtuse, a little broader than the bases of the
styles to which it is united. Fruit (fig. 7.) inversely heart-shaped,
somewhat elliptical, compressed transversely, surrounded by a flat
dilated margin. Carpels ( seeds of Linn.y (figs. 6 & 8.) with very
slender ridges, 3 of them dorsal, equidistant, 2 lateral ones remote,
contiguous to the dilated margin. Channels ( interstices J with single
club-shaped vittce%. Seeds (fig. 10.) flattened. Universal involu-
crum deciduous ; partial, of many leaves .

The 5-toothed calyx ; the inversely heart-shaped petals, inflexed
at the point, the outer often radiant and bifid ; the dorsally com-
pressed fruit with a flat dilated margin ; the carpels with very
slender ridges, the 3 dorsal ones equidistant, the 2 lateral ones re-
mote, and contiguous to the dilated margin ; the channels with single
club-shaped vittce ; and the flattened seed ; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

HERA'CLEUM SPHONDY'LIUM. Common Cow-parsnep.
Hog-weed. Madnep.

Spec. Char. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, cut and serrated.

Fig. 1. Corolla. — Figs. 2 & 3. Petals. — Fig. 4. Germen, Stamens, and Pistils.
— Fig. 5. Germen, Pistils, and Floral Receptacle. — Fig. 6. The 2 Carpels,
which formed the fruit, separated, and suspended by the central, thread-shaped,
2-parted column. — Fig. 7. Fruit. — Fig. 8. A separate Carpel. — Fig. 9. Trans-
verse section of the Fruit. — F’ig. 10. A vertical section of the Seed to shew the
Embryo. — Fig. 11. The Embryo taken out, and slightly magnified.

* Named after Hercules, who is said to have brought this, or some allied
plant, into use. Dr. Hooker. — Boiimer rather apprehends it to have been
named after Heraci.ides, the father of Hippocrates. Dr. Withering.
t See Anchusa semper virens, folio 48, note t-
t Receptacles of coloured oily matter, within the coal of the Carpels.

Lindl. Syli. p 116. — Hook, Brit. FI. p. 117. — Light f. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 158. —
Sibth. Fi. Oxon. p. 95.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.61 . — Purt. Midi FI. v. i. p. 142. —
Belli. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 117.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 89. — Grev. FI. Edln. p.
65. — FI. Devon, pp. 49 & 166. — Johnston’s FI. of Benv. v. i. p. 72. — Walk. FI.
of Oxf. p. 85. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 19. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 28. —
Sphondy'lium vulydre, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 520. — Sphondylinm, Ray’s
Svn. p. 205. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1009.

Localities. — In hedges, about the borders of fields, and in moist meadows.
Very common.

Perennial. — Flowers in July.

Root fusiform, thick, yellowish without, white within, running
deep into the ground ; aromatic, sweetish, and rather mucilagin-
ous. Stem from 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, upright, branched, leafly,
hollow, furrowed, rough with white spreading hairs. Leaves very
large, rough and hairy, ternate or pinnate ; leaflets usually broad,
somewhat heart-shaped, lobed, serrated, veiny, paler underneath.
Petioles ( footstalks J hairy, large, ribbed, dilated at the base into
a kind of membranous bag, in its younger state sheathing, and in-
closing the fruitstalks and umbells. Umbells flatfish, of many an-
gular rays, which are downy on one side, like the more numerous
rays of the umbellules ( partial umbells J. General Involucrum of

1 or 2 spear-shaped, pointed, membranous, finely fringed leaflets,
sometimes wanting. Partial Involucrum of several similar leaflets.
Flowers white, greenish white, or purplish ; petals more or less
radiating, unequal, irregularly obcordate (inversely heart-shaped).
Anthers greenish. Stigmas semitransparent. Many of the flowers
in the central portion of each partial umbell are abortive, with no
traces of a germen. Fruit abundant, large, smooth, light brown,
with 4 purplish brown lines on each side.

A narrow-leaved variety of this species [II. angustif olium of Sm.
FI. Brit.) is sometimes met with.

Ilerdcleum sphondylium is considered a very nutritious plant, and
a wholesome and nourishing food for cattle. Mr. Cobbett says
he has fed working-horses, six or eight in number, upon this plant
for weeks together. It is gathered in Sussex for fattening hogs,
being known there by the name of Hog-weed. Cows, goats, sheep,
and rabbits, are also fond of it.

G m Eli x informs us, (in his Flora Siberica ) that the inhabitants of Kamt-
schalka, about the beginning of July, collect the footstalks of the radical leaves,
and after peeling off the rind, (which is very acrid,) dry them separately in the
sun, and then tying them in bundles they lay them up carefully in the shade;
during the process of drying they become covered with a saccharine efflorescence,
which is considered a great delicacy. In Poland and Lithuania a kind of beer
is brewed from the stalks thus prepared, and when mixed with bilberries ( Vac -
cinium uliyinosum ) and fermented, the Russians distil a spirit f om them,
which Gain in says is more agreeable to the taste than that procured from corn.
The young shoots, when boiled, form a delicate vegetable resembling asparagus.

Attempts have been made to manufacture sugar from this plant, which the
Kamschatkans call Ratsch ( sweet herb J, but 40 pounds of the dried stalks only
yielded a quarter of a pound of sugar.

Two minute fungi, Puccinia Heraclei, Grev. Scot. Crypt. FI. t. 42.; and
Dothidea Heraclei, Frie’s Syst. Mycol. v. ii. p 556, arc parasitical on the
living leaves of this plant about Oxford.

(131.)

GLAUCIUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. PoLY'ANDRiAf, Monogy'niA.

J\"ataral Order. Papavera,cEjE +, Juss. Gen. PL p. 235. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 137. — Lindl. Syn. p. 16. Introduce to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 8. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 497. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 493.
— Rhceade^r, Linn. — Rosales; sect. Rhadadinte ; type, Pap a-
vera'ce.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 847, & 849.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 2 oblong, pointed, de-
ciduous sepals. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 4 roundish-obovate, undulated,
crumpled, spreading, deciduous petals, much larger than the sepals,
with short claws, two opposite ones rather the smallest. Filaments
(figs. 3 & 4.) numerous, hair-like, short. Anthers roundish, ter-
minal, of 2 lobes. Germen (fig. 5.) superior, cylindrical, or some-
what compressed, longer than the stamens. Style none. Slir/ma
large, blunt, permanent, of 2 or 3 cloven, compressed, downy lobes.
Pod (figs. 6 & 7.) linear, very long, of 2 or 3 linear concave valves,
opening from the top to the bottom, and as many cells. Seeds
(figs. 9 & 10.) numerous, convex at the outer side, pitted in regular
lines (fig. 9.), without a crest, disposed irregularly in 2 rows in
each cell, being sunk in the hollow of a spongy or membranous
partition (see fig. 7, and fig. 8, c. c. c.), connected with the linear
marginal receptacles, (fig. 8. a. a.) which are placed between the
edges of the valves, and bear the seeds on short stalks.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the 2-sepaled calyx ; the 4-petaled corolla; the 2- or 3-celled ^>ocZ;
and the dotted seeds.

Three species British.

GLAUCIUM LUTEUM. Yellow Horned-poppy §.

Spec. Char. Stem smooth. Stem-leaves wavy. Pod roughish,
with minute tubercles.

Mook. FI. Lond. t. 56 — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 563. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 6. —
With. (7 1 h ed.) v.iii. p. 644 — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 703. — Lindl. Syn. p. 17.
— Hook. Brit. FI. p. ‘256. FI. Scot. p. 167. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p. 119. — FI. Devon,
pp. 89 & 192. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 119. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s 1’l.of
S. Kent. p. 29. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. ii. t. 66. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p.
51. — Glaucium flavum, Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. i. p. 137. —
Chelidonium glancium, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 724.— Huds. FI. Angl.(2nd ed.) p.229.
— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.279. — Eng. Bot. t. 8. — Papaver corniculatum luteum,
Bay’s Syn. p. 309. — Papaver cornutum, flare luteo, John. Gerarde, p. 367.

Fig. 1. The Calyx. — Fig. 2. The Corolla.— Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig.
4. Some of the Stamens taken off, to show the manner in which they adhere to
each other by the base of the filaments. — Fig. 5. The Germen and Stigma.—
Fig. 6. The unripe Pod. — Fig. 7. Part of a ripe Pod, showing the spongy parti-
tion, and the valves separating from the summit to the base. — Fig. 8. A trans-
verse section of the Pod, a. a. the receptacles ; b. the spongy substance ; c. c. c.
the seeds. — Fig. 9. A Seed. — Fig. 10. The same vertically dissected to show the
Albumen and Embryo. — The three last figures from Dr. Hooker’s FI. Lond.

* From Glaucos, Gr. in mythology, the name of a fisherman who leaped into
the sea and became a sea-god ; also sea-green or glaucous, in allusion to the
colour of the plants and their habitation by the sea-side. G. Don.
f See Chelidonium majus, folio 51, note f.

1 See Mecondpsis cambrica, folio 54, a.

$ So called in English on account of the long horn- like pods.

Localities.— On sandy sea-shores; fiequent.— Devon ; Kxmouth, TeiRii-
mouth, Paignton Sands, and Braunton Burroughs: FI. Devon. — Durham;
On the Ballast Hills ot Tyne and Wear: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Hampshire ;
Ventnor, in the lsD of Wight. — Kent ; Plentiful about Dover; and other parts
of the coast. — Lancashire ; North Shore, Liverpool, near the mouth of the river
Alt: Mr. Shepherd. Sea-shore at Poulton, near Lancaster: G. Orosfield,
Esq. Liverpool. Cartmel Sands, and Hoosebeck : Mr. Woodward. In Walney
Isle : Mr. Atkinson.— On the coast ot Norfolk. — Suffolk ; On the sea-coast,
particularly about Dunwich : Mr. Woodward. — Sussex; At Hastings, and
near Beachey Head: Dr. Bosiock. — WALES. Anglesey; On the sea-beach,
not uncommon: Rev. H. Davies. — SCOTLAND. Lerwick; Sandy sea-coast
at Coldingham : Rev. A. Baird. Sea-coast near Queensferry ; and at Charles-
town : Rev. J. Lightfoot. Sandy shores near Cosford and N. Queensferry :
Mr Malghan. Shores at Helensburgh, plentiful : Mr. Hopkirk. Abundant
at Arran: Mr. Murray. Near Rosythe Castle; and on the gravelly bed of
the water of Leith, beyond Coltbridge : Mr. Neill.— IRELAN L). Sandy sea-
shores, frequent: Mr. J. T. Mackay.

Biennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Root spindle-shaped. Plant very glaucous. Stems much branch-
ed, spreading, from 1 to 3 feet long, round, smooth, decumbent,
ascending at the ends. Root-leaves numerous, stalked, a span
long, pinnatifid, lyrate, lobed, cut, hairy, lasting through the winter.
Stem-leaves short, broad, lobed, and cut, rough above, smooth be-
neath, clasping the stem with their heart-shaped base. Branches
forked. Flower-stalks lateral and terminal, thick, smooth, scarcely
so long as the calyx. Calyx large, oval, rough with short hairs,
falling off as the flower opens. Corolla large and handsome, of
a golden yellow. Petals large, egg-shaped, an inch and a half
long. Pod very long, often 10 or 12 inches, curved, roughish
with minute tubercles, rarely quite smooth. Surface of the Seeds,
in every species, curiously cellular (see fig. 9.)

The large and numerous flowers, which although of short
duration, succeed one another in great abundance during most
part of the Summer, make a fine contrast with the sea-green dew-
bespangled leaves, and are a great ornament to our sandy shores.
The whole plant abounds in a yellow juice, is foetid, and of a
poisonous quality. It is said to occasion madness. Probably the
Glaucium of Dioscorides. See Enrjl. FI. and Engl. Bot.

132

FKA'NKENIA LALV1S . SMOOTH. ST.A-HESITTI. 7/
Suidiy Wfkjc&K Beta'll c. Garden. 0xfenll835

(132)

FRANKE'NIA* *.

Linncan Class and Order. Hexa'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Framkema'cE/E, St. Hilaire. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 38. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 157. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p. 506. — Loud. Ilort. Brit. p. 501. — Akin to Caryophyllete, Juss.
Gen. PI. p. 303. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 161. — Rosales; subord.
Rceadosas ; sect. Cistinas ; type, Frankenia'cea: ; Burn. Outl.
of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 792, & 798. — Calycanthem.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. I.) inferior, of 1 sepal, somewhat cy-
lindrical, with 5 angles, permanent ; the border with 5 pointed,
spreading teeth. Corolla of 5 petals, their claws as long as the
calyx; the limb of each inversely egg-shaped, or wedge-shaped,
and spreading (see fig. 2). Nectary a channelled membrane, on
the inner side of each claw (see fig. 2). Filaments (fig. 3.) 6, the
length of the calyx, thread-shaped, nearly equal. Anthers roundish,
2-lobed. Gcrmen (fig. 4.) superior, egg-oblong, with 3 furrows.
Style upright, cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Stigmas (see
fig. 4.) 3, oblong, blunt, downy, spreading. Capsules egg-shaped,
of one cell, and 3 or 4 valves. Valves bearing many seeds at their
margins. Seeds egg-shaped, very small.

The 1-sepaied, inferior calyx ; the 5-petaled corolla ; and the
1-celled, many-seeded capsule ; will distinguish this genus from
others in the same class and order.

Two species British.

FRANKE'NIA LAiVIS. Smooth Sea-heath.

Spec. Char. Flowers solitary. Leaves strap-shaped, revolute
at the margin, crowded, smooth, fringed at the base.

Enel. Bot. t. 205.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 473 — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 137. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 387. Fngl. FI. v. ii. p. 186. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 452. —
Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 664. — Lindl. Syn, p. 39. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 150. —
Kelli. H. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 146. — Annals of Bot. v. ii. p. 29. — Rev. G. E.
Smith's PI. of S. Kent, p.22. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 376. —
Lychnis supina maritima Ericce facie. Ray’s Syn. p. 338. — Polygonum ser-
pillifolium, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 566.

Localities. — In muddy salt marshes; rare. — Cambridgeshire ; TyddGole,
near Wisbeach : Rev. K.Relhan. — Durham ; Sunderland Ballast Hills: Mr.
Weigheil. — Essex; In the marshes about Ihurrington: Ray. On the shore
near VVakering, below South End : Mr. E. Forster, jun. — Kent ; In the Isle
of Shepey, abundant: Rev. Dr. GoonENoucii. Salt marshes near Sandwich:
Mr. J. Woods,, jun. On the coast of the Isle of l'hanet ; and by Archcliff Fort,
Dover: L. W. Dillwyn, Esq. Upon the Salt Marshes; Dimchurch ; New
Romney ; Sandwich ; and Pegwell Bay. Upon moist chalk ( lift's near Lydden
Spout, and East of Dover: Rev. G. E. Smith. — Norfolk ; Moist parts of Yar-
mouth Denes near the Ferry, on the edges of ditches: Mr. Wigg. Near (.'ley :
Mr. E. Forster, jun. — Suffolk; Walberswick, ike.: Mr. Davy. The edges

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 4. Ger-
men, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. The lower half of a Leaf, cut transversely to
show how the margins are rolled backwards. — All more or less magnified.

* So named by Linn.t.us, in honour of John Frankenius, Professor of
Botany at Upsal, who first enumerated the plants of Sweden in Speculum
Botanicum, 1638. He died in 1661.
t See Galanthus nivalis, folio 33, note f.

of the Salt-water Pools near the Pier at the mouth of the Yare, are all beauti-
fully liingeil with this elegant plant : j\ir. Wico.— Sussex ; At Southwick: W.
Borrer, Esq. On the rocks, and by the shore at Hastings: Mr. E. Forster,
juu.

Perennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Root woody, blackish. Stems numerous, forked, round, slightly
downy, trailing on the ground, of a reddish colour on the upper
side, much branched ; branches leafy, partly ascending. Leaves
in little tufts, somewhat glaucous, about a quarter of an inch long,
fleshy, egg-shaped, but the margins being rolled back they appear
almost cylindrical with a groove underneath, flatted at the base (see
fig. 5). Flowers from the ramifications of the stem, and in the
middle of a tuft of leaves, partly terminal, solitary, sessile. Calyx
with from 5 to 7 ribs and as many teeth, but rarely more than 5.
Petals wedge-shaped, flesh-coloured, with a yellow, fleshy nectary
at the base of each. Style deeply 3-cleft.

A very pretty plant, with small delicate flowers, which very
much resemble those of a little red pink or champion, to which
this plant is nearly allied, though of a very different habit.

The Natural Order Frankenia'cE/E is composed of elegant
little herbaceous plants, undershrubs, or shrubs, with branching
stems, and opposite, exstipulate leaves, with a membranous sheath-
ing base; often revolute at the margin. The flowers are either
white, rose-coloured, or yellow, axillary or terminal ; when they are
axillary the peduncles are 1 -flowered ; when they are terminal they
are either disposed in corymbs or loose racemes. The pedicles are
always accompanied by a leaf or bractea. The calyx (tig. 1.) con-
sists of 4 or 5 upright or spreading sepals, united at the base into
a furrowed tube, or cleft to the base, permanent, equal. The petals
(fig. 2.) are hypogynous, equal in number to the sepals, and alter-
nate with them, unguiculate (clawed), with appendages at the base
of the limb. The stamens (fig. 3.) are hypogynous, either equal
in number to the petals, and alternate with them, or having a ten-
dency to double the number. The anthers are roundish, and
versatile. The ovary is superior ; and the style simple, and 2- or

3- cleft. The capsule is 1-celled, enclosed in the calyx, 2-, 3-, or

4- valved, and many-seeded ; with a septicidal dehiscence. The
seeds are very minute, and are attached to the margins of the
valves. The embryo is straight in the middle of the albumen,
with a short radicle pointing towards the umbilicus, and flat, leafy
cotyledons.

This order is distinguished from Caryophy'lle.e by the fruit
not having a central separate placenta, but bearing the seeds on the
inner margin of the valves. — See Lind. Syn. and Don's Gen. Syst.
of Gard. and Bot.

(133.)

S PIRvE'A* *.

1, inn enn Class and Order. Icosa'ndriA f, Pentaoy,.\ia +.

Natural Order. Rosa'cea:, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 334. — Sm. Gr.
of Bot. p. 171. — Lindl. Syn. p. 88. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p.
81. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 528. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 512. —
Rosales; sect. Rosin.®; subsect. Rosian.® ; type, Spir^eace.®;
subtv. Spir.eid.® ; Burnett’s Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 683,699,706,
and 707. — Spir.ea'ce.e, Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii.
p. 516. — Pomace.® of Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx (figs. 1 & 4.) inferior, of 1 sepal, nearly
flat at the base, with 5 acute, permanent, marginal segments.
Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 5 (sometimes more) roundish or oblong pe-
tals, attached by their claws to the rim of the calyx. Filaments
(see figs. 2 & 3.) more than 20, thread-shaped, wavy, nearly as
long as the corolla, attached to the rim of ihe calyx. Anthers (see
fig. 2.) roundish, 2-lobed. Germens (see fig. 4 & 5.) 5 or more, su-
perior, egg-shaped or oblong, compressed, each terminating in a
short style. Stigmas spreading, blunt. Capsules (fig. 5.) as many
as the germens, oblong, pointed, more or less compressed, each of
2 rather membranous valves, and 1 cell. Seeds from 2 to 6, fixed
to the inner suture of the capsule. Embryo inverted. Cotyledons
thickish.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the inferior, 5-cleft, permanent calyx, and the 1-celled, 2- to
6-seeded capsule of 2 membranous valves.

Three species British.

SPIR3E'A FILIPE'NDULA. Common Dropwort§.

Spec. Char. Stem herbaceous. Leaves interruptedly pinnate.
Leaflets uniform, deeply cut and serrated. Flowers cymose, with
many styles.

• Km;!. Rot. t.284. — T.irm. Sp. PI. p. 702. — lluds. FI. Ariel. (2nd ed.) p.217. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 535. Eng. FI. v. ii. p. 358 — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.609.
— Lind. Syn. p. 89. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 223. — Light!’. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 259. —
Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 157. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. llO. — Purl. Midi. FI. v. i. p.
238 — Kelli. FI. Cant. (3id ed.) p. 199. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 152. — Grev. FI.
F.dm. p. 110.— FI. Devon, pp. 84 & 173. — Rev. G. R. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent,
p. 28. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 521.— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.
137. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select, p. 43 — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 14. — Spireea vul-
garis, Gray's Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 588. — Filipendula, Ray’s Syn. p. 259. — John-
son’s Gerarde, p. 1058.

Locai.tties. — In dry meadows and pastures on a chalky or gravelly soil.
Not uncommon. — Oxfordsh. Banks of the Canal going to VVolvercot; Burford
Downs: Dr. StBrHOii e. In Headington Wick Copse, and between that and
Wick House. In a pasture ground close to Headington Copse in considerable
abundance, 1831. In meadows between Oddington and the Grange, Aug. 1831.
In Stow Wood, plentiful. Abundant in Blenheim Park, but it seldom flowers

Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Corolla, Stamens, and Pistils. — Fig. 3. A single
Stamen. — Fig. 4. Calyx and Pistils. — F’ig. 5. Capsules. — Fig. 6. A Germen, a
little magnified. — Fig. 7. The Root.

* Said to be from speirao, Gr. to become spiral ; in allusion to the fitness of
the plants to be twisted into garlands. Don.

t See Pi units cirasus, f. 100, n. t. { See Py'rus tormindlis, f. Ill, n. f.

$ So called from the manner in which its tuberous toots hang together by
thieads.

there, being constantly grazed down by the deer: W. B. — Frequent in Berk-
shire. and Bedfordshire : Dr. Noehf.den and Kev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh.
(iirton, Madingley, Moor-Barns, Gogmagog Hills, Triplow, and Newmarket
J leal h : llev. R. B et.han. — Devon ; Cliffs about Torbay : FI. Devon. — Durham ;
At Baydales, and ConuisclifFe near Darlington, and in Bver’s Quarry-field
near Whitburn : N. .T. Winch, Esq. — Essex ; In a fielJ near Chingford Church ;
Mr. Warner. — Gloucestersh. St. Vincent’s llocks, Bristol: Mr. Sway nk. —
Huntingtonsh. Near Ripton: Mr. Woodward. — Kent ; Upon the chalk south-
west of Canteiburv, Denton, &c.: Rev. G. E. Smith. Upon Bacon Hill near
Faversham: E. Jacob, Esq. — Norfolk; On Swaffham Heath : Mr. Crowe. —
Northumberland ; In Crag Close near Barwesford: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts ;
In Beeston meadows; cn the road-side leading from the sand hills to Radford
Church ; in several closes near Woollaton old Park; and all over the close
where the pond is near AsplyHall: Dr. Deering. — Somersetsh. On Lans-
down, near Bath : Rev. C. 0. Babington. — In Surrey Mr. W. Pampi.in.
}un. — Warwicksh. Near Spernal, and Arrow : Mr. Purion. — Between Marion
and Southam : Rev. W. T. Bree, in Mag. of Nat. Hist, v.iii. p. 164. Nearthe
Mill between Rugby and Brovvnsover, 1831: W. B. — Wilts; About Stone
Henge: Dr. Withering. Near Great Bedwyn : W. Bart lf.tt, Esq. — Wor-
cesters/;. Bredon Hill, above Overbury: Air. Nash. Near Madresfield : Mr.
Bali.ard. — Yorksh. Near Mahon: L. E. O. in Mag. of Nat. Hist, v.iii. p.
169. — W A LBS. Anglesey ; In the parish of I.lanbedr, between the church and
the Llanerchymedd road : liev. II. Davies. — SCOTLAN D. On the hills south-
west of Arlhur’s-seat : Bev. J. Light foot. Debris of Salisbury Craigs : Dr.
Greville. On rocky ground between Dundee and Broughty Castle: Air.
Brown.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root (see fig. 7.) of numerous black, hard, oval knobs, connected
by slender fibres ; these knobs or tubercles are blackish on the
outside, and white and farinaceous within. Stems herbaceous*
from 1 to 3 feet high, round, smooth, leafy principally in the lower
part, panicled in a cymose manner at the summit. Leaves smooth,
dark green, mostly from the root, those on the stem alternate, all
elegantly pinnate, with oblong, narrow, opposite or alternate leaflets,
and as many, or more, small intermediate ones ; all deeply, sharply,
and unequally cut. St ipulas strap-shaped, acute, entire, united
laterally.to the base of each radical footstalk, the stem-leaves being
furnished with a pair of rounded, cut lobes in their stead. Flowers
in forked cymose panicles , each on a short, upright partial stalk,
without bracteas. Petals inversely egg-shaped, cream coloured,
tinged with red on the outside. Germens 10 or more, hairy, with
short recurved styles, and large blunt stigmas, (see fig. 6).

The whole plant is very astringent. Hogs are very fond of the-
roots ; and we are informed by Linnaeus, that “ the dried knobs
of the roots, beaten or ground into meal, afford no despicable sub-
stitute for bread.” It was formerly used in medicine, but is now
wholly neglected. A beautiful variety with double flowers is fre-
quently cultivated in gardens.

“ Not a flower

But shows some touch in freckle, streak, or stain.
Of His unrivalled pencil. He inspires
Their balmy odours, and imparts their hues,

And bathes their eyes with nectar, and includes,
In grains as countless as the sea-side sands,

The forms, with which He sprinkles all the earth.
Happy who walks with Him ! whom what he finds
Of flavour, or of scent in fruit or flower,

Or what he views of beautiful or grand
In Nature, from the bioad majestic oak
To the green blade, that twinkles in the sun.
Prompts with remembrance of a present God.

His presence, who made all so fair, pereeired.
Makes all still fairer.” — Cowt’Ett.

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ONtfBRYCHIS SATIVA . COMMON-. SLAINT-FOIM 7/
I.RDel. Pul? hy V. Baxter Botanic Garden. OzJorciJUSS. CJfatfons.£'c

(134.)

ONO'BRYCHIS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DiADE'LPHlAf , Deca'ndiua.

Natural Order. Legumino's/K, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 345. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 174. — Lindl. Syn. p. 75. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of
Bot. p. 87. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 532. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p.
259. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 509. — Papiho\a'cea3+, of Linnaeus. —
Rosales ; sect. Cicerina: ; subsect. Lotiante ; type, Lotacete ;
subty. Hedysahid ie ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. G 1 4, G3S, G42, & G57.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see figs. 1 & 5.) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubu-
lar, divided half way down into 5 awl-shaped, straight segments,
permanent. Corolla (fig. 2 ) butterfly-shaped, of 5 petals ; stand-
ard (figs. 2 & 3.) egg-oblong, keeled at the back, slightly cloven,
reflexed at the sides ; wings (fig. 4.) oblong, straight, narrower
than the other petals ; keel (see figs. 1 & 5.) of 2 united petals,
with separate claws, compressed, broader in front, and very abrupt.
Filaments (figs. 4 & 6) 10; 9 united into a flaltish tube, open
above; the tenth awl-shaped, distinct, usually shorter; all hair-
like, and bent upwards at the extremity. Anthers roundish. Gcr-
men (see fig. 7.) egg-shaped or oblong, compressed. Style (fig. 7.)
awl-shaped, curved upwards. Stigma simple, pointed, naked.
Legume (see fig. 8.) sessile, of only one joint, compressed, 1-celled,
1-seeded, indehiscent, coriaceous, prickly, crested or winged ; the
upper side thick and straight ; the lower convex and thinner.

Distinguished from other genera, with diadelphous stamens, in
the same class and order, by the very obtuse keel ; short wings ;
naked stigma; and 1-jointed, 1-seeded, compressed, coriaceous,
prickly, crested or w inged, indehiscent legume.

One species British.

ONO'BRYCHIS SATFVA. Common Saint-foin. Cock’s-head.

Spec. Char. Stem upright ; stipulas usually distinct ; leaflets
elliptic-oblong, mucronate, nearly smooth ; spikes of flowers elon-
gated ; keel of the flower shorter than the standard ; wings shorter
than the calyx ; legumes pubescent, toothed on the back, but having
the sides wrinkled, and rather prickly.

Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 619. — Lindl. Syn. p. 88. — Hook, lirit. FI. p. 827. —
Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 802. — Burn. Outl. of Bot. p 659. —
Bab. FI. Bath. p. 13. — Hcdysarum Onobrychis, Engl. Bot. t. 96.— Jacq. FI.
Auslr. t. 352.— Linn. Sp. 1*1. p. 1059. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 322.— Sin.
FI. Brit. v. ii.p. 778. Engl. FI. v. iii. p.292. — With. (7tli ed.) v. tii. p.849. —
Mart. FI. Rust. t. 47. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.226. — Abbot’s FI. liedf. p. 160. —
Burt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.341. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p 296. — Sincl. Hort.
Gram. Woburn, p.325 — Baxter’s Lib. of Agricul. and Horlicul. Knowledge,
{2nd edit.) p. 524. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. ii. t. 88. —Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.21 1. —
Perry’s PI. Varvie. Select, p. 62. — Onobrychis sue caput yallinaceum, Ray’s
Syn. p.327. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1243.

Figs. 1 6c 2. Calyx and Corolla.— Fig. 3. The Standard. — Fig. 4. The Stamens
and Wings. — Fig. 5. Calyx and Keel. — Fig. 6. Stamens and Pistil.— Fig. 7.
Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 8. Legumes. — Fig. 9. A Seed.

* From onos, Gr. an ass ; and brycho, Gr. to yuan'. The O. sativa being
a favourite food with asses ; and it is grateful not only to them but to most other
cattle. Biminett.

t See Spurt turn scoparittm, f. 77, n. f. } See Lathy rus luti/olius, f. 1 17, n. f.

Localities. —On dry elulky hills and open downs, in various parts of Eng-
land.— Oocfordsh. Bullinglon Green; Slokenchuich Hills; Henley: Dr. Sns-
thori>. Between Begbiook and Woodstock; Fields near Cheyney Lane; and
near Headington Wick Copse: W. B. — Berks; Near Childswell Farm; old
Stone Pits S. E. of South llitiksey : W. B. — Bedfordsh. Barton Hills, and Ford
End pastures: Rev. ('. Abbot. — Cambridgcsh. On Gogmagog Hills; New-
market Heath; and in Chalk-pit Close: Rev. R. Rkliian. — Devon. About
halfway between Teignmouth and Torquay: Dr. Wnmruxo. — Durham ; In
fields near Ryhope, and on Hartondown Hill; on the Magnesian Limestone;
and in a field at the Salt Meadows near Gateshead: Mr. J. Thornhill, jun. in
Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham. — Gloucestersh. On the higher grounds
of this county, both wild and cultivated: Dr. Withering. — Herts; About
Royston: Dr. Martyn. — Norfolk; About Burnham: Mr. Crowe. — Somer-
setsh. Near the locks on the canal at Combehay, near Bath : Rev. C. C. Bab-
inoton. Wick Cliffs near Bath : Mr. Svvayne. — Wanvicksh. About Grafton
and Bilsley: Mr. Porton. — Wilts ; On Salisbury Plain: Dr. Martyn. —
Near Great Bedwyn : W. Bartlett, Esq. — Yorksh. Near Malton. — WALKS.
Anglesey ; On a gorsey bank, in a paik between Penlraelh and Llanddyfnau:
Rev. H. Davies.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root somewhat woody, running deep into the ground. Stems
several, round, striated, 2 or 3 feet long, at first procumbent, but
more upright when in flower, smooth, leafy, not much branched.
Stipuhn in pairs, egg-spear-shaped, terminated by a long point,
membranous at the edges, and sometimes fringed with a few hairs.
Leaves pinnate. Leafstalks furrowed above, slightly hairy, leaf-
lets 8 or 10 pairs, with an odd one; those of the lower leaves
elliptical, of the upper spear-shaped, or strap-spear-shaped, all of
them pointed, entire, smooth above, often a little hairy beneath.
Flower-stalks axillary, slightly hairy, ascending, longer than the
leaves, and each bearing a dense tapering spike of handsome,
variegated, crimson flowers, with numerous narrow membranous
bracteas interspersed. Calyx about one-fourth the length of the
corolla, with spear-shaped, hairy segments, the two upper of which
are distant ; the lowermost the shortest. Standard of the Corolla
(fig. 3.) egg-shaped, slightly notched at the end, partly bent back,
flesh-coloured, and striated with 8 or 10 deeper coloured lines;
wings (fig. 4.) very small, not half the length of the calyx, sp°ar-
shaped, red and white; keel reddish, with deeper coloured lines.
Legume upright, semi-orbicular, hard, bordered with sharp flat
teeth, hairy at the sides, and strongly reticulated with prominent,
partly spinous, ribs and veins.

Saint-foin has been long cultivated in France and other parts of the Conti-
nent, and as an agiicultural plant was introduced from the latter country in:o
England about the middle of the 17th century. It has since been a good deal
cultivated in the chalky district-, and its peculiar value is, that it may be grown
on soils unfit for being constantly under tillage, and which would yield little if
laid down in grass. This is owing to the long and descending roots which will
penetrate and thrive in the fissures of rocky or chalky substrata, which other
artificial grasses could not reach. The roots of tins plant have been known to
be Ironi 10 to 17, and even upwards of 20 feet long. Its herbage is said to be
equally suited for pasturage or for bay, and that eaten gteen it is not apt to swell
or hove cattle like the clovers or lucern. — Mr. A. Young says, that upon soils
proper for this plant, no farmer can sow too much of it ; and in The Code of
Agriculture it is pronounced to be “ one of the most valuable herbage plants
we owe to the bounty of Providence.” The soils best adapted to the growth of
this plant, are those which are dry, with a loose subsoil, namely, the several
sorts of chalks, hazel moulds, sands, and gravels, on any of which it succeeds
very well. The best time for sowing the seed is in February or March ; some
cultivators sow in April, and sometimes later; but the March sowing is by far
the most usual, and undoubtedly the best. See Baxter’s Lib. of Ayricul. and
Horlicul. Knowledge , and Don's Gen. Syst. of Ginn, and Dot.

. .

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I-K Del butd trf WBaxter, botanic Curd**. QjcfirdlZSS

(135.)

RU'BIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. TETRA'NDRlAf. Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Stellate, Linn. — Lindl. Syn. p. 128. Intr.
to Nat. Sy.st. of Bot. p. 202. — Rubia'ce.e, Juss.Gen. PI. p. 196. —
Sm. Gram of But. p. 126 Engl. FI. v. i. p. 196. — Rich, by Mac-
> gilliv. p. 459. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 519. — Syringales; subord.
Asterosa? ; sect. Rubiacin/E; type, RubiacE/e; Burn. Outl. of
Bot. PP. 990, 991, 902, & 914.

Gen. Char. Calyx none, or very small, superior, with 4 teeth.
Corolla (figs. 1 & 6.) of 1 petal, wheel-shaped or bell-shaped, in
4 or 5 deep segments, without a tube. Filaments (see fig. 6.) 4,
from the base of the corolla, shorter than its lunb, awl-shaped.
Anthers roundish, of 2 cells. Germen (fig. 2.) inferior, of 2 round
lobes. Style short, deeply cloven. Stigma capitate. Berry (figs.
3 & 4.) a smooth double globe. Seeds solitary, roundish, with a
central depression. The Jlowers have, in some instances, 5 seg-
ments, and as many stamens, (see fig. 1.)

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the superior, monopetalous, wheel-shaped or bell-shaped corolla,
and pulpy, 2-lobed, 2-seeded berry.

One species British.

RU'BIA PEREGRI'NA. Wild Madder.

Spec. Char. Leaves 4, or more, in a whorl, elliptical, smooth,
and shining on the upper surface, the margin and keel rough with
reflexed prickles. Flower 5-cleft.

Engl. Bot. t. 851. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 158. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 65. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 181 . Engl. FI. v i. p. 211. — \\ ith. (7th ed). v. li. p. 228.
Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. ‘185. — Lindl. Syn. p. 131. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 65. —
Davies’ Welsh Bolanology, p. 15.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p.6l. — FI. Devon,
pp. 27 & 163. — Rev. G.E. Smith’s PI. of 3. Kent. p. 9. — Curt. Brit. Entomol.
v. vii. t. 327. — Alack. Catal. of PI. of Ire!, p. 18. — Rubia sylvesfris aspera, qua:
sylvestris Dioscoridis, Bay’s Syn. p. 223.

Locai.itifs. — In thickets, and on stony or sandy ground in the south-west of
England. — Cambridqesh. Crahmarsh, near Wisbeach : Rtv. R. Rklhan. —
I'umberlund ; Near Keswick: Mr. Hut-ion. — Devon ; In h dges about llsing-
ton, Ashburton, Chudleigh, Marychurch, Torquay, Sidmouth, Exmputh, &c.
On rocks near the bridge at Bideford on the road between Wesileigh and Bide-
lord ; and about the neighbourhood of Barnstaple: Dr. Wavell. Near the
Devil’s Point at Stonehouse, near Plymouth: Mr. E. Forster, jun. About
Teignmouth and Exeter: L. W. Dii.lwyn, Esq. Common in the hedges near
Dawlish: Dr. Maton. — Dorset; Hedges in Purbeck ; and between White-
church and Milbourn St. Andrew s : Dr. Pulteney. In Portland : Mr. Lam-
bert. At Hod Hill, on the side next the river, in the parish of Stourpain, near
Blandford; Wareham on a mud wall; and at Somerpill, near Chapel : Parkin-
son.— Gloucestersk. In Stokes Wood opposite St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol:
Rev. G. Swayne. — Hantpsh. About Ride in the Isle of Wight. Very plentiful
in the under-cliff between Luccomb and Bonchurch: Mr. J. Woods, jun. —
Kent ; On the Cliffs at Dover, east of the caves : L. W. Dillwyn, Esq. About

Figs. 1 & 6. Corolla. — Fig. 2. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Figs. 3 & 4.
Berries. — Fig. 5. The Root.

* From ruber, red; from the red dye afforded by the species, especially the
Rubia tinctorium, which produces the true Madder, or Turkey red of com-
merce. Dr. Hooker.

+ See Aspera In odorrita, folio 46, note f<

Langdon Bay, and Lydden Spout near Dover: Mr. J. Woods, jun. — Mon-
mouthsh. At Persfield near Chepstow: Sir T. G. Cullum. — Somersetsh. In
Leigh Wood near Bristol ; and near Watciiet: Mr. E. Forster, jun. Hedges
about Dunster: D. Turner, Esq. — Sussex; Offham Hanger near Arundel ;
and above Houghton Chalk Pits: W. Borrer, Esq. — WALES. Anglesey;
Below the old Park near Beaumares; Carreg Onen: Rev. H. Davies. — Cardi-
gansh. Near the Devil's Bridge: Mr. J. Woods, jun. — Carnarvonsh. Glod-
daeth : Mr. Pennant. Llandidno Rocks ; and in the fissures of the Rocks on
North side of Penmaen Mawr : Mr. Griffith. — IRELAND. Rocks on Howth
and at Killiney Hill ; also on limestone rocks at Muckruss, Killarney : Mr.
J. T. Mackay.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root (fig. 5.) creeping, fleshy and tender, penetrating deeply into
the fissures of rocks ; its outer coat of a tawny colour. Stems se-
veral, climbing, 4-angled, the angles set with prickles which point
backwards, perennial and partly shrubby. Leaves elliptical or
spear-shaped, evergreen, even and shining on the upper surface,
prickly at the edges and along the mid-rib on the under side, from
3 to 6 in a whorl, but mostly 5. Flowers yellowish-green, in forked
terminal panicles. Calyx wanting. Corolla (fig. 1.) concave but
shallow, mostly 5-parted, but occasionally 4 or 6. Germen smooth.
Berries juicy, in pairs, black and shining ; one of them often abor-
tive. The plant in climbing up the rocks and through the shrubs
supports itself by means of the prickles on the angles of the stem,
and under the margins and mid-ribs of the leaves. This species
is said to possess the same qualities as the Cultivated Madder
( Rubia tmctorium), but in a less degree.

The Natural Order Stellat.e, is composed of dicotyledonous herbaceous
plants, with whorled leaves, without stipulse : square stems; roots staining
red; and flowers minute. They have a superior, 4-, 5,- or 6-lobed calyx ; a
monopetalous, wheel-shaped or tubular, regular corolla (fig. 1.), the number of
its divisions being equal to those of the calyx, into which it is inserted. The
stamens are equal in number to the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with
them. The ovary (fig. 2.) is simple, and 2-celled ; the ovules solitary and erect ;
and the style is simple, with 2 stiymas. The fruit (figs. 3 & 4.) consists of a
dry indehiscent pericarpium, with 2 cells and 2 seeds. The seeds are upright
and solitary; the embryo straight in the axis of horny albumen ; the radical
inferior ; and the cotyledons leafy. See Lindl. Jntrod. to Nat. Syst. of Hot.

p. 202.

“ Happier, in my judgment,

The wandering Herbalist, who, clear alike
Erom vain, and, that worse evil, vexing thoughts,
Casts on these uncouth forms a slight regard
Of transitory interest, and peeps round
For some rare floweret of the hills, or plant
Of craggy fountain ; what he hopes for wins,

Or learns, at least, that ’tis not to be won :

Then, keen and eager, as a fine nos’d hound
By soul-engrossing instinct driven along
Through wood or opeu field, the harmless man
Departs, intent upon his onward quest !

No floweret blooms

Throughout the lofty range of these rough hills,
Or in the woods, that could from him conceal
Its birth-place.” — WonDswoniu.

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G1ECH0MA HEDERACEA GROUND TSY
Pul d by W. Baxter Botanic Garden. Oxford. 1SSS.

IP. Del

C Mathews Sc

(136)

GLECHO'MA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DtDYNA'MiAf, GymnospermiaJ.

Natural Order. Labiatas §, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 1 10. — Sm. Gram,
of Hot. p. 99. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Lindl. Syn. p. 196. Intr.
to Nat. Syst. of BoL p. 239. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 439. — Bentham
in Bot. Reg. (1329).— Loud. Hort. 'Brit. p. 528.— Syringales ;
sect. Menthinas ; type, Mentiiacea?; subty. Nepetidas ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 958, 968, 972, & 973.— Verticillatas,
of Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubular, cylin-
drical, striated, permanent, with 5 unequal, pointed, marginal teeth.
Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, ringent; tube slender, compressed;
upper lip upright, blunt, cloven nearly half way down ; lower lip
larger, in 3 spreading, blunt segments, the middle segment broad-
est and cloven. Filaments 4, under the upper lip, two longer than
the other two. Anthers , before bursting, (see fig. 2.) approaching
in pairs, and forming a cross. Germen (see fig. 3.) superior, small,
4-cleft. Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, curved under the upper
lip. Stigma in two pointed divisions. Seeds 4, egg-shaped, in the
bottom of the permanent calyx.

Distinguished from other genera, with a nearly regular 5-toothed
calyx, in the same class and order, by the 2-cleft upper lip of the
corolla ; and the anthers cohering by pairs in a cross-like manner.

One species British ||.

GLECHO'MA HEDERA'CEA. Ground-Ivy. Gill. Alehoof.
Tunhoof. Cat’s-foot.

Spec. Char. Leaves kidney-shaped, crenate.

Engl. Hot. p. 853. — Curt. FI. Lond. 1. 143. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 807. — Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nded.) p.254. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.625. Engl. FI. v. iii. p.88.—
With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 707. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 374. — Lindl. Syn. p.
199. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.278. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 84. t. 28. — Mart. FI.
Bust. t. 61. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 307. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 183.— Abbot’s
FI. BedC. p. 128. — Thornton's Fam. Herb, p.572. — Purl. Midi. FI. v. i. p.268. —
Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p.238. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 181. — Grev. FI. Edin.
p. 130. — FI. Devon, pp. 98 & 144. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 131. — Walk.
FI. of Oxf. p. 164. — Curt. Brit. Kntom. v. iii. 1. 125. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel.
p. 55. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 40. — Calatnintha humilior, folio rotundiore, Ray’s
Syn. p. 243. — Hedera terrestris, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 856.

Localities. — In dry shady places, under hedges, and by roadsides. Commoai
Perennial. — Flowers in April and May.

Roots creeping, with long leafy runners. Stems numerous, leafy,
square, more or less ascending, unbranched, hairy, the hairs bent
downwards. Leaves opposite, on long footstalks, somewhat kidney-
shaped, bluntly crenate, veiny, paler underneath, with numerous

Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigma, with
part of the calyx.

* From gluku, Gr. sweet wine ; as affording a pleasant beverage. Wither.

t See Lamium album, folio 31, note f. t See folio 31, note f.

$ See Ajuga replans, folio 94, a.

)| It is remarked by Sir .1. E. Smith, in The English Flora, that “ few pe-
rennial herbs vary so much in size ; and hence authors have formerly made se-
veral species. The extremes may be seen in the plates of Ri vinos and Vaii.-
lant,” vol. iii. p. 89.

small resinous dots, which yield an aromatic oil. The bases of the
2 opposite leafstalks are connate, and form a membranous, ciliated
ring round each joint of the stem. Flowers blue, with a white
palate, about 3 together, on short, branching, axillary peduncles.
Bracteas very small, awl-shaped, at the base of the flower-stalks.
Dr. Stokes observes, in “ Withering’s Botanical Arrangements,”
that the stamens are occasionally imperfect, consisting of filaments
only half the usual length, terminated by a reddish blunt point ;
sometimes they are furnished with anthers, pale brown, containing
no pollen, and scarcely broader than the filaments. When the an-
thers are perfect they form a cross, or the shape of the letter X.

The whole plant is more or less downy, with an agreeable fra-
grance, and a bitterish taste, somewhat aromatic. It was formerly
in considerable estimation, and supposed to possess great medical
powers. In obstinate co' ghs it is still a favourite remedy with the
common people ; but it is seldom prescribed by medical practi-
tioners, and is wholly discarded from the materia medica of the
London College. Mr. Ray gives a remarkable instance of its
efficacy in removing a violent and inveterate head-ach by drawing
the juice of the plant up the nostrils. The leaves were formerly
thrown into the vat with ale, to clarify it, and to give it a flavour ;
this was called gill-ale ; and thus prepared, was often drank as an
anti-scorbutic. Linnaeus informs us, in his Flora Suecica , p. 202,
that it gradually expels plants which grow near it, and thus im-
poverishes pastures. It is said to be hurtful to horses, if they eat
much of it. According to Linnaeus, sheep eat it, horses are not
fond of it, and it is refused by cows, goats, and swine. The ex-
pressed juice, mixed with a little wine, and applied morning and
evening, destroys the white specks upon horses’ eyes.

Little protuberances, composed of many cells, are sometimes
found upon the leaves, and are occasioned by insects, especially
gall-gnats, Cecidomyiw, Latra, Tipulce, Linn. Phalcena libatrix
and Cynips glechome live upon it. Withering.

Anthidium manicatum , Curt. Brit. Entom. v. ii. t. 6 1 , (Apis mani-
cata of Linn.) may occasionally be detected in the act of collecting
the lomentum from this and other plants furnished with short
woolly hair or down, for the purposes of nidification.

A small parasitical fungus, Puccinia Glechomatis of Link, in
Willd. Sp. FI. v. vi. pt. ii. p. 71, is not uncommon on the under sur-
face of the leaves of this plant in the neighbourhood of Oxford.

If the Botanical Student will examine the leaves of plants during the Spring
and Summer months, he will frequently find, especially on their under surface,
many curious and beautiful species of minute fungi, which, if examined with
a good microscope, will display more beauty of colour, and elegance of form,
than many of the larger and more conspicuous productions of the vegetable
kingdom. “ Those,” says the author of The Naturalist's Poetical Com-
panion, “ who have once tasted the pleasure, that the examination of these
minima of citation afford . will not he deterred from the pursuit by the laugh of
ignorance, or the fastidiousness of pretended superiority.”

How sweet to muse upon the skill display’d
(Infinite skill !) in all that I Ik has made:

To trace in Nature’s most minute design

The signature and stamp of l’ower Divine. — Cowper.

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. (137.)

CRO'CUS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria+, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Irioe e J. Dr. R. Brown. — Lind. Syn. p. 254 ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 260. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 408. —
Loud. Hort. Brit p. 137. — Irides, Jus. Gen. PI. p. 57. — Sin. Gr.
of Bot. p. 76. — EnsaTvE, Linn. — Ker, in Annals of Botany, v. i.
p. 219.— Musales ; sect. Narcissinte ; type, IriihcejE; subty.
CrociDjE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 137, 441, 450, & 451.

Gent. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1 *.) radical, of 2 unequal, mem-
branous, tubular sheaths, single-flowered. Corolla ( PerianthiumJ
(fig. 2.) superior; tube (see fig. 2*.) cylindrical, upright, 3 or 4
times the length of the limb, which is regular, in 6 elliptic-oblong,
equal segments, 3 of them partly internal. Fdaments 3, in the
mouth of the tube (see fig. 3, a.) shorter than the limb. Anthers
(see fig. 3, b.) arrow-shaped, upright. Germen at the root, in-
ferior, roundish. Style (see fig. 3, c.) thread-shaped, very long,
rising as high as the stamens. Stigmas (see fig. 3, d.) 3, dilated
upwards, variously folded, jagged, or many-cleft. Capsule (fig. 4.)
membranous, of 3 cells, and 3 valves (fig. 5.). Seeds (fig. 6.)
several, globular.

The inferior corolla with a very long, slender tube ; a 6-parted,
equal, inflated, upright limb ; and the 3, plaited, many-lobed
stigmas ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class
and order.

Four species British.

CRO'CUS NUDIFLO'RUS. Naked-flowering Crocus.

Spec. Char. Stigma upright, within the flower, in 3 deeply
lacinated tufted segments. Flowers unaccompanied by leaves.

Engl. Hot. t. 491. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 41. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 47. — With.
(7th ed.) v. ii. p. 95. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 195. — Litidl. Syn. p.255. —
Hook. Brit. FI. p. 17. — Purt Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 6. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selectaj,
p. 4. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 11. — Crocus speciosus, Engl. Bot. Snppl. t. 2752. —
Crocus montanus autumnalis, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 154. — Colchicum com. -
mune, Deering’s Catal. of Plants growing about Nottingham, p. 57.

Localities. — In sandy inundated meadows. Very rare — Lancash. About
a mile and a half from Liverpool, on the road to Allerton: Mr. Shepherd,
Curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden. Meadows near Warrington: Mr.
Wilson. — Nottinghamsh. “ In the greatest profusion, between Nottingham
Castle and the river Trent, in meadows whose soil is naturally sandy, hut from
the annual overflowings of the river it is converted into nearly equal parts of
sand and clay. There this plant enamels some acres of ground every Autumn,
and has been mistaken by strangers for a piece of water.” Rev. Mr. Becher,
in Eng. Bot. — Stajffordsh. At Shut-end, near Dudley : Rev. W. T. Bree. In
the second field from the south-east corner of Wolstanton Church-yard, near
Newcastle: Oct. 1829, Mr. A.R, Burt, of Chester. — Warwicksh. In Pigwell
fields and Lammas fields, Warwick: Mr. VV. G. Perry. — Yorksh. Pastures
near Halifax : Rev. Mr. Wood.

Figs. 1 & 2. A Plant in flower, showing the Bulb, the membranous, tubular
Sheaths, and the Corolla. — Fig. 3. Part of the Tube of the Corolla opened verti-
cally to show the 3 Filaments, a ; the Anthers, b ; the Style, c; and the deeply-
lacinated tufted Stigma, d. — Fig. 4. A Capsule. — Fig. 5. A transverse section
of ditto. — Fig. 6. A Seed. — Fig. 7. A Plant in leaf.

* From croce, Gr a thread or filament, from the appearance of the saffron
of the shops, which is the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus. Dr. Hooker.
f See folio 56, note t- 1 See Iris Pseud-acorus, folio 82, a.

Perennial. — Flowers in October.

The root is a small, round ish,§ solid bulb, coated with the remains
of the sheathing bases of the leaves of the former season, and
sending out long scaly runners. The leaves are long, narrow, strap-
shaped, and smooth, with a narrow whitish stripe along the middle
on the upper surface ; keeled, and somewhat revolute on the under.
The flowers are in perfection early in October, a month or six
weeks before the leaves appear, from which circumstance some au-
thors have named this species Crocus aphyllus, the flowers being
perfectly destitute of leaves. The tube of the corolla is from 9 in-
ches to a foot long ; the limb of a fine deep purple. The stigma is
enclosed within the flower, it is of a deep orange colour, and its
segments are deeply subdivided into from 7 to 12, generally 9r
nari’ow strap-shaped lobes (see fig. 3, d.). The capsule is ellipti-
cal, and stalked, ripening in May.

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. A. It. Bort, late of Chester, but now
of Reading, Berks, for bulbs of this species of Crocus; he dug them up in
a field near Wolstanton church-yard, and sent them to the Oxford Botanic
Garden in October, 1829, where they have annually flowered, and from one of
which the drawing for the accompanying plate was made.

THE HARVEST CROCUS.

“ When Ceres with a liberal hand
Her bounty deals around,

And rural Labour’s joyful band
Behold their wishes crown'd ;

When Flora’s gaudier beauties fade |

That bore the bell in Spring,

And Silence holds the sylvan glade
Where Music wont to king ;

When swallows on the house-top meet
In council to prepare
For warmer climes, the voyage fleet
Through distant fields of air;

Meek Flowret then, we greet thy birth.

In yonder sheltered bed.

Where smiling on the lap of earth,

Thou lift’st thy purple head.

Poor Orphan ! no parental leaves
Protect thy infant bloom,

Thee Fortune of that boon bereaves ;

1 hey met an early doom 1
Thy nakedness with pitying eye
The gentle Cow'slip sees,

And spreads her verdant mantle nigh,

To screen thee from the breeze.

Thy vernal sister || sprang to light.

The lengthening day to cheer,

But thou remain’st to charm our sight,

When Winter’s gloom draws near.” — T. Stott.

§ Professor Burnett observes, in his Outlines of Botany, p. 450, that “ the
intermediate caudex of the Crocus, which is usually considered as a solid bulb,
is rather a rhizoma, from the bottom of which the roots p.oceed, and upon which
the buds are situated ; this axis neither lengthens upwards nor downwards to any
considerable extent, for the buds separate and the old thizotua perishes.”

|| Crocus Vernus.

.

.

,

//

is a

HUTCHINSIA FETR . JiOCK m/TCJfJN'SlA. 0

C Ma lh*n 3* LcltrSc. Tub*\y W Baxter BoVamc Garden Oxford IS 3d

(138.)

HUTCHI'NSIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia f, Siuculo,sa+.

Natural Order. Crucifer.® §, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 138. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 498. — Crucifer® ;
subord. Pleurorhi'ze® ; tribe, Thlaspide®,op Pleurorhi'ze®
Angustise'pt® || ; Lindl. Syn. pp. 20, 21, & 27. ; Introd. to Nat.
Syst of Bot. pp. 14 to 18. — Loud, llort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499 ; Mag.
of Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 143 & 240. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceados® ;
tribe, Thlaspide® ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, & 857.

Gen. Char. Calyx equal at the base, of 4 spreading, elliptical,
■concave, equal, deciduous sepals. Corolla of 4, inversely egg-
shaped, undivided petals. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 6, simple. An-
thers roundish. Germen (see fig. 1) oval, compressed. Style
various. Stigma blunt. Pouch ( siliculaj (fig. 3.) elliptic-oblong,
transversely compressed, nearly entire, of 2 cells ; valves (fig. 2.)
keel-shaped, not bordered ; partition (fig. 4.) narrow, crossing the
greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds (see fig. 4.) 2, or more, in
each cell, pendulous, egg-shaped ; cotyledons accumbent.

Distinguished from other genera, with accumbent cotyledons
(o=), in the same class and order, by the nearly entire pouch, and
keeled valves destitute of a border ; the 2-seeded cells ; and simple
filaments.

One species British.

HUTCHI'NSIA PETR'E'A. Rock Hutchinsia.

Spec. Char. Leaves pinnate, entire, smooth. Petals scarcely
longer than the calyx. Stigma sessile. Pouch blunt at both ends.

Brown, in Alton’s Hortus Kewensis, v. iv. p. 82. — Ilook. Kl. Lond. t. 31.—
Sm. Kng. Fl.v. iii. p. 168. — Lindl. Syn. p. 28. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.296. — Walk.
FI. of Oxf. p. 184. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, aud Bot. v. i p. 193. — Lepidium
petrae'v.m, Engl. Bot. t.l 11. — Jacq. FI. Austr. t. 131.— Linn. Sp. PI. p.899, —
Huds. FI. Angl. (2nded-) p.280. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p 681. — With. (7th ed.)
v. iii. p. 767. — Purt. Midi- FI. v. ii. p. 740. — Nasturtioluvi montanum, Gray's
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.692. — Nasturtiolum montanum annuum tenuissime divi-
sum, Bobart, in Ray’s Syn. p. 304.

Localities. On limestone rocks, and walls. Rare. — Derbysh. In Dove-
dale: Rev. W.T. Bree —Somcrselsh. On the locks about Goram’s Chair,
about five miles from Bristol: IliciiAiir) Kavek, and J . Sum a no. On St.
Vincent’s Rocks, Biistol: Hudson, and Dr. John Ford. At Uphill: Hud-
son.— Yorksh Rocks near the Waterfall at Burton in Bishopdale, Wensley
Dale: Mr. Brunton. — WALES. Carnarvonsh. Walls at Gloddaeth: Rev.
H. Davies. On rocks and stone fences above Llandudo ; not rare: N. J.
Winch, Esq. in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Ilist. v. ii. p. 281.— Denbighsh. On various
parts of the ruins of Castle Dinas Bran, at Llangollen : Mr. W.Chiusi v, jun. in
Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. vi. p.52: — Glamoryansh. On the wallsof Pennard Castle:

Fig. 1. A separate Flower, shewing the Calyx, Corolla, Stamens, and Ger-
,men.— Fig. 2. One of the Valves of the Pouch.— Fig. 3. A Pouch, with the
valves separating and shewing the Septum or Partition, and the Seeds —Fig. 4.
The Septum and Seeds, the valves being removed — Fig. 5. A Seed, with the
outer coat taken off to show the accumbent cotyledons. All magnified.

* So named, in honour of Miss Hutchins, of Belfast : see next page,
f See Draba verna, f. 38, n. f- + See Crambe maritima, f. 107, n. f .

§ See Draba verna, f. 38, a. || Augustus, narrow; septum, a partition.

I/. W. Dii.lwyn, Esq. — Pembrokesh. A weed on the walls at Stockpole: Mr.
Milne. On a limestone wall about two miles from Pembroke : Mr. Adams.
Tenby: Countess of Aylesfobd.

Annual. — Flowers in March and April.

Root fibrous. Stems one or more, from 2 to 4 inches high, up-
right, leafy, branched, spreading, smooth, or finely downy. Leaves
dark green, elegantly pinnate, or rather very deeply pinnatifid,
with an odd lobe or leaflet. Flowers white, very minute, in a close
corymb, which lengthens out into a bunch or raceme as the fruit
ripens. Calyx and Corolla spreading. Sepals egg-shaped, con-
cave. Petals narrow, about as long as the sepals, generally entire,
but sometimes slightly notched at the tip. Pouches in longish
clusters, spreading, egg-shaped, compressed, at first entire, tipped
with the sessile stigma , but as they advance to maturity, the point
of each valve becomes slightly elongated or dilated, making a
small notch to contain the somewhat elevated stigma. Seeds 2 in
each cell.

Sir J. E. Smith observes, “ that this plant has the pouch of a
Lepidium, according to the original idea of that genus, being
‘ emarginate and many-seeded but the cotyledons being accurn-
bent (o=), not incumbent (o||), oblige us to take advantage of the
seeds not being solitary, as in Lepidium better defined, to separate
it, along with others whose seeds are still more numerous as a dis-
tinct, though not very natural, genus. See Hooker and De Can-
dolle.” It was designated Hutchinsia, by the celebrated Botanist,
Dr. R. Brown, in honour of the late Miss Hutchins, whose me-
mory will long be cherished by Botanists, and whose name has also
been conferred, by Professor Agardh, on a genus of marine plants ;
Conferva ; see Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. i. p. 334.

Miss Hutchins’ botanical discoveries in the neighbourhood of
Belfast have often been celebrated, and her premature death is de-
plored by all who knew her. “ In her,” says Mr. Dawson
Turner, in his very beautiful work, Historia Fucorum, “ Botany
has lost a votary, as indefatigable as she was acute, and as success-
ful as she was indefatigable.” None but those who had the plea-
sure of her acquaintance, “ can appreciate her many amiable
qualities ; her liberality, her pleasure in communicating know-
ledge, her delight in being useful, the rapture she felt in tracing
the works of the Divine Hand, and the union iu her of those vir-
tues, which embellish and improve mankind.”

“ In ev’ry season of the beauteous year
Her eye was open, and with studious love
Read the divine Creator in His works.

Chiefly in thee, sweet Spring, when ev’ry nook
Some latent beauty to her wakeful search
Presented, some sweet flow’r, some virtual plant.

In ev’ry naliv'e of the hill and vale

She found attraction, and where beauty fail’d,

Applauded odour or commended use.” — Ilunuis.

PETASITES VULGARIS. COMMON BUTTER-BUR 11

l-R-Bel Pub d by WSaxter. Botanic Carden. Oxford ll&S. ClfalUn Sc.

(139.)

PETASI'TES* * * * §.

Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia§, Polyga'mia, Su-
pe'rflua +.

Natural Order. Composite § ; tribe, Corymbiferas|| ; Juss. —
Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197
& 199. — Composite; subord. Jacobete; Loud. Hort. Brit. pp.
520 & 521. — Synanthe'rete ; tribe, Corymbifer^e ; Rich, by
Macgilliv. pp. 454 & 455. — Corymbifer.®, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI.
pp. 177 & 180. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. pp, 121 & 123. Engl. FI. v. iii.
p. 334. — Syringalks ; subord. Asteros^e ; type, Asteracea;;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, & 926.

Gen. Char. Nearly diaceous. Involucrum ( common calyx )
(see fig. 2.) cylindrical, imbricated with two rows of spear-shaped
scales. Corolla compound, discoid ; florets (figs. 3 & 4.) all tu-
bular, with 5, rarely but 4, equal segments. Filaments (see fig. 3.)
5, very short. Anthers (see fig. 5.) united into a cylindrical tube.
Germen (see figs. 4 & 5.) inversely egg-shaped, often imperfect.
Style (see fig. 5.) thread-shaped. Stigmas (see figs. 4 & 5.) 2,
prominent, strap-shaped when perfect, thick and short when abor-
tive. Seed-vessel none, except the hardly altered, finally reflexed
calyx. Seed oblong, compressed. Down (pappusj (fig. 6.) sim-
ple, sessile. Scape many-flowered.

Distinguished from Tussilago (see folio 91.) by the discoid co-
rolla. and many-flowered scape.

One species British.

PETASI'TES VULGA'RIS. Common Butter-bur^f. Pestilent
Wort**.

Spec. Char. Panicle dense, egg-oblong. Leaves heart-shaped,
unequally toothed, 3-ribbed at the base, the lobes approximating,
downy beneath.

Parkinson’s Theatrum Botanicum, p. 419. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 473. —
Hook. Brit. FI. p. 359. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 25. — Tussilago Petasites, Eng. Bot.
t. 431. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 134.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1215.— Huds. FI. Angl.
(2nd ed.) p. 364.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 880. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 425. — With.
(7th ed.) v. iii. p.934. — Lind. Syn. p. 147. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.477. — Sibth.
FI. Oxon. p 261. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 181. — Port. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 408. —
Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 340. — (look. FI. Scot. p. 242. — Grev. FI. Edin. p.
177. — FI. Devon, pp. 138 & 159. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 47. —
Walk. FI. Oxf. p.239. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 73. — Petasites, Ray’s
Syn. p. 179. — Johnson's Gerarde, p. 841. — Var. p. T. Petasites fecmina, Hook.
FI. Lond. t. 129. — T. hybrida, Eng. Bor. t. 430 — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1214. — Huds.
FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 364. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 879 — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i.
p. 476. — Pert. Mull. FI. v. ii. p. 408. and v. iii. p. 376.— Perry’s PI. Varvic.

Fig. 1. Petasites vulgaris, Var. a. — Fig. 2. Three Flowers of Var. 8- — Fig.
3. A separate Floret, opened vertically to shew the stamens. — Fig. 4. A se-
parate Floret, shewing the germen and pappus. — Fig. 5. The Stamens, Ger-
men, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Seed and Pappus.

* From petasos, Gr. a covering to the head, or an umbrella ; from the great

size of its foliage: Dr. Hooker.

+ See Tussilago fdrfara, f. 91. n.f. 4 See Achillea Ptarmica, f. 36. n. 4.

§ See Prendnthes muralis, f. 27, a. || See Achillea Ptarmica, f. 36, a.

If From the leaves being used formerly to wrap up butter in.

** From its supposed efficacy in the plague.

Select*, p. 70. — Petasites major, Jloribus pediculus long is insidentibus, Dill,
in Ray’s Syn. p. 179. Hortus Elthamensis, p. 309. t. 230.

Localities. — In moist meadows, and copses, and on the banks of rivers and
wet ditches. Not uncommon. Variety 3 occurs in the same places, but is more
rare. — Cheshire; Near Stockport : Mr. G. Holme. — Cheshire side of the Tame
below Staley Bridge: Mr. Bradbuky. — Durham ; On the banks of the Der-
went, at Derwent-haugh : N. J. Winch, Esq. Near Darlington: Mr. E.
Robson. — Lancash. Very common about Manchester; the banks of the Irwell
are crowded with it: Mr. Caley.— Leicestersh. Dishley-Mill, near Lough-
borough : Dr. Arnold. About Leicester, nearly as common as variety a : Dr.
Pulteney. Woolsthorpe: Rev. G. Crabbe. — Lincolnsh. Grantham : Rev.
G. Crabbe. Horncastle, and Hemingby : Rev. R. Rei.han. — Northumber-
land ; Banks of the Tyne at the foot of Scott’s Wood Dene ; in Walbottle Dene,
and near Haltwhistle : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts; Plentiful in the Mill-yard
at Lenton in the road to Woollaton Hall: Dr. Deerino. — Warwicksh. On a
willow bed at Hoo-mill; and on the side of the Avon at Bidford Grange: T.
Purton, Esq. — Yorksh. Near the river Wherf between Ilkley and Skipton :
Teesdale. Near Leeds, plentifully: Rev. W. Wood. Banks of Ure, &c.
Ripon : Mr. Brunton. Near Sleningford ; also Magdalene Banks near Tan -
field: Rev. J. Dalton.

Perennial. — Flowers in April.

Root thick and fleshy, creeping extensively, and sending down
numerous long fibres, which are thickest towards the extremity.
The leaves come after the flowers, and are the largest of any British
plant, being, when full grown, nearly a yard in diameter ; they are
all radicle, and stand on thick, upright foot-stalhs ; they are of a
rounded heart-shaped figure, cut away at the base close to the la-
teral ribs, doubly or unequally toothed along the margin ; yellowish-
green above ; downy, not very white, beneath. Flower-stalk
f scape J stout, hollow, clothed with concave tumid foot-stalks ,
bearing rudiments of leaves in their lower half, which gradually
become spear-shaped bracteas above. Flowers pinkish, in a dense
egg-shaped, or oblong, panicle, constituting a true thyrsus, (which
in variety /3 becomes very much elongated after flowering, and,
when in seed, making a very elegant appearance). Some plants
have all the florets with perfect germens, in which case the stigma
is deeply cleft and strap-shaped, and the anthers are imperfect and
not united ; others have imperfect germens, when the stigma is
very much incrassated and egg-shaped, tuberculated, and very
slightly notched, whilst at the same time the anthers are perfect,
united or syngenesious, purple, with white pollen. The former,
with the perfect germens, producing no seed, have almost univer-
sally gone by the name of Tussilago hybrida (see fig. 2.) ; and the
latter by that of T. Petasites (see fig. 1.). As these plants fre-
quently grow separate, the fruit is rare ; but nature has made
ample amends, and by the long creeping roots this species is mul-
tiplied, and proves very destructive to pasture lands.

The roots abound with a resinous matter. They have a strong smell, and a
bitterish acrid taste, and were formerly used as a remedy in pestilential fevers,
but are neglected in modern practice. Horses, cows, goats, and sheep, eat this
plant ; and its large leaves afford shelter from showers to poultry and other small
animals. The early flowering of this plant induces the Swedish farmers to plant
it near their bee-hives ; bat as it encreases very fast by its large horizontal roots,
which run deep into the ground, it is very difficult to extirpate, and, on that ac-
count, is one of the worst of plants to introduce into a garden. Mr. Curtis
informs us, that a piece of Butter-bur root only two inches long, and the thick-
ness of the little finger, after having been planted 18 months, was dug up, when
it appeared that many shoots had extended six feet, and penetrated two feet in
depth ; the whole, washed from the surrounding dirt, weighed eight pounds.
See Sm. Eng. FI. ; With. But. Am; and Hook. Brit. Ft.

HSYSOSPLE^NIUM OFPOSITIFOLIUM . COMMON' GOLDEN1- SAXIFRAGE ll
[R.dd Pui* by WBajCa; Botunic Carim Oxford. lS3i CUttheuMc

(140.)

CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM * *.

Linnean Class and Order. Deca'ndria, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Saxifra'geje, Dec. — Lindl. Syn. p. 66 ; In-
trod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 49. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 511. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Saxifrage, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 308. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 163. — Rosales ; sect. Crassulin^e ; type,
Saxifragaceas ; subty. Heucherida: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp.
614, 730, 733, & 734. — Succulentas, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calxjx (see fig. 2.) superior, of 1 sepal, in 4 or 5
deep, unequal, spreading, permanent, internally coloured, seg-
ments ; the opposite ones the narrowest. Corolla none. Fila-
ments (see fig. 2.) 8 or 10, awl-shaped, upright, very short, from
the mouth of the calyx. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. Germen
(fig. 1.) inferior, roundish ; prominent at the summit. Styles
(fig. 1.) 2, awl-shaped, spreading, the length of the stamens.
Stigmas obtuse. Capsule (fig. 3.) of 1 cell, and 2 valves, beaked
with the permanent styles, and surrounded with the calyx turned
green. Seeds (fig. 4.) roundish, numerous, small.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the 4- or 5-cleft, somewhat coloured, superior calyx ; the want
of a corolla ; and the 2-beaked, many-seeded capsule ,

The terminal flower, being generally 5-cleft, with 10 stamens,
regulates the class, as in Adoxa, folio 42.

Two species British.

CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM OPPOSITIFO'LIUM. Common Golden-
Saxifrage.

Spec. Char. Leaves opposite, roundish-heart-shaped, cre-
nated. Flowering-stem upright ; flowers corymbose.

Engl. Bot. t. 490. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 138. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 569. — Huds.
FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 178. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 448. Engl. FI. v. ii. p.
260. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.527. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 537. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 67. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 190. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 220. — Sibth. FI. Oxon.
p. 137.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 93.-Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 210.— Hook. FI. Scot,
p. 128. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 93. — FI. Devon, pp. 71 & 168. — Johnston’s FI. of
Berwick, v. i. p. 94. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.227. — Walk.
FI. of Oxf. p. 119. — Perry’s PI. Varvic.Selectae, p.38. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 19.—
Mack. Catal. of PL of lrel. p. 40 ,—Saxifraga aurea, Ray’s Syn. p. 158. —
Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 841.

Localities. — In watery shady places, and by the sides of rivulets. Not un-
common.— Oxfordsh. On Shotover Hill, near the Spring; Shotover Planta-
tions: Dr. Sibthori>. Abundant in an old fish-pond in Shotover Plantations,
a little below the Ochre Pits ; May 10, 1835. Also in a wet ditch between the
Ochre Pits and the Plantations: W. B. In Horspath Lane : Rev. R. Walker,
B. D.— Bedfordsh. At Evershott: Rev. C. Abbot. — Devon; In wet, shady.

Fig. 1. Germen and Styles. — Fig. 2. A Flower, a little magnified, shewing
the 8 Stamens and 2 Pistils. — Fig. 3. Capsule and permanent Calyx. — Fig 4.
A Seed.

* From chrysos, Gr. gold; and splen, Gr. the spleen-, in reference to the
golden colour of the flowers, and the supposed virtue of the plant in diseases of
the spleen. Don.

t See Saponaria officinales, folio 37, note f.

and boggy situations; common: FI. Devon.— Durham : In watery places in
woods: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Essex; Common about Woodford, in moist
woods, and near springs: Mr. Warner — Gloucestersh. Common about the
lanes and streamlets near Painswick: Mr. O. Roberts. — Hants ; In dark and
rocky hollow lanes about Selborne: Rev. G. White. — Kent ; In Jud’s Wood,
near Feversbam : Mr. J acou. Abundant in the boggy parts of Charlton Wood :
Mr. W. Curtis. — Lancash. Moist heaths about Manchester: Mr. Caley.
About Gateacre, near Liverpool: Dr. Rostock. — Leicestersh . Near Grooby
Pool : Rev. A. Bloxham, in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 167. —Notts ; In a ditch
on the left hand side of Woodlane, coming from Nottingham, in a close called
the Boycroft ; also in a ditch on the left hand going from St. Anne's Well
through the lower coppice: Dr. Dee ring. —Norfolk ; Copse on Polinglatid
Heath near Norwich: Mr. Piichford. — Somersetsh. In damp places at St.
Catherine, Batheaston, Lyncombe, Langridge, &c.: Rev. C. C. Babington. —
Surrey: In moist copses between Shalt'ord and St. Martha’s Chapel : Rev. S.
Palmer, in Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. ii. p. 266. — Warwic/csh. Sambourne ; and
Great Alne: Mr. Purton. Crackley Wood, near Kenilworth. A short dis-
tance up the rivulet which crosses the Kenilwoith road about half a mile from
Leek Wootton : Mr. W.G. Perry. — Wilts ; NearGreat Bedwyn: W. Bart-
i.ett, Esq.— Worcestersh. Abundant in the shallow plashy rills on the Mal-
vern Hills: Mr. E. Lees, in Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 161. — Yorksh. Wood
near Richmond : L. E. O. in Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 169. — Berwick ; Sea-
banks beyond the sandy Beds : Thompson. Ord Mill, &c. : Dr. Johnston. —
WALES. In the Isle of Anglesey; Rev. H. Davies. — Brecknocksh. Near
Penpont ; and about Llangoed, plentiful: H. Woolecombe, Esq. Ch. Ch. —
SCOTLAND. In boggy and shady places; also in springy places on the
mountains; common: Lichtfoot, Hookfr, and Greville. — IRELAND.
Margins of clear springs in shady places; common: Mr. J. T. Mackay.

Perennial. — Flowers in April and May.

Roots fibrous, creeping. Stems angular, somewhat succulent,
upright, about four inches high, beset with a few stiffish hairs ;
branched and forked at the top. Leaves all opposite, on foot-
stalks, spreading, of a roundish or kidney-shaped figure, with a
few white stiffish hairs on the upper surface, crenate, somewhat
fleshy, of a yellowish-green colour, lighter underneath. Flowers
bright yellow, in a terminal, leafy corymb ; small, mostly 4-cleft
and octandrous.

Professor Burnett observes, (Outlines of Botany, p. 735), that
Chrysosplenium was once famed for its supposed influence over
melancholy, and other presumed diseases of the spleen. It is said
to be both aperient and diuretic, but not very powerfully so, as
would seem to be shewn from its common use as a salad in the
Vosges, where it is freely eaten under the name of Cresson de
Roche.

Cowper says,

“ The spleen is seldom felt where Flora reigns.”

And Dr. Cullen informs us that he has cured weak stomachs by engaging
the persons in the study of Botany, and particularly in the investigation of our
native plants.

Then,

— 1 — “ At early morn

Court the fresh air, explore the heaths and woods,

And, leaving it to others to foretell,

By calculations sage, the ebb and flow
Of tides; and, when the moon will be eclipsed,

Do you, for your own benefit, construct
A calendar of flowers, plucked as they blow
Where health abides, and cheerfulness and peace.”

1U

Pul * ly WB&xTtr, 3 clinic Garden. Ox/*rd .

'•y

(141.)

CARDAMINE* * * * §

Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia f, Siliquo'sa*.

Natural Order. Cruci'ferte§, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 138. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p.498. — Cruci'ferac ; subord. Pleurorhi'ze/e||; tribe, Arabi-
DEA5, Lindl. Syn. pp. 20 & 22. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp.
14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499 ; and Mag. of Nat.
Hist. v. i. pp. 143 & 239. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceadosas ; sect.
Rhteadinte ; type, Brassicacete ; subtype, Arabid.e; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, 854, & 856. — Siliquosas, Linn.

Gen. Ciiar. Calyx (fig. 1) inferior, of 4 egg-oblong, blunt,
slightly spreading, deciduous sepals, 2 of them protuberent, in some
degree, below their insertion. Corolla cruciform, of 4 inversely
egg-shaped, rather upright, undivided petals (fig. 2), tapering at
the base into short claws. Filaments (fig. 3.) 6, awl-shaped, sim-
ple, the 2 shortest with a gland at the base, next the calyx. Anthers
small, oblong-heart-shaped, acute, recurved. German (fig. 4.)
strap-shaped, slender. Style (see fig. 4.) scarcely any. Stigma
blunt, entire. Pod ( siliqua ) (fig. 5.) sessile, upright, strap-shaped,
compressed laterally ; valves (see fig. 6.) 2, flat, without ribs,
scarcely narrower than the bordered partition, bursting elastically
from the base, and mostly revolute, (see fig. 6). Seeds (fig. 7.) egg-
shaped, not bordered, inserted alternately in a single row ; um-
bilical cord slender. Cotyledons accumbent, o=.

The linear (strap-shaped) pod; flat, nerveless valves, usually
separating with elasticity ; and the seeds with a slender umbilical
cord ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class
and order.

Five species British.

CARDAMINE PRATENSIS. Meadow Ladies’-smock. Cuckoo-
flower.

Spec. Char. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets of the radical ones round-
ish ; of the stem ones strap-shaped or spear-shaped, entire. Style
straight ; stigma capitate.

Engl. Bot. t. 776. -Curt. FI. Lond. t. 175.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 915.— Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p.294. — Sm. FI. Biit. v. ii. p. 699. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 189. —
With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 768.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 674. — Lindl. Syn. p.25.
—Hook. Brit. FI. p. 302. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 95. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 89.
t. 30. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v.i. p.349. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p. 205. — Abbot’s FI. Bedl.
p. 142. — Purt. Midi. FI. v.i. p. 301.— Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p.265.—
Hook. FI. Scot. p. 198.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 142. — FI. Devon, pp. 110 & 188. —
Johnst. FI. Berw. v. i. p. 143. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gaid. and Bot. v. i. p. 168.
— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 187. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 4. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel.
p. 61. — Curdamine, Ray’s Syn. p.299. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 259.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 4. Ger
men. Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. Pod, or Siliqua.— Fig. 6. The same, with the
2 valves separating from the base, and rolling upwards.— Fig. 7. A Seed.

* From kardia, Or. the heart ; and damao, G r. to subdue; from its pungent

acrimony; or perhaps diminished from kardamon, G r. water-cress ; its taste
being similar. Don.

t See Draba verna, f. 38. t See Erysimum cheiranthoides, f. 62.

§ See Draba verna, folio 38, a.

|| Pleuron, a side ; and rhiza, a root ; radicle at the side of the cotyledons.
Loudon.

Localities. — In meadows and moist places — Veiy common.

Perennial. — Flowers in April and May.

Root thickish, white, somewhat toothed, and furnished with nu-
merous fibres. Stem from 9 inches to a foot or more high, upright,
round, smooth, leafy, simple. Stem-leaves several, on long stalks,
each composed of 1 or more pairs of roundish, or heart-shaped
leaflets, which are toothed, or cut into several irregular unequal
angles ; stem-leaves of more numerous, and much narrower, leaflets ,
which are in general strap-shaped, or spear-shaped, entire, and
smooth ; the odd or terminal leaflets in all are the largest. Flowers
produced in a corymbose manner at the top of the stem, each on
a smooth, naked peduncle. Corolla large and handsome, either
light purple, flesh-coloured, or white. Petals inversely egg-shaped,
with a tooth or notch on the claw ; (see fig. 2). Anthers yellow.
Stigma capitate.

A variety with a double flower is not uncommon in gardens,
where it thrives best in a moist shady situation. This variety is
sometimes met with in a wild state. Mr. E. B. Hewlett, Nursery-
man, of Oxford, found several plants of it near a small rivulet in
Bagley Wood. It has also been found, by Mr. Aikin, in meadows
about Ross Hall, near Salop. By Dr. Withering, in a field S. W.
of the Tap-house at Hagley, Worcestershire. By Mr. Winch, in
fields near the vicarage at Keswick ; and by Mr. F. Russell, in
a lane at Brookfield, Bitton, near Teignmouth. — The leaflets are
frequently viviparous, producing new plants when they come in
contact with the ground.

This plant has the same sensible qualities as water-cress, though
in an inferior degree to it. The flowers, recent or dried, have been
reported to cure Epilepsy, but unhappily do not deserve such credit.
The dose of the powdered flowers is from a dram to two drams.
The juice expressed from the whole plant is considered an excel-
lent antiscorbutic in northern countries, where salt meat is much
used. According to the observations of Linnaeus, goats and sheep
eat this plant, cows are not fond of it, and horses and swine re-
fuse it.

“ This flower,” observes Miss Kent, “ has been usually described by the
Poets as of a silvery whiteness, which shows the season they have chosen for
their rural walks to have been a late one; as, in its natural state, it is more or
less tinged with purple, but becomes white as it fades, by exposure to the heat
of the sun.” — The flowers appear about the same time with the Cuckoo, whence
it is called the Cuckoo .flower ; and their covering the meadows as with linen
spread out to bleach, is supposed to be the origin of the other English name, now
extended to the whole genus. — “ They are associated,” says Sir J. E. Siui-ih,
" with pleasant ideas of Spring, and join with the White Saxifrage, the Cowslip,
Primrose, and Hare-bell, to compose many a rustic nosegay.”

Siiaksi’eare’s Cuckoo-buds are yellow, and are supposed to be the wild
Yellow Ranunculus. Indeed, he expressly distinguishes his Cuckoo-buds from
this flower.

“ When daisies pied, and violets blue,

And lady-smocks all silver-white,

And cuckoo buds of yellow hue

Do paint the meadows with delight.”

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(142.)

BU'XUS* *

Linnean Class and Order. Moncr'cia f, Tetra'ndria.

Natural Order. Euphorbia'ceas, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 220. ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. ofBot. p. 102. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.539. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 533. — Euphorbia, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 385. —
Sin. Gram, of Bot. p. 184. — Querneax.es; sect. Euphorbina:;
type, Euphorbiaceae ; subtype, Buxidas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp.
523, 600, 602, & 610. — Tricoccje, Linn.

Gen. Char. Flowers clustered, axillary. Barren Flowers [ figs.
1 & 2.). Calyx (see fig. 2.) of 3 roundish, blunt, concave, spread-
ing, coloured sepals. Corolla (see fig. 1 .) of 2 roundish, concave,
spreading petals, similar to the calyx, but rather larger. Filaments
4, awl-shaped, spreading, about the length of the petals. Anthers
(see fig. 1.) 2-lobed, incumbent. Rudiment of a Germen. Fertile
Flower (fig. 3.) from the same bud. Calyx inferior, of 4 roundish,
blunt, concave, spreading, permanent sepals. Corolla of 3 round-
ish, concave, petals, like the sepals, but larger. Germen superior,
nearly globular, with 3 blunt angles, or lobes. Styles (see fig. 3.) 3,
spreading, short, thick, permanent. Stigmas blunt, rough. Cap-
sule (fig. 4.) globular, with 3 spreading beaks, of 3 cells (fig. 5.),
and 3 valves (fig. 7.), bursting elastically. Seeds (fig. 3.) 2 in each
cell (see figs. 5 & 6), upright, parallel, oblong, slightly compressed ;
externally rounded.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
bv the barren flowers having a calyx of 3 sepals, a corolla of 2
petals, and the rudiment of a germen; and the fertile flower a calyx
of 4 sepals ; a corolla of 3 petals, 3 styles, and a capsule with
3 beaks, 3 cells, and 6 seeds.

One species British.

BU'XUS SEMPER VI'RENS. Common Box-tree.

Spec. Char. Leaves egg-shaped, convex ; their footstalks hairy
at the edge. Anthers egg-arrow-shaped.

Kngl. Hot. 1. 1341.— Linn. Sp. HI. p. 1394. — Huds. FI. A ngl. (2nd ed.) p. 417.
— Sm. FI. Hrit. v. iii. p. 1013. Kngl. FI. v. iv. p. 133. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.
252.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 262. — Hindi. Syn. p. 223. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.
402. —Curt. Brit. Kntomol. v. viii. t. 339. — Bab FI. Bath. p. 44. — Bkxus. Ray’s
Syn. p. 445. — Johnson’s Ueiarde, p. 1410.— Hunt. Evelyn’s Silva, p. 376.

Localities. — On dry chalky hills, in several parts of England. — Bedfordsh.
On the chalk hills near Dunstable, plentifully : Mr. Woodward. — Gloucester-
shire; At Boxwell in Coteswold : Kay. — Kent; AtBoxley: Ray. — Somer-
setsh. Near Bath: Rev.C.C. Baiungmin. — Surrey; On Box-hill near Dork-
ing, plentifully : Ray. — Wilts; About Great Beilwyn: W. Bartlett, Esq. —
Yorksh. Hedges about Kilburne near Coxvvold : Rev. Archdeacon Pierson.
A Shrub or Tree. — Flowers in April.

A very slow growing tree, but, if left to itself, attaining to the
height of from 12 to 20 feet. Leaves opposite, on very short,

Fig. 1. A Barren Mower a little magnified. — Fig. 2. The same, natural size. —
Fig. 3. A Fertile Flower. — Fig. 4. A Capsule. — Fig. 5 The same, with the
upper part of the valves removed to show the Seeds. — Fig. 6. The Capsule cut
transversely. — Fig. 7. The Valves separated. — Fig. 8. A Seed.

* Called by the Greeks puxas, from puca, Gr. dense, thick; but whether
the epithet was originally applied to the loliage, or to the compact nature of the
wood, may be questioned. Withering. — The Box is the badge of the Highland
clan Macintosh. The variegated kind marks the clan Macpiierson. Hooker.

1 See Bryonia dioica, folio 83.

somewhat downy footstalks, nearly egg-shaped, very entire, with a
broad shallow notch at the summit, of a shining dark green above,
concave, and paler underneath. Stipulas none. Flowers in the
axils of the leaves, in small tufts, of a pale yellow, or cream-colour.
Capsule globose, crowned with the 3 permanent styles.

It is not always easy, says Sir J. E. Smith, to draw the line of
distinction between the calyx and petals, which moreover vary oc-
casionally in number. In the accompanying plate, fig. 1. our drafts-
man has represented one of the sepals, as well as the two petals, a
mistake which was not observed till the whole impression of the
plate was struck off.

There is a variety of this shrub with a narrower leaf, Buxus an-
ijustifolia of Ray’s Syn. first observed by Mr. Doody, on Box-hill.

The leaves of the Box are deleterious to all animals that feed
upon them, except the Porcupine. Camels are said to be fond of
them, but if allowed to eat them they perish. They are reputed to
possess sudorific powers, and, made into a tincture, they formed a
once celebrated specific for intermittent fevers. The remedy was
kept secret by a German empiric until purchased by Joseph II. for
1500 florins, since when it has fallen into disuse. Olivier de
Serres recommends the branches and leaves of this shrub, as by
far the best manure for the grape, not only because it is very com-
mon in the South of France, but because there is no plant that, by
its decomposition, affords such a great quantity of vegetable mould.
The wood of the Box-tree is of more value than any other part, it
is of a yellowish colour, close-grained, very hard and smooth, and
is so heavy that it will sink in water. It is generally sold by weight,
fetching a high price. Not being apt to warp or split, it is well
adapted for the use of the turner. Combs, mathematical instru-
ments, knife-handles, tops, screws, button-moulds, and weavers’
shuttles are made of it.

There is no wood, perhaps, equal lo the English Box-wood for wood engrav-
ings, which, since the modern improvements in the art, and the plan of cutting
on the end of the block instead of the lengthway of the grain, is the most im-
portant purpose to which it is applied. Isolated Box trees may be occasionally
observed 15 or 20 feet high, and as many inches in girt. Single trees of such
dimensions may be seen in different parts of England.

There are two old Box trees now (June 27. 1835) growing between the Danby
Gateway and the New Library in the Oxford Botanic Garden, the largest of
which is 21 feet high, and its branches extend over a space of giound 18 feet in
diameter; the trunk measures 1 foot 11 inches in girt one foot from the ground,
and 1 foot 10 inches in girt at four feet from the ground, where it divides into
ttvo principal branches, one of which girts I foot 8 inches, and the other 1 foot
3 inches. On the Surrey hills and other districts in which t lie Box tree prevails,
they attain to a still larger size.

The Box-tree is often used (with other evergreens) for the internal decoration
of Churches at Christmas ; and the custom still prevails at Oxford of decorating
the inteiior of the Churches with sprigs of this shrub at Easter. Wordsworth
relates, that in the North of England it is customary at funerals to provide sprigs
of Box, which are thrown by each of the attendant mourners into the grave of
the deceased. The Box bears clipping remarkably well, and on that account it
is a favouiite for hedges, and formal figures. A dwaif variety is universally
cultivated for borders to flower beds.

Puccinia Buxi, beautifully figured in Dr. GrevU-le’s Scottish Cryptogamic
Flora , t. 17, is sometimes found on the leaves of the Box. Mr. Eow. Jenner
observed it abundantly on the under surface of the leaves of Box-tiecs in the
gaidens at Nuntham Courtney, near Oxford, in 1833.

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MERCURIA'LIS* *.

Linnean Class and Order, DrcE'ciAf, Ennea'ndria.

Natural Order. Euphorbia'cEjE, Juss. — Lindl. Synop. p.
220. ; Introd. to the Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 102. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p. 539. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 533. — Euphorbias, Juss. Gen. PI.
p. 385. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 184. — Querneales ; sect. Eu-
phorbina; ; type, Euphorbia'ce/e ; subtype, Euphorbidje ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp.523, 600, 602, & 604. — Tricocc,e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Barren Flowers. Calyx (fig. 1.) in 3 deep, egg-
shaped, concave, spreading segments. Corolla none. Filaments
from 9 to 12, hair-like, upright, nearly equal to the calyx. Jlntliers
(figs. 1 & 4.) of 2 globular lobes, bursting along the upper side.
Fertile Flowers (see fig. 6). Calyx as in the barren flowers. Co-
rolla none. Nectaries 2 awl-shaped pointed bodies, one placed on
each side of the germen, and pressed close to its furrows. Germen
(fig. 6.) superior, roundish, compressed, with a furrow at each
side, rough with hairs. Styles (see figs. 3 & 6.) 2, widely spread-
ing, tapering, rough. Stigma (fig. 3.) acute. Capsule of 2 globu-
lar lobes, and 2 elastic cells (see fig. 5). Seeds (see fig. 5.) one in
each cell, globular.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the barren floioers with a deeply 3-cleft calyx ; no corolla ; from
9 to 12 stamens , with anthers of 2 globose cells. Fertile flowers
with a calyx like that of the barren ones ; no corolla, 2 styles, and
a 2-lohed, 2-eelled capsule, with one seed in each cell.

Two species British.

MERCURIA'LIS PERE'NNIS. Perennial Mercury. Dog’s
Mercury.

Spec. Char. Stem perfectly simple. Leaves rough. Root
perennial, creeping.

Engl. Bot. t. 1872. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. . — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1465. — Huds.

FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 435. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 1083. Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 248.
— With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 513. — Gray’s Nat. Syst. v. ii. p. 261. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 223. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 438. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii. p. 620. — Sibth. FI. Oxon.
p. 133.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 216. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 481. — Kelh. FI.
Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 410. — Hook. FI. Scot, p.289. — Grcv. FI. Kdin. p.210. —
FI. Devon, pp. 160 & 136. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i p. 221. — Curt. Brit.
Entomol. v i. t. 28. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 298.— Bab. FI. Bath. p. 45. — Mack.
Calal. of PI. of Irel. p. 86. — Mercurialis perennis repens Cynocrambe dicta,
Ray’s Syn. p. 138. — Cynocrambe, Johnson's Gerarde. p.333.

Loca i.itiks. — In woods, copses, hedge banks, &c. Common.

Perennial. — Flowers in April and May.

Root creeping, white, very fibrous. Stem upright, unbranched,
square, about a foot high, leafy in the upper part. Leaves opposite.

Fig. 1. A Barren Flower. — Figs. 2 & 6. Fertile ones.— Fig. 3. Pistil. — Fig. 4-
A Stamen. — Fig. 5. Capsule.

* From the heathen deity, Mercury ; said by Puny to have been the dis-
coverer of this plant ; or rather, perhaps, of its powerful qualities : though possi-
bly the name may merely refer to the colour which the herb yields, in heraldry
so called. Withering.

t From dis, Gr. two ; and oicos, Gr. a house ; the 22nd class in the Arti-
ficial System of Linn.vus ; it contains those plants which have their stamens
and pistils in separate flowers, and those flowers situated on two sepaiate plants.

on short petioles, egg-shaped, acute, serrated, 2 or 3 inches long,
each accompanied at the base by a pair of small, awl-shaped, re-
flexed stipulas. Flowers yellowish-green, on axillary stalks, in in-
terrupted, slender, upright spikes, near the top of the stem ; in the
barren plant, longer than the leaves ; in the fertile one, concealed
among them. Flowers in the fertile or pistilliferous plant few ; in
the barren or staminiferous one numerous. There are 2 awl-shaped
bodies found occasionally on the opposite side of the germen, and
rising above the styles ; these are supposed to be the nectaries.
Whole herb rough with short, scattered, bristly hairs. The stami-
niferous and pistilliferous plants are rarely found intermixed, each
sort usually growing in large patches, whence it is most probable
that this plant propagates itself chiefly by roots.

This species of Mercury has a nauseous taste, and a heavy dis-
agreeable odour, and is very poisonous ; it has, nevertheless, been
eaten boiled as a pot-herb, when mixed with mucilaginous and
oily substances. Instances are however recorded of the fatal con-
sequences of its use occasionally in this country. In the 3rd edi-
tion of Ray’s Sxjnopsis, p. 138, there is an account of the case of
a man, his wife, and three children, who experienced deleterious
effects from eating it fried with bacon. Sheep and goats eat it ;
cows and horses refuse it. In drying, it turns blue. Steeped in
water, it affords a fine deep blue colour ; but no means have been
discovered by which it can be fixed.

Uredo conftuens, Grev. FI. Edin, p. 438, is not uncommon (at
least about Oxford) on the leaves of this plant.

Natural Order, Euphoubia'cea?. — This order is composed of
Apetalous, dicotyledonous trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants, most
of which contain a milky acrid juice. The leaves are alternate,
simple, rarely compound, and usually accompanied by stipulae.
The flowers are axillary or terminal, monoecious or dioecious ; and
usually furnished with bractecc ; sometimes they are enclosed within
an involucrum. The calyx is lobed, inferior, with various glandu-
lar or scaly internal appendages ; (sometimes wanting). In the
staminiferous flowers, the stamens are definite or indefinite, dis-
tinct or monad el phous ; and their anthers are 2-celled. In the
pistilliferous flowers, the ovarium ( germen J (fig. 6.) is superior,
sessile, or stalked, with 2, 3, or more cells. The ovules are either
solitary or in pairs, and are suspended from the inner angle of the
cell ; the styles are equal in number to the cells of the ovarium,
sometimes they are distinct, sometimes combined, and sometimes
they are wanting ; the stigma is either compound, or single with
several lobes. The fruit (see fig. 5.) consists of 2, 3, or more de-
hiscent cells, whicli separate with elasticity from their common
axis. The seeds are either solitary or in pairs (see fig. 5.) and are
suspended, with an arillus ; their embryo is enclosed in fleshy al-
bumen ; their cotyledons are flat ; and their radical superior. —
For an account of the important properties of this family of plants,

I beg to refer the reader to Dr. Lindley’s Introduction to the
Natural System of Botany , p. 103 — 6.

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ME'LICA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. TiuA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'ne.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gr.
of Bot. p. 68. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot.
p. 292. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Gra'min^e, Linn. — Rich, by
Macgilliv. p.393. — Sm. Eng. FI. v. i. p.71. — Gramina'les, Bum.
Outl. of Bot. p. 359.

Gen. Char. Panicle loose. Calyx (fig. 1.) of 2 unequal,
spreading, concave, ribbed, membranous, awnless glumes, contain-
ing 1 or 2 perfect florets, with the rudiments of 1 or 2 more (see
fig. 2, b.). Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 2 unequal, oblong, awnless pa-
le® ; the outer one largest, concave ribbed ; the inner flat, with
2 marginal ribs. Nectary (see fig. 4.) cup-shaped, at the base of
the germen. Filaments (see fig. 2, a.) 3, hair-like. Anthers pro-
truded, pendulous. Germen (see fig. 4.) roundish. Styles (see
fig. 4.) 2, elongated, distant. Stigmas oblong, woolly. Seed egg-
shaped, loose, covered with the loose hardened corolla.

Distinguished from other genera, with a loose panicle, in the
same class and order, by the calyx of 2 glumes containing 1 or 2
perfect florets, with the rudiments of 1 or 2 intermediate ones (see
fig. 3.) ; and the seed coated with the hardened corolla.

Three species British.

ME'LICA NU'TANS. Mountain Melic-grass.

Spec. Char. Panicle close, nearly simple, drooping. Flowers
pendulous. Spikelet with 2 perfect florets.

Engl. Bot. t. 1059. — Curt. FI. Fond. t. . — Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t. 42. —

Graves’ Brit. Grasses, t. 50. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 65. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 98. —
Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 37. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 92. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 1 12.
— With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 163. — Giay’s Nat. Arr. of Brit. PI. v. ii. p 111. —
Lindl. Syn. p. 307. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 37. — Leers’ FI. Herb. (2nd ed.) p. 25.
t. 3. f. 4. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 95. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 9. — Hook. FI.
Scot. p. 30. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 20. — FI. Devon, pp. 15 & 122. — Johnston’s FI.
of Berw. v. ii. p. 274. — Gramen avenaceum, locustris rubris, montanum, Bay’s
Syn. p. 403.

Localities. — In mountainous woods in the North of England, and in Scot-
land. Rare. — Cheshire; Frequent in woods; as Early Banks- wood, &cc. : Mr.
Biiadbuby. — Derbyshire ; Between Matlock and Newhaven : Mrs. Acland. —
Devon ; In a wood near Dolton : Dr. Waveli.. — Durham; Castle Eden Dean:
N. J. W inch, Esq. — Herts; Puckeridge : Dr. Maiityn. — Kent; In Charlton
Wood: Dr. Martyn. — Northumberland ; Teckel Wood at Simonburn : N.J.
Winch, Esq. — Somersetshire ; In Leigh Wood : Mr. Dyer. — Suffolk ; Woods
at Swefling, and North Glemham ; and elsewhere in this county : Hev. G.
Crabbe. — Westmoreland ; Near Kendal : Hudson. — Worcestersh In Bewd-
ley Wood, near Kidderminster : Rev. A. Bloxham .-—Yorkshire ; Mackershaw,
and Studley Woods: Mr. Brunton. Byland Wood near Coxwold: Rev.
Archdeacon Pierson. Woods between Thorp Arch and Wetherby : Rev. W.

F’ig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Three perfect Florets, with one neuter one, b. — Fig. 3.
A neuter Floret. — Fig. 4. Nectary, Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — All more or
less magnified ; fig. 3, highly so.

* From meli, Gr. honey : the seed being somewhat sweet. Withering.
t See Phalaris cauamensis, folio 56, note f.

Wood. Helk’s Wood, Ingleton : Mr. Woodward. Grass-wood, near Giass-
ington, in the neighbourhood of Kilnsay: Mr. W. Curtis. — WALES. Den-
bighshire; Lower part of Garreg Wen Rocks, close to the river near Garn :
Mr. Griffith. — SCOTLAND. Berwickshire', Gatehcugh: Mr. W. Laird. —
In Lord Brf.aoai.banf.’s Woods at Ardmaddy, in Nether-Lorn: Kev. J.
Lioiitfoot. On banks in Angus-shire : Mr. D. Don. Rosslyn Woods, plen-
tiful : Mr. Arnott, and Dr. Grevillf..

Perennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Root fibrous, somewhat creeping. Culm ( stem j from 1 to 2 feet
high, simple, upright, leafy, rough, striated, somewhat angular, of
a purplish colour towards the bottom. Leaves at the base of the
culm short, scale-like, brownish ; as they ascend becoming longer
and narrower, a line and half broad, roughish, with a very short
stipula (ligula.) Panicle 2 to 4 inches long, bending down a little,
with the flowers inclining one way, for the most part simply race-
mose ; but sometimes divided in the lower part. Peduncles hair-
like, pressed close to the rachis, flexuose, upright, somewhat downy
when magnified, especially just under the spikelets, where they
are somewhat thickened. Calyx glumes nearly equal, egg-shaped,
very concave, of a deep purple-brown, containing 2 perfect florets,
besides 1 or 2 blunt, long-stalked, neuter ones, which are very
minute. Palece of the corolla unequal, outer one large, concave,
egg-shaped, many-ribbed ; the inner one broad, flat, and much
shorter. Filaments quite distinct. Anthers yellow. Germen broad-
egg-shaped, pellucid. Styles naked below ; spreading, and fea-
thery above. Nectary of two little scales, fleshy, and truncated.

This is a very elegant grass, and is not unworthy a place in the
flower garden. It may be easily cultivated and increased, by part-
ing and planting its roots in the autumn ; but it has little preten-
sions to be regarded for its utility.

Mr. Pennant, in his Tour to Scotland, informs us, that in the
Isle of Rasa this grass is made into ropes for fishing-nets, which
are remarkable for lasting long without rotting. — Cows, horses,
and goats, eat it.

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UENTA'RIA* * * * §.

Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia f, Siliquo'sa *.

Natural Order. Cruci'ferae§, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 138. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p.498. — Cruci'ferjE ; subord. Pleurorhi'ze.*: || ; tribe, Arabi-
deaj, Lindl. Syn. pp 20 & 22. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp.
14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499; and Mag. of Nat.
Hist. v. i. pp. 143 & 239. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceados^e ; sect.
RH.EADL\iE ; type, Brassicaceaj ; subtype, Arabidte ; Burn.
Out], of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, 854, & 856. — Siliquos.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 4 upright, egg-oblong,
blunt, deciduous sepals, equal at the base, approaching towards the
top. Corolla cruciform (forming a cross) , of 4 inversely' egg-shaped,
blunt, horizontal petals (fig. 2.), with upright claws shorter than
the calyx. Filaments (fig. 3.) 6, awl-shaped, simple, distinct, as
long as the calyx, two of them shorter than the other four. Anthers
(see fig. 3.) arrow-shaped, upright. Germen (fig. 4.) oblong. Style
short and thick. Stigma blunt. Pod ( siliqua ) (fig. 5.) sessile,
spear-shaped, compressed laterally, tapering upwards ; valves flat,
without ribs, narrower than the partition, bursting elastically from
the base, and mostly revolute (see fig. 6). Seeds (see fig. 6.) egg-
shaped, not bordered, disposed alternately in a single row ; their
umbilical cord broad. Cotyledons accumbent (o=), rather thick
(see fig. 7).

The lanceolate (spear-shaped) pod ; flat, nerveless valves, nar-
rower than the partition, and usually separating elastically from
the base; arid the seeds with a broad umbilical cord; will dis-
tinguish this from other genera with accumbent cotyledons, in the
same class and order.

One species British.

DENTA'RIA BULBFFERA. Bulbiferous Toothwort. Coral-
root. Toothed Violet.

Spec. Char. Stem-leaves alternate, lower ones pinnated ; up-
per simple, with axillary bulbs.

Eng. Bot. t 309. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p.984.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 912. — Huds.
FI. Angl. (3rd ed.) p. 285. — Sm. FI. Bril. v.ii. p. 696.— Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 186. —
With. (7th ed.) v.iii. p. 766. — Lindl. Syn. p. 25. — Hook Br. FI. p. 301. — Don’s
General Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. i. p. 172. — Curt. Brit. Eutomol. v.iii. 1. 144.
— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 187. — Cardamine bulbifera, Gray's Nat. Air. v. ii. p.
673.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 198. — Dentaria heptaphyllos bacci/era, Blackstone’s
Specimen Botanicuin, p. 17.

Fig. 1. The Caljx.— Fig.2. A Petal.— Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil. — F’ig. 4.
Germen, Style, and Stigma.— Fig 5. Pod, or Siliqua.— Fig. 6. The same, with
the valves separated from the base, and tolling upwards, showing the partition,
and the seeds with their dilated stalks or umbilical cords.— Fig. 7. A seed with
the tesla removed to show the accumbent cotyledons. — Fig. 7 a little magnified.

* From dens, a tooth ; from the tooth-like scales of the loot; for the same

reason it is called toothwort in English.

t tsee Draba verna, 1.38. } See Erysimum chciranthoides, f. 62.

§ See Draba verna, f. 38, a. || See Cardamine prutensis, f. |41. n, jj.

Localities. — In woods and shady places. Very rare. — Buckinghamshire ;
In the woods at Landwater, between Beacousfield and High Wycombe: Hud-
son, and Mr. Gotobed. — Kent ; Sides of rivulets about Tunbridge Wells : Mr.
T. F. Forster, jun. Between Tunbridge Wells and Woodgate : Mr. J. Woods,
jun. — Middlesex ; In the Old Park Wood near Harefield, abundantly : Black-
stone. In the same place, in 1826: Mr. G. Charlwood, in Curt. Brit. En-
tomol. — Surrey ; In a wood three miles beyond Croydon near Woddington
towards the Downs: Merrett. — Sussex ; In High-reede and Foxhole Woods
near Mayfield : Parkinson. On the left hand rocks going to the High Rocks
at Tunbridge Wells from Mr. Fry’s, and on the sides of the rivulets: Forster.
— SCOTLAND. Near Dupplin: Mr. Shillinglaw, in Hook. FI. Scot.

Perennial. — Flowers in April and May.

Root creeping horizontally, whitish, fleshy, toothed, branched,
and subdivided. Stem simple, upright, from one to two feet high,
leafy. Leaves alternate, bright green, several of the lowermost pin-
nate, of 5 or 7 leaflets ; others ternate ; upper ones simple ; all
acutely spear-shaped, and variously serrated. Flowers large and
handsome, in terminal corymbs. Petals purple, flesh-coloured, or
white. Very dark coloured, scaly bulbs, are produced on the stem
in the axils of the upper leaves, these falling off take root and
become new plants, and by this means an ample increase is se-
cured, the plant seldom perfecting seed. If cultivated in a garden
it should be planted in a moist shady situation. It has become
perfectly naturalized in the British Arboretum of the Oxford Bo-
tanic Garden.

The genus Dentaria has, by some authors, been united with that
of Cardamine, (see folio 141); but that very excellent Botanist,
Professor De Candolle, has pointed out a character by which it
may be kept separate ; namely, by the spear-shaped pod, and di-
lated stalks ( umbilical cords J of the seeds, (see figs. 5 & 6.) ; this
is the more desirable, as “ the habit, magnitude, beauty, and pecu-
liar kind of root, mark it so distinctly.” In the General System
of Gardening and Botany, by Mr. Don, no less than 17 species,
natives of different parts of the globe, are described, some of which
are among the finest alpine plants of the Natural Order Crucifera:.

“ The love of Nature’s works
Is an ingredient in the compound man.

Infused at the creation of the kind.

And, though th’ Almighty Maker has th onghout
Discriminated each from each, by strokes
And touches of His hand, with so much ail
Diversified, that two were never found
Twins at all points — yet this obtains in all,

That all discern a beauty in His woiks,

And all can taste them. Minds that have been form’d
And tutor’d, with a relish more exact,

Rut none without some relish, none unmoved. ’’

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(146.)

SISY'MBRIUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. TETRADYNA'MiAf, Sfliquo'saJ.

Natural Order. Cruci'feRvE§, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sni.
Gram, of Bot. p. 138. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p. 498. — Cruci'fer.e; subord. Notorhi'zEjE||; tribe, Sisym-
nniF.A-: ; Lindl. Syn. pp. 20 & 29. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot.
pp. 14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 498 ; and Mag. of Nat. Hist,
v. i. pp. 143 & 240. — Rosales; subord. Rhceadosa?:; sect.
Rhaeadin.® ; type, Brassicace^e ; subty. SisymbriDjE ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, 854, & 858.

Gen. Chau. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 4 somewhat spreading,
oblong, concave, slightly coloured, deciduous sepals, nearly equal
at the base. Corolla (see fig. 2.) cruciform, of 4 oblong, blunt,
undivided, flat petals (fig. 4.), their claws nearly the length of the
calyx. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 6, thread-shaped, simple, distinct,
upright, 2 rather shorter than the other 4. Anthers oblong-heart-
shaped, a little spreading. Germen (see fig. 3.) strap-shaped,
slender, sessile. Style very short. Stigma capitate, notched, per-
manent. Pod ( siliqua ) cylindrical, or slightly angular; valves
strap-shaped, concave, wavy ; partition (dissepiment) narrow, mem-
branous. Seeds (see fig. 5.) ranged alternately, forming a single
row, numerous, small, egg-shaped, or oblong, not bordered. Coty-
ledons (see fig. 6.) flat, incumbent (o||), sometimes (according to
Dr. Brown) obliquely.

The nearly cylindrical pod; capitate notched stigma; and calyx
nearly equal at the base ; will distinguish this from other genera
with flat, incumbent cotyledons , in the same class and order.

Three species British.

SISY'MBRIUM IRIO^I. London Rocket. Broad-leaved Hedge-
Mustard.

Spec. Char. Stem and leaves smooth. Leaves runcinate,
toothed. Calyx and Pods spreading.

Engl. Bot. 1. 1631. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 311. — Jacq. FI. Austr. t. 322. — Linn.
Sp. PI. p. 921.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 297.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 705.
Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 197.— With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.773. — Lindl. Syn. p. 29. —
Hook. Brit. FI. p. 305. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 207.— Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.)
p. 267.— Hurt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 57. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 14-5. —
Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 190. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 62. — Sisymbrium
lutifolium, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.679. — Erysimum latifolium neapolita-
num , Bay’s Syn. p. 298.

Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Calyx and Corolla.— Fig. 3. Stamens, Germen, Style,
and Stigma.— Fig. 4. A separate Petal.— Fig. 5. A Pod, opening from the
base, and showing the two valves, the dissepiment, and the seeds. — Fig. 6. The
Seed, with the testa removed, showing the incumbent cotyledons. All, except
figures 1 & 5, more or less magnified.

* Sisumbrion was the Greek name of some aquatic plant. It appears to have
hid an agreeable smell. Ovid advises that Vesus should be propitiated with
garlands of myrtle, of ro*es, and of sisymbrium. It is, however, more p obably
derived horn sisibos, Gr. a fringe ; as some of the species have fringed roots.
Dov.

t See Dr aba verna, folio 38. f See Erysimum cheiranthoides, f. 62.

4 See Uraba verna. f. 38, a. || See Erysimum cheiranthoides, f. 62.

If From eruo, Gr. to cure ; see Erysimum, folio 62.

l,ocAi.niF».— Iii waste ground, on walls, and amongst rubbish. Very rare. —
Ocfordth. Under Merlon M all, and in Uo-e Lane, Oxford: Dr. Sibtmorp,

( 1794). 1 observed it in the same locality in 1818, but I have not seen it there

since ; it has. however, become perfectly naturalized, along with Erodium ma -
ritimum. on the south side of the Danby Gate, entering the Botanic Garden:
VV. B July lfi, 18,75 — Bucks ; Road-sides near Eton: Mr. Gotobi-d. — Cun i-
bridyesh. On walls at Wisbeach : Mr. Skkimshirk. — Derbysh. Wingfield
Manor: Pi r. kings on.— Essex ; At Kaulkbourn: Ray. — Middlesex ; About
London in various places ; as between the city and Kensington : also about
Chelsea: Ray. On walls at Brompton : Mr. BoRtirn. About Haggerstone,
and near Chelsea: Mr. F.. Forster, jun. On a bank opposite Shoreditch
Woikhouse; and between CheNea and London, plentifully: L. W. Dkewyn,
Esq. in Rot. Guide.— Northumberland ; On the walls of Berwick-upon-Tweed :
Ray, and N. J Winch, E?q. Most abundant at the Pier-gate: Dr. John-
rtoN. — IRELAND. By way-sides, and in wasteplaces, common: Mackay.
Annual. — Flowers from June to September.

Root small, whitish, simple or branched. Stem from 6 inches
to 2 feet high, upright, round, even, and generally smooth, though
occasionally somewhat downy, purplish towards the base, branched
at top, and often quite from the bottom, leafy. Leaves alternate ;
lower ones pinnatifid, runcinate*, unequally and variously cut,
toothed, or serrated, petiolated (stalked), spreading and flaccid, the
lobes generally pointed, the terminal one larger and longer ; the
upper ones spear-shaped, with an arrow-shaped base. Flowers in
corymbs, soon lengthening out into long racemes. Calyx spread-
ing and yellowish. Corolla small, yellow. Petals (fig. 4.) ob-
long, blunt ; claws upright, the length of the calyx ; limb widely
spreading. Pods slender, nearly cylindrical, about two inches
long, on short, hairy pedicels (flower-stalks). Seeds numerous,
very small, of a pale yellow colour, and being a little protuberant,
give the pods the appearance of being finely jointed ; a character
which readily distinguishes this species. The whole plant is of a
light green, with a hot flavour of mustard.

That celebrated Naturalist, the Rev. John Ray, F. R. S., &c. remarks,
that after the great fire of London, in the years 1667 and 1668, it came up abun-
dantly among the rubbish in the ruins. Dr. Morisov, Professor of Botany at
Oxford, who was living at that time, was particularly struck with so singular an
appearance, and in his Piceludia Bctanica has a long dialogue on this very
subject; in which he seems to argue, though certainly very unphilosophically,
for its production by spontaneous generation, from the fixed and volatile salts,
sulphur, &e, A circumstance somewhat analogous to the above occurred, this
season, in the Oxford Botanic Garden. During the time the alterations were
going on in the garden last year ( 1834), the rubbish was removed to a piece of
ground on the outside of the walls; this rubbish, as it accumulated, was set fire
to fiom time to time, and was frequently burning for two or three days together,
so that in the course of the season a considerable quantity of ashes was pro-
duced. Having received, in the Spring of the present year (1835), a valuable
collection of cuttings of nearly all the species of British Willows, from \Y.
Bokrf.ii, Esq. of Ilenfield, Sussex, this was the only piece of ground whiclt we
could appropriate to a salicetum ; and in order to prepare it for the reception
of the cuttings, the ashes were spread regulaily over the surface, and the whole
of it was trenched over ; in a shoit time, the very spot on which the rubbish was
burnt, produced an abundant, and very luxuiiant crop of Sisymbrium Jrio, and
that on a part of the garden w here I tiever remember to have seen it before.

* A leaf is said to be runcinate. when it is cut into several transverse, acute
fcegnye.ri.ta, whjch poji^t bagj.vr aids.

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(147.)

SO'NCHUS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Synqene'sia f, Poi.YGA^MJA
Equa'lis+.

jValural Order. Compo'sit Adanson. Tribe, Cichora'-
C.EjE, Lind. Syn. pp. 140 & 142 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. pp. 197 &
201. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Cichoraceas, Juss.
Gen. PI. p. 168. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe're,e,
Rich, by Macgilliv. p.454. — Syringales; subord. Asterosa=: ;
sect. Asterinte ; subsect. Asterian.® ; type, Cichoracea: ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 935. — Composite?,
Linn.

Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. 1.) oblong, im-
bricated with numerous, stjap-shaped, unequal, pointed scales,
swelling at the base. Corolla compound, imbricated, uniform ;
florets (fig. 2.) numerous, perfect, equal, strap-shaped, blunt, with
4 or 5 teeth. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 5, hair-like. Anthers (see
fig. 2, b.) united into a cylindrical tube. Germen (see fig. 2.) rather
inversely egg-shaped. Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, as long
as the stamens. Stigmas (see figs. 2 & 3.) reflexed. Seed-vessel
none, the permanent involucrum converging into a depressed,
roundish, pointed form. Seed (ahenium of Richard, ) (figs. 4 & 5,)
oblong, roughish. Down (pappus) simple, hair-like, sessile.
Receptacle (see fig. 6.) naked, dotted.

The simple, imbricated calyx, swelling at the base ; sessile, sim-
ple down ; and naked receptacle ; will distinguish this from other
genera, with strap-shaped florets, in the same class and order.

Four species British.

SO'NCHUS OLERA'CEUS. Common Sow-thistle.

Spec. Char. Flower-stalks cottony, somewhat umbellate. In-
volucrum smooth. Leaves runcinate ; upper ones spear-shaped,
clasping the stem by their arrow-shaped base ; all toothed.

Engl. Hot. t. 84.3.— Curt. FI. Lond. t. 123. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1116. — 1 1 mis.
FI. A ngl. (2nd ed. ) p. 336. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 817. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 343.
— With. (7lli ed.) v. iii. p. 884.— Cray's Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 419. — Lindl. Syn. p.
156 — Hook. Brit. FI. p 3o9.— I.ightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 428. — Sibth. FI. Oxon.
p.237. — Abbot’s FI. Bed!, p. 169. — Putt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 370. — Relh. FI
Cantab. (3rd edit.) p. 317. — Hook. FI. Scot, p.227. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 166.—

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A separate Floret, showing the germen, pappus, style,
and stigma, and the 5 united anthers, b. — Fig. 3. I’he 5 united Anthers, with'
their distinct Filaments and the Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. Seed and Pappus.—
Fig. 5. The same magnified. — Fig. 6. The receptacle.

* Sonclios, in Greek; from somphos, Gr. soft, in allusion to the soft nature
of the stems. Hr. Hooker.

t See Tussilago farfura , folio 91.

i From atqnus, equal in all parts : the first order of the 19th class of the
Linnean System ; comprehending all those plants with compound flowers, in
which each sepaiate floret is perfect, being furnished with its own perfect sta-
mens and pistil, and capable of bringing its seeds to maturity without the assist-
ance of any other floret,
d See Prenanthes mnralis, folio 27, a.

FI. Devon, pp. 1'29 & 154. — Johnston's FI. of Berwick , vot. i. p. 172. — Walk.
FI. of Ox I', p. 222. — Bali. FI. Hath, p 28. — Mack. (Jal.nl. of I’l.of liel. p.69. —
Satichus Icevis, Ray’s Syn. p. 162. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 292.

l.oCAT.niF.s. — In cultivated and waste ground. Very common.

Annual. — Flowers from June to September.

Root simple, tapering, fibrous, whitish, and milky. Stem from
1 to 3 feet high, upright, branched, round, smooth, hollow, leafy,
and very brittle. Leaves embracing the stem, smooth on both
sides, somewhat succulent, very variable in shape ; the lower ones
generally pinnatifid or runcinate, the terminal lobe large and tri-
angular ; the upper ones frequently entire, egg-shaped, pointed,
with a broad base; all more or less toothed, and sometimes very
prickly at the edges. Flower-stalks cymose or somewhat umbel-
late, axillary and terminal, clothed, more especially near the
flowers, with a peculiarly soft, white cottony web, which after a
while falls off, and leaves them smooth and naked. Bracteas few,
spear-shaped, partly toothed. Calyx smooth, glaucous, cylindri-
cal, and truncate before flowering, afterwards bellying out, and
forming a cone. Corolla pale yellow. Seed (fig 5.) oblong, flat-
tened, grooved, roughish. Down sessile, simple, very fine.

Few plants are subject to vary so much as the common Sow-
thistle. Sir J. E. Smith and Dr. Withering describe 7 va-
rieties ; namely —

1. Smooth Jagged Sow-thistle ; Sonchus lavis, Ray’s Syn. p. 162.

2. Smooth Broad Sow-thistle ; S. I avis minor , paucioribus laci-

niis , Ray’s Syn. p. 163.

3. Prickly Jagged Sow-thistle ; S. asper laciniatus, Ray’s Syn.

p. 163.

4. Prickly-dented Sow-thistle ; S. asper non laciniatus, Ray’s Syn.

p.' 163.

5. Round-leaved Sow-thistle ; S', subrotundo folio nostras, leevissi-

mis spinulis circa foliorum oras exasperatus. Dill, in Ray’s
Syn, p. 163.

6. Narrow-leaved Sow-thistle; S. arpvWoKavXts, angusto et ob-

longo folio nostras, per foliorum ambitum creberrimis spi-
nulis asperatus. Dill, in Ray’s Syn. p. 163.

7. Stemless Sow-thistle. This variety was found, by Dr. Wither-

ing, on Portland Island. The flowers were sessile close
upon the root. Possibly the effect of its maritime situ-
ation. Withering.

The whole plant is milky and bitter, and seems to have nearly the same pro-
perties as Dandelion and Succory ; but it appears to have been little regarded
as a medicine. It is a favourite food with ban s and rabbits ; and is said to be
eaten by goats, sheep, and swine, but not to be relished by horses. The young
tender leaves are in some countries boiled and eaten as gieens ; and it is even
affirmed, that the tender shoots of the smooth variety, boiled in the manner of
Spinach, are superior to any greens not in common use.

A very pretty parasitic fungus, Uretlo Sou eh; of Dr. G rfvjmf’s Flora
Edincnsis , p. 441 , is common on the under sutlace of the leaves of this spec,
a n,l Sonclws arvensi.s, in the summer.

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(148.)

HIERO'CHLOE* *.

Linnean Class and Order. TRiA'NDRiAf, Digy'ma.

Natural Order. Grami'ne.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 68. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot.

E. 292. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.542. — Gra'min.e, Linn. — Rich, by
lacgilliv. p. 393. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Gramina'i.es, Burn.
Outl. of Bot. p. 359.

Gen. Char. Panicle mostly loose. Calyx (fig. 1.) of 2, nearly
equal, egg-shaped, keeled, pointed, awnless, thin, membranous
glumes, containing a spikelet of 3 fiords (see fig. 2.) ; the terminal
one (fig. 2, a.) perfect ; lateral ones (fig. 2, b.) barren. Corolla
(see fig. 2.) of 2 unequal, permanently membranous, pale® ; the
outer largest, egg-shaped, firmer than the glumes, ribbed, often
rough, sometimes awned at the back ; inner much narrower, filmy,
awnless, cloven or notched at the summit, indexed at the margins.
Nectary (fig. 4.) a membranous scale, various in shape. Filaments
(see fig. 2.) hair-like, 2 in the perfect floret (fig. 2, a.) ; 3 in each
barren one (fig. 2, b.). Anthers (see fig. 2.) strap-shaped, promi-
nent, pendulous. Germen (fig. 3.) egg-shaped, small. Styles (see
fig. 3.) short, close together, distinct. Stigmas (see figs. 2 & 3.)
longer than the corolla, strap-shaped, feathery. Seed egg-shaped,
pointed, small, loose, the corolla remaining unchanged.

All the known species of this genus, which is a very natural
one, are remarkable for a fragrant scent when drying, resembling
that of Anthoxanthum (see folio 99.), but superior in degree, which
is esteemed in Sweden to have a narcotic effect. Sir J. E. Smith.

Distinguished from other genera with a loose panicle in the same
class and order, by the calyx of 2 glumes, containing 3 fiords,
the central one perfect, with 2 stamens ; lateral ones barren, with 3.
A permanently membranous corolla ; distinct styles ; and loose
seed.

One species British.

HIERO'CHLOE BOREA'LIS. Northern Holy-grass.

Spec. Char. Panicle upright, somewhat unilateral. Flower-
stalks smooth. Florets awnless ; outer valve of the Corolla ciliated
at the margin.

Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2641. — Reenter and Schultes Systema Yegetabilium,
v. ii. p. 513. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 731. — Sm. Fngl. FI. v. i. p. 110. — VY'ith.
(7th ed.) v. ii. p. 159. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.28. — Holcus repens, Host's Gram.
Austr. v. iii. t. 3. — Holcus odoratus, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1485; Flora Suecica, p.
363. — Poa, n. 53. Linn. flora Lapponica, (2nd ed.) p.30.

Fig. 1. The Calyx or Glumes. — Fig. 2. The 3 Florets; n, the intermediate
one; ft, one of the lateral ones. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 4.
Nectary.

* From ieros, Gr. sacred ; and chloa, or chlue, Gr. a grass; so called by
Gmeun, because, in some parts of the Ptussian dominions, it is dedicated to
the Virgin Mary, and strewed before the doors of the churches on festival
days ; as the Sweet flag, Acorns calamus, is in some parts of England. —
Dr. Hooker.

f See Phalaris canariensis, folio 56, note f.

Localities. — In valleys among the Highlands of SCOTLAND. — Forfar-
shire ; among the Grampians, in a narrow valley called Glen Kclla, where it
was discovered by the late Mr. G. Don.

Perennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Root creeping. Culms a foot or 18 inches high, upright, rownd,
smooth, leafy in the lower part. Leaves rather broad, flat, smooth
on both sides, rough at the margins ; those from the root strap-
shaped, attenuated ; from 4 to 6 inches long, revolute when dried ;
those of the culm spear-shaped, scarcely an inch long ; sheaths
from 2 to 6 inches long, smooth, with permanent ribs. Stipulas
short, broad, and rather blunt. Panicle upright, with slender,
somewhat wavy branches, directed most to one side. Spihelets
egg-shaped, greenish-yellow', variegated with purple or brown.
Florets 3 in each spikelet, inserted alternately on a very short,
smooth, wavy axis (see fig. 2.), the intermediate one (fig. 2, a.)
perfect and diandrous ; the 2 lateral ones (fig. 2, b.) barren and
triandrous. Glumes (fig. 1.) nearly equal, egg-shaped, pointed,
rather longer than the florets. Palece unequal ; outer one (fig. 2, b.)
largest, rough on the back, awnless, fringed at the margin ; inner
one very thin, white, filmy, about half as wide as the outer, spear-
shaped, concave, notched at the summit. Nectary (fig. 4.) deeply
cloven, with strap-shaped, pointed segments. Filaments very
slender, hair-like, white. Anthers yellow, strap-shaped, attached
by the middle, versatile. Germen (fig. 3.) somewhat spindle-
shaped, smooth, narrowing into the style, which is scarcely half
the length. Stigmas 2, strap-shaped, feathery. See Suppl. to
Engl. Bot. and Sm. Engl. FI.

This is an early flowering Grass, and is possessed of consider-
able nutritive property, yet the powerful creeping roots, its tender
nature, and the great deficiency of foliage in the Spring, are de-
merits which discourage the idea of recommending it to the
Agriculturalist. See Sinclair’s Hort. Gram. IVoburnensis.

It has an agreeable scent, resembling that of the swcct-scentcd
Vernal-grass, Anthoxanthum odoratum, (folio 99). Linnasus
informs us that it is a soporific, and sold in the towns in Sweden to
be suspended over the beds, and is supposed to induce sleep.

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POLEMO'NIUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Polemonia'ce®, Lindl. Syn. p. 168; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 219. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 443. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 526. — Polemo'nia, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 136. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 104. — Syringales ; subord. Primulos® ; sect.
Solani® ; type, Polemonia'ce® ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900,
958, 982, & 1000. — Campanace®, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, permanent, of 1 sepal,
divided into 5 broad, somewhat pointed segments. Corolla of
1 petal, wheel-shaped ; tube very short, closed at the top by 5 con-
vex, downy valves (see fig. 2.) ; limb large, dilated, spreading,
slightly concave, in 5 roundish, blunt, equal segments. Filaments
(see fig. 2.) 5, awl-shaped, inclining, shorter than the corolla, in-
serted upon the valves. Anthers terminal, upright, oblong, round-
ish after bursting. Germen (see fig. 3.) superior, egg-shaped,
pointed. Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, as long as the stamens.
Stigma in 3 pointed revolute segments. Capsule (figs. 4, 5, & 6.)
egg-shaped, of 3 blunt angles, invested with the permanent calyx,
of 3 cells, and 3 valves, opening at the top. Partitions contrary
to the valves. Seeds (figs. 7 & 8.) numerous, oblong, triangular,
attached to the innermost angle of each cell.

The 5-cleft calyx ; wheel-shaped corolla ; stamens inserted upon
the 5 teeth or valves which close the mouth of the tube ; and the
3-celled, 3-valved capsule, will distinguish this from other genera,
with a monopetalous inferior corolla, and numerous covered seeds,
in the same class and order.

One species British.

POLEMO'NIUM CiERU'LEUM. Blue Jacob’s Ladder. Greek
Valerian. Ladder to Heaven. Setwall.

Spec. Char. Leaves pinnate, smooth. Leaflets oblong-spear-
shaped. Flowers upright.

Engl. Bot. 1. 14. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 230.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 89. —
Sm. FI. Brit, v i. p.2t4. Engl. FI. v. i. p.286. — With. (7th ed.) p. 300. —
Lindl. Syn. p. 168. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 96. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 76. — Purt. Midi.
FI. v. i. p. 123. ; v.ii. p.731.; andv.iii.p 344. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 74. — Grev.
FI. Edin. p. 50. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 56. — Mack. Gatal. of PI. of Irel. p. 23. —
Polemonium vulgare, Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 341. — Polemonium vulgare
ceeruleum, Ray’s Syn. p.288. — Valeriana greeca, Johnson’s Gerar. p. 1076.

Localities. — On banks, in moist woods, and bushy places. Rare. — Oxford-
shire; Near the Plantations, under the Ochre-pits, at Shotover-hill : Dr. Sib-
thorp. On the side of the Woodstock road between the first and second mile-
stone from Oxford, 1819: W.B. Not to be found there now; the spot on which
I observed it growing, in considerable abundance, previous to 1820, is inclosed,

Fig. 1. Calyx and Pistil. — Fig. 2. The 5 Stamens, situated on the valves in
the mouth of the tube of the Corolla.— Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigma. —
Fig. 4. The Capsule. — Fig. 5. The same opening at the top. — Fig. 6. A trans-
verse section of the same, showing the 3 Cells and Partitions. — Fig. 7. A Seed.
— Fig. 8. The same magnified.

* From polemos, Gr. war. — According to Pliny this plant caused a war
between two kings, occasioned, as he says, by a disagreement that arose as to
which first discovered its uses. Professor Burnett.
t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note t-

and is now uuder cultivation : W. B. 1835. — Berksh. On a ditch-bank near
Windsor, but may possibly be the outcast of a garden : Mr. Gotobed. — Derbysh.
Matlock; Alfreton Brook: Mr. Coke. At the Lover’s Leap, Buxton: Mr.
Wood. By the side of the turnpike road in Bake well Meadows: Mr. Whatelv.
On the banks of the Wye between Buxton and Bakewell : Mr. O. Situs. Near
Haddon Hall: Mr. W. Chrisiy. Near Derby: Mrs. Aci.akd. Dovedale ;
Buxton; and near Castleton : Rev. W. T. Bree. — Lancash. In the Winyates
near Castleton: G. Crossfield, Esq. — Yorksh. Near Settle, Ingleton, and
Malcotnb Cove: Ray, and Teesdale. Gordale, plentifully: Mr. Brunton.
In a hollow place in the way from Gordale Scar to Maltham : D. Turner.
Esq. — SCOTLAND. On the coast two miles East of Queen’s-ferry, growing
with Arundo arenaria : Mr. Mauguan. In Arnistone Woods: Mr. Arnott.
Delvine Woods: Mr. Murray. Blackford Hill: Mr. Bainbridge. — IRE-
LAND. Knockmaroon Hill, near the Strawberry Banks: Mr. J. 1 . Mackay.
Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root fibrous. Stem upright, front 1 to 2 feet high, angular,
nearly smooth, leafy, hollow, unbranched ; panicled at the top.
Leaves alternate, each leaf composed of many elliptic-spear-shaped,
entire leaflets, with an odd one of nearly equal size. Flowers rather
drooping, numerous, their stalks a little downy. Calyx bell-shaped,
divided about half way down into five oblong, hluntish segments,
somewhat downy. Corolla between bell-shaped and wheel-shaped,
blue, frequently varying to white.

The root-leaves have the greatest number of leaflets ; they are
sessile, broadest at the base, and somewhat pointed at the summit.
The stem-leaves are of the same form, but decrease upwards in size.
Besides the variety with white flowers, LtnNjEUS mentions another
with variegated flowers ; and a third with variegated leaves.

It is a common plant in gardens, where it is easily increased,
either by seed, or by dividing the roots. It appears to prefer a
shady situation. Old authors reckon this among the valerians, with
which it has not the least affinity, either in Botanical characters,
sensible qualities, or medical virtues.

Polemonia'ceas. — The few plants which compose this Natural
Order, are herbaceous, monopetalous dicotyledons, with opposite,
or occasionally alternate, compound, or simple leaves ; and upright
stems, or occasionally, as in Cobcea, a climbing one. Each flower
is composed of an inferior, monosepalous, 5-parted, permanent
calyx, which is sometimes irregular ; a regular, 5-lobed corolla ;
5 stamens inserted into the middle of the tube of the corolla, and
alternate with its segments ; a superior, 3-celled ovary, with a few
or many ovules, which are ascending or peltate ; a simple stifle ;
and 3-lobed stigma. The fruit is a 3-celled, 3-valved, few- or
many-seeded capsule, with a loculicidal or septicidal dehiscence ;
the valves separating from the axis. The seeds are angular or oval,
or winged ; sometimes they are enveloped in mucus, and covered
with spiral threads. The albumen is fleshy or horny, the embryo
sttaight, in the axis of the albumen ; the radical inferior ; and the
cotyledons foliaceous, elliptical, or plain.

Polemonium caruleum is the only British example of this order.

Most of the Polemonidcece are desirable plants for the flower-
garden, many of them, as the various species of Phlox, Gilia, and
Polemonium, being very ornamental.

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(150.)

LAPSA'NA* * * * §.

Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia f, Polyga'mia
Equa'lisJ.

Natural Order. Compo'sit>e§, Adanson. Tribe, Cichora'-
CEA2, Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. pp. 197 &
201. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Cichorace.e, Juss.
Gen. PI. p. 168. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe'reaj,
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 454. — Syrtngales ; subord. Asteros^e;
sect. Asterinas: subsect. Asteriana2; type, Cichoracea-: ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 935. — Composite?,
Linn.

Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. 1.) double, egg-
shaped ; outermost of a few small, short, egg-shaped or strap-shaped,
scattered, close scales ; inner of rather more numerous, strap-shaped,
channelled, keeled, pointed, nearly equal, permanent ones. Corolla
compound, imbricated, uniform ; florets (fig. 2.) several (about 16),
perfect, equal, strap-shaped, broadish, blunt, with 5 teeth. Fila-
ments (see fig. 3.) 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers united into a
cylindrical tube. Germen (see figs. 2 & 3.) rather oblong, small.
Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigmas
spreading. Seed-vessel none, except the permanent, converging,
inner calyx. Seed (figs. 4 & 5.) oblong, slightly angular, fur-
rowed, smooth. Down none. Receptacle (fig. 6.) naked, flat,
narrow.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the small scales at the base of the involucrum ; the naked
receptacle ; and the quickly deciduous seeds destitute of down.

Two species British.

LAPSA'NA COMMU'NIS. Common Nipple-wort. Swine’s
Succory. Dock Cress.

Spec. Char. Calyx after flowering angular. Stem branched,
panicled, leafy. Leaves egg-shaped, stalked, toothed. Flower-
stalks slender.

Engl. 13ot. t. 844.— Curt. l'l. Lond. t. . — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1141. — Huds.

FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 347.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 842. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 377. —
With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 903.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.414. — Lindl. Syn. p.

Fig. 1. Involucrum, or common Calyx. — Fig. 2. A separate Floret. — Fig. 3.
The 3 Filaments, with the Anthers united, forming a tube, through which the
style passes. — Fig. 4. A Seed. — Fig. 5. The same magnified.— Fig. 6. The
Receptacle, with 5 of the scales of the involucrum.

* From lapazo, Gr. to purge ; from its laxative qualities. IIookeb.

Dr. Withering says, that “ Lapsand yivere” is proverbial, signifying to
live hard ; in allusion to C/esah’s army, which is reported to have sustained life
for some time at Dyrrhachium by using the roots of this herb; but our plant
being annual, and its roots little more than fibrous, we apprehend the passage
of Pliny, xix. 9, must refer to some other vegetable. Bot. Arr.

t See Tussilago farfara , folio 91. { See Sonckus oleraceus, folio 147.

§ See Prenanthes muralis, folio 27, a.

157. —Hook. Brit. FI. p.348. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 444. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon.
p. 242.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 173.— Port. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 370.— Relh. FI.
Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 326.— Hook. FI. Soot, p.234. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p. 170. —
FI. Devon, pp. 132 & 156. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 176. — Walk. FI. of
Oxf. p.227. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 28. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 71. —
Lampsana, Ray’s Syn. p. 173. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 255.

Locautiks. — Very common, both on waste and cultivated ground.

Annual. — Flowers from May to August.

Root small, tapering, branched, tough, and fibrous. Stem soli-
tary, from 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, upright, roundish, striated, branch-
ed, leafy, hollow, nearly or quile smooth in the upper part, hairy
in the lower. Leaves alternate, pliant and thin ; those at the
root, and on the lower part of the stem, petioiated, egg-shaped,
and often furnished with 1 or 2 pair of pinnulse ; those higher up,
spear-shaped ; uppermost strap-shaped, sessile ; all more or less
hairy, and toothed at the margin. Panicle repeatedly divided,
upright. Flower-stalks round, naked, smooth, of equal thickness
throughout, each accompanied by a strap-spear-shaped, pointed
bractea at its base. Calyx smooth, somewhat cylindrical ; outer
scales small, egg-shaped ; closely embracing the base of the inner,,
which are, generally, 8 in number. Flowers small, bright yel-
low; florets from 15 to 18. Styles purplish. Stigmas dark pur-
plish green.

The English name, Nipple-wort , alludes to an old idea of the
herb curing sore breasts ; for which Camerarius reports that it
has been used in Prussia. The young leaves in the Spring have
the taste of radishes, and are eaten by the inhabitants of Constan-
tinople raw, as a sallad ; and in some parts of England they are
boiled and used as greens, but have a bitter and disagreeable
flavour. According to the observations of Linnaeus, cows, sheep,
horses, and swine, eat this plant ; goats refuse it.

A very pretty parasitical fungus, JEcidium Compositarum, of
Martius; 2E. Prenanthis, of Greville*, is very abundant on
the under surface of the radical leaves of this species of Lapsana,
in the neighbourhood of Oxford, in the months of April and May ;
and later in the season, both the radical and cauline leaves, fre-
quently become almost completely covered with a more minute
parasite, the Uredo Cichoracearum of Decandolle & Greville f,
which gives the plant the appearance of having been sprinkled all
over with a kind of dark rusty-coloured powder.

* Flora Edinensis, p. 445.

t Ibid, p. 435.

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(151.)

JEGOPO'DIUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta^'dria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Umbelli'fera:, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. Ill ; Introd. to Nat. Syst of
Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. —
Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; subord. Angelicos.® ; sect.
Angelicin^e; type, Angelicace.® ; subtype, Angelicid.® ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 762, 770, 773, & 774.

Gen. Char. Flowers (see fig. 1.) all perfect and prolific, the
outermost only slightly irregular. Calyx none. Corolla (see fig. 1.)
of 5 broad, inversely heart-shaped petals, inflexed at the point ;
the outer petal, of the marginal flowers, a little the largest. Fila-
ments (see fig. 1.) 5, thread-shaped, spreading, the length of the
petals. Anthers roundish. Germen (see fig. 2.) inferior, turbinate,
slightly compressed, furrowed, oblique, or not quite equilateral,
broadest at the top. Styles (see fig. 2.) at first short, upright,
tumid and egg-shaped at the base ; afterwards elongated, thread-
shaped, widely spreading and reflexed, reaching half the length
of the fruit (see fig. 5.), permanent. Stigmas capitate. Floral
Receptacle none. Fruit (fig. 5.) elliptic-oblong, solid, slightly
compressed at the side, crowned with the reflexed styles. Carpels
( seeds of Lirrn.J (fig. 4.) oblong, imperfectly cylindrical, slightly
incurved, each with 5 filiform ridges , of which the lateral ones are
marginal. Interstices, or Channels, without vittce. Seed taper,
convex, flattish in front. — Universal and partial involucrums none.
Flowers white.

The solid, unarmed, oblong, laterally compressed fruit; the-
carpels with 5 filiform ridges; the interstices without vittce; the
obsolete calyx ; the flowers uniform and all perfect ; the inversely
heart-shaped petals, indexed at the point ; and the absence of both
a general and partial involucrum ; will distinguish this from other
genera in the same class and order.

Dr. Hooker observes, that it “ differs from Carum," the Cara-
way, “ only in the absence of vittae.”

One species British.

jEGOPO'DIUM PODAGRA'RIA. Gout-weed. Herb Gerarde.
Ash-weed, or Ach-weed. Wild Masterwort.

Spec. Char. Stem furrowed. Leaves biternate, or triternate.
Leaflets oblong-serrated, unequal at the base, lower ones binate.

Fig. 1. A separate Flower, showing the Germen, Petals, Stamens, and
Pistils. — Fig. 2. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 3. A separate Petal.—
Fig. 4. A separate Carpel. — Fig. 5. The Fruit with the reflexed Styles. — Fig. 6.
A transverse section of the same.— All more or less magnified.

* From aix, aigos, Gr. a goat ; ar.d pous, Gr. a foot; the leaves being
cleft something like a goat’s foot. Hooker.
t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note t-

Engl. Bot. t.940. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.379.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 129. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 334. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 77. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.398. —
Lindl. Syn. p. 123 — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 127.- Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 170 —
Sihth. FI. Oxon. p. 103. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 69.- Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 159.
— Belli. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 128.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 95.— Grev. FI. Edin.
p. 70. — FI. Devon, pp. 54 & 168. — Johnston’s FI. of Beriv. p. 70. — Don’s Gen.
Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 288. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 82. — Bab. FI. Bath.
p.21.— Mack. Catal. ofPl. oflrel. p.30. — JEgopodium angelicafolium, Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 515. — Angelica sylvestris minor seu erratica, Ray’s Syn.
p. 208. — Herba Gerardi, Johnson’s Geraide, p. 1001.

Localities. — In low moist cultivated ground, shady waste places, and under
hedges. — Frequent.

Perennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Roots creeping very extensively. Stems from 1 to 3 feet high,
upright, leafy, hollow, furrowed, smooth, slightly branched. Leaves
compound ; lower ones twice ternate, stalked ; upper simply ter-
nate, nearly sessile ; the uppermost opposite. Leaflets 1 or 2 in-
ches long, or more, egg-shaped, or half heart-shaped, the lateral
ones generally unequal at the base, sharply serrated, smooth, dark
green, more or less stalked. Common footstalks 3-sided, the
upper side somewhat channelled ; broadly winged at the base.
Umbels terminal and axillary, large, flattish, with many angular
rays, finely downy, as are likewise the numerous and slender rays
of the partial umbels. General and partial Involucrums none.
Flowers crowded, white. Petals somewhat unequal, inversely
heart-shaped, with inflexed points. Fruit slightly flattened on the
sides, crowned by the elongated, recurved styles. Seeds ( carpels
of HooK.y 3-ribbed.

This being a great creeper, is one of the worst plants that can
be admitted into a garden ; for after it has once established itself,
it is almost impossible to eradicate it again. The root is pungently
aromatic, with some acrimony, but it is not at all used in medi-
cine ; nor has it any title to its name Gout-weed, though the Ger-
mans formerly used it to assuage the pain both of the gout and
piles. Linnaeus says it is eaten in Sweden, boiled for greens,
when tender in the Spring. The same author also informs us,
that cows, sheep, and goats eat it, that horses are not fond of it,
and that swine refuse it.

. The roots are sometimes sold for those of the true Masterwort,
Imperatdria Ostruthium.

Puccinia /Egopodii, of Dr. Greville’s Flora Edinensis, p.
429, is parasitical on the stems, leaves, and leaf-stalks of this plant,
in the neighbourhood of Oxford, in May and June.

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BUFFO'NIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Caryophy'lle/e, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p.
299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Lindl. Syn. p. 43.; Introd. to
Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 156. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 507. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 501. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceadosas ; sect. Dian-
thinas; type, DianthacEjE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784,
805, and 807.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 4 upright, awl-shaped,
keeled, equal sepals, membranous at their edges. Corolla (see
figs. 2 & 3.) of 4 elliptic-oblong, entire, equal, upright petals,
shorter than the calyx. Filaments (see fig. 4.) 4, awl-shaped,
smooth, shorter than the petals. Jlnthers (see fig. 4.) roundish,
of 2 cells. Germen (see fig. 5.) superior, inversely egg-shaped,
flattened. Styles (see fig. 5.) 2, short and distant, upright. Stigmas
capitate. Capsule (fig. 6.) oval, flattened, of 1 cell, and 2 valves.
Seeds (fig. 7.) 2, large, oval, compressed, marked with little tuber-
cules, inserted into the base of the capsule.

The 4-sepaled calyx ; the corolla of 4 entire petals ; and the
flattened, 1-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded capsule; will distinguish
this from other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

BUFFO'NIA A'NNUA. Annual Buffonia.

Spec. Char. Stem loosely panicled from the base ; branches

S reading, short, firm. Stripes on the calyx straight, parallel.

ipsules scarcely equal in length to the calyx. Leaves awl-shaped,
dilated at the base.

De Candolle’s Flore Franyoise, v. iv. p.768. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 650. —
Lindl. Syn. p. 47. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 71. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot.
v. i. p. 419. — Buffonia tenuifolia, Engl. Bot. t. 1313. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p,
191. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 225. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.244. — Bufoniu tenuifolia,
Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1791 — Hud. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p 72. — Alsine polyyonoides
tenuifolia , flosculis ad longitudinem caulis velut in spicam dispositis nostra,
Ray’s Syn. p. 346.

Localitits. — On the seashore. Very rare. — Lincolnshire ; About Boston:
Plukenet. — Middlesex ; On Hounslow Heath : Mr. Doody.

Annual. — Flowers in June and July.

Root long, slender, somewhat branched, with small white fibres.
Stem from 6 to 18 inches high, upright, round, clothed with very

Fig. 1. Calyx. — F’ig.2. Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 3. Corolla. — F’ig.4. Stamens
and Petals. — Fig. 5. Germen and Pistils. — Fig. 6. Capsule, with the valves se-
parating, and exposing the 2 seeds. — Fig. 7. One of the seeds. — All more or
less magnified.

* So named by SAUVAGEs.in honour of his countryman, the celebrated Count
de Buffon, who was born at Montbard, in Burgundy, the 7th of September,
1707 ; and died on the 1 6th of April, 1788, in the 81st year of his age. He was
a man of uncommon genius and surprising eloquence, and is said to have spent
fourteen hours every day in study. His celebrated Natural History is well
known. The specific name, tenuifolia, is understood to convey a satire on his
slender pretensions to Botanical distinction,
t See Asperula odorata, folio 46, note t-

■minute, transparent, pointed protuberances, generally branched at
the base ; branches loosely spreading, and procumbent ; there are
also smaller branches higher up, which are straight and subdivided.
Leaves opposite, awl-shaped, combined by their broad, sheathing
bases, 3-ribbed, smooth, their margins minutely fringed. Flowers
small, white, solitary, upright, on terminal or axillary rougbish
stalks. Sepals (see fig. 1.) egg-spear-shaped, pointed, each with
3 close ribs, and broad, membranous margins. Petals (see fig. 3.)
membranaceous, blunt, rather more than half the length of the
sepals. It has sometimes only 2 stamens.

We may consider this plant as a doubtful native, as it is said
not to have been found on Hounslow Heath by ary Botanist except
Mr. Doody. — “ The late Sir Joseph Banks, who often examined
the coast near Boston, was persuaded that Bupleurum tenuissimum
had been mistaken for Bvffonia ; yet. Plukenet and Dillenius
certainly knew the latter perfectly, and the original specimen in the
British Museum is right.” Sir J. E. Smith, in Engl. FI.

Caryophy'lleae. — This Order is composed of dicotyledonous,
herbaceous, or occasionally somewhat shrubby, plants, with knotted
stems, and opposite, entire leaves, which are often united (connate)
at their base. Their flowers are terminal, solitary, or disposed in
racemes, panicles, or corymbs, and are either white, yellow, red,
or the shades between these colours. The calyx is composed of
4 or 5 sepals, continuous with the peduncle ; either distinct or
united together into a tube, which is 4- or 5-toothed, constantly
imbricate in (Estivation, and usually permanent. The corolla con-
sists of 4 or 5 petals, commonly clawed (unguiculate) at the base,
inserted upon the pedicel of the ovarium ; occasionally wanting.
The stamens are either equal in number with the petals, or double
that number, inserted upon the pedicel of the ovarium along with
the petals ; the filaments are awl-shaped, sometimes monadelphous ;
the anthers 2-celled, with 2 longitudinal fissures, usually inserted
by their base. The germen ( ovarium J is inserted on the top of
a pedicel (called the gynophorus), and crowned by the styles, which
vary from 2 to 5, each terminating in an awl-shaped stigma. The
capsule is 2- to 5-valved, united at the base and opening at the top,
toothed ; teeth equal in number to the valves of the capsule, some-
times entire, sometimes bifid, usually 1-celled, but sometimes 2- to
5-celled, from the partitions jutting out from the valves to the
central placenta ; sometimes incomplete, sometimes continuous to
the axis. The placenta is always central, it is free and rather coni-
cal in the 1-celled capsule, and sometimes, though seldom, con-
tinuous with the base of the styles ; in the many-eelled capsules it
is connected with the dissepiments. The seeds are indefinite in
number, rarely definite ; the albumen is mealy ; and the embryo is
curved round the albumen, with the radical pointing towards the
hilum. — See Lind. Syn. and Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. Sf Bot.

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CALTHA PALUSTR1S. MARSH -MARIGOLD. II.

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Pub? by W£axt*r, Botanic (* arc/* n.Oxfnrd.

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(153.)

CA'LTHA* *

Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Polygy'nia.

Natural Order . Ranuncula'ce a: +, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 136. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. Introd. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. ITort. Brit. p. 495.
— Rosales ; sect. Ranunculina: ; subsect. Ranunculiana: ;
type, Ranunculacea: ; subtype, Helleborea: ; Burn. Outl. of
Bot. pp. 614, 828, 832, 837, & 839.

Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla ( calyx of Hooker) of 5 or
more, inferior, egg-shaped, or elliptical, nearly flat, spreading
petals, Nectaries none. Filaments (fig. 1.) numerous, thread-
shaped, shorter than the corolla. Jlntliers terminal, upright, ob-
long, of 2 lobes, bursting at the outer edges. Germens (see fig. 1.)
superior, 5 to 10, upright, oblong, compressed. Styles none.
Stigmas blunt. Capsules (follicles) (figs. 2 & 3.) as many as the
germens, cylindrical, pointed, compressed, spreading, bursting at
the upper edge. Seeds (fig. 4.) numerous, arranged along the
margins of the capsule, egg-shaped, with a small rounded promi-
nence at the extremity.

The corolla of 5 or more petals ; the compressed, spreading,
many-seeded follicles, 5 to 10 in number; and the absence of a
calyx and nectaries ; will distinguish this from other genera in the
same class and order.

Two species British.

CA'LTIIA PALU'STRIS. Common Marsh-marigo’d. Meadow-
bouts. Gowans. Mare-blobs. Golden-knobs.

Spec. Char. Stem upright. Leaves heart-shaped, rounded,
crenate. Flowers large, yellow.

Engl. Bot. t. 506.— Curt. FI. bond. t. —Linn. Sp. PI. p. 784— Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 245— Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 599. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 59—
Willi. (7lh ed.) v. iii. p.687. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 714. — Lindl. Syn. p.
12. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 268. — Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.298. — Sibth. FI. Oxon.
p. 176. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 124. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.257. — Relli. FI.
Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 227— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 176. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 127. — FI.
Devon, pp. 95 & 194. — Jolinst. FI. of Benv. v. i. p. 125. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of
Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 43. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 159. — Curt. Brit.Entom. vol. v.
t. 224. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 2. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 53. — Cult ha pains-
tris major, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 817. — Populayo, Kay’s Syn. p.272.

Localities. — Marshy meadows, watery places, and about the margins of
ponds, rivers, and brooks. Common.

Perennial. — Flowers in March, April, and May.

Root of many, round, thick, white fibres. Stems several, nearly
upright, from 12 to 18 inches high, round, hollow, smooth, leafy,

Fig. 1. Stamens and Pistils. — Fig. 2. Capsules.— Fig. 3, A separate Capsule. —
Fig. 4. A Seed.

* Fiom kalathos, Gr. a cup, which its flowers resemble. Hooker.
t See Anemone nemorosa, f. 43, n. 1'. t See Clematis vitalba, f. 129, a.

slightly branched, purplish at the base. Leaves large, variously
heart-shaped, crenate, smooth, and shining ; the lowermost on
long, somewhat triangular, footstalks ; upper smaller, nearly sessile,
alternate, more triangular, and more acutely crenate than the lower.
Stipulas brown, membranous, withering. Flowers several, (from
3 to 5,) large, showy, bright yellow, on alternate, solitary, slightly
furrowed, stalks. Petals 5, an inch long, roundish-oval. Stamens
numerous, in two rows, inner row with broad anthers ; outer row
twice as long, club-shaped, with the anthers compressed. Pistils
from 5 to 10. Seeds beautiful, of an olive colour at the bottom,
and a reddish colour at top.

A small variety of this plant, with more reclining stems, each
bearing only from 1 to 3 flowers, with petals only about half the
size of the common one, is sometimes met with in marshy places.
1 have found it in a boggy place near Stow Wood, about four miles
from Oxford. — Sir J. E. Smith observes, that possibly this variety
may render Caltlia radicans a somewhat doubtful species. Drs.
Withering, Hooker, and Greville, consider C. radicans (Eng.
Bot. t. 2175, and Linn. Tr. v. viii. 1. 17.) a variety only of C. pa-
'ustris. Sir J. E. Smith, Dr. Lindley, and Mr. G. Don, have
mblished it as a distinct species. N. J. Winch, Esq. an inde-
itigable Botanist, informs us, in his very excellent “ Flora of
Northumberland and Durham,” that he believes the late James
Oickson was the only Botanist who ever found Caltlia radicans
wild; but in what part of Scotland he knows not. Mr. Winch
says, “ it still keeps its habit, and the triangular shape of its leaves,
in the Botanic Gardens of Edinburgh and Cambridge, and with
Edward Forster, Esq. in Essex; and certainly is entitled to
rank as a species.

Caltlia palustris is a great ornament to our meadows in March
and April, and sometimes even as early as February. The flower-
buds, preserved in salted vinegar, are a good substitute for capers,
which they resemble, except in having numerous germens. The
juice of the petals, boiled with a little alum, stains paper yellow,
but the colour, so produced, is said not to be permanent. It has
been conjectured, that the yellowness of butler in the Spring, is
owing to the cattle having fed on this plant ; but this, Linnaeus in-
forms us, is certainly a mistake, as cows will not eat. it unless com-
pelled to do so by extreme hunger ; and then, Boerhaave says, it
occasions such an inflammation that they generally die.

On May-day, country people strew the flowers of this plant before
their doors, and wreath them in their garlands. In Lapland, it is
the first flower that announces the approach of Spring, although it
does not appear there till the end of May.

A double-flowered variety is often cultivated in gardens ; this
variety has been found wild on Coldham Common, and in Grand-
chester Meadow, Cambridgeshire, by the Rev. R. Rei.han.

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(154.)

STELLA/R1A* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DECA'NDRiAf, Trigy'nia.

Natural Order. Caryophy'llEje:}:, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p.
299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Lindl. Syn. p. 43 ; Introd. to
Nat. Syst.ofBot. p. 156. — Rich, by Macgilliv.p. 507. — Loud. Hort.
Brit. p. 501. — Rosales; subord. RhceadosjE ; sect. Dianthinje;
type, DianthacEjE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 805, & 807.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 5 egg-spear-shaped,
concave, pointed, spreading, permanent sepals. Corolla of 5
deeply cloven, spreading, flat, oblong petals, without claws or
scales (fig. 2.). Filaments (fig. 3.) 10, (sometimes, from abortion,
only from 3 to 8,) thread-shaped, shorter than the petals, the
5 alternate ones shortest. Anthers roundish. Germen superior,
roundish. Styles (fig. 4.) 3, hair-like, spreading. Stigmas blunt,
downy. Capsule (fig. 5.) egg-shaped, cylindrical, or globular,
covered by the calyx and shrivelled corolla, of 1 cpII (see fig. 6.),
and 6 valves. Seeds (fig. 7.) numerous, roundish, compressed.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5 deeply cloven, spreading
petals ; and the 1-celled, many-seeded capsule.

Eight species British.

STELLA'RIA NE'MORUM. Wood Stitchwort. Broad-leaved
Stitchwort.

Spec. Char. Lower leaves heart-shaped, stalked ; upper egg-
shaped or spear-shaped, almost sessile. Panicles repeatedly forked.
Petals twice as long as the calyx. Seeds roundish, compressed,
with a tubercled margin.

Engl. Bot. t. 92. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 603. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd. ed.) p. 190. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 473. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 300. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 546. —
Gray’s Nat. A rr. v. ii. p.657. — Lindl. Syn. p. 52. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 204. —
Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 228. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 213. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.
135. — Giev. FI. Edin. p. 97. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gaid. and Bot. v. i. p. 427. —
Perry’s Plantae Varvic. Selects, p. 40. — Alsine montana folio smilacis instar,
flare laciniato. Dill, in Ray’s Syn. p.347.

Localities. — In woods, and moist shady places, in the North of England,
and Lowlands of Scotland. Rare. — Cheshire; Shady woods near Stockport :
Mr. G. Holm. — Cumberland ; Cooms Wood, and Dur.mallet: Hutchinson.
By Aspatria Mill : Rev. J. Dodo. — Durham ; In Eglestone. Lambton, Cawsey,
Beamish, and Ravensworth Woods; and in hedges at Witton-le-Wear, and
Baydales, near Darlington ; also on the hanks of Wear, at Chester-le-Street new
bridge: N. J. Winch, Esq. in FI. of Northumberland and Durham. Near
Westonhope, Weardale: W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Cocken Woods: W;
Weiohell’s Herbarium. — Lancash. Every where in this county: Hudson.—
'Northumberland; On the island near Hazle-side Stream, Alnwick: Mr. J.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A separate Petal. — Fig. 3. Stamens, Germen, and
Pistils. — Fig. 4. Germen and Pistils. — Fig. 5. Capsule, with the permanent
Calyx. — Fig. 6. Transverse section of the Capsule. — Fig. 7. A Seed, magnified.—
Fig. 8. Central Column or Receptacle of the Seeds.

* From Stella, a star; because the corolla is spread in a star-shaped man-
ner. Hooker.

t See saponaria officinalis, f. 37, n. f- ♦ See Bvffonia annua, f. 152, a.

Davison. By the brook at Simonburn: Wallis. Wood on the lulling above
Wardrew; hedges between Wylam and Ovingham ; banks of the Tyne between
Lemraington and Newburn : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Warwicksh. “ It is rather
extraordinary that this plant has sprung up annually in a shady part of my
garden for some years, and has not yet. been found any where else in the neigh-
bourhood.” T. Piiuton, Esq. in Midi. Flora. — Westmoreland ; By Oasterton
Mill near Kirby Lonsdale, and other parts of the county : Sir J. E. Smith. Near
Kendal: Mr. Gough. — Yorksh. In Bingly Park: Dr. Richardson. By rivu-
lets, and in shady moist, woods about Castle Howard : Teesdale. At the bottom
of the Garths at Coxwold: Rev. Archdeacon Pierson. About Leeds, plen-
tifully : Rev. W. Wood. Studley, and Hackfall Woods: Mr. BnuNTON.
Sides of Weathercoat Cave: D. Turner, Esq. — WALES. Flintsh. In a
hedge close to the river about 100 yards above the Ford at Rhyd y Ddae Dwfr,
betwixt St. Asaph and Rhyddlan, and on the R'nyddlan side of the river:
Bincley. — SCOTLAND. Frequent in the Lowlands, as about Broomholm
and Langholm, in Eskdale, and at Springkehl and Iloddam-Castle ; in Annan-
dale, abundantly: Ligiitfoot. At Meavis-Bank : Dr. Parsons. On the
banks of the North and South Esk : Mr. Maugiian. Woods at Castlemilk,
W ood-hall, and Hamilton: Mr. Hopkirk.

Perennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Root slender, creeping. Stems from 1 to 3 feet high, weal: and
brittle, round, hollow, hairy, and often a little swollen at the joints,
where it is frequently of a purplish colour ; forked and panicled at
the top. Leaves opposite, pale-green, entire, slightly weaved at
the margins, tender and somewhat, succulent ; lower ones heart-
shaped, on long petioles : tipper egg-shaped, pointed, large and
nearly sessile ; all more or less hairy on the margins and on the
veins and mid-rib of the under surface. Flowers numerous, up-
right, on downy peduncles. Sepals with white margins. Petals
(see fig. 2.) pure white, spreading, each divided almost to the base
into two divaricating segments. Styles never more than three.
Capsules bend down as tliey ripen.

The general appearance of this plant is very similar to that of
Cerastimn aqualicum, but they may be easily distinguished from
each other by the number of the styles ; this never having more
than three, while in Ccrastium aqualicum there are always five.

Uredo Cerastii, Grev. FI. Edin. p. 441, is sometimes found on
the leaves of some species of Stellaria. I have seen it on the under
side of the leaves of the Common Chickweed, Stellaria media, in
the Oxford Botanic Garden.

Another very minute parasite, Uredo antherarum., ibid. p. 443,
attacks the anthers of some species of this genus : I have observed
this on the anthers of Stellaria liolostea, in Bagley Wood, near
Oxford.

“ The desire which tends to know

The works of God, thereby to glorify
The great Workmaster, leads to no excess
That reaches blame, but'rather merits praise
The more it seems excess ; * * *
**##*#*

For wonderful indeed are all His works,

Pleasant to know, and worthiest to be all

Had in remembrance always with delight.” — Milton.

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(155)

POLYC A/ll PON * *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria f, Trigy'nia.

Natural Order. Illecebreje, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 60. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 164. — Paronychie,e,
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 508. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 516. — Rosales ;
sect. Crassulin/e ; type, Portulaceas ; subty. Polycarpida? ;
Bum. Outl. of Bot. p. 614, 730, & 739. — Caryophylleas, Juss.
Gen. PI. p.299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Caryophyllei,
Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 5 concave, keeled,
sharp-pointed, permanent sepals. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5 nearly en-
tire petals, shorter than the calyx, and alternate with it. Filaments
(see fig. 2.) 3, sometimes 5, awl-shaped, half the length of the
calyx. Anthers upright, 2-lobed. Germen (fig. 3.) egg-shaped.
Styles (fig. 3.) 3, spreading, the length of the germen. Stigmas
blunt, somewhat capitate. Capsule (fig. 4.) egg-shaped, of 1 cell,
with 3 egg-shaped, concave valves,- (figs. 5 & 6). Seeds (fig. 7.)
numerous, slightly kidney-shaped, rough, nearly sessile, on an ob-
long central receptacle ( placenta J.

The calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5 nearly entire petals ;
and the 3-valved, many-seeded capsule ; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

POLYC A'RPON TETRAPUY'LLUM. Four-leaved All-seed.

Spec. Char. Flowers triandrous. Petals notched. Stem-leaves
four in a whorl ; those of the branches opposite.

Engl. Bot. 1. 1031.— Flora Giaeca, v. ii. p. 4. 1. 102. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 131. —
Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 60. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 162. Engl. FI. v. i. p.
189. — With. (7th ed.) v.ii. p.210. — Lindl. Syn. p.61. — Ilook. Brit. FI. p.59. —
FI. Devon, pp. 24 & 185. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 93. —
Polycdrpon tetraphy'llon, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 547. — Anthyllis marina
incana alsinefolia, Johnson’s Gerarde, p.622.

Localities. — In waste ground on the South coast.— Devonshire; On some
old walls at Lympstone, near Exeter: Rev. Mr. Newberry. Found in the
same place since by Miss Filmoiif. — Dorsetshire ; In the Isle of Portland:
Hudson. On the neck of the Isle of Portland, close to the shingly beach : Rev.
Dr. Goodenough. On Chesil Bank: Mr. Lambert. — Yorkshire ; Near Hull:
Mr. P. W. Watson. — WALES. Glamorganshire ; On sandy wastes be-
tween Pyle Inn and the Sea: Dr. Turton.

Annual. — Flowers from May to September.

Root small, tapering. Stem very much branched, spreading on
the ground, from 3 to 6 inches long, nearly cylindrical, and rough

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla, with the calyx removed, showing the Petals,
Stamens, Germen, and Styles. — Fig. 3. Germen and Pistils. — Fig. 4. Cap-
sule.— Fig. 5. Capsule opened, showing the 3 valves and the seeds. — Fig. 6.
The same, after it has discharged the seeds. — Fig. 7. A Seed. — All more or
less magnified.

* From poly, Gr. many ; and karpos, Gr. a seed ; seeds numerous. Don.

t Sec Phalaris canariensis, folio 56, note f-

with minute pellucid glands. Leaves rather succulent, inversel
egg-shaped, entire, dark green, smooth, on short leaf-stalks, 2 pah
together, crossing each other, so as to resemble a whorl. Stipula a
opposite, membranous, pointed, jagged. Flowers numerous, small;
in terminal panicles, which are several times forked, with a pai
of pointed, membranous bracteas at each division. Sepals (se
fig. 1.) somewhat boat-shaped, sharp pointed, green, with whit
membranous margins ; keeled, the keel furnished with pellucic
glandular teeth. Corolla white ; petals nearly strap-shaped, ver
slightly notched at the summit. Valves of the capsule spear
shaped, turned in at the margins (see fig. 6).

Mr. Woodward observes, that it alters its habit so much by
cultivation, as hardly to be known at first sight. I have never seen
a wild specimen ; the accompanying figure was made from a plant
in the Oxford Garden, where it has established itself on the border?
and walks, near an old Hot-house on the outside of the Garder,
walls.

iLLECEBREiE. — This Order consists chiefly of small insigni-
ficant, herbaceous, or half-shrubby branching plants, with opposite
or alternate leaves, and membranous stipules . The flowers are
minute, with scarious bracteas ; the calyx is composed of 5, seldom
of only 3 or 4, sepals, which are either distinct, or more or less
united. The petals, which are very small, are inserted upon the
calyx between the lobes, these are sometimes wanting. The stamens
are perigynous *, and exactly opposite the sepals, if equal to them
in number, but they are sometimes fewer by abortion (see fig. 2.) ;
the filaments are distinct ; and the anthers 2-celled. The ovary
is superior, with 2 or 3 styles, which are either distinct or partially
combined. The fruit is small, dry, and 1-celled ; and is either
indehiscent, or opens with 3 valves (fig. 5.) . The seeds are either
numerous, fixed to a free central placenta, or solitary and pendu-
lous from a funiclef, arising from the base of the cavity of the
fruit. The albumen is farinaceous ; the embryo cylindrical, lying
on one side of the albumen, and curved, more or less, with the ra-
dicle always pointing towards the hilum. Cotyledons small. —
See Lindl. Syn. p. 60.

“ Ye are the stars of earth, — anil deat to me
Is each small twinkling gem that wanders free
’Mid glade or woodland, or by murin’ ring stream,

For ye to me are more than sweet or fair,

1 love ye for the mem’ries that ye bear
Of by-gone hours, whose bliss was but a dream.”

L. A. Twamley.

* Inserted in the cal y x , or in the disk which adheres to the calyx,
t A little stalk, by which the seed is attached to the placenta.

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(156.)

APIUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Umbelli'ferjE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst.
>f Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
517. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; subord. Angelicos^ ;
?ect. AnGELICINjE ; type, AnGELICACEjE ; subty. AnGELICIDjE ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 762, 770, 773, & 774.

Gen. Char. Flowers (see fig. 1 .) uniform, and nearly regular,
almost all perfect and prolific. Margin of the calyx obsolete.
Corolla (see fig. 1.) of 5 roundish, or inversely egg-shaped petals,
with inflexed points, all very nearly equal. Filaments (see fig. 1.)
5, thread-shaped, about as long as the corolla. Anthers roundish.
Germen (see fig. 2.) inferior, almost round, somewhat compressed.
Styles (see fig. 2.) at first shorter than the stamens, nearly upright,
subsequently elongated, thread-shaped, refiexed ; greatly swelled
at the base, and subtended by a thin, roundish, wavy floral re-
ceptacle (see fig. 2.) . Stigmas blunt. Fruit egg-shaped or nearly
orbicular, solid, slightly compressed, flattened at the sides, crowned
with the withered floral receptacle, and spreading styles. Carpels
( seeds of Linn.,/ (fig. 3.) egg-shaped, with 3 filiform, equal ridges ,
of which the lateral ones are marginal. Interstices with single
pitta, except the outermost, which have sometimes 2 or 3. Seed
very convex, flattish in front. Involucrums none. Flowers white
or greenish.

The obsolete calyx; roundish entire petals, inflexed at the
point ; roundish, double fruit, contracted at the sides ; the carpels
with 5 filiform, equal ridges, of which the lateral form a margin ;
the furrows between the ribs with single vittae, except the outer-
most, which have sometimes 2 or 3 ; the very convex seed, flattish
in front ; and the absence of a general and partial involucrum ; will
distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

APIUM GRAVE'OLENS. Smallage Parsley. Wild Celery.

Spec. Char. Plant smooth. Leaves pinnate ; upper ones ter-
nate ; leaflets wedge-shaped, cut and toothed at the apex.

Engl. Hot. 1210.- I.inn. Sp. PI. p. 379. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 129. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 333. Engl. FI. v. ii. p.76. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.397. —
Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii p.524. — Lindl. Syn. p. 123. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 129. —
Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 169. — Siblh. FI. Oxon. p. 103. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.
69 — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 158. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 128. — Hook.
FI. Scot. p. 95. — Grev. FI. Edin. p.68. — FI. Devon, pp. 54 & 168. — Loudon’s
Encycl. of Gardening. (2nd ed.) p. 860. — Baxt. Lib. of Agricul. and Horticul.

Fig. 1 . A separate Flower, showing the Petals, Stamens, Germen, and Sty les.
— Fig. 2. Germen and Styles.— Fig. 3 A single Carpel. — Fig. 4. A Fruit, cut
through transversely.— All more or less magnified.

* From apon, water, in Celtic; from the places where the plant grows,
f See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note f.

Knowl. (2nd od.) p. 137.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Hot. v. iii. p. 277'.—
Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. iii. 1. 141.— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 82. — Mack. Catal. of
PI. of Irel. p. 30. — Apium palustre et A. officinarum, Ray’s Syn. p. 214. —
Eleoselinum sive Paludapinm, Johnson's Gerarde, p. 1014.

Localities.— In ditches and marshy ground. Frequent. — Oxfordshire;
Marston ; Stanton-IIarcourt Common ; and South Leigh : Dr. Simiiop.p. Near
Elsfield : Rev. Mr. Walker. — Bedfordshire ; At Medbury, Wilshamsted, and
Goldington: Rev. C. Arbot.— Cambridgeshire ; At. Spital-house End. Ditch
between Trinity Walk, and St. John’s Grove, &c. : Rev. R. Relhan. — Corn-
wall; In a hog near Marazion : Mr. Watt.— Devon ; Topsham Marshes;
Lympstone; Hackney Marshes near Kingsteignton ; Banks of the Dart near
Totness ; Kingskerswell, near the church ; and near Torquay : Rev. A. Neck. —
Durham ; In Salt Marshes on the rivers Wear and Tees: N. J. Winch, Esq. —
Kent; In water-courses on the Marsh at Northfleet : Salisbury.— Lancash.
Near Warrington : G.Crosfikld, Esq. of Liverpool. Rimrose Bridge, be-
tween Bootle and Crosby, and Park shore, neat Liveipool: Dr. Bostock and
Mr. Shepherd. — Norfolk; In Salt Marshes near Yarmouth : Mr. Woodward.
— Northumberland ; In Salt Marshes on the river Blyth and Tyne : N. J.
Winch, Esq. — Warwickshire ; In ditcheson the road-side between Dunchurch
and Southam nearly opposite to the village of Leamington Hastang t — Worces-
tershire ; On the canal beyond Droitwich. In a ditch at Upton Snodsbury.
It is also to be found at Bretforton, near Badsey: T. Purton, Esq. — Yorksh.
In a ditch near Coatham : L. E. O. in Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 168. —
WALES. Anglesey; In the Castle-moat at Beaumares abundantly, and on
the banks of most of our rivers near the Sea: Rev. H. Davies — SCOTLAND.
In ditches behind Musselburgh: Dr. Parsons. — IRELAND. In Salt Marshes,
common: Mr. J. T. Mack ay.

Biennial. — Flowers from July to September.

Root tap-shaped. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, upright, branched,
smooth, shining, leafy, and deeply furrowed. Leaves alternate,
pinnate or ternate, bright green ; the radical ones on long petioles ;
the cauline ones nearly sessile ; leaflets wedge-shaped ; entire in
their lower part, variously notched, often deeply lobed, in front.
Umbels of from 5 to 15 unequal rays, terminal and lateral, often
almost sessile, accompanied by 1 or 2 ternate leaves, which are
greatly diminished, and almost entire. Umbellulcs ( partial um-
belsJ very small, without any involucrums. Flowers small, nu-
merous, greenish-white. Fruit small, roundish, crowned with
the permanent, wide-spreading styles.

The seeds, and whole plant, in its native ditches are acrid and
dangerous, with a peculiar rank coarse taste and smell. The effects
of cultivation in producing from this plant the mild and grateful
Garden Celery, are not a little remarkable ; for which, and its
name, we are indebted to the Italians. Celery has now supplanted
our native Alexanders, Smyrnium Olusatrum. According to the
observations of Linnteus, sheep and goats eat this plant; cows
are not fond of it ; horses refuse it. The seeds yield an essen-
tial oil.

The lame of Alysia Apii, Curt. Brit. Entom. v. iii, t. 141, feed
on the leaves of the cultivated varieties of this plant.

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Jitt/itU'-t tf*

DORO'NICUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia f, Polyga'mia, Su-
pe'rflua +.

Natural Order. Composite; § ; tribe, Corymisi'fer7e||, Juss.~
Lindl. Syn, pp. 140 & 142. ; Introrl. to Nat. Syst. of Hot. pp. 197
& 199. — Composit/e ; subord. CARDUA'cF.iE; div. Vernonia'-
cete; Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Synanthe're,e ; tribe,
Corymbi'ferte ; Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 & 455.-t-Corym-
bi'fer/e, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 177 & 180. — Sm. Gram, of
Bot. pp. 121 & 123. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 334. — Syringales ; sub-
order, AsterosjE ; sect. Asterin,e ; subsect. Asteriante ; type,
Asteraceoe; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900. 901, 920, 924, and
926. — Composite, Linn.

Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx J (see fig. 5.) of many
(from 20 to 50) spear-awl-shaped, equal, upright scales, in a double
row, longer than the disk. Corolla compound, radiant ; florets of
the disk (figs. 1 & 2.) numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal,
rather spreading segments ; those of the ray (fig. 3.) as many as
the scales of the involucrum, or more, strap-shaped, spreading,
with from 3 to 5 terminal, equal teeth. Filaments 5, in the florets
of the disk only ; hair-like, very short. Anthers united into a
cylindrical tube, with 5 notches. Germen in all the florets fertile,
inversely egg-shaped. Style (see figs. 1 & 2.) thread-shaped, some-
what prominent. Stigmas small, spreading. Seed-vessel none,
except the slightly converging calyx. Seed inversely egg-shaped,
a little compressed, furrowed. Pappus (fig. 4.) sessile, simple,
hair-like, rough, on the seeds of the disk only, which are hairy ;
wanting on the seeds of the ray, which are smooth. Receptacle
(fig. 5.) naked, pitted.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the involucrum or calyx of a double row of equal scales, which are
longer than the disk; the naked receptacle; and simple pappus on
the seeds of the disk only, those of the ray being destitute of pappus.

Two species British ?

DORO'NICUM PARDALIA'NCHES^T. Great Leopard’s-bane.
Heart-leaved Leopard’s-bane.

Spec. Char. Leaves heart-shaped, toothed; the lowermost on
long, naked leafstalks ; the intermediate ones with the leafstalks
dilated into 2 broad semiamplexicaul (half stem-clasping) ears at
the base ; the uppermost sessile and amplexicaul. Hooker.

Engl. Bot. Suppl. 2654. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 88. — Jaoq. FI. Austr. t. 350. —
Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1247.— Muds. FI. Angl. (3rd ed.) p. 650. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii.
p.896. Engl. FI. v. iii. p.446. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 946. — Lindl. Syn. p.

Figs. 1 & 2. Tubular Florets of the Disk. — Fig. 3. A strap-shaped Floret of
the Ray. — Fig. 4. The Pappus. — Fig. 5. The Calyx and Receptacle.

* F torn doron, Gr. a gift ; and nike, Gr. victory ; because it was said to have
been formerly used to destroy wild beasts. Hooker. — Or, from Doronigi, the
Arabian name of the plant. Martyn.
t See Tussilago Farfara, f. 91 , n. t See Achillea Ptarmica, f 36, n. t.

See Prenanthes muralis, f. 27, a. || See Achillea Ptarmica, f. 36, a.

1 From pardos, Gr. a Leopard ; and agehein, Gr. to strangle, or destroy ;
having been formerly used, mixed with flesh, to poison wild beasts. Withering.

147. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.364. — Light. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 485. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.
245. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 179. — Winch’s Flora of Northumberland and Durham,
p.54. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 25. — Doronicum cordifdlium, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii.
p. 468. — Doronicum majus officinarum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 759. f. 2.

Localities. — In mountainous pastures, and in woods, and waste places;
about old buildings. A doubtful native. — Durham ; Naturalized on the banks
of Wear at Durham, below Mr. Fox’s garden : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Norfolk ;
In woods at Cotton, by Norwich : Dr.LiNDLEY, in Fl.Lond — Northumberland ;
Gathered in the cold mountains of this county by Dr. Penny : Gerarde. —
Shropsh. In a hedge by the road from Much- Wenlock, to the Iron Bridge : Rev.
S. Dickenson. — Yorksh. Near the World’s End, Harrogate: Mr. Manby. —
SCOTLAND. Fields and hedges about Hamilton: Mr. Hopkirk. Woods
near Culross, Den of Dupplin and Rosslyn: Mr. Maughan. Collington: Mr.
G. Don. in Dalkeith Park: W. Borrer, Esq. In great plenty at Stobhall,
seven miles from Perth ; and near Kinnaird, in Angusshire : Don, of Forfar.
Perennial. — Flowers from May to August.

Whole Plant hairy. Root creeping, tuberous at intervals, the
tubers transversely furrowed, a little woolly, and somewhat com-
pressed, throwing out from beneath coarse fibres, and from the
sides white, fleshy, scaly, horizontal threads, which produce other
tubers. Stem from 2 to 3 feet high, upright, hollow, furrowed,
hairy, branched, and somewhat viscid in the upper part. Root-
leaves and lowest stem-leaves large, heart-shaped, blunt, on long
channelled stalks ; those on the intermediate part of the stem have
the leaf-stalk dilated in two broad, semi-amplexicaul ears, at the
base ; higher up the stem these ears become confluent with the
leaf ; and at the top of the stem they are quite lost, the leaves
being sessile, and amplexicaul ; they are all soft and pliant, hairy
on both sides, and more or less waved and toothed at the margins.
Calyx-scales strap-spear-shaped, pointed, about half as long as the
ray. Flowers bright yellow. Ray of numerous, strap-shaped,
spreading florets, 3- to 5-toothed at the apex. Seeds oblong, fur-
rowed, those of the ray smooth, and destitute of pappus ; those of
the disk hairy, and furnished with a crown of sessile, simple,
roughish bristles. Receptacle nearly flat. The flower which ter-
minates the stem is usually overtopped by succeeding ones from
the axillary branches.

The plant figured in Engl. Bot. t. 630, as D. pardalianches, is
now regarded, but with some doubt, as D. plantagineum of Linn.
Sp. PI. p. 1247. The figure in Engl. Bot., with the exception
of the root-leaf, corresponds with specimens of D. plantagineum
preserved in the Slierardian Herbarium in the Oxford Garden ;
and also with a species which has been long cultivated in the
garden, under that name. I received the same species, several
years ago, from Mr. Munton, Gardener at Brightwell Grove, who
informed me that it grew in great abundance in a wood in that
neighbourhood. The much larger flowers ; very long, narrow,
marginal florets ; conical receptacle ; and egg-shaped, pointed
leaves; will, I think, readily distinguish this species from D. par-
dalianches. They both have been cultivated in the English gardens
ever since the time of Gekarde (1597) ; and as they both propa-
gate themselves very fast by their scorpion-like and creeping roots,
it is very likely they may have escaped originally from the gardens.

The roots of these species are reputed to be acrid poisons. MatthiOlus re-
cords ihe instance of a dog being killed by the root of D. pardalianches ; and
there is reason to believe that the mortal career of the celebrated Conrad Ges-
ner, the German Pliny, or as Boeriiaave styles him, that “ Monstrum
Eruditionis ,” was prematurely closed by experimenting with this fatal herb.
S ee Engl. Bot., Withering, &c.

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(158.)

VI'NCA* *

Linnean Class and Order. Pf.nta'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Apocy'nete, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 143. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 108. — Lindl. Syn. p. 176. ; Tntrod. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 213. — Rich, by Maegilliv. p. 445. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
525. — Syringai.es; subord. Primulos^: ; sect. Gentianjna; ;
type, Strychnaceas ; subtype, Apocynid^e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot.
pp. 900, 958, 1008, 1011, & 1012. — Contorts, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, up-
right, pointed, permanent segments. Corolla of 1 petal, salver-
shaped ; tube longer than the calyx, cylindrical in the lower part,
wider above, marked with 5 lines; and 5 angles at the mouth;
limb horizontal, in 5 deep, oblique, abrupt segments, attached to
the top of the tube, spirally imbricated in the bud. Filaments
(figs. 2 & 3.) 5, from the middle of the tube, short, doubly curved.
Anthers membranous, blunt, upright, incurved, bearing the pollen
at each lateral margin. Germens 2, superior, roundish, accom-
panied by 2 lateral roundish glands. Style (fig. 4.) 1, common
to both germens, cylindrical, shorter than the tube. Stigma 1,
capitate, seated on a flat orbicular disk. Follicles (fig. 5.) 2, cylin-
drical, acute, upright, bursting along one side. Seeds (fig. 6.)
several, oblong, cylindrical, furrowed, naked (destitute of seed-
down) .

Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order, by
the salver-shaped corolla of 5 oblique segments, spirally imbri-
cated in the bud ; and the 2 upright follicles, each containing se-
veral naked seeds.

Two species British.

VI'NCA MAJOR. Greater Periwinkle.

Spec. Char. Stems ascending. Leaves egg-shaped, fringed.
Flowers stalked. Segments of the calyx bristle-shaped, elongated,
ciliated.

Engl. Bot. t. 514.— Curt. FI. Lond. t. 222. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 304. — Iluds. FI.
Angl. (2nded.) p. 91.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.270. Engl. FI. v. i. p.339. —
With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.341 — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.342. — Lindl. Syn. p. 170. —
Hook. Brit. FI. p. 98. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 79. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p 53. — Purt
Midi. FI. v. i. p. 133. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 103.— Hook. FI. Scot. p.
82. — Grev. F’l. Edin. p. 57. — FI. Devon, pp. 44 & 153. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 68. —
Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selects:, p. 23. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.30. — Mack. Catal. of PI.
of Irel. p. 25. — Clematis daphnoides major, Ray’s Syn. p. 268. — Johnson’s
Gerarde, p. 894.

Localities. — In woods, thickets, and hedges. Rare. — Oxfordsh. In Mag-
dalen College Walks: Dr. SiBTHOitr, 1794. Plentiful in the same walks now,
1835; probably planted there originally, but now become naturalized : W. B.
By the side of the road near Long Handborough : G. Coles, Esq. Woodstock. —
Berks; In a hedge near Old Windsor: Mr. Gotobed. — Bedfordsh. Near Ra-
vensden; and Clapham : Rev. C. Abbot. — Bucks; In a hedge near Slough :
Mr. Gotobed. —Cambridgesli. NearGirton, Madingley, Coton, Whittlesford,
Histon, Rampton, and Bottisham : Rev. R. Relhan. — Derbysh. In Pleasly

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Figs. 2 & 3. Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. —
Fig. 5. Follicles. — Fig. 6. A Seed. — Fig. 7. Transverse section of ditto.— Fig. 8.
Embryo.

* From vincio, to bind ; its runners trailing round other plants; or, from its
being used, in ancient times, to form the bridal zone which none but the bride-
groom was privileged to untie. t See Anchusa sempervirens, f. 48, n. f*

Park: Mr. Coke. — Devon; In the Rectory Orchard at Alphington : Rev.
H. T. Ellicombe. In a hedge near Mamhead Parsonage. Near Ide: Mr.
Jacob. By the rivulet in Manadon Wood near Plymouth : Dr.MooRF. Near
the first milestone on the turnpike road between Plymouth and Tavistock : Rev.
J.S.Tozer. — Essex; Near Colchester : Dr. Richardson. Hedge in Ribton
Lare near Woodford : Mr. R. Warner. — Hampsh. To the South of Yarmouth
in the Isle of Wight: Dr. Witherino. — Kent ; Between Knowlton and Deal ;
and near Roehill : Ray. In a field at Beckenham : Cum is. Lanes adjoining
East Langdon Church ; near Evethorne ; and lanes at the back of Ilvlhe : L. W.
D illwyn, Esq. At Simla! farm near Feveisham : E. Jacob. — Lincolnsh. At
Wooisthorpe near Belvoir Castle, on stones near the village : Rev. G. Crabb. —
Middlesex ; In a meadow near Harefield Church : Blackstone. — Norfolk ; By
Honingham Church: Mr Rigby. Grove at Thoipe: Mr Woodward. —
NorthamjJtonsh. At Southorp, Northend, under a wall : Morton. — Somersetsh.
In Brass-Knocker Wood : Dr. H. Gibbs. In a cop-e under the brow of the
hill Noitheast of Prior Park : Mr. E. Simms. Near Yeovil. W. H. in Mag. of
Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 174. — Suffolk ; Near Hawsted Green : Sir T. G. Cui.lum. —
Surrey ; Bv the road-side at Dulwich : Dr. Martyn. In a lane leading from
Battersea Meadow to Wandsworth: Blackstone.— Sussex ; At Norlington,
and elsewhere about Lewes, but scarcely wild: W. Borrer, Esq. — Warwick-
shire ; At King’s Coughton, and Uversley : T. Purton, Esq. — Yorksh. Banks
of the Wharf near Wetherby : Mr. Brunton. AtThormanby near Easingwold
and Thrisk: Rev. Archdeacon Pii rson. Near Rotherham: Mr. L. Lang-
ley, in M. N. H. v. ii. p. 269. — WALES. Denbighsh. On the common near
Rhyd y Cilgwyn Bridge, between Denbigh and Ruthin: Mr. Griffith. —
Glamorgansh. Hedges about Parkmill, between Swansea and Penrice. —
SCOTLAND. On Dundas Hill: Mr. P. Neill. Collington Woods : Mr.
Maugiian. InKelbuin and Skilmerlie Woods: Mr. Murray. — IRELAND.
Not unfrequent : Mr. Mackay.

Perennial. — Flowers from April to September.

Root of many strong fibres. Stems nearly upright while in
flower, afterwards procumbent, and taking root near the extremity ;
round, but alternately a little flattened, smooth, frequently dotted
with red. Leaves opposite, petiolated, egg-shaped, evergreen,
somewhat succulent, of a shining dark green on the upper side,
rather paler on the under, entire, smooth, their margins minutely
fringed with short rigid hairs. Flowers solitary, axillary, on pe-
duncles half the length of the leaves. Segments of the Calyx
elongated, very narrow, ciliated. Corolla large, of a fine purplish
blue, with a whitish mouth, which is woolly within, just above the
anthers. Follicles unequal, spreading wide apart, filled with se-
veral large, oblong, furrowed, brownish seeds , one above 'another.

This, and (lie oilier species of Vinca, are astringent; they contain gallic acid;
and turn solutions of iron of a dense black. They have been recommended as
vulnetaries, but are not now employed. The curious and beautiful structure of
the internal part of the flowers deserves particular investigation. In France the
Periwinkle is esteemed as the emblem of the pleasures of memory, and of sincere
friendship. In Italy the country people make garlands of it for their dead in-
fants, for which reason they call it fior di morto (death’s flower).

Apocyne.e. — This Order is composed of dicotyledonous trees or shrubs,
usually with a milky juice. Their leaves are opposite, sometimes vvhorled ,
seldom scattered, quite entire, often having ciliffi or glands upon the petioles,
but with no stipulae. Their flowers are generally produced in a somewhat
corymbose manner, but they are sometimes solitary, and axillary. The calyx
is inferior, permanent, and 5-cleft. The corolla monopetalous, hypogynous,
regular, 5-lobed, with contorted aestivation. The stamens, which are 5 in num-
ber, are inserted into the lower part of the corolla, and are alternate with ils
segments. The filaments are. distinct ; the anthers 2-celled, opening length-
wise; th c pollen granular, globose, or 3-lobed, and immediately applied to the
stigma. 1 he ovaries are either 2 in number, or one with 2 cells, usually many-
seeded ; and the styles are either 2 or 1 , with only 1 stiyma. The fruit is a
follicle, capsule, or drupe, or berry, double or single, liie seeds have a fleshy
or cartilaginous albumen ; a simple testa; a foliaceous embryo, with an in-
conspicuous plumula, and a radicle turned towards the liilutn. See Lind. Syn.

Vinca is the only British example of this order.

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A'RABIS* *

Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia f, Siliquo'sa

Natural Order. Cruci'fera§, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 138. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p. 498. — Cruci'ferae ; subord. Pleurorhi'zeae|| ; tribe, Ara-
bi'de.e^I* Bind]. Syn. pp. 20 & 22. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst of Bot.
pp. 14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499.; Mag. of Nat.
Hist. v. i. pp. 143 & 239. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceadoste ; sect.
Rhaeadin a: ; type, Brassicaceae ; subty. Arabida: ; Burn. Outl.
of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, 854, & 856. — Siliquosas, Lirm.

Ge.v. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) of 4 upright, egg-oblong, converg-
ing, deciduous sepals, the two opposite ones rather the largest,
and somewhat protuberant at the base. Corolla (fig. 2.) cruciform,
of 4 inversely egg-shaped, entire, somewhat spreading petals,
which taper at the base into broadish claws, nearly as long as the
calyx. Filaments (fig. 4.) 6, thread-shaped, upright, simple, un-
connected, usually with 4 glands at their base externally. Anthers
roundish-heart-shaped, incumbent. Germen (fig. 3.) cylindrical,
about the length of the stamens. Style very short, or none. Stigma
blunt, simple. Pod ( siliquaj strap-shaped, compressed, very long,
crowned with the permanent stigma ; valves almost flat, ribbed, or
veiny, slightly undulated from the protuberance of the seeds, quite
as long as the strap-shaped, membranous partition. Seeds (fig. 5.)
oval, or orbicular, compressed, with or without a border, in 1 row
in each cell. Cotyledons (figs. 6 & 7.) flat, accumbent, o=.

The strap-shaped pod, with flat, veiny or nerved valves ; and the
seeds in a single row, with flat accumbent cotyledons ; will distin-
guish this from other genera in the same class and order.

Six species British.

A'RABIS TURRI'TA. Tower Wall-cress. Tower-mustard.
Great Turkey-pod.

Spec. Char. Leaves clasping the stem, rather acute, toothed,
pubescent. Flower-stalks the length of the calyx, each with a
leafy bractea. Pods all on one side, strap-shaped, flat, thick .edged,
recurved.

Engl. Bot. t. 178.— Hook. FI. Lond. 1. 176.— Jacq. FI. Aust. t. 11.— Linn. Sp.
PI. 930.— Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 293. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 714. Engl.
FI. v. iii. p.214.- With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 780.— Lindl. Syn. p. 24.— Hook. Brit.
FI. p. 303. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.20.5. — Relli. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p.270. —
Purt. Mid. FI. v. iii. p. 57.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 200.— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 193. —
Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gaid. and Bot. v. i. p. 165. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. ii. t.
74 I— Arabis major, Gray’sNat. Air. v. ii. p. 676.— Turritis major, Johnson’s
Gerarde, p. 272.

Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Calyx and Corolla.— Fig. 3. Germen.— Fig. 4. Sta-
mens.— Fig. 5. A Seed. — Fig. 6. A Seed, with the Testa removed to show the
Cotyledons. — Fig. 7. The same a little magnified.

* Originally from Arabia, but this name is not very precise, as the species of
the genus are found in many parts of the world, in arid, stony, and sandy places,
in cold and mild climates. Don.

1* See Draba verna, f 38, n. f. $ See Ery'simum cheiranthoides, f.62, n. |.

<5 See Draba verna, f. 38, a. || See Cardamine pratensis, f. 141, n. ||.

IT From Arabis, and idea, shape of a thing ; plants agreeing with Arabis
in important characters. Don.

Localities. — On old walls and stony places. Very rare. — Oxfordshire-,
On the walls of Magdalen College, Oxford : Dr. Sibthorp (1794), and the Rev.
Mr. White, Fellow of Magdalen Coll. 1832. It grew formerly within the Old
Quadrangle : Rev. R. Walker, B. D. On the bank by the side of the Cher-
well, opposite to Magdalen Coll.: Rev. Mr. White, 1831. It has for many
years been naturalized on the walls of the Oxford Botanic Garden, in a shady
place near an old Hot-house: W. B. — Cambridgeshire; On Trinity, and St.
John’s College walls, Cambridge : Rev. R. Relhan. — SCOTLAND. Kinross-
shire ; On the Castle of Cleish : Mr. Arnott.

Biennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Root somewhat woody, tapering, simple. Stem from 1 to 3 feet
high, upright, simple, round, leafy, and clothed, like the leaves,
with fine, short, soft, starry hairs. Leaves inversely heart-shaped,
broad, toothed, rather acute, but not pointed ; those from the root
and on the lower part of the stem tapering downwards into/oo<-
stalks ; the rest heart-shaped at the base, and clasping the stem ;
gradually decreasing in size as they approach the top. Flowers
white or cream-coloured, small, in corymbose clusters. Flower-
stalks f peduncles J short, each with an oblong, somewhat pointed,
bractea at its base, a character very unusual in this order. Petals
with a spreading border. Glands, 2 at the inside of the shorter
stamens, and 2 at the outside of the longer. Style very short,
permanent, with a small, not dilated, stigma. Pods very long,
flat, smooth, strap-shaped, thickened at the edges, curved down-
wards as they ripen, chiefly towards one side ; their valves slightly
undulated, not at all keeled.

The whole plant is of a light green colour ; it is a native of
Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Sicily, and Transylvania, on
mountains, in hedges, and coppices. In Britain it is one of our
very rarest natives, and may, probably, have escaped originally from
gardens. It is said to have been observed by Professor J. Martyn,
before the year 1732, on a wall at Lewisham, in Kent.

Many of the exotic species of this genus, especially the peren-
nial ones, are interesting little plants to the Botanist, and are well
adapted for rock work.

The fall of kings.

The rage of nations, and the crush of states,

Move not the man, who from the world escaped,

In still retreats, and flowery solitudes,

To Nature's voice attends, from month to month,
And day to day, thro’ the revolving year;
Admiring sees her in her every shape,

Feels all her sweet emotions at his heart,

Takes what she lib’ral gives, nor thinks of more.

Thomson.

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(160.)

CENA'NTHE* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Umbelli'ferte, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111.; Introd. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgiliiv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
517. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; subord. Angelicoste ;
sect. Angelicin^e; type, Angelicacea; ; subty. Angelicid.® ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 762, 770, 773, & 774.

Gen. Char. Flowers (fig. 1.*) more or less separated or im-
perfect, the outermost very irregular and abortive ; the innermost
smaller, regular, and producing fruit. Calyx (see fig. 1.) superior,
of 5 large, spear-shaped, acute, somewhat unequal, permanent
teeth. Corolla (fig. 1.*) of 5, inversely heart-shaped petals (fig 2.),
with inflexed points ; in the fertile flower nearly equal ; in those
of the circumference very unequal. Filaments (see fig. 1*.) 5,
thread-shaped, longer than the corolla. Anthei's small, roundish.
Germen (see fig. 1.) inferior, oblong, furrowed. Styles (see fig. 3.)
awl-shaped, slender, tumid at the base. Stigmas small, blunt,
recurved. Fruit (fig. 3.) oblong, or somewhat egg-shaped, with a
spongy or corky bark ; crowned with the permanent calyx, and
elongated, somewhat spreading styles. Carpels ( seeds of Linn.,/
(fig. 4.) with 5, blunt, convex ridges, of which the lateral ones are
marginal and a little broader. Interstices ( channels J with single
vitta. Seed taper, convex. Axis wanting. Universal involucrum
various, sometimes wanting ; partial, many-leaved. Flowers white.

The solid, unarmed, oblong, ribbed, somewhat spongy fruit ;
the carpels with 5, blunt, convex ridges ; the interstices with single
vittce ; the taper, convex seed; the 5-toothed permanent calyx; and
the inversely heart-shaped petals, with inflexed points ; will dis-
tinguish this from other genera in the same class and order.

Five species British.

GfINA'NTHE CROCA'TAJ. Hemlock Water-drop wort. Dead
Tongue. Five-fingered Root. Water Lovage.

Spec. Char. Knobs of the roots oblong or elliptic, sessile.
Stem branched, furrowed. Leaves all bipinnate ; leaflets wedge-
shaped, deeply toothed. Umbels of many rays ; general and par-
tial involucrums of many leaves. Fruit linear-oblong, with slender
intermediate ribs, longer than the pedicels. Don.

Engl. Bot. t. 2313. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 201. — Woodv. Med. Bot Suppl. t.
267. — Sphephensoo’s and Churchill’s Medieal Botany, v. i. t. 35. — Linn. Sp.
PI. p. 365. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 121. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 319. Engl.
FI. v.ii. p. 70. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.382. — Gray’s Nat. Ait. v. ii. p. 509. —
Lindl. Syn. p. 120. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 123. — Light f. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 162. —
Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 99. — Hook FI. Scot. p. 92. — Grev. FI Edin. p. 62. — Thorn-

Fig. 1. Germen and Calyx. — Fig. 1*. Corolla and Stamens. — Fig. 2. A se-
parate Petal. — Fig. 3. The Fruit, crowned by the Styles. — Fig. 4. A Carpel. —
Fig. 5. A transverse section of the Fruit.— Fig. 6. Ditto of a Carpel. — Figs. 1*,
2, & 6, slightly magnified.

* From oinos, Gr. a vine ; and anthos, Gr. a flower ; alluding to the vinous
smell of the flowers. Hooker.
t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note L-
j So called in consequence of the yellow juice which it yields.

ton's Family Herbal, p. 312.— Salisbury’s Bot. Companion, v. ii. p. 134.— FI.
Devon, pp. 51 & 167. — Johns!. FI. of Benv. v. i. p. 69. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.
81. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gird, and Bot. v. iii. p. 303. — Burnett’s Outl. of Bot.
v. ii. p. 776. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 20. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of Irel. p. 29. —
(Enanthc cicutce facies Lobelii, Ray’s Syn. p. 210. — Filipendula cicutee
facies, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1059.

Localities.— In watery places, osier holts, and about the banks of riversand
ponds, in various parts of Britain.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root consisting of many fleshy, oblong, somewhat spindle-
shaped, sessile knobs or tubers, from 2 to 6 inches long, each ter-
minating in a long, tough fibre. .Stem upright, from 2 to 5 feet
high, much branched, round, furrowed, leafy, hollow. Leaves
dark shining green, all twice-pinnated, their leaflets generally op-
posite, more or less stalked, broad, wedge-shaped, deeply toothed,
smooth, and veined. General Umbel rather large, stalked, of many
rays. Partial Umbels nearly globular, many-flowered. Flowers
white, or slightly tinged with purple. Petals inversely heart-
shaped, pointed, points incurved. General and Partial Involu-
crums various in number and shape ; sometimes the general invo-
lucrum is wanting. Fruit oblong, ribbed.

The root, in which the deleterious quality of the plant most
powerfully resides, abounds in a yellow-coloured juice, which has
an acrid, unpleasant taste, and foetid smell. The other parts of the
plant also yield the same kind of juice, but less plentifully.

This appears to be the most virulent of all our umbelliferous
plants. Mr. Lightfoot informs us, that he had heard the late
Mr. C. D. Ehret, the celebrated Botanic painter, say, that while
he was drawing this plant, the smell or effluvia rendered him so
giddy, that he was several times obliged to quit thp room, and walk
out in the fresh air to recover himself ; but recollecting at last what
might probably be the cause of his repeated illness, he opened the
door and windows of the room, and the free air then enabled him
to finish his work without any more returns of his giddiness. If but
a small quantity of any part of the plant is admitted into the stomach,
it instantly produces the most violent effects ; such as convulsions,
frequent hiccough, ineffectual retchings, haemorrhage from the
ears, and other violent symptoms, which terminate in death. To
counteract its deleterious effects on the human constitution, a quick
emetic, (as flour of mustard in warm water,) and venesection, are
most effectual. Many cases of the fatal effects of this plant on
persons who had eaten of it, are recorded in the works of Woon-
ville, Stephenson, and Thornton, referred to above.

As the plant greatly resembles smallage or celery, both in ap-
pearance and smell, the more caution is necessary respecting it,
especially as the roots have not any flavour disagreeable enough to
deter persons from eating them.

According to the observations of Linn.v.us, sheep eat it ; horses and cows te-
fuse it. Sir T. Fuankland says, that brood mares sometimes eat the root, and
are poisoned by it. In Westmoreland the country people apply a poultice of
the herb to the ulcer which forms in the foie part of the cieft of the hoof in
horned cattle, which is called the foul. It is conjectured, by some writers, that
the poison with which the Athenians took away the lives of malefactors, was an
inspissated juice compounded of this and other corrosive herbs. The roots have
been used as a bait to poison rats and moles.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. II.

PLATE

Acer campestre, L. . . 98

Aconitum Napellus, I* . .87

JEgopodiurn angelicafolium, Gr. 151
Aigopodium Podagraria, L. . 151

Agrimonia Eupatorium, L. . 88

Agrimonia vulgaris, Gray . 88

Agropyrnm repens, Gray . .112

Ajuga reptans, L. .94

Allium ursinum, L. . . 97

Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. . 99

Arabis Turrita, L. . .159

Apium graveolens, L. . 156

Ballota nigra, L. . .86

Ballotefcetida, Gray . . 86

Berberis dumetorum, Gray . 115

Berberis vulgaris, L. • 115

Briza media, L. . . . 104

Bryonia alba, Ray . . 83

Bryonia dioica, L. . .83

Bryonia ruderalis. Gray . 83

Buffonia annua, D C. . 152

Buffonia tenuifolia, Sm. . 152

Bufonia tenuifolia, L. . . 152

Bugula reptans, Gray . 94

Buxus sempervirens, L. . • 142

Caltha palustris, L. ; . 153

Caltlia radicans, Sm. . . 153

Cardamine bulbifera, Br. . 145

Cardamine prate nsis, L. . .141

Cardiaca vulgaris. Gray . 126

Centranthus latifolius, Lindl. . 90
Centranthus marinus, Gray . 90

Centranthus ruber, DC. .90

Cerasus avium, Eindl. . 100

Cerasus hortensis, Gray . .100

Chelidonium glaucium, L. . 131

Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, L. 140
Clematis dumosa, Gray . . 129

Clematis vitalba, L. . • 129

Cornus sanguinea, L. • . 114

Crambe maritima, L. . 107

Cratcegus monogyna, Sibth. . 118

Crataegus Oxyacantha, L. . 118

Cratcegus torminalis, L. . .111

Crocus nudiflorus, Sm. . 137

Crocus sveciosus, . . 137

Cypripedium Calceolus, L. . 105

Cypripedium ferrugineum, Gray 105
Dactylis glomerata, L. . . 108

Daphne florida, Gray . 96

Daphne Mezereum, L. . .96

Datura Stramonium, L. . 121

Dentaria bulbifera, L. . . 145

Diantbus Caryophyllus, L. . 81

Digitalis purpurea, L. . .113

Digitalis speciosa, Salisb. . 113

Doronicum cordifolium. Gray 157
Doronicum Pardalianches, L. .157
Dulcamara flexuosa, Gray . 1 10

Euonymus europaeus, L. . . 123

Frankenia laevis, L. . . 132

Genista tinctoria, L. .84

Glaucium flavum, Don . 131

Glaucium luteum, Sm. . . 131

Glechoma hederacea, L. •. 136

Hedysarum Onobrychis, L. . 134

Helleborus foetidus, L. . . 103

Heracleura sphondylium, L. . 130

PLATE

Hierochloe borealis, Rcem, . 148

Holcus odoratus, L. . .148

Holcus repens, Host. . 148

Hulchinsia petraea, Brown . 138

Hyacinthus racemosus, L. . 92

Impatiens noli-me-tangere, L. . 125

Impatiens palustris, Gray . 125

Iris palustris, Gray . . 82

Iris Pseud-acorus, L. . 82

Lapsana communis, L. . . 150

Lathyrus latifolius, L. . 117

Lavatera arborea, L. . . 106

Leonurus Cardiaca, L. . 126

Lepidium petrccum, L. . • 138

Ligustrum vulgare, L. . . 119

Lolium perenne, L. . .116

Melica nutans, L. . . 144

Mercurialis perennis, L. . . 143

Mespilus digyna, Gray . 118

Mespilus monogyna, Gray . 118

Mespilus Oxyacantha. Sm. . 118

Molly latifolium, Gray . . 97

Muscari racemosum. Mill. . 92

Nasturtium montanum, Gray . 138

cEnanthe Crocata, L. . . 160

Onobrychis sativa, Gray, . . 134

Ornithogalum umbellatum, L. 124

Petasites vulgaris, Gray . 139

Polemonium caeruleum, L. . 149

Polemonium vulgare, Gray . 149

Polycarpon tetraphyllum, L. . 155
Primula officinalis, Curt. . 89

Primula veris, L. . . .89

Prunus avium, L. . . 100

Prunus Cerasus, L. . . 100

Pulmonaria officinalis, L. . 102

Pyrus Torminalis, Sm. . . Ill

Rubia peregrina, L. . . 135

Sagittaria aquatica, Gray . 109

Sagittaria sagittifolia, L. . 109

Sambucus Ebulus, L. . . 122

Sambucus humilis, Gray . 122

Scilla bifolia, L. . . . 95

Silene Armeria, L. . . 120

Silene latifolia, Gray . . 120

Sisymbrium irio, L. . . 146

Sisymbrium latifolium, Gray . 146

Solanum Dulcamara, L. . 110

Sonehus Oleraceous, L. . . 147

Sphondylium vulgare. Gray . 130

Spiraea nlipendula, L. . . 133

Spircca vulgaris, Gray . 133

Stellaria nemorum, L. . . 154

Stramonkim feetidum, Gray . 121

Symphytum officinale, L. . . 101

Thymus serpyllum, L. . . 127

Triticum repens, L . . . 112

Tussilago Farfara, L. . . 91

Tussilago hybrida, L. . . 139

Tussilago Petasites, L. . 139

Tussilago vulgaris, Gray . . 91

Ulex europaeus, L. .93

Valeriana rubra, L. . .90

Verbascum nigrum, L. . 85

Viburnum farinosum, Gray . 128

Viburnum Lantana, L. . 128

Vinca grandiflora, Salisb. . 158

Vinca major, E. . . 158

SYSTEMATICAL INDEX TO VOL. II

PLATE

Diandria. 2 stamens.

Ligustrum vulgare
Anthoxanthum odoralum

119

99

Triandria. 3 stamens.

Valeriana rubra .

Crocus nudiflorus
Iris Pseud-acorus
Hierochloe borealis
Melica nutans
Briza media
Dactylis glomerata
Eolium perenne
Triticum repens
Polycarpon tetraphyllum .

90

137

82

148

144

104

108

116

112

155

Tetrandria. 4 stamens.

Rubia peregrina . • 135

Cornus sanguinea . . U4

Buffonia tenuifolia . . 152

Pentandria. 5 stamens.

Pulmonaria officinalis .

Symphytum officinale
Primula veris
Polemonium caeruleum
Impatiens N oli-me-tangere
Verbascum nigrum
Datura Stramonium
Solanum Dulcamara
Euonymus europaeus .

Vinca major
CEnanthe crocata
Apium graveolens .

ASgopodium Podagraria
Heracleum sphondylium
Viburnum Lantana
Sambucus Ebulus .

Hexandria. 6 stamens.

Allium Ursinum

97

Ornithogalum umbellatum . 124

Scilla bifolia

95

Muscari racemosum

. 92

Berberis vulgaris

115

Frankenia laevis .

. 132

OcTANDRIA.

8 stamens.

Daphne Mezereum

. 96

Acer campestre .

. 98

Decandria.

10 stamens.

Chrysosplenium oppositifolium . 140

Dianthus Caryophyllus . 81

Silene Armeria . . • 120

Stellaria nemorum . 154

Dodecandria. 12 to 19 stamens.
Agrimonia Eupatoria . . 88

102

101

89

149

125

85

121

J10

123

158

160

156

151

130

128

122

PLATE

Pyrus Torminalis . . Ill

Spiraea Filipendula . . 133

Polyandria. Many stamens,
inserted upon the receptacle.

Glaucium luteum

. 131

Aconitum Napellus .

87

Clematis Vitalba

. 129

Helleborus foetidus .

103

Caltha palustris

. 153

Didynamia. 4 stamens ; two longer
than the other two.

Ajuga reptans

94

Glecboma hederacea

. 136

Bollota nigra

86

Leonurus Cardiaca

126

Thymus serpyllum

. 127

Digitalis purpurea .

113

Tetradynamia. 6 stamens ;

4 long

and 2 short.

•

Hutchinsia petraea .

138

Crambe maritima

. 107

Dentaria bulbifera .

145

Cardamine pratensis

. 141

Sisymbrium Irio

146

Arabis Turrita

. 159

Monadelphia. Filaments united
into one set.

Lavatera arborea . . 106

Diadelphia. Filaments united
in two sets.

Genista tinctoria . .84

Ulex europaeus . . 93

Lathyrus latifolius . 117

Onobrychis sativa . . 134

Svngenesia. Anthers united into a
tube. Flowers compound, (p. 91.)

Sonchus oleraceus . . 147

Lapsana communis . . 150

Tussilago Farfara . . 91

Petasites vulgaris . . 139

Doronicum Pardalianches . 157

Gynandria. Stamens situated upon
the style or column, above the
germen.

Cypripedium Calceolus . 105

Moncecia. Stamens and Pistils in

separate flowers, but both

on the

same plant.

Buxus sempervirens

142

Bryonia dioica . .

. 83

Sagittaria sagittifolia

109

Icosandria. 20 or more stamens
placed on the calyx.

Prunus Cerasus . . 100

Crata;gus Oxyacantha . . 118

Dio. cta. Stamens and Pistils in se-
parate flowers, and on different
plants.

Mercurialis perennis . .143

ENGLISH INDEX TO VOL. II.

PLATE

Aconite .

87

Agrimony

88

Alehoof .

136

Arrow-head.

109

Balsam, Yellow

125

Barberry .

115

Bear’s-foot

103

Bear’s Garlick

97

Bitter-sweet

110

Black Horehound .

86

Black Mullein .

85

Box-tree .

142

Buffonia

152

Bugle

94

Bulbiferous Toothwort

145

Butter-bur

139

Carnation

81

Celery, Wild .

156

Cherry-tree, Wild .

100

Clove Pink

81

Cock’s- head .

134

Colt’s-foot

91

Comfrey .

101

Coral-root

145

Cornal-tree, Wild

114

Couch-grass

112

Cow-parsnep

139

Cowslip

89

Creeping Wheat-grass

112

Cuckoo-flower

141

Danewort

122

Dead Tongue .

160

Dog’s Mercury

143

Dog-wood

114

Dropwort .

133

Dwarf Elder

122

Dyer’s Green-weed .

84

Everlasting Pea .

117

Fleur-de-Luce

82

Four-leaved All-seed

155

Foxglove . .

113

Furze

93

Gatteridge-tree

123

Gill .

136

Golden-knobs

153

Gorse

93

Golden Saxifrage

140

Gout-weed

151

Great Leopard’s-bane

157

Great Periwinkle

158

Great Tower- mustard

159

Greek Valerian .

149

Ground Ivy

136

Guelder Rose

128

Hawthorn

118

Hemlock Water Dropwort

160

Herb Carpenter

94

Herb Gerarde

151

Hog-weed

130

Horned Poppy

131

Hutchinsia

138

Jacob’s Ladder

149

Jerusalem Cows-lips

102

Lady’s Hair

104

Lady’s Slipper

105

Lion-tail

126

Lobel’s Catchfly

120

London Rocket

146

Lungwort .

102

Madder, Wild . . 135

Marsh Marigold . 153

Maple . . .98

May . . . 118

Meadow-bouts . . 153

Meadow Lady’s-smock . 141

Mezereon . . .96

Monk’s-hood . . 87

Mother of Thyme . . 127

Motherwort . . 126

Mountain Melic-grass . 144

Naked-flowered Crocus . 137

Nipple-wort . . 150

Northern Holy-grass • 148

Orchard Grass . . 108

Perennial Darnel Grass . 116

Perennial Mercury . . 143

Pestilentwort . . 139

Pipperidge-bush . . 115

Poppy, Yellow Horned . 131

Prickwood . . 123

Print, or Primprint . . 119

Privet . . 119

Quaking Grass . . 104

Quick in hand . . 125

Ramsons . . .97

Ray Grass . . 116

Red-berried Bryony . 83

Red Valerian . . 90

Rough Cock’s-foot Grass . 108

Saint-foin . . 137

Sea Kale . . .107

Sea Tree-mallow . 106

Service-tree, Wild . Ill

Shepherd’s Thyme . . 127

Smallage Parsley . 156

Smootli Sea-heath . . 132

Sow-thistle . . 147

Spindle-tree . . 123

Spurge Olive . . 96

Star Hyacinth . . 95

Star of Bethlehem . . 124

Starch Grape Hyacinth . 92

Stinking Hellebore . 103

Sweet-scented Vernal-grass . 99

Swine’s Succory . 150

Thyme, Wild . . 127

Touch-Me-Not . . 125

Tower Wall-cress . 159

Traveller’s Joy . . 129

Two-leaved Squill . 95

Vine, Wild . . 83

Virgin’s Bower . . 129

Wayfaring-tree . 128

White-thorn . .118

Wild Celery . . 156

Wild Cherry-tree . . 100

Wild Cornal-tree . 114

Wild Madder . . 135

Wild Service-tree . Ill

Wild Thyme . . 127

Wild Vine . . 83

Wolfs-bane . . 87

Wood Stitch wort . 154

Woody Nightshade . . 110

Yellow Balsam . 125

Yellow Horned Poppy . 131

Yellow Water Iris . 82

Cryptoyamous Plants noticed.

FOLIO

ALcidium Behenis

120 a

Berberidis .

115 a

Compositarum .

150 a

laceratum

118 a

Tussilaginis

91 a

Dothidea Heraclei

130 a

Erineum clandestinum

118 a

purpurescens .

98 a

Erysiphe Berberidis

115 a

— bicornes

98 a

Evernia prunastri

118 a

Puccinia ASgopodii

151 a

Buxi

142 a

Glechomatis

136 a

Heraclei

130 a

Ramalina farinacea .

118 a

Rhytisma acerinum

. 98 a

Sphaeria cornicola .

114 a

Credo antherarum

154 a

Behenis

120 a

Cerastii .

154 a

cichoracearum

150 a

confluens

143 a

sonchi .

147 a

symphyti .

101 a

Tussilaginis .

91 a

Usnea hirta

118 a

Natural Orders described.

FOLIO

Acerineae . .

. 98

a

Alismaceae.

109

a

Amygdaleae

. 100

a

Apocyneae

158

a

Balsamineae

. 125

a

Berberideae

115

a

Boragineae . .

. 102

a

Caprifoliaceae

128

a

Caryophylleae

. 152

a

Celastrineae .

123

a

Cucurbitaceae

. 83

a

Euphorbiaceae

143

a

Frankeniaceaa

. 132

a

Illecebreae .

155

a

Irideae

. 82

a

Labiatae

. 86 & 94

a

Malvaceas .

. 106

a

Oleaceae .

119

a

Polemoniaceae

. 143

a

Ranunculace®

. 129

a

Stellatae .

. 135

a

Thymelaeae

96

a

N. B. When a follows the number
of the folio, it indicates a reference to
the second page of that leaf.

CORRECTIONS and ADDITIONS.

Folio 81, line 2, after Decandp.ia insert f.

Folio 91, line 2 from the bottom, for Ptarmina read Ptarmica ; and in the
same line, for note -f read note J.

Folio 97 a, line IT, for castle read waste.

Folio 114 a, lines 2 fie 3 from the bottom .for Mycologinum read Mycologicum.
Folio 115 a, lines 31 & 38, for Berberides read Berberidis.

Folio 139 a, at the bottom of the page, add — Uredo Petasites, Grev. FI. Edin.
p. 441, is not uncommon on the under surface of the living leaves of this plant
about Oxford, in the Autumn.

kiNc, ntiNTiR, st. clement's, oxfonO.

New York Botanical uaroen t

QK306 .B36 v. 2 9en

Baxter William/British phaenogamous bot

II ii 111 iiiiii i ilium illl 1 1 Hi I mini

3 5185 00120 0581