« # BRITISH ,> ^ ^©^^SS’Wo on, FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENERA T BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS. :: BY W. BAXTER, A. L. S. F. H. S. & c. CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; CURATOR OF THE BOTANIC CARDEN, OXFORD ; AND AUTHOR OF STIRPES CRYPTOGAM* OXONIENSES. Look on these flowers ! They are from lone wild places, forest-dingles. Fresh banks of many a low-voiced hidden stream. Where the sweet star of eve looks down, and mingles Faint lustre with the water-lily’s gleam. MRS. HEMANS. VOL. III. OXFORD. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR J SOLD BY J. H. PARKER; AND BY WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND CO. LONDON, 1837. TO THE REV. J. S. HENSLOW, M. A. F. L. S &c. &c. &c. PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE; ©fjis Folume OF BRITISH PHJENOGAMOUS BOTANY, IS, WITH HIS PERMISSION, MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY HIS FAITHFUL, AND VERY OBEDIENT HUMBLE SERVANT, WILLIAM BAXTER. Botanic Garden, Oxford, June 12, 1837. o n 0 Q u ■ 1 1 6 FLOWERS. The Flowers ! Oh they are glorious in the morning light, Of a Spring morning — beautiful and bright. As childhood’s hours. They seem Radiant with promise of the blissful day — The rainbow-tints that gild our childhood’s way. In Life’s first dream. They bring All fond emotions to our hearts once more. The faces, forms we loved so well, before Hope first took wing. They tell Of love’s first meeting, vows that now are broken. The tears and sighs ’mid which all sad was spoken The word— Farewell ! At eve, Flowers, ’mid the Autumn have a witching charm, Pouring a comfort, and a breath of balm, O’er hearts that grieve. For then. When the gay glitter of life’s day is gone, When earthly Hope is like a primrose wan. In the dark glen; And Love, E’en as a rose o’er which the storm hath passed. Scattering its leaves on the relentless blast, Seems borr.e above ; The Heart Looks for the coming of that fadeless day, When we shall meet the friends now passed away, Never to part. And where Flowers of all glory, and all beauty, bloom, Touched by no blight, and fearless of the tomb— For ever fair ! Author of ” Stray Flowers.” ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. III. PLATE Actaea spicata, L . . 218 Agroslemma Githago. L. . 175 Ayrostis minima, I,. . . 184 A Inus glutinosa, Willd. . 193 Alopecurus aristatus, Huds. . 208 Alopecurus monspeliensis , L. . 208 A Ithaea officinalis, I,. . . 226 Anethum Foeniculum, I.. . 176 Anthericum ca/yculatum, L. . 227 Anthericum ossifragum, L. . 186 A ill hriscus sylvestris, Hoffm. 228 Antiirhinum majus, L. . . 169 Aquilegia vulgaris, L. . 221 Aster Tripolium, L. . . 230 l'.artsia Odontites, Huds. . 223 Beta maritima, L. . . 231 Betonica officinalis, L. . 214 Betula Alims. L. . . 193 Capsella Bursa-Pastoris, D C. 191 Carduus nutans, L. . .177 Carpinus Betulus, L. . 234 Carpinus Utmoides, Gray . 234 Carum Carvi, L. . . 232 Carum officinale, Gray . 232 Caucalis Carota, Huds. . 180 Cere/olium sylvestre. Gray . 228 Chcerophyllum sylvestre, L. . 228 Chamagroslis minima, Sch. . 184 Cheiranthus Clieiri, Huds. . 237 Cheiranthus fruticulosus, L. . 237 Chrysccoroa Linosyris, L. . 233 Chrysocoma nuperum. Gray . 233 Cineraria campestris. Willd. . 206 Cineraria integri/olia, L. . 206 Comarum palustre, L. . 197 Corydalis solida, DC.. . 190 Cynosurus cceruleus, L. . 192 Cynosurus cristatus, L. . 216 Dactylis cynosuroides, Iluds. 2<>3 Dactylis stricta. Willd. . 203 Daucus Carola, L. . 180 Drosera rotundifolia, L. . 201 Echiutn vulgare, L. . 189 Krigeron acris, L. . . 166 Eryngium maritimum, L. . 162 Eupatorium cannabinum, L. . 178 Euphrasia Odontites, L. . 223 Eurybia maritima. Gray . 230 Foeniculum vulgare, Gueit. . 176 Fumaria solida, L. . 190 Galeobdolon Galeopsis, Curt. 194 Galeobdolon luteum, Huds. . 194 Galeopsis Galeobdolon, E. . 194 Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L. . 185 Githago segetum, Don . 175 Ilieraceum umbellalum, L. . 165 Hydrocotyle villgris, L. . 168 Inula Dysenterica, L. . . 170 Isatis tinctoria, L. . . 210 Ixia bulbocodium, L. . . 202 Knappia agrostidea, Sm . 184 Knautia arvertsis, Coult. . 179 Leiogyne aizoides, Don . 187 Eeontodon Taraxacum, L. . 163 Lepidium latifolium, L. . 236 Limnanthes peltata, Gray . 161 Limonium commune. Gray . 183 Limosclla aquatica, L. . 212 PLATE Linum millegranum, Gray . 188 Linum Radiola, L- . 188 Lychnis, segetum. Gray . 175 Lycopus europaeus, I.. . 167 Lycopus riparius. Gray . 167 Lythrum salicaria, L . 229 Lythrum spicatum, G ray . 229 Marrubium vulgare, L. . 171 Menyanthes nymphaoides, L. 161 iMontia fonlana, L. . . 196 Myosurus europcea, Gray . 204 Myosurus mininus, L‘ . 204 Narthecium ossifragum, Huds. 186 Nymphma alba, L. . 181 & 182 Orchis i nilitaris, L. . 213 Orchis tephrosanthos, Willd. . 213 Pasonia corallina, Willd. . 217 Pceonia officinalis, L. . 217 Panicum verlicillatum, L. . 211 Parietaria officinalis, L. . 224 Pastinaca saliva, L. . 172 Pastmaca sylvestris, Huds. . 172 Peplis portula, L. . 220 Phyteuma orbiculare, L. . 205 Pinguicula vulgaris, L. . 209 Pisum maritimum, L. . . 225 Planlago major, L. . 207 Pneumonanthe vulgaris, Gray 185 Polypogon monspeliensis, Desf. 208 Portula palustr is, Gray . 220 Potentilla palustris, Gray . 197 Pulicaria Dysenterica, Gray . 170 Pyrola minor, L. . . 239 Pyrola rosea, Sm. . . 239 Radiola millegrana, Sm. . 188 Rhamnus alnoides, Gray . 219 Rliamnus Frangula, 1.. . 219 Sagina procumbens, L. . 199 Sanicula europaea, . 235 Saxifraga aizoides, L . . 187 Saxifraga autumnalis, Huds. 187 Scabiosa arvensis, L. . 179 Serratula tinctoria, L. . . 174 Sesleria caerulea, Scop. . 192 Setaria vet ticillata , Reavv. . 211 Sibthorpia europaea, L. . 215 Smytnitim olusatrum, L. . 195 Smyrnium vulgare. Gray . 195 Solidago virgaurea, L. . 238 Solidago vulgaris , Gray . 238 Spartina stricta, Sm. . 203 Stachys Betonica, Benth. . 214 Staphylea pinnata, L. . 198 Statice Limonium, L. . . 183 Stipa pennata, L. . 200 Taraxacum officinale, Gray . 163 Taxus baccata, L. . 222 Thl asp i alpeslris, Huds. . 240 Thlaspi Bursa-Pastoris, L. . 191 Thlaspi cuneatum. Gray . 191 Thlaspi perfoliatum . 240 Tofieldia palustris, Huds. . 227 Trichonema bulbocodum, Ker. 202 Trichonema parviflorum, Gray 202 Trimorpha acre. Gray . 166 Vicia, sylvatica, L. . 173 Villarsia nymphseoides, Vent. . 161 Zannichellia palustris, L. . 164 TLA7 Z SYSTEMATICAL INDEX TO VOL. III. PLATE Dianpria. 2 stamens. Pinguicula vulgaris 209 Lycopus europmus . 167 Triandrea. 3 stamens. Trichonema bulbocodium . 202 Stipa pennata 200 Polypogon monspeliensis . 208 Sesleria caerulea 192 Setaria verticillata . 211 Cynosurus cristatus 216 Knappia agrostidea . 184 Spartina stricta 203 Monti a foutana . 196 Tetrandrea. 4 stamens. Knautia arvensis . 179 Plantago major : 207 Parielaria officinalis . 224 Sagina procumbens 199 Radiola millegrana . 188 Pentandria. 5 stamens. Eehium vulgare . 189 Villarsia nymphatnides 161 Phyteuma orbiculare . 205 llhamnus Frangula 219 Gentiana Pneumonanthe . 185 Hydrocotyle vulgaris 168 Sanicula europaea . 235 F.ryngium maritimum . 162 Carum carvi . 232 Foeniculum vulgare 176 Pastinaca sativa . 172 Daucus corota 180 Anthriscus sylvestris . 228 Smyrnium olusatrum 195 Beta maritima . 231 Staphylea pinnata . 198 Staice Limonium . 183 Drosera rotundifolia 201 Myosurus minimus . 204 Hexandria. 6 stamens. Peplis portula 220 Narthecium ossifragum . ; 186 Tofieldia palustris . 227 Decandria. 10 stamens. Pyrola minor 239 Saxifraga aizoides . 187 Agrostemma Githago 175 Dodecandria. 12 to 19 stamens. Lythrum Salicaria . . 229 Icosandria. 20 or more stamens, placed on the calyx. Comarum palustre . . 197 Polyandria. 20 or more stamens, placed on the receptacle. Acttea spicata . . . 218 Nymphaea alba . 181 5c 182 Paeouia corallina . . 217 Aquilegia vulgaris . . 221 Didynamia. 4 stamens ; two longer than the other two. Galeobdolon luteum Betonica officinalis Marrubium vulgare Bartsia odontites A ntirrhinum majus Limosella aquatica Sibthorpia europaea 194 214 171 223 169 212 215 Tetradynamia. 6 stamens ; 4 longer than the other 2. I satis tinctoria . . . 210 Thlaspi perfoliatum . 240 Capsella Bursa-Pastoris . 191 Lepidium latifolium . 236 Cheiranthus Cheiri . . 237 MoNADEt.riu a. Filaments united into one set. Althaea officinalis . . 226 Diadelphia. Filaments united in two sets. Corydalis solida . .190 Pisum maritimum . 225 Vicia sylvatica . . . 173 Syngenesia. Anthers united into a tube. Flowers compound, (pi. 163.) Leontodon Taraxacum Hieracium umbellatum . Serratula tinctoria . Carduus nutans . Eupatorium cannabinum Chrysocoma Linosyris . Krigeron acris Aster Tripolium Solidago virgaurea . Pulicaria Dysenterica . Cineraria campestris 163 165 174 177 178 233 166 230 238 170 206 Gynandria. Stamens situated upon the style or column, above the germen. Orchis tephrosauthos . 213 MoNCEctA. Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers, but both on the same plant, (pi. 193.) Zannichellia palustris . 164 Alnus glutinosa . . 193 Carpinus Betulus . . 234 Dicecia. Stamens and Pistils in se- parate flowers, and on different plants. Taxus baccata . . . 222 ENGLISH INDEX TO VOL. III. l'J.ATE Agrostis-like Knappia . 184 Aizoon-like Saxifrage . 187 Alder 193 Alexanders . . . . 195 Alisander .... 195 All-seed .... 188 Annual Beard-grass . • 208 Barlsia 223 Bee’s-nest .... 180 Berry-bearing Alder . . 219 Black Alder . . . . 193 Black Bane-berry . . 218 Bladder-nut .... 198 Blue Daisies . . . 230 Blue Flea-bane . . . 166 Blue Moor-grass . . 192 Bog-asphodel . . . : 186 Breaking Buckthorn . . 219 Broad-leaved Pepperwort . 236 Bull-dogs .... 169 Butterwort .... 209 Calathian Violet . . 185 Calves’-snout .... 169 Cambridge Rag-wort . . 206 Can-dock . . . 181 & 182 Caraway .... 232 Cat’s-tail . . . . 189 Channel-leaved Trichonema . 202 Common Columbine . . 221 Dandelion . . 163 Fennel . . 176 Flea-bane . . 170 Golden-rod . 238 Saw-wort . 174 Wall-flower . 237 Yew . . .222 Coral Pseony . . . 217 Corn Campion . . . 175 Corn Cockle . . . 175 Cornish Money-wort . . 215 Cowberry .... 197 Crested Dog’s-tail Grass . 216 Dandelion .... 163 Dittander .... 236 Dyer’s Woad . . . .210 European Sibthorpia . . 215 False Plantain . . . 212 Feather-grass . . . 200 Field Flea- wort . . . 206 Field Scabious . . . 179 Finckle 176 Flax- leaved Goldylocks . 233 Fountain Chickweed . . 196 Fringed Buckbean . . 161 Fringed Water-lily . . .161 German Goldylocks . . 233 Gipsey-wort .... 167 Great Blue-caps . . 179 Greater Plantain . . . 207 Great Snapdragon . . 169 Grey-spiked Orchis . . 213 Hardbeam .... 234 Hemp-agrimony . . .178 Herb Christopher . 170 & 218 Horned-pondweed . . . 164 Horned-rampion . . . 205 Hornbeam .... 234 Lancaster Bog-asphodel . 186 PLATE Least Rupture wort . 188 Lesser Winter-green 239 Marsh Gentian . 185 Marsh Mallow 226 Marsh Penny-wort . . 168 Marsh Tofieldia 227 Monkey Orchis . . . 213 Mouse-tail 204 Musk Thistle . 177 Narrow-leaved Hawkweed 165 Nodding Thistle . 177 Pellitory of the Wall 224 Perfoliate Penny-cress . 240 Perfoliate Shepherd’s Purse . 240 Pick-purse .... 191 Poor Man’s Pepper . 236 Procumbent Pearl-wort 199 Purple Grasspoly . 229 Purple Marsh Cinque-foil 197 Purple Willow-herb . 229 Red Bartsia 223 Red-rot . 201 Round-leaved Rampion 205 Round-leaved Sundew . 201 Scottish Asphodel 227 Sea Beet . 231 Cock’s-foot Grass 203 Eryngo . 162 Holly . 162 Lavender . . 183 Pea . 225 Star-wort . . 230 Seal-wort . . . . 199 Shepherd’s Purse . 191 Small Wild-saffron 202 Smooth Cow-parsley . 228 Solid Bulbous Fumitory 190 Twin-spiked Cord-grass . 203 Umbellate Hawkweed 165 Viper’s Bugloss . 189 Viper Grass 189 Wall Gilliflower . 237 Water Agrimony 178 Blinks . 196 Can . . . 181 & 182 Horehound . 167 Mudwort 212 Purslane . 220 Way-bred . 207 Weasel-snout . 194 Wild Carrot 180 Chervil . 228 Parsnep . . . 172 Pistacia . 198 White Horehound 171 Rot . . 168 & 209 Water-lily . . 181 & 182 Whorled Bristle-grass . 211 Wood Betony 214 -Sanicle . 235 Vetch 173 Woundwort . 238 Wymote . . . . 226 Yellow Dead-nettle . 194 Yellow Mountain Saxifrage . 187 Yew 222 Yoke Elm . 234 Yorkshire Sanicle . . 209 Vryptogamous Plants noticed. Natural Order described. JEc’idium crassum . Botrytis parasitica Dothidea alnea Erineum alneum Erysiphe lamproearpa penicillata Fuccinia Betonic® . compositarum sanicul® — umbeiliferarum SphmriaTaxi Uredo Candida Ciclioracearuni Rhinanthacearum Thlaspi FOLIO. 219. a 191. a 193. a 193. a 207. a 193. a 214. a 174. a 235. a 228. a 222. a 191. a 163. a 223. a 191. a Campanulaceic Chenopode® Dipsace® Droserace® Fumariace® Lythrarie® JMelanthace® Plumbagine® Portulace® . Pyrole® Rhamne® Saxifrage® Staphyleace® Umbellifer® FOLIO. . 205. a 231. a . 179. a 201. a . 190. a 229. a . 227. a 183. a ; 196. a 239. a . 219. a 187. a . 198. a 235. a N. B. When a follows the number of the folio, it indicates a reference to the second page of that leaf. Corrections and Additions. Folio 163, line 2, for Poly'gamia read Polygamia. Folio 191, line 9, for Reading, read Rh/eadin.e. Folio 192, a. line 10 from the bottom, for opposite read apposite. Folio 211, a. line 29, for riged read rigid. Orchis tephrosanthos , figured at plate 213, is O.macra of Dr. Lindley's Synopsis of the British Flora, 2nd edition, pp. 260 Sc 330 ; and of his Genera and Species of Orchideous Plants, partiv. — Dr. Lindley observes, “ 1 have no doubt of this plant, which is the O. tephrosanthos of Bichf.no, being alto- gether distinct from the species so called by Continental writers. It is very true that O. militaris and tephrosanthos are so variable in the form of their lip, that it is a matter of some doubt whether they are distinct from each other ; but the characteristic marks of O. macra are quite of another kind. Independently of its far more slender habit, narrow few-flowered spikes and bluntish leaves, it is quite remarkable for the exceedingly large cells of the tissue of its lip, which project and have a watery appearance, as if the whole surface were covered with crystaline warts; the lip is, moreover, destitute of the hispid line which invari- ably runs through its centre in all the varieties of either O. militaris or tephro- santhos I have had an opportunity of examining. I have not met with this species among Continental collections.” Syn. of Brit. FI. 2nd edit. p. 330. — A living specimen, in flower, of Orchis macra, from the neighborhood of Gor- ing, Oxon., which is now (June 12, 1837) on the table before me, agrees pre- cisely with the above description by Dr. Lindley. The lip of this species is remarkably beautiful when examined with a microscope. Folio 230, line 16 from the bottom, after 196, add— Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. ii. t. 80. ; and v. iii. 1. 1 14. Folio 231 , line 28, after 254, add — Curt. Biit. Entomol. v. vii. t. 310. Folio 234, line 15 from the bottom, after 243, add— Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. xiii. t. 579. Folio 235, line 18 from the bottom, after 98, add — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. iv. t. 189. W. KINO, rniNTEII, ST. CLEMENT S, OXFORD. 161 VH-L.AB.SIA NYMPHiE'OIDEo. NYMPH ABA LI i- ' let PLibfy/JBcixtc.r. Botanic Garda fk. Ovjbr'i , 7QA£ . (161.) VILLA'RSIA*. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria*; Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Gentia'neas, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 177. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 215. — R ch. by Macgilliv. p. 444. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.526. — Lystmachial, afpnia, Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 95 & 97. — Svringales ; subord. Primulcis/e ; sect. Gentianinte; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 958, and 1008. — Precise, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, permanent, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep segments. Corolla of 1 petal, somewhat wheel-shaped, tube short; limb spreading, deeply 5-parted, smooth in the disk, bearded or scaly at the base, with an indexed margin. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 5, alternate with the segments of the corolla. Anthers (fig. 2, a.) upright. Germen (see fig. 2, b.) conical. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes toothed. Glands 5, hypogynous, al- ternate with the stamens. Capsule (fig. 3.) 1-celled, 2-valved,and many-seeded, (in the floating species the capsule is indehiscent) ; the valves bearing the seeds in their axis (see figs. 4 to 7). Leaves simple. Lindl. Syn. The wheel-shaped, 5-parted corolla , smooth in the disk, bearded at the base, with an inflexed margin ; the 1 -celled capsule ; and parietal seeds ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. VILLA'RSIA NYMPH ACOI'DES. Nymphaea-like Villarsia. Fringed Buckbean. Fringed Water-lily. Spec. Char. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, floating. Pedun- cles aggregate, single flowered. Corollas ciliated. Hooker. Hook. FI. Lnnd. t. 168. — Brit. FI. p. 92. — Lindl. Syn. p. 179. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 53. — Pamplin’s PI. of Battersea and Clapliam, p. 5. — Menyanthes nympheeoides , Engl. Bot. t. 217.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 207.— Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.85. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 226. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 275. — With (7 1 li ed.) v. ii. p.292. — Siblh. FI. Oxon. p. 73. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.l p.85. — Part. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 18. — Limnanth.es peltata, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 3 10.— Nympkeea lutea minor, /lore fimbriato, Ray’s Syn. p. 368. Localitiis. — In ponds, slow streams, and the marginal recesses of large rivers. Rare. — Oxfordsh. Abundant in many places about Oxford, especially in the Isis, and watery ditches near it. At Hinksey Ferry. Near the third bridge from Botley Toll-gate. In a broad shallow piece of water opposite to Medley Lock; and in a branch of the Isis opposite the draw bridge at the back of Je- richo. Near Godstow Bridge. In the Cherwell at the further corner of Mag- dalen W’ater Walks; and in the Isis between Sandford and Nuneham : 1835, W. B. In ponds at Sarsden : H. Woolcombf., Esq. — Berks; In the Thames Fig. 1. Calyx and Germen. — Fig. 2. Stamens, Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 3. Capsule.. — Fig. 4. Transverse section of the same. — Fig. 5. A vertical section of ditto, showing the situation of the seeds. — Fig. 6. A seed.— Fig. 7. The same magnified.— Fig. 8. A Seed divested of its skin or testa. * A genus divided from Menyanthes, and named in compliment to M. T)f. Villaiis, a distinguished French Botanist, and Professor at Strasburg ; he care- fully examined the Alps which divide Italy from Switzerland, the Vosges, and the South of France, along with Chaix, a clergyman at Gap, and Ci-AriEn, Physician at Grenoble. He was author of the classical Histoire des Plantes de Dauphine, Grenoble, 1786 — 1789, in 3 vols. 8vo. ; with 55 Copper-plates. He died in 1813. Eight exotic species of this genus are enumerated in Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. f See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48. at Ankerwick, near Windsor: Rev. Dr. Goodfnouoh. In the Isis between Kennington and Radley, plentiful: 1835, W. B. — Bucks; On Datcliet Com- mon, plentiful : Mr. Gotobed. Cambridgesh. Rivers about Streatham Ferry : MtnnET and Reehan In the Cam below Cambridge. Fens near Ely. Little- port, and old Bedford River: Rev. R. Reehan. — Cumberland; At Keswick: Mr. Hutton. — Essex ; In the river Rhodon almost opposite the eighth mile- stone in the road to Woodford Bridge, near the bridge; and between that and Luxhorough House: Warner. — Hampsh. In a pond between Old Basing and Nately : Rev. R. Appi.eton. — Huntingdonsh. In the back water at Hem- mingford: Rev. R. Reeiian. Middlesex; In creeks of the river Thames near Sunbury, in vast plenty ; and in most creeks of the Thames in that district : Sir .1. Banks. Pond in London Fields, Hackney : Mr. J. Woods, jun. — Norfolk; Wisbech River, a little before you come to that town from Downhani: Mr. Skrimshire. — Northamptowsh. In the Nyne at Peterborough, plentiful : Mor- ton.— Northumberland; Naturalized in the ponds at Wallinglon : N. .1. Winch, Esq.— Surrey ; Above Kingston Bridge: Beackstone. In theThames near Walton Bridge: Earl of Dari mouth. In the Thames at Kingston, Hampton, &c and in the pond opposite the Five Houses, Wandsworth Com- mon, abundantly, where it was placed not many years ago by Mr. W. Ander- son, Curator of the Apothecaries’ Garden at Chelsea ; and is now become com- pletely naturalized: Mr. W. Pampein, jun. 1827. — Sussex; In ditches in Lewes Level : W. Borrer, Esq.— Yorksh. “In the lake of Castle Howard, abundantly, where 1 planted it. I believe it is not a native of that neighbour- hood:” Mr. R. Teesdale, 1792. Perennial. — Flowers from June to September. Roots long, and stringy. Stems long, round, branching, leafy. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, floating, very smooth, shining, and sometimes spotted above, purplish beneath, involute in the hud, their margins somewhat waved or repand-toothed ; on petioles which vary in length according to the depth of water in which they grow. Flowers axillary, on simple stalks (peduncles), which grow several together in a kind of sessile umbel. Corolla about an inch and a half in diameter, of a light yellow colour, with a darker radiating disk ; segments inversely egg-shaped, finely toothed or ciliated at the margin. Germen with 5 purplish glands at the base. Stigmas 5-cleft, notched, deciduous. Capsule (fig. 3.) egg- shaped, compressed. Seeds (figs. 6 & 7.) numerous, inversely egg-shaped, flattish, of a brownish colour, with a membranaceous ciliated margin. “ When the fructification is completed, the stem, which rose many feet in order to support the flower above the surface of the water, sinks considerably beneath it, and there re- mains till the next season of flowering, when it again resumes its annual task.” Times Telesc. for 1825, p. 198 ; & 1829, p. 275. Villarsia nymphaoides is a handsome plant, and well adapted for ornamenting large pieces of water. It is of easy cultivation ; and when it has once established itself it is difficult to eradicate it, as the stem sends out roots from every joint. It is a native of Denmark, Holland, Germany, Piedmont, and Siberia, as well as of England. In Japan the leaves are salted, and become a very glutinous sub- stance ; it is used in soups, boiled in which it becomes tender. KjEMPFER. - C.M&them Pel. if Sc . rn^u^nt&rrz l/ea-cl&f/p - II Hlb^by W.Baxt**-. Botanic Garden . CxAmd-. JA5J. 161 (162.) ERY'NGIUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Umbellifera:, Juss. Gen. Plant, p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p. 517. — UmuellatjE, Linn. — Rosales ; subord. Angelicosa? ; sect. Angelicinas ; type, Angklicacete ; subtype, Saniculida: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 762, 770, 773, & 774. Gen. Char. Flowers (fig. 2.) congregated into oblong or roundish dense heads. Common Receptacle conical, scaly, many- flowered ; each flower with a rigid, simple or 3-cleft, pointed scale (see fig. 1.) at its base. Calyx (see fig. 1.) of each flower supe- rior, in 5 upright, leafy, pointed segments. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5 upright, equal, oblong, channelled, converging petals, which are bent in from the middle (see fig. 3.) by a segment as long as the limb of the petal, which consequently appears emarginate. Fila- ments (see figs. 2 & 4.) 5, hair-like, straight, longer than the corolla. Anthers roundish-oblong, incumbent. Germen (fig. 5.) inferior, simple, oblong-egg-shaped, clothed with upright bristles. Styles (see figs. 2 & 5.) 2, thread-shaped, straight, nearly upright, shorter than the stamens, permanent. Stigmas simple. Fruit (fig. 6.) in- versely egg-shaped, slightly compressed transversely. Carpels ( seeds of Linn.y (see figs. 6 & 7.) covered with chaffy scales, with- out ridges or vittce. Seeds (fig. 9.) about half taper. Umbels sim- ple. lnvolucrum of many leaves. Flowers usually blue. The solid, inversely egg-shaped fruit ; the carpels covered with' chaffy scales, without ridges or vittce ; the pointed segments of the calyx ;the upright, oblong, equal, undivided petals, with long inflex ed points ; the. many-leaved involucrum ; and the congregated flowers on a scaly common receptacle ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. ERY'NGIUM MARI'TIMUM. Sea-Eryngo. Sea-Holly. Sea- Hulver. Sea-Holme. Spec. Char. Radical leaves on long petioles, roundish, plaited, spiny-toothed ; upper ones stem-clasping, palmately lobed. Leaves of the involucrum from 5 to 7, egg-shaped, spiny-toothed, longer than the head of flowers. Scales of the receptacle 3-cleft. Engl. Bot. t. 718. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. ii. p. 281. 1. 102. — Steph. & Church. Med. Bot. v. iv. t: 143.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 337. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 109. — Sm. FI. Brit v. i. p.288. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 35. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 361. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 527. — Lindl. Syn. p. 127. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 135. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 153. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 87. — Grev. FI. Fig. 1. Germen and Calyx, accompanied by one of the 3-cleft scales of the receptacle. — Fig. 2. Corolla, Stamens, and Pistils. — Fig. 3. One of the Petals, showing the manner in which it is bent inwards. — Fig. 4. A Stamen. — Fig. 5. Germen and Pistils. — Fig. 6. Fruit. — Fig. 7. One of the Carpels. — Fig. 8. A Carpel cut transversely. — Fig. 9. A Seed. — All magnified. * From ereugo, Gr. to belch. — Dioscohides declares that the plant is a spe- cific for all complaints arising from flatulence. G. Don. t See Anchusa sempervirens, fol. 48. Kdin. p. 61. — Thornton's Fain. Herb. p. ‘286. — Davies’ Welsh. Hot. p. 26. — FI. Devon, pp. 47 & 165. — Kev. G. 10. Smith’s 1J1. of S. Kent. p. 16. — Gurt. Brit. Enlomol, v. ii. t. 53. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 27. — Ery'ngium marinum, Ray’s Syn. p. 222. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1162. Localities. — On sandy sea-shores, frequent. — Cornwall ; On the sands at Hoyle; Portowen ; Portreath ; and Penzance: Mr. Watt. — Cumberland ; Allonby, and Maryport: Hutchinson.— Devon ; Teignmouth, Dawlish, Slap- ton Sands, Sidmouth, Northam Burroughs, and near Appledore: Dr. Wavell. On the Den at Teignmouth, plentifully, (1835) : H. Woollcomhe, Esq. — Durham ; On the beach near South Shields Law ; and at Castle Eden : N. J. Winch, Esq. At Seaton : Mr. Backhouse. — Essex; Near Walton: Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 446. — Hampshire ; Ryde, Isle of Wight: Dr. Bostock. — Kent ; On the shores, plentifully. — Lancashire ; North Shore, Liverpool : Mr. Cali- y. AtSoulhport, and Crosby : G. CnosFiEi.o, Esq. Liverpool. — Norfolk ; At Yarmouth: Mr. Woodward.— Sussex ; On the coast at Little Hampton, (1832): Mr. W. Pamtlin, sen. — WALES. Isle of Anglesey: Rev. H. Davies. — SCOTLAND. At Musselburgh; Dunbar; Largo in Fife ; Mack- rianish Bay in Cantire; Jona, &c. : Ligiitfoot. St. Andrew’s, &c. : Mr. Arnott. Coast of Ayr: Mr. Murray. Bute, near Mount Steward: Mr. Mauchan. — IRELAND. On the sea-coast in sandy places, frequent : Mr. J T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root very long, creeping, cylindrical, brownish on the outside, whitish within ; somewhat pungent, with a mixture of mucilage. Stem a foot or 18 inches high, round, striated, stiff, branched, leafy. Leaves smooth, glaucous, variegated with whitish veins, and bordered with spinous teeth, somewhat resembling ibose of the Holly, whence one of its English names ; those from the root and lower part of the stem stalked, and 3-lobed ; upper ones sessile, and amplexicaul. Flowers small, light blue, in roundish dense heads at the summit of the stem and branches, having, at first sight, more the appearance of a species of Teasel than of an um- belliferous plant. Common Receptacle conical, with chaffy, 3- cleft, spinous scales, which are longer than the flowers, and inter- mixed with them. Involucrum similar to the leaves, and situated immediately under the head of flowers. Whole plant smooth, rigid, and remarkably glaucous, with an elegant blue tint. It is a native throughout Europe, among the sand along the sea shore ; and on both sides of the Mediterranean Sea. Linnieus informs us f Flora Suecica, p. 84 .J that the young flowering shoots of this plant, eaten like Asparagus, are very nourishing. The leaves are sweet- ish, with a slight aromatic warm pungency. The roots are kept iu the shops candid, and are still regarded by the Arabs as an excellent restorative. In Morant’s Colchester , p. 92, we are told that Eryngo roots were first candid at Colchester, about the beginning of the 17th century, by Robert Buxton, apo- thecary ; that his apprentice, Samuel Great, continued this business, and that it has ever since been carried on by the posterity of the latter. Mr. G. Don has described 93 species of Eryngium in his General Syst. of Gardening and Botany, most of which are very handsome, and well deserving a place in the flower garden. E. campestre, (our other English species,) dried and powdered, is said to form the principal ingredient of a remedy celebrated in Spain for the cure of the bites of vipers and mad dogs ; particulars of which may be seen in the Monthly Magazine, vol. xxix. p. 414. Gerardf. (as long ago as 1597) says the roots of the Sea Holly are good for such as are bitten with any venomous beast. ’ rti'l> tft, 3 , wj'wrj , m via Uioi * ' \ ■ * t.. t i , 1 ( ' A« • ■>• ' i . I •: 1 JUDtl. J?ul * ly Mf Baxter Kotan t § 0 arden. Oxford. JdSJ CM %Hum. Sc (163) LEO'NTODON* *. Linnean Class and Order. Syngenesia|, Poly'gamia jEqualisiJ:. JVatural Order. Compo'siTjE§, Linncms and Adanson. — Tribe, Cichora'ce/K, Lindl. Syn. pp. 140, 142, & 156.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 & 201. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Cichorace/E, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 168. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe're.e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 454. — Syringales ; subord. Asteros.e; sect. Asterinae; subsect. Asterianas; type, Cichoraceai: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 935. Gen. Char. Involucrum (common calyx) (figs. 1 & 5.) oblong, double ; innermost of several strap-shaped, equal, parallel scales ; outer of fewer and shorter, lax and reflexed ones, at the base. Corolla compound, imbricated ; florets (fig. 2.) very numerous, equal, perfect, strap-shaped, blunt, with 5 teeth. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 5, hair-like, short. Anthers (see figs. 2 & 3.) united into a cylindrical tube. Germen (see fig. 3.) inversely egg-shaped, fur- rowed. Style (see fig. 3.) cylindrical, prominent. Stigmas (see fig. 3.) 2, revolute. Seed-vessel none. Involucrum converging, finally altogether reflexed (see fig. 5). Seed (see fig. 4.) inversely egg-shaped, furrowed, rough. Pappus (downj (fig. 4.) hair-like, radiating, on a long cylindrical stalk. Receptacle (see fig. 5.) naked, convex, pitted. Distinguished from other genera, with strap-shaped florets, in the same class and order, by the naked receptacle ; stalked, simple pappus ; and the imbricated, double involucrum with the outer- most scales lax and reflexed. Two species British. LEO'NTODON TARA'XACUM. Common Dandelion ||. Spec. Char. Outer scales of the involucrum (calyx) reflexed. Leaves runcinate, smooth, toothed. Engl. Bot. t. 510. — Curt. FI. Lonil. t. 58. — Linn. Sp. 1J1. p. 1122. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 339. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 822. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 349.— With (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 887.— Lindl. Syn. p. 158. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 340. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 432. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 7. t. 3. — Steph. and Church. Med. Bot. v. i. t. 5. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 169.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 365. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 319. — Thorn. Fam. Herb. p. 676. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 227.— G rev. FI. Edin. p. 166. — FI. Devon, pp. 130 Sc 155. — Johns. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 174. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 223. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 28. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 69. — Taraxacum officinale, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 426. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 239. — Dens leonis, ltay’s Syn. p. 170. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 290. Localities. — In meadows and pastures, and in waste and cultivated ground, every where. Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. A Floret. — Fig.3. Germen, Style, and Stamens. — Fig. 4. A Seed, with its stalked pappus. — Fig. 5. Receptacle, and reflexed Involucrum. * From leon, Gr. a lion ; and odous, Gr. a tooth, from the tooth-like margins of the leaves. Hookeii. t See folio 91. { See folio 147. $ See folio 27, a. 11 From Dent de lion, Fr. From the supposed resemblance of the leaf to the tooth of the lion. Walker. Perennial. — Flowers from April to September. Root spindle-shaped, very milky, of a dark brown colour on the outside. Leaves all radical, numerous, spreading, bright shin- ing green, smooth, tapering downwards, more or less deeply wing- cleft (pinnatifid), with sharp, unequally toothed lobes, which point downwards, and constitute what, in botanical language, is called a runcinate or lion-toothed leaf. Flower-stalks upright, smooth, sometimes slightly cottony, cylindrical, hollow, brittle, from 3 to 10 inches high, 1-ftowered. Flowers large and handsome, of a bright deep yellow, expanding in a morning and in fine weather only. Outer scales of the involucrum several, linear-oblong, loosely recurved and wavy ; the inner becoming reflexed close to the stalk as the seeds ripen, leaving the light globe, nearly 2 inches in diameter, formed by their radiating down or pappus, quite ex- posed, till dispersed by the wind. Seeds a little crooked, flatfish, scored, prickly upwards. Papptis on a long pedicel, radiate, sim- ple, not feathery, shorter than the pedicel. Receptacle dotted. I found a plant of this species with spotted leaves, like those of Hieracium maculatum, in Shotover Plantations, April 16, 1831. A variety with fewer, and narrower leaves, with their segments more deeply cloven, sometimes occurs on dry grassy banks, and on the tops of walls. “ There are few plants,” observes Mr. Knapp, “ which we look upon with more perfect contempt than that common product of every soil, the ‘ Dande- lion.’ Every child knows it, and the little village groups which perambulate the hedges for the first offspring of the year, amuse themselves by hanging cir- clets of its stalks linked like a chain round their necks ; yet if we examine this in all the stages of its growth, we shall pronounce it a beautiful production ; and its blossom, though often a solitary one, is perhaps the very first that en- livens the sunny bank of the hedge in the opening year, peeping out from withered leaves, dry stalks, and desolation, as a herald . telling us that nature is not dead, but reposing, and will awaken to life again. And some of us, perhaps, can remember the pleasure it afforded us in early days, when we first noticed its golden blossoms under the southern shelter of the cottage hedge, thinking that the ‘ winter was past,’ and that ‘ the time of the singing of birds was come,’ and yet, possibly, when seen, it may renew some of that childish delight, though the fervour of expectation is cooled by experience and time. The form of this flower, with its ligulate petals (florets) many times doubled, is elegant and perfect ; the brightness and liveliness of the yellow, like the warm rays of an evening sun, are not exceeded in any blossom, native or fo- reign, that I know of ; and this, having faded away, is succeeded by a head of dow n, which loosened from its receptacle, and floating in the breeze, comes sail- ing calmly along before us, freighted w>ith a seed at its base; but so accurately adjusted is its bouyant power to the burden it bears, that steadily passing on its way, it rests at last in some cleft or cranny in the earth, preparatory to its period of germination, appearing more like a flight of animated creatures than the seed of a plant. This is a very beautiful appointment ! but so common an event as hardly to be noticed by us; yet it accomplishes effectually the designs of nature, and plants the species at distances and in places that no other con- trivance could so easily and fitly effect.”— Journal of a Naturalist. The Dandelion has sometimes, when blanched, been introduced on our tables in salad, but its bitterness is too powerful to allow it to be a pleasant food. When a swarm of locusts had destroyed the harvest in Minorca, many of the inhabitants subsisted on this plant ; and at Gottingen the roots are roasted, and used to improve the flavour of coffee, instead of Cichory, which is in universal use on the Continent for the same purpose. It is in some repute as a medicine ; and in the hepatic complaints of persons long resident in warm climates, it often affords very marked lelief. It is tonic, and promotes the various secretions, forming likewise an excellent food for milch cows ; and, from its influence over the excretions of the kidnies, probably arose its vulgar name, which is found identical in several languages. Uredo Cichoracearum, Grev. FI. Edin, p. 435, is common on both sides of the living leaves of this plant in Summer and Autumn. IWl'1 ■ ■ Ilij '(! j|(k: V ■ . « ' ' ■ ■' iV> *.! - . ■ f **’• .•'«{*">.' *i'.i i* *«, 'Ilf../ I .niJjtnJ «t> ii* ' " ! «ij Mb/ /iiiinri • ,(•» «.<» I ,1 •( , . . ■ ■ 16m I (164.) ZAN NICHE'LL! A* *. Linncan Class and Order. MoNCE'ciAf, Mona'ndria. Natural Order. Fluvia'les, Vent. — Lindl. Syn. p. 248.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 289. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 541. — Naiades, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 18. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 66. — Naiade/e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 387. — Juncales ; sect. Naya- diNjE; type, Nayadace^e; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 403 &413. — Inundate, Linn. Gen. Char. Barren Flower (fig. 1.) without either calyx or corolla. Filament (fig. 1.) solitary, sessile, simple, upright, taller than the fertile flower. Anthers (see figs. 1 & 2.) egg-oblong, upright, of 2 or 4 parallel cells. Fertile Flower (fig. 3.) solitary, by the side of the barren one. Calyx (Ferianth) inferior, of 1 small, tumid, cloven leaf. Corolla none. Germens 4 or 5, seldom more, nearly sessile, oblong, blunt, incurved. Style (see fig. 3.) 1 to each germen, terminal, simple, upright, shorter than the germen. Stigma (see fig. 3.) solitary, spreading, peltate, egg- shaped, dilated, entire or toothed. Capsules (figs. 4 & 5.) nearly sessile, oblong, incurved, somewhat compressed, of 1 cell and 1 valve, not bursting ; tumid and rugged at the outer edge ; tipped with the permanent style. Seed (fig. 7.) solitary, of the form of the cell (see fig. 5.), monocotyledonous, with a very thin, simple, membranous skin. Embryo (see fig. 7.) central, tapering, in- curved. Albumen none. The absence of an involucrum ; the barren flower destitute of either calyx or corolla ; the fertile flower with a calyx of 1 sepal, without a corolla; the 4 or more germens; and peltate stigmas; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. ZANNICHE'LLIA PALU'STRIS. Common Horned-pondweeeL Spec. Char. Anthers 4-celled. Stigmas entire. Pericarps toothed on the back. Hooker. F.ngl. Bot. t. 1844.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1375— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 397. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 955. Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 70.— With. (7th ed.) v.ii. p. 8. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 32. — Lindl. Syn. p. 251. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 385. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii. p.534. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 3.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.434; and v. iii. p. 381. — Helh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p.373. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.258. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 187. — FI. Devon, pp. 145 A. 113. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 197. — Dav. Welsh Bot. p. 83. — VValk. FI. of Oxf.'p. 263. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select®, p. 74. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 6. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 48. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 77. — Aponogeton aquaticum graminifolium staminibus singularibus, Ray’s Syn. p. 135. Fig. 1. A Stamen, or Barren Flower. — Fig. 2. A transverse section of the Anther, showing the 4 cells. — Fig. 3. A Fertile Flower, showing its 4 germens, with their large flat stigmas. — Fig. 4. The Capsules. — F'ig. 5. A vertical section of a Capsule. — Fig. 6. A transverse section of ditto. — Fig. 7. A Seed. — All more or less magnified. * So named by Micheli, in honour of John Jerome Zannichelli, an eminent Venetian Apothecary and Botanist, who published a history of Plants, and flourished about 1702. Fie travelled with Micheli along the shores of the Adriatic, and was particularly versed in marine plants and animals. M autyn. t See Bryonia dioica, folio 83. Localities. — Tn ditches and ponds. Frequent.— O.rfordsh. Between Ilead- ington and the Wick: I)r. Sibthorp. In the stream of water that divides Cowley Marsh from Bullington Green ; W. B. — Cambridgesh. At Hinton, &c.: Rev. R. Rii.han. — Devon; In the Mill Pond at Lympstotie. — Durham; In ditches near Gateshead; in ponds near Hilton Castle, at Hebburn Quay; and Monkwearmouth : N. J • Winch, Esq.- Kent ; In ponds upon the green Sand : Rev. G. E. Smith. — Lancash. Between Formby landmark and the sea, ten miles N. of Liverpool : Dr. Rostock. In Tranmore pool, in the Mersey, op- posite to Liverpool: Mr. Shepherd. Ditches in Birkdale, near Southport: G. Crosfield, Esq. — Northumberland ; In ditches near St. Peter’s Quay, and in ponds at St. Anthon’s: Walker and Benwell. Ditches at the mouth of the Whiteadder. Pond at Scremmerston Lime-kilns ; and in ditches near Windmill-hill: Dr. G. Johnston. — Somersetsh. In the Canal, between Sydeny Gardens and Bathampton : Mr. E. Simms. — Suffolk; Ditches near Bungay: Mr. Woodward. — Warwicksh. Near Kinwarton, and Oversley ; and in the neighbourhood of Alcester: Mr. Purton. In a pond in a field at the end of the first lane on the right hand side of the Hillmorton upper street- road, going from Rugby, near Mr. Cleaver’s Garden, 1831 : W. B. — Worces- tersh. On Feckenham Moors: Mr. Pcrton. — WrALES. In the Isle of Angle- sey: Rev. H. Davies. — Flintsh. Ditches adjoining Rhyd Marsh near Pres- tatyn: Mr. Griffith. — SCOTLAND. Loehend : Mr. Null. In a small pool near LufFness: Dr. Greville. — IRELAND. Ditches at Sandymount, &c. : Mr. J. T. Mack ay. Annual. — Flowers from June to September. Root of several very slender fibres. Stems long, thread-shaped, smooth, very much branched, leafy, floating. Leaves numerous, opposite, frequently somewhat whorled, growing 3 or 4 together from the same joint of the stem, very narrow, strap-shaped, acute, entire, beautifully reticulated. Bracteas axillary, tubular, mem- branaceous, including one barren flower , consisting of a simple stamen ; and one fertile flower on a short stalk. Anther oblong, with 4 furrows and 4 cells (see figs. 1 & 2.) on a long white fila- ment (fig. 1.). Germcns about 4 or 5, almost sessile, oblong, somewhat compressed. Styles short, with very broad, peltate, spreading stigmas, which are either quite entire, or slightly in- dented at the margin. Capsules oblong, compressed, their outer edge tuberculated or toothed, the teeth sometimes becoming long, and resembling short transparent spines. The whole plant is smooth, and has the habit of a Polamogeton. It is a native of most parts of Europe, and Virginia ; and it is said to grow in the Thermal Mineral Waters of Albano, where the temperature of the water is at 95°. of Fahr. Zannichellia dentata of Willdenow, which is distinguished from the above species by its 2-celled anther, and toothed stigma, is admitted as a British plant by Mr. Gray, but on what authority he does not mention. It was first separated from Z. palustris by Professor Willdenow, at the suggestion of Sir J. E. Smith, who observes, that it was long ago well distinguished by Mi- cheli, in his Nova Plantarum Genera, t. 34. f. 2. and that if he be correct as to the 2 cells of its anther, and the toothed stigmas, nothing can be more distinct. It may, says Sir James, probably be found in England. The Rev. J. Jacob, LL. D. author of a very excellent, and extremely in- teresting and instructive “ Flora of West Devon and Cornwall,” now publish- ing in monthly numbers, has very recently sent me a dried specimen of a Zannichellia, which a friend of his, who discovered it, is inclined to think is Zannichellia dentata ; hut the specimen is not in a sufficiently perfect state to enable me to determine with certainty to which species it belongs. Z. palustris, in the neighbourhood of Oxford, has the stigmas frequently somewhat in- dented. ' , r ■ Wl JJHIWOTS , ** .-if- f£(?W9flU.8 ^IfOM-pOi} ,9»fAjT|«. J> >qt .i. ~qEr ■ .wo.ua f»$v ,am* mft 1o ;ojo- i/ig ii m. tJ _*Iirq? tii • f»tw$y JloH' ;4n-f,( t Mb mi -if. f i ,i , • . 16 5 HIEP-XCIUM UMBEL, LATUM . V M&E.7.LEC -HAVfKWISBD. 1( . Pub * by VfBaxter.Bobanio Gu.rdtn Ox ford . r&ns (165.) HIERA'CIUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Syngenk'sia f, Polyga'miA ASquams*. Natural Order. Compo'siT/E §, Linn crus and Adanson. — Tribe, Cichora'cea*:, Lindl. Syn. pp. 140, 142, & 150. ; Introd. tn Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 & 201. — Loud, llort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — CrcHORACEvE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 168. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe're/e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 454. — Syringai.es; subord. Asterosas; sect. Asterina;; subsect. Asterianag ; type, Cichoraceas ; Burn. Ontl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 935. Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx) (fig. 1.) egg-shaped, imbricated, of numerous strap-shaped, very unequal scales, which are moderately spreading when in seed, sometimes finally reflexed. Corolla (fig. 2.) compound ; florets (fig. 3.) numerous, imbricated, uniform, perfect, strap-shaped, blunt, with 5 teeth. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers (sec fig. 3.) united into a cylindrical tube, much shorter than the floret. Gcrmen (see fig. 3.) egg- shaped. Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, a little prominent. Stigmas (see fig. 3.) 2, recurved. Seed (figs. 4 & 5.) egg-shaped or oblong, angular, various in length, not beaked. Pappus (see figs. 4, 5, & 6 ) sessile, hair-like, uniform, simple, often minutely rough. Receptacle (fig. 7.) convex, nearly naked, dotted. The egg-shaped, imbricated involucrum ; nearly naked, dotted receptacle; and simple, sessile pappus ; will distinguish this from other genera, with ligulate or strap-shaped florets, in the same class and order. Nineteen species British. HIERA'CIUM UMBELLA'TUM. Umbelled Hawkwced. Nar- row-leaved Hawkweed. Endive Hawkwced. Spec. Char. Stem upright, simple, very leafy. Leaves strap- spear-shaped, scattered, nearly smooth, slightly toothed. Flowers somewhat umbellate. Involucrum smooth. Engl. Pot. 1. 1771. — Curt. FI. I.ond. t. . — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1131. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 340. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 835. — Engl. FI. v. iii. p.369. — With. (7tli cd.) v. ni. p.899. — Cray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.424. — Lindl. Syn. p. 161. — Hook. Biit. FI. p.346. — Lightf. FI. Scot. p. 43!). — Sihtli. FI. Oxon. p. 242. — Abbot's FI. Bed!', p. 171. — l’urt. Midi. FI. v.ii. p. 369. and v. iii. p.374. — He III. FI. Cantab (3rd cd.) p.323. — Hook. FI. Scot, p.233. — FI. Devon, pp. 131 & 156. — Johnston’s FI. oi' Bcrw. v. i. p. 176. — Walk. F'l. of Oxf. p. 326.— I’eny’s 1*1. Varvic. Selecta;, p. 66. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 70. — Hierd- ciutn fruticosum angustifolium majus, Hay’s Syn. p. 168. — Hierdcium Inly- baceum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p.298. Fig. 1. Involucrum or common Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A separate Floret, exhibiting the Germen, Pappus, Stamens, anil Pistil. — Fig. 4. A Seed, crowned with the pappus or proper calyx.— Fig. 5. The same a little magnified.— Fig. 6. Part of one of the rays of the Pappus more highly magnified. * From ierax, Gr. a hawk ; because biids of prey were supposed to employ the juice of this plant to stiengthen their powers of vision ; or rather, perhaps, from the mixture of black and yellow in some species resembling the colour of a hawk’s eye ; whence, possibly, the English name Hawkweed. t See folio 91. i See folio 147. $ See folio 27, a. Locamtif.s.— In woods, thickets, ami on heaths, on a dry, sandy, or gravelly soil. Not very uncommon. — Oxfordshire ; Shotover Hill: W. B. — Berksh. Bagley Wood : W. B. — Bedfordsh. About Aspley: Ilev. C. Abbot. — Cam- bridgesh. Gamlingay Park, and White Wood: Rev. It. Rf.lhan. — Devon. About Tiverton ; l)artmoor Castle ; Holme Chase ; Dean Burn near Ashbur- ton ; Buckland and Spitchwick Woods; Beekey Fall; Woods at Ilsington; Fringle Bridge near Drewsteignton ; and in Bridford Woods: FI. Devon. — Durham ; Near South Shtehls Law, and on the banks forming the coast at Rocoe-gill near Monkwearmouth : N. .1. Winch, Esq. It) Schull Wood : Mr. J. Backhouse. — Kent ; About Charlton : Mr. W. Curtis. In Ospringe Chalk Pits, and by the way-sides at Dunkirk: E. Jacob.— Middlesex ; About Barnet, and Hampstead: Mr. W. Cijkiis. — Norfolk; Woody hills at the back of Thorpe near Norwich • Engl. Bot. Near Ditchingham : Mr. WoonwAnu. — Northumberland ; Near Henshaw and Bavington : Miss Emma Trevelyan, in Winch's FI. of Northumberland and Durham. — Shropsh. At Ilord's Park : T. Pcrton, Esq. in Midi. FI. — Warvicksh. On the walls of Warwick Castle: T. Puhton, Esq. Colcshill Heath : Rev. W.T. Brf.f. — On theCastla garden wall, Vineyard Lane, at the back of the green-house, Warwick : Mr. W. G. Pi nny. Ditch -banks near Birmingham : Dr. Withfuino. Abundant about Rugby, especially a little beyond the Workhouse on the lower street load to Hillmorton. On the Barhy road near Mr. Ladbrook's Farm. Road-side near Hillmorton House. On the side of the upper street 'oad between Rugby and Hillmorton, after the turn to the (landing-post. On Jnrrnlt’s Heath, and all along the Dunchuich mad from thence to the Cock and Robin Public House. On the bank by the Meer Dyke in the Bridle-road on the left hand side going up Dunchurch Hill: June, 1831, W. B. — WALES. Anglesey; Not uncom- mon on the South-east side of the county : Rev. H. Daviis. — SCOTLAND. Beru-icksh. Haiden Dean, on the site of an old Roman station: ])r. Johnston. — About King’s Scat at Dunkeld, ike. : Rev. J. Liomtfoot. — IRELAND. Devil’s Glen, county of Wicklow: Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers from July to October. Root fibrous, fibres many, long, simple, thread-shaped, dark brown on the outside, white within. Stem from 1 to 3 feet high or more, upright, leafy, round, unbranched, almost solid, scored ; either slightly hairy, or quite smooth. Leaves numerous, scattered, sessile, strap-spear-shaped, distantly toothed, bright green on the tipper surface, paler on the under ; their margins and ribs slightly hairy. Flowers bright yellow, about an inch in diameter, on branched, somewhat cottony flower-stalks, which terminate the stem in a corymbose form, or more generally in a kind of imper- fect umbel. Bracleas awl-shaped, few and small. Involucrum ( calyx of Linn.y dark green, almost smooth, except at the very base ; its scales strap-spear-shaped, a little spreading or recurved at their tips. Seeds (fig. 4.) angular, brown, and finely dotted. Pappus (figs. 4 & 5.) rough (see fig. 6.), as long as the involucrum. Receptacle (fig. 7.) slightly cellular, and rough with small, awl- shaped, chaffy scales. This species is subject to much variation in size, shape, smoothness, &c. of the leaves ; and in the disposition of the flowers. There is a variety sometimes met with wild, with very narrow, quite entire, strap-shaped leaves ; and a sim- ple, 1 -flowered stem ; this is var. y. of Sir J. K. Smh h’s Engl. Flora ; and the Hieracium Pulmonaria Graminba of Du r.rvius.in Ray’s Synopsis, p. 168 ; find I’khver’s Herbarii Britannici, t. 13. f. 12. Dili.enius mentions it as having been found about London ; and Mr. Woodward informs us, in Wither- ino’s Arrangement of British Plants, that it is fiequent near Bungay, in Suffolk. — An English specimen of this very marked variety, collected, probably, either by Shkrard, or by Dillenius, is preserved in the Sherardian Herba- rium, in the Oxford Garden. Hieracium umbellatum is said to be used in Sweden to dye yarn of a fine yellow colour. It is one of the most decidedly marked of any individual in this very difficult and extensive fjenus ; of which Mr. Loudon, in his Hortus Britan- nicus, enumerates 123 species, most of them natives of different parts of Europe. ■ ■ *«?!';• • |:*U v .»»}« I, . ' . i ;/wii ••••»; • '<• *•* >•’■ iW»A -lorvi.i4/..kwnn ,»I I •»«>.*« K ■ J<*(« i , >< j«o - ...» .1, i . 166 I (166) ERIGERON* *. Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia f, Polyga'mia, Su- pk'rflua +, Natural Order. Composite § ; tribe, CorymbTfer.e||, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of But. pp. 197 & 199. — Composite; subord. Astere/e ; Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Synanthe're.e ; tribe, Corymbi'fer.e ; Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 & 455. — Corymbi'fer e, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. pp 177 & 180. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123. Engl. FI. v.iii. p.334. — Syringales; subord. Astf.ros.e; sect. Asterina?; subsect. Asterian.e ; type, Asteracete ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900. 901, 920, 924, & 926. — Com posit jE, Linn. Gen. Char. Involucrum {common Calyx J (fig. 1.) oblong, im- bricated ; scales strap-shaped, pointed, upright, very numerous ; tin* innermost longest, all nearly equal. Corolla compound, radiant ; florets of the disk (see fig. 2.) numerous, perfect, funnel-shaped, re- gular, their limb in 5, sometimes said to be but 4, equal segments ; florets of the ray (see fig. 3.) numerous, in a double row, tubular at the base, the limb very narrow, strap-shaped, tapering, nearly upright, either entire, or slightly toothed. Filaments (see fig. 4.) 5, in the florets of the disk only, hair-like, very short. Anthers (sec figs. 2 & 4.) in a cylindrical tube, simple. Germen (see figs. 2, 3, and 4.) inversely egg-shaped, angular. Style (see figs. 3 & 4.) thread-shaped. Stigmas (see figs. 2, 3, & 4,) 2, oblong, a little prominent, slightly spreading. Seed-vessel none but the converging calyx. Seed (see figs. 5 & 6.) small, inversely egg-shaped. Pap- pus (see figs. 5 & 6.) sessile, simple, rough, as long as the florets. Receptacle (see fig. 5.) flat, naked, slightly cellular. Distinguished from other genera in the same class and order by the imbricated involucrum of numerous strap-shaped, pointed scales ; the naked receptacle; the numerous, strap-shaped, very narrow florets of the ray, in a double row ; and the sessile, simple pappus. Three species British. ERl'GERON A'CRIS. Blue Flea-bane. Spec. Char. Stem racemose. Peduncles mostly single-flowered. Pappus as long as the florets of the ray. Leaves spear-shaped, blunt. Sm. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 422. — Hook, Brit. FI. p. 358. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 183. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.238.— Bab. FI. Bath. p. 25. — Erigeron acre , Finn. Sp PI. p. 1211. — Engl. Bot. t. 1158. — Curt. FI. Loud. t. . — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 363.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 877. — With. (7lh cd.) v. iii. p. 932. — Lindl. Syn. p. 144. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 474. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 252. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 181. — Davies’ Welsh Botanologv, p. 70. — Purt. Mid. FI. v. ii. p. 396 ; and v. iii. p. 376. — Relli. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed ) p. 340. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 242. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. ix. t. 417. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select®, Fig. 1. Involucrum or common Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Floret of the Disk.— Fig. 3. A Floret of the Hay. — Fig. 4. The Stamens, Germen, Style, and Stig- mas.— Fig. 5. Receptacle, and a Seed. — Fig. 6. A Seed. — Fig. 7. Root Leaves. — Figs. 2, 3, 4, & 6, magnified. — In the magnified figures the Pappus is repre- sented too short. * From cri, Gr. early ; and geron, Gr. an old man ; from the bald heads of the receptacle, after the Howers and fruit have fallen. Dr. Hookf.r. t See Tussilago Farfara ,f. 91 , n. f. t See Achillea Ptarmica, f . 36 , n . ; . $ See Prenanthes muralis, f. 27, a. || See Achillea Ptarmica, I. 36, a. p. 70.— Mack. Catal. of 1*1. of lrd. p. 73. — Trimorpha acre, Gray's Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 466. — Aster arvensis creruleus acris, Ray’s Syn. p. 175.— Conyza ctvrulea acris, Johnson’s Gcrardc, p. 41)4. Localities. — In dry, gravelly, or chalky pastures, banks, walls, &c. Not common. — Oxfordsh. Bullington Green, Shotover Hill, andSlaniun Marcourt: Dr. SiBTHonr. Road-side between the Asylum and Shotover Hill ; between Stonesfield and Woodstock Park, July 30, 1831. By the side of the road going overCampsfield, between Begbrook and Woodstock, Oct. 18, 1831. Naturalized on the walls of the Botanic Garden: 1835, W.B. — Bedfordsh. Thurleigh, Ampthill, and Biddenham : Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridyesh. In dry pastures and on walls: Rev. R. Ret.iian. — Cheshire; Amid the sand-hills, between Bidston and the Irish Sea : II. (). Watson, Esq. in New Bot. Guide. Walls of Beeston Castle : J. E. Bowerman, ibid. — Durham; In Castle Eden Dene ; also at Fawdon-slate and Byers’ Quarry near Whitburn, on the sand-hills at Hartlepool, and on Hebburn and Sunderland Ballast-hills: N. J. Winch, Esq. At Hesledon Qene, and pastures at Owton, near Grantham: J. Ilocc, Esq. in Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham. — Gloucestersh. On St. Vincent’s Rocks: N. J. Winch, Esq. Spoonbed Hill: Mr. O. Robeiits.— Kent ; At Dumpton Gap, near Ramsgate : Rev. G. E. Smith. — Lancash. Near South port : G. 0 Kofi eld, Esq. — Leicestersh. In the neighbourhood of Gracedieu Nunnery, at the northern extremity of Charnwood Forest- Rev. A. Bloxiia.w, in Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 167. — Nurfol/c; Near Norwich: G. Cooper, Esq. in Watson’s New Bot. Guide. “ Sent to me from Burham:’’ Miss Bell, ibid. — Northamptonsh. Sandy dry pastuies near Kettering and Cransley : Watson’s Bot. Guido. — Northumberland ; On Holy Island links, north of the Castle ; and on Si. Anthon’s and Willington Ballast-hill : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Shropsh. On the walls of Ludlow, and on the carboniferous limestone near Wellington : E. Lees, in Wat. Bot. Guide. On a wall at Hords Park, and at the side of the turnpike-road, opposite to Faintree House, near Bridgenoith: ’J’. Puiiton, F.sq. — Somersetsh. On Hampton Down ; at Wyck ; Swainswick ; Combe-hay; Gonkwell; near Cottage Crescent, &c. : Rev. C. C. Babincton. Near Yeovil : Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 174. On old stone walls at the Rookery, and other like situations, in the parish of Brislington near Bristol ; and by the road-side, two or three miles from Clevedon, approaching fiom Bristol: Dr. Withering. — Surrey ; Near Leatherhead : Miss A. Potter, in Wat. Bot. Gu. Reigate : N. J. Winch, Esq. Coulsdou: E.Wood. About Croydon : Mr.W. Pampljn, ibid. About Kingston: Rev.S. Palmer. — Warwicksh. At Allesley and Meridan : Rev. W. T. Bhee. — Westmoreland ; Foulshaw Moss: Nichol- son.— Worcestersh. At Sheriff’s Lench : Rev. W. S. Rufford. — Wilts; Near Great Bed wyn : W. Bartlett, Esq. — Yorksh. Near Rotherham: Mr. 1.. Langley, in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. ii. p. 270. Richmond: Mr. J. Waiid, in Wat. Bot. Guido. — WALES. Anylesey ; On Ncwborough Common; near Tan y Fron, in the parish of Penmon : llev. II. Davies. — Denbiyhsh. Hope Mountain, near Wrexham: J. E. Bowman, in Wat. Bot. Gu. — SCOTLAND. In dry, mountainous pastures, frequent : Dr. Hookiii. — IRELAND. Outer side of the north wall below the Custom-house, Dublin : Mr. J. T. Mackay. Biennial. — Flowers from July to October. Root branched, fibrous, fibres of a lightish brown colour. Stem from G inches to a foot or 18 inches high, upright, somewhat an- gular, leafy, hairy like the rest of the herbage, often of a purple colour, simple, or sometimes more or less branched. Leaves scat- tered, most hairy at the edges; those on the stem mostly sessile, oblong-spear-shaped, entire, often undulated ; those from the root (fig. 7.) larger, inversely egg-shaped, or tongue -shaped, slightly toothed, tapering down into bordered footstalks. Peduncles ( flower stalks J from the axils of the leaves, and terminal. Flowcis upright, never expanding like most other of the order Composiue. Scales of the involucrum (fig. 1.) strap-spear-shaped, unequal, and hairy. Florets of the disk (fig. 2.) yellow ; those of the ray (fig. 3 ) strap-shaped, very narrow, of a purplish colour, nearly upright. Seed (fig. G.) oblong, pale brown, a little hairy. Pappus sessile, s’mple, very long, yellowish. : b ,•! atnsTOiJ '/■ .tjn- •. • t f 'y !-j»f S I; i • • f(i: >'i'a .in . A n ^J-Sdi >* iwi** - . ui 1 .J68f ,81 JaO .jhofttMo H hat; Jfryife-itf i fit '■!■>< . 1 ' ■ 'Y> W ■ - - ' ,i ■- ■ .) • • ' ■) . ll -.1 ■ • V. ’• .Tl 0 ■ w*vl»d .• "■ -‘>-'1.- '■ ' : . ' i < . t U litWti-K >j> i l Oy.lonjlF ijI ■ . ■nr' . siu' ■ J ■> r • v ; - i ti . 1 , i .i : ’ : . ; 1 ■/ - >■ i ■ t •ifl V« 1 ' : ■ i W if/ n . >.I .01 f) i| ;r I ,j l, #*«W 1-1 : »IA B i - . 1 '' ,u >•<.■*! .. ■ ■ 1 ' ■ ,-1 ft atf.t' -»»U 1* .v il'l .1, iiurti* ■#* *. ftw- • l«Kp : i* , i n't :jm: \i (t /; •{ ,ibFi«^ i • i . . ■/ »rn- ,rt,viiu (”• >() - J «-• >1 , iV. I • > t Vv:.; V/U* \ >< j ** \n < (.>> . V> • >'<• (167.) LY'COPUS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Dia'ndriaI, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Labi a'tte J, Juss. Gen PI. p. 110. — Sm. Gr. of Hot. p. 99. Engl. FI. v. iii. p 63. — Lindl. Syn. |). 196. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Hot. p. 239. — Bentham, in Bot. Rogist. (1819). — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 439. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.528. — Verticii.- lat/e of Linnreus.— Syringales ; subord. Primulosje; sect. Menthi.v.e ; type, Menthace/e, or Labiate : subtype, Men- tiiid/e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v ii. pp 900, 95^, 9'i8, & 972. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, tubular, of 1 sepal, di- vided half wav into 4 or 5 narrow, pointed segments, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2, 3, & 4 ) inferior, tubular, of 1 petal, in 4 nearly equal, blunt segments, the upper one rather the broadest, and notched. Filaments (see fig 4.) 2, simple, distant, and rather pro- minent, spreading upwards. Anthers (see fig. 4.) small, 2-lobed. Germen (see fig. 4.) 4-cleft. Style (see fig. 4.) thread-shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigma cloven. Seeds (see figs. 5, 6, & 7.) 4, roundish, blunt, in the bottom of the calyx (see fig. 5 ) — Herbaceous, perennial, inodorous, roughish plants, with a square stem ; opposite, strongly serrated or pinnatified leaves ; and axil- lary, whorled, small, pale Jlowcrs ; comes nearest to Mentha. The nearly equal corolla; distant, simple stamens; and blunt seeds ; will distinguish this from other genera, with inferior, mono- petalous, irregular flowers, and naked seeds, in the same class and order. One species British. LY COPUS EUROPrE'US. Common Gipsy-wort. Water Ilorehound. Spec. Char. Leaves egg-spear-shaped; deeply and irregu- larly serrated. Engl. Hot. t. 1105.— Curt. FI. Lend. t. 201.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 30.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed ) p. 9. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 29. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 34. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 25.— Lindl. Syn. p. 197. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 10. — Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 79. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 8. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 6. — l’urt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 56. — Kelli. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 12 —Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 4. — Hook. FI. Scot p. 9. — FI. Devon, pp. 100 At 143. — Walk. Fl.Oxf. p. 8. — Jacob’s West Devon, and Cornw. FI. — Bentham’s Labiatarum, p. 186$. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. x. t. 461.— Bab. FI. Bath. p. 37.— Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p 9 — Lycopus riparius, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.359. — Lycopus palustris glaber, Hay’s Syn. p. 236. — Marubium aquaticum, Johnson’s Gerardc, p. 700. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Front view of the Corolla. — Fig. 3. Side view of ditto. — F ig. 4. Corolla opened vertically to show the Stamens, Germen, and Pistil. — Fig. 5. The Calyx containing the 4 seeds at its base. — Fig. 6. One of the Seeds. — Fig. 7. Ditto. — All, except figs. 1 Ac 7, more or less magnified. * From lukos. Gr. a uolf ; and pous, Gr .a foot ; the leaves being thought to resemble the foot of that animal. Thornton. f See Veronica chamcedrys, f. 50. n. +. f See Ajuga reptans, f. 94, a. $ “ Labiatarum Genera et Species; or, A Description ol the Genera and Species of Plants of the order Labiata; ; with their general History, Characters, Affinities, and Geographical Distribution. By George Him ham, Esq. F’. L.S. Loudon: Jamas Ridg way and Sons, Piccadilly, 1833.” — I’he best work that has been published on this difficult and extensive natural family 0f plants. Localities.— On the banks of rivers, canals, pools, and watery ditches, on a sandy or gravelly soil. Frequent in most counties in F.ngland; le6s frequent in Scotland and Wales. Perennial. — Flowers in July, August, and September. Root creeping. Stem from 1 to 3 feet high, upright, with 4 angles, and 4 channelled sides, much branched ; branches oppo- site, from the axils of the leaves. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, egg-spear-shaped, pointed, wrinkled, slightly hairy, very deeply, and coarsely serrated, the lower ones often deeply pinnatifid. Flowers small, in dense whorls in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx (figs. 1 & 5.) hairy. Corolla (figs. 2, 3, & 4.) whitish, tinged with purple ; somewhat hairy within ; upper segment slightly notched at the end, and all of them, especially the lower one, dotted with purple. Filaments longer than the corolla, at first bent in, afterwards straight. Germen surrounded at bottom by a yellow glandular receptacle. Seech brown, shining, somewhat triangular The leaves vary, in being more or less hairy, and more or less divided. Dr. Withering has remarked, that between the two stamens it is not uncommon to find two other shorter filaments without anthers ; and that he once found them with anthers. It has the square stems, opposite leaves, inflorescence, flowers, and seeds of the class Didyndmia , order Gynospirmia ; but in con- sequence of its having, usually, but two stamens, it is, by most Botanists, placed in the class Didndria. The root is astringent. The juice gives a permanent colour to linen, wool, and silk, which will not wash out ; and it dyes a black with green vitriol. It is used by Gypsies to stain themselves of a dark colour, and hence its English name Gypsy-wort. According to the observations of Linnaeus, goats and sheep eat this plant ; cows and horses refuse it. Cassida viridis feeds upon it. “ This genus, (Lycopus,) though small in the number of species, is spread over the whole of Europe, Northern Asia, and North America ; and one species ( L. europeeus , var. y. arguta, Benth. Lab. p. 186. — L. australis, Br. Prod. FI. Nov. Holl. I. 500.) has been found in New Holland.” Bentiiam. “ To mo the wilderness of thorns and brambles, Beneath whose weeds the muddy runnel scrambles, — The bald, burnt moor — the marsh's sedgy shallows, Where docks, bullrushes, wateiflags, and mallows (Jhoko the rank waste, alike can yield delight. A blade of silver hair-grass nodding slowly In the soft wind ; — the thistle’s purple crown. The ferns, the rushes tall, and mosses lowly, A thorn, a weed, an insect, or a stone, Can thrill me with sensations exquisite — For all are exquisite, and every part Points to the mighty hand that fashion’d it.” New Monthly Magazine. > -.'f VA i . vn - fM~ f'tffaanuio ♦ bar, «3ol$ * ': td . ■ haaser-if .* . »/:, - ’ «i v>w J . — (-> . ,£ *£ • : .{) -lior 0 .JfUSli {■£ : I .sjity *y\. . ■ - m ••' ‘ J: . .. *t us .■ i .V> ld'n:m<» ;• -«t ,ui la ikiiv-M.- > ..li.ui* ,«v .J iunfqsosi tfiui-Ofih WOJ. '**' ^ !i ■" f'J*1 »Y»h •*•'? ir 3iom ‘inryf iu ,*«y ewwI -J - -Jiw ir -rfr bnn :*o >i| r •(* * -u , -jifJiij tj<. aj »vr. •heuji* • .it ■ •M<* * *w ’• «*« •iuvr- t ,j ,y:iiiuKi> ,gaiv..»i s)i to : vc. , •'!' '>n6,kvy. ,r.uii iv) wkiI, Jit ■ucnn-Kj c »vi*j ’.t uuj ■ i t** t*rr l<‘: Jh ’li i Ii tt»f Quit 00 l» injvO v- C.Malkf’s Ld kSt l'u£ * iy W Baxter Be torn i c G-archn Cxfcrt l $96 (IBS.) HYDROCO'TYLE* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'MA. Natural Order. Um r ei.i.i 'fer./e, Juss. Gen. Plant, p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Dot. p. 132. — I.indl. Syn. p. 111. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.463. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p. 517. — Umrkllatve, Linn. — Rosales ; subord. Angelicoste ; sect-ANOELiciNiE; type, Angelicaceve ; subtvpe, Saniculid/e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 762, 770, 773, & 774. Gen. Char. Umbels simple or imperfect. Flowers (fig. 1.) all perfect, prolific, and regular. Calyx none. Corolla (fig. 1.) of 5, equal, egg-shaped, entire, acute, spreading petals, with a straight point. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 5, awl-shaped, spreading, shorter than the corolla. Anthers roundish. Germen nearly round, com- pressed, ribbed, smooth. Styles (see figs. 1 & 2.) 2, cylindrical, moderately spreading, tumid at the base, shorter than the stamens, permanent. Stigmas simple. Fruit (fig. 2.) nearly round, com- pressed at the side, so as to form 2 little shields. Carpels ( seeds of Smith, ) (fig. 3.), with 5 filiform ridges, those of the keel and sides nearly obsolete, the intermediate arched, without t titter. Seed (fig. 5.) compressed and keeled. The simple umbel; equal, entire, flat petals, not indexed at the point; and the solid, laterally compressed, striated fruit; will dis- tinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. HYDROCO'TYLE VULGA'RIS. Common Water-cup. White- rot. Marsh Penny-wort. Spec. Char. Leaves peltate, orbicular, somewhat lobed and crenate. Umbels very small, of from 5 to 8, nearly sessile flowers. Engl. Bot. t. 751. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. — Ray’s Syn. p. 222. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.338. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 110. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 290. Engl. El. v. ii. p. 96. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 362. — Lindl. Syn. p. 128. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 136. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 153. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 91. — Abbot’s FI. Bed. p. 57. — l’urt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 153. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 109. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 27. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 87. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 61. — FI. Devon, pp. 47 & 165. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p.71. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 84. — Curt. Brit. Ent. v. iii. t. 142. — Perry’s Plant® Varvic. Select®, p. 25. — Mack. Catal.of PI. of Irel. p. 27. — Hydrocbtyle vulgdre, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. tffl.—CotyUdon paliistris, Johnson’s Gerarde, pp.529 St 530. Localities. — On moist heaths, boggy commons, and the margins of little clear rivulets, very frequent. Fig. 1. A separate Flower, showing the Petals, Stamens, Germen, and Pis- tils.— Fig. 2. The Fruit, crowned with the permanent pistils. — Fig. 3. The Carpels. — Fig. 4. A Carpel divided horizontally. — Fig. 5. A Seed. — All more or less magnified. • From udor, Gr. water ; and cotule, Gr. a cup or vase. The leaves are a little depressed, and stalked in the centre, and may thence somewhat resemble a cup or platter. Hooker. Seventeen exotic species of Hydrocotyle are enumerated in Loudon’s Ilortus Britannicus. t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note f- Perennial. — Flowers from June to September. Root fibrous. Sterns creeping, thread-shaped, slender, smooth, quite prostrate, often subdivided, rooting at each joint, and pro- ducing from the same point a tuft of leaves and flowers. Leaves horizontal, nearly round, about an inch in diameter, doubly cre- nate, smooth, glossy, light green, the centre a little depressed, and marked with a whitish dot, from which the veins radiate, and form a kind of net-work on both surfaces. Petioles ( leaf-stalks ) soli- tary or aggregate, from 2 to 4 inches or more long, upright, cylin- drical, slender, simple from the base. Peduncles ( flower-stalks ) axillary, one or more accompanying each group of leaves, shorter than the petioles, with a pair of broad bracleas at the base. Umbel very small, its rays so short as to he scarcely observable, usually about 5, with 3 or 4 thin spear-shaped bracteas at their base. Flowers small, reddish white, or rose-colour. Fruit of a pale brown colour, striated, and compressed laterally, that is, contrary to the juncture. The flowers being very small, and the flower- stalks shorter than the leaf-stalks, are easily overlooked, though they are abundant in their season ; but the plant is easily known by the petiole being inserted into the centre of the under side of the leaf, a circumstance uncommon in European plants. It affords an excellent example of what Linnaeus calls folium peltatum. The whole plant is acrid, and probably, like others of the um- belliferous tribe growing in wet places, poisonous. This plant has received its English names of White-rot ; Flowkwort ; Sheep- killing Penny-grass; Sheep’s-bane ; and Penny-rot; from an old belief that feeding upon it caused the liver-rot in sheep. This opinion, which is altogether an error, arose from the Fluke or Flounder insect ( Fasciola hepatica,J being found in marshy grounds where the Hydrocotyle and other similar plants abound ; but sheep are well known never to eat this plant. An account of the Rot in Sheep, with many useful and interesting remarks on the nature, symptoms, and treatment of that disease, may be seen in Loudon’s Encyclopaedia of Agriculture, a book which no Farmer should be without ; Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, vols. 4 & 5 ; and Baxter’s Library of Agri- cultural and Horticultural Knowledge, (2nd ed.) p. 552. “ The vegetable kingdom opens to the attentive observer a vast field, where he may contemplate the boundless power and omni- potent wisdom of the Creator ; where he may discover, with admi- ration, the most wonderful order, and incomprehensibly beneficial designs.” “ Soft roll your inccnce herbs, and fruits, and fiow’rs, In mingled clouds to Him ; whose sun exhales, Whose breath perfumes you, and whose pencil paints.” Thomson. •r : '.t / y f ■ ■ l * ul :-hy vttn i(il nrra ■ i ; • ,;n o » • n 1 f. r . :■ m i ) tV ‘ V\ \ ■ J63. (169) ANTIRRHI'NUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Didyna'mia f, A.vgiospe'rmia +. Natural Order. Scrophulari'neae§. Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 1 87. Jntrod. to Nat. Syst. p. 228. — Scrophula'rinas, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 434. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 115. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.528. — Scrophula'rIjE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 117. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 100. — Syringales ; subty. Scrophula- RtDvE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900 & 980. — Personate, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, permanent, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, oblong segments ; the two lower of which are most distant from each other. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, personate ; tube (fig. 2, a.) oblong, inflated, gibbous at the base (fig. 2, b.) , without a spur ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip (fig. 2, c.) cloven, reflexed at the sides ; lower lip (fig. 2,d.) obtuse, 3-lobed, with a projecting palate, closing the mouth, and hollow underneath. Filaments (f. 3.) 4, 2 longer than the other 2, concealed under the upper lip of the corolla. Anthers (see fig. 4.) converging. Germen (fig. 6.) round- ish, or egg-shaped. Style (see figs. 3 — 6.) thread-shaped. Stigma blunt. Capsule (fig. 7.) roundish, or oval, blunt, of 2 cells (see fig. 8.), oblique at the base, opening by 3 pores at the apex. Seeds numerous, attached to an oblong, cylindrical receptacle ( placenta ) in the middle of the partition ( dissepiment). Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the 5-cleft calyx ; the personate corolla, gibbous at the base in front, its mouth closed with a projecting palate ; and the 2-celled, many-seeded capsule, unequal at the base, and opening by 3 small holes at the apex. — The want of a spur will distinguish this genus from that of Linaria, see folio 23. Two species British. ^ ANTIRRHI'NUM MAJUS. Great Snapdragon. Toad-flax. Calves’ Snout. Bull-dogs. Spec. Char. Leaves spear-shaped. Flowers in a dense clus- ter. Segments of the calyx egg-shaped, blunt. F.ngl. Rot. t. 129. — Miller’s Plates, t. 42. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 859. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 274.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 661. Engl. FI. v. iii p. 135. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 736. — Lindl. Syn. p. 192. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 286. — Sibili. FI. Oxon. p. 196. — Abbot's FI. Bed. p. 138.— Purt. Mid. FI. v. i p. 288. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed ) p. 255. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 60. — Hook. FI. Scot, p. 189. — FI. Devon, pp. 105 fit 148. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 179. — Jacob’s West Devon and Cornwajl FI. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selectas, p. 52. — Bab. FI. Bath. P-34. — Mack. Catal. of PI. oflrei. p. 58. — Antirrhinum purpureum sive album, Johnson’s Gerarde, p.549. — Orontium majus, Peisoon’s Syn. v. ii. p. 159. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 324. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla ; a, Tube ; b, Nectary ; c, Upper lip ; d, Lower Lip and Palate. — Fig. 3. Front view of the Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 5. Side view of the same. — Fig. 4. Tops of the Stamens, showing the 4 converging An- thers.— Fig. 6. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 7. Capsule. — Fig. 8. Trans- verse section of the same. * From anti, Gr. resembling ; and rin, Gr. nose, muffler, or mask ; from the appearance of the flowers. IIookeb. t See Lamium album, f. 31 , n. +. t Sec Euphrasia offlcinalis, f. 72, n. {. $ See Veronica chamcedrys , f. 50, a. Localities. — On old walls, and chalk hills, frequent. Supposed to have escaped originally from gardens. — Oxfordsh. On Merton College walls : Dr. SiBTHORr. — Jesus College walls : Rev. 11. Wai.kfr. On the walls of Si John’s College garden ; walls in New College lane; and in many other places in Ox- ford, plentiful: W. B. — Berks ; On the ruins of Reading Abbey : Mr. Biciieno. — Bedfordsh. On walls about Elstow, and Bedford : Rev. C. Abbot. — Cam- bridgesh. Walls at Cambridge: Rev. R. Relhan. — Devon ; Old walls about Exeter, Chudleigh, Tor Abbey, and Totness Castle: FI. Devon. — Cat-down Quarries, near Plymouth : Rev. J. Jacob, LL. D — Durham ; On the walls of Barnard Castle; and naturalized on old walls at Kibblesworth : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Essex ; Old walls near Woodford ; Warner. — Gloucestersh. On Beik- ley Castle and Church in rich profusion; also at Redland, Westbury, Hen- bury, &c. near Bristol : Withering. — Kent ; Chalk Cliffs, and old walls near Dover, and between Northfleet and Gravesend : Hudson. On old walls about Feversham : E. Jacob, Esq. — Norfolk; Walls near Norwich: Mr. Wood- ward.— Northumberland ; Near the Hermitage at Warkworth : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Somersetsh. Naturalized on old walls about Bath : Rev. C. C. Bauing- ton. — Stajfordsh. On the walls of Rushall Castle near Walsall : Mr. Pitt. — Warwicksh. Salford : Mr. Purton. On an old wall at the bottom of the gar- den at Lawford Hall near Rugby: 1831, W. B. — Wilts ; At Great Bedwyn: W. Bartlett, Esq. — Worcestersh. Littleton: Mr. Purton. Walls near the Cathedral, Worcester: Mr. W. G. Perry, in Mag. of N. Hist. v. iv. p. 451. — WALES. Anglesey ; On the church and walls at Beaumares and Holyhead: Rev. H. Davies. — SCOTLAND. On old walls at Mugdoch Castle: Hop- ki rk. — IRELAND. Tops of old garden walls, near Dublin and elsewhere : Mr. J. T. Macka y. Perennial. — Flowers from June to September. Root somewhat woody, fibrous. Stem from 1 to 2 feet, or more, high; branched, nearly cylindrical, solid, leafy, smooth and shining at bottom, but more or less downy with short glandular hairs higher up, and slightly viscid, frequently of a purplish colour. Leaves opposite or alternate on the same plant, sometimes ternate (growing three together round the stem), somewhat stalked, spear-shaped, bluntish, recurved, entire, smooth, dark green on the upper sur- face ; paler on the under, often purplish. Flowers in a kind of spike or dense cluster , each on a short downy peduncle, accom- panied by an egg-shaped, pointed, concave bractea. Calyx downy and viscid, in 5 egg-shaped, concave, unequal, often coloured, seg- ments. Corolla very large and handsome, nearly an inch and a half long, of a purplish-red, often varying to white, with a large, yellow, downy palate white in front ; tube with a short, blunt pouch (nectary of Linn.) at the base in front. Capsule (fig. 7 ) egg-shaped, unequal at the base, of 2 oblique cells, the lower cell, which is largest and protuberant at the base, opening at the top by 2 large pores, the tipper cell with a single orifice. Seeds black, wrinkled. The ripe capsule, when reversed, bears a strong re- semblance to a skull. Several handsome varieties of this plant are cultivated in gardens. “ The flowers are perfect insect traps ; multitudes of small creatures seek an entrance into the corolla through the closed lips, which upon a slight pressure yield a passage, attracted by the sweet liquor that is found at the base of the germen ; but when so admitted, there is no return, the lips are closed, and all advance to them is impeded by a dense thicket of woolly matter, which invests the mouth of the lower jaw. — But this Snapdragon is more merciful than most of our insect traps. The creature receives no injury when in confinement ; but, having consumed the nectareous liquor, and finding no egress, breaks from its dungeon by gnawing a hole at the base of the tube, and returns to liberty and light.” Journal of a Naturalist, (2nd edit.) p. 80. Gmelin says, that in Persia an excellent oil, equal to that of the olive, is pro- cured by expression of the seeds of this plant. ' * Jinf*.b-i6") ~,iim laijk, .VI »!i Male I bin .v-.ct.fA 10T .ifaijlitt/il’l .v*1 > to -.i I/. •. -t V' ii/. vd^fwihKl iM-ja *if*W 'ATiVH'-’A p«a ,uu ,..1. ... ukuImj' VH MtVf '.fy liiUwtliii’.V it. > -ii.*i •>.'! i /, •. iv. V' j i.' !' . ' ■> JR A •tug •'(!.( • tol ’"%'■! M Mew bloi'r W :H<'Hit : jt wbotl i It; •, ttVII — •' . c i ■( “iff *> ■ - iiii' .q ’i .1 .l*n|hp 1« AW H V •ntMfv, . • itit.luU it fl 'Ifb* uilff - t*' to *• . ’ll .T -wtll (TKrtl/l -iWf'I'I 1 1'. \ ,'jjim !-. b(tv i7J<>< ntv ^ • x,!o ,fi >f Uj^V ' RWfu-svi .tuoko rlKilqtii i 1 *U' 1 \ » » ,1 tirofon iratlo Jui.p9UL. wYjggr bvj ,!bo inwol fi'ft ^Uso •iOpiW’i £ ^fTr/cf ' h h If. . . ■ ji-i :.r(t J6 yntn ; » oil. if, ■hefci.i'o) «rf :•> * .31 £001)2 F Z :$( f ,b*J(rr?Vfn Hot 1/1 ^fpwjrj O.y d Juul- ti tv xMurfdiftft su'jbtBg ni bstavr/lmsic msfq ?i(B t rop'jniiv . n< , lT9rai:-a y /stutter. It 6 tame dardsn. Oxford 1336 CJ(»rhfW&Se. (170.) PULICA'RfA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia f, Polyga'mta, Su- Pe'rFLUA+. Natural Order. Compo'sittf§ ; tribe, Corymbi,fer,e||, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 & 199. — Compo'sit.e; subnrd. Cardua'ce.e ; Loud. Hort. Brit, pp. 520 & 521. — Synanthe^read ; tribe, Corymbi'ferav ; Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 & 455. — Corymbi'fera;, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. Pl.pp. 177 & 180.— Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 334. — Syringa'les ; type, Astera'cea: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900 & 926. — Compo'sitve, Linn. Gen. Char. — Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. 1.) hemisphe- rical, closely imbricated ; scales narrow, loosely spreading at the points. Corolla compound, radiant ; florets of the disk (fig. 3.) nu- merous, perfect, tubular, their limb in 5 equal, upright or spread- ing segments ; florets of the ray (fig. 4.) numerous, crowded, strap- shaped, 3-toothed. Filaments 5, in the tubular florets only, thread- shaped, short. Anthers united into a cylindrical tube, with 5 sharp teeth at the summit, and 10 straight bristles at the base, (2 from each anther, (fig. 2.) equal in length to the filaments. Germen (see figs. 3 & 4.) in all the florets fertile, oblong. Style (see figs. 3 & 4.) thread-shaped, cloven. Stigmas spreading, oblong, rather blunt. Seed-vessel none, but the unaltered calyx. Seed (see fig. 5, a.) linear, rounded, hairy. Pappus (see figs. 5, b & c.) sessile, double ; outer one (b) short, cup-shaped, membranous, toothed ; inner (c.) long, rough. Receptacle slightly cellular ; cells fringed. Flowers yellow. Distinguished from other genera, with radiant flowers, in the same class and order, by the narrow imbricated scales of the invo- lucrum ; the 2 bristles at the base of the anthers ; and the double pappus. The last character will distinguish this from the genus Inula. Two species British. PULICA'RIA DYSENTE'RICA. Common Flea-bane. Herb Christopher. Spec. Char. Stem woolly, panicled. Leaves oblong, wrinkled, downy, clasping the stem by tbeir heart-shaped or arrow-shaped base. Scales of the involucrum bristle-shaped, hairy. Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 463. — Lindl. Syn. p. 143. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.363. — Jacob’s West Devon and Cornwall Flora. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.26. — I'nula dy- senMrica, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1237. — Engl. Bot. t. 1115. — Curt. FI. Lond. 1. 164. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 368. — Sm. FI. Bill. v. ii. p. 891. Engl. FI. v. iii. Fig. I. Involucrum.— Fig. 2. A separate Stamen, showing the filament, and the auther with the two bristles at its base. — Fig. 3. A tubular Floret of the Disk, accompanied by its germen and pappus. — Fig. 4. A strap-shaped Floret of the Kay, ditto.— Fig. 5. A seed, crowned with the double pappus or proper calyx; a, the seed; b, the outer calyx ; c, the inner ditto. * From pulex, a. flea ; an insect which this plant is supposed to drive away by its powerful smell. Hook i n. t See f. 91, n. f. { See f. 36, n. {. § See f. 27, a. H See f. 36, a. p. 440. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.945. — Sihth. FI. Oxon. p.256 — Abbot’s FI. Dtdf. p. 184. — l’urt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 411. — Kelli. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 345. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 79. — Hook. FI Scot, p.245. — FI. Devon, pp. 139 & 160. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 185. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.243. — Mack. Ca'al. of PI. of Irel. p. 74 .— Conyza media, Ray’s Syn. p. 174.— Johnson's Gerarde, p. 482. Looa cities. — In moist meadows and, watery places; and by the sides of rivers, brooks, and ditches. — Not uncommon in most parts of Kngland. It ap- pears to be more rare in Scotland, as it is not noticed either in Lightfooi s Flora Scotica, or Dr. GnEvn.Le’s Flora Edinensis ; and the only station given for it in Dr. Hooker’s Flora Scotica, is, near the Mull-head of Galloway, where it was observed by Mr. Maughan. Perennial. — Flowers from July to October. Root creeping, whitish, about the thickness of a goose quill, with largish fibres. Stem upright, from 1 to 2 feet high, cylindri- cal, firm, solid, striated, cottony, leafy, more or less branched towards the top ; branches nearly upright, and rising above the main stem. Leaves alternate, spreading, oblong or spear-shaped, pointed, veiny and wrinkled, obscurely toothed or serrated, sessile, clasping the stem by their heart-shaped, or arrow-shaped base, somewhat hairy, and of a dull green colour on the upper surface ; cottony, and of a whitish colour on the under. Flowers yellow, terminating the stem and branches ; solitary or two together, form- ing a kind of corymb. Scales of the involucrum or common calyx (fig. 1.) numerous, very narrow, awl-shaped, downy, frequently somewhat recurved at the point. Bristles at the base of the anthers very minute. Seeds (fig. 5.) inversely egg-shaped, bristly ; crowned with a sessile, double pappus or proper calyx, (fig. 5, b & c.) ; the outer (b) very small, membranous, cup-shaped, and toothed ; the inner (c) of a few simple, hair-like, rays, which are rough, and about the length of the tubular florets. Receptacle slightly cellular, unequally toothed, or scaly. A variety with very short rays is noticed by Mr. Relhan, in Flora Cantabrigiensis. “ At the close of the year,” says Mr. Cuittis, “ this plant contributes not a little to enliven and beautify the sides of our moist ditches ; to the Farmer, it however affords no very pleasing spectacle when it overruns, as it frequently does, large tracts of land, and gives it a barren uncultivated appearance.” FI. Loud. Ray observes, that the leaves, when bruised, smell like soap. — Rutty in- forms us, that the juice is saltish, and warms the mouth a little ; that the decoc- tion is somewhat acrid in the throat, at the same time astringent and turning green with vitriol of iron ; that the infusion is somewhat astringent, very bitter in the throat, and turning black with vitriol of iron. The Russian soldiers, in their expedition to Persia, under General Keit, were cured of the dysentery by the use of this plant ; whence Linnaeus gave it the specific name of dysenterica ; see FI. Suecica, p. 294. In this country it is seldom if ever employed. It is called by our old authors Middle Flea-bane, and was supposed by its smoke in burning to drive away fleas and gnats. Foh- skal says it is named in Arabic Rara ejub, or Job’s-tears, from a notion that Jon used a decoction of this herb to cure his ulcers. There are few, if any ani- mals that will touch it. M. Sa-jssuhe kept a plant of Pulicaria dysenterica for six months in the vacuum of an air pump, without any sensible effect upon it. It was placed in the light, but not so as to receive the direct rays of the sun, to which, when it was exposed, it withered, even though the rays were feeble. It also grew equally well in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas, as in an atmosphere of common air, though the former entirely destroys life in most plants. See Keith’s Physiolo- gical Bot. v. ii. pp. 51 l ’ ■ i| li./.H • t in ! • I" k ImaO JmL< — .fcbi' ij ijU lo.ri .in. oil .ij , ,v .v/v,;l lo .i i ft .i«J -o 1 I ) i ■ .jbiiioO / a«f hiId I, -.Wf .if . b i *tii 7 1 1 bn i? , «9 Iq ywle« ibnr. "•!.•■ mu j .i>m — .-..ni; , .-<•> i -qe j1 .bttiifj* ■( lo ijitq i«fur h (m iiomaiO ' iu to'/!— .-9it tlib hajs ,=t»bovJ .fvivn f ivcMiiioiJ nt toil l io haiiinn Ion «• Jr ci, .botlto'i?! cii orut atom smI o' -it » •I/'., mj i.. /(no iirll fti’it •, *v< )«'•■& »••> > .• .;•> ,r. •'■ •• ynwutlfii) lo l)Soll*flui/, 3 it) Ui-ju il .IV- \ si I H 1 ’ .haiioUaI/i ,1-1/1 fd bim-iido 8i. // Ji snsilvj .•ndo)-)0 i.dviiit. mtn'i soli • i — .1 :ruv ,Iluip 98or>3 n 'lo a89iubidi 9i{l moan triai>iriw t tmcjirr. 1 -nbiiij'{9 .rf'iijrf Josl 2 oJ f niyil Jiljjiiqu «>•»: '• b'jrfofuna awl io fiioiji ,-v/t Juo i; -• o- nit 'Vodf. ^ufch fern. ^rf^rjqcr^l-ja-jo^w.'h' ■; .i «; ,frjei193 Hi h'JlfjO'il l(l91o:j«do d)OJiiin ’ ! !'J3 ,; • ! !, i-i, ■ !; „jf. i> bim tsrfv.’omop • midi .riilljM >1 ow| 'n) y. n itlor , sc /l-.'Kf d bits «5 £.* 9;ii gnu. •: h i:-l j.\tU)3 MGHUWUO ID .HVMTJw'iO'jm H(lj 1y i-jisot .dflQJVlOU lO ilflbl 6 '• ylin-jupoi; ,^L\s b .boqfifb-Iv/j; ,won< i /i tv .stfoiorn jt: { '• MsnfJnB srilio 9Hed 9iil Jc ,iflunj wU Jjs bsvituwi Jsri wsm' IrjnwoiJ ; Y.l'^nd . I) jq i* • ^ba:,ivnf ; h, Z bos .cfgQoi an. ihirfw ,?ve l .sdd-jjbii ,.i oni;: *tt e 'lo •) twc .lulwlbs/ ylJd^i; . ■>»(• .eioioft u .dui ' ‘ iii ,KAHJ3fl .iW Y{l te9»l"‘i 0) 3\n .hod^ssiv ii" w Ijlani:* A i"" ^ i ■ . ' ' - ■ I tJSrt.f 79 719-1 ' • t i jl jniiliul Jutn .'ID'IU.II it smi Ml/.- il ■’ ,Jsu.r‘ t.i'lid ){»» ,1 :.ijjnti ijiitw '■in.. -v j\3n .vniyi I*i»n-Jjjit7iur, rv. us < . ibi>. ;<5 - ' . «|4» 11 3/«t- l-lf ' .1 !•. 7 ':.!.■••) 1 1 , •)( X' gt II yMH.io-j «di 111 .q A • --r \\'V viliM pit iu<> *tl i-*l!ss ;i I l»j« 'i'.'!- (im -i-i- jmlj florioo s mini .tun: ‘doiV to .CU. i ■• ;»W • -ms Yae ti , hj\ en» innd'l c -jAu mA * nt i ni >tlipnm ■ io1 «nrvA»m\rt' 41 r ,'>1' in b-iiidq *** Si .n noun J . >U ibiim WBclxUk Botanic Gn rdm. Cj^ord, 1886' /■RDcl. CJftUhexs. • (171.) MARIIU'BIUM* * I Annean Class and Order. Didyna'mia f, Gymnospk'rmta +. Nulural Order. Labia'tje^, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 110. — Sm.Gr.of Bot. p. 99. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Lindl. Syn. j). 196. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 239. — Bentham, in Bot. Regist. (1829). — Rich, by Macgill. p. 439. — Loud. Hurt. Brit. p. 528. — Verticillat2e of Linmeus. — Syuingales; subord.PRiMULosAi ; sect. Menthin2e; type, Mentiiaceas, or Labiate ; subtype, Nepetid/e; Burn. Outl of Bot. v. ii. p. 900, 958, 968, & 973. Gen. Char. Calyx (figs. 1 &2.) inferior, permanent, of 1 sepal, tubular, cylindrical, with 10 furrows ; and 10, in some species only 5, narrow, spreading teeth ; throat hairy. Corolla (figs. 3 & 4.) of 1 petal, ringent (gaping) ; tube cylindrical, a little longer than the calyx ; limb spreading, 2-lipped ; upper lip straight, narrow, and cloven ; lower lip broadest, 3-lobed, middle lobe the largest and emarginate. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 4, 2 longer than the other 2, all much shorter than the corolla, and sheltered under the upper lip. Anthers small, oblong, (lei'mcn (fig. 5.) roundish, 4-lobed. Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigma (see fig. 3.) cloven, pointed. Seeds (fig. 6.) 4, elliptic-oblong, in the bottom of the hardened calyx, which is contracted at the orifice (see fig. 1). Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the regular calyx with 10 furrows ; and the straight, strap-shaped, cloven, upper lip of the corolla. One species British. MARRU'BIUM VULGA'RE. Common White Horehound||. Spec. Char. Stem upright. Leaves roundish egg-shaped, un- equally toothed, wrinkled. Calyx with 10 bristle-shaped teeth, which are hooked backwards. Enid. Bot. t. 410. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. ii. p. 265. t. 97. — Stephenson and ('hurchiH’s Medical Botany, v. iii. t. 135. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.81G. — lluds. FI. Ariel. (2nd ed.) p. 261. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.636. Kniil. FI. v. iii. p. 103. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.717. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 380.— Lindl. Syn. p. 201. — Hook. But. FI. p.279. — Light!. FI. Scot. v. i. p.315. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 187. — Abbot’s FI. Bed), p. 131. — Pint. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 273.; and v.iii. p.36’4. — Belli FI. Carnal). (3rd ed.) p. 243. — Dav. Welsh Bot. p. 58. — Hook. FI. Scot, p. 184. — Giev. FI. Edit). p. 133. — Kev. G. E. Smith s PI. of S. Kent. p. 32. — FI. Devon, pp. 100 & 145. — Johnst. FI. of Berw v. i. p. 133. — Walk. FI. ol’Oxf. p. 169. — Thornton’s Family Herbal, p. 573. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Selectai, p. 50. — Mack. C’atal. of PI. oflrel. p. 56. — Marriibium. album. Bay’s Syn. p.239. Localities. — In dry waste ground, on commons, and by road sides. Not common. — Oxfordsh, On Bullington Green : Dr. Sibiiiorp. Marston-lane ; and behind the Parks: Rev. R. Walker. In Witney Churchyard; and at Handborough : Rev. Dr. Mavou. On Oakley Common, scarce: G. Wood- ward, Esq. I have seen a few solitary plants in the neighbourhood of Oxford, by the side of the road going to Cowley ; in the' Gravel-pits at Yarnton ; and on the side of the Abingdon road between Hinksey Foil-gate and the road to Figs 1 & 2. The Calyx. — Fig. 4. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A vertical section of ditto, showing the stameus and pistil.— Fig. 5. Germen. — Fig. 6. A Seed.— All, except fig. 6, muynified. * Name oi doubtful origin ; some say from a town so called in Italy. IIooker. t See Lamiurn album, folio 31 , note f. { See folio 31, note and also the2nd page of the same folio, ii See folio 86, a, and 94, a. (I Front the whiteness of the leaves ; hore means in Saxon white. Tiiohmon. Kunnmgton, Berks ; but they were, no doubt, escapes from gardens, and are, probably, not to be found in those places now : W. B. — Berks ; About Apple- ton : MissHoskiNs. Near Sandhurst : Miss Delamotte. — Beds, Elstow.Cople, and Everton : Rev. C. A bbot. — Camb'ridgesh. Road sides, rubbish. See. : Rev.R. Rhi.han.— Devon ; Fields near Ohudleigh ; Ingsdon, near Ilsington; waste places at Marychuich : Rev. A. Neck, in FI. Devon. — Durham; In the lane that leads from the Bearton to the Stanton road: John Hogg, Esq. — Kent; About Lydd, common: Rev. G. E. Smith. On Sheldwich Lees, near F'ever- sham : E. Jacob, F'sq. — Lancash. Near Southport: G. Crosfield, Esq. — Northumberland; On the Island at Hexham Bridge; on waste ground at C’ullercoats ; and on the rocks and links at Bainborough Castle : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts ; “ 1 found a few plants of it at the foot of Nottingham Castle Rock, facing Lenton, and about B isford, two miles from Nottingham ; also in Colver- ton Lane, on the left hand coming from the Hed Hill. This formerly grew very common about this town: but a certain Physician extolling its virtues to the skies, and recommending it almost in every case, especially to persons who had impaired their constitution by hard drinking, has set all the Ale Bibbers to work to root it out, insomuch that it is become very scarce.” Dr. Deering. — War- wicksh. On the side of the turnpike road near Alcesler Lodge; and near Bidford on the Alcester road, opposite Air. Biddle’s bain : T. Purton, Esq |.— Worces- tersh. Opposite to Crane’s of Abberley, on the side of the road leading to Picket Rock, from Kidderminster: Mr. W. G. Perry, in Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 451. — Yorksh. Near Rotherham: Mr. L. Langley, ibid.v. ii. p. 270. — W A LES. Anglesey; near Beauntares ; at Penman; and near NewLorough : Rev. II. Davies. — SCO FLAN I). About Burnt-island, &c. : Lighifoot. Fisher-row and Guillon Links; and at Long Niddry, Edinbuigh: Mr. Maugiian. Inch- colm : Mr. Neill. Road-side near Warrender House : DoGreville. — IRE- LAND. In th e county of Wicklow: Dr. Wade. Strand near Carrigaline : Mr. Drummond. Perennial. — Flowers from June to September. Root woody and fibrous. Stern bushy, from a foot to 18 inches high, branching from the bottom, square, leafy, clothed with fine down. Leaves opposite ; lower ones roundish, on longish footstalks ; upper ones nearly sessile, and somewhat egg-shaped, all of them wrinkled, veiny, crenate, and hoary. Flowers white, sessile, in dense convex whorls at the axillae of the leaves. Bracteas small, bristle-shaped. Calyx (fig. 1.) tubular, cylindrical, furrowed, woolly, teeth rigid, spreading, recurved at the point; the 5 alter- nate ones rather the smallest ; the inside at the bottom of the teeth fringed with soft hairs. Upper lip of the corolla (see f. 4.) straight, narrow, and deeplv divided into 2 spear-shaped lobes ; lower lip broader, reflexed, and 3-lobed, the middle lobe the largest, and slightly scolloped at the end. The 2 shorter filaments, according to Scopoli, are villose at top ; but the 2 longer ones smooth. Anthers yellow, with a black substance in the middle. The whole herb has a white or hoary appearance, a very bitter taste, and a not unpleasantly, aromatic smell. The active princi- ples of this plant appear to be a bitter, extractive, volatile oil, and gallic acid. A tea prepared from it, sweetened with honey, is an excellent domestic medicine in coughs and obstructions of the lungs. It is seldom employed by medical men ; but it is said, by Dr.°THOMSON, to have been of decided use in cases of consump- tion. “ A drachm of the leaves in powder, or an ounce of the ex- pressed juice, are commonly ordered for a dose. The infusion is made with one ounce of the dried leaves, and a pint of boiling water, and given in the quantity of a wine-glassful twice or thrice a day. — The nostrum sold as Balsam of Horehound consists, ac- cording to Paris, of infusion of horehound and liquorice root, with double°the proportion of proof spirit or brandy ; to which is added opium, camphor, benzoin, squills, oil of aniseed, and honey. A remedy for consumption forsooth ! ! ” Strph. Church. Med. Bot. ' '■ ' l* ■ • Mi'J W'S*0 .* unit 'Jp 0/ sMii.vl' ,pp;l ,Kf #1 .tf 184.4. ( 1 \ " * 1 ■ * 1 ‘1 : '■ ' !o< '• 'jo 1’ iv ' wiM - . ■ >» 1 1 *' ■>•<» !>I • . ■< .4 ■. V . 4,, o'" ” ->ff- ’!■ moJtod -Jj « fiesUmt* srfJ tdriJei w* 9jj, • Mflo TJ-iioI 2 t-rb hid ;q.-f i« -.solfr. .uw, >'< "***"9 sviW* ;>-.i 1 .fil>cr»a sujunoin ,/f jn6ar5fij.it; jo« r rni: t* . 7? 'VP. mm mm n tiUkZ Pub^lj fV Duxttr Btttnu (r* rden,. Oxford 183 6 C Malhttrj £ r. 7/Wd PASTINA'CA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria-J-, Diqy'nia. Natural Order. Umbelli'fer as, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; subtype, Angelicida: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614 & 774. Gen. Char. Flowers all regular, uniform, perfect, and gene- rally prolific. Calyx nearly obsolete. Corolla (fig. 1.) of 5, round- ish, entire, retuse pointed, involute petals. Filaments (see f. 1 & 2.) 5, thread-shaped, spreading, about the length of the petals. Anthers roundish. Germen (see fig. 2.) inferior, egg-shaped, compressed transversely, obscurely striated. Styles in the flower very short, upright ; subsequently spreading, recurved, moderately elongated ; greatly dilated, rather depressed at the base, and confluent with the broad, round, wavy, rather thin, Jloral receptacle. Stigmas capitate. Fruit (fig. 3.) much compressed at the back, with a broad flat border. Carpels ( seeds of Linn.,/ (fig*. 4 & 5.) with very slender ridges, the 3 dorsal ones equidistant, the 2 lateral ones remote, contiguous to the dilated border. Interstices ( channels ) with single vittce. Seed flat. Universal and partial Involucrums none, or of few leaves. Flowers yellow. The roundish, entire, equal, involute, retuse petals ; the dorsally compressed fruit with a broad flat border ; the carpels with 3 very slender ridges, the 3 dorsal ones equidistant, the 2 lateral ones re- mote, contiguous to the border ; and the channels with single filiform vittce ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. PASTINA'CA SATIVA. Common Parsnep. Wild Parsnep. Spec. Char. Leaves simply pinnate ; downy beneath ; leaflets egg-shaped, cut and serrated, terminal one 3-lobed. Engl. Bot. t. 556. — Mart. FI. Bust. t. 83. — Linn. Sp. PI. p 376. — Pm. FI. Biit. v. i. p. 328. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 101. — With. (7ih ed.) v. ii. p. 391. — Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii p.523. — Lind.Syn. p. 116. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 118. — Rtlh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 124. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 20. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.338. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.84. — Bab. FI. Bath, p. 20. — Curl. Brit. Entomol. vol. v. t. 221. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ire), p. 30. — Pastindca sylvestris, Huds. Fl.Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 125. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 101. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 67. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 156 .—Pastinucu syl- vestris lati/olia, Kay’s Syn. p. 2C6. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1025. Localities. — On the borders of fields, hillocks, and dry banks, in a chalky or limestone soil. Not uncommon in some parts of England, rare in others. — Ox- fordsh. Very plentiful by road-sides, and on the borders of fields, almost every where in the neighbourhood of Oxford; and about Dpper Ileyford: W. B. — Bedfordsh. Common: Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. About Cambridge: Rev. R. Relhan. — Devon ; Waste ground near Plymouth : H. Watson, Esq. Fig. 1. The Corolla. — Fig. 2. The Germen and Stamens. — Fig. 3. The unripe fruit. — Fig. 4. The 2 Carpels, which formed the fruit, separated, and suspended by the central, thread-shaped, 2-parted column or axis.— Fig. 5. A Carpel cut through transversely. — All, except figs. 3 & 4, slightly magnified. * From pastas, food. Hooker, f See Anchusa sempervirens, f. 48, n. f. in New Bot. Guide. — Durham ; In the Magnesian Limestone district , abundant, especially near the coast its most northern locality: N..L Winch, Esq. — Essex ; Abundant in this county: New Bot. Guide. — Gluucestersh. Near Bristol : Miss Worsi.f.y, in New Bot. Guide. — Kent; l.ongton Green: FI. Tonb. — South Kent-. Hev. G. E. Smith. — Lancash. Southport: G CnoSFiKi.n. Esq. — Leicestersh. — About Glenfield, and Charnwood Forest: Rev. A. Bloxam. — Norfolk ; Stow Btidge ; abundant near the river: Miss Bell, in N. B. G. — Northumberland; In the Magnesian Limestone district, abundant, especially near the coast: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts; About Nottingham, but not com- mon: Dr. Deering. — Somersetsh. Common about Bath: Rev. C. C. Baring- ton. — Suffolk; Near Bungay: Mr. Stock, in N. B. G.— Surrey ; Thames side, opposite to Hampton andSunbury: II. Watson, Esq. inN.B.G. — In Sussex ; Rev. G. E. Smith, in N. B. G. — Warwicksh. Common : T. Burton, Esq. Side ofthe road between Rugby and Newbold, near Mr. Walker’s plan- tations. In Lawford Lane, beyond the brook. Very abundant by the side of the canal near the bridge going from Rugby to Barby : VV. B.— Wilts ; Near Great Bedwyn: VV. Bartlett, Esq. — Worcestersh. Very abundanton the red marl: Mr. Lees, in N. B.G. Road-side near Stoughton; Battenhall ; Cra- combe, &c. : N.B.G. — Yorksh. Richmond: Mr. Ward, in N. B.G. — IRE- LAND. Fields at Beldrummond, near the Man of War: Mr. J. T. Macka y. Biennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Root simple, spindle-shaped, whitish, aromatic, mucilaginous, and sweet, with a degree of acrimony. Stem from 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, upright, angular, deeply furrowed, hollow, roughish, leafy. Leaves alternate, oblong, pinnate ; leaflets from 3 or 5 to 9, oppo- site, egg-shaped, serrated and cut, bright green, downy on the under surface ; sometimes on the upper also ; the terminal leaflet 3-lobed. Umbels terminating the stem and branches, upright, of from 6 to 12 or more unequal, angular, downy rays ; partial um- bels of more numerous rays. There is occasionally a solitary, small, spear-shaped bractea under the general, as well as the partial umbels, but they are usually both naked. Flowers yellow, small ; the innermost ones of the umbel frequently abortive. Frxiit large, of a paleish brown colour when quite ripe. It is a native of other parts of Europe as well as of Britain, even to Caucasus ; and also of some parts of both N. and S. America. The Garden Parsnep is a variety of this, which has been much improved by cultivation ; it has smooth leaves, of a light yellowish-green colour, in which it differs from the wild plant, the leaves of which are downy and dark green ; the roots also are thick and fleshy, and have a much milder taste. The Parsnep has long been an inmate of the garden, and was formerly much used. In Catholic times it was a famous Lent root, being eaten with salted fish. " In the North of Scotland,” Mr. Neill observes, “ Parsneps are often beat up with potatoes and a little butler ; of this excellent mess the children ofthe peasantry are very fond, and they do not fail to thrive upon it. In the North of Ireland a pleasant beverage is prepared from the roots, brewed along with hops. Parsnep wine is also made in some places ; (a receipt for making of which may be seen in Bax- ter’s Lib. of Agricul. $ Horticul. Knou-l,) and they afford an excellent ardent spirit when distilled after a similar preparatory process to that bestowed on po- tatoes, destined for that purpose.” — Gerarde says, that a very good bread was made from them in his time. — The Parsnep has been partially introduced of late years as a field plant, and is nearly equal to the carrot in its product of nutri- tive and saccharine matter. In the fattening of cattle it is found equal, if not superior, to the carrot, performing the business with as much expedition, and affording meat of exquisite flavour, and a highly juicy quality. Indeed, the result of experiment has shown, that not only in neat cattle, but in the fattening of hogs and poultry, the animals become fat much sooner, and are more bulky than when fed with any other root or vegetable. See Loudon’s Encyc.l. of Card. 1st ed. parag. 1324. ; and Don’s Gen.Syst. of Gar d. $ Bot. v. iii. p.338. — The seeds of the Parsnep contain an essential oil, and will often cure inter- mittent fevers. Withering. I <; I 'It, r I » • • i.vi>l »!•.* 0 I ■ nM ■»nii« , it) mv tut|, •>.<*', V7 jui-.i ) \ ■ I 4 , ' I 'vx it n- > .1 I ■ " I > VI I 'A >»» 1 diro . .wt*u.tH.A va« M ito'i >lxtk ><’ I’livJOinodA - >' * YrtOlvt pvl -•>.8.(1 01,4.1'' i-iit ittit (pi i -I • , Mb" !»** Ap >A ytli.. i."jt9 .infilirtmli. ,• jif • tiu P nl cl ,V.iu*V S» .'Kv 'A •IV, •• t , ‘ /. ;Vwl ; tvTS p / • ’ ’i" • • * ' •:.»« - I - i I (.»: 1 .1) • >> : Jii'it > ’■ 1 : Cl ; I im Rvoi'i i i ’ ivmvv, - .0 ,)J ,/I vi , .» ini'K . i Iv vsyniiit ui >4 M"'t\uV. «.<• > ill - ... H .K ni i,.-. ! .• !> TV ! ' '•• ' 'I*! . "I ' rl r noiiiipv"' /ini >.• ’ i) .••(•, vi' • i.r.lv 'k.4« ia.W .iW'iiwMi .blmlwoid fan is . A mvjv I fasof jdJ In ihiA .|i .1 •d Bih vr. 1‘inf >Ht mon I' •nnv •>»( i I'm oil! iMt&tobnuiftc •I't'f , -i i ) , leu;, l ' i. i >•''■■'"• ■ i v . I . • i , .t) .M ./ ni .iihaV/ .iM l‘i ii'ti ini' m-J-mi • ) /' )/ .“Klmo'i .vi,^r»AW,i .1 .lit MuW to a I/! odi •"i»n .bnomoiviWnfJ it; sbfoi’4 UM AJ .Jsu^uA bin; ,ybil fomit ni eiowofT — .fiitanoitt ,*Hoiii£jjfioi/m fiitenuytB ,daiiiiiw Jboqgtfa-ftlifanqa .ofqmia io<'J\ fsrtl b io C of S oioil .rnS'd .ynxnnoG 1o n ifirw ,t»3W» ! fir, .yll'jl .dxirlguoi .wn'knl Jmtoii/I yfqoeb pcfogms .Jdjgnql) ol C io {; Hjorfl *V}5\' \ {oljsnurq ,gnoJdo Oumaffe f&'fwkt 8(0 ho ynwob .croor^ ,hn bar boic nof tb6qfid»-p;js toii,; H&pl fummisf od» odi wqqo >rft no mii9Htt>* r • i'Iiii- »bmi 1o .jrfgiitju ««9r(pnca(l bnr. moia ori) gnasnirrc il .bod oL~F. •nui ; aym ‘wob .ijgliom JflUptum iiorn ic ' ' t inoil ^rjjgiiio?! a /[binofa/jcoo ei oiodT .ayci PiroiPmc 910m }o ii^\ (jih Hi How ?a ^sfiAMO oil) lobnir 00 V" vjiirf novo fnTrJiiff lo ?r. How »e oq iuH 1o zft&f t lit > * vi 11 • » SbnSfoA .2 bar. .'/I dtad to ancq omoeTo ban : tin ,1 o! 1 It Jjtdw ,imloo09;>i3-il/iw*.>l!9 • irijil 1 10 bv.-.-.I i:.K . /ndtjjii: ia‘J »i(T . Mas) isblirn ilnum s vveii btn bi'iMl ; i l • n 'ulortiiiO a1 .b9*i# il.vwin yliannol s*w bn* .osbrogsril )■• 'J«in m. n-' ir I dliold arltrl 11 ,dt.i bvJl eg llliw (Wl*t gnisd .loot Ifl -.i vi . !■■■» v ml •boichmj dliw ijinjtBil n»flo snn aq m 'ir4 “ ,si> j .vs'lo . uld.tli' '.n o'J K> . lnt.*ri»|i| * Imclaii to rflto/i ail) nl .li noqo aviirtl 01 itel loo oi' yorti 41 mm ipost**) .sqvii riiiw gmrlt l»w>v| .moot »dl njoit owiqaiq si* '••>.! • nAtl o ihw otl yeto il-iiilw to gnciiim »ol iii-wsn *) . ■ lq s m !>«« » o*l» Matos TiTalt' iT-; as biofta yviti hm 01 \\ V >< oq no I.. Mill cl «W3(i<{ xiOitKiqo’Kt triimi* c will 1 •■:" ■ -tlw lm<( saw Itavid bong v.»v • isdl 4t.is*«»0_—” sttoqiuq isn v>\ Ir.'i I'voMf , -11!, in to nyWiq Uc ni fonsi »rf| Cl (sup 4 ti.M ei bat .l»/d«J bl -1 t. (00 li ,ioepo Iwioot 41 li lllu to gfliiiiiiM) ^rf; nt 111 ir.tn am.i .'jos? bnu ^vii bnB ,B*’i libatjio dvnm it .Eli* sMiilsutlf odl (jinnrtotuq Kitbo *■■!> ol .« .jsK*_i« jaiU 'i **>'>(!) fli J«if, »;»« 1 i*o«t ni ffno fotflutl ,«ivrotl* n tn.ji ’iiixo to lL/ 1 ;.nl: u.*.i ' -9n'i 'l *'?( in' of td x/doHRo , inaCt ohff - nm. .) ni- : jnofc-'i^ ( immi IbiJir : i .t : feu',1 a'l "i‘i ic a»> - > . tj<» boov. V,j ji bn* tiv/fdi), | ,ji.wwuft«T.i .tfi i?Tyji!i m» , u » up 3/ods »« XI J >M bci .. ni , Boll Oo'W Hi moil i .1 turf ,r-Ur)on ) I* Hr -ll <•! ♦ K ' . 1 V % n« 1 I -Will 'S*tt*‘lWMaBPr ikilr L liirw fb9qcjti»,-Had iaritrputh ,«* 9 ’ ,V k “• ■ 174 . SEHRATULA TINCTORIA. COMMON SAW-WORT, if ifc/r Pub? IjWBaxter. Botanic Garden.Oxforti. isst. fW (174.) SERRATULAA Linnean Class Sf Order. SYNGENE'siAf, Polyga'mia, TEqua- lis+. Natural. Order. Compo'sita5§ ; tribe, Cynarocephalte, Jnss. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 152 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 & 200. — Compo'sita3 ; subord. Cardua'ce.e ; Loud. Hort. Brit, pp. 520 & 521. — Synanthe'rete ; tribe, Cynarocephal/e ; Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 & 455.— Cinarocepiiala;, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 171 & 173. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121* * En)> Ij»ll j-f>m .;ii i I-,.!:* i. -.11 y- .*»{ .;I!J , s.<- )U hh; i no,.lliH nobwt’J n<> v woiVvviU. - .txoa II* >/> tivu |! mIA- I tr. ; xnS'l miM[ ism* **«» 8»(kxI no ; *it> 1 V/\ « ;* is r.'s »•>: " 1 1 nowbsdp 1-m.j *inov ,t v.H,j ... *;.! ‘j •. •, . • ■iKjn ,1811 ■ abno'I'. . Si H 'V . . -Il«m« w«4«*,•• j.-* • ’ .i* j-*. n, •' j* boo N tnjmoa. ,7/ : an■ .V'iH /dru.ii >j H . vj7*u*l .OjH jplmo'w YViridl ' two: yria'l >0 . Ij -I. ls« {,}•» u / . 1 to;>a- " '* ■■ * • Jj— ji;i» t» W 'liWV* ■> 1, - . . rNf J-'u, l ^biWB&xlcrPtfonic far*/ m CotforS IH%. C Ma ikt » Sc mm d (175) AGROSTE'MMA* * Linnean Class and Order. DECA'NDRiAf, Pentagy'nia. Natural Order. Caryophy'lleajJ, Linn.— Juss. Gen. PI. p. 299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Lindl. Syn. p. 43. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 156. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 507. — Loud. Hort. Br. p. 501. — Rosales; subord. Rhceadoste ; sect. Dianthinte ; type, Dianthace.e; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 784, 805, and 807. Gen. Char. Calyx (tig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubular, cori- aceous, strongly ribbed, with 5 teeth, permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5 petals, with a spreading, obtuse border, and narrow claws, as long as the tube of the calyx. Filaments (fig. 3.) 10, awl-shaped ; 5 shorter than the rest, attached to the claws of the petals. Anthers simple, oblong, notched at each end. Germen (see fig. 4 ) supe- rior, egg-shaped. Styles (see fig. 4.) 5, thread-shaped, upright, as long as the stamens. Stigmas slender, downy. Capsule (figs. 5 and 6.) oblong-egg-shaped, of 1 cell, and 5 rigid valves, more or less combined below, covered by the hardened, permanent calyx. Seeds (see figs. 6 & 7.) numerous, kidney-shaped, granulated, stalk- ed, attached to the unconnected central column. (Gitiia'go of Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot.) The 1-celled capsule ; and tubular, coriaceous (leathery) calyx, with 5 long, leafy segments ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. AGROSTEMMA GITIIA'GO §. Corn Cockle. Corn Cam- pion. Wild Nigella. Spec. Char. Plant hairy. Stem upright, forked. Leaves strap-spear-shaped. Petals undivided, without teeth. Segments of the calyx rising above the corolla. Engl. Rot. t. 741. -Curt. FI. Rond. t. 209— Linn. Sp. PI. p 624.— Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 198— Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p 493— Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 325. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 562. — Mart. FI. Rust. 1. 105— Lindl. Syn. p. 47. — Hook, ilrit. FI. p. 212— Light!'. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 238— Sibth FI. Oxon. p. 145. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 100. — Purl. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 224. — Relh. FI. Cant. ( 3rd ed.) p. 183. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 43. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 141— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 101. — FI. Devon, pp. 77 St 182. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 101 — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Duiham, p. 30. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 128. — Mack. Catal of PI. of Irel. p. 45. — Lychnis Githago, Decand. FI. Gall, p.392 — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 7. — Ly'chnis segetum, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 650. — Githago segetum, Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 417 Ly'chnis segetum major, Kay’s Syn. p. 338. — Pseudomelanthium, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1087. Looa lities. — In corn-fields. Very common. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2 Corolla. — Fig. 3. A Petal, and 2 of the Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen and Pistils. — Fig. 5. Capsule— Fig. 6. Capsule divided verti- cally, showing the seeds and their receptacle. — Fig. 7. A Seed. * From agros, Gr. field, and stemma, Gr. ornament ; from the beauty of its flowers, which are (in the British species) a great ornament to the corn-fields, t See saponaria officinales, f. 37, n. f. 4 See Buffonia annua, f. 152, a. $ From gith or git, a black aromatic seed, which was employed in the kitchens of the Romans. The seeds of the Nigella sativa, which those of Githago much resemble. Ago, in Botany, when it terminates a word, usually signifies resem- blance with the word which precedes it, as gith and ago . resembling gith. Dov. Annual. — Flowers in June and July. Root tapering. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, round, branched, leafy, and, like every other part of the plant, clothed with upright hoary hairs. Leaves sessile, opposite, joined at the base, strap-spear- shaped, keeled. Flowers large and handsome, on upright stalks. Calyx 10-ribbed, very hairy, with 5 long, strap-shaped, smoother teeth or segments. Petals (fig. 3.) large, undivided, destitute of a crown, inversely heart-shaped, light purple, with bluish streaks ; the claw somewhat strap-shaped, and nearly as long as the limb. Germen smooth. Styles hairy. Capsule almost the size of an acorn, covered with its dried calyx, the mouth opening with 5 teeth. Seeds large, black, somewhat inversely egg-shaped, compressed, each on a pedicel or stalk, springing from a common receptacle, see fig. 6. This is a very troublesome weed, and is too common in corn- fields ; it should be eradicated by hand before it comes into flower. The seeds are large and heavy, and their black husks, when mixed with wheat, breaking so fine as to pass the boulters, renders the flour specky. They are, therefore, obnoxious to the millers, and depreciate the sample of corn. Gerarde says, “ What hurt it doth among come, the spoyle vnto bread, as well in colour, taste, and vnwholesomnes, is better known than desired.” It is said sometimes to occur with a white flower. The Natural Order Caryophy'lle.e (see the 2nd page of folio 152) is divided into two Tribes, namely, Sile'nEjE and Alsi'ne.e. Tribe I. Sile'nEjE (plants agreeing with Silene, in having a tubular calyx). This tribe comprehends all those Caryophy'lle.e which have their sepals united into a cylindriral or bell-shaped tube, with 4 or 5 teeth at the apex ; to this belong the following British Genera. 1. DIA'NTHUS, t. 81. 4. LY'CHNIS, t. 71. 2. SAPONARIA, t. 37. 5. AGROSTE'MMA, 1. 175. 3. SILE'NE, t. 120. Tribe II. Alsi'nete (plants agreeing with Alsine in having the calyx cleft to the base). To this tribe belong all the Caryophy'l- LEA5 which have the sepals distinct or very slightly cohering at the base ; it contains the following -British Genera. 6. BUFFO'NIA, 1. 152. 7. CHERLE'RIA. 8. SPE'RGULA. 9. ELA'TINE. 10. SAGI'NA. 11. MCE'NCHIA. 12. ARENA'RIA. 13. HOLO'STEUM. 14. CERA'STIUM. 15. STELLA'RIA, t. 154. See Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. Sf Bot. ,yu? on' ,i v »t L if; £ ms)-' -itv.yq'i* Jr > , yiw.J liinw bodlob ,juc1 ii! ,, - gie! vr .bsbwi .fnq.r r : ■ in JaqBrir-qfiijg d drivf . vTii'.d ^ .> ;.iJ ■ i; 10 -jHn, >b .b^hivibwo ,9 'icl (.£ ■&'< ?bVt'-l .ab ur .» • .doiil j/1j an gaol so ylxfcan biiE ,tor}£ri?*,isv3 J/i i mu* 3iU ac io osra 9flj J2omb sSwiqtQ ' .yiiisd laiytft aStoonoE nstbiiv* .dmi fidliw gnmaqo diuom »di .xybrj baitb zr: dliw Iwvnfou .aiooi ,b :29iqraoo .bfrqcila-g^s y! 327990 i Ifiil-wDin -■ ,ihfi!<] i-.vi -mco r.* 1 fi1 •-.mo? ■ f .■• * ■ otni 390103 Ji aibtad bnerf yd b; Jsoib; r;> >d bluoil-* Ii ; abr. b#Y in aarfw ,eAiiud Aould lodi t*ns yv 'd bas.'^ud sit c b^e oti ► 9 Tt i!3bf»1 ,373Jlaod 9(jl £ieq^<3i EE 91 t 03 id *f 9 alq.nfia 9rii ftteorficpb dyoqa adj /moo -^noms H*oh it wj&tt. rV/ “ rpy£* an/j-iaO loilsid ?r ^i/rtoaoirMwav bus ,oiac} tn>oTbo iri Mow in h wd yjav ^oipifpmiv h er <•» >1 c *> mi Hh£ 90: 9*j a.3.1 j'VH^oViiA i •» «*. ) .*~u ‘ i*bi 1 (u 1. iv'a Ji2, V-' n m dt? rbfW^m33i5E ttlafifq) •*>*« i v .1 :• - I /.KK'aTSOik A M Fftf/JWO >> iswoft 3iidw ;., rfkw 1B33C erf (176.) FCENl'CULUM* * Linnean Class and Order.. Penta'ndriaI, Digy’nia. Natural Order. Umbelli'ferae, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.517. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales ; subtype, Angelicidas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614 & 774. Gen. Char. Flowers all uniform, perfect, and prolific. Calyx obsolete. Corolla (fig. 1.) of 5 roundish, entire petals, with a nearly square, retuse, involute apex. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 5, about the length of the petals, spreading, incurved. Anthers roundish. Germen (fig. 2.) inferior, egg-shaped, striated, blunt, a little com- pressed. Styles (see fig. 2.) 2, tumid at the base, very short in the flower, afterwards a little elongated and recurved. Stigmas sim- ple. Fruit (fig. 3.) nearly circular X, very slightly compressed, contracted at the summit, and crowned with the permanent styles. Carpels ( seeds of Linn.,/ (see figs. 4, 5, & 6.) with 5 prominent, obtusely keeled ridges, (see fig. 6, a.) of which the lateral ones are marginal, and a little broader than the others. Interstices ( channels ) (see fig. 6, b.) with single vittce. Seed nearly half-circular. Invo- lucrum none. Flowers yellow. The perfect umbels ; roundish, entire petals, with a retuse, in- volute apex ; nearly circular fruit ; the carpels with 5 prominent, obtusely keeled ridges, (of which the lateral ones are marginal and a little broader) ; and the interstices with single vittce ; will distin- guish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. FCENl'CULUM VULGA'RE. Common Fennel. Finckle. Spec. Char. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets strap-shaped, fili- form, pinnatifid. Segments awl-shaped. Hooker. Ttay’s Syn. p. 217. — Johnson’s Gerarde, 1032. — Lindl. Syn. p. 119.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 122. — Fceniculum vulgaris. Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 525. — Ani- thum fceniculum, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 377. — Engl. Bot. t 1208. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. iii. p. 441. t. 160. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 126. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 329. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 67. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p.31. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 125. — FI. Devon, pp. 53 & 165.— Loudon’s Encyclop. of Gard. (ed. 1835) p. 868. parag. 4505. — Baxt. Lib. of Agricul. & Horticul. Knowl. (2nded.) p. 228. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 30. — Mium Fceniculum, Spreng. Prod, p. 32.— Sm. Engl. FI. v.ii. p. 85. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.393. — Winch’s FL of Northumb. and Durham, p. 20. Locauties. — On chalky cliffs, plentiful. — Bedfordsh. Evershold, in a deep ditch near the church : Rev. C. Abbot. — Berks ; Abundant on the banks of the river Loddon, near Sandhurst: Miss Delamotte.— Cambridgesh. FoulmireMill, Triplow, and Burwell Pit: Rev. R. Relhan. — Cornwall; Near Penzance : Mr. Watson, in New Bot. Guide. Near Marazion, plentiful : Mr. Watt. — Devon ; Fig. 1. Corolla. — Fig. 2. Germen and Pistils. — Fig. 3. Fruit. — Fig. 4. A Car- pel.— Fig.5. The same magnified. — Fig. 6. Transverse section of aCarpel more highly magnified. — a. One of the Ridges ; b. One of the Vittae. * From foenum, hay ; its smell being compared to that of hay. Hooker. t See Anchusa sempervirens, fol. 48, note f. t That is, it presents nearly a circle, on a transverse section, see fig. 6, which represents a transverse section of a carpel, or half the fruit. Chudleigb Rock, abundant ; dill's at Topsham ; hedges near Sidinouth ; Daw- lisli ; Teignmouih ; Knighton Beaumont. near lugsdon ; Livermead Sands, near Torquay ; in the new turnpike-road near Tor Abbey ; and Rocks at Ilfracombe : FI. Devon. — Near Torbay : H. W ooixcombf., Esq. Ch. Ch. — Durham ; On the Ballast-hills at Ayre’s Quay, near Sunderland : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Glouces- tersh. On St. Vincent’s Rocks : N. J. Winch, Esq. in N. B.G. — Abundant on the shores of the Teign, near Bitton, and extending thence by the road-side to- waids Newton Bushel: Dr. Witheping.— Kent ; South Kent: Rev. G. E. Smith. Isle of Thanet : N. J. Winch, Esq. Thames side towards Gravesend : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. in N. B. G. — Norfolk ; Burgh Castle, under the walls; Fritton church-yard, he. ; not uncommon. Near Norwich: New Bot. Guide. — Northumberland ; Naturalized on the Ballast-hills at St. Amhon’s and Wil- lington : N. .1. Winch, Esq. — Nottinghamsh. On Nottingham Castle: Mr. W hatklv. — In Somersetshire : N. B. G. — Suffolk ; Near Bungay : N. B. G. — In Sussex; W. Bopiier, Esq. in N. B. G. — Worcesters//. Spetchley: Mr. PnnroN. — WALES. Anglesey; Plentiful on the rocks between Borth and Llandysilio: Rev. II. Davies. — Carnarvonsh. Menai Strait: J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G. Road-side near Llandudno Rocks: N. J. Winch, Esq. in M. N. H.v. ii. p.279. — Denbighsh. About Denbigh Castle: C. Crosfiki.d, Esq. — Merionethsh. Rocks north of Barmouth: J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G. — IRE- LAND. On dry gravelly banks; banks of the Dodder near Clouskeagh, and dry banks near Chapelizod : Air. J. T. AIackay. Biennial. — Flowers from June to August. Root white, tap-shaped, and fibrous. Stem upright, from 3 to 5 feet high, solid, round, striated, smooth, very much branched, leafy. Leaves triply pinnate, with long, thread-like, pointed, more or less drooping, leaflets, of a bluish-green colour. Footstalks with a broad, firm, sheathing base. Umbels terminal, broad, flat, with numerous, smooth, angular rays. Rays of the partial umbels more slender, short, and very unequal. Both general and partial invo- lucrum entirely wanting. Calyx none. Petals dark yellow, in- versely egg-shaped, with a broad, blunt, inflexed point. Filaments yellow, spreading, about as long as the petals. Styles very short, with a large egg-shaped, pale yellow base. This is the true Fennel of the gardens, several varieties of which are in cultivation. “ The tender stalks of the common Fennel are used in salads ; the leaves, boiled, enter into many fish sauces ; and, raw, are garnishes for several dishes. The blanched stalks of a dwarf variety, called Finochio, are eaten with oil, vinegar, and pepper, as a cold salad ; and they are sometimes put into soups. This variety is characterized by a tendency in the stalk to swell to a considerable thickness. This thickened part is blanched by earthing up, and is then very tender. It is a good deal cultivated in Italy.” See Loudon’s Encyclop. of Gardening, new ed. parag. 4505 ; also parag. 227 ; and Gard. Magazine, vol. viii. pp. 267 and 271. The seeds, which abound with an essential oil, are a common carminitive medicine for infants. An infusion of the bruised seeds is used, in Devonshire, as a diaphoretic for rheumatism. See Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. v. ii. p. 162. , - wbCI , ilfinvmlnS: )G-)ii ' )^l>9il ; «Jt>il8J ,f . ; , ( ,n I’linojfiilll uboJ-J bat /■» !<)/' »l ui»a bsovsiM|,Mi;.' vmh uilt m t, > 9il) ill) ; !r»A .if 1 ,rf' ) .fit,4 in,, . ij mo 1/ H': v(;c),oT (.st'i -.»>••• vl *, .pa.-I ,n«i ,7 l M ■ btiAffoUauIlt iesn ,y«ui) u'any A’ n .fliirt-iUiiilsH no /iisi'ouclA — u.H./j n t . (:■;• -I ,ux'i A/ ■ f. votooJI i'lnu-w.V .!?. a(j .#>vj' oi ffbtg-foew afl> vd wnurfi jfnbcrslxa bar- ,no) . f maa .niioT stfi lo mwot abi* «sm ■ IT .pia.imiW.l.V! !.>«• rf'nooUI •:/», ;glUw9dH9b(io tll?c. yW . V*d» nu lisvil«\. tnVI . • ,V*V, , A .11/1 ;$tur, ) nt||il«nijloH il'J — {u*fl ,rt..i // .!. tfr»: nil —.pAI M : « agouti wK .0 .U /. ol .v.nt»uW jtM lysfrtwaq?. AimJtmMiU O. a .’4,1!. 08 , tuioH " iMtotf n93v»juJ *<901 wit no ttli'mi'i ; Jytui - i !AW- . ^ -M <>> -P^1 ,RO*(W l-.H o*b«r(>ox>lvt nva »t»i' Iti.utf o ;-i .i, *gp^ .a tjusoh’J .<) :«!»*•) ilgidriaU jn*,U. MyidivjUi ,f?Tf g .ii ., ,11 .<) .fj 4 oi, #od > I ; [rmm*a t» ilmn-. ,a . :• • otbroM o ,,l8S9»m> J law isUwCl 9dJ to ; ^n* ho UWA.I ■ '/imM l.l.iM foositaqurfl) iisgo zjliied yib o) snot nicrft ciowaH — Atiinnsifl Otf. atoii .id^hqu .somcft) bns .b^q^da qeJ ,9lidw loofl .bad^Ofiid thorn yr J .lifoono Jmtc j ,bilc* ,rt§nf J99) 2 «mwn .oalii-b&jidi ,§nol riitw ,9l«ttetq y iqnJ jati-kX .^bal , 9tioi7 ahdmu luin.iq »»l; V> .i\. TBui^ni ,if»oofna ,8uj 0 lo ijJIt ; L'jfbnfcld otl'i- .sa/isib «si >va« yi aodsim; biD> .'i . .gmtoa oflif «nq v^intfonto* s--,; ^)fff bn.i ; £vc! Wo' i yd fewbnJd iuq font -tfoiiH BjrlT .*z>,iihuU ol- ,. :«,r» k br«tBviifti3 iitab broy g ei }[ -.tAna^ y; ,v ' tnonwrioe* s ■, .bu Uu r , jmiiu bituode a •c/v- £K»& oteiijfaii .dt io> 177 CARDUUS NUTANS. MUSK— THISTI.3. r»r. .«>< it wei<» i ‘nuoi* jtM#',!- - a ? o bnftfo I bt -fsW < j ( > .'£r, ■ ItdriiooJ.yaottro fuM viiifcd ^Mt/teiTnrq f ji/ioldo-woi i£c -Tjfar in ; fa sdi yurmw f insn'.-wb • is 4 •V»«.u' l nomqfi bn* batsaain ajjtit r arb ,yf s lo .flpKjooib ,oimvbflsd btis ogief nwjoY'i .bnnvicft- ( , b » 89fri;l ilc i« u ,-o? 'tinim c ri««r darfq^wq no u 1/? ]■ |U« itlooA sdt io Holf •% JTTIJSW ft! \t!U ytqisitg «aao 1 - mo ; slqiuq dfrw’fo-qnit itoflo >)f!l iB3a rwJieq b lit sirfi lo yi»mt fe'jpwoR stirlw s hsv-isudo J -tru lxO tbhilvjuJ wuoli odT .J1I310 if si9wofl odj wb v-wrf lo y A ,:i ;■■) -n'l ' : i. 'f '-••J ,r . Mi’. . i'.'.i- r<* Wwirt yt) tv>rt.-n* f. , t-fcr«* .• > ; M'j <*•* aS) .- b j MuMpifi IU> Hi ' •<>o» 'i* a'.Utoew j tutiwi • / •*;:• MW U< IU II JftiuJt dJlrft • ' «n < lKWutv«*^>* aitfl.w lOUJWVr . 31 CAN3TABINUM. HEMP -AGRIMONY. ^ Fnlliy W.Bn.xU'-.Bo'jmc Zzrdtn. jxfari. ISM C S. (178) EUPATO'RIUM* * Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia f, Polyga'aiia, jEqua'eisJ. Natural Order. Compo'siTvE§; tribe, Corymbifera5, Juss. — Lindl. Syn pp. 140 & 142. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 & 199. — Compo'sitas ; subord. Eupato're,e ; Loud. Hort. Brit. pp.520 & 521. — Synanthf.'re.e ; tribe, Corymbi'feras ; Rich, by Mactrilliv. pp.454 & 455. — Corymbi'fer e ; sect. 1. Juss. Gen. PI p. 177. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123. — Syringales ; type, Asteracete ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900 & 926. — CoMPo'siTiE, Linn. Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (see fig. 1.) oblong, imbricated ; its scales strap-spear-shaped, upright, unequal, and un- armed. Corolla (see fig. 1.) compound, uniform ; florets (see f. 2.) few, parallel, level-topped, perfect, funnel-shaped, regular; their limb in 5 equal, spreading segments. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers united into a cylindrical tube, not prominent. Germen (see fig. 2.) very small, oblong, angular. Style (see fig. 2.) thread-shaped, prominent, cloven as far as the top of the anthers. Stigmas spreading, slender, downy. Seed-vessel none, except the slightly spreading involucrum. Seed (see figs. 3 & 4.) oblong, an- gular. Pappus (see figs. 2, 3, & 4.) sessile, rough or feathery, permanent. Receptacle (see figs. 5 & 6.) small, naked. The oblong, imbricated involucrum ; the few parallel, crowded, level-topped florets; the deeply cloven, prominent style; the rough pappus ; and the naked receptacle ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. EUPATO'RIUM CANNABI'NUM. Common Hemp-agrimony. Water-agrimony. Common Dutch-agrimony. Spec. Char. Leaves opposite, somewhat petiolate, in 3 or 5, deeply serrated, spear-shaped segments ; the middle one the longest. Engl. Bot. t 428. —Ray’s Syn. p. 179. — Linn. Sp. PI. 1173. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.356. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 860. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 400. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 919 — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 474. —Lindl. Syn. p. 142. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 354. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 464. — Sibllr. FI. Oxon. p. 249. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 178.-Purt. Mini. FI. v.ii. p. 386.— Relit. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.334. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 76. — Hook. FI. Scot, p 238. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 174. — FI. Devon, pp. 135 & 158. — Johnst. FI. of Bervv. v. i. p. 180. — Winch’s F’l. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 53. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 234. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select®, p. 69. — Jacob’s West Devon, and Cornw. FI. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 25. — iMack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 72. — Eupatorium canna- binum mas, Johnson’s Getarde, p. 711. Localitics.— On the banks of rivers, wet ditches, and in watery places, frequent. Fig. 1. Involucrum and Florets. — F’ig. 2. A separate Floret, with the Germen and Pappus. — Fig. 3. A Seed, crowned with the Pappus or proper Calyx. — Fig. 4. 1 he same, magnified.— Fig. 5. The Receptacle, and 3 of the outer per- manent scales of the Involucrum. — Fig 6. I he same, magnified. * From Eupator, the surname of MmiiuDAiiis, king of Pontus, who firs brought this plant into use. HooKttt. t Ses Tussilugofarfura, f. 91 , n. t. } Sec Sonchus oleraceus, f. 147, n. J. $ See PrenanNies muralis, f. 27, a. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root tufted, somewhat creeping, with many long fibres. Ste?ns several, upright, from 2 to 4 feet high, branched, leafy, nearly cylindrical, rough with down, often of a brown or purplish colour, filled with pith. Leaves opposite, on short petioles ; leaflets mostly 3, sometimes 5, spear-shaped, sharply serrated on the sides, very entire towards the point, deep green, downy and rather rough to the touch ; sometimes the upper leaves are simple, but this sel- dom happens, except in seedling plants, the first year of flowering ; this is var. j3. of Sir J. E. Smith. Flowers in crowded, pale pur- plish, convex, corymbose tufts, terminating the stem and upper branches. Involucrum (see fig. 1.) of few, unequal, imbricated, strap-spear-shaped scales, somewhat membranaceous and purplish at the edges, slightly hairy. Florets few, about 5 or 6, of a pinkish or purplish-red colour, sometimes white. Germen besprinkled with minute shining globules. Styles (see fig. 2.) longer than the florets, and deeply cleft. Pappus (see figs. 3 & 4.) rough with minute teeth. Seed oblong, angular, nearly black. The plant has a slightly aromatic smell, and a bitter taste. A decoction of the root operates as a violent emetic and cathartic ; it is sometimes taken by the lower classes in jaundice and dropsy, but it is a rough medicine, and must be used with caution. An ounce of the root in decoction is a full dose. In smaller doses the Dutch peasants take it as an alterative, and antiscorbutic. Scarcely any animal, except the goat, will eat this plant. — I have lately been in- formed, that ropy or string-mouldy bread may be cured by strewing the plant on the shelves, &c. where the bread is kept. The variety above mentioned, with the upper leaves simple, is admirably figured in Mr. Curtis’s very elegant and beatpiful work, “ British Entomology,” vol.ix. t. 400. This variety appears to have been found near Lee, on the road to Eltham, first by Mr. Martyn, and afterwards by Dillenius ; and it has been observed since near Bungay in Suffolk, by Mr. Woodward. There is no speci- men of this preserved in the Dillenian Herbarium in the Oxford Garden ; but in the Slierardia.n Herbarium there is a specimen of a variety of the same species, in which the lower leaves are simple, and the upper ones compound or trifid. The species of Eupatorium are rather numerous; Mr. Loudon enumerates 54 in his Hortus Britannicus, as having been introduced into England. In Sprengel’s Systema Vegetabilium, published in 1826, 145 species are described, nearly the whole of which are natives of America; very few species inhabit Asia; scarcely any Africa ; and the only species at present found in Europe appears to be cannabinum. “ E. aromaticum, and E. odoratum, have very fragrant roots; and E. can- nabinum, perfoliatvm, satureicefohum, and some other species, are so hitter that they have been employed as febrifuges. E. Aya-pana has been much ex- tolled in Brazil as a diuretic and diaphoretic ; E perfuliatum for renal diseases ; and E ■ rolundifolium as useful in consumption ; but none have enjoyed so high, and apparently so undeserved a reputation, as the E. (now Mikania) Guaco, which the South Americans aflirm to be an antidote to llie bite of poisonous ser- pents; and which it was once hoped might have proved serviceable in that formidable disease, hydrophobia.” Sec Buiinut's Outl. of Bot. p.931. ftu ' Jtli i -l*»« *iih tiid sltjnii in umi'd i t|<,u vri* * ml fifeiioJ d< o., . gamwojl '■»(.. is »•/ »?iil ydj ,«tael », .-mo. {i d tnoU ,ho/ct>nd«ii ,v >1 \> (.1 .jb .--■Vi; \ edi risrlt -r . /i £(1 t - ■< j m ' vfcmb hna .jbfiid ^bi»n ,«li Sn* isnoMo boi's. .rfmJ waaim A .9t?£) tett?d c bn£ .(June nit*rnoifi tbdiiL- »t ; 9'nsdtsj hn« Jniloiv u cm •O ' i ut Uxrt nft to «■ loeoo! vJo. !■_> . • td '• knatjtia C'Mdktra (17!).) KNAUTIA*. Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria f, Munogy'nia. Natural Order. Dipsa'cete, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 194. — Lindl. Syn. p. 139. ; Introduct. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 193. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.457. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.520. — Syringales ; sub- order, AsteroSvE ; sect. Valerinje; type, Dipsace.e; Bum. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 901, 916, & 918. — Aggregate, Linn. Gen. Char. Involucrnm (common calyx ) (fig. 1.) of many spreading leaves, surrounding the common receptacle, to which they are attached ; the innermost gradually smaller. Proper Calyx (see fig. 7.) double; the outer (involucellum, l.indl.y compressed, with 4 little excavations, closely surrounding the fruit, toothed at the apex, having 2 of the teeth larger than the other 2, placed on a short stalk; the inner (calyx, Lindl.,/ somewhat cup-shaped. Corolla (figs, 2,3, 5, & 6.) of each flower monopetalous, tubular, dilated upwards; limb in 4 or 5 equal, or unequal, segments. Filaments (see figs. 2, 3, & 6.) 4, spreading, lax, from the mouth of the corolla, longer than its limb. Anthers oblong, incumbent. Germcn inferior. Style (fig. 4.) thread-shaped. Stigma blunt, cloven. Fruit (see fig. 7.) compressed, with 4 pores on depressed points, upon a short stalk. Common Receptacle convex, hairy. The many-leaved involucrnm ; the double calyx ; the outer com- pressed, with 4 little excavations, closely surrounding the fruit, placed on a short stalk ; and the inner with a somewhat cup-shaped limb ; will distinguish this from other genera, with a monopetalous, superior corolla, in the same class and order. One species British. KNA'UTIA ARVENSIS. Field Knautia. Field Scabeous. Great Blue-caps. Spec. Char. Heads many-flowered. Outer calyx with very minute teeth ; inner with 8 or 16 somewhat awmed ciliae. Coulter. Lindl. Syn. p. 140. ~IIook. Brit. FI. p.60. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 9. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 587. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.'24. — Scabio.su arvensis, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 143. — Kngl. Bot. t. 659. — Curt. FI. Lond. t 24.8. — lluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 62. — Sin. FI. Brit v. i. p. 170. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 19a. — With. (7thed.lv ii. p. 21 8. — Gray’sNat. Arr.v.ii. p. 477.— -Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 114. — Sib. FI. Oxon. p. 55. — Abbot’s FI. Bi df. p. 29. — Puit. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 95.— Belli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 56 — Davie,’ Welsh Bot. p. 14. — Hook. FI. Scot, p.49.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 34. — FI. Devon, pp. 25 St 162. — Johnst. FI. of Berwick, v. i. p.35. — Walk. Fl.ofOxf. p. 35. — Alack. Cat. of PI. of lrel. p. 17. — Sca.bio.sa major communion, folio tuciniato, Bay’s Syn. p. 191. — S’, major vulyans, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 719. Eoca cities. — In pastures, corn-fields, and waste places. Common. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Fig. 1. lnvolucrum. — Fig. 2. A Floret of the Circumference. — Fig. 3. The same opened virtically to show the situation of the Stamens. — Fig. 5. A Floret of the Disk.— Fig. 6. File same opened vertically. — Fig. 4. Gertnen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 7. The Involucellum, and the Calyx, or theo«/erand inner Calyx of LiNN/tus. — Fig. 8. The Fruit, crowned by the inner Calyx ; a little maynijied, * So named in honour of Christopher Knaut, physician at Halle, in Saxony, who died in 1694 ; author of a Catalogue of Plants growing in the neighbour- hood of Halle. Don. t J'cc Lomus sanyuiuea, folio 114, note f. Root tong, spindle-shaped, mostly branched, running deep into the ground. Stem from 2 to 3 feet high, branched, upright, round, rough with hairs, spotted with dark purple towards the bottom. Leaves for the most part hairy ; the radical ones spear-shaped, ser- rated, stalked ; the rest pinnatifid, the upper ones most deeply so, and quite sessile. Heads of Flowers large and handsome, of a fine pale purple, on simple peduncles ; florets of the disk palest, or reddish, nearly equal (see fig. 5.) ; those of the circumference much the largest (see fig. 2.), cleft into 4 unequal segments, with abortive anthers. Germen 4-cornered, hairy. Style longer than the florets. Seed (see fig. 8.) quandrangular, crowned by the cup-shaped bristly calyx. Receptacle bearded with hairs, shorter than the germens. The flowers are said to change to a most beautiful green, if held for a few minutes over the smoke of tobacco. The plant varies much in the divisions of its leaves, and in its hairiness ; and it sometimes occurs with white flowers. The variety mentioned by Haller, with leaves entire and smooth, is reported to have been found in the Isle of Wight, on the 5th of August, 1835: see Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 83. Knautia arvensis may rather be considered a troublesome weed in corn-fields; but in grass-fields it may be considered rather useful, as it produces a large quantity of foliage, which is not refused by kine, sheep, or horses. Dr. Rutty, in his Materia Medica, remarks, that the leaves have sometimes been described as inodorous and insipid ; but, on a more accurate examination, they are found to be bitterish, with some degree of aciimony and astringency. Medicinally, this species has been recommended internally in coughs, asthmas, malignant fevers, ixc. taken in the way of infusion, or made into syrup. The juice, externally applied, is said to be good against foulness of the skin ; but the present practice has little dependance on it ; and Dr. Martyn says, woe be to hint who trusts on such broken reeds. The Natural Order Dipsa'cEjE (plants agreeing with the genus D'lpsacus in several important characters) consists of dicotyledon- ous, herbaceous plants or under-shrubs , with opposite, rarely verti- cil late, leaves, which are very variable in form, even so in the same individual, the radical and cauline ones being very different. The flowers are collected into dense heads, surrounded by a many- leaved involucrum (fig. 1.). Each individual flower has a superior, membranous calyx, resembling pappus (see figs. 2, 3, 7, & 8.), surrounded by a scarious involucellum ( outer calyx of Linn J (see fig. 7.). The Corolla (see figs. 2, 3, 5, & 6.) is monopetalous, tu- bular, inserted on the calyx, rarely ringent, but usually cut into 4 or 5 unequal segments, which are imbricated in the bud. The stamens (see figs. 2, 3, & 6.) are inserted in the tube of the corolla, and are of the same number as its segments, and alternate with them, nearly always distinct and free ; the Anthers are 2-celled ; the Ovarium is inferior, 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovulum ; and the Style (fig. 4.) is thread-shaped, with a simple Stigma. The Fruit (fig. 8.) is dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, and crowned by the pappus-like calyx. The seed is pendulous in the fruit ; the Albu- men fleshy ; and the Embryo straight, with a superior radical. The plants contained in this order have almost the habit of Composites (see folio 27, a.) ; all have the flowers growing in heads. Many of the exotic species are elegant border-flowers, and ate cultivated with great facility. The only British Genera in this older arc, Dipsacus, Scabiosa, and Knautia. See Li.njjley’s Syn., and Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Hot. - *t iXto Im. t« <*tf» . rtFi.ff J«1<; otn «|; .o) ■■• -mik i iifl rfV ,8;aoehr.<;ti !><>.. 9gi«l nwioYl ,Hia«a sifftp 'IN', i io 4**tca Jl?ib *4t1o «j 'To&. iMhiiuto'i fii'fut* ac* 'kf wdt ^tf Wwoi. ti*lir0Sftift|iiiug. . .,1 , v> «*rtr r.- ettFm^Tjhorf;; ,c-rcri rfjiw IkLmr^ ■•H® -S? ’> *** 1 ’ x »!»0r.il b>« i«w, , »wni»il in «1 hfl« jsvxral tnoMivlti •&» n, ,f*yui r> ixv m«!i irfT Mpomt b,.» tnilns *>xt* I dif« ,i>» i.rfh yrf b t«mv «rtT I U ,ij k ■ * <*• ■' ' ■'■'•■ 1 ** »* <»T«* ,i(J kni. ; i, ao roiRbirfajob ..I'ttiSi ■-j -(■' •. i ' > hgv , I ■S »th ao IfetiMm .isijiij I -bu m ai tattMMQK tin tbiHw Iwip . nj 4>> " "';r , (r} ^ * ttAKpi a rfjw fiWv<»ai* bvaJma 4)1) f»n« . ISO (180.) DAU'CUS*. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Umbelli'fer^e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; subtype, Daucidje; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614 & 779. Gen. Char. Flowers separated ; the outermost irregular, bar- ren; inner ones fertile; central mostly neuter, often coloured. Calyx 5-toothed, nearly obsolete. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5 inversely heart-shaped petals, with an inflexed point, the outer often radiant and deeply bifid. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 5, hair-like, longer than the corolla, spreading. Jlnthers rather oblong. Germen (see fig. 3.) inferior, egg-shaped, bristly, imperfect in the outermost, as well as in the central flowers. Styles (see figs. 2 & 3.) 2, thread-shaped, spreading, permanent, dilated at the base, and forming a double permanent globe. Stigmas blunt. Floral Receptacle none. Fruit (fig. 4.) compressed from the back. Carpels (figs. 5 & 6.) with 5 primary ridges filiform and bristly, of which the 3 intermediate ones occupy the back, and the 2 lateral ones (fig. 6, a.) the inner face ; the 4 secondary ridges (see fig. 5. and fig. 6, b.) are equal, more prominent, with one row of prickles, which are slightly con- nected at the base. Interstices ( channels ) under the secondary ridges with single vittce (see fig. 7.) Seed flat in front. Involu- crum universal (fig. 1.) and partial, many-leaved. Flowers white or pink. The separated flowers ; dorsally compressed fruit ; the carpella with 5 primary ridges filiform and bristly, of which the 3 interme- diate ones are dorsal, and the 2 lateral ones on the plane of the commissure ; the 4 secondary ridges equal, more prominent, with the prickles in a single row. The channels under the secondary ridges with single vittce ; and the flat seed; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. DAU'CUS CARO'TA. Wild Carrot. Bird’s-nest. Bee’s-nest. Spec. Char. Bristles of the fruit slender. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, with strap-spear-shaped, acute segments. Fruit-bearing Umbels concave. Engl. Bot. t. 1174.— Linn. Spec. PI- p. 348. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. iii.p. 443. t. 161. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 82. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 300. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 39. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.367. — Lind). Syn. p. 113. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 114. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 156. — Sibth. Fl.Oxon. p.93. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 58. — Fig. 1. The General Involucrum. — Fig. 2. A Flower, showing the Petals, Stamens, and Pistils. — Fig. 3. Germen. Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 4. A Fruit. — Fig. 5. Back view of a Carpel, showing 3 of the primary, and the 4 secondary and more prominent ridges. — Fig. 6. A front view of a Carpel, showing 2 of the primary ridges, a. ; and 2 of the secondary ones, 6. — Fig. 7. A transverse section of a Carpel, showing the 4 single vittae, one under each secondary ridge. — Figs. 2, 5, 6, 6c 7, more or less magnified. * From daio, Gr. to heat ; alluding to the warm, carminative quality of the seeds. Withering. f See Anchusa sempervirens, f. 48, n.-f. Pnrt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 140.— Relit. FI. Cant. (3id ed ) p. 113. — Thorn. Fam, IK*rb. p.28'2. — Davies’ Welsh Hot. p.27. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 88. — Un-v. FI. Edin. p. 71. — Sleph. and Church. Med. Bot. v. ii. t.56. — FI. Devon, pp.48 and 165. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 67. — Don’s (Jen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.354 — Winch’s FI of Northumb. and Durham, p. 18. — Curt. Brt. Entom . v. xi. t. 491 . — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 74. — Loud. Encyclop. of Gaid. (new ed.) p. 835. par. 41 16. — Baxt. Lib. of Agricul. and Hort. Know!. (2od ed.) p.96. — Bab. FI. Batn. p. 19. — Mack. Caial. of PI. of Irel. p. 27. — Da&ct's vulgaris, Ray’s Svn. p. 218 — Gray’s Nat. A rr. v. ii. p. 498. — Cuucalis carota, Muds. FI. Angl (2nd ed.) p. 114. — Pastinaca sylvestris tenuifolia, John. Ger. p. 1028. Localities. — In dry pastures, on the borders of fields, and by road-sides. — C oimnon. Biennial. — Flowers in June and July. Ri.ot slender, dry, somewhat woody, of a yellowish colour, and aromatic, and sweetish taste. Stem from 1 to 3 feet high, upright, branched, leafy, hairy or bristly. Leaves alternate, twice or thrice pinnate, on broad, concave, ribbed petioles ; leaflets pinnatifid, theirsegments narrow, pointed and hairy, especially beneath. Um- bels many-rayed, terminating the long leafless branches, solitary, large, upright, flat when in flower ; afterwards the external and longer rays become contracted and incurved, which renders the surface of the umbel concave like a bird’s nest. General Involu- crum (fig. 1.) pinnatifid, large, strap-shaped, slender, not so long as the umbel ; ■partial ones undivided, or sometimes 3-cleft, mem- branous at the edges. Flowers while, except one central neutral one in each umbel, which is red ; petals unequal, radiate, and in- versely heart-shaped. Fruit (fig. 4.) very rough, with rigid bristles. Whole plant aromatic. The seeds are aromatic, both in taste and odour. Water digested on them becomes impregnated with the latter quality, but it ex- tracts but little of their taste. They yield a yellowish essential oil, and give out all their virtues to spirit. They have been sometimes used as diuretics and carminatives; and are highly recommended in calculous complaints. An infusion of them has been found to afford relief in sharp fits of the gravel ; and Dr. Carey, in Monthly Magazine, vol. 27, adduces his own strongly marked case of the cure of the gravel by the infusion of Wild Carrot seeds, taken as tea morning and evening. His directions are very particular and satisfactory. The cultivated Carrot is merely a vaiiety of the wild ; yet Mii.lfu informs us, that he endeavoured to improve the latter kind, by growing it in different soils, but was never able to effect his purpose: it is therefore probable that we are indebted for this delicious and useful vegetable to an accidental growth of seed, or to a foreign supply. Carrots are a grateful and nutritious food for all kinds of cattle, and well worthy of more general cultivation by the farmer. Cartiage horses will work upon them nearly as well as upon oats; but if too long con- tinued, or given too freely, cattle may be severely disordered by their diuretic effects. Hogs will fatten on them, but such food is in general too expensive. Ciickets are very fond of them, and are easily destroyed by a paste of powdered arsenic, wheat meal, and scraped carrots, placed near their habitations. A poul- tice of the scraped roots has been found to mitigate the pain, and abate the viru- lence, of phagedenic and cancerous ulcers. For an account of the different varieties of the Garden Carrot, their modes of culture, their uses, properties, &c.&c. see Mr. Loudon's valuable Encyclopedia of Gardening ; and the volumes of his Gardener's Magazine. See also Bax- ter's Lib. of Agricul. and Ilorticul, Knowledge ; and Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard, and Hot. ■ ii\ uii/1 .'< q ( li> jty 'neO J'4 n>«>l lifgHttl ,u« .'.i .vlul, 'TC ni *tjwi>W .fsmiwiM | j.^nqif , < jirl t s\£ of 1 w«tI » V -*;J (i n*r* »>«•« • ’ K, " ' -J * vbrt* >».!u /tw Bit »* ill Vx ! •’», ■ ♦ I U ■ fv*l**l s1, ‘ •' » 181 (181 & 182.) N Y M PH2E' A* *. Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria t, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Nymphtea'ceas, De Candolle. — Lind. Syn. p. 15.; fntrod. to Nat. Syst.of Bot. p. 10. — Rich. byMacgilliv. p. 4 15. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.497. — Nymphia'ce.e, Don’s Gen.Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. i. p. 122. — Nympha^ea:, R. A. Salisbury, in Annals of Bot. v. ii. p. 69. — Hydrocharides, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 67. — Sm. Gr.of Bot. p. 84. — Rosales; subord. Rhceadosas ; sect. Ranun- Culinje; subsect. Nelumbiante ; type, Nymphaacete ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 784, 828, 844, & 845. Gen. Char. Calyx (see pi. 1. f. 1. and f. 2, a.) inferior, of 4 large, coriaceous, oblong, permanent sepals, coloured on the in- side. Corolla (see pi. 1. f. 2, b.) of numerous, oblong petals, in- serted upon a fleshy disk or covering to the germen, so as at first sight to appear to arise from it, (see pi. 2. f. 1, a & d). Nectary (see pi. 2. f. 2, a ) globose, in the centre of the stigma. Filaments (see pi. 2. f. 1, b .) numerous, flat, inserted upon the disk or torus above the petals ; the outermost gradually dilated. Anthers (see pi. 2. f. 1, c.) strap-shaped, of 2 parallel cells, closely attached, in their whole length, to the inner surface of the upper part of each filament. Germen (see pi. 2. f. 2, b.) superior, sessile, globose. Style none. Stigma (see pi. 2. f. 2, c.) orbicular, sessile, of nu- merous rays, pointed and separate at the extremity, permanent. Berry (pi. 2. f. 3.) fleshy, scarred, with a bark-like coat, of as many cells as there are rays to the stigma ; at length internally galatin- ous and pulpy. Seeds roundish, numerous in each cell, (see pi. 2. f. 4.) The calyx of 4 sepals ; the corolla of numerous petals, which, as well as the stamens, are inserted upon a fleshy disk or covering to the germen ; and the many-celled, many-seeded, deliquescent, berry-like fruit; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. NYMPH^E'A A'LBA. Great White Water-lily. Water-rose. Water-can. Can-dock. Spec. Char. Leaves heart-shaped, quite entire ; even beneath. Lobes imbricated, round. Calyx of 4 sepals. Engl. Bot. t. 160. — Honk. FI. Lond. t; 140. — Ray’s Syn. p.398. — Johnson's Gerarde, p. 819. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 729. — Huds. FI. Anglica, (2nd ed.) p. 234. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 570. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 14. — With (7th ed.) v. iii. p.652. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 707. — Lindl. Syn. p. 15.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 259. — Plate I. Fig. 1. A Flower-bud rising from the water, and shewing the tips of the Calyx.— Fig. 2. An expanded Flower ; a. one of the Sepals of the Calyx ; b. the Corolla. — Plate II. Fig. 1. \ Flower, after the calyx and all the peials, but one, are taken off; a. a Petal to show its situation on the Germen ; b. the Filaments; c. the Anthers; d. the Germen.— Fig. 2. The same divested of the Calyx, Corolla, and Stamens ; a. the Nectary ; b. the Germeu ; c. the radiated Stigma.— Fig. 3. A Fruit or Berry. — Fig. 4. A transverse section of the same, to show the Seeds.— AW of the natural size. * Nymphaia of the Greeks ; so called from its inhabiting the waters, as the Nymphs or Naiads were wont lo do. Hooker. f See Anemone nemorosa, folio 43, note J. I.ightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 283. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 167. — Abbot’s FI. Redf. p. 117. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 53. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.251. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 215 — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 169.-*Grev. FI. Edio. p. 120. — FI. Devon, pp. 90 & 192. — Rev. G E. Smith’s PI. of South Kent, p.29. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 36. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 149. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 126. — Burnett’s Outl. of Bot. v. ii. p. 846. — Pprrv’s PI. Varvic. Select®, p. 45. — Curt. Brit. F.ntom. v. xi. t. 485. — Bab. FI. Bath, p. 3. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 51. — Castalia speciosa, Salisbury, in An- nals of Botany, v. ii. p. 72. Locai.itifs.— In lakes, ponds, and slow rivers. — Oxfordsh. Very common in the neighbourhood of Oxford ; in the Isis, and the Cherwell. and also in most of the pools and deep watery ditches in their vicinity. — Berks ; In ponds, and slow deep rivers, plentiful : Dr. Noihfdfn. In the Isis, and in ponds and deep watery ditches near it: W.B. — Bedfordsh. In rivers, common : Rev. C. Abbot. — Bucks ; In a small bay near Upper Hope, on the Thames near Eton: Mr. M a ttnroT. — Cambridgesh. In the water-course on the side of the road between Barnwell and Hinton : Teversham Moor; Triplow Heath, Anglesey Abbey, &c.: Rev. R. Rei.han. — Cornwall ; Marazion Marsh : Mr. Stack noose. — Devon ; In marshes and canals at Powderham, hardly wild : FI. Devon. — Dorset; Be- tween Blandford and Durweston ; common in the rivers Stour and Avon: Dr. Pultenfv. — Kent; In narrow dykes at Ham-ponds near the village ; where this noble plant is banished from the wide and pure streams, to associate with the humble sparganium natans, Hydrocharis, and Lemnte : Rev.G. E. Shu h. — Essex; Near Luxborough House; and Pissingford Bridge: Mr. Warner. — Lancash. More frequent in ponds about Liverpool than Nuphar lutea: Dr. Bostock. — Norfolk; In rivers and lakes, common: Mr. Woodward. — Northumberland ; In Greenley and Bioomley Lakes, near Shewing Shields. In Grinden Lake: Wallis. Naturalized in the ponds at Wellington : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts ; In the Great C'heney-pool, and in a ditch between Len- ton and Beeston : Dr Deerino. — Shropsh. In Snowdon Pool near Bridgnorth : H. Bidwei.l, Esq. — Somersetsh. Frequent in ponds, &c. : Dr. Bostock. In the basins of the canal near Bath: Drs. Heneac.f. and Gibbis. — Staffordsh. In the large Pool at Patshull: Dr. Wciherinc and H. Biowell, Esq. In the River Sow, near Stafford: Dr. Withering. — Suffolk; In livers and lakes, common: Mr. Woodward. — Surrey; In rivers and ponds: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Warwicksh. In a pond at Ragley : T. Puhton, Esq — Worcestersh. In the Avon, under Littleton Bank, according to Mrs. George Pmirott. Rare in a truly wild state in this county : Mr. Edwin Lees, in Illust. of the Nat. Hist, of Worcestersh. p. 166. — Yorksh. Near Sheriff Hutton, and in the River Foss: Teesdalf. Mere, near Scarborough : Mr. Travis. Thirsk, near Richmond : Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p 169. — WALES. Anglesey ; Both in pools and larger rivers, frequent: Rev. H. Davies. — JERSEY. Abundant: Miss Perry. — SCOTLAND. In lakes and ditches, very frequent. Seen to the greatest per- fection in the little bays and inlets of pellucid alpine lakes; in Loch Lomond acres are densely covered wilh it: Dr. Hooker. I.ochend, Edinburgh: Mr. Mauchan. Near Glasgow: Mr. Horkirk. — IRELAN D. In lakes, not un- frequent. Lough Dan and Glandeloughg county of Wicklow ; lakes about Killarney, and in Cunrtamara, plentiful. Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Trunk of the Root large and fleshy, horizontal, producing, from the under side, many long, stout radicles, which are fibrous at the extremity. Leaves on long, cylindrical petioles, floating, 8 or 10 inches wide, oval-heart-shaped, the lobes at the base roundish, nearly parallel, or close together, quite entire, smooth, bright green on the upper surface, paler on the under, with radiating veins which are not prominent. Flower-staChs cylindrical, smooth, their length depending on the depth of water in which they grow. Flowers large, white, and very handsome, being sometimes, when fully expanded, 5 or 6 inches in diameter. Calyx (see pi. 1. f. 2, a.) of 4 oblong, blunt, spreading, smooth sepals ; of a yellowish-green colour on the outside, with a white edge ; white within. Corolla (see pi. 1. f. 2, b.) of many oblong, somewhat inversely egg-shaped, white petals, (see pi. 2. f. 1 , a.) which gradually diminish in size towards the centre. Filaments (see pi. 2. f. 1, 6.) numerous, flat. 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IIm.'A ji, •ni/ u iuoidn ifi ifoiHw ,»^ib«n iuo .n«of ^n/inn ,»bie 1. ono it ''■ I .^niiouft ,i>lo»lflq fij*»nKniIv-.» im ».v*ji K\, .vjuo^t > 1 gdlm'lttf ,‘irlfia 'Uii.j) o -....lo Vi ,iblj. n; i /In. . ‘ " till'// I Alii n - ill n-i 1’ J<{ , : > >*j 1 1 . (i|i ,1 ^ .1” .■•.i.Tfc flip.V.'.W VI i .m^WLVt »;>• ( ' v.t ■ '•-) ’’ Ai ’ >*.» nn*»h lii aorlswt© v tl n.t^rv a / « lo ; «0n|- > rfjonrnq -j uiWn. ' »pifli«w tfjjjyr ; lyiS*. Wiitv t &,ne it /Wjmi.Ii K-fl > tun '\'i y ■ '*’«>• ,,rf' ,;y ■; , m l 1 ll /»■ . I I-' 1 I I NYMPHAEA ALBA. WHITE WATER-LILY. 21. Pub? by WEcLxier.Hctanie Garden.. Or/crd. me. Mtfs/rcHf, FI. 2. '0*/y*/4 cui * the inner ones yellow, and bent inwards ; the outermost gradually wider, and resembling the inner petals. Anthers (see pi. 2. f. 1, e.) yellow, strap-shaped, 2-celled, attached, in their whole length, to the inner surface of the upper part of the filament. Germen (pi. 2. f. 2, 6.) roundish, closely covered by a fleshy disk or torus, upon which the petals and stamens are inserted. Style none. Stigma (pi. 2. f. 2, c ) rayed, rays ascending. Berry (pi. 2. f. 3.) when full grown nearly 2 inches in diameter, spherical, warted with the remains of the petals and filaments, and crowned by the perma- nent, radiated stigma, like the fruit of the poppy. Seeds (see pi. 2. f. 4.) numerous in each cell, roundish, smooth, shining, having a very blunt angle on one side. The Berry does not open, but, sink- ing to the bottom of the water, gradually decays, scattering its seeds in the mud. Of all our native plants, the flower of the White Water Lilv is the most magnificent ; in size, beauty, and elegance of its corolla, it may vie with many of the finest Magnolias of America ; and its delicate and pure white petals are little inferior to those of the Night-blowing Cereus. It has indeed, altogether, more the air and character of a native of the tropics, than of Britain, and the colder parts of Europe. This lovely plant is seen nowhere in greater per- fection than in the vicinity of Oxford ; here it may be observed, in the months of June, July, and August, spreading its broad leaves over the surface of the water in almost every pond, deep watery ditch, and slow river, and expanding its flowers to the sun with a lustre which “ Solomon, in all his glory,” never equalled. The CherwellJ, in particular, is celebrated for its Lilies, and, during their season of flowering, they may be seen in great abund- ance, and beauty, in the upper stream of that river, just beyond King’s Mill, in St. Clement’s. But I never saw them in such pro- fusion as I did last year (1835), about 8 or 9 miles higher up the river, a little beyond Tlirup, on the left hand side of the towing- path going towards Shipton ; and again, about a mile beyond Shipton, where the river winds off to the left from the canal §. There they may truly be said to be the “ Delight of the Waters || for, on a sunny day, thousands of expanded blossoms may be seen resting their “ pearly cups” on the surface of the stream, as far as the eye can reach. These elegant flowers, like those of the sacred Lotos of the Nile, ('Nymptuea Lotus, Linn, and Curt. But. Mag. t. 797 .), “ arise and expand in the morning, as the sun gains iis ascendency, close towards evening, and in that state either repose through the night reclining on the bosom of the water, or actually sunk beneath its surface, till revived by the return of day, wheu” ‘ Conscious of the earliest beam, She rises from her humid rest, And sees reflected in the stream The virgin whiteness of her breast.’ — Mrs. C. Smith. t This river runs close on the E. of Oxford, passes under Magdalen Bridge, and joins the Isis at the bottom of Christ Church Meadow. $ It was from these parts of the Cherweil that Mr. VV. Turner, of Oxford, made his two beautiful paintings ©f Water Lilies. One of these delightful pic- tures, taken from a view near 1’hrup, in a pait of the river called Tlirup Wide, is in the possession of Mrs. L’earce, of Beaumont -street, Oxford ; the other, from a view higher up the river, is now (April 30, 1H36,) in the Exhibition at the Gallery, Ball Mall East, London. || Hie Indian name of the Water Lily is Cumuda, or Delight of the Waters . This circumstance is noticed by Moore, in his Lalla Rookh. “ Those virgin Lilies all l he night B ithing their beauties in the lake, That they might rise more fiesh and bright \\ hen their beloved sun’s awake.” Sir J. E. Smith observes, that the action of the stimulus of light in this instance is peculiarly obvious, expanding, and thereby raising the flower above the water that the pollen may reach the stigma uninjured ; and when that stimulus ceases to act, they close again, drooping by their own weight to a certain depth. The still more ponderous fruit sinks to the bottom, where it gradually decomposes into a gelatinous mass, and deposits its seeds. The roots have a bitter astringent taste ; they are used in Ire- land, in the Highlands of Scotland, and in the Island of Jura, &c. to dye a dark brown or chesnut colour. They were formerly em- ployed medicinally as astringents, but their use is now become almost obsolete, being seldom resorted to as styptics, and only oc- casionally chewed by singers to relieve relaxation of the uvula and soft palate, give firmness to the vocal organs, and clear the voice. Swine and goats are said to eat the Water Lily ; cows, horses, and sheep, to refuse it. Chinese carps ( Cyprinus auratus, Linn.y are said to delight in the shade of its expansive foliage. Oxygen gas is copiously evolved in bubbles from its leaves. In Japan the White Water Lily is considered as an emblem of purity, and flowers of it, and of Motherwort, are borne in procession before the body in their f uneral ceremonies ; these are carried in pots : artificial Water Lilies of white paper are also borne on poles. Sturm informs us, in his Deutschland Flora, that in Turkey and Greece an agreeable cordial beverage is prepared from the leaves and flowers. The following lines, from Mrs. Hemans’ National Lyrics, are so beautifully descriptive of the flowers of this noble plant, that any apology from me, for in- troducing them here, will, I trust, be unnecessary. Come away, elves ! while the dew is sweet, Come to the dingles where fairies meet; Know that the Lilies have spread their bells, O’er all the pools in our forest dells ; Stilly and lightly their vases rest On the quivering sleep of the water’s breast, Catching the sunshine thro’ leaves that throw To their scented bosoms an emerald glow ; And a star from the depth of each peaily cup, A golden star unto heaven looks up, As if seeking its kindred, where bright they lie, Set in the blue of the summer sky. Come away ! under arching boughs we'll float, Making those urns each a fairy boat ; We’ll row them with reeds o’er the fountain free, A nd a tall flag-leaf shall our streamer be ; And we’ll send out wild music so sweet and low, It shall seem from the bright flower’s heart to flow. As if 'twere a breeze with a flute’s low sigh, Or water-drops trained into melody. Come away ! for the Midsummer sun grows strong, And the life of the Lily may not be long.’’ ■ ’ J-RDtl. Putty W BaxltK Bal'd nit Carden. Oxford. 186 6 CJlaXkivs. St. I (183.) STATICE*. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'\'dria+, Pkntag y'nia. Natural Order. Plumbagi'neas, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 170. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 195. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 430. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 530. — Plumbagines, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 92. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 94. — Syringai.es; subord. Primu- losa? ; section, Plantagi.ya? ; type, Armekiacete ; subtype, Staticid^e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 958, 1026, 1028, and 1029. — Aggregate, Linnceus. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, funnel-shaped, plaited, membranaceous, dry and permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) funnel-shaped, of 5 petals, tapering downwards, united at the base, dilated upwards, blunt, spreading. Filaments (see figs. 3 & 4.) 5, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla, attached to the claws of the petals. Anthers incumbent. Germen roundish, very minute. Styles (see fig. 4.) 5, thread-shaped, spreading, permanent. Stigmas acute. Capsule oblong, somewhat cylindrical, membranous, of 1 cell, and 1 valve, with 5 points, (see fig. 5.) ; clothed with the permanent calyx, and surmounted by its filmy border. Seed soli- tary, elliptic-oblong, pendulous by a hair-like receptacle. '1 he monosepalous, dry, and membranaceous calyx ; the corolla of 5 petals, united at the base ; and the capsule of 1 cell, with 1 seed, clothed with the calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Four species British. STA'TICE LI.MO'NIUM. Spreading-spiked Thrift. Common Sea Lavender J. Spec. Char. Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped, stalked, single rib- bed, with a nearly terminal bristle, (see fig. 6). Stalk angular, with a much-branched spreading corymb at the top. Calyx with deep, acute, plaited segments, and intermediate teeth. Engl. Bot. t 102. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 394.— Hu.Is. FI An-1. (2nd ed.) p. 132. (excl. syn.7.) — Sin. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 341. (excl. syn. (3.) ; Engl. FI. v. it. p. 116. (excl. syn. 3.). — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 405. (excl. var 1 ). — Lindl. Syn p. 170. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 145. — Relit. FI. Cant. (3rd ed ) p 131. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 31. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 97. — Bev. G Ii. Smith’s PI. of South Kent, t.‘2. tigs. 1 & 3. — Curt. Brit. Kntorn. v. i. t. 47. — FI. Devon, pp. 55 3c 141. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 74. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Duiham, p.21. — Mack. Calal. of PI. of Del. p . 3 1 . — Limonium commune, Cray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p.296. (excl. syn. B cx GH e-’ywiit! ; ii\■• ./• »i/i. -'-o !* i.M i > ?w<() .*9. =I.« i!«fc Wdfcm'A— a naoQ >U ; i‘ -cn J«i Jbo-. f ■ lisuliliiij .13 rO • VusoJ-nsiJinuM-m'/t ,o .fl ./ n. i . )' ilrUi tc n jr »ili nU . i«»Wv .Mw'fl .pj.-t ,hdvh // A./ in jt-nw •mod,irtjn.'bDai'i/l is‘ji: vavollsi) io i*«oO U/fJTO t-ill •owommvjKI .m . tonsiHS .0 //.J3H1— , 'siioijsW 1/ .!M ./*< iM .i .iM . nag sill is9o zi nerf no ,ifl<.'iill In .iia >Uim« a;li ; <> ■ fcoftofn c ol l moil ,ii99i5 eiicnuuslg ,rilociina .aonoJ^no'j yi9iii£«if iHipikio iaifiTi. riiii slguia £ rffiir .bftoid 9iom io ?9il'jni 1 b«£ .gnoi (0 .gtl 9 1*) 9b?nd hfifloflnfiriD fbaviiroei ,{£0110191 b ba* ,?'jvis/r bs » Oil 111 (13W0 ,lBiug«£ .rigid Jodi S 03 8909/11 V OIOll -W/'-ii tagodnrjfKO ahirrca1! .aoeliug oavanii 93i£oo b riji v ^iv/ric ;l9i , ff /! 1 .aachiijjid boviooai ,89mit9oi08 io .grubB^iqa rin .. fb9qb iljiw 7.,1'dJ ri ,• sold and j- o .fl)99) sinibaansim boa (nb m dl ai l'i £ filiw , ;A\ol\ .wobsy fwAini; ibi?Juo m!.' iw 19 q ■xiq 11: ■ ■•' !gi s J/aJuliiostg it9«mv) ,bsr- iqin, •> . •Jb winoO io Jauoudiion -jrfj no piowof) jt i.v Hirn bun. 1 • ii j> 1 'in 1 * I j. :i ti* ■ r . 0?li»il(*:r pns ,*'9'B9()4 ISDOilb £ j(J nJ noli ileli^lvl . Il Id . rsniwnuA t»>-,^Uyy •• ini') «.iumrsn«*il‘J ^IdiiJuituH bn* si, fl )n sn,. ! .1 . nl . . ' 1 ' l,!*n> ■• •• •, .J t.l Ubilislu. Icii.l4.91l1 lor* : 11 1 ,! . • 09 >•■*111111 1 >-'b »nil) inmoH hoj nm/1 4.11 lo bibositje idu; sUj at 01 !>94tK}4i(a ,«Vnwft;d wj^K .i-r ii }.„i ,bnon rfdchev ,aJng?fii)no; ,8 ’. njqa :uri£).,K)onofo »iii ni ,9i£ ,i9d/ntrn ni fiyliBiaiM^ 91 p H vrf'M io Jnioq sib moi'i . ofu.bfl .. bnu ,s ,*ai .ijdmaJqa?. oJ ylol moil n .o ir- l A\ Anil .AooW 998 .asiliqjBq alnunn iud .maiiim Doe fl ilfl qu ii/'fiibilsw 9ir iviiiSisMiitiy. ^ bam •«««•.!»« >A '/.In sVii^GL a iioocH .ill iu i> sllaiiiluq ft 5 V9!lft/ innitN \ V II 18/> J*ul.db/KB(ukr Botanic Garden CccjcnilSS i. CMa.thw.2JcWs& (18-* *.) KNAPPIA*. Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria f, Digy'.vta. Natural Order. Grami'nea;, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 68. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Gramina, Linn. — Gramina'les ; section, Festucinje ; type, Agrostidace^e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359, 369, & 371. Gen. Char. Raceme simple. Calyx (see fig. 1 ) of 2, nearly equal, expanded, concave, keeled, egg-shaped, blunt, single-ribbed, avvnless glumes (valves), containing a single floret. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 2 unequal, inversely egg-shaped, membranous, ribbed, hairy, fringed, blunt, awnless pale® (valves), which are rather shorter than the glumes, the larger embracing the inner one. Fila- ments (see figs. 1 & 3.) 3, hair-like, twice as long as the glumes. Anthers elliptic-oblong, cloven at each end, upright, with 2 minute terminal beaks (see fig. 3.) German (see figs. 2 & 4.) minute, roundish. Styles (see figs. 1 & 4.) 2, very short. Stigmas (see figs. 1,2, & 4.) rather longer than the stamens, cylindrical, downy, pointed. Seed loose, covered by the corolla, inversely heart-shaped, copiously dotted in longitudinal lines. Smith Hooker. The single-flowered calyx of 2 nearly equal, blunt glumes ; and the corolla of 2 unequal, hairy, blunt, awnless paleae ; will dis- tinguish this from other genera, with a panicled inflorescence, in the same class and order. Only one species known. KNA'PPIA AGROSTI'DEA. Agrostis-like Knappia. Early Knappia. Spec. Char. Engl. Hot. t. 1127. — Knapp’s Gratnina Biitannica, t. 110.- Hook. FI. Lond. t. 61. — Graves’ Brit. Grasses, t. 28. — Sm. FI. Bril. v. iii. p. 1387. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 84. — With. (7th e«l . ) v. ii. p. 151. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 57. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p.9. — Agrostis minima. Linn. Sp. FI. p..93 — lluils. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 32. — Sm. FI. Blit. v. i. p. 82. — Hort. Kewensis, (2nd ed ) v. i p. 149. — Cha- magrostis minima, Schrader’s FI. Geimanica, v. i. p. 158 — Liud I. Syn. p.301. — Mibora verna, Adanson. — Giay’s Nat. Ait. v. ii. p. 155 — Gramen minimum Anglo- B ritannicum , Ray’s Syn. lnd. PI. Dub. k. k. 7. Locali-iies. — In sandy pastures near the sea. Very rare. — Essex ; A few miles from Lee. near the mouth of the Thames : Lorel. — W A LLS. Anglesey ; Frequent on the south-west coast: Rev. H. Davies. Fig. 1. A Flower, with a small piece of the rachis, showing the Calyx and the Corolla, and the 3 Stamens, and 2 Pistils. — Fig. 2. The Paleau Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 3. A separate Stamen. — Fig. 4. Germen, Styles, and Stig- mas.— All more or less magnified. * So named, by Sir James Edward Smith, in honour of John Leonard Knapp, Esq. F. L. S., &c.an Enulish Botanist, and author of a work on British Glasses, “ entitled, “ Gramina Biitannica ; or. Representations of the British Grasses. With remarks and occasional descriptions. London: published by White. 1804. This work is in 4to. and contains 1 19 coloured plates, with letter- press to each. I have been informed that Mr. Knapp is also the author of that very interesting and instructive work, “ The Journal of a Naturalist.” t See Phdlaris canariensis, folio 56, note f. Annual. — Flowers in March, April, and May. Root fibrous, fibres long and slender. Stems from 1 to 3 inches high, upright, simple, slender, triangular, the base alone covered with the sheaths of the leaves, the rest naked. Leaves few, very short, from a quarter of an inch to half an inch long, strap-shaped, channelled, blunt, with elevated scattered dots. Stipules ( sheaths J membranous, from a quarter of an inch to an inch long, somewhat inflated, striated, bluntish, cloven, but not deeply divided, pale brown, almost white. Flowers mostly sessile, alternate, sometimes subsecund, forming a loose, simple, upright spike of from 6 to 10 flowers, 2 or 3 of the lowermost of which are often more or less stalked. Raehis ( common stalk ) flexuose, slender, smooth, an- gular, but not excavated as in the truly spiked grasses. Glumes (see fig. 1.) nearly equal, smooth, shining, and, like the upper part of the stern, of a purplish-green colour. Paleee (see fig. 2.) un- equal, membranous, pellucid, white, hairy ; the outer twice as large as, and embracing, the inner. Stamens (see fig. 1.) twice as long as the glumes, anthers oblong, yellow, 2-horned at the apex. Seed covered by the corolla (paleae), inversely egg-shaped, brown, dotted, the dots disposed in longitudinal lines. See Hooker’s Flora Londincnsis. There are specimens (whether British or Foreign is not stated) of this curious little grass in the Shcrardian Flerbarium, at the Botanic Garden, which vary from three quarters of an inch to more than 5 inches in height. The two outside figures in the annexed plate represent two varieties of this species, which came up from seed in the Oxford Botanic Garden. Knappia agrostidea is said to be a well known Grass on the coasts of France; it is also a native of Germany. It is quite a Spring plant, flowering very early, and ripening its seed about May, after which it soon disappears. It is remarked by the Rev. Hugh Davies, in his Welsh Botanology, that “ each calyx expands, and immediately dismisses the seed, as soon as it is ripe, the uppermost first, the rest in succession, each enveloped in its cottony vest, a property which seems peculiar to this (trass ; probably an empty calyx or two, at the upper end of the spike, when the lowermost had by no means ripened their contents, gave origin to an idea of its being a monoecious plant.” This minute Grass, though useless to the farmer, is, from its rarity and beauty, of considerable interest to the botanist. The elegant and pleasing writer, whose name iscommemoraled in this humble plant, very justly observes, that “ young minds cannot be too strongly impressed with the simple wonders of creation by which they are surrounded ; in the race of life they may be passed by, the occupation of existence may not admit atten- tion to them, or the unceasing cares of the world may smother early attain- ments— but they can never be injurious — will give a bias to a reasoning mind, and tend, in some after thoughtful, sobered hour, to comfort and to soothe. The little insights that we have obtained into nature’s works are many of them the offspring of scientific research ; and partial and uncertain as our labours are, yet a brief gleam will occasionally lighten thedarksome path of the humble inquirer, and give him a momentary glimpse of hidden truths: let not then the idle and the ignorant scoff at him who devotes an unemployed hour, — ‘ No calling left, no duty broke,’ — to investigate a moss, a fungus, a beetle, or a shell, in * ways of pleasantness, and in paths of peace.’ They are all the formation of Supreme intelligence, for a wise and a woithy end, and may lead us by gentle gradations to a faint concep- tion of the powers of Infinite Wisdom. They have calmed and amused some of us worms and reptiles, and possibly bettered us for our change to a new and more perfect order of being.” See The Journal of a Naturalist, (2nd ed.) p. 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I ni :: ■ t.Q hd ;H .vhJ! aril vl liaiftaim si )i s,k.3vvik) 1 ni I'9q.l^yif3 ioss .nois.itvoi/a ni ;..jf ?:b . • .n-;1 'rfr . braaqir ijir.om < n *d b«il UonnawflJ : dl tiariw till to bos iwjqu ai‘> %n ".Inf.lq suoifajno.TJ e pmad iii lo sain 11a ol n .>nn d T j?iir«tod sib or iwn-iiai oloBiobijaoo lo rlrfmod sirl! fi I .' rejoin- monsi snrn os^ilvr ,1 in inrsealq bos •: • ■ u #KT ijsi sii) ni b 'baiionu* aie vsiil it id /f noirssi i lo awbno* olqmie ill illiw IMlIHlimbK j-.n x*"f j'j'a-j) aoaaqaaao ait -oimifi ylve-J isdloaK i(i;ai Elfow aill )u .»r.n jn .s iasuu 901 fo , l-,-. ull' .a l'cnt ol l>nc lfolmoo 01 ,ionri ba'*dci? .li'lldgoodJiallis smos ni bn--' •ftl rai> ' li* tsii/ te 1io9« Jnev* 1 iwivf.'i ii i on .rial j.-.llcs vVl * t{ to sii'isq nj :.«>■ -fj99nnn Jniel s 01 si' iu.lsf§s jov. T n birt .rn-jvir -a- ebm. ftm w e It. »i»w# Osr i i. -» J ~ * If Je ■ ic'r' U4 - 'g t . 9-s • u»s« ■n or yut / 7 Fu-h^-br W&uxler Became Gardm OxfcrdlSSS. nuart. 2/. 183 t.R.Del. C.MAik'w$Sc. (185.) GENTIA'NA* *. Linnean Class aiul Order. Penta'ndria f, Dig y'.yia. Natural Order. Gevtia'ne/e, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 177 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 215. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 444. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.526. — Gentia'nte, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 141. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 106. — Syringales ; subord. Primu- los,e ; sect. Gentianin.e ; type, Gentianaceje ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 958, & 1008. — Rota'ce.e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1, a.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 4 or 5 oblong, pointed, permanent segments. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal ; tubular in the lower part; limb more or less spreading, in 4 or 5 deep, equal segments, withering, destitute of nectariferous glands. Filaments (fig. 1,6.) 5, or as many as the divisions of the corolla, and alternate therewith, inserted into the tube, and not protruding beyond it. Anthers (fig. 1, c.) incumbent, oblong, sometimes united. Germen (fig. 3.) oblong, nearly cylindrical, pointed. Styles (fig. 3.) short, upright, sometimes united. Stigmas (fig. l,rf.) flat, ovate. Capsule (fig. 4.) oblong, or elliptical, nearly cylindrical, pointed, slightly cloven, of 1 cell, and2valves. Seeds numerous, small, compressed, not bordered, fixed to the indexed margins of the valves. The monopetalous, inferior corolla, tubular at the base, and destitute of nectariferous glands ; and the capsule of 1 cell and 2 valves ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Six species British. GENTIA'NA PNEUMONA'NTHE. Calathian Violet. Marsh Gentian. Autum Bellflower. Harvest Bells. Common Lungflower. Spec. Char. Leaves strap-shaped. Flowers axillary and ter- minal, stalked. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. F.ngl. Bot. t. 20. — Curt. Brit. F.ntomol. v. vi. t. 281. — Linn. Rp. PI. p. 330. — finds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 102. —Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 285. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 27. — With. (7ih ed.)v. ii p 358. — Lindl. Syn. p. 178. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 111. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 26. — Gentin.ua palustris angustifolia, Ray’s Syn. p.274. — Pneumondnthe, Johnson’s (Jerarde, p. 438. — Pneumondnth * vulgdris, Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 335. Localities.— On moist turfy heaths in several parts of England. — Cheshire; In a marsh on a heath near Holmes Chapel: Mr. Hunter, in B. G. Not un- common about Park-Gate: l\Ir. Griffith, ibid. Heaths above Tranmere : Miss Beck, in N. B. G. Heaths near Bidston : Mr. H. C. Watson, in N. B.G. and G. Chosfield, Esq. Bagerley Moor: Mr. Christy. — Cumberland ; Field between Maryportand Flimby, 2 or 300 yards from the latter: Rev. J. Harhi- man. Hovrgill Castle Woods: Hutchinson. — Derbysh. Eggington Heath: Pilkinotov. — Dorset; In Putbeck; and on the moist grounds on Heaths: Dr. Pulieney. — Hampsh. Moor near Fleet Pond: E. Hill, Esq. Ch. Ch. Oxford. — Kent. On the sides of the bogs on Waterdown Forest, towaids Eridge Park ; and in abundance in a field on the right hand of the coach-road over the forest to the High Rocks: Ft. Tonbrigensis. On Longfield Downs near Graves- end ; near Greenhithe, and Cohham ; also at Lellingstone, and near Darlford : Fig. 1. Calyx, Stamens, and Pistils; a. calyx ; b. filaments ; c. anthers ; d. stigmas.— Fig. 2. Corolla.— Fig. 3. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas.— Fig. 4. Capsule. — Fig. 5. Transverse section of the same. * So named from Gentius, King of lllyrica, who, according to Puny, first discovered the antidotal virtues of a certain species. Withering. t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note •(•. Mart. Mill. Diet. — I.ancash. Salesroom, near Manchester : N. J. Winch, Kaq. Near Burnley: Muikktt. Walnev Isle: Ray. Newton Heath, near Manchester: Mr. Caley. Near Southport : G. Crosfield, Ksq. Near (.'»- nistnn : Miss Mary Befver. Near Bootle, and on Childwall Common, near Liverpool : Dr. Rostock and Mr. Shepherd. — Lincolnsh. On the heathy ground between Newark and Lincoln, a few miles from the latter on the right : Rev G. Craub. Horncastle, near the Tower of Moor : Rev. R. Relhan. — Middlesex ; On Hounslow Heath, sparingly : Rev. Dr. Goodenouoh — Notts; Observed in this county by Mr. T. H. Cooper : see N. B. G. — Norfolk ; On Stratton Straw- less Heath: Mr. Stileincfi.ket. Leziate Heath, abundantly: Mr. Crow. Rollesby Common, in abundance: Hist, of Yar. — Suffolk ; Carlton Heath, near Lowestoft: Mr. Woodward. Hopton and Cotton Heaths: Mr. Wic.g.-- Surrey ; A quartet of a mile beyond Clapham, in the field going the middle way to Kngleton : Newton. — Sussex ; On Chailey Common: W. Bohrer, Ksq. On Waterdown Forest near Tunbridge Wells: Mr. J. Woods, jun. Barnett’s Rough, near Woolavington ; Dune ton Heath ; on the Forest, about a mile to the N. E. of Wood's Nursery, on a bank facing theS. E., plentifully: N. B.G. — Westmoreland ; Milburn: Rev. Mr. Richardson. Near Milthorpe: Hudson. Foulshaiv Moss: N. B.G. — Yorksh. Terrington Car; and Stock- ton ( ommon: Teesdai.e. Pill Moor near Helperby, in plenty: Rev. J. Dal- ton. Near Hewby, on heathy ground: Rev. Archdeacon Pierson. Hat- field Common : Dr. Maton. Ttlmire, three miles from York: Mr. Leyi.and. Potteric Car, near Doncaster: S. Appleby, in Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. v. p.557. Moots South of Yoik; Raskelp Common, near Kasingwold: N. J. Winch, Ksq.— WALES. Anglesey; Rough Heaths near Holyhead ; Rhos y Meirch ; ( ae rhds Lligwy, CXe.: Rev. H. Davies. Perennial. — Flowers in August and September. Root of many long, simple, tapering fibres. Stem simple, from 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, square, ascending, leafy. Leaves oppo- site, sessile, of a dark green colour, single-ribbed, an inch or more in length, strap-shaped, or sometimes strap-spear-shaped, entire, smooth, more or less blunt. Flowers few, large and handsome, upright, terminal and axillary, slightly stalked, seldom more than 1 or 2 on each stem. Calyx (fig. 1, a.) cylindrical, or very slightly angular, divided about half way down into 5 strap-shaped, pointed segments, with a nearly transparent membrane between each at their base. Corolla (fig. 2.) bell-shaped, or funnel-shaped^ of a deep and beautiful blue colour, with 5 prominent, pale greenish plaits ; the limb in 5 pointed lobes, with 1 or 2 small, intermediate, unequal teeth. Anthers (fig. l,c.) pale yellow, united into a tube, till the germen enlarges and separates them. Styles (f. 3.) recurved. This is an elegant and beautiful little plant, but is not of easy culture in a garden ; it succeeds best in a moist, loamy soil. The fine specimen from which the drawing was made for the accom- panying plate, was gathered near Coniston, in Lancashire, by Miss Mary Beever, and kindly communicated to me by Joshua Sat- terfield, Esq. of Manchester. 'I he Gentians are remarkable for their exceeding bitterness, which renders them valuable tonic and stomachic medicines. Gentiana Lutea ( Yellow Gentian J has been made the emblem of ingratitude, because it so frequently dies under the culture of the gardener. It is this species which is most commonly employed in British medicine ; but its place is snppl ed in Norway and Germany by G. Purpurea; in Russia by G. Pncumonanthe and G. Ama- rella ; and in the United States of America by G. Cateshai. — The base of the famous Portland Powder is said to be Gentian. - Y > 5!t 1 1 V i . i l<. - ’ 1 ■ -* tr v-t f, ,fi!oootJ bnf jhswiM > »;A $;s< • -'-r • t it it- wK «?• 4iaz •«>!«). iM ivlin « fcftixi* Wmsj .vn ;■■»»>* j irg -»M iJimH w<*< I'fsH iioii-KJ jfifli 7 '.C 1o i-oJijc.n *J1 9r_ ./ blO*S '»3», i »H ,3. . fl 4 w» i - Is \ »o »•../: , uJ-p^L •••' I ; qnifmsO .'JfyijL styit :-v'J .>!■!••' '(j i it: t I ■ VinitVi'V,’ vt .O — p- . JawO'MJOOVJ H 00 * i J ■ pivi r iifi !.,)'• .tii. : nil itum*: *mfM rati ««of lln itii imyxiB vnt.K i V o too'.) iss'/l riaowikY • >M ’ t “iM - p: i ,a n naoii'V •') 1 !i MvgO* Hsiil-w , sisif sbsrn nss i \J • imd H .w»H id .n*>>cJ at , 'jst?Vj*K <2H i h W-~.u * J .3 «j* ewoW , ajiiit. _> twin/ 1 A .biH)Si;j rbmflni* it* aWRCfloO G’<1 Ail'l l - . uva«<).i(l . ii/J.efirH bn/jliio’l .j.niil .iM : y ’s'tnsouQ i’.I M tjtonupoo 5oaU yiU try ,J? esfid ; ’ ylshi-.v .. - . r; . * •* («87.) SAX I'FRAGA*. Linnean Class and Order. Deca'.ndria f, Digy'NIA. Natural Order. Saxifra'ge/E, De Cand. — I.indl. Syn. p. 66 ; lutrod. to Nat Syst. of Bot. p. 49. — Rich, by Maegilliv. p 511. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Saxi'fragte, Juss. Gen. PI. p 30S. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 163. — Saxifraga'ce.e, Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v.iii. p 204. — Rosales; sect. Crassulinte ; type, SaxifragacevE ; subtype, SaxiFragio/e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 730, 733, & 734. — Succulents, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (see figs. 1 & 5.) inferior, half inferior, or almost perfectly superior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, permanent seg- ments. Corolla (see figs. 2 & 3.) of 5 petals, attached to the calyx, spreading, contracted at the base, not always uni'brm, deciduous. Filaments (see figs. 2 & 4.) 10, attached to the calyx, awl-shaped, spreading, successively incumbent, permanent. Anthers of two round lobes. Germen superior, or more or less inferior, roundish or egg-shaped, terminating in 2 short spreading styles. Stigmas blunt, mostly downy. Capsule (see fig. 5.) nearly egg-shaped, with 2 beaks formed of the permanent styles, and opening between them, of 2 cells, (which are sometimes incomplete,) with a central receptacle. Seeds numerous, very small, roundish, compressed, covering the receptacle. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the calyx of 5 deep segments ; the corolla of 5 entire, unguiculate petals; and the 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-beaked, many-seeded capsule. Twenty-five species British, according to Sm. Engl. FI. Twenty-one species do. according to Hook. Brit. FI. SAXI FRAGA AIZOI'DES. Aizoon-Iike Saxifrage. Yellow Mountain Saxi rage. Sengreen Saxifrage. Spec. Char. Stem decumbent at the base. Leaves alternate, strap-shaped, with fringe-like teeth, smooth. Segments of the calyx broadly egg-shaped. Petals oblong-spear-shaped, 3-nerved, nerves simple. Engl. Bot. t. 39. — Curt. Brit. Kutomol. v. iii. t. 103. — l.inn. Sp. PI. p. 376. — Sm. El. Brit. v. ii. p. 452. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 268. — W ith. ( 7;li ed.) v. ii. p. 530. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 532. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 194. — 1). Don, in I r. of Linn. Soc. v.-xiii. p. 375. — Don’s General Syst. of Gaul. ix Bot. v. iii. p. 212. — I look. FI. Scot. p. 129. — W inch’s FI. of Norlhumb. it Durham, p. 28.— Mack. Gaial. of PI. of irel. p. 41. — Saxifraga autumn alls. Hurls. FI Angl. (2nd etl.) p. 180. — Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.532. — Light). H. Scot. v. i. p. 222. — Saxifraga Alpina angusto folia, ft ore luten guttato, Bay’s Syn. p. 353. — Leioyync aizoides, Lind I Syn. p. 67. — Leptasca uizoides, Haworth’s Saxifrageurum Knutneralio, p. 39. — Sedum alpinutn pritnum clusii, John. Gerarde, p. 516. Localities. — On the borders of mountain rills, in a black boggy soil : rare. — Cheshire ; On Beeston (iastlc, and on a high hill in \V vrsu all I own near Mal- pas, plentifully : Bi.ackstose, in Spec. Bot. I lie habitat for this on Beeston Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Corolla.— Fig. 3. A Petal. — Fig. 4. A Stamen. — Fig. 5. Capsule, and permanent Calyx. — 1'ig. 6. A Leaf .^-Atl more nr (ess magnified. r From sa.nim , a stone ; anrl f range, to break- ; in allusion to the supposed medicinal virtues of some of the species : or, perhaps, to i heir roots penetrating the crevices ol rocks and stones, among which they generally grow. Hooker. t See Saponaria officinalis, lolio 37, note t- Castle Rook, I am satisfied is wrong, having several times searched there ; nor is the spot at all favourable: J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G. — Cumberland ; I'.U- tcrdale ; Gilsland near Spawell : Hutchinson. Ash ness Gill, near Keswick: E. Hill, Esq. By streams on the hill-side above Barrow Wood ; Barrowdale ; the lower parts of Skiddaw ; Vale of Newlands ; Black Rocks of Great End, abundantly ; and other hills and rocks : H. C. Watson, in N. B. G. By the cascade on the Irthing : N. B. G. Waterfall Gill Helvellyn : K. Hill, Esq. — Derbysh. 1 received a specimen of this and S. ceespitosa from Derbyshire : Mr. 1.. Howard. — Durham ; Banks of the Whey Sike, Middleton Forest: Rev. J. Harhiman. Cawsey Dean: R. Bowman, in N. B. G. Near W'iddy Bank on Teesdale Forest : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Lancash. In Furness Fells, near the top of a mountain called the Old Man: Mr. Atkinson. On Coniston Fells: Mr. Jackson, and Miss Mary Bf.i vkk. — Northumberland ; On rocks by the river Irthing, above Wardrew : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Westmoreland; Patter- dale! Over Kirkston : B. G. About the base of Helvellyn towards I’atterdale : H. C. Watson, in N. B. G. By Buckbarrow Well, in Landsleddale : N. J. Wincii, Esq. And on most of the mountains : Enyl.Fl.— Yorksh. In Craven, and Wensleydale: Mr. Bhunton On the North side of Ingleborough : N. J. Winch, Esq. — WALES. On mountains: Hook. Brit. FI.— SCOTLAND. Abundant in alpine rills, and springy places: Dr. Hooker.— IRELAN D. On calcareous mountains of Leitrim and Sligo: Mr. Murphy. On Ben Bulben near Sligo, and on Conner Cliffs near Dingle : Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root fibrous. Stems tufted, decumbent at the base, with many short, leafy, trailing shoots ; the flowering part ascending, 3 or 4 inches high, leafy, smooth or hairy, unbranched. Leaves most crowded towards the root, alternate, sessile, strap-shaped, spread- ing, smooth, shining, variously fringed with sharp, hair-like teeth, which are seldom wanting. Panicle leafy, mostly simple, of from 3 to 4 or 6 flowers ; sometimes branched and many-flowered ; the stalks short, glutinous, and densely hairy. Segments of the calyx broadly egg-shaped, spreading. Petals a little longer than the calyx, inversely egg-shaped, or tongue-shaped, with 3 simple nerves, bright yellow, beautifully spotted with orange. Stiqmas blunt, concave, downy. Capsule, when ripe, almost perfectly superior. I bis is a verv pretty alpine species, well deserving a place in the garden, where it should be planted in a peat soil, and kept rather moist ; it is best kept in a pot with other alpine plants. — I be Drawing for the accompanying plate was made from a specimen kindly communicated to me by Miss Mary Bllvlr, fiom the vicinity ol Coniston. The Saxiera'ge* are herbaceous plants, variable in habit. Their leaves are simple, either divided or entire, alternate, and without stipula:. Their^otcer- stems are simple, and often naked. Their calyx is either superior or inferior, of 4 or 5 sepals, which are rnoie or less united at their base. Their petals ate either 5, or none, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. Their stamens are 5 or 10, and are inserted either into the calyx (perigynous), or beneath the ova- rium (hvpogynous). The anthers are 2-celled, and burst longitudinally. The disk is either hypogynous or perigynous, sometimes nearly obsolete, sometimes annular and notched, rarely consisting of 5 scales. The ovarium is inferior, or nearly superior, usually consisting of^or 5 caipels, or follicles, cohering more or less on the inner side, but distinct at the apex ; sometimes it is 2-celled, with a central placenta; sometimes 1 -celled, with parietal placentas, rarely 4- or 5-celIed. Styles none ; the stigmas being sessile on the tips of the lobes of the ovarium. The fruit is generally a membranous 1- or 2-celled capsule, with 2 bracteas, rarely a 4- or 5-celled, 4- or 5-valved capsule; sometimes it is a 4-celled beiry. The seeds are numerous, and very minute, and usually have long hexagonal reticulations on the side of a transparent testa. The embryo is taper, in the axis of fleshy albumen, with the radical next the liylum. See Lind. Syn, and Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Hot. - - ■ ’• --CM i f,’/i i * * ' ' ' ' i - X ■*’? ■' - ■ ' ( 188 CMcdktvrx. DiPSt (188.) IIAIM'OLA* *. Linnenn Class mul Order. Tetra'ndria f, Tf.tragy'nta. Natural Order. Li'neas, De Cand. — Lindl. Syn. p. 53 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 155 — Loud. Hort. Brit, p. 502. — Don’s Gen. Svst. of Gard. & Hot. v. i. p. 449. - Geraniacea? ; Rich, by IVIacorilii v. p. 474. — Rosales; sect. Gruine ; type, Linacea-:; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614 & 808. — Gruinales, Lmn. — Caryophylle>e, sect. 7. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 299 & 303. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 159 & 161. Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 4 prin- cipal segments, each of which is deeply and acutely 3-cleft, perma- nent. Corolla of 4, inversely egg-shaped, undivided, spreading petals, the length of the calyx, and alternate with its principal seg- ments. Filaments (see figs. 1 & 3.) 4, awl-shaped, the length of the petals, without any intermediate imperfect filaments. Anthers roundish, of 2 lobes. Germen (see fig. 4.) superior, roundish, 4-lobed. Styles (see fig. 5.) terminal, hair-like, very short, perma- nent. Stigmas capitate, blunt. Capsules (see fig. 5.) roundish, somewhat pointed, with 8 furrows, 8 valves, with indexed edges, cohering in pairs, and 8 cells. Seeds (fig. 6.) solitary in the cells, egg-shaped, compressed, polished. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the calyx of 1 sepal in 4 principal segments, each of which is 3-cleft ; the corolla of 4 petals ; and the capsule of 8 cells and 8 valves. One species British. RADI'OLA MILLEGRA'NA. Thousand-seeded Flax-seed. Thyme- leaved Flax-seed. All -seed. Dwarf All -seed. Least Rupture-wort. Spec. Char. •* End. Bot. t. 893. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. viii. t. 358. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 202. End. FI. v. ii. p. 243. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 263. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 79. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 19. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 60. — Kev. G. E. Smith’s PH of S. Kent, p. 12. — FI. Devon, pp. 32 6t 181.— Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 43. — W'inch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 11. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 46. — Perry's PI. Varv. Selectaj, p. 15. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 20 .—Radiola linoides, Gnreiin’s Systema Naturae, v. ii. p.289. — Lindl. Syn. p. 54. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p.458. — Radiola vulgaris serpyllifolia, Dim., in Bay’s Syn. p. 345. — Linton Radiola , Linn. Sp. PI. p. 402. Syst. Nat. (12th ed.) v. ii. p.22-5.— Huds. FI.Angl. (2nded.) p. 134.— Lightf FI. Scot, v. i. p. 174. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 165. — Linton millegranum, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 641. — Millegrana minima. Bay’s Syn. (2nd ed.) p. 207.— Johns. Ger. 569. — Chameelinum vulgare, Yaillant’s Bot. Parisiense, p.3i. t.4. f. 6. Localities —In wet sandy ground, and on moist heaths. — In Berks ; J. E. Bichf.no, Esq. — Bucks; On Gerard’s Cross Common near Bulstrode: Mr. Gotobed. — In Cheshire: J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G. — Cornu-all; Plentiful on moist and gravelly heaths about Penzance, &c. : H. C. Watson, in N. B.G. — Devon; Bovey Heathfield ; Haldon, Hightor Down ; frequent: FI. Devon. — Essex ; In a boggy soil, a little way in the wood, opposite the Bald-faced Stag, near Woodford : R. Wahneb. — Kent ; On sandy banks between Ore and Lud- denham, near Feversham; common: E. Jacob, Esq. Willesboro’ and Bra- Fig. 1. A Flower, showing the Calyx, Corolla, and Stamens. — Fig. 2. A se- parate Petal. — Fig. 3. A Stamen. — Fig. 4. The Germen. — Fig. 5. A Capsule, showing the valves separating in pairs. — Fig. 6. A Seed. * From radiolus, a little ray, in allusion to the rayed capsules. G. Don. f See Asperula odorata, folio 46, note f. bourne Leas : Rev. G. R. Smith. Ashdown ami Waterdown Forests, &c. : FI. Toub. — Lancash. Near Collision: Miss Susan Biivi.h. At Southport; G. Cnosrm i). Esq. — Norfolk; Rollt-sby, Belton, Nr. not uncommon: Hist. Yar. — Northumberland ; On Newcastle Town Moor, !>y the road leading to Beli- ton : Rev. J. Biiikmt.— In Nottinghamshire ; T. II. ( norm, in N. B. G. — Surrey; Near Battersea, and on the West side of Wandsworth Common : Mr. W. Pa.mpi.in, jun. Coulsdon : K. Wood, in N. B. G. — Waruicksh. Coleshill Pool : T. Purton, Ksq. About a mile south of Rugby, on the side of the Baiby road, opposite Mr. Richardson’s Farm; July 2, 1831, very sparingly; VV. B. — Worcestersh. Astwood Heath: T. Purton, Ksq. — Yorksh. liutton Moor; Copwold ; Stockton Forest: N. J. Winch, Esq. — WALES. Anglesey; On wet commons : Rev. II. Daviis. — Merionethsh. Low rocks, Barmouth: J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G. — SCOTLAND. Beru-icksh. Ancroft Moor: Dr. G. Johnston. Jcolmkill : Sir .Ioskmi Banks. Langside: Dr. Brown. Road- side between Dumbarton and Helensburgh, plentiful : Horkirk. Banks of the Sprey, between Fochabers and Orton: Mr. Mai chan. Kinross-shire and Angus-shire : Mr. Arnott. (Jinny : Rev. Mr. Ritchie. About Loch Ransa in Arran; and common in the North counties; Perth, Inverness, &c.: Mr. Murray. — IRELAND. GlangarifF: Mr. Drummond. Marshy giounds near Brandon: Mr. J. T. Mackay. Rosses and Fanet, Donegal : FI. Murphy, Esq. in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 437. Annual. — Flowers in July and August. Root fibrous, small. Stem upright, from an inch to two inches and a half high, repeatedly forked, cylindrical, smooth, leafy, many- flowered, moderately spreading, and somewhat corymbose. Leaves opposite, small, sessile, egg-shaped, smooth, entire, 3-ribbed. Flowers white, very minute, on slender, thread-shaped flower-stalks, solitary, from the forks of the stem, as well as its ultimate branches. Petals 4, white, alternate with the principal segments of the calyx. Capsule of a light brown colour, rather depressed. The specimen of this curious and interesting little plant, from which the drawing for the accompanying plate was made, was obligingly communicated to me by Miss Susan Beever,w1io ga- thered it in the vicinity of Coniston, Lancashire. To the kindness of this young lady, and that of her sister, Miss Mary Beever, I am indebted for the four plants figured in this Number. There is no branch of Natural Flistory so well adapted for the study and amuse- ment of young ladies as that of Botany ; it is, indeed, as Sir J. Ft. Smith has very justy observed, a science in which “ all is elegance and delight, and in which no painful, disgusting, unhealthy experiments or inquiries are to b# made;” but, on the contrary, "its pleasuies spring up under our feet, and, as we pursue them, reward us with health and setene satisfaction.” It is recorded of the amiable and pious Mrs. Ft. Rowe, that there was scarcely a flower, a plant, an insect, or a bird, that grew, crept, or sung in her garden, which did not administer to her happiness. In one of her ietlers to her sister, she says, “ 1 have been just taking a solitary walk, and entertaining myself with all the innocent pleasures, that verdant shades, painted flowers, fragrant breezes, and warbling birds can yield. If I could communicate my pleasuies by descrip- tion, I would call the muses to assist me ; hut 1 am afraid it would he insipid to you, that are but moderately fond of the country. Yet I am sure you would relish any pleasure that heightened your devotion ; and what can more effectually raise it, than viewing the beauties of nature? 1 have been pulling a thousand flowers in pieces, to view their elegance and variety, and have a thousand times with rapture repeated Milton’s lines: These are thy glorious works, Parent of good, Almighty, thine this universal frame. Thus wondrous fair ! thyself how wondrous then ! Speak, ye. who best can tell, ye sons of light, Angels; — for ye behold him. — They indeed behold the great original ; but it is not denied me to trace his foot- steps in the flowery fields, and hear some faint echoes of his voice in the harmony of birds, or meet his gentle whispers in the softness of the evening breezes ; ytt this only raises my impatience to be admitted to the blissful vision of uncreated beauty.” Lett. xiv. p. 198. A li .1 «o *i ' . nAa^ilt A, . ■ *' kit, ■ 8 HWl.'. pitull ... 4 «‘l ! •• iiit :H t’<>OWI.-b l, v II I .1. iltuo ,1 i'H .tibii' J r*(I v«>JJ j. ip . t'-ntH ,.i iu» i'K « L>I .)l/. ^siI • . itll. . i k A . 1 1 • .*,« K. !*9« abti.i. jnl undr .ttf. «l j H/i.MJI - mix fi wrfoni owl oi that /is -. - fi joo5V ,SjIl£t»-1SWob bvt\l;r,!i -f IC->1 I IIO /Il/IUIIM v ; IV , ,-j// 1 )V1 ^arfonjMdalfinidu «)j *ji ii- 1 JioV .iff i<: .boaew^h fidji i .loeSfoo n t,w /Asm ?jjw -Wslq ^nfyfTBciriioO'Jfi c.>rfl ioI^ «riiwcib .>>/?* ,aa vjiafl //.au?. «giK ^d‘9i« cd nonminmoy vli ,m . aril o'l .sud^BoarJ ennigmoO ;iac t 9i(j ■< .t l ,xa /aaS Y)ia¥ mVi fiai ;-.in Tid A .isirauM gfifi at fmtfgft «mdq mol b !, ! cftiiiufiu: io Wn»mii9g»-.» yilUHodiHj .aniwug’tb , lulu i 114 utt I ih « iV« 1110 toll IU qu Jfliiq* mimssIs iU lo ini )i;i n \ i)*p> nit 01 noit-jl uil l.> son aJ tur ■ 1 gt{JS ff >;iil «) tMi.ii; hi hr 10, r bib iIjiw i!m« , m juiuisltiaMH hnv .jfluw vfclo* s ;uaiJsd jai/j nsod I • s-< < u tn., ineijint ,ei woB bstrtlsu .wtorf* i«*hi n aid) .Mmamlq i/i-nunm -..it V tub I Mila eilq vin atoiiunnmoa bluoa 1 U .U9iy nsaabud anilju « bm, bluuw uoy Wui uui 1 la/ .yiiauuj«iU !o bnol ylwiiiuboin hid gif Ik ’ : >? jllfluloxBu 9'uiii ,i*3Jfidw hnc ; nmjawbtuoy bsAeldsWisdi 9iiias dq nr , ***».■■•«) jmlfu<( iioad svsil 1 tetun.n hi hiinmJ Mb jtfi i-’ j. . Ma» bflMoodj « «v«il bas ,y) artsy bus 9omtg!tlii itidj woiv «i ,sa uj ... , vocj to tx »ifI n#ol*f *o... iofj v Hr m« osmI f VSir.iil Ir xjft *,1 aid* niiiill .vidanniii 1 -ur.jbnow was It ^nl) ‘ iul «oo(ii(T>!W iorf t (Idjii i«uw a| .Hid I rj J li odw »v .lUw.Til -.(tipi Ju.id-Mj jy lol - ilar)n/ ' 18 9 fa? Kl w * ; Pul* lv WBarftr.Bt>tcm$9 Garden, QjrJc*-d>.l&56' (189.) E'CHIUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Boragi'nEjE+j Juss. Gen. PI. p. 128. — Sm. Gram, of Rot. p. 102. — Lindl. Syn. p. 163.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 241. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 440. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 527. — Asperifo'li.e, Linn. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p.247. — Syrin- gales; subord. Primulos® ; sect. SolantNjE; type, Boraci- na'cEjE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900,958, 982, & 1005. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, awl- shaped, upright segments, permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, bell-shaped; tube very short; limb upright, gradually dilated up- wards, its margin in 5, more or less unequal, broad, rather spread- ing segments, of which the 2 uppermost are longest, the lower one smallest and most refiexed ; mouth open and naked. Filaments (fig. 3.) 5, awl-shaped, unequal, declining, as long as the corolla, or longer, inserted into the tube. Anthers roundish, incumbent. Germens (fig. 4.) 4, rounded. Style (fig. 4.) declining, the length of the stamens, often hairy. Stigma deeply cloven, pointed. Fruit (fig. 5.) with 4 (or fewer by imperfection) apparently naked seeds, which are wrinkled or rough, obliquely pointed, and attached to the base of the hardened, slightly enlarged calyx. The irregular corolla , with a dilated, open, and naked throat ; and the deeply cloven stigma ; will distinguish this front other genera in the same class and order. Two species British §. E'CHIUM VULGA'RE. Common Viper’s-Bugloss||. Viper Grass. Cat’s-tail. Spec. Char. Stem herbaceous, bristly, and warty. Stem-leaves spear-shaped, bristly, single ribbed. Flowers in lateral, deflexed, hairy spikes. Stamens longer than the corolla. Engl. Bot.. t. 181. — Mart. FI. Rust. 1. 136. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. xii. t. 563. — Ray’s Syn. p 227. — Johns. Gerarde, p. 802. — Linn. Sp. PI. v. i. p. 200. —Muds. H. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 83. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 222. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 268. — W ith. (7th ed.) v. ii. p, 286.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 357. — Lindl. Syn. p. 163. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 79. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 136. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 71. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 43. — Davies’ Welsh. Bot. p. 20. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 109. — Rcdh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 83. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 70. — Grev. FI. Edin. p.47. — FI. Devon, pp. 35 & 152. — Johnst. FI. of Berwick, v.i. p.54 — Winch’s Fi. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 12. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 51. — Perry’s PL Varvic. Select®, p. 16 — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 32. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 21. — Irish Flora, p. 44. Localities. — On old walls, and on rubbish; also in fields and waste ground, especially on a sandy or gravelly soil. Frequent. Biennial. — Flowers in June and July. Fig. 1. Calyx; a. a Bractea.— Fig. 2. Corolla.— Fig. 3. Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. A Seed. * From Echio.Qv. a Viper ; because this, or some allied plant, was supposed to be an efteclual remedy against the bile of that animal. Sir W. J. IlooKtn. t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note f. t See Pulmonaria officinalis, folio 102, a. $ See following page. || lluyloss is from bous, Gr. an ox, and glossos, Gr. a tongue; from the roughness of the leaves resembling the rough tongue of that animal.— Thornton. Root somewhat spindle-shaped. Stems from 1 to 2 feet high, upright or spreading, thickish, firm, leafy. Leaves alternate, spear- shaped, single-ribbed, entire, dull green, tapering at the base, the lowest stalked ; those from the root often nearly 2 feet long, strap- shaped, spreading. Spikes very numerous, from the axils of the stem-leaves, unilateral, recurved, but gradually becoming upright as the flowering proceeds ; forming, altogether, one long, compound raceme. Corolla large and very beautiful, of a fine red before it expands, afterwards of a brilliant blue, occasionally white. Fila- ments red, longer than the corolla. Jlntliers grey. Style hairy. Gevmens embedded in a fleshy receptacle. Whole plant rough with prickly bristles, arising from callous points or bulbs, inter- mixed with smaller hairs. It is remarked in Maftyn’s edition of Miller’s Gardener's Dictionary , that if the colour of the corolla be blue, the stems are blueish, the stamens purple, and the bulbs from which the bristles spring are blood-red ; but if the corolla be p.de red, then the other parts of the flower are of the same colour, and the bristle-bulbs are yellow ; and if it be white, all the parts of the flower are of that colour, and the bristle-bulbs green. — It is one of the handsomest of our native plants, and not unworthy a place in the ornamental flower garden. Dried and powdered it forms an ingredient of the celebrated Spanish remedy against the bites of vipers and mad dogs ; particu- lars of which may be seen in the Monthly Magazine, v. xxix, p. 414. The white-flowered variety has been found on the South-west point of Box Hill, in Surrey, by N. J. Winch, Esq. ; at Cobham, Kent, by the Rev. Professor Henslow ; on the walls of Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire, by the late Dr. Lamii, of Newbury, Berks; near Croydon, in Surrey, by Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. ; and I have seen it, some years ago, on an old wall inGlocester Green, Oxford, but this locality is now destroyed, in consequence of the buildings that have been erected there. In Scotland it has been found at Duncansby, Caithness, by Sir W. J. Hooker. This variety has been sometimes mistaken for E. Italicum of Linnaeus, a species which has, probably, never been found wild in Britain ; unless Mr. Winch’s plant, found on Sunderland Ballast Hills, Durham, be this species, which he thinks was imported from the Continent. Lycopsis or Wall Bugloss, of Ray’s Syn. p. 227, is Ecliium viola- ccum, specimens of which were gathered on the sandy grounds near St. Hilary, in the Isle of Jersey, (Ray’s locality,) in 1833, by W. C. Trevelyan, Esq., who observes, that this is “ the plant which should have been figured in English Botany, in the place of E. italicum." Bees are fond of the flowers, but their wings are often torn by the strong bristly hairs, with which the plant is clothed. THE PURPOSE OF FLOWERS. Beautiful flowers, whose tender forms Survive the deadly lightning’s glare, And bend your bosoms to the storms That ride upon the midnight air! Say, were ye only born to fade, Or were your tints and odours given, To give the spirit in the shade Of this dull world some glimpse of heaven 1 — W. Martin. - - - ' [REel (190.) CORY'DALIS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Diade'lphia f, Hexa'ndria. Natural Order. Fumari a'cete, De Cand. — Lindl. Syn. p. 18.; Introd. to N;it. Syst. of Bot. p. 18. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 496.— Loud. Hort. Brit, p.498. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 139. — Papavera'ce/e, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 235. — Sm. Gram, of Bat. p. 137. — Rosales; subord. Rhceadosa;; sect. Rh/eadinte ; type, Fumariace^e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, & 852. — Corydales, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) inferior, of 2 opposite, erect, small, deciduous sepals. Corolla (see figs. 1 & 2.) oblong, tubu- lar, ringent, of 4 pelals, the upper one of which has a spur at the base, sometimes they are all united at the base, sometimes the lower one is free, and the rest united, but when they begin to decay, they all become free and deciduous. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 2, awl-shaped, flat, shorter than the corolla, one within each lip. Anthers roundish, 3 terminating each filament. Germen (see f. 3.) superior, compressed, pointed. Style (see fig. 3.) terminal, thread- shaped. Stigma compressed, of 2 flat lobes. Pod ( capsule ) (figs. 4 & 5.) 2-valved, compressed, oval-oblong, or strap-shaped, many- seeded. Seeds (fig. 6.) roundish. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the corolla of 4 petals, one of which is spurred at the base ; and by the 2-valved, compressed, many-seeded pod. The genus Fu- maria, with which this has, till lately, been united, has an inde- hiscent, 1 -seeded capsule. Three species British. CORY'DALIS SO'LIDA. Solid-rooted Corydalis. Solid Bulbus Fumitory. Spec. Char. Stem simple, upright, scaly under the lower leaf. Leaves 3 or 4, stalked, twice ternate, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, cut. Bracteas palmate. Root solid. Hook. Brit. FI. p. 316. — Cory'dalis bnlbosa, De Cand. FI. Fr. v. iv. p. 637. — Lindl. Syn. p. 19. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 142 — Cory'dalis diyitata, Pers. Syn. v. ii. p.269. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p 701. — Fumaria solida, Engl. Bot. t. 1471. — Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 231. — Linn. lUS. in Sp. PI. p. 9H3, according to Sir J. E. Smith. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 748. F’.ngl. FI. v.iii. p.253. — With. (7lh ed.) v. iii. p.823.— Ait. Hoit. Kew. (2nd ed.) v.iv. p. 240. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 58. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.202. — Fumaria bulbosa, var. P & J. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 983. — Fumaria intermedia, With. (3id ed.) v. iii. p. 620. — Fumaria Halleri, Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. p. 863. — Radix cava minor, John- son’s Gerarde, p. 1091. Localities. — In troves and thickets, rare. A doubtful native. — Cumber- land ; Farm-yard, Walton House : Hutchinson. Catsteads, near Brampton : Rev. J. Dodd. — Hants ; In a wood at Wickham, near Fareham : Rev. T. Gau- nii n. — Lancashire; Near Ulverstone; also between Cartmel and Kendal: Fig. 1. Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 2. A front view of the Corolla, the 4 petals being separated and spread open at their apex. — Fig. 3. The 2 sets of Stamens, and the Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. A Pod. — Fig. 5. The same, with one of the valves removed, to show the situation of the seeds. — Fig. 6. A Seed a little magnified. * Korydalis, one of the Greek names of Fumitory ; it is derived from kory- dalos, Gr. a lark, because the spur of the flower resembles the spur of a lark. G. Don. t Slc Spartium scoparium; f. 77, n. f. Mr. Robson. — In Nottinghamshire ; T. H. Cooper. — Staffordshire ; At Blithfield : Hon. Mr. Bagot. — Warwicksh. At Perry Hall, near Birmingham, in a meadow between the house am) the river: Mr. Pitt. Woods near Stud- ley ; and abundant in the orchard at Studlev Castle: T. I’i'hton, Esq. — Westmoreland ; In Levans Park, five miles from Kendal; and at Watsfield half a mile from Kendal among a clump of tall trees, plentiful : Mr. Gougii. — Worcestersh. In Abberley Woods: Mr. Hickman. Perennial. — Flowers in March and April. Root a roundish, solid bulb, yellowish brown on the outside, white within. Stem from the centre of the bulb, solitary, from 6 to 8 or 10 inches high, upright, somewhat zigzag, leafy, smooth, almost always simple, with 1 or more spear-shaped sheaths near the bottom. Leaves 2 or 3, alternate, on channelled foot-stalks (petioles), twice ternate, notched, glaucous. Cluster solitary, ter- minal, simple, upright, of from 10 to 15 flowers, each on a partial stalk with a solitary, wedge-shaped, palmate, 5-cleft, glaucous bractea at its base. Calyx very small, sepals strap-shaped. Corolla variegated with purplish red, and pale yellow ; with a long, ascend- ing, bluntish spur, and a slight pale prominence at the opposite side. Stamens united into 2 parcels, the upper elongated at the base within the spur (see fig. 3) . Pod (see figs. 4 & 5.) short, bursting at the base. Seeds several. This is a pretty species, and merits a place in the flower garden. It will grow in almost any soil or situation, and will thrive even under the shade of trees, provided the ground be not too dry. It is a native of most parts of Europe ; and also of Tauria and Siberia, under hedges and in woods in rather humid places. The roots abound in fecula, and are resorted to by the Kalmucs in winter as food. FuMAniA'CE.®, (plants agreeing w ill: Fumaria'ui many important characters.) The plants which compose this natural order are dicotyledonous herbs, with brittle stems and a watery juice. Their leaves are usually alternate, mullifid, often cirrhose, and destitute of stipulas. The flowers are purple, white, or yellow. The calyx consists of 2 small deciduous membranous sepals; and the corolla of 4 irregular petals, which are set crosswise, and are usually connected at the base, sometimes they are all free, sometimes only the lower one is free, and the rest united, the two outer ones alternating with the sepals, sometimes both are equally drawn out at the base into a hollow spur, or gibbosity, some- times with the lower one flat, and the upper one with a spur, or gibbosity, at the base; the two inner ones callous and coloured at the apex, where they cohere and enclose the anthers and stigma. ’J he stamens, which are 6 in number, are united in two parcels, opposite the outer petals, very seldom all separate; the anthers are membranous, the outer of each parcel 1-celled, the middle one 2-celled. The ovary is superior, 1-celled; the ovules horizontal; the style thread-shaped ; and the stigma with 2 or more lobes. The fruit is various ; either an indehiscent 1- or 2-seeded nut, or a 2-valved, many-seeded pod. The seeds are horizontal, and fixed to the lateral placentas, globular, shining, black, and furnished with an arillus or a caruncle. The albumen is fleshy. The embryo in the seeds of indehiscent fruits small and straight ; in those of dehis- cent ones longer and slightly arched. The cotyledons are flat, oblong, entire, and foliaceous in germination. The plants of this order are bitter and scentless; they are reckoned slightly diaphoretic and aperient ; and their watery juices were formerly administered in cutaneous diseases and obstructions of the liver. This order differs from Papaverucea, (see folio 54, a.), to which it is very closely allied, in abounding in watery juice, instead of a milky juice ; and in the petals being irregular, and usually connected, as well as in the stamens being diadelphous. It differs from Cruciferce (see folio 38, a.) in the calyx being of 2 sepals, as well as in the structure of the petals and seeds, and disposition of the stamens. See Lind. Intr, to the Nat.Syst.&c Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gar. b But. l < ••• 1. i ,» i ; • •« • •••■' -»•! 1.1 -• ni-w a* ?*«<* »'■<• m (191.) C APSE'LL A *. Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia f. Siltculo'sa Natural Order. Cruci'fer/e§, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 133 ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 498. — Crucifkr/e; subord. Notorhizeag ; Lindl. Syn. pp. 20 & 29. Introd. to Nat. Svst. p. 14. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. i. pp. 143 & 240. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. pp. 146 & 201. — Rosales; suborder, Rikeadosa;; sect. R.eadin je ; type, Brass icace.e ; Burn. Outl, of Bot. p. 614, 784, 847, & 853. — Siliquos/e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (see figs. 1 & 2.) inferior, equal at the base, of 4 egg-shaped, concave, moderately spreading, deciduous sepals. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 4 inversely egg-shaped, equal, entire petals, (fig. 3.) their claws short and broad. Filaments (fig. 4.) 6, 2 of which are shorter than the other 4 (tetradynamous), simple, slender. Anthers heart-shaped. Germen roundish, compressed. Style short. Stigma blunt. Pouch or Silicte (fig. 5.) laterally compressed, tri- angular, wedge-shaped at the base; with sharply keeled, wingless valves; cells many-seeded. Partition ( dissepiment ) (see fig. 6.) elliptic-spear-shaped, crossing the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds (see fig. 6.) several, fixed to both sides of the placenta by an umbilical thread, pendulous. Cotyledons flat, incumbent, (o||). The triangular pouch, wedge-shaped at the base; the sharply keeled, wingless valves ; and the manv-seeded cells; will distin- guish this from other genera, wish incumbent cotyledons, in tlie same class and order. — It differs from Thlaspi in the valves not being winged at the back ; and in the cotyledons being incumbent., not accumbent. Only one species known. C APSE'LL A BU'RSA-PASTO'RIS. Common Shepherd’s Purse. Pick-purse. Case-weed. Poor Man’s Spermaceti. Toy-wort. Spec. Char. De (land. Syst. Ye? v. ii. p. 383.— /Lindl. Syn. p. 31 .— Hook. Brit. FI. p.285 — Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Rot. v. i p. 216.— Bab. FI. Bath. p.5. — Tfila'sjii Bursa- Pastor is, Engl. Hot. t 1485.— Curt. FI. Lond. t. 1, inn. Sp. PI. p. 903. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 283. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p 687. l-.ngl. FI. v. iii. p. 173. — With. (7t!) ed.) v. iii. p. 760. — Lighlf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 342. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.200. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf p. 141. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 62.-— J’urt. Midi. FT. v. i. p.297.— Relit. FI. Gant. (3rd ed.) p.262. — Hook. FI. Scut, p. 194. — Grev. FI. Ldin. p. 140. — FI. Devon, pp. 108 & 188. — Johnst. FI. of lierw. v. i. p. 141. — W inch’s FI. of N’oithumb. & Durham. p. 43. — Walk. FL of Oxf. p. 185. — Mack. Catal.of 1JI. of lrel. p. 60. — The Irish Flora, p. 129. — Thlaspi cuneatum, Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p.692. — Bursa pastoris, Hay’s Syn. p.306. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p.276. Localities. — In waste, as well as cultivated ground, and by way-sides, and on walls, everywhere. Annual. — Flowers from March to November. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A separate Flower, exhibiting the Calyx, Corolla, and Stamens. — Fig. 3. A separate Petal. — Fig. 4. The Stamens, and Germen. — Fig. 5. A Capsule or Pouch. — Fig. 6. The Dissepiment, and Seeds, after the valves are removed. — Fig. 7. The incumbent Cotyledons.— All, more or less, magnified. * The diminutive of capsula ; a little capsule. Hooker. t See Draba verna, f. 38, n. -f. t See Crambe maritima, f. 107, □. *. $ See Draba verna, f. 38, a. Root tapering, fibrous, whitish, with a peculiar scent somewhat like that of smoke. Stem from 6 to 18 inches or more high, branched, leafy, upright or spreading, nearly cylindrical, somewhat striated, rough, especially in the lower part, with prominent hairs. Root-leaves several, more or less deeply pinnatifid, toothed or notch- ed, the segments varying much in form, the terminal lobe usually triangular and acute ; stem-leaves oblong or strap-spear-shaped, pointed, toothed, clasping the stem with their arrow-shaped base ; all more or less hairy. Flowers small, in corymbs, lengthening out into racemes. Sepals membranous at the margin, sometimes smooth, sometimes with long scattered hairs. Petals entire, white, a little longer than the sepals. Germen roundish, compressed. Style very short. Stigma somewhat downy. Pouch triangular or inversely heart-shaped, smooth, a little tumid, blunt with a broad shallow sinus at the extremity, in which the short, permanent style is si- tuated. Partition narrow. Seeds several, from 5 to 10 or 12 in each cell, of a yellowish colour, each on a little stalk (umbilical thread), which connects it with the placenta. This plant is a native of almost every part of the world. Dr. Withering remarks, that it begins to flower long before it has attained its full size ; the flowers at first forming a corymb, which afterwards becomes a long spike-like raceme. The stem also, at first simple, in time becomes branched ; the first branches issuing from its upper part. March and April are the months in which it is most generally found in flower; yet, like the Groundsel f Senecio vulgaris ), and Poa annua, it may be found in this state at almost any time of the year. The radical leaves, as Mr. Curtis observes, differ so exceedingly in their appearance, that the most expert Botanist is often obliged to have recourse to its most striking character, the shape of its seed-vessels, before he can with certainty distinguish it. When it grows on walls, and in dry situations, the root-leaves are more deeply divided, and the segments become much narrower : in cul- tivated ground they are broader and less jagged ; and in a dry barren chalk the leaves are all entire. It is a strong instance of the influence of soil and situation ; sometimes not being more than 2 or 3 inches high when it flowers and perfects its seeds, whilst in other situations it attains the height of as many feet. The young radical leaves are brought to market, in Philadelphia, and sold for greens in the spring of the year. Small birds are fond of the seeds. It is a bad weed in gardens, but is easily kept under by hoeing the ground in dry hot weather, at or before it comes into flower ; for if suffered to seed it will become very troublesome. A small, white, parasitic fungus, Uredo Thlaspi, Sow. Brit. Fungi, t. 340. ; U. Candida, Grev. Scot. Crypt. FI. t. 251. ; Baxt. St. Crypt. Oxon. N. 88. ; and Hook. Br. FI. v. ii. Pt. n. p. 384. ; is very com- mon on this plant about Oxford, often causing the stems to become very much distorted. Another minute white fungus, Rotrytis para- sitica, Hook. Br. FI. v. ii. Pt. ii. p. 343, is also common on this plant, being parasitic on those parts of it which are attacked by the Uredo. . . ' 1 - : ! 4 ' w l\ ■< Cl ni ■■ V / • }f ,f,. • .£$ j k*J/i ■ .*" > / . ( ' .(> J ,J>i. V ‘|< J .id .l> ■•.■>*/ ‘jrii I >»ii #i.j , i c; ; J«rut ■ .*i :>« -ni l k* ifOidfe ‘I ■ ■. n. 'A 1 Cyiathori litb Sc. (1 92.) SESLE'RIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. TRiA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'nejE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 68. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.542. — Gramina, Linn. — Gramina'les; sect. Pani- cin jE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 359, & 366. Gen. Char. Panicle spiked. Spikelets many-flowered, with a sheathing or glume-like bractea. Calyx (fig. 1.) of 2, nearly equal, keeled, pointed, somewhat awned glumes (valves), contain- ing 2 or 3 perfect florets. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 2 pa lea; (valves), the outer (a.) toothed and awned beneath the apex; the inner (b.) cloven. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 3, hair-like, rather longer than the corolla. Jlnthers prominent, strap-shaped, notched at each end. Germen (see fig. 3.) small, egg-shaped. Styles (see fig. 3.) 2, more or less combined. Stigma long, strap-shaped, downy. Seed loose, covered with the permanently membranous corolla. The spike-like panicle ; the calyx of 2, nearly equal, slightly awned glumes, containing 2 or 3 florets ; the corolla of 2 palete, the outer toothed and awned, the inner cloven; the loose seed; and combined styles ; will distinguish this from other genera, with a panicled inflorescence, and many-flowered spikelets, in the same class and order. One species British. SESLE'RIA CiERU'I.EA. Blue Moor-grass. Spec. Char. Spikes egg-oblong, imbricated. Bracteas alter- nate ; outer palea with 3 teeth. Engl. Bot. 1. 1613. — Knapp. Gram. Brit. t. 43. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. ii. p. 69. t. 9fi.— Stopoli’s Flora Carniolica, (2nd ed.) v. i. p. 63. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 94. F.ngl. FI. v. i. p. 114. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 164. — Sincl. Hort. Gram. Woburn, p. 303. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 127. — Lindl. Syn. p. 309. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 39. FI. Scot. p. 31 . — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. 6c Durham, p. 6. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel . p. 13. — The Irish Flora, p. 18. — Cynosurus ceeru- leus, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 106. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 20. — Jaeq. lc. Rar. t. 21. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 59. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 100.— Gramen par- vum montanum spied crassiore purpu ro-caru lea brevi, Ray’s Syn. p.399. — Gramen glumis variis, Sclieuchzero's Agrostographia, p. 83. t. 2. f. 9. a, b. Localities. — On moist alpine limestone rocks ; and in dry pastures, in the North of England and Scotland. — Cumberland ; Bankrigg, Stoopband, on Gross Fell; Mr. Salkeld’s Fell Pasture, Kirkland; Tarn House, Brampton: Hutchinson'. Alston Moor: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Durham; On limestone rocks and in dry pastures, on both sides of the Wear, above Sunderland, and on the banks of Tees, from Eglest.one to the Cauldron Snout : N. J. W inch, Esq. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Two Florets, showing the Pale®, the Stamens, and the Pistils; a, an outer palea; b, an inner one. — Fig. 3. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — All, more or less, magnified. * So named by Scopoli, in honour of his learned friend Leonard Sesler, a Physician and Botanist, who contributed to Vitaliano Donati’s Natural History of the Adriatic Sea ; published in 1750. The species, eight of which are enumerated in Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus, p. 29, were formerly part of the genus Cynosurus. See Loud. Encycl. of Plants. f See Phalaris canariensis, folio 56, note t- — Westmoreland; On limestone rocks about Conzick Scar near Kendal : Mr. Couch. At rhe top of Barrowfield Wood near Kendal: Mr. Woodward. Scout Scar: Nicholson, in New Hot. Guide. — Yorkshire ; About Settle: Curtis. Limestone rocks at Ingleborouj;li, and Ingleton : Teesdai.e. Macker- straw Wood by Ripon: Mr. Brunton. Near Bolton Abbey : Rev. W. Wood. Wensleydale: Mr. Jami s Ward, in N. B. G. By the Ebbing and Flowing Well, Settle; Kilsoe ; Malham ; and other limestone rocks: N. J. Winch, Esq. On most of the lime rocks in Craven: Mr. Calf.y. — SCOTLAND. On the Highland mountains, common. Plentiful on Ben Lomond: Sir W. J. Hooker. — IRELAND. On Ben Bulben, and other limestone mountains near Sligo: Mr. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in April and May. Root forming dense tufts, fibres strong and wirey. Culm (stem) about a span high, in gardens often much higher, simple, some- what decumbent at the base, afterwards ascending, smooth, the upper part usually naked, the lower invested by a long sheath, ending in a short leaf. Leaves rather firm, strap-shaped, striated, single-ribbed, keeled, bluntish ; the edges very rough, as is the keel also near the apex. Sheath short. Stipula very small, some- times scarcely perceptable. Panicle resembling a spike, upright, from half an inch to an inch long, somewhat oblong-egg-shaped, of a greyish or lead colour, sometimes purplish. Spihelcls generally in pairs, oblong-egg-shaped, the lower ones with an egg-shaped, fringed, and toothed bractea (floral-leaf) at the base. Glumes ( calyx-valves J (fig. 1.) egg-spear-shaped, fringed on the margins and the keel, and ending in an awn-like point. Palece ( valves of the corolla J (see fig. 2.) egg-oblong ; the outer valve ribbed, slightly downy, fringed or jagged, with 3 or 5 teeth, the middle tooth lengthened into a short awn (see fig. 2, a.) ; the inner valve (see fig. 2, h.) fiat, cloven, with indexed margins, downy at the outer edges. Anthers large, yellow, tipped with purple. This very elegant Grass is a native of several parts of Europe, flourishing, according to Dr. Walker, to the height of two or three thousand feet among its native mountains. It was first noticed as British by Mr. Ray, who received it from Mr. Petiver, to whom it was sent, out of the North, by Mr. Fitz-Ro berts. — “ The light spiked head of this plant,” says Mr. Knapp, “ placed at the end of a long flexile stalk, fits it for constant motion, and in its alpine station it seems the sport of every wind that blows.” — “ The epithet ‘ caerdlea,’ ” observes the same author, “ is but a poor appellation for this Grass, viewed as a native of Britain ; in continental specimens it is more opposite ; the leaves have no shading of blue on them, and the little azure hue of the corolla cannot well deserve to characterize a species*” — According to Mr. Sinclair’s experiments and observations on this plant, it is the best of the alpine grasses ; yet he considers it unworthy of culti- vation.— It is said to be particularly liked by sheep, and that it may be used for the fattening of mutton, but it makes the wool coarse. * Sir James Edward Smith observes, in English Botany, thht “ the spike varies in colour, but that some of our native specimens are as blue as any from abroad.” f> ■ • ■ ■ ■ ' ' > w >> ■ ■ . , < (193.) A' L N U S *. Linncan Class and Order. Monckcia f, Tetra'ndria. Natural Order. Betuli'nete, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 544. — Lindl. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 98. — Amenta'ceas, Linn — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 407. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 189. — Lindl. Syn. p. 228. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 534. — Querneales ; type, Betula- CE/E ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 523 & 529. Gen. Char. Barren Flowers (fig;. 2.) numerous, collected into a loose, cylindrical catkin (fig. 1.) imbricated all round. Calyx (see fig. 2.) a permanent, wedge-shaped scale , 3-flowered, with 2 very minute lateral scales. Corolla (see fig. 2.) composed of 3 equal florets, attached to the inner side of every scale, each of 1 petal , in 4 deep, equal, egg-shaped, blunt segments. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 4, arising from the tube of the floret, shorter than its segments, and opposite to them. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. Fertile Flowers (figs. 4 & 5.) fewer, collected into an egg-shaped, firm catkin (fig. 3.) imbricated all round. Calyx (see figs. 4 to 8.) a permanent, wedge-shaped, 2-Howered scale. Corolla none. Germen compressed, 2-celled. Styles (see fig. 5.) 2, parallel, ta- pering, a little prominent, deciduous. Stigma simple. Nut (see figs. 9 to 12.) egg-shaped, hard, compressed, angular, without wings, 2-celled. Kernels (see fig. 1 1.) one in each cell, egg-shaped, pointed. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the permanent, 3-flowered scale ( calyx J ; and the deeply 4-cleft corolla ( floret] of the barren-flowered catkin; and by the perma- nent, 2-fiowered scale f calyx J without a corolla; the 2 styles and compressed nut, destitute of wings ; of the fertile-flowered catkin. One species British. A'LNUS GLUTINO'SA. Common Alder. Glutinous-leaved Alder. Black Alder. Owler. Spec. Char. Leaves roundish-wedge-shaped, wavy, serrated, somewhat glutinous, blunt ; downy at the branching of the nerves beneath. Hook. FI. Lond. t. 59. — Loud. Arbor. Brit. t. 229. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. iv. p. 334. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iv. p 131. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 245.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.244. — Lindl. Syn. p.229. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 402. FI. Scot. p. 271. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p. 201. — FI. Devon, pp. 153 & 135.— Johnst. Fl.ofBerw. v. ii. p.204. — Winch’s FI. of Norihumb. and Durham, p. 61. — Baxt. Lib. of Agricul. and Hort. knovvl. (2nd ed.) p. 9. — Loud. Encyclop. of Gard. (new ed.) p. 1161. parag. 6664. — Walk. Fl.ol Oxf. p. 277. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.46. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p.81. — The Irish FI. p. 185. — Alnus, Ray’s Syn. p.442. — Fig. 1. The barren or stameniferous Catkins. — Fig. 2. A separate Flower of ditto, showing the Calyx, the 3 Florets, and the Stamens. — Fig. 3. The fertile or pistilliferous Catkins. — Figs. 4 & 5. Two separate Flowers of ditto, showing the Calyx, the 2 Florets, and the Pistils.— F’ig. 6. The hardened, permanent, cone- like Catkin, after the seeds are discharged. — Figs. 7 & 8. Separate Seales of ditto. — Figs. 9 & 10. Two of the Nuts or Seeds.— Fig. 11. A vertical section of one of the Nuts. — Fig. 12. A transverse section of ditto. — Figs. 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, and 12, more or less magnified. * From the Celtic al, near ; and lan, the river-bank . Sir W. .1. IIooki r. T See Jiryoni a clioica, folio 83, note |\ Johns. Gerarde, p. 1477. — Evelyn’s Sylva, (2nd ed.) p. 83. — Betula Alnus Eng Bot. t. 1508.— Linn. Sp. PI. v. ii. p. 1394, a.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 416.— Sm. FI. Brit, v.iii. p. 1013. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii. p.576. — Sihth. FI. Oxon. p. 64. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 207. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 89. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 454. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 390. — Hunt. Evel. Silva, p. 240, with a plate. Localitifs. — In wet meadows, moist grounds, and on the banks of rivers, lakes, and pools ; frequent. A Tree. — Flowers in March and April. From 30 to 40 feet high. Trunk frequently crooked, with a dark brown, or blackish bark, which in old trees is often full of clefts. Branches crooked, spreading, round, smooth, glutinous when young. Leaves alternate, on channelled leaf-stalks (petioles), roundish, very much resembling those of the Hasel-nut, blunt, or lopped at the end, wavy, serrated, plaited, somewhat glutinous, smooth, of a dark shining green above, paler underneath, with one rib, and many transverse parallel veins which are downy at their origin. Stipulas oblong, entire, soon falling off. Flowers in catkins (aments), on branched peduncles. Stamenif erous catkins (fig. 1.) long, cy- lindrical, drooping, each floret with a calyx and corolla, the latter deeply 4-cleft (see fig. 2). Stamens (see fig. 2.) 4, on very short filaments. Pistillif erous catkins ( fi sr. 3.) short, egg-shaped, red, each floret with a simple perianth (a calyx only) ; scales (see f. 4.) red, permanent, forming a short, egg-shaped cone, something like that of a Pinus or Fir-tree. The following varieties of this tree are enumerated in Mr. Lou- don’s Hortus Britannicus, p. 378, as being cultivated in the gardens of Britain. 1. The fringed-leaved (laciniata) : Loud. Arhor. Brit, t. 230. 2. The variegated-leaved (foliis variegatis). 3. The Oak- leaved (quercifolia). 4. The cut-leaved (incisa). 5. The emargi- nate (emarginata) . The common Alder is recommended for making hedges by the sides of streams and in low damp situations, where the thorn or quick (Crata'gus oxyacantha, folio and plate 418.) will make little or no progress. The wood of this tree is valued for works exposed to the action of water, especially such as are constantly submerged. It is said that the celebrated and ancient bridge, called the Rialto, at Venice, is built on A Ider-piles ; as are also many larce edifices at Amsterdam. Before the iron manufacture was so much improved, Alder was in great request for water-pipes, on account of the ease with which it can be perforated when gieen ; it is also valuable as affording one of the best charcoals, said by some persons to be superior to willow, for the manufacture of gunpowder; and no other wood forms carbon that answers so well for galvanic experiments, Alder- charcoal being always preferred for the points that connect the poles of Voltaic batteries, and other similar apparatus. The wood is also useful for making clogs, pattens, and other articles ; and with it the Highlanders are said to make chairs, which are very handsome, and have the colour of mahogany. The bark and leaves are employed in dying, in tanning leather, and for staining fisher- men’s nets, their astringent quality adapting them for these uses. The bark is employed in decoction as a gargle in telaxations of the mucous membrane of the fauces; and in double the dose of cinchona it has been administered with suc- cess in cases of ague. The fresh gathered leaves, which are covered with a glutinous liquor, are, by some people, strewed upon their floors to destroy fleas; the fleas are said to be entangled in that tenaceous liquor, as birds are in bird- lime.— The Alder is not only a native of Europe, but also of Asia from the White Sea to Mount Caucasus ; in boggy grounds, and on the banks of rivers. The following parasitic fungi are frequent on the leaves of this tree in the vi- cinity of Oxford. 1. Erineum alneum, Grev. Scot. Cryp. FI. t. 157. f. 2. — Baxt. St. Crypt. Oxon. N°. 93. This is a beautiful species, sometimes occupying nearly the whole of the under side of the leaf. I have observed it only in Christ Church Meadow, and in Magdalen College Water-walks. Summer and Autumn. 2. Dothidea alnea, Gr.Scot. Cr. FI. 1. 146. f. 2. — Hook. Br. FI. v. ii.pt. 2. p.288. 3. Ery’siphe penicil/ata, var. A Ini. Link, in Willd. Sp. PI. v. vi. pt. 1. p. 1 13. ' '1 ) p ‘ **«- bnwci ■? ",f ■ ^ ,»»* rod* •:-**.,* MpMKl triijfu iu .- A .!• ..di-jam bn*s -{Ik i win eiii jg.r .is .. . • . . ’ , ! •') • •• ••«. " ' ’ ■> ^ - *imt* ' •' ,n< ' .& * v-'f 1 i^iO .Jo> • •»*< ) '• •»ll! «" COS (I --I iUf . H ■ : 4 • Jf ; ( • . /u/zu^rn-. Ut/L-cl- Delfyc. WStxltr ScHmu^rdtn. Oxjcrt/JS‘i6. -j'naul. 71 (194.) C.ALEO'IJ DOLON* *. Linnean Class and Order. Dioyna'mia f, Gymnospe'kmi \ +. Natural Order. LaIia't^e^, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 110. — Sm.Gram. o ' Hot. p. 99. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Benthim, in But. Regist- (1829). — I.indl. Syn. p. 196.; Int od. to Nat. Syst. of B >t. p. 239. — Rich, bv Macgilliv. p. 439. — Loud. Hurt. Brit. p. 52 8. — Verticil- lata; of Linnaeus. — Syringalks ; suborder, Primulosas ; sect. IWenthinas ; tv >e, Menthacea? or Labiate ; subty.NEPETiDA-:; Burn Oud. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 990, 958, 968, & 973. Gev. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of one sepal, tubular, bell- shaped, permanent, with 5 spreading, unequal, spinous-pointed teeth, shorter than the tube ; the upper one upright, at some dis- tance from the rest. Corolla (fig. 2.) of one petal, ringent ; tube cylindrical, the length of the calyx ; upper lip oval, incurved, arched, entire; lower lip shorter, in 3 oblong, pointed, rather unequal, undivided segments, the middle one longest. Filaments (fig. 3, d.) 4, 2 longer than the other 2 (didynamous), awl-shaped, covered by the upper lip of the corolla. Anthers (fig. 4.) of 2 roundish lobes. Germen (fig. 3, a.) superior, 4-lobed. Style (fig. 3, b ) thread- shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigmas (fig. 3, c.) in 2 acute, spreading segments. Seeds (figs. 6 & 7.) 4, short, triangular, blunt, in the bottom of the open-mouthed calyx, (see fig. 5). The lower lip of the corolla in 3 acute, undivided, nearly equal segments, will distinguish this from other genera, with a nearly regular, 5-cleft calyx, in the same class and order. Only one species known. GALEO'BDOLON LUTEUM. Yellow Weasel-snout. Yellow Dead-nettle. Yellow Archangel. Spec. Char. Engl. Bot. t. 7B7. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. iv. t. 178. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.258. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p 631. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 96. — With. (7th edit.) v. iii. p. 7 13. — Cray’s Nat Arr. v. ii. p 376. — Litidl. Syn. p.202. — Hook. Brit. FI. p 275. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 129. — Hurt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 278. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 240. — DeCand. and Spreng. Phil. of PI. p.395. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 183. — Rev. G. K. Smith’s I’l.ofS. Kent, p. 31. — FI. Devon, pp. 99 and 145 — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 167. — Peny’s PI. Varvic. Selectae, p. 50. —Bab. FI. Bath. p.39. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p 55. — The liish Flora, 118. — Galedb- dolon galedpsis, Curt. FI. Lond. t. 223. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 185. — Galeobdolon vulgare, Pers. Syn. v. ii. p. 122. — Galedpsis galeobdolon, Linn.Sp. PI. p. 810. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.310. — Leonurus galeobdolon, \\ illd. Sp. p. v. iii. p. 115. — Lamium galeobdolon, Crantz Stir. Austr. p.262. — Benth. Labiatarum, p. 516. — Lamium luteum, Ray’s Syn. p.240. — Johns. Gerarde, p.702. — Cardiaca sylvatica, Lam. FI. Fr. v. ii. p. 384. — Pollichia galeobdolon, Roth. F). Germ, v. j. p. 254. Localities —In woods, thickets, hedge-bottoms, Sec. in rather moist situa- tions; not uncommon. Figs. 1 & 5. The Calyx. — Fig. 2. I tie Corolla. — Fig. 3. The lower part of the Corolla opened longitudinally, showing the 4 stamens, d. ; the Germen, a. ; the Style, b. ; and the Stigma, c. — Fig. 4. An Anther. — Fig. 5. The Calyx when the seeds are ripe — Figs. 6 St 7. The Seed. — Figs. 4 Sc 7 magnified. * From gale , Gr. a weasel ; and bdolos, Gr. a fetid scent ; descriptive of its strong smell. t See Lamium album , folio 31, note +. { Ibid, note f. j See Ajuga reptans, folio 94, a. Perennial. — Flowers from April to June. Root somewhat tuberous, moderately creeping, and sending down several largish fibres. Stems several, quadrangular, those pro- ducing flowers nearly upright, from 1 to 2 feet high, nearly smooth, or slightly hairy ; those destitute of flowers, after the flowering is over, are extended to a great length, and creep on the ground, these are covered with close hairs, which point backwards. Leaves op- posite, petiolate (stalked), more or less hairy, unevenly serrated, veiny, the lower ones heart-shaped, the upper ones egg-shaped, pointed, and nearly sessile. Whorls numerous, each composed of from 5 to 15 inodorous flowers. Bracteas small, strap-shaped, pointed, one at the base of each calyx. Calyx (fig. 1.) bell-shaped, slightly hairy, with 5 teeth, 5 rather prominent ribs, and, frequent- ly, a small strap-shaped pointed leaf or bractea on the outside of the tube above the base. Corolla (fig. 2.) large and handsome, yellow, tube a little longer than the calyx, purple and hairy within; upper lip upright, long, arched, villous, and edged with woolly hairs ; entire, or nearly so; lower lip shorter than the upper, beau- tifully spotted with tawny or deep orange, in 3 unequal segments, the middle one the longest, and marked with 3 lines (see fig. 2). Filaments (fig. 3, d .) tapering, hairy towards the base, of a yellow- ish colour. Anthers (fig. 4 ) 2-lobed, fleshy or glandular on the back part. Seeds (figs. 6 & 7.) oblong, convex on the outer side, triangular on the inner. Much diversity of opinion has prevailed amongst authors with respect to this plant, as may be seen by the number of synonyms given above; Gerarde, as long ago as 1597, considered it as belonging to the same genus as the common White Dead-nettle, (Lamium, t. 31.); and Mr. Bentham, in his very elaborate work on the Labiatce, has followed Crantz in restoring it* to that ge- nus again. It is a native of Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Carniola, and Italy, as well as of Britain. It is remarked in De Candolle’s and Sprengel’s “ Elements of the Philosophy of Plants,” (Engl, edit.) p. 398, that “ its most northern limits, as far as is yet known, are Wasa in Finland, Jamteland in Sweden, and Drontheim in Norway, (63°.) Its most southern limit is Haemus in Rumilia, (4 1 °.) Only thus far, too, the plant grows towards the east ; but in Li- thuania it grows as far as the Wolga Heights, (33°. E. lat.) . West- ward it extends as far as the Pyrenees.” It is a slight astringent, and is said also to act as a diuretic. There is a variety of it with variegated leaves ; and Sir T. G* Cullum mentions, in The Botanist's Guide, v. ii. p. 554, a curious and elegant variety with the blossom, or at least the terminal flower, flat, and 6-cleft, growing for many years in a lane near the Grove at Hardwick, Suffolk, one mile and a half from Bury. L -q •?•■•• -I gpstfatoo^^ -*V sm)Z Ja 'idft'.} •':*? (, \ ' ’ • •» i.Si -rf • . Y ■ 1 » *sjr. 103 (195) SMY'RNIUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Dicy'nia. Natural Order. Umbelli'ferjE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of But. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 1 1 1 . ; introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 235. — Umbellata?, Linn. — Rosales ; sect. Angelicina? ; type, Smyrniace.® ; subt. Scandicid.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. bl4, 770, 780, & 781. Gen. Char. Flowers (see fig. 1.) uniform, and regular; the innermost barren, or abortive. Calyx of 5 very minute, acute, per- manent sepals. Corolla (see fig. 1.) of 5, equal, spear-shaped, entire, pointed, incurved, petals. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 5, hair- like, as long as the petals. Anthers roundish. Germen (see fig. 2.) inferior, egg-shaped, angular, and furrowed. Styles (see fig. 2.) 2, thread-shaped, widely spreading, tumid, and somewhat depressed, at the base. Stigmas simple. Fruit (fig. 3.) somewhat orbicular, broader than long, much hollowed out at each side, crowned with the styles, or their small pyramidal bases. Carpels (mericarps% ) (see figs. 4 & 5.) reniformly globose, with the 3 dorsal ridges prominent and sharp ; the 2 lateral and marginal ones nearly obso- lete. Channels ( interstices J with many vittce (see f. 6). Seeds invo- lute. General and partial Involucrum various in different species. The nearly obsolete calyx ; the spear-shaped or elliptical, entire petals, with a long indexed point ; the laterally contracted fruit ; the roundish, kidney-shaped carpels , each with 3 prominent and sharp dorsal ridges, and 2 nearly obsolete marginal ones ; the channels with many vittce ; and the involute seed ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. SMY'RNIUM OLUSA'TRUM§. Common Alexanders. Alisander. Spec. Oiar. Stem round. Stem-leaves ternate, stalked ; leaflets egg-shaped, serrated. Engl. Bot. t. 230.— Curt. Brit. Entom. v. ix. t. 415.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 376. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 126. — Sm. FI. Br. v. i. p.328. Eng. FI. v. ii. p.74. — VY ith. (7ih ed.) v. ii. p. 392. — Lind. Syn. p. 126. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 132. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 168. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 101. — Abb. FI. Bed. p. 76. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 29. — Purt. Mid. FI. v. i. p. 160. — Kell). FI Cant. (3id ed.) p. 125. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 94. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 70. — FI. Dev. pp. 53 St 168. — John. FI. Berw. v. i. p. 70. — Winch’sFl. of North. & Durh. p. 19. — Walk. FI. ofOxf. p. 81. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. St Bot. v. iii. p. 380. — Loud. Ency. of Gard. (new ed.) p. 855. par. 4354. fig. 737.— Burn. Out. of Bot. v. ii. p. 782. — Pamplin’s PI. of Battersea, p. 7. — Mack. Cat. of PI. of Irel. p. 30. — The Irish FI. p. 61. — E. Lees, in lllus. Nat. Hist, of Worcestersh. p. 158. — Smyrnium vulgare, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p525. — Smyrnium, Ray’s Syn. p.208 ,—Hipposelinum, Johns. Gerarde, p. 1019. Fig. 1. A Flower. — Fig. 2. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 3. The Fruit. — Fig. 4. A Carpel. — Fig. 5. The same when ripe. — Fig. 6. A transverse section of ditto, showing the Vittae. — Fig. 1 magnified. * From smyma, Gr. synonymous with myrra, Gr. myrrh, from the scent of the juice. Sir YV . J. Hooker. f See Anchusa sempervirens , folio 48, note f. t So called because they adhere to the calyx the half of their length, and there- fore cannot be carpella or achenia in the strict sense of those terms. Don. $ From olus, a. potherb ; and ater, black; in allusion, apparently, to the black colour of the ripe fruit ; or perhaps from the black external coat of the root. Localities. — In waste ground, about ancient ruins ; often on rocks and cliffs near the sea. Oxfordsh. Near Bensington: Dr. Sibtiiorp. — Beds. Klstow, Ravensden, and Oakley: Rev. C. Arrot. — Cambridgesh. Chesterton, in a close near the river, below the Sluice; Hinton, Hasenfield, Great Wilbraham, &c.: Rev. R. Relhan. — Cheshire; Shore of the Mersey, opposite Liverpool, sparingly: Mr. Watson, in New Bot. Guide. — Cornwall; Sea cliff's at Pen- zance: Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Devon. Chudleigh Rock, cliffs at Lyinp- stone, Ashburton : Rev. J. P. Jones. Dawlish: Rev. R. P. Wei. land. Be- tween Tor Abbey and Livermead : Rev. A. Neck, FI. Devon. Ilfracombe and Barnstable: Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Dorset; About Pool; and on the ramparts going into Wareham : Dr. Martvn. — Durham ; In Hurworth church- yard : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Kent ; About Reculver, Isle of Thanet, and Ro- chester, plentifully, about old buildings: Mr. W. Pamplin, in N. B. G. In a hedge as you enter Graveney Marsh, near Faversham : E. Jacob, Esq. (1777). — Middlesex; About Cowley: Dr. Maiuyn. — Norfolk ; Hedges, Belton, o. c. but rare: Hist, of Yarm. Road-side between Harleslon and >cole : Kev. A. Bloxam. About Mackereli’s Tower, Norwich: Dr. Martvn. — Northum- berland; Banks of the Tyne, near Newcastle: R. Bowman, in N. II. G. On the banks near Tynemouth Castle, plentiful. Behind the TownWalls above the Close Gate, Newcastle; and on the ruins of Dunstanborough Castle: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts; Upon most rocks about Nottingham, especially about the Castle: Dr. Dekring, (1738.) — Shropsh. Ruins of Ludlow Castle : Rev. A. Bloxam. — Somersetsh. Near Bristol: Miss Worsi.f.v, in N. B.Guide. — Suffolk; Bungay: Mr. 1). Stock, in N. B. G. Castle Mount at Eye : Rev. A. Bloxam.— Surrey; Waste ground about old houses near Battersea ; and in dry situations in Letchmere: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Worcestersh. Ditches about Badsey near Evesham: T. Purton, E.sq. In gicat abundauce at Hill C'roome, and about Pershore: Mr. E. Lees, in Illust . of Worcest. Between Great Comberton and Wollershill, under hedges near the Avon: Nash. — Yorksh. Castle Cliffe, Scarborough: Rev. A. Bi oxam. Scarborough Castle : E. F. Witts, Esq. — WALES. Anglesey ; Beaumares, Abeiffiaw, iVc. but mostabundantlyon Priestholm Island. — Caernarvonsh. Shore near Bangor, and on a wooded bank just above the Cathedral : Mr. Watson, in N. B.G. Great Ormeshead, near Gogarth Ruins: N.J. Winch, Esq. — Denbighsh. Field near Bryn yrOwen, Wrexham: J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G. — SCOTLAND. Ber- wicksh. Upon the sea-coast at Dunglass, on the edge of Berwickshire : Dr. Parsons. Sea-shore below the old Castle of Ravensheugh, between Dvsart and Kiikcaldy : Dr. Walker. By the side of a rivulet at Kinghorn ; and Dirle- ton Castle, E. Lothian: Mr Maughan. Near Colzeen Castle, Ayrshire-. Mr. Murray. — IRELAND. Under hedges and on ditch banks near Dublin, abun- dant: Mr. J.T. Mackay. Old ditches about Glasnevin, Clontarp, Santry, Bally mum, Cardiff’s-bridge, and City Basin ; James’-street : Irish Flora. Biennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root large, fleshy, branched, nearly black on the outside, yellow- ish-white within. Stem from 2 to 4 feet high, upright, branched, leafy, solid, smooth, cylindrical and striated on the lower part, the upper part and the branches more or less deeply furrowed and somewhat angular. Lower Leaves very large, twice ternate, stalk- ed ; upper ones ternate, with a short, broad, concave, somewhat lacerated or fringed, membranous base ; the leaflets in all large, shining, broadly egg-shaped, cut and serrated. Umbels large, ter- minal, roundish, with many general and partial rays, without bracteas. Flowers small, numerous, greenish-yellow ; petals nearly equal, inflexed. Fruit (fig- 3.) from the flowers of the circum- ference, almost black when ripe, large, roundish, tumid, with sharp, prominent ribs. The whole herb is of a pale bright green, in flavour something like celery, by which vegetable it has been almost entirely supplanted. Mr. Penn a nt says that it is boiled and greedily eaten by sailors returning from long voyages, who happen to land at the S. W. corner of Anglesey ; and Dr. W iTHEiiiNG informs us, that it is a principal produce of the Steep I lolmes Island, in the Severn ; and that it is worthy the attention of Mariners. ■T;- ■ ' **■ ■■ )* *• * :Q*lf »»,*-> *sf —JtVTi ujc i I. ft tljfl: .*1 iS»W A»Y V) Mil Ifftii *' . . U'A r „>» ■(' . : . <• I wmft- : J -.^.1 i. tl vjH OTi it < • / c< tVoiCK *' /'M ; yfjn;V(Ji <|fii J.. ? . c bji .' a* Y .< .tl .t'l ni ,».oer& Sf.iiA ■ sot "• tb:‘ --1 . -.of, .<1 .1 .viwf : aolwdiUA ,-itiuJa ''A , vai' ~t if H : bjcsoiTsviJl ftcu vmMA joT imwl ’ —.»•/. . !/'. .Ul HsdmjtW oltiijisiog tinoiUOT • - ■ » ■ " H ■ J'X)A ; SksTA — -.paS fwr>«tV/ .1 H .mat 4 •* • v- ' '.M .it! • ) ill A xmgK-.iM •• / * • - : lohis-bt r .wu’ ' \o i'«H mb> >ud ®f“ ■ ■ n ■ 1 i ■ ly1 •«/ ,!!i v>UoW I j,\ . ;? ttiit/m \> s», i-'' ^ Slf-ri. ;vR£-. Ci, ; J.i. V — ,| . I ,1 nW . ■ v. .■ t.vu'1 .1 . iMfiaj . N ,tra ■■ : *-»U W a*f « a* «< nuClj* imo-' ana ad: c.*jiJ .4*;-., . J 1 ■ i • 1 ■’ . * - r n ,nnci aM iJj! »»c.-!tiv\ tsiiiii'j ti-tv * *c ’* f ■ l *•«*• «W. . - id tfi'J i*fl» ,»swiu-«TiJna ,mj,. ■ hJ ■"& t- •' ■ . fso. (hfirf^a .tiitioiai ,! u • . -i*,f i ;m3J sorwi «9£vtf '(tot iiieiai ysuks! .telu^xe uuhr&uun ’ '*i t -6f. ■ . . (19G.) MO'NTIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tria'-Ndria-J-, Trigy'nia. Natural Order. Portula'ceas, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 312. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 164. — Lindl. Syn. p. 62. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot p. 159. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 510. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 516. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 71. — Rosales; section, CrassuliNjE ; type, Portula'ceas; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 730, & 739. — Succulents, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (tig. 1.) inferior, of 2, sometimes of 3, egg- shaped, blunt, concave, upright, permanent sepals. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) of 1 petal, in 5 deep spreading segments, 3 of which are rather smaller than the other 2. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 3, some- times 5, as in fig. 3, inserted into the tube of the corolla, and, when 3 only, opposite to its 3 smaller segments. Jlntliers of two round lobes. Germen (fig. 4.) superior, top-shaped (turbinate), 3-lobed. Style (see fig. 4.) very short. Stigmas 3, oblong, spread- ing, downy on their upper side. Capsule turbinate, of 1 cell, with 3 valves (fig. 6.), and 3 seeds. Seeds (fig. 7.) roundish-kidney- shaped, dotted. The 2- or 3-sepaled calyx ; the monopetalous, deeply 5-cleft corolla; and the 3-valved, 3-seeded capsule ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. MO'NTIA FONTANA. Fountain Chickweed. Water Blinks. Water Purslane. Spec. Char. Plant creeping, much branched, fleshy. Leaves subspathulate, entire. Peduncle 1-flowered. (M. minor et rivu- laris, Gmel ) Sprengel. Engl. Bot. t. 1206. —Curt. FI. Lond. 1. 188. Curt. Br. Entomol. v.x. t. 456. — Linn. Sp. FI. p. 129 — Huds. FI Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 60. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 161. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 187. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 208. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 543 — Lindl. Syn p. 63. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 58. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v.i. p. 110. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 53. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 28.— Davies’ Welsh. Bot. p. 14. — Furt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 91. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 52. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 47. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 33. — Spreng. Linn. Syst. Veg. v. i. p. 363. — FI. Devon, pp. 24 & 185. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 32. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s FI. of S. Kent, p. 8. — Winch’s FI. of North, and Durham, p. 9. — Walk. FI. of Oxf p. 34. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 82.— Perry’s PL Varvic. Se- lects, p. 10. — Illust. of Woicest. p. 152. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Iiel. p. 17. — The Irish FI. p. 27. — Montia minor, Gmel. FI. Badensis-Alsatica. v.i. p. 301. — Montia aquatica minor , Mich. Gen. p. 18. 1. 13. f. 2. — Alsine parva palus- tris tricoccos, portulaccc aquaticce similis, Ray’s Syn. p. 352. — Cameraria arvensis et minor. Dill. Giss. p. 46. Append, p. 114. t. 6. Localities. — By the sides of little clear rills, and in watery places, especially on a sandy or gravelly soil ; frequent. Annual. — Flowers in April, May, and June. Fig. 1. The Calyx. — Fig. 2. The Corolla opened virtically to show the Sta- mens.— Fig. 3. A flower with 5 stamens. — Fig. 4. The Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. The Capsule, invested by the permanent Calyx. — Fig. 6. The 3 valves of the Capsule after the seeds are discharged. — Fig. 7. A Seed.— All more or less magnified. * So named by Micheli, in honour of Joseph Monti, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of Botany, and Perfect of the Medical Garden at Bologna. Author of Agri Bononiensis Stirpium Catalogi Prodromus, 1719, 4to. ; and other works on Medicine and Botany. *" i — ,<■ ranariensis, folio 56, note +. Root fibrous. Stein from 1 to 4 inches long, much branched, somewhat angular, leafy, spreading on the ground, and sending out radical fibres from the lower part, the upper part often upright. Leaves small, opposite, sessile or on very short stalks, elliptic-spear- shaped, entire, rather fleshy, smooth, and of a pale green colour. Peduncles ( flower-stalks ) generally growing three together, each supporting one flower, proceeding from a little scale in the bosom of the leaves, at first drooping, but afterwards becoming upright and longer than the leaves. Corolla very small, white, of 1 petal, which is deeply cut into 5 segments, the 3 alternate ones the smallest, having the stamens attached to them (see fig. 2) . Capsule roundish, invested by the enlarged, permanent, truncated calyx (see fig. 5). Seeds (fig- 7.) 3, kidney-shaped, black, dotted. The valves of the capsule are involute at the margins, and, after the seeds are discharged, they become thread-shaped, and a little longer than the calyx (see figs. 5 & 6) . Whole plant smooth and somewhat succulent. Sometimes the calvx consists of 3 sepals, and then the corolla lias 5 stamens instead of 3, as was the case with some of the flowers in the specimen figured, (see fig 3). The flowers usually appear in a half-opened state, whence one of the English names Blinks, but when the sun shines on them they expand. A large variety of this plant is figured by Micheli, t- 13. f. 1. This is Montia fantana, var. ji. major of Willd. Spec. PI. v. i. p. 415. — Montia repens, of Gmelin’s FI. Badensis-Alsatica, v. i. p. 302. — and M. rivularis ot J.oud. Hort. Br. p. 37. Sir W. J. Hooker informs us, in his Br. FI. that this variety is not uncommon in Scotland, and that it has been found in Anglesey by Mr. Wilson. Portula'cea (plants agreeing in important characters with Portulaca). The plants which compose this natural order are dicotyledonous succulent herbs or shrubs, whose leaves are alternate, rarely opposite, entire, usually thick and fleshy, without stipulze, or sometimes with membranous ones on each side at the base. Their flowers are axillary or terminal, expanding only in bright sunshine, and usually of short duration. The calyx (fig. 1.) is generally formed of 2, seldom of 3 or 5, sepals, which are more or less connected at the base. The corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) is usually composed of 5, but occasionally of 3, 4, or 6 petals, which are either distinct, or connected at the base into a short tube, so as to form a monopetalous corolla, sometimes the petals are wanting. The stamens are inserted along with the petals into the base of the calyx, and are variable in number, all fertile ; their filaments dis- tinct, inserted at the base of the petals, and generally opposite to them when the number is equal ; their anthers are versatile, of 2 cells, which open lengthwise. The ovarium fgermen) (fig. 4.) is superior, usually roundish, and 1-celled. The style is sometimes single, thread-shaped, and cleft into several stigmas at the apex ; sometimes it is wanting, or nearly so ; when this is the case the stigmas are distinct, and rise in numbers from the top of the ova- rium. The capsule is 1-celled, opening either transversely or by the 3 valves from the base to the apex (see fig. 6 ) ; but it is also occasionally 1-seeded and indehiscent. The seeds are numerous when the fruit is dehiscent, and are attached to the central placenta ; the albumen is farinaceous ; and the embryo is curved round the circumference of the albumen, with a long radicle, and oblong coty- ledons. See Lindl. Syn. and Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. Sc Bot. Montia is the only British example of this order. >** ■ . H J-' -f -•> te « ,5«. - ■ ’AtW^axp'. i .* • < r' , ■•■•! H .. :o ifiaafl* .oijsoqqi »»■ »| * fl*W§ 9le|' * o ‘ ns ,yd*ift toiOsi ,9iBnn Jpacfh, J . •••Mg yi.im.ng ' •" ' ! -■ t ••’’ S * ».-i1 qurb •.»> /t^roB r.n ^ji'fnxj jiw VO 1 'od ■:•.■:■! • .»m liif! yjiqcoib trjft tr. ,t.cv£ot $ij \i eno siamartr G :b <2 *4 ins.i :i isijg enatnsfei srt tivsd s?sjftt/n8 t -•• ir» m tb: .las idt yd b •vtjf ,de il .ioot •wfr .{ ur.-b ,»Vg ,6 (.^ .gBJ .(li.gdsss) i-iii oAfi (ixii ,?.£ :>:.!/ 9 **•? «i)oio»»i lo oik. panvH ,tUI* fcj :5<;r ->1*1} g ui -.u^qq* • » ; V i.)X! J.uivxUtti ^ 'iil v.lq»i ) vl*h*v <131*1 A -• tv ' U — .oil .q t ■■» ,Ci 3: .Lilt// 1. • y t .'\.isv .imalm-l • I '. >.;.! l:n»U- •• t .XL tVi. — i tj..j ,i .* ,*3ltJMli S JU' i .11 'jtll-MIt'v* • -'it '•l.iR •• f id ii si t hu .loitlio ■.& at aommonnu *')t0£i*.'l'3 JcteMoqcai m ^i;m«a *JhbU]) -a -i o'AJUiTflo'd »w * sis wjoii L.vrlw 70 hJtiA imfoociita iuionohaiyjooifo jin lit. {■ i •* ,yd«il( Ihc? sfarifj yiirutau (9iiiii9 ,9i/«o» i<> yisiii *.e ji£ n iixt\\ iwiff 1 t.f .j»l) ris’»> *oTr .aob t/ib iiodi 'to vIIaimu ba* .smdftaii* : staw julaqa* ,?. to € V> u:oi4 >? ,£ 'to bttflndl yUjaioflrtjj yUattnu ih (.*•: A £ .vgit) csIVnoo ddT .«»(0d -wft )* »r;iI io is i. .rfw , ■;> mj ft 10 ,;> ,£ V> ,iki. i uni ,2 to imoqmoo »r .o ,’ d no.J. b tit.it -wiid »dJ ta bttH^mro s w ,t->,utstib wtfcii 1 -Hne* k i.nstq odi •omiiainoo ,ajioui3 wn/f.nqrnoin a mitt _ ' ; . \is • 11. • 0 yu*v>of>)j >)||) to tiJtiH fwjj to fviti *at (baa »4U(U twdt , im'i'0 ;.f Vr'm. a it; tn.lv ,„>tl WiJ n . n< vtU' .bo!!w»J b/<4 tifatfirivol yllutwii ,idioqiiti fit *.*•• • atil )« voi«jjild UfAnti QJai Jiili fti a »•> it/ •• to ».•» *tdi mAvt {©• yli«m iataot>flAv m ,u i "Hahw&x ■■ 4V0 tO WOit AIDdmuA Ml Mill |»jT* . 1 yliovtoi a*.wu t '.Jjii llt- i-t 1 1 , siff .timN’' X •» ** 1 . J \ 1 ») -t .’•• »<(• tu mil,, ill >tnt . vi t f> *l;t» - v M * V.rft \ . ■ '• '• s \ ' . . . * < v l!>7 (197.) COM ARUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Icosa'ndria f, PolycyNia. Natural Order. Rosa'cete, Juss. Gen. PI. p.334. — Sm.G-am. of Dot. p. 171. — Lind!. Syn. p. 88.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 81. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 528. — Loud. * lort. Brit. p. 512. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p.523. — Rosales; sect. Rosinas ; subsect. Rosian.e ; type, Rosace.e : subtype. Frag a- RIO E ; Burn. Out. of Bot. v. ii. pp.611, 683, 693, & 700. — Sen- ticos/e, Linn. Gen. Cmar. Calyx (fig. 1, a.) inferior, of 1 concave, coloured, permanent sepal, deeply divided into 10 spreading, pointed seg- ments, 5 alternate ones (lig. 2, b) exterior, much smaller than the olher (fig. 2, a). Corolla (see fig. 1, b.) of 5 spear-shaped, pointed petals, attached to the rim of the calyx, opposite to, and less than, its smaller segments. Filaments (see fig. 1, e. & fig. 3.) numerous, from the rim of the calyx, awl-shaped, upright, nearly as long as the corolla. Anthers roundish, incumbent, deciduous. Germens (figs. 4 & 5.) numerous, small, egg-shaped, smooth, collected into a head (fig. 4). Styles (see figs. 5 & 6.) lateral. Stiijmas simple. Seeds ( carpels of Don, pericarps of Hooker, ) (figs. 5 & 6.) nu- merous, egg-shaped, even, seated on a large, dry, spongy, hairy, hemispherical, permanent receptacle. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the 10-cleft calyx, the segments of which are alternately smaller ; the corolla, of 5 small, spear-shaped petals, less than the calyx ; and by the seeds being inserted on a large, spongy, hairy, perma- nent receptacle. Only one species known. CO'MARUM PALU'STRE. Purple Marsh Cinque-foil. Purple Marshloeks. Cowberry. Spec. Char. Engl. Dot. 1. 172.— "Curt. Tirit. Entom. v. xii. t. 558. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 718. — TIuds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 227.— Sm. FI. lirit. v.'ii. p. 557. Engl. FI. v. ii. p.433. — With. (7tli ed.) v. iii. p.639. — Hook. Hr. FI. p. 251. — Lighlf. FI. Scot, v. i. p. 276. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 115. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 52. — Port. Midi. FI. v. i. p.248. and v. iii. p. 362. — Kelli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p 207. — Hook. FI. Scot, p 165. — Grev. FI. F.din. p. 113. — Johnst. FI. of Bervv. v. i. p. 117. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 35. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 147. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v ii. p. 562. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select, p. 45. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p.50. — Irish FI. p. 104. — Potentilla Coma- rum, Nest. Potent, p 36. — lie (’and. Piod. v. ii. p.533. Bot. Gall. v. i. p. 171. — Lindl.Syn. p. 97.— Potentilla palustris, Scopoli FI. Cam. (2nd ed.) v. i. p.359. — Spiing. Syst. Veg. v. ii. p.536. — P. paluslre, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 580. — Pentaphylloides palustre rubrum, Kay's Syn. p. 256. — Penta- phylluin rubrum palustre, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 987. Fig. 1. A Flower ; a. the calyx ; b. the corolla ; c. the stamens; d. the pis- tils.— Fig. 2. One-fifth of the Calyx and Corolla, showing the situation of the Stamens; a. one of the large segments of the calyx; b. one of the small ones ; c. a petal. — Fig. 3. Two of the Stamens. — Fig. 4. A Fruit. — Figs. 5 & 6. Sepa- rate Seeds, with their Styles. — Fig. 7. A transverse section of a Seed. — Fig. 8. The Embryo. — Figs. 6, 7, & 8, more or less magnified. * From Komaros, Gr. an ancient name given by Tiifopiirastus to an ever- green tree, and not now rightly understood. Dr. WrmtniNO. t See Pi unus uirusus, folio 100, uote f. Localities. — In marshes, peat bogs, and ditches; frequent. — Bedk. In marshes, but rare — Cambridgesh. Gamlinaay ; in the bogs within the Patk, by the Park pales; in the ditches near the Quaking-bogs; and in a small adjoining wood. — Cheshire; Oongleton Moss. — Cornwall; At Swan Pool, near Fal- mouth.— Cumberland ; Swampy ground in the Lake District — Durham ; Birch Gar near Darlington : N. B. G. — Hants ; In the bogs of Bin's Pond, near Sel- borne: Rev. G. White. Cranberry Common : Winch. By the Moore’s River i Curt Br. Ent. — Lancash. White Otter, a Morass near Southport, in great pro- fusion : G. CnosFihi.n, Esq. Bootle Marsh, near Liverpool. — Norfolk; Com- mon.— Northumb. In bogs, frequent. — Nottinghamshire i N. B. G. — Shropsh. Kllesmere Mere: Rev. A. Bloxam. Mountainous bogs about Sellatvn : Mr. H. Barrett. Bomere Poo). — In Somersetshire : N. B. G. — Suffolk; Near Bungay: 1). Stock. — In Sussex : W. Borkkr, Esq. — Warwicks h. Coleshill bog, and near Allesley: Bree. Mosely Common, and Sutton Park: G. W. Sanbvs. F,sq. South-west side of K.dgbaston Pool, near Birmingham. North side of Bannersley Pool. — Worcestersh. Bromsgrove Lickev ; and about Stour- bridge, common. Hartlebury Common. Stone Pool : Mid. FI. Oldfield, near Omberslev : Mr Perry. — Yor/esk. Mere at Scarborough : Rev. A. Bloxam. Lakeby Car, near Richmond: M. N. H. Potterie Car, near Doncaster: S. Aerliby. Leeds: N. B. G. Giggleswick Tarn, and Helwith Moss: K. F. Witts, Esq. Gordale Scar: July, 1836, Mr. E B. Hewlett. — WALES- Anglesey ; not uncommon: Rev. II. Davies. — Denbighsh. Near Wrexham; N. B. G. — Merionethsh. Near Barmouth: M. N. II. — SCOTLAND. In peat bogs and marshes, frequent: Lightfoot. — Berwicksh. Below Murton Craigs; Ilaiden Dean ; below Shoreswood -hall ; Longridge Dean, &c. : FI. of Berw. — Duddington Lock; Braid-hill Marshes; Pentland Hills, £tc. : Dr. Greville. — ■ IRELAND. In bogs, coin moti : Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root somewhat woody, creeping extensively, and sending out many blackish fibres, which penetrate deep into the boggy soil. Stems many, cylindrical, reddish, branched, leafy, smooth in the lower part, more or less downy in the upper, from 6 inches to 2 feet or more long, and generally inclining to the ground. Leaves compound ; lower ones stalked, pinnate, of 5 or 7 elliptic-oblong, acute, sharply and simply serrated leaflets, yellowish-green on the upper surface, glaucous and somewhat downy on the under ; the midrib in each leaflet, except the terminal one, is generally nearer the upper than the lower margin, thus dividing it into two unequal parts : upper leaves ternate, nearly sessile, and often more downy than the lower ones. Stipulas oblong, entire, or cut, attached in pairs to each footstalk, and embracing the stem by their base. Peduncles ( flower-stalks J several, terminal and axillary, single- flowered, forming a sort of panicle, clothed, more or less, with soft white hairs, with a few stalked, reddish glands interspersed. Calyx large, spreading, with alternate large and small segments (see fig. 2, a & b). Petals (see fig. 2, c.) very small, pointed, and, like the calyx, of a dark purplish blood colour. Stamens, Styles, and Fruit of a dark red purple, approaching to blackness. Jlntliers heart- shaped, with yellow pollen (see fig. 1, c). Fruit cone-shaped, spongy, somewhat woolly, pitted, permanent, the seeds partly em- bedded as in Fracjaria (the strawberry). Seeds ( pericarps J some- what egg-shaped, smooth, light brown, shining. There is a variety with thicker and mnre hairy leaves, said to be common in the bogs in Ireland, (see Ray’s Syn. 3rd ed. p. 256.) ; this variety is also occa- sionally met with in F.ngland and Scotland. Comarum palustre is a native of most parts of Europe ; it is found also in Sibeiia and North America. Planted in a pot in peat soil, and plunged up to its rim in water on the margin of the Aquarium in the Oxford Botanic Garden, this plant has produced stems more than 3 feet long. The roots dye wool of a dirty red colour, and have astrigency enough with other plants of the same order to tan leather. The Irish rub their milking pails with it, to make the milk appear thicker and richer. tur- > n«! ,■ >t " . » ) S i W • ■ ' y •' : i9v » »■ *• : Li f/. *51 'if 1 til • i ifr ./ ,*«< ■ cit- I •• . h N i 4 - . i. , . 1. / . i . , if «* ib t • •v ‘ c 1 f ! ti ! . Stb&ic : uJ ,li 4ll*w - fi.f ..'•■*? i<- I' & C. Valievs. Scl. PSc ^ts?Zy?Z4c£2e. CC7?Zme, De Cand. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 508. — Don’s Gen. Syst. o Card. & But. v. ii. pp. 1 & 2. — Celastri'nete, Dr. R. Brown.— Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 537. — Rhamni, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 376. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p 182. — Rosales; suborder, Myrtos/e ; section, IliciN/E; type, Celastrace^e ; subtype, Staphylid/e; Burn. Outl of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 617, & 621. — Trhiilatte, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, ob- long, concave, coloured segments, with an urceolate (pitcher-shaped) disk at the base. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 5 oblong, blunt, upright petals, similar to the calyx. Nectary (disk) cup-shaped, central. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 5, thread-shaped, upright, the length of the petals. Anthers roundish. Germen superior, rather tumid, in 2 or 3 deep divisions. Styles (fig. 4.) 2 or 3, simple, upright, a little longer than the stamens. Stiymas blunt, near together. Cap- sule (fig. 5.) inflated, bladdery, of 2 or 3 cells ; cells membranous {see fig. 6.), opening on the inside, few-seeded, sometimes con- nected together at the base, sometimes their whole length. Seeds (fig. 7.) bony, roundish, truncate at the hilum. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the inferior, 5-parted calyx, with coloured segments, and urceolate disk; the corolla of 5 petals; and the bladdery, 2- or 3-celled, few-seeded capsule. One species British. STAPHYLE'A PINNA'TA. Common Bladder-nut. Pinnated- leaved Bladder-nut. St. Antony’s Nut. Wild Pistacia. Spec. Char. Leaves pinnate ; petioles without glands ; leaflets 5 or 7, oblong-spear-shaped, smooth, serrated. Flowers racemose. Styles 2. Capsules membranous, bladdery. Engl. Bot. 1. 1560. — Linn.Sp. Pl.p. 386. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 131. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 337. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 1 10. — With. ( 7tli ed.) v. ii. p. 402. — Cray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 619.— Bind. Syn. p. 75.— Hook. Br. FI. p. 143. — Light. FI. Scot. v. ii. p. 1134. — Aliss Kent's Sylvan sketches, p. 54. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PL of S. Kent, p. 17. — Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v ii. p. 3. f. 1. — Loud. Arbor, et Fruct. Brit. p. 494. fig. 163. — Stuphylodendron, Ray’s Syn. p. 468. — Nux vesicaria, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1437. Localities. — In hedges and thickets; very rare.— Kent ; About Ashford: Parkinson. — Yorksh. Hedges near Pontefract, scarcely in sufficient plenty to be deemed certainly wild : Ray. Woods in the faither pail of the county: Merrett. Truly indeginous in Yorkshire: Air. Hailstone, in Engl. FI. — SCOTLAND. Found sometimes in Breadalbane, near houses and gardens. We suspect it to be an outcast: Rev. J. Liciitfoot. Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. A Flower, showing the Calyx, the Petals, and the Stamens. — Fig. 3. The Stamens and Pistils. — Fig. 4. The Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. A Capsule. — Fig. 6. A transverse section of ditto, showing a seed in one of the cells, the other cell being abortive. — Fig. 7. A Seed. — Fig. 8. A vertical section of ditto. — Fig. 9. The Kernel. — Fig. 10. The two Cotyledons. * Abridged from Stajdiylodendron, its name before the days of Linnjeus; derived from staphyle, Gr. a bunch or cluster ; and dendron, Gr. a tree ; the flowers and fruits being disposed in clusters, and the plant being ligneous. Loud. t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note t- A Shrub. — Flowers in June. A smooth, branching shrub, from 6 to 12 feet high, with foli' ge resembling some kind of Ash, and throwing up many suck< rs. Leaves deciduous, opposite, pinnate (winged), composed of 2 or 3 pairs of egg-shaped, pointed, finely serrated leaHets, with an odd one at the extremity ; these frequently vary very much in size, even on the same plant, some being only one inch long, and a quarter of an inch wide, others seven inches long, and two inches and a half wide. Stipulas awl-shaped, membranous, deciduous, two at the base of each general leafstalk, and two smaller at the base of each pair of leaflets. Racemes ( clusters ) from the summit of the young branches, drooping, interrupted, and partly com- pound, many-flowered. Bracleas strap-shaped, membranous, co- loured, deciduous. Floweis bell-shaped, drooping, of a white or a pale yellowish colour, without scent. Petals oblong, blunt, narrower than the segments of the calyx. Styles 2, rarely 3. Cap- sides 2, seldom 3, so joined together as to appear but one mem- branous, inflated, obliquely pointed, rather large, 2- or 3-celled fruit, one cell of which is generally abortive, the other with one seed. Seed large, somewhat globose, bony, very smooth, pale brown, appearing as if varnished, contracted towards the base, and ending in an oblique point ; but there truncate as it were, and marked with a wide umbilical scar. The Bladder-nut is a native of several parts of Europe, and is common in the shrubberies of most gardens in England, where it is cultivated more for the sake of its peculiar and bladder-like fruit, than for its beauty. The wood is hard, of a yellowish-white, and close grained ; but it is seldom found of a sufficient size to be applied to any useful purpose. The flowers contain a great deal of honey, and are very attractive to bees. The bony, polished seeds, are strung as beads by the Roman Catholics in some countries. — Haller says, that the kernels taste like those of the Pistaeia, and are eaten by children in Germany. When chewed, as Gerard e observes, they at first taste sweet, but the sweetuess is succeeded by nausea. The small order Staphylea'ce.e, of which the present plant is the only British example, is composed of dicotyledonous shrubs, whose leaves are opposite, pinnate, and furnished with both com- mon and partial stipulae. The flowers are produced in terminal, stalked racemes. The calyx (fig. 1.) consists of 5 coloured sepals, which are connected at the base. The corolla (see fig. 2.) is com- posed of 5 petals, which are alternate with the sepals, and, like them, imbricated previous to their expansion. The stamens (see fig. 3.) are 5 in number ; they are alternate with the petals, and situated either on the edge of the disk, or upon its upper surface (perigynous) . The dish is large and urceolate. The ovary ( germcnj (see fig. 4.) is superior, 2- or 3-celled ; the ovules upright; and the styles, which arc 2 or 3 in number (see fig. 4), cohere at the base. The fruit (fig. 5.) is membranous or fleshy, either indehiscent or opening internally, and often deformed by the abortion of some of its parts. The seeds (fig. 7.) are ascending, loundish, with a bony testa; a large, truncate hilum; no albumen; and thick, fleshy cotyledons (fig. 10). See Lindl. Syn. and Introd. to Nat. Syst. . bin. i|V« ji vi|uA,i ' . 1 . . m CMnlim.7Ml.lfSc. Butffy TV. Baxter SotaW Gtricrc Oifiri.lftib . (199.) S AGI'N A* *. Linnean Class and Order. T ktra'nduia "(■ Tetragy'nia. Natural Order. Cauyophy/lle>e+, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 299 — Sm. Grain, of Bof. p. 159. — Linc'l. Syn. p. 43. ; Introd. to Nat. i>yst. of Bot. p. 156. — Rich. by Macgill. p. 507. — Loud. Ilort. Brit. p. 501. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 379. — Rosales; subord. Rh€. JW^i/rtlljc . Af.t'fsctl, dll? (*20*2.) TRICHONE'JVI A*. Linnean Class and Order. TuiA^nRiAf, Monocv'nia. Natural Order. I ri'deas +, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 254 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 260. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 40$. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 537. — Irides,Juss. Gen. PI. p. 57. — Sm.Gram. of Bot p. 76. — Evsatje, Linn. — Ker, in Annals of Botany, vol. i. p. 219. — Musales ; sect. Narcissinai: ; type, Iridaceas ; subty. Crocid/E ; Burn. Outl of Bot. v. i. pp. 437, 441, 450, & 451. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1 .a & b.) an inferior spatha or shealh§ , more than half the length of the corolla, of 2 spear-shaped, entire, permanent valves. Corolla ( Perianthium ||^ (fig. 2.) superior, tube very short, funnel-shaped ; limb regular, in 6, deep, equal segments, somewhat spreading. Filaments (figs. 3 & 4, a. a.) 3, from the mouth of the tube, upright, much shorter than the limb, minutely hairy. Anthers (figs. 3 & 4, b. b.) large, oblong, converging. Style (fig. 3, c.) longer than the stamens. Stigmas (fig. 3, d.) 3, equal, spreading, very slender, deeply cloven. Capsule (fig. 5.) roundish, 3-celled, and 3-valved. Seeds (fig. 6.) globose. The coralla of 6, deep, equal segments, the tube shorter than the limb; the downy filaments ; and the very slender, deeply di- vided stigmas ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. TRICHONE'M.V BULBOCO'DIUM. Channel-leaved Tricho- nema. Small Wild-saffron. Spec. Char. Leaves linear-filiform, longer than the scapes. Spatha longer than the tube, segments of the limb acute, striated. Krr, in Annals of Itoiany, v. i. p. 223. — Alton’s Hoitus Kewensis, (2nd ed.) y . i. p. 83. — Sm. Eng. FI. v. i. p. '18. — Spreng. Syst. Veg. v. i. p. 149. — Lindl. Syn. p.255. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 18. — Trichonema parvifiorum, Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 195. — Ixia Bulbocodium, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 51 . — Engl. Bot. t.2549. — Jacq. Icon. liar. v. ii. t. 271. — Redout. Liliac. t. 88. — Sibth. FI. Graeca, v. i. p. 26. t. 36. — Crocus vernus, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 152. f. 1,2. Localities. — In dry hilly situations ; very rare. — “ It grows wild, in great abundance, among turf, in a dry sandy soil, on the warren (a sandy tract) be- tween Dawlish and Lxmouth, Devonshire. The exact spot is on the left of the old road from Exeter to Dawlish, before you ascend the hill to Mount Pleasant, and almost in front of the small cottages there; it extends, at intervals, to the ferry. My fiiend, W.G. Trevelyan, F.sq. of VVallington, Northumberland, and myself, found it there, on March 24, 1834, in full flower; its ribbed corolla, of a purplish blue colour, is strikingly beautiful. It has never before been found wild in England:” John Miifohd, Esq. in Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. vii. p.272. — H. B a it n r.r r , Esq has observed it in the same place since. — On grassy hillocks in the island of Guernsey: Mr. Gosselin, in Engl. Botany. Perennial. — Flowers in March and April. Root solid, somewhat egg-shaped, small, with torn membranous coats. Leaves several, from 3 to 6 inches long, thread-shaped. Fig. 1 . The Sphatha, a the outer valve ; b. the inner ditto. — Fig. 2. The Co- rolla.— Fig. 3. The Stamens and Pistil ; a. the filaments; b. the anther; c. the style , and ft. the stigmas.— Fig. 4. A separate Stamen ; n. the filament ; b. the anther. — Fig. 5. The opened Capsule. — Fig. 6. A Seed. * From thrix, Gr. a hair ; and nema, Gr. a filament. t See f. 56, n. f. 1 See f. 82, a. $ Sec f. 83, n. ;. || See f. 33, n. {. pointed, striated, and slightly furrowed on the upper side, sheathing at the base. Flower- stalks curved, shorter than the leaves, simple or branched, sometimes leafy. Sphatha of 2 valves, the outer one (fig. 1, a.) upright, green, and longer than the tube of the corolla ; inner one (fig. 1, b.) rather shorter, of a lightish brown colour, membranous. Corolla of a purplish blue colour, ribbed, yellowish at the base, varying to white or yellow. Stamens (fig. 3.) yellow. Germen green. Style and Stigma (fig. 3, c. & d.) pale yellow. Capsule (fig. 5.) smooth and ash-coloured. Seeds (fig. 6.) shining, brownish. This very pretty little plant is subject to much variation in its size, as well as in the colour of its blossom. Sir J. E. Smith in- forms us, in his Tour on the Continent, v. ii. p. 283, that the little green hillocks around the famous fountain of Egeria, near Rome, are studded with endless varieties of the I'xia f Trichonema) Bul- bocodium, with purple, yellow, or small white flowers. There are several specimens of it preserved in the Sherakdian Herbarium, in the Oxford Garden, some of which are only 2 inches high, mea- suring from the base of the bulb ; and there are others which measure as much as 9 inches. Specimens of the same Trichonema, collected many years ago in Asia by Dr. W. Sherard ; and others, more recently collected in the same country, by Dr. J. Sibthorp, are preserved in Du Bois’, and in the Sibthorpian Herbariums, both in the Library of the Oxford Botanic Garden. There is also, in the Sherardian Herbarium , a specimen, of what is there con- sidered a variety of Trichonema Bulbocodium, with a much larger flower, but there is no notice from whence it was obtained ; it is probably the same variety to that figured in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, t. 265, and which is there said to be a native of Spain and Italy. This is considered by Mr. Ker ( Annals of Botany, v. ii. p.223) specifically distinct. The plants from which the drawing for the accompanying plate was made, were kindly communicated to the Oxford Garden by the Rev. A . BLOxAM.in 1835. “ The greatest pleasure the mind is capable of in this life,” says Feltiiam, “ is in the Contemplation of God and Nature, the sweetness of Philoso- phy, and the discourse of Reason.” And it is justly observed by Mr. Edwin Lees, that “ Man seeks his truest happiness in directing his attention to the works of God. The objects of ambition,” says this pleasing writer, “ a breath may destroy ; but the pleasures of the Naturalist are ever pure and bright as the source from which they emanate, and incapable of decay. His are unalloyed pleasures, where no care intrudes, which no revolution can endanger, and no reverse of fortune destroy ‘ The storm that wrecks the winter sky. No more disturbs his calm repose, Than summer evening’s latest sigh That shuts the rose.’ The turmoil of the world may lose its power to please, and the aerial castles formed by ardent hope may vanish away ; but the beauties of vegetation, and the varied face of Nature, will still impart a perennial charm, of which none can deprive us * See “ The Affinities of Plants with Man and Animals, their analogies and associations; A Lecture, delivered before the Worcestershire Natural History Society, Nov. 26, 1833, by Edwin Lees, Member of the Entom. Soc. of London, &c. 8vo. pp. 122. London: published by W. Edwards. 1834.” I have derived much pleasure and satisfaction from the perusal of this very de- lightful little work ; it is, indeed, impossible to open a single page without meet- ing with something to amuse, and something to instruct. (203.) SPARTI'NA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndri A f, Dic.y'nia. Natural Order. Grami'neal Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p 68.; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p.293.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.393. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.542. — Gramina, Linn. — Graminales ; sect. Triti- cina:; tvpe, Spartinace/e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359, 362, & 366. Gen. Ciiar. Spike compound. Spikelets 1-flowered, 1-sided, in 2 rows, pressed close to the rachis. Calyx (fig. 1.) single- fiowered, of 2 opposite, unequal, compressed, spear-shaped, keeled, clasping glumes (valves), the outer one sometimes smallest, narrow and pointless ; sometimes largest, with a rough, straight, terminal awn ; inner cloven at the summit, with more or less of an inter- mediate tooth, or point. Corolla (fig. 2.) about the length and shape of the calyx, of 2 compressed, spear-shaped, rather unequal, bluntish, clasping, awnless palese (valves). Nectary none. Fila- ments (fig. 2, a.) 3, hair-like. Anthers (fig. 2, b .) upright, strap- shaped, entire at the top, cloven at the base. Germen (see fig. 3.) elliptic-spear-shaped. Styles (see fig. 3.) combined at the base, separate at the top. Stigmas (fig. 2, c.) feathery, slender, various in length. Seed oblong, compressed, clothed with the unaltered corolla, but quite loose. The compound spike; the unilateral (1 -sided), 1-flowered spike- lets, in 2 rows, pressed close to the rachis ; the calyx of 2 opposite, spear-shaped, compressed, unequal, pointed glumes; the corolla of 2, compressed, rather unequal, spear-shaped palece ; and the styles united halfway up; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. The 1-flowered spikelets will distinguish it from Dactylis (see t. 108), a genus under which it was included by Linnaeus, and most Botanists. One species British. SPARTI'NA STRI'CTA. Twin-spiked Cord-grass. Smooth Sea-grass. Sea Cock’s-foot-grass. Spec. Char. Spikes 2 or 3, erect, with very smooth stalks. Outer glumes of the calyx smallest. Annals of Bot. v. i. p.297.— Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 135. — With. (7th ed.) v.ii. p. 176. PI. 27.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 144.— Lindl. Syn. p.298.— Hook. Brit, hi. p.57 .—Dactylis stricta. Engl. Bot. t. 880.— Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t. 63 — Ait. Hort. Kew. (1st ed.) v.i. p. 104.— Willd. Sp. P). v. i. p. 407.— Ait. Hort. Kew. (2nd ed.) v.i. p. 160.-Sm. FI. Biit. v. i. p. 110.— With (5ih ed.) v. ii. p. 197. PI. 27 .—Dactylis cynosuroides, Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 43.— With. (2nd ed.) v. i. p.93. not ot Linnaus. — Limnetis pungens, Pers. Syn. v. i. p. 72. — Host’s Gram. Austriac. v. iv. p. 38. t. 66 .—Spartum Essexianum, spica gemina clausa, Dill, in Ray’s Syn. p.393. Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Corolla; a. Filament; b. an Anther; c. a Stigma.— hig. 3. Germen and Pistils. — hig.4. Top of a Sheath, showing the fringed sti- pula- — All a little magnified. * From Spartum, a kind of broom or hard-grass, used by the ancients for economical purposes. Witheuing. Or, from the Spanish Esparto, some of the species, with various other tough grasses, being used by the Spaniards for making ropes. Burnett. t See Phalaris canariensis, f. 56, n. f. Localities. — In muddy salt-marshes, on tlie East and South-east coasts of England. — Essex; At Crixey Ferry: Merrett. In marshes on the liver NVallfleet, near Fambridge Ferry in Oengey Hundred: Mr. Buddie. — Hants; Between Southampton and Millbrook: N. J. Winch, Esq. On the banks of the Southampton river by high water mark, in great plenty: Sir J. Banks. Near Southampton : 1836, Mr. T. W. Weaver. — Kent; About the mouths of rivers, and plentiful in Sheppy Isle : Enyl. FI. Near the mouth of Faversham Creek: J. Sherard, Esq. and Cql. Velley. — Suffolk; At Aldborough, abundantly, about the Quay, and along the river-side and salt ditches, also about the Light-houses, and more sparingly N. of tire town in the mere: Rev. G. Crabbe. It covers acres, and forms the whole crop about Aldborough, and Orford: Mr. Woodward. — Sussex; Local in West Sussex : il$v. G. E. Smith, in New Bot. Guide. Perennial. — Flowers from July to September. Root creeping, with strong fibres. Culms ( stems ) from 6 in- ches to a foot or more high, upright, round, smooth, jointed, sim- ple, leafy. Leaves several, straight, spreading, smooth, striated, stiff, taper-pointed, of a dull green, their edges rolled in when dry. Sheaths striated, smooth, very long, investing each other far above their respective knots, and concealing the culm to within an inch or two of the top. Stipula (ligula) (see fig. 4.) short and jagged. Spihes 2, sometimes 3, as in the specimen now before me, 3 or 4 in- ches long, and rising just above the short uppermost leaf, upright, straight, close together. Common-stalk (rachisj simple, angular, a little zigzag, with a linear hollow to receive each spikelet, but not jointed. Spikelets 1-flowered, imbricated, in 2 rows, lateral, spear- shaped. Glumes unequal, more or less downy or silky, outer narrow, and pointed ; inner much broader and longer ; somewhat membranous, with a slightly hispid keel, cloven at the top, with a short intermediate point. Palece ( valves of the corolla] less downy than the glumes of the calyx, pointed, entire, and finely striated. Nectary none. Anthers projecting. Germen spear-shaped. Styles united at the bottom. Stigmas feathery, slender, prominent. Seed oblong, compressed. The whole plant is hard, tough and rigid, and often of a dark reddish, or blackish hue, by which patches of it may frequently be distinguished at a considerable distance. Its rariety makes it an interesting plant to the Botanist; but to the Agriculturist it is of no estimation. It appears that Linnaeus confounded this species with his Dactylis (Spartina ) cynosuroides, a native of America, and a very different grass from this, growing to a much greater size, and, in a cultivated state, attaining to the height of five feet, or more ; and bearing a large panicle of numerous spikes, whose flowers are much more crowded than in Spartina stricta. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. T. W. Weaver, gardener to the Rev. the Warden of Winchester College, for the specimen from which the drawing for the annexed plate was made ; and also for plants of Salicornia herbdcea ; Poa procumhens ; Poa mar'itima; Clienopddium maritimum ; Stdtice limdnium, (t. 183) ; and Aster tripolium ; all, I believe, collected by him in the vicinity of Southampton, about July last. ZOl 0 <• CMMmiSc (* *204.) MYOSU'RUS* Linnean Class and Order. Pe.nta'ndria f, Polygy'nia. Natural Order. Ranuncula'ce^J, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. 1 36. — Lindl. Svn. p. 7. ; Inttod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 2. — Rosales ; sect. Ranunculinte ; subsect. Ranunculiana: ; type, Ranuncula- CR.fi ; subtype, Ranunculete ; Burn. Outl* of Bot. pp. 614, 828, 832, 837, & 839. — Multisiliqile, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1, a. & fig. 2.) of 5, spear-shaped, concave, coloured, spreading, deciduous sepals, spurred at the base below their point of insertion (fig. 2). Corolla of 5 very small petals (fig. 1, 6. & fig. 3.), shorter than the calyx, with a filiform tubular claw, bearing honey at the base. Filaments (fig. 4.) 5, or more, strap-shaped, as long as the calyx. Anthers terminal, up- right, of 2 strap-shaped, parallel cells. Germens (fig. 1, d.) very numerous, egg-shaped, seated on a long, tapering, upright recep- tacle. Style none. Stigmas solitary, minute. Capsules (seeds of most authors,/ (figs. 6, 7, & 8.) indehiscent, triquetrous, 1 -seeded, very much crowded, on a very long, columnar, pointed receptacle. The calyx of 5 sepals, prolonged at the base ; the corolla of 5 petals, with tubular, honey-bearing claws ; and the 1 -seeded, in- dehiscent capsules, collected upon a very long columnar receptacle ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. MYOSU'RUS MFNIMUS. Least Mouse-tail. Spec. Char. Scape nearly equal in length with the leaves, or longer ; appendages of the calyx somewhat leafy. Engl. Bot. t.435 — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 251. Curt. Brit. F.ntom. t. 437. — Linn. Spec PI. p.407. — Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 136. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.348. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 125. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 413. — Lindl. Syn. p. 10. — Ilook. Brit. FI. p. 149. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 176. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 107. — Abb. FI. Bejlf. p. 72. — Purt. Mid. FI. v. i. p. 167. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 134. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.98. — FI. Devon, pp. 57 & 194. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p.20. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 21. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 25. — W alk. FI. of Oxf. p. 90. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Seleetae, p. 28. — Myosiirus Europec'a , Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.723. — Myosu - ros, Ray’s Syn. p. 251. — Holosteo affinis, Cauda muris, Sibbald’s Scotia II- lustrata, p. 30.— Cauda muris, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 426. Localities. — In corn-fields, on a sandy or gravelly soil. Not common. — Oxfordsh. Magdalen Water Walks, near the meadow gate. Southleigh, and North Aston : Dr. SiBiHonr. In a field on the left hand side of the road going from Bayswater to Stanton St.John: W. B. — Berkshire. In gravelly soils, common: Dr. Noeheden. Cookham : W. Hurst, in New Bot. Guide. Cornfields near Windsor: Rev. H. Davies. — Beds ; Biddenham, Fenlake, and Caldwell. — Bucks; Near Slough: Mr. Gotobed. — Cambridgesh. Stourbridge Fair Green ; Oakington, in a lane leading from the village to the Huntingdon Fig. 1. A Flower, a . one of the 5 sepals; b. one of the petals; c. a stamen ; rf. the germens and receptacle.— F’ig. 2. A Sepal. — Fig. 3. A Petal. — Fig. 4. A Stamen. — Fig. 5. The elongated Receptacle, bearing the ripe Capsules. — Fig. 6. A separate Capsule. — Figs. 7 & 8. Ditto. — All, except figs. 5 & 6, more or less magnified. * From mas, muos, Gr. a mouse ; and oura, Gr. a tail; from the elon- gated receptacle of germens or seed-vessels. Hooker. f See Ancftusa sempervirens, f. 48, n. t- f See Clematis ritalba, f. 129, a. Hoad; HasenfielJ, in the road leading (o Cambridge, near tbe village, plenti- fully; Eversden : Itev. 1!. Reihan . — Cheshire; Lane near Poullon : N.B.G. —Derbysh. Cornfields near Derby: Mr. Whatrly.— Devon; Cliffs near Ex- mouth : Rev. J. Jervis. — Dorset ; Ou thatched houses ; inold gravel pits; and among the corn, but not very common; Langton fields near Blandford : Dr. Polyene v.— Durham; In fields near Dailington: Mr. Brunton.— Essex ; About Walthamstow: Mr. E. Forster, jun. Near Chelmsford: J. G. in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iv p. 446 In the road between Woodford and Chmgfocd Hatch: Warner. Ou Warley Common : FI. Metrop.— Hants ; About Stub- bington : Rev. S. Palmer, in M. N. H. v. ii. p. ilQ.—Herefordsh. In the Northern parts: Duncumd .—Herts; Plentiful on the Hyde near Edmonton fields by the Rib near Hertford : Mr. J . Woons, jun.— Kent ; Cornfields on tbe green sand; Cheriton ; Coolinge, &c. : Rev. G. E. Smith. Plentiful in fields about Winghatn and Canterbury : L. W. Dii.lwyn, Esq. Cliffs between North- fleet and Gravesend: FI. Metrop.— Leicestersh. Fishpool Close, and Tut hill Field, near Loughborough: Dr. Pultenf.y.— Middlesex ; Meadows behind the chapel, and in a lane that goes from Copenhagen House to Kentish Town ; Mary Bone Paik: Martyn. About Islington : Blackstone. Paddington and Pancras : Curtis. At Edmonton : Mr. J. Woods, jun.— Norfolk ; Fields at Ormesby : Mr. Stone. Lakenham : Mr. Crowe. Earsham : Mr. Woodward. A weed in gardens about Yarmouth: Mr. Wigg. Fields at Boughton near Stoke : D. Turner , Esq. Plentiful in one field, and road-side adjoining in Wimbolsham, towards Bexwell and Crimplesham : cornfields at Runcton Holme: Miss Bru, in N. B. G. — Northamptonsh. Gardens and fields at Thorp Malsor: Morton. — 'Northumberland ; On St. Anthon's Ballast Hills : N. J. Winch, Esq. On the Cowhill, Newcastle Town Moor : Mr. R. B. Bcuv- mann. — Notts; Between Radford and Woollaton Paik: Dr. Medley. — Suffolk; Fields at Blundeston: Mr. Wicc. Parham, in a wet meadow under trees: Rev. G. Crarbe. — Surrey j On Weston Green, a little on this side El- tham, abundantly : Mr. .1. Shlrard. Among the corn on Epsom Downs: Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. Fields about Dulwich, especially on the light hand of Lordship-lane near Dulwich Wood : Curtis. On Wimbleton, and Slreatham Common : FI. Metrop. — Sussex ; Cornfields on the coast, from l’ortslade to the western extremity of the county: W. Borrer, Esq. At Hurstpierpoinl : N. B. G — Warivicksh. Chelmsley Wood near Colesh ill : B. G. Coleshill i Rev. W. T. Bree. Alne Hills, and at Studley in a field by the church: T. Purton, Esq. In a field near the Cross, between Norton Lindsey and War- wick : Mr. W. G. Perry. — Worcestersh. Malvern Chace : Mr. E. Lees, in Illust. — Yorksh. Fields south-east of Welburn : Teesdale. Near York: Dr. White. — SCOTLAND. In cornfields, of a gravelly soil: Sireald. Annual. — Flowers in May and June. Root small, fibrous. Leaves numerous, all radical, nearly up- right, from 1 to 3 inches long, strap-shaped, narrow, entire, single- ribbed, broadest at the top, blunt, rather fleshy, smooth, (sometimes hairy, Huds.) tapering at the base into footstalks nearly of their own length. Scapes ( flower stalks ) several, shorter or longer than the leaves, and rising from the same root, round, each bearing a small upright flower. Sepals (fig. 2.) oblong, concave, herbaceous, spreading, their claws lengthened out below their point of inser- tion, pressed to the flowerstalk, and tapering to a point. Petals (fig. 3.) very small, shorter than the sepals, of a pale yellowish colour. Stamens usually 5, but sometimes more, about as long as the sepals. Capsules /'seeds, Linn.y (fig. 7 & 8.) numerous, Sir J. E. Smith says 2 or 3 hundred, 3-sided, very much crowded ; these are seated on a receptacle, which, at first, is short and oblong, as at fig. 1, d ; but, as the seed becomes ripe, it gradually lengthens out, till it forms, with the ripe capsules, a cylindrical spike, from 1 to 3 inches long, as at fig 5, and which then bears a very great resemblance to the tail of a mouse. Plant acrid. The tubular elongated claws of the petals keep it distinct from Ranunculus, a genus to which it is very closely allied. I am indebted to the kindness of Herbert Giraud, Esq. of Faversham, Kent, for an excellent drawing of this curious little plant, from which the accompany- ing plate has been engraved. 20J mdii. 7 O' j it1' &zsm/iu?7i 7/ / jPu i?Jr fZBwcfa; JZohtmc £art?rn Qx/er£l$5$ CAfatA sn.Sc. (‘205.) PHYTEU'MA * * Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Campanula'ce^e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 163. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 117. — Lindl. Syn. p. 135. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 185. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 453. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 522. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 731. — Campa- na'ceae, Linn. — Syringales ; subord. EricoSjE ; sect. Cam- panulinjE; type, Campanulacea>; subtype, Campanuuda:, Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 937, 938, 941, & 942. Gem. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) superior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, rather spreading, permanent segments. Corolla (see fig. 3.) of 1 petal, wheel-shaped, with a very short tube, and 5 long, strap- shaped, recurved segments (see fig. 3, b. and fig. 4). Filaments (see figs. 5 & 6.) 5, thread-shaped, dilated at the base (see fig. 6.), scarcely attached to the corolla, and shorter than its segments, with which they are alternate. Anthers oblong, free ; pollen violaceous or reddish. Germen inferior, angular. Style (see figs. 3 & 5) cy- lindrical, curved, longer than the stamens. Stigma in 2 or 3 spreading segments. Capsule (figs. 8 & 9.) roundish, of 2 or 3 cells, with strong ribs ; opening laterally by 2 or 3 valves at the base or middle part. Seeds (figs. 10 & 11.) numerous, small, roundish, sometimes a little compressed, usually shining. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the wheel-shaped corolla, with 5 long strap-shaped segments ; the 2- or 3-parted stigma ; and the 2- or 3-celled capsule, opening at the sides. Two species British. PHYTEU'MA ORBICULA'RE. Round-headed Rampion. Horned Rampion. Spec. Char. Head of flowers roundish. Radical leaves pe- tiolate, somewhat heart-shaped, or elliptic-spear-shaped, crenated. Step leaves sessile, strap-spear-shaped. Bracteas egg-shaped, acute, entire. Engl. Bot. t. 142. — Jacq. FI. Austr. t. 437. — Loddiges’ Botanical Cabinet, t. 122. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 55. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.242. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 97. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 240. Engl. FI. v. i. p.295. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 306. — Gray’s Nat. Ar. v. ii. p. 41 1. — Lind. Syn. p.135. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 100. — Aiton’s Hort. Kew. (1st ed.) v. i. p. 226. Ail. Hort. Kew. (2nd ed.) v. i. p. 354. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii.p. 747 .—Phyteuma cordata, Sims. Bot. Mag. t. 1466. — Rapunculus orbicularis, Scop. FI. Carniol. (2nd ed.) v. i, p. 150. — Rapunculus corniculatus montanus, Hay’s Syn. p. 278.— Johnson’s Gerarde^p. 455. — Rapunculus folio oblongo, spica orbiculari, Blackst. Spec. Localities. — In pastures, and by road-sides, in a chalky soil, but very rare. — Hampshire ; On the Downs in many places : Ray, 1690; and Mr. W. Pamp- lin, jun. 1833. On the chalky hills by Maple Durham : Merrett, 1666. Fig. 1. Calyx and Bractea. — Fig. 2. Bractea, Calyx, and unexpanded Co- rolla.— Fig. 3. A separate Flower ; a.thecalyx; b. the corolla ; c. the stamens ; d, the pistil. — Fig. 4. A Petal.— Fig. 5. The Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 6. A single Stamen. — Fig. 7. The Head of Capsules. — Figs. 8 & 9. Separate Cap- sules.—Figs. 10 & 11. Seeds. — Figs. 9 & 11 magnified. * A name adopted by Diosoorides. f Sec Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note f. Meonstoke : Dr. Pui.teney. With white flowers about Buriton.: Dr. Pul- tf.ney. — Kent; Bacon Hill: Black stone. — Middlesex; Between Kingsbury and Harrow ; and between Harrow and Pinner: Dt.Martyn. — Surrey ; Chalky pastures near Leatherhead, Croydon, and other parts of the county, plentifully : Hudson, 1778. Near Leatherhead: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. 1833. About chalk-pits near Dorking, and in fields near Leatherhead : N. J. Winch, Esq. On a high bank just before you reach M ickleham, on the left. About Coulsdon ; Box Hill: FI. Metro]). — On Epsom Downs; and near Chipstead: Mr. E. Forster, jun. Towards Hedley ; and near Cheam : Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. Old chalk-pits near Ashstead : Mr. W. Pampein, jun. — Mr. Pamplin informs me, that it has become scarce in this locality ; that when he botanized that place in 1833, he could find but a single specimen. — Sussex; On the Downs: Ray, 1690. Near Eastbourne : W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. in Keiv Bot. Guide. — About Brighton : Sir T. G. Cullum. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root long and woody, branching near the crown into several divisions, each bearing a tuft of petiolated, smooth, veiny, crenated leaves ; the earliest heart-shaped ; the next egg-spear-shaped. Stems solitary, upright, from 6 inches to a foot or more high, sim- ple, somewhat angular, smooth, leafy. Leaves on the lower part of the stem egg-spear-shaped, crenated, and, like the radical ones, on long petioles ; those on the upper part egg-shaped or spear- shaped, sessile and fringed at the base. Flowers of a most beautiful brilliant blue, numerous, inodorous, sessile, forming a round head, accompanied by several close, egg-spear-sbaped, leafy bracteas (see figs. 1 & 2). Corolla divided to the base into 5 strap-shaped, spreading segments (see fig. 3), which, in the bud, cohere together, forming a curved horn, and separating first at their lower part (see fig. 2). As the capsules ripen, the head (fig. 7.) becomes oval, and the parts of the flower , after lasting long in a faded state, are finally deciduous, except the fringed calyx, which is permanent ; and, when the seed is ripe, spreads in a stellated manner. — The whole herb is milky, but not acrid. The drawing for the accompanying plate was made from a plant kindly pre- sented to me by my much esteemed friend, Mr. John Smith, Tailor, of Beau- mont Buildings, Oxford. Mr. Smith is an ardent lover of flowers, and his garden, which is only a few yards square, contains a great number of rare and curious hardy plants, chiefly those of small growth, all in an excellent state of cultivation. The Campanula'ceje are dicotyledonous herbaceous plants or under shrubs, yielding a white milky juice. Their leaves are without stipules, and are almost always alternate, simple, usually toothed or crenated ; the radical ones often different from the cauline ones. Their /lowers are single, racemose, panicled, spicate or glomerate, usually blue or white, very rarely yellow. The calyx is superior, and permanent ; usually of 5, but sometimes of from 3 to 8, lobes. The corolla is mouopetalous, regular, deciduous, or permanent, 5, or sometimes 3- to 8-lobed, rarely of 5 petals with broad connivent claws. The stamens are definite, and, like the corolla, inserted in the margin of the disc of the ovary, and combined with it, distinct from the corolla, but equal in number to its segments, and alternating with them. The anthers are 2-celled, distinct, with round pollen. The ovary is inferior, with 2 or more many-seeded cells; a simple style ; and a stigma which is either simple, or of as many lobes as there are cells to the ovary. The fruit is a dry, many-seeded capsule, crowned by the withered calyx and corolla, and opening by lateral irregular apertures, or by valves at the apex, always loculicidal. The seeds are numerous, small, and attached to a placenta in the axis. The albumen is fleshy • the embryo slender, and straight, with opposite, egg-shaped or roundish, small, foliaceous cotyledons. All the plants of this family are pretty, and some of them are highly orna- mental. The roots of Campanula Rapunculus are used as a vegetable, under the name of Rampion. u. ' . win’-' wihu- ns * mw r.» . ? 1£1' • E ••:.y i 3,3 'j'AAll'f. 4N«U«4-lA-t$ -liH IIOJ-I ' -. - Y-" *'!)) > ’ .*ri mM.itl . -ini'! bni. '■’mif.W n-wyw* S> < A f> I J" I tlfvih .€' " 111 // iM . ‘.'t/flf oj ’ll , ' ,8 f ■pi- ' .! /! ''«>.( iMdlMii I#K. 'iii-’J nil’ i\[ / 'IT X, i 0 !i n>y .> • ml/ OiL-ifi cro.miirf.'i fioUt riant a -tui-I •<•■■ . > JVj ' »/! r a hi>« •<. m. i i ' * ■ n i. ‘ ' - • . ■ ■’ I n.'’ K ’ . > ll/ —.OUT f'llU*! /. i/i 1 Til. , •• , #a#t« •> Mali ■ 1 . ■■ -f ti . • . . 1iibdk-~.li at) .Xjfi. ViJi’A 01 ,ITA /JJ OJ T W : 9ftTU* T.t, /, .III ! JnufjvA line yJi i l ni urowd'l — >•»*! ? - oim nv/oio jrli iB9o gnrdonmd ,vboo.v ha id V r,\ ..b'T .b^m n> loot s of pedant d moil ,Tdgnfq |t*»oo fKoihbi odi -.-H .bit;- yb't" •.••’•.* 1>‘>< ■ • . v i ) ,i bfiMOi r, gn unot .oiiapM* teuKi"iobom , iiot uirny.tijld tmwlimj jfcxffid«-q8aj< 6 0iiv oafid grit of b'Jimb iAVt-cA .(S' A I ,a^n «*• vi01 Oftsdoo Jm >d niit at ,fbnlw ,1.6. grt aae) ». gnibBOiqn o* Jiccj lewd uadi l« in ft gitifMJHjsis ‘at1. ,moil bfwmio 6 girrmol i ik Jer/o efiin>Xtffd (S .gft) brsid odj ,naq'i % ,\» <^00 r.-rb aA . 2 ,gd yi.i.'iftm. JbjV ; jbcl jMii ,uolgo«f'< 1 idL n-ar oil ii'H» ; tf.’ viBinrsq ai and// K-grift oilj tqoox . ' 'to m ibP1 . u< ( .iW i baw? * •* 1. .an vm r1 | 1 t« mi tirt I. fi ,«i»woft Ju lavol 109018 oa *1 at/i- A ,'tl'fl L10UU an ^m/lt inoai , '!•) OJtn U..-Vnr:t3 I.X m lift all .r. -i .•;«•!> ik; .M 10 0 if H' II , • Kto i iflMn'i a/J •) > . I wn i . Vv'a.. W-SMtof . •uiii^.U'imuu’ loljXT*. U. • 'll., 51 •-!' y aitli ’>!<' 1 1 xtr (IWI*' f'j’1 , , :ItUB «>i» :ldl . ufRii' • -.*il 11 - ic lHca • . <*« 'i*. C1V4 * .Xjw • > 1e. • , >n*m noiainoft. *0 JW0OO j tit 2>0() DL7U 7" 7"t ft ill .del. c ■f/i/t/ ' ure rt . 2* . Betonic Gardcn.C’rfrrd . IHAfi , J.U.Jc. (206.) CINERARIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. SvNGENF.'siAf, Polyga'mia, Su- pe'rflua^. Natural Order. Compo7siTvE§, Linn. — Compo'sit.® ; tribe, Corymbi,fera3||, Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 & 199. — CoMPo'siTiE; subord. Jacobe'a?, Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Synanthe're.e ; tribe, Corymbi7- fera;, Rich, by Macgill. pp. 454 & 455. — Corymbi7fera5, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 177 & 180. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123. Engl FI. v. iii. p. 334. — Syringa'les ; type, Astera'ce^e, Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900 & 926. Gex. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx) (fig. 1.) simple, cy- lindrical, of many equal, upright, parallel, permanent scales. Co- rolla compound, radiant ; florets of the disk (fig. 2.) numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal upright segments ; those of the ray (fig. 3.) equal in number to the scales of the involucrum, strap- shaped, elliptic-oblong, toothed at the end. Filaments 5, in the tubular florets only, thread-shaped, short. Jlnthers united into a cylindrical tube, with 5 notches at the summit. Germen (see figs. 2 & 3.) in all the florets fertile, oblong. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigmas 2, spreading, oblong, bluntish. Seed-vessel none, but the unchanged calyx. Seed (fig. 5.) quadran- gular, striated. Pappus ( down) (see fig. 5.) copious, sessile, sim- ple, hair-like, roughish, longer than the seed. Receptacle (fig. 4. 6.) naked, pitted, slightly convex. The simple, cylindrical involucrum, of many equal, upright scales; the naked receptacle; quadrangular fruit; and simple, sessile pappus ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. CINERA'RIA CAMPE'STRIS. Field Flea-wort. Mountain Flea-wort. Cambridge Rag-wort. Spec. Char. Plant woolly. Stem unbranched. Root-leaves elliptical, nearly entire ; those of the stem spear-shaped, small. Flowers simply and imperfectly umbellate, with several spear- shaped bracteas. Hook. FI. Lond. t. 75. — Retz’s Prodromus Flora Scandinavia, (2nd edit.) n. 1027. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. in. p. 2081. — Pers. Svn. PI. v. ii. p. 440. — Ait. Hort. Kew. (2nd ed.) vol. v. p. 74 —Lindl. Syn. p. 147. — Hook Brit. FI. p. 364 — Cineraria integrifolia, Eng. Bot. 1. 152. — Curt. Brit. F.nt. v. iii. 1. 101. — W ith. (1st ed.) v. ii. p. 519. — Sm. FI. Br. v. ii. p. 895. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 444. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 943. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 468. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 255. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 65. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 347. t. 4. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 244. — Cineraria iutegrifdlia 8. pratensis, Linn. Syst. Veg. (14th ed.) p. 764.— Jacq. FI. Aust. v. it. p. 48. t. 180. — Cineraria alpina y, integrifolia, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1243. — Hods. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 370. — Cine- Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. A Floret of the Disk. — Fig. 3. A F'loret of the Ray. — Fig. 4. The Involucrum, the scales of which, fig. a, are reflexed when the seed is ripe ; fig. b, the receptacle ; and fig. c, the seed. — Fig. 5. A Seed with its Pappus, a little magnified. * From cineres, Lat. ashes ; from the grey or ashen colour of the downy or woolly leaves and stem in some species. f See f. 91, n. f. 4 See f. 36, n. J. § See f. 27, a. || See f. 36, a. raria alpina, Relh. FI. Cant. (1st ed.) p. 320. t. 4. — Ait. Hort. Kew. (1st ed.) v. iii. p.222. — Jacobcea Pannnnica folio non laciniato, Ray’s Syn. p. 178.— Jacobcea angustifolia, Johnson’s Gerarde, p.280. Localities. — On chalky downs, or limestone cliffs, rare. — Oxfordshire; Mungewell, on Grime’s Dike ; Burford Downs: Dr. Sibtiiorp. Stokenchurch Hill : 1836, E. F. Witts, Esq. — Berks ; On the Downs near Streatley : May 13, 1819, W.B. In the same place: 1836, VV. Borrer, Esq .—Cambridgeshire ; Gog-magog Hills; Newmarket Heath : Rev. R. Relhan. Devil’s Ditch, New- market : Rev. Professor H enslow. — Dorset ; Top of Hod and Hambledon Hills : Dr. Pulteney. — Gloucestersh Beaumont's Hay, near Slaughter : E. F. Witts, Esq. — Hants; Near Basingstoke, and Andover: Hudson. Belhan, Isle of Wight; and Flower Down near Winton : Dr. Pui.teney. — Herts; Near Tring: Dickson. — Northamptonsh. Wittering Heath: Morton. — Sussex; In several places on the Downs: W. Borrer, Esq. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root fibrous. Stem upright, from 3 to 8 inches or a foot high, simple, woolly, somewhat angular, or furrowed. Root-leaves several, close to the ground, egg-shaped, inversely egg- or elliptic-oblong, tapering at the base, sometimes stalked, obscurely toothed, often entire, somewhat revolute, loosely cottony on the upper surface, more copiously so on the under. Stem-leaves scattered, sessile, or half-stem-clasping, upright, spear-shaped, revolute, entire, woolly. Flowers 3 or 4, (seldom only 1 or 2.) bright yellow, terminating the stem in an imperfect umbel ; their partial stalks with several strap-spear-shaped, pointed, woolly bracteas at their base. Invo- lucrum (calyx) rather woolly; the upper half of its scales pale and somewhat membranous. Florets of the Disk (fig. 2.) numer- ous, prominent ; those of the Ray (fig. 3.) from 10 to 15, about twice as long as the involucrum, nearly oval, blunt, with 3 teeth at the summit. Seeds (fig. 5.) silky. Pappus rough. The whole herb is clothed, more or less, with a shaggy, deciduous, cottony web, which is most dense and permanent on the backs of the leaves ; the plant is also subject to much variation in size, and also in the number of flowers. There are specimens in the Sherardian Herbarium with 1, 2, 3, and 6 flowers on each, and varying in height from 3 to 7 or 8 inches. Cineraria alpina of Allioni’s Flora Pedemontana, v. i. p. 203, t. 38. f. 2 ; C. maritima, integrifolia of Davies’. Welsh Botanology, p. 79 ; is a variety of this, and was found by the Rev. H. Davies, on cliffs near Holyhead, Angle- sea. It is said to be thrice the size of the above, growing from 1 to 2 feet high or more, and producing from 4 to 6 flowers in the umbel. Its radical leaves are sometimes widely toothed. — Cn. C. Babington, Esq. of St. John’s College, Cambridge, found this variety in the greatest plenty on the Gog-magog Hills, on the 8th of June, 1829, growing in the very same place in which the first va- riety is commonly found. Mr. Babington thinks it probable that the moisture of the weather during the Spring of that year had the same effect there which the vicinity of the sea has at Holyhead, namely, that of converting this species from the small state in which it is usually lound into the large and dissimilar plant, called by Mr. Davies Cineraria maritima integrifolia. See Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, vol. v. p. 88, where both varieties are figured. There are specimens, in the SHERARDtAN Herbarium, of what 1 think is a va- riety of Cineraria Campestris, with a stem above 15 inches long, terminated by an umbel of 10 or 12 flowers, and agreeing pretty well with the description of Mr. Davies’ plant, except that it is more woolly than the common one, and not smoother, as Dr. Withering describes it. Cineraria integrifolia of Wile denow is a distinct species, and is said to be a native of Germany and Switzerland. The drawing for the annexed plate was made from a plant which flowered in the Botanic Garden in June last. It was taken up from the Downs at Streatley, in the Spring of the present year (1536), and kindly presented to me by W. Borrer, Esq. t !Srj 2^t?ery7/.ZJ*x?*r Botanic Gar Jen CMa Men 5 jffd.&Sc. (207.) PLANTA'GO* * Linnean Class and Order. TETRA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Plantagi'nea;, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 169. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 194. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 428. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 530. — Plantagines, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 89. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 93. — Syringales ; subord. Primu- los.e; sect. PlantagiNjE ; type, Plantaginace,e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958, 1026, & 1027. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1. & fig. 2, a.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 4 deep, upright, equal or unequal segments, permanent. Corolla (fig. 2, a. and fig. 3.) of 1 petal, tubular, permanent, finally mem- branous; tube swelling; limb in 4 deep, reflexed, egg-shaped, acute segments. Filaments (see fig. 2, c.) 4, inserted into the tube of the corolla, alternate with its segments, hair-like, very long and prominent, at first folded inward, then upright, finally flaccid. Anthers oblong, compressed, of 2 cells, bursting lengthwise. Ger- men (fig. 4.) superior, egg-shaped, of 2, rarely 4, cells. Style (see fig. 4.) vertical, thread-shaped, half as long as the stamens. Stigma hairy, simple. Capsule (fig. 5.) egg-shaped, thin, bursting all round, of 2, rarely 4, cells, with a longitudinal, finally separate re- ceptacle (placenta), bearing the seeds on each side. Seeds either solitary, in pairs, or numerous, oblong, sessile. The monopetalous, inferior corolla, with 4 reflexed segments ; the very long stamens ; and the 2- or 4-celled capsule , bursting all round, will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Five species British. PLANTA'GO MA'JOR. Greater Plantain. Way-bred +. Spec. Char. Leaves broadly egg-shaped, smoothish, mostly on longish footstalks. Scape rounded. Spikes long, cylindrical. Dissepiment of the Capsule plane, each cell many-seeded Engl. Bot. 1. 1558.— Curt. FI. Lend. t. . — Linn Sp. PI. p. 163. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 63. — Sm. FI. Bril. v. i. p. 182. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 213. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 230.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 292. — Lindl. Syn. p. 169. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.67. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 117. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 39. t. 14. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 56. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 30. — Thorn. Family Herbal, p. 86. — Davies' Welsh Bot. p. 15. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 92. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 62. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 53. — Grev. FI. F.din. p. 37. — FI. Devon, pp. 28 & 141. — Johnst. FI. Berw. v. i. p. 37. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 10. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 40. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 42. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 18. FI. Hibernica, pt. i. p. 175. — Plantago latifolia vulgaris, Ray’s Syn. p. 314. — Platago latifolia, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 419. Localities. — In meadows and pastures; on waste ground and by way sides. Common. Perennial. — Flowers from May to August. * Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. A separate Flower; a. calyx ; b. corolla , c. sta- mens; d. Pistil. — Fig. 4. A Corolla. — Fig. 5- Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. A Capsule. — Fig. 6. A Seed. — All, more or less, magnified. — Fig. 7. Var. ij. * From the flatted appearance and form of its leaves, somewhat resembling the sole of the foot. Withering. f See Asperula odorata. fol. 46, note f, t So called from its prevalence on the wayside, seeming as if bred on the road. Prof. Burnett, Root of many long, stout, whitish fibres. Stem none. Leaves numerous, on long, channelled, ribbed stalks (petioles), broadly egg-shaped or oval, with 5, 7, or 9 ribs, and wavy, or variously tooth- ed margins, smooth, somewhat hairy when young. Scapes upright, simple, longer than the leaves, round, more or less hairy, terminated by a very long cylindrical spike of numerous, small flowers, which are imbricated in the bud, but which afterwards become more distant, each accompanied by an oblong bractea, which is pressed close to the calyx. Calyx (fig. 1.) cut almost to the very base into four, in- versely egg-shaped, concave, nearly equal segments, with a broad membranous margin. Corolla (fig. 3.) small, whitish, of one petal, with a 4-parted limb, the segments of which are oval, pointed, re- flexed, and soon becoming withered. Stamens, (see fig. 2, c.) much longer than the corolla. Anthers purplish. Capsule (fig. 5.) mem- branous, small, oval, pointed, 2-celled, with about 5 seeds in each cell. Seeds (fig. 6.) small, brownish, angular. “ t his plant has a peculiar tendency to follow the migrations of man, as if domesticated or sympathetically attached to the human race. Thus, although not purposely conveyed, it has followed our colonists to every part of the world, and has amongst the natives in some of oursettlements been emphatically named ‘ The Englishman’s Foot;’ for, with a strange degree of certainty, wherever it is found there our countrymen have trod.” Prof. Burnett. “ Sheep, goats, and swine eat it; cows and horses refuse it. If the temperate ass, who is contented with the most ordinary weeds, and makes his humble re- past on what the horse and other animals refuse, has a preference for any vege- table, it is the Plantain ; for which he is often seen to neglect every other herb in the pasture. The green leaves are astringent, and are frequently applied to cuts. Bruised and rubbed on the part affected they will reduce the swelling, pain, and inflam- mation occasioned by the bite or sting of insects. The seed is a favourite food of birds.” VV ither ing. Some curious varieties of this species are occasionally met with, namely, Var. /3. P. latifotta minor, Bauh. Hist. v. iii. p. 505. f. 3. — Dill, in Ray’s Syn. p.314. — This is much smaller than the common sort. The leaves are 3-ribbed ; the scape not more than an inch and a half high ; with a spi/ce small in propor- tion. Common in corn-fields in Norfolk and Suffolk : Mr. Woodward. About Shirehampton and Kingsweston, near Bristol: Dr. W tTtr ering. Var. 7. P. latifolia glabra dentata, Petiv. Brit. t. 4. f. 2. Leaves with large teeth towards the base. Var. S. P. pyramidalis, With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 231. Johns. Ger. p. 420. f. 4. Spike leafy. Flower-leaves disposed in a pyramidal form. Var. e. P. Rosea, Johns. Ger. p. 420. f. 4. Spike abortive or composed of leaves which are disposed in a rose-like form. Near Ripton, Huntingdonshire: Mr. Woodward. On Dudley Lime Rocks : Dr. Withering. — Near Oxford: T. Crapi-er. — Near Rugby, Warwickshire, on the road to Brownsover, be- tween the Mill and the Wharf; June 28, 1831: W. H. Baxter.— This and Var. S. often rise from the same root. Var. £. P: major panicula sparsa, Ray’s Syn. p. 314. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 420. f. 6. — Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist, v. iii. p.482. f. 118. — Spike abortive, leafy, branched into a panicle. Near Ripton, Huntingdonshire: Mr. Woodward. — Bedingham, near Bungay, Suffolk : Mr. Stone. Var. i). Scape bearing, in the place of a spike of flowers, a vast number of mi- nute bracteas, disposed in many small, peduncled, compound spikes, each of which arises from the axil of a bractea. The peduncles of the lowest spikes about a quarter of an inch long, the rest gradually shorter as they approach the top, forming, altogether, a kind of pyramidal panicle. See the annexed plate, f. 7; and Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. ix. p.204. This curious variety was found by my daughter Ruth, in a lane about half a mile from Oxford, going from Longmeadow to Iffley, July 26, 1835. A minute parasitical fungus, Erysiphe lamprocarpa, Link, in Willd.Sp. PI- v. vi. pt. i. p. 108, is found on the leaves of this species about Oxford. no • • • ! v .Jr ' » t vx \t V , - ^ -<*** • ; ' - *1*02 ntirl t> yitni iu vamoa ,dJo/M tS ~ Mi i>9 «ftit •' m ,mooa»V£>n. I iivfti' hi ab « mode d: iw ,t*J»oa-£ ,b«iiioq ,Juvo Alum* ,lu '■ * > tuot'ima-m jjiJ w.illu’l v« v idatm^i > i< (iu i:i eiei«iol<»-» 100 Sswoilvi eml !r .iwrwii'ii y to - P*»oil 9/ed nfttnri'oim.) i(io 9 mi 1 ..| 1 a-j*irxt has ««')» ; it jb» »firw; turn •»i ■>!.hn, i( /..I • bna .jtImmw i. im nt> do* tamotao >•« -£' -' ' ” 3>S 1 « tied ! »0lT' lupini: i •«••! . «■..• • .'K»a 9lt 1 .nv'jtdl to |0IM 10 Slid »()l /O IijiIki. . 1 ' )!*m l’BJ30 91B •»(>!.(« Kirfllo , .11, ki «.troi,. ' v *'■ 1 •• tliH -J# t.ifc'X’. q ,in » •«■!( .do* (I >,mi» A ■ *>u': it- ■’ 0*1 ■ (J t .» 4 intt .♦ittl ,# . <\ ,7 .0S> q ittD ,«tdot .ff.r.q fi .V (.bo din M'N .Ml.ifciwtn \ A A \* t ’• f* — - ' »«»' ' • > I OS* ; rjt) .indoi, v ,*v •t;’ ;ll'H .OttJqiM i>ta .fni.vl oJi 4 ml loqmti » icmiJ > * ■}«-•*•'' • -%0iU**lrii M .aCl : hjIki^ unj yulboU ,k> .tuuyy^o,, /, •Jv .I'fHiMwvwl <»l 1**101 oil* 00 ,M -hi-tntW .vtlufH 1>M O'TT 'UTJtAti .11 .W ,0s; snub -,,11 br fi/: I '■ 11 ■ ■ dol .MC.q.m* *‘f*H nUri.t.T.a ao'uiif X V 4,*Ih. t \ iiV^uoia „*n^r>iit 'MiJi-njr. 1 n #, to .. •>» Kitiqf.bauoqillOO ,L*lon«l | y.n.m m .,,4, ., 208 CMalktwy, del £■ Sc Pull hy W^&exitr. (208.) POLYPO'GON* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'nEpE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 68. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lndl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Gramina, Linn. — Gramina'les ; sect. Fes- tucinas; type, Agrostida'ce^e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 359, 369, and 371. Gen. Char. Patrick compact, somewhat spiked. Calyx (fig. l.j single flowered, of 2 nearly equal, folded, keeled glumes (valves), cloven at the summit (see fig. 1, a.) ; each with a terminal, straight, rough awn (see fig. 1, b.) proceeding from the keel. Corolla (f. 3.) of 2 somewhat unequal, egg-shaped, concave paleae, much shorter than the glumes, and inclosed within them ; the outer keeled, ob- tuse, and awned at the very extremity ; the inner smallest, awnless, with 2 ribs, cloven at the summit. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 3, hair- like, about the length of the corolla. Anthers terminal, oblong, cloven at each end. Germen (see fig. 4.) oval. Styles (see fig. 4.) short, distinct. Stigmas (see fig. 4.) feathery. Seeds loose, egg- shaped, polished, covered by the corolla. The contracted panicle ; the single-flowered calyx of 2 nearly equal glumes, larger than the corolla, and awned at the extremity; and the corolla of 2 unequal paleae, the outer terminated by a rough awn ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. POLYPO'GON MONSPELIE'NSIS. Annual Beard-grass. Spec. Char. Awns thrice as long as the rather blunt, rough glumes of the calyx. Root annual. Defontains FI. Atlantica, v. i. p. 67. — Schrader’s FI. Germ. v. i. p. 192.— Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 85. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 152. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 152. — Lindl. Syn. p. 302. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 31. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 5. — Alopecurus monspeliensis, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 89. — With. (5th edit.) v. ii. p. 164. — Alopecurus aristatus, Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 28. — Alopecuros maxima anglica, Ray’s Syn. p.396 .—Phleum crinitum, Slireb. Gram. v. i. p. 151. t. 20. f.3. — Sm. FI. Brit. v.i. p. 71. — Sibth. FI. Graec. v.i. p. 46. t. 62. — Agrostis panicea. Host’s Gram. A ustr. v. iii. p 32. t. 46. — Engl. Bot. 1. 1704. — Ait. Hort. Kevv. 1st. ed. v. i. p. 94. ; 2nd ed. v. i. p. 148. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. p. 363.— Agrostis tri-aristata, Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t. 23. Loca cities. — In moist pastures, near the sea ; rare. — Durham ; On Sunder- land Ballast Hills: N.J. Winch, Esq. — Essex; Ditches on the coast ; at Pur- fleet, over against the Mill towards Rainham on the other side the great ditch : Ray Gloucester sh. Near Bristol: Miss Woksley, in New Bot. Guide. — Hants ; Old Salt Pans at Drayton, about two miles from Portsmouth : Dr. Pul- teney. — Kent; In a salt marsh by Erith : Merrett. — Norfolk; At Cley, south of the town, among the short grass near the sea : Mr. Humphrey. Fig. 1. The two Glumes of the Calyx, with their long rough awns; a. the glumes; b. the awns. — Fig. 2. Two of the Flowers. — Fig. 3. The two Pale® of the Corolla, with the Stamens and Pistils. — Fig. 4. The Germen, Styles, and long feathery Stigmas. — All magnified. * From poly, Gr. many ; and pogon, Gr. a beard ; fiom the bearded ap- pearance of the panicle. Hooker. t See Phalaris canariensis, folio 56, note f. Annual. — Flowers in July, August, and September. Root of many slender, branched fibres. Culms (stems J generally numerous, from 5 inches to a foot or more high, simple, or some- times branched towards the bottom, smooth, upright, frequently more or less zigzag, occasionally somewhat decumbent at the base, and knee-jointed (geniculated). Leaves spreading, sharp pointed, striated, flat, rough on the ribs and margin ; their sheaths long, striated and rough. Stipula ( ligulaj oblong, membranous, rough at the back, and often somewhat jagged. Panicle upright, spike- like, dense, from 1 to 5 inches long, pale, the long rough awns of the glumes giving it a silky appearance. Flowers small, very nu- merous. Glumes (fig. 1, a.) equal, strap-spear-shaped, compressed, hispid, each with a green keel, a white membranous margin, and a rough terminal awn (fig. 1, b.) three times its own length. Palece (fig. 3.) shorter than the glumes, unequal, the outer largest, keeled, and terminated by a short rough awn ; the inner awnless, with 2 teeth. Anthers (see fig. 3.) short. Styles (see fig. 4.) scarcely any. Stigmas (see fig. 4.) long and feathery. Seed egg-shaped, polished, covered by the paleae. Alopecurus paniceus, of L.INN.EUS, Sp. PI. p. 90 ; and of Wi- thering, Bot. Arr. 1st edit. v. i. p. 38 ; is considered by Sir J. E. Smith, and other recent authors, as a trifling variety of this species, diminished by want of nourishment, as is usual with annual grasses. This very pretty grass, which Sir W. J. Hooker says is un- doubtedly a native of this country, is very rare in a wild state, and it is not often met with in a cultivated one, except in Botanic Gar- dens. In the warmer parts of Europe it is more abundant. “ A blade of grass — a simple flower — Cull’d from the dewy lea, These, these shall speak with touching power Of * change and death to me.’ For if ‘ stars teach as well as shine,’ Not less these gems of earth, In budding bloom and pale decline, May pour instruction forth. Come, then, and ever when I stray, Breath still the solemn cry, ‘ Man and his glory, what are they ? Fragile as grass or flow’ret gay, Which blossoms but to die.’” Moral of Flowers, p. 142. . r ,U Yi, li ,{.• . I , •>.-*. f t yjl 1 . ' < . •j’.i ■ ■ • . • •• ' . . »«on 1 *i t» ■ in ;|| f* Jfrtf oi&wtaa u**« la time *g «0 , - .■*_•*« . > ' ,■ • <* ' t4j3 ,>! .iK f(( kivlos «iw ;< oniMto -;*■ * .1* jitl * . . •i**'""” S*1 •a>“i^W I. M iU«ff fat 40> i la *»•.** rs>: i »t; ■>•'> *.sV 1.0-j • i*s>n // .. vs ■ -s' .. * n, ;j f/«l }-, J 0 »»j,i f; II 3^,,'# K. 1 .a ; J| v ,1 *9C 4£l«ri) •» « v < i , • . „,✓ •01 'V 's^ 0> | tV" '•»>• M.li / .1 > ' / 1 < X A u' ■•-; • '!».!•>.'. ■; ■•■>■.■ c- '.V - : ••• •>K saiWiKJ •* m . *>?/ t**s n! -U/.A4.A ini/l ni e’.ywJl— sfruuu t - * U>.*fc/1 ^g(K $0 fahtnfj JMKWI*!*, /I . *■>•».}*! V. t , m - rr*q« «;> #< ** r ,ii ' /me t^K/w .••» 4 rn lt , it»d /mian *11. ’ * «. / *• ,-v r '• ^l< m J ,►,/ •() • Ml •V»H» II *W>*1 i m/l*’ Al -’fit '/VJ •• .'(till /!->!.. Ml , f . fl .wolM lit ,o.( ’)UO .wo‘ ♦ * «"itJ < v; bu* ' «ti m i; ,j . )« ,tli i ,) „ .'-’j ■■ •• ’*•##< •••/ , . „r|(1. , !■• » • ’ * ,,y (fctvw * J».«j . it-M wimdr <1 tfbiitw »nt i V> (. r «• '• -i *j<* * • • i . *’ l,a"1 ' •' •••• (111. I »tb«i •«<•»»« ' '*■ »*«•* >»» *»•;»•• I A. J».i S (■ '.r, I**'.1 '*,l( t M* »•■ ■' •*» '**MU !*>l| i (|. ■ V !>> » . - „ l7“ ” ■’ 1 i ) i *'!*•** «•«« . MM* *. 1 "» (.•,.!« »(/., l .nc ■ t. 1 .. ,( T ' fi"' "J"' ■ i ■’ ■ him • • - " ""if / >< • H' •>-»». it - »y*? t — 1 . .'If Wirnti* i ) ■ -t^RU ill B.it frf , Ji . *»ill im.m • "» **i r, , * '« Hft'W r. fi ’ius/ j ’ ,,, J I If i’d * >.1111 ,M ,1 ft. i . "** *"•' *"u> .»«••( tr ’. 1.4m ,1 " 1 ' ’ ’ •' «• w«^'l « jmc. ,m*iq .... ’ 1 ' “ " ■ 'VI • v' ' 1 ' i 1 “•»*! i-i.v • •. v • •>■ v ■ •Viv’1 ,’,if»i * (211.) SETA'RI A* *, Linnean Class and Order, TRiA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'ne^e, Juss. Gen. PI p. 28. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 68. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.542. — Gramina, Linn. — Gramina'les; sect. Pani- cinjE ; type, Miliace^e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359 & 366. Gen. Char. Panicle in a dense, cylindrical spike. Involu- c rum of many bristles surrounding 2 spikelets. Calyx (fig. 2.) im- perfectly 2-flowered, of 2 unequal glumes (valves), the lower the smallest. Corolla of fertile or perfect floret , (see f. 4.) of 2 equal, cartilaginous palece (valves) ; that of the neuter or imperfect one (see fig. 4.) of 1 or 2 palece or valves; the upper smaller and membranous, often wanting. Filaments (see fig. 4.) 3, hair-like, as long as the corolla. Anthers short, cloven at each end. Germen (see fig. 5.) egg-shaped. Styles (see fig. 5.) distinct, awl-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigmas feathery, tufted, short. Seed (fig. 7.) egg-shaped, flatted on one side, coated with the ribbed hardened corolla (see fig. 6). The dense, cylindrical, spike-like panicle ; the bristly involu- c rum, including 2 or 3 flowers; and the calyx of 2 very unequal glumes, containing 2 florets, one of which is destitute of stamens and pistils ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. The bristly involucrum (fig. 2.) will distinguish it from Panicum. T wo species British. SETA'RIA VERTICILLA'TA, Whorled Bristle-grass. Rough Bristle-grass. Spec. Char. Panicle spiked, cylindrical, lobed below, branches whorled; bristles of the involucrum rough with reversed teeth. Paleae of the perfect floret slightly uneven. Beauvois’ Agrostographie.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 156. — Lindl. Syn. p. 309. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.39. — Panicum verticillatum, Engl. Bot. t. 874. — Curt. FI. Lond. t.260. — Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t.9. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. ii. p. 11. t.13. — Graves’ Brit. Gr. 1. 10. — Linn. Sp. iJl. p. 82.— Huds. FI. Angl.(2nd ed.) p. 24. — Stp. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 64. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 98. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 143.— Ait. Hort. Kew. (1st ed.) v. i. p.88 and (2nd ed.) v. i. p. 139. — Winch’s FI. of North, and Durham, p. 5. — Pamplin’s Catal of PI. of Battersea, p. 4. — Gramen paniceum, spica aspera, Kay s Syn. p.394. — Gramen geniculatum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 15. Locamtus.— In moist cultivated fields: Very rare. — Durham ; On Sunder- land Ballast Hills : Mr. Weigheri.. — Middlesex ; Cultivated fields about Lon- don, probably not indigenous: Sir W.J. Hooker. About the banks of the Thames, between London and Putney, in several places ; also beyond the neat- Fig. 1. One of the branches of the Panicle, with the bristly Involucrums. — Fig. 2. The 2 Glumes of the Calyx, subtended by the bristly, toothed Involu- crum.— Fig. 3. Involucrum and its 2 Florets. — Fig. 4. The 2 Florets divested of the Calyx. — Fig. 5. The Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 6. A seed in- vested by the permanent Corolla. — Fig. 7. A seed without the corolla. — Fig. 8. The top of a sheath to show the hairy stipula. — Figs. 2, 4, and 5, more or less magnified. * From seta, a bristle ; from the bristly involucrum. The true Millets be- long to this genus, which is the same with that of Pennisetum of Dr. R. Brown. t See Phalaris canariensis, folio 56, note f &otrses by the Thames side goinp; from the horse-ferry above Westminster to Ghelsea : Mr. Newton, in Ray’s Syn. — Norfolk ; cultivated fields about Nor- wich : Sir J. E. Smith. Field out of St. Giles’s Gate, Norwich: ibid. — Sur- rey; In Battersea Fields: Sir J. E. Smith, and Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — Worcestersh. Near Stourbridge? (Scott): Mr. E. Lees, in New Bot. Guide. Annual. — Flowers in July and August. Root fibrous. Culms ( stems J one or more, from 6 inches to 3 feet high, simple, sometimes branched, spreading, jointed, leafy, striated, angular, rough at the top. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, taper pointed, harsh on both sides, very rough on the margins, which are beset with very small transparent teeth, which point to- wards their summits, and which are readily perceived if the finger and thumb are drawn gently from the summit towards the base of the leaf. Sheath (vayina) long, striated, smooth, sometimes compressed. Stipnla ( ligulaj (see fig. 8.) of numerous short hairs, which are continued a little way down the margins of the sheath. Panicle in the form of a spike, compound, from 2 to 4 inches long, upright, somewhat lobed, the branches short, about 4 in a whorl, lower whorls more distant, each branch of several flowers, every pair of which (fig. 3.) is accompanied by about 2 channelled, angular bristles (see fig. 2.), longer than the whole branch, and rough with minute teeth, which point downwards. Flowers (see figs. 3 & 4.) generally in pairs, egg-shaped, one only being perfect, the other generally destitute of both stamens and pistils ; each inserted into a little terminal disk or cup, close to the bristles (see fig. 1). Calyx (fig. 2.) pale, with green ribs, smooth, even. Corolla (fig. 4.) almost as large as the calyx ; palece very minutely wrinkled, or dotted, at least in the perfect floret, and con- stituting a riged shining coat to the seed, enclosed in the permanent, but loose and unaltered, larger glume of the calyx. This is nearly allied to the other British species ( Setdria viridisj, with which it is often found growing, and when in a dwarf state greatly resembles it, but may be readily distinguished from that by the minute teeth on the bristles of the involucrum pointing back- wards, so that the panicle drawn over the back of the hand or the cuff of the coat adheres very strongly ; and when several panicles grow near each other, they are very apt, from this cause, to become entangled. It is subject to considerable variation in the colour of its leaves and panicles ; in some soils and situations, the foliage as well as the panicle being strongly tinged with red. It is indigenous in Europe, the Levant, and Japan ; but is con- sidered to be a rather doubtful native of Britain, being generally found here in cultivated fields and garden grounds. The seeds are greedily devoured by small birds ; but the produce of herbage is so small that it is beneath the notice of the Agricul- turist. Withering says, that in Japan the flour of this plant is made into cakes. ■-% thtmfid. fcSc (212.) LIMOSE'LLA* * Linnean Class and Order. DiDYNA'iwiAf, Angiospe'rmia J. Natural Order. Scrophulari'nea: §, Dr. h. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 187. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 228. — Scrophula'- RiNiE, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 434. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 115. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.528. — *Scrophula'rije, Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 100. — Lysimachije, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 95. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 95. — Syringales; subord. Primulosa:; sect. Menthina:; type, Scrophularia'cea: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 958, & 978. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 spear- shaped, pointed, upright, nearly equal segments, permanent. Co- rolla (figs. 2 & 3.) of 1 petal, somewhat bell-shaped ; tube (fig. 2, a.) cylindrical, the length of the calyx ; limb (fig. 2, b.) in 5 deep, egg-shaped, spreading, slightly unequal segments, the 2 up- permost concave, lower one smallest. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 4, from the mouth of the tube, awl-shaped, almost equal, shorter than the limb, sheltered by its 2 upper segments, but spreading slightly laterally, and converging in pairs. Anthers roundish, of 2 lobes. Germen (fig. 4.) egg-shaped, blunt. Style tapering, short. Stigma capitate, globose, cloven. Capsule (fig. 5.) egg-shaped, of 2 cells, and 2 valves, the partitions || narrow, from the indexed margins of the valves. Seeds (figs. 8 & 9.) numerous, oblong, furrowed, transversely wrinkled, attached to a large, egg-shaped, central receptacle or placenta, (see figs. 6 & 7). The 5-cleft calyx ; the bell-shaped, nearly equal corolla ; and the globose, imperfectly 2-celIed, 2-valved capsule ; will distin- guish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. LIMOSE'LLA AQUA'TICA. Water Mud wort. Common Mud- wort. Plantain Mudweed. False Plantain. Spec. Char. Leaves spear-shaped, somewhat spatulate ; their stalks (petioles) twice as long as the flower-stalks. Engl. Bot. t. 357. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 62. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 881. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 276. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 668. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 145. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 742. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 319. — Lindl. Syn. p. 192. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 289. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 331. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 197. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 139. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.294. and v.iii. p. 366. — Relli. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 256. — Ait. Hort. Kew. (1st ed.) v. ii. p.359. and (2nd ed.) v. iv. p. 51. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 190. —Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 42. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 181. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Select®, p. 53. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 59. The Irish Flora, p. 125. — Plantaginella pa- lustris, Ray’s Syn. p.278. — Plantago aquatica minima clusii. Park. Theatr. Bot. p. 1244. n.4. — Blackst. Spec. Bot. p.74. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla; a, the tube; 6. the limb. — Fig. 3. Corolla opened vertically to show the two pairs of stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. The Capsule. — Fig. 6. The same after the seeds are discharged, showing the two valves, and the central placenta. — Fig. 7. A Capsule divided transversely. — Fig. 8. The Seeds. — Fig. 9. A single ditto. — All, except fig. 8, more or less magnified. * From limus, mud; the plant growing in muddy places. Hooker. + See folio 31, note -f. t See folio 72, note $. § See folio 50, a. || The partitions, at first connected with the receptacle, separate from it as the capsule advances to maturity, so that the latter finally consists of but one cell : which is the case in verbascum, and more or less with many other seed- vessels similarly constructed. Sir J. E. Smith. Localities. — In muddy places, where water has stood during Winter ; not very uncommon. — Oxford'sh. Binsey Common; Noke : Dr. Sibtiiohi'. In Portmeadow, opposite Lower Woolvercott; in Cowley Marsh, near the road to Cowley ; and by the side of the towing-path, near Medley Lock: Septemb. 11, 1820, W. B. — Bedfordsh. Goldington Green: Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesk. Milton: Rev. R. Relhan.— Cheshire ; Near Frodsham : Mr. Bradbury.— Durham ; In ditches near Cocken : W. Weighell, MSS. FI. North. % Durh. — Gloucestersh. Newnham, and near Westbury: N.J. Winch, F.sq. in N. B.G. — Leicestersh. In a road-way, leading from the turnpike at Muston to Wools- thorpe, sparingly : Rev. G. Crabbe.— Middlesex ; By the sides of the Warren- pond at Breakspears near Harefield ; and in bogs on the Common there, plen- tifully: Beackst one, 1746. Pond at Finchley: Mr. J. Woods, jun. Houn- slow Heath, towards Hampstead : N. J. Winch, Esq. in N. B. G. Lane near Hornsey: FI. Metrop. — Northamptonsh. Lane at Kelmarsh: Morion. — In Nottinghamshire: Cooper, in N.B. G. — Somersetsh. Cart ruts in splashy places about Highbridge: Mr. Sole, , in Hist, of Somerset. — Suffolk} On the Denes at Lowestoft : 1808, Mr. (now Dr.) R. Brown. — Surrey ; About Couls- don : Mr.E. Wood. Near Croydon, plentiful : Mr. Dickson. — Sussex ; Near A mberley Castle: W. Borrer, Esq. Between Stovington and Parham Park ; Broadmere and Henfield Commons: N. B. G. — Wurwicksh. On the road near Coleshill Pool: Countess of A ylesi>ord.— Worcestersh. In ditches and roads about Badsey: RuffoRd. — Yorksh. Near Normanby Bridge; wet places near Kirby Moorside: Rev. Archdeacon Pierson. Bolton Beck: J. Ward, in N. B. G. — WALES. Flintsh. Rhyd Marsh near Prestatyn : Mr. Griffith. — SCOTLAND. In muddy places where water has stood, but not common: Sir W. J. Hooker. — IRELAN D. Near Ballynahinch, Cunnamara : Dr. Wade. Annual. — Flowers in July, August, and September. Root fibrous, throwing out naked, thread-shaped, prostrate run- ners, which take root at their extremities and form new plants. Leaves radical, spear-shaped, somewhat spatulate (battledore- shaped,) entire, smooth, upright or spreading, on long petioles (leaf- stalks), which are somewhat sheathing at the base. Flowers very small, on shortish, crowded, simple, axillary stalks ( peduncles), about half an inch long, or more, becoming recurved as the fruit ripens. Corolla (fig. 2.) pale rose-coloured or white. Stamens (see figs. 2 & 3.) almost equal, approximating in pairs towards each side of the corolla. Anthers purplish-blue, 1-celled. Cap- sule (fig. 5.) very small, scarcely bigger than a mustard-seed. Seeds with a furrow on the back, and numerous transverse stria. This plant is probably much more common than it is generally supposed to be, as, from its diminutive size, it is easily overlooked. When it grows in the water it is much larger, and the leaves are more upright, with longer petioles, than when it grows in situations where the water is dried up in the Summer. It is admitted into Mr. Mackay’s “ Catalogue of the Plants found in Ireland,” and also into “ The Irish Flora,” as a native of that country, on the authority of Dr. Wade ; but it is omitted in the excellent “ Flora Hibernica,” by Mr. Mackay, lately published. “ Trees, and Flowers, and streams. Are social and benevolent ; and he Who oft communeth in their language pure. Roaming among them at the cool of day. Shall find, like him who Eden’s garden dress’d, His Maker there, to teach his listening heart.” Mrs. L. H. Sigourney. *' ; ; <■- J ■ • » , f "■{ > • • ' »»• t vy»1 f1 •' «w 5 ''I ;«?•»•• ■ l"» • ft " r. , ■ y. • ■ •: -I ■ 4 I ' i *iooV/ 51 n-- (ll— .> r !*.»!< »' r > • « • M /’ j. , rtn .» '.-v, , - 1 < -I 1 - . .1 v <1, ' • ,j v • ■}>■>': 1 *> ;•* > I .. 0 , ■ t# . j yi • WA./ '»*•*; -m . 'X I* »«!.,,( » l .■ • . ..M- - «Y 'l V ,V\ h * ft U A . « .. --l ’v • . . -"ini • ■«< ' > ! . . •«' , i ’ 'l/ . ' (j .**•• < >■(|f ,n< ■ •<>>■ I v . • N . i Ml . (», . «*• -I WVlMl .11-1 HA-1'. h '■ l'i tj ».li M 1 ; . M ? ■ - : I v A'tff ™**1 |.fl6 • ft’ ' vio'W i« IK ■ , , to rv I, „ u*a i i«K vuiu» V, | ->«, «• >Ji , v »i ,»»<« .nwf.l v {| iiwaO ,«•**<«') . r, . ,,#>} tl.u'o. i/i v.hijl -n *-m‘| v 'mA/ .( ‘ij „*,w.A :T | / • ij ft vy i* nummoMon t l .1 m «».i Afew i *• mtin .Mot* til ,n«f fon?’ •i uW .»(l . *1j .oiMKtu.'i i»;f 1AJ.UM— , nH.l ,W ^ bnn , ihdJ .is tom H >rrfw ,si u w- - -1) '••• Mtfcq* .<■ .KorjR.fr „•* ,lr. ->rbi '.vruil *1k " ; ff ■' n i i>t»f .-loif./l! ’lit® • i.ioqiMt® ftfftl v>' .6 lwvtw<7 30 .« I » ti-niwt?, .ojii!// to Kioi".fo'v-o»o-i itsq (.ii.srt) *Vkm'J .na ;^ sbuttntf gq ai jjnitstfin- Jarpa ikomla [.£ A C v,®) "•") .b-.i: ’•;>-! '.’-r Ml , .T.AUtV, .gift ■■ »•» Iff to 0 if- .inn o*rm««Rtt somorntto Knr mh no wr> mt) n tint/ M ?Wf -*1105 • ft nrifl ,j rm.yi yt vrj d-i.-im ^Wr-fot'] t tr frj *,r!T mjhohmo «i U .ori-* -m.tttifnib ati rmrd ,e* .nf o< homamia •»u- n»*. -ift hti« .T031 -ff ft'.t ’i ic'tr ,-Ji m c notf '/ ■ J • »» r VAX,-)* Iff -M /■ 1 *»"•'» » '* 0 vtnor. V: d oim o le ■ J. •• a<| .ft ,!• ' tYZ M.OAfff .tiff V I •V.jmrM.iH !<• -it t»r. _ .1 yff ;*J Le* ’ • r»»' ■ < . ' i oi- . n»l\ “ S' tJ U »d> ' tc 5-. ,7 * too -i orif soowr jr ■; If "-'..-.I '•i/1' tfi! 1 ■•, Jr 1 " 1 ; • ,t r.| ■ "' 1* * * trt 014.) BETO'NICA* * Linnean Class and Order. Didyna'mia f, Gymnospe'rmiaJ. Natural Order. Labia'tte§, Juss. Gen. P]. p. 1 10. — Sin. Gram, of Bot. p. 99. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Bentham, in Bot. Regist. (1829). — Lindl. Syn p. 196.; Introd.to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 239. — Rich. by. Macgilliv. p. 439. — Loud. Hurt Brit, p 528. — Verticil- latte of Linnaus. — Syringai.es; suborder, Primulos.e; sect. Menthinae; type, Mkntiiace.e or Laeiatte; subty. Nepetidte; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958, 968, & 973. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, tubular, cylindrical, per- manent, with 5 nearly equal, spinous-pointed teeth, shorter than the tube. Corolla (fig. 2.) ringent ; tube exserted, cylindrical, in- curved; upper lip ascending, roundish, undivided, almost flat; lower lip longer, in 3 deep segments, the middle one broadest, roundish, entire, or nearly so. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 4, two longer than the other two (didynamous), awl-shaped, scarcely projecting beyond the throat, and turned towards the upper lip. Anthers almost orbicular. Germen (see fig. 4.) rounded, 4-lobed. Style (see fig. 4 ) thread-shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigma cloven, pointed. Seeds (figs. 5 & 6.) 4, egg-shaped, in the bottom of the smooth, somewhat converging, calyx. Distinguished from other genera, with a regular, 5-toothed calyx, in the sane class and order, by tbe nearly flat, ascending upper lip of the corolla ; and the cylindrical, incurved tube ; with the stamens included in its throat. One species British. BETO'NICA OFFICINA'LIS. Wood Betony. Spec. Char. Spike interrupted, the lowest whorl a little re- mote. Middle lobe of the lower lip of the corolla somewhat notched. Leaves oblong, crenate, heart-shaped at the base. Engl. Bot. t. 1142. — Curt. FI. Bond. t. 154. — Woodv. Med. Bot. Suppl. t. 241. — Curt. Brit. Entorn. vol. v. t. 235. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 810. — Huds FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 258.— *m. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.632. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 97. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 713. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 371. — Lindl. Syn. p. 202. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.277. — Lightf. FI. Soot. v. i. p.311. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 185. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 130. — Thornton’s Family Herb. p. 584. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 58. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.272. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd ed.) p. 241. — Ait. Hort. Kew. (1st ed.) v. ii. p. 299. — Hook. FI. Snot. p. 183. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p. 131.— FI. Devon, pp. 99 Ac 145. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 132 1|. — Winch’s Fig. 1. The Calyx, and a Bractea.— Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. ’The Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. The 4 Seeds. — Fig. 6. A single Seed. * From Vettonica, which is derived from the Vettones, an ancient people in Spain, who, according to Pi.inv, first discovered its virtues; or, from Bentonic, in Celtic: Ben, meaning head, and ton, good; being a good cephalic. + See Lamium album, folio 31, note f. t ibid, note f. $ See Ajuga reptans, folio 94, a. || “ A Flora of Berwick-upon-Tweed. By George Johnston’, i\I. D. &c. in 2 vols. J. Carprae and Son, Edinburgh ; and Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, London. 1829, and 1831.” 8vo. 8 Plates. This is a work of very considerable meiit, and reflects great credit upon Dr. Johnston, both as a Botanist and as an Author. The descriptions are clear, easy, and comprehensive, and are accompanied by numerous very valuable re- marks and observations. The first volume contains the flowering or Phaenogam- ous plants ; the second, the flowerless nr Cryptogamous ones, in which it ii par- FI. of Northumh and Durham, p. 40. — Walk. FI. of Oxl. p 167 —Bah. FI. Batin p. 40. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Jrel. p. 56. ; FI Hibec.pt i. p.21o. — Betonica stricta, Ait. Hurt. Kew. (1st ed.) v.ii. p 299. fide Bentltam. — Betonica hirta, Leyss. Reichb. Icon. Bot. F.ur. 8.4. t . 710, fide Bentham. — Betonica. Bay'* Syn. p. 238.— Johnson's Gerarde, p. 714. — Stachys Betonica, Pentium's. I.a- biataruin, p. 532. Locautifs. — In woods, thickets, and on hedge banks, and heaths, among bushes. Not uncommon in England; less common in Scotland. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root somewhat woody, of a yellowish-brown colour, furnished with numerous long, whitish, tough fibres. Stem from 1 to 2 fec-t high, upright, mostly simple, jointed, leafy, 4-cornered, rough with reversed bristles. Leaves oblong, somewhat heart-shaped at the base, crenated or bluntly notched, clothed, more or less, with longish hairs, especially on the margin and mid-rib ; lower ones on long, hairy petioles ; upper ones opposite, nearly sessile. Flowers reddish- purple, or rose-coloured, sometimes white, growing in a terminal, oblong spike, composed of several sessile, close whorls, the lowest of which is usually rather distant from the others, and furnished with a pair of small sessile leaves beneath. Bracteas numerous, placed under each whorl, spear-shaped, entire, shorter than the calyx (see fig 1.). Calyx hairy within. Corolla with the lower lip more or less notched, or slightly cloven. Filaments villose. Seeds brown, smooth, 3-cornered, the outermost side convex, the innermost gibbous. Betony was formerly much used in medicine, and considered an universal remedy, but it is discarded from modern practice ; per- haps merely from the disappointment of unreasonable expectation. It is, however, not destitute of virtues, for when fresh it intoxicates ; and the dried leaves excite sneezing, a quality supposed to be owing only to file rough hairs with which the leaves are clothed. It is often smoaked as tobacco. Both this plant and Eyebright (Euphra- sia officinalis , t. 72.) enter into the composition of Rowley’s British herb tobacco and snuff. An infusion of the leaves was once recommended as a substitute for tea. The root promotes vomiting, and is violently purgative. Antonius Musa, Physician to the Emperor Augustus, intro- duced it into such general repute in Italy, that “ sell your coat and buy Betony, became a prevalent proverb ; he states it as a remedy for no less than 47 disorders ; and hence the proverbial compliment, “ may you have more virtues than Betony.” It is said to dye wool of a very fine dark yellow colour. Puccinia Betdnicce, Hook. Br. FI. v. ii. pt. ir. p. 362, is parasitic on the leaves of this plant in the vicinity of Oxford, especially in Bagley Wood. It is a fine species, frequently covering nearly the whole of the under surface of the leaves. ticularly rich; and Dr. Johnston has arranged and described them in such a manner, as to make this volume an excellent, amusing, and easy guide to the young student of that difficult branch of Botany. On the whole, it is a delight- ful little work, and is, certainly, one of the very best and most intaresting of our local Floras. * 216 (215.) SIBTHO'RPIA. Linnean Class and Order. Didyna'mta*, A.\giospe'rMIA+. Natural Order. Scrophulari'nea^J, Dr. R. Brown. — Liadl. Syn. p. 187.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 228. — Scropiiula'- riNjE, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 434. — Sm. Eng. FI. v. iii. p. 115. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. — Scrophula'ri.e, Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 100. — Pediculares, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 99 — Syringales ; subord. Primulosav ; sect. Menthin,® ; type, Scrophui.aria'ce.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 958, & 978. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, turbinate (top- shaped), in 5 deep, egg-shaped, spreading, nearly equal segments, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) of i petal, irregularly wheel- shaped, equal to the calyx ; tube very short ; limb in 5, egg-shaped, rounded, spreading segments, alternate with those of the calyx, the two lowermost smallest. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 4, (didynamous,) from between the 4 superior segments of the corolla, shorter than the limb, almost equal, awl-shaped, spreading laterally, and con- verging in pairs. Anthers of 2 round lobes. Germen (fig. 4.) roundish, compressed. Style (see fig. 4.) cylindrical, as long as the filaments, but thicker. Stigma (see fig. 4.) blunt, peltate (target- shaped). Capsule (figs. 5 & 6.) inversely heart-shaped, compressed, of 2 cells and 2 valves, each with a narrow transverse partition. Seeds (figs. 10 & 11.) few, egg-shaped, attached to a globular cen- tral receptacle f placenta J , (see fig. 8). The 2-celled, 2-valved capsule , with transverse partitions ; the nearly wheel-shaped corolla ; and the stamens converging in pairs ; will distinguish this ftom other genera, with a 5-cleft calyx, in the same class and order. Only one species knowm. SIBTHO'RPIA EUROPiE'A. European Sibthorpia. Creeping Sibthorpia. Cornish Money-wort. Cornish Penny-wort. Spec. Char. Engl. Bot. t. 649. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 880. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 276. — Sm. FI. Biit. v. ii. p. 667. Engl. I* 1. v. iii. p. 143. — With. (7t!i edit.) v. iii. p. 742. — Gray’s Nat Arr. v. ii. p. 309. — Lindl. Syn. p. 192. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 290.— Prod. FI. Graerae, v. i.p. 439. — FI. Devon, pp. 106 & 148.— Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 59. ; FI. Hibern, pt. i. p. 205.— Irish FI. p. 125 .—Sibthorpia prostrata, Salisbury’s leones Stirpium Rariorum, p. 11. t. 6. fide Kngl. FI. — Alsine spuria pusilla.foliis Saxifcagce aurea, Bay’s Syn. p. 352. — Blackst. Spec. Botan. p. 3. — Plukenet's Almagestum Bolanicum, p. 23; Phyiographia, t. 7. f. 6. — Cornwall Pennywort. Petiver’s Herbarii Britannici, t. 6. f. 11. Localities. — In moist shady places, about springs and rivulets ; very rare. — Cornwall; Lostwithiel, Falmouth, Penzance, Camelford, &c. : Dawson Turner, Esq. Sides of the road about two miles from Fowey ; between Fowey and St. Austle ; near Ruan Lanyhorne ; and Bodmin : Rev. P. Jones, in Bot. Tour. Moist banks near Penzance, common; Gulval ; Maddern Well ; Tre- reife Road Avenue; Helston ; Scilly Islands : Rev. W. T. Bree, in Mag. Nat. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Figs. 2 & 3. Corolla. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma — Fig. 5, 6, & 7. Capsule.— Fig. 8. A vertical section of ditto.— Fig. 9. A trans- verse section of the same. — Figs. 10 & 11. Seeds.— Figs, from 5 to 11, from Gkrt- nf.r. — All, except fig. 5, more or less magnified. * See f. 31, n. f. t Sec f. 72, n. {. t See f 50, a. Hist. v. iv. p. 161. NearSennen: tt. C. Watson, Esq. in N. B. G. At Tre- guminion, near Fowey : Knw. Duke, Esq. — Cumberland; Glencoin ? Gow- lrarrow Park, by Airey Force? Keswick? N. 13. G. — Devon; Between New- bridge and Spitchwick Lodge; about t lie springs in t lie village of Tor, near Harford: Sir Francis Drank and Mr. Hudson. Marshes at Staverton , Bat- tery and Sheiford; Cornwood : FI. Devon. — Hants; In the Isle of Jersey, 1833: \V. C. Trevelyan, Esq — Lincolnsh. In some meadows near Honning- ton : Mr. Him., in Bla/cst. Sp. But. — Somersets/i. Near Nettle ombe: YV. C. Trevelyan, Esq. in N. B. G. — Sussex ; In a bog. near the nursery ground on Waldron Down, and along the stream that issues fiorn thence, passing Burnt- house Farm, to some distance West of it: N. 13. G. — Westmoreland ; By Buckharrow-xvell in Longsledale: Mr. Hub«on. — YV A LKS. Glamorganshire; Under a damp shady wail on the left ah ut 200 yards hefoie you come to Font y Pridd from Cardiff: Sir J. Cullum. — 1 KELAN D. Under a wall on the North side of Conner-htll, near Dingle, 1835: Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers from June to September. Root fibrous. Stems prostrate, creeping, thread-shaped, branch- ed, entangled, frequently throwing out small fibres from near the insertion of the leaf-stalks. Leaves alternate, on short, ascending leaf-stalks, horizontal, roundish kidney-shaped, the margin in 6 or 7 blunt lobes or crenatures, those nearest the base the smallest, rather succulent, veiny, light green, paler beneath, sprinkled, like the rest of the herbage, with small, simple, scattered, projecting, transparent bristles. Peduncles ( flower-stalks J thread-shaped, from the axils of the leaves, upright, solitary, single-flowered, short, pen- dulous after flowering. Corolla (f. 2.) minute, whitish, the 3 upper segments more or less tinged with pale red. Stamens nearly equal. This very distinct genus was named by Linn.lus in honour of Humphry Sibthorp, D. M., who succeeded the celubiated Dilllnivs in the Botanical chair at Oxford, in 1747. Of this professor little notice is preset ved ; hut his son, John Sibthorp, D.M., to whom he resigned the Botanical Professorship in 1784, richly earned his inheritance of the honour, by his indefatigable zeal in the pursuit of the same science ; his love for which led him to undertake two journeys into Greece and the Archipelago, the first in 1784, the second in 1794. In the first of these journeys he engaged at Vienna, as draughtsman, the cele- brated Ferdinand Bauer, with whom he visited Constantinople, Crete, Cyprus, and other islands of the Grecian Archipelago. He also travelled over a con- siderable part of the Morea, and did not return to England till December, 1787. In March, 1794, he set out a second time for the same country, attended by I’nANcis Bouone, as Botanical Assistant, and accompanied by his friend Mr. Hawkins. YVith them he visited Bithvnia, Mount Olympus, the Troad, the Isles of Lemnos and Imbros, the Peninsula of Athos, and passing some time in Attica, and two months in the Morea, he parted from his companion Mr. Hawkins, and returned to bis native country in the Autumn of 1795, when, his health being impaired, a long and uncomfortable passage of 24 days from Zante to Otranto, laid the foundation of a complaint in the lungs, which a few months after his return to England proved fatal. He died at Bath, on February the 8th, 1796, in the 38th year of his age. By his will, dated January 12, 1796, lie makes over to the Oxford Botanic Garden ail his drawings, books of Natural History, and Collections, and gives a freehold estate in Oxfordshire to the University of Oxford, for the purpose, first, of publishing his Flora Grcecu, in 10 folio vo- lumes, with 100 coloured plates in each ; and afterwards of endowing a Pro- fessorship of Rural Economy in bis own University. The publication and editor- ship of this splendid work was confided to the late Sir J. E. Smith, who lived to complete six of these volumes, and half the seventh. Since the death of this learned Botanist, which happened on the 17th of March, 1828, it has been con- ducted by the eminent and highly distinguished Botanist, Dr. John Lindley, F. R. S., &c. Professor of Botany in the University of London. Owing to the very expensive manner in which it is got up, few copies of it are sold, but it will remain a magnificent monument of the zeal and science of its author ; as the ex- cellent Flora Oxoniensis, published in 1794, will bear ample testimony to the knowledge he possessed of the plants of his own country. See Memorials of Oxford, and Life of Sir J. E. Smith. U6 (216.) CYNOSU'RUS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria +, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'mea?, Juss.Gen. Pl.p. 28. — Sm.Gram. of Bot. p. 08, ; Ensjl.FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lind). Syn. p. 293.; lntrod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud. Hurt. Brit. p. 542. — Gramina, Linn. — Gramina'les ; sect. Triti- cinte; type, Hordeace.e ; Burn. Out. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359 & 362. Gen. Char. Panicle spiked, contracted. Spikelets (fig 1.) 2- or many-flowered, resting upon pectinated braeteas or involucrums (fig. 2.). Calyx (fig. 3 ) of 2 spear-shaped, nearly equal, mem- branous, concave, single-ribbed, keeled, taper-pointed, awned glumes, containing 2 or 3 perfect florets, the first sessile, the rest stalked, with an occasional rudiment of more. Corolla (fig. 4.) of 2 unequal spear-shaped palece; the outermost concave, keeled, more or less awned at the summit, the awn straight ; inner 2-ribbed, inflexed at the edges, cloven at the point, awnless. Scales (fig. 5.) spear-shaped, pointed. Filaments (see fig. 4, a.) 3, hair-like. Nnthers (see fig. 4, 6.) strap-shaped, cloven at each end. Germen (fig. 6.) elliptical. Styles (fig. 6.) very short, distinct. Stigmas (see fig. 6.) long, cylindrical, feathery. Seed loose, invested with the unchanged palece, elliptic-oblong, with a furrow along the upper side. The contracted, spike-like panicle; the 2- or many-flowered spikelets, with pectinated involucrums ; the calyx of 2, equal, awned glumes ; and the corolla of 2 spear-shaped, keeled palece, the lower being awned or mucronate ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. CYNOSU'RUS CRISTA' IUS. Crested Dog’s-tail-grass. Spec. Char. Raceme spiked, strap-shaped. Florets with a very short awn. Eni?l. Bot. t. 316. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. ii. p. 68. t. 96. — Knapp. Gram. Brit, t. 64. — Mart. FI. Rust. 1. 106. — Curt. Obs. on Brit. Grasses, (5th ed.) p. 15. t. 6. — Sincl. Hurt. Gram. Wob. p.23. fig. 16. and p. 152, with a plate. — Schreb. Gtam. v. i. p. 69. t. 8. f 1 .— Curt. Biit. F.ntom. v. iii. t. 135 — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 165. — Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 59. — Leers, (2nd ed.) p. 47. t.7. f. 4. — Stil- lingfl. Wise. Tiacts, p. 393. t. 11. — Sm. FI. Brit v. i. p. 111. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 137.— With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 177. -Gray's Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 126. — Lindl. Syn. p.306. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 45. — Light f. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 100. — Silrth. FI. Oxon. P- 52. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 28. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 11. — Hurt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.90. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 39. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 37.— Giev. FI Rdin. p. 25. — FI. Devon, pp. 18 & 127. — Johnst. FI. Berw. v. i. p. 25. — Winch’s FI. of Norhumb, and Durham, p. 7. — Baxter’s Lib. of Agrieul. and Hprt. Knowl. (2nd ed.) p. 300. f. 6. — Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v.i. p. 382. f. 174, w. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p.25 — Bab. FI. Ballif p. 59.— Mack. Cat. I . of Lei. p. 14.; FI. Hibern.pt. i. p.307. — Phleum cristatum. Scopol. FI. Cam. (2nd ed.) v. i. p. tyi.—Gramen cristatum, Ray’s Syn. p. 398. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 29 *. Fig. 1. Two Spikelets, with their Involucrums. — Fig. 2. A separate Involu- crum. — Fig. 3. l ire 2 Glumes of the Calyx. — Fig. 4. The 2 Pale® of the Co- rolla, with the Stamens and Pistils; a. a filament ; b. an anther. — Fig. 5. The Scales or Nectary. — Fig. 6. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 7. One of the feathery appendages of the stigma. — All, more or less, magnified. * From l- u nos, Gr a dug ; and nura, G r. a tail ; from the shape of the pa- nicle or spike. f See Phalaris canariensis, folio 56, note f. Localities. — In ilry pastures, parks, ami lawns, everywhere. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root fibrous, tufted. Culms f stems ) several, from a foot to 18 inches high, simple, upright, rigid, slender, round, smooth and even, having 3 or 4 joints. Leaves bright green, narrow, flat, smooth on both sides, scarcely rough at the margins. Sheaths long, striated, smooth. Stipula ( ligulej short, slender, blunt, cloven. Panicle spike-like, upright, rigid, strap-shaped, blunt, about 2 inches long, with a wavy, rough rachis or stalk. Involucrums (fig. 2.) beauti- fully pectinated (toothed like a comb), one at the base of each spikelet, their divisions long and awi-shaped, greenish, a little curved, and rough with minute teeth, which point upwards. Spike- lets from 3- to 5-flowered. Glumes ( valves of the calyx J (fig. 3.) spear-shaped, nearly equal, membranous, rough at the keel, as long as the floret. Outer Palea ( valve of the corolla ) (fig. 4.) spear- shaped, obscurely nerved, green, scabrous, especially at the keel, terminating in a short, rough awn : Inner Palea white, bifid, pu- bescent at the angles of the fold. Anthers (fig. 4, 6.) prominent, pendulous, purple. Styles naked at the base. Seed elliptic-oblong, pointed, filling the valves of the corolla. A variety has been observed with a 4-cornered spike ; and, another variety, in which the spike is viviperous, is very frequently met with, especially in wet seasons. This grass is to be met with in abundance on high and exposed situations, and in pastures properly so called, in most parts of England ; “ for it will continue permanent,” Mr. Sinclair observes, “ in very dry sandy soils, as well as in every gradation of soil from that to the stagnant bog. It arrives at the greatest perfection in soils of a medium quality as to moisture and dryness ; in irrigated meadows, judiciously formed so that the water cannot stagnate, the Crested Dog’s-tail-grass attains to the largest growth. The produce of early herbage in the Spring isinfeiiorto most other grasses in weight, although its hardy nature, by giving it a superior verdure, may deceive the casual observer in this respect. It forms a dense close sward when combined with other essential grasses ; and a superior permanent pasture cannot be formed without a proportion of it being allowed, according to the natuie of the soil. In all the most celebrated pastures we have examined, it constituted a considerable portion of the produce.” — The culms are of a wiry nature, being remarkably hard and tough, and as they shoot up at a season when the leaves of all the grasses are very plentiful, they are not cropped by cattle, but are suffered for the most part to perfect their seeds, which keep firm in the husks, and are not easily shed; and hence it is that in Winter, when the ground is covered with snow, we see the seed spikes of this grass above its surface, attracting groups of partridges, pigeons, and smaller birds generally, at a season when their food is very scarce. See Baxter’s Lib. of Agricul. and Horticul . Knowledge. The culms of the crested Dog’s-tail-grass are considered amongst the very best of the British Grasses that yield a material for the manufacture of plat for Leghorn bonnets and hats. A list of the British Grasses which have been found most suitable for the pur- pose of making this plat, together with the method of preparing them for use, &c. may be seen in Sinclair’s Ilorlus Gramineus Woburnensis, and Corbett's Cottage Economy. THE GRASSES. “ By these both man and beast ate fed: by these The herds fatten, and with encumbeied Bodies ruminate supine amid l he rich luxur’ant herbage ; hence flow from Wide distended udders, nutritious And milky streams,” 217 ^ci&cfruct ccrxiMsina , ordk/ro-Zcax/col ff a con y JiUfsr.lldl' Pul * ly WB ax U r Botanic Ga role n .Oxford . \ a 3 7. fc. (217.) PtEO'NIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Pentagy'nia. Natural Order. Ranuncula'ceai+, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 136. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 6. — Riel), by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 137. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 2. — Rosales ; sect. Ranunculin/e ; subseet. Ranun- CULIanjE; type, P.eoniaceaE ; subty. P asonidas ; Burn. Out. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 828, 832, & 842. — Multisiliquas, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1, a.) inferior, of 5 roundish, con- cave, reflexed, unequal, foliaceous, permanent sepals. Corolla of 5 roundish, concave, spreading petals, contracted at the base, larger than the sepals. Filaments (see fig. 1, b.) very numerous, hair- like, much shorter than the corolla. Jlnthers (see fig. 1, c.) termi- nal, upright, oblong, quadrangular, 4-celled, large, bursting in- wardly. Germens (see fig. 1, d.) from 2 to 5, or more, sessile, egg- shaped, downy. Styles none. Stigmas (see fig. 1, d.) oblong, curved, compressed, blunt, coloured. Follicles ( capsules ) as many as the germens, ovate-oblong, spreading widely, coriaceous, of one cell, and one valve, bursting along the inner side. Seeds (fig. 3.) numerous, oval, polished, coloured, ranged along the edges of the follicle. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5 petals ; and the many- seeded follicles, crowned with the bilamellated stigmas. One species British. PiEO'NIA CORALLI'NA. Coral Pseony. Entire-leaved Paeony. Spec. Char. Herbaceous. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets egg- shaped, entire, smooth. Follicles downy, recurved. Engl. Bot. 1. 1513, — Ritz. Obs. fasc. 3. p. 34. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. p. 1221. — Ait. Hort. Kew. (2nd ed.) v. iii. p. 315. — Anderson in Trans, of Linn. Soc. v. xii. p. 268. — With. (6th ed.) v. iii. p. 605; and 7th ed. v. iii. p.662. — Sm. Eng. FI. v. iii. p 29.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 710.— Lindl. Syn. p. 14. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.261. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 66. fig. 14, — Pceonia officinalis, var. (3. mascula, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 474. — Pceonia mas, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 890. — Park. Parad. pp. 341 & 343. f. 1. — Pceonia folio nigricante, splendido, quee mas, Bauh. Piuax, p. 323. n. 1. — Tournef. Inst. p. 273. t. 146. Localitifs. — On islands in the river Severn. — Somersetshire ; Abundantly in the rocky clefts of the steep Holmes, in the Severn, 1803 : Mr. F. Wright, in Engl. FI.— Gerarde reports it to have been found in Kent, on a rabbit- warren, in the parish of Southfleet, about two miles from Gravesend ; but no other person has found it there. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Fig. 1. A Flower with the petals taken off ; a. the Calyx ; h. the Filaments ; c. the Anthers ; d. the Germens, with their purple stigmas. — Fig. 2. A separate Stamen. — Fig. 3. A perfect Seed. — Fig. 4. An abortive one. * So named in honour of the Physician Pjeon, who is said to have cured Pluto of a wound received from Hercules. t See Anemone nemorosa. f. 43. n. f. { See Clematis vitalba, f. 129, a. Root of many fleshy, spindle-shaped knobs or tubers. Stems from 1 to 2 feet high, annual, simple, cylindrical, leafy, smooth, polished, and more or less tinged with red. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets egg-shaped, entire, flat, sometimes veined with red, of a dark shining green above, paler beneath. The uppermost leaf is sometimes ternate only, or simple ; rarely pinnate. Flowers ter- minal, solitary, very ornamental. Sepals concave, smooth, irregu- lar. Petals crimson, regular, roundish, concave, spreading. Fila- ments red ; with yellow anthers. Germens 2, 3, or 4, egg-shaped, white, downy, with recurved, crimson stigmas. Seed-vessels ( follicles) internally reddish and pollished. Seeds (fig. 3.) black and shining ; the interspersed abortive ones (f. 4.) angular, scarlet. This very handsome and well marked species is a native of many parts of Europe; France, Balearic Islands, Greece, and Siberia. It was first added to the British Flora by F. Bowcher Wright, Esq., who, in 1803, introduced it to the notice of Bo- tanists, as growing undoubtedly wild, and in great profusion, in the rocky clefts of the island called Steep Holmes in the broad part of the river Severn, where it is conjectured to have grown for ages. It is observed by Dr. Withering, that “ few aquatic excursions of a day can prove more interesting to the Naturalist, especially the Geologist, Ornithologist, and Botanist, than a sail from Bristol, through the romantic pass of St. Vincent’s Rocks, to the Holmes Islands. The Steep Holmes represents the rugged truncated apex of a submarine mountain, whose abruptly precipitous sides are only accessible at one proper landing place. Amidst the shelving rocks and loose shingly stones, a few hundred yards from, and at an elevation of nearly 100 feet above, this spot, at the eastern end of the island, ‘ There may ye see the Peony spread wide, — together with the scarcely less rare Allium ampeloprasum. The latter plant has effected a lodgment below the Light-house on the Flat Holmes ; but the Peony is altogether peculiar to the sister island.” “ The Patony was held in very high esteem by the ancient Greek physicians, but their praises are too extravagant for sober repetition. Among other super- stitions, they believed it to be of divine origin, an emanation from the moon, and that it shone during the night ; also that it had the power of driving away evil spirits, averting tempests, and protecting harvests from injury, &c. Neither are modern limes free from some remnants of these absurdities ; for the anodyne necklaces, still sold to prevent convulsions in children, and to ease dentition, are made ol beads turned from the root of this species. Its antispasmodic powers, though often dwelt on, are very feeble, and it is chiefly to be regarded as a nau- seous and acrid bitter. The seeds of Pceonia officinalis are said to be emetic and cathartic ; and the roots of P. anomala, and P. albiflora, are, according to Pallas, eaten in Siberia, either simply boiled, or as an ingredient in soups. The seeds of the latter are also, he says, used in the same country instead of lea.” See Bur- nett’s Outlines of Botany, p. 842. 218 '_y?j>c£a£.'a , ._$£er6 S^/ro'jdc^/w r 'J ui * by WBountf. ■■r. Bob anon Gurolin.Oxfbni.u&T. Mjc. (218.) ACTVE'A* *. Linnean Class and Order. PoLYA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Ranuncula'cea? +, Juss. Gen. PI. p. *231. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. 136. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495. ; Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 137. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 2. — Rosales ; sect. Ranunculus ; subsect. Ranunculianas ; type, Pteoniacete ; subty. Paionida: ; Burn. Out. of Bot. v.ii. pp. 614, 828, 832, & 842. — Multisiliqua:, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 4 roundish-oblong, concave, blunt, deciduous sepals. Corolla (see fig. 3.) of 4 oblong or inversely egg-shaped, unguiculated, deciduous petals, which are larger than the sepals, and alternate with them. Filaments (see figs. 3 & 4.) numerous, about 30, cylindrical, swelling upwards. Anthers of 2 lobes, sessile on tbe inner side of the summit of each filament. Germen (fig. 5.) superior, egg-shaped. Style none. Stigma (see fig. 5.) round, thick, obliquely depressed. Berry (f. 6.) nearly globular, with a lateral furrow, smooth, of 1 cell, not burst- ing. Seeds numerous, semiorbicular, depressed, ranged vertically over each other in two rows (see figs. 7 — 9.) The calyx of 4 sepals ; the corolla of 4 petals ; and the berry of 1 cell ; with numerous depressed seeds, in 2 vertical rows ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. ACTjE'A SPICA'TA. Spiked Bane-berry. Black Bane-berry. Herb Christopher. Spec. Char. Racemes dense, egg-shaped. Petals the length of the stamens. Berries oblong, on slender pedicels. Engl. Bot. t. 918. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 722. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 228. — Sm. El. Brit. v. ii. p. 562. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 3. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 642. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 710. — Lindl. Syn. p. 14. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 257. FI. Scot. p. 167.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v. i. p. 64.— Christophoriana, Ray’s Syn. p.262. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p.979. — Blackst. Spec. Bot. p. 14. — Aconitum racemosum, Acttxa quibusdam, Bauh. Hist. v. ii. pt. ii. p. 660. Localities. — In bushy places, especially in limestone situations. Very rare. — Cumberland; Sandwicke, Ullswater: Hutchinson. — Essex; In a thick wood, two miles from Thorndon: Mr. Hill, in Black. Sp. Bot. — Westmore- land ; Mountainous pastures above Troutbeck, near Ambleside: Mr. Wood- ward.— Yorkshire ; Among the shrubs by Malhnm Cove: Mr. Newton and Mr. Lawson; before 1690. In the same place, and near Craven, 1836: E. F. Witts, Esq. At Hildersley ; and in Hovingham lanes: Teesoale. In Whit- fell Gill, or Arthur’s Moss, near Askrigg: Curtis. Wensleydale, truly wild : Mr. R. Bowman, in N. B. G. At Thorp Arch: Rev. W. Wood. Fissures of the curious natural pavement of limestone at the foot of Ingleborough : Dr. Stokes. Woods as Hackness, near Scarborough : Rev. A. Bloxam, in N. B. G. Fig, 1. Calyx. -Fig. 2. Calyx, with 2 of the sepals fallen off, showing the Gertnen, &c.— Fig. 3. A separate Flower, showing the Petals, Stamens, Ger- men, and Stigma.— Fig. 4. Two of the Stamens.— Fig. 5. The Germen and Stigma.— Fig. 6. A Berry.— Figs. 7 & 8. Vertical sections of the same. — Fig. 9, A transverse section of ditto. — Figs. 3 A 4, slightly magnified. * From Akte, the Greek name of the Elder, which these plants much re- semble in foliage and fruit. Don. f See folio 43, note f. t See folio 129, a. Liley Wood, near Whitley Hall, 13 miles from Halifax, on the road to Barnsby ; rocks between Chapel-in-the-Dale and Mergill ; between Darnbrook and Arn- cliffe: N. J. Winch, Esq. in N. B. G. — SCOTLAND. Cleish Woods: Mr. Arnott. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root creeping, somewhat fleshy. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat triangular, leafy, not much branched, smooth, and somewhat tinged with red. Leaves stalked, twice or thrice ternate ; leaflets egg-shaped, pointed, rather thin and delicate, of a deep shining green, an inch or two long, deeply cut, and serrated. Flowers several, white with a slight blush-colour, in a rather close egg-shaped raceme or cluster, resembling a spike ; each flower with a small solitary bractea, under its downy partial stalk. Sepals concave, falling'off very soon after they expand (see fig. 2). Berries (fig. 6.) purplish-black, juicy, about the size of currants, poisonous. This plant is a powerful repellent. The root is useful in some nervous cases, but must be administered with caution. The berries are very poisonous ; the juice of them, with alum, yields a black dye. Toads are reported to enjoy the fetid odour of this plant. According to the observations of Linpleus, sheep and goats eat it ; cows, horses, and swine refuse it. “ He who delights to trace, with serious thought, In al! he sees the noiseless steps of Time, Shall find the outward forms of Nature fraught With ample food for many a lofty rhyme ; Or should he fear such dazzling heights to climb, And love to tread a less aspiring way, — Leaving untouch’d the awful and sublime. And seeking humbler objects to pourtray, May find in such the theme of many a pleasing Lay. What though the glorious Sun, enthron’d on high. May more conspicuously this lesson teach ; Or Moon and Stars, which gem the midnight sky, A yet more touching homily may preach, As day to day still utters ceaseless speech, And night to night yet added knowledge shows, — Far lowlier objects to the heart may reach. And wisdom purest precepts may disclose, Cull’d from The Lily’s bloom, or gather’d from The Rose f Yes — you, delightful handy-works of Him, Who arch’d the Heavens, and spann’d this solid earth. Before whose glory day’s proud light, is dim, And Art’s achievements, if not food for mirth. Display at best its barrenness and dearth, — You, too, instruct us, and with ‘ line on line, Precept on precept,’ show us by your birth, Your bud, your blossoming, and your decline, Time’s never-ceasing flight, and tell us truths divine. You, as the changing seasons roll along, Still wait on each, and added beauties lend: — Around the smiling Spring a lovely throng W ith eager rivalry her steps attend ; — Others with Summer’s brighter glories blend Some grace mild Autumn's more majestic mien ; — \\ hile some few iing’ring blooms the brow befriend Of hoary Winter, and with grace serene Enwrealhe the king of storms with Mercy’s gentler sheen.” B. Bartow^ ' nznfa? f?6‘ - p clef- 4 ; r w r" • 1 (*./ lU MU>t frtfifrlih? *t4 l ;1 it' Ifi . ^ tybortzau/a, - ^e>ct/u/na ^ ihenrrTji //$>S!r J\ib^b} WBoxUrBtttTQcCncrfn. C.ifireZJr?3j. C. Ma *J% firs,7jt l-S^Bc. (219.) RHA'MNUS* * Linnean Class and Order. Penta^dria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Rha'mneas, De Cand. — Lindl. Syn. p. 72. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 113. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.353. Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 508. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 21. — Rhamna'ceav, Loud. Arb. Brit, p.523. — Rhamni, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 376. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 182. — Rosales ; subord. MyrtoSjE ; sect. Ilicine ; type, Rhamnaceas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 617, & 624. — Dumos^e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, funnel-shaped ; coloured internally ; limb in 4 or 5 pointed, equal, spreading seg- ments. Corolla (see fig. 2.), when present, of as many small, converging petals as there are segments of the calyx, and alternate with them. Filaments (see fig. 2.) in the mouth of the calyx, op- posite to each petal, awl-shaped, short. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed, small. Germen (fig. 3.) superior, roundish, seated on a glandular disk. Style short, cylindrical, rarely divided. Stigma in 2, 3, or 4 lobes. Berry (fig. 4.) nearly globular, of 2, 3, or 4 cells. Seeds (fig. 6.) one in each cell, rounded externally, flattened at the inner side. The flowers are often more or less dioecious ; and the petals are sometimes wanting. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the funnel-shaped calyx of 4 or 5 segments, bearing the petals ; and by the berry-like fruit of from 2 to 4 cells, each cell contain- ing one seed or nut. Two species British. RHA'MNUS FRA'NGULA. Breaking Buckthorn. Alder Buck- thorn. Berry-bearing Alder. Spec. Char. Thorns none. Flowers all perfect. Leaves oval,, quite entire, lineated with 40 or 12 lateral nerves, and, as well as the calyx, smooth. Engl. Bot. t. 250. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. vi. t. 286. — Loud. Arbor. Brit. p. 537. t. 62, a.— Lina. Sp. FI. p. 280. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 98. — Sm. Fh Brit. v. i. p. 262. Engl. FI. v. i. p.328. —With. (7lh ed.) v. ii. p.323. — Lindl. Syn. p. 73.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 104. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 52.— Furt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 131.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 99.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 81. — FI. Dev. pp. 42 & 178.— Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 15.— Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 66. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 32.— Burn. Outl. of Bot. v/ii. p.625. — Sylvan Sketches, p. 13.— Perry’s PI. Varvic, Select®, p. 22. — E. Lees, in lllust. of Nat. Hist, of Worcest. p. 156. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 71. — Rhamnus alnoides, Gray’s Nat. An. v. ii. p. 621. — Frangula seu Al- nus nigra baccifera, Ray’s Syn. p. 465. — Alnus nigra, sive Frangula, John- son’s Gerarde, p. 1470. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. The same opened vertically to show the Petals, the Stamens, Disk, Germen, &c. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 4. A Berry. — Fig. 5. A transverse section of ditto.— Fig. 6. A Seed. — Figs. 1,2, & 3, a little magnified. * From the Celtic word ram, signifying a tuft of branches ; which the Greeks have changed to rhumnos, and the Latins to ramus. Loudon. t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note t- t From frango, to break ; applied to this species from the brittleness of its branches. Localities. — In woods and thickets; rare. Bedfordsh. Eversholt; Aspley Wood: Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. Closes near the Mill at Fulbourn ; Gamlingay Park ; and Whitewood : Rev. R. Relhan. — Cumberland ; Ulloek Moss, at the foot of Whinside Hill, near Keswick: H. C. Watson, Esq. in N. B. G. — Devon; Ilsington, Tavistock, Moreton, Kingsteignton ; and Hay- wood, near Exmouth : Rev. J. Jervis. Exwick Wood: Mr. Jacob. Widde- combe in the Moor : Rev. A. Neck. Bridford : Rev. P. Welland. Near the Schoolmaster Inn, between Barnstaple and Exeter ; and between Barnstaple and Ilfracombe: H. C. Watson, Esq. — Essex; About Woodford: Mr. Warner. — Kent; In hedges upon Willesboro’ Leas: Rev. G. E. Smith. High Rocks: FI. Ton. — Long Bog at Chisehurst ; Keston Common: Fl.Metr. — Leicestersh. Near Glenfield: Rev. A. Bloxam. — Middlesex; Caen Wood ; Bishop’s Wood ; about Hornsey; White Heath Wood, near Harefield ; and on Harefield Common: FI. Metr op. — Norfolk ; Horning: J. Paget, in N. B. G. Alder Carrs, Oby, &c. : Hist. Yarm. — Suffolk; Bungay: Mr. Stock. — Surrey ; Coulsdon : E. Wood. Wimbledom Common; Norwood: FI. Metrop. — Warwicksh. Grafton, Arrow, and Great Aloe: T. Purton, Esq. Wood at Smethwick, near Birmingham : Dr. Withering. Woods at Hatton: Mr. W. G. Perky. — Westmoreland ; Near Rydal Water: N. B. G. — Worcestersh. In Wyre Forest: Mr. E. Lees, in Must. — Yorksh. Lakeby Car: J. Ward, in N. B.G. Leeds: Denny, ibid. Near Rotherham : Mag. Nat. Hist. Mai ham Cove, and Makershaw Woods: N. J. Winch, Esq. — WALES. Denbighsh. Stream sides near Wrexham; and not uncommon in moist hedges: Mr. J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G. — SCOTLAND. Ayrshire; Cullum Wood, near Auchincruive : Mr. Smith. — IRELAND. County of Derry ; in a small Island called the Creagh Bog in Lough Beg : Mr. D. Moore, in FI. Hibern. Shrub, or small Tree. — Flowers in May. Stem from 4 to 10 or 12 feet high, with numerous, alternate, leafy, round, smooth branches ; covered with blackish bark. Leaves alternate, elliptical, or roundish, pointed, quite entire, smooth, deep green, with 10 or 12 parallel transverse nerves. Slipulas minute, and, as well as the petioles, downy. Flowers whitish, on simple, aggregate, axillary, smooth peduncles. Calyx cup-shaped, with 5 reflexed segments, between which stand the small petals, and opposite to them the very minute stamens, with dark purple anthers. Style very short. Stigma capitate, cloven. Berries dark purple, each with 2 large seeds. This, like most other species of Rhdmnus, is purgative, if taken internally. Half an ounce of the inner bark or liber, or a few of the berries, boiled in beer, form a brisk cathartic, which is said to be very certain in its action on cattle. The berries gathered before they ate ripe dye wool green. The bark dyes yel- low ;■ and, with a preparation of iron, black. The flowers are particularly grate- ful to bees. Goats devour the leaves voraciously, and sheep will eat them. Charcoal prepared from the wood ismuch esteemed in the manufacture of gun- powder. 'I lie juice expressed from the berries being boiled down with some gum arabic and a little alum, and then poured into bladders to harden, is the colour called sap green. JEcidium crassum, Hook. Brit. FI. v. ii. pt. ii. p 373, is sometimes parasitic on the leaves of this species; though it is more frequent on those of R. Catharticus. The Natural Order Rhamne/e, is composed of dicotyledonous shrubs or small trees, which are often spiny. Their leaves are simple, alternate, or some- times, though rarely, opposite; usually furnished with stipulas. Their flowers are small, axillary, or terminal, and usually of a greenish-yellow. They have a monosepalous, 4- or 5-cleft calyx, the tube of which adheres to the base of the ovary (germenj ; aud the lobes are valvate when in the bud. The corolla, which is rarely wanting, consists of 4 or 5 petals, inserted in the mouth of the calyx, and alternate with its segments, often scale-like, with a concave or cu- cullate limb. The stamens are equal in number to the petals and are opposite to them, consequently alternate with the lobes of the calyx. The anthers are 2-celled. The ovary is sometimes wholly adnale with the calyx, sometimes ad- herent only with the base, or as far as the middle, and is 2-, 3-, or 4-celled, with 1 erect seed in each cell. The fruit is either fleshy and indehiscent, or dry and separating in 3 divisions. The seeds are erect; the albumen fleshy, seldom wanting ; the embryo about as long as the seed, with large flat cotyle- dons, and a short inferior radicle. ' T. ' . 2V.O \ CMatkewv.Dd. 8(3 c. (220.) PE'PLIS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Hexa'ndriaI Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Lythrarie'a:, Juss. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 514. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v.ii. p. 706. — Salica'- RjyE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 330. — Lindl. Syn. p. 71.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 59. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 527. — Rosales ; sect. Onagrin.e; type, Lytiiraceje; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 722, & 726. — Calycanthema:, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, bell-shaped, with 12 lobes, of which 6 are broader than the rest, and upright ; the others spreading, awl-shaped, and alternating with the larger ones. Corolla (see fig. 2, b,b.) of 6 very minute, inversely egg- shaped petals, inserted into the throat of the calyx, between its segments ; sometimes wanting. Filaments (see fig. 2, c. and fig. 4, a.) 6, thread-shaped, incurved, shorter than the calyx, alternate with the petals, and opposite to the broader segments Of the calyx. Anthers (see fig. 4, b.) roundish. Germen (fig. 5.) superior, globu- lar, furrowed. Style very short, cylindrical. Stigma capitate, globose. Capsule (fig. 6.) globose, membranous, pellucid, of 2 cells, not bursting, with a transverse partition. Seeds (figs. 7 & 8.) nu- merous, minute, obtuse, triangular, inserted into the central column (see fig. 7.). The bell-shaped calyx with 6 large and 6 alternating smaller teeth ; and the corolla (when present) of 6 minute petals, inserted upon the calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. PE'PLIS PO'RTULA. Common Water Purslane. Spec. Char. Leaves opposite, inversely egg-shaped, stalked. Flowers axillary, solitary ; petals wanting, or scarcely visible. Engl. Bot. t. 1211. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 288. Cul t. Brit. Entom. v. x. t. 459. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 474. — Buds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 147.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 389. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 187. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 452. — Lind. Syn. p. 72.— Book. Brit. FI. p. 151. — Light!'. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 187. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 108. — Abbott’s FI. Bedf. p. 78. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 35. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 181. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 146. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 111. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 82. — FI. Devon, pp. 63 & 170. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 23. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 23. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 101. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 708. — Perry's PI. Varvic. Select*, p. 32. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 34. FI. Hibern. part. i. p. 69. — Portula palustris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.553. — Portula Ray’s Syn. p.368. — Alsine rotundifolia, sive Portu/aca aquatica, Johns. Ger. p.614. — Glaucoides pa- lustre , portulacee folio, fiore purpureo, Mich. Gen. p. 21. 1. 18. f. 1. Localities. — In marshy and watery places on a sandy or gravelly soil, espe- cially such as become dry in Summer. Not uncommon. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Tbe same opened, exhibiting, a, the Calyx ; b, b. the Petals; c. the Stamens. — Fig. 3. A Petal. — Fig. 4. A Stamen; a, the Fila- ment; b, the Anther — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Capsule, accompanied by the permanent Calyx. — Fig. 7. A transverse section of the Capsule. — Fig. 8. A Seed. — All, more or less, magnified. * From peplion, Gr. anciently applied to the genus Porfulaca, now to one somewhat similar in habit. Sir W. J. Hooker. 4- See Galanthus nivalis, folio 33, note t- Annual. — Flowers from June to September. Root fibrous. Stems prostrate, floating, or creeping, from 4 to 9 inches or a foot long, square, often striking root from the joints, branched, leafy, smooth, reddish. Leaves opposite, stalked, in- versely egg-shaped, or somewhat spatulate, tapering into the pe- tiole, smooth, quite entire, hardly an inch long, the midrib often reddish. Flowers very small, opposite, in the axils of the leaves, solitary, nearly sessile, reddish. Calyx greenish-white, tinged with red, very large in proportion to the petals, the limb cut into 12 teeth, of which the alternating ones are smaller and turned back. Corolla and Filaments of a pinky red, petals inserted on the calyx, very fugacious, sometimes 6, but more frequently only 1 , 2, or 3, and very often altogether wanting. Capsule small, globular, mem- branous, very thin and pellucid, of 2 cells, the partition membran- ous, corresponding with the external groove of the capsule (see flg. 6.). Receptacle (placenta) fleshy, roundish, a little com- pressed, fastened to the partition on both sides. Seeds minute, about 30 in each cell, inversely egg-shaped, convex on one side, flat on the other. Peplis Portula is not unfrequent in most parts of England, as well as in many other parts of Europe, in a sandy or gravelly soil, in places where water has stagnated in the Winter, but which have become dry, or nearly so, in the Summer. In an excursion made in company with my son, in June 1831, in the neigh- bourhood of my native place, Rugby in Warwickshire, for the purpose of as- certaining what plants grew wild in its vicinity, with a view of some time publishing a Flora of that part of the county, we found this plant in great abundance in the upper street of the village of Hillmorton, nearly opposite the Plough Public House; and again a little way out of the village we observed it in still greater profusion, in the ditches on the right hand side of the road going from thence towards Barby, just before you come to Mr. Abel’s house. — How often is a little simple flower the source of most delightful and pleasing recol- lections ! Hillmorton is the birth-place of my Mother, and the circumstance of merely recording the name of this humble plant, after having seen it in such abundance in the place above mentioned, seems to lead me back to the happy days of my childhood, many of which were spent amongst my relations and friends in that pleasant village. “ It is not through the eye alone We gather either bale or bliss, From scenes which.it may gaze upon: Their sweetest tint, their deepest tone, That which most saddens or endears, Is shed on them by thoughts and feelings, Which rise at Memory’s still revealings, From dreams of former years! The scenes that met our early gaze. The very turf we trod on then, The trees we climbed ; as fancy strays Back to those long-past hours again. Revive, and re-appear, as when The soul with sorrow kept no strife ; But, in its first imaginings, Unfurled its own ethereal wings, And sprang to light and life.” B. Barton. -■'i> .1 i rft ti ■ ■ •, r»., >• * ”ot» .pu p t» to psntiroft ,9/e • • ji.| . rift > „fj «’ • fl'tllj *r.'4>]>9 W't *v ' < J /} ;? "*• •' ’ 1 « »'i • 1 •if*.- >fis ,vV ’ . -nr tvf * I •' J» V ■ ’ i-> V»- f t t t If */*.,* r | If. 1. ./» ' ^rnil ,.I !:• •-•.»!»• •.! u' ■ 0 - rif-lm . -. ■ v Ax iW'it ‘/ro 'mil 9 y -.v , <*Y ' a • *n tit • ! *; In u \ * in ') . -t'K • f; "..'t .••Lt i . ' ’ «i :lii| \a.; i« r> r ,s((OitrkI r>blil o ,&■ Unwi .vitoJJ ahoU^-nR .(Ji 8no py xsroio ,Lo(jbdk jj-.- stavu Jbo xfot-i n< OC uk « . ** lo.tirtm *-oor ,i ?•— • rp n>mt *ro *r nbmSt tiflcp*! • o» Jo thtu t jjito \bj.i xi ni ao Ihw m . 3«n»nD0 y,ij m ,oa to ittnooaJ •f»',VT ->.'1 rr ,!*£( acute ,nr.n y-« film ratqnti >» ni eb*f,i notncnusAi bT ,f, ...-, ,p> i«ivt .vi 7/ f.i M ,0'>tlqr"'i.i/c yin V. .K»ii(liu;,il ■ «• I-. * ii • ,*»iu;3i'» »)f r: ti, yn**a rmlt j v,i » •)f!niwv.»> •’ "• - " '*«<»♦•»•'• ,'int>03 4t lo Iteq, u.di 1© 1 " 'ir ' T ' uii H '•o , ill j : ’ ' 1 - * > in *.‘u jc aiini bp*n aifj n® f iro i »xjoa jo% ]w 'y I v j[ , 7*1 j i. 1 Bt**»y*c •»«!*!» ’ «!*■•!• M v. *i »:■ .'«j ; .ts> n-itoml! > h .< • t * 1.1. V litfflt 'll* %lU4.t j rt In ....f; ,.«(j .lltfnt ' • t '* *!*’ ti * •■ .! • I.if ’ . .1 , .. • ...I . , ■ • fJJlUtv 4> «h- .i •* i* oi« vii aJ) if uxn.O Je.j »i ' . m • i - • n.; at *f'jb?n 77W71 OoU/mt-int. 2/ / L t.um • f J • rufe n . Of. frrj . r/r ur (221.) AQUILE'GIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Pentagy'nia. Natural Order. Ranuncula'cea: +, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 136. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495. ; Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 137. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 2. — Rosales ; sect. Ranunculina: ; subsect. Ranun- CUHANA3; type, Ranunculace.e ; subty. Hellebores ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. p. 614, 828, 832, 837, & 839. — Multisili- qus, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx ( Corolla of Linn.) inferior, of 5 egg-shaped, mostly pointed, nearly flat, equal, spreading, coloured, petal-like, deciduous sepals (fig. 1). Corolla (Nectary of Linn.) of 5 petals (fig. 2.), gaping upwards, 2-lipped, their upper lip large and flat, their lower very small ; each petal elongated downwards into a hollow, horn-shaped spur, which is callous at the apex, and pro- truding between the sepals. Filaments (fig. 3.) numerous, 30 or 40, awl-shaped, upright ; the outer ones shortest, innermost abortive, dilated and corrugated (wrinkled or shrivelled), closely enfolding the germens. Anthers terminal, heart-shaped, upright. Germens (figs. 4 & 5) 5, superior, egg-oblong, terminating in awl-shaped, upright styles, which are longer than the stamens. Stigmas simple. Capsules ( follicles ) (figs. 6 & 7.) 5, upright, cylindrical, pointed, parallel, straight, of 1 valve, bursting at the inner side downwards. Seeds (figs. 9 & 10.) numerous, egg-shaped, smooth, keeled, ad- hering to the edges of the capsule. The calyx of 5 deciduous, coloured sepals ; and the corolla of 5 petals, each terminating below in a horn-shaped spur, or nectary ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. AQUILE'GIA VULGA'RIS. Common Columbine |(. Spec. Char. Spur of the petals incurved. Capsules hairy. Stem leafy, many-flowered ; leaves nearly smooth. Styles as long as the stamens. Engl. Bot. t. 297. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. ix. t. 392. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 752. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.235. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.578. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 33. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 666.— Cray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 712. — Lindl. Syn. p. 13. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 261.— Light. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 284. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 169.— Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 118.— Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 54.— 1‘urt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.255; and v. iii. p. 362. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.217. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 170. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 121. — Rev. G. E. Smith s PI. of S. Kent, p. 30.— FI. Devon, pp. 91 fc 194. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. & Durh. p.37. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 152. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 49. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selecta:, p. 45.— Bab. FI. Bath. p. 2. —Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 52.; FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 10. — Aquilegia flore simplici, Ray’s Syn. p.273. — Aquilegia ccerulea, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1093. F'ig. 1. A Sepal. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistils. — Fig. 4. Germens and Pistils. — Fig. 5. A separate Germen. — Fig. 6. Capsules. — Fig. 7. A separate Capsule. — Figs. 8 & 9. Seeds. * From aquila, an eagle ; whose claws the nectaries, or spurs of the petals, represent. -f See fol. 43, note t- t See fol. 129, a. || From columbus, a pigeon ; from the form of each petal, sepaiated with two sepals attached to it. Localities. — In woods, coppices, meadows, and boggy places; frequent. — Oxfordsh. Whichwood Forest; Headington- Wick Copse; and in the bog near it, abundant ; Stow Wood ; Shotover Hill, near the Ochre Pits; in Sherborne Wood ; Stoke great Wood ; Ardley and Tusmore Woods; and in a lane near Glympton. — Berks ; about West Woodhay ; in a wood near Besselsleigh ; and woods near Streatley —Bedfordsh. In Barton Leat Wood. — Cambridgesh. Hinton, Teversham, Triplow, Anglesey Abbey; and Hatley St. George. — Cornwall ; St. Ives, Lelant, &c. In hedges near Pillaton ; near Goldsithney ; about Falmouth ; and on the side of a common a mile and a half from Bodmin. — Cumberland ; In woods and on the borders of lakes. — Derbysh. The dell in Calke Park. — Devon-, Near Chudleigh, llsington, Lympstone. Holne Chace, and Spitchwick Woods, abundant. Park Hill near Torquay ; Bradley Woods, and other spots, near Newton ; near Alphington. — Dorset; In Eastbury Woods, Gunville. — Durham; In the dene below Dalton-le-Dale ; near Middleton-in- Teesdale; at Baydales near Darlington ; in Castle Eden Dene; by Pontburn near Medomsley ; and at Barley Haugh near Ebchester. In Hesledon Dene and in Portrack Lane, half way to Norton. On Ramps Holm, in Derwent- water, and in woods at the head of that lake. — Essex ; Little Beddow Com- mon ; and at Danbury.— Gloucestersh. St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol. — Kent; Near Cuxton ; in woods above Slowting. In Badgen Wood, and beyond White- hill, Ospringe. — Lancash. Sea shore in Low Furness. — Middlesex; Pastures about Harefield. — Norfolk; Near Bedingham, and Swaffham. — Northamp- tonsh. Woods between Wansford and Kingscliffe. — Northumberland ; By the Ousebourn in Heaton Dene; and on the banks of the river Derwent near Allan’s-ford. In Willington Dene, by the path from Wallsend ; and in Dilslon Park near Hexham. — Notts ; In Asply Close ; also in that part of Asply Wood which joins the close. — Somersetsh. In a wood by the side of the field behind the farm-house on Claverton Down. — Staff ordsh. Near Botley. — Suffolk ; Near Bungay. — Surrey ; W imbledon Common ; Norwood Common ; and Box Hill. — Warwicksh. Woods near Allesley. — Worcestersh. By the side of a stream near Newland. On the banks of Dowlass Brook, in Wire Foiest. In Bewdley Forest, Shrawley Wood, and about Leigh Sinton. Yorksh. Upper part of Girling Trough, near Conistone, Kilnsay, and near Wensley. — WALES. Anglesey ; In Penmon Deer-park ; between Pont y Brenin and Llangoed Mill ; and in the old Park near Beauraares. Woods of Plas Newydd. — Flintsh. On rocks by the Menai, and in the grounds at Penrhyn Castle, near Bangor. Com- mon in Monmouthshire. — Not unfrequent in SCOTLAND and IRELAND. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root somewhat tuberous. Stem upright, 2 to 3 feet high, branched, leafy, round, bearing several flowers. Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, those from the root on long petioles, twice ter- nate ; leaflets broadly wedge-shaped, bluntly lobed and cut ; those on the stem more simple, and almost sessile. Flowers drooping, generally of a light blue or pale pink in a wild state, on purplish, somewhat downy stalks. Sepals pointed. Petals much incurved at the end of the spur. Germens and Capsules hairy. Seeds black. This plant has long been cultivated in our gardens, on account of the beauty of its blossoms, which sport exceedingly in colour. Mr. Phillips observes in Flora Historica, v. ii. p. 119, that it is a curious character in the natural his- tory of this plant that it should take three distinct modes of doubling its flowers; viz. by the multiplication of the sepals, to the exclusion of the petals; by the increase of the petals, to the exclusion of the sepals; and liequently by the multiplication of the petals, w hile the sepals remain. ’The elongated and in- curved spur of the petals seems to bid defiance to the entrance of the bee in seaich of the hidden treasure; but the admirable ingenuity of the sagacious insect is not to be thus defeated, for on ascertaining the impracticability of effecting his usual admission, with his proboscis, he actually penetrates the petals near the depot of honey, and thus extracts the latent sweets without further difficulty. Its medicinal qualities were once deemed considerable, but are not well defined, and in some instances it is said to have proved fatal to children. See Wither- ed.— Hudson’s Aquilegia alpina is only a smaller variety of this, with the spur of the petals extended, and but little incurved ; and the stem usually single- flowered. It is quite distinct from A. alpina of Linnjeus, which has blossoms double the size. The drawing for the accompanying plate was made from a specimen gathered on Shotover Hill, near Oxford, July, 1836. , r;i ■; 'J .1 ; •) . ii •rm 1 *. • . • .■ > jc< ^ yi ■> —.!«>;<• ■ fc. >••'.. > i ■ '• " ;• 1A1 . t>l t , • TXSm It. . • , } M II, ■ Bit '-if MTV | r ( .IJt , -,t> , • «*,. • , •> «> • I fi ,j* fl i. ' i « , »>4 •»<'*' . - . • ,.,U1 rtW ^ , if/wi 'J i,i • ****vo»yi — H' ,iiOu»ll . /-I«0 Ii VJV 31 .V/ * Vj >. »ji !.<■<; ,v i Mi"' i • -.ik, Mttli 1 Il ' UJH- • . * '• if; ✓ti'i . / _wi - U * tl> At, if , Y7tb»*ti I • . ,, i.' 1 'OH ui >i . - ■*■ ii '! , aeorfi • *u3 W» * A i Of -«qi f 6 ni jirtt; rKf «fv.v i rm Afuiaa fa ■■" .htmfaf . . ,**• i tjf * i*npi • ■ •’V JT,‘ ■ - •■' ' "1 :v ' '1 <• * ' ; . ' .. 41*4* -H,J )<■ ,i„ IV ■ • bw ' •• -ifc I t J ■)' OJ .ft. - ciort'.q <■ .« ' 1 , < » fc**1 ' ' '•>!.* i .i. ,*!>,; •»' tuVl *-*•«' •H 1 .v «!».• ’ - .«H‘i AW it. •'.( .I'-l ' «... j| .*i fO jrt'-. > «.»*t HO ,W- ',«J It1! -J 1) 1 0'TUW ' •V r • .1 y'j'l *i< ,o . 0 f Tt 3 (IIOtI V -\7, vyv. ! t : .WJOJJ Ko» ,4f Mf, ' \ Joo Y^rurli' .b p.oi i pm f" * j 7 ,oi- 0 seif fi a* j - rtJiW risiit; Ol h , » 'i- '■ ■ J / t U *rfttscmbau y t it.j» bn ,v/ >i *0, ,v ,^nwol» v vmn (ls niiinr >> ,W'(:wn irmtsfirccr ,51m? w; -10 1 H-flCn >>«f* ,ynv«>b { I’irfw * • ,S*r < 'o-v <»«..< tajt.mir. <}(.! towol 'lilt ty M i '!-i .- ' iA f Sir 1* Irptr* ,|lt: . ^ '• Tl-Mi? ; f* .jA bn< A ,J ■*») »1f*H 9tr . ■ti4! u..: ,11 !i .n.jiifvniii .yirdij w> 1 cf) yl»*}iKO« ter! ,l*o,n‘< ’ <.i • ’ iiHoTixi fcf I: v.< roi jfiin tvv-J )ud , t ■> . *w-jtsiit„> ,-yj« 'c4* aottorf hor ,4igtm ^wo < oi '• if *c •> \ 1 \vU «M at Jfwvr 'tu WYTHAM . i» l .ti Odfi'lrt ®afw. V ‘ «f r*d* 11 iw ,h guiles ioiI 'i-t ob ,sf»ii. ii*(\ n. fi u ■ > ■ I >(il no . <:> . 'J|Udl ■ -J lj ■ syv A- 4«!<»*YhvM.A'iw»tt4M\ cM) bsitfOboofiORJO n 4biolxO *0 bowl i ocblgt'-a ,iu\iM»of^o .s >v'. * V ar. > . . ytm *Jwo Uril-zaim {d* 1 • swi h '5' (224.) PARIETA'RIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'nubia f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Urti'ceje, Lindl. Syn. p. 218. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 93. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 510. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p. 534. — Urtic.v . *! •• • t * ;| ,M i ' 1 <*• JiV- ■■ V ' . . , ■ , '! H - * »rir ' • . ■ - ■.X-;;. It. •• i!du.. lb . '■ I j! mV -,M • lit’. ’ •:!):»< •'* ■•’ftwi-Kr 9 ;>i' i Wi i •• t.- i T«>cti'!Oj< £ * rnofl , S i - : r : ' vm > . • • ■jffltlq t'(U> ») jbfut'l ,»!<$« r , 9*10111 iv Jvi.-’ <• Ol ,9«tx5 oft» tfi fo-’i Iviifl- ( to ! • vritf *.b9tototJ9q iJ/Mmii.r tmoO raJuO ; U'.bj r. tt’d zuatkb u • ti\ ■ . jp, j_p gei>) jjanpn-' in-; yvu.?3 sort rfjiw #i{nwi .b bo® :■> tflw.r .f/iw sbtrtwxfB ,iooi ©Hi yllr- tod ,im(g M" sd l ' - • inubo: -i vH/'ilr, : ; ) u.s iKMvrn V* 8»hJajl. eri-lw rze ; slid * sr.nsdwis* djiw .opfil. tum don u, me* ni to j'jltim^b b ", .icssw! . r.i? xis cs I c< i si tl »{< qurrnu iioo viBOttorloq auohw or *© vr,i ■ ? |wn rotw^rii d)iv I 'lbnal f re « i ,«oo: «to9»dl to- iH was ”i»»x* bsH'jcjfl «* li fid iJj -i ,!» noil bviripn gi 3r§« :oI 9ln ''tiS ‘ 'toB iVOirih - it rv-- a iw;h V) b'jit.ti'j si toefq ‘ ionai i «i .»«otw U .vn-iviJA:’ -;o . wfl 2/. jl -X'.ijb viO ,ybs f 1 si .. >'-> . e/I j i ii 9vr •, if/i-n tox : .*./>» • It 16 iptiotm no - / two to • »/> r: ont oicioo^fc ol bsstf ^liowol oif> ' t-woIirfW . ■ >x ■ lirtj-* 1 s lu Wnjt is ito i '. ce .todt ,? ;>■ 3d; >tn 1 -.■ i - r 7".*' , . ■ || I ... oil, 09 1 -T * It-nr-.'i r ^ v ' ' ' 5* > o v ■ is bf-' f‘ br.s j&'detm?* 8’TAii n. : .©’■••.r . •in- - • I/I*l ' ••••'•<• fi V V '■/ofifJduL tyaludrut. (ficcihA djfJwJj,. % iW ijr W.B*xt,r.B«tmu Gar dm. Ojfirimq (* *227.) TOFIELDIA*. Linnean Class and Order. Hexa'ndria "f, Irigy'n I a. Natural Order. Melantha'cea?, Dr. R. Brawn. — I.ind Syn. p. 264. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst of Bot. p. 272. — Loud. Hort. Bril. p. 539. — Colchtca'ce e, De Cand. FI. Fr. v. iii. p. 192. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 401. — Aspiiodeli, Juss. Gen. P!. p. 51. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 74. — Palmares; sect. Liliacina:; type, Colchicacea?; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 391, 418, 425, & 434. — Coiionari^e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx ( involucre, Hook.,/ (fig. 1.) inferior, small, of 1 sepal, membranous, 3-cleft, permanent. Corolla ( Perianth , Hook, and Lindl.y (fig. 2.) of 6, oblong, concave, equal, spreading, permanent petals, many times longer than the calyx. Filaments (see figs. 2 & 3.) 6, awl-shaped, simple, smooth, the length of the petals, and opposite to them. Anthers incumbent, roundish-heart- shaped. Germens (see figs. 2, 3, & 4.) 3, superior, converging, pointed. Styles 3, very short, vertical, distant. Stigmas (seef. 4.) capitate. Capsules ( 'f ollicles , Li rid 1 . ^ (see figs. 4 & 5.) 3 or 6, united at the base, each of 1 cell, and 2 valves, bursting chiefly at the inner edge. Seeds (tig. 6.) numerous, elliptic-oblong, angular, attached to the inner margin of the valves at each side. The minute, 3-cleft calyx ; the corolla of 6 petals ; the smooth filaments ; and the 3 or 6 capsules united at their base, each many- seeded; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. TOFIE'LDIA PALU'STRIS. Marsh Tofieldia, Scottish As- phodel. Spec. Char. Spike egg-shaped, or oblong, blunt. Stem smooth, thread-shaped, nearly leaHess. Petals inversely egg-shaped, blunt Germeps roundish. F.ngb’Bot. t. 536.— Hook. FI. Lond. UOO.-IIuds. FI. Ang.(2nd ed )p. 157.— Sm. FI. Brit v. i. p. 397, excluding all the synonyms but the 2nd, & Sth. — Pers. Syn. PI. v. i. p. 399. — Sm. Engl. FI. v.ii. p. 198. — VVilh. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 459. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 172.— Lind. Syn. p.264. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 170. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 114. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p.24. — Tofieldia borealis. Wahlenb. FI. Lapp. p. 89. — Anthericum calyculdtum, Linn. Sp. PL p. 447.; FI. Lapp. (2nd ed.) p. 106. t. 10. f. 3. — Light!'. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 181. t. 8. f. 2. — Helonias borealis, Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. i. p. 274, synonyms greatly confused. — Phalangium Scoticum palustre minimum, iridis folio, Ray’s Syn. p. 375. Localities. — In boggy places, on the mountains of the North of England; of Scotland; and, Sir J. E. Smith says, of Ireland; but it is not noticed in the new Flora Hibernica of Mr. Mackay. — Durham; Near \V iddy Bank on Teesdale Forest: N.J. Winch, Esq. — Yorkshire; On Cronkley Fell, at 2(X)0 feet elevation : R. Bowman, in N. If. G. Above .Middleton in Teesdale: Mr. Brunton. — SCOTLAND. Near Berwick: Ray. Dr. Johnston, in his ex- cellent Flora of Berwick, says, “ We have sought for it in vain, and, perhaps, by the * Bervico in Scotia’ North Berwick may be intended." — About Loch Fig. 1. Calyx and Bractea. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Bractea, Calyx, Sta- mens, and Germen.— Fig. 4. The three combined Capsules. — Fig. 5. The same, with one of them divided transversely. — Fig. 6. A Seed. — All, more or less, magnified. * So named by Mr. Hudson after Mr. Tomlld, an eminent Botanist of Doncaster. t See Galunthus nivalis, folio 33, note f. Ranlioch, in Perthshire ; also in the Isle of Rum, on a mountain called Baike- vall : Hev. J. Lightfoot. — On Olenmore, Ross shire ; Ben Grihunt, Suther- land ; and Bidan-nam-bian in Glencoe: Withering.— In a bos at the back of Invercauld House, Aberdeenshire, abundant, and with an uncommon luxuri- ance. Also on several hills about Invercauld, and on the mountains of Breadal- bane: Mr. Brown. — On the summit ol the Clova mountains, Forfarshire: Mr. Don. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root somewhat woody, with many long, zigzag, whitish fibres. Stem solitary, nearly leafless, from 4 to 6 inches high, upright, simple, cylindrical, quite smooth. Leaves almost wholly radical, about 2 inches long, in tufts, sword-shaped, equitant, ribbed, in- curved at the point. Spike terminal, solitary, oblong, blunt. Flowers very small, yellowish or greenish- white. Calyx (fig. 1.) very small, 3-cleft, with a minute bractea at its base. Petals (f. 2.) inversely egg-shaped, blunt, concave, a little longer than the sta- mens. Germens united at the base. Styles short, spreading. Stigmas abrupt, slightly capitate. Capsules (figs. 4 & 5.) con- verging, each crowned by the permanent style. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, tawny-coloured. The drawing for the accompany ittg plate was made from a plant which has for many years, probably ever since the time of Diillnius, been cultivated in the Oxford Garden as the Tofieldia palustris, and specimens of the same are pre- served in the Sherardian Herbarium, and labelled, in Dr. J. Sim Hone’s liand- wiiting, T. palustris. Duds.; Anther icum calyculatum, Linn.; fiom this I considered it to be the same as the Bri'ish species, native specimens of which 1 have not seen ; but, since the whole impression of the annexed plate was struck off, and coloured, I have read Sir James K. Smith’s paper on the Genus Tofieldia, in the 12th vol. of Tr. of the Linn. Soc. ; and I am inclined to think that the plant which 1 have figured is the T. ulpina of Sir .1 ami s ; T. palustris of I)e Candoi.lf. ; a plant which, previous to the publication of Sir James's paper, was considered as a variety of the British species, whose greater luxuti- ance, or more dilated habit, was attributed to its situation in a more favourable climate. The principal differences, as pointed out by Sir J. K. Smith, are as follows:— In T. palustris, the flowers are produced in an egg-shaped or oblong spike or head, and are sessile * ; and the stem has frequently one leal at its base. In T. alpina, every pait of the plant is twice as large ; the flowers form a cylindrical cluster, from 1 to 2 inches long, each flower having a short, thick, partial stalk, accompanied by a small, solitary bractea, at its base; and the stem is furnished with two leaves, the uppermost of which is the smallest. Sir J. K. Smith observes, that “ notwithstanding what is said in Gerarde’s lletbal (p. 96.), there is no authority lor this ever having been found in Britain." The Natural Order MejlanthacevE, is composed of mono- cotyledonous, herbaceous plants, whose roots are fibrous, sometimes fascicled, rarely bulbous. Their flowers either rise immediately from the root, or are produced in panicles on tall leafy stems, or in spikes or racemes upon naked scapes. The perianth (fig. 2.) is in- ferior, petaloid, in 6 pieces, or, in consequence of the union of their claws, tubular ; the pieces or segments generally involute in the bud. The stamens (f. 3.) are 6 in number, with their anthers mostly turned outwards. The ovary is3-celled, and many-seeded ; the style trifid or 3-parted ; and the stigmas undivided. The capsule (f. 4.) is often divisible into 3 pieces ; sometimes with the valves bearing the dissepiment in the middle. The seeds have a mem- branous testa ; and a dense, fleshy albumen. See Lindl. Sign. * The figures in Linn. FI. Lapp. ; and Liyhtf. FI. Scot. ; which are quoted by Sir J. K. Smith, as belonging to T. palustris, have the floweis, not sessile, but on slender partial stalks ; and the figure in En0l. Bot. also represents it as ItaviDg the flowers somewhat pedunculate. • H>*\ »ll *’•» (#-"<* rl’l' , I H1J. > ; if... •. ' .. Ivv ' -ni ,tviddii • ,!■' •'Cf'i-uiov.-' nr »« mi sWodc tnumomvc >viT • ' .i" ,oaqerif*gjp jttri (vilw ' ‘ ' .-.£»»• • j'is' ■ •• •••!•*' is «li n fc riat . . i. ; ,iot}cq , ji, ■ ,|| 1 .[> «» ,il»i c •n: ui : -*j > »>•> v.ii r ici • sit .3f <|J „oaoin t'-» ' •* i >> h . • •>. •/’«»> -m . (.S .gftj ; »:rf •bs.lmi noqu ✓nutatM k> .idiqa •|© no iu n! m " . '>• , b»iq J) n .h U.'^q ,»nyl ’ ^/n/Jvrucud yktlvtdfow. WaLJ/ -Itaktd tfardtu. H /. / Pui r h' IVBuxter Bclanu: Gardtn Otffri.lffiJJ. (228.) ANTHRI'SCUS* *. Linvean Class and Order. PENTA'NDRTAf, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Umbelli'fera:, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.463. — Loud. Hort.Brit. p. 517. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 235. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales ; sect. Angelicin2E ; type, Smyrniacea: ; subt. Scandicida: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 770, 780, & 781. Gen. Char. Calyx an obsolete margin. Corolla (fig. 1.) su- perior, of 5, inversely egg-shaped, truncate, or emarginate, indexed, often very short, petals. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 5, thread-shaped, spreading, about as long as the petals. Anthers roundish. German (fig. 2.) inferior, oblong, slightly compressed. Styles (see fig. 2.) short, awl-shaped, a little spreading. Stigmas simple. Fruit (see fig. 2.) contracted on the side, beaked. Carpella ( seed of Linn.y (see figs. 4 & 5.) almost taper, without ridges, the beak alone hav- ing 5 ridges. Seed taper, deeply furrowed in front. Universal involucrum none. Partial involucrum (see fig. 3.) of many leaves. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the obsolete calyx ; the inversely egg-shaped petals, with an in- flexed, generally short, point ; the beaked fruit, contracted at the side ; the almost taper carpels, destitute of ribs, except the beak, which is 5-ribbed ; and the taper seed, deeply furrowed in front. Three species British. ANTHRI'SCUS SYLVE'STRIS. Wild Beaked-Parsley. Wild Chervil. Smooth Cow-Parsley. Cow-Weed. Spec. Char. Umbels terminal, stalked. Leaflets of the invo- lutels egg-shaped, membranous. Loaves triply pinnate ; leaflets egg-shaped, pinnatifid, rough-edged. Hoffmann’s Plant. Umbel. 40 — 46. t. i. f. 19. p. 210. 1. 1. u. f. 17. fide Don. — Lindl. Syn. p. 124. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 131.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.364. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.21. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 125. — Charophyllum sylvdstre, Engl. Bot. t. 752. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 273. — Mart. FI. Bust. t. 96.— Jacq. FI. Austr. 1. 149.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 369.— Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. ii. p. 1452.— Hods. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 124 Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 326. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 48.— With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.388.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 167.— Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 100. — Abbot’s FI. fiedf. p. 66. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p.29.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i p. 154.— Belli. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 123.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 93.— Grcv. FI. Kdin. p. 68.— FI. Devon, pp. 52 & 167. — Johnst. FI. of Berwick, p. 68.— Winch’s FI. of Northumb. & Durham, p. 18. Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 76.— Mack. Catal. of Plants of lrel. p. 29.— Cerefdlium sylvdstre, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 501.— Cicutdria vulgaris, Ray’s Syn. p. 207. — Cicutdria alba, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1038. n. 6. Localities. — In hedges, and the borders of pastures, and fields, in a rather fertile soil. Very common. Fig. 1. A separate Flower.— Fig. 2. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas.— Fig. 3. An Umbellule, showing the fruit, and the partial involucrum. — Fig. 4. The two Carpels which formed the fruit, separated, and suspended by the central, thread- shaped column.— Fig. 5. A separate Carpel.— Fig. 6. A transverse section of the same. — All a little magnified. * A name given by Pliny to a plant resembling Scdndix. Don. t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note f. Perennial. — Flowers in April, May, and June. Root spindle-shaped, branched, somewhat milky. Stem upright, ? °F ? f“l h'gh’ leafv’ round’ s,riated> hollow, somewhat swelled below the joints, especially when full grown; the lower part dowhy ; the upper part sleek, and generally devoid of pu- bescence. Leaves large, thrice pinnate, leaflets deeply cut, the terminating one attenuate, especially in the upper leaves, rough at the margin. Umbels smooth, flattisli, rather small for the Size of the plant, drooping more or less when youno-, quite upright when ,n flower and fruit, many-rayed, on long, generally smooth, peduncles. Partial intoliicruins of about 5, "egg-shaped, membranous, fringed, reflexed leaves (bracteas). Flowers white or reddish; the marginal ones only prolific; petals flat, inversely egg-shaped, those of the central flowers nearly equal, but the outer'- most of the outer ones largest, and somewhat inversely heart-shaped (see fig 1). Filaments whitish, short, and deciduous. Anthers yellowish. Germen (fig. 2.) broadest at top, flatfish on both sides, SKn% 5*?- LSeC ?*) spear-shaped, with a deep channel on each side, blackish polished, quite smooth and even, with a short, angular, furrowed beak. Bases of the styles almost globular, seated on a scarcely discernible floral receptacle. The snow-white flowers, some of the earliest of their tribe, plen- tifully adorn the hedges and bushy margins of fields in Spring and announce the approach of Summer. The whole herb has the flavour of carrots, and is said to be very grateful to' rabbits In some parts of ihe kingdom, in times of scarcity the young leaves are used as a pot-herb, but the roots are reported to be pofsonous. .1. Bauhin mentions instances of two families being poisoned by eating small quantities of them. Authors differ very much in their opinions respecting the usefulness of this plant as food for cattle. I.inneus says that horses, sheep, and goats, are not fond of it • and that cows and swine refuse it. According to Villars, horses will not eat it even in the stable ; and Mr. Miller says that there are few animals who care to eat it except the ass. On the con- trary, Mr. Ray informs us that it has the name of Cow-weed be- cause it ,s a grateful food to cows, in the Spring, before it runs up to stalk ; and in confirmation of this, Mr. Wainwright says that cows like it so well, that when a pasture is over-run with it as is often the case about Dudley, they always turn them in to eat it up. Linnaeus remarks, that this plant indicates a fruitful soil- and Dr. Withering says that the umbels afford an indifferent yellow dye ; the leaves and stems a beautiful green, (see Mart. Mill. Gard. Diet.). .1 A, SI?a.11, brownish-coloured fungus, Puccinia Umbelliferurum, Hook. Brit. FI. v. ii. pt. ii. p.366, is often parasitic on the under Surface of the leaves, about June. •6ft» ■ -o mi • 3 » ,v •- >! ,,i . ‘i j / .j; ;<3sr^ .. ; h .1* .lw . O' \ .stsflmqtwrtd; -.r '«<*'»} w?* f • ., -! -i. nra -m . i srf , , / y f I ,• ■ IT*:,*, .Tirtr.l ao ,thnt fens w*oft fit IvsoffH* •-.* ,e Mods '*o w.’ < >mW »hi Vaiito l .-_-i 'auto q ."too*>i* • 9,.;iv/ - A .(«»»•'•; «i) •-••>1 ,1R yi i- " i / rd .» ft ,l^q ^i.aq *,«» eon- !«.«** *v • ; iv, ■•*■■. '.«B ’ 5«0: ■ ^ .guoubwb bus ,tto -*i*t IjSIOP 3t‘i> • ' \ ' 1 * (hi) ibrfl fa sffllo otnce *H9Woft . • > > T n •/.•>:. .1 : !■•-' •' '. ■' 1,1 • r ,0,f d ol bora *i >n£ *o toov 'f' , ' B9l -auo/ odt ytimt?' 1o *wmt id .a»b§.n>: *tl *»« tfuq * od oi bonoqn -h* ?tooi orf) lad ^hori-loq s s* ,d- h. ;' ;• 'lira. JWlTo»9t'?l?1ll - yiiVJKl ,V..«h rii I": ** .»!»*> w ,.'0t '6 loslq ‘-t» Sc-r,r i ‘ ■ "I1' r.>,- unv j; .:-v A. h i;:'. • w. :>.i s«ri, rarb XJUJIM .iK f)n« ; o!d«» »Hi ni to:« — ' 1qw*9 ft f89 0} 316i Otiw 3TB‘«tn£ Wv, . Otfisa Xlt *d ft )odt 20 gmwfiit vaV .tV ,Vsu ■ 4fjt ?:rv tpomivkiaV' .iI< «efd) io itodi'raiihu.o la baB ; < .« dlt-v .UIV7VO si '.rtw? q « «9rfw -I1^ •« JI Las • ijltiirft s ; dcoib, i airiJ Ht ,?.dTsmoi mwriJ ■ AfclT. 'Mx'.L ' •' "S * ^ *'■ ?rr.:-. • r /V' » - . "I\i" 03 »>» > ’t-oul .cogatj^ i-siooIoa-rinV* / oid Jkraz A ij -iCTEq c-'ii’i, • | .u >f't .« -v .!■? .•• f- .iiooit -; ' ,‘ffO'i ■ .>• . •-■ •*/ $df ’'O 99>Aso» (229.) LY'THRUM* *. Linncan Class and Order. DoDECA'NDUTAf, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Lythrarje'.®, Juss. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 514. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 706. — Salica'- ri.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 330. — Lindl. Syn. p. 71.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 59. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.527. — Rosales; sect. Onagrinas; type, Lythracea: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 722, & 726. — CalycantiiemjE, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubular, striated, with 12 teeth, alternately larger and smaller. Corolla (figs. 3 & 4.) of 6 elliptic-oblong, equal, wavy, spreading petals, with short claws, inserted upon the calyx. Filaments (see fig. 6.) 1 2, thread- shaped, from the tube of the calyx, shorter than the corolla, the 6 alternate ones shortest, and sometimes wanting ; all incurved while young. Anthers roundish, incumbent. German (fig. 7.) superior, egg-oblong. Style (see fig. 7.) thread-shaped, about the length of the longest stamens, a little curved. Stigma capitate. Capsule inclosed in the tube of the calyx, oblong, membranous, pointed, of 2 cells, (see figs. 8 & 9). Seeds (figs. 10 & 11.) numer- ous, minute, inversely egg-oblong. The inferior, tubular, 12-toothed calyx; the coralla of 6 petals, inserted in the orifice of the calyx ; and the oblong, 2-celled, many- seeded capsule, will distinguish this genus from others in the same class and order. Two species British. LY'THRUM SALICA'RIA.J Willow I.ythrum. Spiked Purple- Loosestrife. Purple Willow-herb. Purple Grasspoly. Spec. Char. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, heart-shaped at the base. Flowers nearly sessile ; in whorled leafy spikes. Stamens 12. Engl. Bot. 1. 1061. — Curt. FI. Lond. 1. 186. Curt. Brit. Entom. v. vi. t.289. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 640. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. n. p.865. — Htids. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 205. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 510. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 344. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 573.— Lindl. Syn. p. 72.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 217— Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.247. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 149. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 103— Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 45.— Putt. Midi. FI. v.i. p.226.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 188. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 147. — FI. Devon, pp. 79 & 169. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 105. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 31. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 132. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v.ii. p. 712. — Perry’s PI. Vaivio. Select®, p. 42. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 18. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 46.; FI. Hibern. pt. t. p. 70. — Ly'thrum spicdtum, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. i. p. 553. — Salicaria vulgaris purpurea, foliis oblongis. Ray’s Syn. p. 367. — Lysimdchia spicdta purpurea, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 276. Localitifs. — On the margins of rivers, ponds, wet ditches, and in watery places; common. Perennial — Flowers from June to September. Root thick, branched, woody. Stems from 2 to 4 feet, or more, Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Ditto, with the Stamens. — Figs. 3 & 4. Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 5. The same opened vertically, showing the situation of the pe- tals.— Fig. 6. The Calyx opened vertically, showing the Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 7. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — F'ig. 8. A Capsule. — Fig. 9. The same, a little magnified. — F'ig. 10. A Seed. — Fig. 11. Ditto, a little magnified. * From Lythron, Gr. black-blood ; from the purple colour of the flower. Don. t See Reseda lutea, folio 15, note f. } From salix, a willow ; willow-like leaves. high, upright, sharply 4-angled, usually tinged with red, either smooth or downy, leafy, simple or branched. Leaves sessile, spear- shaped, pointed, entire, various in length, the upper ones diminish- ed to bracteas ; all mostly opposite, sometimes alternate, and there are occasionally 3, or even 4, in each whorl ; in which cases the number of angles in the stem is likewise increased. Flowers in tufts, placed at a little distance from each other, in the axils of the leaves, each tuft of from 6 to 8 flowers, sometimes more ; forming long, whorled, leafy spikes. Calyx (fig. 1 .) hairy, striated, six of the teeth short and blunt, the other six long, awl-shaped, reddish. Corolla of a variable crimson or purple colour. Petals 6, (occa- sionally only 5,) inserted into the edge of the calyx, between its longer segments. Anthers conspicuous, red, with green or yellow pollen. [Dr. Withering says, that sometimes a single anther grows to one of the petals, and in that case, besides the 12 perfect stamens, a single filament is found without an anther.] Germen egg-shaped, pointed, with a groove on each side, smooth, greenish. Style cylindrical, white ; stigma forming a little head. Capsule (figs. 8 & 9.) elliptical, small, enclosed in the permanent calyx. Seeds numerous, very small. This plant produces its long and beautiful spikes of purple flowers in great abundance during the latter part of the Summer, at which season it is a very elegant and conspicuous ornament to the margins of our rivers, ponds, and watery ditches. It is generally almost smooth, and of a dark green colour; but when growing in a dry situation, it often becomes hoary and downy, or in some degree hairy, as well as more dwaif in stature. Ur. Thiu i.km.d, a physician who flourished somewhat more than a century ago, notices the good effects of a strong decoction of the dried plant, with white sugar, in cases of dysentery, /'Synopsis Stirpium HibernicarumJ ; and, since his time, the celebtated lit 11 a c n has maintained the credit of the remedy both in the atuive disorder, and in obstinate diarrheea. It has been used with success in tanning leather. Cattle generally leave it untouched ; yet, according to the observations of LtNN.tes, cows, goats, sheep, and horses eat it ; swine refuse it. The Xatural Order, LYTHRARiE'yE, consists of dicotyledonous herbs, rarely shrubs, with round, or more frequently 4-cornered, branches ; and opposite, seldom alternate, entire, feather-nerved leaves, without either stipuke or glands. Their flowers are either axillary, or produced in spikes or racemes at the tops of the branches. The calyx is monosepalous, tubular, or bell-shaped, lobed at the summit, the lobes with a valvate or separate aestivation ; their sinuses sometimes lengthened into other lobes which are pro- duced on the outside. The petals are variable in number, and are inserted between the lobes of the calyx, very deciduous, sometimes wanting altogether. The stamens are inserted into the tube of the calyx below the petals, to which they are sometimes equal in num- ber ; sometimes they are twice, thrice, or even four times as numer- ous, but they are very seldom fewer ; the anthers are oval, 2-celled, and inserted by the back. The ovary ( germen J is superior, free, and from 2 to 4-celled ; the style is thread-shaped ; and the stigma usually capitate. The capsule is membranous, and covered by the calyx ; it is usually 1 -celled, and opens either longitudinally or in an irregular manner. The seeds are numerous, small, without albumen, and are attached to a central placenta ; they have a straight embryo ; flat, leafy cotyledons ; and a radicle turned towards the hilum. — See Lindl. Syn. ; and Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. Bot. ' ■ 'ill. i) ■ ... ' dtioiiiiit 'i ' i «;'j «h .1 x i m i . ,- ; r < i |;#»«< mri (>i 'i.'iirr-T *rf- mtil -.nil < >. in w • • i • Hr ». ■ 1 i*(W*>.4 » m .< ■ rixfj To *'rir. nrif lit >rito il > i; > ii i’ ,< y.rb .If - r r« n i; . w iria ,boJ/;nta tv/w.i! (.1 ,:rt) x$vO - !; \ . J) t\»hH .mol > :>iqmq -o iioatui :> »i;t *.. / £ i : nnowiad lo »•- In - ill i rir t ;i ( ,m Vfll-jv to (I'OT.i lljiV. ,1 i . uoooi fll , > ■wrflni ol- ix fi 1 7. m i ' I .. ii/,;; i.i, V i ; .1 (ifloodR ,ol)i;. <1 u; no y'-ooi c il , ■■n; - - ,i- '.\jxt.\i .bfi-xil yltiii r. vnirxx i I . . ; til • .- . \ . •'/, ; ’a ■ v 'iri-.-i Ml ... O')-. >n ,1 y .- . -il| .limn* yi >* ,<»OT>iiij;n /iv., ! yw *f. Ii ito*U')% ilr>li! n is .iftiiimucS suit t- > iu»i 1.M/.1 I; of , n.Ui • XiaJi.w bnu ,ai>mjq ,Kiiji»h mu lonf ^iMii jilt . I }/!-:. ;/, !■ . •/, !,,/ iMilw XBi! , HK.Imj 4X9912- ihflb I, lo tins .ill- 'lul I OinJx < ItftV. ij 1/ •.Mijysb ink* m w .mii-'Ii bn/ yu o/l gsitioaa.l null i« , , .1.1 1 on ■ (il. c m t»<,i •ilw Iir.i r ,1| inMinn’l .lli .a'liili/I . 11 In )h o»u >. nt. 'I ., . ,1 1(1011/ (. I" litioa ,.l! I .J-JlJ'llI ,OJ(« {1111099 i XXSlIl 9101 ! I' rll»9lll >« hnilxhuott y ,yi'jl03«(l/ lu eatrj ni ,’isjm iltrw .insbj I -jnb oiii in mux ... /.I serf -i, til lU baXr. 11I9I0J nil .90/11 /ni M-Mii* ,1m 1. . .y. sifutiiKln ru bon .wlno/iti ,.v1 ill In liU 1 . -.nix ban it , ■ tilr.i9H9£ olllx.') .viilii.-il .'.nmiirJ ni r.sarrtu ili/w liur.u iml mi* jI „ , .1 1 ve> ,<11,03 .tvoj ,e-jr. *miJ lo lyt( > 5 -jill vltn-Jtiimt imun io ,bnuoi il>i >, iV* yfjim <■■ b-iVTin-i-Hill. <1 .oliloy .slum- H . -1 « ,j' xntiirj on* rmTai\ ihxlT .abnrj; xc a.inqi.'. tjiIii , Juoitirnf -»il) lo aqot aril tr, ao.n-oj; i ; an. . a: bs»9«boiij 10 ,^-ix.Hxz- .baqr.ria-llixJ w ,m(ixUuJ , uolwj »,n *t x\,> v> T >ri »iiJuf v niiilnvili otiviC':' ■ v. ijiivlx/. t ■ ! • |j ir -cmj aiB fbiiiw aadol iirilo 0 tai 1 >u ' l^xu i anril nn s i ix >Hi si# bat> tisdfflua'ii ofctenw smb -jik m!i n b-f-jnf aorailonio- , I'oubi:- .v 't ’ .-.r, aiLilo o( xvi, .rxomi .-smif ’• «•. v- o i , jjx *1 ot -1.111 : .! ,-trt tio!i3quc «i V1' -/■"■ \ • L - '<_*! in, ..t£ , 2l. \y Pub. hf WPiucbc-rPota ri±c £ca,rcCcTi.0xformU. . J »uli! inn (230.) ASTER* *. Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia f, Polyga'mia, Su- pe'kflua +. Natural Order. Compo'sitte §; tribe, Corymbi'fera£||,«7(«s5. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142.; Introd. to Nat Syst of Bot. pp. 197 & 199. — Composite ; subord. Asterea; ; Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Synantherete ; tribe, Corymui'feras ; Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 & 455. — Corymbi'fer/e, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 177 & 180. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 334. — Syringales; subord. Asterosaj ; sect Asterinas; subsect. Asterianaj; type, Asteraceaj ; Burn.Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 926. — Composite. Linn. Ge.\ Char. Involucrum ( common calyx J (fig. 1.) imbricated ; scales strap-shaped, acute ; the lowermost spreading (except in Ulster Tripolium). Corolla compound, radiant ; Jlorels of the disk (fig. 2.) numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal spreading seg- ments ; those of the ray (fig. 3.) with a pistil only, in a single row, oblong, 3-toothed, not yellow. Filaments (see ffg. 4.) 5, in the tubular florets only, hair-like, short. .Luthers (see fig. 4.) in a cy- lindrical tube. Germen in all the florets fertile, oblong. Style thread-shaped. Stigmas 2, oblong, spreading ; those of the disk rather larger and thicker. Seed-vessel none, but the scarcely alter- ed, spreading calyx. Seed inversely egg-shaped. Down ( pappus J (fig. 5.) sessile, hair-like, simple. Receptacle (see fig. 7.) naked, almost flat. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the imbricated, strap-shaped, pointed scales of the involucrum ; the oblong, not yellow, fiorcts of the ray ; the sessile, simple pappus ; and the naked receptacle. One species British. ASTER TRIPO'LIUM^f. Tripoly St&r-wort. Sea Star-wort. Blue Daisies. Blue Chamomile. Spec. Char. Herbaceous. Stem smooth, corymbose. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, fleshy, entire, smooth, obscurely 3-nerved. Scales of the involucrum . spear-shaped, membranous, blunt, all upright and imbricated. Kngl. Hot. t. 87.— Flora Danica, t. 615. (fide Smith). — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 196. — Linn. Sp. I’l. p. 1226. — W illd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. in p. 2059. — Muds. FI. Angt. (2nd ed.) p. 868. — Aiton’s Hort. Kew. 1st ed. v. iii. p. 199 ; 2nd cd. vol. v. p.58.— Sm. H. ISrit. v. ii. p.888.; Engl. 'FI. v. iii. p. 436.— With. (7th edit.) v. iii. p. 940.— Lindl. Syn. p. 143.— Hook, llrit. FI. p. 362. — Light!'. FI. Scot, v.i. p. 482. — Itelh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.344.— Hook. FI. Sent. p. 244.— Grcv. FI. Kdin. p. 179. — FI. Devon, pp. 139 Sc 160. — Jolinst. FI. of Herw. v. i. p. 185. — Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. A Floret of the Disk. — Fig. 3. A Floret of the ltay. — Fig. 4. Stamens, Germen, Style, and Stigmas of a floret of the disk. — Fig. 5. Seed and Pappus.— Fig. 6 Part of one of the Itavs of the Pappus. — F'ig. 7. Involucrum, and Receptacle.— Figs. 4 & 6 magnified. * Fiom aster, a star ; which the flowers resemble. t See Tussilayo farfara. f. 91. n. f. t See Achillea ptarmica, f. 36. n. J. $ See. Prenanlhes murutis. f. 27, a. || See Achillea ptarmica, f. 36, a. If Called Tripolium, because, according to Diosoonioi s, the flower changes its colour thrice in one day ; but no such phenomenon is observable in our climate. Wnninivc, Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 54.— Jacob’s West Devon and Cotrnw. FI. — Mack. Catal of PI. of Ire), p. 73. ; F). Hibern. pt. i. p. 141. — Aster mari- timus cceruleus Tripolium dictus, Ray's Syn. p. 175. — Tripolium vulgare tnajus et minus , Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 413. —Eurybia maritima, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 464. Localities.— On the muddy sea coast, and in salt-marshes, plentifully.— Cambridgesh. Shire Drain, below Wisbeach ; and in the ditch on the left hand side of the road leading from Wisbeach to Tydd Gote. — Cheshire ; Wallasey Pool, Eastham, and elsewhere on the shores of the Mersey : Mr. H. C. Watson, in N. B. G. — Cornwall ; Shore, abundantly; and very fine in the clefts of rocks about the Logan stone ; ibid. — Devon ; Common on the coast and in salt- marshes: FI. Devon. On the South shore of the Teign, near Combe Cellars: B. Botfield, Esq. ; and in small bays opposite, near to Brookfield House: Dr. Withering .— Dorset; Frequent in the salt-marshes : Dr. Poi.teney. — Dur- ham; Jarrow : It. Bowman, in N. B. G. Sea-coast and salt-marshes on Tyne, Wear, and Tees : N. J. W inch. Esq. — Essex; Near Walton : Mag. Nat. Hist. — Gloucestersh. Avon about Bristol: Rev. H. T. Ellicombe. — Hants ; Com- mon on the coast: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. Near Southampton : Mr. T. W. WEAVEn. Brading, Isle of Wight: Dr. Bostock. — Kent ; Salt-marshes near Faversham, plentifully: E. Jacob, Esq. Marshes between Greenwich and Woolwich: FI. Metrop. Marshes about Erith : Mrs. Gawlf.r. River side near Rochester: FI. Metrop. — Lancash. Dickenson’s Dingle and Garston, near Liverpool : Dr. Bostock. — In Norfolk : Miss Bell. — Northumberland ; On the sea-coast and in salt-marshes on Tweed, Ain, Blyth, and Tyne: N. J. Winch, Esq. — In Somersetshire : Dr. Gappeh, in N. B. G. — Staffordshire ; Near Shirley Wich; in a meadow between the Trent and the Canal: Dr. Stokes. — Suffolk ; Breydon: J. PAOETnin N. B. G. — Surrey ; On the banks of the Thames, a little above high-water mark, on the way between Richmond and Kew: E. K. in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 83. — In Sussex: Rev. G. E. Smith, in N. B. G. — W ALES. Anglesey : Muddy sea coasts, not uncommon: Rev. H. Davies.— Denbighsh. North coast, not common : J. E. Bowman, Esq. in N. B. G. — Merionelhsh. Near the mouth of a little stream on the Barmouth side of Glandwr: H. Wooli.combe, Esq. — SCOTLAND. Salt-marshes on the sea-coasts, plentiful: Sir W. J. Hooker, — IRELAND. Salt-marshes, fre- quent: Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in August and September. Root of many long, tough fibres. Stem from 6 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, usually upright, round, striated, smooth, leafy, branched. Leaves very smooth, fleshy, entire, obscurely 3-nerved ; those from the root stalked, elliptic-oblong, tapering at each end ; those on the stem alternate, sessile, strap-spear-shaped, smaller. Flowers in leafy, corymbose clusters, varying in number, slightly scented. Involucrum imbricated, shortish, cylindrical ; scales in 2 or 3 un- equal rows, short, egg-shaped, blunt, scored, green and brown, with reddish-brown tips, and membranous edges. Florets of the ray spreading, elliptic-oblong, 3-toothed at the extremity, of a bluish-lilac, seldom white; usually numerous, but occasionally, as in the specimen figured, only 3 or 5, and sometimes entirely want- ing, as is the case with a variety found in the Isle of Wight. Seeds oblong, compressed, fringed at the edges. Pappus reddish, mi- nutely rough, (see fig. 6). Lowermost scales of the involucrum less decidedly spreading than in any other species. Dr. Withering says that this plant is not unfrequently gathered and sold for samphire, either by mistake, or from its being collected without hazard ; but it is supposed not to possess the like detersive qualities. According to the observations of Linn.eus, goats and horses eat it ; cows and swine refuse it ; sheep are not fond of it. The drawing for the accompanying Plate was made from a plant which flowered in the Oxford Garden last Autumn (1836). It was procured from a boggy place near Southampton, in July of the same year, and kindly commu- nicated to me by Mr. T. W. Weaver, gardener to the Rev. the Warden of Winchester College ; to w hom I am also indebted for some other plants froiq the same locality. See folio ‘203, a. ".Ill ) i I' 1 },r v ,3n_v*iio : nr .r.,f • , , .»v.H »M \\u! ■„! .{ *•**■"«■ i III. I r.i Jn no pi i ) l.n« * ai1' . > i;.;u 1 1/1 , ... ■ it’ ) : • I i • * n 7. ^.iiHlsdim. -.vy»V- ;> f.W ft. i . •nomnt..-..-a lon.«l«09 . . . . ,fM I ..H , rw.i.llf,. s r.^ifJioH .A; -A .... j j ' ■■«'«« wi-wv. I , ■ ...... (j,f _ .. /*. ' ill u- ... cia-jli.3 .1 • ZIA.i 1 ' i^2 ni.r-.i-. W II ;,j . .yah-aM.' .1 .u .JaWj !>fl" )3«; <;A .-i A'l- .1 ...{, I . . ki i. i ! itbnntl j(\< A ^inm- ,f«* ento lbai’r-fji h ;j vttt ,'j >'"}l ' 'V J ■ 1 ,n, ■, 'nu !*■••/' iHi: I v i . • «‘i .';. ,! ,-v • ... TT ’ vVm;i «Jrvw Utrf ,RDOi5nouo ’(Ilfifi i; ; -)tiif - r bfog u.‘{,| Jin u yl i:Ji: ; a .rnuoinoe bo: ,/ io 6 /!,io .. i firwh u;? llf p **** ***■>**•*■■'' to .iioi Jgi rtiowoJ .(? .^3 a-.) ,il- ,«n r| >j„. ' I'tlxfll >Vir.i». • jmi j? v/t fan /jj^ocKjofe t» ' 23/ ■''f/r'ta. mafriZi'rriu. SA.& cf ? -?k ^ by rfS usteruSaia/izc £ttrdtr. '3x£ra J&& (231.) BETA* *. Linnean Class and Order. PENTA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Chf.nopo'de e, De Cand. — Lind. Syn. p. 213. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 1C7. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 531. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 226. — Atriplices, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 83. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 91. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.425. — Quernea- les; sect. RuMiciXiE; type, Betaceas ; subtype, Chenopo- didas; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 523, 587, & 591. — Holora- ce ie, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) of 1 sepal, half adherent to the germen at the base, in 5 oblong, blunt segment (fig. 2.), permanent. Corolla none. Filaments (see figs. 3 & 4.) 5, awl-shaped, oppo- site the segments of the calyx, and about as long. Anthers of 2 roundish lobes. Germen (see figs. 3 & 5.) orbicular, depressed, sunk in the calyx lower than the receptacle of the flower. Styles (see figs. 3 & 5.) 2, sometimes 3, very short. Stigmas simple, pointed. Seed (figs. 7 & 9.) solitary, kidney-shaped, naked, hori- zontal, curved (fig. 10.), imbeded in the fleshy base of the calyx, the segments closing over it (see fig. 6.). The half-inferior, 5-cleft, permanent calyx ; and the solitary, kidney-shaped seed, imbeded in the fleshy base of the calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera, without a corolla, in the same class and order. One species British. BE'TA MARPTIMA. Sea Beet. Spec. Char. Stems procumbent at the base. Flowers in pairs or solitary. Segments of the calyx entire. Engl. Bot. t. 285. — FI. Grace, v. iii. t. 254. — FI. Dan. t. 1571 (fide SmithJ. — linn. Sp. FI. p. 322. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 108. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. ii. p. 1309. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 279. Engl. Fl. v. ii. p. 17. — Will). (7th ed ) v. ii. p.351. — Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.279. — Lindl. Syn. p.216. — Hook. Brit. FJ. p. 139. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 159. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p.26. — Belli. Fl. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 107. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 84. — Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 59. — FI. Devon, pp. 45 & 140. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb & Durli. p. 17. — Mack. Cat. of Fl. of Irel. p.26.; Fl. Hibern. pt. i. p.229. — Bit a sylvistris maritima . Hay’s Syn. p. 157. — Park. Theat. Bot. p. 750,2. Localities. — On the sea shore, in muddy places, and on decayed rocks. — Cambridyesh. Salt-marshes, below Wisbeach : Mr. Skrimsiiirk. in Fl. Cant. — Cornwall; Ky nance Cove, &c. : Mr. H. C. Watson, in N.B.G. — Devon ; On the Cliffs near Crafthole : Rev. F. Jones. Banks of the Exe from Topsham to the sea. Beaches at Teignmouth and Dawlish ; under the rocks nearSandlown: Dr. Wave.ll. Braunton Burroughs : Mr.H.C. Watson, in N. B.G. — Dorset; On the coast: Withering. — Durham , On the shore near Ryhope and Sunder- land : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Essex ; At Walton : J. G. in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iv. p.446. — Hants; Isle of Wight: Dr. Stokes. — Kent; On the coast: Mr. W. Fig. 1. Two of the Flowers. — Fig. 2. A single segment of the Calyx. — Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistils.— Fig. 4. A single Stamen.— Fig. 5. Germen and Styles. — Fig. 6. The Fruit, inclosed in the permanent Calyx, the segments of which are incurved over it. — Fig. 7. The same, with the segments of the calyx removed. — F'ig. 8. A transverse section of the same. — Figs 9 5t 10. The Seed. — All, ex- cept figs. 6, 7, & 8. more or less magnified. • Derived from the Celtic belt, according to Theis, which means red. Sir W. J. Hooker. — Dr. Withering says the name is derived from the form of the seed-vessel, which, when swollen with seed, resembles the second Greek let - lei '■}. (Beta). t See folio -18, note t- Pamplin, jun. Sliores of the Medway, above Rochester, and Cliffs at Rams- gate: N. J. \yiNcii, Esq. S. Kent, near Lydden Spout: Rev. G. E. Smith- Thames side, near Nortliflcct: FI. Metr. Below Erith, nearly opposite Pur- fleet : Mr. Milne, in FI. Metr. On the sea walls at Ham and Graveney near Faversham: E. Jacob, Esq. — Norfolk; River hank between Iluncton Holme and Magdalene: Miss Bell, in N. B. G. Near Lynn, Yarmouth, and Wells: Mr. Woodward. — Northumberland ; On the sea coast near Hartley Pans, and Newbiggin : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts ; Plentiful about Nottingham: Mr. J. Sherard. — On several parts of Nottingham Common, by the road-side from the Workhouse to the Forest: Dr. Deerinc. — In Somersetshire : Dr. Gapper, in N. B. G. — Yorksh. Castle Hill, Scarborough: Rev. A. Bi.oxam, in N. B. G. Scarborough Castle : E. F. Witts, Esq. Near the South Steel Battery, Scar- borough: Mr. Travis. — WALES. Anglesey ; On the sea-coast, not common: Rev. H. Davies- — SCOTLAND. Boss Island: Dr. Parsons. OppositeGos- ford Gate: Mr. P. Nf.il. Sea-shore near Kirkcaldy: Mr. Maughak, and Mr. Sommervili.e. Near Cram ond : Dr. Willis. — IRELAND. County of Down; Between Green Castle and Kirkeel along the gravelly shore. Along the shore from Clontarf to Sutton: Irish FI. At Howth, on the Sutton side, and many other places: Mr. Mackay, in FI. Hibern. Biennial? — Flowers from July to September. Root large, thick, and fleshy, blackish on the outside, white within. Stems procumbent at the base, from 6 inches to 2 feet long, angular and furrowed, alternately branched, leafy, often red- dish. Root-leaves large, spreading, slightly succulent, stalked, egg-shaped, veiny, and more or less wavy at the edges. Stem- leaves nearly sessile, alternate, and, in consequence of the position of the stem, oblique or vertical. Flowers greenish, usually in pairs, rarely solitary, sessile, in the exils of the leaves, of which the upper- most are diminished almost to bracteas. — De Candolle says this is biennial, and distinguishes it from the cultivated Beet, Beta vul- garis, in having only 1 or 2, instead of 3 or 4 flowers, in the axil of the upper leaves. Sir J. E. Smith observes, that, according to Linnaeus, it differs from Bka vulgaris in the keel of the calyx being entire. Sir W. J1. Hooker informs us (Brit. FI. p. 139), that Mr. W. Wilson finds that there are always 3 styles in this species, and that the germen is 3-seeded, that the flowers are often three toge- ther, and that, when the seed is ripe, the germen becomes purple and granulated. Dr. Withering remarks, that were this plant cultivated, it would probably answer the purpose of an esculent vegetable as well as the other species ; and Mr. Mackay tells us (FI. Hibern J, that it is a good substitute for spinage in the Winter and Spring months, and is often cultivated at Cork and other places on the coast on that account. Dr. Deering says, if the juice be drawn up the aostrils it will excite sneezing, and thence is judged to clear the head, and cure even an inveterate head-ach. The Natural Order, Ciienopo'de/e, consists of dicotyledonous herbs or low shrubs, whose leaves are alternate, or sometimes oppo- site, without stipulas. Their Jlowers are small, and sometimes Polygamous. The calyx is deeply divided, sometimes tubular at the base, permanent, and imbricated in the bud. The stamens are inserted into the base of the calyx, opposite its segments, and equal to them in number, or fewer. The ovary is single, superior, or occasionally adhering to the tube of the calyx, with a single ovule attached to the base of the cavity ; the style, which is rarely simple, has 2, 3, or 4 divisions, each of which is terminated by an undivided stigma. The fruit is membranous, without valves, some- times a berry. 1 he embryo is curved round farinaceous albumen ; or spiral, or doubled together without albumen ; the radicle is next the hilum ; and the plumule inconspicuous. See Lindl. Syn. W-x< f M (M ; r £ Ci' '! il |l(* •’ i >1 > 4>»(i v) ! 'r '• : .-1 ■ i'. v. »U‘ • t* . |u .A*- J*. .«K lmf . * / : V; ctd!j( • . ! .1* in:. n , lum#?1'! V id’ T.nl 5,1'H l«:oia4l •u4,iKtSi|-:«vj Oil. . ■' : r&iei .»■■ < »o i. a a •••’ ’ - * 1 .i •-.■■j 0 '» ^ »» . i. '1 it ..i .X fit i/«J • .^iitim '■ »:■ : ( .Tfumn.j-. Ion ,Jt - -toO StieoijqO ___ ' Xp^inj'O . Ml •'..1311 .o' // i(F ;»n u. i A 1 m. oi.-iwuwg . *1/1 JIIOI \ - ■■; llivvn- '.ift v.i* . bite til- I f.srffl , wtsulY ,•-« < O' .■'< id) flu Jtur-v '\ 9* VL : ;! '■ '■ l1 } , ri) gw rf» ad -< A in .taj ill 4 ‘ IqiailJ ' ; Mr .TOd.Tv: ! 79H -Bn t ,t;.f icuR Jiriw tsJo i "5:fj 'J'/l 2 !.J . :.v.: -1' ii aa/io {UHil I tfi Oil > twrA s :'.Je imdnuryytq utr4£ pmW 'J/ rf^il ■ noui • / a. >K 'r h: >n % • "i qqu otinnu ,i,. ’-o- >.* Uvfiii . tquMml (ttL tevta -> ; ' V j. .ul »>rfi mow'l Ji * :U: ,-ib un* .(niiittr-'i'? ?* !•*- ••f'jfc. I ■ , -it t'A: * i * " ■ v •< t;\ \ mail •;* . I; • fwuaiiiKk J -!i ,{'1: .q «W JnH) *tr «wviliii «anof>H A.V/ r.Z -■ >-{* ' ft j : r--(, jmj-. : wpx* . iw'i ;i;: I,, | <•, 19 ’ ,!> '.yir^t o . .--ii JinV^ fl51,(11 19), l ■! ,J|I 9»‘.l t\a IJ* ill SJ : ;• *1 f t • l . rU "i! inT 00 til Ol wl«l i ;i) .,r r I «| \ >r jlH 1>»1A J.0 S^»3 *aIum4(na «i .liiniM .liifiti«U9A 9J . i'jiij-rr.- ,.t * > »: ..••••: t'oi *i?~) j r' •■.»') i' ■ . ■ , f •2 -ne »Wvi i vo:N/ iii ' Vd wv^I ie ?>H»i • ! . .;q i! ,n •a it \i in i ,ur • - T :i omf '-ylclf iMfc tii.-iWiM. di d‘ i. uirj.T <\t- 1< rjild .iTjq ,9e^d ojt l>nr. f.t-< • j; . .q t t f «»>h->q:w« •'i.a** .’i «»v T ,vj s».rvi'' tntrl) pt Wop? yl-'J.ir i, ,X; A i 7T - .(it,,- , ■. . , I, •' - :..i fljif,1 1' i - . . j/ filfii AxV«i.fr ul- 'fton , ■*. . • ^ jUki 'f) I;* fiwtiqA > 232 "/u ni, Oa/'ius, . /%is'iszu*a.y/. JV-Baxhr Bctanic Garden OxfirdJSSJ (232.) CA'RUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. PENTA'.NDRiAf, Dioy'nia. Natural Order. Um BELLI 'FER7E, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 235. — Umbellatte, Linn. — Rosales; sect. Angelicinte; type, Angelicacete; subt. Angelicidte ; Burn. Outl.of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 770, 773, & 774. Gen. Char. Calyx an obsolete margin. Corolla (fig. 1.) of 5 regular, inversely heart-shaped petals, with inflexed points. Fila- ments (see fig. 1 .) 5, about as long as the petals, straight, spreading. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. Germen (fig. 2.) inferior, egg-shaped, blunt, more or less oblique. Styles (see fig. 2.) tumid at the base, very short in the flower, afterwards elongated, thread-shaped, widely spreading. Stigmas bluntish. Floral-receptacle ( stylopodium, Hoffm.y annular, depressed. Fruit oblong, compressed at the sides, crowned with the floral-receptacle and styles. Carpels f seeds, Linn.y (figs. 3 & 4.) with 5, filiform, equal ridges, their inner faces plane. Interstices ( channels ) with single vittce. Seeds terete (taper), convex on the back, flattish in front. Universal and Partial Involucrums various. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the nearly obsolete calyx ; the inversely heart-shaped petals, with inflexed points; the laterally compressed, oblong fruit ; the carpels with 5, filiform, equal ridges, their inner faces plane ; the channels with single vittce ; and the taper, convex seed, flattish in front. Two species British. CA'RUM CA'RVI. Common Caraway. Spec. Char. Root spindle-shaped. Leaves twice pinnate ; leaf- lets decussate (in cross pairs), multifid. Stems furrowed. Partial- involucrum none ; general involucrum scarcely any. Engl. Bot. 1. 1503. — Jacq. FI. Austr. t. 393. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 125. t. 45.— Mait. FI. Bust. t. 55. — Linn. Spec. PI. p.378. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. ii. p. 1470. — lluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 126. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 330. ; Engl. FI. v.ii. p. 86. — With. (7th ed.) v.ii. p. 394. — Lindl. Syn. p. 122.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 127. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 169. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 67. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 30. — Belli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 126.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 95. — Grev. FI. Edin. p.69. — Winch’s FI. of Northman!), and Durham, p. 20. —Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 28B. — Loud. Kncycl. of Gard. (new ed.) p. 877. parag. 4630. — Baxter’s Lib. of Agricul. and Florticul. Knowl. (2nd ed.) p. 96. — Thornt. Family Herb, p 302. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 30. ; FL Hibern. pt. i. p. 122. — Canon officinale, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.515. — Carum seu Careum, Bay’s Syu. p. 213. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1034. Localities. — In meadows and pastures. A naturalized plant. — Bedfordstu Pastures, Thurleigh : Mr. John Payne. — Cambridgesh. Christ College Pieces. Stourbridge Fair Green. Meadows near the Windmills, Wisbeach : Itev. It. Fig. 1. Corolla, Stamens, and Pistils.— Fig. 2. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Figs. 3 & 4. Carpels.— Fig. 5. A transverse section of the same.— All, except fig. 3, magnified. * From Caria, a district of Asia Minor ; from whence the seeds may have been imported as an article of commerce. Withering. t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note t- Rei.han. — Durham; In cornfields, but not very common. Wellington Bal- last Hills; and fields at Beamish: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Lincolnsh. Swafield Dale, seven miles S. of Grantham: Dr. Martin. Abundant in the marshes near Boston, on the sides of the William, within the banks near the Grand Sluice: Sir J. Banks. — Norfolk; Marshy places in the county: Bonsov. Glebe fields. Stow, probably naturalized : Miss Bell, in N. B. G. — Northumh. In cornfields, but not very common: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Suffolk •' In Westley Bottom near Bury : Sir T. G. Cullum. Fields at Parham : Kev. G.Ckauu. — Worcestersh. Meadows near Worcester: Mr. E. Lies, in Illust. — Yorksh. Meadows adjoining the Humber near Hull, so plentifully that the poor people gather the seed to dispose of to the druggists: Teesdai.e. Near the Black’s Head above Grantley : Kev. J. Dalton. By the road-side on Sawley Moor : Mr. Biidnton. — WALES. Anglesey; On a hedge in the parish of Llansa- dwrn, between Cefn Coch and the Church : Kev. H. Davies. — SCOTLAN D. Under the rocks of Edinburgh Castle towards the West: Dr. Parsons. Be- tween Newhall and South Queensferry.and nearthe village of Abercorn: Messrs. Maugiian and Siiutek. In the Isle of Oransa : Ligiitfoot. In the haugh of Dalbeth, near Glasgow: IIopxirk. — IRELAND. Meadows and pastures, occasionally. Fields near Kilinainham, &c. : Mr. Mackay. Biennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root spindle-shaped, branched, fibrous ; yellowish on the outside, white within. Stem upright, from 1 to 2 feet, or more, high, branch- ed, leafy, furrowed, smooth. Root-leaves from 6 to 9 inches long, stalked, doubly pinnate ; leaflets numerous, finely cut, growing in sixes, in a kind of whorl, two of them longer than the other four. Stem-leaves smaller, very unequal ; lower on dilated, lax, membran- ous-edged footstalks ; upper sessile. General Involucrum, when present, of from 1 to 3 very narrow leaves. Partial Involucrum none. Umbels numerous, upright, many-rayed. Flowers numer- ous, white, or pale flesh-coloured, the marginal ones only, perfect and prolific. Calyx always extremely minute, and not constantly complete or discernible. Petals small, inflexed, in the central flowers nearly equal. Floral-receptacle white, undulated, very dis- tinct from the bases of the styles. Fruit small, somewhat egg- shaped. Carpels (seeds, Linn.y agreeably aromatic. The Caraway is a native throughout the whole of Europe, in meadows and pastures ; and of Altaia, in dry grassy places at the river Tscharaiych ; it is admitted into the Floras of Britain, but is considered a naturalized plant. It is cultivated for the sake of its seeds, which are a grateful and wholesome aromatic. They are used in confectionery, and in medicine ; and are distilled with spi- ritous liquors for the flavour they afford. They are said to be no despicable remedy for the tertian agues. They abound with an essential oil, which is antispasmodic and carminative. We are told in the Phil. Journal, that one pound of Caraway-seeds, yielding four ounces of oil, also affords about half an ounce of Camphor. In Spring the lower leaves may be boiled with pot-herbs ; and in former times the spindle-shaped roots were eaten as parsnips, to which Parkinson gives them the preference. Dr. Anderson says, both the roots and tops may be given to cattle in the Spring. For its culture, both in the garden and the field, see Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. Bot. ; and Loudon’s Encyclopaedias of Garden- ing, and of Agriculture. •> ' i. . i'< '.fir • . ' ■ /. i t ■ ! - i ■,>, , t( • ><|J MW it uA *11’ ■ ’f i It .1; ’ A.j* >< M '.A — .»! •; i: i<' »t .1 Vol^oV/ ; J. \VY.-~ ;*v • >tl . ?.-»*•< vH i . . ’ - ‘N •iJ.jo-i.- .JA'I 9i:> i-.; . ,ili. • ! 'in.' *! ft. e-jncU V> ii .i , ,i .it i i.i ,v . » ;■ 7 ,;i -ofl .’.xaeKt/i .:ti it W s» '* e • ■ <• i in «x •• a - rf;- -'«•< 'j »>1 ..I . f/, •mtttiB'l ‘ ■■ ’ ! ... ,1!,: , o i -■ ?r -itM r. . . . --,i :an.- i£{ ,nf.ii*Jifr. »iiJ f .1 by ru tJi'I . .. ■ .hr • , -;J| , . .Sc f n ■ ■ >Z ' u y!ui\ . tn.jf Kvibfu '\ «r. 5i; : it.f /<• .♦ : v/J ,lr::{fw 1 W. : :t» -i!!’’ •:•..* :'rf ,.f ' o u( 1J ■ cl : ' • y-jttu v-jy Ik i." ?. .•» -.-.i- iprfw n •',»»! k • jkA> .oiiiSLTR igqqir ; ajUfileto 1 fe ’ba-Etio W-- 'I ■ l it . ■ -I . \ ■*? £ ir v 1 -ir.tttrn t- a ■ . finoMun il-AVo .n yU/idaiKO rr ! ;; scr r.irrf • mni; wi’.vti .0. iiktti; Lius IiIWj i m ,b?y. > ii < t. ; v.A )tuii?i9Daib u atoli jibo- ■ '..b yuv Jyjjr, i . :v, . • *. m«v\ ..tys yi;c->n nowoft '%* tidvrjmos L i ' J..* *Miid >rfj al.>ll Jj ;» X ■ > ^ ilflkl v ^ \ : ... . ilf* »<■ "Ut 'io IT , . * > Ji;r -oUioibi ?.i .*{ . F u ■ -iq-' dJiw !> . b fo» : Ji t « i»: / .70 - a ;a csfl aJ to bitz j ib votiT JmjUs ysdf uioyyfl 9th i j • 73* s : •.• 1 •; t?; ia.i/ueay . .io.iq.-ili.:) }o /. U ;;c : '? . O) ,2q, . XT- ' X>T ' . i ■ » .7711.) . ■ ' • » i‘ 1 v y ' v.yfl 't 4 ( r/ih^<*o'coma & nody-TM, Wn..*t c$%accc - /ta/c’ss/ M byW^terBoWc Ojr^en Oxfori, 185?. (•23.3.) CHRYSO'COMA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia f, PoLYGa'miA, iEQUA'LIS+. Natural Order. Compo'sitas^ , tribe, Corymbi'fer/E, Jass. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 & 199.— Mack. FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 142. — Compo'sita: ; subord. Aste're-E, Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Synanthe'rea:, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 454. — Corymbi'ferte, sect. 1. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 177. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123. — Syringales; sect. Asterina; ; subsect. Asteriana: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 920, & 924. — Compo'sita:, Linn. Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx J (fig. 1.) imbricated, hemispherical, or egg-shaped ; scales strap-spear-shaped, convex, pointed, unarmed. Corolla (see fig. 1.) compound, uniform, of several tubular, level-topped, perfect, regular florets (figs. 2 & 3.), longer than the involucrum ; their limb in 5 deep, equal, pointed segments. Filaments (see figs. 3 & 4.) 5, hair-like, short. Anthers in a cylindrical, 5-pointed tube, shorter than the florets. Germen (see fig. 5.) oblong. Style (see fig. 4.) thread-shaped, scarcely longer than the florets. Stigmas (see figs. 2 to 5.) 2, oblong, spreading, rather tumid. Seed-vessel none, except the scarcely altered involucrum. Seed (see fig. 6.) inversely egg-shaped, compressed. Pappus (see figs. 6 & 7.) sessile, copious, rough, permanent. Receptacle (see fig. 8.) flat, slightly cellular, or tuber- culated, without scales or hairs. The imbricated, hemispherical, or egg-shaped involucrum ; the naked receptacle ; the rough pappus ; and the styles scarcely longer than the florets; will distinguish this from other genera, with the florets all tubular, parallel, crowded, and nearly on a level at the top, in the same class and order. One species British. CHRYSO'COMA LINOSY'RIS. Flax-leaved Goldylocks. German Goldylocks. Spec. Char. Herbaceous. Leaves strap-shaped, smooth. Scales of the involucrum loosely spreading. Engl. Bot. t.2505. — Maund’s Botanic Garden, v. iv. No. 358.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1178. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. in. p. 1791. — Ait. Hort. Kevv. 1st edit. v. iii. p. 163. ; 2nd edit. v. iv. p. 514. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 402. — With. (7th edit.) v. iii. t. 35. p.919. — Lindl. Syn. p. 142. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.354. — Chrysocoma nuperum, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.467. — Linaria aurea Tragi, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 554. Localities. — On rocky cliffs, on the sea-coast; rare. — Devon ; In great plenty amongst coarse grasses, on the rocky cliff of Berryhead, where it was first discovered in the Autumn of 1812, by the Rev. Charles Holbech, of Fig. 1. Involucrum and Corolla. — Fig. 2. A separate Floret.— Fig. 3. The same magnified. — Fig. 4. The 5 Stamens, the Germen, Style, and Stigmas, magnified. — Figs. 5 & 6. Seed and Pappus. — Fig. 7. A single Ray of the Pappus, magnified. — Fig. 8. The Receptacle and permanent Involucrum. * From Chrysos, Gr. gold ; and kome, Gr. hair ; not inapplicable to the general colour of the flower ; but probably applied by Dioscorides to plants of which that circumstance was more obviously characteristic. Withering. t See folio 91, n. f. $ See folio 147, n. § See folio 27, a. Farnbovottgh, Warwickshire. — Somersetuh. Whorle Hill, near Weston-supra- Mare: W. Christy, in Watson’s New Bot. Guide. On the South-western extremity of the Mendip Hills: l)r. Wollaston. — Sussex; Near Brighton: W. C. Thevfi.yan. F.sq. in New Bot. Guiite — WALKS. Carnarvonshire; Abundant near Llandudno, not far from the Cotoneaster : Mr. Wilson, N. B.G. Perennial. — Flowers in August and September. Root of many long, stout fibres. Stem upright, from 1 to 2 feet high, leafy, slender, round, rigid, simple, smooth. Leaves numer- ous, scattered, spreading, strap-shaped, tapering at each end, en- tire, rather fleshy, rough with minute white points. Flowers bright yellow, various in number, produced in a corymbose tuft at the top of the stem. Florets (see figs. 2 & 3.) about 30, all tubular, and perfect. Seeds (fig. 6.) hairy. Pappus (fig. 6.) copious, long, and minutely rough (see fig. 7). Receptacle (see fig. 8.) somewhat cel- lular, the cells slightly bordered. This species is a native of Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy, ftc. ; it was first discovered as a native of Britain, in 1812, by the Rev. Mr. Hoi.efch, as stated above. In a young state the stems and under surface of the leaves are covered with a soft cottony down, which nearly or quite disappears by the time the plant is in flower. When handled it gives out a faint aromatic smell. It ts not a shewy plant, yet its bright yellow flowers, which are produced in abund- ance in a cultivated state, render it not unworthy a place in the flower-garden. Those of my readers who are fond of the Poetry of flowers, will, I am sure, ex- cuse me for filling up a space which would otherwise have remained blank, by tire introduction of the following elegant and beautiful lines, by Mary IIowitt. THE USE OF FLOWERS. “ God might have made the earth bring forth Knough for great and small; The Oak-tree, and the Cedar-tree, Without a flower at all. He might have made enough, enough For every want of ours; For luxury, medicine, and toil, And yet have made no flowers. The ore within the mountain-mine Requireth none to grow, Nor doth it need the Lotus-flower To make the river flow. The clouds might give abundant rain. The nightly dews might fall, And the herb that keepeth life in man Might yet have drunk them all. Then, wherefore, wherefore, were they made. All dyed with rainbow-light, All fashioned with supremest grace. Up-springing day and night. Springing in valleys green and low, And on the mountains high, And in the silent wilderness, Where no man passeth by. Our outward life requires them not : Then, wherefore had they birth 1 To minister delight to man, — To beautify the earth : To comfort man, to whisper hope, Whene’er his faith is dim ; For Whoso careth for the flowers. Will care much more for him !” — Forget Me Not, 1837. * ■ 434 . ft'./ C;ct/^uwarf or^diuz/rri , b . ^ Puba By^MQax-/*r /BjCcLntc Garden Chrjord 1 2?) 7 Jc* ('234. ) CARPl'NUS * *. Linncan Class and Order. Mo.\o-:'cia f, Polya'ndria. Natural Order. Cupuli'fer.e, Richard. — Lindl. Syn. p. 239 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 97. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.545. — Amf.nta'ce.e, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 407. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 189. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 534. — Querneales; sect. Quer- cin.e ; type, CorylacE/E ; Burn. Outl.of Bot. v. ii. pp. 523 & 531. Gen. Char. Barren Flowers (fig. 3.) in a lateral, long, cylin- drical, lax catkin (fig. 1.), imbricated every way, with egg-shaped, pointed, concave, fringed, single-flowered scales, or hracteas. Co- rolla none. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 10 or more, hair-like, much shorter than the scale. Anthers roundish, compressed, bearded at the tip, 1 -celled. Fertile Flowers (fig. 4.) in a lax, bracteated catkin ; bracteas of two kinds, outer and inner ; outer bracteas entire, soon falling oft’ ; inner bracteas in pairs, each 3-lobed, with the side lobes much the smaller, forming an involucrum about the ovary f yer men). Calyx clothing the ovary to near its tip, and adhering to it; toothed at the tip. Ovary with 2 cells, of which 1 is abortive. Styles (fig. 5.) very short, permanent. Stic/mas 2, awl-shaped, upright, deciduous. Nut (figs. 7 & 8.) attended by the involucrum, egg-shaped, com- pressed, ribbed, woody, not bursting, of 1 cell (see fig. 9.), crowned by the calyx, and base of the style. Kernel (fig. 10.) 1, with flat fleshy, inversely egg-shaped cotyledons , without any separate albu- men ; embryo at the top of the seed, with a very minute 'plumule. The barren-flowered catkin of several roundish, ciliated, 1 -flower- ed scales, with from 8 to 20 stamens ; the fertile- flowered catkin of several large, foliaceous, 3-lobed, 1-flowered scales ; the pitcher- shaped, 6-toothed calyx; the ovary of 2 cells, l of which is abor- tive ; the 2 styles ; and the egg-shaped, striated, 1 -seeded nut ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. o O One species British CARPl'NUS BE'TULUS. Common Hornbeam. Hornbeeeh. Hardbeatn. Yoke Elm. Wych-hasel. Spec. Char. Bracteas or Scales of the Fruit oblong, serrated, with 2 smaller lateral lobes (see fig. 7). F.ngl. Bot. t. 2032. — Loud. Arbor, et Kruct. Brit. t. 243. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1416. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. i. p. 467. — Iluds. H. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 422.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 1029. Kngl. FI. v. iv. p. 1,05. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 574. — Lind. Syn. p. 240. — I look. Brit. FI. p. 410. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii. p.583. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p.90. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 466. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.396. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 274. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 203. — Sylvan Sketches, p. 170. — FI. Devon, pp. 155 it 133. —Winch’s F I. of Norlhumb. and Durham, p.62. — Loud. Encyci.of Gard. (nevved.) p. 1159. paragr.6621. — Walker’s FI. of Fig. 1. A Barren-flowered Catkin. — Fig. 2. A Fertile-flowered Catkin. — Fig. 3. A staminiferous Flower. — Figs. 4 & 5. i istiliferous Flowers. — Fig. 6. Gerineu and Pistils — Fig. 7. A Nut, with the enlarged 3-lobed Scale. — Fig. 8. A Nut detached bom the scale, and enclosed in the permanent calyx. — Fig. 9. A trans- verse section ot the same. — F ig. 10. The Kernel. — Figs. 3, 4, & 5, magnified. * From car, wood ; and pin , a head ; in Celtic. Wood employed to make the yokes ol oxen. Sir W . J. llooKi.it. \ See Bryonia dioicu, f. 83. n. -f. Oxf. p.284. — Perry’s PI. Var. Selectae, p. 79. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 46. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 83. FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 257.— Carpinus vulgaris. Hunt. Evel. Svlva, p. 143, with a plate. — Carpinus ulmoides, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.245.— Ostrya ulmo similis , f ructu in umbilicis foliaceis, Ray’s Syn. p. 451. — Betulus sive Carpitius, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1479. Localities. — In woods and hedges, on a meagre, damp, tenaceous soil. Not common in a wild state. A Tree. — Flowers in April and May. Rather a small tree, with somewhat the habit of an elm. Leaves alternate, stalked, egg-shaped, pointed, doubly serrated, smooth, about 2 inches long, beautifully plaited when young, having nu- merous, parallel, transverse, hairy ribs. Stipulas oblong, blunt, smooth, reddish, deciduous. Barren flowers in drooping catkins, yellowish, with egg-shaped scales, which are delicately fringed at the margin. Anthers from 8 to 12, each with a tuft of white trans- parent hairs at the tip. Fertile flowers in terminal, lax, drooping catkins ; or rather bracteated clusters. Styles 2. Scales or Bracteas unequally 3-lobed, enlarging as the fruit advances (see fig. 7). Fruit an egg-shaped nut, closely enveloped by the angular calyx or perianth. The Hornbeam is said to be very common in many parts of England. Sir J. E. Smith informs us (Engl. FI.) that it makes a principal part of the antient forests on the North and East sides of London, as Epping, Finchley, &c. ; and that, when standing by itself, and allowed to take its natural form, it makes a much more handsome tree than most people are aware of. — Dr. Hunter tells us (Evel. Syl.) he has seen some of them in woods, upon a cold stiff clay, that have been near 70 feet high, with large, noble, fine stems, perfectly straight and sound. A handsome tree of this kind, 45 feet high, is now growing at Chiswick, and is beautifully engraved in Mr. Loudon's admirable work, the Arboretum Britannicum, t. 243.— The timber is very white, tough, and flexible, harder than that of Hawthorn, and capable of supporting a great weight. It is useful in turne:y-woik, and for many implements of husbandry, and was formerly much used for making yokes to yoke oxen; whence the name Yoke Elm. It makes cogs for mill wheels, even superior to Yew. The wood is very inflamma- ble, and will burn like a candle, for which purpose it was formerly used. The inner bark is used in Scandinavia to dye yellow. Cattle eat the leaves of this tree, but pasturage will not flourish in its shade. As underwood it affords stakes, edders, and charcoal ; but its superior excellence lies in its fitness for skreen-fences for sheltering gardens, nurseries, and young plantations, from the severity of the winter season. It may be trained to almost any height, and by keeping it trimmed on the sides it becomes thick of branches, and consequently thick of leaves, which being by their nature retained upon the plant after they wither, a Hornbeam hedge produces a degree of shelter nearly equal to that of a brick wall, with the advantage of a better regulated temperature. Dr. Hunter says, that the German husbandman has a peculiar mode of erecting a fence of Hornbeam ; he plants the young trees in such a manner as that every two may be brought to intersect each other in the form ofa St. Andrew’s Cross ; in the part where they cross each other, he scrapes off the bark, and binds them closely together with straw ; the two plants thus connected form a sort of indissoluble knot, and push from thence horizontal slanting shoots, which form a living palisado ; so that such a protection may be called a lural foitification. These hedges being annually and skilfully pruned, will in a few years become a fence impenetrable in every part. It is not uncommon to see high roads in Germany thus fenced for miles together. — See Hunt. Evel. Syl. ; With. Arr.; and Loud. Arb. Brit., \c. b^v j?< axfcrA 23c tan c Garde*. Oxford. ] 03/ CM Mi Si (235.) SANI'CULA.* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria J, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Umbelli'feras, Juss. Gen. PI. p.218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst.of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v. iii. p. 235. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 113. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; sect. Angeh- ciNAD ; type, Angelicace.® ; subtype, Saniculidte, Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 770, 773, & 774. Gen. Char. Flowers separated ; the central ones (fig. 3.) barren ; marginal ones (fig. 2.) fertile, without stamens. Calyx superior ; that of the barren flower (fig. 1.) small, in 5, acute segments ; that of the fertile flowers (fig. 2.) larger, of 5, nearly equal, internally coloured segments. Petals in the barren flower (fig. 3.) 5, upright, nearly equal, spear-shaped, with long inflexed, converging points (see fig. 4.) ; in the fertile ones, either deciduous, or entirely want- ing. Filaments 5, hair-like, spreading, twice as long as the petals. Anthers roundish. Germen roundish, bristly ; wanting, or scarcely perceptible, in the central flowers. Styles (see figs. 2 & 5.) 2, re- flexed, awl-shaped, about as long as the calyx, permanent. Stigmas blunt. Fruit nearly globose. Carpels (see fig. 6.) densely clothed with hooked prickles, destitute of ribs ; but furnished with many vitta. Seed half round (convex on the outer side, flat on the inner). Universal Involucrum of few leaves, usually divided. Partial ln- volucrum of many entire leaves. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the 5 leafy teeth of the calyx ; the upright, spear-shaped petals, with long, inflexed, converging points; the nearly globose fruit ; the carpels without ridges, but with many vittae, and densely clothed with hooked prickles ; and by the half round seed. One species British. SANI'CULA EUROPjE'A. European Sanicle. Wood Sanicle. Spec. Char. Radical Leaves simple, deeply lobed. Flowers polygamous, all nearly sessile, in little capitate umbellules. Engl. Bot. t. 98. — Linn. Sp. PI p. 339. — YVilld. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. u. p. 1366. Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 110. — Sm. FI. Brit. vol. i. p. 291. Engl. FI. v. ii. p.36. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p.362. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.499. — Lind. Syn. p. 127. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 135. — Light. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 154. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.91. — Abb. FI. Bed. p. 57. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 27. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 148.-Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 110 —Hook. FI. Scot, p. 87. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 61. — FI. Devon, pp. 47 6c 165. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p.66. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. 6c Durham, p. 18. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 74. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. 3c Bot. v. iii. p. 264. — Bab. FI. Bath, p. 22. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland ; FI. Hibernica, pt. i. p. 128.— Sanicula, she Diapensia, Kay’s Syn. p. 221. — Johnson’s Gerarde. p. 948. Localities. — In woods and thickets ; frequent. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Fig. 1. Calyx of Barren Flower. — Fig. 2. Germen and Calyx of fertile Flower. — Fig. 3. Corolla and Stamen of Barren Flower. — Fig. 4. A separate Petal. — Fig. 5. Styles.— Fig. 6. F’ruit. * From sano, to heal or cure ; from the supposed healing effects of the Sanicula Europeea. t See Anchusa sempervirens, f. 48. n. f. Root of many black, tufted, rather fleshy fibres. Stems ascend- ing, from 9 to 18 inches high, smooth, furrowed, slightly branched ; branches alternate. Leaves nearly all radical, petiolated, dark shining green above, paler underneath, very smooth ; from 5- to 7-lobed ; lobes mostly 3-cleft, or irregularly cut, finely serrated, and slightly ciliate, veiny. Umbels numerous, simple, capitate, in an irregular, twice compound, partly umbellate, panicle. Ge- neral bractea of 2 pinnatifid leaves ; partial ones of several spear- shaped leaves. Flowers whitish, sometimes tinged with red ; the barren ones, in the middle of each umbel, most numerous. Fruit egg-shaped, rough, with upright, scale-like hooked processes. This plant is said to he a native throughout the whole of Europe and Caucasus in woods and groves, and particularly by the sides of rivulets. It was much celebrated formerly as a vulnerary; it has, however, been long discarded in medicine, and in Sir J. E. Smith’s opinion it seems to partake of that poisonous acrimony, which is found in most umbelliferous plants growing in a moist rich soil. It discovers to the taste some bitterness and roughness, followed by an impression of acrimony, which affects chiefly the throat ; the taste is much weaker in the fresh leaves than in dried ones. Puccinia Sciniculce, Hook. Brit. FI. v. ii. pt. ir. p. 336, is not uncommon ou the leaves of this plant, in Bagley Wood, near Oxford. The Natural Order Umrellifer.'E, is composed of dicotyledon- ous, herbaceous plants, with fistular furrowed stems ; and usually divided, or sometimes simple, leaves, with dilated and sheathing bases. But what characterizes them best, and gives the name to the Natural Family, is the circumstance of the flowers, in almost every instance, being arranged in compound umbels, with or without in- volucrums. The calyx is superior, either entire (see t. 228. f. 2.) or 5-toothed (see t. 235. figs. 1 & 2). The corolla (see t. 151. f. 1.) is composed of 5 petals, which are inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk ; they are usually inflexed at the point ; and are imbricate, rarely valvate, in the bud. The stamens, which are 5 in number, are alternate with the petals, at first incurved, afterwards spreading. The ovary (see 1. 156. f. 2.) is inferior, (inveloped by, and adherent with, the tube of the calyx,) 2-celIed, presenting just below where the petals are inserted, a thickened margin, or sometimes teeth or segments, the only free part of the calyx. The styles are 2, each of which is terminated by a simple stigma. The fruit consists of 2 carpels (see 1. 151. figs. 4,5, & 6.), eventually separating, each with its style, and for a time suspended by a central, thread-shaped, and 2-parted column or axis (see t. 130. f. 6). Each carpel is traversed by elevated ridges (see t. 176. f. 6, a. & 1. 180. f. 7.), of which 5 are primary, and 4, alternating with them, secondary ; the ridges are separated by channels below which are often placed, in the sub- stance of the testa (coat of the carpels), certain linear receptacles of coloured oily matter, called vittce (see t. 176. f. 6, b.). rIhe seed is pendulous, usually adhering inseparably to the pericarpium, rarely loose ; and contains, at the base of abundant horny albumen, a mi- nute embryo, the radicle of which points lathe hilum. Umbelli/era is a most extensive and extremely important Natural Order, in- eluding many poisonous plants, these being chiefly such as grow in watery places, -and many esculent and aromatic ones often yielding gum-resins. The fruit of this family is never dangerous; those of Coriander, Anise, aud Dill, being agreeable- aromatics, i'te Lindt. Syn. and Hook. Brit. Ft. •5m'. ; - . , c : 9*5 T ti"' ♦Mr^. -’vytHWtt ( , I (M. 0 51 ,V. «B fK; U4o^l ‘JiLn-m^c. fcghlfp flJiw h ahi >•<> ' k - i." ' » ■.• .i!. *■**>»«- * » »fi 'hi* »'.!■.,• v.bj,hipV if bus , . 13 nt n> •' •< *>*• n *’■ *« ■ i,( ■ !>.* v.' t- ’ ... . • . . < ■ n .'U, : ' V J ■ ' ' (236.) LEPI'DIUM * * * * §. Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyxa'mia f, Siltcolo'saJ. Natural Order. Cruci'ferte^, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 138. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 498. — Cruciferas; subord. Notorhize^:||; tribe, Lepidinea: ; Lindl. Syn. pp. 20, 21, 29, & 30. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499. ; Mag. Nat. Hist. v. i. pp. 143 & 240. — lion’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. pp. 146 & 201. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pt. i. pp. 16, 23, & 25. — Rosales; subord. Rhcea- dosae; sect. Riiteadinab ; type, Brassicaceas; Burn. Outl.of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 784, 847, & 854. — Siliquoste, Linn. Ge.\. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, equal at the base, of 4 elliptical, concave, nearly equal sepals. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 4, undivided, equal petals. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 6, simple, 2 shorter than the other 4, all shorter than the petals, sometimes deficient in number. Anthers of 2 roundish lobes. Germen (see fig. 2.) roundish. Style (see figs. 2 & 3.) slender, or wanting. Stigma (see figs. 2 & 3.) blunt. Pouch (fig. 4.) egg-shaped, or oblong, transversely com- pressed, either entire or notched at the summit, crowned with the style or stigma, of 2 cells (see fig. 5.) ; valves keeled, or occasion- ally ventricose ; partition very narrow, crossing the greater diame- ter of the pouch. Seeds 1 in each cell, pendulus, egg-shaped, somewhat angular, or flattened. Cotyledons oblong, incumbent (o|| ), rarely accumbent (o=). Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the egg-shaped, or somewhat heart-shaped, dehiscent pouch, with keeled, or rarely ventricose valves ; the 1 -seeded cells ; and the some- what triquetrous, or compressed seeds, with incumbent cotyledons. Five species British. LEPI'DIUM LATIFO'LIUM. Broad-leaved Pepper-wort. Poor Man’s Pepper. Dittander. Spec. Char. Pouch oval, entire, pointed with the stigma. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, undivided, a little serrated ; lower ones on long footstalks. Engl. Bot. t. 182.— ltay’s Syn. p. 304. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.899. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. i. p.436. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.279. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p.682. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 165. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 757. — Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.693. — Lindl. Syn. p. 31. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.296. — Lightf. FI. Scot, v. i. p.339. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 62. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.261. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 194.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 140. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 42.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p.220. — Mack. CataL of PI. of Irel. p. 60. ; FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 26. — Raphanus sylvestris officina- rum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 241. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Flower, showing the Calyx, Corolla, Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 3. Germen.— Fig. 4. A Pouch. — Fig. 5. A transverse section of the Pouch. — All magnified. * From lepis lepidos, Gr. a scale ; in allusion to the form of the pods, which resemble little scales. Don. f See Draba verna, f. 38. n. f. i See Crambe maritima, f. 107. n. § See Draba verna, f. 38, a. || See Erysimum cheiranthoides, f. 62. n. ||. Localities. — In wet shady situations, and under cliffs, near the sea ; and in salt marshes. — Cambridgesk. Leverington, near VVisbeach: Mr. Skrimshirf., in FI. Cant. —Durham : Near Seaton, and by the Wear near Durham Abbey : Mr. R obson. In limestone quarries at Hartlepool: J. Hogg, Esq. in FI. of Norlhumb. Dttrh. — Essex; At Ileybridge near Maldon, by the water side, plentifully: Ray, and Mr. E. Foster, jun. Near the Hythe at Colchester; and by Fulbtidge near Maldon Town’s End: Ray. Marshes near Grays: Dr. Watson. On the seawalls at Bradwell. near the sea: Mr. Woodward. — Kent; Isle of Thanet: Dr. Martyn. — Norfolk; On Sheringham Cliffs : Mr. Humphrey. — Northumberland ; On the cliffs between Prior’s Haven and Tynemouth Castle: N. J. Winch, Esq. On the banks of hedges at the Her- mitage near Hexham: Mr. F. Scott. — In Somersetshire: Dr. Gapper, in N. B. G. — Suffolk ; Hedge by the road-side close to the bridge at Blythburgh: Mr. Davy. Snapebv the river-side, near the bridge : Rev.G.CiiABB. — Surrey ; In Wimbledon Park: Dr. Martyn. — Sussex ; By the Levant, below the garden of St. Mary’s Hospital, Chichester, from which, very probably, it originally escaped: T. H. Cooper, Esq. in N. B. G. — Yorkshire; Rocks at Plumpton : Tf.esdale. Rocks at Knaresborough, near the church; Rev. Archdeacon Pierson. Redcar: J. E. Leafe, in N. B. G. — Between Beningborough and Miton, in the North Riding: Dr. Richardson.— WALES. Anglesey; In hedges at Aberffraw, and Llanrhuddlad : Rev. H. Davies. — Denbighshire ; In Denbigh Castle, near the gateway that leads down to Highgate: Mr. G riffith. — Flintshire ; Hedge-banks near the Store House, between the village of Rhyddlan and the sea : Mr. G riffith. — SCOTLAND. Near the sea coast. By the Castle of Weems, in Fifeshire, &c.: Rev. J. Lightfoot. Upon the rock on which Bothwell-Castle is built: Dr. Walker.— IRELAND. Cork- beg, near Cove, 1804, where it had been previously noticed by Smith: Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Roots acrid, very long, creeping and branched. Stems 3 or 4 feet high, upright, alternately branched, tough, round, smooth, leafy, pale, frequently flexuose. Lower leaves a span or more in length, egg-shaped, entire, somewhat a little serrated about tbe middle, on long stalks (petioles) ; upper leaves much smaller, alternate, spear- shaped, or strap-shaped, pointed, nearly sessile, entire. Flowers numerous, very small, white, disposed in a racemose, clustered man- ner at the ends of the branches, intermixed with very small leaves. Calyx purplish, white at the edge. Petals inversely egg-shaped, entire, longer than the calyx. Stamens 6. Pouch elliptical, crowned with the sessile stigma. The whole herb is smooth, and of a dull glaucous-green colour. It has a very hot and acrid taste ; and was formerly used instead of horseradish. The young leaves are sometimes eaten in salads. An infusion of the plant will vomit. Having a hot biting taste like pepper, and the leaves having been often used by country people to give a relish to their viands instead of pepper, has obtained for it die appellation of Poor Man's Pepper. “ Each bursting bud, each opening leaf. Some emblem yields of joy or grief; And bears a moral, if we turu When Nature speaks, to hear and learn.” • ill Ts5> " '.'i'- <«l '' jlin ’) ! if l<04 wt|| e'ln.'/f wwid A , I otlJ n< > vS H ' i* i " „ i . o*i n . -■iii 10 C ' % .!••• . > - bi.fi jv , a, 1 i i //C v (34e-orv. C-M'i&*4*'J?.2}'l\ ' ' -2i4f>*&r JfflaJtTtc 3't ti>n is (sards' t, (J^arct.JSJ^. (237.) CHEIRA'NTHUS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia f, Siliquo'saJ. Natural Order. Cruci'fer®§, Juss. Gen PI. p. 237. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 138. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 498. — Crucifer.® ; subord. Pleurorhi'ze®|| ; tribe, Ara- bi'de®^!, Lindl. Syn. pp. 20 & 22 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499.; Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i. pp. 143 & 239. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. pp. 146 & 147. — Mack. FI. Hib. pt. i. p. 16. — Rosales; subord. Rh(eados®: sect Rh®adin®; type, Brassicace®; subtype, Arabid® ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, 854, & 856. — Siliquos®, Linn. Gem. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 4 oblong, concave, up- right, converging, deciduous sepals ; the 2 opposite ones protu- berant at the base. Corolla (fig. 2.) cruciform, of 4 inversely egg-shaped, spreading, entire or slightly notched petals (fig. 3.) ; their claws upright, the length of the calyx. Filaments (fig. 4.) 6, awl-shaped, parallel, simple, distinct, the 2 opposite ones shortest, with a nectariferous gland at the base, jdnthers upright, oblong- arrow-shaped, acute, of 2 strap-shaped lobes. Germen (fig. 5.) strap-shaped, compressed, a little tumid at each side, the length of the stamens. Style short, nearly cylindrical. Stigma (see fig. 5.) either of 2 thick spreading lobes, or capitate and slightly notched, permanent. Pod (siliqua) (fig. 6.) strap-shaped, compressed, 2-edged, rather convex at the sides, mostly with an elevated, lon- gitudinal, central line ; valves (see fig. 7.) straight ; partition mem- branous. Seeds (see figs. 7, 8, & 9.) ranged alternately, in a single row, egg-shaped, compressed, slightly bordered at the summit (see fig. 9.) and often at one side also ; cotyledons accumbent (fig. 10). Distinguished from other genera, with accumbent cotyledons (o=), in the same class and order, by the upright converging calyx, with the 2 opposite sepals protuberent at the base ; the 2-lobed or capi- tate stigma ; and the compressed or 2-edged pod, with the seeds in a single row. One species British. CHEIRA'NTHUS CHEIRI. Common Wall-flower. Wild Cheir. Spec. Char. Leaves spear-shaped, acute, entire, clothed with 2-parted, close-pressed hairs. Pods linear; lobes of the Stigma spreading. Stem shrubby. Fig. 1. The Calyx. — Fig. 2. The Corolla. — Fig. 3. A separate Petal. — Fig. 4. The 6 Stamens. — Fig. 5. The Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. A Pod.— Fig. 7. A Pod, with the valves separating, showing the Partition, and the Seeds. — Fig. 8. A Seed.— Fig. 9. Ditto. — Fig. 10. The accumbent Cotyledons and Radicle. — Figs. 9 & 10 magnified. * From cheiri or kheyry, the Arabic name of a plant, with very red sweet- scented flowers, and anthos, Gr. a flower ; or perhaps from cheir, Gr. the hand, • and anthos, Gr. a flower ; hand-flower. Don. + See folio 38, note f. J See folio 62, note f . § See folio 38, a. || See folio 141, note ||. IT See folio 159, not* f. Hook. PI. Lond. t. 147. — Linn. Sp. PI. p 924 1 — Willd. Rp. PI. v. iii. pt. t. p. 5161— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd td.) p.287. — With. (2nd ed.) v.ii. p.699. — Lindl. Syn. p. 22. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 307. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 357. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 202. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 144. — Belli. FI. Cant. (1st ed.) p.252. — Ait. Hort. Kew. (2nd ed.)v. iv. p. 118.— Purl. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 311. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 145. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb & l)urh.p.44. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 154 2 — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 4. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 17. — Cheiranthus fruticulosus, Engl. Bot. t. 1934. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. vii. t. 325. — Linn. Mant. p. 94- — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 709. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. i. p 516.— Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 203. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 776. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 681. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 64. — Rein. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 269. — Puit. Midi. FI. v. iii. p.368. — Hook. FI Scot. p. 202.— Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent. p.36. — FI. Devon, pp. 113 & 190. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i p. 146. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 192. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Sel p. 56. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 62. — Leucojum luteum, vulgo Cheiri flore sim- plici, Ray’s Syn. p. 291. — Viola lutea, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 456. Localities. — On old walls, ruins, &c. Perennial. — Flowers in April, May, and June. Root woody. Stem shrubby, brownish, a foot high, upright, branched; branches angular, leafy, clothed with bristly, silvery hairs, which are 2-parted nearly to the base, each division close pressed to the stem in an opposite direction. Leaves numerous, crowded, stalked, spear-shaped, pointed, almost always entire, rigid ; deep green above, paler underneath, clothed more or less with 2-parted, silvery, close-pressed hairs, like those on the branches, pods, and calyx. Flowers corymbose, very sweet scented. Calyx (fig. 1.) reddish-purple. Corolla yellow; petals with a long narrow claw, and broad, spreading or recurved limb (see fig. 3). Style short. Stigma notched at the end. Pods racemose, nearly upright, straightish, from 1 to 2 inches long, covered with close, 2-parted hairs ; each valve marked with an elevated central line, which often disappears about halfway up. Seeds (figs. 8 & 9.) flat, with a nar- row, membranous, deciduous border at one side, as well as at the summit, of each. Several varieties of this plant are cultivated in gardens; as the double yellow — the large-flowered yellow — the large double pale yellow — and the single, and double bloody-flowered — but none of these impart a more delightful fragrance than the wild one. There is a very curious variety sometimes met with, in which the petals are very diminutive, and the anthers changed into carpels *. — In June, 1836, 1 received, from Mr. J. Denson, jun. some specimens of a very singular variety of the double-flowered yellow Wall-flower; in this variety the pedicels or partial flower-stalks are very much elongated, with joints or constrictions at intervals; the constrictions, as Mr. Denson observes, appear to have been the sites of so many whorls of petals, and peihaps of sepals. If so, the pedicel be- comes a common axis to several flowers, which successively develope themselves as the pedicel advances in length, and then fall offin the same order. In one of the specimens received, the fourth constriction has a whorl of 6 petals still at- tached to it, with a full-flower at the termination of the axis orelongated pedicel. This variety of the Wall-flower is analogous to the proliferous variety of the double-flowered Ranunculus bulbosus, a plant not uncommon in cottage gardens. “ The Wall-flower has been considered the emblem of fidelity in misfortune, because it attaches itself to the desolate, and enlivens the ruins which time and neglect would otherwise render repulsive. It conceals the savage tecords of feudal times by decorating the castle walls; occupies the painful void of the mouldering abbey ; and wreathes a garland on the crumbling monument, de- serted even by grateful memory. It is the flower with which the romance-writers embellished all their decaying battlements, falling towers, and monastic ruins; and it seems as necessary to their stories as the dark ivy, the screeching owl, and the gliding spectre itself.” * An account of this curious variety of the Wall-flower, with some interest- ing observations on some of the apparent anomalies exhibited in the structure of the floial organs of cruciferous plants, by J. W. Howell, of Bath, may be seen n The Cheltenham n,aadzine, for October, 1836. • :• «a i ■ *r» * '* ' . 3 •Jan . . (238.) SOLIDA'GO* *. Linnean Class and Order. Syncene'sia f, Polyga'mia, Su- pe'rfi.ua +. Natural Order. Compo'siT/E§; tribe, CoRYM bFferaj ||, Juss. — Lind. Syn. pp. 140 & 142.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 & 199. — Composit.e ; subord. Asterea: ; Loud Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — SynantiierEjE ; tribe, Corymbi'fer^: ; Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 & 455. — Corymbi'fer^e , sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 177 & 180. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123. Engl. Fi. v. iii. p.334. — Syringales ; subord. Asterosa: ; sect. Asterinte ; subsect. Asteriante; type, Asteracea:; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 926. — Composite:, Linn. Gex. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (figs. 1 & 2 ) oblong, closely imbricated ; scales oblong, straight, converging. Corolla compound, radiant ; florets of the disk (fig. 3.) numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal spreading segments ; florets of the ray (fig. 4.) from 5 to 10, with a pistil only, strap-shaped, elliptic-oblong, 3-toothed, yellow. Filaments (see fig. 5.) 5, in the tubular florets only, hair-like, short. Anthers (see fig. 5.) in a cylindrical tube. Germen (see figs. 6 & 7.) in all the florets fertile, oblong. Style (see figs. 3 — 5.ji thread-shaped. Stigmas 2, revolute ; those of the disk rather thicker. Seed-vessel none, but the unchanged calyx. Seed inversely egg-oblong. Down ( pappus ) (fig. 7.) sessile, hair- like, simple. Receptacle (fig. 8.) naked, almost flat, slightly cellular. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the closely imbricated calyx ; the ray of few yellow florets ; the sessile, simple pappus ; and the naked receptacle. Two species British ? SOLIDA'GO VIRGAU'REA. Common Golden-rod. Aaron’s Rod. Woundwort. Spec. Char. Stem slightly zigzag, angular, upright. Lower leaves stalked, elliptic-oblong ; those of the stem sessile, spear- shaped, all partly serrated. Clusters downy, panicled, crowded, upright. Flowers yellow. F.ngl. Bot. t. 301. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. i. t. 45. — Linn. Sp. PI. p 1235. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 367. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. p. iii. p. 2065. — Sin. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 889. Engl FI. v. iii. p.438. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 941. — Lindl. Syn. p. 144.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 362. — Ait. Hort. Kew. 1st edit. v. iii. p. 218. ; 2nd edit. vol. v. p. 70. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 482. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p. 254. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 183. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 79. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 412. — Relli. F’l. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 344. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 244. — (Jrev. FI. Edin. p. 179. — FI. Devon, pp; 139 & 160. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 185. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 54. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 242. — Figs. 1 & 2. Involucrum. — Fig 3. A Floret of the Disk.— Fig. 4. A Floret of the Itay. — Fig. 5. The Stamens and Pistil. — Figs. 6 & 7. The Seed, crowned with the Pappus and Style. — Fig. 8. Receptacle. — All, except figs. 1 & 6, a little magnified. * From solidando vulnera, or in solidum ago, " I consolidate,” from its supposed efficacy in healing wounds. Phillips. t See Tussilago farfara, f. 91 , n. t* 4 See Achillea Ptarmica, f. 36, n. j . $ Sec Prenanthcs muralis , f. 27, a. || See Achillea Ptarmica, f.36, a. Perry's PI. Vary. Selectae, p. 71. — Bab. FI. Hath . p. 26. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 74. ; FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. \4i>.—Soliddgo vulgdris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p.465. — Virgo, aurea, Ray’s Syn. p. 176. — Johnson’s Gtrarde, p. 430. Localities. — In woods, hedges, copses, grassy lanes, and on heaths and mountains. Not very uncommon in some counties, more rare in others. Perennial. — Flowers in July, August, and September. Root woody, with many long, stout, simple fibres. Stem from 1 to 2 feet or more high, upright, but often decumbent at the base, variously zigzag, never quite straight, leafy, angular, solid, striated, purple ; slightly downy on the lower part, more so on the upper. Lower leaves oval-spear-shaped, stalked, more or less pointed, rough at the edges, distantly serrated, but towards the point almost entire, slightly hairy, dark green above, paler underneath, with nu- merous reticulated veins ; upper leaves smaller, alternate, nearly sessile, gradually diminishing to bracieas, which are downy like the flower-stalks. Flowers bright yellow, in a terminal, leafy cluster, which is either simple or compound. Scales of the Invo - lucrum upright, unequal, spear-shaped, downy, membranous at the edges, and finely fringed. Florets of the ray from 5 to 10, elliptic- oblong, unequally 3-toothed, spreading ; becoming revolute and tawny in decay ; disk prominent. Seeds brown, minutely hairy. Down rough. When bruised, the whole herb smells like Wild Carrot. It was formerly esteemed as a good vulnerary and diuretic ; but it has latterly fallen into comparative neglect. This plant will flourish in poor soil, and as the abundance of blossoms which it yields during Autumn affords a feast for bees when other flowers fail, it should be cultivated near every apiary. It is well adapted to ornament the banks of lakes and rivulets, where its panicles of bright yellow flowers appear to great advantage when reflected in the water. Solidago Cambrica of Hudson, Aiton, Willdenow, and Lind- ley, is considered by Sir J. E. Smith, Sir W. J. Hooker, and some other Botanists, as only a variety of S. Virgaurea. These plants, as Dr. Withering observes, are so variable in size, and other more proper characteristics, that it is most difficult to deter- mine species and varieties. THE CLOSE OF SPRING. “ The garlands fade that Spring so lately wove, Each simple flower which she has nursed in dew, — Anemones, that spangled every grove ; The Primrose wan, and Harebell mildly blue : No more shall Violets linger in the dell, Or purple Orchis variegate the plain: Till Spring again shall call forth every bell, And dress with humid hands her wreaths again. Oh, poor humanity ! so frail, so fair, Are the fond visions of thy early day ; Till tyrant passion, and corrosive care. Bid all thy fairy colours fade away ! Another May new buds and flowers shall bring: Ah! why has happiness no second Spring 1” C. Smith. ' » • > \ • .... .. t , . ; - • •• x' - -- t:.-3 boo* #J— ijwJ *• >' Jt • -J .t za .ce «•* -- . 910 ■ • ’ - J ot l • *j s ' " ■■■ :: s ' ' t & , ' mi- • T (I nAl Ba gf 9*d *; ru nu i^| C7,-. ■’ • •. •• ■ > S - " • i j z • ,i3ja jh n ‘ * - T'f j-'-j-tjjiS :o. 1 :r bne 35 y <* t,:H- . 'ire »■•£ y. -psnu ^nr.Mo •• W ' )fa ni Vffwtf uot .twO ' ' ' ' U ' ■ • .• - * rjurfV/ 11 ’ ' " : ' • •. :* icrwj?? yhsottol ' r -03 OK is:;*! < 1/ (I .1,) - • .•Cm-;-. ■ b.ie :02 lOOO ' " •» n ‘ .t rv:>!:;o sd TS£f : .‘9V. © irf9 qq* '•* ‘ ! II r TS : •’ fo 90100 ' i-ic-ri udn *wr; * it ' cf’«j -nfl • ■ ; ■ t tif l' <*'■ ■ - uH Lit^e 5 (;,n c?4 i 6 1 H. . iT ' ’ ■ i »{* j i dO . ■St <: • y is) y,»r ii - c.8 ,'cd •" i.n * a'4 ii| f’lr’-xnt’t uft" ’ : (239.) PY'ROLA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Deca'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Pyrola'ceae, Lindl. Introduction to the Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 184. — Mack. FI. Ilibern. pt. i. p. 182. — Pyro'le/E, Lindl. Syn. p. 175. — Monotro'feae, Nutt. Gen. v. i. p. 272, fide Lindley. — Erica'ce.e; tribe, PyroliAv ; Don's Gen. Svst. of Card. & Bot. v. iii. pp. 785 & 789. — EricFnea:, Rich, by Macgill. p. 450. — Erica?, Juss.Gen.Pl. p. 159. — Sm.Gram. of Bot. p. 115. — Eri'ceab , sect. Pyrolea? ; Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 523. — Syrin- cales; subord. Ericosa? ; sect. EriciNjE ; type, Ericaceae; subtype, Pyrolidaj ; Burn. Out!, of Bot. pp. 900, 937, 944, 946, and 947. — Bicornes, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, per- manent segments. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5 roundish, concave petals, which are often slightly connected at the base. Filaments (see figs. 3 & 4.) 10, awl-shaped, curved, variously directed, shorter than the corolla. Anthers (see fig. 4.) large, pendulous, of 2 cells, each opening by a round pore at the summit. Germen (see figs. 3 & 6.) superior, roundish, 5-lobed. Style (fig. 5.) cylindrical, longer than the stamens, variously directed, permanent. Stigma tumid, some- what annular, notched. Capsule orbicular, depressed, with 5 angles, 5 cells, 5 valves, and 5 partitions, from the central column, oppo- . site to the centres of the valves, and alternate with the angles where the cells burst (see figs. 6 & 7) ; receptacles 5 (see fig. 7), from the central column, compressed, alternate with the partitions. Seeds very numerous, covering the receptacles, very small, oval, each in a membranous tunic, elongated at both ends. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the 5-cleft calyx ; the corolla of 5 petals ; the anthers opening by 2 pores ; the superior, 5-celled capsules ; and the numerous seeds, each invested with a membranous, elongated tunic. Five species British. PY'ROLA MINOR. Lesser Winter-green. Spec. Char. Leaves egg-shaped, rounded, crenate. Stamens regularly inflexed, as long as the very short straight style, which is included within the flower. Stigma large, with 5 divergent rays. Engl. Bot. 1. 158. (bad). — Dill, in Ray's Syn. p. 363. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 567. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 176. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. i. p.6‘21. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 444. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 257. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 524. — Gray’s Wat. Arr. v. ii. p. 403. — Lindl. Syn. p. 175. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 187. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.‘218. — Sihth. FI. Oxon. p. 136.— Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 92. — Davies' Welsh Bot. p. 40. — Purt. Midi. FI. v.ii. p. 732. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 128. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 92.— Johns!. FI. of Berw. v ii. p.280. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 27. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 118. — Mack. FI. Hibero. pt. i. p. 183. —Py'rula rosea, Engl. Bot. t. 2543. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Stamens, Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. A separate Stamen. — Fig. 5. Style and Stigma. — Fig. 6. transverse section of Germen. — Fig. 8. Vertical section of a Capsule of Pyrola rotundi- folia, showing the receptacles of the seeds. From Gartner. — All, except figs. 1 & 2, more or less magnified. * Adopted by Linn^us from the older authors. It is a diminutive of Pyrus, and alludes to the resemblance of the leaves to those of a pear-tree. W mmuNO. t See Saponaria officinalis, folio 37, note t- Localities. — In mossy woods and thickets, in mountainous situations.- Oxfordshire ; Scrubby Copse, Mungewell. Woods between Nettlebed and Henley. Among moss in a wood about a mile and a half from Henley on the road to High Wycombe. In Shireborn Wood; and Stokenchurch Woods. — Beds. Whipsnade, and woods near Luton. — Cumberl. Dunmallet, foot of the Avenue fronting Ullswater. Banks of the Irthing, below the cascade on the moors above G il Island ; by the Eden in Nunnery Walks. — Durham ; In Gib- side Woods near the Friar-gate; also near the Swalvvell-gate ; and on Teesdale Forest. In Cocken Woods. In Arngill, Cow-close-gill, and Hyndon-gills, which form the Gaunless; also in Skull Wood near South Hamsteiley. — Woods in Gloucestershire. — Northumbl Near Prudhoe Castle; at Wellington House, and at Roadely; also in East Common Wood near Hexham. In a fir planta- tion at Catcherside, four miles W. of Wallington. In Willymoteswick Dene; and in Callas Wood near Alnwick. — In Notts. — Shropsh. White ClifFe Coppice near Ludlow. — Worcestersh. Abberley. Shrawley Wood. — Yorksh. Near Hali- fax ; Raydale Wood near Cave End, Wensleydale ; Tennant's Wood near Kilnsay ; Haslewood ; nearClapham; Hackness Woods ; Hovingham Woods near Malton ; Aske Wood near Richmond; and near Rotherham. — WAEF.S. Anglesey ; In Lligwy Wood. — In many places in SCOTLAN D & 1RELAN D. Perennial. — Flowers in July. Root creeping. Stem short, leafy, mostly simple. Leaves roundish egg-shaped, crenated, smooth and shining, stalked. Pe- duncle ( flower stalk) from 6 to 8 inches high, with 4 angles, one of which is smaller than the rest, seldom spiral, or but slightly so. Flowers in a long, slender, sometimes lax or interrupted cluster, drooping in every direction, each on a short pedicel, with a small spear-shaped bractea at its base. Segments of the Calyx short, broad, and pointed. Petals pale pink or rose-coloured, orbicular, converging. Stamens all equally inclined round the capsule (see fig. 3). Filaments white. Anthers nearly terminal, dilated and. yellowish upward, with 2 large pores. Style cylindrical, straight, very short. Stigma large, with 5 radiating lobes. Capsule rounded, depressed. Distinguished by its short, straight style, and large radiated stigma, which is quite included within the concave corolla. It is observed by Dr. Johnston, in his interesting Flora of Berwick-upon- Tweed, that the seeds of the Pyrolcc lie imbedded in a thick cottony material, consisting of short erect fibres, arranged parallel and close to one another. When magnified, these fibres are nearly pellucid, linear-oblong, and membranous, not unlike the plants of the parasitical genus Erineum. The plant figured was taken up in Arniston Woods near Edinburgh, July 18, 1836, by II. BiDWEt.t., Esq. of Albrighton, Salop; to whose kindness L am in- debted both for the drawing and for the specimen from which it was made. The Natural Order Pyrola'ceas is composed of dicotyledonous plants, which are mostly herbaceous, rarely shrubby. Their leaves are simple, often wanting. Their calyx is inferior, 5-leaved, or deeply 5-cleft, permanent. The corolla is monopetalous (in Pyrola pentapetalous ?), inferior, regular, deciduous, 4- or 5-toothed, and imbricated in the bud. The stamens are hypogynous, twice as numerous as the divisions of the corolla; their anthers 2-celled, opening by fissures or pores, with or without appendages. The ovary is superior, 4- or 5-ce!led, many-seeded, with a hypogynous disk; and a single style, which is either straight or declinate, with a simple stigma. The fruit is capsular, 4- or 5-celled, dehiscent, with central placentas. The seeds are indefinate, and very minute, with a large, loose, reticulated testa; and a minute, inverted em- bryo, at the extremity of a fleshy albumen. '