BRITISH on, FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENERA BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS, i BY W. BAXTER, A. L. S. F. H. S. &c. V' CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE EOT A Mr A I. SOCIF.l Y OF ION 00 V ; CURAJOK OF TIIE BOTANIC <1 A It DEN, OXFORD; AM) AUTHOR OF STIRPES CRYPTOGAM.* OXOMENSES. Flowers ****** which not nice art Jn boils auil curious knots, but nature boon Fours forth profuse on hill, anil dale, and plain. . YOU. IV. + <3K5o£ .836 v.tf TO DAWSON TURNER, ESQ. M. A. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, ANTIQUARIAN, & LINNEAN SOCIETIES, See. See. See. WHOSE MANY VALUABLE WORKS HAVE SO EMINENTLY CON- TRIBUTE!) TO THE CULTIVATION & ADVANCEMENT OF BRITISH BOTANY, ®})ts Folume OF BRITISH PHA5NOGAMGUS BOTANY, IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF HIS KINDNESS AND FRIENDSHIP AND WITH SENTIMENTS OF THE HIGHEST REGARD AND ESTEEM; BY HIS OBEDIENT, AND VERY HUMBLE SERVANT. WILLIAM BAXTER. a 0 C 0 1 w U 1 i Botanic Garden, Oxford, February 18, 1839. FLOWERS. “ Fairest of Nature’s offspring ! When the mind Has dwelt full long upon her grander forms, The skies now bathed in light, now dark with storms — The sea, that like a crystal zone doth bind Earth’s solid frame, — or hills which seemed designed To prop the ethereal arch, — 'tis passing sweet Downward to glance and see ye at our feet Nestling in quiet beauty, leaf-enslirin’d. The mead, the hedge-row seem your fittest home ; But be it where it may, or rock’s rude breast. Or gloomy cavern, like the wreathed foam On the vex’d billow, or the waving crest On warrior’s dinted helm, so your meek bloom Can even terror with a charm invest. But other spell methinks than beauty's power Binds ye to human bosoms ; ye appear To share our moods ; ye have for grief a tear When evening bends ye ’ncath her dewy shower. For mirth a smile when morning’s shining hour Decks ye with light and gladness ; on the dead How oft your sweetest iucencc do ye shed. And strew, as is most meet, the bridal bower ! Ye love the sunny brow of youth to bind, To see gay childhood sport your haunts among ; But most when years leave childhood far behind, In strains as ‘ moral as the preacher's tongue,’ Ye love to raise and purify the mind. And wean us from the world’s deluding throng.” Bath and Cheltenham Gazette. May 29, 1K38. 241 puhlqphccf fry Tf y/Hu '-fay /«■ /, & TRO'LLIUS* * * * §. Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Polycy'niA. Natural Order. Ranuncula'ce®:J:, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. — * Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 136. — Lindl. Svn. p. 7.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495. ; Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 137. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 2. — Mack. FI. Hib. pt. i. p. 4. — Rosales ; sect. Ranunculin®; type, Ranunculace® ; subty. Hellebore.®, Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. p. 614, 828, 837, & 839. — Multisili- QU®, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx ( corolla of Linn.,/ inferior, of 5 or many, deciduous, petal-like coloured sepals (fig. 1, a). Corolla (see f. 2.) of 5 or many, strap-shaped, petals f nectaries of Linn.) (see f. 1, b), shorter than the calyx, each with an obscure depression above the contracted base. Filaments (see fig. 2.) numerous, bristle-shaped, shorter than the sepals. Anthers terminal, strap-shaped, upright. Germens (figs. 3 & 5.) superior, numerous, sessile, columnar. Styles none. Stigmas pointed, spreading, shorter than the stamens. Capsules ( follicles ) (figs. 6 & 7.) numerous, cylindrical, pointed, recurved, collected into a round head. Seeds several, at the edges of the capsule, egg-shaped, smooth, somewhat triangular. The calyx of 5 Or many, coloured sepals ; the corolla of 5 or many, small, strap-shaped petals, with an obscure depression above their contracted base ; and the numerous, sessile, columnar, many- seeded capsules ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. TRO'LLIUS EUROPE US. European Globe-flower. Mountain Globe-flower. Globe Crowfoot. Locker-go wlans§. Spec. Char. Calyx of about 15 concave sepals, converging into a globe. Petals (nectaries of Linn.) from 5 to 10, the length of the stamens. Engl. Bot. t. 28. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. iv. t. 190. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 782. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.J p.244. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. ii. p. 1333. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 597. ; Engl. FI. v. ii i. p. 56. — With. (7th ed.) v. iti. p. 685. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 713. — Lindl. Syn. p. 12. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 267. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.295. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 736. ; and v. iti. p. 364. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 175. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 127. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 124. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 38. — Flora Domestica, p. 153. — Don’s Gen/Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 44 .—Ranunculus globosus, Kay’s Syn. p. 272. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 955. Fig. 1. A Sepal and a Petal ; a. a sepal ; b. a petal. — Fig. 2. Petals, Stamens, and Pistils. — Fig. 3. Germens, and a single Petal.— Fig. 4. A separate Petal. — Fig. 5. A separate Germen. — Fig 6. A head of Capsules.— Fig. 7. A separate Capsule. * A name given to this plant by Conrad Gesner. It is derived from trolo r trolen, an old German word, signifying something round, in allusion to the form of the flowers ; whence also the English name Globe Flower. Don. t See folio 43, note f. t See folio 129, a. § Supposed to be a coriuption of Lucken-Gowan ( Cabbage-daisy ) of the Scots. Localities. — Moist mountainous pastures, in the North of England ; in the North of Ireland ; and in Wales and Scotland. — Cheshire ; In great plenty in a wood betwixt Stayley Hall and Scout Mill, at a place called Wems. — Cum- berland; East side of Derwentwater ; Kirkland; abundant in moist woods, meadows, &c.; Aspatria Mill. — Derbysh. Between Matlock and New Haven; Near Buxton; near Matlock Bath, and in the Via Gellia; Litton Dale, near Tideswell ; and 2 miles from Matlock, on a hill called Vigelia. Durham ; In ILivensworth, Heaton Dene, and Shipley Woods in Teesdale ; woods in Wear- dale; Beamish; and near Egleston. Frequent in several bogs in the vale be- tween Norton and Billingham. — Lancash. Borough-Hall Paik; road-side near Dale-Park in Furness Fells ; side of Coniston Water ; and on the hanks of the Loyne near Caton. — Northumb. Woods in Allondale ; Heaton Wood; and Whitehill Dean, near Ovingham ; near Belford, Alnwick, and Morpeth; at Catcherside, Roadley, and Long Witton; and in most of the woods, and on banks of numerous rivulets. Shropsh. Meadows at Hays, plentifully. — Westmoreland ; About Shap ; nearTroulbeck ; and on the banks of the Mint. — Worcester sh. Moist meadows at the foot of Bredon Hill. — Yorksh. Hovingham Woods, near Holly Hill. In Skirrith Wood, and moist woods about Settle. About Grassington in Wharf-dale; near Copgrove, very common; moist mea- dows near Ripon ; Wensley Dale ; by Malham Cove ; Settle Bridge ; Craven ; Richmond ; Wood at Clayton’s Bridge ; Mill Island; and on the banks of the Ribble. — WALES. Brecknocksh. Valleys of the Black Mountains. — Car- narvonsh. Meadows below Penrhyn ; in the hollow immediately below the cataract in Caunant Mawr ; near Dolbadarn Castle ; in the Vale of Llanberris ; and in the meadows near Llyn Cowlid, a lake in the mountains above, and nearly North of Capel Cerig. Rocks in Cwm Idwel ; Clogwyn dii’r Arddfi ; and Crib y Ddescil ; banks of the Ogwen, a few miles above Bangor, and thence up the mountains ; Twlldu; Llanberris.— Denbighsh. Frequent. — Glamoraansh. Between Pont Nedd Vachn and Usgoed Eynon Gam. — Merionethsh. Dolgelle ; boggy grassy lands to the left of the road from Dolgelle to Trawsfynaid. — SCOTLAND. In several places in the vicinity of Berwick-upon-Tweed; banks of the water of Leith, opposite Newmill above Currie; meadow-ground South of Ravelrig-toll ; near Borthwick Castle ; Lugton Woods ; woods at Mid- Calder; banks of the Clyde at Kenmuir ; Daldowie; Bothvrell, and the falls. — IRELAND. Convoy and Lough Garton, county of Donegal. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root fibrous, tufted. Stems several, from 1 to 2 feet high, round, smooth, hollow, leafy, branched towards the top Leaves smooth, dark green, 5-parted, the lobes variously divided and cut ; the radical ones on long stalks. Flowers large and handsome, of a bright yellow, almost globular from the roundish connivent sepals of the calyx. Petals ( nectaries of Linn.y (fig. 4.) strap-shaped, of nearly the same hue as the sepals, but scarcely half so long. Cap- sules (figs. 6 & 7.) nearly cylindrical, transversely ribbed, termi- nated by a crooked point, which turns outwards, giving the head (fig. 6.) a star-like appearance. Seeds black and shining. The large handsome flowers of this plant have obtained for it a place in the flower-garden, where it thrives best in a moist shady situ- ation. It is a native almost throughout the whole of Europe. The country people of Westmorland, Scotland, and Sweden, consider it a sort of festival flower, going in parties to gather it for the decor- ation of their doors and apartments, as well as their persons. — It is the Lucken-gowan of Allan Ramsey : — “ We’ll pou the daisies on the green, The lucken-gowans frae the bog ; Between hands now and then we’ll lean, And sport upon the velvet fog.” It'ccc/ tfbmM-t C'l i /y . CM dt bdnJJtL Sc Sc Pub* by IVBaxbrBotan ic Gar dot. Ox/d*xL IS 37 (‘242.) FRAGA'RIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Icosa'ndria f, Folygy'nia. Natural Order. Rosa'cea:, Juss. Gen. Pi. p. 334. — Sm.Grara. of Bot. p. 171. — Lind I. Syn. p. 88. ; Introd. to Nat. Systof Bot. p. 81. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 528. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 512. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 523. — Mack. FI. Hibem. pt. i. p. 85. — Rosales; sect. Rosinte ; subsect. Rosianag ; type, Ro- sace/e; subtype, Fragarida: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 683, 699, & 700. — Senticosa:, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 flat, permanent sepal, deeply divided into 10 spreading segments, the 5 alternate ones external and smallest. Corolla of 5 roundish, spreading petals (fig. 2.), attached to the rim of the calyx by their short claws, op- posite to its outer segments. Filaments (see fig. 1.) numerous, from the rim of the calyx, awl-shaped, upright, shorter than the corolla, permanent. Anthers roundish, incumbent, of 2 cells, deciduous. Germens (fig. 4.) superior, numerous, roundish, small, collected into a round head. Styles, 1 to each germen (see figs. 6 & 7.), lateral, short, incurved, permanent. Stigmas simple, blunt. Berry (fig. 5.) spurious, formed of the enlarged receptacle of the seeds become pulpy, coloured, egg-shaped or roundish, abrupt at the base, finally deciduous. Seeds [nuts of Hooker and Lindley; carpels of Don,) numerous, naked, scattered over the surface of the large fleshy receptacle or berry, roundish egg-shaped, acute, smooth and even (see figs. 6 & 7). The 10-cleft calyx ; the corolla of 5 petals ; and the seeds or nuts being placed on the surface of a large fleshy, deciduous receptacle ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Three species British. FRAGA'RIA VE'SCA. Eatable Strawberry +. Wood Straw- berry. Spec. Char. Leaflets plicate, thin, pubescent beneath. Fruit pendulous. Calyx at length reflexed. Hairs of the Peduncles widely spreading ; those of the pedicels close-pressed, silky. Eng. Bot. 1. 1524.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 708.— Huds. FI. A ngl. (2nd ed.) p. 221.— Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt ii. p. 1090. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 546. ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 414. — With. (7th ed.) v. lii. p. 630. — Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 584. — Lindl. Syn. p. 95. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 250.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.267. — Siblh. FI. Oxon. p. 160. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 112. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 51. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.245. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 203. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 162. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 115. — FI. Devon, pp. 87 6c 172. — Johnst. FI. ofBerw. v. i. p. 115. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p.35. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 542. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 144. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 15. — Loud. Encyclop. of Gard. (new edit. 1835) p. 939. parag. 5131. — Baxter’s Fig. 1. Calyx and Stamens. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. A Stamen. — Fig. 4. Receptacle and Germens divested of the calyx and corolla. — Fig. 4. The Ripe Fruit, formed of the enlarged fleshy receptacle of the seeds. — Figs. 6 & 7. Seeds. — Figs. 3 6c 7 a little magnified. * From fragans, fragrant ; on account of the fragrance of the fruit, t See Primus cirasus, folio 100, note f. { From the ancient practice of laying straw between the rows of plants, to keep the ground moist and the fruit clean. Lib. of Agricul. and Hort. Knowl. (2nd ed.) p. 563. — Mark. Catal. of Plants of Irel. p. 49. ; FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 92. — Fragaria, Ray’s Syn. p.254. — John- son’s Gerarde, p. 997. Localities.-* Woods and thickets; and on hedge-banks and heaths; common. Perennial. — Flowers in May, June, and July. Root somewhat woody, blackish, fibrous ; throwing out long, slender, trailing, hairy runners above ground, which take root at intervals, and produce new plants. Stems from 4 to 8 inches high, upright, slightly leafy, clothed with soft spreading hairs. Leaves mostly radical, on long channelled, hairy footstalks, ternate ; leaflets egg-shaped, serrated, pubescent beneath, the 2 lateral ones unequal at the base. Flowers panicled, or somewhat cymose, white, up- right, their common stalks (peduncles ) clothed with copious spread- ing hairs ; their partial ones (pedicels J with upright or close- pressed silky pubescence. Segments of the Calyx, especially the smaller or external ones, often cloven at the point. Fruit droop- ing, egg-shaped, deep scarlet, pulpy, studded with the small smooth seeds or nuts. The fruit (which is the fleshy receptacle of the seeds become enlarged and pulpy) is fragrant, gratefully acid and aromatic, and from its cooling quality is particularly acceptable in Summer. Eaten either alone, or with sugar and cream, there are few constitutions with which strawberries, even when taken in large quantities, are found to disagree. Further, they have properties which render them in most conditions of the animal frame positively salutary ; and Physicians concur in placing them in their small catalogue of pleasant remedies. They promote perspiration, and dissolve the tartarous incrustations of the teeth. Persons afflicted with the gout or stone have found relief from using them very largely ; and Hoffman says, he has known consumptive people cured by them. The bark of the root is astringent. Many varieties of the Wood Strawberry are cultivated in gardens. Mr. Neill informs us, in his Horticultural Tour in Flanders, Holland, and France, p. 210, that at the Hague, Leyden, and Haarlem, the native species, Fragaria vesca, is preferred for culture, and is there very generally known by the name of Boskoeper strawberry, from the circumstance of the plants being procured from the woods at Boskoop. It is found to possess, with proper treatment, the pro- perty of continuing very long in fruit, like the Alpine Strawberry in England. At Haarlem, the fruit is sometimes gathered for nine months in succession, from March till November ; but it is to be understood, that different lines of the plants have been dressed at different periods of the season, and that attention has been paid to watering the rows during the parching droughts in summer. The culti- vated plants are regarded as exhausted after the second year ; they are therefore rooted up and destroyed, and a new supply is obtained from Boskoop. Two minute, parasitic fungi, Arigma obtusatum, Hook. Brit. FI. v. ii. pt. n. p. 359; and Uredo Potentilldrum, ibid. p. 382 ; are found, occasionally, on the leaves of this species of Fragaria ; but they are both much more common on the leaves of Potentilla Fragariastrum. Mr. Nelson, a very intelligent man, and an excellent gardener, who has, for nearly 40 years, had the management of the gardens of A. Grimes, Esq. of Coton House, near Rugby, in Warwickshire, informed me, in 1831, that the Hautboy strawberry, Fragaria elatior, was growing wild in the plantations and spinnies about that place, in such abundance, that he usually procured it from thence to cultivate in his garden. 245 (243.) GNAPHA'LIUM* Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia f, Polyqa'mia, Su- pe'rflua Natural Order. Compo'sit^e§; tribe, Corymbi'fer.e ||, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Hot. pp. 197 & 199. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 142. — Compo'sit^; ; subord. Car- dua'ce.e ; Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Synanthe'rea:, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 454. — Corymbi'fer.e, sect. 1. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 177. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123. Engl. FI. v. iii. p.334. — Syringales; subord. Asterosa: ; sect. Asterina. ; subsect. Asteriana; type, Asterace.e; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 926. — Composite, Linn. Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx) (fig. 1.) roundish, imbricated ; scales (see fig. 2 ) membranous, often coloured, con- verging. Corolla compound ; florets of the disk perfect, tubular ; their limb 5-cleft (see figs. 3 & 4) ; some in the very centre occa- sionally abortive, being destitute of stamens, and often of corolla also; florets of the circumference, if present, slender, or awl-shaped, mostly undivided. Filaments (see figs. 5 & 6.) 5, hair-like, short. Anthers in a cylindrical tube (see fig. 5). Germen (see fig. 4.) inversely egg-shaped, angular. Style (fig. 7.) thread-shaped, the length of the floret. Stigmas 2, spreading, notched. Seed-vessel none, except the permanent shining coloured calyx. Seeds in- versely egg'-shaped, small, alike, and usually perfect, in all the florets. Pappus ( down ) (figs. 4 & 8.) either simple, or variously feathery. Receptacle (fig. 9.) naked. Distinguished from other genera, (with the corolla of the marginal florets obsolete, or wanting,) in the same class and order, by the imbricated, filmy, coloured scales of the involucrum ; the awl-shaped florets of the circumference, when present ; the rough, or feathery pappus ; and the naked receptacle. Eleven species British. GNAPHA'LIUM DIO'ICUM. Dioecious Cudweed. Mountain Cudweed. Mountain Cotton-weed. Mountain Cat’s-foot. Spec. Char. Shoots procumbent. Stems unbranched. Root- leaves spathulate. Corymbs simple, terminal. Flowers dioecious ; inner scales of the involucrum (fig. 2.) elongated, ohtuse, coloured. Engl. Bot. t. 267. — Linn. Sp. Plant, p. 1199. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd. ed.) p. 360. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. in. p. 1882. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 869. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 413. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 926. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 356. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 470. t. 20. f. 1. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 250. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 77. — Purt. Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. A inner Scale of the Involucrum. — Figs. 3 & 4. Separate Florets, with their pappus. — Fig. 5. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 6. A sepa- rate Stamen. — Fig. 7. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 8. A single Ray of the Pappus. — Fig. 9. Receptacle. — Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, & 8, more or tess magnified. '* From Gnapheus. Gr. a fuller; certain species being soft and woolly as the nap of cloth : and, according to some writers, used as a substitute for cotton or flax, in filling couches and mattresses, and hence denominated Cotton-weed. Wither. t Sec folio 91, note t. t See folio 36, note 1. 1 See folio 27, a. || See folio 36, a. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 743; — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 337. — Hook. FI. Soot. p. 240. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 176.— Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 182. — Winch’s FI. of North, and Durh. p. 53. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 236. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 72 ; FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 145. — Gnaphalium montanum album, Ray’s Syn. p. 181. — G. montanum pur pur eum et album, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 640. — Antenndria dioica, Gaertner. — Lindl. Syn. p. 144. — A.montana, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 458. Localities. — In dry mountainous pastures and heaths. — Oxfordshire; Woodcot Heath: Dr. Sibthorp. — Cambridgeshire; Gog-magog Hills; Shel- ford Moor; Newmarket Heath; Gamlingay : Rev. R. Relhan. — Cheshire; Mountains above Stayley : Mr. Bradbury. — Cornwall ; By the road-side, a short distance above Hayle Bridge towards Camborne: Mr. H. Watson, in N. B. G. Frequent; Hudson. — Cumberland ; Kiikland, Brampton, and Pen- rith Fell: Hutchinson. Ravine of the Screes near Wast water: Mr. Wood. Winside Hill, Derwentwater : Mr. H. Watson. Watendlath : N. B. G. — Derbyshire; Hills between Hayfield and Kinder Scout: Mr. O. Sims. At Arbor Low, between Buxton and Ashbourne: Rev. W. T. Bree. — Durham ; Moor above Beamish ; Gateshead Fell : N. J. Winch, Esq. Common in Tees- dale Forest : Rev. J. Harriman. — Lancashire ; Yealand Common: Robson. — Lincolnshire ; On Bernak Heath: Ray. Grantham Heath: D. Turner, Esq. — Norfolk ; On Stratton Strawless Heath, near Norwich : Sir J. F,. Smith. Swaffh am Heath : Mr. Pitchford. — Northamptonshire; Upon Bernack, and Wittering Heaths: Morton. — Northumberland; Prestwick Car ; and Moors near Newcastle: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Shropshire ; Road from Trebrodind to Chin: Dr. Evans. — Suffolk ; On Canham Heath, near Bury: Mr. Pitch- ford. — Westmoreland ; Kendal Fell: Robson. Kirkston, leading from Am- bleside to Patterdale : Rev. J. Dodd. — Yorkshire ; On Ingleborough : Bulmer, and Wilburn Moors; Barton Heights near Malton; and Rosedale-nead near Whitby; near Leeds, and Thorp Arch; pastures in Craven ; New Park near Askrig, Wensleydale ; Copgrove; Ais-la-Beck; and the Race-ground, near Richmond: N.B.G. — Frequent in WALES, SCOTLAND, and IRELAND. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root somewhat woody, with many long simple fibres. Stems upright, simple, from 3 to 7 inches high, white, cottony, leafy, accompanied at the base by several prostrate, leafy runners, by which the plant is increased. Leaves scattered ; those on the run- ners inversely egg-shaped, tapering at the base into a leafstalk;' those on the stems spear-shaped, sessile ; all green and smooth above ; very white and cottony beneath. Flowers from 3 to 8, white, purple, or reddish ; terminating the stem in a kind of corymb. Scales of the involucrum blunt, the outer short, green and cottony ; the inner widening upwards, long, smooth, shining, white, often rose-coloured, especially in the fertile plants. Jlnthers with two bristles at the base (see fig. 6). Stigmas truncate. Seeds short. Pappus sessile, partly rough, partly feathery, and somewhat tufted, 'the redder florets in general have the most perfect pistil, without even the rudiments of stamens. This is a very elegant little plant, the flowers of which retain- their freshness for a great length of time after they are gathered, a property which renders it deserving of a place in the flower-garden. It makes a pretty variety, mixed with the foreign species of Everlasting, for forming the dried winter bouquet, &c. The Gnapha- lium. or Everlasting, is considered the emblem of never-ceasing remembrance, from its being so frequently used on the Continent to decorate the monuments and graves of departed friends ; but it is not consigned alone to the use of the grave, for we frequently meet with it ornamenting the vase of the saloon, and decorating our chimney-pieees. The ancients crowned the images of their gods with garlands made of these flowers, and from hence they were frequently called God’s Flowers. In Spain and Portugal they are still used to decorate the altars and the images of the Saints. 2-44 C Mathews, J)el&SC. Pu l* ly ff tc G ardtn Oxford JS3J (■244.) SHEItA'RDIA. Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'.ndri a f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Stella'ta:*, Linn. — Lindl. Syn. p. 128. ; Inlr. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 202. — Rubia'cea;, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 196. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 126. — Engl. FI. v. i. p. 196. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 459. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 519. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.453. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 129. — Syrin- gai.es; subord. Asterosa: ; sect. Rubiacin.b; type, Rubia- ce.e; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 901, 902, & 914. Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1, a.) small, superior, of 1 sepal, with 4 or 6 segments or teeth, permanent. Corolla (see fig. 1, b.) of 1 petal, funnel-shaped; tube cylindrical; limb in 4, equal, flat, acute segments. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 4, from the mouth of the tube, recurved. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. German (see fig. 1.) inferior, of 2 round or oblong lobes. Style (fig. 2.) hair-like, 2-lobed at the apex. Stigmas bluntish or capitate. Fruit (fig. 3.) dry, crowned with the permanent teeth of the calyx, divisible into 2 1-seeded portions (mericarps, Don), flat on one side, convex on the other (see figs. 3, 4, & 5). The funnel-shaped, 4-cleft corolla ; and the dry fruit, crowned with the permanent calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. SHERA'RDIA ARVE'NSIS. Field Sherardia. Little Field- madder. Little Spur-wort. Spec. Char. Leaves about 6 in a whorl. Flowers terminal, sessde, umbellate. Engl. Bot. t. 891. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 315. Curt. Brit. Entom: v. ix. t. 388. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 149. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 66. — Willd. Sp. l’l. v. i.» pt. I. p. 574. — Sm."Fl. Brit. v. i. p. 171. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 196. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 219. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 480. — Lindl. Syn. p. 130. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 66. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 114. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p 57. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 32. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 15. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 99. — Relh.’Fl. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 57. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 50.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 34. — FI. Devon, pp. 26 and 162. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 36. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durli. p. 9. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 36. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 637. — Jacob’s West Devon and Cornw. FI. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 24.— Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 17. ; FI. Hibern. p. 132. — Rubeola arvensis repens car idea, Ray’s Syn. p. 225. Localities. — In fallow-fields, and among corn, on a light, sandy, or gravelly soil ; frequent. Annual. — Flowers from May to August. Root small, tough and fibrous, of a reddish-brown colour. Stems several, slender, branched, spreading, mostly decumbent, from 3 to Fig. 1. A separate Flower; a. the Calyx; b. the Corolla. — Fig. 2. Style and Stigmas. — Fig. 3. Half the Fruit. — Fig- 4. A Fruit cut transversely. — Fig. 5. One half of the same. — All a little magnified. f See folio 46, note y. J See folio 135. a. 8 inches or mole long, square, leafy, and clothed, especially on the angles, with numerous, short, bristly hairs, which point backwards^ Leaves verticillate, 6 in a whorl, those on the upper part of the stems elliptic-spear-shaped, the lower ones shorter, broader, and nearly egg-shaped, all entire, pointed, and rough, especially on the edges and keel, with white bristly hairs, which are longer than those on the stem. Flowers in small, nearly sessile umbels, termi- nating the stems and branches, .each umbel accompanied by an involucrum of about 8 leaves. Calyx with 6 teeth, permanent, crowning the fruit. Corolla slender, of a pale purplish-blue. Anthers tawny. Stigmas capitate. Fruit of 2 globular, closely combined seeds (mericarps of Don,/, rough with very minute bristles, and crowned with the somewhat enlarged calyx. This little plant has much the habit of a Galium, but it is readily distinguished from that genus by the fruit being crowned by the calyx. It was named Sherardia by Dillenius, in honour of his friend Dr. William Sherard. This distinguished patron of botanical science was a native of Bushby in Leicestershire ; he was born in 1659, and after passing through Merchant Taylor’s School, he entered St. John’s College, Oxford, in 1677 ; of this college he after- wards became a Fellow, and took the degree of Bachelor of Arts, December 11, 1683. After this time he travelled much on the Continent ; chiefly occupied in collecting plants, and in forming connexions with the most celebrated foreign Botanists of the day; such as Herman, Boerhaave, and Tournefort. He is said to have been the author of a book published under the name of Samuel Wharton, entitled, " Schola Botanica being a Catalogue of Plants exhibited by Tournefort to his botanical class at Paris for several years, during a part of which Sherard at- tended his lectures. He also edited Herman’s “ Paradisus Batavus.” Soon after 1702 he was appointed consul at Smyrna. During his residence there he had a country house at a place called Sedekio ; here he collected specimens of all the plants of Natolia and Greece, and began that famous Herbarium, which at length became the most extensive that had ever been seen as the work of one man. On his return he met with the celebrated Dillenius, whom he induced to accompany him to England in 1721; and in the year 1726 he commenced his designs for the advancement of Botany at Oxford, by giving £ 500 towards enlarging the Conser- vatory; and by presenting a great number of curious plants and a library of botanical works to the same establishment. He likewise made over to the Physic Garden his Herbarium, which rendered Oxford, in the eyes of Linn ajus, pre-eminent among the Universities of Europe for its botanical treasures ; and which Sir J. E. Smith, only 16 years ago, pronounced as perhaps, excepting that of Linnaeus in his own possession, the most ample, authentic, and valuable botanical record in the world. He died August 12, 1728 ; and by his will bequeathed £ 3000 to provide a salary for the Professor of Botany, on condition that the University should supply the annual sum of £ 150 towards the maintenance of the Garden, and that Dr. Dille- nics should be chosen the first professor. Dr. James Sherard, the younger brother of Dr. William Sherard, was early and strongly attached to his brother’s favourite pursuit, and cultivated, at his country seat, at Eltham, in Kent, one of the richest gardens that England ever produced. This was also the retirement of his brother the consul, after his return from Smyrna ; and it is immortalized by the publication, in 1732, of Dillenius’s “ Hortus Elthamensis ;” an elegant and elaborate work, in 2 volumes folio, in which are de- scribed and figured, with the most circumstantial accuracy, 417 plants, all drawn and etched by Dillenius himself, consisting principally of such exotics as were then rare, or had been but lately introduced into England. Coloured copies of this work are extremely rare ; one, coloured by Dillenius, is in the Library of the Oxford Botanic Garden, — See Memorials of Oxford; and Pulteney’s Sketches. 2 •*'» dt‘M (245.) MENYA'NTHES* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta^ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Gentia'nea:, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 177 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. ofBot. p.215. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 444. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 526. — Lysimaciiiav, affinia, Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 95 & 97. — Syringales ; subord. Primulos.e ; sect. Gentianin.-e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 95§, & 1008. — Pre- cise, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 2.) inferior, permanent, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, slightly spreading segments. Corolla (see fig. 1.) of 1 pe- tal, funnel-shaped; tube short, somewhat dilated upward; limb spreading, in 5, more or less pointed, segments, bearded internally, with a simple margin. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 5, awl-shaped, short, attached to the tube, alternate with the segments of the limb. Anthers cloven at the base, upright. Germen (sec fig. 3.) conical. Style (see fig. 3.) 1, cylindrical. Stigma capitate, with from 2 to 5 furrows. Capsule (figs. 4 & 5.) egg-shaped, 1 -celled, 2-valved ; the valves bearing the seed in their axis (see f. 5.) — Leaves ternate. The 5-parted calyx ; the monopetalous, funnel-shaped corolla, .in 5 deep segments, hairy within, with a simple margin; the 2-lobed stigma ; and the capsule of 1 cell, and 2 valves, bearing the seeds in their axis ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. MENYA'NTHES TRIFOLIA'TA. Common Buck-bean, or Bog-bean. Marsh Trefoil. Spec. Char. Leaves ternate. Disk of the Corolla densely shaggy. Engl. Bot. t. 495. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 240. — Woodv. Mod. Bot. v. i. p. 5. t. 2. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. vii. t. 294 ! — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 20S. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i; pt. ii. p. 811. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. 85. — Linn. FI. Lapponica, (2nd edit.) p. 52. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 225. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 274.- — With. (7th cd.) v. ii. p. 292.— Lindl. Syn. p. 179 — Hook. Br. FI. p. 91.— Lightf. FI. Scot. p. 137.— Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 73. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 44. — Thornton’s Fam. Herb. p. 98. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 21. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 122 ; and v. iii. p. 343. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 85.- — Ilook. FI. Scot. p. 71. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 48. — FI. Devon, pp. 36 & 153. — Johnst. FI. Berw. v. i. p. 55. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 13. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 52. — Perry’s PI. Varvie. Selectee, p. 16. — Bab. FI. Batli. p. 30. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of Irel. p. 22 ; FI. llibern. pt. I. p. 188. — Menycintlies palustris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 340. — Menianthes palustre triphyllum lati folium et angustifolium, Ray’s Syn. p. 285. — Trifolium palu- dosum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1194. Localities. — In marshy and boggy places, watery meadows, and on the margins of rivers, pools, and wet ditches. Not uncommon. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Fig. 1. Corolla, opened vertically to show the stamens. — Fig. 2. The Calyx. — Fig. 3. The Calyx, Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. A Capsule. — Fig. 5. A Capsule with the valves opened. — Fig. 8. A Seed. * From mene, Gr. a month ; and anihos, Gr. a flower ; as continuing a mouth in blossom. Withering. t See folio 48, note +. Root creeping, long, jointed and fibrous. Stems procumbent, or somewhat ascending, nearly cylindrical, leafy, very cellular within. Petioles f leaf -stalks ) cylindrical, stout ; nearly concealing the stem by their dilated, sheathing base. Leaflets 3, equal, inversely egg- shaped, smooth, slightly, waved at the margin, and obscurely toothed, each with a thick midrib. Scape ( flower-stalk.) upright, about 6 or 8 inches high, cylindrical, smooth, arising from within the sheaths of the petioles, and terminated by a raceme of forcers, each on a short pedicel, with an egg-shaped bractea at its base. Calyx wrinkled at the bottom. Corolla flesh-coloured on the outside, nearly or quite white within, the disk of its segments beautifully fringed with white filaments. Anthers yellow. Fruit an egg- shaped capsule about the size of a pea, of 1 cell, and 2 valves. Seeds egg-shaped, of a yellowish-brown colour, smooth and shining. This is one of the most beautiful of our native plants, and is highly deserving the eulogium of the poet: — “ Oft where the stream meandering glides, Our beauteous Menyanthes hides Her clustering, fringed flowers ; Nor mid the garden’s sheltering care. Of fam’d exotics rich and rare, Purple or roseate, brown or fair, A plant more lovely towers.” In the opinion of Mr. W. Curtis it is equal to the Kalmias, the Rhododendrons , and the Ericas of foreign climes, “ which are purchased at an extravagant price, and kept up with much pains and expence, while this delicate native, which might be procured without any expence, and cultivated without any trouble, blossoms unseen, and wastes its beauty in the desart air.” To such as wish to have this plant flower with them in perfection, Mr. Curtis re- commends the following mode of cultivation. “ Collect the roots of the plant either in Spring or Autumn, put them in a large pot (having a hole at the bottom) filled with bog earth, immerse the pot about two-thirds of its depth in water, in which it should continue ; the advantage of this method is, that when the plant is coming into flower it may be brought into any room and placed in a pan of water, where it will continue to blossom for two or three weeks.” A single root, which Mr. Curtis treated in this manner, planted in the Spring, produced the ensuing May 8 flowering stems, many of which had 15 or 16 blossoms on them. In the North of Europe, where hops are scarce, this plant has been used as a substitute in brewing ale : two ounces being equal to a pound of hops. The roots dried and powdered, and mixed with a small quantity of meal, have been used in Lapland for making bread, but it is extremely bitter and unpalatable. The dried leaves are sometimes smoked. An infusion of the leaves is extremely bitter, and is prescribed in rheumatisms and dropsies. A dram of them in powder proves drastic and emetic. It is sometimes given to destroy worms ; and it has gained reputation in scorbutic disorders, a pint a day of infusion of the leaves removing inveterate cutaneous eruptions. It has been said that it cures sheep of the rot; but from the Upsal experi- ments tt appears that, though goals eat it, sheep seldom do. Cows, horses, and swine refuse it. In and about Hamburgh, this is called The Flower of Liberty ; and the in- habitants pretend that it grows only within the territories of that republic, and has never been seen in the South of Denmatk, which adjoins it. d.l> Jc. Tuifty W £ **?er 2: ot amc Ga-rdt* OxJoril&XJ ’. (246.) GIAU'X* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Primula 'ceas, Vent. — Lindl. Syn, p. 182.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Pot. p.225. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 431. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 192. — Plantagi'nea?, Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 530. — Salicarle, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 330 & 333. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 170 & 171. — Syringales ; subord. Primu- los/E; sect. Primulin.e; type, Pkimulace.e ; subtype, Primu- lid.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 958, 1020, 1024, & 1025.— Calycanthem.e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, bell-shaped, coloured, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, spreading, obtuse, recurved segments, perma- nent. Corolla none. Filaments (fig. 2.) 5, awl-shaped, upright, not longer than the calyx. Anthers roundish. Germen (fig. 3.) superior, egg-shaped. Stigma capitate. Capsule (fig. 4.) globose, pointed, of 1 cell, and 5 valves. Seeds about 5, roundish (see fig. 7.), attached to a central, globose, pitted placenta (see fig. 6). The monosepalous, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, coloured calyx ; and the superior, 1-celled, 5-valved capsule; will distinguish this from other genera, destitute of a corolla, in the same class and order. One species British. GLAU'X MARPT1MA. Common Sea-milkwort. Black Salt- wort %. Newton’s Knotgrass. Spec. Char. Engl. Bot. t. 13. — Hook. FI. Lond. 1. 188. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. xii. t. 548. — Ray’s Syn. p. 285. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 301. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 101. — Wiild. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. ir. p. 1210. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 268. Engl. FI. v. i. p.336. — With. (7th edit.) v, ii. p. 340. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.733. — Lindl. Syn. p. 183. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 109. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 147. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 25.— Relli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 102. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 82.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 56 — FI. Devon, pp. 43 & 142. — Johnston’s FI. Berw. v. i. p. 64. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 16. — Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. p. 1026. —Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 25. ; FI. Hibernica, p. 192. — Glaux exiyua maritirna, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 562. Localities. — On tire sea shore, and in muddy salt-marshes, abundant," but from its being frequently concealed among grass, or under the edge of ditch banks, it does not obtrude itself upon the casual observer.” — Cambridgeshire ; Wisbeach j Bardwell Fens: Rev. R. Relhan. — Cheshire; Shores of the sea, and estuaries: Mr. H. C. Watson, in New Bot. Guide. — Cornwall; On the sea coast : Mr. H. (',. Watson, ibid. — Cumberland ; Sea coast, Abbey Holm: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Devon ; Topsham marshes ; Exminster marshes ; at Hack- ney near Kingsteignton ; Plymouth, &c. : FI. Devon. Side of the river near Teignmouth : Mr. F. Russel. — Dorset ; in Portland Island: Dr. Withering. On Waste ground at the back of the promenade, Weymouth: Aug. 1837; Rev. A. Bloxam. — Durham ; Salt marshes on Tyne, Tweed, Blyth, Wear, Tees, &c. : N. J. Winch, Esq. Banks of the Tyne, below Friar’s Goose: R. Bowman, in N. B. G.— Essex ; ltiver side near Purfleet : Dr. J. Mitchell, in FI. Metr. — Fig. 1. A Flower. — Fig. 2. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. Capsule. — Fig. 5. Transverse section of the same. — Fig. 6. The Placenta (receptacle of the seed). — Fig. 7. A Seed. — Figs. 2 & 3 a little magnified. * From glaucus , a sea-green colour. + See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note t. 4 From its producing salt or alkali when burnt. Gloucestersh. Near Bristol: Miss Wobsley. Avon, bv Clifton: Rev. H. T. Ellicombe. Below King’s Weston, near Bristol: Dr. Withering. — Hamp- shire: Beach, Fareham: Rev. S. Palmer, in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. ii. p. 276. — Kent ; On the coast : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. South Kent : Rev. G. E. Smith. Between Plumstead and Erith : J. F. Young, in FI. Metrop. Marshes about Dartford; about Greenhithe ; and by the river side near Hochester: Mr. D. Cooper, in FI. Metrop. — Lancash. On the sea shore: Mr. H. C. Watson, in N. B. G. Near Southport: G.Croseield, Esq. North Shore, and Knott’s Hole near Liverpool : Dr. Bostock.— ■- Norfolk ; Yarmouth: Mr. J. Paget, in N. B. G. Near Lynn: Mr. G. Cooper, ibid. — Northumberland; In salt marshes on Tyne, Tweed, Blyth, &c.: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Somersetsh. Near Huntspill: W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. — Stajffordsh. Salt marsh at lngestre : Mr. Bagot. — In Sussex: Rev. G. E. Smith. — Yorksh. Filby Bay near Scar- borough: Rev. A. Bloxiiam, and E. F. Witts, Esq. — WALES. Anglesey ; On the sea coast: Rev. H. Davies. — Caernarvonsh. On the sea shore: Mr. H. C. Watson, in N. B. G. — Denbighsh. On the coast: Mr. H. C. Watson, ibid . — Merionethsh. Sands, and mud banks near Burmouth : H. Woollcombe, Esq. — SCOTLAND. Berwicksh. On the sea shore in muddy places, abun- dant: Sir W. J. Hooker. Muddy places on the sea coast to the southward; and sides of the Tweed above the bridge: Dr. Johnston. Shores of the Frith ; Nort!) Queensferry; and Musselburgh Links: Mr. Neill. About Burntisland and Pettycur: Dr, Greville. — IRELAND. Sea shores, and muddy salt marshes, abundant : Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root long, thickish, and jointed; producing fibres from the joints. Stems procumbent at the base, then upright, from 2 to 5 inches high, branched round, smooth, very leafy. Leaves oppo- site, sometimes becoming alternate, especially towards the summit of the stem, sessile, elliptic-oblong, entire, smooth, pale on the tinder surface, darker green and marked with impressed punctures on the upper. Stipulas none. Flowers axillary, solitary, numer- ous, nearly sessile, of a delicate rose-colour, minutely sprinkled with deeper tints of the same colour. The whole plant is smooth, succulent, and saltish to the taste. Cows are said to eat it. — “ Nature never did betray The heart that loved her ; ’tis her privilege Through all the years of this our life, to lead From joy to joy ; for she can so inform The mind that is within us, so impress With quietness and beauty, and so feed With lofty thoughts, that neither evil tongues. Rash judgments, nor the sneers of selfish men, Shall e’er prevail against us, or disturb Our cheerful faith, that all which we behold Is full of blessings.” Wordsworth, ■urn. 77 Put.lyi C?Jdth**X.£*l£Sc. % (247.) MI'LIUM* * Linnean Class and Order. TmA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'ne.e, Juss. Gen. PL p. 28. — Sm.Gram. of Bot. p. 68. ; Engl FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.542. — Gramina, Linn. — Gramina'les; sect. Pani- cin.e ; type, Miliace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359 & 366. Gen. Char. Panicle loose, spreading. Cahjx (see figs. 1 & 2.) of 2 nearly equal, concave, tumid, keeled, clasping, awnless glumes, containing a single floret. Corolla (see fig 2.) of 2, nearly equal, ribless, very smooth, awnless palea, the upper flat. Nectary cloven, membranous. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 3, hair-like, the length of the calyx. German (fig. 3.) egg-shaped. Styles (see fig. 3.) com- bined, or very short. Seed (figs. 4 & 5.) egg-shaped, coated with the horny corolla. The loose, spreading panicle ; the calyx of 2 glumes, as long, or a little longer than the paleae, inclosing a single floret ; and the corolla of 2 equal, smooth, awnless paleje, which at length become hardened and closely invest the seed ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. The hardened corolla , forming a coat to the seed, affords a mark of distinction between this genus and Agrostis. Sm. Two species British. M'lLIUM EFFU'SUM. Millet-grass. Spec. Char. Panicle glabrous, its branches subverticillate. Ligule (see fig. 6.) blunt. Engl. Bot. t. I106.—Curt. FI. Lond. t. 248. — Knapp’s Gram. Brit. 1. 19. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. iii. p. 16. t. 22. — Graves’ British Grasses, t. 31. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 90. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 29. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 360. — Leers (2nd edit.) p. 18. t. 8. f. 7. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 75. Engl. FI. v. i. P- 37. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 153. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p. 154. — Lind. Syn. p. 301. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 30. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 92. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. P. 35. — Abbot’s FI. Bedt. p. 13. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.72. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 8.— llelh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 28. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 24. — Grev. FI. F.din. p. 15. — Sind. Hort. Gram. Wob. pp.20 and 403. — FI. Devon, pp. 11 and E20. — Winch’s H. of Norlhumb. and Duiham, p. 5. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 18. — Perry’s PI. Vary. Selectse, p.7. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 56. — Mack. Catal. of Fb Hibern. p.297 ,—Gramen miliaceum, Kay’s Syn. p. 402. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 6. Localities. — In moist shady places, in woods, &c. frequent. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Calyx, Corolla, and Stamens.— Fig. 3. Germcn and Pistils. —Fig. 4. Seed invested with the Corolla.— Fig. 5. A Seed divested of the Corolla.— Fig. 6. A portion of the Leaf, showing the Ligula. — -Figs. 1, 2, and 3, a little magnified. * From mille, a thousand, on account of its fertility ; or, according to Theis, trom the Celtic mil, a stone, from the hardness of its fruit. Sir W. J. Hooker. t See folio 56, note +. Root creeping, fibrous. Culms ( stems J upright, slender, 3 or 4 feet high, round, jointed, leafy, smooth. Leaves bright green, from 4 to 9 inches or a foot long, and about one-third of an inch broad, terminating gradually in a fine point ; fiat, with a single rib and rough edges. Sheath striated, smooth. Ligula (slipula) ob- long, blunt, often jagged. Panicle large, often a foot long, and 8 inches wide, upright, loose, spreading, very much scattered from the various lengths of the secondary foot-stalks, which grow in half whorls, and give the plant an airy, light, and elegant appear- ance. Flowers solitary, egg-shaped, slightly drooping. Calyx (fig. 1.) permanently green, roughish, of 2 elliptical, expanded, concave, ribbed, nearly equal glumes. Corolla (see fig. 2.) nearly the shape and size of the calyx, to which it is opposite, not con- trary ; at first of a greenish-white, polished ; after flowering yel- lowish and horny, the larger palea embracing the other, and both together forming a shining hard coat to the seed. Awn none. Nectary a deeply cloven membrane. Anthers deeply cloven at each end, of a yellow colour. Styles (see fig. 3.) short, combined. Stigmas feathery, white. — Mr. G. Sinclair says, that the branches of the panicle are often in whorls, diverging by glands fixed in the axils, which has caused it to be mistaken sometimes for Poa relro- Jlexa, or P. distans. “ This Grass, in its natural state, seems to be confined to woods as its place of growth ; it will thrive and grow, however, when transplanted to open exposed situations. It is remarkable for the lightness of its produce in proportion to its bulk. Birds are re- markably fond of the seeds ; so much so, as to raise a doubt whether, for the sake of the seed only, it could be cultivated to ad- vantage on the farm. But in covers, where game is preserved, there cannot be a better grass encouraged, as it will save the corn- fields. “ About the beginning of August is the best season for sowing the seed. The surface of the ground, near the roots of the bushes, should be lightly stirred, and the seed scattered over it, and raked in ; a few of the decaying leaves that cover the ground should be afterwards thrown over it. “ It flowers in the second week and latter end of June, and the seed is ripe in the middle of July and beginning of August.” Hort. Gram. Wob. Mr. Knapp observes, that the word ‘ effusus’ is not inaptly given to this Millet-grass, as the abundance of its seed sufficiently bears witness, and that from its quantity it merits some attention. Do- mestic poultry might perhaps thrive upon it ; or it might be given with advantage to swine, and tend to diminish the consumption of bread corn ; a desideratum that defective seasons have rendered distressingly necessary. Its foliage is eaten by cattle, but the quantity of herbage it produces is too small to render it an object of attention to the Farmer ; and from its creeping root it would, if introduced into meadows, occupy the place of much more pro- ductive species. ,/Uccl-U V Puiily WBaxhrBcUmc r,*rln fyeriJSSJ C l' at Kerr 3c 1 (248.) DRYAS * *. Linncan Class and Order. Icosa'n dria f, Polvgy'nia. Natural Order. Rosa'ce.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 334. — Sin. Gram, of Bot. p. 171. — Lindl. Syn. p. 88. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 81. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 528. — Loud- Hort. Brit. p. 512. — Don’s Gen. Syst. ot Card, and Bot. v. ii. p. 523. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 85. — Rosales; sect. Rosine; subsect. Rostanaj; type, Ro- sace.-e; subtype, Fragarid.e; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, G83, 699, & 700. — Senticos.e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1, a.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 8 or 9 deep, spreading, equal or unequal segments, permanent. Corolla of from 5 to 8, occasionally 9, roundish, undivided, spreading petals, longer than the calyx, and attached by their clans to its rim. Filaments (fig. 1,6.) numerous, hair-like, from the rim of the calyx, much shorter than the corolla. Anthers small, roundish, of 2 lobes. Gcrmcns superior, numerous, small, oblong. Styles (fig. l,c.) lateral, long and hair-like, straight, continuous (see fig. 3). Stigmas simple, smooth. Pericarps (seeds, Linn. ; nuts, Lindl. y numerous, small, tipped with the permanent feathery styles (see figs. 2 & 3). Seeds ascending. Receptacle (fig. 4.) depressed, dry, downy, minutely cellular. Flowers white or yellow. The 8- or 9-cleft calyx ; the corolla of 8 or 9 petals ; and the pericarps with long feathery awns ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. The straight awn will dis- tinguish it from Geum. One species British. DRY'AS OCTOPE'TALA. Eight-petalled Dryas. White Dryas. Mountain Avens. Spec. Char. Petals, eight. Leaves simple, egg-shaped, or somewhat heart-shaped, crenately serrated. Engl. Bot. t. 451. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 717. — Huds. Ft. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 226. — Linn. FI. Lapp. (2nd ed. ) p. 181. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. ii. p. 118. — Sm. FI. Brit, v. ii. p. 555. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 432. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 638. — Lindl. Syn. p. 99. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 254. — Lightf. FI. Seot. v. i. p. 274. — Hook. FI. Scot.p. 165. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 35. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. ii. p. 525. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 50. ; FI. Hibern. p. 94. — Dryas chamadrifulia, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 578. — Caryophyllata alpine, chamcedry os folia, Ray’s Syn. p. 253. — Teucrium alpinum, cistiflore, John- son’s Gerarde, p. 659. Localities.— On stony alpine heaths, and high mountains, chiefly in a mica- ceous or limestone soil. Very rar e.— Durham ; Near the Black A rk on Cronk- ley Fell, Teesdale: N. J. Winch, Esq.— Yorkshire; On Arncliff Olowder, a mountain within half a mile of Arncliff in Littendale; a few miles from Keln- sey: Mr. VV. Curtis, 1782. Near Settle: Dr. Fell. Cronkley Fell at 2000 feet, and descending even to the edge of Darnbrook, near Arncliff: R. Bowman, in N. B. G. — SCOTLAND. On the Highland mountains, in many places. On the micaceous mountains in Breadalbane; and on the limestone rocks in Skye. Fig. 1. Flower, with the petals taken off ; a. the calyx ; b. the stamens ; c. the pistils.— Fig. 2. The Receptacle, and Seeds with their feathery appendages, sub- tended by the permanent calyx. — Fig. 3. A Seed. — Fig. 4. The Receptacle. * So named by Linnaws from the dryadcs or nymphs of the oaks, in consequence of the leaves hearing some resemblance to those of the oak. Don. t See Primus cerasus, folio 100, note r. On a vast limestone tract called Creg-achnocaen, on the confines of Ross-shire and Sunderland : Rev. J. Ligiitfoot. Upon Carn-dearg, in Glen Creran, and near the top of Malmore, in Glenco, Argyleshire : Dr. Stuart. — Braes of Inver Naver, and common along the coast of Sunderland : W. Borrer, Esq. and Sir W. J. Hooker.— IRELAND. On Burren Mountains, County of Clare, abun- dant. County of Antrim: Mr. Templeton. Benyevena, County of Derry : Mr. D. Moore. Near Sligo: Withering. A shrubby Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root strong and woody. Stems short, clothed with the re- mains of the withered leaf-stalks, decumbent, entangled, somewhat shrubby, branched ; branches upright, leafy. Leaves evergreen, stalked (petiolate), simple, egg-oblong, obtuse, about an inch long,* their margins revolute, and strongly, though bluntly serrated ; smooth, wrinkled, and of a deep shining green above ; white and cottony, with a reddish rib beneath. Petioles longer than the leaves, with a pair of long, awl-shaped, hairy stipulas, united to the base of each. Peduncles ( flower-stalks ) solitary, downy, the down mixed with purple glands or bristles. Flowers large, about an inch in diameter. Calyx usually in 8 equal, uniform, cottony and bristly segments, sometimes in 10, very rarely in 6. Corolla of as many, somewhat inversely egg-shaped, white petals, as there are segments of the calyx. Styles densely feathery and silky, straight, without any joint or curvature, lengthening out, as the flower fades, into long feathery awns to the seeds. This elegant evergreen plant is a native of the Alps, and other mountainous situations, in many parts of Europe ; ornamenting them with its germander-like leaves, white flowers, and feathery heads of seeds. — There are, perhaps, few plants more interesting to the Botanist than those which inhabit these elevated regions; many of them may be ranked among the most lovely productions of the vegetable world, and their elegant forms, brilliant colours, and, often, diminutive size, have not unfrequently attracted the notice, and excited the admiration, of the most casual observer ; but how sublime must have been the feelings of Mrs. Sigourney, when, on contemplating the beauty of these “ living flowers that skirt the eternal frost,” she penned to them the following delightful and ani- mated address. “ Meek dwellers mid yon terror-stricken cliffs ! With brows so pure, and incense-breathing lips. Whence are ye ? — Did some white- rvinged messenger On Mercy’s missions trust your timid germ To the cold cradle of eternal snows ? Or, breathing on the callous icicles. Bid them with tear-drops nurse ye 1 Tree nor shrub Dare that drear atmosphere ; no polar pine Uprears a veteran front ; yet there ye stand. Leaning your cheeks against the tliick-ribbed ice, And looking up with brilliant eyes to Him Who bids you bloom unblanched amid the waste Of desolation. Man, who, panting, toils O’er slippery steeps, or, trembling, treads the verge Of yawning gulfs, o’er which the headlong plunge Is to eternity, looks shuddering up, And marks ye in your placid loveliness — Fearless, yet frail — and, clasping his chill hands. Blesses your pencilled beauty. ’Mid the pomp • Of mountain summits rushing on the sky. And chaining the rapt soul in breathless awe. He bows to bind you drooping to his breast. Inhales your spirit from the frost-winged gale, And freer dreams of heaven.” TRnU -/vot ‘e/'hf 'vd. 7/ Puiib KB*** Botanic Carden Ox/eri W37 C . Afat&a**.Sr ~*t Qxfs~* 7837- (•250.) A'SARUM* *. .Linnean Class and Order. Dodeca'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Artstolo'chiaj, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 72. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 85. — Lindl. Syn. p. 224 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 72. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 418. — Asa'rina;, Link. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 533. — Querneales ; sect. Asarin.® ; type, Aristolo- chiace.e ; subtype, Asa ridas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 523, 583, 584, & 585. — Sarmentace/e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) superior, of one leaf, bell-shaped, coriaceous (leather-like), coloured, permanent, in 3 deep, upright segments, with incurved points. Corolla none. Filaments 12, placed upon the Germen (see fig. 2.), awl-shaped (see fig. 3), half the length of the calyx. Anthers (see fig. 3.) attached to the inner side of the filaments, below the summits, each of 2 round, separated cells. Germen (see fig. 4.) inferior, turbinate. Style (fig. 4 ) co- lumnar, furrowed, nearly as long as the stamens. Stigma (see fig. 4.) in 6 deep, stellated, recurved segments. Capsule (see fig. 4.) coriaceous, of 6 cells, not bursting, its outer coat a continuation of the calyx. Seeds (figs. 6 & 7.) several in each cell, inversely egg- shaped, with a pale longitudinal crest. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the superior, bell-shaped, 3-lobed calyx ; and the 6-celled capsule. One species British. A'SARUM EUROPiE'UM. Common Asarabacca. Fole’s-foot. Hazelwort. Wild Nard. Spec. Char. Leaves in pairs, kidney-shaped, blunt. Engl. Bot. t. 1083. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. ii. p. 237. — Stephenson & Churchill's Med. Bot. v. i. t. 23. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 633. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 205. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. n. p. 838. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 509. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 342. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 572. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 263. — Lindl. Syn. p. 225. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 217. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 225. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 146. — Thornton’s Family Herb. p. 466, with a figure. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 31. — Walker’s FI. ofOxf. p. 131. — A'sarum , Ray’s Syn. p. 158. — Johnson’s Gerardo, p, 836. — Miller’s Plates, p. 35. t. 53. f. 1. Localities. — In mountainous woods ; very rare. — Berksh. Between Maiden- head and Henley: Rev. Dr. Abbot. — Cumberland ; Ramskin, Martindale, and Keswick: Hutchinson. Naturalized about Ormathwaite : N. J. Winch, F.sq. in New Bot. Guide. — Huntingdonshire ; In a wood near Kimbolton: Mr. Fernie, in Med. Bot. — Lancashire; In several woods in Lancashire: Ray. Near Preston : Mr. T. Hutton — Northumberland ; At Middleton, near Aln- wick: Miss Forsteb. Probably not originally indigenous: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Westmoreland ; Near Kirby Lonsdale, where it is gathered out of the woods for medical use: Dr. Batty. — Yorkshire ; Plentiful in Broad-bottom Wood, near Mytholmroyd, six miles from Halifax: Mr. Roberts Leyland. Hebden Bridge, near Halifax : New Bot. Guide. Harper-royd Cleugh, near Sowerby Bridge, three miles from Halifax: N. J. Winch, Esq. in N. B. G. Gildersleets, Gigleswick, and Craven: E. F. Witts, Esq. — SCOTLAND. West Binny, near Linlithgow : Miss Liston, in FI. Scot. Fig. 1. A Flower opened vertically, showing the stamens and pistil. — Fig. 2. Unripe Capsule, crowned with the Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 3. A separate Stamen. Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. A ripe Capsule, after the external skin or epicarp is removed, opened to show the partitions. — Fig. 6. Seeds. — Fig. 7. A Seed, a little magnified. * From o, Gr. not ; and sairo, Gr. to adorn ; because, says Pliny, it was not admitted into the ancient coronal wreaths, (lib. 21. eh. 6.) ; or more likely as being concealed under its leaves, it does not adorn the earth. Thornton. + See folio 15, note +. Perennial. — Flowers in April and May. Roots of numerous, stout, branching fibres. Stems nearly cylin-=, drical, hairy, creeping progressively on the surface of the ground, and sending out roots from every part. Leaves in pairs, at the extremity of the stems, on long, hairy petioles, kidney-shaped, quite entire, shining, dark green above, paler beneath, clothed with a few short bristly hairs, especially on the margin, and along the nerves on the upper surface. Flowers solitary, rather large, droop- ing, on a short peduncle at the summit of the stem, between the two leaves. Before the leaves expand they, and the flowers, are enclosed within two pair of large foliaceous scales or stipulae, which are finally deciduous. Calyx large, bell-shaped, of a fleshy sub- stance, and of a lurid and singular aspect. Filaments produced beyond the anthers into a hook or little horn. Capsule top-shaped (turbinate), crowned by the permanent calyx, hairy, obscurely 6-angled, not opening by valves, partitions fastened to the angles of the capsule, but loose and separate next the axis (see fig. 5). This species is a native of many other parts of Europe as well as of England , where it grows in woods and shady places. It is of easy cultivation, but it should be planted in a shady situation. It grows remarkably well in the Oxford Botanic Garden, on a border under a high wall facing the North East. Asarabacca has been found a good substitute for Ipecacuanha ; it is possessed of emetic, purgative, and diuretic powers, and, from its common use in France by drunkards to produce vomiting, it has obtained the name of Cabaret. The powder of Asarabacca is an excellent sternutory ; it enters into the composition of medicinal snuff and in cases of inveterate headach, as well as in certain chronic inflammations of the eyelids, its use has afforded very marked relief. The best preparation for this purpose is the Compound Powder of Asarabacca of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, which consists of the dried leaves of Asara- bacca three parts, the leaves of Marjoram and Flowers of Lavender, of each one part, reduced to powder. A few grains of this snuffed up the nose procures a considerable evacuation for a long time, without causing much sneezing or in- convenience to the patient. The Natural Order Aristolochle is composed of Apetalous dicotyledonous herbaceous or frutescent, often twining, plants ; with alternate, simple, stalked leaves, which are frequently accompanied by leafy stipulce. The flowers are hermaphrodite, axillary, and solitary, of a brown or some dull colour. The calyx is superior, tubular, with 3 segments, which are valvate in aestivation, some- times regular, sometimes very unequal. The stamens, which are from 6 to 12 in number, are epigynous, distinct, or adhering to the style and stigmas. The ovarium is inferior, 3- or 6-celled ; and contains numerous ovules, which are horizontally attached to the axis ; the style (see fig. 4.) is simple ; the stigmas radiating, and equal in number to the cells of the ovarium. rlhe fruit (see fig. 2.) is dry or succulent, 3- or 6-celled, and many-seeded ; and the seeds have a very minute embryo placed in the base of fleshy albumen. See Lindl. Syn. The only British examples of this natural order are Aristolochia clematitis, t. 28, and Asarum europccum , t. 250. 2JJ CM«cbhtw.%IfdA Sc. JTTjixt* mfrfuc Garden Oxford 1&3J (251.) POLY'GALA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Diade'lphia f, Octa'ndria. Natural Order. Polyga'lete, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 39; Intr, to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 144. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 494. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 501. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 348. — Mack. FI. Hiber. p. 35. — Pedicula'res, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 99. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 96. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceadosje ; sect. Rh.eadin.e ; type, Polygalace/e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, &870, — Lomenta'ce.e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud ; 3 outer ones small, nearly equal, egg-shaped, pointed, one of them uppermost; 2 inner ones much larger, like a pair of wings, coloured, veiny, egg-shaped, finally converging and fading; all permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.) of from 3 to 5 petals, united with the tube of the stamens by their claws ; limb of the uppermost deeply divided ; lowermost keel-shaped, (perhaps from 2 petals being constantly joined, Don,) generally crowned with more or less of a many-cleft, crested appendage (see fig. 4). Filaments (see fig. 3.) all united at the bottom, and attached to the corolla ; divided above into 2 sets, of 4 each. Anthers (see fig. 3.) 8, as- cending, tubular, each of 1 cell, opening at the summit. Germen (see fig. 5.) superior, roundish. Style (see fig. 5.) club-shaped, straight. Stigma (see fig. 5.) of 2 unequal lips, concave. Capsule (fig. 6.) elliptical, inversely egg-shaped or inversely heart-shaped, compressed, of 2 valves and 2 cells (see fig. 7.) the partition from the centre of each valve. Seeds (f. 8.) downy, crested at the hilum. The calyx of 5 sepals, 2 of them wing-shaped and coloured ; the corolla of from 3 to 5 petals combined by their claws with the stamens, the lower one keeled ; the capsule of 2 cells and 2 valves ; and the solitary, crested seeds; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. POLY'GALA VULGA'RIS. Common Milkwort. Procession Flower. Rogation Flower. Hedge Hyssop. Spec. Char. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, bluntish. Stems as- cending. Wings of the calyx elliptical, bluntish, a little longer than the capsule, but somewhat equal in length, or shorter than the corolla. Keel crested. Ovary sessile. Engl. Bot. t. 76. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. i. t. 62.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 986.— Huds. FI. Angl. (3rd ed.) p. 310. — YVilld. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. n, p. 873. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p 752. Engl. FI. v. iii, p. 258. —With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 826.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 667. — Lindl. Syn. p. 39 — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 317.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 381. — Siblh. FI. Oxon. p. 218. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 153. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 68.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.327; and v. iii. p. 371.— Relh. FI. Fig. 1. Bracteas, Pedicel, and Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Tube of the Corolla opened, showing the united filaments. — Fig. 4. The lower Petal or Keel, with the Pistil. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Capsule. — Fig. 7. Transverse section of ditto. — Fig. 8. A Seed. — All, except figs. 1 & 2, more or less magnified. • * From poly, Gr. much ; and gala, Gr. milk ; alluding to the reputed effects of the plant on cattle that feed upon it. Dox. t See folio 77, note t. Cant. (3 id ed.) p. 287.— Hook. FI. Scot. p.211.-Grev. FI. Edin. p. 154.-FI. Devon. pp. 1 19 & 187. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 157. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. i. p. 352. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p.203. — Jacob’s West Devon and Cornw. FI. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Select®, p. 60. — Pamplin’s PI. of Battersea and Clapham, p. 13. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 7. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of I rel p 65; FI. Hibern. p. 35. — Polygala, Ray’s Syn. p. *287. — John. Ger. pp.563 &564. Localities. — On gravelly and heathy pastures, and in woods; common. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root woody, tough, fibrous. Stems from 3 to 8 inches long, procumbent, or ascending, sometimes nearly upright when grow- ing among taller plants or under bushes ; simple, angular, leafy. Leaves numerous, scattered, nearly sessile, strap-spear-shaped, dark green, those near the root shortest, broadest, and most crowded. Flowers in a simple, terminal raceme ( cluster J, usually of a fine blue, but frequently pink, white, or purple ; and always marked with green lines. Bracteas three at the base of each pedicel, egg- shaped, concave, membranaceous, slightly coloured, deciduous. Calyx (fig. 1.) permanent, of 5 sepals, the 2 innermost coloured, much the largest, at length turning green, and protecting the ripen- ing fruit. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 3 petals, closely united at the base, so as to resemble one deeply 3-cleft, the two upper petals entire, one of them somewhat overlapping the other, their points generally a little indexed ; lower one keeled, tubular below, the apex ex- panding into two sets of club-shaped glandular appendages (see fig. 4). Filaments (fig. 3.) all united at the base, divided above into 2 sets of 4 each. Anthers yellow or orange. Style (see fig. 5.) thicker upwards. Stigma 2-lobed, one a fleshy knob, the other spear-shaped, concave. Capsule (figs. 6 & 7.) bordered. This pretty plant is a native of gravelly heathy pastures and woods through- out Europe; it retains its leaves through the Winter. Hermits who inhabited elevated places, formerly planted it round their habitations. Linnjeus found it to possess the same properties as the Senega Rattle-snake Hoot ( Poly'gala SdnegaJ, but in an inferior degree. Dohamll used it in pleuritic cases with success; the powdered root may be given in doses of half a drachm. An infu- sion of the herb, which is very bitter, taken in the morning fasting, about a quarter of a pint daily, promotes expectoration, and is good for catarrhous coughs. Foreigners celebrate it as a grateful and nutritious food for cattle. Cows, goats, and sheep are said to eat it; swine to refuse it. Poly'gala amdra, the other British species, is distinguished from vulgaris by “ the size and form of its lower leaves, which, as well as those of the barren shoots, are broadly obovate, blunt, sometimes spathulate and slightly emarginate, varying from half an inch to an inch in length.” Engl. Bot. Supp. t. 2764.—- 217 species of Polygala are described in Mr. Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. S; Bot. The Natural Order Polygai.ea., is composed of dicotyledonous herbs and shrubs, with mostly alternate, entire leaves, and racemose flowers. The calyx (see fig. 1.) is composed of 5 sepals, which are imbricated in the bud, the 2 inner ones usually petal-like and coloured ; the 3 outer ones smaller ; of these last two are connected. The corolla (fig. 2.) is formed of from 3 to 5 petals, which are inferior, and more or less connected by means of the stamina! tube, 'lihe fila- ments (see fig. 3.) are united with the petals, and are combined at the base into one set, which divides at top into 2 equal portions, containing 4 anthers each. The anthers are 1-cellcd, and open by a pore at the top. The ovary (see f. 5.) is single, distinct, and 2-celled, rarely 1- or 3-celled ; the style single and in- curved ; and the stigma funnel-shaped or 2-lolied. The fruit is capsular or drupaceous, of 1 or 2 cells, the valves bearing the dissepiment in the middle. The seeds are solitary in each cell, pendulous, and generally accompanied by a kind of caruncle or arillus at the base, sometimes hairy or comose. The embryo is straight, in the axis of a fleshy albumen, the latter is sometimes wanting, in which case the inner coating of the testa is tumid. See Lindl. Syn. (252.) CATABROSA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria-|-, Digy'nia. Natural Order. GRAMi'NEyE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm.Gram. of Bot. p. 86. ; Engl. FI. v.i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Gramina, Linn. — Graminales; sect. Fes- tijcinaj ; type, Avenace^e , Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359 and 369. Gen. Char. Panicle loose, spreading. Spikelets (fig. 1.) 2- flowered. Calyx (fig. 2.) of 2, truncate (very blunt), unequal, membranaceous glumes ( valves J, much shorter than the florets (see fig. 1.). Corolla (see fig. 3.) of 2, nearly equal, ribbed, trun- cated, awnless, coriaceous palea ( valves J, membranous only at the extremity ; the upper free from the lower. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 3, hair-like. Anthers prominent, pendulous, notched at each end. Germen (see fig. 4.) egg-shaped. Styles (see fig. 4.) short, distinct. Stigmas (see fig. 4.) feathery, large. Seed (fig. 5.) egg-shaped, loose, covered with the membranous corolla. The 2-flowered spikelets; the calyx of 2 truncated, unequal glumes, much shorter than the florets ; and the corolla of 2, very blunt, nearly equal palece ; will distinguish this from other genera, with a loose spreading panicle, in the same class and order. One species British. CATABRO'SA AQUA'TICA. Water Sweet-grass. Water Whorl-grass. Spec. Char. Panicle with whorled patent branches, leaves broadly strap-shaped, blunt. Lindl. Syn. p. 306.— Hook. Brit. FI. p.34. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 59. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p.299. — Catabrosia aqucitica, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 133.— Aira ■aquatica, Engl. Bot. 1. 1557. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. . — Knapp’s Gram. Brit, t. 29. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. ii. p. 30. t. 41.— Graves’ Brit. Grasses, t. 40 — Linn. Sp. Pl.p.95. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 33. — Willd.Sp. PI. v.i. pt. r. p. 376. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 84. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 101. — With. (7th ed.) v. iL p. 160. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 94. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 38. — Abbot’s FI. Bedh p. 15. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 9. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 74. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 31. — Sind. Hort. Gram. Wob. p. 351. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 29. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 19. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 20. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p.5. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 19. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Select®, p. 8. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 12. — Poa dulcis, Salisb. Prod, p. 20. — Gramen miliaceum aquaticum, Ray’s Syn. p. 402. Localities. — In wet ditches, and on the margins of pools, rivers, &c .; uot uncommon. Perennial. — Flowers in May, June, and July. Fig. 1. A Spikelet. — Fig. 2. The two Glumes of the Calyx. — Fig. 3. The two Florets taken out of the Calyx. — Fig. 4. The Germen and Pistils. — Fig. 5. A Seed. — All, except fig. 5, more or less magnified. * From katabrosis, Gr. a gnawing ; from the erose extremity of the glumes. Hooker. + See folio 56, note +. t From the sweet taste of the young shoots. The flowers also have a sweet taste if drawn through the mouth ; whence this grass has acquired the name of dulce. Hoot creeping, and producing from its joints many long, whitd-, shining fibres. Culms (stems), if growing in water, partly floating, if not, prostrate towards the base, rooting at the joints, the rest ascending, from 1 to 2 feet or more long, branched, very leafy, round, hollow, smooth, tender. Leaves strap-shaped, nearly flat, bluntish, flaccid, often floating, bright green, smooth, except at the margins . Sheaths lax, slightly compressed, smooth, with a promi- nent, broad, rather pointed, membranous stipula ( ligula ). Panicle 4 or 5 inches long, and 2 or 3 inches broad when expanded, up- right, smooth, branched ; branches spreading, unequal, aggregate, angular, beginning to flower before the lower part is quite emerged from the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Spihelets (see fig. 1.) oblong, reddish-brown, generally containing two florets. Glumes ( calyx- valves ) (fig. 2.) small, unequal, abrupt, notched, ribbed at the lower part, purplish, smooth. Florets (see fig. 3.) much longer than the glumes, one sessile, the other on a short stalk ; their paleat ( valves ) oblong, concave, brownish, with green ribs, diaphanous at the point. Filaments hair-like, as long as the corolla. Anthers pro- minent, oblong, yellow. — The flowers are said to abound with honey. A variety of this, not more than from 3 to 5 inches high, has been found near Liverpool, and at Parkgate, Cheshire. “ This diminu- tive habit is occasioned by the plant being deprived of its requisite supply of water, when growing on dry land.” Withering. Mr. Graves says, the Catabrosa aquatica is the sweetest of all the British Grasses ; but from Mr. Sinclair’s experiments it ap- pears that there are several species of grass which contain more sugar, in proportion to the other ingredients which compose their nutritious matter, as the Glyceria jluitans, Elymus arenarius, Poa nemoralis angustif olia, and Poa aquatica. Cattle are very fond of it, and from its great sweetness it is sought out by them in the Summer months, in preference to almost every other kind ; but as it is an aquatic species, and, with respect to its uses in rural (Economy, very far inferior to the Flote Meadow-grass ( Glyceria jluitans), it is, consequently, not worth cultivating for fodder. — Water-fowl are very fond of the young sweet shoots, and also of the seeds ; and Mr. Salisbury thinks it might be introduced into decoys and other places with good effect. Pulling up the plants, and throwing them into the water with a weight tied to them, he says, is the best mode of introducing it. The seeds will not vegetate unless they are kept very moist. “ When life Hath half become a weariness, and hope Thirsts for serener waters, go abroad Upon the paths of Nature, and, when al Its voices whisper, and its silent things Are breathing the deep beauty of the world. Kneel at its simple altar, and the God Who hath the living waters shall be there 1” N. P. Willis. tua a/t&n&ufe* . IKuJhed id I'ui^fa /%{ - 'kit ■'Oj/a^-^/x//ey , ^Dc-m Tnon. ^e/^rw' . Pub.W WB a«t.«r. [jc-tuncu Crorden Os»for RuflillDil. C3Mitn.tc. v_ (262.) l'LEX* *. Linnean Class and Order. T etra'ndria f, Tetragy'nia. Natural Order. Aquifolia'ce.e, De Cand. — Lindl. Key, p. 63. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 538. — Loud. Arb. Brit. p. 504. — Ili- cine.e, Lindl. Syn. p. 73. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst of Bot. p. 178. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 14. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 71. — Crlastrine.e, tribe, Aquifoliace.e ; Loud. Hort. Brit, p. 508. — Rhamni, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 376. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 182. — Rosales; subord. Myrtosje; sect. Ilicin.e; type, Aqui- foliace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614 & 617. — Dumos^e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, small, of 1 sepal, with 4 or 5 small teeth, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3 ) much larger than the calyx, wheel-shaped, in 4 or 5 deep, elliptical, spreading, concave segments ; or of 4 or 5 petals cohering by their broad bases. Filaments (see figs. 2 & 3.) 4 or 5, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla, and alternate with its segments. Anthers small, 2-lobea. Germen roundish. Styles none. Stigmas 4 or 5, blunt, perma- nent, either distinct or united in one. Berry (fig. 4.) globular, including 4 or 5, 1-seeded nuts (see figs. 5, 6, & 7), each oblong, pointed, angular at the inside, rounded externally. Seed inverted ; albumen fleshy ; embryo in the apex. Flowers sometimes poly- gamous. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the 4- or 5-toothed calyx ; the wheel-shaped corolla, of 4 or 5 deep segments ; and the globular berry, including 4 or 5, 1-seeded nuts. One species British. I'LEX AQUIFO'LIUM. Common Holly. Hulver. Hulfere. Holme. Spec. Char. Leaves egg-shaped or oblong, acute, shining, wavy, spiny-toothed. Peduncles axillary, short, many-flowered. Flowers nearly umbellate. Engl. Bot. t. 498. — FI. Dan. t. 508. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. ii. t. 59. — Linn. Sp. l’l. p. 181.— Hunt. Evelyn’s Silva, p. 383, with a plate. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 446. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 707. — Sm. Brit FI. v. i. p. 192. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 227. — Wither. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 254. — Lindl. Syn. p. 74. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 72.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 121.— Sihth. FI. Oxon. p. 64.— Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p 37. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 17. — I’urt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 103. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 66. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 57. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 40. — Sylvan Sketches, p. 164. — FI. Devon, pp. 30 & 178. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 39. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 10.— Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 43. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 16. — Loud. Arb. Brit. p. 505. t. 59. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 11. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 19. ; FI. Hibem. p. 72. — Jle.v vulgaris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 491. — Agrifolium, Johnson’s Ger. p. 1338. — Ray’s Syn. p. 466. — Aquifolium, Mill. Icon. p. 31. t. 46. Localities. — In woods, hedges, and on heaths, generally in dry elevated situ- ations ; frequent. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Figs. 2 & 3. Corolla and Stamens. — Fig. 4. Berry. — Fig. 5. The Nuts, after the fleshy part of the berry is removed. — Figs. 6 & 7. The Nuts separated. * So named, by C. Baviien, and Loureiro, en account of the resemblance of its leaves to those of the Quercus I'lex, the true I' lex of Virgil. — Loudon. ■t Sec folio 46, note +. Tree. — Flowers in May. A handsome evergreen tree, growing to the height of from 20 to 30 feet in a wild state, and to twice that height in a state of culti- vation. Bark smooth, greyish. Wood hard and close-grained. Leaves alternate, stalked, rigid, surrounded by a strong cartilagin- ous border; tough, shining, wavy, lobed, each lobe terminating in a strong, sharp thorn; sometimes in old trees the upper leaves are entire, with only a terminal prickle. Flowers small, white, tinged externally with purple, somewhat umbellate, usually three together, from the axils of the leaves, the earliar ones least perfect. Calyx slightly hairy, very small. Berries bright scarlet, casually yellow, crowned with the calyx, which turns black. Nuts, ( seeds of Linn.,/ (see figs. 5, 6, & 7.) three or four. Numerous varieties of this tree are cultivated in gardens, and that with yellow berries has been found wild in England. They are all highly ornamental in clumps, borders, and other parts of pleasure-grounds, affording much variety when judiciously inter- mixed. The Holly makes an impenetrable fence, and bears cropping well ; nor is its verdure, or the beauty of its scarlet berries, ever observed to suffer from the severest of our winters. It would be preferable to the hawthorn for hedges, were it not for the slowness of its growth. The wood is the whitest of all hard woods, and is use- ful for various purposes. It is used in veneering, in turnery, in engineering, iu mathematical-instrument making, and even for wood engraving ; but one of its principal uses, at present, is, when dyed black, to be substituted for ebony, in the handles of metal tea-pots, &c. The strongest straight shoots, deprived of their bark, are made into whip-handles and walking-sticks ; and the young shoots and the branches are given to sheep and deer, during the winter, in France. From the bark birdlime is made. The berries are purgative, and six or eight of them will occasion violent vomiting. Though they are considered as poisonous to men, yet they form the food of some birds, mure especially of thrushes. The use of the Holly at Christmas for ornamenting churches and dwelling-houses, is well known ; though the origin of the practice is uncertain. The disciples of Zoroaster believed that the sun never shadows the Holly-tree ; and the followers of that Philosopher, who still remain in Persia and India, are said to throw water impregnated with Holly bark in the face of a child newly born. In The Language of Flowers, the Holly signifies foresight. It is the badge of the clan Drummond in Scotland. For many interesting par ticulars respecting the Geography, History, Proper- ties and Uses; Mythological, Legendary, and Poetical Allusions ; Propa- gation and Culture ; Statistics, §c. of the Holly, see Mr. Loudon’s admirable work, The Arboretum et Fruticctum Britunnicum, pp. 505 to 51G. Two very beautiful Lichens, Opegrapha e'legans. Hook. Br. FI. v. ii. p. 146 ; and Thelotrema lepaclinum, ibid. p. 161 ; are not uncommon on the bark of the Holly In Bagley Wood, near Oxford ; and Eustegia Ilicis ; Ceuthhspora phas- cidioides ; arid Sphccria ilicis ; are common on the dead leaves. The Natural Order Aquifolta'cete, is composed of dicotyledon- ous trees or shrubs, with alternate or opposite, coriaceous leaves ; and small, axillary, solitary, or faciculated flowers. The calyx is 4-, 5-, or 6-sepaled, and imbricated in the bud. The corolla is hypogynous, and 4- or 5-parted, with as many .stamens inserted into it, alternately with its segments. The ovary is from 2- to 6-celled, with a pendulous ovule in each cell. The fruit is fleshy, indehis- cent, with from 2 to 6 stones or nuts, each containing a pendulous seed, which has a large fleshy albumen. ( Published hv W Baxter. Botanic Garden.. Oxford 18 3 8. (203 ) THE'SIUM* *. Li Innean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Saxtala'ce.e, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. 207. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of J3ot. p. 74. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 420. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.532. — El.eagni, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 74. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 86. — Quernf.ales; sect. Lauri.we ; type, Santalace-'E ; subtype, Santauda! ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 523, 563, 573, & 574.— Veprecula:, Linn. Gen. Char. Cah/x (figs. 1 & 2.) superior, of 1 sepal, internally coloured, divided half way down into 4 or 5 spreading segments, with intermediate notches, permanent. Corolla none. Filaments 4 or 5, short, awl-shaped, upright, inserted into the base of each segment of the calyx, in the centre. Anthers roundish. Germcn (see fig. 3.) inferior, roundish, ribbed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigma cloven. Drupa (fig. 4.) oblong, angular, dry, coriaceous, crowned by the indexed calyx. Nut roundish. — Dr. Brown describes a small tuft of hairs at the out- side of each stamen. Smith. The superior 4- or 5-cleft, permanent calyx ; ihe stamens with a small tuft of hairs ; and the inferior, somewhat drupaceous nut ; will distinguish this from other genera, without a corolla, in the same class and order. One species British. THE'SIUM LINOPHY'LLUM. Flax-leaved Bastard-Toad- Flax J. Spec. Char. Leaves strap-spear-shaped. Racemes branched. Bracteas three together. Tube of the Calyx very short. Fruit nearly globose. Engl. Bot. t. 247. — Curt. Brit. Entomol.vol. v. t.228. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.301. — Unit. H. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 101. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. n. p. 1211. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 269. ; Engl F). v. i. p. 337. — With. (7tli ed.) v. ii p. 340. Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 204. — Lindl. Syn. p. 208. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. Ill)- — Silitli. FI. (Jxon. p. 414. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 102, with a plate. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 21. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 68. — Linaria adulterine, Ray’s Syn. p. 202. Localities.— On elevated chalky pastures; not common. — Oxfordshire ; Near old gravel-pits by the road side between Bayswater and Stanton St. John : W. B. — Berks; On the Downs at Streatley ; May 13, 1819: W.B. Chalk- banks near Hurley : Mr. Gotobed.— Bucks ; Chalk-banks near Morton: Mr. Gotohed. — Cambridgeshire ; On Gogmagog Hills; Triplow Heath; between Hinton and Fulbourn ; leversham; Bottisham ; between Linton and Hilder- sham ; Newmarket Heath; and Chippenham Moor: Rev. R. Relhan. Abun- dant near Snailwell, three miles East of Newmarket: Rev. J. Dalton. — Figs. 1 & 2. Calyx. — Fig. 3. Germcn, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. Fruit, accom- panied by the bracteas at US' base. * Name of doubtful origin. Dr. Thornton says it is from Thesivs, who is supposed to have put this plant into the crown which he presented to Ariadne ; but l’rofcssor Burnett observes, that our plant cannot be the one to which Athe- ne's and Tim AcniDES refer, as its obscure flowers, devoid of elegance, would scarcely have caused it to be selected for such a purpose. + See folio 48, note +. i From its leaves resembling toad-flax; hence called by Kay Linaria adulterine. Dorset; Very common on the clialkv, and especially the upland Downs. On Hod, and llamldedon Hills; on the Itace Down, Pimpern Down; and in Nut- ford Field, near lilandford: Dr. Pultenf.y, in If. G. On the East Cliff, in Portland Island: Uev. A. Bloxam. — Gloucestershire ; Shepscomhe Hill, Painswick : Mr. (). Roberts. Upper Slaughter; and on Northleaclt Downs, &c. : E. F. Witts, Esq. — Hants ; Flower Down, near Winchester: Dr. Pul- teney. Basingstoke: Dr. Maui yn. Heading Downs, Isle of Wight : Mr. J, Woods, jun. Chalk Cliff's on the South side of the Isle of Wight : Dr. Stokes. Near Alresford: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — In Herefordshire : N..I. Winch, Esq. in N. B. G. — Norfolk ; Limekiln Hill, near Shouldham : Miss Bell, in N. B. G. — Suffolk ; On the West side of Bury : Sir J. E. Smith. Chalk-bank near the Plantation of Firs on Risby Heath, &c.: SirT. G. Cullum. — Surrey ; South side of the chalk range between Guildford and Dorking : Mr. J. Woods, jun. Coulsdon : E. Wood, in N.B.G. Banstead Downs; between Dorking and Ranmore Common; Box Hill: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Sussex; On a hill by the road from Lewes to Falmer; near Portslade, on the hill towatds the Devil's Dyke : W. Bobrer, Esq. in B. G. On Whiteloc-k Bottom: New But. Guide. — In Wiltshire : W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. in N. B. G. Perennial. — Flowers in July. Root woody, branched, yellowish. Stems widely spreading, mostly branched, from 3 to 9 inches or more in length, angular, leafy. Leaves alternate, strap-shaped, somewhat succulent, rough edged, light green, about an inch long at most, all pointing one way. Racemes terminal, many-flowered, upright, generally branch- ed or subdivided. Pedicels alternate, upright, single-flowered, with 3 spreading, spear-shaped bracteas undereach flower, one of which is much larger than the other two. Calyx with a very short tube, and a broadish, white, sharp-toothed border, irregularly notched between the segments. Stamens very short, opposite to the seg- ments of the calyx. Style upright, the length of the stamens. Stigma notched. Drupa somewhat egg-shaped, 5-angled, striated, bony, crowned by the inflexed calyx. Sir J. E. Smith observes, that the varities of Willdenow seem dintinct species ; especially Thesium montanum, Ehrh. Herb. 2, a much larger, more upright, herb, with compound, more slender, panicles; which is Haller’s n. 1573, and likewise Gerarde’s plant, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 555, taken by Ray for the English species. The Natural Order Santalace.v., consists of trees or shrubs, sometimes undershrubs or herbaceous plants ; with alternate, or nearly opposite, undivided leaves, which are sometimes minute, and resemble stipules. Their Jlowers are small, solitary, or in spikes, seldom in umbels. Their calyx is superior, 4- or 5-cleft, half-coloured, and valvate in the bud. The stamens, 4 or 5 in number, are opposite the segments of the calyx, and inserled into their bases. The ovary is 1 -celled, with from 2 to 4 seeds. The ovules are fixed to the top of a central placenta near the summit ; the style is simple ; and the stigma often lobed. The fruit is 1-seeded, hard and dry, or drupaceous ; and the seed has an axile embryo in a fleshy albumen. ’ r m (264.) SCl'RPUS* * Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Cypera'ce.e, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 278. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 304. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 392. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.541. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 318. — Cyperoi- de.f, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 26. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 68. — Cypera- les; sect. Cyperin.e ; type, Scirpace.f. ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 354, 356, & 357. — Calamari.e, Linn. Gen. Char. Spikes (fig. 1.) lateral or terminal, of numerous florets, all perfect. Glumes (fig. 2.) of 1 valve, imbricated on all sides, equal, 1 or 2 of the outer ones sometimes sterile. Corolla none. Filaments (see figs. 3 & 4.) 3, flat. Anthers strap-shaped. Style (see figs. 4 & 5.) neither jointed nor dilated at the base, deci- duous, leaving only a small mucro. Stigmas (see figs. 4 & 5.) 2 or 3, downy. Seeds (fig. 6.) with or without rough bristles be- neath (see fig. 4.) ; often pointed. Distinguished from other glumaceous genera, without a corolla, in the same class and order, by the glumes being imbricated on all sides, uniform, concave, and expanded ; and by the style being simple at the base, and deciduous. Seven species British. SCl'RPUS MAR I' TIM US. Sea Club-rush. Salt-marsh Club-rush. Spec. Char. Stem leafy, triangular. Spikelets terminal, clustered, stalked, and sessile. Involucrum of many foliaceous leaflets. Glumes with a mucro between the pointed segments of the notch (see fig. 2). Stigmas 3. Engl. Bot. t. 542. — Curt. FI. Land. t. 284. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 74. — Huds. FL Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 21. — YVilld. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 806. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 56. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 61. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 104. — G ray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 76. — Lindl. Syn. p. 281. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.21. — Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 89. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 64. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 24. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 19. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 12.— Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 5. — FI. Devon, pp. 8 & 116. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 16. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 4. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 11. ; FI. Hib. p. 323. -Grame/i cyperoides palustre, panicula sparse, Ray s Syn. p.425. — Gramen aquati . cum cyperoides vulgatius, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 22. — 3. Scirpus tuberoses, Desfont. Atlant. v. i. p. 50. — Scirpus maritimus, FI. Dan. t. 937. — Cyperus rotundus littorius , Johns. Gerarde, p. 31. — Cyperus rotundus littorius in~ odorus, Ray’s Syn. p. 426. Localities. — In salt-marshes, and about the banks of great rivers exposed to the tide; frequent. — Cambridgesh. Stretham Ferry; Littleport ; Isle of Ely; Westbeach : Rev. R. Relhan.— Cornwall ; On the shore near Falmouth : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. At Swan Pool, Falmouth: Supp. N. B. G. — Cumber - Fig. 1. The Spikes of Florets. — Fig. 2. A Glume. — Fig. 3. A single Floret. — Fig. 4. Stamens and Pistil ; accompanied by the bristles at the base of the Germen. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 6. A Seed. — Figs. 2, 4, & 5. magnified. * According to Tiieis from cirs, in Celtic, which makes cors in the plural, whence chorda in Latin, and cord in English ; the steins having been formerly employed for making a kind of cordage. + See folio 56, note +. land; Maryport and Allonby : Hutchinson.— Devon; F.xe and Clyst rivers near their junction, abundant : FI. Devon. — Dorset ; On the eastern side of t he Backwater, near Weymouth. On the Weymouth side, near Portland Ferry: Rev. A. Bloxam. — Durham ; On the salt-marshes of Tyne, Wear, and Tees : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Essex; Near Maldon: Mr. Dai.e, in Ray's Syn. — Kent ; In dykes, near or distant from the coast, connected with the sea by tide or inundation. Varieties, in the military canal ; on sandy ground near the turn- pike on the New Road to Folkstone. In a dyke by the road-side, Dimchurch East. In dykes at New Romney. Between Sandwich and Deal: Rev. G. E. Smith. About Nortlifleet, abundantly: Mr. W. Ramplin, in N. B. G. Be- tween Plumstead and Eritli : J. P'. Young, in FI. Metr. In the Isle of Shepey : Mr. W. Curtis.— Middlesex ; In the Isle of Dogs: FI. Metr. — Common in Norfolk. — Northumberland; Sea-coast near Beal; and on the salt-marshes of Tyne : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Somersetsh. Plentiful in ditches overflowed by the Parret; near Westonzoyland ; near Bridgewater and Middlezoy; salt- marshes, Brean Down: J. C. Collins, in N. B. G.— Stojffbrdsh. Shirley Wych, near Stafford : Dr. Stokes. — Surrey; Near Battersea : Mr. W.Pamp- lin, jun. — In Sussex : Itev. G. E. Smith. — Worcestersh. Marshes and ditches about Badsey : Rev. Mr. Rcfforo, in Midi. FI. — WALES. In Anglesea ; Rev. H. Davies. — Denbighsh. On the North Coast: J. E. Bowman, Esq. in N. B. G. — Merionethsh. Marshes between Harlech and Barmouth : J. Ander- son, in N. B. G. — Monmonthsh. Near Pontnewvdd Works: Mr. C. Conway, in N. B. G. — SCOTLAND. Aberdeensh. In the river V than, between Ellon and the sea ; in the marsh at the North end of the Old Town Links, Aberdeen: Dr. Murray, in N. B. G. — Argylesli. Arran: Mr. Joseph Hookir, in N. B. G.— Dumbartonsh. Banks of the Clyde from Dumbarton to Bowling Bay, plentifully : Mr. Hopkirk, in N. B. G. — Dumfriesshire ; I.ocher: Rev. G. Gordon, in N. B. G. — Forfarthsh. On the back sands, near Montrose: Mr. Don. — Haddingtonsh. Stream-side near LufFness : Dr. Graiiam. — Kin- cardinesh. Gouidori in theMearns: Dr. Murray, in North. FI. — Linlith- gowsh. On the coast westward of Queensferry : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Rossshtre ; Dingwall : Rev. G. Gordon, ibid. Near Bonar Bridge : North. FI.— IRELAND. Salt-marshes, frequent : Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root creeping; in /3. knotty or tuberous. Culm (stem) up- right, from 1 to 3 feet high, striated, leafy, triangular, the angles roughish. Leaves strap-shaped, keeled, taper-pointed, dark green, rough at the margin ; the lower ones sheathing and alternate, those under the panicle sessile, and very unequal in length. Spikes egg-shaped, soft, sessile or stalked, solitary or aggregate ; some- times elongated and cylindrical. Glumes membranous, shining, of a dark uniform brown, often minutely downy ; notched or torn at the end, with a long intermediate point or awn (see fig. 2). Seed somewhat triangular, pointed, shining brown, with from 1 to 5 or 6 rough bristles at its base (see fig. 4). This is supposed to be the plant known as a very noxious weed in certain valuable pastures bordering the Isle of Thanet, and there denominated Spurt-grass. The root creeps powerfully, and pal- liative remedies are of no avail. The only effective mode of clear- ing the land is to pare and burn ; take a course of crops, and let th e hand and fork assist the plough and harrows. Sinclair. It is said to be much relished by cattle; and Dr. Withering says, that the roots (especially those of variety /3.) are esculent, and that when dried and ground to powder, they have been used instead of flour in times of scarcity. Z6A (‘205.) I'NULA* *. , Linnean Class and Order. Syngenf.'sia f, Polyga'aiia, Supe'rflu a %. Natural Order. Compo'stt.e § ; tribe, Corymbi'fer.e||, Jiiss. — I.indl. Svn. pp. 140 & 142.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 1.97 & 199. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 142. — Compo'sit.k ; subord. Cardua ck.k, Loud. Hort. Brit. pn. 520 &521. — Synanthe're k ; trihe, Corymbi'feu.f., Rich, bv Macgill. pp. 454 & 455. — Couym- bifer.k, sect. 2. .luss. Gen. PI. pp. 177 &. ISO. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123.; Engl. FI. v. lii. p. 334. — Syringales ; sub- order, Astf.ros.k ; sect. Asterin.-k ; subsect. Asterian.u; type, Asterace e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 9 -6. — Compo'sit.e, Linn. Gf.n. Char. Involucrum f common calyx ) (fig. 1.) imbricated ; scales spreading, outer ones terminated by a leafy appendage. Corolla compound, radiant; florets of the disk (fig. 2.) numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal segments ; florets of the ray (fig. 0 ) strap-shaped, 3-toothed, yellow. Filaments (see figs. 4 & 5.) 5, in the florets of the disk only, thread-shaped. Anthers united into a cylindrical tube, with bristles at their base (see tig. 5). (iermen (see figs. 2 & 3.) in all the florets fertile, oblong. Style (see fig. 5.) thread-shaped, cloven. Stigmas spreading, oblong, ralher obtuse. Seed-vessel none, but the unaltered calyx. Seed (see fig. 7.) linear, quadrangular. Pappus (see fig. 7.) roughish, simple. Receptacle (see fig. 8.) naked. The imbricated involucrum of many spreading scales, the outer ones terminated by a leafy appendage ; the anthers with 2 bristles at their base; the naked receptacle ; and the simple pappus ; will distinguish this from other genera, with radiant flowers, in the same class and order. The leaf-like scales of the involucrum will distinguish it from Limb dr da, and the simple pappus from Pulicuria, (t. 170). One species British. I'NULA HELE'NIUM. Elecampane. Scab-wort. Horse-heal. Spec. Char. Leaves clasping the stem, egg-shaped, somewhat toothed, wrinkled, downy beneath. Scales of the involucrum egg- shaped, downy. Engl. Bot. t. 1546. — Woodv. Mod. Hot. v. ii. p. 297. 1. 108.— Stepli. and Church. Mod. Bot. v. ii. t. 49. — Linn. Bp. l’l. p. 1236. — Hull.. El. Augb (2nded. ) p. 368. — Willd. Bp. PL v. iii. pt. in. p. 2089. — Sm, FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 891. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 440. — With, (7th cd.) v. iii. p. 944. — Lindt. Syn. p. 143. — Hook. Brit. El. p. Site. — Lightf. El. Scot. v. i. p. 484. — Si’oth. Ft. Oxon. p. 255. — Abbot’s El. Bcdf. p. 183. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 79. — l’urt. Midi. El. v. ii. p. 410. — Itelh. El. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 345. — Hook. El. Scot. p. 245. — El. Devon, pp. 139 & 160. — Winch’s El. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 54. — Walker’s FI. Oxf. p. 243. — Perry’s l’l. Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. A Floret of the Disk. — Fig, 3. The Gerincn, Sta- mens, Style, and Stigmas of ditto. — Fig. 4. A single Stamen. — Fig. 5. The same magnified. — Fig. 6. A Floret of the Hay. — Fig. 7. A Seed, with its Pappus. — Fig. 8. A vertical section of the Involucrum and Receptacle. * Said to be the same as Helenium, having sprung from the tears of Helen. Sir W. J. Hooked. + See fob 91. n. +. t Sec fob 30. n. {. ? See fob 27, a. || See fol. 36, a. Varvic. Selects, p. “1. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 36. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ircl. p. 74. ; FI. Hibern. p. 143. — I'nula grandiflora, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 463. — Hele- nium, Ray’s Syn. p. 176.— Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 793. Loc a lities. — In moist meadows and pastures ; rare. — Oxfordshire ; Stanton St. John’s : Dr. Sibtuorp. Fields on the right hand side of the new road going from Oxford to F.nsham, about three miles from Oxford ; and in a meadow near the Plough Public-House, Horton: Rev. Richard Walker, B. D. Magdalen Coll. — lledfordsh. Ravensden, and Stevington: Rev. C. Abbot.— Cambridgesh. Moor Barns; Madiogley, in a close near the road leading to Drayton; Evers- den Wood ; and Lolworth, in a close N. W. of the church : Rev. R. Relhan. — Cheshire; About old Farm Houses: Mr. Br.ADKur.y. — Coi nwall ; Gulval ; St. Ives; St. Michael’s Mount; St. Mary’s; and Scillv Isles: Kev. W. T. Bree, in M. N. H. v. iv. p. 162.— Devon ; Orchards at itosa near llsington, and at Christowe : FI. Devon. — Dorsetsh. In the A^ale of Blackmoor in many places, as Hasilbury, Sturminster Newton ; St. Margaret’s Marsh, and Lang- ton near Blandford: Dr. Pwlteney. — Durham ; In Castle Eden Dene, on the N. side, about a mile from the sea; and in many nlaces by the River Tees: FI. North. S; Durh. — Essex ; Hedge by the road-side at Loughton ; lane from the Bald-faced Stag on Epping Forest to Chigwell Church ; near a Farm House at Muncombe near Woodford : Mr. E. Foester, jun.— Gloucestersh. Near Wick Cliffs: Mr. Swayne. On the banks of the Boyd, about a quarter of a mile above its mouth ; Bitton Meadows, in large and long established patches: Rev. H. ']’. Ellicombe. — Hants ; Waste places about Freshwater, and elsewhere in the Isle of Wight: Waring. Road-side between A I resford and Basingstoke, near Preston Candover: Mr. W. Pampi.in, jun. — Herefordsh. near Richard’s Castle: Dr. Lloyd. — Huntingdonsh. About Riptonand Warboys. — Lancash. About Yealand : Robson. Several places near Dalton : Mr. Atkincon. — Mid- dlesex ; In a meadow at Breakspears, called Ganl'ets ; and in a close adjoining the Common at Harefield : Blackstone. — Norfolk; In several parts of the county: Mr. R. Forby. — Northamptonsh. In the home closes at Ranee ; and in the grounds near the church at Newton Broomshoid : Morton. — Shropsh. Near Lianymenech ; two miles from Bishops Castle on the Montgomery road ; Marlow near Ludlow : Mr. A. Aikin. — Somersetsh. Near Yeovil : M. N. Hist. Pastures at Hinton Abbey, near the Fish-ponds: Mr. Sale. — Staffordsh. Himley Wood: Rev. W. T. Bkee. — Suffolk; At Mettingham: Mr. Wood- ward. Pa.ham, the Hall Farm; Ufi’ord: Rev. C. Craf.ee. Sibton, Bram- field, and Heveningham: Mr. Davy. — Warwtcksh. Studley, in the Castle Field ; and at Grafton : T. Purton, Esq. — Wilts ; ltiver-side near Bemerton : Dr. Maton. Lower Whitacre: Rev. W. T. Bree. — Worcesiersh. In great abundance on the side of Breedon Hill, in the ascent from Great Comberion: Nash. Between Worcester and Ludlow ; and near Stanford Bridge : Illust. — Yorksh. In Mowthorpe Dale: Teesdale. Byland Wood near Coxwold : Rev. Archdeacon Pierson. Near Copgrove, and Newby : llev. J. Dalton. Pas- tures above Fountains Abbey: Mr. Brunton. On low land near the River Don, about six miles from Doncaster: S. Appleby. Hayburn Wyke, near Scarborough; Rev. A. Bloxam, and E. F. Witts, Esq.— In WALES; SCOTLAND; and IRELAND; but rare. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Boot thick, branching, brown, aromatic, and mucilaginous. Stem from 3 to 5 feet high, upright, leafy, round, furrowed, downy ; branched towards the top. Lower leaves large, stalked, spear- shaped ; upper leaves egg-spear-shaped, sessile, clasping the stem, serrated, veiny, deep green, slightly hairy above ; whitish-green, and downy underneath. Flowers large, solitary, terminating the stem and branches. Scales of the involucrum broad, recurved, leafv, finely downy on both sides. Florets all yellow ; those of the ray long and narrow, each terminating in 3 unequal teeth. Seed quadrangular, smooth. Pappus roughish. Receptacle reti- culated, not quite smooth or naked. This is the Elecampane of the simps ; the root is esteemed a good pectoral ; and the scab in sheep is cured by a decoction of il. Bruised and macerated io urine with balls of ashes and wortle-berries, it dyes a fine blue colour. An in- fusion of the fresh root, sweetened with honey, is considered an exeellent medi- cine in the hooping cough. Horses and goals eat this plant ; cows, sheep, and sw ine reluse it. &S6 CMz?htw*DeL % (2G6.) PKDICULA'RIS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Dihyna'mia f, Angiospe'rmia+. Natural Order. ScrophularEneve §, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindh Syn. p. 187.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 228. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 198. — ScROPHULA'RiNiE, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 434. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 115. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. — Pediculares, Juss, Gen. PI. p. 99. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 96. — Syringales ; subord. Primuloste; sect. Menthinak ; type, Scrophulariacea? ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958, & 978. — Personat.e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, inflated, ge- nerally 5-cleft, or unequally 2- or 3-lobed, somewhat leafy. Co- rolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, ringent, tubular, 2-lipped ; upper lip long, compressed, arched, often notched; lower lip flat, spreading, 3- lobed. Nectary, a gland under the germen. Filaments (fig. 3.) 4, thread-shaped, concealed by the upper lip of the corolla. Anthers incumbent, 2-lobed, acute at the lower part, compressed. Germen (see fig. 5.) egg-shaped. Style (see fig. 5.) thread-shaped, longer than the stamens. Stigma simple, deHexed. Capsule (fig. 6.) ob- long, or egg-shaped, pointed, oblique, of 2 cells and 2 valves, bursting ac the summit, the partitions from the centre of each valve. Seeds (see figs. 7 & 8.) few, angular, pointed, attached to a roundish receptacle ( placenta ) at the base between the partitions. The inflated, generally 5-cleft, or unequally 2- or 3-lobed calyx: the compressed upper lip of the ringent corolla; the 2-celled cap- sule; and the angular, pointed seeds; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. PEDICUL.VRIS SYLVA'TICA. Wood Lousewort. Pasture Lousewort. Dwarf Red Rattle. Rattle Grass. Spec. Char. Stem much branched at the bottom, simple above, spreading. Calyx oblong, angular, smooth, in 5 unequal, crenate, and almost leafy segments. Engl. Bot. t. 400. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. x. t. 451. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 845. — Haas. FI. Anal. (2nd ed.) p. 271. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. i. p. 203. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 656. ; Engl. Fi. v. iii. p. 129. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.7.32.— Lindl. t>yn. p 190. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.286. — Lighif. FI. Scot. v.i. p.327. — Sibtlt. FI. Oxon. p. 194. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 136.— Davies' Welsh Bot. p. 60.— Purr. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 290. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 252. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 188. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 136. — FI. Devon, pp. 104 6c 147. — Johnst. FI. of Berw, v. i. p. 137. — Winch's FI. of Northumherl. 6c Durham, p. 41. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 176. — Jacob's West Devon 6c Cornwall Flora. — Bab. FI. Bath, p. 36. — Mack. Caial. of PI. of Bel. p. 58. ; FI. Hibe-n. p. 20\.—Pediculdris pratensis rubra vulgaris, Bay’s Syn. p. *284.— Pedicularis, Johnson’s Ger. p. 1071. — Pediculdria sylvuiica, Gray’s Mat. Arr. v. ii. p. 312. LocALiTifcS. — Moist pastures, and on heaths; frequent. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil. — ‘Fig. 4. A Stamen magnified. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Capsule. — Fig. 7. A transverse section of ditto. — Fig. 8. A Seed. * From pediculus , a louse ; from its imaginary property of infesting sheep with such vermin. Withering. t Sec folib 31, note t. J Sec folio 72, note t. 1 See folio 50, a. Perennial ? — Flowers in June and July. Root tapering, fleshy, subdivided. Stem very short, branches from the root, from 3 to 6 inches. long, decumbent, simple, angular, leafy. Leaves alternate, doubly pinnatifid and notched: those from the root egg-shaped, undivided, crenate, recurved. Flowers axil- lary, mostly towards the summit of the branches. Calyx oblong, tubular, with 4 larger angles, and as many intermediate smaller ones ; the margin irregularly 5-cleft, the segments crenate, and often leafy. Corolla of a uniform rose colour, rather large and showy, much more slender than the calvx ; tube compressed : up- per lip with a little tooth on each side; lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe rather the smallest. Filaments thread-shaped, the two longer ones hairy towarcis the top. Capsule smooth, involved in the calyx. Seeds roundish, compressed, with a membranous border. This is a very pretty little plant, and is found wild, in ir.o'st pastures and heaths, and also in woods, not only in Britain, but in many other parts of Europe, and also in .‘Siberia. It occurs some- times with a white flower; and a very singular variety was found in 1808, near Dunrobin Castle, in Sutherland, North Britain, by the Marquis of Stafford, with a solitary flower, which, instead of its proper ringent form, with 2 long and 2 shorter stamens, had a salver-shaped regular corolla, with 6 stamens, 4 of which were longer than the other 2. Sir W. J. Hooker, and W. Borker, Esq. found one resembling it in the same place in 1809. See Trans, of Linn. Soc. v. x. p. 227. The expressed juice, or a decoction of this plant, has been used with advantage as an injection for sinuous ulcers. It is said, that if the healthiest flock of sheep be fed with it, they become scabby and scurfy in a short time; the wool will become loose, and they will be over-run with vermin. If this effect ready follows, it is more probably owing to the poverty of’ the soil where the plants grow, than to anv particular quality in the plants themselves. See Withering’s Dot. Arr. and Ligutfoot’s FL Scot. “ Flowers, lovely flowers! ye are to me Most clear and precious things; Nature’s soft pencil over ye Its brightest colouring flings. Ye seem to mo, though blooming hero, Bright ladings of another sphere. — A fairy hand ! apart, alone, A bright and beauteous race ! Blooming wherever ye are sown. And sown in every place : Filling the air with fragraucy. Wherever ye may smiling lie. li lightening alike the cultured scene. And the untvodden rock ; Blooming the lava’s paths between, tinning the thunder-shock ; Glowing, unseard, beneath the sun, Unchillcd within ttie forest lone.” Mary Ann Browne. i nk'll da. /o/li^wUDWl/ /nia/i/Ji-musm . • /a//y/i/'/Us. ?, Published by W.Baxter.Bolinic Garden. Oxford '838. CRITHMUM* *. Linncan Class anrl Order. Penta'ndhia f, Digy'ma. Natural Order. UmmellFfer.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Svn. p. 111.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich. by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Don’s Gen. Svst. of Card, and Bot. v. iii. p.235. — Mack. FI. llibern. p. 113. — Umbellatje, Linn. — Rosales; sect. A rc- geliciy.k ; type, Angelicace.e ; subtype, Angelicid.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 770, 773, & 774. Gey. Ciiar. Flowers (see tigs. 1 & 2.) all regular, perfect, and prolific. Calyx an obsolete margin. Corolla (see figs. 1 & 2.) of 5, equal, elliptical, pointed, entire petals, incurved at the apex, broad at the base. Filaments (see figs. 1, 2, & 3.) 5, thread- shaped, spreading, as long as the corolla. Ardliers roundish. (lermen (see fig. 2.) inferior, elliptical, furrowed. Styles (see fig. 1.) very short and thick, each finally a little recurved (see fig. 4), but never equalling in length its large, tumid, somewhat pyramidal base. Stigmas blunt. Floral Receptacle none. Fruit (fig. 4.) nearly round, of 2 carpels. Carpels (see figs. 5 & 6.) with 5 ele- vated, sharp, somewhat winged ridges , of which the lateral ones are a little broader and marginal. Seed half round, forming a loose kernel, covered with numerous viltce. Universal and partial In- volucrum many-leaved. Pericarpium spongy, cellular. Flowers greenish-white. The perfect umbels : obsolete calyx ; elliptic, entire, involute petals; nearly round Jruit ; the carpels with 5 elevated, sharp, somewhat winged ridges, of which the lateral ones are rather the broadest and marginal ; and the half round, loose seed, covered wi th numerous vittcc ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. CRI'THMUM MARl'TIMUM. Sea Samphire}. Rock Samphire. Spec. Char. Leaflets strap-spear-shaped, fleshy. Leaves of the involucrum egg-shaped. Kngl. Hot. 1. 819.— Jacq. lloit. Vind. v. ii. p. 88. t. 187 — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 354.— Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 117. — Wilkl. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. u. p. 1408. — Sm. Kl. Brit. v. i. p. 305.; Kngl. Kl. v. ii. p 73. — With. (7tli ed.) v. ii. p. 374. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 510. — Lindl. Syu p. 118. — Hook. Uiit. FI. p. 120. — Light. Kl. Scot. v. i. d. 158. — Davies' Welsh Bot. p. 28. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 89. — Grev. Kl. Kdin. p. 61. -Kev. (i. H. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent. p. 17 — FI. Devon, pp. 49 Kc 156. — Winch’s Kl. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 19. — Loudon’s Kn- cycl. of Uaid. (new ed.) d. 880. pa rag. 4684. —Don’s Gen. Svst. of Gird. Y Hot. v. iii. p. 321. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 28. ; KL Hibern p. 117.— 6 'rith- mum marinum, Kay’s Syn. p. 217. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p.533. Locai.itiis. — Rocks and cliffs by the sea side. — Cornwall ; Cliffs on the coast about Penzance ; the Logan stone ; Lizard, rvc. : Mr. H. C. Watson, in N. B. G. — Cumberland; Rocks by the sea-side South of Whitehaven: N.J. Winch, F.sq. — Devon; Along the cliffs, both of the northern and southern Fig. 1. Front view of a Flower.— Fig. 2. Side view of ditto. — Fig. a. A single Stamen. — Fig. 4. Fruit. — Fig. 5. Transverse section of ditto. — Fig. 6. Transverse section of a Carpel. — -Figs. 1, 2, & 3, magnified. * From Jcrithe. Gr. barley ; from a fancied resemblance between the fruit of tliis plant and a grain of barley. Sir W. J. IIookrk. t See folio 48, note +. f A corruption from sampler, and this again a corruption from the French name Saint Pierre. Lot don. coasts, abundant. Teignmoutb, Torbay, Plymouth, Lundy Island, Upcombe, Pocks of Babicotnbe Bay, ike.: Rev. Pike Jones. — Dorset; In the crevices of the cliffs in Portland, and on the Purbeck coast, especially about Tineham, whence great quantities are collected for pickling: Dr. Pui.teney. On the Cliesil Beach between the Kerry and Portland: Rev. A. Bi.oxam. — Gloucestershire , Clevedon: Miss WoRSLEY.in N. B. G. — Hunts ; On the Chalk Cliffs near the Needles, Isle of Wight : Dr. Stokes. Isle of Wight: Mr. W. Pampi.in, jun. Abundant on the cliffs at Freshwater: Mr.E. Lees. — Kent; Upon chalk cliff’s, Lydden Spout, S. Kent : Rev. G. E. Smith. On the cliffs of the South Fore- land, and Hay Clift', near Dover, rendered classical ground by the sublime de- scription of Shakspeare * : Dr. Withering. — Lancash. On the rocks at Dun- nerholme, and above Cartmell Wells, on the sea shore, growing out of the crevices of the rocks, and difficult to reach : Mr. Ai kinson.— Norfolk ; Abun- dant about Mundesley I see New Dot. Guide — Northtimberland ; On the sea rocks near Alemouth, plentiful: Waliis. I could not find it there, nor did I ever hear of its being gaihered on our coast : N. .1. Winch, Esq. in Flora of Northumb. <5; Durh. — Somersetsh. On die holmes Islands, in the Severn: Dr. Withering. Abundant ai Lrean Down, C’evedoa, and Burnham: J. C. Coi.lins, in N. B. G. — I n Sussex : Rev. G. E. Smith, ibid. — WALES. In Anglesey: Rev. H. Davies. — Merionethsh. Barmouth: Mag. Nat. Hist. — SCOTLAND. Ayrshire; Culzean: Si' W. .1. Hooker, in Dr. FI. — Edin- burghshire; Islands in the Kirill of Forth ; not found in the present day: Dr. Gntvn.i.v.—Huddingtonsh. At Aberlady: Mr. J. Ferme, in Dr. FI. — Kirk- cudbrightshire; On rocks along the coast, from Balmae to Balearry ; also at Rosslull: G. N. Lloyd, in N. B. G. — Wigtonshire ; Near the Point of Mull, on the W. side: Mr. G. Macnab, in N. B.G. Kirkmaiden ; between Mill I and Kirkpatrick: Rev. J. Ligiitfoot. — Isle of Man ; On the Grevwacke, scarce: Mr. Forbes, in N. B. G. — IRELAND. Plentiful on Killiney Hill ; Howtli ; Lambay ; and Ireland’s Eye : Mr. J. T. Mackay. On the southern coast : Mr. J. Drummond. Near Coolum, Waterford: Countess of Carrick. Perennial. — Flowers in August. Root branched, creeping extensively. Stems from 6 to 12 inches high, ascending, round, leafy, not much branched. Leaves twice or thrice ternate, on sheathing footstalks ; Leaflets entire, strap-spear- shaped, uniform, smooth, glaucous. Umbels rather crowded ; the rays short. General and partial involucrums of small, egg-spear- shaped leaves ; the former mostly of 5, the latter of 7. Petals en- tire, broad at the base, indexed at the apex ; yellowish or greenish- white. Fruit oval, spongy. Whole plant glaucous, and very succulent. It forms an excellent pickle, and a frequent addition to salads. It is sold in the London shops ; but there are many plants preferred for the same purpose, as salicdrnia herbdcea, Limbdrda f Inula J crithmoides, &c. In taste, it is crisp and aromatic, and constitutes a light and whole- some condiment. It is generally gathered in places where it is found wild ; but a successful method of cultivating it is given in The Transact, of the Horticul. Society of London, v. ii. p. 232 ; in Mr. Loudon’s Encyclop. of Gardening, (ed. 1835.) p. 881. parag. 4686 ; and in Mr. G. Don’s General System of Gard. Sf Bot. v. iii. p. 321. — The plant is sometimes used in medicine. The drawing for the accompanying plate was made from a specimen which was kindly communicated to me by the Countess of Carrick, from the vicinity of Coolum, Waterford, Ireland. August, 1837. * “ Come on, sir ; here’s the place : — stand still. — II ow fearful And dizzy ’tis, to east one's eyes so low ! The crows, and choughs (daws), that wing the midway air. Show scarce so gross as beetles : Half way down Hangs one that gathers samphire ; dreadful trade ! Methinks, he seems no bigger than his head.” King Lear, Act 1. Scene 0. (268.) SCHCE'NUS* *. Linncan Class and Order. Tria'ndria f , Monocy'nia. Natural Order. Cypkra'cem:, ./mss. — Lindl. Svn. p. 278. ; Iutrofl. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 304. — Rich, by Macgiiliv. p. 392. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 541. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 3 i 8. — Cyperoi- de.e, Juss. Gen. FI. p. 26. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 68. — Cyperales ; sect. Cyperin.-e; type, Papyraceaj ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 354 & 356. — Calamari.e, Linn. Gen. Char. Spihelets terminal, 2-ranked, of 1 to 3 florets, (see fig. I ). Rachis nearly straight. Lower glumes smaller than the rest and empty. Corolla none. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 3, hair-like, longer than the glumes (fig. 1.). Anthers strap-shaped, upright. Germen (see fig. 3.) superior, roundish, more or less tri- angular. IJypogynous Bristles very small or none. Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, simple, deciduous. Stigmas 3, pointed, feathery. Fruit 3-cornered, either pointless, or with a very little point. The 2-ranked, 1 to 3-flowered spihelets ; the outer glumes smaller than the rest and empty ; the simple, trifid, deciduous style ; and the nearly or quite pointless fruit ; will distinguish this from other genera, destitute of a corolla, in the same class and order. One species British. SCHCE'NUS NIGRI'CANS. Black Bog-rush. Spec. Char. Stem rounded, naked. Spikelets collected into a rounded head. Involucrum 2-leaved, outer one awl-shaped, longer titan the flowers. Engl. Bot. 1. 1121. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 64. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 15. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. p. i. p. 261. — Sm. 1 1. Bril. v. i. p. 41. ; Engl. Ft. v. i. p. 51. — With. (7,h ed.) v. ii. p. 107. — G ray’s Nat. A it. v. ii. p. 75. — Lind. Svn. (1st ed.) p.230.; 2nd edit, pp.280 & 332.— Hook Brit. FI. p. 19. — Liglnf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 86. — Sibili. Fl.O.von. p. 22. — Abbot's FI. Bedf. p.9. — Davies’ Welsh. Bot. p. 6. — Iteih. FI. Cant. (3id ed.) p. 20. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 16. — Grev. FI. Edin. p- 9. — FI. Devon, pp. 7 & 115. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 14. — Winch’s FI. of Nortlninib. & Durham, p.3. — Walker’s Fl.ofOxf. p. 12. — Perry's PI. Varv. Select®, p.5. — Mack. Catal.of PI. of lie), p. 10. ; FI. Hibern. p.320. — Cyperus nigricans, With. (2nd ed.) v. i. p. 44. — Burt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 02. — June us lavis minor panicula ylomerata nigricante, Kay’s Syn. p. 430. i.ocsMT'ES. — On moors, and tuify bogs; frequent. — Oxfordshire ; Bogs under Headington- Wick Copse: Dr. Sjbi iioki'. 1 'lent' ful in the same place, 1831: W. B.— Berks ; Near Newbury : Mr. Biciikno.- Beds. Ampthill Moor, and Potion Marshes: Kev. C. Abuot. — Cambridgeshire ; Teveisham, and Sawston Moo s: ltev. It. Kelhan.— Cornwall ; On t lie heath by Kvuance Cove: Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Cumberland; In bogs on the Gillsland Moors: N. J. Winch, Esq. in N. B. G. — In Derbyshire : Dr. Howitt, in N. B. G. — Devon ; Bovey Heaihfield ; Woodbeny Hill ; Moors near Clovelly : Dr. Wavell. — Dorset: In Purbeck, and on Canford and Wareham Heaths: Dr. Pui.tenev. — Durham; In bogs near Hartlepool, to the S. E. of Coatham near Darlington ; and near Murton Moor: N. J. Wincii, Fisq. Near Norton : Fig. 1. A single Floret. — Fig. 2. A Floret, divested of the glume, showing the Stamens and pistil. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. • From schoinos, Gr. a cord ; because a kind of cordage was anciently made from plants of this tribe. Hooked. + See ftlio 56, note t. John Hugo, F.sq. — Essex ; In ilie fens of Tilbury Foit: Mr. Mn.sr. — Hamp- shire ; Townhil I Common : N. J. Winch, F.sq .— Norfolk ; Horning : .1. P/ckt. in N. B. G. Ormesley Common, abundant: Hist. Yurm. Dereliam, and F.llinghara : S. P. Woodward, in N. 13. G.— Hoyden Ken : Hev. A. Bi.oxam, ibid. — Northumberland; On the heath at Prestwick Carr: N. J. Winch, Ksq. On moors and boggy places near Berwick, frequent : Ur. G. Johnston. On Learmouth Bog: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts ; Baslord Scott um ; Kdingley Moor; Bullwell and Popplewick Forests; Pleasley and Fountain I tale Bogs: Dr. How itt, in N. B. G. — Suffolk ; Near Bungay : Mr. D. Stock, in N. B. G. — Surrey; On Bagshot Heath : N. J. Winch, Ksq. ibid. — Warwickshire ; Coleshill Bog : T. Purton. F.sq. Boggs meadows bv the Thames, under Don's Hill, near Middleton: Ray's Catal. — Worcester sh. Freckenhain Moors: T. Purion, Esq. — Yorkshire ; On the red marl, near Hichmond: tMr. Ward. in N. B. G. Fields half way between Preston and Swindon : N. J. Winch , F.sq. ibid. — WALES. Anglesey; By the Menai Bridge: N.J. Winch, Esq. — In Carnarvonshire; J. E. Bowman, in N.B.G — SCOTLAN D. Aberdeensh. About seven miles from Aberdeen, in a swamp upon the East side of the load to Udny, near the dark serpentine rocks: Dr. Murray, ibid. — Argyleshire ; Bute: J. Hooker, Esq. Locheil lMoors, at about 400 yards above Loch Hi! ; the highest station in which 1 have observed it : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Fi/eshire ; Bog near Anstruther: Dr. Graham. — Forfarshire ; Wet ground adjacent to Montrose: Dr. Murray, in N. B. G —Ross -shire ; Black Isle: Hr. Murray, ibid.— Sutherland ; Moor near Farr: Mr. Watson. Banks of Loch Shin, and not uncommon on the West side of the county : Dr. Murray, in N. B. G. — IRELAND. Plentiful at Portmarr.ock Sands, and between Bal- doyle and Howth, &c. In Cunnamara, \t here it is very abundant ; it is well known by the name of Black Keil: Air. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root of strong fibres, crowned with black, shining, upright scales or sheaths, remnants of old leaves. Culms ( stems J about a foot high, simple, firm, and rigid, sheathed at the base by the remains of the old leaves. Leave.s bristle-like, acute, rigid, upright, convex beneath, sheathing, shorter than the culms. Head of Flowers somesvhat egg-shaped, formed of several dark purplish, black, or brown spikelets. Involucrum of 2 leaves ; inner one small and membranaceous ; outer one awl-shaped, longer than the flowers. Jlnthers long, prominent, yellow. Style jointed above the germen and darker than it. Stigmas 3, dark purple. “ Bristles small (see fig. 2.), reddish-brown, spiny, the spines pointing upwards; attached to the receptacle, as Smith observes, but certainly placed on the outside of the filaments, — which is the case also in various species of Scirpus, and, as I am inclined to believe, in all cases where bristles are to be found at all.” (Mr. Wilson, in Brit. FI.) Fruit white and polished. “ Where’er I cast my waiul’ring eyes around, Tile God I seek, in every object’s found : Pursuing Thee, the verdant fields I pass. And read Thy name in every blade of grass ; lleauty complete, and majesty divine, In all Thy works, adoi’d Creator! shine.” Mrs. Kowe. f% Z69 (269.) SANGUISO'RBA* * Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Rosa'ce.® ; sect. Sanguisorbe.® ; Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 334 & 336. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 171 & 172. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 88 & 1 02. — Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 528 & 530. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 512. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pp. 85 & 105. — Sangui- sorbe.®, Lindl. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 80. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v. ii. p. 589. — Rosales ; sect. Rosina: ; subsect. Rosian.® ; type, Sanguisorbaceas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 683, 699, & 707. — Senticos.®, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 2, b.) superior, of 1 sepal, in 4 deep, equal, egg-shaped, spreading, coloured lobes ; with 2 or 4 external scales or bracteas (fig. 2, a.) at the base. Corolla none. Filaments (see fig. 2, c.) 4, from the base of the calyx, opposite to its lobes, and about as long, dilated upwards, smooth. Anthers roundish, of 2 cells. Germens (see figs. 4 & 5.) inferior, quad- rangular. Style (see figs. 2 & 5.) thread-shaped, nearly as long as the stamens. Stigma notched. Fruit (fig. 5.) quadrangular, hard, not bursting, of 1 cell, containing 1 or 2 seeds. The superior, 4-lobed, coloured calyx ; with 2 or 4 bracteas at the base ; and the quadrangular, 1- or 2-seeded, indehiscent fruit, surrounded by the permanent base only of the calyx ; will distin- guish this from other genera, destitute of a corolla, in the same class and order. Two species British. SANGUISO'RBA OFFICINA'LIS. Officinal Great Burnet. Wild Burnet. Burnet Bloodwort. Spec. Char. Tlant smooth. Spikes egg-shaped. Stamens about as long as the calyx. Engl. Bot, t. 1312. — .Mart. FI. Rust. t. 142. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. xi. t. 193. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 169. — lluds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. G5. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. I. p. 653. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 186. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 218. — With. (7th ed. ) v. ii. p. 235. — Gray’s Nat. Ait. v. ii. p. 575. — Lindl. Syn. p. 103. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 71. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 119. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 57. — Abb. FI. Bcdf. p. 31. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 93. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd cd.) p. 64. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 54. — FI. Devon, pp. 29 & 173. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 10. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 41. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 594, with a figure. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selects, p. 13. — Sanguis6rba major, flore spadi- ceo, Ray’s Syn. p. 203. — Pimpinella sylvestris, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1045. Localities. — Low moist meadows and pastures, on a calcareous soil, chiefly in the North of England ; more rare in Scotland. — Oxfordsh. lffley, Cowley, and Binsey : Dr. Siimionr. Near Oddington : VV. B. — Berks ; Ditches about Greenham Mill, near Newbury : Mr. Biciieno. In Cumnor Meadow, abun- dant: W.B. — Beds. Bromham, Kenlake, and Cow Meadows: Rev.C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. King’s Hedges, VVhitvvell, Ditton, Shelford, Long Stanton, Cot- tenham, 6cc. : Rev. R. Relhan. In a plantation by the great watercourse on Fig. 1. A single Flower. — Fig. 2. Same magnified, a. the Bracteas; b. the Calyx; c. the Stamens. — Fig. 3. A single Stamen. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. The Fruit, a little magnified. * From sanguis, blood ; and sorbeo, to take up, or absorb ; from the sup- posed vulnerary properties of the plant. Sir W. J. HooKEU. + See folio 46, note t. Fulbourn Moor: New Hot. Guide. — Cheshire; Fiehls by the rond, between Disley :ind Whaley Bridge; dry meadows near the New Bridge at Mock port : Mr. (i. Holme. — Cornwall; Goonbilly Downs: Mr. \V. Allen. At Kedg- worth: Rev. J. P. Jones. — Cumberland ; Common in fields: Otley's Guide. — Derbysk. Common in moist pastures: Mr. Pilkington. About Matlock anil Buxton: Mr. Woodward. — Near Whaley Bridge. Castleton, and Bakewell : Mr. Watson, in N . B. G. Near Calke Abbey: Rev. A. Bloxam. — Devon ; Meadows between Crocombe Bridge and Cannonteign ; Wood near Wear Gate by the river Mew : FI. Devon. N. Devon, between Barnstaple and F.xeter, on the river 'J aw : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Durham ; In moist meadows and pastures, frequent : N. J Winch. F.sq. — Glouceslersh. Banks of the Berkeley Canal, and Robin’s Wood Hill, Gloucester: G. S. Wintle, in N. B. G. In great plenty in meadows by the western side of the Severn, below Tewkesbury : N. B. G. — Hunts; About Ripton: Mr. WoonwAitn. — Lancash. Near the Aqueduct, Lancaster: G. Cronfield, F,sq.— Leicestersh. In the meadows by the river opposite Belvoir Castle ; and in the fields South of Bottesford ; near Merston, &e. plentifully: Rev. G. Chabbe. Glenfield, rare; at Braunston, near Leicester; and meadows about Congerstone: Rev. A. Bioxam. Near Ashby de la Zruch, near the outwoods: C. Babincton, Esq. in N. B. G. — Lincolnsh. Fields about Belvoir Castle : Rev. G. Craep.f.. Plentiful in mea- dows between Folkingham and Grantham: Dawson Turner, Esq. — Middle- sex; Hampstead Heath: FI. Metr. — Northumberland ; Moist meadows and pastures, frequent : N. J. Winch, l’sq. — Notts. About Nottingham, especially about Beeston and Lenton: Deerinc. — Stajfordsh. About Stafford : Dr. Wi- a tiering. — Surrey ; Abdut Croydon : FI. Metr. — Warwicksh. In a field at the bottom of the Bleach-field, on a ditch bank, (Alcesler); and in moist meadows at Upton, in Haslor Parish : T. Pimiton. F.sq. Meadows near the Race Course, &c. Warwick, plentiful: Mr. W. G. Perry. — Common in meadows near Rugby: W. B. — In Westmoreland, common: N. B. G. — Worcestersh. In moist ground at the S. W. side of Nunnery Wood : E. Lees, Esq. — Yorkshire ; Common in meadows at Ripon ; Copgrove; and Redcar : and about Coxwold ; Leeds; and Settle: Dot. Guide. — WALES. In Breconshire ; Glamorgan- shire: Flintshire ; Monmouthshire ; and Montgomeryshire. — SCOTLAND. In Berwickshire ; Dumfriesshire ; Kirkcudbrightshire, and Roxburghshire. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root strong, and somewhat woody. Stem from 18 inches to 3 feet high, upright, furrowed, leafy, smooth ; branched towards the top. Leaves unequally pinnate, of 4 or 5 pair of leaflets, and a single one terminal ; those from the root with very long foot-stalks ; those on the stem alternate, and smallest, with a pair of large, rounded, cut stipulas, united" to the base of the common foot-stalk. Leaflets stalked, egg-oblong, and somewhat heart-shaped at the base, strongly serrated, smooth, and veiny. Spikes egg-shaped, on long flower-stalks, dense, blunt, of a dull purple, or dark blood-red colour ; the upper flowers expanding first, these are often without stamens, or with only an imperfect one. Bracteas ( calyx of Linn.y fringed, 4 under each flower. Calyx ( corolla of Linn.y hairy on the outside at the base, tube inclosing the germen, limb in 4 egg- shaped lobes, which, when old, adhere so slightly at their base that they might be almost considered as 4 distinct sepals. Stigma 4-cleft. Seed solitary, rarely two. The whole plant is astringent. The root has been recommended as a tonic, though of very moderate efficacy. The young leaves are sometimes cut as salads, and it is used to form one of the in- gredients in Cool Tankard ; but the Polerium, its near ally, is far more grateful in flavour. It is a coarse plant, and does not seem to be very acceptable to cattle. %7° (270.) HELMl'NTHIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Syngen’e'sia f, Polyga'mia ;Equalis %. Natural Order. Compo'sit.f. §, ( Linn.J, tribe, Cichora'ce.-f, Lind!. Syn. pp. 140 & 156. : Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bof. pp. 197 and 201. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pp. 142 & 159. — Cichora'ce.'e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 168. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe're.e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p.454. — Syringales; subord. Asterosaj; type, Cichoraceaj, Burn. Out!, of Bot. pp. 900, 901, & 935. Gem. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. 1.) double, inner of 8 equal, parallel, close scales ( fig 2.) ; outer of 5 large, lax, leafy ones, permanent. Corolla compound, imbricated, uniform ; florets (fig. 3.) numerous, perfect, uniform, strap-shaped, abrupt, with 5 teeth. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers united into a cylindrical tube German (see fig. 3.) nearly oval. Style thread-shaped, the length of the stamens (see fig. 3'. Stigmas 2, reflexed. Seed-vessel none, except the permanent calyx, which at length becomes reflexed. Seed (fig. 5.) transversely striated. Pappus (see fig. 5.) feathery (see fig. 6.), stalked (stipitate). Receptacle (see fig. 7.) naked, dotted. The double involucrum , innermost equal, outer lax ; the feathery, stipitate pappus; the transversely striated seed; and the naked receptacle; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. This genus differs from Picris in the pappus being stipitate, not sessile. One species British. HELMPNTHIA ECHIOPDES. Echium-like Helminthia. Bristly Ox-tongue. Bugloss Langue-de-boeuf. Spec. Char. Outer scales (bracteola?) of the Involucrum broad, egg-heart-shaped, somewhat spiny. Gsertner’s Fruclibus et seminibus Plantarum, v. ii. p.368 t. 159. f. 2. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. hi. p. 1607. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 431. — Lindl. Syn. p. 158. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.338. — FI. Devon, p. 129. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.28. — Mack. Gatal. of PI. of Ire 1. p. 69. ; FI. Hibern. p. 162, — Picris echioides, Engl. Bot. t. 972. — Curt. FI. Bond. t. 150. ; Cult. Biit. Entomol. v. vii. t. 314. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1114. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 342.— Sm. FI. Brit. v.ii. p. 814: Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 339. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 881. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.240. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 168. — Davies' Welsh Bot. p. 74. — Hurt. Mid. FI. v. ii. p. 374. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 316. — Jolmst. FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 173. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. 6c Durham, p. 50. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 221. — Hieracium echioides cnpitulis carditi benedicli, Kay’s Syn. p. 166. — Butj- lossum luteum, J ohnson s Gerarde, p. 798. Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. One of the inner Scales of the Involucrum. — Fig. 3. A single Floret. — Figs. 4 & 5. The Seed and Pappus. — Fig. 6. A Ray of the Pappus, magnified. — Fig. 7. Receptacle. * From Helminthion, a little worm ; which the rugose seeds somewhat re- semble. Loudon. t See folio 91. t J Sec folio 147. i See folio 27, a. Localities. — On the borders of corn-fields, and on ditch banks, and by road sides, on clay soil : frequent in ENGLAND and IRELAND. — Dr. Johnston thinks the Pier-road near the Limekiln, Berwick-upon-Tweed, is probably its most north- ern station, as it has not yet found a place in the Scottish Flora. Root tapering, and somewhat branched. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, upright, cylindrical, furrowed, solid, leafy, very much branched ; usually of a reddish-purple colour, clothed with scattered, stiff, horizontal, bristle-like hairs. Lower-leaves inversely egg-spear- shaped ; upper-leaves heart-shaped, clasping the stem, and, like most other parts of the plant, beset with rigid, very pungent bristles, each of which springs from a white tubercle or wart. Flowers soli- tary, on grooved peduncles. Inner scales of the Involucrum keeled, keel fringed, ending in a fringed awn from a little below the sum- mit of the scale (see fig. 2.). Outer scales spreading, heart-shaped, pointed, fringed with prickleSj and terminated by a sharp prickle- like awn. Corolla about an inch in diameter, of a bright golden yellow. Seed (fig. 5.) shining, of a red orange colour, curiously and beautifully wrinkled or furrowed transversely. Pappus (fig. 5.) the length of the inner scales of the involucrum, on a stalk 3 or 4 lines long ; rays (fig. 6.) feathery. The whole plant abounds with a somewhat milky, very hitter, juice. It has been sometimes used as a pot-herb, but it can only be eaten when young, when it is said to be not disagreeable. The flowers open about four or five o’clock in the morning, and do not close before noon ; sometimes they remain expanded much later. A nearly smooth variety of this plant is represented in Hermann’s Paradisus Batavus, p. 185. “ See Nature gay, as when she first began With smiles alluring her admirer man; She spreads the morning over eastern hills, Earth glitters with the drops the night distils ; The sun obedient at her call appears. To fling his glories o’er the robes she wears ; Banks clothed with flowers, groves filled with sprightly sounds, The yellow tilth, green meads, rocks, rising grounds, Streams edged with osiers, fattening every field Where’er they flow, now seen and now concealed ; From the blue rim where skies and mountains meet, Down to the very turf beneath thy feet.” — Cowpeii. £ Mathew t (271.) NASTURTIUM* * Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia t, Siliquosa %. Natural Order. Cruci'fer.t.§, Juss. Gen. VI. p. 237. — Sin. Gr. ofBot. p. 138.; Engl. But. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.498. — Cruci'fer/e; subord. Pleurorhi'ze.e ; tribe, Arabi'- de.-e ; Lindl. Syn. pp. 20 & 22. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp.49S & 499.; Mag. Nat. Hist. v. i. pp. 143 & 239. — Don’s Gen. 8yst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. pp. 1 4b and 147. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 16. — Rosai.es; subord. Rhcea- dos.e ; sect. Rh.eadin.e ; type, Brassicace.e ; subty. Arahid.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, 854, & 856. — Siliquos.e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, equal at the base, of 4 egg- oblong, blunt, spreading, somewhat coloured, deciduous sepals. Corolla cruciform, of 4 inversely egg-shaped, spreading, entire petals, tapering into short claws (see fig. 2.) ; sometimes wanting. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 6, awl-shaped, simple ; the 2 shortest each with a gland at the base wilhinside. Anthers incumbent, somewhat heart-shaped. Germen (fig. 4.) cylindrical. Style upright, short, cylindrical. Stigma blunt, notched. Pod (fig. 5.) nearly cylin- drical, (sometimes short) ; valves (see fig. 6.) concave, neither ribbed nor keeled. Seeds (fig. 7.) small, irregularly attached in two rows, not bordered. Cotyledons accumbent, (o=). The spreading calyx, equal at the base ; and the nearly cylindri- cal, shortish pod, with concave keelless valves ; will distinguish this from other genera, with accumbent cotyledons, in the same class and order. Four species British. NASTU'RTIUM OFFICINA'LE. Officinal Nasturtium. Com- mon Water-Cress. Spec. Char. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets roundish-heart-shaped, wavy. Hrown in Ait. Hort. Kew. (2nd ed.) v. iv. p. 110. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 192. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 770. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 678. — Lind. Syn. P-25. — Hook, lirit. H. p.304.; FI. Scot. p. 201. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p. 144. — FI. Devon, pp. Ill & 189. — Johnst. FI. of Herw. v. i. p. 144 — Winch’s FI. of Morlhumb. th Durham, p. 44. — Walker's FI. of Oxf. p. 188. — Don’s Gen. Sysi. ol Gard. & Hot. v. i. p. 1,75. — Loud. Ency. of Gard. (new ed.) p. 864. paragr. 4461— 4467.— Hah FI. Hath. p. 4— Mack! Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 61.; FI. Ilib. p. 18. — Nasturtium aquaticum , sive Crateral sium, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 257. — Sisymbrium Nasturtium, Engl. Hot. t. 855. — Curt. FI. bond. t. . — Woodv. hied. Hot. v. i. p. 134. t. 48. — Curt. Hrit. Entom. vol. v. t. 201. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.916. — Huds. FI. Angl. p. 296. — Willd. Sp. l’l. v. iii. pt. i. p. 489. — Sm. FI. Hrit. v. ii. p. 700. — Light). FI. Scot. v. i. p. 350. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p. 206 — Abbot’s FI. Hedf. p. 143. — Davies’ Welsh Hot. p.64. — Thornton’s Fain. Herb. p. 617, with a fig. — Hurt. Midi. FI. v.i. p. 306. — Relit. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.265 .— Sisymbrium Cardumiue , sen Nasturtium aquaticum, Ray’s Syn. p. 300. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen. — Fig. 5. A Pod.— Fig. 6. Ditto, with the valves separated, showing the septum and seeds. — Fig. 7. A seed. — Fig. 1, 3, & 7, a little magnified. • From nasus tortus, a convulsed nose ; an etleet supposed to he produced by the acrid and pungent quality of this plant. Sir W. J. Hooker. + See folio 91, note +. { See folio 1 17, note t. i See folio 27. a. Localities. — In springs, brooks, rivulets, ponds, and watery ditches ; common. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root of many long, simple, whitish fibres, the lowermost fixed in the soil, the rest suspended in the water. Stems many, spread- ing, usually creeping at the base, from 1 to 2 feet high, angular, branched, leafy, mostly smooth, but occasionally, when growing out of the water, a little hairy. Leaves alternate, smooth, deep shining green, sometimes tinged with dark purplish-brown, pinnate (winged) , of 5 or 7, roundish, wavy leaflets, the terminal one the largest. Stipulas none. Flowers in a flattish corymb, which soon lengthens out into a raceme. Calyx purplish. Corolla small, white, or slightly purple. Pods about an inch long, tumid and undulated at the sides, smooth, curved upwards, each on an horizontal stalk, variable in length. There are 2 or 3 varieties of this plant, but they are of little consequence. AVater-cress is a native in livulets throughout the world. It is universally used as an early and wholesome Spring salad, either alone or with brook-lime or scurvy-grass ; and is eaten fasting, or with bread and butter, by those who Wave faith in its antiscorbutic viitues. The juice, decocted with that of scurvy- grass and Seville oranges, foims the popular remedy called Spring Juices. In Prance it is not only used as salad, but dressed like spinach, and the picked leaves served with roasted fowl compose the favourite Poulet au cressons. Of late it has been cultivated on many acres of land in the vicinity of London, whence the markets are supplied daily throughout the year; but Water-cress grown in this way is far inferior to that grown in natural streams.! In the latter stale it is gathered by the peasantry in the neighbourhood of large towns, where the sale of it forms an important though humble branch of domestic commerce. THE WATER-CRESS GIRL. “ She leaves her bed while yet the dew Is sparkling on the flower ; And ere Aurora’s golden hue Hath tinged the old church tower — Ere yet the matin bell hath toll’d. Ere yet the flock hath left the fold. Or the blithe lark his bower — Before the shadowy mountain mist By the first sun-beam hath been kiss’d. Her way is o’er the dewy meads. And by the violet dell. To where a plank her footsteps leads, By the old haunted well ; And then she steps from stone to stone, In the brook’s gurgling waters throne. To where the cresses dwell ; And many a lily decks the scene, Of which she looks the fairy queen ! Ah, little need she blush to see The wave give back her face : And her dark tresses wand’ring free In all their native grace. No worm bath marr’d her cheek’s young bloom. No mark of care’s depressing gloom Upon her brow hath place ; For love — false love, — hath never yet llis seal upon her young heart set.” From “ The Diamond.” (272.) SCANDIX* * • Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndrta f, Dic.y'nia. Natural Order. Umbelli'fer.'eJ, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v.iii. p. 235. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 113. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; sect. Angelicin^ ; type. Smyrniace.e; subtype, Scandicida: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 770, 780, & 781. Gen. Char. Flowers separated ; the innermost barren. Calyx obsolete. Corolla (see fig. 1.) superior, of 5, unequal, undivided, spreading, indexed petals, tapering at the base (see fig. 2). Fila- ments (see fig. 1.) 5, thread-shaped, spreading, the length of the corolla. JInthers roundish. Germen (see figs. 1 & 3.) inferior, oblong, somewhat compressed, more or less rough, with close hairs. Styles (see fig. 3.) 2, spreading, short, finally upright, per- manent, swelled at the base. Stigmas simple ; in the barren dowers blunt. Fruit (fig. 4.) ribbed, compressed at the side, some- what bristly, elliptic-oblong, with a straight, linear, flat, bristly, very long beak, crowned with the permanent, enlarged, 5-lobed, coloured receptacle of the flower, surrounding the base of the styles. Carpels (figs. 5 & 6.) with 5, blunt, equal ridges, the lateral ones marginal. Channels without vitta, or with scarcely any. Seed (fig. 7.) roundly convex, with a deep furrow in front. Universal Involucrum none, or few-leaved ; partial involucrum 5- or 7- leaved. Flowers white. The obsolete calyx ; the unequal, undivided petals ; the some- what bristly fruit, with a very long beak ; and the carpels with 5 blunt, equal ridges, with the channels destitute of vittce, or with scarcely any ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. SCA'NDIX PECTEN-VENERIS. Venus’s Comb. Our Lady’s Comb. Common Shepherd’s Needle. Needle Chervil. Beggar’s Needle Crow Needles. Spec. Char. Stem rough. Leaves thrice pinnatifid ; with many strap-shaped, short segments. Fruit roughish, with a very long beak. Eng. Bot. 1. 1397.— Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. ix. t. 401. — Linn. Sp PI. p.368. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 123. — Sm. Brit. FI. v. i. p. 324; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 46. — With. (1st ed.) v. i. p. 174.— Lindl. Syn. p. 125.— Light!'. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 166. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p.29. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 123. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 92.— FI. Devon, pp. 52 & 167.— Jolinst. FL of Berw. v. i. p. 67. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. Jfi.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Fig. I. A single Flower. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. The young Fruit, crowned with the floral receptacle and styles. — Fig. 4. The full grown Fruit. — Fig. 5. A Carpel, with its beak. — Fig. 6. A Carpel divided transversely. — Fig. 7. Section of the Seed, showing the Embryo. * From Skeo, Gr. to prick ; because of the sharp and long points to the Seeds. SirW, J. Hooker. t See folio 48, note f. $ See folio 235, a. Bot. v. iii. p. 363. — Walker's FI. of Oxf. p. 76. — Bab. FI. Bath. p, 21.— Mack- Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 29. — Scandix Pec ten. Curt. FI. Land. 1.249. — Jacq. FI. Austr. v. iii. p.35 t. 263. —Mart. FI. Rust. t. 38. — Willd.Sp. PI. v. i. pt. ji. 1449. — With. (7tii etl.) v. ii. p. 387.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 131. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p. 100. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 66. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 154. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 72. — Mack. FI. Flibern. p. 126. — Scandix vulgaris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 503. — Scandix semine rostrato vulgaris, Ray’s Syn. p. 207 .—Pecten veneris, Johnson’s Gerarde. p. 1040. Localities. — In corn-fields ; common. Annual. — Flowers from May to August. Root tapering, simple, whitish, furnished with a few fibres. Stems from 6 to 12 inches high, one or more from the same root ; spreading, branched, leafy, furrowed, rough, often purplish. Leaves light green, thrice pinnatifid, with strap-shaped, pointed, smooth segments. Petioles ( footstalks J dilated at the base, with mem- branous, hairy edges. Umbels irregular, sometimes simple, but usually of 2 or 3 rays, without an involucrum. Umbellules ( partial umbels J small, of several short rays, accompanied by a partial involucrum of several broad, cloven or jagged, white-edged leaves, longer than the partial flower-stalks. Flowers small, white, in some degree radiant, especially those of the circumference, which ripen seed, the innermost having no perfect germens. Petals unequal, entire, inversely egg-shaped, pointed and infiexed at the apex. Fruit oblong, rough, furnished with an angular, rough beak, an inch and a half or two inches long, and crowned with the purplish, enlarged, 5-cleft receptacle of the flower, over-topped by the straight upright styles. — I)r. Withering says, that by care- fully dividing the germen after it has shot out an inch or more in length, a tube continued from the styles down to the seeds may be discovered. This plant is a very common weed in corn-fields, not only in Britain, but in all the Southern parts of Europe, and also in the North of Africa and Teneriffe. The very long beak of the fruit will distinguish it from all other British umbelliferae. It is slightly aromatic and acrid, but no particular use is attributed to it. Dioscorides mentions it as eatable, but his Eksc/Cu? (Scandix J may not be ours. “ Flow many plants, we call them weeds. Against our wishes grow. And spatter wide their various seeds With all the winds that blow. Man grumbles when he sees them rise. To foul his husbandry ; Kind Providence this way supplies Ilis lesser family. Scatter’d and small, they ’cape our eye, But are not wasted there ; Safe they in clefts and furrows lie. The little birds find where.” Saturday Magazine. T.RufiHlJkl. C Qyha/n/Auvrrts . ('(v///srL -j/7 c\LLU fe. (273.) ONOPORDUM* * Linn.Class Sf Order. Syngene'sia t,PoLYGA'MiA, .EqualisJ* Natural Order. CoMPO'siTAi§ ; tribe, Cynarocephal.e, Juss • — Lindl. syn. pp. 140 & 152 ; lntrod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 and 200. — Compo'sit.e; subord. Cardua'cea? ; Loud. Hort. Brit, pp. 520 and 521. — Synanthe're.e ; tribe, Cynarocephalae ; Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 and 455. — Cinarocephal.e, sect. 1. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 171 and 172. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 121.; Engl. FI. v. iii.p. 334. — Svringales ; type, Cynaraceas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900 and 931. — Compo'sita:, Linn. Gex. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. \,a.) orbicular, tumid, imbricated, of numerous, spear-shaped, spinous-pointed, spreading, or upright, permanent scales. Corolla (cec fig. 1, 6.) compound, uniform ; florets (see fig. 1 , b, & f, 2.) very numerous, equal, tubular, funnel-shaped ; tube very slender ; limb in 5 deep, strap-shaped, equal segments. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers (see fig. 3.) united into a cylindrical tube, with 5 teeth. Germen (see figs. 2 & 3.) inversely egg-shaped, short. Style (fig. 3.) thread-shaped, prominent. Stigma oblong, notched. Seed-vessel none. Seed (fig. 5.) compressed, 4-corr.ered, furrowed transversely. Pappus (fig. 4.) sessile, hair-like, rough, connected in a ring at the base, embracing the point of the seed, and finally deciduous. Receptacle (see figs. 6 & 7.) convex, fleshy, deeply cellular like honey-comb, the membranous edges of the cells un- even, jagged, or fringed. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the cellular, or honey-combed, receptacle. One species British. ONOPO'RDUM ACA'NTHIUM. Common Cotton-Thistle. Argentine, or Silver-Thistle. White Cotton-Thistle. Wild White- Thistle. Spec. Char. Leaves egg-oblong, decurrent, sinuated, spinous ; cottony on both sides. Scales of the Involucrum awl-shaped, spread- ing in every direction. Engl. But. 977. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 334. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1158. — Huds, FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 354. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. III. p. 1680. — Sm. FI. Brit. V. ii. p. 85G. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 395. — With. (7th ed. ) v. iii. p. 916. — Liudl. Syn. p. 152. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 353. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 459. — Sibth. FI. Oxou. p. 247.— Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 177.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 384.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 332. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 238. — Grev. FI. Ediu. p. 174. — Johust. Ft of Berw. v. i. p. 179. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 53. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 233. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Selects', p. 68. — l’ainplin’s Catal. of PI. of Hatter- sea and Clapham, p. 14. — Onopordum vulyare, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 434. — • Carduus tomentosus, Acanthium dictus, vulgaris , Bay’s Syn. p. 196. — Acan- thium album, Johnson’s Uerarde, p. 1149. Localities.— In waste ground, on hedge-banks, rubbish, and by road-sides, chiefly on a gravelly soil ; frequent. — Oxfordsh. Hedge-banks on Bullington Green, near Magdalen College Copse ; between the Paiks and Sommers Town ; Fig. 1. A vertical section of a Flower ; a. the involucrum ; b. the florets ; c. the receptacle. — l’ig. 2. A single Floret. — Fig. 3. Germen, Pistil, and Stamens. — Fig. 4, Pappus. — Fig. 5. Seed. — Figs. 6 & 7. Parts of the Receptacle. * From onos, Gr. an ass ; and perdo, Gr. pedere ; such being the effect, ac- cording to Pliny, upon the ass who eats of it. Hooker. t See fol. 91, n. t. { See fol. 147, u. 4. 5 See fol. 27, a. qnd other places about Oxford, not uncommon : W, B,— Common in Bedford- shirei Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. Way-sides, rubbish, and dunhills: Rev. R. Relhan. — Durham ; On waste ground and hedge-banks, but not very common, except near the sea-coast: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Essex; Common about Woodford: R. Warner. — Gloucestersh. Between Rockeridge Common and Ripple ; near Twining : Mr. E. Lees, in N. B. G. Lower Slaughter : E. F. Witts, Esq. — Kent; In South Kent : Rev. G. E. Smith. Tunbridge Wells: FI. Tonb. Common near Faversham : E. Jacob, Esq. — Norfolk; Abundant near Norwich: S. P. Woodward, in N. B. G. — Northumberland ; On waste ground and banks, but not very common, except near the sea-coast ; near the Scotch Gate : N. J. W inch. Esq. — Notts ; Frequent in the vicinity of Notting- ham: Dr. Deerino. — Shropsh. Atchley, near Shiffnall : H. Bidwell. Esq. — Somersetsh. Near the church, Berrow : J. C. Coli.ins, in N. B.G. — Suffolk; Near Bungay: Mr. D. Stock, in N. B. G. — Surrey; In several places near Battersea: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. In small quantity, by the road-side, be- tween the farm buildings of Captain White and the rail-road, I.ong Ditton : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — In Sussex ; W. Bokrer, Esq. — Warwicksh. Bidford, Brome : T. Purton, Esq. Near the Old Pond, Coton-end, Warwick. In a lane leading from Nicholas’ Meadow to the Emscote road, Warwick : Mr. W. G. Perry. — Worcester sli. A fin e forest of this magnificent thistle atClaines, two miles north of Worcester, in 1836: Mr. E. Lefs, in N. B. G. At Worcester, on the Evesham road : T. Pcrton, Esq. — W ALES. In Montgomeryshire ; per- haps naturalized: J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G. — SCOTLAND. Edinburghsh. Near Misselburgh : Mr. Arnott. — Fifeshire ; Between Limekilns and Charles- town: Mr. Neill. At Weems on the coast of Fife: Rev. J. Lichtfoot. — Haddingdonsh. Sea shore beyond Preston-pans : Rev. J. Lichtfoot. Near Cockenzie; Links at Port Seton: Mi .Maugiian. — Lanarksh. Near the coach- house Barncluith : N. B. G. — Roxburghsh. Near Melrose : Mr. Maughan. — Isle of Man ; On the sand, very rare : Mr. Forbes. Biennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root tap-shaped. Stem from 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, upright, very much branched, and somewhat woolly, with a broad, leafy, irregu- larly toothed, spinous border, running up to the involucrum. Leaves sessile, egg-oblong, covered on both surfaces with a white cottony down, spreading, lobed, notched and spinous, the base running down into the numerous prickly borders, or wings, of the stem ; lowermost leaves very large, often a foot and a half long, and nearly a foot wide. Flowers solitary, at the ends of the branches, large, upright, of a bluish rose-colour. Involucrum of numerous, spreading, awl- shaped, spinous-pointed scales. Seeds inversely egg-shaped, slightly compressed, faintly angular, wrinkled, blackish. Pappus slightly hispid when magnified. Receptacle reticulated with square mem- branous cells, like a honey-comb. When the flowering is over, the innermost scales of the involucrum close together, and preserve the seed ; in this respect, as well as in the honey-combed receptacle, it differs from the common Thistles, (the carduus* and cnicus tribes), in which, as soon as the seed is ripe, the first hot day opens the heads, expands the pappus, and the least wind carries away the seeds, but in this plant they re- main shut up, and strongly defended; nor can they commit themselves to the earth, or be eaten by birds, till long exposure to the weather has decayed the involucrum which encloses them ; and thus they afford sustenance to birds late in the year. The Cotton Thistle is a magnificent and beautiful plant, its whole herbage is covered, more or less, with a white cottony pubescence, which is easily rubbed off, and which, we are told by Gf.ra rdf., is galheied for divers purposes, as well by the poor to stuff pillows, cushions, and beds, as by deceitful upholsterers, to mix with feathers for the same purpose. But, as Sir J. E. Smith observes, it seems very inadequate in quantity, as well as in quality, having no elasticity, and shrinking to nothing under the touch. The receptacle of the flowers, and the tender stalks peeled and boiled, may be eaten in the same manner as Arti- chokes and Cardoons. The large brown seeds are eaten by Goldfinches; and the bird-catchers about London provide themselves with heads of this Thistle and the Carduus marianus, to entrap these and other birds, in bright autumnal mornings. * See fol. 177. Z.RufttlL Dd, 'Zf . ^/faWi -tecn/ \%oUj . 6 XVblished by ■VTB»xlcr. B^Un^ Garden. Oxford 183 8 (274.) PI'CRIS* *. Linn. Class ft Order. SYNOENE'siAf, Polyga'mia,jEquaus+. Natural Order. Compo'sitae §, f Linn.), tribe, Cichora'ce.s, Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 156.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 and 201. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Mack. FI. Hibem. pp. 142 & 159. — Cichora'ce.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 168. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe're^e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p.454. — Syringales ; subord. Asteros^e ; type, Cichorace.e ; Bnrn. Oud. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, & 935. Gen. Char. Involncrum { common calyx ) (fig. 1.) double; inner of many compact, upright, equal scales ; outer of several lax, small, strap-shaped ones. Corolla compound, imbricated, uniform ; florets (fig. 3.) numerous, perfect, uniform, strap-sbaped, abrupt, with 5 teeth. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers (see fig. 2.) united into a cylindrical tube. Germen (see figs. 2 & 3.) nearly oval. Style (see fig. 2.) thread-shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigmas 2, reflexed. Seed-vessel none, except the permanent involucrum, which at length becomes reflexed (see fig. 6). Seed (see figs. 4 & 5.) transversely triated. Pappus (see fig. 5.) sessile, slightly feathery. Receptacle (see fig. 6.) naked, dotted. The double involucrum , innermost of many compact, upright, equal scales, outer of several lax, small, strap-shaped ones; the feathery, sessile pappus ; the transversely wrinkled seed ; and the naked receptacle ; will distinguish this genus from others in the same class and order. It differs from the genus Helminthia (t. 270.) in the pappus being sessile, not stipitate. One species British. • PI'CRIS HIERACIOIDES. Hawk weed-like Ox-tongue. Hawk- weed Yellow-succory. Curled Hawk weed. Spec. Char. Stem rough with hooked bristles. Leaves spear- shaped, rough, toothed. Flowers corymbose ; peduncles with many bracteas. Hooker. Engl. Bot. t. 196. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1115. — Willd. Sp. P). v. iii. pt. m. p. 1556. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 814. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 339. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 882. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 430. — Lindl. Syn. 1st edit. p. 159 : 2nd edit, p. 158. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.338. — Sibth. Oxon. p. 240. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 168. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 375. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 316. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.226.— FI. Devon, pp. 129 & 154. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 50. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p.22l. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.28. — Mack. Catal. of P). of lrel. p.69; FI. Hibem. p. 162. — Hedypnois Hieracioides, Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed ) p. 342. — Hieracium asperum majori flore , in agrorum limitibus, Ray’s Syn. p. 167. — Hieracium asperum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 298. Localities. — On dry banks, road-sides, and borders of fields, on a gravelly or chalky soil ; frequent. — Rare in Ireland. Biennial. — Flowers in July and August. Fig. 1. Involucrum.— Fig. 2. Stamens and Pistil.— Fig. 3. A Floret.— Fig. 4. A Seed, crowned with the sessile pappus.— Fig. 5. The same, a little magnified. —Fig. 6. The reflexed Involucrum, showing the receptacle, with one of the seeds attached. • From pikros, Gr. bitter ; on account of the bitterness of many of this tribe, t See fol. 19, n. r. $ See fol. 147, n. t. ? See fol. 27, a. Root fibrous, tough. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, upright, round, furrowed, solid, leafy, rough with short, coarse hairs, which arc not bristly or pungent, much branched ; branches spreading, fur- rowed, purplish on their upper side and in their axils. Leaves pointed, wavy, spear-shaped ; those from the root unequally and broadly toothed, on bordered footstalks ; those on the stem sessile, and somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; the uppermost approach- ing to strap-shaped. Peduncles ( flower-stalks ) branched, some- what corymbose, each branch with several, scattered, spear-shaped bracteas, and bearing one largish, bright yellow flower. Inner scales of the involucrum nearly strap-shaped, parallel, hairy on the out- side, and exactly the length of the pappus, which is slightly feathery : outer scales loosely spreading, similar to the inner, but unequal, and all much shorter. Seeds oblong, roundish, drawn to a point at both ends, furrowed, and transversely wrinkled. Receptacle flat, with shallow pits, which are somewhat pentagonal. This plant is a native of many other parts of Europe as well as of England. It is of a dark-green colour, and rough with short, coarse hairs. SUMMER. “ They may boast of the spring-time when flowers are the fairest. And birds sing by thousands on every green tree ; They may call it the loveliest, the greenest, the rarest, — But the Summer’s the season that’s dearest to me ! For the brightness of sunshine ; the depth of the shadows ; The crystal of waters ; the fullness of green ; And the rich flowery growth of the old pasture meadows. In the glory of Summer can only be seen. Oh, the joy of the green-wood ! I love to be in it. And list to the hum of the never-still bees ; And to hear the sweet voice of the old mother linnet, Calling unto her young ’mong the leaves of the trees 1 To see the red squirrel frisk hither and thither. And the w'ater-rat plunging about in his mirth ; And the thousand small lives that the warm Summer weather Calls forth to rejoice on the bountiful earth ! Then the mountains, how fair ! to the blue vault of heaven Towering up in the sunshine, and drinking the light. While adown their deep chasms, all splintered and riven. Fall the far-gleaming cataracts silvery white ! And where are the flowers that in beauty are glowing In the gardens and fields of the young merry Spring, Like the mountain-side wilds of the yellow broom blowing. And the old forest pride, the red wastes of the ling ! Then the garden, no longer ’tis leafless and chilly, But warm with the sunshine, and bright with the sheen Of rich flowers, the moss-rose and the bright tiger-lily, Barbaric in pomp as an Ethiop Queen. Oh, the beautiful flowers, all colours combining. The larkspur, the pink, and the sweet mignionette. And the blue fleur-de-lis, in the warm sunlight shining. As if grains of gold in its petals were set ! Yes, the Summer, — the radiant Summer’s the fairest. For green woods and mountains, for meadows and bowers, For waters, and fruits, and for flowers the rarest. And for bright shining butterflies, lovely as flowers !” From “ Birds and Flowers," a volume of delightful l’oetrv, by Mrs. Mary IIowitt. 2? J Path shed by W. Baxter. Botanic Garden. Orford. 183 6. W Willis Vd dSc (275.) MONO'TItOPA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Deoa'ndri a f, Monogv'xia. Natural Order. Pyrol^'ceaEiJ:, Lindl. fntrod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 184. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 182. — Pyro'le.e, Lindl. Svn. p. 175. — Monotro'pea:, Nutt. Gen. v. i. p. 272., fide Lindley. — Erica'ceas; tribe, Monotro'pEaE ; Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot.v.iii. pp. 785 & 789. — Erici'ne.e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 450. — Eri'ceaE ; sect. Monotro'pEae; Loud. Hort. Brit, p.523. — Syringales ; subord. EricosaE ; sect. Ericinas ; type, Erica- ceae ; subtype, PyroliDaE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 937, 944, 946, & 947. Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 4 or 5 coloured sepals (see fig. 2''. Corolla permanent, of 4 or 5, inversely egg-oblong, upright, petals, slightly cohering, and concave at the base (see fig. 1 }. Filaments (see fig 3.) 10, or 8, upright, strap-shaped, flatfish, shorter than the corolla; the 5 or 4 alternate ones rather the smallest. Anthers kidney-shaped, upright, of 1 cell and 2 valves. Germen (see fig. 3.) superior, egg-shaped, with 5, or 4, furrows. Stigma orbicular, peltate. Capsule (fig. 4.) superior, roundish, with 5, or 4, furrows, and as many cells and valves, with a partition (dissepiment) from the centre of each valve ; and a spongy central column (placenta) of as many angles (see fig. 5). Seeds (fig. 6.) very numerous, mi- nute, oval, enveloped in a membranous reticulated tunic, or arillus , greatly elongated at both ends. — Herbaceous parasitical plants, with leafless scaly stems. The terminal flower, which in some species is the only one with 10 stamens, 5 sepals, and 5 petals, determines the class, as in Adoxa, t. 42. Distinguished from other gen,era, in the same class and order, by the calyx of 4 or 5, coloured sepals ; the corolla of 4 or 5 petals, slightly united at the base ; the simple cylindrical style ; and the 4- or 5-celled, 4- or 5-valved, many-seeded capsule. One species British. MONO'TROPA HYPO'PITYS §. Yellow Bird’-nest. Yellow Pine-sap. Spec. Char. Flowers in a terminal cluster, at first drooping ; lateral ones with 8 stamens; terminal one with 10. Engl. Bot. t, 69. — Hook. FI. LonJi7y S , rfr • Sc/7f*(OY/.i. ^ RiblUked by ^Baxter. Bo\*mc G .rderv Oxford 1828 m‘ ') ill Jv 1 SCABIO'SA* * Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Dipsa'ceeJ, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 194. — Lindl. Syn. p. 139.; Introduct. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 196. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 457. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 520. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 680. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 140. — Syrin- gales ; subord. Asterosas; sect. Valerine ; type, Dipsacee ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 901, 916, & 918. — Aggre- gate, Linn. Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx) (see fig. 6.) of many spreading leaves, surrounding the common receptacle, to which they are attached (see fig. 7) . Proper calyx (see figs. 3, 4, & 5.) double ; the outer ( involucellum, Lindl.y mostly membranous, and plaited ; the inner ( calyx, Lindl.^ (fig. 3.) with a limb consisting of 5 awned bristles, rarely only 1 or 4 from abortion. Corolla (figs. 1 & 2.) of each flower monopetalous, tubular, dilated upwards ; limb in 4 or 5 equal, or unequal, segments. Filaments (see figs. 1 & 2.) 4, spreading, lax, from the mouth of the corolla, longer than its limb. Anthers oblong, incumbent. Germen inferior. Style thread-shaped. Stigma blunt, cloven. Fruit (figs. 4 & 5.) nearly cylindrical, crowned with the double calyx. Common Receptacle (fig. 7.) convex, chaffy. — Heads of Flowers depressed. Outer Flowers of the Heads usually radiant. The many-leaved involucrum ; the double calyx, the outer mostly membranous and plaited, the inner with about 5 bristles ; will dis- tinguish this from other genera, with a monopetalous, superior corolla, in the same class and order. — Differs from Knautia, in the limb of the inner calyx being attenuated into a neck at the base, and ending in 4 or 5 awned bristles. Two species British. SCABIO'SA SUCCI'SA. Devil’s-bit Scabious. Spec. Char. Corolla in 4 equal segments. Heads of Flowers nearly globose. Stem-leaves distantly toothed. Engl. Bot. t. 878. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. — . Curt. Brit. Eutomol. v. i. t. 40. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 142. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 62. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 548. — Sra. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 170. ; Engl. FI, v. i. p. 194. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 217. — Lind. Syn. p. 139. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 61. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 114 — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 55. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 29. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 14. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 95. — ltelh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 56. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 49. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 34. — FI. Devon, pp. 25 & 162. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 35. — Winch’s FI. of Northumbl. and Durh. p. 9. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 35. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 695. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 24. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 17. ; FI. Hibern. p. 141. — Scabiosa radice succisa, .ft ore globoso, Ray’s Syn. p. 191. — Succisa Fuchsii, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 476. — Morsus Diuboli, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 726. Fig. 1. A single Flower. — Fig. 2. Corolla opened. — Fig. 3. The Calyx. — Figs. 4 & 5. The Fruit; fig. 5. magnified. — Fig. 6. Involucrum, and Seeds. — Fig. 7. Involucrum, and Receptacle, with one of the Scales. * From scabies, an eruptive disease, which certain species were supposed to cure. Withekino. + See folio 114, note +. t See folio 179, a. Localities.— In meadows and pastures, frequent. Perennial. — Flowers from July to October. Root oblong, blackish, nearly the thickness of the little finger, often growing obliquely ; abrupt at the lower end, so as to appear as if bitten off, furnished with long whitish fibres. Stem from a foot to 18 inches high, upright, round, rough with defiexed hairs, and often of a reddish colour. Root-leaves numerous, inversely egg-shaped, entire, on short foot-stalks, clothed on both sides with long rough hairs. Stem-leaves opposite, connate, spear-shaped, variously toothed, or coarsely serrated ; the uppermost nearly strap-shaped, and entire ; all dark green, harsh and hairy. Flowers in nearly globular heads, on lonsjish peduncles. Involucrum hairy, its leaves in 2 or 3 series (see fig 6). Outer calyx (involucel) 4-sided, with 4 shallow clefts, fringed with white hairs ; inner calyx (see figs. 3 to 5) crowned with a concave, glandular recep- tacle, armed with 4 or 5 strong reddish-black bristles. Corolla (fig. 1.) dark purplish-blue, sometimes of a milk-white, very rarely of a pale purple. Filaments almost twice the length of the corolla ; anthers violet ; pollen white. Germen very small, whitish. Style about the same length as the corolla. Stigma round, flat, with a depression in the middle. Seed oblong, angular, grooved, beset with rough hairs, and crowned with 4 or 5 bristles. Receptacle conical, chaffy (see fig. 7). Haller observes, that the leaves are sometimes gashed, and that the flowers are sometimes proliferous. In cultivation the plant becomes more branched than in a wild state. The root is a good example of what, in botanical language, is termed Radix prcemorsa, a premorse, or abrupt root; this, however, accord- ing to Dr. Drummond, is only the case when the plant is above a year old, for during the first year it is fusiform (spindle-shaped) ; after that it becomes woody, dies, and rots, the upper part excepted, and this causes the eroded, or bitten-ofif appearance; while the new lateral branches shooting out from the part left, compensate the want of the old main root. Thus, says Dr. Withering, do science and truth dispel superstitious errors ; for in ages darkened by monkery, the faithful were taught implicitly to believe, in respect to the pretended virtues of this plant, that “ the Divell for envie that he beareth to mankind bitt it off, because it would be otherwise good for many uses hence the plant is commonly called Devil' s-bit. This appearance of an abrupt or stumped root is not pecu- liar to this plant, but is observed in some species of Plantago, Apargia, Va- leriana, and many other herbs. According to Bergius the root possesses an astringent quality, and the infusion of it is bitterish, but not unpleasant to the taste. Linnaus says, that the dried leaves are used to dye wool yellow or green. The caterpillers of Scsia Bombyliformis, Curt. Brit. Enlomol. v. i. t. 40. (sphinx fuci/ormis, y. Gm. Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. pt. v. p. 2388 ) feeds upon this plant. See Mr. Curtis’s very beautiful work referred to above. (278.) FU MARIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. DiADE'LPHiAf, Hexa'ndria. Natural Order. Fu.maria'ceje J, De Cand. — Lindl. Syn. p. 18 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 18. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 496. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 493. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 139. — Fapavera'ce.e, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 235. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 137. — Rosales; suborder, Rhceados.e; sect. Rhjeadi.v.e ; type, Fumariace.e; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, & 852. — Corydales, Linn. Gev. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 2 opposite, upright, small, membranous, deciduous sepals. Corolla (see fig. 2.) ob- long, tubular, ringent, of 4 petals, the lower one strap-shaped and free, the upper ones united at the base, the intermediate one of the three being gibbous, or spurred at the base. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 2, awl-shaped, flat, shorter than the corolla, one within each lip. Anthers roundish, membranous, 3 terminating each filament. Germen (see fig. 4.) superior, somewhat compressed. Style (see fig. 4.) terminal, thread-shaped, deciduous. Sterna compressed, of 2 flat lobes. Fruit (figs. 5 & 6.) indehiscent, 1-seeded. The calyx of 2 deciduous sepals ; the corolla of 4 petals, with one of them gibbous or spurred at the base ; the indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit; and the deciduous style, will distinguish this genus from others in the same class and order — It differs from the genus Corydalis, 1. 190, in the fruit being indehiscent and 1-seeded, not 2-valved and many-seeded. Three species British. FUMA'RIA OFFICINA'LIS. Officinal Fumitory. Common Fumitory. Earth-Gall. Fumus Terrse. Spec. Char. Cluster rather loose. Pods (fruit) single-seeded, abrupt, on upright pedicels twice as long as the bracteas. Stem spreading. Leaves supra-decompound ; lobes spear-shaped, or strap-shaped. Engl. Bot. t. 589. — Curt. FI. I.ond. t. 1 12. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. ii. p. 241. t. 88. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 68. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. ix. t. 404 — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 984. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 309, exelud. var. /3. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. it. p. 867. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 750. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 255. — With. (7th edit.) v. iii p. 824.— Gray ’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 700. — Lindl. Syn. p. 19. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 317.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.379. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 217. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 152. — Thornton's Family Herbal, p. 627, with a figure. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 68. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 325. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit ) p. 286. — Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 210. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 153. — FI. Devon, pp. 1 18 and 191. — Johnst. Fl. of Berw. v. i. p. 156. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 47. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 145. — Walker’s FL ofOxf. p.203. — Bab. Fl. Bath. p.3. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 65. ; Fl. Hibern. p. 16.— Fumaria vulgaris, Ray’s Syn. p. 204. — Fumaria purpurea, John- son’s Gerarde, p. 1088. Localities. — In cornfields, gardens, and about hedges; common. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Flower. — Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 4. Ger- men, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. A Pod. — Fig. G. Transverse section of the same. — Figs. 1, 2, 3, & 4, a little magnified. * From fumus, Lat. smoke ; in allusion to the disagreeable smell of the plant ; or, according to some, from the light and smoke-like cloudiness of its foliage, t Sec folio 77, note +, J See folio 190, a. Annual. — Flowers from May to August. Root slender, tapering, fibrous, of a yeliowish-brovvn colour. Stem from 6, to 12, or 18 inches high, smooth, glaucous, much branched, spreading, often recumbent, leafy, angular. Leaves mostly alternate, stalked, twice or thrice pinnate ; leaflets wedge- shaped, with flat spear-shaped segments. Clusters opposite to the leaves, spike-like, stalked, upright, many-flowered, rather loose. Bracteas spear-shaped, pointed, not half the length of the flower- stalks, especially when in fruit. Flowers rose-coloured, or pale red, tipped with deep red, with a green keel to the upper and under petals. Spur very short, rounded. Calyx coloured, toothed at the margin, deciduous. Style 3 or 4 times as long as the ger- men, crowned with the flattish, downy stigma. Pod globose, a little compressed, blunt or notched at the extremity, so as to be inversely heart-shaped, smooth, indehiscent (not opening). Seed solitary, roundish. Whole herb of a sea-green colour, the leaves succulent, saline, and bitter. The expressed juice, in doses of 2 ounces, taken twice a-day in whey, is useful in hypochondriacal, scorbutic, and cachetic habits. It corrects acidity, and strengthens the stomach. Hoff- man prefers it to all other medicines as a sweetener of the blood. There is no doubt of its utility in obstructions of the viscera, and diseases arising therefrom. An infusion of the leaves is used as a cosmetic to remove freckles and clear the skin. See Woodville’s Medical Botany ; Withering’s Botanical Arrangement, &c. THE DEATH OF THE FLOWERS. How happily, how happily, the flowers die away ; Oh, could we but return to earth as easily as they ! Just live a life of sunshine, of innocence, and bloom, Then drop, without decrepitude or pain, into the tomb. The gay and glorious creatures ! they neither “ toil nor spin Yet lo ! what goodly raiment they’re all apparelled in ; No tears are on their beauty, but dewy gems more bright, Than ever brow of eastern queen endiadem’d with light. The young rejoicing creatures ! their pleasures never pall ; Nor lose in sweet contentment, because so free to all ; The dew, the showers, the sunshine, the balmy blessed air. Spend nothing of their freshness, though all may freely share. The happy, careless creatures ! of time they take no heed. Nor weary of his creeping, nor tremble at his speed ; Nor sigh with sick impatience, and wish the light away ; Nor when ’tis gone, cry dolefully, ‘ would God that it were day !' And when their lives are over, they drop away to rest, Unconscious of the penal doom, on holy Nature’s breast j No pain have they in dying, no shrinking from decay ; Oh ! could we but return to earth as easily as they.” Caroline Bowles. f | * M Cl faZketrs, Del % Sc. Pub? hr 7,'DajeC^; BolatiicGar&n. Oxferi.JSSS . *79 (279.) COTYLE'DON* * Linncan Class and Order. Deca'ndria f, Monogy'niA. Natural Order. Crassula'ceve, De Cand. — Lindl. Syn. p. 63. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 161. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 514. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 516. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.97. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 59 Cra'ssula, Juss. Diet. des. Sc. Nat. v. xi. p. 369. — Succule'ntve, Linn. — Vent. Tabl. v. iii. p. 271. — Semperviv.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 307. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 162. — Rosales; sect. Crassulina:; type, Crassulace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 730, & 735. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, small, of 1 petal, in 5, pointed segments. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 1 petal, tubular, 5-cleft. Nectary a concave scale, at the base of each germen, on the outer side. Filaments (see figs. 2 & 3.) 10, awl-shaped, straight, inserted on the corolla, scarcely so long as the limb. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. Germens (see fig. 4.) 5, oblong, rather tumid. Styles awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla. Stigmas simple. Capsules (see figs. 4 & 5.) 5, oblong, tumid, pointed, each of 1 valve, bursting along the inner margin (see fig. 5). Seeds (fig. 6.) numerous, small. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the 5-parted calyx; the monopetalous, tubular, 5-cleft corolla; and the 5 capsules, each with a gland or nectariferous scale at its base. Two species British. COTYLE'DON UMBILI'CUSJ. Common Navelwort. Wall Pennywort. Kidneywort. Hipwort. Spec. Char. Leaves peltate, crenate, depressed in the centre. Stem with a (usually) simple cluster of drooping flowers. Upper bracteas minute, entire. Engl. Bot. t. 325. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 184. — Huds FI. Angl. (2nd edit ) p. 194. — Alton’s Hort. Kevv. (1st edit.) v. ii. p. 107. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. i. p. 757. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 484. ; Engl. Fi. v. ii. p. 314. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 555 — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 209. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 143. — Davies’ Welsh Bot, p. 43. — Purt. Midi. FI. v, i. p. 224. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 139. — FI. Devon, pp. 75 6c 185. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of South Kent, p. 27. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 125.— Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select®, p. 41. —Bab. FI. Bath, p, 18.— Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 44. ; FI. Hibern. p. 60.— Cotyledon Umbilicus Veneris fi. tu- berosa, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 615. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.233. — Cotyledon vera radice tuberosa, Ray’s Syn. p 271.— Umbilicus pendulinus, De Carid. PI. Grass, t. 156. ; Bot. Gall. v. i. p.201. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.538. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v. iii. p. 1 12. — Umbilicus Veneris, Johns. Ger. p. 528. Localities.— Damp rocks, and old walls.— Oxfordsh. Iffley, Cowley, and on Gudstow-Bride and Nunnery: Dr. Suniionr. — Berks; Stone walls about Abingdon: Mr. Biciieno. Abundant on old stonewalls at South Hinksey: W. B. — Cheshire; Bidston : G.Crosfield, Esq. Near Knutsford, but not common: Mr. Wilson, in N. B. G .—Cornwall; Frequent about Penzance: Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. Plentiful about Pdiaton : H. Woollcombe, Esq. — Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla, opened vertically, to show the stamens. — Fig. 3. A single Stamen. — Fig. 4. Germens, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 6. A single Cap- sule.— Fig. 7. Seeds. — Fig. 3. magnified. * From kotyle, Gr. a cup ; to which the leaves of some of the species hear a distant resemblance. Hooker. + Sec folio 37, note t. i From umbilicus, Lat., the navel; from the hollow leaves. Derbysh. A nehor Church, near Repton : Rev. A. Bloxam. Dove Dale and Hew-gill : Mr. Howitt, in N. B. G. — Devon; Walls, roofs, hedges, &c. com- mon : FI. Devon. — Gloucestersh. Wallsat Bitton, common : Rev. H. T. Elli- oombe. Leigh Wood, opposite the Hot Wells, Bristol: N. J. Winch, Esq. Near Bristol : Worsley, in N. B.G. — Hampsh. Between Southampton and Ringwood, by the road-side, abundant: Mr. W. Pamflin, jun. Banks by the road-side leading from Redbridge into the New Forest, plentifully: Mr. W. Pamplin, in N. B. G. — Kent ; On Tenterden Church; and in a stone-pit at Boughton Monchelsea, near Feversham, very uncommon : E. Jacob, Esq. 1777. Upon a low stone wall, with Asplenium Ceterach, adjoining the point at which the Canterbury, Cheriton, Broadmead, and Folkstone roads meet. Upon the wall of the east gate of Winchelsea: Rev. G. E. Smith. — Luncash. On old walls about Liverpool : Mr. Shepherd. — Leicestersh. Swithland slate-pits, very rare : Rev. A. Bloxam. — Northamptonsh. On an old wall at Peterborough., beyond Almoner’s Gate ; in a close on a sandy bank near Church Brampton ; by the road to Chapel Brompton: in Northampton; and about Delapre, near Northampton: Morton. — Shropsh. Quatford and Rowton, on the walls by the turnpike road : T. Pcrton, Esq. Common on most of the hills near Shrews- bury : W. A. Leighton, in N. B. G. Old stone walls by the road between Shrewsbury and Ellesmere : Rev. A. Bloxam. Wet rocks on Caer Carradock : H. Darby, in N. B. G. — Somersetsh. On old walls at Monckton Farley, Kel- ston, Swainswick, Inglishcotnbe, &c. : C. C. Babington. Common on damp walls, rocks, and old thatched roofs, in the neighbourhood of Bridgwater, and' around the Quantoeks ; J. C. Collins, in N. B. G. — In Sussex : W. Borrer, Esq. — WarwicJcsh. Maxtock Priory, and Coleshill : Rev. W. T. Bree. On the walls of the area of Guy’s Cliflfe-house. In the Old Pound, Coten-end, Warwick: Mr. W.G. Perry. — Westmoreland ; AboutTroutbeck: Hudson. — Worcestersh. In the fissures of the greenstone and granitic rocks at Malvern. Growing very luxuriantly in a lane leading to the Giant’s Grave, at Habberley, near Kidderminster: Mr. E. Lees, in Illust. — On Picket Rock, anil about Fox- holes, near Kidderminster: Mag. Nat. Hist — Yorksh. Near Mitholm, six miles from Halifax: N. J. Winch, Esq. Wall near East Witton : Miss E. Otter, in N. R. G. — WALES. In Anglesey; Carnarvonshire ; Denbigh'- shire ; Merionethshire ; and Montgomeryshire. — SCO FLA NO ; Isle of Man; counties of Argyle ; Ayr; and Inverness.— IRELAN D ; frequent. Perennial. — Flowers from June to October. Rout a roundish knob, with several woolly fibres. Stem from 6 inches to a foot high, purplish, rounded, simple or branched ; leafy in the lower part. Leaves scattered, thick, fleshy, circular, with central leaf-stalks, concave on the upper surface, with a hollow dimple nearly in the centre, just opposite to the insertion of the petiole underneath ; upper leaves with the petiole not fixed so nearly in the centre, and their margins more deeply cut. Flowers drooping, in long terminating clusters, each on a short stalk, with a small spear-shaped, entire bractea at its base. Segments of the Calyx egg-spear-shaped. Corolla tubular, somewhat 5-sided, yellowish-green. Nectaries red. Stamens short, in two rows, in the mouth of the corolla. Whole plant smooth and succulent. “ Its peculiar and elegant appearance,” as Dr. Withering observes, “ renders it a fit sub- ject for rock-work.” A variety with large bracteas, longer than the flowers, the racemes terminated by a rose-like cluster of leaves, is recorded by Mr. Watson (in his New Botanist’s Guide, p. 8.) as having been gathered on rocks by the Logan-Stone, Cornwall. In stunted specimens the flowers are sometimes nearly upright ; and in very luxuriant ones the clusters of flowers have often se- veral lateral branches. 280 (280.) ALCHEMI'LIA* * * * §. Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Rosa'ce^e ; sect. SanguisorbeasJ; Juss.Gen. 31. pp. 334 & 336. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 171 & 172. — Lindl. Syn. pp. 88 & 102. — Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 528 & 530. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 512. — Mack. Fi. Hibern. pp. 85 & 105. — Sangui- sorbe.e, Lindl. Introd. to Nat Syst of Bot. p. 80. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. ii. p. 589. — Rosales ; sect. Rosinas ; subsect. Rosianas ; type, Sanguisorbace^: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 683, 699, & 707. — Senticosae, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (figs. 1, 2, & 3.) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubu- lar, permanent ; tube rather contracted at the apex ; limb spreading, in 8 segments, the 4 outer alternate ones smallest. Corolla none. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 4, from the mouth of the calyx, opposite to the smaller segments, awl-shaped, short. Anthers roundish, mi- nute. Germen (see fig. 4.) in the bottom of the calyx, generally solitary. Style (see fig. 4.) from the base of the germen, thread- shaped, about the length of the stamens (see fig. 3). Stigma capitate. Fruit (see fig. 4.) 1- or 2-seeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx. Seed inverted. The inferior, 8-cleft calyx, the 4 outer segments smallest; the want of a corolla; and the 1- or 2-seeded fruit, surrounded by the permanent calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Three species British. ALCHEMl'LLA VULGARIS. Common Lady’s Mantle [|. Lion’s-foot. Lion’s-paw. Great Sanicle. Bear’s-foot. Spec. Char. Leaves roundish, kindney-shaped, plaited, many- lobed, serrated. Engl. Bot. t. 597. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 210. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. iv. t. 185. — Linn. Sp. Pi. p. 178.— Huds. Fi. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 71. — W il Id. Sp. Pi. v. i. pt. i. p. 698.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 189. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 223. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.243. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p. 576. — Lindl. Syn. p. 103. — Hook. Brit. Fi. p. 70. — Lightf. Fi. Scot. v. i. p. 120. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.61. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 36. t. 1. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 17. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 102. t. 1. and voi. iii. p. 339. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd edit.) p. 66. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 56. — Giev. FI. Edin. p.39. — FI. Devon, pp. 29 & 172. — Johnst. FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 39. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 10. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 590. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 42. — Perry's PI. Varvic. Selects, p. 14. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 15. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 19. ; FI. Hibern. p. 105. — Alchimilla, Ray’s Syn. p. 158. — Johnson’s Ger. p.949. Localities. — In dry, rather mountainous pastures. Figs. 1 & 2. Calyx. — Fig. 3. Front View of a Flower, showing the Stamens, Pistil, and fleshy ring, or nectary, which closes its mouth. — Fig. 4, Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Figs. 2, 3, & 4, more or less magnified. * From the Arabic alkemelyeh, alchemy ; from its pretended alchemical vir- tues. Hooker. -f- See folio 46, note -f\ $ This section is raised to the rank of an order, by Dr. Lindley, in consequence of the plants, which compose it, having apetalous flowers ; an indurated calyx; and only one carpel. § From the plaiting and regularity of its leaves, giving an appearance of a Lady’s Mantle. Thornton. Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Root somewhat woody, fibrous, Stem from 4 to 8 inches or a foot high, more or less procumbent, alternately branched, round, hairy, leafy. Radical-leaves numerous, large, and elegant, on long petioles (foot-stalks), roundish kidney -shaped, bluntly lobed, ser- rated ; of a bright pleasant green above, paler and most hairy below ; stem-leaves much smaller, nearly sessile, with a pair of large, notched stipulas to each. Flowers numerous, yellowish- green, terminating the stem in little corymbose clusters. Flower- stalks nearly capillary, smooth. Mouth of the Calyx closed by a yellow, fleshy ring. Germens 1 or 2. Seeds 1 or 2. Styles lateral. This is one of the most elegant of our native plants, and is not uncommon in dry upland pastures in many parts of Britain ; it is also occasionally found in low moist meadows ; I have seen it in such situations between Yarnton and Cassington, near Oxford, but very sparingly. It varies much in hairiness and smoothness, as well as in size and stature. The whole plant is astringent and slightly tonic. The leaves were formerly used in medicine, and were esteemed to be vulnerary. In the province of Smolandia, in Gothland, a tincture is made from the leaves, and given in spas- modic or convulsive diseases. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it ; swine refuse it ; cows are not fond of it. — “ The Rev. S. Dicken- son gives the following curious account of its pernicious effects on cows : * Being lately on a visit to Somerford, the Hon. E. Moncton requested me to examine the herbage of a meadow near the river Penk, in which he had the misfortune, a few years ago, to have five milking cows die suddenly at once, and several more were with difficulty recovered. The symptoms of the disease, which he attri- buted to some noxious plant, were irremediable obstruction in the bowels. Upon examination, I found a very unusual abundance of Alchemilla vulgaris in every part of the field ; and am inclined to believe this plant was the cause of the fatality, as it is known to be of a very astringent quality. It was the aftermath the herd de- pastured ; and the survivors, upon being introduced into the same field the Summer following, were immediately affected with similar symptoms, but removed in time to prevent the fatal consequences ; since which Mr. Moncton has never hazarded the depasturing of it by neat cattle.’”. Dr. Withering. " — — Let us read The living page, whose ev’ry character Delights and gives us wisdom. Not a tree, A plant, a leaf, a blossom, but contains A folio volume. We may read, and read. And read again, and still find something new. Something to please, and something to instruct, E'en in the noisome weed. Ilvnsis, 287 uL.is/ica by V/. if** *.er. &&Wu.c v -■ arden. Q*£or d.. illul3. as 2 Tubiished V V. Bailer. Botanic Carde's Oxford. 1838. l.RuficU I),l. VMdir.Sr. (*281 & 282.) NU'PHAR*. Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, MoNOCY'NiAi Natural Order. Nymph.ea'cea:, De Cand. — Lindl. Syn. p. 15.; Introd. to Nat.Syst.ofBot. p. 10. — Rich. by Macgilliv. p. 415. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 497. — Nymphia'cea:, Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 122. — Nymphae.-Ej Salisbury , in Anhals of Bot. v. ii. p. 69. — HydrocharidEs, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 67. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 84. — Rosales; suborder, Rhceados.e; sect. Ranunculin.e ; subsect. Nelumbiana? ; type, Nymph.eacea:; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 784, 828, 844, & 845. Gen. Char Calyx (see t. 281, and t. 282, f. 1. a.) inferior, of 5 or 6 large, coriaceous, concave, coloured, petal-like, permanent sepals. Corolla (see t. 282, f. 1. b. and f. 2.) of from 10 to 18 oblong petals, much smaller than the sepals, furrowed and honey- bearing at the back, and inserted along with the numerous stamens into a disk which surrounds the base of the germen. Filaments (see t. 282, figs. 1 and 3.) very numerous, unconnected with the germen, strap-shaped, of 2 parallel cells, closely attached to the inner surface of the upper part of each filament. Germen superior, nearly sessile, egg-shaped, with an elongation at the summit. Style none. Stigma (see t. 282, f. 1.) sessile, orbicular, convex, entire or notched, with many central radiating clefts. Berry (see t. 282, figs. 5 — 7.) superior, coriaceous, smooth, egg-shaped, pointed ; of as many cells as there are rays to the stigma, finally pulpy within. Seeds (t. 282, f. 8.) numerous, smooth, egg-shaped, in several rows in each cell. The calyx of 5 or 6 sepals ; the corolla of numerous petals, in- serted, along with the stamens, upon the receptacle; and the superior, many-celled, many-seeded berry ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. It differs from the genus Nymphcea (t. 181 & 182.) in the petals and the stamens being inserted into a disk at the base of the germen, not into one which surrounds and adheres to the side of it, (see t. 182). Two species British. NU'PHAR LU'TEA. Common Yellow Water-Lily. Yellow Water-Can. Brandy-Bottles. Spec. Char. Calyx of 5 sepals. Border of the Stigma entire. Footstalks 2-edged. Leaves heart-shaped, their lobes meeting each other. Hook. FI. Lond. t. 141. — Smith’s Prod. FI. Gra>e. v. i. p. 361. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 15. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 653. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 706. — Lindl. Syn. p. 15. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 260. — FI. Scot. p. 169. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 120. — FI. Devon, pp. 91 and 192. — Johust. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 120. — Winch’s FI. of Tab. 282. — Fig. 1. A Flower, with 4 of the sepals removed; a. a sepal ; b. petals. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. A Stamen. — Fig. 4. A Berry, with the permanent calyx. — Fig. 5. The same with the calyx removed. — Fig. 6. A transverse section of a Berry. — Fig. 7. A vertical section of the same, — Fig. 8. Seeds. From navfar, or nylovfar, the Arabic name of Kymphce'Ct. Don, + See folio 43, note t. Nortliumb. and Durli. p. SG. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 30. — Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 127. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 149. — Bab. FL Batli. p. 3. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ivel. p. 51. ; FI. Hibern. p. 12. — Nympkaa lutea, Engl. Bot. t. 159. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 819.— Ray’s Syn. p. 368. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 729. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 234. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 569. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. II. p. 1151. — With. (5th edit.) v. iii. p.598. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 282. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 167. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 117.— Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 53. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 251. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded. ) p. 214. Localities. — In watery ditches, lakes, and slow rivers ; frequent. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Trunk of the root large and fleshy, horizontal, producing, from its under side, many long, stout radicles, which are fibrous at the extremity. Leaves on long, 2-edged footstalks (petioles), floating, 10 or 12 inches wide, entirely smooth and even, bright green above, paler underneath, with branched raised nerves or veins, heart- shaped, rounded at the summit, and generally at the lobes, which meet and lap over each other. Flowerstalks nearly or quite cylin- drical, 1 -flowered. Flower about two inches wide. Calyx much larger than the corolla, of five roundish, blunt, upright, concave sepals, which are entire, somewhat sinuated, smooth, tough, and of a golden yellow, except at the base on the outside, where they are green. Corolla of from 10 to 20, small, blunt, fleshy, orange- coloured petals (see t. 282, f. 1, b). Stamens very numerous, when the flower first opens pressed closely on the germen, but after they have shed their pollen bending back ; filaments yellowish, thicker than the anthers, which are yellow, and about two lines in length. Germen egg-shaped, blunt, smooth. Style none. Stigma yellow, a little convex, with from about 10 to 15 rays. Fruit large, smooth, shaped like a bottle or flagon, terminated by the flat, dilated stigma. Seeds numerous, large. The flowers smell like brandy, whence they ate called Brandy-bottles in some places. This species is a native throughout the whole of Europe and Siberia, in ditches, lakes, and slow rivers ; also of N. America, between latitude 54°. and 64°. The roots, bruised and ihfused in milk, are said to be destructive to beetles and cock- roaches ; they are also sometimes burned, to get rid of crickets, to which the smoke is peculiarly obnoxious. Swine will eat this plant ; goats are not fond of it ; cows, sheep, and horses refuse it. — Dr. Withering says, that an infusion of a pound of the fresh root to a gallon of water, taken in the dose of a pint, night and morning, cured a leprous eruption of the arm. The Natural Order, Nyjmpii/la'ce.®, is composed of dicotyledonous, herba- ceous, aquatic plants, whose leaves are peltate or heart-shaped, and their flowers mostly large and very beautiful, each on a long cylindrical peduncle. The sepals and petals are numerous, imbricated, and pass gradually into each other, the former persistent, the latter inserted upon the disk which surrounds the pistillum. The stamens are numerous, and inserted above the petals into the disk; their filaments flattish ; their anthers adnate, strap-shaped, and burst inwards by a double longitudinal cleft. The dis/c is large and fleshy, and surrounds the ovary either wholly or in part. The ovary is many-seeded, and many-celled, with the stigmas radiating from a common centre upon a sort of flat urcedate cap. The fruit is many-celled, and indehiseent. The seeds, which are very numer- ous, are attached to spongy dissepiments, and enveloped in a gelatinous arillus. The albumen is farinaceous. The embryo small, on the outside of the base of the albumen, enclosed in a membranous bag. Cotyledons foliaceous. See Lindley's Synopsis, p. 15. f*18l & 182.) THE CHERWELL WATERLILLY.' Bright came the last departing gleam To lonely Chenvell’s silent stream. And for a moment seemed to smile On tall St. Mary’s1 2 graceful pile. But brighter still the glory stood On Marston’s3 wild sequestered wood. The lights that through the leaves were sent. Of gold and green were richly blent ; — Oh ! beautiful they were to see Gilding the trunk of many a tree. Just as the colours died away In evening’s meditative gray ; Sweet meadow-flowers were round me spread. And many a budding birch-tree shed Its woodland perfume there ; And from its pinky-clustered boughs A fragrance mild the Hawthorn throws Upon the tranquil air. Deep rung St. Mary’s stately chime The holy hour of vesper time, And as the solemn sounds I caught. Over the distant meadows brought, I heard the raptured nightingale Tell from yon elmy grove4 his tale Of jealousy and love. In thronging notes that seemed to fall As faultless and as musical As angels strains above ; So sweet they cast o’er all things round A spell of melody profound ; They charmed the river in his flowing, They stayed the night wind in his blowing. They lulled the Lily to her rest Upon the Cherwell’s heaving breast. How often doth a wild flower bring Fancies and thoughts that seem to spring From inmost depths of feeling! Nay, often they have power to bless With their uncultured loveliness : And far into the aching breast There goes a heavenly thought of rest With their soft influence stealing. IIow often, too, can ye unlock, Dear wildings, with a gentle shock, The fountains of the heart. And bid Religion sweetly rise Before the mourner’s tearful eyes To do her holy part. 1 This very beautiful Poem appeared in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine for November, 1836. 2 The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Oxford. 3 A small village on the banks of the Chcrwell, about a mile N. E. from Oxford. 4 Magdalen College Grove, the East side of which is bounded by a branch of the river Clierwell, Ah ! surely such strange power is given To lowly flowers, like flew from heaven. For lessons oft by them are brought Deeper than mortal sage hath taught — Lessons of wisdom pure that rise From some clear fountain in the skies. Fairest of Flora’s lovely daughters That bloom by stilly-running waters, Fair Lily !5 thou a tpye must be Qf virgin love and purity ! Fragrant thou art as any flower That decks a lady’s garden bower ; But he who would thy sweetness know, Must stoop and bend his loving brow To catch thy scent so faint and rare, Scarce breathed upon the Summer air ; And all thy motions too — how free. And yet how fraught with sympathy ; So pale thy tint, so meek thy gleam. Shed on thy kindly father stream. Still as he swayeth to and fro How true in all thy goings, As if thy very soul did know The secret of his flowings. And then that heart of living gold$ Which thou doth modestly enfold. And screen from man’s too piercing vie\y Within thy robe of snowy hue. To careless minds thou seemst to roam Abroad upon the river ; — In all thy movements chained to home, Fast rooted there for ever ; Linked by a holy, hidden tie. Too holy for a mortal’s eye, Nor riveted by mortal art. Deep down within thy father’s heart ! Emblem in truth thou art to me Of all a woman ought to be 1 How shall I liken thee, sweet Flower ! That other men may feel thy power. May seek thee on some lovely night, And say how strong, how chaste the might, The tie of filial duty — How graceful too, and angel bright The pride of lowly beauty 1 Thou sittest on the varying tide. As if thy spirit did preside. With a becoming queenly grace. As mistress of this lonely place. A quiet magic hast thou now To smooth the river’s ruffled brow. And still his rippling water — And yet so delicate and airy. Thou art to him a very fairy, A widowed Father’s only daughter, FRED. WM. FABER. Univ. Coll. Uymphcca alba, t. 181. 6 See t, 182, fig. 1, c. ; and fig. 2, c, .TJ?uJse./{J)el Put ~ h tf]3 ajtftv J^itn n,xc {r*.r-den 2$3J C.^fatfoH&S c . (283.) TRIFO'LIUM* * Linnean Class and Order. DiADE'LPHiAf, Deca'ndria. Natural Order. Legumino's.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 345. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 174. — Lindl. Syn. p. 75. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 87. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 532. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 259. — Loud. Hon. Brit. p. 509. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 91. — Legumina'ce.e, Loud. Arb. Brit. p. 561. — Papiliona,ce.«+, Linn. — Rosales; sect. Cicerina:; subsect. Lotiana: ; type, Lotaceas ; subtype, Lotid.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 638, 642, & 644. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, tubular, permanent, 5-cleft, not glandular; with awl-shaped segments. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 4 petals, which are mostly united by their long claws, permanent, withering ; standard (fig. 3.) reflexed ; wings (see figs. 2, 4, & 5.) oblong, direct, shorter than the standard ; keel of 1 petal, shorter than the wings and standard. Filaments, (see fig. 6.) 9 in one split compressed tube ; the tenth hair-like, distinct (see fig. 7). Anthers roundish. Germen (see fig. 7.) oblong-egg-shaped. Style (see fig. 7.) awl-shaped, curved upwards. Stigma simple, smooth. Legume (fig. 8.) small, indehiscent, often egg-shaped, with 1 or 2 seeds, shorter than the calyx by which it is covered, seldom oblong, with 3 or 4 seeds, and a little longer than the calyx. Flowers in dense heads or spikes, bracteate, purple, white, or cream-coloured. Distinguished from other genera with diadelphous stamens, in the same class and order, by the 1-celled, 1- or 2-seeded, rarely 3- or 4-seeded, indehiscent pod, shorter than the calyx ; the awl-shaped style with a simple, smooth stigma ; and the capitate or densely- spiked inflorescence. It differs from the genus Melilotus in the flowers being produced in a head or close spike, not in a loose raceme ; and in the legume being shorter than the calyx, not longer. Seventeen species British. TRIFO'LIUM PRATENSE. Meadow Trefoil. Common Purple Clover. Honeysuckle Trefoil. Marie Grass. Spec. Char. Stems ascending. Heads of Flowers dense, egg- shaped. Teeth of the Calyx setaceous, lower one longer than the rest, half as long as the tube of the corolla. Stipulas egg-shaped, bristle-pointed. Engl. Bot. t. 1770.— Mart. FI. Rust. t. 3.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1082.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 325. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. n. p. 1366. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 785. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 302. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 857. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 599. — Lindl. Syn. p. 80. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 328. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 404. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 228. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 162. — Afzelius in Linn. Soc. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 3. The same, with the wings and keel taken off. — Fig. 4. The Wings and keel. — Fig. 5. One of the Wings, a little enlarged. — Fig. 6. Stamens and l’istil. — Fig. 7. Pistil, and odd Stamen. — Fig- 8. Legume. — Fig. 9. The same opened vertically, showing the Seed. — Fig. 10. A Seed. * From treis, Gr. three; and phyllon, Gr. a leaf; descriptive of its ternate leaves. Dr. Withering. Or from the Latin tri, three ; and folium, leaf. — Jt is the badge of the Highland clan Sinclair. + See folio 77, note +. t Sec folio 117, note t. Trans, v. i. pp. 221 & 240. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. H. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 343. — llelh. IT. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 300. — Sinel. Holt. Gram. Wob. p. 221. with a plate. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 218. — Grev. l*'l. Edin. p. 160. — FI. Devon, pp. 124 and 176. — Jolinst. FI. of Bcnv. v. i. p. 103. — Winch’s FI. of Nortliumb. and Durli. p. 49.— Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 213. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v. ii. p. 183. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 12. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of Irel. p. 67. ; FI. Ilibcrn. p. 77. — Trifolium pratense purpureum, Bay’s Syn. p. 328. Localities. — In meadows and pastures, especially on a limestone or gravelly soil. Perennial. — Flowers from May to September. Root rather woody, and somewhat tap-shaped, branching at the crown, ash-coloured, its fibres often bearing minute fleshy granula- tions. Stems ascending, a foot or more high, slightly branched, unequally leafy, roundish ; clothed, in the upper part, with close fine hairs. Leaves alternate, on longish petioles, ternate; leaflets of the lower leaves roundish, those of the upper elliptical, more or less acute, entire, nearly smooth, dark green, usually with a whitish angular mark in the centre. Stipulas membranous, egg-shaped, broad, nerved, smooth, each terminating in a short bristle-shaped point. Heads terminal, solitary, egg-shaped, obtuse, dense, situated between a pair of nearly sessile leaves, and in part surrounded by their stipulae ; flowers in each head very numerous, sweet-scented, of a light purple colour, rarely white. Calyx short, slightly hairy, generally scored with red veins ; segments awl-shaped, the 4 upper ones usually equal ; the 5th, or lowermost one, the longest. Corolla of 1 petal, tube long, standard much longer than the wings and keel. Legume roundish, small, and thin. Seeds kidney-shaped, compressed, yellowish. The white-flowered variety of this species is rare ; I have seen it in a pasture about four miles from Oxford, on the right hand side of the new road to Ensham ; and also in a field on the left hand side of the road going from Rugby to Brownsover, Warwickshire, a few yards from the new Aqueduct over the road. Trifolium pratense is well known to the farmer as one of the most valuable artificial grasses, as they are called, for fodder or hay, as it yields the largest crop of all the other sorts. For parti- culars relating to its history, mode of culture, uses, & c. see Miller's Gard. Diet, by Martyn ; The Transactions of the Linnean So- ciety, v. i. pp. 221 & 240., and v. vi. pp. 142 & 147.; Don's Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 183 — 185. ; and Baxter's Library of Agricultural and Horticultural Knowledge, p. 173. The heads are used in Sweden to dye wool green ; with alum they give a light, with copperas a dark green. We are informed by Dr. Joiinston, in his excellent Flora of Berwick-upon- Tweed, that “ in the days when there were witches in the land, the leaf of the Trefoil was worn by knight and by peasant, as a potent charm against their wiles ; and we can even yet trace this belief of its magic virtue in some not un- observed customs. Hast thou never sought, and deemed thyself fortunate in finding a four-leaved clover 1 ‘ But woe to the wight who meets the green knight, Except on his faulchion arm, Spell proof he bear, like the brave St. Clair, The holy Trefoil's charm ; For then shall fly his gifted eye, Delusions false and dim ; And each unbless’d shade shall stand pourtray’d. In ghostly form and limb.’ ” Sphtxriu Trifolii, and Polythrincia Trifolii, are parasitic on the leaves of this and some other species ot Trifolium, about Oxford. 26^ C2£etT\r^sLd^Se. - (284.) LITTORE'LLA * *. Linnean Class and Order. Moncecia f , Tetra'ndria. Natural Order. Plantagi'ne.e, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl.Syn. p. 169. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 194. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.428. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 530. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 174. — Plantagines, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 89. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 93. — Syringales; subord. Primulos.e ; sect. Plantagin.e; type, Plantaginacea; ; Burn. Out!, of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958, 1026, and 1027. Gen. Char. Sterile Flower (figs. 1, 2 & 3). Calyx (see figs. 1 & 2.) of 4, egg-shaped, upright, acute sepals. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 1 petal, tubular, permanent ; tube the length of the calyx, rather tumid ; limb in 4 deep, equal, egg-shaped, pointed, moderately spreading segments, finally membranous. Filaments (fig. 3.) 4, from the bottom of the tube, hair-like, very long, at first doubled inward, then upright, equal, finally flaccid. Anthers (see fig. 4.) upright, heart-shaped, of 2 cells, bursting lengthwise. Fertile Flower (see figs. 6 & 7.) sessile. Calyx 3-parted. Corotla (figs. 5, 6, & 7.) of 1 petal, membranous, permanent, pitcher-shaped, contracted at the mouth, with obsolete toothings. Germen supe- rior, elliptic-oblong, very small. Style (figs. 6 & 7.) thread-shaped, upright, very long. Stigma simple, pointed. Capsule (fig. 8.) 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. The 4-sepaled calyx; the 4-cleft corolla; and very long fila- ments, of the sterile flowers ; the 3-parted calyx ; the pitcher-shaped corolla, contracted at the mouth ; the very long style ; and the 1- seeded capsule, of the fertile flowers; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. LITTORE'LLA LACU'STRIS. Lake Shore-weed. Plantain Shore-weed. Spec. Char. Eng. Bot. t. 468. — Hook. FI. I.ond. 1. 168. — I, inn. Mant. p. 295. — Huds FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 415. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pi. i. p. 330. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 1011.; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 130. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.229. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.295. — Lindl. Syn. p. 170. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 401. — l.ightf. FI. Scot. v. ii. p.571. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 89 — Putt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p 457. — Itelh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 390. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 271. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p. 200. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s Pl.ofS. Kent, p.64. 1. 1. f.2. — FI. Devon, pp. 153 and 141. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 204.— Winch’s FI. of N'orlhumb. and Durh. p. 61.— Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selectae, p. 77. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ire), p. 81 . ; FI. Hibern. p. 176. — Plantago uni flora, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 167. — Plantayo palustris gramineofolio, monanthos, parisiensis, Ray’s Syn. p. 316. — Subu- laria repens, folio minus rigido. Dill, in Linn. Corresp. v. ii. p. 136. — Subula- ria repens, foliis convexo planis. Dill. Muse. p. 542. t. 81. Localities. — In watery sandy places, especially about the margins of lakes and pools. — Bucks; Langley Heath.— Cambridges/i. Gamlingay Bogs. — In Fig. 1. Calyx of Sterile Flower. — Fig. 2. Calyx and Corolla of ditto. — Fig. 3. Stamens. — Fig. 4. Anther. — Fig. 5. Corolla of Fertile Flower. — Fig 6. Calyx, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 7. Two Fertile Flowers, at the base of the flower-stalk of a Sterile Flower. — Fig. 8. A Capsule. * From littus, Lat. the shore ; from its place of growth, t See folio 46, note f. Cheshire. — Cornwall ; in a watery lane near Penzance. — Cumberland ; Ulls- water; Cullgaith Moor, School, and Mr. Carlyle’s Land; Low Holm Mine; foot of Derwentwater; Loweswater; Crummock Lake; and Buttermere. — Devon; Bovey Heatlitield ; Sandy Plat, near Widdecombe-in-the-Moor ; Bogs on Woodbury Hill ; Haldon ; and on the margin of the great pool near the sea between Slapton and Torcross. —Dorset ; Wareham Heath near Sherford Bridge and Sandford Bridge; and between Wareham and Woodbury Hill; near the road, not far from the two milestone going from Wimbourneto Poole. — Hants; In the margin of Woolmer Ponds, near Selbourne. — Kent ; Upon the bank and the sides of the Baptist Pond, Brabourne Leas.— Lancash. Crosby Marsh, near Liverpool. — Middlesex ; Bogs on Hartfield Common ; and on Hounslow Heath in many places, particularly in the ditch on the S. side of Whitton Gardens. — Norfolk ; Muddy margins of several of the broads, abundant. — Northamptonsh. Kelmarsh Lane. — Northumberland ; At Prestwick Car, and on the shores of Bromley and Greenley Loughs ; also by Holy Island Lough ; by Roadley Lake; and by Hoseley Lough. — In Nottinghamshire. — Shropsh. Ellesmere Mere. — Suffolk ; Oulton Broad, by Lowestoft; atCavenham; Salt Waters at Benacre near the sea ; and on Belton Common .— Surrey ; Battersea Common ; Hedge Court Pond, E. Grimstead; and ponds on Esher Common, near the grounds of Claremont — Sussex; Horsham Common; Plummer's Plain; Til- gate Ponds ; and Pilt Down. — Worcestersh. Pensnett Reservoir, near Stour- bridge.— Yorksh. Downholme Moor; Scarborough Mere; Stockton Common, and Terrington Car ; wet places on Hutton Moor ; and on Blackmoor, near Leeds.— In many parts of WALES, SCOTLAND, and IRELAND. Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Root somewhat fleshy, tap-shaped, with many simple fibres ; as well as some horizontal runners from the crown. Stem. none. Leaves all radical, ascending, strap-shaped, entire, semicylindrical, and fleshy, from 1 to 4 inches long, usually smooth, sometimes rough with hairs. Scapes several, from 1 to 3 inches long, bearing sterile or stameniferous flowers , their 4 filaments very long and weak. Fertile Flowers 2, sometimes 3, sessile, in the axils of the leaves, at the base of the stalk of the sterile flower (see fig. 7). Style long, thread-shaped, white. Capsule, or Nut, (fig. 8.) small, elliptic, brown, dotted, covered by the corolla (fig. 5). — Mr. Griffith observes, that “ this plant is truly amphibious, growing in most of the lakes of N. Wales several feet under water, but it never flowers except when on shore, or in water about one inch in depth,” I find this to be the case also with plants which have, for several years, been cultivated in the aquarium of the Oxford Garden. The Natural Order Plantaginea: consists of Herbaceous plants, which are usually stemless. Their leaves are flat and ribbed, or taper and fleshy. Their flowers usually perfect, seldom sepa- rated ; spiked, rarely solitary. The calyx is 4-parted and persistent. The corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, and persistent, with a 4- parted limb. The stamens are 4, and are inserted into the corolla, alternately with its segments ; the filaments are thread-shaped, and doubled inwards in aestivation ; the anthers are versatile and 2- celled ; the ovary is sessile, 2-, very seldom 4-celled ; the ovule peltate or erect, solitary, twin, or indefinite ; the style is simple and awl-shaped, with a simple, hispid stigma ; the capsule is membra- nous, and opens transversely ; the seeds are sessile, peltate, or erect, solitary, twin, or indefinite; these have a mucilaginous testa; an embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; an inferior radicle ; and an inconspicuous plumula. See Lindl. Syn. The only other British genus in this order is Plantago, t. 207. H> < •• . gas //r/zZ/o! G //f ///,( //i . > /ssrj/rt U /gf/m . 2{ TVblisHed by WIBixicr.Bdrt.ar.ic Garden. Oxford . 183 6 . I TiufitlL Dsl V VUZis sc (285.) MELI'TTIS* * Linnean Class ancl Order. Didyna'mta f, Gymnospe'rmia}:. Natural Order. Laeia'ta§, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 110. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 99. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Bentham, in Bot. Regist. (1829). — Lindl.Syn. p. 196.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p.239. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 439. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 209. — Verticillata of Linnaeus. — Syringales; suborder, Primulosa; sect. Menthina ; type, Menthacea or Labiata ; subtype, Nepetida ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958, 968, & 973. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, bell-shaped, large, slightly angular, somewhat 2-lipped, with 3 or 4 broad lobes. Corolla (fig. 2.) ringent, tube much narrower than the calyx ; throat a little dilated; upper lip erect, rounded, entire, slightly concave ; lower lip spreading, in 3, deep, blunt lobes, the middle one largest, in- versely heart-shaped. Filaments (fig. 3.) 4, awl-shaped, straight, shorter than the upper lip of the corolla, the two intermediate ones shortest. Anthers 2-lobed, converging in pairs, forming a double cross. Germen (fig. 3, a.) in 4, blunt, downy lobes. Style (fig- 5.) thread-shaped, reaching to the anthers (see fig. 3). Stigma cloven, pointed. Seeds (fig. 6.) 4, oval, small, in the bottom of the open unaltered calyx. The large, bell-shaped calyx, with 3 or 4 broad lobes ; and the much exserted corolla, with the upper lip nearly flat and entire; and the lower one of 3, rounded, nearly equal lobes, will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. MELI'TTIS MELISSOPHY'LLUM. Melissa-leaved Bastard Balm. Large-flowered Bastard Balm. Spec. Char. Leaves oblong-egg-shaped, or somewhat heart- shaped. Upper lip of the calyx with 2 or 3 teeth. Engl. Bot. t. 577. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. — Jacq. FI. Aust. v. i. p. 18. t. 26. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 832.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 264. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. I. p. 157. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 643 ; Engl. FI. v. iii, p. 111. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 723. — Lindl. Syn. p. 205. ; 2nd edit. p. 202. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 280. — FI. Devou. pp. 102 & 146. — Melittis grandiflora, Engl. Bot. t. 636. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 644. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 112. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 386. — Melissa Fuchsii, Ray’s Syn. p. 242. — Melissa Fuchsii , Rore purpurto ; and M. Fuchsii, /lore albo, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 690. Localities. — In woods, coppices, and hedges, in the South and South-west of England.— Cornwall ; Road-side between Liskeard and Callington: Dr. Withering. Near Liskeard on hedges in the road to Lostwithiel : Dawson Turner, Esq. — Devonsh. Woods about Totness : Ray. In the Southams, par- ticularly in Hempston Wood: Mr. Cornish. Dartington Woods; Canonteign Woods, in the road to Brampford-Speke, beyond Sir Stafford Northcote’s Pillars on the left hand, not far from the blacksmith’s shop: Mr. Weston. A small Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Stamens, Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. A single Stamen. — Fig. 5. Style and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Seed. — Figs. 3. 4, & 5, a little magnified. • From Melitta, Gr. a Bee; it being productive of honey, and grateful to that insect. Withering. t See folio 31, note t. t Ibid, note J, 5 See folio 94, a. wood not far from Kingsweare, near Dartmouth : Miss Burges. Woods near Biddeford; and near Hall : Dr. Wavei.l. Woods near Ugbrooke. Buckland and Spitchwiek Woods. Rora and Pen Woods ; Ilsington. Hayes Wood near Budleigh. Road between Taphouse and Crediton ; and about Tedburne. Sandridge Wood, and about Torquay : FI. Devon. Woods at Leemouth : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. Common in most coppices in every part of the county : Rev. Dr. Beeke. By the road-side at Hall, near Barnstable: Mr. W. Curtis. A mile from Ashburton on the road to Plymouth in the hedges, in great plenty : Dawson Turner, Esq. The last two localities belong to M. grandiftora of E. Bot. On Hilsboiough Hill, near Ilfracombe, not far from the sea: Miss Down. — Hampshire ; In the New Forest, and near Netley Abbey : Hudson. — Southampton : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Sussex ; In St. Leonard’s Forest, going down into Isemonger’s Gill, by the cross-road from Hand Cross to the Horsham road: W. Borrer, Esq. — WALES. Pembrokeshire; Woods about Haver- fordwest : Ray. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root fibrous, somewhat creeping. Stem from a foot to 18 inches high or more, upright, simple, square, rough with spreading hairs. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, egg-shaped, somewhat pointed, an inch and a half or two inches long, copiously and equally ser- rated, veiny, wrinkled, slightly hairy ; paler beneath ; petiole con- cave above, hairy. Flowers large and handsome, 1, 2, or 3 in the axil of each leaf, on round, simple peduncles, of about the same length as the petioles, all turned one way, the peduncles frequently crossing each other. Calyx lare;e, somewhat 2-lipped, reticulated with hairy veins, coloured, fringed, the margin gaping, in 3 or 4 ir- regular lobes, the upper one usually the longest, and often with a single notch at each side. Corolla twice or thrice the length of the calyx, downy, white, stained with purple, except the middle lobe of the lower lip, which is a deep reddish-purple edged with white. Melittis Melissophyllum, and M. grandiftora, (Engl. Bot. t. 577, & t. 636.) are considered by the most eminent Botanists of the present day to he mere varie- ties of the same species. Dr. Withering says, “ On further examination of specimens from Devonshire and other parts, we much doubt the permanency of any specific distinction in Smith’s M. grandiftora , (E. t. 636, said to grow in most coppices of Devon and Cornwall ; as the road-side between Liskeard and Calling- ton, and a mile from Ashburton on the road to Plymouth). The character at- tempted to be established, of ‘ calyx three-lobed,’ in M . Melissophyllum ; and • calyx four-lobed,’ in M. Grandiftora , appears to be far from invariable. Curtis declares the divisions of the lips of the calyx to be * altogether inconstant.’ ” The Rev. J. P. Jonf.s, and J. F. Kingston, Esq. authors of Flora Devoniensis, ob- serve, “We suspect that M. Melissophyllum and At. Grandiftora are the same plants. In the habitats where the former is said to grow, we have found the plant described in Smith’s FI. Brit, by the name of M. grandiftora. As we have never found but one species of Melittis in the county, we have retained the old specific name ( Melissophyllum J ■ Dr. Smith’s specific distinction, respecting the division of the lobes of the calyx, is altogether fallacious ; on the same plant we have observed the calyx both 3- and 4-lobed.” FI. Devon, p. 102. The Rev. J. S. Tozer is also of opinion that the two plants of English Botany are only va- rieties of the same species. This gentleman tells us, (Hook. Brit. FI. p. 281), that he resided many years at Totness, in which neighbourhood the M. Melisso- phyllum is said to grow ; and there he found a plant identical with that which still grows “ a mile from Ashburton in the road to Plymouth — the habitat given in English Botany for M. grandiftora. Mr. Tozer met with this plant also in the woods of Pembrokeshire, and in almost every individual he examined the calyx was to be found in every state, 3-lobed, 4-lobed, and in every intermediate grada- tion.— The plant when growing has a rather strong disagreeable smell, but when dry it smells like new hay. . ' * . 2te«>' C. a/tawnJ&. « %e/t/ £ W Willi* sc- I.Jiufsdl Dd. Published byW .‘axler. Botanic Garden. Oxf ore. 1838 (286.) CERA'STIUM* * Linnean Class and Order. DECA'NDRtAf, Pentagy'nia. Nat&ral Order. Caryophy'lleajJ, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Lindl. Syn. p. 43. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 156. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 507. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 501. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 379. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 40. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceados^e ; sect. Dianthin,e; type, Dianthace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, S05, & 807. Gen. Char. Calyx (figs. 1 & 2.) inferior, of 5, egg-spear- shaped, pointed, spreading, permanent sepals, membranous at the edges. Corolla (fig. 3.) of 5, divided, obtuse, spreading petals, about the length of the calyx, (sometimes longer,) with broad, very short, claws (see fig. 4). Filaments (fig. 5.) 10, 5, or 4, thread- shaped, shorter than the corolla ; alternate ones shortest. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. Germen (see figs. 5 & 6.) egg-shaped, superior, sessile. Styles (see fig. 6,) 5, rarely but 4, short. Stigmas bluntish, downy. Capsules (figs. 7 & 8.) membranous, cylindrical or egg- shaped, of 1 cell, opening with twice as many upright teeth as there are styles. Seeds (fig. 2.) numerous, roundish, rough. Flowers of all white. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5 cloven petals ; and the 1-celled, many-seeded capsule. Eight species British. CERA'STIUM ARVE'NSE. Field Chickweed. Spec. Char. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, bluntish ; fringed at the base. Petals twice as long at the calyx. Capsule oblong, scarcely longer than the calyx. Engl. Bot. t. 93. — Curt. FI. Loud. t. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. vi. t. 254. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 628. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nded. ) p. 201. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. I. p. 813. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 499, ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 333. — With. (7th ed. ) v. ii. p. 566. — Lightf, FI. Scot. v. i. p. 241. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 147. — Ahb. FI. Bedf. p. 102. — Purt, Mid. FI. v. i. p. 220. ; and v. iii. p. 359. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 185. — Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 143. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 104. — Johnst. FI. Berwick, v. i. p. 102. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 446. — Walker’s Fl. of Gxf. p. 130.— Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 45 ; Fl. Hibeni. p. 49. — Stelldria arvensis, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 660. — Cary ophy' llus arvensis hirsutus flore majore , Ray’s Syn. p. 348. — Caryophy'llus Holostius, Johns. Ger. p. 595. Localities. — In fields, and on banks and hillocks, on a gravelly or chalky soil ; frequent. — Oxfordsh. Between the Parks and Wolvercot; Stanton Har- court ; and between \\ itney and Burford : Dr. Sibthorp. Road crossing the Hundred Acres, Bullingdon: Rev. R. Walker, B. D. Between Elsfield and Noke Lane ; at the back of the Red Lion, in Stow Wood, near Oxford ; and Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Calyx, Stamens, and Pistils. — Fig. 3. Corolla. — Fig. 4. A Petal. — Fig. 5. Stamens, Germen, aud Pistils. — Fig. 6. Germen, Styles, and Stig- mas.— Fig. 7. Capsule. — Fig. 8. A vertical section of the same, showing the central placenta or receptacle of the Seeds. — Fig. 9. Seeds. — Figs. 2 & 4 a little magnified. * From keras, Gr. a horn ; from the rather long and curved capsules of some species. Sir W. J. Hooker. •f See folio 37, note t. t See Buffonia annua, folio 152, a. abundant among stones by the road-side between Witney and Minster Lovel : 1831, W.B. — Berks; Prettycommon: Dr. Mavor. — Bedfurdsh. Kempston ; Ford-End; and Barton Hill: Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridyesh . Castle Hill, Cambridge; Hill of Health; Gogmagog Hills, &c.: Rev. R. Relhan. — In Derbyshire: Dr. Howitt, in N. B. G. — Durham; At Friar’s Goose near Gateshead; on dry banks and heaths near Darlington ; on Fulwell Hills; Marsden Rocks; and near Chester Bridge: N. J. Wincii, Esq. — Gloucestersh. On Broad-way Hills: Rev. W. S. Rufford, in Midi. FI. — Hampsh. Abbas- ton Downs, and elsewhere: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. in N. B. G. — Kent ; Barham Downs, abundantly : Mr. W. Pampi.in, jun. Not uncommon, FI. Ton. — Middlesex; By the Thames, below Hampton Court Bridge: Mr. H. Watson, in N. B. G. — Norfolk ; Fields near Norwich ; S. P. Woodward, in N. B. G. — • Northamptonsh. In Brixworth and Boughton Fields, particularly near the highways : Hist. N.B. G. — Northumberland ; On banks near the Chain Bridge over the Tweed; at Horncliffe; near Coldstream; and on St. Peter’s Quay, where it was observed by Wilson : N. J. Wincii, Esq. Near King’s Mount Bastion ; and Castle Bank, Berwick: Dr. Thompson. On Spittal and Screm- merston Links: Dr. Johnston. On Alnwick Moor: Mr. J. Davison. Near Wark on Tweed: Lightfoot. Near Bambro’ Castle : R. Embleton. — Notts. Badford, Farnsfield, Nottingham Park and Forest, Bulwell, and Mansfield : Dr. Howitt, in N.B.G. — Suffolk; About Bury, very plentiful: Mr. W. Curtis. — Surrey; Dupper’s Hill , near Croydon : Dr. Withering. On Ban- stead Downs, and near Ham : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. Moulsey Hurst, near the Ferry to Hampton : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — In Sussex ; W. Borrer, Esq. — Limestone Hills, South of Scarborough : N. J. Wincii, Esq. Richmond: Mr. Ward, in N. B. G. — WALES. Denbighsh. Near Wrexham, not common : J. E. Bowman, Esq. in N. B. G. — SCO t’LAND. Aberdeensh. Near Aberdeen: Mr. Dickie, in N.B.G. — Berwicksh. Common on all the borders between Berwick-upon-Tweed and Kelso: Dr. Johnston. — Elginsh. Springfield, Elgin: Rev. G. Gordon, in N.B.G .~Forfarsh. Near Forfar: Mr. D. Don .—Hqddingtonsh. Guillon Links: Mr. Arnott. — Isle of Man ; On the sand, scirce: Mr. Forbes, in N.B.G. — Nairnsh. Viewfield : W. Stables, in N.B.G. — Orkney Isles; Orkney: Dr. Gillies, in N.B.G. — Roxburghsh. Foot of walls near Waik, by Kelso, abundant: Lightfoot. — IRELAND. Very common in the County of Dublin, near the coast: Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. — Flowers from May to August. Root creeping. Stems numerous, slightly branched, leafy, round, covered with fine hairs, which bend downwards; prostrate and matted at the base ; then ascending ; from 4 inches to a foot in length. Leaves opposite, sessile, strap-spear-shaped, from half an inch to an inch long, various in breadth, bluntly pointed, for the most part densely hairy, the hairs pointing upwards ; sometimes smooth, but always fringed about the lower part. Flowers large, white, in terminal, forked panicles. Sepals hairy, with a mem- branous margin. Petals inversely heart-shaped, veiny, twice as long as the sepals. Germen globose. Capsule cylindrical, slender, not longer than the calyx, with 10 oblong teeth, sometimes splitting down into 5 or 1 0 narrow valves. The large flowers, with petals twice the length of the calyx ; and the powerfully creeping roots ; will distinguish this from all the other British species of Cerastium. C Ifalht ws -7i . (287.) LONICE'RA* *. Linnean Class and Order. PentaG’dria "f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Caprifoua'ce.e J, Dec. ; sect. Lonicere.e ; Lindl. Syn. p. 131. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 206 & 207. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 460. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 519. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 435. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 133. — Caprikolia ; sect. 1. ; Juss. Gen. PI. pp.210 & 211. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 129 & 130. — Syringales ; subord. Asteros.e; sect. Rubiacin.e ; type, Caprifoliace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 901, & 902. — Aggregate, Linnaeus. Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) superior, small, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep segments, permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, tubular, tube oblong, swelling at one side ; limb in 5 deep revolute seg- ments, one of them more deeply separated than the rest. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 5, awl-shaped, inserted into the upper part of the tube, and about equal to the limb. Anthers incumbent, oblong. Germen (see fig. 1.) roundish, inferior. Style (fig. 3.) thread-shaped, re- clining, about the length of the corolla. Stigma bluntly capitate. Berry (fig. 5.) roundish, with a concave scar, of 1 or more cells, sometimes double and confluent. Seeds (fig. 5.) several, roundish, compressed. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the irregular corolla ; and the 1- to 3-celled, many-seeded berry. Three species British. LONICE'RA PERICLY'MENUM §. Woodbine. Woodbind. Common Honeysuckle. Caprifoly. Spec. Char. Branches twining. Leaves all separate, decidu- ous. Heads of Flowers egg-shaped, imbricated, terminal. Corolla ringent. Engl. Bot. t. 800.— Curt. FI. Lond. t. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.247.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 94. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. ir. p. 894. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 260.; Engl. FI. v. i. p.326.— With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 309. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 103. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 143. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 81. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 49. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 24.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 124.— Itelh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 98. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 80.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 55. — FI. Devon, pp. 41 & 164. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 62. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 15. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 65. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.445. — Loud. Arb. et Frut. Brit. p. 1043. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 24.; FI. Hibern. p. 133. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 22. — Phillips’ Sylva Florifera, v. i. p. 293. — Moral of Flowers, (2nd ed.) p. 104. t. 16. — Caprifolmm Periclyi- menum, Lindl. Syn. p. 131 . — Caprifnlium Germanicum, Kay’s Syn. p. 458. — Pericly'menum vulgare, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p. 488. — Pericly'menum, John- son’s Gerarde, p. 891. Localities. — In woods, thickets, and hedges ; common. Shrub. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Fig. 1. Germen and Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla, opened vertically, and deprived of its lower lip. — Fig. 3. Style and Stigma. — Fig. 4. A Bunch of Berries. — Fig. 5. A separate Berry. — Fig. 6. A Seed. * So named in honour of Adam Lo.niceb, a German Botanist, who was born in 1528, and died in 1588. t See folio 48, note +. 1 See folio 128, a. ? From peri, round about ; and kulio, to roll ; in allusion to its habit of winding itself round every tree and shrub within its reach, and binding them together. Stem woody, round, smooth, pale brown, branched, twining from left to right, or according to the apparent motion of the sun, and climbing, where it meets with support, to a considerable hight. Branches opposite, cylindrical, often more or less purple. Leaves opposite, all separate, egg-shaped, blunt, attenuated at the base ; mostly sessile, or slightly stalked, entire, more or less hairy, rarely smooth, darkish green above, pale underneath. Flowers in termi- nal, somewhat egg-shaped heads; reddish on the outside, yellowish within, but they vary much in colour, between red, purple, and yellow, and in the shade are often very pale ; they are very fragrant, especially in the evening. Calyx small, distinctly 5-toothed. Corolla gaping, tube about an inch long, a little curved ; border 2-parted, both parts reflexed, the upper one divided into 4 blunt and nearly equal segments, the lower one strap-shaped and entire. Stamens and Pistil very conspicuous. Berries nearly globular, deep red, bitter and nauseous ; often roughish ; accompanied by permanent bracteas. A variety of this (Caprifolium non perfora- tum, foliis sinuosis, Ray's Syn. p. 458.) with sinuated leaves, like those of the Oak, is sometimes met with in a wild state. It was found first near Oxford, by Mr. Jenner, before 1666 ; (see Mcrr. Pin. 92.) and afterwards by Mr. Knowlton, in the way from Hitchim to Wembly. Mr. Woodward found it in Norfolk, in the woods of Lord Wodehouse ; and I have observed it in Bagley Wood, Berks ; in Headington-Wick Copse, near Oxford ; and in a hedge about a mile from Rugby, in Warwickshire, on the left hand side of the road to Lawford. The early writers attribute virtues to the Woodbine which are now quite given up ; but the beauty and exquisite fragrance of the flowers make it a favourite plant in gardens and shrubberies. 1 never remember to have seen it in greater profusion than in the neigh- bourhood of Rugby ; almost every hedge in the vicinity of that pleasant town is, in the months of June and July, “ o’ercanopied” with wreaths of its odoriferous flowers, whose perfume being of the most agreeable kind, renders a walk into the fields, at that season of the year, truly delightful. Happy, says Dr. WrTHERiNG, the disposition which can derive mental improvement from the con- templation of each varied production of nature ; enviable the feeling which can delight to connect with objects so pleasing as flowers the characters of those we love. The present subject suggests to the amiable author of the “ Wonders of the Vegetable Kingdom,” an elegant emblematical compliment to her friend. “ Behold your- self,— in the fragrant Woodbine. Its scent may be compared to a fountain of affection, always flowing, always full. It is not the flower of a day, nor does the passing of a cloud occasion any differ- ence ; but its sweets continue, and even emit a richer perfume, when the heavy shower is descending.” A small fungus, JEcidium Pericly'meni, Deo., is parasitic on the leaves of this plant in the vicinity of Oxford, in the Summer. Some interesting information relating to the common Woodbine may he seen in Mr. Loudon’s Magazine of Nat. History, v. vi. pp. 330 & 331. ; arid also in his excellent work, the Arboretum et Frutieetum Britannicum, pp. 1013 to 1045. ' ' (288.) P O' A*. Linnean Class and Order. TiUA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'ne.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 86. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 294. — Gramina, Linn. — Graminales; sect. Festucin^e ; type, AvenacEjE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359 & 369. Gen. Char. Panicle loose. Spikelets (fig. 1.) egg-shaped, im- bricated. Calyx (fig. 2.) of 2 equal, awnless, pointed, egg-shaped, folded, keeled glumes, containing several awnless, alternate, 2- ranked, perfect florets (see fig. 3.), which are often connected at their base by a condensed web, of long, white, cottony filaments. Corolla (see fig. 3.) of 2 unequal paleae ; the outer egg-shaped, pointed, strongly keeled, compressed, sometimes ribbed, entire, more or less membranous at the summit, as well as at the edges, which are flat, not reflexed ; inner narrower, with 2 nearly marginal ribs, the edges membranous, indexed, the summit cloven. Nectary a deeply cloven scale. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 3, hair-like, longer than the corolla. Anthers pendulous, oblong, cloven at each end. Germen (see fig. 4.) egg-shaped. Styles (see fig. 4.) very short. Stigmas (see fig. 4.) spreading, feathery, in several species re- peatedly branched. Seed (fig. 5.) elliptic-oblong, pointed, some- what angular, loose, covered with the unchanged corolla, and some- times woolly at the base with the permanent web above described. The loose panicle ; the egg-shaped, compressed, many-flowered spikelets ; the calyx of 2 glumes, shorter than the florets ; the corolla of 2, egg-shaped, awnless paleae ; and the loose, elliptic-oblong seed ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Nine species British. (Smith’s Engl. FI.) PO'A A'NNUA. Annual Meadow-grass. Suflfolk-grass. Spec. Char. Panicle somewhat unilateral, widely spreading. Spikelets oblong-egg-shaped, of about 5 florets, which are a little remote, 5-ribbed, without a web. Culm ascending, compressed. Root fibrous. Engl. Bot. t. 1141. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 6. — Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t. 52. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 98. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. ii. p. 46. t. 64. — Grav. Brit. Grass, t. 67. — Sincl. Ilort. Gram. Wob. p. 400, with a plate. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 99. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 42.— Leers’ (2nd ed.) p.29. t. 6. f. 1. — Stillingfleet’s Miscell. Tr. p. 383. t. 7. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 390. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i_ p. 105.; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 127. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 168. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 104. — Lindl. Syn. p. 317. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 43. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 97. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 42.— Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 18. — Davies’ Wesh Bot. p. 10.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 79.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 37.— Hook. FI. Fig. 1. A Floret. — Fig. 2. Calyx. — Fig. 3. Three Florets. — Fig. 4. Germen and Pistils. — Fig. 5. A Seed. — All more or less magnified. From Poa, Gr. meaning an herb fit for the use of cattle. Dr. Withering. t See fob 56, note t. Scot. p. 35.— Grev. FI. Edin. p.23. — FI. Deuon. pp. 17 & 124. — Johnston’s Fi. of Berwick, v. i. p. 24. — Winch’s FI. of Northunib. and Durli. p. 6. — Baxter’s Lib. of Agrieul. and Horticul. Know). (2nd ed.) p.306. — Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist, v. i. p. 382. f. 174. t. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 24.— Bab. FI. Bath. p. 59.— Mack. Cat. of PI. oflrel. p. 14. ; FI. Hibern. p.305. — G rumen pratense minus, seu vulgatissimum, Ray’s Syn. p. 408. — Gramen minimum album, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 3. Localities. — In meadows and pastures ; and in waste and cultivated ground, arid by road-sides, every where, except in alpine situations. Annual. — Flowers from April to November. Root very fibrous. Culms ( stems J numerous, somewhat pro- cumbent, or, when growing among other plants, nearly upright ; from 3 to 12 inches long, very smooth, slightly compressed, leafy, jointed, branched at the base, spreading in every direction, and taking root at many of their lower joints. Leaves of a fine light- green, spreading, strap-shaped, bluntish, flaccid, rough at the edges only, flat, except a few transverse wrinkles here and there, cha- racteristic of the species, though not absolutely peculiar to it. Sheaths long, compressed, smooth, striated, paleish. Stipula (ligula) of the upper leaves oblong and acute; of the lower ones shorter, blunter, and jagged. Panicle somewhat triangular, flattish, upright, smooth. Spikelets egg-shaped, of 5 or 6 florets, smooth and polished. Glumes fvalves of the cahjxJ unequal, egg-spear- shaped, rough at the back, nerved. Outer palea (valve of the corolla) egg-spear-shaped, pointed, white and membranous at the margin, keel and base hairy ; inner notched, rough-edged. There is no web or hairiness at the base of the florets. Anthers short. Styles distant, very short. Stigmas branched. There is no grass, says Mr. Curtis, better entitled to Ray’s epithet of vulgatissimum than this, for it is common to every quar- ter of the globe, and occurs almost every where in meadows, gardens, by the sides of paths, and on walls ; flowering all the Summer, and even in the Winter, if the weather be mild. When it grows in very dry situations it frequently does not exceed three inches, but in rich meadows it often grows more than a foot high. The panicle is usually green, but in open fields it frequently ac- quires a reddish tinge. In walks, pavements, and pitching, it is one of our most troublesome weeds ; the most effectual remedy to destroy it in such situations, Mr. Sinclair says, is by an application of common salt, just after the pitchings or walks have been cleaned ; it should be strown over the surface sufficiently thick to make each particle of the salt touch another. This dressing will be found to prevent the vegetation of the seeds or roots of the grass. It will also be found to destroy worms or slugs. The foliage of this grass is tender, sweet, and grateful to cattle, but as it is an annual, does not attain any great size, and is liable to be killed by severe frost ; it is not likely to be of any material service to the farmer, though it has been much extolled by some writers. Its duration being annual renders it unfit for grass-plats, for which it has been much recommended ; it differs, however, from most other annuals, in continually throwing out new shoots, so that it may generally be found with young shoots and ripe seed at the same time ; and its seeds, which are abun- dantly produced, vegetate quickly, so that ere the parent plant decays, an abundant progeny are ready to occupy its place. l.&fsjl Del. A w/mt ) an/tt^ucrium . ''^urA/// • '//sr*iFcJ>c?antc Gan2c*t.C.r/erlJ&>18. CMfi+ki (291.) TA'MUS* * Linnean Class and Order. DiCE'ciAf, Hexa'ndria. Natural Order. Dioscorea;, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. (2nd edit.) p. 271. — Hook. Br. FI. (4th ed.) p. 426. — Smilacea:, Lindl. Syn. p. 270. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 277. — Asparagines, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 402. — Asparagi, sect. 3. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 40 & 43. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 71 & 72. — Ta'mes, Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 538. — Musales ; sect. Taccins ; type, Dioscorace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 437, 439, & 440. — Sarmkntaces, Linn. Gen. Char. Sterile Flowers (fig. 1). Calyx none. Corolla [ see fig. 1.) regular, in 6 deep, egg-spear-shaped segments; their upper part spreading horizontally. Filaments (fig. 3.) 6, awl-shaped, simple, equal, shorter than the corolla. Anthers roundish, upright. — Fertile Flowers (fig. 2). Calyx none. Corolla (see fig. 2.) supe- rior, in 6 deep segments, contracted at the neck, deciduous. Nectary a small oblong pore, at the inside of the base of each segment. Germen (see figs. 2 & 4.) inferior, egg-oblong, large, smooth. Style (see fig. 4.) short, cylindrical, the length of the corolla. Stigmas 3, spreading, acute. Berry (fig. 5.) juicy, oval, of 3 cells. Seeds (see figs. 6 & 7.) 2 in each cell, with a blackish brittle skin. The single perianth, in 6 deep segments, the staminiferous ones spreading ; the pistiliferous ones superior and contracted at the neck ; the single style, with 3 stigmas; and the 3-celled berry ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. TA'MUS COMMU'NIS. Common Black Byrony. Wild Vine. Lady’s Seal. Spec. Char. Leaves heart-shaped, undivided, acute. Engl. Bot. t. 91. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. x. t. 443. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1458. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nded. ) p. 433. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. ii. p. 772. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 1078. ; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 241. — With. (7th ed. ) v. ii. p. 437. — Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 190. — Lindl. Syn. p. 271. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 436. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 117. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 214. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 94. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 477. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 408. — FI. Devon, pp. 160 & 129. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 64. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 296. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 50. — Tamnus racemosa, flore minore luteo-pallescente, Ray’s Syn. p. 262. — Bryonia nigra, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 871. Localities. — In hedges, thickets, woods, &c. Common in most parts of Eng- land ; not in the Floras of Scotland or of Ireland. Perennial. — Flowers in June. Fig. 1. A Sterile Flower. — Fig. 2. A Fertile Flower. — Fig. 3. Stamens of a Sterile Flower. — Fig. 4. The Germen, Style, and Stigmas of a Fertile Flower. — Fig. 5. A Berry. — Fig. 6. A transverse section of a Berry. — Fig. 7. A Seed. — Figs. 1, 2, 3, & 4, slightly magnified. * Supposed to be the Uva Timinia of Pliny, or Black Byrony. Sir W. J, IIookeb. t See folio 143, note t. Root large and fleshy, blackish on the outside, white within. Stems smooth, twining about every thing in their way, and thus ascending without the aid of tendrils, to the height of 10 or 12 feet in hedges or among bushes, which they adorn with their graceful festoons of tawny, shining leaves, and bright red berries in the Au- tumn. Leaves alternate, on long petioles, smooth, bright green, shining, entire, the nerves raised beneath, varying from kidney to heart-shaped, heart-spear-shaped, triangular spear-shaped, and even halbert-shaped. Stipulas in pairs, awl-shaped. Flowers greenish, in imperfectly whorled, axillary, stalked racemes, with minute bracteas under their partial stalks ; the sterile and fertile flowers on separate plants. The sterile flowers soon fall off ; but the fertile ones are succeeded by oval smooth berries. The whole plant is smooth, and though considered poisonous, the young shoots are eaten in the spring, dressed like asparagus. The Moors are said to eat them boiled, with oil and salt. “ The roots are large, and replete with fecula, which is, however, mixed with a bitter acrid matter, that renders them unpleasant to the taste, and probably unwholesome. Heat and repeated washing will, however, destroy all the bitterness and acridity, and the fecula which remains forms a nutritious food. Attached to the roots are blackish tumours, which should be removed from those intended to be eaten ; for they are so exceedingly acrid, that, when beaten into a pultaceous mass with the rest of the root, they have been used as stimulating plasters.” Burnet's Outlines of Botany , p. 440. Mr. Winch observes, in his “ Essay on the Geographical Dis- tribution of Plants,” that Tamus Communis terminates its long range on the north bank of the river Wear, above Sunderland, from as far south as Algiers. The Natural Order Dioscoree:, of which Tamus is the only British example, consists of monocotyledonous, twining plants or shrubs, the veins of whose leaves are reticulated, or palmatinerved. Their flowers are dioecious, small, and greenish. Their perianthium is superior and 6-parted ; and their stamens, 6 in number, are in- serted into the base of the perianthium. The ovary is 3-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds in each cell ; the style is deeply 3-parted ; and the stigmas undivided. The fruit is either succulent or dry ; and the embryo, which is near the hilum, is small, and included in a large cavity of cartilaginous albumen. The most important exotic Genera in this order are the Diosc6rea, or Yam; and Testudinaria, or Hottentot's Bread. The roots of these plants yield valuable articles of food in tropical countries. (292.) AVE'NA * * Linnean Class and Order. TRiA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'neao, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 86. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71 . — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by MacgiUiv. p. 393. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p 294. — Gramina, Linn. — Graminales ; sect. Festucina: ; type, Avenacea: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359 & 369. Gen. Char. Panicle loose. Spikelets (fig. 2.) of 2 or more al- ternate florets. Calyx (see figs. 1 & 2.) of 2 unequal, egg-spear- shaped, concave, lax, membranous-pointed, awnless glumes. Co- rolla (see figs. 2 & 3.) of 2 unequal, spear-shaped palea: ( valves J, the outer firmer than the calyx, and about the same size, egg- shaped, involute, so as to be nearly cylindrical, pointed at the end, concave ; deeply cloven at the summit, bearing from the middle of the back a stout awn ; spirally twisting in its lower part; simple and tapering above; spreading when dry ; inner palea egg-shaped, smaller, awnless. Nectary (see fig. 4.) of 2 spear-shaped scales. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 3, shorter than the corolla. Anthers rather short. Germen (see fig. 4.) blunt. Styles (see fig. 4.) somewhat la- teral, short, distinct. Stigmas (see fig. 4.) densely feathery. Seed. (fig. 5.) elliptic-oblong, with a narrow channel along its upper side, sometimes downy, closely enveloped in the hardened outer palea of the corolla, retaining its awn. The upper florets are often im- perfect. The loose panicle ; the calyx of 2 glumes, containing 2 or more Jlorets; and the corolla of 2 spear-shaped paiese, firmly inclosing the seed, the outer one bearing a twisted dorsal awn ; will distin- guish this from other genera in the same class and order. See Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) t. 2. f. 30. Seven species British. AVE'NA PUBESCENS. Downy Oat-grass}. Spec. Char. Panicle upright, nearly simple. Spikelets upright, of about 3 florets, a little longer than the calyx ; outer palea of the corolla jagged. Leaves flat, downy, their edges smooth. F.ngl. Bot. t. 1640 — Knapp's Gram. Brit. t. 90. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. ii. p. 37. t. 60. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. xiii. t. 625. — Leers’ FI. Herliorn. (2nd edit.) p. 42. t. 9. f. 2.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1665—lluds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 52. - Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pi. i. p.448 — Sin. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 140.; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 164. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 194.--Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 131.— Hook. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Spikelet — Fig. 3. A perfect, and an imperfect Floret.— Fig. 4. Nectary, Germen, and Pistils.— Fig. 5. A Seed. * Name of doubtful origin; the ancients applied it to the Drome-grass. Hooker. f See folio 56, note f. t Oat, Theis tells us, comes from the Celtic word atari, the oat ; and that again from etan, to eat. Hooker. Brit. FI. p. 51. — Sincl. Hort. Gram. Wob. p.285, with a plate. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 105 — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 49. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 24. — Part. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 85. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 12 — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 46.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 43. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 30.— Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p.28. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 8. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 80. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 57. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 15. ; FI. Hibern. p. 312. — Avena sesquitertia , Linn Mant. v. i. p. 34. excl. the reference to Scheuchzer. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 448. — Trisetum pnbescens, Pers.— Lindl. Syn. p. 308. — Gramen avenaceuml. seu glabrum fpotius hirsutum) panicula purpuro-argentea splendente, Ray’s Syn. p. 4C6 t. 21. f. 2. — Gramen avenaceum paniculd purpuro-argentea splendente, Scheuchz. Agr. 226. t. 4. f. 20. Localities. — In pastures on a chalky or limestone soil. — Not uncommon in most counties in ENGLAND; more rare in SCOTLAND and IRELAND. Perennial. — Flowers in June. Root strong, somewhat creeping, fibres slightly downy. Culms (stems) from 18 inches to 2 feet high, simple, straight, except at the lowest joint, smooth, leafy. Leaves spreading, flat, bluntish, clothed all over with soft spreading hairs. Stipulas (ligulae) acute, triangular, the upper one elongated. Sheaths (vaginae) cylindrical, striated, the upper one nearly smooth, the lower ones clothed, like the leaves, with soft spreading hairs. Panicle upright ; all its branches in general simple, 3 or 4 together, rough, upright. Spike- lets upright, spreading when in flower. Florets purplish and silvery white, mostly 2, with an imperfect one, all on a long, bent, bearded partial stalk. Glumes of the calyx very unequal. Corolla with a purple stain, the paleae all shining and pellucid at the summit ; the outer one oblong, and jagged at the apex ; with a long, rough, brown, twisted awn, twice as long as the calyx, inserted at the back, about the middle. Styles very short. The leaves are very bitter, which makes it disagreeable to cattle. Mr. Sinclair states, that the downy hairs on the leaves almost disappear when the plant is cultivated on richer soils, and is in- clined to consider it of some value among the secondary grasses. It is readily distinguished from other species of Avena by the beautiful purplish and silvery white florets. Sir W. J. Hooker remarks, (Brit. Flora, p. 51.) that nothing, as it appears to him, can be more unnatural than to place this plant in a different genus from Avlna Alp'ina and planiculmis. In habit it partakes of the character of the larger-flowered species of the Genus, A. fatua and strigosa, and of the smaller-flowered one, A. f avescens. Dr. Lindley confines the Genus Trisetum to T. pu- bescens and T. fiavescens. Mr. Dumortier adds to it Avena pra- tensis, and Aira preecox, of the British Flora. ■ 333 l.Ihfnll Dll. 1 AAuz *s w/lo/uett . v/uea, . men _/f < 7nc-6lce . $ 7Vblis\cd b> W.B&aVer HoUmc Gtrder. , Ortc- d 153 & M XT /^wyV' ; §f \ hit Jrr* "ft 1MPI * (293.) TI'LIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Tilia'cea:, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 289. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 155. — Lindl. Syn. p. 54. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 40. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 481. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 503. ; Arboret. Brit. p. 364. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p.540. — Mack. FI. Hibern.p. 52. — Hook. Br. Fl.(4thed.) p. 401. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceadosas ; sect. Malvina: ; type, Tiliacea ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 814. & 823. — Columnifera:, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (see figs. 1 & 2.) inferior, in 5 deep, valvular, concave, coloured, rather coriaceous, equal segments, about the size of the corolla, deciduous. Corolla (see fig. 1.) of 5, inversely egg-shaped, blunt petals, alternate with the segments of the calyx, with or without a scale or nectary on the inside at the base. Fila- ments (see fig. 3.) numerous, 30 or more, thread-shaped, the length of the petals. Anthers of 2 roundish lobes, bursting outwards. Germen (figs. 4 & 5.) superior, roundish. Style (see figs. 4 & 5.) columnar, upright, scarcely so long as the stamens, deciduous. Stigma with 5 blunt angles. Capsule (fig. 6.) roundish, more or less angular, bursting tardily at the base, of 5 cells, seldom all perfect ; partitions opposite to the angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell of the germen, but many prove abortive, and the ripe capsule has often but one cell, with a solitary seed, which is globular and smooth. Embryo (see figs. 10 & 11.) large, heart-shaped andlobed. The 5-parted, deciduous calyx; the corolla of 5 petals, with or without a scale on the inside ; and the coriaceous capsule of from 1 to 5 cells, with 1 or 2 seeds in each cell ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Three species British. TI'LIA EUROPjE'A. European Lime-tree. Common Lime- tree. Linden-tree. Bast. Spec. Char. Leaves twice the length of the footstalks, quite smooth, except a woolly tuft at the origin of each vein beneath. Cymes many-flow’ered. Fruit coriaceous, downy. Engl. Bot. t. 610. — Hook. Ft. Lond. t. 190. — Loud. Arbor, et Frut. Brit. p. 364. t. 15. and t. 15, a.— Linn. Spec. PI. p. 733, a.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 231, Willd. Sp. PI. V. ii. pt. II. p. 1161.— Sm. Ft. Brit. v. ii. p. 571, a. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 17.— With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 654. var. 1.— Hook. Brit.Fl. p.259.— Hunt. Evel. Silva, p. 201, in part.— Light. FI. Scot. p. 280.— Sibth. FI. Ox. p. 166.— Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 116.— Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 53.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 253.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 215. — Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 170. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 121. — FI. Devon, pp. 91 & 179. — Phillips’ Sylva Florif. v. ii. p. 53. — Sylvan Sketches, p. 216. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 36. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 100. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 552.- — Bab. Fl. Bath. p. 9.- — - Dick. Fl. Abredonensis, p. 41.— Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 52. ; Fl. Hibern. p. Fig. 1. Calyx and Corolla.— Fig. 2. Calyx.— Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil.— Figs. 4 & 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Capsule. — Fig. 7. Transverse section of the seme. Fig. 8. Seed. — Fig 9. Transverse section of ditto. — Fig. 10. Verti- cal section, showing the large leaf-like Cotyledons.— Fig. 11. Embryo, magnified. * Supposed to be derived from ptilon, Gr. a feather ; alluding to the appear- ance of the flowers and floral-leaves. + See folio 43, note +. 53. — Tilia intermedia, Dec. Prod. v. i. p. 513. — Lindl. Syn. p. 54. — Macreiglit’s Man. of Brit. Bot. p. 37. — T. platyphylla, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 637. — T. fcemina, John. Uevarde, p. 1438. — T. vulgaris platypkyllos, Ray’s Syn. p. 473, hut not of J. Bauhin. Localities. — In woods and hedges. Tree. — Flowers in July. A tall, upright tree, with smooth, round, brown, leafy, spreading branches, green while young. Leaves 3 or 4 inches broad, and rather more in length, undivided ; unequal and somewhat heart- shaped, as well as entire, at the base ; the margin acutely and rather unequally serrated ; the point elongated, acute ; bright green on the upper surface, paler on the under ; quite smooth, except a tuft of brown woolly hairs at the origin of the veins beneath. Stipulas oval, smooth, in pairs at the base of each footstalk, soon falling off. Footstalks (petioles J cylindrical, slender, smooth, not half so long as the leaves. Flowers small, very fragrant, in drooping pedunculate cymes or imperfect umbels, which arise from the centre of a long, spear-shaped, leaf-like bractea, of a pale yellowish-green colour, which falls off with the fruit. Calyx greenish. Petals inversely egg-shaped, pale lemon-coloured, destitute, like all our European species, of the scales attached to the petals of American ones. Stamens spreading, shorter than the corolla. Jlnthers yellow. Germen densely hairy. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule downy, leathery, not woody, uncertain in the number of perfect cells and seeds. This tree is cultivated all over England, as well as in some parts of Scotland. The wood is soft, light, and smooth ; close grained, and not subject to the worm ; it is used for some domestic purposes, and by the turner, and musical instrument maker ; but its chief use is for carving. It served Gibbons for his inimitable carvings of flowers, dead game, &c, so often seen in old English houses, the Duke of Devonshire’s at Chatsworth, choir of St. Paul’s, &c. ; and it is supposed by some, that the blocks employed by Holbein for wood-engravings were of this tree. The wood makes excellent charcoal for gunpowder ; and the inner bark of this, and perhaps some other species, makes the Russian garden-mats called Bast. Bees collect much honey from the flowers. The sap, inspissated, affords a quantity of sugar. Erineum tiliaceum. Pers. is not uncommon on the under side of the leaves in the Summer and Autumn. — An an- cient Lime of great magnitude, which grew where the ancestors of Linn.eus had long resided, is said to have given them their family name, Linn being Swedish for a. Lime-tree. (Smith, Withering, &c.). For much valuable and interesting information relating to the history, properties, uses, &c. of this tree, I beg to refer to Mr. Loudon’s Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, which is now finished, and is, without exception, the very best, and most complete work on the subject of Arboriculture, that has ever before been published, either in this or any other country. The Natural Order, Tilia'cea:, is composed of dicotyledonous trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, stipulated, often toothed, leaves, and axillary flowers. The calyx consists of 4 or 5 sepals, with a valvate aestivation; and the corolla of 4 or 5 entire petals, each with a little pit at its base. The stamens are generally inde- finite ; their anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. The disk is formed of glands equal in number to the petals, at the foot of which they are placed, adhering to the stalk of the ovary. The ovary is from 1- to 10-celled ; with a single style. The fruit is a capsule of several cells, with one or many seeds in each. The albumen is fleshy ; the embryo straight ; and the cotyledons flat, and foliaceous. Tilia is the only British genus belonging to this order. •2A4 (294.) GALIUM* * Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Stella'taj +, Linn. — Lindl. Syn. p. 128.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 202. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 129. — Rubia'ce.®, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 196. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 126. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 459. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 519. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 453. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th edit.) p. 409. — Macr. Man. Br. Bot. p. 111. — Syringales ; suborder, Asteros/E ; sect. Rubiacinas ; type, Rubia'ceaj ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 901, 902, & 914. Gex. Char. Calyx superior, very minute, with 4 teeth. Corolla (figs. 1 & 2.) of 1 petal, wheel-shaped, in 4 deep, acute, often long-pointed, segments, without a tube. Filaments (fig. 2.) 4, from the base of the corolla, awl-shaped, shorter than the limb. Anthers of 2 round cells. Germen (fig. 3.) inferior, of 2 combined globes. Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, the length of the stamens, cloven at least half way down. Stigmas capitate. Seeds (figs. 4 & 5.) naked, combined, globular, not crowned by the calyx. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the wheel-shaped, 4-cleft corolla ; and the dry, 2-lobed, inde- hiscent fruit. Sixteen species British. GA'LIUM VE'RUM. True Cheese-rennet. Yellow Bed-straw§. Ladies’ Bed-straw. Maid’s Hair. Petty Muguet. Yellow Goose- grass. Spec. Char. Leaves about 8 in a whorl, strap-shaped, grooved above. Flowers yellow, in dense panicles. Fruit smooth. Engl. Bot. t. 660. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. . — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 54. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. vii. t. 317. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 155. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 69. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 590. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 178. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 208. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 225. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 481.— Lindl. Syn. p. 130. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 61. — Macreight’s Manual of British Botany, pp. 112 & 113. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 115. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 59. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 34.— Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 15. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 96. — Relh. F). Cant. (3rd ed.) p.60. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.50. — Grev. FI. Edin; p. 35. — FI. Devon, pp. 26 & 163. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 36. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 11. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 39. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.654. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 23. — Dickie’s FI. Abred. p.26. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 18.; FI. Hibern. p. 130 .—Gallium luteum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1126. — Ray’s Syn. p. 224. Localities. — In hilly, bushy places, way-sides, and margins of fields and woods, in dry ground ; frequent. Figs. 1 & 2. Corolla, Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Figs. 4 & 5. Fruit. * From gala, Gr. milk ; the plant having been used to curdle milk. Hooker. -(• See folio 46, note -f\ J See folio 135, a. ? The common name Bed-straw given to all the species is from the verb strew, anciently written straw. Before the invention of feather-beds, a variety of herbs were used to strew beds with ; among these doubtless this was one. Martyn. Perennial — Flowers in July and August. Root creeping, slender, somewhat woody, of a yellowish colour. Stem from I to 2 feet high, somewhat woody, round, or slightly 4-cornered, with numerous, opposite, square, leafy, often downy, branches. Leaves verticillate, 8 or 10 in a whorl, often decreasing in number towards the extremities of the branches, sessile, strap- shaped, bluntish, with a slight point ; narrowed at the base, rolled back at the edges, variously deflexed, dark glossy green above, paler beneath. Flowers of a golden yellow, very numerous, in dense tufted panicles, smelling of honey, very strongly in the even- ing, or before rain. Segments of the corolla greatly expanded. Stamens short. Anthers yellow, finally brownish. Style cloven more than half way down. Fruit small, round, blackish. A kind of vinegar is said to have been distilled from the flowery tops of this species, and the herb was formerly used to coagulate milk, for Cheshire cheese ; from later experiments it has not suc- ceeded in coagulating milk. It has probably been put into milk destined to make cheese, not so much for the purpose of curdling it, as of giving it a flavour ; or as Matthiolus expresses it, to make it eat the sweeter. The French formerly prescribed the flowers in hysteric and epileptic cases. Boiled in alum-water the flowering stems dye a good yellow-colour. The roots dye a fine red, not inferior to madder, and are said to be used for that purpose in the Island of Jura. — Sheep and goats eat the plant; horses and swine refuse it ; cows are not fond of it. It is subject to a disease, in which the stem and branches are beset with fleshy balls, about the size of a pea, hollow within, and covered with a purplish skin. A small, brown-coloured fungus (Pucc'inia galidrum, of Link, Willd. Sp. PI. v. vi. pt. ii. p. 76. ; and Hook. Brit. FI. v. ii. pt. n. p. 366.) is sometimes found on its leaves. The caterpillars of Deilephila lineata, D. gallii, D. elpenor, and Macroglossa stellatarum, are said to feed on this plant, (see Curt. Brit. Entomol. vol. i. folio 3). “ Summer! delicious Summer ! thou dost fling Thy unbought treasures o’er the glorious earth ! Music is in thy step, and in thine eye A flood of sunshine ! on thy brow is wreathed Garlands that wither not, and in thy breath Are all the perfumes of Arabia ! Thou wilt not frown, tho’ I have pluck’d unseen One little blossom from thy golden hair.” H. G. BELL, CM A r/l c vr$Ikl. % Sc. Pu } * bj Wpi mtt* Ir'ot arTi c Carden QrfanLJSJS (295.) HERMI'NIUM* * Linnean Class and Order. Gyna'ndria f , Mona'ndria. Natural Order. Orchi'de.®, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p; 64. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 81 ; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 3. — Lindl. Syn. p. 256 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 262. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 412. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 536. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 274. — Macr. Man- Br. Bot. p. 224. — Hook. Br. FI. (4th edit.) p. 425. — Palmares ; order, Musales ; sect. Orchidin^e ; type, Orchidace.® ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 391, 437, 458, & 461. Gen. Char. Perianthium J f calyx and corolla ) (see fig. 2.) superior. Sepals 3, (fig. 1. c.c.c.) egg-shaped, concave, equal, spreading, permanent. 'Petals 2, (fig. 1. d.d.) fleshy, egg-shaped, flat, spreading, more or less deeply 3-lobed, acute, nearly as long as the sepals. Lip ( Nectary ) (fig. 1, c. and fig. 3.) without a spur, deeply 3-lobed, spreading like the petals, but rather longer, slightly tumid at the base underneath. Anthers roundish, of 2 cells close together, over the stigma (see fig. 3.), depositing the globular, stalked granulated masses of pollen (fig. 4.), by their stalks, upon two separate naked glands. Germen (see fig. 1, b.) elliptic-oblong, twisted, furrowed. Style short and thick. Stigma a moist cavity in front. Capsule (fig. 5.) egg-oblong, triangular, nearly straight. Seeds very numerous. The herbaceous spreading perianthium ; the short, lobed lip, without a spur ; the terminal anther, with parallel lobes ; and the naked, distinct glands of the stalks of the pollen masses ; will dis- tinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. HERMI'NIUM MONO'RCHIS. One-tubercled Musk-Orchis. Green Musk-Orchis. Yellow Sweet-Orchis. Spec. Char. Root-leaves 2, spear-shaped. Hook. FI. Lond. 1. 138. — Brown in Ait. Hort. Kew. (2nd ed.) vol.v. p. 191. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iv. p.27. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 207. — Lindl. Syn. p. 263. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.374. — Mac. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 227. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of South Kent, p. 51. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p.256. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 49. — Ophrys Monorchis, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1342. — Eng. Bot. t. 71. — Curt. Br. Ent. v. v. t.237. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.390. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. i. p. 61. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 936. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 40. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 364. — Purt. Midi. FI. v.iii. p.66. — Orchis odorata moschata, sive Monorchis, Ray’s Syn. p.378. — Rudb. Camp. Elys. v. ii. p.207. f. 1. — Blackst. Spec. Bot. p. 65. — Monorchis montana minima, flore ohsoleto vix conspicuo, Mich. Gen. p. 30. t. 26. f. E. F. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 218. Localities. — On banks, hillocks, and barren pastures, in a chalky soil, but not common. — Oxfordsh. Found in Stokenchurch Woods, by the late John Oglander, Esq. of Merton College, Oxford ; July 24, 1920. — In Berkshire : Engl. FI. — Bucks; In a chalk-pit by the road-side at Gerard’s Cross, plenti- fully: Blackstone. — Near Great Kimble; July, 1821: Miss Mainstone. — Fig. 1. A separate Flower ; a. the bractea ; b. the Germen ; c. c. C. the Sepals; d. d. the Petals ; e. the Lip. — Fig. 2. A front view of the same. — Fig. 3. Lip, Column, and Anthers. — Fig. 4. Pollen Masses. — Fig. 5. Capsule. — Figs. 2, 3, & 4. magnified. * From ermin, or erminos, Gr. fulcrum tori; in allusion either to the thick, though short, column of the flower, or to the stem or scape of the flowers. Hooker, t Sec folio 8, note t. t Sec folio 33, note }. Cambridysh. Chalk-pit Close; Pits between Hinton, and the road to Gog- magog Hills; Westhoe; in an old gravel-pit near Mr. Keene’s house: Rev. R. Relhan. — Essex; Near Newport: Miss Howard. — Gloucestersh. On Rod- borough Hill, near Stroud, July 12, 1832 ; and on Painswick Hill, near Stroud, just below the Roman Camp; July 16, 1838: Rev. G. W. Sandys. In Prink- nash Rough Park, near Painswick ; and Linover Scar, near Cheltenham ; 1837 : E. F. Witts, Esq. — Hants ; On Bordean Hill : Dr. Pulteney. In Marsedell chalk-pit, near Basingstoke; July, 1838: Rev. E. Hill, Ch. Ch. Oxford. — Kent ; On the chalky banks of Ospringe Parsonage Meadows, near Faversham: E. Jacob, Esq. 1777. Upon chalk-downs at Stowting ; and on turf, between Lyminge and Elham : Rev. G. E. Smith. NearCuxton: Rev. W. W. Peete. Plentiful in Kent: Mr. W.Pamplin, jun. — Middlesex ; Near Enfield : Martyn. — Norfolk; Chalk-pit at Marham : Mr. Woodward. Near Snettisham : Mr. Crowe.— Somersetsli. Pastures near Cottage Crescent: Dr. Davis. — Suffolk ; In a chalk-pit near Sicklesmere, and at Little Saxham : Sir T. G. Cullum. Bury: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Surrey ; In the great chalk-pit on Epsom Downs, near Ashted Park : Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. Near Miekleham ; and in Nor- bury Park, near Dorking : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. Box Hill: Mr. J. Macnab, in N. B. G. — Sussex; On the Side Hill of Vinegar Bottom near Lewes : Mr. W ool6a r. Parham; Hanger; foot of Chanctonbury ; near the turnpike on the road from Lewes to Ditcheling : Bot. of Sussex. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root of several thick, somewhat woolly, fibres, and one globular hairy knob. Stem from 4 to 6 inches high, upright, nearly cylin- drical, striated, smooth, sometimes slightly twisted. Leaves 2, rarely 3, alternate, elliptic-spear-shaped, acute, obscurely ribbed, concave, sheathing the stem at, or near, its base ; when a third leaf is present, (as was the case in the plant figured,) it is usually elevated towards the middle of the stem ; and there is mostly a small, membranous, spear-shaped, taper-pointed bractea higher up, similar to those under each flower. Spike from an inch and a half to two inches long. Flowers small, numerous, rather crowded, greenish-yellow, smelling like musk and honey, especially in an evening. (The Rev. Mr. Sandys remarks, that their delicious fragrance is chiefly to be perceived in the heat of the sun.) Calyx of 3 equal, egg-shaped, blunt, concave, green sepals, shorter than the corolla. Petals of a totally different substance from the sepals, thick, yellowish, spreading between the sepals ; egg-shaped at the base, with a more or less prominent angle, or lobe, at each side, and suddenly tapering into an elongated point. Lip of the same substance and colour as the petals, but usually more deeply lobed at each side, spreading equally with them, and about the same length, pale and somewhat tumid at its base. Germen oval, sessile, tapering above into a sort of fruit-stalk, whence the flower hangs obliquely drooping. Column short, and thick. Anthers in front, roundish, pale brown. Pollen masses brown, on a short footstalk, with a large white gland. Most tuberous-rooted Orchises present the two tubers (of the present and suc- ceeding year) of nearly equal dimensions ; but here, while the tuber which affords nourishment to the existing stem is sessile, large, and shrivelled, the other is seen forming a little swelling at the extremity of an horizontal fibre. The future years plant will thus arise at some considerable distance from its parent. See Hooker’s FI. Lond. The drawing for the accompanying Plate was made from a plant kindly commu- nicated to me by my much-esteemed friend Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. of Lavender Hill Nursery, Wandsworth, near London, June 28, 1838. I am also indebted to the Rev. E. Hill, M. A. of Ch. Ch. Oxford; and to the Rev. G. W. Sandys, of Stroud, Gloucestershire, for fine plants of this interesting little Orcli:?. 7127, zxtcrBetentc Gordin QyfaUSS?. cMaivvikU'jrc. (296.) CENTU'NCULUS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria f, Monogy'niA. Natural Order. Primula'ce^e, Vent. — Lindl. Syn. p. 182; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 225. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 431. — ■ Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 529. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 192. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 415. — Lysimachia?, sect. 1. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 95. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 95. — Syringales ; subord. Primulosae ; sect. Primulinas ; type, Primulacea: ; subty. Primulidas ; Burn. Out. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958, 1020, 1024, & 1025. — Rotace^e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, in 4 deep, spear-shaped, acute, spreading segments, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) shorter than the calyx, of 1 sepal, tubular, withering ; tube almost globular ; limb in 4 egg-shaped, flat segments. Filaments (see figs. 3 & 4.) 4, short, equal, smooth, in the mouth of the tube. JIntliers roundish, of 2 cells. Germen (fig. 5.) globose, in the tube of the corolla. Style cylindrical, upright, as long as the stamens, permanent. Stigma simple. Capsule (see figs. 6 & 7.) globose, of 1 cell, opening by a transverse incision. Seeds (fig. 8.) numer- ous, minute, angular, covering the large, central, globose, pitted receptacle f placenta J. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the inferior, tubular, 4-parted corolla ; the short stamens ; and the 1-celled, many-seeded capsule, bursting all round transversely. One species British. CENTU'NCULUS MI'NIMUS. Small Chaff-weed. Bastard Pimpernel. Spec. Char. Flowers sessile. Corolla without glands at the base. Engl. Bot. t. 531. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 185. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 169. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. 63. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. p. I. p. 653. — Sin. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 185 ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 217. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 234. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 298. — Lindl. Syn. p. 183. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 68. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 119. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 30. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 17. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 64. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 54. — Fl. Devon, pp. 29 & 142. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 9.— Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 41. — Maereight’s Manual of British Botany, p. 189. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 19; Fl. Hibern. p. 192. — Centun- culus, Dill, in Ray’s Syn. opposite p. 1. — Blackst. Spec. Bot. p. 13. — Anagalli- dastrum exiguum, foliis lanceolatis alternis, flore albo fugaci et vix conspicuo, Mich. Gen. p. 14. t. 18. f. 2. Localities — In moist sandy or gravelly places ; not common. — Bedfordsh. Boggy ground on Ampthill Moor; Rev. C. Abbot. — Bucks; On Gerard’s Cross Common, near Bulstrode, in great plenty, with Radiola millegrana : Mr. Gotoeed. — Cambridgesh. Gamlingay Bogs: Rev. R. Relhan. — Cumber- land ; Ravenglass: N. B.G. — Devon; Bovey Heathfield ; and Petitor Mary- church : Rev. A. Neck. — Dorset; Poole, and Wareham Heaths, particularly where the soil has been laid bare by cutting turf ; near the road-side about mid- way between Wimbourne and Poole : Dr. Pvlteney. — Essex ; Bogs on Epping Forest near Highbeech ; Mr. E. Foster, jun. — Kent; About Chiselhurst: Dii.lenius. On Ashford Common, with Littorella lacustris : Curtis. Upon Fig. 1. Calyx. — Figs. 2 & 3. Corolla. — Fig. 4. A Stamen. — Fig. 5. Germen. — Fig. 6 & 7. Capsule. — Fig. 8. A Seed. — All, except figs. 5 & 6, more or less magnified. — * A name, it appears, anciently given to the Pimpernel, a genus allied to this ; and derived, according to Theis, from cento, a covering, because it was a little weed that covered the cultivated fields. Sir W. J. Hooker. + See folio 114, note t. Brabourne, Hothfield, and Willesboro' Leas: Rev. G. E. Smith. Sides of the road from Wells to Frant: FI. Ton. — Lancash. Salt Marshes and Meadows near the sea-side, at Newton Cartmel, common: Mr. Hall. — Middlesex; On the low marshy ground near the Paper Mills on Hounslow Heath: Sir W. Watson. Near Hampton Court: Hudson. On Iver Heath, in abundance: Rev. Dr. Goodenougii. — Norfolk; Plentiful on South Wootton Heath by Lynn: Mr. E. Foster, jun. Filby Heath, very near the water: Dawson Turner, Esq.— Staffordsh. Blithfield : Hon. Mr. Bagot. — Suffolk; On East Heath, near Lowestoft: Mr. Lilly Wicc.— Surrey ; Shirley Common, and Barnes Common : FI. Metr. Coulsdon : E. Woods, in N. B. G.— Sussex; In St. Leonard’s Forest; on Chailey, Washington, Horsham, Henfield, and other Commons: W. Borrer, Esq. On Harefield Common : C. C. Babinoton, in JV. B. G. — Ashdown Forest: W. H. Coleman, in N. B. G. — In Worcester- shire : Mr. E. Lees, in N. B. G. — Yorksh. Houghton Moor, the side next to Newbold: Teesdale. — WALES. Anglesea ; Side of Llyn Coron ; and in a Splash near Bangor Ferry, S. W. side of the road: Rev. H. Davies. — Den- bighsh. In a piece of moist ground about a mile from Llanwrst, and within three or four yards of the turnpike road leading from thence to Conway : Mr. Griffith. — SCOTLAND. Ayrshire; Prestwick Moor, near Ayr: G. Macnab, in N. B. G. — Elginsh. West from Stotfield; sides of Loch Spynie: N- FI. Kin- loss : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Forfarsh. Moor behind the Hill of Guthrie : N.B.G. — Lanarksh. Marsh near Langside: Dr. Brown. — Kenmuir Bog, Glasgow: Hopkirk. — In the Isle of Man .- G. Howitt, iu N. B. G .—Nairnsh. Sea-coast near Lochlee: W. Stables, in N. B. G. — IRELAND. Marshes at Glangariff, and Ballylickey near Bantry : Mr. T. Mackay. On the Ross Islands, County of Donegal: Mr. E. Murphy. Coast near Coleraine : Mr. D. Moore. Annual. — Flowers in June and July. Root simple and fibrous. Stem simple or branched, from 1 to 2 inches high, round, smooth, striated, shining, often reddish. Leaves alternate, or nearly opposite, sessile, 2 or 3 lines long, egg-shaped, pointed, entire, somewhat succulent, smooth, both surfaces covered with minute, shining pustules. Flowers very small, solitary, sessile, in the axils of the leaves. Segments of the Calyx spear-shaped, pointed, longer than the capsule. Corolla white or reddish, shorter than the calyx. An interesting little plant, “ remarkable for the minuteness of all its parts, but more especially of its blossoms, which are not ex- panded so as to shew the interior structure of the flowers, unless the sun shines strongly on them, then we discern their yellow stamina : Dillenius, who first gave to this plant the name of Centunculus, and made a new genus of it, remarks a circumstance deserving notice, which is, that the corolla, which in most of the rotacece (wheel-shaped flowers) drops after blossoming, here con- tinues, and covers the top of the capsule.” Curtis, in FI. Lond. — The flowers are said to be occasionally 5-cleft, by which they ap- proach Anagallis ; but the tubular corolla, and naked stamens, keep centunculus distinct. Engl. FI. 'I his little plant is probably not so rare as it is generally supposed to be ; its diminutive size rendering it likely to be often overlooked. — The drawing for the accompanying Plate was made from a plant which was kindly communicated to me by W. Borrer, Esq. of Henfield, Sussex. The Natural Order Primulace/e, is composed of herbaceous dicotyledonous plants, with usually opposite, or whorled, or scattered leaves. A divided, 5- cleft, seldom 4-cleft, inferior, regular, permanent calyx. A monopetalous, hypogynous, regular corolla, with a 5-cleft, rarely 4-cleft limb. A 1-celled ovarium ; a single style ; and a capitate stigma. A valvate capsule, with a distinct, central placenta; and numerous peltate seeds; with a transverse embryo, in a fleshy albumen. / J 23 7 (297.) DELPHI'NIUM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Pentagy'nia. Natural Order. Ranuncula'cea^+, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 136. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. ; Introd to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495 ; Mag. Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 137. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 2. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 4. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 395. — Rosales; sect. Ranunculin.e ; subsect. RanunculianjE; type, Ranunculace.e ; subtvpe, Helleuoreas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 616, 828, 832, 837, & 839. — Multistliqu^e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla inferior, of 5 unequal, spread- ing petals, the upper one (see fig. 3.) extended behind into a long, tubular, straight, bluntish spur ; the rest egg-oblong, with claws (see fig. 2.), various in various species. Nectary (fig. 3.) divided, of 1 or 2 sessile leaves, placed in front within the row of petals, on the upper side, extended behind in the form of a tube, contained in the spur of the uppermost petal. Filaments (fig. 1.) numerous, awl-shaped, dilated at the base, much shorter than the corolla, directed upwards. Anthers roundish, small, upright. Germen su- perior, 3 or 1, or 5, egg-shaped, each terminating in a style shorter than the stamens. Stigmas simple, reflexed. Capsules (folicles) (fig. 5.) as many as the germens, egg-oblong, or somewhat cylindri- cal, of 1 valve, bursting at the inner side. Seeds (fig. 6.) numerous, angular, rough, at the edges of the capsule. Distinguished from other genera, without a calyx, in the same class and order, by the corolla of 5 petals, the upper one spurred ; and the divided, tubular nectary, with appendages included within the spur. One species British. DELPHI'NIUM CONSO'LIDA§. Uniting Larkspur. Branched Larkspur. Field Larkspur. Lark’s-heel. Lark’s-claw. Spec. Char. Stem upright, with divaricating branches. Flowers few, in long racemes. Pedicels longer than the bracteas. Capsules solitary. Engl. Bot. t. 1839. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. ii. t. 76. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 748. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (:2nd ed.) p. 235. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. ii. p. 1226. — Sm, FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 577. ; Engl. FI. V. iii. p. 30. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 664. — Lindl. Syn. p. 13. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 261. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 118.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.254; and v. iii. p. 362. — Relli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 217. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 36. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 50. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 152. — Delphinium seyetum, t lore ceeruleo. Dill, in Ray’s Syn. p. 273. — Consolida reyalis, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 711. — Consolida regalis sativa, Johnson’s Gerardo, p. 1082. Fig. 1. Stamens. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. Nectary, with one of the petals attached. — Fig. 4. Front of the Nectary, and Stamens. — Fig. 5. Capsule. — Fig. 6. A Seed. * Fron Delphinos, Gr. a Dolphin ; from a fancied resemblance of the unopened flower to the dolphin of the ancients, as displayed in heraldry. Withering. •f See folio 43, note +. t See folio 129, a. } From consolido, to unite ; it being formerly reputed as a most powerful vulnerary. Localities. — Corn-fields, on a sandy or chalky soil; rare.— Oxfordshire ; I have sometimes seen it in corn-fields between the Parks and Summertown, but it had most probably escaped from gardens, for in the same locality l have fre- quently observed many other garden-flowers growing wild : W. B. — Bedfordsh. St. Leonard’s Farm, near Bedford: Rev. C. Abbot. —Cambridgesh. By the lower road to Gogmagog Hills; Hinton, Trumpington, Feversham, SwafFham, Botlisham, &c. : Rev. R. Reliian. “ About Cambridge, at Quay, the hills are quite blue with it; and yet Ray does not mention it:” Rev. Professor Henslovv. — Dorset; In several fields near Blandford, and elsewhere, but sparingly : Dr. Pulteney. — Durham ; In a limestone quarry near Bishopwear- mouth : Mr. Backhouse. On the Ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear; on Hebburn Ballast-hills: N. J. Winch, Esq. In cornfields at Norton : J. Hocg, Esq. — Essex ; Near Woodford, in a little inclosure between Woodford Hall and the road; not common: R. Warner, Esq/ — Kent; Fields between Blackheath and Eltham: Dr. Dillenius. In King’s Field, near Faversham : E. Jacob, Esq. Near the High Rocks : Ft. Ton. — Leicestersh. Observed for two or three years successively among the corn in the fields at Loughborough : Dr. Pul- teney.— Norfolk ; About Feltwell, near Brandon : Mr. F. Smith. Ditching- ham: Air. Woodward. Barton Bendish, and Oxburgh: Rev. R. Forby. Coin-field, Docking: New Bot. Guide. — Northumberland, On the Ballast- hills of Tyne; and in a clover-field near the Lough on Holy Island : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Nottinghamsh. Nottingham Park; Trent side near Wilford : Dr. Howitt, in N. B.G. — Shropsh. Devenport Woods: W. A. Leighton, in N. B. G. — Suffolk} Near Bury: Rev. Dr. Goodf.nough. Fields about Aid- borough at the Hall Farm: Rev. G. Craebe. — Surrey; In Battersea Fields, but probably escaped from gardens : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. Ditton Common, on rubbish heaps; and sparingly on Hersham Green, in 1836: Mr. Watson, in N.B. G. — Warwicksh. Studley, in the Castle Field: T. Purton, Esq. — Worcestersh In afield byPershore: Merrett. Near Grimley : Mr. Ed- munds.— Yorksh. Corn-field near Ripon, rare: Mr. Bkunton. — WALES. Glamorgansh. Truly wild on the sandy shores of Swansea Bay : Mr. E. Lees, in N. B. G. — SCOTL AN D. Edinburghsh. Shore near Edinburgh : J. Graves, in N. B.G. Annual. — Flowers from June to August. Root simple, slender. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, upright, leafy, finely downy, branched ; branches alternate, widely spreading. Leaves sessile, divided down to the base into 3 or 5 parts, which are deeply cut into slender, strap-shaped segments, often forked at the end. Stipulas none. Racemes terminal, of few flowers. Bracteas at the base, and in the middle, of each pedicel (partial flower-stalk) simple or divided. Flowers blue, varying to purple, pink, and white, or variegated with these colours. Petals irregularly scol- loped at the edge; the lateral ones broadest ; the uppermost spear- shaped, not blunter than the rest, rather shorter than the nectary, but projecting backwards into a conical tube. Nectary of a single leaf, placed within the upper petal. Anthers double, yellow, Germen and Capsule solitary, downy, with a short permanent style. Seeds angular, blackish, very rough. This species is a native in corn-fields throughout Europe, also in Pennsylvan- nia, and Virginia. A double-flowered variety of it is often cultivated in gardens, and is also occasionally met with m a wild state; the Rev. R. Relhan found it in a field by the footpath from Shelford to Gogmagog-hill near Cambridge. The expressed juice of the petals, with the addition of a little alum, makes a good blue ink. The seeds are acrid and poisonous. They are said to enter into the composition of certain French cosmetics, which, although primarily efficient, are found, by continued use, to be very destructive to the skin. A tincture of the seeds, in doses of 20 or 30 drops, is said to be serviceable in asthma; it pro- duces a slight degree of nausea, but in overdoses is injurious. The active proper- ties of the Delphinia seem to depend upon a peculiar alkaloid, which has been called delphine. According to the observations of Linn.eus, sheep and goats eat the plant; horses are not fond of it; cows and swine refuse it. The cater- pillar of Phalana Delphinium lives upon it ; and it is said likewise to constitute the favourite food of the rare and singularly elegant moth, and caterpillar, Cha- riclea Delphinii. Cuit. Brit. Entom. v. ii. t. 76. See Burn. Outl. of Bot., and With. Bot. Arr. ip 8 t/srf-tsi. Fub * by WBaxtap Feb ante Garde*. Oxford 1$J0 0. 2'fmt \*%rj Dti ■ 8? Sc ■ (298.) URTI'CA* * Linnean Class and Order. MoNfE'ciAf, Tetra'ndria. Natural Order. Urti’ce.®, Lindl. Syn. p. 218. ; Introduct. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 93. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 540. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 534. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 232. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 419. — Urtjc.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 400. — Querneales; sect. Urticinak ; type, Urtica ceae ; subtype, Urticid,® ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 523, 541, & 558. — Scabridje, Linn. Gen. Char. Sterile Flowers (figs. 2 & 3.) Calyx (see fig. 1.) of 4 roundish, concave, blunt, equal sepals, containing the cup- shaped rudiment of a pistil (nectary, Linn) . Corolla none. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 4, awl-shaped, spreading, opposite to the sepals, and about as long. Anthers of 2 round lobes. Fertile Flowers (see figs. 5 & 7). Calyx (see fig. 5.) inferior, of 2 equal, roundish, concave sepals. Corolla none. Germen (figs. 5 & 6.) superior, egg-shaped. Style none. Stigma (see figs. 5 & 6.) downy. Seed (figs. 8 & 9.) 1, naked, egg-shaped, rather compressed, polished, enclosed in the permanent calyx (see fig. 7). The sterile flower with a calyx of 4 sepals, containing the cup- shaped rudiment of a pistil ; and the fertile flower with a calyx of 2 sepals, and- a superior, 1 -seeded fruit enclosed in the permanent calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera, without a corolla, in the same class and order. Three species British. URTI'CA DIO'ICA. Dioicous Nettle. Great Nettle. Common Stinging-Nettle. Spec. Char. Leaves opposite, heart-shaped, pointed. Clusters much branched, in pairs, mostly dioecious. Roots creeping. Engl. Bot. t. 1750. — Cuvt. FI. Lond. t. . — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. iii. p. 396. t. 146. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. vi. t. 288.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1396.— Hulls. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 417. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. I. p. 352. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. 1>. 1016. ; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 135. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 237. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 252. — Lindl. Syn. p. 219. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 403. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii. p. 578. — Sihth. FI. Oxon. p. 62. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 208. — Thornt. Fam. Herb, p. 753, with a figure. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 89. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 453. — Itelh. Fl. Cant. (3rdcd.) p. 391.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 271.— Grev. FI. Ed. p. 201. — FI. Devon, pp. 153 and 136. — Johnst. Fl. of Berw. v. i. p. 205. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 61. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 278. — Loud. Encyclop. of Gard. (ed. 1835) p. 882. parag. 4702. — Bab. Fl. Bath. p. 45. — Dick. Fl. Abrcd. p. 56. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 81. ; Fl. Hibern. p. 233. — Urtica racemi- fera major per ennis, Ray’s Syn. p, 139. — Urtica urens, Johns. Ger. p. 706. » Localities. — Waste places, under walls, on hedge-banks, rubbish, and by road- sides ; very common. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Fig. 1. Calyx of Sterile Flower. — Figs. 2 & 3. Sterile Flowers. — Fig. 4. Imper- fect cup-shaped Pistil of ditto. — Fig. 5. A Fertile Flower. — Fig. 6. Germen and Pistil of ditto. — Fig. 7. Seed, accompanied by the permanent calyx. — Figs. 8 & 9. Seed. — Fig. 10. A Sting. — All, except fig. 8, magnified. * From uro, to burn ; in allusion to its stinging property, t Sec folio 83, note +. Root branching and creeping, lough, yellowish, jointed, and sending down, from the joints, many fibrous radicles. Stems many, from two to four feet high, upright, very little branched, bluntly 4-cornered, furrowed, purplish. Leaves large, opposite, on slender petioles, heart-shaped, pointed, strongly serrated, veiny, dull green, clothed, like the stems, with stinging bristly hairs Stipulas egg- shaped, upright. Clusters in pairs, much branched, many-flowered, Flowers on one root, chiefly sterile; on another mostly fertile. Calyx of the latter occasionally with 2, or more, supernumerary leaves. Seeds egg-shaped, compressed, whitish, shining. This plant is a native all over Europe ; in Barbary, Siberia, and Japan. It is observed by Dr. Johnston, in his excellent and very interesting work, the Flora of Berwick-upon- Tweed, that “ the Nettle is always found near the abodes of man. Wherever he has sojourned, it is said to have accompanied him ; and it remains to take possession of his deserted dwellings, so that its presence has be- come associated with the ideas of ruin and desolation. ‘ I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vineyard of the man void of understanding ; and, lo, it was all gro.wn over with thorns, and nettles had covered the face thereof, and the stone wall thereof was broken down.’ ” In Scotland, Poland, and Germany, the young tops of the Nettle are gathered early in the Spring as a pot-herb for soups, or for dishes like spinach ; and their peculiar flavour is by many much esteemed. Of late it has been recommended for forcing, for which it is well adapted. (See Mr. Loudon’s Ency. of Gardening.) The roots boiled with alum will dye yarn of a yellow colour. Eggs are thus stained yellow preparatory to the feast of Easter by the religious of the Greek church. With the juice of the herb woollen stuffs may be dyed a beautiful and permanent green. The plant formerly was used as an astringent, but is now dis- regarded. A leaf put upon the tongue and pressed against the roof of the mouth, is said to be efficacious in stopping a bleeding at the nose ; and we are told, that paralytic limbs have been recovered by stinging them with nettles. The fibrous texture of the stem has been manufactured into cloth ; and it appears from some experiments made in Ireland, that the thread, in colour, strength, and fineness, is equal to that obtained from flax. In Siberia and the northern parts of Europe, cords, cloths, and even paper, are made from this plant. A decoction of Nettles strongly salted, (a quart of salt to 3 pints of the decoction,) it is said, will coagulate milk readily, without giving it any unpleasant flavour. The stings are very curi- ous microscopic objects ; they consist of an exceedingly fine pointed, tapering, hollow bristle, perforated at the extremity, and seated on a glandular mass of cellu- lar tissue, which secrets the poison (see fig. 10). When the hand is gently pressed against them, the delicate point penetrates some pore of the skin, at the same time the bristle is forced against the gland at its base, and the poison rises into the tube in a manner strictly analogous to that by which a discharge of venom is effected from the fangs of a serpent’s tooth, and the caustic fluid being thus introduced into the wound made by the point of the sting, produces the painful sensations familiar to all who have ever handled this plant. The Nettle has ever been stigmatized as the emblem of an irritable and waspish temper, but in truth with little justice, for when does it prove the aggressor, or engage in active warfare against its neighbour 1 To how many little creatures does it afford friendly protection and subsistence ; for Entomologists assure us, that not less than 30 species of insects are nurtured upon the Nettle alone. See Withering' s Bot. Arr. 7th edition. JEcidium Urticce, and a species of Erysiplie, are common on the leaves of the Nettle in the Summer and Autumn ; and in the Winter and Spring, on the dead stems of this plant, will be found Acrospermum compressum, Fusarittm tre- melloides, Rhytisma Urticce, Sphccria acuta, Sp. herbarum, and 2 or 3 species of Peziza. I 299 f Published, by W.Baxter Botanic Garden.. Oxford. 1833. WHUUs Sc A IRufseU.DU. (299.) IIOLOSTEUM* * Linncan Class and Order. Tiua'ndkia f, Trigy'nia. Natural Order. Ca RY oph y'llea; Linn — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Lindl. Syn. p. 43.; lntrod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 156. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 5U7. — Loud. Ilort.Brit. p.501. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card. & Bot. v.i. p.379. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 40. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 400. — Rosales ; subord. Rhoeados.e ; sect. Dianthinje ; type, Dianthaceaj; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 014, 784, 805, Ik 807. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 5, egg-shaped, concave, permanent sepals. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5, oblong, petals, unequally jagged or toothed, deciduous. Filaments (see fig. 4.) 3, occasionally more, hair-like. Anthers roundish. Germcn (see figs. 4 & 5.) roundish. Styles (see figs. 4 & 5.)- 3, slender, short. Stigmas bluntish, downy. Capsules (figs. 6 & 7.) nearly cylindrical, of 1 cell, splitting at the top into 6 recurved teeth, finally separable into as many pellucid valves. Receptacle (fig. 8.) central, oblong. Seeds (figs. 9 & 10.) numerous, stalked, peltate, roundish, rough. The calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5 petals, jagged or toothed at the apex ; and the 1-celled, many-seeded, capsule, with 6 teeth ; will distinguish this front other genera, in the same class and order. One species British. IIOLO'STEUM UMBELLA'TUM. Umbelled Holosteum. Um- belliferous jagged Chickweed. Broad-leaved Wild Pink. Spec. Char. Root-leaves elliptical, glaucous, smooth ; stem- leaves larger, egg-shaped. Flowers umbellate. Common Peduncles clammy-pubescent; pedicels defiexed after flowering. Engl. Bot. t. 27.— Rose’s Elem. of Bot. Append, p. 445. t. 2 f. 4.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 130. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. r. p. 689. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i p. 161. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 187.— With. (7th ed.) v.ii. p. 209.— Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 656.— I.indl. Syn. p. 50 — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 58. — Don's Gen. Syst. of Card, and Hot. v.i. p. 424.— Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 32.— Cerdstium umbellutum. Hook. FI. Lond. t. 13. — Huds. H. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 201. — Carynphyllus holostius ur- vensis, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 595. Localities.— On old walls, banks, and in sandy corn-fields; very rare. — Middlesex ; On the walls of Chelsea Physic Garden : Dawson To iiner, Esq. Norfolk ; In great plenty on the city walls of Norwich, and many other old walls of that city, and on some hanks and walls in the neighbourhood; first noticed by Mr. John Pitchford, in the Spring of 1765: Mr. H. Rose, in Elem. of Bot.— Suffolk ; On walls, and the thatched roofs of houses at Bury; Sir T. G. Cullum. At Eye; May 1, 1838: Honourable A nne Townsend. Fig, 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Corolla.— Fig. 3. A Petal.— Fig. 4. Stamens, Germen, and Styles. — Fig. 5. Germen. — Fig. 6. Capsule and permanent Calyx. — Fig. Capsule without the Calyx.— Fig. 8. Columella, or receptacle of the Seeds. — Figs. !l and 10. Seeds. — Figs. 11 and 12. Back and front view of a Seed, more highly magnified. * From olos, Gr. all ; and osteon, Gr. a bone ; applied by Axtirhrasis to this plant, the texture being the very reverse, soft and delicate'; or, according to Dr. Thornton, from its supposed virtue as restoring broken hones. t See folio 56, note t. f See folio 152, a. Annual. — Flowers in April and May. Root small, slightly branched, fibrous. Stems thread-shaped, round, weak, and partly decumbent, branched from the bottom only, from 3 to 6 inches high, leafy ; hairy and glutinous between the joints at tile upper part. Root-leaves elliptical ; cauline ones somewhat egg-shaped, rather larger, opposite, tapering at the base into short, broad, combined petioles f leaf -stalks J ; all single-ribbed, glaucous, rather succulent, and quite entire and even at the edges. Peduncles ( flower-stalks ) hairy and clammy. Pedicels about 5, terminal, umbellate, simple, spreading, at length partly reflexed, afterwards upright. Bracteas several, small, at the base of the pedicels. Calyx smooth, brownish. Corolla white, or pale reddish ; petals elliptic- oblong, variously and unequally toothed at the summit, not deeply and regularly cloven as in the c erastia. Stamens and Pistils 3, sometimes more. Capsule somewhat egg-shaped, or nearly cylin- drical, 1-celled, opening at the top into 6 teeth or valves. Seeds numerous, somewhat 3-cornered, reddish, and rough with scat- tered dots. This singular and interesting little plant is a native of many other parts of Europe as well as of England, as Spain, Italy, France, Germany, and Switzerland, where it is found in similar situations to those of its localities in England. The specimen from which the drawing for the accompanying plate was made, was obligingly communicated to me from the vicinity of Eye, in Suffolk, by the Honourable Anne Townsend, May 1, 1838. ALL NATURE PROCLAIMS A DEITY. “ There is a voiceless eloquence on earth Telling of Him who gave her wonders birth ; And long may I remain th’ adoring child Of Nature’s majesty, sublime or wild ; Hill, flood, and forest, mountain, rock, and sea. All take their terrors, or their charms from Thee, Prom Thee, whose hidden but supreme control Moves through the world, a universal soul. But who could trace Thine unrestricted course. Though Fancy followed with immortal force ? There’s not a blossom fondled by the breeze. There's not a fruit that beautifies the trees. There’s not a particle in sea or air. But Nature owns Thy plastic influence there ! With fearful gaze, still be it mine to see How all is fill’d and vivified by Thee ; Upon thy mirror, earth’s majestic view, To paint Thy Presence, and to feel it too.” R. MONTGOMERY. c 300 CMht-irw, (300.) NA/RDUS* *. Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Grami'ne.f, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 86 ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 294. — Hook. Brit. FI. {4th ed.) p. 426.— Gramina, Linn.— Graminales ; Burn. Out!, of Bot. v. i. p. 359. Gen. Char. Common receptacle f rachis J (see fig. 5.) linear, toothed, unilateral. Flowers (fig. 1.) alternate, sessile, all directed one way, perfect. Glumes none. Paleee (see fig. 1.) 2, unequal, spear-shaped, pointed ; the outer one largest, concave, wrapping up the inner (see fig. 2.), which is flat. Filaments (see figs. 1 & 2.) 3, hair-like, shorter than the palese. Anthers oblong. Germen (see fig. 3.) superior, oblong, slender. Style (see fig. 3.) 1 , short. Stigma {see fig. 3.) 1, long, feathery. Seed (fig. 4.) 1, linear, pointed at each end, invested with the permanent pale®. The 2 palece, without glumes, will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. NA'RDUS STRPCTA. Stiff Mat-grass. Common Mat-grass, Small Mat-weed. Heath Mat-weed. Spec. Chau. Spike bristle-shaped, straight. Florets all pointing one way. Leaves thrice the length of their sheaths. Engl Bot. t. 290.— Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t. 2. — Schreh. Gram. p. 65. t. 7. — Mart. FI. Bust. t. 27. — Cult. Brit. Entom. v. ix. L 390. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 77. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 22. — Leers’ FI. Herb. (2nd ed.) p. It. t. 1. f. 7. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 314. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 61. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 70. — With. (7th ed.) v. it. p.98. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p. 87. — Lindl. Syn. p. 296. — Hook. Br. FI. p. 26. — Macr. Man. of Brit. Bot. p.276. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.90. — Sibth. F'l. Oxon. p. 33. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 11. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 7. — Port. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 66— Belli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 24— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 21. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 13. — FI. Devon, pp. 9 & 120. — Rev. G. FI. Smith's PI. of S. Kent, p. 6. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 18. — Winch’s F'l. of Noribumb. and Durham, p. 4. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 15. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selectas, p.1. — Dick FI. Abred. p.22. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 11. ; FI. Hibern. p. 318. — Gramen sparteum juncifolium, Scheuchz. Agrost, p. 90. t. 2. f. 10. — Hay’s Syu. p.393. — Spartum nostras parvum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1631. Localities— On barren moors and heaths; uot uncommon. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Fig. 1. A Floret expanded, showing the Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 2. A Floret closed. — Fig. 3. Germen and Pistil. — Fig. 4. A Seed. — Fig. 5. Part of the Rachis. — Fig. 6. A small bit of the upper part of the Culm, by mistake marked fig. 5 in the plate. All more or less magnified. * From nardos, Or. ; formerly applied to an odoriferous substance, but which is not applicable in this case. Hooker. f See folio 56, note f . Root of numerous, very strong, downy fibres. Culms ( stems J numerous, from 4 to 8, or 10 inches high, upright, rigid, wiry, somewhat furrowed, with from 1 to 3 joints near the base, with a short leaf to each ; the upper part naked, and roughish with minute bristles (see fig. 6). Root-leaves very numerous, long, bristle-like, furrowed, roughish, and, like the culms, remaining bleached through the winter. Sheaths ( vagina ) about one-third the length of the leaves, membranaceous, whitish. Stipula (ligula) egg-shaped, prominent. Spike long, upright, yellowish -white, or violet - coloured; raclns ( spike-stalk J (see fig. 5.) grooved and toothed at short distances for the insertion of the florets, which are placed alternately in two rows, and all point to one side. Palccc /'valves of the corolla J (see fig. 1.) spear-shaped, outer one coriaceous, purplish-green, awned ; inner one smaller, membranous, awnless. Style and Stigma single. Plant tufted, and surrounded at the base with the remains of the old culms and leaves. This is easily distinguished from all other British Grasses by the florets having one style only ; by the slenderness and rushy stiffness of the culms and leaves ; and by the florets being thinly dispersed along the spike, mostly in pairs, and all pointing in one direction. It is an inferior grass, the whole herbage is stiff and hard to the touch, and being generally short and wiry, it eludes the stroke of the scythe, and takes off its edge, which makes it disliked by mowers ; it is not often, however, that it comes under the scythe in England, as it seldom occurs with us, except about bogs on heaths and moors. It is a deep-rooted grass, and Schrank cele- brates it as a safe support to the hands of the alpine Botanist, in precipitous situations, though it renders his path very slippery. From the observations of Linnaeus, it appears that horses, sheep, and goats eat it ; cows are not fond of it ; and swine refuse it. Rooks stock it up for the sake of the larvae of insects, which they find at the root. With us it is not, that I know of, put to any use whatever ; but Mr. Sinclair states, that the straw being long without joints, and very fine, equal, and tough, induces him to consider it as probably the best grass for the supply of straw for the Leghorn plat. LinNjEUS informs us, in his Lachcsis Lapponica, that in Smo- land, this grass is called Kaffa Skicegg, or Old Man's Beard; at Pithoea, Svinborst, Hog's Bristles; and at Lulea, Lapp-lidr , Lap- land Hair. The north side of Shotover Hill, and the south side of Cumnor Hurst, are the only stations in which I have observed it in the neighbourhood of Oxford. — The drawing for the accompanying plate was made from a specimen given me by my friend, Mr. W. Willis, of Wallingford, Berks. r I 1 IJtujicll Dtl Brblished. bv WBaxter. Botanic Garden. Oxford. 133b. (301.) LITHOS PE RMIT M* *. Linnean Class and Order, Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Boragi'ne/e Juss. Gen. PI. p. 128. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 102. — Lindl. Syn. p. 163. ; Introd to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 241. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 410. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p. 527. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iv. p. 306. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 167. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 413. — Asperifo- lia;, Linn. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 247. — Svringales ; subord. Primulcs/e ; sect. Solaninaj; type, Boraginace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958. 982, & 1005. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, spear-shaped, pointed, equal, nearly upright, keeled segments, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) of 1 petal, funnel-shaped ; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, with a naked, open mouth ; limb divided half way down into 5 equal, blunt, upright segments. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 5, very short, inserted into the tube. Jlnthers oblong, concealed within the tube. Germens (see fig. 4.) 4, in- serted into the base of the calyx. Style (see fig. 4.) thread-shaped, shorter than the tube. Stigma blunt, notched. Seeds ( Nuts) (f. 4.) 4, egg-shaped* pointed, hard, shining, either even or wrinkled, in the bottom of the moderately spreading calyx. Distinguished from other genera with monopetalous, inferior flowers, and naked seeds, in the same class and order, by the funnel-shaped corolla, with a naked throat; the oblong, enclosed anthers ; and the egg-shaped, hard seeds or nuts. • Four species British. LITHOSPE'RMUM PURPURO-CCERU'LEUM. Purple-blue flowered Gromwell. Creeping Gromwell. Pearl Plant. Lichwale. Spec. Char. Stems herbaceous ; barren ones creeping ; flowering ones upright. Leaves spear-shaped, acute, scabrous. Corolla much longer than the calyx. Seeds even. Engl. Bot. t. 117. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 12. — Jacq. Ft. Austr. v. i. p. 11. t. 14. — Linn. Sp. I'l. p. 190. — Iluds. Ft. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 79. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. II. p. 754. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 214. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 255. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 279. — Lind. Syn. p. 164. — Ilook. Br. FI. p. 80. — Macr. Man. Bv. Bot. p. 161. — FI. Devon, pp. 34 & 151. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Hot. v. iv. p. 321. — Lithospermum violaceum, Lam. FI. Fr. v. ii. p,271. — Lithospermum majus Dodoncei, flore purpureo, simine Anchusce , Ray’s Syn. p. 229. — Lithosper- mum majus, Johnson’s Gerardo, p. 609. — AEyonychon repens, Gray’s Nat. A.ir. v. ii. p. 354. Localities. — In hedges and thickets, and in mountain and woody pastures, on a chalky soil, very rare. — Cumberland; In a wood at Castle-carrot k : Hutchinson. — Devon; Dungeon Cliff, Petitor, and Marychurch : Rev. A. Neck. — Herefordsh. Northern parts of the county : Duncvmb. — Kent; Near (Jreenhithe : Dr. Latham. In Darent Wood : Mr. W. Curtis— Somersetsh. Near Taunton : Ray. Coppice between A xbridge and Wookey : Dr. Maton. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 3. Corolla opened vertically to show the 5 stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. A Seed. • From lithos, Gr. a stone ; and sperma, Gr. a seed ; from its shining, very- hard seeds, or nuts. Sir W. J. Hooker. t See folio 48, note +. \ See folio 102, a. In Cliedder Woods by the road-side as you go to Axbridge, abundantly : Mr. Sole, in B. G. In a copse near the road, between Bridgwater and Pawlett; South Brent, very plentiful on the brow of the hill, above the village: Mr. Clark, in N.B.G. Weston in Gordano: Miss Worsi.ey, in N.B.G. In plenty about Tyntesfield in Wraxall Park: Rev. H. T. Ei.licombe, June 11, 1838. — W A LKS. Deribiyhsh. On the top of a bushy hill near Denbigh, on the north side of the town : Kay. Found in the same place, now called the Crest, by Mr. Scott, about 1824: Mr. Griffith. — Glamorgansh. Near Caswell Bay : Mr. J. Turner. Perennial. — Flowers in April and May. Root woody, blackish on the outside, whitish within ; much branched and tuffed. Stems numerous, round, simple, leafy, very rough with projecting bristly hairs ; those stems which produce flowers are upright, from a foot to 18 inches high; those which do not flower are often much longer, trailing on the ground, and taking root at the extremity. Leaves numerous, alternate, spear-shaped, entire, contracted at the base into a short petiole (footstalk), taper- ing at the point, single-ribbed, clothed on both sides with short, close hairs, accompanied on the upper with many callous warts ; the under side palest ; margin somewhat revolute. Flowers showy, at first red, afterwards purple, in somewhat unilateral, leafy spikes, which grow 2 or 3 together at the top of the stem, and are short and recurved before flowing, but, as the flowers expand, they be- come upright and much elongated. Calyx bristly, divided to the base into 5 very narrow, strap-shaped, bluntish segments. Corolla twice as long as the calyx ; externally reddish, the limb, when ex- panded, of a violet-blue on the upper side, with 5 pale swellings at its base, which do not close the tube, in whose upper part the stamens are situated. Seeds egg-shaped, hard, of a silvery white, highly polished, very slightly rugged, frequently abortive, as in many other plants that increase much by their roots. The segments of the calyx, after flowering, become much longer, as in Lithospermum arvense, and other plants of the same natural order. A rather handsome species, and not unworthy a place in the flower garden. Its large and bright blue flowers will readily distinguish it from L. officinale and L. arvense, whose flowers are very small and whitish ; and it differs from h. maritimum, the other British species, in the flowering stems being upright, rough, hairy, and dark-green ; not procumbent, smooth, and glaucous. “ Who can paint Like Nature ! Can Imagination boast Amid its gay creation, hues like her’s ? Or can it mix them with that matchless skill. And lay them on so delicately fine, And lose them in each other, as appears In every bud that blows 1” Thomson. ' (302.) RANUNCULUS* * Liunean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Polygy'.ma. Natural Order. Ranuncula'ce/e+, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 23L — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 1 36. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495.; Mag. hi at. Hist. v. i. p. 137. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 2.— Mack. FI. Hib. p. 4.— Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 395.— Rosales; sect. Ranunculin.f. ; subsect. RanunculianjE ; type, Ranhnculaceje ; subtype, Ranunculea: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 616, 828, 832, 837, & 839. — Multisiliquas, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 5, rarely fewer, egg- shaped, concave, somewhat coloured, deciduous sepals, not length- ened at the base. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5, rarely 8 or 10, blunt, polished petals, each with a nectariferous scale on the inside at the base (see fig. 3). Filaments (see fig. 4.) numerous, not half the length of the petals. Anthers roundish, linear, or heart-shaped, terminal, upright, of 2 cells, bursting at the outer edges. Germens (see fig. 5.) superior, numerous, collected into a head. Styles none. Stigmas small, reflexed. Pericarps or Cariopsides ( seeds of Linn, and Smith.,/ (see figs. 6 & 7.) numerous, egg-shaped, somewhat compressed, either smooth, striated, tuberculated, or prickly, each tipped with a point or hook, arranged in a globose or cylindrical head. Seed erect, one in each pericarp. The calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5, or more, petals, each with a nectariferous scale at its base ; and the numerous, 1 -seeded pericarps [seeds of Sm.) without awns ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Fifteen species British. RANU'NCULUS A'CRIS. Acrid Crowfoot. Upright Meadow Crow-foot. Butter-flower. Butter-cup. King-cup. Spec. Char. Leaves 3- to 5-parted ; segments 3-lobed and cut; those of the uppermost leaves strap-shaped and entire. Stem upright, many-flowered, covered with close hairs. Flower-stalks round and even. Calyx spreading. Pericarps smooth. Engl. Bot. t. 652. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. .—Mart. FI. Rust. t. 30. — Woodv. Med Hot. Suppl. t 246. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.779. — Hnds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 241. — Willd. Sp. PI. v.ii. pt. n. p. 1326. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 593 ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 51. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 680.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.718. — Lindl. Syn. p. 11. — Hook. Brit. FI. p 266. — Don’s Gen. Syst- of Gard. & Bot. v. i. p. 35. — Macr. Man. of Brit. Bot. pp. 4 & 5. — Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 293. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 174. — Abbot’s FI. Hedf. p. 122. — Thorn. Fam. Herb, p.561, with a figure.— Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 55.— Puit. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 259. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.224. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 174. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p. 125. — FI. Devon, pp. 94 & 193. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 123. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 38 — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 157. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Select, p. 46. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 2. — Dick. FI. Abred. p. 42. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p 53.; FI. Hibern. p. 8. — Ranunculus pratensis erectus acris, Ray’s Syn. p.248. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A Petal, with its nectariferous Scale. — Fig. 4. Stamens and Pistils. — Fig. 5. Calyx and Germans. — Fig. 6. Head of Peri- carps.— Figs. 7. Single Pericarps. * From rana, a frog ; from the plants delighting to grow where frogs abound. Sir W. J. Hooker. f See folio 43, note f. $ See folio 12S, a. Localities.— In meadows and pastures; very common. Perennial. — Flowers from April to July. Root somewhat tuberous, with many long simple fibres. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, upright, round, hollow, mostly clothed with close-pressed hairs ; much branched at top, and many-flowered. Root-leaves on long, upright, hairy petioles ; in 3 or 5 deep divi- sions, the middle division 3-lobed, the side ones usually 2-lobed, all sharply, and deeply toothed, and more or less hairy ; stem- leaves of the same structure, but with shorter petioles, and fewer and narrower segments ; uppermost much smaller, in 3, strap- shaped, entire lobes ; or sometimes simple and strap-shaped. Flower-stalks round and even, not furrowed, covered with close hairs. Calyx yellowish, hairy or nearly smooth, spreading, not deflexed, deciduous. Corolla of a golden yellow, shining; petals nearly heart-sl raped, their nectary covered by a scale. Pericarps (seeds of Sm.) smooth, terminated by a nearly straight point. A variety with a double flower, is often cultivated in gardens, under the name of Yellow Bachelors' Buttons (see Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 215) . It has been found wild by Mr. Winch. The whole plant is very acrid and dangerous. Mr. Curtis says, that even pull- ing up the plant, and carrying it to some little distance, has produced a considerable inflammation in the palm of the hand. According to Linn je l'S, sheep and goats cat it ; but cows, horses, and swine, refuse it. — The leaves have been pounded and ap- plied as a poultice, when it produces a vesication like a blister. Rheumatic affec- tions have often readily given way to its use. Shakspeare’s Cuckoo-buds of yellow hue, are supposed to be the Butter- cup (see folio 141, a.) ; and he mentions it as the Cuckoo-flower in King Lear, Act iv. Scene 4. “ Nettles, cuckoo flowers, Darnel, and all the idle weeds.” Many other quotations alluding to this plant might be given from the Poets, but I have only room here to introduce the following beautiful lines, written by Mrs. How itt, and which cannot be otherwise than acceptable to those of my juvenile readers who have not seen that Lady’s delightful little book, intitled “ Birds and Flowers, and other Country Things.” “ Buttercups and Daisies — oh, the pretty flowers Coming ere the Spring time, to tell of sunny hours. While the trees are leaflless ; while the fields are bare. Buttercups and Daisies spring up here and there. Ere the snow-drop pcepeth ; ere the crocus bold ; Ere the early primrose opes its paly gold, Somewhere on a sunny bank Buttercups are bright ; Somewhere ’mong the frozen grass peeps the daisy white. Little hardy flowers, like to children poor. Playing in their sturdy health by their mother’s door : Purple with the north- wind, yet alert and bold, Fearing not, and caring not, though they be a-cold ! What to them is weather ! wrhat are stormy showers ! Buttercups and daisies are these human flowers 1 He who gave them hardship and a life of care. Gave them likewise hardy strength, and patient hearts to bear. Welcome yellow buttercups, welcome daisies white. Ye are in my spirit visioned a delight ? Coming ere the spring-time of sunny hours to tell — Speaking to our hearts of Him, who doe.th nit things well," 303 (303.) CONI'UM* *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Umbelh'feRveJ, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p. 515. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 235. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 113. — Hook. Brit. FJ. (4th ed.) p. 408. — Umbel- lat JE,Linn. — Rosales; sect.ANGELiciNAi; type,SMYRNUCE,E; subtype, Scandicidas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 770, 780, & 781. Gen. Char. Flowers (see fig. 1.) all perfect, slightly irregular. Calyx obsolete. Corolla (see fig. 1.) superior, of 5 inversely heart- shaped petals, with an acute, indexed point (see fig. 2.) ; the outer- most rather the largest. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 5, hair-like, scarcely so long as the corolla. Anthers roundish. Germen (fig. 3.) egg-shaped, somewhat compressed, furrowed, wrinkled. Styles (see fig. 3.) 2, thread-shaped, elongated, spreading, a little swelled at the base, proceeding from the dilated, depressed, wavy, perma- nent floral receptacle. Stigmas blunt. Fruit (see figs. 3 & 4.) broadly egg-shaped, slightly compressed, with 10 prominent, acute ribs, wavy in an unripe state, crowned with the dilated undulated floral receptacle , and the shortish, permanent, spreading styles. Carpels ( seeds of Linn.) half egg-shaped, tumid, each with 5 pro- minent, waved or crenated ridges, becoming finally straight and even. Interstices with many striae, without vittcc. Seed with a sharp narrow groove in front. Universal involucrum of few leaves ; partial one of 3 leaves on one side. The oblolete calyx; the inversely heart-shaped petals with an inflexed point; the broadly egg-shaped fruit; and the carpels with 5 prominent, waved or crenated ridges ; with the interstices without vittce ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. CONI'UM MACULA'TUM. Spotted Hemlock. Common Hemlock. Homlock. Kex. Herb Bennet. Spec. Char. Stem smooth, polished, and spotted, much branched. Leaves of involucels spear-shaped, shorter than the umbellules. Engl. Bot. t. 1191. — Curt. FI. Loud. t. . — Jacq. FI. Austr. v. ii. p. 36. t. 156. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 62. t. 22.— Steph. and Church. Med. Bot. v. i. t. 13. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 349.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 1 15. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. II. I). 1395. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 302. ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 65. — With. (7th ed. ) v. ii. p. 370. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 513. — Lindl. Syn. p. 126. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. Fig. 1. A Flower, showing the Petals, Stamens, and Pistils. — Fig. 2. A separate Petal. — Fig. 3. An unripe Fruit. — Fig. 4. A transverse section of a ripe Fruit. * Koneion , Gr. of Theophrastus, from konos, Gr. a cone, or a top, whose whirling motion resembles the giddiness produced on the human constitution by the poisonous juice of this plant. Hooker. + See folio 18, note +. J Sec folio 235, a. 131.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bo(. v, iii. p. 370. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 106.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 157. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p. 94. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 60. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 28. — Thornt. Fam. Herb. p. 317, with a figure. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 141.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 114.— Hook. FI. Scot, p. 88. — Grev. FI. Ediu. p. 63. — FI. Devon, pp. 49 & 166. — Johnst. Fl. Berw. v. i. p. 69. — Winch’s FI. of ISorthumb. and Durli. p. 19. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 80. — Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. p. 782. — Bab. Fl. Bath. p. 21. — Dick. Fl. Abred. p. 31. — Mack. Cat. of PI. of Irel. p. 28. ; Fl. Ilibern. p. 127. — Cicuta, Bay’s Syn. p. 215. — Johnson’s Gcrarde, p. 1061, Localities. — In hedges, orchards, waste ground, and on rubbish and dunghills, especially near towns and villages ; frequent. Biennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root fleshy, tap-shaped, whitish, frequently forked, of a dis- agreeable smell, and sweetish taste. Stem from 3 to 6 feet high, upright, round, hollow, smooth, glaucous, shining, much branched, and copiously spotted or streaked with reddish or brownish-purple. Leaves large, spreading, repeatedly compound, of a deep shining green ; leaflets egg-shaped, closely and sharply pinnatified ; petioles long, furrowed, dilated and sheathing at the base. Umbels termi- nal, very numerous, upright, compound, occasionally attended by one or two simple axillary ones ; all many-rayed and smooth. General involucrums of several short egg-spear-shaped leaves, which are membranous at their edges ; partial ones ( involucels ) of about 3 spear-shaped leaves, which are all directed to one side, and much shorter than the umbellules, a character which will dis- tinguish this from JFAhusa cynapium, in which the umbellules are shorter than the involucels (see t. 19). Flowers numerous, white, all prolific ; the outermost slightly irregular. Fruit abundant, egg-shaped, slightly compressed, furrowed, the ridges crenated. Carpels with 5 crenated ridges, 3 on the back, and 2 on the margins. Hemlock is a native throughout the whole of Europe ; also of the eastern parts of Asia, North Ameiica, and Chili . where it has been introduced. It is distinguished from all other umbelliferous plants by its spotted stem, by the dark and shining green colour of the bottom leaves, and particularly by the foetid smell of the whole herbage when bruised. It is considered one of the most noxious of vegetable poisons, yet, like many other poisons, it has, in small doses, proved a serviceable medicine ; it is sedative and alterative ; and Baron Stosrck, of Vienna, who first brought this plant into repute as a medicine, about 1760, extols it highly, both as an internal medicine and an external application, in the treatment of scirrhus and cancer: yet much care is required in its administra- tion, as when taken in an over-dose, it produces giddiness, headache, dimness of sight, difficulty of speech, nausea, delirium, great anxiety, stupor, and con- vulsions, and if proper means to obviate the fatal effects are not promptly taken, death rapidly ensues. Linn.ecs, Lamarck, and others, believed the poison which was administered to Socrates, the Athenian philosopher, to have been the juice of the Conium maculatum ; others supposed that the fatal draught was a compound of several herbs; and IIaller considered it to have been de- rived from the Cicuta virosa, a poisonous aquatic, which in its operation is much more powerful and violent than the common Hemlock. That the modern Conium is identical with the koneion of the Greeks, is rendered probable from its being very common in Peloponnesus; “ most abundant (says Dr. Sibthorp) between Athens and Alegara,” and that the Cicuta virosa, (Enanthe phellan- driun, and JEthusa cynopium, (t. 19.) are not found in any part of the country. Although Hemlock will destroy life in men and kine, yet sheep, goats, and horses, will feed upon it without danger ; and Ray informs us, that thrushes will cat the seeds, which are more potent than the leaves, even when corn is to be had- j Z *Zv M^ani. GJfaJ nrtDi&utSc Fu 1*%Y lf.5xxte:2 See f. 27, a. I Sec f, 36, a. Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 452.— LindL Syn. p. 148.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 365.— Mac* Man. Brit. Bot. p. 130. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 489. — Sibtli. Fl. Oxon. p. 257. — Abbot’s Fl. Bedf. p. 185. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 80. — Furt. Midi. Fl. v. ii. p. 403. — Relh. Fl. Cant. (3rded.) p. 349. — Ilook. Fl. Scot. p. 246. — Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 180. — Fl. Devon, pp. 140 & 160. — Johnst. Fl. of Berw. v. i. p. 187. — Winoh’s Ft. of Nortlinmb. and Durh. p. 55. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 245. — Bab. Fl. Batin p. 26.— Dick. Fl. Abred. p. 52.— Mack. Catal. PI. of Irel. p. 74. ; Fl. Hib. p. 149. Localities. — In corn-fields, turnip-fields. See. ; frequent. Annual. — Flowers from June to October. Root tapering, rather small. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, up^ right, alternately branched, leafy, round, or slightly angular, smooth, shining, of a glaucous green colour. Branches rather short. Leaves alternate, sessile, half embracing the stem, oblong, rather acute, variously toothed or cut, smooth, somewhat succulent, slightly veiny, glaucous on both sides. Flowers numerous, large, of a uniform brilliant yellow colour, one at the extremity of each branch, on a naked, hollow peduncle, swelling upwards. Scales of the involu- crum green, with a broad membranous border. Florets of the ray about 16 or 18, oblong, truncate, marked with two lines, and having generally three irregular teeth at the end. Seeds compressed, grooved, a little bent, smooth, without any crown or membranous border. This is a handsome plant, and occurs, more or less, in most parts of England, as well as in many other parts of Europe. It is often a very troublesome weed in corn-fields and turnip-fields, on a sandy soil ; and sometimes abounds to such a degree, as almost to anni- hilate the crop ; hence laws have been enacted, and fines imposed, in Denmark, Saxony, and some parts of Scotland, for the purpose of obliging the farmer to keep his land clear of it. It was imported into Sweden along with corn from Jutland, about the end of the sixteenth century. Linnasus says it may be destroyed by manuring the ground in Autumn, suffering it to lie fallow for one Summer, and harrowing the land five days after sowing the corn ; but it is most effectually eradicated by band before it comes to seed, and this method of extirpating it is attended with the satisfaction, that while it promotes the farmer’s interest, it gives employment to a great number of the industrious poor. Geoffroy reports, that this plant, gathered before it blossoms, and boiled in water, imparts an acrid taste, penetrating and subtile like pepper ; and that this decoction is an excellent vulnerary and diuretic. Horses, sheep, and goats eat the plant ; cows and swine refuse it. A large quan- tity, which grew on some arable land, was cut when in flower, dried, and eaten by horses as a substitute for hay. The young leaves may be eaten in salads. It is used by the Germans for dying yellow. — See Curt. Fl. Lond. ; and With. Bot. Arr. Linnaeus observes, that the flowers follow the sun in a very remarkable manner, and that they give a brilliancy to the fields in tillage, which is pleasing to the eye of the passing traveller. A variety of this species, with more jagged leaves and smaller flowers, was noticed in corn-fields near Glastonbury, by 1’llkenet ; but no other person seems to have met with it. See Ray’s Syn. and Smith's Engl. Fl. I have not heard of its ever having been found with a double flower, although Chrysanthemum coronariurn, an exotic species, very nearly allied to it, is com- inon in that state, in gardens, (307.) SALTCO'RNIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. Mona'ndria f, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Chenopo'de^eJ, Vent. — Lindl. Syn. p. 2131 Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 167. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 531. — Mack. FI. Hiber. p. 226. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 416. — Atri- plices, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 83. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 91. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 425. — Querneales ; sect. Rumicinje : type, Be- ta ceas ; subty. Chenopodidas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. p. 523, 587, & 591. — Holeraceje, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 1 sepal, undivided, succulent, tumid, unequal, permanent (see fig. 1.). Corolla none. Filaments (fig. 2.) 1 or 2, prominent. Anthers 2-lobed, upright. Germen (fig. 3.) egg-shaped, beneath the stamens. Style short and thick. Stigma in 2 or more segments (see fig. 3.). Seed ovate, imbedded in the calyx, with a membranous tunic. The tumid, entire calyx ; the short style, with a 2- or 3-cleft stigma ; and the single seed, invested by the calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Three species British ? SALICO'RNIA HERBA'CEA. Herbaceous Glasswort. Jointed Glasswort. Saltwort. Sea-grass. Crab-grass. Frog-grass. Marsh Samphire. Sea-grape, Spec. Char. Stem herbaceous, upright ; joints compressed, notched ; interstices inversely conical ; spikes tapering upward. Stamen one. Linn. Sp. Pi. p. 5. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. I. p. 23. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 2. var. a. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 2. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 5. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 287. — Lind. Syn. p. 214.— Hook. Brit. FI, p. 1. var. a,— Macr, Man. Brit. Bot. p. 195. — Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i, p, 69. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 1. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 2. — Hook. FI Scot. p. 1. excl. .S’, procumbens. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 1. excl. S. procumbens — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p, 1. — FI. Devon, pp. 1 & 140. excl. var. (3. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 2. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. andDurh. p. 1. — Curt. Brit. Eut. v. iii. t. 119, — Loud. Encyclop. of Card, (new edit.) p. 880. paragr. 4688. — Dick. FI. Abred. p. 19. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 7. ; Fl. Hib. p. 227. — Salicornia Europcea, var. a. Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 1. — Salicornia annua, Engl. Bot. t. 415. — Salicornia, Ray’s Syn. p. 136. — Salicornia sive Kali geniculatum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 535. Localities. — In salt-marshes, and on muddy sea-shores overflowed by the tjde; plentiful. — Cambridgesfi. Sandy ground below VVisbeach: Rev. R. Rel- han. — Cheshire ; Muddy shores of the Mersey, &c. : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Devon; Salt-marshes, common : Fl. Devon. — Dorset; On the waste ground at the back of the promonade, Weymouth : Rev. A. Bloxam — Durham ; On the muddy sea-shores and salt-marshes of Tyne, Wear, Tees, &c. : also at Holy Island: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Essex ; In a field by the river at Purfleet: Dr. James Mitchell, in Fl. Metr. — Kent; Muddy sea-shores and sands: Rev. G. E. Smith, and Mr. W. Pamclin, jun. — Norfolk ; Salt-marshes, Titchwell, and Burnham Deepdule: Miss Bell, in N. B. G. River-side Yarmouth: J. Paget, ibid. Mr. Watson thinks it probable that these two localities may Fig. 1. A joint of the Spike, with 3 flowers. — Fig. 2. A Stamen. — Fig. 3. Fruit. — All magnified. * From sal, salt ; and cornu, a horn ; from the horn-like branches and saline jiature of the plants. IIooke it. + See folio 49, note t. Sec folio 231, a. belong to .S', radicans ; see New But. Guide, vol. ii. p. 597. — In Sussex . Rev. G. E. Smith, in N. B. G. — Yorksh. 'l ees mouth : L. E. O. in .1 fag. Nat. Hist. v. iii. p. 168. — WALES. Anglesey; Dulas Bay, ,Scc : Rev. H. Davies.— In Denbighshire: Mr. Bowman, in N.B.G. — Merionethsh. Barmouth: Mug. Nat. Hist. — SCOTLAND. Aberdeensh. On the coast, a little to the south of the river Ythan: Dr. Murray, in North. FI. — Bencicksh. Between Goswick Links and Fenham ; Holy Island: Dr. Johnston. — Dumbartonsh. On the shore at Helensburgh: IIopkirk.— Elginsh. Shore below Brodie; and Lossie Mouth : Rev. G. Gordon, in N. B. G. — Fifesh. Inverkeithing Bay : Mr. Neill. — Forfarsh. Covering the muddy beach, to a great extent, at Montrose; and plentiful about four miles from the town at the head of the basin : Dr. Murray, in North. FI. — Haddingtonsh. Aberlady Bay: Dr. Parsons. Morrison’s Haven: Dr. Graham. — Kincardinesh. At Brotherton: North. FI. — Naimsh. On the Moray coast, east of Nairn Harbour: North. FI.— Rossh. Munlocky Bay. North. FI.— IRELAND. Salt-marshes, plentiful : Mr. Mackay. Near Coolum, Waterford: Countess of Carrick, 1837. Plentiful at Portmarnock, and near Ringsend: Mr. Mackay. Annual. — Flowers in August and September. Root fibrous, small. Stem from 6 inches to a foot high, upright, green, leafless, much branched, jointed; joints somewhat com- pressed, a little thickened upwards, very succulent, shrinking much when dry, in which state the upper extremity of each joint forms a 2-lobed membranous socket or short sheath, which receives the base of the joint above it. Branches opposite, tapering at the base, and jointed, like the stem. Spikes of flowers dense, lateral and terminal, cylindrical, somewhat tapering towards the summit, of numerous short joints, each joint crowned with about three sessile flowers at each side. Stamen one. Stigmas two or three. The whole plant has a saltish taste, and is greedily devoured by cattle. The young and tender shoots, steeped in salted vinegar, make a pickle very little inferior to Samphire ( Crithmum mariti- mum, t. 267), for which it is frequently sold in London, and other places. From the ashes of this plant, fossil alkali is obtained, which is in great request for making soap and glass ; hence its name of Glasswort. It is chiefly made on the coast of the Medi- terranean, where it is called Soda. Many other plants are used for this purpose, especially some species of Salsola. See Salsola Kali, t. 255, of this work. Botanists of the highest authority differ in opinion respecting the specific distinctions of the British Salicornice. Sir J. E. Smith, in his English Flora, makes four species, viz. S. herbacea, procurn- bens, radicans, and fruticosa, observing, that possibly the two latter may be only varieties of the same species. Dr. Lindley has fol- lowed the English Flora, in the first edition of his Synopsis ; but in the second edition, this distinguished Botanist has reduced them to three species, uniting fruticosa with radicans. Sir W. J. Hooker, in his excellent British Flora, has reduced them to only two species, comprising S. annua of English Botany, t. 415, and procumbens of E. Bot. t. 2475, in herbacea ; and S. fruticosa of E. Bot. t. 2467, in radicans of E. Bot. t. 1691. The specimen figured in the accompanying plate was from the vicinity of Coolum. near Waterford, in Ireland; and was kindly communicated to me by the Wight Honourable the Countess of Carrick, August, 1837. 3oa (308.) BLY'SMUS* * Linnean Class and Order. TiUA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia. Natural Order. Cypf.ra'ceas, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 278.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 304. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 392 Loud. Hort. Brit, p. 541. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 318. — Cyperoi- de.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 26 Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 68. — Cyperalks ; sect. Cyperina? ; type, Scirpacea? ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 354 & 357. — Calamaree, Linn. Gen. Char. Florets (fig. 3.) all perfect. Spikelets (fig. 1.) bracteated, arranged on a zigzag rachis into a 2-ranked, compressed spike. Glumes (see fig. 3.) of one valve, imbricated on all sides, the outermost gradually the largest, empty (see fig. 2.). Hypogiyn- ous Bristles several or none (see fig. 4.). Fruit (fig. 6.) compressed, oval, gradually tapering into the persistant style. The 2-ranked, compressed spike ; the glumes of one valve, im- bricated on all sides, the outermost valve larger than the rest, and without either stamens or pistil ; and the oval, compressed fruit, crowned with the permanent style ; will distinguish this from other genera, without a corolla , in the same class and order. Two species British. BLY'SMUS COMPRE'SSUS. Compressed Blysmus. Broad- leaved Blysmus. Spec. Char. Leaves strap-shaped, channelled. Lowermost bractea awl-shaped, somewhat leafy. Hypogynous bristles six. Lindl. Syn. p. 280. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 22. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p.246.— Bab. FI. Bath. p. 53. — Schoenus compressus, Engl. Bot. t. 791. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 65. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 15. — Leers’ FI. Herborn. (2nd edit.) p. 9. 1. 1. f. L— Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 44. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 108.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 87. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 20. — Hook FI. Scot. p. 16. — Grev. FI. Edin.p. 9. — Scirpus compressus, Peis. Syn. v. i. p. 66. — Scirpus carici- nus, Seined. Germ. v. i p. 132. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 58. — JohnsL FI. Berw. v. i. p. 15. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 4. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 13. — Scirpus car icis, Retz. Prod. p. 64. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 292. — Chcetospora compressa, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 71. — Carex uliginosa, Linn. FI. Suec. (2nd ed.) p. 325. ; Sp. PI. p. 1381. — Gramen cyperoides spica sim- plici compressa disticha, Ray’s Syn. p.425. — Scheuchz. Agrost. p.490. 1. 11. f. 6. Localities. — Turfy moors, boggy pastures, river-sides, and near the sea; not very uncommon. — Oxfordshire; In a bog under Bullington Green, plentiful : W. B. — Berks; In a boggy place between South Hinksey and the Abingdon road, about a mile and a half from Oxford; W. B. Plentiful about Newbury ; Mr. Bicheno. — Cambridgesh. Coldham Common ; between Little Shelfordand Whittlesford ; near Batttsham Load; Rev. R. IIelhan. — Cornwall; Goon- hilly Downs; N.B. G. — Cumberland; Ilell-beck and Tindaie Fell, Bramp- ton: Hutchinson. — Derbysh. Fields by the Buxton road, at the end of Monsai Dale, towards Bakewell: Mr. Watson, in N. B.G. — Durham ; Near Darling- ton: Robson. Bogs between Ryehope and the sea; and on the banks of the Tees near Middleton : N. J. Winch. Esq. Teesdale Forest: Rev. J. Harri- Fig. 1. A Spikelet. — Fig. 2. Empty Glume. — Fig. 3. A single Floret, or Fertile Glume. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigmas, with the bristles at the base of the germen. — Fig. 5. The same without the bristles. — Fig. 6. A Seed.— Figs. 2 to 5, slightly magnified. * From blusmus, Gr. source or spring , near which the species usually grow. Sir W. J. Hooker. -f See folio 56, note +. man. Near Gallow-liill : Thompson. — Kent; About Chiselhurst : Ray. Ih boggy Rround at Cockshill. and about 11am Ponds: L. W. Dii.lwyn, Esq.; South Kent i Rev. G. E. Smith, in N. B. G. — Lancash. Bootle North Shore, near Liverpool: Dr. Bostock. — Norfolk; At Sustead, near Cromer: Sir J. E. Smith. St. Faith’s Newton Bogs: Mr. Pitciiford. Flixtead, and Lakenham Marshes: N. B. G. Not uncommon in the county: Mr. Woobwasd.-^ Northumberland ; On the banks of Tyne at Chalderford and Low Park End, and on the Links at Holy Island and Bamborough : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts ; Southwell, Bulwell Bogs, Sulton-in-Ashfield, Kirby Hardwick, and Fountain Dale Bogs: N. B. G. — Somerset; Claverton Wood : Dr. Davis. — Staffordsh. In a field opposite Yoxall Lodge: C. C. Babincton, in N. B. G. — Suffolk ; Frequent in the county: Mr. Woodward. Flixton Marshes: Mr. Wigc. Middleton: Mr. Davy. Bungay: Mr. D. Stock. — Surrey; In the Rill near Dulwich Wells : Mr. Doody, in Ray's Synop. On Bagshot Heath: N. J. Winch, Esq. — In Sussex : Rev. G. E. Smith, in N. B. G.— Westmoreland ; About Orton : Ray. Near Brough, between Hill-beck and Morton, on the side of the mountain: Rev. J. Harriman. — Worcestersh. Malvern: W. Borrer, Esq. — Yorksh. Upon Welburn Moor ; common on Farnham Mires, and else- where near Knaresborough ; Bog at Wildon near Coxwold; and boggy places and pastures near Ripon, frequent: B. G. St. Trinians near Richmond; ditches near Giggleswick Torn, and rivulet opposite Gordale House, near Rievaulx Abbey; and about the Tees near Egglestone Bridge: N. B. G. — WALES. Flintshire ; Marsh about a mile W. of Prestatyn, on the coast: Mr. Griffith.— SCOTLAND. Argyleshire ; By the side of Lochs in Islay: Lightfoot. — Dumbartonsh. Dumbarton Castle, by the riverside: Mr. Yal- den. — Edinburghsh. Near Berthwick Castle : Mr. Maughan. Perennial. — Flowers in July. Root fibrous, rather creeping. Culm . ( stem) from 4 to 12 in- ches high, simple, roundish, a little flattened on one side, smooth, striated, covered by the sheathing bases of the leaves for about one-third upwards, the rest naked, the upper part near the spike triangular. Leaves grass-green, shorter than the culm, alternate, sheathing, channelled, the upper ones frequently flat, smooth, and unkeeled on their lower part, becoming keeled and triangular up- wards ; the keel and edges rough. Spike terminating, oblong, 2-sided, almost upright, of a bright chesnut brown. Spikelets from 5 to 12, 2-ranked ; all the glumes in each spikelet perfect, except the lower one, which is empty. Bractea leaf-like, with a triangular sharpish top, roughish along the edges, mostly, but not always, longer than the spike. Stigmas 2, downy. Seed lenticu- lar, grey, with 6 longish, rough bristles beneath, and beaked with an unusually long portion of the style, nearly the whole of it, though the stigmas are deciduous. A pretty plant, native of other parts of Europe as well as of Britain, though it appears not to have been found in Ireland, as it is not noticed in Mr. Mackay’s Flora Hibernica. The specimen figured was from Bullington Green, near Oxford. The spikes, after flowering, become somewhat wider than those represented in the plate. (309.) GOODY ERA* *. Linncan Class and Order. Gyna'ndria f, Mona'ndria. Natural Order. Orchi'dejE, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 64. — Sm. Gram, of Bot, p. 81. ; Engl. FI. v.iv. p. 3. — Lindl. Syn. p. 256 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 262. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 412. — I,oud. Hort. Brit, p.536. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p.274. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p.224. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th edit.) p.425. — Palmares; order, Musales; sect. Orcmidinaj ; type, Orchidaceas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 391, 437, 458, & 461 . Gen. Char. Perianthium J, (calyx and corolla) (figs. 1 & 2.) superior. Sepals (see fig. 1. & fig. 3, a, a, a.) 3, egg-shaped, con- cave, spreading, nearly equal, permanent ; the two lateral ones somewhat dilated at the outer margin, and meeting under the lip. Petals (see fig. 3, b, b.) 2, smaller than the sepals, upright, con- verging under the upper sepal, and about the same length. Lip ( nectary ) (see fig. 3, c.) without a spur, as long as the petals, pro- minent, inflated and inversely egg-shaped beneath, lying on the two lateral sepals, and terminating above in an oblong, acute, undivided point, shorter than the inflated part on which it lies. Jlnthcr (see fig. 3, d. & fig. 4, e.) roundish, parallel to the stigma, and fixed to its upper part behind, of two parallel cells close together, depositing the inversely egg-shaped, granulated masses of pollen upon the summit of the stigma (fig. 4, e). Germen (see figs. 1 and 2.) inversely egg-shaped, angular, incurved. Style ( column ) (fig. 4, d.) taper, distinct, with two teeth at the apex. Stigma prominent, roundish. Capsule (fig. 6.) nearly elliptical, angular, furrowed. Seeds very numerous. The herbaceous, spreading, egg-shaped sepals; the upright petals ; the succate, entire lip, without a spur; the anther of 2 cells close together, parallel with the stigma ; and the sessile, granulated pollen-masses ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. GOODYE'RA REPENS. Creeping Goodyera. Creeping Satyrion. Spec. Char. Lower leaves egg-shaped, petiolated. Sepals, Petals, and Lip, egg-spear-shaped. Root creeping. Hook. Ft. Lond. t. 144. — Lodd. Bot. Cal), t. 1987. — Brown in Ait. Hort. Kew. (2nd edit.) vol. v. p. 198. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 208. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 33. — LindL Syn. p. 257. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 376. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 228. — Hook. Ft. Scot. p. 253. — Winch’s FI. of Northuniberl. and Dnrh. p. 57. — Dick. FI. Abrod. p. 53. — Satyrium repens, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1339 — Engl. Bot. t. 289. — Jacq. FL Austr. v. iv. p. 36. t. 369. — Lightf. Fl. Scot. v. i. p. 520. t. 22. — Fig. 1. Back view of Germen and Sepals. — Fig. 2. Side view of a single Flower. — Fig. 3. Front view of the separate parts of a Flower ; a, a, a. the sepals ; b, b. the petals ; c. the lip ; d. the anther, and stigma. — Fig. 4. A Flower deprived of the sepals and petals ; a. the bractea ; b. the germen ; c. the lip ; d. the column ; e. the stigma and pollen-masses. — Fig. 5. The pollen-masses separate. — Fig. 6. The Capsule. — All, more or less, magnified. * Named in compliment to Mr. John Goodyeb, a Hampshire Botanist of the time of Gebabde. — Hookeb. t See folio 8, note +. i See folio 33, note |. Huds. FI. Angl. (2ml od.) p. 387. — Sin. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 930. — With. (7th od.) r. ii. p. 35. — Nentlia repens Willd. Sp. l’l. v. iv. pt. i. p. 75. — Pseudo-orchis, Bauli. Pin. p. 84. — Kudb. Camp. Elys. v. ii. p. 209. f. 8. — Palma Christi, ra- (lice repente, Johnson’s Gerardo, p. 227. Looai.it us. — In old fir forests, and mossy alpine woods in Scotland ; rare.— Aberdeenshire ; Firwood at north-west side of Denmore ; at Loch of Skene; 1'atkhill ; flazelhead; Paik, &c., abundantly: Mr. G. Dickie. Firwood, Deeside : W. Stabi.es, in N. B.G. — Batiffshire ; Gordon Castle Woods : Mr. Muiiiiay, Curator of the Botanic- Gaiden, Glasgow. — Elginsh. Milton-Brodie Wood ; Crookit Wood ; Oak-wood ; and Altyre: Rev.G. GounoN.in N. B. G. — Forfarsh. Fir woods, near Forfar: Mr Don, of Forfar, in Headrick's Agri- cultural Survey of the County, p. 19, of the Appendix. — Inver nessh . In a wood opposite to Moy-hall. on the south side of the road to Inverness : Dr. Hope, in Light/. FI. Scot. Woods of Culloden, near Inverness : Mr. Murray. Forest of Glenmore: Mr. J. Hooki r, in N. B. G. Castle Grant: Rev. G. Gordon, ihid. —Nairnsh. Cawdor Woods : W. Stabi.es, in N. B. G. — Perthsh. Near Dupplin: M r. Sihllingt.aw. Woods of Scone : Mr. Murray. — Ross-shire ; Among the Hypna, ir, an old shady moist hanging birch wood, called, in the Erse language, Cudue, or yellow-hill, facing the house of Mr. Machenzie, of Dundonald, about two miles from the head of Little Loch Broom; on the western coa-t of the county : Rev. J. Lighteoot, 1777. Perennial. — Flowers from June to September. Root branched, knotted or jointed, with downy radicles, creep- ing among moss and rotten leaves, and throwing out new runners or shoots, each terminating in a solitary tuft of 6 or 8 broad- stalked, egg-shaped, bluntish leaves. Stems from the centre of some of these tufts, from 6 inches to a foot high, upright, roundish, pubescent. Leaves smooth, somewhat succulent, the lowest on broad petioles, egg-shaped, striated and reticulated, nearly flat; ' the upper ones sheathing, narrower ; the uppermost spear-shaped, or nearly awl-shaped, sessile, bracteiform. Flowers numerous, small, downy, white, sweet-scented, collected into a rather loose downy, twisted spike ; each flower with a spear-shaped, tapering, concave, downy bractea at its base, longer than the germen. Pe- rianth (fig. 3.) of 6 divisions, ringent (see fig. 2.) ; the 3 exterior leaflets , or sepals, (see fig. 1. & fig. 3, a, a, a.) nearly equal, egg- shaped, or egg-spear-shaped, concave, downy within ; the two upper of the three interior leaflets, or petals, (fig. 3. h, b.) the smallest ; smooth, and so closely united to the uppermost sepal, as to be scarcely distinguished from it, without close examination ; the sixth leaflet , or lip, (nectary of LiNN.y (see fig. 3, c. & fig. 4.) with a singularly gibbous base, white in the tumid part with lawny stripes ; the point white or pale red, spear-shaped, channelled, recurved, and projecting nearly as far as the inflated base. Column very short. Anther fixed beneath the apex of the column, parallel with the stigma, roundish egg-shaped, yellow, convex on the back, plane on the front, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally (see fig. 4, d.). Pollen-masses {fig. 5.) yellow, egg- shaped, granulated, affixed to the apex of the stigma, and falling off with it (see fig. 4, e.). Stigma large, white, placed in front, nearly square, at length 2-horned. Germen (see fig. 4, b.) egg- shaped, furrowed, slightly twisted, pubescent. Capsule (fig. 6.) light brown, smooth. See Sm. Engl. FI. and Hook. FI. Lond. In August last I received, through the kindness of an unknown friend, several fine specimens of this very rare and interesting plant, from Aberdeenshire ; and from one of those specimens the drawing for the accompanying plate was madeT ore (310.) LYSIM A'CHIA.* *. I.inncnn Class and Order. Pknta'ndkia f, Mu.vogy'ma. Natural Order. Primula'ce.k %, Vent. — Lindl. S)P. p. 182.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 225. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 43! . — Loud. Ilort. Brit. p. 529. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 192. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th edit.) p. 4 15. — Lysimachi/E, sect. 1. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 95. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 95. — Syringales ; subord. Primulos.e ; sect. Primuliv.r ; type, Primulace.e : subty. Primulid.e ; Burn.Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900,958, 1020, 1024, & 1025. — Rotack.e, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, spreading, acute segments, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 9.) of 1 petal, wheel-shaped, tube none; limb 'border) widely expanded, in 5, deep, egg-shaped segments. Filaments (fig. 4.) 5, awl- shaped, not distinctly hairy, inserted into the base of the corolla, and opposite to its segments. Anthers oblong, notched at each end. (Jcrmen (see fig. 5.) roundish. Style (see fig. 5.) thread- shaped, the length of the stamens (see fig. 4). Sticjma blunt. Capsule (fig. 7.) globular, pointed, of 1 cell, and 10 valves, some- times cohering in pairs. Seeds (fig 8.) numerous, angular, covering a large, central, globular, unconnected, pitted receptacle. — In some species the stamens are united at the base. The 5-parted calyx ; the wheel-shaped corolla ; and the globose, 1-celled capsule, with 5 or 10 valves; will distinguish this from other genera, with a monopetalous, inferior corolla, in the same class and order. Four species British. LYSIMA'CHIA NE'MORUM. Wood Loosestrife. Yellow Pimpernel. Wood Moneywort. Spec. Char. Leaves egg-shaped, acute. Stem procumbent. Peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered. Stamens smooth. Engl. Bot. t. 547. — Curt. FI. Loud. t. 348. — Curt. Brit. Entoni. v. iv. t. 1G4. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 411.. — Ilmls. Kl. Angl. (glided.) p. 80. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. 11. p. 840. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 448. ; Engl. Ft. v. i. p. 478. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. j>. 295. — Lindl. Syn. p. 184. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 89. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 189. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 138.— Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 74. — Abbot’s FI. iiedf. p. 45. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 41. — Puri. Mi'll. FI. v. i. p. 141.— Roth. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 86. — Hook. H. Scot. p. 74. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 49. — FI. Devon, pp. 36 & 144. — Johnst. FI. of Berxv. v. i. p. 56 — Wiucli’s FI. of Northumb. ami Durh. p. 13. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 54. — Jacob’s West Devon and Cornwall Flora, — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Sel. p. 17. — Dick. FI. Abred. p. 28. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of Irel. p. 44. ; FI. Hibern. p. 191. — Numularia sylvatica, Gesner Hort. Germ. fide , Gray. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 300. — Anagallis lutea, Ray’s Syn. p. 284. —Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 618. Localities. — In woods, and shauy, rather watery, places ; frequent. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 4. Corolla. — F ig. 3. One of the Segments of the Corolla. — Fig. 4. Stamens and Pistil.— Fig. 5. A single Stamen, magnified. — Fig. 6. Germen, Style, 'and Stigma. — F'ig. 7. Capsule, with the permanent Calyx. — Fig. 8. A Seed. — Fig. 9. A back view of the Corolla. * So named in honour of king Lysim achus, according to some ; according to others, from Luc is, Or. a dissolving ; and mache, Gr .strife ; being supposed to create a peaceable disposition in men. Puny says it tames restive horses. The English name ( Loosestrife ) expresses the same idea. + Sec folio 18, note +. 4 Sec folio 296, a. Perennial. — Flowers from May to September. Root composed of many branching, whitish fibres. Stems branched, leafy, square, smooth, red and pellucid, from 6 to 18 inches or more long, trailing on the ground, and throwing out roots from the lower joints ; often pendant from banks and rocks. Leaves opposite, on short, broadish petioles ; egg-shaped, pointed, entire, veiny, of a bright shining yellowish-green, rather succulent. Peduncles ( flower-stalks ) solitary, axillary, single-flowered, round, slender, smooth, longer than the leaves, bent, or twisted, after flowering. Calyx of 1 sepal, divided almost to the base into five narrow, awl-shaped, smooth, single ribbed, segments. Corolla divided beyond the middle into five segments, which are fringed with minute glandular hairs. Stamens yellow, quite smooth, rather thickest in the middle (see fig. 5). Capsule globular, of 10 narrow valves, united in pairs. Seeds angular. An elegant plant, and not unfrequent in most parts of Britain, France, and Germany, in moist woods, and wet shady places. It is found in several places about Oxford ; as on the north side of Shotover Hill ; also in Stow Wood ; Bagley Wood ; and Headington Wick Copse ; generally, however, near the margins of springs and small rivulets, whose banks it enlivens, in the Summer months, with its glossy green leaves, and its delicate and bright yellow flowers, which, when fully expanded, somewhat resemble those of the common Pimpernell, (t. 29.), and hence the older Botanists con- sidered it as an Anagallis. THE SPIRIT OF BEAUTY * “ Go forth to the woods, and tread the green dell. For the Spirit of Beauty is there ; You will see her fair form in the snow-drop’s white bell, Y’ou will hear her sweet voice in the air. 1 have been to the woods, I have trod the green dell. And the Spirit of Beauty was there ; I saw her fair form in the snow -drop’s white bell, I heard her soft voice in the air. Wherever I roved, over vale, wood, or hill. The Spirit of Beauty would follow me still ; She danced in the aspen, she sighed in the gale. She wept in the shower, she blushed in the vale ; Her mantle was thrown o’er the misty brake, Her splendour shone on the sparkling lake ; I felt her breath in the breezes of even, Her robe floated over the blue of heaven. Wherever I roved, over vale, wood, or hill. The Spirit of beauty would follow me still. Not the buz of an insect, or carol of bird, Not an echo nor sound in the valley w’as heard. Not a wild-brier rose its fragrance breathed. Not an elm its clustering foliage wreathed, Not a violet opened its leaves of blue. Not a plant or flower in the valley grew. Not an ivy caressing the rock or the wall, But the Spirit of Beauty was over them all!” American Monthly Magazine. * See “ The Gardener’s Gazette,” for November 17, 1838. (311 ) OXY'Rl A.* *. Linnean Class and Order. II f.xa'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Polygo'nE/F,, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 82. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 90. — Lindl. Syn. p. ‘209. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 169. — Kich. by Macgilliv. p. 424. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 531. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 220. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th edit.) p. 417. — Querneales; sect. Rumicina-: ; type, Polygon a CE.E ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 523, 587, & 596. — Holerace.e, Linn. Gen. Char. Perianthium% (fig. 1.) inferior, of 4, somewhat inversely egg-shaped, permanent sepals; the two inner ones (petals of Sm.) rather largest. Corolla none. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 6, awl-shaped, shorter than the perianth. Anthers upright, of 2 ob- long lobes. Germen (fig. 3.) superior, egg-shaped, compressed, with membranous edges, cloven at the summit. Styles (see fig. 3.) 2, one from each point of the germen, very short, reflexed. Stigmas in many fine, tufted segments. Nut (fig. 4.) 2-edged, with a di- lated, nearly orbicular, flat, vertical, membranous, cloven, un- dulated wing. Embryo in the centre, straight. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the pcrianthium of 4 sepals ; the compressed nut, with a broad membranous margin ; and the upright, inverted embryo. Only one species known. OXY'RIA RENIFO'RMIS. Kidney-shaped-leaved Mountain Sorrel. Welsh Sorrel. Spec. Char. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 111. — Curt. Brit. Entom.. v. xv. t. 714. — Sprcng. Syst. Veg. v. ii. p. 135. — Sm. Engl. Fl. v ii. p. 188. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 453. — Lindl. Syn. p. ‘ill. — Hook. Brit. Fl. p. 167. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 199. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 101.— Dick. Fl. Abred. p. 34.— Mack. Catal. of 1*1. of Irel. p. 34. ; Fl. Hiber. p 223. — Oxyria digyna, Dec. Bot. Gall. p. 403. — O. acida, Brown. — O. rotundifolia, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 277. — Rumex diyynus, Engl, Bot. t. 910. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 480. — Huds. Fl. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 156. — Sin. Fl. Brit, v. i. p. 395. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. I. p. 258. — Lightf. Fl. Scot. v. i. p. 190. — Rheum diyynum, Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. p. 101. t. 9. f. 2. — Acetosa rotundifolia repens Eboracensis, folio in medio deliquiumputicnte, Ray’s Syn. p. 143. Localities. — Abundant in mountain bogs, rills, moist clefts of rocks, and within reach of (he spray of cascades. — Cumberland ; By Black Lead Mine, in Borrowdale: Mr. Hutton. In a ravine of the Screes near Wastwaler : Mr. Wood. Ashness Gill ; Vale of Newlands; and Black Rocks of Great End: Mr. Watson, in N.B.G. — Westmoreland ; On the mountains, and very ele- vated spots: Sir J. E. Smith. By the side of a vvateifall near Buckbarrow Well in Longsleddale : N. .1. Winch, Esq. Striden Edge, Helvellyn: N. B. G. — Yorksh. Mountains of the North and West Ridings: Teesdale. — WALES. Caernarvonshire ; Cwm Idwel ; Clogwyn v Garnedd; and Crib y Ddescil: Mr. Ghiffith. Moist rocks near Llyn Fynnon l.as : 0. Turner, Esq. Shore of Llyn Idwel), and rocks above: Mr. Watson, in N.B.G. Gravelly shore ol Llanberris Lake, stunted: J. E. Bowman, in N.B.G. Snowdon: C. C. BABiNOTON.ibid. — Merionethsh. By the rivulets above Llyn yCai: Mt-Maiityn. Fig. 1. Pcrianthium. — Fig. 2. A separate Flower. — Fig. 3. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 4. Fruit, or Nut. — Fig. 5. A Seed. — Fig. 1. slightly magnified. * From oxus, Gr. sharp or acid ; from the acid flavour of this, as of many other plants belonging to the same natural family. Hooker. t See folio 33, note t. J See folio 33, note f. On Cader Idris, abundant, and very fine : J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G.— SCOT- LAND. Aberdeensh. Among the loose stones on norlli bank of Dee, above the Old Bridge; and south bank, near Nether Banchory Church: Mr. Dickie. Argylesh. Road-side in Glencoe, and between King’s Mouse and Inveroran ; also on the mountains in many places: Mr. Watson, in N. H G. — Elginsh. Lower part of Elgin : Rev. G. Gordon, ibid. — Forfarsh. Summit of the Clova Moun- tains : Mr. Don, of Forfar. At the uppei part of Glen Clova, on the bed of the river; and frequent on the mountains: Mr. Watson, in N.B. G. Loch Lee: Mr. G. Macnab, ibid. — Inverness-shire; Ben Nevis; Red Cairn : Mr. Wat- son, ibid.— Orkney Isles ; Moy: Dr. Gii.lies, \\>\A.—Perthsh. On the Breadel- bane Mountains, and descending along the courses of the mountainous streams, almost to the levels of Lochs Dochart and Tay: Mr. Watson, ibid. — Ross- shire ; Ben Wevis: Rev. G. Goudon, ibid, — Sterlingsk. Ben Lomond: Mr. J. Hooker, in N. B. G. — IRELAND. County of Kerry ; On Magillycuddy’s Reeks, and Brandon Mountain. — County of Sligo; On Ben Bulben: Air. Mackay. — County of Tipperary ; Gaiiymore: ibid. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root strong, running deep into the ground, subdivided and tufted at the crown. Stems solitary, upright, 8 or 10 inches high, round- ish, striated, panicled, with rarely more than one leaf, often naked. Leaves numerous, almost all radical, on longish petioles, kidney- shaped, pale green, somewhat wavy, with a more or less evident obtuse sinus (broad shallow notch) at the apex. Stipulas mem- branous. Panicle upright, twice as tall as the leaves, branched, with minute, egg-shaped, membranous bracteas at the base of each ramification. Flowers small, on slender, whorted, simple pedicels, which are thickest upwards. Anthers reddish. Germen nearly orbicular, compressed, notched, with 2, spreading, feathery styles. Fruit (fig. 4.), a nut, enclosed in an utricle, with a broad winged border, tipped with the styles situated in rather a deep notch ; and having at the base the 2 inner, pointed, segments of the perian- thium, not at all enlarged. See Hook. Brit. FI. The whole herb is powerfully and gratefully acid, with some astringency. Sir W. J. Hooker informs us, that this plant is the Donia sapida of Mr. Brown, (now Dr. Brown,) in the first edi- tion of Ross's Voyage to the Arctic Regions ; but it had been pre- viously named Oxyria (by Sir J. Hill). The plant from which the drawing for the accompanying plate was made, was kindly communicated to me by W. Bcrrer, Esq. This plant put up two flowering stems ; the first of which pro- duced flowers which were all perfect, or with both stamens and pistils ; the second, which flowered later than the first by ten days or a fortnight, produced only pistiliferous flowers. The Natural Order, Polygo'ne.t:, is composed of dicotyledon- ous, herbaceous, rarely shrubby, plants ; with sheathing stipulas ; and often monoecious or dioecious Jlowers. Their perianthium is inferior, monosepalous, and divided into from 4 to 6 segments, which are often in a double row. Their stamens are definite, in- serted in the bottom of the perianthium, with anthers opening longitudinally. The germen is superior, with 2 or more styles or sessile stigmas. The nut frequently triangular, with one erect seed, which contains, in a farinaceous, sometimes very thin albumen, a reversed and often unilateral embryo. 322 S/f-ra/uwiS. O C.Ma. Utr^JDeZ. &,'$C. 2*u. Z> *6 r Wr?ot ante &ard en Cjtfailbty (312.) CORRIGI'OLA * * Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Trigy'nia. Natural Order. Illece'rrea: J, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. p. 60.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 164. — Paronychie.e, Rich. toy Macgilliv. p. 508. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 516. — Don’s Gen. Syst. ofGard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 84. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 407 — Portulace/e, Juss. Gen. PI. p- 3 1 2. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 164. — Querneales; sect.RuMiciNTE ;type, Scleranthace.-e; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 523, 587, & 594. — Holeraceas, Linn. Gey. Char. Calxjx (see fig. 1.) inferior, of 5, inversely egg- shaped, concave, spreading, permanent sepals, slightly cohering at the base. Corolla (see figs. 1 & 2.) of 5, inversely egg-shaped, spreading, entire petals, not exceeding the calyx, into which they are inserted alternately with its sepals. Filaments (see figs. 1—3.) 5, awl-shaped, small, inserted into the calyx, alternate with the petals. Anthers of 2 roundish lobes. Germen (see figs. 2 & 4.) superior, egg-shaped, with three slight angles. Styles (see fig. 4.) 3, short, spreading. Stigmas blunt. Fruit (fig. 5.) 1 -seeded, indehiscent, covered by the calyx. Seed (see figs. 7 & 8.) single, suspended by its cord, which arises from the bottom of the cavity. The inferior, 5-sepaled, permanent calyx ; the 5-petaled corolla ; and the 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. CORRIGFOLA LITTORA'LIS. Shore Strapwort. Sand Strap- wort. Bastard Knot-grass. Spec. Char. Stems bearing leaves on the part which bears the flowers. Engl. Bot. t. 6(58. — Sit). Ft. Grate, v. iii. p. 86 t. 292. — Curt. Biit. Ent. v. xiv. t. 629. — Linn. Sp. HI. p. 388.— Willd. Sp. HI. v. i. pt. n. p. 1506. — Sm. FI. Brit, v. i. p.339. : Kind. FI. v. ii. p. 113. — With. (7ih ed.) v. ii. p. 403. — Gray’s Nat- Arr. v. ii. p.546. — Lindl. Syn. p. 60.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 144. — Macr. Man. Brit Bot p. 86. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. iii. p. 86. f. 21. — FI. Devon, pp. 55 6t 138. — Polygonum littoreum minus, dosculis spadiceo- ulbicantibus, Bauli. Bin. p. 281. — Morris. Hist. PI. Uni. v. ii. p. 593. sect. 5. t. 29. f. 1. Localities. — On the southern coast of England ; rare. — Cornwall ; On the beech near the tin mine at Helston : Mr. F. Bobone. On the shore of Loc Pool, near Helston, opposite Penrose on each side of a low wall: Mr. Fi. FonsTrn, jun. On the banks of Loe Pool, near Helston; Sept. 1833: E. Duke, Esq. F5xeter College.— Devon ; Found by Mr. Huoson on Slapham Sands beyond Dartmouth ; and near the Start Point : Professor Martyn. Staddon Point: Dr. Moore. Slapton : W. Borrer, Esq. Fig. 1. A single Flower. — Fig. 2. A Flower deprived of 4 of its sepals, 3 of its petals, and 4 of its stamens, to show the Germen, the Styles, and the situation of the Stamens. — Fig. 3. A Stamen. — Fig. 4. Germen and Styles. — Fig. 5. The Nut or Capsule divested of the calyx. — Fig. 6. A transverse section of the same. — Fig. 7. A vertical section of the same, showing the seed, with its umbilical cord. — Figs. 8 & 9. The Albumen surrounded by the embryo. — Fig. 10. The Embyro separate. — Fig. 11. A small portion of the Stem, showing tliestipula:. — All highly magnified. F'igs. 5 to 10. from Gertner. * From corrigia, a strap or thong ; to which the leaves may be imagined to hear a slight resemblance. f Sec folio 48, note f . t Sec folio 155, a. Annual. — Flowers in July and August. Root small, slender, tapering. Stems many, from 2, to G or 8 inches long, spreading on the ground, slender, flaccid, round, leafy, smooth, often reddish, mostly simple, flowering at the extremity. Leaves alternate, strap-spear-shaped, blunt, very entire, rather fleshy, smooth, glaucous, tapering at the base into a short foot- stalk f petiole J. Stipulas (see fig. 11.) in pairs, at the base of each leaf, pointed, membranous, white. Flowers very small, numerous, of a pearly white, in terminal and lateral, subdivided, or interrupted clusters, often sessile. Calyx very like the corolla, but the seg- ments towards the base are of a rich chesnut brown. Fruit (fig. 5.) a small nut, covered with the permanent calyx ; it is crustaceous, wrinkled, and tubercled, brown, 1-celled, 1 -seeded, and indehiscent. Seed nearly globular, smooth, reddish-brown. A thread-shaped umbilical cord (funicle) ascends from the base of the nut to the top of the seed (see fig. 7). The embryo is roundish, inverted, pale yellow, and surrounds the albumen like a ring (see figs. 9 & 10). This curious and delicate little plant is a native throughout Europe, on sandy shores. Mr. Hudson, I believe, was the first who discovered it to be a native of England. In Portugal, Dr. Withering observes, it is not limited to the sea-side, but grows in hedge-banks, and in ploughed fields at a distance from the sea. For the specimen from which the drawing was made, as well as for many other very rare British Plants, I am indebted to the kind- ness of W. Borrer, Esq. of Henfield, Sussex, who obligingly com- municated them to me in July last. 1 have also received specimens of the Corrigiola from my friend, Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. of Lavender Hill, Wandsworth, Surrey. “ Nature ! to me, thou art moro beautiful In thy most simple forms, than all that man Hath made, with all his genius, and his power Of combination : for not he can raise One structure, pinnacled, or domed, or gemm’d, By architectural rule, or cunning hand, Like to the smallest plant, or flower, or leaf. Which living hath a tongue, that doth discourse Most eloquent of Him, the great Creator Of all living things. Man’s makings fail To tell of aught but this, that he, the framer. Sought also to create, and fail’d, because No life can he impart, or breath infuse. To give inertness being.” Hone’s Every-day Book. 'V/y\y^yi (313.) rOTENTI'LL A. * *. Linnean Class and Order. Icosa'ndria f, Polygy'nia. Natural Order. Rosa'cea?, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 334. — Sm. Gram, of Rot. p. 171. — Lindl. Syn. p. S8. ; IntrocL to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 81. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 528. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 512. ; Arbor, et Frutic. Brit. v. ii. p. 670. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 523. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p.85. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 404. — Rosales ; sect. Rosina? ; subsect. Rosian.e ; type, Ro- sacea? ; subtype, Fragaridje ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 683, 699, & 700. — Senticosa?, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. I.) inferior, permanent, of 1 sepal, in 10 deep segments, the 5 outer ones alternate with the inner, and narrowest. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5 roundish, or inversely heart- shaped, spreading petals, opposite to the outer segments of the calyx, and attached by their short claws to its rim. Filaments (see fig. 3.) about 20, from the rim of the calyx, awl-shaped, upright, shorter than the corolla. Anthers roundish, incumbent, of 2 cells. Germens (see fig. 4.) superior, numerous, roundish, small, collected into a round head. Styles (see figs. 5 & 6.) thread-shaped, 1 to each germen, lateral, ascending, permanent. Stigmas bluntish, downy. Seeds ( nuts of Lindley,/ (see figs. 5 & 6.) numerous, naked, roundish, generally more or less wrinkled, placed upon a small, dry, globular, permanent, unaltered receptacle. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the 10-cleft calyx; the 5-petaled corolla; the naked, rugged, beardless seeds ; and the small, dry receptacle. Eleven species British. POTENTI'LLA RUPE'STRIS. Rock Cinque-foil. Strawberry- flowered Cinque-foil. Upright Bastard Cinque-foil. Spec. Char. Stem upright, forked, without runners. Leaves lyrate-pinnate ; leaflets 7, 5, or 3, egg-shaped, serrated, hairy. Flowers white. Engl. Bot. t. 2058. — Jacq. Ft. Austr. v. ii. p. 9. f. 114. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 711. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd cd. ) p. 223. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. n. p. 1097. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 548. ; Engl. Fl. v. ii. p. 417. — With. (7th ed. ) v. iii. p. 033. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 581. — Lindl. Syn. p. 96. — Hook. Brit. Fl. p. 25V. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. pp. 68 & 69. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. ii. p. 560. — Pentaphylloides erectum, Bauh. Hist. v. ii. p. 598, d. — Kay’s Syn. p. 255. — Pentaphyllum ftagiferum, Johnson’s Gerardo, p. 991. Localities.— On shady alpine rocks in Wales; very rar e.—MontgomerysJi. On the sides of a hill called Craig Wreidhin, or ralher Breiddin, where it was first found by Mr. Liiwvd ; see Ray’s Synopsis. It was for a long time sup- posed to have been lost; but on the 29ih of June, 1817, it was again found there, by J. E. Bowman, Esq. who observes, in the New Botanist's Guide, that “ this very local plant is distributed sometimes in groups very profusely, on the W. face ol the Breiddon Hill, occupying the middle zone, disappearing at 600 or 700 feet of elevation, and also not descending near the base. It occurs again Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A Flower with the petals removed showing the stamens and pistils.— Fig. 4. Calyx and Germens, with their Styles. — Fig. 5. A sepaiate Nut with its lateral Style. — Fig. 6. The same magnified. * From potens, powerful; from the medicinal properties attributed to some of the species. Hooked. t See folio 100, note t. on the very steep N. side, where it comes lower down.” — In 1835, the Rev. Andrew Bloxam found it in the same locality, in abundance, and kindly com- municated a plant to me, which is now (January 25, 1839) growing in the Oxford Garden, and from which plant the drawing for the accompanying plate was made. Perennial. — Flowers in June and July. Root somewhat woody, tapering, with numerous fibres. Stem about a foot high, upright, round, reddish, striated, more or less hairy, leafy, branched in a corymbose manner, and many-flowered. Leaves pinnate in a lyrate manner, hairy but not hoary, deep green ; the radical ones largest, on long leafstalks ; their leaflets 7 ; those of the upper leaves 5, or 3, roundish, or somewhat inversely egg-shaped, veined, unequally cut and serrated. Stipulas of the root-leaves strap-shaped, pointed ; those of the stem-leaves romboid, roundish. Flowers in a forked corymbose panicle. Calyx downy at the base, enlarging after flowering, when it becomes brown and membranous. Petals white, roundish, or somewhat inversely heart- shaped, much larger than the calyx. Styles reddish. Seedy neither hairy nor wrinkled, on a very hairy or bristly receptacle. This plant is a native of several parts of Europe and Siberia, on shady alpine Tocks. It is of the very rarest occurrence in Britain, its onlj known locality being that iccorded above. The Natural Order Rosacea is composed of polypetalous, di- cotyledonous herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, which are either simple or compound, and which are almost universally furnished with 2 stipulas at their base. The calyx is 4- or 5-lobed, some- times having bracteolce on its tu' e equal in number to the lobes, and alternate with them (see figs. 1, 2, & 4.), valvate or imbricate in the bud, with the disk surrounding the orifice, having the fifth or odd lobe next the axis. The corolla is 4- or 5-petaled ; the petals perigynous and equal, with short claws. The stamens, which are indefinite, arise from the calyx, just within the petals, and are curved inwards in sestivation. The filaments are free; the anthers innate, 2-celled, and burst lengthwise. The ovaries (see fig. 4.) are several, superior, mostly free, rarely cohering either with the calyx or among themselves, 1-celled and 1-seeded. The ovule is usually suspended, seldom erect. The styles (see figs. 5 & 6.) are lateral, near the apex of the ovaries, with simple stigmas, emargi- nate on one side. The fruit is either 1-seeded nuts or akenia. The seeds are pendent, rarely ascending. The embryo is straight, with a taper short radicle, pointing towards the hilum ; the cotyle- dons flat and entire ; without albumen. Mr. Don divides this order into three tribes, r.amely, 1. Drya'de.e ; 2. Nku- ra'de/e ; and 3. Ro'se/e. Two only of these tribes are applicable to the plants of Britain. The first, or Drya'dm, contains Dry'as, t. 248 Geum, t. 3. — Rubus. — Fragrlria, t. 242. — PotentiUa, t. 3 13. — Tormentilla. — Comarum, t. 197. — Sibaldia.— and Agrimouia, t. 88. — The third, or Rosea, has ouly the genus Rosa. Spiree'a, 1. 133, belongs to the Natural Order Spin aa'cea of De Canpoi.le. The plants of this order are distinguished from those of Rosacea by their de- hiscent carpels, and by their styles being terminal, not lateral, as in that order. Alcftemilla, t. 280 ; and Sanguisorba, t. 269, belong to Dr. Lindley’s Natural Order Sanquiso,rdea. This order differs from RosA'cs/tin the plants which compose it having apetalous flowers, with an indurated calyx, and only one nut or carpel. Tu$**y WJBaxtrr,J3otnnU I t3 3p. Husj/tf-Del. MGttu.Se (314.) ME'UM * *. Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia. Natural Order. Umbelli'fer Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. Ill; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 235. — Mack. FI. Hibem. p. 113. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; sect. An- gelicinaj ; type, Angelicacea? ; subtype, A ngelicidas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 770, 773, & 774. Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla (figs. 1 & 2.) of 5, equal, elliptical petals, with incurved points. Filaments (see figs. 1 & 2.) 5, about the length of the petals, spreading, incurved. Anthers roundish. Germen (figs. 3 & 4.) inferior, somewhat egg-shaped, striated, blunt, a little compressed. Styles (see fig. 4.) 2, tumid at the base, very short in the flower, afterwards a little elongated and recurved. Stigmas simple. Floral Receptacle none. Fruit (figs. 5 & 6.) elliptical, very slightly compressed, contracted at the summit, and crowned with the permanent styles. Caipels ( seeds of Linn.) convex, with 5 prominent, sharply keeled, equal ribs (see fig. 7.), with many vittce in the interstices. Seed nearly half taper. Universal Involucrum of few leaves, or none. Partial Involucrum of many leaves. The obsolete calyx ; the entire, elliptical petals with incurved points ; the nearly round fruit ; the carpels with 5 prominent, sharply keeled, equal ribs, of which the lateral ones are at the margin ; and the interstices with many vittce ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. One species British. ME'UM ATHAMA'NTICUM. Athamantian Spignel. Meu. Bear-wort. Bald-money §. Spec. Char. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate ; leaflets all in numerous, deep, bristle-like segments. Stems leafy, not much branched. Engl. Bot. t. 2249. — Jaeq. FI. Austr. v. iv. p. 2. t. 303. — Gairter, v. i. p. 105. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 308. : Engl. Fl. v. ii. p. 84. — With. (7th oil. ) v. ii. p. 393. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 516. — Lindl. Syn. p. 118. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 120. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 320. — Mncr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 101. — Winch’s FI. of Northumberl. and Durli. p. 20. — Dick. FI. Abred. p. 31. — Meum Athamanta, Pers. Syn. v. i. p. 319. — Meum , Bay’s Syn. p. 207. — Johnson's Gerarde, p. 1052. — Athamanta Meum, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 353. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. 116. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 157. — JEthusa Meum, Linn. Syst. Veg. (14th cd.) p. 287. — Pers. Syst. Veg. p. 303. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. n. p. 1447. — With. (5th ed.) v. ii. p. 382. — Liqusticum Meum, De Cand. FI. Fr. v. iv. p. 310. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 89. Fig. 1. A separate Flower. — Fig. 2. — The same magnified. — Fig. 3. Germen. — Fig. 4. Ditto magnified. — Figs. 5 & 6. Fruit. — Fig. 7. A transverse section of the Fruit. — The two last a little magnified. * From melon, Gr. smaller : in reference to the extreme fineness and delicacy of its leaves. + See folio 48, note +. 4 See folio 235, a. } “ Bald, or Bald-money, is a corruption of Balder the Ai'OLi.o of the northern nations, to whom this plant was dedicated. Sir W. .1. Hooker. Localities. — In dry mountainous pastures in the N’otlb of England and Scotland, especially in the Highlands; frequent. — Cumberland; Near the vicarage at Keswick : Rev. YV. Wood. Bristow Hills, near Keswick : N. B. G.— Lancash.^ On the road by Scholefield Hall near Rochdale: Ray. In Conistone, Furness Fells: Mr. Jackson. — Northumberland ; On a hill by the village of Throckrington: Wallis. On a basaltic height, a quarter of a mile noith from Throckrington : Rev. J. Hodgson. — Westmoreland ; Uun-Mail-raise: Mr. Fardon. About two miles from Sedberg in the way to Orion, abundantly in meadows and pastures: Ray. In a field by the fourth milestone leading from Kendal to Appleby : Mr. Gough. — Yorkshire ; Mountainous parts of the West Riding, sparingly: Ray. Meadows at Mossdale Head, YY'ensley Dale : Mr. Brunton. Ripon: Mr. Bowman, in N. B. G. Near Boothwood Inn, between Halifax and Oldham : N. J. Winch. Esq.— WALES. Merionethshire; Near Dolgelle: Ray. On the east side of Bala Lake near Llan Gower ; and on the west side between Llanycil and Dolgelle, but more sparingly : Mr. Griffith. Garneddwen, between Bala and Dolgelle: Rev. II. Davies. — SCOTLAND. Aberdeenshire ; Banks of Dee, near the Old Bridge, near Aberdeen: Mr. Dickie. On a green bank, nearly opposite the front of Invercauld House, by the road-side between Castleton and the bridge over the Dee, below the village : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Dumbartonshire; About Balvie, Glasgow: Mr. Hopkirk. Loch Lomond : Mr. Murray. — Forfarshire; On the bauks of the river, above and below the KirkofClova : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. In pastuies in the valleys of the high lands of the Clova Mountains : Mr. Don, of Forfar, in Apr. Report of Anguss-shire, Append, p. 18. — Inverness-shire; North side of Loch Ness : Mr. Murray. — Kirkcudbrightshire ; Oarsphairn : G. Gordon, inN.B.G. — Lanarkshire; Rare, near Plowland, Avondale : FI. of Lanark. Kittochside and Cross-hill, in Kilbride; on Cathkin Hills: Mr. Hopkirk. — Linlithgowshire; West Lothian: Rev. J. Ligiitfoot — Perthshire: About Dunkeld : ibid. Glen Shee : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G.— Renfrewshire ; Loch- winnoch: Mr. J. Montgomery, in N.B. G. Perennial. — Flowers in May and June. Root tap-shaped, thick, woody, and branching ; crowned with the fibrous remains of old leafstalks. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, upright, not much branched, round, hollow, leafy, striated. Leaves alternate, oblong, twice or thrice pinnate, dark green, smooth ; leajlels opposite, in numerous capillary, very delicate, pointed segments. Petioles ( leafstalks ) dilated and membranous at the base. Umbels upright, of many general and partial rays. General Involucrum either wanting, or of few strap-spear-shaped leaves, which are mostly 3-cleft. Partial Involucrum lateral, of several entire or cut leaves ; these, by some oversight, are omitted in the engraving, an omission not observed till the whole impression of the plate was worked off. Flowers numerous, white or reddish, uniform. Calyx seldom visible. Petals occasionally somewhat inversely heart-shaped. Fruit smooth, slightly compressed, with sharp ribs. A rather pretty plant, remarkable for the numerous bristle-like segments of its leaves, and its very powerful aromatic smell. The roots and seeds are aromatic and acrid, and have been used as stomachics and carminatives. Where this plant abounds in the Highlands, the milk and butter partake of its peculiar Melilot-like taste in the Spring ; and a strong infusion of it is said to give cheese the flavour of the Sw iss Chapziegar. C.Metlhtmt Pel. Sc Sc. (315.) LACTU'CA* *. Linnean Class ft Order. SYGENE'siAf, Polyga'mia, /EqualisJ. Natural Order. Ccmpo'sita3§, (Linn.), tribe, Cichora'ce.e, Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 156.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 and 201. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pp. 142 & 159. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 410. — Cichora'cej;, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 168. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe'rea:, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 454. — Syringales ; subord. Asterosa3 ; type, Cic Horace as ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, & 935. Gen. Char. Involucrum (common calyx ) (fig. 1.) cylindrical, of many, pointed, imbricated, unequal, flat scales, which are mem- branous at the margin. Corolla (fig. 2.) compound, imbricated, uniform ; florets ( figs. 2 & 3.) numerous, perfect, equal, all strap- shaped, blunt, with 4 or 5 teeth. Filaments (see fig. 4.) 5, hair- like. Jlnthers in a cylindrical tube. Germen (see figs. 3 to 6.) inversely egg-oblong. Style (figs. 4 and 5.) thread-shaped, longer than the stamens. Stigmas 2, revolute. Seed-vessel none, except the unaltered closed involucrum. Seed (figs. 7 & 8,) inversely egg-shaped, furrowed, roughish, compressed. Pappus (down) (see figs. 7 & 8.) simple, hair-like, very slender, elevated on a stalk about its own length. Receptacle (see fig. 9.) narrow, naked, dotted. The oblong, imbricated iuvolucrum, with its scales membranous at the margin; the naked receptacle; and the stalked, simple pappus ; will distinguish this from other genera^ with uniform, strap-shaped florets, in the same class and order. Three species British. LACTU'CA VIRO'SA. Strong-scented Lettuce. Cut Lettuce. Spec. Char. Leaves horizontal, finely toothed, 2-eared and amplexicaul at the base, their keel prickly. Flowers panicled. Engl. Bot. t. 1957. — Woodv. Med. Bot. Suppl. t. 250. — Linn. Sp. l’I. p. 1119. — lluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 337. — Willd. Sp. l’l. v. iii. p. in. p. 1526. — Sm. F). Brit. v. ii. p. 819. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 345. — With. (7tli edit.) v. iii. p. 885. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 417. — Lindl. Syn. p. 156. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.339. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 142. — Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 429. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 237. — Thornt. Family Herbal, p. 682. — l’urt. Midi. H. v. ii. p. 372. — Belli. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 318. — Ilook. Fl. Scot. p. 227.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 166. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s l’l. of S. Kent, p. 45. — Jolinst. Fl. Berw. v. i. p. 173. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. and Durli. p. 50. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 222. — Perry’s P). Varvie. Selects!, p. 65 — Lactuca sylvestris major, odore Oj>ii, Ray’s Syn. p. 161. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 309. Locautihs. — About hedges, old walls, banks, and way-sides, on a chalky soil; not uncommon.— Oxfordshire; Marston Lane: Ur. Sihthohpf. Under hedges by the side of a footpath leading from the back of the Romaji Catholic Chapel to the Asylum. — Jlerks ; By the side of the new road going from Botley to Ensham, about 200 or 300 yards before you come to the bridge ; July 30, 1831 : W.B. Near Maidenhead: Mr. W. Hurst, in N. B. (j. — Cambridyesh. In Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A Floret. — Fig. 4. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Germen. — Figs. 7 and 8. Seed. — Fig. 9. Receptacle. — All, except tigs. 1, 2, 7, & 9, maynified. * From lac, milk ; the whole plant being very milky, t See f. 91, n. t. t See f. 147, n. f. 1 See f, 27, a, the road to Coltcnliam, by the second biidge from Ilislon. Ditch near Denny Abbey. Bui well Pit: Rev. R. Reliian. — Derbysh. Near Swarkeston Biidge: Ch. Babincion, in N. B. G — Durham; On the bank between the Castle at Barnard-Castle and the river Tees, near Harton, Cocken, and Darlington, and by hedge sides near Low Team ; also in a hedge nearOleadon, and near Norton, Stockton, and Billingham: N. J. Winch, Esq.— Essex; Near Woodford : Mr. 11. Warner. — Gloucestersh. Giant’s Hole, St. Vincent’s Bocks: Miss Wor- sley, in N. B. G. — Hampsh. Among bushes on the shore between Southampton and Netley; and other places about Southampton: W. A. Bromfield, in N. B. G. — Kent; Above the Cliff, halfway between Folkstone and Sandgate. Upon the Chalk Cliffs around Lydden Spout : Rev. G. E. Smith. — Leicestersh. Near Congerstone, and Gracedieu ; and between Gopsal Park and the Ashby- de-la-Zouch Lodge: Rev. A. Beoxam . — Middlesex ; World’s End, near Stepney, and banks of the Thames between Blackwall and Woolwich: Mr. Jones. Hampstead Heath: Fl.Melr. — Norfolk; Fritton churchyard, and by St. Bennet’s Abbey: Hist. Yarm. NearDiss: Mr. Woodward. Norfolk: Miss Bell, in N. B. G. — Northamptonsh. Near Northampton: Morton. — Northumberland ; On the banks of Tweed, above Coldstream Bridge; also near Cullercoats : N. J. Winch, Esq. From the Union Bridge to Norham Castle; also near Twizell Toll-bar: Dr. G. Johnston. — Notts. On the Rock at the left hand enteiing Nottingham Park ; and upon the stony part of Clifton Hill, facing the Trent; also behind Clifton Hall near the Trent: Dr. Deering. By the Trent at Cohvick Saw-vard; Southwell, Coddington, and between Blyth and Bowtry: N. B. G. — In Somersetshire : Dr. Gaeper, in N. B. G. — Suffolk ; Bungay: Mr. D. Stock, in N. B. G. — Surrey ; Hedge banks between Battersea and Clapham : Mr. W. Pamp'lin, jun. Near Norwood; and on Streatham Common: FI. Metr. — Warwicksh. Road-sides, Stonebridge : Rev. W.T. Bree. Road-side between Dunchurch and Soulham ; and between Southam and Ladbrook ; July, 1831: W. B. Between Dunchurch and Wil- loughby: Rev. A. Bloxam.— In Worcestershire : Mr. E. Lees. — Yorkshire; Richmond: Mr. J. Ward, in N. B. G. Limestone 'Tract, near Leeds: H. Denny, Esq. ibid. On the walls of Fountain’s Abbey : N. J. Winch, Esq. — SCO TLAND, in the counties of Berwick, Edinburgh, Perth, Roxburgh, Sterling ; and on the Orkney Isles ; but not common. Biennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root tap-shaped. Stem from 2 to 6 feet high, or more, up- right, round, smooth in the upper part, a little prickly below; sparingly leafy, scarcely branched ; patticled at the top. Root-leaves somewhat inversely egg-shaped, toothed at the margin. Stem- leaves alternate, spreading horizontally, large, inversely egg-shaped, blunt, tapering towards the base ; the upper ones becoming gradu- ally smaller, arrow-shaped at the base, and more decidedly stem- clasping, sometimes lobed ; the mid-rib of all more or less beset underneath with prominent prickles, such as often occur on the margin also. Flowers numerous, small, yellow, in a large, upright, spreading panicle ; with many small, heart-shaped, pointed brac- teas. Involucrum imbricated, smooth, its scales more or less tinged with purple, the upper ones downy at the tip, indistinctly keeled. Seeds black, furrowed, and roughish. Pappus rough, on a pedicel about the length of the seed ; see fig. 8. The whole plant abounds with an acrid, fetid milky juice, which springs out suddenly, in large drops, on the slightest touch, from the involucrum and tender leaves. This juice has the smell of opium, and possesses narcotic and diuretic properties. Dr Collin, of Vienna, relates 24 cases of dropsy, out of which 23 were cured by taking the extract prepared from the expressed juice, in doses from 18 grains to 3 drams in 24 hours. It commonly proves laxative, in a degree dia- phoretic, and removes thirst. It must be prepared when the plant is in flower. C MaUunr^Ikl. 9c £c. (316.) CHERLERIA* *. Linnean Class and Order. DECA'NDRiAf, Trigy'nia. Natural Order. Caryophy'llea: +, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Lindl. Syn. p. 43.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p.156. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.507. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 501. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 379. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 40. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 400. — Rosales; subord. Rhceadosae ; sect. Dianthinje ; type, Dianthacea; ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 805, & 807. Gen. Char. Calyx (see figs. 1 & 2.) inferior, of 5 spear-shaped, concave, equal, permanent sepals, united at the base. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 5, very minute, cloven petals (nectaries of Linn.), at the inside of 5 of the stamens, opposite to the sepals (see fig. 3). Fila- ments (see fig. 2.) 10, awl-shaped, the 5 alternate ones attached to the backs of the petals. Anthers roundish. Germen (see figs. 2 and 4.) oval, superior. Styles (^ee figs. 2 & 4.) 3, short. Stigmas blunt. Capsule egg-shaped, of 3 cells (?) and 3 valves (see fig. 5). Seeds (fig. 6.) 2 in each cell, angular. Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5 very minute, cloven petals (or nectaries) ; and the capsule of 3 cells and 3 valves. One species British. CHERLE'RIA SEDOI'DES. Sedum-like Cherleria. Dwarf Cherleria. Mossy Cyphel. Spec. Char. Plant small, tufted. Leaves 3-sided, awl-shaped, bluntish, slightly toothed on the margin, spreading. Valves of the capsule bluntish, callose at the apex, longer than the calyx. Don. Engl. Bot. t. 1212. — Jacq. FI. Austr. t. 284. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 608. — Hulls. FI. Angl. (2nd edit. ) p. 193. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. I. p. 730. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 483. ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 312. — With (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 555. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. t. ii. p. 653. — Lindl. Syn. p. 48. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 208. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 34. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 232. — Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 139. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 448. — Sedum montanum perpusillum luteolis flori- bus. Park. Theatr. Bot. p. 737. fig. 11. — Sedum montanum perpusillum luteum, Moris, v. iii. p. 471. sect. 12. t. 6. f. 14. Localities. — On the loftiest mountains of Scotland, in moist spots near their summits; nol unfrequent. — Argyleshire ; On Ben Achalader, in the Braes of Glenurchay : Or. Stuart. — Forfarshire ; Little Kilrannock, Clova Mountains : J. Macnad, in N. B. G.— Inverness-shire ; On Baikova), in Rum: Rev. J. Lightfoot. Perthshire ; On Ben Teskernev and Ben Cballum, in Breada- bane, plentifully: Rev. J. Ligiitioot. Mael-grea and Malnantaimonaeh, be- tween Breadabane and Glen Lyon: Or. Stuart. In some plenty on Ben Lawers and Killin Mountains: Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — In Ross-shire : G. Smith, Esq. ibid. — On Ben Lomond ; 1800: N. J. Winch, Esq. ibid. — Suther- land ; Near Keoldale: Graham, ibid. Ben More: W. H. Campbell, ibid. In some plenty on the highest parts of Ben Hope : Mr. Watson, ibid. Summit of the hills at Juchnadamf: G. Johnston, ibid. Fig. 1. Calyx and Bracteas. — Fig. 2. Front view of a Flower, showing the Se- pals ; the minute, cloven, gland-like Petals ; the Stamens, Germen, and Styles. — Fig. 3. One of the Sepals, with a Petal anil a Stamen. — Fig. 4. Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. Capsule. — Fig. 6. A Seed. — Lower figure, a tuft of Leaves. — All more or less magnified. * So named in honour of John Henry Cherler, who assisted the celebrated Botanist, John Bauhin, in his general History of Plants. t See folio 37, note t. J See folio 152, a, Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Roots densely crowded, strong and somewhat woody. Stems 2 or 3 inches high, very closely matted together, and forming large, green, mossy tufts, bearing a great resemblance to tufts of Poly- tricum, or some species of Bryum. Leaves opposite, somewhat awl-shaped, 3-sided, bluntish, rather fleshy, smooth on both sides, minutely fringed or toothed at the margin, connected at the base into a kind of sheath. When the leaves fall off, the sheath and the keel of the leaves remain attached to the stem. Stipulas none. Flowers yellowish-green, solitary, upright, stalked, terminating the short upright stems; each flower-stalk bearing a pair of small, blunt bracteas about the middle. Sepals egg-spear-shaped, blunt- isb, streaked with three lines on the back, membranous at the margin. Petals very minute, cloven, somewhat fleshy, much shorter than the sepals, and opposite to them. Linn/fus considered these as nectaries, and described the genus as having no corolla. Seguier, however, describes 5 undivided greenish petals, alternate with the sepals ; but these. Sir J. E. Smith observes, nobody else has seen. Five of the anthers are said to be sometimes imperfect. — Till lately this was the only known species of the genus, but Mr. Don, in his General System of Gardening and Botany, has de- scribed six, in two of which, viz. Cherleria grandi flora, and Ch. juniperina, both natives of Nipaul, the petals are much longer than the sepals. Cherleria scdo'ides is a pretty little tufted, alpine plant, an inha- bitant of the highest mountains of Dauphine, Switzerland, Savoy, the Valais, Austria, and Carniola, as well as of the Highlands of Scotland. For living specimens of this curious little plant, I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. J. S. Henslow, M. A. F. L.S. &c. Pro- fessor of Botany at Cambridge ; W. Borrer, Esq. F. R. S. & c. of Henfield, Sussex; and Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. A. L.S. &c. of Lavender Hill, Wandsworth, Surrey. “ What lore with tranquil pleasure better fills The mind, fair Botany ! than thine ! Thy paths Retired, with thy own flowers are ever strewed, Thy own fresh garlands ever grace thy brow. Where’er thy votaries thou leadest, whether Along the silent vale, or verdant lane. By hedge-row sheltered, or o’er the lone heath, Whether to rushy pool, green-mantled, or Through the wild forest’s thick-entangled maze. Whether by softly murm’ring brook, that bright Reflects its gay-enamelled bank ; or Tong The rocky shore, dashed by the foaming waves Of Ocean wide ; or up the steep ascent Of rugged mountain, rising to the clouds ; Still pleasure, profit, health, thy steps attend.” . Time’s Telescope, 1825. C.Mathe *v, Pei. $ Sc. ->.r Z. Pu&^fy W.PcjtTe*: 3 ct attic Garden Px/ierd. 1&3Q (317.) EPIPA'CTIS * *. Linncan Class and Order. GYNA'.NDRiAf, Mona'ndria. Natural Order. Orchi'de/e, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 64. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 81.; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 3. — Lindl. Syn. p.256 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 262. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 412. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 536. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 274. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 224. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th edit.) p. 425. — Palmares ; order, Musales ; sect. Orchidin.e ; type, Orchidace^e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 391, 437, 458, & 461. Gen. Char. Pcrianthium% (see figs. 1 & 2.) superior, 6-parted. Sepals (see fig. 1. b. b. b.) 3, egg-shaped, pointed, equal, perma- nent. Petals (see figs. 2 & 3.) 2, egg-shaped, as long as the sepals, and, like them, either spreading or converging. Lip (nectary of Linn.y (see fig. 4, b.) inflated at the base, with little or no spur, either entire or with 3 lobes, of which the middle one is the largest, and, as it were, jointed with the others. Anther (see fig. 4, d. and fig. 5, b.) terminating the column (fig. 5, a.), rounded, fixed, per- manent, of 2 close parallel cells, depositing the inversely egg- shaped, powdery, undivided masses of pollen upon the stigma (see fig. 5, c). Germen (fig. l,a.) inversely egg-oblong, angular, fur- rowed, Style ( column ) (fig. 5, a.) somewhat elongated, incurved ; convex at the back ; concave in front. Stigma (fig. 5, c.) in front, close under the anther ; prominent, angular, various in form, un- divided. Capsule (fig. 6.) elliptic-oblong, angular, ribbed. Seeds (figs. 7 & 8.) small, roundish, with a lax tunic, greatly elongated at each end. The lip without a spur ; the plano-convex column, with 2 teeth at the apex ; the terminal, persistant anther ; and the powdery pollen-masses, eventually fixed to the back of the stigma (see fig. 5), will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Six species British. EPIPA'CTIS PALU'STRIS. Marsh Helleborine. Spec. Char. Leaves spear-shaped, clasping the stem. Bracteas mostly shorter than the slightly drooping flowers. Perianth spread- ing. Lip longer than the petals, 3-lobed, middle lobe oval, crenate, retuse, with a notched protuberance on the disk. Hook. FI. Loud. t. 89. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. I. p. 84. — Sm. Engl. Fl. v. iv. p. 42. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 212. — Lindl. Syn. p. 259. — Hook. Brit. Fl. p. 378. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 229. — Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 254. — Fl. Devon, pp. 145 and 132. — Johnst. Fl. of Berw. v. i. p. 193. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. & Durli. p. 57. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 259.--Pcrry’s Fl. Varvic. Selects;, p. 74. — Bab. Fl. Bath. p. 50. — Mack. Catal. Fl. of Irel. p. 77. ; Fl. Hibern. p. 280. — Serdpias palustris. Scop. Fl. Carn. v. ii. p. 204. — Sm. Fl. Brit. v. iii. p. 943. — With. (7th Fig. 1. Germen and Sepals. — Fig. 2. A Flower, showing the 3 sepals, the 2 pe- tals, and the Up. — Fig. 3. A Fetal. — Fig. 4. A Flower with the sepals and petals taken off ; a. the germen ; b. the lip ; c. the column ; d. the anther ; e. the stigma. — Fig. 5. the Column bearing the anther, b, and the stigma, c. — Fig. 6. A Cap- sule.— Figs. 7 & 8. Seeds. — Figs. 3, 4, 5 & 8, more or less magnified. * Name given to some kind of Helleborine by the Greeks. t See folio 8, note t. t See folio 33, note f. edit.) v. ii. p. 4G. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 527. — Davies’ Welsh Hot. p. 83. — Itelh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 3G7. — Serapias longifolia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. v. ii. p. 593. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 14. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 196. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii p. 429. ; and v. iii. p. 380. — S. longifolia, 8. y. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1345. — S. latifolia, y, Ilnds. FI. Angl. (2uded. ) p. 393. — Helleborine palustris nostras, Ray’s Syn. p. 384. Localities.— In marshy and boggy places, especially on a chalky or gravelly soil ; not uncommon. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Hoot creeping horizontally, somewhat woody, throwing out many long, zigzag, fleshy, simple fibres. Stem about a foot high, upright, simple, round, purplish, leafy ; the base surrounded by the cylin- drical sheath of the leaves. Lower leaves inclining to egg-shaped, a good deal sheathing at the base ; the upper ones spear-shaped, tapering to a point, somewhat keeled, striated. Flowers several, rather handsome, disposed in a terminal, lax, oblong, somewhat unilateral spike, drooping, each on a short, downy pedicel , with a spear-shaped braclea at its base ; the lower one of which is longer than the flower, the v.p ?r ones shorler. Sepals (fig. 1, b. b. b ) spreading, equal, green; 'i, marked with purple lines, egg-shaped, slightly concave. Petals spreading, egg-shaped (see fig. 3), marked at the base with purple lines. Lip (fig. 4, b.) longer than the se- pals, white, elegantly striped, and variegated with crimson ; its terminal lobe rounded, or heart-shaped, without a point, concave, the margin strongly and unequally notched and crenated, the disk furnished at the base with an elevated notched crest. Germen be- tween linear and oblong, of a darkish purple, twisted, downy, tapering below into a pedicel. Column (fig. 5, a.) much shorter than the lip, nearly cylindrical. Anikei • (fig. 5, b.) terminal, at- tached by its base, jointed, upright, pale yellow, broadly egg- shaped, with 2 cells, which open longitudinally, and deposit their oblong, yellowish pollen-masses on the upper edge of the glutinous stigma (see fig. 5, c.). Linnaeus gave the name of longifolia to this Epipactis, but as that name is more applicable to another species, the one by which Scopoli and Lightfoot called it, and which is more suitable, is now generally adopted. Mr. Hudson supposed this to be var. y. of Epipactis latifolia, and, from some strange mistake, he has asserted, that this plant, if removed into a garden, or dry soil, changes the following year to that species ; but the two are un- questionably perfectly distinct, and the different lengths of the lip, and the shape of the germens, will always discriminate them. See Hook. FI. Lond. ; and Sm. Engl. FI. For the specimen figured in the accompanying plate I am indebted to the kind- ness of W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. who gathered it in the Peat-pits at Weston- ou-the-Green, July 13, 1838. The flowers were rather less coloured than they are in general ; and in some specimens, from the same locality, they were quite white. This species is not uncommon in boggy places near Oxford ; as on the N. side of Shotover Hill ; bogs under Bullington Green ; near Stow Wood; right hand side the road near the 4th mile-stone going to Eusliam ; and in a wood between Church Hatsdborough and Freeland. 31 & (318.) APA'RGIA* *. Linncan Class ff Order. Sygene'sia^Polyga'mi a, TEqualisJ. Natural Order. Compo'sitje§, f Linn.) , tribe, Cichora'cE/E, Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 156. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197 and 201. — Loud, llort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pp. 142 & 159. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 410. — Cichora'ce.e, Juss. Gen. FI. p. 168. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe're.e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p.454. — Syringales ; subord. Asterosas ; type, Cichoracea! ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, & 935. Gen. Char. Involucrum (common calyx J (fig. 1.) imbricated, the innermost scales equal, outer ones smaller. Corolla compound, of numerous, imbricated, uniform, perfect, strap-shaped, blunt, 5-toothed florets (fig. 2.). Filaments (see fig. 3.) 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers (see fig. 3.) united into a cylindrical tube. Germen (see fig. 2.) oblong. Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, prominent. Stigmas 2, recurved. Seed-vessel none, except the converging, finally spreading, calyx. Seed (see fig. 4.) oblong, striated. Pappus ( down J (see fig. 4, b.) feathery, sessile ; some of the hairs scaly, others silky. Receptacle (see fig. 4, a.) naked, pitted. The imbricated involucrum ; the naked, pitted receptacle ; and the seeds all with feathery, sessile pappus ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Three species British. APA'RGIA IIISPIDA. Bristly Hawkbit. Rough Hawkbit. Common Rough Dandelion. Spec. Char. Scape naked, single-flowered. Leaves toothed, rough with forked hairs. Involucrum hairy. Flowers drooping in the bud. Florets hairy at their orifice ; glandular at the tip. Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. in. p. 1552. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 351. — Lindt. Syn. p. 162. — Hook. Brit. Ft. p. 341. ; FI. Scot. p. 227. — Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 167. — FI. Devon, pp. 130 and 155. — Johnston’s Fl, of Benv. v. i. p. 175. — Winch’s Fl of Northuml). & Durh. p. 51. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 224. — Bab. Fl. Bath. p. 29. — Mack. Catal. of I’l. of Ircl. p. 70. ; Fl. Hibern. p. 166. — Thrincia /lisp id a , Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 141. — Hedypnois hispid a, Engl. Bot. t. 554. — Sm. Fl. Brit, v. ii. p. 823. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 74. — llelli. Fl. Cantab. (3rd edit.) p. 320. — Hedypnois hispidum, Huds. Fl. Angl. (2nded. ) p. 340. — Leontodon hispidum. Curt. Fl. Lond. t. 314. — Linn. Sp. l’l. p. 1124. — With. (7tli ed. ) v. iii. p. 809. — Lightf. Fl. Scot. v. i. p. 433. — Sibtli. Fl. Oxon. p. 239. — Abb. Fl. Bedf. p. 170. — Purt. Midi. Fl. v. ii. p. 366. — Virea hispida, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 429. — Deus leonis hirsutus leptocaulis, Hieracium dictus, Ray’s Syn. p. 171. — Hieracium dentis leonis folio hirsutum. Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 303. Localities. — In meadows and pastures ; common. Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August. Fig. 1. The Involucrum. — Fig. 2. A single Floret. — Fig. 3. The Stamens aud Pistil, showing the filaments, the united anthers, the germen, style, and stigmas. — Fig. 4, The Receptacle, with the scales of the involucrum (a) ; and the seed and pappus (6). * Name of uncertain origin. Aparyia , Gr. was applied to some plant of this tribe. IlcokKii. f Sec folio 91, note t. 4 See folio 117, note }. 5 Sec folio 27, a. Root tapering, often ending abruptly, as if bitten off ; of a dark brown colour, furnished with numerous fibres of a paler colour, running straight into the earth. Leaves numerous, oblong, or some- what spear-shaped, bluntish, tapering at the base into a leaf-stalk, indented and toothed, of a pale green colour, hairy, hairs generally forked at the extremity, sometimes simple, or 3-cleft. Scapes ( stalks ) usually several from the same root, upright, from 8 inches to a foot, or a foot and a half high, simple, round, hollow, without bracteas, rough with similar hairs to those of the leaves, striated and thickened upwards, purplish at the base. Flowers drooping in the bud, upright when expanded, smaller than those of the common Dandelion (t. 163). Involucrum (fig. 1.) somewhat egg- shaped, hairy, of a brownish green colour. Florets (fig. 2.) strap- shaped, bright yellow, the outer ones greenish or reddish beneath ; all with a few long, yellow, upright hairs at the top of the tube externally, and a small triangular tuft of brown glands at the back of each of their 5 teeth ; these glands were first noticed by the late Mr. Sowerey. Seed uniform, oblong, slender, nearly as long as the pappus, which is sessile, and consists of numerous feathery rays, unequal in length. Receptacle (see fig. 4.) flat, naked, and dotted. This plant is subject to much variation, both in size and hairiness. It is common in meadows and pastures almost everywhere, but especially on a chalky or lime-stone soil. “ In such sort of pas- tures,” observes Mr. Curtis, “ it abounds as much as the common Dandelion does in rich cultivated ones ; and when in flower, which is usually in July, cloaths them in the same golden livery.” According to the observations of Linnaeus, the flowers open at four o’clock in the morning, and close at three in the afternoon. A variety of this, with the involucrum and the scape (except about 2 or 3 inches at the base of the latter) destitute of hairs, grows in the old stone-pits at Headington Quarry, near Oxford, where I observed it, in flower, June 15, 1831. “ Flowers! Flowers! bright merry-faced flowers ! I bless ye in joyous or saddened hours : I love ye dearly, Ye look so cheerly. In Summer, Autumn, Winter, or Spring, A flower is to me the loveliest thing That hath its birth On this chequered earth : — Oh ! who will not chorus the lay I sing ! Flowers ! Flowers ! who loveth them not I Who hath his childhood’s sports forgot ? When daisies white, And king-cups bright, And snowdrops, cowslips, and daffodils Lured us to meadows, and woods and rills ; And we wandered on. Till a wreath w as won Of the heather-bells crowning the far-off hills.” L. A. TWAMLEY. is m . * /s<7 .jfybs m* Pub JfJ-l&xfirvPoZam-c Cror/lgn Oxford 2S39 'S,i-Us?n IRu/sell.Iel. wirutus*. (319.) SI'UM* Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia. Nalurul Order. Umuelli'feraj+, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 1 11 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. iii. p. 235. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 113. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; sect. An- gelicina:; type, Angelicaceas ; subtype, A ngelichde ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 770, 773, & 774. Gen. Char. Flowers (figs. 1 & 2.) all uniform, generally per- fect. Calyx of 5 small teeth, or obsolete. Corolla (figs. 1 & 2.) of 5, inversely heart-shaped petals, with an indexed point. Fila- ments (see fig. 2.) 5, thread-shaped, spreading, longer than the corolla. Anthers roundish. Germen inferior, roundish egg-shaped, striated. Styles (see fig. 6.) 2, cylindrical, more or less spreading, moderately swelling at the base, shorter than the petals, permanent. Stigmas blunt. Fruit (figs. 5 & 6.) egg-shaped, or globose, com- pressed at the sides, or contracted and nearly double, crowned by the disk and reflexed styles. Carpels (see fis(. 7.) with 5, rather blunt ribs, and many villa in the interstices. Universal Involucrum various ; partial of many leaves. The 5-toothed calyx; the emarginate petals, with an indexed point ; the egg-shaped, or globose fruit, crowned with the depressed base of the reflexed styles ; and the carpels with 5 thread-shaped ribs, with many vittae in their interstices ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order. Two species British. SI'UM LATIFO'LIUM. Broad-leaved Water-parsnep, Great Water-parsnep. Spec. Ciiar. Stem upright. Leaves pinnated ; leaflets oblong- spear-shaped, equally serrated. Umbels terminal. Engl. Bot. t. 204. — Hook. Ft. Lond. t. 1 10. — Jacq. FI. Austr. v. i. p. 42. t. 66. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 361. — Iluds. Ft. Angl. (2nd oil.) p. 118. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. It. p. 1431. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 312. ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 56. — With. (7th od. ) v. ii. p. 378. — Lindl. Syn. p. 121. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 125. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p, 99. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 295. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii. p. 1095. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 96. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 62. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 28. — Rclh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 118. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 26.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 90. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 64. — Winch’s FI. of Northumbl. & Durh. p. 18. — Walker’s FI. ofOxf. p. 78. — Mack. Catil. of PI. of Ircl. p. 28. ; Fl. Hibern. p. 120. — Sium latifolium, foliis variis, Ray’s Syn. p. 211. — Sium majus latifolium, Johnson’s Gerardo, p. 256. f. 1. ; also .S', majus anyusti/oUum, ibid. — Drepano- phyllum palustre, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 504. — Coriandrum latifolium, Crantz. Austr. p. 219. Looai.ities. — In ditches, margins of rivers, and ponds; not uncommon. — Oxfordshire ; Common about Oxford. — Berks; Ditches about Badcot Bridge near Faringdoiq: Mr. F’ardon. Ditches by ihe Thames above Maidenhead: IV. J. YV inch, F.sq. — Beds. Common: Rev. C. Adisot. — Bucks ; Ditches near Figs. 1 & 2. A separate Flower.— Fig. 3. A Petal.— Figs. 4, 5, & 0. Fruit.— Fig. 7. A transverse section of a Carpel, showing the Vitta:. — Fig. 8. Two leaflets of a submersed Leaf. — Figs. 2, 3, 6, & 7, magnified. ♦ From siu, water, in Celtic ; habitation of most of the species, t See folio 18, note +. i See folio 235, a. Eton: Mr. Gotobed.— Cambridyesh. Hiveis and ditches: Rev. R. Reliian. In the brook between Barton and Grantchester : \V. II. Coleman, in N. B. G. — Cumberland ; Near Keswick: Mr. Hutton.— Dorset ; In the Stour, in many places; in the Froome and Fiddle, near White Cliff, by Blandford : Dr. Pui.- teney. — Durham; In a pond near the Friar’s Goose, east of Gateshead: N. J. Winch, Esq . — Essex; In the Rhodon near Wanstead: Mr. J. Woods, jun. About Woodford: FI. Metr. — Gloucestersh. Near Bristol: Miss VVoa- si.ey , in N. I>. G. — Hants ; Near Fordingbridge: Dr. Matos. — Kent ; North- fleet : Mahtyn. Common near Faversham : E. Jacob, Esq. 1777. South Kent: Rev. G. E. Smith. Tunbridge Town : FI. Tun. Between Greenwich and Woolwich ; between Lee and Eltham ; and in the river by the road-side at Mary Cray: FI. Metr. — Leicestersh. In the river Soar between Loughborough and Leicester; above the Castle Mill, at Leicester : I)r. Pulteney. — Lincolnsh. Near Friestone; 1826: Dr. Howitt, in N. B. G. — Middlesex ; Biick-field near Tyburn Turnpike ; and between Rotherhithe and Deptford: Martyn. River at Harefield : FI. Metr. Thames side between Hampton Court and village : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Norfolk; Furze rivulet, Diss; and frequent near Bungay: Mr. Woodward. Ditches at Acle by the side of the road, between Y armouth and Norwich, plentiful ; and elsewhere in the county, not uncommon : D. '1 uiiNEn, Esq.— Northumb. Ditches near Alnwick: Mr. R. Kmei.cton, in N. B. G. — Notts. Old Trent ditches, near Averham Meadows (Ordoyno) ; banks of the Crete, near Southwell: N. B. G. — Somersetsh. Buttle 'Jurf-moor; ditches in the Sedgmoors, frequent : J. C. Coi.lins, in N. B. G .—Suffolk ; Near Bungay ; banks of the Waveney between Bungay and St. Olaves: Mr. Wood- ward. In the larger ditches near the river at Beccles; and at Worlingham; Cove, Stc. : Rev. G. Crabbe. Marshes between Yarmouth and Burgh Castle : Mr. Wicg. — Surrey ; Barnes Common: FI. Metr. Thames above Hampton Court Bridge: Mr. Watson, in N. 13. G. — Common in Sussex: W. Boriier, Esq. — In Warwickshire : Rev. W. T. Bree — Westmoreland ; Stockbeck: N.B. G. — Worcestersh. Blakedown Pool near Stourbridge: T. Pom on, Esq. By the Wier, at Newman’s Bridge, near the Devil’s Den, Clifton-on-Teme : Air. Lees. — Yorkshire ; Ditch at York; Foss Navigation near York, in plenty ; near Whitgift on the banks of the Ouse : B. G. Leeds : H. Denny, in N. B. G. — WALES. Anglesey ; In Cors ddygai, near Berw ; rare: Rev. H. Davies. — In SCOTLAND and IRELAND, but not common. Perennial. — Flowers in July and August. Root fleshy, creeping, with many long fibres. Stems from 3 to 6 feet high, upright, smooth, angular, and deeply furrowed, hollow, leafy, not much branched. Leaves pinnate, of from 2 to 6 pair of large, opposite, spear-shaped, pointed leaflets, with an odd one, all sharply and regularly serrated ; those of the leaves which grow under water being often doubly pinnatifid, with very narrow seg- ments. Umbels large, terminal or axillary, stalked, manv-rayed, flattish. Universal and Partial Involucrums of several spear- shaped, sometimes serrated, leaves, with membranous margins. Flowers white ; teeth of the calyx elongated ; petals nearly equal, inversely heart-shaped, infiexed. Fruit small, shortly egg-shaped, striated. Styles permanent, reflexed, slightly tumid at the base. Carpels (fig. 7.) with 5 stout, rounded, prominent ribs; the inter- stices striated ; with many vittse ; the commissure (inner face of the carpel) with 6 vittue. This plant is a native throughout the whole of Europe and North America, in ditches and marshes. It is of an acrid and poisonous quality, particularly the roots. According to the observations of Linnaeus, horses and swine eat it ; sheep are not fond of it ; cows and goats refuse it. The roots are noxious to cattle, rendering them quarrelsome and pugnacious. The seeds are aromatic and warm to the taste. 320 (320.) CORO'NOPUS* *. Linncan Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia+, Siliculo'sa Natural Order. Cruci'fer.f. §, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 138. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.498. — Cruciferas ; subord. Notorhizeac || ; tribe, Lepidineae ; Lindl. Syn. pp. 20, 21, 29, & 30. ; Introd. lo Nat. Syst of Bot. pp. 14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499.; Mag. Nat. Hist, v. i. pp. 143 & 240. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. pp. 146 & 201. — Mack. FI. Hibern, pt. i. pp. 16, 23, & 25. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 397. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceadosa; ; sect. RtEEAniNAi; type, Brassicaceas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 784, 847, & 853. — Siuquosa;, Linn. Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, equal at the base, of 4 egg- shaped, concave, spreading, deciduous sepals. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 4 egg-shaped, or inversely egg-shaped, undivided petals, some- times wanting. Filaments (see figs. 2, 3, & 4.) 6, awl-shaped, simple, about the length of the calyx, 2 or 4 of them occasion- ally wanting. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed, Germcn (see figs. 4 & 5.) roundish, or 2-lobed, compressed. Style very short. Stigma blunt. Pouch fsiliclej (figs. 6 & 7.) roundish, transversely com- pressed, more or less distinctly 2-lobed, 2-celled, not bursting, tipped with the style ; valves globular, or roundish, somewhat crested, rugged, each containing a solitary, pendulous, roundish, 3-cornered seed (fig. 9.), with incumbent, strap-shaped cotyledons (fig. 10). Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by the nearly entire, 2-lobed, transversely compressed, wrinkled, indehiscent pouch , of two 1 -seeded cells; and the roundish, 3- tornered seeds, with strap-shaped, incumbent cotyledons. Two species British. CORO'NOPUS RUE'LLII. Common Wart-Cress j|. Swine’s- Cress. Buck’s-Horn. Herb-Ivy. Herb-Eve. Spec. Char. Leaves pinnatifid, subdivided. Pouch undivided, crested, with little sharp points. Style prominent. Engl Bot. t. 1660.— Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 427. f. 2. — Bauli. Hist. v. ii. p. 919. — Gmrtn. v.ii. p.293. 1. 142. f. 5. — Sm. FI. Bril. v. ii. p.690. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 764. — Lindl. Syn. p. 30. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 294. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p.20. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p.63. — Relh FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 263. — Hook. F'l. Scot. p. 193. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 139 — FI. Devon, pp. 107 & 187. — Jacob’s W. Devon, and Cornw. FI. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of Irel. p. 60. ; FI. Hihern. p. 25. — Coronmms coadunata, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 689. — Cochledria Coronopus, Linn. Sp. PI. p.904. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 284.— Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. i. p. 450. — Light!. FI. Scot. v. i. p.345. — Sibth. F'l. Oxon. p. Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A separate Flower. — Fig. 3. A separate Stamen. — Fig. 4. The six Stamens, the Glands or Nectaries, and the Pistil. — F’ig. 5. The Germen, Style, and Stigma. Fig. 6. The same. — Fig. 7. The Pouch, the valves forced a little apart.— Fig. 8. A transverse section of a Pouch. — Fig. 9. A Seed. — Fig. 10. The Cotyledons, and the Radicle. — All magnified; figs. 3, 6, 8, 9, &c 10, highly so. * From korone, Gr. a crow ; and pous, Gr. a foot ; illustrative of the shape of its leaves; though the name of Crowfoot be more appropriately attached to Ranunculus . Withering. t See folio 38, note f. t See folio 107, note 1. § See folio 38, a. || From the pouch being covered as it were with warts, (corrugated). 200.— Abbot’s F). I3e Onopordum vulgare, Gray . 273 Ophrys ant/tropophora, L. . 305 Ophrys monorchis, I.. . . 295 Oxyria reniformis, Hook. . 311 Oxyria acida, Br. . . .311 Oxyria rotundifolia, Gray . 311 Pedicularis sylvatica, L. . . 266 Picris Hieracioide, L. . ■ 274 Picris echioides, L. . . . 270 Plantago uniflora, L . . 284 Poa annua, L 288 Poly gal a vulgaris, L. . . 251 Potentilla rupestris, L. . . 313 Ranunculus acris, L. . . 302 Rhinanthus Crtsta-Galli, L. . 259 Rhinanthus glaber, Gray . 259 Rumex digynus, L. . . . ^31 1 Salicornia herbacea, L. . . 307 Salicornia annua, Sm. . . 307 Salicornia Europaa, Huds. . 307 Salsola Kali. L. 255 Salsola decumbens, Gray . 255 Sanguisorba officinalis, L. . 269 Satyrium repens, L. . . 309 Scabiosa succisa, . . . 277 Scandix Pecten- Veneris, L. . 272 Scandix vulgaris, Gray . 272 Schaenus nigr icans, L. . . 268 Scirpus maritimus, L. . . 264 Sherardia arvensis, L. . . 244 Sisymbrium Nasturtium, L. 271 Sium latifolium, L. . . . 319 Sparganium simplex, Huds. . 276 Sparganium erectum, L. . . 276 Senebiera Coronopus, D. C. 320 Serapias longifolia, L. . . 317 Serapias palustris, Scop. . 317 Stellaria arvensis, Gray . . 286 Tamus communis, L. . . 291 Thalictrum flavum, L. . . 254 Thalictrum nigricans, Jacq. . 254 Thalictrum pratense, L. . 254 Thesium linophyllum, L . . 263 Tilia Europaaa, L. . . 293 Tilia platyphylla, D. C. . . 293 Trifolium pratense, L. . . 283 Trisenum pubescens, Pers. . 292 Trollius Europaeus, L. . . 241 Umbelicus pendulinus, D. C. . 279 Urtica dioica, L. . . . 298 Virea hispida, Gray . . 318 SYSTEMATICAL INDEX TO VOL. IV. PLATE Monandiua. 1 stamen. Salicornia herbacea . . 307 Triandria. 3 stamens. Schamus nigricans . . 268 Scirpus maritimus . . 264 Rlysmus compressus . 308 Nardus slricta . . . 300 Lacurus ovalus . . 256 J\I ilium effusum . . . 247 Catabrosa aquatica . . 252 Poa annua . . . 288 A vena pubescens . . 292 llolosteum umbellatum . . 299 Tetran’miia. 4 stamens. Scabiosa succisa . . 277 Galium verum . . 294 ISherardia arvensis . . 244 Centunculus minimus . . 296 Alchemilla vulgaris . 280 tSanguisorba officinalis . . 269 Ilex Aquifolium . . 2b2 Pentandria. 5 stamens. Litliospermum Purpuro-catruleum 301 Lysimachia Nemorum . 310 JYlenyanthes trifoliata . . 245 Lonicera Periclymenum . 287 Glaylonia alsinoides . . 253 Glaux maritima . . 246 Thesium linopbyllum . . 263 Gonium maculatum . 303 Sium latifolium . . . 319 IVIeum Alhamanticum . 314 Crithmum marilimum . . 267 Scandix Peclen- Veneris . 272 JSalsola Kali . . . 255 Ilerniaria hirsuta . . 304 Corrigiola littoralis . . 312 Hexandria. 6 stamens. Oxyria reniformis . . 311 Octandria. 8 stamens. CEnotliera biennis . . 257 Decandria. 10 stamens. Monotropa Hypopitys . . 275 Cherleria Sedoides . . 316 Cotyledon Umbilicus . . 279 Cerastium aivense . . 236 l Dodecandria. 12 to 19 stamens. Asarum Europaeum . . 250 Icosandria. 20 or more stamens, placed on the calyx. Pragaria vesca I’otenlilla rupestris Dry as octopetala 242 313 248 PLATE Poly a n dr i a . 20 or more stamens, placed on the receptacle. Tilia Europasa . . . 293 Nupharlutea . . 281 ex 282 Delphinium Consolida . 297 Thaliclrum flavum . . 254 Ranunculus acris . . 302 Trollius Europaeus . .241 DroYNAMiA. 4 stamens ; two longer than the other two. Melittis Melissophyllum . 285 Rbinanthus Crista-Galli . 259 Pedicularis sylvatica . . 266 Tetradynamia. 6 stamens; 4 longer than the other 2. Cakile maritima . . . 258 Goronopus Kuellii . . 320 Nasturtium officinale . .271 Dr adelphia. Filaments united in two sets. Fumaiia officinalis . . 278 Polygala vulgaris . . 251 Ononis antiquorum . . 289 Trifolium pretense . . 283 Lotus corniculatus . . 249 Syngenksia. Anthers united into a tube. Flowers compound. Helminthia ecliioides . . 270 Picris hieracioides . . 274 Apargia hispida . .318 Lactuca virosa . . 315 Onopordum Acanthium . . 273 Gnaphalium dioicum . 243 Conyza squarrosa . . 290 1 nula Helenium . . 265 Chrysanthemum segetum . 306 Gynanoria. Stamens situated upon the style or column, above the germen. Aceras anthropophora . . 305 Herrninium monorchis . 295 Goodyera tepens . . 309 Epipactis palustris . . 317 Moviecia. Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers, but both mi the same pilant. Sparganium simplex . . 276 Littorella lacustris . . 284 Urtica dioica . . . 298 Ceratophyilum demersum . 260 Arum maculatum . . 261 Dkecta. Stamens and Pistils in se- parate flowers, and on different plants. Tamus communis . . 291 ENGLISH INDEX TO VOL. IV PLATE Annual Meadow-grass . 288 Asarabacca . 250 Bastard Balm . 285 - Pimpernel . 296 T oad-flax . 263 Bird’s-foot Trefoil . 249 Black Bog-rush . 268 Bryony 291 Salt-wort . 246 Bog-bean 245 Branched Larkspur . 297 Brandy-Bottles 281 & 282 Broad-leaved Blysmus 308 Bristly Ox-longue . 270 Buck-bean . 245 Burnet Blood wort . 269 Butter-cup . 302 Butter-jags . 249 ChafF-weed . 296 Cheese-rennet . 294 Chickweed-like Claytonia 253 Common Fumitory - 278 Honeysuckle 287 Corn Marigold . . 306 Cotton Thistle 273 Creeping Cromwell . 301 — Satyrion . 309 Crow Needles . . 272 Cuckow-pint 261 Curled Hawkweed . 274 l)evil’s-bit Scabious 277 Downy Oat-grass . 292 Dwarf Red Rattle . 266 Eight-petaied Dryas . 248 Elecampane 265 Evening Primrose . 257 F eather-Columbine 254 Held Chickweed . 286 Sherardia 244 Fole’s-foot Classwort 307 Globe-flower . 241 Great Burnet 269 Fleabane . . 290 Nettle 298 Green Man-Orchis . 305 Musk-Orchis 295 Hare’s-tail 256 Hedge Hyssop 251 Hemlock 303 Holly 262 Hornwort 260 Hulver 262 Kidneywort 279 King-cup • 302 Kex 303 .Ladies'-Bedstraw . 294 Eady’s-fingers 249 mantle 280 seal 291 Lake Shore-weed 284 Lanque-de-boeuf 270 Lark’s-heel . 297 Lettuce . 315 -Lime-tree 283 Linden-tree 293 Lion’s-foot . 280 Little Field Madder 244 PLATE Locker-gowlans 241 Lords and Ladies . 261 Marsh Hellehorine . 317 Samphire 307 Trefoil . 245 Marie-grass 283 Mat-grass . 300 Meadow Crowfoot . 302 Rue . 254 Trefoil 283 Meu . 314 Millet-grass 247 Milk-wort . . 251 Mossy Cyphel . 316 Mountain Avens . 248 Cat's-foot 243 Cudweed . 243 Globe-flower 241 Sorrel . 311 Navel- wort 279 Pearl Plant . . 301 Penny-grass 259 Petty Whin . . 289 Plantain Shore-weed 284 Ploughman’s Spikenard . 290 Prickly Glasswort - 255 Saltwort . 255 Purple Clover . 283 Sea Rocket . 253 Rest-Harrow 289 Rock Cinque-foil . 313 Samphire 267 Rough Hawkbit . 318 Rupture-wort . 304 Saltwoit . 307 Sand Strapwoit 312 Scab-wort . 265 Sea Club-rush . 264 Milk-wort . 246 Samphire . 264 Shepherd’s Needle * . 272 Spignel 314 Stinging Nettle . 298 Strong-scented Lettuce 315 SufFolk-grass . 288 Swines’ Cress . 320 Tree Primrose . 257 Venus’s Comb . 272 Umbelliferous Chickweed . 299 Unbranched Bur-reed 276 Wake- robin . . 261 Wart-cress 320 W ater-cress . 271 Water-parsnep 319 Sweet-grass . 252 W hoit-grass 252 V\ elsh Sorrel . 311 Wild i\ a i d 250 Woodbine . - 287 Wood Loosestrife 310 Lousewort - 266 Strawberry 242 \ellow Bird’s-nest . 275 Rattle . 259 Pimpernel . 310 Succory 274 Water-can 281 & 282 Water-Lily 281 & 282 Cryptogamous Plants noticed. Natural Orders described. FOLIO FOLIO Acrospermum compressum . 298. a Aquifoliace® . 262. a vEcidium Ari 261. a Aristolochi* 2.50. a Periclymeni . 287. a Ceratophylle® , . 260. a Urticae 298. a Dioscore® . 291. a Aregma obtusatum . 242. a Nymph»ace® 281 8c 282. a Centhospora phascidioides . 262. a Plantagine® . 284. a Eustegia Ilieis 262. a Polygale® . 251. a Fusarium tremelloides . 298. a Polygone® . 311. a Opegrapha elegans 262. a Primulace® . 296. a Polythrincia Trifolii . *283. a Rosace* . 313. a Puccinia galiorum 294. a Santalace* 263 a Rhytisma Urticae . . 298. a Tiliace® . . 293. a Sphaeria acuta 298. a Typhace® . 276. a herbarum . 298. a Ilieis Trifolii 262. 283. a a N. B. When a follows the number Thelotrema lepadinum . 262. a of the folio, it indicates a reference to Uredo Potentillarum . 242. a the second page of that leaf. Corrections, & c. Folio 237, a. (v. iii.) line 25 from the bottom, for Anthers read Filaments. Folio 268, line 22, for nigbi'cans, read nPgricans. Folio 272, a. line 4 from the bottom, for ’cape, read ’scape. Folio 275, a. line 1 from the bottom, for effected, read affected. Folio *181 8c 182, a. line 9, for tpye, read type. Folio 290, a. line 22, for fanied, read fancied. Folio 302, a. line 3 from the bottom, for ?, read !. Folio 304, line 9, for 544, read 594. W.KING, PRINTER, ST. CLEMENT’S, OXFORD. New York Botanical Garden Library QK306 .B36 v.4 gen Baxter William/British phaenogamous bot 3 5185 00120 0607