I i

BEITISH SEA -WEEDS.

' 5Z3
G-'2Jo
j8G3>
N\f)C

BRITISH SEA-WEEDS./

DRAWN FROM

PROFESSOR HARVEY’S '^PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA.

WITH DESCKIPTIONS,

AN AMATEUR’S SYNOPSIS, RULES FOR LAYING OUT SEA-WEEDS,
AN ORDER FOR ARRANGING THEM IN THE HERBARIUM,

AND AN APPENDIX OF NEW SPECIES.

I I

By MRS. ALFRED HATTY.

' - i

LONDON:

BELL AND DALDY, 186 FLEET STREET.

1863.

■M

«

4

'. ;r''^: : '•■■■-■

- r .

^ LONDON

■' ; Strangeway s and Walden, Printers,

"V . ^ Castle Street. Leicester Sq.

C O N T E N T S,

INTRODUCTION

RULES FOR PRESERVING AND LAYING OUT SEA-WEEDS .

THE AMATEUR’S SYNOPSIS

LIST OF FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES, IN THE THREE COLOUR
GROUPS, FOR ARRANGEMENT IN THE HERBARIUM

ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF GENERA AND SPECIES . . . .

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS

APPENDIX OF NEW SPECIES DISCOVERED SINCE THE PUBLICATION

PAGE

vii

XX

xxviii

xxxvi

xliv

1

OF THE “ PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA

IGl

INTRODUCTION.

“ Come unto these yellow sands,

And there take hands ”

Even the happy people of whom the strange phrase is used, that “ money is no object to
them,” cannot command fate altogether. They are mortal in respect of their minds ; and
cannot, with all appliances, get away from the inexorable law which rules that whoever would
find the world interesting must work out an interest in it for himself. Much may be done, it
is true, by unlimited wealth, to stave off the hour of ennui, but nothing answers so effectually
as a healthy, earnest employment, whether of body or mind. Everything but w^hat a man
labours for becomes wearisome to him after a time — a cherished occupation never; for
although on some particular day he may have tired himself in its pursuit, the object pursued
is as dear to him as ever, when the next morning’s sun wakes him from the blessing of rest to
the still higher blessing of exertion.

It may seem strange to open an introduction to a set of sea-weed descriptions with a
somewhat trite moral reflection, but it has its particular mission in this particular case. It
justifies the labour to which the book calls its readers, as well as that which the writer has
gone through ; and holds out to the former the encouragement of hope that their trouble will
not be thrown away.

It was once prettily said by a lady who cultivated flowers, that she had “ buried many a
care in her garden and the sea-weed collector can often say the same of his garden — the
shore ; as many a loving disciple could testify, who, having taken up the pursuit originally as
a resource against weariness, or a light possible occupation during hours of sickness, has ended
by an enthusiastic love, which throws a charm over every sea-place on the coast, however dull
and ugly to the world in general ; makes every day spent there too short, and every visit too
quickly ended. Only let there be sea, and plenty of low, dark rocks stretching out, peninsular-
like, into it ; and only let the dinner-hour be fixed for high-water time, — and the loving
disciple asks no more of fate. Turn him out on that flat, and, to you (0 Gentile of the outer
courts), uninteresting shore, with a basket, a bottle, a stick, a strong pair of boots (oiled, not
polished with blacking), and, let us add, to crown the comfort, a strong, friendly, and willing,
if not learned companion; and all the crowned heads of Europe may be shaken without his
being able to feel that he cares. When the returning tide has driven him backwards from his
best hunting grounds, and sent him home at last to dinner and things of the earth, earthy,
the squabbles of nations may come in for a share of his attention perhaps ; but, even then, only
imperfectly, for the collected treasures have to be examined and preserved, and the heart of the
collector yearns after them.

vil]

INTRODUCTION.

Does any one doubt the truth of this picture, and imagine it merely a fancy description got
up to throw a fictitious charm over the subject of the book? If he does so, let him undeceive
himself at once. Fictitious extasies inevitably betray themselves, and he is no Lavater of the
mind who can suspect that this is one. On the contrary, it is but a very poor transcript of the
delight which hundreds have experienced already in this as in other investigations of the
wonderful works of God ; and it is to be hoped that hundreds will experience it again. Youth
is not necessary to it, riches are not necessary to it, and a moderate amount of bodily health
and strength will suffice, and will, in many cases, increase with the using ; or the able and
willing assistant-hunter may save the elder one a part of the bodily labour, and receive a more
than double amount of good in return, as the two sit together on a rock for rest and pleasant
discourse on things of Heaven and things of that Earth which the Almighty has given to the
children of men, not merely as a picture-book to be stared at, but as written pages to be read
and studied.

About this shore-hunting, however, as regards my own sex (so many of whom, I know,
are interested in the pursuit), many difficulties are apt to arise ; among the foremost of
which must be mentioned the risk of cold and destruction of clothes. The best pair of
single-soled kid Balmoral boots that ever were made will not stand salt water many days —
indeed would scarcely “come on” after being thoroughly wetted two or three times in
succession — and the sea-weed collector who has to pick her way to save her boots will never
be a loving disciple as long as she lives ! Any one, therefore, really intending to work in
the matter, must lay aside for a time all thought of conventional appearances, and be
content to support the weight of a pair of boy’s shooting boots, which, furthermore, should
be rendered as far water-proof as possible by receiving a thin coat of neat’s-foot oil, such as
is used by fishermen — a process well understood in most lodging-houses. It is true that sea-
water does not usually give any one cold, but in sea-weed hunting, where there is so much
standing and dawdling about, as well as walking, it is as well for beginners or delicate people
not to be wet for any great length of time ; and as for the hardier hunters who have learned
to walk boldly into a pool if they suspect there is anything worth having in the middle of it,
they will oil their boots, for the simple reason that it is a mere waste of time to black and
polish them ; for, polish as they will, a saline incrustation is sure to steal through at last.
This advice cannot be enforced too strongly. It is both wasteful, uncomfortable, and dangerous
to attempt sea-weed hunting in delicate boots. Wasteful, because a guinea pair will scarcely
last a week. Uncomfortable, because to walk on some rocks in thin soles (the slate edges of
those in Douglas Bay, for instance) is so painful, that it very soon becomes impossible.
Dangerous, because you must be wetted through by the first bit of moist sand you come to,
and it is not every one who would be justified in running the risk involved in this fact.

Next to boots comes the question of petticoats ; and if anything could excuse a woman for
imitating the costume of a man, it would be what she suffers as a sea-weed collector from those
necessary draperies ! But to make the best of a bad matter, let woollen be in the ascendant
as much as possible; and let the petticoats never come below the ankle. A ladies’ yachting
costume has come into fashion of late, which is, perhaps, as near perfection for shore-work as
anything that could be devised. It is a suit consisting of a full short skirt of blue flannel or
serge (like very fine bathing-gown material), with waistcoat and jacket to match. Cloaks and
shawls, which necessarily hamper the arms, besides having long ends and corners which cannot

INTRODUCTION.

IX

fail to get soaked, are, of course, very inconvenient, and should be as much avoided as possible;
but where this cannot be, a good deal may be done towards tucking them neatly up out of the
way. In conclusion, a hat is preferable to a bonnet, merino stockings to cotton ones, and a strong
pair of gloves is indispensable. All millinery work — silks, satins, lace, bracelets, and other
jewellery, &c. must, and wdll, be laid aside by every rational being who attempts to shore-hunt.

A stick was alluded to before, and is a very desirable appendage, both as a balance in rock-
clambering and for drawing floating sea-weeds from the water. It should have a crook for a
handle therefore. But about these sort of matters, people should amuse themselves by
devising ingenious varieties. The basket may be lined with gutta percha, or exchanged, by those
who care to invest in it, for an Indian-rubber bag, which can be strapped round the waist, and
into an inside pocket of which a bottle or two for the more delicate sea-weeds may be easily stowed
away. But the common basket which has served the bygone generation will do very well for
any one who is in earnest in this. Few tools come amiss to a good workman, and it argues a
rather dilettante state of mind to insist on having everything the perfection of convenience.
Into which question comes also that of expenditure ; and the reader is here assured, once for all,
that it is quite possible to go shore-hunting for life quite comfortably without any extra
expense whatever; that very strong-soled pair of boots perhaps alone excepted, and they will
be found quite as useful in country walks afterwards, as on the sands.

Equipped, therefore, with as much woollen in the dress as possible, let us imagine a
pair of friends starting for the shore. But they must never do so without ascertaining
from more than one inquiry the real state of the tide. It sounds like a joke to say
that a sea-weed collector should always order his dinner at high-tide hour, but the idea is
a very good one, and, were there none but sea-weed collectors in a company, might be
(under limits) carried out every day. Nevertheless, as there are plants well worth having,
to be found near high-water mark, these can be looked for on the days when low-water
occurs at dusk, or in the too early morning. All that is insisted upon here is, that no one
should venture upon the shore among rocks, the ins-and-outs of which it needs long experience
to understand, without ascertaining whether the tide is ebbing or flowing. A flowing tide
often steals round the back of perhaps a pretty extensive fleld of low rocks instead of advancing
straight over them, and in that case it is very easy to be surrounded before one is aware. A
steady determination to wade and not be frightened is then the only resource ; but the evil is
better avoided, and this can be done by a little care and watchfulness. Both are necessary, however,
and no enthusiasm must cause this fact to be forgotten. A casually-overheard remark, that a
certain bay in the Scilly Isles was “ deceitful,” induced a late visitor there to be more than usually
vigilant, although it was impossible by looking over it to detect where the danger lay. But
when the tide had flowed for about a couple of hours it became evident that it was making a
circuit, following an unobserved lower level among the rocks, and that a considerable portion
of the hunting-ground would presently be left an island ; high and dry itself for several hours
probably, but not very easy to get away from, when climbing over boulders had to be combined
with striding knee-deep in water. This was the Windmill Bay at St. Mary’s, Scilly; and it is
but one case among hundreds, for even flat sand-bank shores are not safe without attention, as
any one who knows Withernsea, near Hull, will bear witness. Enough, however, of warnings,
lest people should be frayed from venturing on the shore at all ; whereas our hints are only
intended to teach them to do it safely.

h

X

INTRODUCTION.

And once on the beach under the favourable circumstances of a fine day, a receding tide,
sufficient refection in the basket to prevent an inglorious retreat for lack of food — what is the
wdsest course to pursue? To go straight down at once to as low-water as the tide admits of,
and so gradually follow its retreat ; or to indulge the very natural inclination to stop and
gather the wash-up {wreck, or wrack) which may possibly be scattered at your feet? The
answer depends upon circumstances, but, as a general rule, the first is decidedly the better
plan for a sea-weed collector. Sunshine so quickly injures the greater number of the finer
plants (fading them to yellow and white), that they are scarcely worth picking up after a few
hours’ exposure. But if a rough sea has brought an unusually profuse and thick deposit, they
are well worth a turn over or two from your stick just to see that you are not leaving pearls
behind you unaware ; and if you are one of those who patronise zoophytes as well as algae, you
are pretty sure to find something worth stopping a few minutes for. Very good zoophytes are
sometimes washed up to the very last high-water mark line, an instance of which once occurred
at Filey, where a layer of the scarce Thuiaria articulata was left round one side of the bay,
close under the cliffs.

In such cases, of course, the bird-in-the-hand principle must come into play. You must
not leave the certain good thing behind you, lest you lose it; for, find what you may afterwards,
you will fret about the neglected treasure. Secure it, therefore, but hurry on afterwards ; and
to beginners I would say. Go down to lower water at once.

And now, if you have to walk along the sands before reaching the rocks you purpose
scrambling over, enjoy yourself thoroughly as you go, by keeping close to the sea ; never
minding a few touches from the last gentle waves as they ripple over at your feet. Feel all
the luxury of not having to be afraid of your boots ; neither of wetting nor destroying them.
Feel all the comfort of walking steadily forward, the very strength of the soles making you
tread firm — confident in yourself, and, let me add, in your dress. Verily we women are all,
“more or less” (as sea-weed descriptions have it), at the mercy of our dress! It is an
unpleasant truth, but a truth it is. Does it not require an actual effort of moral courage, for
instance, to go to a dinner-party, when you know that you are by no means fresh from the
hands of a milliner, but that other people are likely to be pre-eminently so ? Can even a sense
(which shall be granted you) of some internal compensating superiority prevent you feeling a
little — just a little! — abashed, or dashed,'' as the strong common phrase goes, by the
consciousness that for you the last new moon’s “ Belle Assemblee” has been published in vain ?
Take courage and admit the fact ! You may hate the particular fashion of the day ; disap-
prove of it as a matter of taste ; be quite aware that no artist, or, at all events, no high-art
artist, would venture to disfigure his canvas by a representation of such Guy-dom. But yet

“ My Lord ! we women swim not with our hearts,

Nor yet our judgments, hut the world’s opinions.”

Well, well! “Pelham” said long ago that the world considered eccentricity in small things,
folly ; in great ones, genius. So a woman is right in not dressing differently from the world’s
opinion when she is in the world, if she can; and when she cannot she must bear the mortifica-
tion like^ the heroine she is : for among women there are a good many heroines of whom the
world knows nothing. But enough ! Enough, too, that if costumed as I have described, you,
loving disciple, are, at any rate for once, conscious as you step along, that you are in the right

INTRODUCTION.

XI

dress in the right place ; that you could not walk where you are now walking but for it; and tliat
to walk where you are walking, makes you feel free, bold, joyous, monarch of all you survey,
untrammelled, at ease, at home ! At home, though among all manner of strange, unknown
creatures, flung at your feet every minute by the quick succeeding waves. Curiously fragile,
paper-like, sea-urchins — you wonder if alive or dead — some mere empty cases, some heavy
with the corpse within ; jelly- and star- fishes ; ridiculous little crabs, who find their legs at
once, and trot hurriedly off ; and mixed with these, perhaps, the heavy body of a once-beautiful
seagull, its life cut short by an idle shot ; and a thousand other things which must not be named
or numbered here ; for, if you are a sea-weed collector only, you will not care to be troubled about
sponges, zoophytes, or shells, nay, probably would not even notice them, for it is curious how
the eye accustoms itself to see what it is searching after, and to ignore everything else. Any
mother knows this who has walked down a wooded lane in spring with a schoolboy son. To
her it is full of primroses, violets, and such matters ; to him of the birds’ nests which, even
when pointed out, she can scarcely distinguish in the thick green hedge. “ None so blind as
those who won’t see,” except, perhaps, those who are looking for something else.

But probably, as you proceed in your walk, you will observe that more and more sea-weeds
are being left among the creatures on the sand, and, if so, by all means examine the nature of
the wash-up before you pass on. If you see chiefly large lumps of the olive-coloured Fuci^ such
as are figured in the first four Plates, you need not trouble yourself. Pursue your way. But
if delicate little tufts, pink or brown, are lying about, secure a few of each sort as nearly as you
can guess at them, before you proceed. The initiated will, of course, have a definite idea of
what to gather in such a case, and so will you — and soon become one of them — if you will
now on this first occasion keep your random gatherings by themselves, so that on your return
you may notice what it was you picked up. It is possible that all your little tufts may be but
one species — that very common Ceramium ruh-^m (Fig. 242), which is a sort of Paul Pry in
sea-weed society, intruding himself everywhere in many varieties of appearance. Or they may
be altogether a mass of another common thing, Plocamium coccineum (Fig. 178), for as it looks
very pink as it lies, you would be certain to pick it up, were it there. And sea-weeds are so
often torn from the rocks in shoals, that it is very common to find a quantity of specimens of
one thing together ; and as only an experienced eye can detect a species as it lies in a lump on
the sand, beginners are sure to pick up more of a kind than they want. No matter, however,
for your first gatherings, if you do but observe them narrowly afterwards, and so take in a
lesson of increased wisdom for next day.

Moreover, “ time and chance happeneth to all men,” and your very first day’s hunt may, by a
happy accident, — waft actual treasures under your eyes. It is in vain to attempt to enumerate
these, but let no very delicate hair-like tuft or flat pink plant escape you ; watch the wave that
is throwing them ashore, and if it is for changing its mind and drawing them back, you must
step in to the rescue and secure what looks to you the best, whether you wet your gloves,,
boots, or even petticoat, or not ! And then push on, for if good things are astir in this
manner you will get at them still more easily a little further down kneeling on some low
rock for instance, in some sheltered corner which you must look for, where the water is
tolerably quiet, and you can see your pretty prey floating, displayed to the best advantage, and
dip in a bare arm to catch it at comfortable leisure.

And here men have certainly an advantage over women, for they can wade with impunity :

Xll

INTRODUCTION.

but never mind ; plenty can be done without it, if the loving disciple "will but have patience with
the waves, use her stick cleverly to assist the nearing of the plants, and separate them so
as to observe their forms as they approach. She will thus soon learn to know the fairy
Callithamnion bushes (Plates LVI. to LIX.) from everything else, and will push aside the
coarser Paul Pry, Ceramium ruhrum, for their more refined tufts ; nay, could scarcely fail to
recognise Chrysymenia rosea (now Chylocladia rosea^ see Fig. 142) itself, even at first sight.
But patience and enjoyment must go hand in hand here. To stoop down once or twice and
then be weary, will not do. You must kneel, or sit, or recline on the rock, and fairly gaze on
into the water as the waves waft the plants up and down. And if you have got into a good
place, i. e. under shelter, and where fresh things are coming in, half an hour will scarcely be
too much to remain, unless the tide is ebbing, in which case you must follow it to the next
convenient resting-place.

Of course, to gather a plant growing is the orthodox perfection of sea-weed discovery, but
these hints are especially intended for the comfort of the sisterhood who are hampered both in
wading and climbing. And they may rest assured that some of the rarest and loveliest plants
may be caught in the manner above described, and often as perfect and uninjured as if careful
hands instead of reckless waves had detached them from the rocks. The truth is, the scarce
low-water plants are apt to haunt very inaccessible places ; places, too, where the roaring of
breakers is so near at hand, and the standing ground so wet with spray, that a strong mental
effort is necessary to keep the nerves and feet steady, even after the difficulties of getting there
are surmounted. Not that the spot is unsafe for any one who is sure of a continuous self-
command ; but invalids sometimes become sea-weed collectors, and it would be madness to
counsel women indiscriminately to be strong-minded above their condition. People can,
however, do at one time what they cannot at another ; and wfith a male companion to lend
a hand and infuse a sense of security, a very eerie hunting-ground may be sometimes ventured
upon ; yea, even within the splash and uproar of such heavy dark green waves as beat against
the north side of Filey Bridge, the place of all others to which the above remarks specially
refer. But unprotected females” have no business to be running risks for the sake of “vile
sea-weeds and, for their consolation be it known, that although that bewitching Chrysymenia
rosea lurks in just such fearful corners, only attainable at spring-tides, and only uncovered then
for a very short time, yet as fine a specimen as has ever been found of it was floated into a
shallow tide-pool that formed round a large stone on the sands of Filey Bay !

But having said thus much for the happy chances which often attend zcrec^-gathering, as
distinguished from roc^-gathering, it is fair to add, that all low-water hunting-ground is not of
the same inaccessible character. In flat open bays and shores, with rock-fields of moderate
height, you have only to look out for not being surrounded by back-water, and may, if you are
indifferent to noise and dreariness, prowl up and down the fruitful wet lanes that lie between
the different masses, to your heart’s content. Of this kind is the glorious coast to the north of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, where hundreds of collectors might work together without ever interfering
with each other, so great is its extent ; and where, when beaten back by the tide, you find exten-
sive upper caves, into whose shadowy pools the wreck has been floated unscathed and unfaded,
and where you may pick it out for another hour or two longer. Into these caves come from
time to time the tiny fronds of the scarce Rhodyinenia cristata (now Euthora cristata, Fig. 184)^
as dear to an algologist’s eye as a nugget of gold.

INTRODUCTION.

Xlll

And somewhat of the same character (the caves excepted) is Gristhorpe Bay, between
Scarborough and Filey, where (all but back-water) the only risk you can run, is of slipping
by a false step into some of the enormous pools with which it abounds, and which are deep,
though not always dangerously so. But there are such things as happy accidents, and it was
a tumble into one of these sea-weed repositories which a few years ago revealed the then rather
surprising fact, that the whole bottom of the pool was lined with fine large plants of Odon-
thalia dentata (Fig. 99) ; a species at one time supposed to flourish no farther south than
the county of Durham. A “happy accident” this, were it only for the assurance it gives of
how much remains to be done in the exploration of different localities !

But even in reflecting upon the best and easiest shores, such as the choice one of Douglas
Ba}^, Isle of Man, for instance, it must be owned that a low-water-mark expedition is more
comfortably undertaken under the protection of a gentleman. He may fossilize, or sketch,
or even (if he will be savage and barbaric) shoot gulls, though one had rather not ; but no need,
anyhow, to involve him in the messing after what he may consider “ rubbish;” unless, happily,
he be inclined to assist.

Meanwhile let the loving disciple who cannot obtain such help, take things easy. It is a fine
thing to get as far as you can, of course; but she will do sufficiently well, as has been showm,
without straining the point. We could whisper to her of a shore and pools at St. Mary’s,
Scilly, where, without running into hazards or among Laminaria plants, she may deck herself
over from top to toe with the crimson fronds of Rhodymenia laciniata (now Callophyllis laciniata,
Fig. 179) and Kallymenia reniformis (Fig. 215), or the lighter rose-coloured ones of Nitopliyllums
Hilliw punctatum (Figs. 175, 174); even as the robins covered over the babes in the wood
with leaves ! And really, as a general rule, it would be scarcely possible to say that she has less
chance of success in “ treasure trove” from wreck-gathering on the shore, than more adven-
turous labourers from low-water-mark researches.

The long mass of rocks called Filey Bridge has been already mentioned ; and one of its
peculiarities, namely, its various levels, leads to a subject to which the attention of collectors
should be directed ; that is, the zone vegetation of the sea. By which is meant that certain
particular plants, and even classes of plants, affect certain depths or levels of the sea. Thus,
for instance, one may say generally that the grass-green ones inhabit the upper range or zone,
and that the red prefer the lower, while different forms of the olive-coloured flourish the whole
way through. In the following descriptions this point is always noticed ; and it will be observed
that, while some species confine themselves exclusively to one situation, others are to be found
anywhere “ betw^een tide-marks ;” varying, however, considerably in colour and even character
of growth in different situations; the red ones always pale and discoloured near the higher
zone. Thus, in upper pools, our friend Ceramium /-wJnm will be found a dirty stone- colour ;
in deep ones, a fine red.

Among those which maintain an unvarying position is the large Tangle or Oar-weed,
Laminaria digitata (Fig. 24). It is never met with but at extreme tide-limits, where some of
its broad, leather-like fronds may be seen darkly overhanging the rocks, while others, a little
lower down, are rising and dipping in the water like sea-serpents floated by the waves. If ever
you find yourself astray among Laminarias, therefore, you may conclude at once where you are,
according to algological geography; namely, at extreme low-water mark ; or, in other words, in
the Laminarian zone. And, being there, it behoves you to remember that you may expect to

XIV

INTRODUCTION.

find all manner of good things growing in the neighbourhood, seeing that the finest red sea-
weeds also love this deep water. Not that you must expect to see this lower region a fairy land
of rosy colour, remember — often not half as much so as a wreck-scattered shore like that at
St. Mary’s. A delusion on this subject is encouraged by picture-books, from which the loving
disciple must awake. Few red plants are as bright when growing as when laid out, though this
rule, like all others, has its exceptions ; but it is true of most of the species which afterwards
prove so brilliant. Delesseria sanguinea^ for instance (now Wormskioldia sanguinea^ Fig. 169),
does not acquire its fine cactus-hue till after it has been exposed for an hour or two to the air ; and
Dasya coccinea (Fig. 135), and Plocamium coccineum (Fig. 178), take a longer time still before
they change from their original reddish brown to the cochineal tint their name implies. To find
the former plant, therefore, you must look out for a delicately transparent and exquisitely
formed leaf, rather than expect to be guided to it at once by a startling blaze of colour.

Besides all which, the beauties, whether bright or dingy, often hide; and you will have to
inspect the sides of the rocks most carefully, lifting up the great tangle plants to peep under-
neath them, if you would hope to see anything worth having. The most lovely of Callithamnions
looks but a miserable little dab of pinkish mud, as you see it on a rock when the tide has left
it, for how can it float and show itself there ? And it is only by knowing . and practically
believing that everything is so??iething, that you are preserved from passing by many such
minute valuables in such situations.

In truth, with all due deference to bright pictures of deep sea-rocks, such Laminarian zone
ground as one can get to, is often anything but attractive in general appearance. Nay, it is
sometimes particularly dismal and gloomy-looking, owing to the masses of olive plants that
abound there, and the saturated hue of the rocks. How it may be further down still, one
cannot pretend to say. We shall know some day, perhaps, when diving for sea-weeds has
become a fashionable amusement, and an indispensable part of an algologist’s education, and
collectors go forth singing,

“Come with me, and we will go
Where the rocks of coral grow."

But to return to our subject. When low-water mark affords you a long, flat, rocky level
to walk upon, the case is decidedly better ; for there you are sure to find pools, and some of
these will be crystal basins, not thickly crowded and confused with plants, like those higher up,
but exquisitely clean and refined, lined wdth a lilac-pink Melohesian incrustation perhaps,
or graced at the bottom or sides by a few elegant tufts of, now and then, the exquisite little
Polysiphonia parasitica (Fig. 128), or the deep green Bryopsis plumosa (Fig. 286), displaying
their feathery forms to the best advantage. “ Exceeding in beauty the plants of the earth,^'
exclaims Dr. Johnston, in a moment of enthusiasm, when speaking of the vegetation of rock-
pools, at the conclusion of his Botany of the Eastern Borders. And the compliment has its
value, though one knows the words were not intended to be taken au pied de la lettre.

Now, on leaving the Laminarian zone of Filey Bridge, you have the opportunity rarely
afforded by one mass of rocks, of ascending gradually by a succession of, for the most part,
square-cut levels, or ledges, each easy to walk upon, and abounding in pools, up to extreme
high-water mark on the top ; one part of which is only completely submerged at spring-tides,
though always within the influence of spray. And here, as you walk over the fine old riddled

INTRODUCTION.

XV

surface, nearly a quarter of a mile in extent, you have but to turn to the right hand, where some
large blocks of stone rise up in a sloping position, and underneath the slope you may gather
handfuls of Catenella opuntia (Fig. 204), as you stand; while in the adjoining pools the
grass-green Enteroinorplias (Plates LXX. and LXXI.) come, obedient to the zone law which
gives them the upper level as their peculiar habitat.

Nor are the intermediate levels — hanging-gardens, as it were, of the sea — between high and
low* water mark, difficult to be got at, if only you have remembered to put on a strong pair of
gloves, and will condescend to use hands as well as feet to ensure your safety. But by this
time there is no doubt the disciple will have become as reasonable as nature intended her to
be — will have realised the wisdom of wearing woollen petticoats among wet rocks, and thick
boots when she has to walk over beds of Fucus vesiculosus (Fig. 10), and Himanthalia lorea
(Fig. 16).

As to the hanging-gardens themselves, they afford a good opportunity for a minute study
of zone vegetation ; but this is a subject for the more advanced student, who can open Dr.
Harvey’s works and follow him in this and other interesting discussions. And now, even
among the pools, the old rule holds good — the prettiest things are not to be got at without
trouble. The disciple will have to kneel or sit down on the rock and lift up the coarser plants
which often fringe the edge of such places, and look underneath for delicate Corallinas (Plates
XXXIII., XXXIV.), Polysiphonias (Plate XXVI., &c.), and other scarcer things, or she will
come away knowing nothing of the pools at all. But, alas ! here is no space for fully pursuing
this subject. Only remember that the perpendicular faces of rocks have their growths as
well as the pools, and that a good collector must, like a good nurse, keep her eyes open all
round her ; while, on the other hand, the injunction cannot be enforced too strongly, that she
had better go home hurriedly than overload her basket and spoil everything it contains.

It will be understood, of course, that what has now been said of Filey Bridge applies to
other rocky shores, although the zones of growth are more easily observed there than elsewhere.
But they exist everywhere — everywhere grass-green is the earliest life in the first vegetation-
line ; mixed gradually with some of the more delicate olive plants, Ectocarpus (Plates XIX. &c.),
Asperococcus (Fig. 46), &c. Everywhere the Laminarias^ and the rarer red plants, are to be found
only at low-water level, but the popping sea-weeds, the End (Plates III. and IV.), throughout
the whole range, save only the extreme last. Exceptions excepted, an examination of any shore
will prove these statements correct, and enable the collector to judge whereabout she is,
algologically speaking, on even a perfectly strange coast, and to regulate what she looks for,
accordingly.

Another subject of interest to the algologist is the influence of climate on the growth of
special plants, for this may often decide her in a choice of stations. Sea-water varies very
much both in temperature and saltness, and it would be as unreasonable to look for Devonshire
myrtles in Yorkshire gardens as for Devonshire algae in its waters. But here latitude is not
everything. Douglas Bay, in the Isle of Man, is in nearly the same latitude as Filey, yet both
the land and sea vegetation are very different ; and if it be asked why, no reason can be assigned
but Gulf-stream influence. The point is open to discussion and objection, perhaps ; and there is
a theory (with a diagram in its favour !) of a current which diverts the Gulf-stream from going
further east than the Scilly Isles, and prevents its going up the Irish Channel at all, while it
allows its influence on the west coast of Ireland. But if this be so, how is it that the blue

XVI

INTRODUCTION.

snail shells (lanthina fragilis) and Portuguese men-of-war {Physalia pelagica and Velella
spirans), which it is universally admitted are drifted to Ireland and Scilly from hot latitudes
by the Gulf-stream, are also found along the coasts of Cornwall and Devonshire? Surely this
diverting current off the Scillys is rather a mythical idea? Moreover, it is not Captain
Maury’s belief, who figures his lines of influence as extending not only up the Irish Channel,
but a few of them along the south coast of England and slightly north-east beyond, until lost
in the stronger downward current from the North Seas.

People may adopt which theory they like best, but those who have seen the coast of County
Clare, the Isle of Man, and the north-east shores of England, will have a strong leaning
towards Maury’s creed. It solves all the difficulties presented to them by the different appear-
ance of the waters in those places, and the different vegetation to be found in them. Sea-weed
collectors need only be told that Sphcerococcus coronopifoUus (Fig. 191) exists at Douglas, and
Odonthalia dentata (Fig. 99) at Filey, to be aware that there must be some very decided cause
to account for so great a difference in the growths of two places in the same latitude. And
many other warm-sea-loving plants occur in the Isle of Man which are quite unknown on the
north-east coast, as Bonnemaisonia asparagoides (Fig. 133), Callithamnions plumula and
thuyoideum (Figs. 254, 275), Naccaria Wiggii (Fig. 218), Chylocladia (now Lomentarid)
haliformis (Fig. 146), Griffithsia corallina (Fig. 252), and wffio knows how many etceteras,
if one could but get at accurate information ?

A limited visit to one locality goes but a small way towards an acquaintance with its
treasures ; and it is to be wished that more was ascertained about that unusually charming
island, with its soft climate, blue sea, bad farming, bare-legged, begging population, beautiful
scenery, remarkable antiquities, and last, not least in love, its exquisite sea-weed shores.

Would that some one might take this hint ! for if more efforts were made towards
announcing individual experiences on different coasts, a large amount of testimony information
would be secured, which at present dies out and is lost.

A few words remain to be said about the descriptions of the Plates which follow; the
most important being an assurance to the reader that he is secured from the danger of
meeting with serious errors, by the fact that private friendship has enabled me to consult
Dr. Harvey from first to last throughout, as also to make use of his various works.
Those works are intended for scientific or, certainly, advanced students, and any one who will
compare his descriptions with mine will discover that what I have done — or rather what I
have attempted to do — is to bring his scientific statements within the range of general com-
prehension by such alterations of language as might soften the technical difficulties which are
such a stumbling-block to amateur beginners.

Should any one, from looking at these descriptions, desire to rise out of amateurship into
science, he will seek and find his proper food elsewhere. The books are open for those who
can understand them, and those will understand them who care sufficiently to try, and will find
the pursuit a charmed one. So that to have assisted in whetting the appetite of any worthy
disciple in favour of it would be a fact to reflect upon with pleasure, and make the labour
bestowed on these pages seem well employed. And who can doubt that those who desire to
take the higher flight, will be all the better able to do so from having condescended to begin
as children, and -work upwards by childish steps ?

They may laugh hereafter, perhaps, at ever having looked at a book which translates ramuli

INTRODUCTION.

XVll

into hranchlets^ and ramelli into hranclileteens ; but it will oe in the same way that grown-up
people smile at the spelling-book which enabled them to begin literature by stories of one-
syllabled words. By the time my amateur beginners have learnt to know that ramelli, as
hranclileteens, are distinct from ramuli, as hranchlets — have seen threads explained as filaments
so often, that to forget what filaments mean is impossible, with other similar lessons — they will
look at the pages of Phycologias, British and Foreign, with comparatively open eyes, and on
their own heads will it be if they do not persevere further !

Moreover, it is believed that the plan here adopted, of arranging the subjects of observation
in separate lines and in uniform order, will facilitate the necessary comparison of species with
species. Thus, at a glance, colour can be matched with colour, substance with substance, form
with form (under the title Character of Frond), &c., and a plant referred to the one with which
it proves to agree.

It is true, the absence of scientific generic classification and headings makes it difficult
at first to discover to which set of species a plant may belong ; but, to meet this difficulty, two
attempts are now made ; one of which is to throw brief generic and specific distinctions together
in the descriptions. Thus, on the first page, in the account of the Sargassums, the statement
that they have “branches bearing distinct leaves” is made of both, and is followed in both
cases by a more particular description of the leaves. Now the fact of “ bearing distinct
leaves” is a generic character, and separates the Sargassums from all the other plants that
follow ; whereas the minute differences as to width, the presence of pores in the leaves, &c., are
among the specific ones which distinguish S. vulgare from 8. bacciferum.

So of the Polysiphonias (Plate XXY., &c.), the true generic characters, that they are
thread-like, and that the threads are jointed, and that the joints are marked with upright lines
(internal tubes seen through), are repeated under each species ; while the specific distinctions as
to the number of tubes visible, the more or less obscurity of the joints, and other matters, are
added to each.

But, besides this, in the second place, there will be found appended to this volume a
Synopsis of Sea-weed Appearances, which it is hoped will be a great assistance to the collector in
tracing any plant he may meet with to its generic, and, finally, its specific, home. In this the
first step towards algological classification is as clearly marked as in the most scientific works,
viz. the division of algae into three chief colour-groups, — olive, red, and grass-green but this
stage over, scientific classification is laid aside, and the plants are grouped together by the
more obvious characters of form and habit of growth. To begin at the beginning, however.
The first inquiry of a collector must still be — Is my plant olive, red, or grass-green ? And
this he must find out whenever he wishes to ascertain its name. In most cases it will be easy
enough to do so, but in others he can only accomplish it by holding up the plant to the light,
or by examining it through a pocket lens (a magnifying-glass used by all botanists, and to
be carried in the pocket) ; or, better still, under the microscope. And here he must bear in
mind that all algae are coloured one of the three colours named, unless faded by exposure.
The tempting white bits so common on the shore near high-water mark, therefore, are worth-
less, except to make a variety of appearance in a sea- weed picture or basket.

* Not that the colour-groups are so arranged because of colour, hut because of structure ; consequently, in
the few cases where colour and structure clash, colour gives way. Hence the exceptional red cases in the
grass-green group, where the structure is strictly that of grass-green plants (Figs. 345 to 350.)

XVlll

INTRODUCTION.

The colour ascertained, he now knows in which of the three colour-groups to look for his
plant, and may proceed next to consider to which of the principal divisions of its group it
belongs ; whether to the flats, the cylindricals {i.e. those shaped like a thread, whether coarse
or slender), the incrustations, or irregular lumps. Then — if flat, for instance — he must
go on to observe whether it is with or without a midrib ; whether leaf-lilce or irregular in shape ;
whether branched or unbranched^ &c. ; for it is impossible to do more here than give a general
idea of how the investigations are to be pursued. They will need patient labour and careful
observation ; but if these are given they will probably be successful. What the Synopsis fails
to give, the specific descriptions and plates will probably supply; and the List of Families,
Genera, and Species, which follows, will enable the student to reduce his scattered materials
into their proper order, and arrange his plants in the herbarium according to their scientific
classification.

It is true the difficulties increase as the inquiry proceeds. It is easier to find the
generic than the specific name of a plant ; to trace it home to its family, than to identify it as
an individual. But those who have accomplished the one are little likely to rest satisfied
without attempting the other. And if a real difficulty occurs, surely some more advanced
naturalist-friend can always be got hold of to throw light on the subject. For brotherhood is
strong among them — especially among the highest — whose readiness to help the ignorant,
even at the expense of much valuable time and trouble, is an example which all will do well to
imitate. On the other hand, the “ ignoranF should carefully guard from presuming on such
good nature. A habit of recklessly sending unexamined specimens to be named — a dozen
of one sort perhaps — cannot be too strongly deprecated. But a real difficulty, which the
possessor of a plant has tried in vain to surmount, is sure to be kindly and considerately
met by any one to whom reference is made.

Very little more remains to be said, except on the subject of microscopic examination. In
the course of these descriptions, especially in the latter ones, certain characters of plants, or the
plants themselves, are described as microscopic objects. And it was necessary to state this, in
describing such species as are only distinguishable from each other when observed through
a power of the microscope high enough to reveal internal structure (see Plates LXXVIII.
LXXIX. and LXXX.). A microscope, therefore, is one of those desirable possessions which
almost amounts to a necessity, and is absolutely such to a student who intends to investigate
thoroughly for himself. The internal tubes of a Polysiphonia, for instance (Plate XXV., &c.),
cannot be seen without it, any more than the differences among Lyngbyas, Microcoleus,
Oscillatorias, Monormia, &c. (Plate LXXVIII., &c.). And in days when an actually useful
instrument may be had for 10s. 6c?., and very good ones for a few pounds, it is to be hoped
that few will be unable to afford themselves the luxury of such an assistant. For a luxury
that is, indeed, which will so often resolve perplexing doubts by a glance, and save many weary
hours of uncertain labour.

Connected with the microscope is, of course, the subject of examining plants by making
sections of them. The Germans call a section a durchschnitt, or through-cut- — expressively
enough ; and this durchschnitting is a necessary accomplishment to an advanced, i.e. a scientific
student. Some genera even are wonderfully alike, till a durchschnitt reveals a difi'erence in
internal structure ; when, behold, plants which might be taken for twin brothers have to be
separated as wide as the poles, and the fructification of algae can never be understood without

INTRODUCTION.

XIX

such minute dissection. And although in these descriptions internal structure is not really
entered into, except in cases which are visible by simple observation under a microscope, neces-
sary allusions to it have been occasionally made,* which seem to render it desirable to add a few
hints upon the art of making durchschnitts properly. These, therefore, are appended to the
Kules for Preserving and Laying out Sea-weeds, so that beginners may be at no loss how to
proceed in either of these matters.

In conclusion, it is quite possible that the students who read this book may, from time to
time, and here and there, find imperfections in the accounts, or think of some happier way or
words in which the meaning might have been expressed — I could probably do so myself were
the printing to recommence. But of one thing they may rest assured, — the work has been in the
strictest sense a labour of love. It is scarcely too much to say, that in all the 384 descriptions
there is not a line of mere heartless copying or scissor-work. In all cases, my endeavour has
been to understand the scientific statements myself before attempting to make them com-
prehensible to others. The labour of love, therefore, has also been conscientiously performed ;
and if those who have improvements to suggest will insert them in their own copies, and make
them known to their friends, further assistance will be gained towards the clearing and really
popularising one of the most charming studies which, in the goodness of God, this wonderful
earth affords to its inhabitants. Only let natural history be pursued with the “ reverence” on
which our great poet insists, so that we may not become conceited with our beautiful but
imperfect “ broken lights,” and we shall find in it a fountain of perpetual enjoyment, and a
resource against thousands of the lesser and often foolish disturbances of life, which otherwise
are so apt to lay too keen a hold upon the mind, especially of those who lead quiet, uneventful
lives. What saith the Book of Wisdom ? ‘‘ By the greatness and beauty of the creatures,

proportionably the Maker of them is seen ; ” and to dwell on Him in the glory of His works
here, is beginning to do in a lesser degree now what we hope to do in the full perfection of
knowledge hereafter.

As in the characteristics of Family XIV., Squamarics, &c.

RULES

FOR PRESERVING AND LAYING OUT

SEA-WEEDS.

Whenever it is possible sea-weeds should be laid out on paper, and put under pressure the
same day they are gathered ; but as this is not always practicable, especially to lady-collectors,
who have friends’ convenience to consult, and other matters to attend to, it is well to point
out the two other methods by which shore-gatherings may be kept tolerably safe, until the
laying out can be accomplished. I shall call one the damping process ; the other is called
rough-drying.

The damping process is chiefly for cases of emergency, although it can be made available
for the complete drying of plants if carefully repeated. Now one of an amateur-collector’s
emergencies is, when, in the course of travelling in an orthodox-touring hurry with non-
naturalist friends, she has collected a basketful of plants on the shore, but has neither
time nor opportunity for even rough-drying them — much less for laying them out ; and the
question arises. What is to be done with them ? for they will soon decompose and become
worthless if they are allowed to lie long together in a mass.

Well, let her travelling-bag always contain two or three old towels — soft thick ones are
best^ — and at the first ten minutes’ opportunity let her deal with the sea-weeds as follows : —

Spread one of the towels on a table or the floor, and scatter a few plants in a row across it,
near one end, but leaving enough of towel beyond to fold over the plants. When so folded,
scatter a second row on the fold itself, remembering in all cases to spread and separate the
plants nicely, so that they may not lie too thick. Then double this fold over so as to cover
the plants, and proceed to scatter a third row as before ; then fold it over, and so on again till
plants and towel are formed into a sort of roly-poly pudding ; the towel answering to the paste,
and the sea-weeds to the sweetmeat. It will be a dampish bundle, but, wrapped in a dry
towel, it may be stowed away in a bag, or covered up in the sea-weed basket.

It is to a well-known algologist, my friend Miss Cutler, that I am indebted for these
hints, and as the plan was practised by her in my behalf on the occasion of a hurried visit to
the shore at Exmouth, and many of the plants were laid out successfully the following day, I
have no hesitation in recommending it in cases of inevitable hurry.

Rough-drying has other advantages, and is performed as follows: — Spread three or four
newspapers on the floor of an airy room, or in any airy situation, so that it is not exposed to
the full blaze of the sun ; for, as before explained, sunshine takes the colour out of sea-weeds.

RULES FOR PRESERVING, ETC.

XXI

On these newspapers scatter, as lightly and thinly as possible, yonr fresh-gathered plants, just
as you brought them in from the shore. For you must neither squeeze them nor rinse them
in fresh water, nor do anything, in short, to get rid of the sea-water which hangs round them,
and which, if you will allow it to dry naturally upon them, will both preserve them sound and
keep them pliable, so that they will easily remoisten. If they are very dirty indeed, you may
send for some clean sea-water and shake them in it, so as to get them into a state of average
cleanliness before scattering them on the newspaper. But, even then, no squeezing or dabbing
is allowed. Shake them once or twice if you please, if they are streaming as you lift them
from the basin, but that is all.

Now, in warm weather, and in a dry place, and with plenty of air, your plants will soon
begin to dry a little. And if you like to turn them over after an hour or two, there can be no
objection, for there is no reason why the hay-making principle should not be useful here, and
both sides of a sea-weed have the same chance. Even with turning, however, and that more
than once, it is uncertain how long your plants will be before they are sufficiently dry for
packing. Sometimes — but not often in England — a, few hours will suffice ; at others, a few
days will be necessary. The artificial heat of a room may be used now and then to assist the
operation, but it must be done in moderation. When tolerably dry — sufficiently so for there
to be no danger of their clinging together and moulding, you may drop them into paper bags,
ready to be packed up when next you start. And the word drop is used, to make it thoroughly
understood that they must be allowed plenty of air-room, and on no account be pressed down
to get them into a small compass. And the same loose packing must be practised with the
bags themselves. The plants will not bear squeezing.

This rough-drying process is perfect for all the coarser plants, and answers very fairly with
so many of the others, that you cannot do better than practise it wherever you go. For, even
when able to lay out some plants at the time you collect them, it is always pleasant to have a
few more after you come home, whether for yourself or for giving away, and such paper bags
of sea-weeds travel nicely in a hamper, and are very light.

And the plan is invaluable for another reason. It is so easily carried out, that you may
even venture to ask non-naturalist friends to practise it in your behalf, if either living or
travelling in other countries. And in this way your collection may be enriched by some of the
curious and beautiful growths which exist in distant seas. For algas preserved in this manner
remain in good condition for a length of time, and all but the very delicate ones will bear
wetting and being laid out at leisure, quite well.

There remains now to be considered the process of laying out, which, be it remembered,
when well done at first, is the one sure way of preserving algae in perfection.-

It is a rather complicated operation, but soon learnt, and easily practised, when once
understood. Some little contrivance is necessary, however, to avoid annoying other people and
injuring furniture ; and a luxurious algologist would like to have a room to himself, with a
carpet that would not stain, and a deal table which no amount of splashing would spoil. But
it is wonderful what may be done without luxuries ! I have known it possible, even when
visiting, to lay out plants in a bed-room, washing them in a basin, spreading them in any
shallow bath that happened to be there, and pressing them under a travelling box, neither
wetting the furniture nor doing anything else to annoy the hostess, and causing no extra
trouble but the emptying of the bath once oftener than usual.

XXll

RULES FOR PRESERVING

This is rough work, though, and seldom necessary. In any house you may, by asking, have

the use of a common table, or cover a better one with oil-cloth, and so also the floor. You

must then have ready a largish bowl and three moderate-sized meat-dishes — if white, so much
the better. Also some fine white “medium” cartridge or drawing-paper, previously cut into
three sizes, so that there may be uniformity in the appearance of your collection. Also an
ample supply of blotting-paper (the cheap sort is sufficiently good), and of well-washed muslin
(the commonest kind of book-muslin) cut into slips of folio-paper size. You require also a
camel’s-hair brush for cleaning the plants, and a porcupine’s quill or ivory knitting-needle,
or something pointed, for separating fine branches and spreading them delicately on the paper.
A pair of scissors, too, for clipping overthick specimens ; a pair of pincers for lifting them

about ; and, finally, plenty of both sea and fresh water. Of course, too, there should be a

puncheon at hand, to receive the water in which you have been laying out your plants, the
moment you observe it becoming dirtied or discoloured ; for, without the strictest attention
to its cleanliness and purity, the paper on which your specimen is spread will be stained,
and remain an eyesore for ever.

And now, with all these appliances around you, begin your work by washing your plants.
For which purpose put a dozen or so into the howl — those first which you may have brought
home in bottles — and pour sea-water on them. Do not overcrowd the bowl, or you cannot see
' what you are about. With a moderate number you can take them up one by one and shake
them a little in succession. Then place one in a dish with sea- water, and, drawing it to you,
observe its condition as to dirt and mussels, which often infest sea-weeds. Brush it over care-
fully with your camel’s-hair brush to remove the dirt, and if the mussels will not move, ^ress
them off with the end of the porcupine’s quill. When you are satisfied that the specimen is
clean, remove it into dish No. 2, still floating it in sea-water, and there let it remain till you
have prepared several others in a similar manner ; for it does not do to go backwards and for-
wards from one part of the process to another.

When you have got from half-a-dozen to a dozen plants (dependent on their size, for they
must never be crowded) in dish No. 2, push the first dish away and bring the second close.
The plants are all clean, it is true, but you have now to consider, as you see them floating in
the water, whether they will look well when flattened by pressure, or whether any bushy ones
among them may not be improved by a little thinning. If there are branches springing from
all sides of the stem {guadrifariously)^ as in the cases of Callithamnion arhuscula (Fig. 262),
and Chrysymenia (now Chylocladia) clavellosa (Fig. 136), your laid-out frond will form heavy
lumps here and there, and its beauty will be lost. Unpleasant, therefore, as it is to clip any
luxuriant growth, it is desirable to make the sacrifice, and to cut away some portion of the
branches, that the rest of them may be seen to advantage.

But there is still a difficulty before you. There are some plants which will not bear even
the touch of fresh water, and which, therefore, must be laid out, as well as cleaned and
prepared, in that from the sea.

Polysiphonia Brodicei (Fig. 120), for instance, begins to decompose at once in fresh w^ater,
and were you to attempt to lay it out therein, you would see all the fine tips of the branches
breaking off under your brush, till it became comparatively quite stunted. So also P.Jihraia
(Fig. 113), P. violacea (Fig. 119), P. fibrillosa (Fig. 123). But this last is almost worse,
for it decomposes so rapidly under any circumstances, that only laying it out at once saves it

AND LAYING OUT SEA-WEEDS.

xxni

from destruction. The Griffithsias (Plates LIII., LIV., LV.) are nearly as bad. What they
do is to crack and let out all their fine pink colouring-matter, so that, although they do not rot
in pieces like the more fragile Polysiphonias^ they leave you nothing but their faded forms to
remind you of your mistake. And much the same may be said of Gallithamnion Borreri
(Fig. 272), Wrangelia multifida (Fig. 249), Gloiosiphonia capillaris (Fig. 219), which also
decomposes ; and Nemaleon multijidum (Fig. 217), &c. Nay, even the common Ceramium
ruhrum (Fig. 242), if long soaked, will serve you the same trick, while Nitophyllum versicolor
(Fig. 181) changes from rose-colour to orange. And there are other species similarly affected,
all of which should, by rights, be laid out in their native element, and attended to as soon as
possible.

The necessity of washing the general collection in sea-water is therefore obvious. The
almost certain result of plunging a dozen plants at random into the other is, that before ten
minutes are over some of them would perish, discolouring the whole mass of water and injuring
any delicate companions.

It must be borne in mind, that as the above list does not comprehend all the fragile plants,
the collector will do well to make experiments upon those with which he is not acquainted ;
and if he loses a few plants by a few mistakes at first, do not let him grudge them. The
lesson of knowing better next time is a good thing in exchange.

On the other hand, there are certain plants which improve by being steeped for some time
in water from the well. Of this sort are Dasya coccinea (Fig. 135), Plocamium coccineum
(Fig. 178), and Laurencia ohtusa (Fig. 132), provided that they are still the brownish-red tint
of complete freshness when you begin upon them. If from exposure on the shore, or in your
basket, they have already turned the beautiful cochineal colour you wish: them to be, the object
of soaking them is effected. The next process will be decomposition and fading, so lay them
out while they are pretty, in Whichever water you have at hand.

And the operation is the same in both cases. Put dish No. 2 on one side, and place dish
No. 3 before you. Pour into it whichever water your plant requires, and lift your plant in
from dish No. 2. Then take a piece of the ready-cut paper, of the size that will allow you a
handsome margin round it, and slip it into the water underneath the plant, keeping just hold
of it on one corner with your left hand. Then with the porcupine’s quill or camel’s-hair brush
in your right hand, help the plant to arrange itself gracefully on the paper, and when you are
satisfied with its position, begin drawing it carefully and gently out, taking care that it is
properly displayed, and brushing away any atoms of dirt that may appear on the water. It
will be, of course, during this operation in a more or less sloping position, for the shallowest
dishes have sides ; and you will have to take care, especially if it be a gelatinous plant, that it
does not slip away suddenly, and rush back into the dish. But a little practice soon enables
the disciple to manage this part of the business. Like bringing a trout to land, it has its
difficulties ; but if you love your plant as Izaac Walton would have Piscator do his fish, you will
bring him to at last. Here, however, I must mention a rather new device for rendering this
part of the laying-out process much easier. It is the use of a very thin plate of zinc, perfo-
rated with small holes; which, being placed in your dish — one end supported by the ledge, the
other plunged in the water — forms an inclined plane, over which it is comparatively very easy
to draw out the paper with the plant upon it. The material may be bought at a trifle per
yard at any wire or metal shop, and you can have it cut to what size you please. Of course

XXIV

RULES FOR PRESERVING

it must be the length of the dish in use ; and an oblong shape; with one rounded end, is desirable.
The advantage gained is that the paper can no longer bend, which it is otherwise apt to do
in a treacherous manner, as you draw it over the edge of the plate, the metal plate keeping it
flat throughout, while the holes allow the water to drain away.

Wliat has been so long and successfully done without, can, of course, be done without now,
but both time and trouble are saved by this simple invention, and it is within the reach of
every one who will take the trouble to procure it.

On the removal of the paper with the plant upon it from the water, it may be either laid at
once upon sheets of blotting-paper (four thick), or you may place it for a short time on a linen
cloth or sheet, spread over another table, or the back of a sofa, or even on the ground. This
is merely to absorb a little portion of the water, and I believe the plan to be a good one,
inasmuch as it prevents the mass of blotting-paper from the excessive saturation it otherwise
must undergo.

And now leave it, and proceed in the same way with more plants till you have enough to
cover the whole sheet of blotting-paper ; and when they are all neatly laid side by side, but not
touching, upon it, cover them with one of the pieces of muslin already spoken about. On the
top of which muslin place four more sheets of blotting-paper, and then you have a fresh dry
surface on which to lay another batch of plants similarly prepared and treated. And proceed
in this way till you have raised a bundle — it may be even six or eight inches thick— of
alternate blotting-papers, plants, and muslin. Which bundle place between two flat boards,
weighting the top moderately ; or if in a clothes-press, be careful not to screw it tightly down.
This is an error into which beginners are very apt to fall ; but it may be here laid down as
a rule, that except in dealing with the stiff, unruly, leathery olive algas, strong pressure is
never necessary, and often most objectionable. If it does nothing else, it stamps the texture
of the muslin both on paper and plant, disfiguring the one and destroying the character of
the other. Neither does it ensure the flatness of the paper to squeeze it in this violent manner.
Permanent evenness and flatness are produced by continued moderate pressure — continued^ even
after the drying seems effected.

At the end of five or six hours take the bundle from between the boards, remove the top
sheets of blotting-paper, lift the muslin most carefully off the sea-weeds, and then proceed to
place them on other dry sheets of blotting-paper as before. And in most cases it is well to
repeat the muslin cover also. Do the same, of course, to all the layers in succession, and put
the new bundle between the boards again ; this time with a rather heavier weight, and there
leave it for half a day ; after which, change the blotting-papers once more, but the muslin
will no longer be required. Weight them again between the boards, and leave them for one, two,
or three days, as is most convenient, by which time they will appear perfectly dry. Nevertheless,
it is no bad plan to change them once again, putting them now in single sheets of blotting-
paper. Then replace them between the boards, and then — forget them^^ if possible ; for the
longer they remain in press the firmer they will be, and the less liable to curl.

Thus much for the process generally ; but one or two remarks must still be made. Very
coarse and very delicate plants must not be mixed in the same bundle. The former need strong
pressure to get them tolerably flat. Fucus Fucodium nodosum) nodosusfFig. 13), for
instance, with its large thick air-vessels, would ruin several layers of delicate plants, as its
impression could not fail to be forced through the damp blotting-paper. The same remark

AND LAYING OUT SEA-WEEDS.

XXV

applies to the roots of plants, which are fatal to their neighbours when pressed in. It is always
desirable to possess the root, but let it be trimmed and subdued as much as possible, and where
inveterately troublesome, kept at the outer edge of the sheet. Coarse and line plants must be
arranged in separate bundles, therefore, and placed in a different press, or with a dividing board
between, and roots must be made as little offensive as possible.

Again: as to the recommendation of blotting — rather than botanical drying — paper, as
a soaking medium ; this is made on account of the much smoother surface it possesses. The
inequalities of botanical drying-paper always become more or less impressed upon the damp
sea-weed papers on which they lie, and as this is inevitable even under moderate pressure, and
is decidedly disfiguring, blotting-paper is much to be preferred.

Then, in speaking of the laying-out paper, let me protest warmly against the use of anything
blue-tinted, however good otherwise it may be. A rose-coloured sea-weed on blue writing-
paper loses half its beauty, as the general effect produced to the eye is a muddled lilac hue.
Indeed, on the perfect whiteness of the paper employed, half the perfection of the specimen
depends, for it can only be seen properly on such. The fine-grained white “ medium” cartridge-
paper spoken of is sufficiently good. But better still, and very reasonable in price, is to be
had at Saltcoats, in Ayrshire,'*' if the sending to a distance be no objection. At any rate, the
paper used must be smooth and milk-white, if the specimens are to be displayed to their best
advantage.

Now a few words upon special plants. The “ tough, leathery,” olive ones, Sargassum,
Cystoseira^ Fucus, &c., should be soaked for an hour or two in hot water before being laid out
and pressed, as they are thereby rendered more pliable. They may be fastened to their papers
at last with gum, as they do not adhere naturally. Most of the finer plants adhere naturally,
but the coarser ones, which do not, may be fastened down by glue; the finer by gum tiagacanth
paste; or by washing both specimen and paper over with skimmed milk, applied by a varnish
brush.

Delesseria (now WormsTcioldia) sanguinea (Fig. 169), preserves its colour better when the
wet blotting-papers are changed very quickly.

Mesogloia vermicularis (Fig. 55), and virescens (Fig. 57), Gloiosiplionia capillaris (Fig. 219),
Porphyra laciniata^ and any very gelatinous plants, should never have their muslin removed
under any of the changes of the blotting-papers: not, in short, till they are completely dry.

Several of the thin flat expansions, as the Rhodymenias, Nitophyllums^ Iridoea^ Rhodopliyllis ,
Callophyllis, Kallymenias, Halymenia, Ulva^ &c., contract so much in drying, that ample
allowance should be made for it, by laying them very easily on the paper — never stretching
them to anything like their full wet length. Otherwise, when dried, they will crack in all
directions. Rough-dried specimens require the same treatment as fresh ones, except that they
will need soaking to induce them to expand. The coarse olive plants should never be left
soaking with finer ones, as they give out a slimy juice.

Codium hursa (Fig. 284) is a specialty, and must be specially treated. It is a thick lump,
and must be pressed alone and very gradually, or the frond will crack and burst ; the pressure
being increased day by day as the lump subsides. It may be made quite flat at last, but time

* Of Mr. Arthur Guthrie, Bookseller, Saltcoats, Ardrossan, Ayrshire. It was kept by him cut in three
useful sizes, under the direction of the late Dr. Landsborough, and is still kept for sale.

d

XXVI

RULES FOR PRESERVING

and patience are necessary. If two or three growing in a close group are pressed together, put
little hits of muslin between them, and do not remove these till the process of pressing is com-
pleted. Some people prefer preserving it in a bottle with spirits of wine and water (one part
spirit, two water). This plan has the advantage of not destroying its shape, but the bottle is
inconvenient in the herbarium.

Leathesia tuheriformis (Fig. 54), and the Rivularias (Plate LXXV.), require gradual
pressing also.

Certain incrusting plants, as Ralfsia verrucosa (Fig. 60), Cruoria pellita (Fig. 227),
(now Petrocelis cruenta), Hildenhrantia rubra (Fig. 161), &c., cannot be displayed on paper.
Morsels of them may be kept in little paper cases fastened in the herbarium, but dissected
portions of each should be mounted in microscopic slides for observation of the structure.

The lumpy Melobesias (Figs. 156-159) can only be kept in boxes.

HOW TO MAKE SECTIONS OF ALG^ FOR
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION.

For making sections or durchsclinitts it is necessary to have a small working microscope,
a few glass slides and thin cell-covers, and a delicately fine knife.

An excellent microscope of the proper sort is to be had for a few shillings; and if the
knife it contains be not sufficiently fine, an infant’s gum lancet, well sharpened, answers the
purpose.

The little instrument has, of course, a stem on which the eye-glass runs up and down;
and this being fastened to the wood-work of the box, can be shut in or turned out at will.
When turned out, the box itself forms a small stage or platform to work upon; the student
looking down upon it through the glass. Note here, that it is well to gum a piece of white
paper on the stage to begin with, as the operations to be performed are thus more easily seen.
On this stage place a glass slide, and on the slide place a morsel of the plant to be
examined, say a quarter of an inch or so of a stem or branch. Hold this scrap firmly down
to the slide by the first finger of your left hand, pressing the nail against its extreme end, so
that as you look through the eye-glass you can only see the merest edge of the plant. Then,
with the knife or lancet in your right hand, slice off this mere edge (the thinner the slice
the better), and drawing the left nail very slightly back, leave another mere edge^ which cut
off in a similar way ; and so another, and another, and another, till you have six or eight slices
on your slide.

Now wet the tip of a finger in clean water, and let down one small drop thereof upon the
centre of the slide ; into which minute pool coax your little durchsclinitts, by the aid of the
small pointer contained in your microscope box, and then — replacing the slide on the stage —
give yourself the pleasure of watching the magnified slices expand in the liquid.

AND LAYING OUT SEA-WEEDS, ETC.

XXVll

With fresh- gathered plants there is no difficulty, of course, but sections of dried specimens
are occasionally troublesome, by refusing to resume their natural shape. A drop of muriatic
acid will sometimes induce them to open, but not always. Nevertheless, it is so rarely pos-
sible to mend the matter by moistening the dried specimen before it is cut, and clean, good
sections are so much more easily made of dried plants than of re-moistened ones, that the rule
is, to cut them in their dried state, as a first effort, and resort to other expedients, if necessary,
afterwards.

But to proceed. The sections being more or less expanded, take one of the thin cell-covers
(ascertaining that it is clean and bright), and let it gently down upon the slide over the little
pool and its contents, and you have at once a microscopic slide ready for examination under
your compound microscope.

Troublesome as this operation may seem to be, when read of, it is a very amusing one in
practice, and by no means hard of accomplishment. Longitudinal sections are made in the
same way ; but it is always well then to secure a fork in the branching, as the one stem can be
held dowm quite firmly while the other is being cut ; whereas one only, if very slender, cannot
be thoroughly secured during the process of cutting.

Were the mechanical part now described the worst difficulty in the examination of sea-weed
structure, all the world might be made learned by algological durcJischnitts ; but the delicacy
of eye and judgment requisite for understanding the meaning of what is seen, is a part of the
matter not so easily taught or acquired. Courage, however ! A comparison of fresh-gathered
and dried durcJischnitts of the same genera ; a habit, if possible, of making drawings of every-
thing one sees; and a patient acquiescence with the necessity of being twenty times mistaken
at first for every once one is right, will go a long way towards making a scholar in its
secondary sense, out of a mere scholar or amateur.

THE AMATEUR’S SYNOPSIS

OLIVE SEA-WEEDS. (Melanosperms.)

FLAT,

with a Midrib.

Leathery ; slimy.

Narrow ; branched in a forked manner; air-vessels, inflations in
the frond .........

Membranaceous.

Narrow; forked; marked by dots (when in fruit)

Long ; narrow (in proportion) ; leaf -like ; stalked

without a Midrib.

Leathery; slimy.

Broad expansions ; spreading from thick stalks ; variously slit .

Membranaceous.

Long ; narrow (in proportion) ; ribbon-like ; stalked

,, „ „ tubular, though compressed ;

surface speckled with dots ......

Leaf-like ; tapering to the base ; ,, . .

Fan-shaped, or circular ; margins curled; marked by concentric
lines ..........

,, margins flat ; „ but the lines obscure

Spreading fan-wise ; irregularly slit ; tips bluntly cut ; marked
by both lines and dots .

Much and irregularly slit; tips torn, pointed ; speckled with dots

Narrow ; forked throughout ; root woolly ....

Leaf-like stem and branches, tapering to each end ; branches
opposite .........

Very narrow ; irregularly forked ; young shoots springing from
blunt tips .........

Extremely narrow stems and branches (thread-like) ; thorny ; or
fringed with bright green tufts .....

CYLINDRICAL {thread-shaped).

iinjointed.

Tough ; leathery.

Thick, long, slimy, unbranched ; tapering to each end

Shrub-like stems and branches ; bearing narrow mid-ribbed
leaves and berry-like air-vessels .....
„ „ „ flattened ; narrow ; at one level

throughout ; air-vessels pod-like .....
„ „ „ flattened ; growing all ways ;

very bushy ; air-vessels oval inflations ....

Thick, sometimes flattened stems; forked; air-vessels large oval
inflations .........

Genus. Fam.

Fucus

I

Haliseris

IV

Alaria

III

Laminaria

III

Laminaria

III

Asperococcus

IV

PUNCTARIA

IV

Padina

IV

ZONARIA

IV

Taonia

IV

CUTLERIA

IV

Dictyota

IV

Desmarestia

II

Carpomitra

II

Desmarestia

II

Chorda

V

Sargassum

I

Halidrys

I

Cystoseira

I

Fucodtttm

I

THE amateur’s SYNOPSIS. xxix

Membranaceous or Gelatinous.

Long, loose-feeling, slimy ; brandling irregular ; very thick and Genus. Fam.

clumsy, or very slender ....... Mesogloia V

Bag-like, of every width from a hog’s bristle to six inches ;

speckled with dots ; tips blunt ..... Asperococcus IV

Stem undivided ; branches simple ; bearing green-crested seed-

pods .......... Sporochnus II

Stem undivided, or slightly forked ; branches long ; simple ;

clothed with fine colourless fibres ..... Chordaria V

Stem and branches tapering to each end ; opposite ; marked by

rings (whorls) of dots ....... Striaria IV

Irregularly divided or branched ; speckled with fruit-warts . Stilophora IV

Stems profusely and repeatedly rebranched ; branches alternate . Dictyosiphon IV

,, ,, ,, . branches opposite . Desmarestia II

Very short tufts ; threads unbranched ; clothed with colourless

fibres . Wyattia IV

clothed with Jointed Branchletee72<?.

Soft ; branches distant ; mostly opposite ; branchletee?2s bright
green, hair-like ; set in rings (whorls) . . . .

Eigid ; dull olive or brown ; branchleteews short, curved ; in
rings (whorls) ........

- — contracted at intervals.

Stems unbranched ; contractions inflated ; of irregular lengths .
Large, bag-like ; contractions inflated ; of irregular lengths ;
speckled with dots ........

jointed.

Branches delicately plumed like feathers ; main stems opaque .

„ ,, ,, jointed throughout .

Undivided stems clothed with branchlets tipped by colourless
fibres ..........

Slender, thread-like tufts ; profusely and variously branched
,, very short tufts ; threads unbranched ; parasitic

INCRUSTATIONS or PATCHES.

dark brown.

Leathery, skin-like, closely adhering, often rough with fruit- warts
Fleshy, convex, smooth . . . .

Minute, parasitic, forming thin stains or convex dots

Arthrocladia II
Cladostephus VI

Chorda V

Asperococcus IV

Chcetopteris VI
Sphacelaria VI

Myriotrichia VI
Ectocarpus VI
Elachista V

Ealfsia

V

Leathesia

V

Myrionema

V

IRREGULAR or DEFINED LUMPS.

Fleshy, irregularly round, in potatoe-like clusters, or rarely

minute ; parasitic ........ Leathesia V

Tough, leathery, fungus-like, sending up long, strap-like, slimy,

fruit-receptacles ........ Himanthalia I

XXX

THE amateur’s SYNOPSIS.

RED SEA-WEEDS. (^Rhodosperms,^

FLAT.

with a Midrib.

Membranaceous.

Thin, leaflike ; midribs throwing out leaflets

„ „ „ blood-red ; fruiting in winter

without a Midrib.

Membranaceous ; thin.

Small ; oval ; leaf-like ; with oval leaflets springing from the
margins .........

Fan-shaped (rarely narrow); veins rising from the base
„ no veins ; turning orange in fresh water .

Wedge-shaped; of various widths ; purplish

Oblong ; of various widths ; margins often fringed with
frondlets .........

Narrowish ; repeatedly forked throughout ; margins some-
times fringed ........

more or less forked ; tips obtuse ; fruit-like mid-

rib-lines

Narrow ; purplish; cut out into branches ; margins notched
,, distantly forked ; divisions wedge-shaped
„ rose-red ; last branchlets set on one side only, like
the teeth of a comb .......

Very narrow ; repeatedly forked and branched upwards
,, stems and branches tapering to each end

Membranaceous; thick.

Oval ; rising from a short stalk .....

Soft ; roundish ; margins throwing out fronds

Crisp ; slit into broad, wedge-shaped divisions

,, of various widths ; margins fringed with frondlets

Rather rigid.

Stalked ; wrinkled ; margins throwing out young fronds
„ ,, several times forked ; expanding fan-wise

,, roundish ; horizontally laid ; rooted by fibres from
its under surface .......

Stalked ; branches regularly and repeatedly plumed and re-
plumed with short branchlets and branchletee??5

Genus. Fam.

Delesseria XI
WORMSKIOLDIA XVI

Chylocladia XVIII

Nitophyllum

XI

Nitophyllum

XI

Rhodymenia

XVI

Halymenia

XVIII

Rhodophyllis XVI

Stenogramme

XVI

Odonthalia

VII

Gracilaria

XI

Plocamium

XVI

Euthora

XVI

Grateloupia XVIII

ScHIZYMENIA

XVIII

Kallymenia

XVIII

Callophyllis XVIII

Calliblepharis XI

Ph YLLOPHORA XVIII

Rhodymenia

XVI

Peyssonelia

XIV

Ptilota

XIX

THE AMATEUR S SYNOPSIS.

XXXI

Gristly.

Genus.

Fam,

Stalked ; spreading fan-wise above ; many times forked .

Chondrus

XVIII

„ narrow ; repeatedly forked ; tips blunt ; dark red

Gymnogongrus

XVIII

„ „ channelled ; spreading upwards into

wedge-shaped divisions ; purple ....

Gigartina

XVIII

Narrow stems and branches tapering to both ends, tips of
branchletee?is blunt .......

Gelidium

XII

Shrubby ; much branched ; upper branches set with short,
sharp, horizontally set branchleteews

Sph^roooccus

XI

CYLINDRICAL {thread-shaped), BRANCHED.

unjointed.

Gristly.

Dark ; solid ; repeatedly and regularly forked ; root a disc

POLYIDES

XIII

,, „ „ last forkings long ; root fibrous .

Furcellaria

XVIII

Irregularly forked, beset with clusters of small, oval, mem-
branaceous leaflets .......

Lomentaria

VIII

Purplish ; wiry ; closely forked ; entangled

Gymnogongrus

XVIII

„ „ distantly and irregularly branched ; en-
tangled ........

Ahnfeldtia

XVIII

Branches strongly curved, and pointed ; branchlets few

Gigartina

XVIII

Simple ; or sparingly forked ; branches simple ; short

Cordylecladia

XVI

Irregularly, often slightly, branched; branches tapering
to each end ........

Gracilaria

XI

Very bushy; often but irregularly rebranched; tips
pointed ........

Cystoclonium

XVIII

The thickness of hogs’ bristles throughout ; forked or three
forked; tips swollen ......

Gelidium

XII

Membranaceous and Gelatinous.

Pale pink ; repeatedly forked ; tips blunt ; occasionally
midribbed ........

SCINAIA

XV

Dull purple ; solid within ; irregularly forked ; clumsy

Nemaleon

XV

„ tubular; stems undivided; branches long,

simple, tapering to each end .....

Dumontia

XVIII

Purple red ; solid within ; stems undivided ; branches long,
simple, tapering to each end .....

Helminthocladia XV

Fleshy ; sometimes compressed ; branched and rebranched
with short blunt branchlets . .

Laurencia

VIII

Slender ; generally, undivided stems, set with long

branches, clothed with very short branchlets . . Chondria

VII

xxxii

THE AMATEUK’s SYNOPSIS.

More or less soft and threadlike*

Genus.

Fam.

Bushy ; nearly opaque ; marked by lines across

Eytiphl^a

yii

,, ,, not marked by lines across .

Ehodomela

YII

Dull purple ; entangled ; tips strongly curled inwards

Bostrychia

YII

Eose-red ; set throughout with exactly opposite branchlets

Bonnemaisonia

YIII

„ irregularly forked ; tips forked and hooked in .

Microcladia

XIX

,, gelatinous ; tubular ; stems thick in the middle,

gradually tapering to both ends ; repeatedly rebranched

Chylocladia

XYIII

„ gelatinous ; loose-feeling ; bushy ; branchlets

crowded ; generally opposite ; very slender

Gloiosiphonia

XYIII

„ gelatinous ; loose-feeling ; branches and branch-

lets alternate ; having a beaded appearance ; tips
pointed .........

Dudresnaia

XIX

„ gelatinous ; loose-feeling ; branches chiefly oppo-
site ; branchlets with blunt tips ....

Helminthora

XY

„ gelatinous ; branches spreading all ways ;

branchlets slender ; often swollen in the middle ;
sometimes beaded . . . . . . .

Naccaria

IX

clothed with Jointed Branchletee725.

Stems robust, often hairy ; branchletee?2S tufted ; alternate

Dasya

YII

„ thickened by rings {ivliorls) of overlapping

branchletee?^s . . .

Halurus

XIX

,, marked by lines across ; branchletee72S hair-
like; fringing .......

Spyridia

XYII

,, undivided ; repeatedly branched ; branchlet-

eens opposite, or in rings (whorls) ....

Wrangelia

IX

Gelatinous ; parasitic ; branchleteeiis very short ; in close
rings (ivhorls) .......

Crouania

XIX

contracted at intervals.

Gelatinous,

Contractions surrounded (whorled) by branches and branch-
lets ..........

Lomentaria

YIII

Irregularly branched ; contractions short and uniform
throughout ........

Champia

YIII

Dull purple ; short ; matted ; contractions of different sizes

Catenella

XYIII

Thick ; repeatedly forked ; contracted at the angles of divi-
sion .........

SciNAIA

XY

Contractions strongly marked; bead-like; forming oval
leaflets ; fresh sets springing from each contraction

Chylocladia

XYIII

THE amateur’s SYNOPSIS.

XXXlll

jointed.

Softj and thread-like.

Joints marked by several upright lines (internal colour-tubes)

Joints marked by one upright rose-coloured line (internal
colour-tube) ; branching forked ....

„ excessively slender ; branchlets short, pro-

fuse, spreading

„ * seeds (spores) in bead-

like strings ........

,, the thickness of horse-hair; stems dis-
tantly set with tufted branchlets ....

Joints wholly coloured; or partly coloured, partly trans-
parent .........

Solid ; opaque ; coated with a limy deposit ; stems branched
and rebranched on each side .....
,, „ coated with a limy deposit ; branching

forked throughout .......

INCRUSTATIONS or PATCHES on Rocks and

Glossy, dark red, adhering closely ; when in fruit, pitted
with small holes

not pitted

?? • •

Minute ; globose ; drop-like ; dark red ....

Lilac pink, fading to white ; like white or tinted patches of
lime .........

„ „ minute, dot-like (microscopic)

IRREGULAR LUMPS.

Solid ; stony ; coral-like, branched or unbranched

Genus.

Fam.

POLYSIPHONIA

VII

Griffithsia

XIX

CaLLITH AMNION

XIX

Seirospora

XIX

Corynospora

XIX

Ceramium

XIX

CORALLINA

X

Jania

X

AlgCB.

Hildenbrantia

XIV

Cruoria

XIV

Petrocelis

XIV

Actinococcus

XIV

Melobesia

X

Hapalidium

X

Melobesia

X

e

XXXIV

THE amateur’s SYNOPSIS.

GREEN SEA - WEEDS. ( CJilorosperms.)

FLAT; MEMBRANACEOUS.

ribless.

Purple.

Round or ribbon-like ; broad or narrow expansions
Grass greeM.

,, ,, tke membrane formed of two layers

of cells .........

Puckered and bag-like when young, afterwards bursting;

membrane formed of one layer of cells
Narrow stems and branches ; blunt at top ; tapering greatly
to the base ........

Genus. Fam.

PORPHYRA XXI

Phycoseris XXI

Ulva XXI

Enteromorpha XXI

CYLINDRICAL (thread-shaped),

- — unjointed.

Solid.

Dark green ; spongy ; the thickness of a goose-quill ; many

times forked ........ Codium

XX

Tubular; unhranched.

Bag-like ; inflated ; of every width from a hog’s bristle to
three inches . . ......

Enteromorpha XXI

Tubular; thread-like; branched.

Threads in free tufts ; or matted below ; zoospores external .
,, long ; undivided stems ; profusely branched ; tips
pointed throughout .......

Stems beautifully plumed like feathers ; sometimes replumed
Rose-red ; minute ; parasitic ; fringing ; branching forked
Green „ „ „ „

„ cushion-like tufts, formed of threads collected

into branching bundles ......

Tubular ; filled with colour-cells ; unbranched.

Long, dark-purple tufts ; lying in glutinous layers on rocks

Rose-red ; minute ; parasitic ; fringing ....

Green ; „ „ in tufts, or forming close

velvet-layers on rocks ......

Green ; bright or dull ; forming fleecy layers on floating plants
,, „ threads simple ; needle-like ; massed

into gelatinous layers ......

,, „ threads simple ; in bundles enclosed

in snake-like sheaths ......

Dull-green ; tlireads in free tufts, or layers ; matted below

Vaucheria XX

Enteromorpha XXI
Bryopsis XX

Bangia XXI

Hormospora XXV'

SCHIZOTHRIX XXIII

Bangia XXI

Bangia XXI

Calothrix XXIII
Spermosira XXIV

Oscillatoria XXIII

Microcoleus XXIII
Lyngbya XXIII

THE amateur’s SYNORSIS.

XXXV

contracted at intervals.

Compressed ; distantly branched ; tips blunt ; contractions
long .........

Genus.

Enteromorpha

Fam-

XXI

jointed.

Slender ; tufted ; much and variously branched and re-

branched ......*.

Cladophora

XXII

„ pale green ; in fleeces on rocks ; not branched, but

throwing out occasional fibres .....

Ehizoclonium

XXII

Slender, bright-green tufts ; gelatinous ; unbranched

Hormotrichum

XXII

„ of various shades of green ; in tufts ; never gela-
tinous ; unbranched ......

Conferva

XXII

Eose-red; minute; parasitic; fringing; joints containing
colour-cells ........

Goniotrichum

XXI

Pale-green ; minute ; parasitic on grasses, &c. ; forming a
convex hairy dot .......

OCHLOCH^TE

XXII

FILMS, or PATCHES.

Small, roundish, gelatinous, floating ; composed of branched
threads .........

Monormia

XXIV

Vivid or deep green, spreading over decaying plants on .
mud, or floating .......

SPHiEROZYGA

XXIV

Verdigris green, spreading over decaying plants or on sticks

Spirulina

XXIII

A dark glazy crust upon rocks ; formed of closely-
packed radiating threads ......

SCHIZOSIPHON

XXIII

Dark green ; velvetty ; spreading irregularly upon rocks ;
sometimes throwing up minute, cylindrical frondlets .

CODIUM

XX

IRREGULAR or DEFINED LUMPS.

Dark green ; spongy ; hollow ; more or less globular

CODIUM

XX

Globular, or convex; spreading like little balls on rocks
and plants ........

Eivularia

XXIII

LIST OF FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES, IN THE THREE
COLOUR GROUPS, FOR ARRANGEMENT IN THE

HERBARIUM.

MELANOSPERMS-CO/iye Group).

Colour. Varying from olive-green to dark brown.

Fruit. Single seeds properly called spores ; sunk, or partially
or wholly immersed in the frond ; or external.

Family l.-FUCACE^. — Tough ; leathery ; turning black when dry.

Spores sunk in the frond in special j swollen, slimy portions
(receptacles) .

Sargassum ; vulgare, bacciferum.

Halidrys ; siliquosa.

Cystoseira ; ericoides, granulata, barbata, foeniculacea, fibrosa.

Fucus ; Yesiculosns, ceranoides, serratiis.

Fuc ODIUM ; * nodosum, canaliculatum, Mackaii, tuberculatum.

Himanthalia ; lorea.

* Formerly Fucus nodosus (Fig. 13), F. canaliculatus (Fig. 15), F. Mackaii (Fig. 14), and
Pycnophycus tuherculatus (Fig. 9).

Family 2.-SP0R0CHNACE.E . — Soft ; membranaceous ; slender ; turning a verdigris

green in the air.

Spores on external hair-like jointed threads.

Carpomitra ; Cabrerge.

Sporochnus ; pedunculatus.

Desmarestia ; ligulata, aculeata, viridis.

Arthrocladia ; yillosa.

Family 3— LAMINARIACEiE . — Leathery, or membranaceous ; fiat, leaf-like, stalked.

forming cloudiy patches on the surface.

Alaria ; esculenta.

Laminaria ; digitata, digitata var. stenopbylla, bulbosa, longicruris, saccharina,
Phyllitis, fascia.

LIST OF FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES, ETC.

XXXVll

Family 4.— DICTYOTACE^ , — Soft ; membranaceous; flat, or thread-shaped.

Spores spots or lines on the surface.

Haliseris ; polypodioides.

Padina ; Pavonia.

ZoNARiA ; collaris, parvula.

CuTLERiA ; multifida.

Taonia; atornaria.

Dictyota ; dichotoma.

Stilophora ; rhizodes, Lyngbysei.

Dictyosiphon ; foeniculaceiis.

Striaria ; attenuata.

Wyattia;* pusilla, Laminarias.

Asperococcus ; compressus, Turneri, echinatus.

Punctaria ; latifolia, plantaginea, tennissima.

* Formerly Litosiphon pusillus (Fig. 52), and L. Laminaria (Fig. 53).

Family 5.-CH0RDARIACEiE , — Gelatinous ; of various habits. Thread-shaped ;

tuber-like, or incrustations.

Spores on threads concealed in the frond.

Chorda ; filum, loraentaria.

Chordaria; flagelliformis ; divaricata.

Mesogloia ; vermicularis, Griffithsiana, virescens.

Leathesia ; tuberiformis, Berkeleyi, crispa.*

Ralfsia ; verrucosa.

Myrionema ; strangulans, Leclancberii, punctiforme, clavatum.

Elachista ; fucicola, flaccida, curta, stellulata, scutulata, pulvinata, velutina,
Grevillei,*' Hay deni. ^

* See Appendix of New Species.

Family 6.-ECT0CAIlPACEiE. — More or less soft and slender; thread-shaped;

jointed.

Spores external on the branches.

Cladostephus ; verticillatus, spongiosus.

Ch^topteris ; plumosa.

Sphacelaria ; filicina, Sertularia, scoparia, cirrhosa, fusca, radicans, racemosa.
Ectocarpus ; siliculosus, amphibius, fenestratus, fasciculatus, Hincksige, tomen-
tosus, crinitus, pusillus, distortus, Landsburgii, littoralis, longifructus,
granulosus, spbseropborus, bracbiatus, Mertensii.

Myriotrichia ; clavseformis, filiformis.

* Formerly Sphacelaria plumosa (Fig. 72).

XXXViii LIST OP FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES, IN THE THREE COLOUR GROUPS,

IlHODOSPERMS-(i?eJ Group).

Colour. Varying from pink to crimson, or dark, reddish purple.

Fruit. Of two kinds — 1. Simple seeds, properly called Spores. 2. Four-
parted seeds, called Tetraspores ; external ; or sunk, or wholly
or partially immersed in the frond.

Family 'y.-mOBOWELAG^M-Soft; slender ; thread-like ; or membranaceous ;

flat.

1. Spores in external cases (capsules), having an
opening at top.

2. Tetraspores immersed.

Odonthalia ; dentata.

Chondria;* dasyphylla, tenuissima.

Rhodomela; lycopodiodes, subfusca.

Rytiphl^a ; pinastroides, complanata, thuyoides, fruticulosa.

Polysiphonia ; urceolata, formosa, pulvinata, fibrata, spinulosa, Ricbardsoni,
Griffitbsiana, elongella, elongata, violacea, Carmichaeliana, fibrillosa, Brodiaei,
variegata, obscura, simulans, nigrescens, affinis, subiilifera, atro-rubescens,
furcellata, fastigiata, parasitica, byssoides.

Bostrychia ; scorpioides.

Dasya ; coccinea, ocellata, arbuscula, venusta, Cattloviie ? f, punicea.J

* 'F oxmQvly Laurencia dasyphylla (Fig. l-ti), and L. tenuissima (Fig. 148).
f See Appendix of New Species. J See Appendix of New Species.

Family S.-LAURENCIACEiE , — Soft and thread-like ; fleshy or gelatinous.

1. Spores in external closed cases (capsules).

2. Tetraspores immersed.

Bonnemaisonia ; asparagoides.

Laurencia ; pinnatifida, coespitosa, obtusa.

Lomentaria;* ovalis, kaliformis, reflexa.

Champia ; I parvula.

=*< Formerly Chylocladia ovalis (Fig. 145); C. A;a/(/bmw (Figs. 146, 151), and C. reflexa
(Fig. 138).

+ Formerly Chylocladia parvula (Fig. 153).

Family 9.-WEANGELIACEJE.-So/if, thread-like ; more or less visibly clothed with

jointed branchletecn^.

1 . Spores in masses j on external, hair-like, jointed

threads.

2. Tetraspores external.

Wrangelia ; multifida.

Naccaria ; Wiggii, bypnoides.'*'

* See Appendix of New Species.

FOR ARRANGEMENT IN THE HERBARIUM„

XXXIX

Family lO-COEALLINACEiE . — Coral-like; lilac fading to white; thread-shaped;

jointed; encrusting, or in lumps.

One fruit. Tetraspores in external cases, having
an opening at top.

CoRALLiNA ; officinalis, elongata, squamata.

Jania; rubens, corniculata.

Melobesia ; polymorpha, calcarea, fasciculata, agariciformis, lichenoides, membra-
nacea, farinosa, verrucata, pustulata.

Hapalidium; Phyllactidiiim.

Family 11.-SPH^E0C0CC0IDE^ . — Delicately membranaceous ; rarely gristly ;

flat and leafy ; shrubby or thread-shaped.

1, Spores in external cases, with or without

an opening.

2. Tetraspores variously dispersed.

Delesseria ; sinuosa, alata, angustissima, Hypoglossum, ruscifolia.

Nitophyllum; punctatum, Hillise, Bonnemaisoni, Gmelini, laceratnm, versicolor.
Sph^rococcus ; coronopifolius.

Calliblepharis ; ^ ciliata, jubata.

Gracilaria ; multipartita, compressa, confervoides.

* Formerly Rhodymenia ciliata (Fig. 187), and B. jubata (Fig. 188.)

Family 12.-GELIDIACE.iE , — Gristly or horny ; flat or, rarely, thread-shaped.

1. Spores in swollen branchlets.

2. Tetraspores also immersed.

Gelidium; corneum, cartilagineum.

Family 13. — SPONGIOCARPE.^. — Gristly; cylindrical.

1. Spores hidden in pink wart-like excrescences.

2. Tetraspores immersed.

PoLYiDEs; rotundus.

Family 14.— SQUAMAEIE^ . — Leathery or membranaceous ; gelatinous. Encrusting,

or horizontally laid.

One fruit. Tetraspores in wart-like excrescences ;
or immersed.

Peyssonelia; Dubyi.

Hildenbrantia ; rubra.

Cruoria ; pellita,^ adhaerens.

Petrocelis ; f cruenta.

Actinococcus ; J Hennedyi.

* See Appendix of New Species. + Formerly (7rj/o?'m (Fig. 227).

t See Appendix of New Species.

xl

LIST OF FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES, IN THE THREE COLOUR GROUPS,

Family 15.~HELMINTH0CLADIE-® . — Gelatinous ; cylindrical ; branched.

One fruit. Globular masses of spores
immersed.

SciNAiA ; ^ furcellata.

Nemaleon;'!' multifidum.

Helminthora ; divaricata.

Helminthocladia; J purpurea.

^ Formerly Ginnania furcellata (Fig. 226).

+ Formerly Dudresnaia divaricata (Fig. 221).

I Formerly Nemaleon purpureiim (Fig. 217).

Family le.-RHOBYMENIACEjE . — Delicately membranaceous ; flat ; compressed, or

thread-shaped.

1. Masses o/spores in external cases (capsules),

or half-immersed.

2. Tetraspores variously dispersed.

WoRMSKioLDiA ; * sauguiuea.

Plocamium ; coccineum.

Stenogramme ; interrupta.

Rhodophyllis ; f bifida.

Euthora ; J cristata.

Rhodymenia ; palmetta ; palmata.

Cordylecladia ; § erecta.

* Formerly Delesseria sanguinea (Fig. 169).

+ Formerly Rhodymenia bifida (Fig. 183).

J Formerly Rhodymenia cristata (Fig. 184).

§ Formerly Gracilaria erecta (Fig. 168).

Family l^.-SPYEIDIACEiE . — Soft; membranaceous; thread-like; fringed with

jointed branchletQ&w^,

1 . Spores in external, closed cases (capsules).

2. Tetraspores, external.

Spyridia; filamentosa.

Family 18.-CEYPTONEMIACE.J].- Of every sort of substance and habit. The

internal structure consisting wholly, or in
part, o/ jointed threads, compacted toge-
ther by gelatine. Or some of the mem-
branaceous species made up of many-sided
cells similarly compacted.

1 . Masses o/spores inexternal cases (capsules),

with or without an opening.

2. Tetraspores chiefly immersed.

Phyllophora; rubens, membrani folia, Brodiiei, palmettoides.

Gymnogongrus ; Griffithsia^, Norvegicus."*'

Aitnfeldtia ; j* plicata.

^ Formerly Chrondrns norvegicus (Fig. 203).

I- Formerly Gymnogongnus plicatns (Fig. 211).

FOR ARRANGEMENT IN THE HERBARIUM.

Cystoclonium purpiirascens.

Callophyllis ; f laciniata.

Kallymenia ; reniformis.

Gigartina ; pistillata, acicularis, Teedii, mamillosa.

Chondrus ; crispus.

Halymenia ; ligulata.

Chylocladia clavellosa, rosea, articulata.

Dumontia ; filiformis.

Catenella ; opuntia.

Furcellaria ; fastigiata.

Grateloupia; filicina.

8chizymenia ; § Dubyi, ednlis.

Gloiosiphonia ; capillaris.

* Long known as Hypnea purpurascens.
f Formerly Rhodymenia laciniata (Fig. 179).

J Formerly Chrysymenia clavellosa (Fig. 136), and C. rosea (Figs. 141, i4'2).

§ Formerly Kallymenia Bubyi (Fig. 213), and Iridcea ediilis (Fig. 214).

Eamilj 19.-CERAMIACE^ , — Soft and thread-like; rarely rather rigid; jointed;

transparent ; or wholly or partly coated with
colour-cells,

1. Masses o/ spores in external, closed cases (capsules),

often in pairs ; or rarely naked.

2. Tetraspores, external, superficial, or half-immersed,

Microcladia ; glandnlosa.

Ceramium; rubrum, botryocarpum, decurrens, Deslongcbarapsii, diapbaniim, gra-
cillimnm, strictnm, nodosum, fastigiatum, flabelligerum, ecbionotum, acan-
thonotum, ciliatum.

Dudresnaia; coccinea.

Crouania; attenuata.

Ptilota ; plumosa, elegans.

Halurus ; * equisetifolius, simplicifilum.

Griffithsta ; barbata, Devoniensis, corallina, secundiflora, setacea.

CoRYNOSPORA ; f pedicellata.

Seirospora ; J Griffitbsiana.

Callithamnion ; pliimula, cruciatum, floccosum, Turneri, barbatum, pluma, arbus-
cula, Brodigei, tetragonum, brachiatum, tetricum, Hookeri,roseum, byssoidenm,
polyspermum, purpurascens, fasciculatum, Borreri, affine, tripinnatum, gracil-
limum, thuyoideum, corymbosum, spongiosum (or granulatum), Eothii, do-
ridulum, mesocarpum, sparsum, Daviesii, virgatulum.

^ Formerly Griffithsia equisetifolia (Fis. 244), and G. simplicifilum (Fig. 247).
t Formerly Callithamnion pedicellatum (Fig. 283).

+ The bead-like fruit of this plant is incorrectly called tetraspores under Fig. 248.
The true tetraspores are “ scattered and pedunculate,” as described by Areschoug,
and such have been lately observed by Dr. Arnott on a specimen from Jersey.

f

LIST OF FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES, IN THE THREE COLOUR GROUPS,

xHi

CHLOROSPERMS Group.)

Colour. Varying from bright grass-green to dark-green. In a
few exceptional cases^ purple and rose-red.

Fruit. Minute seeds called Zoospores., from having at one
])eriod a motion as of animal life ; formed of the
colouring matter {endochrome) in the cells or tubes
of which the frond is composed; very rarely external.

Family 20,— Spongy or soft and thread-like. Threads tubular, filled with liquid green
colouring -matter (endochrome).

Zoospores in external cases (capsules), or internal.

CoDiuM ; bursa, adhaerens, amphibium, tomentosum.

Vaucheria ; siibmarina, marina, velutina.

Bryopsis ; plumosa, hypnoides.

Family 21.-ULVACE.ffl , — Soft ; membranaceous ; flat or thread-like ; tubular.

Composed of colour-cellules laid side by side ; or con-
taining colour-cells variously arranged.

Zoospores internal.

Porphyra; laciniata, vulgaris.

Bangia ; fusco-purpurea, ciliaris, elegans.^

Goniotriohum ; j ceramicola.

Entbromorpha ; Corniicopise, intestinalis, compressa, Linkiana, erecta, clathrata,
ramulosa, Hopldrkh, percursa, Balfsii.

Phycoseris ; J latissima, linza.

Ulva; lactuca.

* Of doubtful affinity. See under Fig. 350.

f Formerly Bangia ceramicola (Fig. 349) ; the change of name was accidentally omitted in
its proper place.

X Formerly Ulva latissima (Fig. 342), and U. linza (Fig. 344). This subdivision of the
Ulvas is scarcely established. The collector can adopt it or let it one, as he pleases.

Family 22- CONFERVACEiE. — Soft tufts of jointed threads. Joints containing

liquid colouring matter (endochrome).
Zoospores internal.

OcHLOCH^TE ; hystrix.

Cladophora; Brownii, repens, pellucida, rectangularis, Macallana, Hutchinsite,
diffusa, nnda, rupestris, lastevirens, flexuosa, gracilis, Balliana, Kudolphiana,
refracta, albida, lanosa, uncialis, arcta, glaucescens, falcata, Magdalente,
Gattyse, flavescens, fracta.

Khizoclontum ; riparium, Casparyi.

FOR ARRANGEMENT IN THE HERBARIUM. xliii

^Hormotrichum ; collabens, bangioides, Younganuni^ Carmichaelii, speciosum, flac-
cum, Cutlerige.

Conferva ; arenicola, arenosa, littorea, Limim, sutoria, tortnosa, implexa, Mela-
gonium, aerea, clandestina,

* Formerly C. collabens (Fig. 397), Conferva bangioides (Fig. 328), C. Youngana (Fig.
337), Lyngbya Carmichaelii (Fig. 368), L. speciosa (Fig. 369), L. Cutlerice (Y\g. 370,)
and L.Jlacca (Fig. 359),

Family 23.-OSCILLAEIACE.® , — Solid masses or soft tufts of tubular threads, each

thread containing a row of narrow cylin-
drical colour-cells.

Zoospores internal.

Rivularia ; plicata, atra, nitida.

Calothrix ; confervicola, luteola, scopulorum, fasciculata, paunosa, semiplena, hyd~
noides, coespitula.

ScHizoTHRix; Creswellii.

ScHizosiPHON ; Warreniae.

Lyngbya 5 majuscula, ferruginea.

OsciLLATORiA ; littoralis, spiralis, nigro-viridis, subuliformis, insignis.

Microcoleus ; anguiformis.

Spirulina ; tenuissima.

Family 24.-H0ST0CHmE^ . — Soft tubular threads lying in gelatine, forming filmy

patches ; each thread containing a row of co-
lour-cells, interrupted here and there by one of
different character (heterocyst).

Zoospores internal.

Spermosira; littorea, Harveyana.

Sph^rozyga ; Carmicliaeli, Tliwaitesii, Broomei, Berkeleyana.

Monormia ; intricata.

Family 25 -PALMELLAOE^ , — Soft, gelatinous, tubular threads, each containing a

row of colour -cells.

Zoospores internal; the colouring -matter (endo-
diroiiie) dividing into rays.

Hormospora ; ramosa.

ALPHABETICAL

AND

TABLE OF GENERA
SPECIES.

Actinococcus.

Fig.

Hexmediyi, page 166.

Ahnfeldtia.

plicata ....

. 211

Alaria.

esculenta

. 23

Arthrocladia.

villosa ....

. 20

Asperococcus.

compressus

. 44

echinatiis .

. 46

Turner!

. 45

Bangia.

ceramicola^

. 349

ciliaris ....

. 348

elegans ....

. 350

fusco- purpurea .

. 347

Bonnemaisonia.

asparagoides

. 133

Bostrychia.

scorpioides .

. 139

Bryopsis,

liypnoides .

. 287

plumosa

. 286

Calliblepharis.

ciliata ....

. 187

jubata ....

. 188

Callithamnion.

affine ....

. 273

arbuscula

. 262

barbatum .

. 256

C. Borreri

Fig.

. . 272

bracliiatum

. . 258

Brodiaei

. . 257

byssoideum

. . 269

corymbosum

. . 276

cruciatum .

. . 250

Daviesii

. . 281

fasciculatum

. . 271

floccosum .

. . 263

floridulum .

. . 277

gracillimum

. . 274

Hooker!

. . 268

mesocarpum

. . 279

pedicellatum

. . 283

Pluma .

. . 267

Plumula

. . 254

polyspermum .

. . 270

roseum .

. . 260

Rothii .

. . 278

sparsum

. . 280

spongiosum

.. . 265

tetragonum

. . 264

tetricum

. . 259

thuyoideum

. . 275

tripinnatum

. . 261

Turner!

. . 266

virgatulum .

. . 282

Callophyllis.

laciniata

. . 179

Calothrix.

caespitula

. . 366

confervicola

. . 356

fasciculata .

. . 362

hydnoides .

. . 365

luteola .

. . 361

C. pannosa

Fig.

. 357

scopulorum

. 363

semiplena .

. 363

Carpomitra.

Cabrerae

. 22

Catenella.

Opuntia

. 204

Ceramium.

acanthonotum .

. 240

botryocarpum .

. 243

ciliatum

. 241

decurrens .

. 231

Deslongchampsii

. 236

diaphanum .

. 237

echionotum

. 239

fastigiatum

. 235

flabelligerum

. 238

gracillimum

. 232

nodosum

. 234

rubrum

. 242

strictum

. 233

Champia.

parvula

. 153^.

Chsetopteris.

plumosa

. 72

Chondria.

dasyphylla .

. 144

tenuissima

. 143

Chondrus.

crispus ....

. 202

Norvegicus .

. 203

* Italics indicate plants mtli changed names.

Chorda.

filum

lomentaria .

Chordaria.

divaricata .
flagelliformis

Chrysymenia.

clavellosa

rosea

rosea, var. .

Chylocladia.
articulata
clavellosa .
Jcaliforrais .
ovalis .
parvula
rejiexa .
rosea

rosea, rar. .

Cladophora.
albida .
arcta
Balliana
Brownii
diffusa .
falcata .
flavescens .
flexuosa
fracta .
Gattyae .
glaucescens
gracilis
Hutchinsise
Isetevirens .
lanosa .
IVEacallana .
Magdalenae .
nuda
pellucida
rectangularis
refracta
repens .
Rudolphiana
rupestris
uncialis

Cladostephus.

spongiosus .
verticillatus

ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

xlv

Fig.

31

32

48

47

. 136
. 141

. 142

. . 147

. . 136

. . 146

. . 145

. . 153

. . 138

. . 141

. . 142

. . 324

. . 310

. . 303

. . 293

. . 298

. . 325

. . 314

. . 301

. . 315

. . 313

. . 311

. . 302

. . 297

. . 300

. . 308

. . 296

. . 312

. . 307

. . 294

. . 295

. . 305

. . 306

. . 304

. . 299

. . 309

73

58

Fig.

Codium.

adhserens

. 288

amphibium .

. 289

Bursa ....

. 284

tomentosum

. 285

Conferva.

serea ....

.326 h

arenicola

. 317

arenosa

. 321

hangioides .

. 328

collabens

. 327

implexa

. 320

Linum ....

. 323

littorea ....

. 322

Melagonium

326 a

sutoria ....

. 336

tortuosa

. 319

Youngana .

. 337

Corallina.

officinalis

. 148

squamata

. 149

Cordylecladia.

erecta ....

. 168

Corynospora.

pedicellata .

. 283

Crouania.

attenuata

. 229

Cruoria.

pellita ....

. 227

pellita, page 165.
adheerens, page 166.

Cutleria.

multifida

. 33

Cystoclonium.

puipurascens

. 195

Cystoseira.

barbata

6

ericoides

4

fibrosa ....

8

foeniculacea

7

granulata

5

Dasya.

Arbuscula .

. 152

Cattloviae (?), page 164.

coccinea

. 135

ocellata

. 137

punicea, page 164

venusta

. 107

Delesseria.

alata . .

angustissima
Hypoglossum .
ruscifolia
sanguinea .
sinuosa

Desmarestia.

aculeata

Dresnaii, page 161.

ligulata

viridis .

Dictyosiphon.

fceniculaceus

Dictyota.

dichotoma .
Dudresnaia.
coccinea
divaricata .

Dumontia.

filiformis

Ectocarpus.
amphibius .
brachiatus .
crinitus
distortus
fasciculatus
fenestratus .
granulosus .
Hincksise
Landsburgii
littoralis
longifructus
Mertensii
pusillus
siliculosus .
sphserophorus .
tesselatus, 163
tomentosus .

Elachista.
curta
flaccida
fucicola .

Grevillei, page 162.

Hay deni, page 162.

pulvinata

scutulata

stellulata

velutina

Fig.

171
150

172
182

169

170

18

17

19

40

37

220

221

209

85

90

91

87
82

86

95

83

88

93

94

96

92
81
89

84

63

62

61

66

65

64

67

xlvi

ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF GENEBA AND SPECIES.

Fig.

Enteromorpha.

clathrata

. 333

compressa .

. 330

Cornucopise

. 339

erecta ....

. 332

intestinalis .

. 329

Hopkirkii

. 335

Linkiana

. 331

percursa

. 340

Kalfsii ....

. 341

ramiilosa

. 334

Euthora.

cristata

. 184

Fucodium.

tuberculatum

9

nodosum

. 13

Mackaii

. 14

canaliculatum .

15

Fucus.

canaliculatus

. 15

ceranoides .

. 11

Mackaii

. 14

nodosus

. 13

serratus

. 12

vesiculosus .

. 10

Furcellaria.

fastigiata

. 208

Gelidium.

cartilagineum

. 192

corneum

. 199

Gigartina.

acicularis . • .

. 225

mamillosa .

. 194

pistillata

. 197

Teedii ....

. 201

Ginannia.

furcellata

. 226

Gloiosiphonia.

capillaris

. 219

Goniotrichum.

ceramicola .

. 349

Gracilaria.

compressa .

. 193

confervoides

. 198

erecta ....

. 168

multipartita

. 196

Fig.

Grateloupia.-

filicina .

. . 186

GrilRthsia.

barbata .

. . 250

corallina

. . 252

Devoniensis

. . 251

equisetifolia

. . 245

secundiflora

. . 246

setacea .

. . 253

simplicijilum

. . 247

Gymnogongrus.

Griffithsise .

. . 200

plicatus

. . 211

Norvegicus

. . 203

Halidrys.

siliquosa

. . 3

Haliseris.

polypodioides .

. . 34

lialurus.

equisetifolius

. . 245

simplicifilum

. . 247

Halymenia.

ligulata

. . 216

Hapalidium.

Phyllactidium .

. 162

Helminthocladia.

purpurea .

. . 217

Helminthora.

divaricata .

. . 221

Hildenbrandtia.

rubra

. . 161

Himanthalia.

lorea

. . 16

Hormospora.

ramosa .

. . 360

Hormotrichum.

collabens

. . 327

bangioides .

. . 328

Younganum

. . 337

Carmicbaelii

. . 368

speciosum .

. . 369

flaccum

. . 359

Cutleria)

. . 370

Fig.

Iridaea.

edulis

. . 214

Jania.

corniculata .

. . 155

rubens .

. . 154

Kallymenia.

Duhyi .

. . 213

reniformis .

. . 215

Laminaria.

bulbosa

. . 26

digitata

. . 24

digitata, var.

. . 25

Fascia

. . 30

longicruris

. . 27

Phyllitis

. . 29

saccbarina .

. . 28

Laurencia.

csespitosa

. . 140

dasyphylla .

. . 144

obtusa .

. . 132

pinnatifida .

. . 131

tenuissiraa .

. . 143

Leathesia.

Berkeleyi

. . 59

tuberiformis

. . 54

crispa, page 161.

Litosiphon.

Laminarim .

. 53

pusillus .

. 52

Lomentaria.

ovalis ....

. 145

kaliformis .

. 146

reflexa ....

. 138

Lyngbya.

Carmichaelii

. 368

Cutlerice

. 370

ferruginea .

. 367

flacca ....

. 359

majuscula .

. 358

speciosa

. 369

Melobesia.

agariciformis

. 159

calcarea

. 156

farinosa

. 164

fasciculata .

. 158

lichenoides .

. 160

ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF GENERA ANI> SPECIES.

M. membranacea .

Fig.

. 163

polyraorpha

, 157

pustulata

. 166

verrucata

. 165

Mesogloia.

Griffithsiana

. 56

vermicularis

. 55

virqscens

. 57

Microcladia.

glandulosa .

. 230

Microcoleus.

anguiformis

. 371

Monormia.

intricata

. 378

Myrionema.

clavatum

. 75

Leclancherii

. 69

punctiforme

. 70

strangulans

. 68

Myriotrichia.

clavaeformis

. 97

filiformis . • .

. 98

Naccaria.

Wiggii ....

. 218

hypnoides, page 164.
Nemaleon.

multifidum

. 210

purpureum .

. 217

Nitophyllum.

Bonnemaisoni .

. 185

Gmelini

. 176

Hilliae ....

. 175

laceratum .

. 177

punctatum .

. 173

punctatum, var.

. 174

versicolor .

. 181

Ochloch83te.

Hystrix

. 338

Odonthalia.

dentata

. 99

Oscillatcria.

insignis

. 377

littoralis

. 372

nigro-viriJis

. 375

spiralis

. 373

subuliformis

. 376

Fig.

Padina. '

Pavonia

.

35

Petrocelis.

cruenta, 165

•

227

Peyssonelia.

Dubyi .

• •

224

Phyllophora.

Brodiaei

207

membranifolia .

206

palmettoides

228

rubens

205

Plocamium.

coccineum .

178

Polyides.

rotundus

212

Polysiphonia.

affinis .

122

atro-rubescens .

130

Brodiaei

120

byssoides

134

Carmicliaeliana

118

elongata

105

elongata, var. .

106

elongella

117

fastigiata

127

fibrata .

113

fibrillosa

123

foetidissima, page 164.
formosa . . . .

no

furcellata

, ,

126

Griffithsiana

116

nigrescens .

121

obscura

111

parasitica

.

128

pulvinata .

.

112

Richardsoni

115

simulans

.

125

spinulosa

.

114

subulifera .

129

urceolata

109

variegata

124

violacea

119

Porphyra.

laciniata

345

vulgaris

346

Ptilota.

elegans

222

P. plumosa
sericea . . .

Punctaria.
latifolia
plantaginea
tenuissima .

Pycnophycus.

tuherculatus

Ealfsia.

verrucosa .

Rhizoclonium.

Casparyi .
riparium .

Ehodomela.
lycopodioides .
subfusca .

Ehodophyllis.

bifida ....

Ehodymenia.

bifida ....

ciliata

cristata

juhata ....
laciniata
palmata
palmata, var.
Palmetta

Eivularia.

atra ....
nitida ....
plicata ....

Eytiphlaea.
complanata
fruticulosa .
oxyacantha, page 163.
pinastroides
thuyoides .

Sargassum.
bacciferum .
vulgare

Schizymenia.

Dubyi ....
edulis ....

Schizosiphon.

Warreniee .

xlvii

Fig-

223

222

42

43
51

9,

60

318

316

100

103

183

. 183
. 187
. 184
. 188
. 179
. 189

. 190
. 180

352

353
351

. 108
. 102

. 104
. 101

2

1

. 213
. 214

354

xlviii

Alphabetical table of genera and species.

Fig.

Schizothrix.

Creswellii .

. 355

Scinaia.

furcellata

. 226

Seirospora.

Griffitbsiana

. 249

Spermosira.

Harveyana .

. 384

littorea ....

. 381

Sphacelaria.

cirrbosa

. 77

filicina ....

. 74

fusca . . .

. 78

plumosa

. 72

racemosa

. 80

radicans

. 79

scoparia ...

. 71

Sertularia .

. 76

SphaBrococcus.

coronopifolius .

. 191

Sphaerozyga.
Berkeleyana
Broomei
Carmichaelii
Thwaitesii .

Spirulina.

tenuissima .

Sporochnus.

pedunculatus

Spyridia.

filamentosa .

Striaria.

attenuata

Stenogramme.

interrupta .

Stilophora.

Lyngbyaei .
rhizodes

Fig.

. 383
. 382

. 379
. 380

. 374

Taonia.

atomaria

Ulva.

Lactuca

latissima

Linza

Vaucheria.

21

marina .
submarina .
velutina

. 244

. 41

Wormskioldia.

sanguinea .

Wrangelia.

multifida

. 167

Wyattia.

Laminariae

pusilla

39

38

Zonaria.
collaris .
parvula .

Fig.

. 36

. 343
. 342
. 344

. 290
. 291
. 292

. 169

. 248

. 53
. 52

. 49
. 50

c

Plate I.

Fig. 1. SARGASSUM VULGARE.

Colour. When fresh, olive ; when dry, reddish brown.

Suhsta7ice. Tough, leathery.

Character of Frond. Stem and branches. Branches on each side the stem {pinnate) ; alternate ;

bearing distinct leaves. Leaves midribbed ; oblong ; toothed like a saw {serrated) at
the edges ; generally marked with minute dark dots {pores).

Measurement. From 12 to 18 inches long. Width of leaves, variable.

Air-vessels. Like tiny round balls, borne on flat stalks, springing from the angles of the
branches {axillary).

Fructification, Minute seeds (properly called spores) in special receptacles ; several on a
branchlet just above the air-vessel.

Habitat. Atlantic Ocean. Tropical and sub-tropical coasts. Florida, Syria, &c. Drifted to
our shores by oceanic currents ; but very rarely.

Fig. 2. SARGASSUM BACCIFERUM.

Colour. When young, pale olive ; clear ; in age, foxy ; when dry, black.

Substance. Tough, leathery ; when dry, brittle.

Character of Frond. Stems and branches. Stems angularly bent. Branching irregular ;

sometimes from a central point in all directions. Branches bearing distinct leaves.
Leaves midribbed, extremely narrow {linear-lanceolate) toothed like a saw {serrated)
at the edges ; without dots {poises).

Measurement. Indefinite ; as it is found in masses, without a root.

Air-vessels. Like tiny round balls, smaller than in S. vulgare ; generally tipped with a spine-
like point, sometimes short, sometimes long ; occasionally, without.

Fructification. Very rarely found. Like that of S. vulgare.

Habitat. Tropical and sub-tropical ocean, in both hemispheres ; always floating.

This is the celebrated Gulf-weed which stayed the ships of Columbus. No root has ever
been found on it. Its growth is by young branches sprouting from old broken ones. Forming
ridges (or banks, as they are called) in the sea, from 10 to 20 yards wide, and of indefinite
length.

1

Fig. 3. HALIDRYS SILIQUOSA.

Colour. When young, greenish olive ; in age, glossy brown ; when dry, black.

Suhstance. Tough, leathery.

Character of Frond. Stem and branches. Everywhere compressed ; long and narrow with
parallel sides (linear). Branching alternate ; repeated. The whole plant at one
level, as if cut out of paper.

Measurement. From 1 to 4 feet long ; about -jL of an inch wide.

Air-vessels. Long ; pod-like ; tipped with a point ; marked by obscure lines across ; internally,
divided into compartments.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores') in special receptacles, at the ends of the branches,
thickening them.

Habitat. All round the coast. On rocks and in pools, at and below half-tide level ; common.

Fig. 4. CYSTOSEIRA ERICOIDES.

Colour. When fresh, clear olive ; giving out brilliant iridescent tints (blue and green) in the
water. When dry, black.

Suhstance. Tough, leathery.

Character of Frond. Shrub-like. Stem cylindrical ; thick ; short ; woody ; beset with slender
branches. Branches irregularly divided ; closely set with short, thorn-like branchlets,
incurved like a shoemaker’s awl (awLshaped). Altogether very bushy. Boot, a
large hard disk.

Measurement. From 1 to 2 feet long.

Air-vessels. Inflations in the branches. Very small, solitary, just below the receptacles.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) in special receptacles at the ends of the branches,
thickening them. Receptacles, cylindrical ; lumpy with tubercles ; beset with
thorns.

Habitat. South of England. West and South of Ireland. On rocks near low-water mark
and in tide-pools.

Often infested by a very minute, tufted, parasitic alga, Elachista pulvinata ; for which see
Plate XVI. Fig. 66.

2

Plate

0. litK .

"vii 1 G. ftxi t 'Bx ocTko If I ai' .

Plate IL

Fig. 5. CYSTOSEIEA GRANULATA.

Colour. When fresh, semi-transparent olive ; when dry, black ; except the younger shoots.

Substance. Tough, leathery ; the young shoots more delicate.

Character of Frond. Shrub-like. Stem cylindrical; thick; short; covered with bulbous
knobs, from each of which springs a branch. Branches slender, repeatedly divided
and branched ; irregularly set with thorn-like, incurved branchlets, having a tendency
to a knob-like origin.

Measurement. Stem, 7 to 8 inches ; branches, 1 foot or more, long,

Air--vessels. Inflations in the upper part of the branches ; two or three together ; small ;
oblong.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in special receptacles at the ends of the branches,
thickening them. Eeceptacles long and strongly tubercled ; an occasional spine.

Habitat. South of England. Ireland generally. Rocky tide-pools.

Fig. 6. CYSTOSEIEA FIBROSA.

Colour. When fresh, yellowish olive ; when dry, perfectly black.

Substance. Tough, leathery ; when dry, brittle.

Character of Frond. Shrub-like. Stem, compressed ; woody ; very much branched. Branches
very slender ; the upper ones clothed with delicate thorn-like branchlets,

Measurement. 3 feet or more, long.

Air-vessels. Inflations in the branches towards the middle or lower part ; oval, large, some-
times thorny ; one, two, or three near each other ; often very abundant on the plant.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in special receptacles at the ends of the branches,
thickening them. Receptacles very long ; clothed with delicate thorn-like branchlets.

Habitat. England, west and south. Ireland, frequent. Rocks near low-water mark ; tide-
pools ; deep water.

Infested by a minute, tufted, parasitic alga, ElacMsta fiaccida; for which see Plate XV.

Fig. 62. The very large air-vessels distinguish this Cystoseira from every other.

Fig. 7. GYSTOSEIRA FCENICULACEA.

Colour. When fresh, clear, pale olive-green ; when dry, black.

Suhstance. Tough, leathery.

Character of Frond. Shrub-like. Stem a little compressed. Branches beset with rough points
as if branchlets had been broken off. When young and growing in deep water,
furnished with long, flat, cut-out, midribbed leaves, which afterwards become
branches.

Measurement. From 1 to 2 feet long ; of which the stem is from 4 to 6 inches.

Air-vessels. Inflations in the branches near the ends ; small ; narrow ; oblong ; one or two
together.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in special receptacles at the ends of the branches,
thickening them. Receptacles minute ; very long.

llahitat. South and South-west of England. Jersey. Rocks in tide-pools.

Fig. 8. GYSTOSEIRA BARBATA.

Colour. When fresh, reddish-brown ; when dry, perfectly black.

Suhstance. Tough, leathery.

Character of Frond. Shrub-like. Stem covered with bulbous knobs, from each of which
springs a branch. Branches slender, cylindrical ; many times divided and branched.

Measurement. From 12 to 14 inches long.

Air-vessels. Inflations in the upper part of the branches ; one or two near together ;
chain-like.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) in special receptacles at the ends of the branches,
thickening them ; tipped with a spine-like point.

Habitat. The Mediterranean. Said to have found its way to our shores formerly ; but has
not been found for half a century or more.

The spine-like point of the receptacle distinguishes C. harhata from C. granulaia, with
which its knoh-like processes might otherwise confound it.

4

'Plate JI

0. Jewittlitji

tincexii'^ 3ro6ks; Imp.

Plate III.

Fig. 9. PYCNOPHYCUS TUBERCULATUS.

Colour. When growing, a fine olive ; when dry, black.

Substance. Tough, leathery. Brittle when dry.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical ; about as thick as a goosequill ; branched. Branching,
repeatedly forked {dichotomous). Root fibrous.

Measurement. From 12 to 20 inches long.

Air-vessels. Inflations in the branches ; but often wanting.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) in special receptacles at the ends of the branches,
thickening them. Receptacles long ; obtuse at the tips ; tubercled ; yellowish.

Habitat. Cornwall and Devonshire. West of Ireland. Jersey. In rock-pools near low-
water mark.

By a change of classification and name, this plant is now Fucodium tuberculatum. The
Family Fucodium comprehending also- those members of the old Family Fucus, which are
destitute of a midrib ; viz. F. nodosus, F. Mackaii, and F. canaliculatus.

Fig. 10. FUCUS VESICULOSUS.

Colour. When fresh, olive-brown ; when dry, black.

Substance. Tough, leathery ; slimy feeling.

Character of Frond. Flat, midribbed, branched, occasionally twisted ; branching, forked
(dichotomous) ; margins smooth (entire).

Measurement. Sometimes extending to several feet in length. Dwarf varieties from 1 to 2 inches.

Air-vessels. Inflations in the branches ; round 5 largish ; mostly in pairs ; often one on each
side the midrib. But air-vessels are not unfrequently wanting.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) in special receptacles at the ends of the branches.
Receptacles more or less oval ; large ; orange-coloured ; slimy ; tubercled.

Habitat. All round our coasts ; abundant. On all rocks, stones, piers, quays, &c. which become
exposed at low water. Up rivers too, in similar situations, as long as the water
is brackish ; but under such circumstances dwarfed and destitute of air-vessels.

A most widely distributed species. Found on the North Atlantic coasts, and extends even
to the Troincs, Arctic Ocean, and Pacific coasts of N. America, Kamschatka, &c.

5

Fig. 11. FUCUS CERANOIDES.

Colour. A fine olive ; clear. Becoming darker, but not black, when dry.

Suhstance. Much less leathery and tough than its relatives {congeners). Described as coriaceo-
memhranaceous ; i. e. leathery thin-skin, or thin-skinned leather 1

Character of Frond. Flat, with clearly marked line of midrib ; branched. Branching partially
forked {suh -dichotomous). Side branches alternate, then diverging into several forkings.
Width very variable. Margins smooth {entire).

Measurement. From 1 to 2 feet long.

Air-vessels. None : though a tendency to inflation in the axils of the upper forkings is
often perceptible.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in special receptacles at the ends of the branches.

Receptacles oval ; a couple often forming the last forking ; smaller than those of F.
vesiculosus ; orange -coloured, slimy, tubercled, but not so coarsely as those of F. v.

HaUtat. Our shores generally ; but not so common as the rest of the family. On rocks and
stones between tide* marks ; chiefly in places where rivers or other fresh waters run
into the sea. Occasionally even in brackish water.

A very beautiful variety among the coarse Melanosperms, and an interesting plant to
look for, from its not being so common as its brethren, and its greater refinement of appear-
ance. It has been found thrown ashore at Filey.

Fig. 12. FUGUS SERRATUS.

Colour. A fine dark olive-green ; glossy ; retaining both its clearness and colour when dry.
Substance. Tough, leathery.

Character of Frond. Flat, midribbed, branched. ' Branching repeatedly forked {dichotomous).

Width very variable. Margins always toothed like a saw {serrated)^ but more or less
deeply so in different specimens.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 feet long ; width very various.

Air-vessels, None.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in special receptacles at the ends of the branches.

Receptacles narrow-oval ; flattish ; not extending to the margins, which retain the
notched {serrated) character of the rest of the frond.

Habitat. Our rocky shores generally. At half-tide level ; very common.

The notched margins of this plant make it very easy of detection.

6

Plate m.

■ 0. Jewitt.JiflL.

"Vlncerxt ZEtcooks Imp,.

Plate IV.

Fig. 13. FUCUS NODOSUS.

Colour. When fresh, olive-green ; glossy ; yellower in youth ; when dry, black.

Substance. Densely tough and leathery.

Character of Frond. Compressed narrow straps, several springing from a root; thick;

branched. Branching partly forked {dichotomous), partly on each side of a stem, like
a feather {pinnate). Margins toothed {serrated) at remote intervals.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 feet long.

Air-vessels. Inflations in the branches, swelling them out far beyond the margins ; very large,
oblong.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in special receptacles at the sides of the branches.

Receptacles, globose ; on stalks ; growing from the axils of the marginal teeth ;
slimy ; bright yellow.

Habitat. All round the coast ; very common ; between high-water mark and half-tide level.

Now Fucodium nodosum.

Fig. 14. FUCUS MACKAII.

Colour. When fresh, dull olive-green ; when dry, black.

Substance. Tough, leathery ; when dry, rather horny.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical except at the base ; slender ; branched. Branching forked
{dichotomous). Branches crowded, spreading.

Measurement. From 6 to 10 inches long.

Air-vessels. Inflations in the branches ; here and there one, alone ; longish oval ; wider than
the branch.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in special receptacles at the sides of the branches towards
-fhe base. Receptacles on long drooping stalks ; more or less ovate ; sometimes one,
sometimes two from a stalk ; the two forming a fork.

Habitat. West of Ireland. On muddy sea-shores. Not rooted, but resting on mud or in
gravel among large stones.

Now Fucodmm Mackaii.

7

Fig. 15. FUCUS CANALICULATUS.

Colour. When fresh, olive-brown, or clear olive-yellow.

Substance. Tough, leathery ; but not coarse.

Character of Frond. A tuft of narrow fronds from a root ; branched. Branching repeatedly
forked (dichotomous). Every part of the frond channelled or grooved on one side.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long ; from to ^ of an inch wide.

Air-vessels. None.

Fructification. Minute seeds (^spores') in special receptacles at the ends of the branches.

Keceptacles oblong ; two from each tip forming a fork ; lighter-coloured than the
frond ; slimy.

Habitat. Our rocky shores generally. Between high-water mark and half-tide level.

Now Fvcodium canaliciilatnm. A pretty plant, and clearly marked by the groove or
channel in its very narrow fronds, and by its growth in bushy tufts.

Fig. 16. HIMANTHALIA LOREA.

Colour. When fresh, olive ; when dry, black.

Substance. Tough, leathery.

Character of Frond. Like a tiny leather peg-top standing upright. By degrees the top sinks
in, and becomes cup-shaped. In the second year of growth, but not till then, it
throws out long, strap -shaped receptacles from its centre.

Measurement. Frond about an inch high ; receptacles from 2 to even 20 feet long ; from J to
\ of an inch wide.

Air-vessels. None.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) in special receptacles springing from the centre of the
frond, like narrow thongs of leather ; several times branched in a forked manner
(dichotomously) ; dark olive-green ; slimy.

Habitat. On rocky shores generally. From low water-mark up to half-tide level.

Kocks covered with the long slimy receptacles of this plant are dangerous walking ground.
The usual comparison of a peg-top is retained in the above description ; but to some eyes the
one-year-old fronds of this species look like pale olive-coloured mushrooms or buttons,
dotted about the rocks. The receptacles have a special parasite of their own ; Elachista
scutulata ; a minute alga dotted about the thongs, like dark warts ; for which see Plate XVI.
Fig. 65. And another of the same family is frequently met with upon them ; Elachista
velutina ; see Plate XVI. Fig. 67.

8

PiS-'Le. 1\T

"Vm-cexit IBxodks Imp.

0 Jevdt-tiiCh.

Plate V.

Fig. 17. DESMARESTIA LIGULATA.

Colour, When growing, a clear olive-brown ; on exposure to the atmosphere, a verdigris-
green ; when dry, sometimes yellow ; sometimes a pleasant green ; semi-transparent.

Substance. Delicately membranaceous. Becoming limp {flaccid) after exposure to the air.
Eecovering itself when dry.

Character of Frond. Flat ; with an obscure midrib towards the base ; branched. Branching
on each side of the stem ; the branches branched again and again (repeatedly
Branches and branchlets in pairs exactly opposite each other, and all tapering at
each end. The whole frond at one level as if cut out of paper {distichous). In youth
the margins of the branches are fringed with minute tufts of cobweb-like fibres,
which fall off as the plant advances in age.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 feet long ; width varies very much,

Fructification. Not ascertained.

Habitat. South of England ; occasionally north-east (Filey). All round the coast of Ireland.
Between tide-marks, on rocks and stones.

In the north-west of Ireland a variety occurs, which is sometimes from I to 2 inches
wide ; called D. Dresnaii by French botanists.

Fig. 18. DESMAEESTIA ACULEATA.

Colour. When fresh and young, stems green olive ; tufts bright green ; on exposure to the
atmosphere, verdigris-green ; when dry, resuming its original hues. In age, brown.

Substance. Tender and membranaceous in youth. Becoming limp and sticky on exposure to
the air. Recovering itself when dry. In age, harsh.

Character of Frond. Stem and branches. Stem very short ; cylindrical. Branches long ; very
narrow ; slender ; flat ; repeatedly rebranched. Margins, in youth, fringed with
minute tufts of delicate bright green fibres ; in age, with thorns.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 feet long.

Fructification, Not ascertained.

Habitat, Our coasts generally. On rocks near low-water mark ; common.

A beautiful plant when young, from the bright green tufts which fringe its margins ; but
ugly when old. All three Desmarestias should, during collection, be kept apart from delicate red
sea-weeds, as they possess some curious power of decomposing their more fragile neighbours.

9 o

Fig. 19. DESMARESTIA VTRIDIS.

Colour. When growing, a fine chestnnt-olive ; on exposure to air, turning verdigris-green ;
when dry, resuming its proper hue.

Snhstance. Tender and soon decomposing when gathered. Clinging in a sticky lump when
exposed to the air. Eecovering itself when dry.

Character of Frond. Thread-like, long, excessively branched. Branching uniformly opposite,
on each side the stem, like a feather (^pinnate). Branches repeatedly branched ; always
in the same manner ; becoming finer in every series, till they resemble hairs.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 feet long.

Fructification. Not ascertained.

Habitat. Our shores generally. Between tide-marks ; not uncommon.

Easy of detection from its exactly opposite branching throughout the whole frond.
Though thread-like {filiform) in growth, it flattens when dried and pressed.

Fig. 20. ARTHROCLADIA VILLOSA.

Colour. Pale olive-green.

Suhsta7ice. When fresh, stiff ; soon becoming limp {flaccid) on exposure to the air,

Chai^acter of Frond. Thread-like, long, very slender stems ; several frond one base ; branched.

Branches distant, horizontal ; on each side the stem ; commonly opposite. Branch-
lets the same. Frond encircled {ivhorled) at short intervals -with minute knobs
{nodes) bearing very delicate, pale-green, jointed, threads (fllamerits).

Measui^ement. From 6 inches to nearly 3 feet long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spoi^es) in tiny pod-like receptacles, borne upon the hair-like
filaments which surround the stems.

Habitat. South of England, Frith of Forth, Wicklow and Downshire coasts. Bather rare.

The distance of the branches from each other in this species characterises it even to those
who do not look close enough to observe the ivhorls round the stems.

10

mate y

"VaTiceirt ^xooks tmp.

0. JewittMh..

Plate VI.

Fig. 21. SPOROCHNUS PEDUNCULATUS. '

Colour. When fresh, olive-brown ; on exposure, yellow-green ; its tufts when present, bright
green.

Substance. Membranaceous ; soft ; delicate.

Character of Frond. A thread-like, long, simple stem, with long, slender, simple branches on
each side. The whole frond crowded with very small, stalked receptacles.

Measurement. From 6 to 18 inches long.

Fnictification. Minute seeds {s'pores) in very small, stalked receptacles, borne on the branches ;

each tipped with a crest of the finest, hair-like, bright green filaments, which fall oft
as the plant advances in age.

Habitat. Eastern and southern shores of England and Ireland ; not very uncommon. Frith
of Forth, Bridlington, Isle of Man, Portrane, &c.

Fig. 22. CARPOMITRA CABRERA.

Colour. Delicate olive-green.

Substance. When fresh, firm ; rather gristly.

Character of Frond. Very narrow ; fiat ; obscurely midribbed ; branched. Branching forked
{dichotomous')., but not quite regularly so. Occasionally contracted as if drawn in.
Root woolly.

Measurement. From 6 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in special receptacles at the tips of the branches.

Habitat. South of England. Plymouth Sound. Ireland, Youghal, Co. Cork. Very rare.
Thrown up from deep water.

The receptacles are called mitre-shaped, but the resemblance is not startling.

11

Fig. 23. ALARIA ESCULENTA.

Colour. A fine, bright olive when young ; olive-brown when old.

Substance. Thin and tender, all but the midrib, which is gristly.

Character of Frond. A long, flat, ribbon-like, midribbed leaf. It grows on a stem, which at
a certain age puts forth several small, flat, ribless leaflets on each side. Margins
entire, except when torn. Eoot fibrous.

Measurement. From 2 to 12 feet or more, long.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) imbedded in the leaflets wMch fringe the stem, thickening
and darkening them.

Habitat. Our northern shores generally. On rocks at low water-mark.

Plentiful in the lower ledges of rocks on the north side of Filey Bridge. The midrib is
said to be eaten in many places.

Fig. 24. LAMINARIA DIGITATA.

Colour. From green to brownish olive ; varying according to age.

Substance. Very tough ; leathery.

Character of Frond. A flat, leafy expansion ; ribless ; growing from a stem. Stem, when
full-grown, solid ; woody ; as thick as a walking-stick ; from 1 to 6 feet long. Ex-
pansion, rounded below ; above, cut (except in extreme infancy) into several narrow
slips (segments). Eoot, woody fibres.

Measurement. Stem, from 1 to 6 feet long. Expansion, from 1 to 5 feet long ; from 1 to 3
feet wide.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) imbedded here and there in the surface of the frond,
thickening it, and forming cloudy patches.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks at low-water mark ; common.

Popularly known as “ The Great Tangle,” “ Oar-weed,” or “ Sea Girdles.” The figure
represents a plant which has just changed its coat ; having grown a new one and thrust the
old out of house and home ! A sort of moulting in fact, on the principle of a deciduous tree,
changing its leaves. The stem should have been coloured darker, being the older growth.
The process is characteristic of the Laminarias.

12

Plate VI,

Ala^ria esculenta, Grew.

LamiTiaria (Agitata

O . Jewitt lith. .

“S^Ticena-t, IBxoaks Ibxip

Plate VII.

Fig. 25. LAMINARIA DIGITATA. Var. Stenophylla.

Colour. Dark brown.

Substance, Tough ; leathery.

Character of Frond. A flat, leafy expansion ; ribless ; growing from a stem. Stem, slender,
soft, glossy. Expansion, wedge-shaped below ; above, cut into a few narrow slips
{segments), longer than the stem. Eoot fibrous.

Measurement From 3 to 6 feet long.

Fructification. As before.

HaUtat. The Orkney Islands. North and west of Ireland. Probably elsewhere, but overlooked.

Dr. Harvey considers this a remarkable variety of Lam. digitata, if not a separate species.
He says the Orkney kelp-men distinguish the two by name ; this being called “ Tangle the
common L. digitata, “ Cury.” French botanists make a species of it.

Fig. 26. LAMINARIA BULBOSA.

Colour. Dark ; opaque ; reddish or greenish brown ; glossy ; when dry, black.

Substance. Tough ; leathery.

Character of Frond. A flat leafy expansion ; ribless ; growing from a stem. Stem, flat, with
a thin waved margin ; once twisted at the base ; rising from a roundish, hollow,
rough bulb ; throwing out numerous, stout, fibrous roots. Expansion, deeply cut
into many narrow slips {segments).

Measurement. Stem, a foot or more long. Expansion, from 6 to 12 feet long, and 1 to 2 feet
wide.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) imbedded here and there in the surface of the frond,
thickening it, and forming cloudy patches.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. In deep water, frequent.

Popularly called “ Sea Furbelows,” from the waved margins. The bulb has been found a
foot in diameter.

13

Fig. 27. LAMINAEIA LONGICRURIS.

Colour. A beautiful pale- green olive ; the stem yellowish brown.

Substance. Thin ; tender ; very delicate.

Character of Frond. A flat, leafy expansion ; ribless ; growing from a stem. Stem, very
long ; slender at each end ; swollen and hollow above the middle. Expansion, oval ;
with a wavy curled margin, as if frilled. Root fibrous.

Measurement. Stem, from 8 to 1 2 feet long. Expansion, from 6 to 8 feet long ; from 2 to 3
feet wide.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) imbedded here and there in the surface of the frond,
thickening it, and forming cloudy patches.

Habitat. Abundant on N. American shores from Greenland to Cape Cod. Occasionally drifted
to the coasts of Scotland and Ireland by oceanic currents.

But alas ! only the stems of this fine plant have ever reached us ; the delicate membranous
leaf being always torn away in the voyage. Nevertheless, it is well to look out carefully, for a
happy accident may bring us a complete frond some day. The stems are easily knovui from
all others by their being hollow {tubular).

Fig. 28. LAMINARIA SACCHARINA.

Colour. When young, greenish olive ; brownish when old.

Substance. When young, thin ; more or less delicate ; leathery when old.

Character of Frond. A flat, leafy expansion; ribless; growing from a stem. Stem, always
short in proportion to expansion. Expansion, ribbon-like, long, and narrow. Margins
sometimes wavy and curled, sometimes smooth. Frond sometimes puckered down the
sides. Root fibrous.

Measurement. Stem, from a few inches to several feet long. Expansion, from 2 to 12 feet
long ; from 4 to 16 inches wide.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) imbedded here and there in the surface of the frond,
thickening it, and forming cloudy patches.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks at low- water mark, and in deep water ; common.

There may be a danger of confounding this plant, when young, with L. Phyllytis. Never-
theless, it is at all times thicker in substance, darker in colour, and more abrupt in growth at
the base. Popularly called “ The Devil’s apron.” |

14

Tlate yi[.

XaniTiiaria diptdXa. lociimcr

(yocr. stmMpn^Ucu ) /

L aixiixiax’ia loii^icmris , tou^Z.

Laminaria Jonliosa, Xoomncr.

X aiLTmaria saccharinaL^^^^'^^

0. Jewia jjfa..

15xi.ceTit arooks Jug).

Plate VIII.

Fig 29. LAMINAKIA PHYLLYTIS.

Colour. Pale, yellowish green.

Substance. Thin and tender ; delicately membranaceous ; retaining these characters when old.

Character of Frond. A flat, leafy expansion ; ribless ; growing from a stem. Stem^ always
short in proportion to the expansion. Expansion., ribbon-like, very long and narrow,
tapering gradually at each end. Margins wavy at times, yet scarcely as much curled
as in L. saccharina. Koot, fibrous.

Measurement. Stem, from 1 to 2 inches long. Expansion, from 8 inches to 3 feet long ; from
1 to 6 inches wide.

Fructification. Minute seeds (^spores) imbedded here and there in the surface of the frond,
thickening it, and forming cloudy patches.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Between tide-marks, and at extreme low-water, on rocks and
in pools left by the tide. Not uncommon.

The tapering ends and more marked narrowness throughout, are guides to this plant, as
well as its very delicate substance. When grown to its greatest length it never becomes
leathery, coarse, or brown, like L. saccharina. Tufts of it grow together among boulders at
extreme low'-water mark, as on The Spittals, Filey.

Fig. 30. LAMINAEIA FASCIA.

Colour. Olive, or olive-brown.

Substance. Membranaceous, but not quite so delicate as L. Phyllytis.

Character of Frond. A flat, leafy expansion ; ribless ; growing from a stem. Stem, very
short. Expansion, often widening upwards, becoming blunt at the end ; sometimes
narrow throughout ; sometimes wider below, and tapering upwards. Boot, a minute
disk.

Measurement. Stem, when longest, J an inch ; passing insensibly into the frond. Expansion,
from 4 to 12 inches long. Width, from ^ of an inch to an inch or two.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) imbedded here and there in the surface of the frond,
thickening it, and forming cloudy patches.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On mud-covered rocks. Not uncommon.

The little disk-like root stamps this species whenever it can he found ; and the thick,
dark, olive hue is another strong feature.

15

Fig. 31. CHORDA FILUM.

Colour. Dark olive-brown.

Substance. Gristly and very firm wben recent ; slimy ; slipping tbrougb the fingers.

Character of Frond. Perfectly simple. Like long boot-laces ; one from each minute disk-like
root ; growing in large companies, in sandy or muddy bottoms ; cylindrical ; tapering
at both ends, clothed with pellucid hairs.

Measurement. From 1 to 20, or even 40 feet long in deep water. From J to J inch in
diameter. About as thick as a round slate-pencil.

Fructification, Minute seeds (spores) covering the whole surface of the frond.

Habitat, Our shores generally. From between tide-marks to ten or fifteen fathoms of water.
Very abundant.

What has been considered a small variety, G. tomentosum, is densely covered with olive or
green cobweb-like hairs. But Dr. Harvey believes this to be the case with all the infant
plants of this species.

Fig. 32. CHORDA LOMENTARIA.

Colour. Brownish or yellowish olive.

Substance. Soft, membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Perfectly simple. When young, like boot-laces, each from a minute
disk-like root ; more delicate in quality than C. filum ; cylindrical ; tapering at both
ends ; when full-grown, contracted at intervals as if tied in ; the intervals inflated.

Measurement. From 3 to 16 inches long. One-third of an inch in diameter when largest.
Often much smaller.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) covering the whole surface of the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and stones between tide-marks. Common.

16

Plate Ym.

X amiTiaTia plr^Xitis ^ Z ojtujut.

X'aTniaaria fasXa

31.

CXorda PiXlin^ Loaiujuj'.

Cli OT da lorn entaiia , Lyng 1 .

32.

O.-Jewltt .lith

"VixiceTrt Sroclcs ItiTp,

Plate IX.

Fig. 33. CUTLEEIA MULTIFIDA.

Colour. Olive-green, varied with rusty tints.

Substance. When fresh, firm, thick ; membranaceous ; soon becoming limp.

Character of Frond. A flat expansion ; many times variously slit in the upper part ; tips of
the segments pointed. General outline rather fan-shaped. Beautifully marked by
the prominent dots of fructification, of darker hue than the frond. Boot, woolly.

Measurement. From 2 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Dot-like tufts of seeds {spores) scattered over both surfaces of the plant.

Habitat. Coasts of England and Ireland. Very rare in Scotland. On rocks and shells in
from 4 to 15 fathom water. Bare.

Fig. 34. , HALISEEIS POLYPODIOIDES.

Colour. Brownish olive ; semi-transparent.

Substance. Thin ; membranaceous ; very easily torn.

Character of Frond. Flat ; midribbed ; narrowish throughout ; branched. Branches forked
{dichotomous)^ though not perfectly so. Margins entire. In tufts from a woolly
root.

Measurement. From 4 to 12 inches long ; about J an inch wide.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spo7^es) in oblong patches along each side of the midrib ; or large
single ones irregularly scattered.

Habitat. South of England, West and South of Ireland. Bocks and stones in the sea at from
2 to 5 fathoms depth. Bare.

17

When fresh its strong, disagreeable odour is a mark of distinction.

n

Fig. 35. PADINA PAVONIA.

Colour. Olive-green shaded with rust colour ; striped with lines across ; some of these fringed
with orange-coloured hairs ; others dark. Outer surface powdered with white.

Substance. Leathery and opaque below ; above, delicately membranaceous and transparent.

Character of Frond. A fan-like, semi-circular expansion ; rihless ; entire or slit into segments ;

each becoming fan-shaped in time. Margins rolled backwards ; sometimes fringed
with hairs. When young, growing in a curled, rolled-up manner (see figure). When
old, expanded. Boot woolly.

Measurement. From 2 to 5 or 6 inches high.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) on the upper surface of the frond, lying in bands across
it ; in fact, forming the darker striped lines described above.

Habitat. Southern shores of England. On rocks in shallow tide-pools at half-tide level.
Bare.

A beautiful plant, supposed to resemble an outspread peacock’s tail. The iridescent tints
which its lines fringed with hairs give out in the water, assist this idea, suggested originally
by its shape.

Fig. 36. TAONIA ATOMARIA.

Colour. Brownish olive, varied with green and rust tints ; striped with lines across.

Substance. Thin ; transparent ; membranaceous.

Character of Frond. A flat expansion, deeply slit into many segments ; several from a base.
General outline rather fan-like ; segments wedge-shaped. Tips blunt.

Measurement. From 3 to 12 inches long. Width of segments very irregular.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) on both surfaces of the frond ; some forming waved lines
across ; some scattered irregularly between.

Habitat. East and South of England. Frith of Forth. South of Ireland. On rocks between
tide-marks. Bare.

18

Plate IX.

Gmieria Taiiitifida, Qrev.

Halls eris p olyp o dioidos^ Hy .

PajHna, Havunia , Lcorujur.

Taoxiia atomana^ Gre^^.

’Vincent IBrooks Imp.

0 . Jewitt Hith.

Plate X.

Fig 37. DICTYOTA DICHOTOMA.

Colour. Olive ; more or less green or brown.

Substance. Thin ; semi-transparent ; membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Flat ; ribless ; narrowish throughout ; branched. Branching, forked
{dichotomous ) throughout ; the frond becoming narrower upwards. Margins entire.
Boot woolly.

Measurement. From 3 to 12 inches long. Width varying from ^ of an inch to an almost
hair-like fineness. The average width is represented in the figure.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores') on both surfaces of the frond ; either in oval clusters or
irregularly scattered.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks and sea-plants between tide-marks. Common.

The narrow variety (D. intricata) is troublesome to lay out; being truly “much branched,
twisted, and entangled.”

Fig. 38. STILOPHORA RHIZODES.

Colour. A greenish olive when young ; when old, foxy brown.

Substance. Elastic and gristly when fresh, but soon turning soft and gelatinous in fresh
water.

Character of Frond. Thread-shaped {filiform) ; solitary or tufted ; branched. Branching irre-
gular ; mostly forked {dichotomous) ; occasionally alternate. Boot, a disc.

Measurement. From 6 inches to 2 feet long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in convex, wartlike clusters, densely covering the surface
of the frond, and giving it a dotted appearance.

Habitat. Shores of England and Ireland, Jersey. Near low water-mark, growing on rocks
or algae.

19

Fig. 39. STILOPHORA LYNGBYJ5I.

Colour, A pale olive-brown, or foxy ; becoming greenish olive in drying.

Substance. Membranaceous ; crisp at first and fragile, soon turning soft.

Character of Frond. Thread-shaped {filiform), tufted, branched. Branching profuse, almost
always forked {dichotomous) ; spreading ; the tips very fine.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 feet long, or more.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in convex, wart-like clusters, in lines encircling the
branches ; not nearly so thickly set as those of S. rhizodes.

Habitat. Land-locked bays on the coasts of Scotland and Ireland ; dredged in from 4 to 10
fathom water.

*S. rhizodes always grows within tide-marks. 8. Lynghyeei is only obtained from deep
water. Dr. Harvey doubts of their being two distinct species.

Fig. 40. DICTYOSIPHON FCENICULACEUS.

Colour. A greenish or brownish olive, according to age.

Substance. Membranaceous ; soft ; slippery to the touch when young, yet not gelatinous.

Character of Frond, Thread-shaped {filiform), tufted very fine. Very much branched and
bushy. Main stem set with long, alternate branches on each side ; branches re-
branched once or twice ; becoming hair-like at last. When young covered with
colourless cobweb-like hairs, which die off afterwards.

Measurement. From 1 to many feet long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) either solitary or clustered ; scattered over the surface
of the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Between tide-marks in pools, on rocks, or on other Algse.

In general appearance like Desmarestia viridis, but the exactly opposite branching of that,
and the alternate of this, perfectly distinguish the one from the other. The slippery feeling
of young plants is produced by the hairs.

20

Plate X.

0. Jewittlith .

IBroolrs 3xap.

Plate XI.

, Fig. 41. STEIARIA ATTENUATA.

Colour, Pale olive.

Substance. Delicately membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Tbread-sbaped {filiform) ; tufted ; branched. Stem branched on each
side. Branches long, simple ; or sometimes re-branched. Branches and branchlets
mostly opposite ; tapering at each end ; marked, when in fructification, with dark
rings or bands. Boot, a disc.

Measurement. From 3 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) in clusters (accompanied by fibres), forming rings or bands
round the branches.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Growing on other algee between tide-marks, and in from
4 to 5 fathom water.

The mode of branching varies occasionally ; but the marked character of tapering
extremities never fails.

Fig. 42. PUNCTARIA LATIFOLIA.

Colour. Pale olive-green ; sometimes darker in age.

Substance. Thin ; delicately membranaceous ; semi-transparent ; almost gelatinous when
young ; afterwards coarser.

Character of Frond. A leafy expansion ; flat ; ribless ; more or less oblong ; tapering suddenly
at the base into a short stem ; tip sometimes obtuse, and sometimes pointed ; margins
wavy ; growing in tufts.

Measurement. From 8 to 16 inches long ; from 1 to 3 wide.

Fructification, Dot-like groups of seeds [spores) scattered over both surfaces of the frond.

Habitat. Sidmouth and Torquay. Belfast and west of Ireland. On rocks and algie between
tide-marks. Not very common.

21

Fig. 43. PUNCTARIA PLANTAGINEA.

Colour. Brownish-olive ; often full brown.

Substance. Tough, though membranaceous. Sub-opaque.

Character of Frond. A leafy expansion ; flat ; ribless ; more or less pointed (lanceolate)
tapering gradually to the base from near the middle of the frond.

Measurement. From 4 to 12 inches long ; from J inch to IJ inches wide.

Fructification. Oblong, largish groups of seeds (spores) scattered over both surfaces of the
frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c., between tide-marks. Not uncommon.

Sometimes confounded with Laminaria fascia. But the Laminaria is more glossy ;
adheres less firmly to paper; and its texture, when examined through a microscope or
lens, is seen to be much more close and compact than that of the Punctaria^ which has a
comparatively loose, reticulated (net-like) structure.

Fig. 44. ASPEROCOCCUS COMPRESSUS.

Colour. A yellowish, or olive-green.

Substance. Tender ; membranaceous.

Character of Frond. A leafy expansion ; compressed ; ribless ; narrow ; tapering near the
base into a hair-like stem, occasionally contracted at intervals as if drawn in.

Measurement. From 6 to 18 inches long ; from J to 1 inch wide.

Fructification. Oblong, irregular clusters of seeds (spores), scattered over both surfaces of the
frond.

Habitat. South of England. Cast up from deep water. Bare.

Formed of two membranes, close-pressed, and adhering. A species intermediate
between Punctaria and the more characteristic Asperococci, which are tubular and inflated.

22

Plate II .

Q litlx .

”\H.Ticexrt ilociks Tmji

Plate XII.

Fig. 45. ASPEROCOCCUS TUENERI.

Colour. Pale olive, when young ; olive-brown, in age.

Substance. Thin ; delicately membranaceous ; semi-transparent.

Character of Frond. Tubular ; inflated ; oblong ; obtuse at the tips ; suddenly contracted at
base into a short stem. Contracted at intervals, as if tied in, sausage fashion !

Measurement. From 8 inches to many feet in length ; from J to 2 or 6 inches thick.

Fructification. Dot-like clusters of seeds (spores) scattered over the surfaces of the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On stones, and the larger algae, between tide-marks.

Known from A. compressus by being inflated; from A. echinatus, by its more transparent
delicate texture, constrictions, and greater inflation of frond.

Fig. 46. ASPEROCOCCUS ECHINATUS.

Colour. Yellowish-olive, tending to brown.

Substance. Membranaceous, but coarse and sub-opaque.

Character of Frond. Tubular ; narrow ; more or less tapering to the base ; obtuse, or
somewhat tapering, at the tips (the plate does not give the obtuse form, which is
nevertheless common).

Measurement. From 2 inches to 2 feet long ; from a hog’s bristle to | an inch in diameter,
i.e. thicTc.

Fructification. Dot-like clusters of seeds (spores) scattered over the surface of the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and algse between tide-marks. Common.

The great variety of size in this plant is puzzling to young collectors. But even when not
thicker than a hog's bristle (a curiously favourite measure with phycologists !), it is still
tubular ; and like its relatives {congeners) , often full of sand !

23

Fig. 47. CHORD ARIA FLAGELLIFORMIS.

Colour. Dark olivaceous green ; inclining to brown.

Substance. Firm and sinewy.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filiform) ; branched ; of equal thickness throughout.

Stem branched on each side. Branches long, alternate, mostly simple ; occasionally
a few branchlets upon them. Fringed all over with fine, colourless hairs, which can
only be seen when it is under water, but give it a slimy feel when out.

Measurement. From 3 inches to 3 feet long ; from 1 to 2 hog’s bristles thick.

Fructification. Minute, seeds {spores) concealed in the substance of the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and stones between tide-marks. Common.

The hairs give this plant a feathery appearance in the water.

Fig. 48. CHORDARIA DIVARICATA.

Colour. Olive ; much paler than C . fiagelliformis ; brown in old age, and when dried.
Substance. Firm and elastic ; surface slimy.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filiform)^ branched ; forming globose tufts. Branching
partially forked {sub-dichotomous). Branches wavy, furnished in the upper part
with scattered, short, mostly forked, branchlets.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 feet long. A hog’s bristle thick.

Fructification, Minute seeds {spores) concealed in the substance of the frond.

Habitat. Belfast and Carrickfergus. Thrown up from deep water. Bare.

Outwardly resembling Stilojphora rhizodes.

24

Plate PII

tmceixt ZBrodks Imp.

0 . JevdttltUi.,

Plate XIII.

Fig. 49. ZONARIA COLLARIS.

Colour. Olive-green ; obscurely striped across.

Substance. Membranaceous ; delicate.

Character of Frond. A fan-like, circular expansion, lying flat on the rocks ; rooted from its
under surface ; sending from its upper one, small saucer-shaped fronds, which in
pressing become flat.

Measurement. From 1 to 2 inches across.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) scattered over the surface of the frond.

Habitat. Jersey ; found by Miss Turner, lying among other algae on the sand in Granville
Bay.”

Dr. Harvey considers the fronds so found to be secondary ones, sprung from the
primary Materfamilias, adherent to the rock. Zonarias differ from Padinas in the irregular
distribution of their spores. In Zonaria, these are scattered; in Padina, grouped in lines
or hands. (See Plate IX. Fig. 35.) But the genera are closely allied, and it is only for
the artist’s convenience that they have been separated in this volume.

Fig. 50. ZONARIA PARVULA.

Colour. Olive-green ; paler in shallow water than in deep.

Substance. Membranaceous ; somewhat transparent.

Character of Frond. Flat; spreading over rocks in patches of roundish or oval outlines;

rooted by fibrous hairs from its under surface, except towards the margins, which are
free and divided into segments. Segments rounded, obscurely marked with lines.
Measurement. From 1 to several inches in diameter.

Fructification. Like that of Zonaria collaris; but it has not been observed in England.
Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and coralines between tide-marks, and in deep
water. Not uncommon.

Probably often overlooked from its hiding in crevices, &c.

Fig. 51. PUNCTARIA TENUISSIMA.

Colour, Pale green-olive wlien young ; brown when old.

Substance. Delicately membranaceous ; very thin ; when young, transparent.

Character of Frond. Very narrow, long, flat ; in tufts, forming a fringe on the fronds of various
algae. Tapering at each end. Margins more or less toothed.

Measurement. From 2 to 8 inches long ; from to J of an inch wide.

Fructification. Unknown.. .

Habitat. Our shores, here and there. On Chorda filunij &c. Not common.

25

For the other Punctarias see Plate XT.

,E

Fig. 52. LIT,OSIPHON PUSILLUS.

Colour. Olive-brown.

Substance. Soft ; membranaceous ; slimy.

Character of Frond. Long thread-like (^filiform') tufts ; unbranched ; of equal thickness
throughout ; clothed with hairs ; growing in patches on old fronds of Chorda filwn.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long ; thickness, a hog’s bristle.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores')., solitary or in clusters ; scattered over the surface of the
frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Always parasitic on Chorda filum. Common.

This genus is now called, by Continental botanists, Wyattia, after Mrs. Wyatt.

Fig. 53. LITOSIPHON LAMINARIJ^.

Colour. Dull olive-brown ; marked with bands across.

Substance. Soft ; membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Short, thread-like {filiform), starry tufts ; unbranched ; smooth (or hairy
at the tips) ; blunt upwards ; scattered dot-like on the frond of Alaria esculenta.

Measurement. From J to J an inch long ; thickness, a hog’s bristle.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) solitary, scattered ; or several in each band across.
Habitat. Our coasts generally. Always parasitic on Alaria escidenta. Common.

Now Wyattia laminaria.

Fig. 54. LEATHESIA TUBERIFORMIS.

Colour. Olive-brown.

Substance. Fleshy ; elastic ; slippery-feeling.

Character of Frond. More or less globose ; forming tubers of various sizes and shapes ; full
of cottony fibres when young ; hollow and inflated when older ; adhering to rocks in
large patches, or growing on the fronds of other alg^.

Measurement. Every size, from a pea to a large walnut.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) concealed in the substance of the frond.

Habitat. All round our coasts. On rocks and algse between tide-marks ; abundantly.

Called tuheriformis, or tuber-shaped, from its resemblance “to a cluster of small potatoes.”
For another Leathesia see Plate XV.

26

Plate Jm.

n. J&-vvitL liQj.

"ViTicen-t ZBrooks Imj).

Plate XIV.

Fig. 55. MESOGLOIA VERMICULARIS.

Colour. Brownish olive.

Substance. Soft ; thick ; gelatinous ; slipping from the hand.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical ; unequally distended ; branched. Branches long, worm-
like, clumsy, attenuated at each end ; irregularly set on a stem which is occasionally
forked. Branchlets long, wavy ; like the branches.

Measurement. From 1 to 2 feet long.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) concealed in the substance of the frond.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks and stones between tide-marks. Pretty common.

The slippery, worm-like feel of the Mesogloias renders the family easy of recognition ; and
M. vermicularis is much darker-coloured, thicker, and more clumsily formed than the others.

Fig. 56. MESOGLOIA GRIFFITHSIANA.

Coloxir. Bather pale olive-green, becoming greener in fresh water.

Substance. Soft ; gelatinous ; slimy ; slipping from the hand.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical, slender, equal throughout ; branched. Branches long, nearly
simple, on each side a stem ; mostly alternate ; a few branchlets here and there.
Surface covered with colourless, cobweb-like hairs which only show under water.

Measurement. From 8 to 16 inches long. About the thickness of a crow’s quill.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) concealed in the substance of the frond.

Habitat. South of England. West of Ireland. In rock-pools between tide-marks. Bare.

Very like Ghordaria ftayelliformis in general growth, hut differing in structure.

27

Fig. 57. MESOGLOIA VIRESCENS.

Colour. Olive-green ; often yellowish.

Substance. Soft, gelatinous, slimy ; loose as if likely to tumble to pieces.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical, slender, excessively branched. Branches long, spreading, on
each side a stem ; irregularly alternate ; furnished with numbers of short branchlets.
The whole frond looking hairy when examined ; partly from its loose structure ;
partly from the colourless cobweb-like hairs with which it is clothed.

Measurement. From 8 to 12 inches long. About the thickness of a crow’s quill.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) concealed in the substance of the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, stones, and algse, at half-tide level. Common.

The structure of the Mesogloias is on the model of that of a hottle brush ; namely, a stalk
surrounded with bristles. So the Mesogloias have a firm, internal stalk (axis), with radiating
filaments surrounding it. These filaments, however, being delicate, and invested with gela-
tine, the plants are all slimy-feeling to the touch.

Fig. 58. CLADOSTEPHUS VERTICILLATUS.

Colour. A dull green, inclined to olive ; darker and browner when old.

Substance. Eigid ; harsh.

Character of Frond. Bushy. Branches slender, cylindrical ; partly forked (dichotomous) ^ partly
alternate or opposite, on each side a stem. Stems and branches frilled (whorled) at
short intervals with short, incurved branchlets ; which siXQ jointed, that is, composed
of cells joined together in a line. Many of these drop off during winter.

Measurement. From 3 to 9 inches high.

Fructification. Oval seeds (spores) borne on small branchlets which grow irregularly on the
frond after the summer frills (whorls) die off.

Habitat. Our coasts generally, except the north-east. On rocks and corallines.

28

Ilate Hy,

IBncent Brooks TEmj>.

0 Jcv/ittlith.

Plate XV.

Fig. 59. LEATHESIA BEEKELEYI.

Colour. Dark brown.

Substance. Fleshy ; soft ; solid.

Character of Frond. Convex lumps, somewhat depressed ; more or less globose ; growing in
patches upon rocks.

Measurement. From 1 to 2 inches in diameter. From i to | an inch thick.

Fructification. Minute seeds (^spores) concealed in the substance of the frond.

Habitat. South of England. West of Ireland. On rocks between tide-marks.

For anotlier Leathesia, see Plate XIV. Fig. 59.

Fig. 60. RALFSIA VERRUCOSA.

Colour. Dark brown.

Substance. Leathery ; hard.

Character of Frond. Crustaceous ; i. e. an incrustation, forming lichen-like patches on rocks.

When young, circular in outline ; becoming very irregular when old. The surface
of young specimens flat. That of full-grown ones rough with wart-like prominences.
Measurement. Patches from 1 to 6 inches in diameter.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores') in the wart-like prominences, scattered over the surface
of the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks between tide-marks* Common.

Fig. 61. ELACHISTA FUCICOLA.

Colour. Olive ; or rusty brown.

Substance. Soft ; membranaceous.

Character of Frond. A small, very dense tuft (rising from a tubercle), parasitic on Fucus
vesiculosus. Threads (^filaments) of the tuft, simple ; tapering to the tips ; jointed.
Measurement. About an inch long when full-grown.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores') concealed in the substance of the tubercle.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On Fucus vesiculosus. Very common.

29

Fig. 62. ELACHISTA FLACCIDA.

Colour. Dull olive-brown.

Substance. Soft ; membranaceous.

Character of Frond. A small, dense tuft (rising from a tubercle) ; parasitic on Cystoseira
fibrosa. Threads of tbe tuft simple ; tapering to the base ; jointed.
Measurement. Half an inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) eoncealed in the substance of the tubercle.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On Cystoseira fibrosa^ common.

Fig. 63. ELACHISTA CURTA.

Colour. Pale olive.

Substance. Eather rigid.

Character of Frond. Very minute tufts (rising from a tubercle) ; parasitic on Fuci. Threads
{filaments) of the tuft very short; tapering to the base ; jointed.

Measurement. From to J of an inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) coneealed in the substance of the tubercle.

Habitat. Swansea. On Fuci., between tide-marks.

A plant which has not been found for many years; and the re-finding of which would well
reward the trouble of search.

Fig. 64. ELACHISTA STELLULATA.

Colour. Olive-brown.

Substaiice. Soft ; membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Extremely minute, starry tufts (rising from a tubercle) ; parasitic on
Dictyota dichotoma. Threads {filaments) of the tuft short ; tapering to the base,
thickening upwards to a blunt point {clavate) ; jointed.

Measurement. About of an inch in diameter.

Fructification. Probably like that of the other Elachistas. Dr. Harvey has not yet found it.
Habitat. Torquay. On the fronds of Dictyota dichotoma.

It is not known that any one has met with this alga since Mrs. Griffiths discovered it at
Torquay a few years ago. Unless closely examined under the microscope, it may he mistaken
for the fruit of Dictyota dichotoma. Dr. Harvey describes the tufts as resemhhng “ minute
stars, or Echini.” It well deserves further search.

30

Plate XV.

leatliesia IBerPeleyi , Varv.

l?.al£sia ■veTru.cosaL.^reJc7^,

Placliista f\BJzdV3^,Are^dh.

Placliista stsHiilata, Qnff.

Placliista, Pacicola,

t^ncent Bxooks Imp

0. Jewitllith .

r

Plate XVI.

Fig. 65. ELACHISTA SCUTULATA.

Colour. Dark brown.

Substance. Soft ; slippery feeling.

Character of Frond. Dark, oblong, convex patches, densely clothed with very short threads
(filaments) ; parasitic on the receptacle thongs of Himantlialia lorea. Filaments
jointed.

Measurement. Patches, J an inch or more in length. Filaments, \ to ^ inch long.
Fructification. Minute seeds (^sj)ores) concealed in the substance of the tubercle.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On Himantlialia lorea.

These tubercles aie formed of densely packed, branching fibres, whence issue filaments.
They surround the Himantlialia thongs, like dark warts; sometimes completely covering
them for the si)ace of several inches ; very slippery to the touch.

Fig. 66. ELACHISTA PULVINATA.

Colour. Olive.

Substance. Eather rigid.

Character of Frond. Very minute globose tufts (rising from a tubercle) ; parasitic on the
fruiting branches of Cystoseira ericoides. Threads {filaments) of the tufts very short ;
tapering greatly to both ends ; jointed.

Measurement. About -jL of an inch in diameter.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) at the base of the threads.

Habitat. South of England. West of Ireland. On Cystoseira ericoides.

A beautiful microscopic object, says Dr. Harvey. The plant it infests looks under a
common lens as if spotted with minute hairy warts. It was first found by Kiitzing.

Fig. 67. ELACHISTA VELUTINA.

Colour. Pale olive.

Substance. Soft ; velvety.

Character of Frond. Thin, irregular patches, clothed with very short threads {filaments) ;

parasitic on the receptacle-thongs of Himanthalia lorea., and some say of Fucus
serratus. Filaments very minute, one thickness throughout ; jointed.

Measurement. Patches, J an inch or more in extent. Filaments, to inch long.
Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) stalked ; at the base of the filaments.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On Himanthalia lorea.

Difficult to distinguish from E. scutulata (with which it is often found) except by tlie
form of the spores which require microscopic examination. Nevertheless, the thin, velvety
layer of this, and the wart-like prominence of the other, are always marks of distinction.

31

Fig. 68. MYRIONEMA STRANGULANS.

Colour, Dark-brown.

Character of Frond. Minute ; parasitic ; forming a small, convex, dark -brown, dot-like patcli
on a flat frond ; a ring -like collar round a filiform one. Filaments jointed.

Measurement. A dot or an encircling patch, varying in extent. Filaments excessively short.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores') nestling among the threads {filaments) of the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On Ulvoe and Enter omorphce.

The dark-hrown specks and bands formed by this plant on the green fronds of TJlvcp, &c.
may easily be mistaken for symptoms of decay, if not carefully examined. They consist of
numerous short, upright, jointed threads, springing from a thin expansion composed of
decumbent ones. But it requires a microscope and skill to find all this out. The general
appearance is soon learnt.

Fig. 69. MYRIONEMA LECLANCHERII.

Colour, Olive.

Character of Frond. Minute ; parasitic ; forming round, flat, olive-coloured patches on the
fronds of Rhodymenia palmata and Ulva latissvna, making them look as if spotted
with decay. Filaments jointed.

Measurement. The patches sometimes extend to J of an inch of diameter. Filaments ex-
cessively short.

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores') nestling among the threads {filaments) of the frond.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On Uhodymenia palmata; and on Ulva latissima, in deep
water.

Thinner and lighter coloured than M. strangulans, and spreading in much larger patches.

Fig. 70. MYRIONEMA PUNCTIFORME.

Colour, Dark-olive.

Character of Frond. Minute ; parasitic ; convex ; forming globose dots on Ceramium rubrum^ &c.
Measurement. A dot !

Fructification. Minute seeds {spores) among the threads {filaments) of the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On several red sea-weeds.

Easily mistaken for little bits of dirt, unless examined. For another Myrionema^ see
Plate XVIII. Fig. 75.

32

Plate JVI.

O.Jewittlith, ISncent Pxooks Trap.

Plate XVII.

Fig. 71. CLADOSTEPHUS SPONGIOSES.

Colour. Dull-brown or dirty olive-green.

Suh stance. Eigid ; rough ; spongy.

Character of Frond. A clumsy little bush. Branches thick, obtuse, cylindrical ; irregularly
forked (dichotomous'). Densely (but irregularly) clothed with short branchlets, so
thickly crowded that they overlap each other. Branchlets jointed ; falling off
in winter.

Measurement. From 3 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Oval seeds (^spores) ; stalked ; borne on a special set of minute branchlets which
grow irregularly over the branches when the summer set dies off.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and stones between tide-marks. Common.

Known from O. verticillatus, by the irregular distribution of the summer branchlets ;
contrasting unfavourably with the orderly frills (tvhorls) of them at regular distances in
C. verticillatus. For C. verticillatus refer back to Plate XIV. Fig. 58.

Fig. 72.- SPHACELARIA FILICINA.

Colour. A beautiful green-olive.

Substance. Firm, somewhat rigid, but delicate.

Character of Frond. Delicately bushy. Stem and branches jointed throughout; thread-like
{filiform). Stem shaggy at base ; slender ; irregularly branched ; often bearing at
the top several branches displayed like a fan. Branches alternate. Branches and
branchlets twice branched ; lanceolate in outline ; all the angles of branching acute.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Oval seeds {spores) borne on the branchlets in winter.

Habitat, South of England and Ireland ; Jersey. Very rare.

No description can do justice to this beautifully delicate little plant. Were it the
handywork of man, we should exclaim at the exquisite skill betrayed by its elaborately
worked-out and tasteful construction. This species, like all its relatives (congeners), is sub-
ject to what is considered a withering of the tips of the branchlets, which become partially
colourless, partially filled with a dark substance, the nature of which is not known.

P

33

Fig. 73. SPHACELAEIA SCOPARIA.

Colour. Olive-green wlien young ; when old, rusty and dark-brown.

Substance. Eigid ; robust.

Character of Frond. Bushy. Stem and branches jointed throughout ; thread-like {filiform).

Stem shaggy at base ; robust ; irregularly branched ; the main divisions spreading at
their summit into dense tufts of branchlets. Branches alternate ; re-branched twice
or even three times.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Globose seeds {spores) borne on the branchlets in winter.

Habitat. Southern coasts of England, common. Frith of Forth. Irish coast in several
places, but not common.

This plant is prettiest in wnter, when so many of its crowded branches have died off, that
it looks a much more suitable brother of S.flicma than in its shaggy summer state.

Fig. 74. SPHACELAEIA PLUMOSA.

Colour. Olive-green.

Substance. Eigid, but delicate.

Character of Frond. Delicately bushy. Stem and branches partially jointed ; thread-like'
{filiforri). Stem not jointed ; many from one base ; smooth, longish, irregularly
branched. Branches exactly opposite ; re-branched with short simple branchlets,
like a feather {pinnate) \ tufted or scattered; from J to IJ inch long ; resembling
feathers.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Oval seeds {spores) borne on the branches in winter.

Habitat. Several places from Orkney to the Land’s End ; but much more luxuriant in the
north, and nowhere common.

The branching is so irregular that specimens have often quite a ragged appearance. But
it is a beautiful plant, and the resemblance to a tuft of feathers is striking.

34

ZLatelVn

Sphacelaxia scopaneL^

Cladosxeplras spongioeras^

Sph-aoelaxia Eilicina^ 1^.

0 Jewiti-tlitk.

"VSuceiTt Brooks Imp.

Plate XVIII.

Fig. 75. MYRIONEMA CLAVATUM.

Colour. Nearly the colour/’ says Captain Carmichael, “ of the then purplish crust on which
it grows.”

Character of Frond. ‘‘Very minute; rather convex,” the threads {filaments) of which it is
composed, club-like (“ clavate^') ; mostly cleft in two (“ hifid'^).

Measurement. The description does not specify.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) affixed to the filaments.

Habitat. Not defined.

Nothing is known of this plant beyond Captain Carmichael’s description and figure, and
the account is very imperfect. For the other Myrlonemas^ refer hack to Plate XVI. Figs.
68, 69, 70.

Fig. 76. SPHACELARIA SERTULARIA.

Colour, Olive-green.

Substance. Rigid ; hut delicate.

Character of Frond. Delicately bushy. Stem and branches jointed throughout; thread-like
(filiform). Stem slightly shaggy at base ; weak and slender ; irregularly branched.
Branches alternate ; spreading horizontally ; two or three times re-branched. Angles
of branching very wide.

Measurement. Scarcely 3 inches long.

Fructification. Oval seeds (spores) borne on the branchlets.

Habitat. From deep water. South of England, and North and West of Ireland. Very rare.

A smaller and slenderer plant than S. filicina^ hut Dr. Harvey hesitates about making
two species of them. 8. Jilicina has, however, all its angles of branching very acute and
narrow; while those of 8. sertularia are very obtuse and Avide ; the branching of 8. filicina
is therefore erect, that of 8. sertularia spreading.

Fig. -77. SPHACELARIA CIRRHOSA.

Colour. Dark- brown ; or rusty.

Substance. Rigid ; yet not coarse.

Character of Frond. A star-like tuft, more or less dense, growing on the stems of other
alg£e. Jointed throughout ; thread-like (filiform) ; assuming many forms. Each
thread {filament) of the tuft, branched with short, often (but not always) opposite
branchlets. There are many deviations, and the branching is more or less com-
plicated, but S. cirrhosa is always a tuft.

Measurement. An inch or more long ; often less.

Fructification. Globose seeds (spores) borne on the branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts everywhere. On Halidrys silicpiosa abundant ; and common on numerous
other plants.

A very dwarf variety has been observed by Miss Cutler, on the stems of Desmarestia
aculeata.

Fig. 78. SPHACELARIA FUSCA.

Colour. Brown.

Substance. Kigid ; but not coarse.

Character of Frond, A tuft ; jointed throughout ; thread-like {filiform). Branches long and
simple, bearing a few short, occasionally three-armed {trifid) branchlets. (See Plate.)

Measurement. From 3 to 5 inches long.

Fructification. Globose seeds {spores) borne on the branchlets.

Habitat. Shores of Wales ; Sidmouth ; St. Michael’s Mount, Cornwall.

Fig. 79. SPHACELARIA RADICANS.

Colour. Dull greenish-olive.

Substance. Rigid ; harsh.

Character of Frond, Very short tufts spreading in patches on rocks. Tufts composed of
jointed threads {filaments) slightly branched ; sometimes upright, sometimes lying
flat ; sending out little fibrous roots from their lower side.

Measurement. From J an inch to an inch high.

Fructification. Globose seeds {spores) borne on the branchlets ; clustered ; abundant.

Habitat. Various parts of Great Britain and Ireland. On sand-covered rocks between tide-
marks. Not uncommon.

Often overlooked from its insignificance.

Fig. 80. SPHACELARIA RACEMOSA.

Colour. Olive.

Substance. Rigid ; hard.

Character of Frond. Short tufts, growing on rocks. Tufts composed of jointed threads
{filaments) branched in a forked manner {dichotomously).

Measurement. An inch high.

Fructification. Egg-shaped seeds {spores) on stalks ; in clusters ; several on a branchlet together
{racemose).

Habitat. Friths of Forth and of Clyde. Very rare.

The grape-like fructification being very plentiful, there is no difficulty in recognising this
plant when in fruit. It is allied to S. radicans, but is larger.

36

YJajte 1.V..LJJ.

O.Uewitt litti ,

'^ixcexrt. Jfix Oviks Ixaj.

Plate XIX.

Fig. 81. ECTOCARPUS SILICULOSUS.

Colour. Yellowish, or a pleasant olive-green ; occasionally green ; sometimes rusty-brown.

Substance. Somewhat gelatinous ; soft ; silky.

Character of Frond. Long tufts of very slender, jointed threads {filaments). Filaments exces-
sively branched. Branches irregularly set, and of various lengths ; bearing a second
and third set of many-times-divided branchlets ; the last ones sometimes only on one
side {secund).

Measurement. From 6 to 18 inches long.

Fructification. In pod-like formations {silicules) ; external ; borne on the branches. Silicules
awl-shaped ; more or less finely pointed ; marked with lines across {transversely
striate) ; stalked.

Habitat. All round our coasts. On algae between tide-marks. Very common.

When dried young this species has a gloss upon it. A variety, in which the silicules have
longer stalks than usual, has been called longipes.

Fig. 82. ECTOCARPUS FASCICULATUS.

Colour. Varying from olive-green to brown.

Substance. Soft ; but not so delicate as E. siliculosus.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments). Filaments branched, though
not excessively. Branches distant ; bearing throughout, short bundles of branchlets
{fascicles)^ many times divided.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. In pod-like formations {silicules) ; external ; borne on the branchlets. Silicules
egg-shaped {ovate) with a more or less blunt point; marked with lines across {trans-
versely striate) ; unstalked {sessile) ; often several close together on one side the
branchlet {secund).

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On the larger algas. Not uncommon.

The finely drawn out point of the silicule, here figured, is very rarely, if ever, met with.
The silicules vary much in comparative width and length, but there is a tendency to blunt-
ness at the tip, even when most drawn out.

37

Fig. 83. ECTOCARPUS HINCKSI.®.

Colour, Dark-olive.

Substance. Eather harsk for an Ectocarpus ; (like E, littoralis.')

Character of Frond. Slender tufts of jointed threads (^filaments). Filaments irregularly and
rather distantly branched. Upper part of branches furnished on one side with
slightly curved branchlets. Branchlets furnished on their inner faces in a similar
manner, so as to resemble little combs.

Measurement. From 1 to 2 inches long. ^

Fructification. In pod-like formations (silicules') ; external ; home on the inner faces of the last
branchlets. Silicules conical. Set like buttons, one upon each joint. (See figure of
the magnified branch.)

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Usually parasitical on Laminaria bulbosa. Filey. Not
common.

The repeated secund branching (branches on one side the stem only) of this plant dis-
tinguishes it from all others. Several, it is true, have their ultimate branches branched
secimdly ; but in no other case is the growth repeated so as to make the branchlets resemble
little combs. E. Hincksice is sometimes found in company with E. siliciilosus, but its darker
tint and less glossy appearance prevent any confusion between the two.

Fig. 84. ECTOCARPUS TOMENTOSUS.

Colour. Sometimes a pleasant olive-green ; oftener a dull brown ; occasionally rust- colour.

Substance. Soft ; spongy. ^

Character of Frond. Very fine, jointed threads {filaments') inextricably woven together into
rope-like branches. Branching of the filaments irregular ; chiefly alternate, on each
side a stem. In some specimens the filaments being less matted than usual, the ends
and sides are free, and the plant has a soft, feathery appearance.

Measurement. From 1 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. In pod-like formations {silicule^ ; external ; borne on the branchlets. Silicules
stalked ; narrow-oblong ; blunt at the points.

Less matted forms of this plant bear some resemblance to very dense tufts of E.
siliciilosus ; but they are always duller -looking. And there is generally some portion of each
specimen, sufficiently matted and rope-like, to stamp the character of the species.

38

Ilate XIX

X cl3 0 c arpiis Xlin oksi ae ^ liar u.

X ot: 0 c aTpus ixmerito sus ^ Jjji 6 .

\

0 Jcj/vit?:.3ifi:.i

'Vaxicen.t, ZBiooks ^trxLp-

Plate XX.

Fig. 85. ECTOCARPUS AMPHIBIUS.

Colour. Pale-olive.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Short tufts of very slender, jointed threads (filaments). Filaments
branched. Branching partly-forked (subdicliotomous) ; the ultimate branchlets alter-
nate, on each side a stem.

Measurement. From 2 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. In pod-like formations (silicules) ; external ; borne on the branchlets. Silicules
scattered ; without stalks (sessile) ; long ; narrow ; almost spine-like.

Habitat In muddy ditches of brackish water near the coast.

Dr. Harvey considers it possible that this may be but a brackish-water variety of
E. siliculosus.

Fig. 86. ECTOCAKPUS FENESTRATES.

Colour. Pale-green.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Small tufts of jointed threads (filaments). Filaments branched, but not
much so. Branches distant ; alternate, on each side a stem ; re-branched with a few
long, simple, alternate branchlets.

Measurement. From 1 to 2 inches long.

Fructification. In pod-like formations (silicules) ; external ; scattered plentifully along the
branchlets. Silicules dark-brown ; narrow-oblong ; stalked ; densely marked with
lines across (transversely striate), and cross-barred.

Habitat. Salcombe. (Mrs. Wyatt, once !)

This plant should be looked for further. The shape of its silicules distinguishes it from
E. siliculosus, and its general character of growth from E. tomentosus.

Fig. 87. ECTOCARPUS DISTORTUS.

Colour. Dark-brown.

Substance. Soft ; tender ; soon decomposing ; extremely brittle if remoistened after being dried.
Character of Frond, Large, densely matted tufts of jointed threads (filaments). Filaments
very much branched ; bent here and there in a zigzag manner, as if distorted.
Branches long ; spreading at wide angles ; beset with short, thorn-like, but blunt
branchlets ; either wide-spread (patent) ; horizontal ; or bent backward (re-curved).
Measurement. Tufts from 4 to 8 inched long.

Fructification. External seeds (spores) borne on the branches ; more or less oval ; dark-brown ;

unstalked (sessile), or but slightly stalked.

Habitat. Appin. On the shore. Parasitic on Zoster a marina. Bare.

39

Fig. 88. ECTOCARPUS LANDSBURGII.

Colour. Dark-brown.

Substance. Eigid ; tongh ; re-moistening without injury.

Character of Frond. Densely matted tufts of jointed threads {filaments'). Filaments much
branched ; zigzag. Branches irregularly forked ; everywhere bristling with quantities
of short, straight, horizontal, thorn-like branchlets.

Measurement. Tufts from 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Unknown. Probably similar to that of E. distortus.

Habitat. Scotland and Ireland. Lamlash, Dr. Landsborough. Eoundstone Bay, Dr. Harvey.
Dredged in deep water in land-locked bays. Bare.

This and the preceding species resemble each other much in general appearance and
colour. But E. Landsburgii is more profusely and more distinctly thorny, the tips of its
branchlets being pointed ; its filaments are more densely opaque, and its substance is much
firmer. It is only obtained by dredging ; and the tufts are never so large as those of E. distortus.

Fig. 89. ECTOCARPUS SPH^ROPHORUS.

Colour. Dull olive-green or rusty-brown.

Substance. Soft ; moderately firm.

Character of Frond. Full bushy tufts of jointed threads {filaments). Filaments much
branched ; slender ; straight. Main stems somewhat matted ; branches free, re-
peatedly divided. Upper ones either opposite or in fours {quaternate).

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. External seeds {spores) borne on the branchlets ; either opposite to each other
on opposite sides of the stem, or opposite to a branchlet ; occasionally in fours ;
unstalked {sessile) ; globose ; prominent.

Habitat. Various places on our coasts, from Orkney to Cornwall. (Filey.) Between tide-
marks. Parasitical on the smaller algse ; chiefly on Ptilota sericea. Bare.

Fig. 90. ECTOCARPUS BRACHIATUS.

Colour. Pale olive-green ; occasionally tawny.

Substance. Very soft ; delicate.

Character of Frond. Feathery tufts of jointed threads {filaments). Filaments excessively
branched ; slender ; wavy. Main stems slightly entangled ; branches and branchlets
free ; all exactly opposite to each other on each side a stem ; or occasionally in fours
{quaternate).

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Seeds {spores) imbedded in the filaments borne on the lesser branchlets ; or in
the angles where two branchlets meet ; forming oblong swellings.

Habitat. England and Ireland. Parasitic on Rhodymenia palmata in the sea ; found with
Fnteromorpha compressa in ditches of brackish water. Bare.

40

Hate XX,

O.JewitLlLfti .

"VTOceoa IDxodks Tir^,

IX '.crb o c airpriis distortujs ^ Cocnrv.

EiCtoca-Tpiis spliaeroplioTOs, Ccarn.

IB ct o e, airp-iis aiTipIhilbiTi s ^ JIarv .

IB cto c axp) LLS L aiidXlcnxrgii , Saru.

IBctocairpTis Ibradhiat-TLS Jiarv.

/

Plate XXL

Fig. 91. ECTOCARPUS CRINITUS.

Colour. When fresh, “bright bay;” when dried, a dull but rather pleasant green, with a
slight gloss.

Substance. Moderately firm.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments') lying on the mud in extensive
fleecy strata. Filaments slightly and distantly branched. Branches long ; nearly
simple.

Measurement. Filaments about 2 inches long.

Fructification. External seeds {spores) borne on the branches. Spores globose ; scattered ;
unstalked {sessile). Rarely found.

Habitat. Appin. Capt. Carmichael. Watermouth, Devonshire, Mrs. Griffiths. On muddy
sea-shores. Rare.

Fig. 92. ECTOCARPUS PUSILLUS.

Colour. Pale brown ; sometimes drying rather greener.

Substance. Soft ; delicate.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments) ; “ like pale brown wool.” Filaments
simple, or slightly and distantly branched ; interwoven.

Measurement. About an inch long.

Fructification. External seeds {spores) borne on the filaments. Spores roundish oblong ; often
two or three together ; plentifully scattered.

Habitat. South coast of England. Parasitical on several of the smaller algae. Rare.

“ A connecting link between the simpler and more branching species. . . . Almost always
found with fruit.” — Harvey.

41

G

Fig. 93. ECTOCAEPUS LITTORALIS.

Colour, Olive-brown, or olive-green ; not unfrequently rust-coloured.

Substance. Soft, though coarse, when young ; rigid when old.

Character of Frond. Dense, interwoven tufts of jointed threads (^filaments'). Filaments harsh
when old ; much and irregularly branched. Main stems often entangled ; the lesser
divisions free. Branches alternate, on each side a stem ; branchlets often opposite.

Measurement. From 6 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Formed in the substance of the branchlets ; a portion of which becomes con-
verted into fruit-bearing, pod-like formations {silicules)., causing dark oblong
swellings ; the tips of the branchlet appearing beyond. (See figure.)

Habitat. All round our coasts. Parasitical on the larger algge, &c. Between tide-marks.
Very common.

Fig. 94. ECTOCAEPUS LONGIFEUCTUS.

Colour. Olive-green.

Substance. Soft, though coarse.

Character of Frond. Large tufts of jointed threads Filaments robust ; excessively

branched. Branches mostly opposite ; the lesser ones set with short, thorn-like,
opposite (rarely, alternate) branchlets.

Measurement. Six inches long.

Fructification. Formed in the substance of the branchlets ; a portion of which becomes
converted into fruit-bearing, pod-like formations {silicides)^ causing dark, oblong
swellings, extending to the tips. (See figure.)

Habitat. Orkney. Parasitical on algse between tide-marks. Rare.

42

^late m.

0. Jswitt. Kth..

"^SxiceTLt, IBxooks ln^.

IEj ct o c sccpus ^TULSiIbaB j Griff.

lEiCtocaxpiis caxnitGjs^ Camv

Ij ct 0 c aTpiis litor ali b ^

IE, ctocaxpiis Icoigifhicftiis ^ .Hocry.

Plate XXII.

Fig. 95. ECTOCAEPUS GRANULOSUS.

Colour. Green in youth ; afterwards olive-green or yellowish.

Substance. Moderately firm ; soft.

Character of Frond. Feathery tufts of jointed threads {filaments). Filaments much branched.

Branches on each side stems ; sometimes opposite, sometimes alternate ; extreme
branchlets often set, four or five in succession on one side {secund). Mai.'* divisions
slightly entangled ; lesser ones quite free and feathery.

Measurement. From 1 inch to a foot long. (Dependent on the depth of water.)

Fructification. External seeds {spores) borne on the branchlets. Spores large ; oval • darlv-
brown ; marked with lines across {transversely striate) ; minutely cross luirrod ;
unstalked {sessile) ; abundant.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks or algse between tide-marks. Frequent.

The figure of this plant is not very characteristic. Its growth is looser and freer ^ mi a tne
representation. There are several varieties of it, one of which is now raised to the dignity of
a species, E. tesselaiiis. It is a small plant, growing in crevices of the rocks at half-tide level,
and is exquisitely green when young. The tesselated appearance of the spores gave rise to
the name. One of its characters is the secund growth of the extreme branchlets. Another
variety, chiefly found on the south coast, is less richly branched, but all, or nearly all its branches
and branchlets are opposite on each side the stems. Intermediate forms occur with opposite
and alternate branching mixed. E. tesselatus was first noticed on rock-crevices on the top of
Filey Bridge by Mr. Hayden ; but it has been found abundantly since. Whether it has a right
to a position as a species is still doubtful, but it is at any rate a very lovely variety.

Fig. 96. ECTOCAEPUS MERTENSII.

Colour. A beautiful olive-green in the early part of the year, becoming browner in the sum-
mer and autumn.

Substance. Soft and delicate.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments). Filaments branched in a regular
and remarkable manner. Main stems simple, or nearly so ; set throughout with
exactly opposite branches, of unequal length. Branches also simple ; set throughout
(and closely) with slender, spreading branchlets J the diameter of the branch ; except
where a pair of larger branchlets takes the place of a pair of the lesser ones.
Secondary branchlets similarly re-branched ; the whole plant resembling a collection
of delicate feathers.

Measurement. From 2 inches to a foot in length.

Fructification. Seeds {spores) imbedded in the branchlets, forming dark oblong swellings.
(See figure.)

Habitat. Our coasts here and there from Orkney to Cornwall, and in Ireland. On mud-
covered rocks and stones, near low-water mark ; and at a greater depth.

43

Fig. 97. MYRIOTRICHIA CLAV^FORMIS.

Colour, Yellowish-brown.

Substance. Very soft ; limp ; slightly gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Small tufts of jointed threads {filaments) fringing other algae. Each
filament quite simple ; naked below ; upwards densely clothed with branchlets, which
gradually increase in length as they approach the tips ; thus giving the frond a club-
shaped form. Branchlets re-branched in a similar way ; the second set bearing long
colourless fibres from their tips.

Measurement. Half an inch long.

Fructification. External seeds {spores') borne on the branchlets ; egg-shaped ; dark ; the trans-
parent case {perispore) which encloses them, visible all round.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Parasitic on Chorda lomentaria. Occasionally.

Fig. 98. MYRIOTRICHIA FILIFORMIS.

Colour. Yellowish-brown.

Substance. Very soft ; limp ; slightly gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Small tufts of jointed threads {filaments) fringing other algse so
naturally, that the combination has the appearance of being one plant. Filaments
very slender ; often curled ; several twisted together into rope-like tufts. Each
stem quite simple ; at intervals looking as if thickened into dark knobs. Under the
microscope these prove to be clusters of minute, stunted, oblong branchlets, from
which issue the long colourless fibres characteristic of the genus.

Measurement. An inch or more in length.

Fructification. External seeds (spores) borne on the branchlets. Spores egg-shaped, dark ; the
transparent case {perispore) which encloses them, visible all round.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Parasitic on Chorda lomentaria, and Asperococus echinatus ; at
half-tide level. Abundant at Filey. Not uncommon.

This plant is sometimes found accompanying M. clavaformis ; but is very much more
frequently met with.

44

Tlate JGII.

OJewittifK

l/5Ticen.t. IBiooks Ii'Jij

IictocaiTpus graxralosTis^

I^yrio-tri cilia clavaefoTirds Hocrv.

Mjriatriclila iiliformis^ Harv.

Plate XXIII.

Fig. 99. ODONTHALIA DENTATA.

Colour. Deep ruby-red, when growing ; soon turning darker when thrown ashore ; when dried,
black, except very young plants, or the new shoots of old ones, which retain a
reddish-pink hue.

Substance. Membranaceous, but firm and elastic.

Character of Frond. Flat ; narrow ; obscurely midribbed ; branched. Branching alternate ;

irregular. Main stem simple or forked ; deeply toothed on each side. Branches
issuing from the axils of the teeth ; narrow at the base, widening upwards ; either
toothed or deeply cut into narrow branchlet-like segments {jpinnatifid). The whole
frond preserving nearly the same width throughout ; and at one level, as if cut out
of paper.

Measurement. From 3 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds ; external. 1. Clusters of seeds (spores)*' contained in ovate,
transparent cases (capsules). 2. Seeds divided into four parts (tetraspores), contained
in lanceolate pods (stichidia). Scattered along the margins on slender stalks which
are either simple or branched.

Habitat. Scotland. North of England and Ireland. In pools and on rocks in the sea.
Frequent.

When once seen, this plant cannot he mistaken for any other ; and even a study of the
figure will make it easy to recognize. It was for a long time supposed to have its southern
limit in the county of Durham ; but it has since been found abundantly in a deep pool in
Gristhorpe Bay, between Scarborough and Filey ; is common at Filey, and has been picked
up as low as Flamborough Head. It is magnificent in size at the Giant’s Causeway in Ireland.

* N.B. For brevity’s sake the reader is requested to accept this explanation of the words
Spore, Tetraspore, Capsule, Stichidiimi, as here given once for all. The terms will be used
hereafter as a matter of course.

Fig. 100. RHODOMELA LYCOPODIOIDES.

Colour. A dark-brownish red ; becoming darker in drying.

Substance. Eobust and elastic ; young branches soft ; old ones harsh.

Character of Frond. Thread-like (filamentous) ; tufted ; branched ; the filaments opaque.

Stems long, thread-shaped (filiform), simple ; or divided near the base into several
long, simple branches ; densely clothed with slender, feathery, finely-divided branch-
lets. These dying partially down in winter, the stems are left bristling with their
stunted remains ; in which condition the plant can hardly be recognized ; and in the
second summer, when it has thrown out fresh branchlets, the old and new growths
are found together.

Measurement. From 4 to 18 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds; chiefly external. I. Clustered spores in ovate capsules;
external. 2. Tetraspores in stichidia, or in swollen branchlets.

Habitat. Scotland, and the North of England and Ireland. On the stems of Laminaria digi-
tata. Common.

For another Rhodomela, see Plate XXIV. Fig. 103.

45

Fig. 101. RYTIPHLCEA THUYOIDES.

Colour. A dull-brown or brownish-yellow ; becoming black in drying.

Substance. Eobust and elastic.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous)'., tufted; branched; the filaments opaque,
closely marked with lines across {transversely striate). Stems thread-shaped {filiform) ;
erect ; rising from creeping fibres ; below, naked ; or set with short spine-like branch-
lets ; above, much branched ; branches close, very erect, many times re-branched,
but shortly, so as always to preserve a narrow lanceolate outline.

Measurement. From 3 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clusters of spores in ovate capsules; external. 2. Teira-
spores in distorted swollen branchlets.

Habitat Our coasts generally. In tide-pools, frequent ; but not on the N. East coast.

Fig. 102. RYTIPHLCEA FRUTICULOSA.

Colour. Dull reddish, or yellowish-brown.

Substance. Eobust and elastic.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous)'., tufted; branched; the filaments opaque,
closely marked with lines across {transversely striate). Stems forked (spreading
widely) from the base ; branches the same, partly forked {dichotomous), partly branched
like a feather {pinnate). Angles of the branches {axils) rounded. Branchlets alter-
nate ; horizontal ; short ; so that each branch has a narrowish outline.

Measurement. From 3 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clusters of spores in ovate capsules; external (very rare).
2. Tetraspores in swollen branchlets (common).

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On sand-covered rocks between tide-marks. Common.

For the other Rytiphlceas, see Plate XXIV. Fig. 104 ; and Plate XXV. Fig. 108.

46

P].ate IULl

O.Jewiit ]ifK.

r

Sroofe Tmp

Plate XXIV.

Fig. 103. RHODOMELA SUBFUSCA.

Colour. Dark brownish-red ; becoming nearly black in drying.

Substance. Kigid.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous') ; tufted ; bushy ; much branched ; in summer
everywhere clothed with minute branchlets. Filaments opaque ; becoming finer up-
wards. Stems simple or divided ; branches long, straight, simple ; set with simple
or re-branched branchlets, which are alternate and often crowded together above ;
sometimes feathery from subdivision. In winter the finer branchlets die partially
down, leaving the stems irregularly clothed with stunted remains. In the following
spring a fresh set arise, and on these the fructification is often produced.

Measurement. From 4 to 10 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in ovate capsides; external. 2. Tetra-
spores immersed in the ends of swollen branchlets; solitary or in pairs. The black
tubercles which are sometimes found on this plant are a diseased growth — not
fructification.

Habitat. All round our coasts. On rocks and algm between tide-marks. Common.

For the other Rhodomela, see Plate XXIII. Fig. 100. In characteristic specimens the two
species are unlike enough ; hut intermediate varieties sometimes occur. B. lycopodioides
is, however, a strictly north-country plant. There is a great resemblance between this genus
and the next two {Rytiphlcea and Rolysiphoma), in some general points, but the microscope
shows the structures of the three to be widely different.

Fig. 104. RYTIPHLCEA PHSTASTROIDES.

Colour. Dull red ; clear, when young ; dark, when old ; becoming black in drying.

Substance. Very firm ; elastic.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; very bushy ; much branched. Filaments
opaque ; closely marked with lines across {transversely striate). Branching irregular.
Stem nearly simple at base ; much divided above ; set everywhere with very short
thorn-like branchlets. Branches long, simple, spreading often, slightly incurved ;
either alternate or on one side the stem only {secund) ; re-branched ; the lesser
branches set with short, straight, or slightly incurved branchlets ; all turned to one
side {secund therefore)-; making the branches look like so many small combs (see
figure) ; tips often hooked in ; general outline spreading and fan-shaped.

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in ovate ; external, on the branches.

2. Tetraspores imbedded in the ends of swollen branchlets.

Habitat. South coast of England. Isle of Wight, &c. Common.

A species of such peculiar growth that it is scarcely possible to confound it with any other.
If a specimen he picked up from the shore and well shaken so' as to disperse the water, the
bushy branches will bristle out in all directions, instead of clinging together as they are apt to
do in so many tufted plants. For other Rytiphlceas see Plates XXIII. and XXV. The char-
acteristic lines across {transverse stria;), are obvious in the younger branches, if examined
through a pocket lens.

47

Fig. 105. POLYSIPHONIA ELONGATA.

Colour. Dark red ; becoming almost black in drying, all but the finer tips.

Substance. Stems robust and firm ; branchlets flaccid.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads irregularly branched. Stems as thick

as whipcord ; they and the branches tapering at both ends. (See figure.) Branches
producing but few branchlets the first year. In winter, these and the tips of the
branches die off, leaving the frond stunted, and often very unsightly till the following
spring ; when a new growth commences ; the broken branches putting out vigorous
shoots, which end in fine tufts of crimson branchlets, as figured in Fig. 106 ; and on
these the fructification is borne. Joints marked with several upright lines (internal
tubes) seen through the branchlets.

Internal Tubes. Four primary ones ; several secondary.

Measurement. From 6 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in ovate, stalkless (sessile) capsules; ex-
ternal ; on the branches ; either clustered or scattered. 2. Tetraspores, either
imbedded in the ends of swollen branchlets, or borne in minute pod-like processes
on the branches.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On stones, shells, corallines, &c. In pools between tide-
marks, and in from five to ten fathoms’ water.

Although the structure is strictly jointed (articulated, see figure), the articulations of the
stem and primary branches are indistinct, from the surface cells being small and irregularly
placed. For other Polysiphonias, see Plate XXV. &c.

Fig. 106. POLYSIPHONIA ELONGATA. Var.

This form is no longer recognized as a variety, but merely as the second summer’s condition
of F. elongata. (See last description.) It is the var. y. sanguinolenta of Agardh, and the
P. rosea of Greville. In the same manner the bare winter condition was at one time taken for
a variety, and called var. yS. denudata.

48

Plate IHF.

PiKodoiriela suh^ii^cQ.jAq.

PjtlpPl aea pinastroicLes ^Ja.

/

I

PQ]7tijppLo:r\ia. elon^ata.^, TSr

O.^'ivsrst; liU:

.J.

txncei'd.. Bi oolca InAT

Plate XXV.

Fig. 107. DASYA VENUSTA.

Colour. Rosy red ; stems brownish.

Substance. Very soft ; tender.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; much branched. Stem long, simple, semi-
transparent, nnjointed. Branches alternate ; the lowermost longest ; the rest gradually
shorter upwards, giving the front a pyramidal outline ; once or twice re-branched
like a feather {pinnate) ; unjointed ; but clothed throughout with very slender, hair-
like branchlets, which are jointed and many times forked {dichotomous).

Measurement. From 3 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds ; external. 1 . Clustered spores in ovate capsules, with a protruding
mouth {urceolate, see figure) ; unstalked. 2. Tetraspores in pointed oblong, stichidia;
stalked.

Habitat. Jersey. Cast ashore. Very rare.

Fig. 108. RYTIPHL(EA COMPLANATA.

Colour. Brown-red ; becoming almost black in drying.

Substance. Firm, elastic.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous), but compressed ; much branched. Filaments
opaque ; closely marked with lines across {transversely striate). Stem erect ; neaidy
simple below ; much branched above. Branches erect, but spreading ; twice or thrice
re-branched, like a feather {pinnate) ; the lower branchlets always short or stunted ;
the upper longer, straight, rod-like ; giving a stiff, formal character to the plant.

Measurement. From 2 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Has not been found in Britain.

Habitat. South of England and West of Ireland (Miltown Malbay, in one particular pool,
abundant). On the rocky beds of shallow tide-pools, exposed at low-water mark to
full sunshine. Very rare.

The lines across {transverse strioe) characteristic of the genus, look in this species as if they
were arched, but this is an optical delusion. They are best observed through a pocket lens.

Fig. 109. POLYSIPHONIA URCEOLATA.

Colour. Full red ; becoming dark in drying.

Substance. Rigid ; wiry.

Character of Frond. Long, dense, bushy tufts of jointed threads {filaments) ; much branched ;

loosely entangled. Branches partly forked {sub-dichotomous) ; partly alternate ; erect,
but spreading ; more or less furnished with very short, alternate, spreading or back-
curved {re-curved) branchlets. Joints marked with two broad upright lines (internal
tubes seen through) ; or, if the filament be twisted, part of a third becoming visible.

Internal Tubes. Four.

Measurement. From 3 to 9 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spo7^es in capsules; external. Capsules generally
stalked, ovate, with a protruding mouth {urceolate). 2. Tetraspores immersed in the
upper part of swollen branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks between tide-marks, or on the stems of Laminaria
digitata. Common.

' Varying very much in delicacy. Often as thick as horsehair at the base of the filaments,

but sometimes approaching the slenderness of P. formosa. It is always more rigid in substance,
however, and its short back-curved branchlets are another mark of distinction, particularly in
specimens growing on L. digitata.

49

H

Fig. no. POLYSIPHONIA FORMOSA.

Colour. Full red ; becoming dark in drying.

Substance. Exceedingly soft and flaccid. Soon decomposing in fresh water.

Character of Frond. Long, dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments) ; exceedingly slender ;

much branched. Branches partially forked {sid -dichotomous) ; long ; wavy ; bearing
a second or third series ; branchlets scattered, spreading, feathery. Joints marked
with two broad upright lines (internal tubes seen through).

Internal Tubes. Four.

Measurement. From 6 to 10 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in capsules; external. Capsules generally
stalked, ovate, with a protruding mouth {urceolate). 2. Tetraspores immersed in the
middle part of the last branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. near low-water mark. Not so common as
P. urceolata.

Perhaps only a delicate and elegant variety of P. urceolata, but so flaccid that it is best
laid out in sea-water.

Fig. 111. POLYSIPHONIA OBSCURA.

Colour. Dark brown-red ; nearly black in drying.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Densely matted patches of short, very slender, jointed threads (filaments) ;

creeping on the surface of rocks ; attached by minute fibres which issue from the
lower surface ; throwing up from the upper erect or curved, simple branches ;
which are either naked or furnished with a few branchlets on one side (secund).
Joints marked with many upright lines (internal tubes seen through).

Internal Tubes. Twelve or thirteen.

Measurement. Upright branches from J to J an inch long. Patches from 6 inches to 1 foot in
extent.

Fructification. Only one kind found. Tetraspores immersed in swollen branchlets.

Habitat. Jersey and Sidmouth. On rocks at half-tide level. Sometimes parasitic on alg^ ;
covering the roots of Fuci.

Fig. 112. POLYSIPHONIA PULVINATA.

Colour. Dull, brownish-red, or purplish ; not much darker in drying.

Substance. Very soft and flaccid ; soon decomposing in fresh water.

Character of Frond. Short, dense, intricate tufts of jointed threads (filaments) ; rising from
a mass of creeping fibres. Filaments closely interwoven ; very slender ; wavy ;
sparingly and irregularly branched, in a forked manner (dichotomously) \ more or less
furnished with small, spreading, or back-curved (re-curved) simple branchlets. Joints
marked with two upright lines (internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. Four.

Measurement. About an inch in height.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in very large, ovate, stalked capsules., with
a protruding mouth (urceolate) ; external. 2. Tetraspores immersed in swollen
branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and algge between tide-marks. Not uncommon.

This looks like a miniature P. urceolata, but its substance is extremely flaccid. It should
be laid out in sea-water.

50

Plate US. .

0, Jewitt,IiQ:i,

'TSncervt l^rrodks Imp

Plate XXVI.

Fig. 113. POLYSIPHONIA FIBRATA.

. Colour. Dark red-brown below ; rosy above.

Substance. Tender and gelatinous ; decomposing rapidly in fresh water.

Character of Frond. Very dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments) ; much branched. Stems
as thick as hogs’ bristles below, becoming very fine upwards ; simple or alternately
branched. Set at greater or less distances with very slender, forked {dichotomous)
branchlets, more or less tufted ; whose abrupt {truncate) tips are clothed with colour-
less, forked {dichotomous) fibres, bearing at certain seasons tiny yellow pods {antheridia]^
whose office is not thoroughly ascertained. Angles of branching {axils) all spreading.
Marked throughout with two upright lines (internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. Four.

Measurement. From 2 to 10 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in ovate or globose capsules; external;
plentifully scattered. 2. Tetraspores immersed in the swollen upper branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, stones, and algas, between tide-marks. Not uncommon.

Fig. 114. POLYSIPHONIA SPINULOSA.

Colour. Dark red.

Substance. Rigid, though fine.

Character of Frond. Short, delicate tufts of jointed threads {filaments) very much branched.

Branching alternate. Branches spreading; irregularly set; clothed with short, straight,
spreading branchlets ; several times re-branched ; the last set, thorn-like, and horizon-
tally spread ; their tips sometimes minutely divided ; each division bearing a long,
colourless, jointed thread. Joints marked by two or three upright lines (internal
tubes).

Internal Tubes. Four large and several lesser ones ; more of these in the branches than
branchlets.

Measurement. One or 2 inches long.

Fructification. Only one sort observed. Clustered spores in globose, unstalked {sessile) capsules ;
external.

Habitat. Appin. Very rare.

A plant which, like the next, has only been found once; the solitary specimens being
preserved in Sir William Hooker’s Herbarium.

Fig. 115. POLYSIPHONIA RICHAEDSONI.

Colour. Dull red ; becoming darker in drying.

Substance. Rigid ; elastic.

Character of Frond. Small tufts of jointed threads {filaments) much, branched. Stem, hogs’-
bristle thickness at base ; finer above ; alternately branched throughout ; the branches
long, spreading, often issuing horizontally ; set in the upper part with widely-spread-
ing, straight, partly forked {sub-dichotomous) ^ partly alternate branchlets. Main
joints marked with several irregular lines (internal tubes), twisted.

Internal Tubes. Five.

Measurement. Three or 4 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Clustered spores in globose, unstalked {sessile) capsules ;
external.

Habitat. Colvend, Dumfries.

51

Fig. 116. POLYSIPHONIA GEIFFITFISIANA.

Colour. Brownish below ; above, rosy pink.

Substance. Rigid below ; elastic ; the branchlets soft ; but not decomposing easily in fresh
» water.

Character of Frond. Short tufts of jointed threads {filaments), yqyj mvich. branched. Stems
hogs’-bristle thickness at base, gradually liner upwards ; alternately branched through-
out. Branches long, spreading ; simple or divided ; set with numerous, variously
branched, slender, spreading branchlets ; the last ones often bent back {re-curved).
Length of joints equal throughout (which is not usual). Marked by four upright
lines (internal tubes) of irregular widths.

Internal Tubes. Four la.rge, Wr small secondary ones.

Measurement. Three or 4 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Clustered spores in broadly ovate capsules.

Habitat. Torquay. Parasitical on Polyides rotundas. Isle of Portland. Very rare.

Fig. 117. POLYSIPHONIA ELONGELLA.

Colour. Stems brownish ; branchlets rose-red.

Substance. Rigid below ; soft above.

Character of Frond. Small tufts of jointed threads {filaments), much branched. Branching
partly forked, partly alternate. Stems the thickness of a hog’s bristle below, as fine
as hair above. Main branches distant ; very wide-spread ; more or less furnished with
soft tufts of long, often-divided branchlets, which taper to the tips, but not, as
in P. elongata, to the base also. Joints marked with two or three upright lines
(internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. Four.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in large, ovate, shortly-stalked capsules;
external. 2. Tetraspores, immersed in the middle of swollen branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally ; Isle of Man, West Coast of Scotland. On rocks and stones
and the smaller algee near low-water mark, and at a greater depth. Rather rare.

The winter and summer states of this plant differ as much as those of P. elongata, which
it strongly resembles in miniature ; and which it is like in the annual dying off of its more
delicate branchlets (see under P. elongata). But there are certain marks by wliich the two
may be distinguished. The branches of P. elongella do not taper to the base like those of
P. elongata ; and the joints are distinctly visible in all the main branches as well as in the
branchlets. It is also a much smaller and more delicate plant in general appearance.

Fig. 118. POLYSIPHONIA CARMICHAELIANA.

Colour. Reddish brown ; becoming black in drying.

Substance. Rigid,

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments)-, branched. Stem set throughout with
scattered, alternate, wide-spreading branches of irregular lengths. Branches short,
scattered, almost horizontally spread, irregularly forked {dichotomous), spine-like.
Joints not visible in the stem and principal branches, but these marked wdth from two
to four upright lines (internal tubes). Branchlets visibly jointed.

Internal Tubes. Four.

Measurement. Four inches long.

Fructification. Has not been observed.

Habitat. Appin. On Desmarestia aculeata. Very rare.

62

"Pla-fce XlVl

llc3.

PolysipK-oraa- Pbrata,^ Harv.

114.

PolysipKonia spmulosa^ Grev.

Polysiplioxu0. TUcliardsani, Booh.

PolyisipKonia Gnffitlisiai\a,Par[^’

117.

118.

Pofysipkoraa slon^ellaySarr.

Po'yaipiionia. Carniixia-eJiaria, Eoj'x

0. Jemtb littL.

"YiaceTit "BtooIcs Imp

Plate XXVII.

Fig. 119. POLYSIPHONIA VIOLACEA.

Colour. Brownish-red or purple.

Substance. Tender ; gelatinous ; soon decomposing in fresh water.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous)^ solitary, or tufted ; jointed ; very much branched.

Principal stem sometimes rather robust ; sometimes much more slender than a hog’s
bristle ; set throughout with long, irregularly alternate, four-spread {quadrifarious)
branches, of unequal length, but gradually diminishing upwards. Branches re-
branched in a similar way with two, three, and even four sets ; these gradually
lessening in diameter and length ; so that the plant has a remarkably feathery or
finely bushed character. The last branchlets exceedingly slender, and, when young,
tipped with fibres. Joints of the stems indistinct ; of the branchlets obvious, with
two or three upright lines (internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. Four.

Measurement. From 6 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in ovate, stalkless, or shortly -stalked, cap-
sules; external. 2. Tetraspores, large ; immersed in the swollen branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, stones, and lesser algse near low-water mark.
Not uncommon.

Eather like P. fibrata, but a larger and more luxmiant plant, and not obviously jointed
throughout. The cobweb-like last set of branches are sometimes a beautiful violet colour,
especially when dried. It is best to lay out this plant in sea-water.

Fig. 120. POLYSIPHONIA BRODI^I.

Colour. A dark brownish-purple or red.

Substance. Gelatinous ; instantly beginning to decompose if immersed in fresh water, and
giving out a disagreeable smell.

Character of Frond. Long tufts of jointed threads {filaments)^ very much branched. Stems
robust, elastic, undivided, opaque. Branches numerous, alternate, rod-like ; clothed
with short, soft, repeatedly-divided, tuft-like branchlets, from half an inch to an inch
long. Branching always alternate. Joints not visible in the stems and branches ;
obvious in the branchlets, which are marked with three or four upright lines
(internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. About seven.

Measurement. From 6 to 14 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores m ovate capsides, slightly stalked ; external.
2. Tetraspores immersed in the swollen tips of the finer branchlets.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks and corallines near low-water mark. Not uncommon.

This beautiful Polysiphonia should always be laid out in sea-water. The first touch of
fresh water destroys something of its beauty, by causing the tips of the dehcate, tuft-like
branchlets to decompose and break off.

53

Fig. 121. POLYSIPHONIA NIGKESCENS.

Colour, A dull brown, sometimes a purplish red ; old plants becoming black ; all, darker in
drying.

Substance. Eigid below ; soft and delicate above.

Character of Frond. Long tufts of jointed threads (^filaments')., very much and variously
branched. Stems robust, nearly simple ; sometimes set throughout with richly
feathered branches. In autumn and winter rough below with broken remains ;
bushy above. Branches long, alternate ; repeatedly re-branched in a feather -like
manner (^pinnate) ; the sets becoming gradually more and more slender. Branchlets
short, alternate, distant, below ; the uppermost often crowded together ; mostly simple,
awl-shaped. Joints closely marked with numerous upright lines (internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. From twelve to twenty.

Measurement. From 6 to 8 inches long.

Fructification, Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in broadly ovate, unstalked capsides, with
a narrow opening ; external. 2. Tetraspores immersed in the lesser branchlets.

Habitat, All round our coasts. On rocks, stones, and alg8e between tide-marks. Very common.

Summer specimens are feathery and beautiful; autumn and winter ones coarse and
bushy. But, independently of this, it is one of the most variable of sea-weeds. Dr. Harvey
considers its “ distantly pinnate” branchlets, and the great number of its tubes sufficiently
characteristic marks, but he has recorded seven American varieties, and Britain could add
more. In one short stiff form it assumes the characters of JRytiphloea thuyoides so strongly,
that nothing but the microscope can separate them. (See under JRytiphloea thuyoides,)

Fig. 122. POLYSIPHONIA AFFINIS.

Colour. A dull, pale, reddish-brown.

Substance. Firm below ; soft above.

Character of Frond. Long tufts of jointed threads (^filaments) much branched. Stems as thick
as bristles below ; irregularly forked ; or alternately branched. Branches spreading ;
naked at base, finely divided and ovate in outline above ; lesser branchlets all naked
at base ; furnished above with a few very upright, alternate, or secund branchlets,
the lowermost longest. Joints of the stem obscure ; those of the branches obvious ;
marked with numerous upright lines (internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. About sixteen.

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in ovate or nearly globose, stalked capsules ;
external. 2. Tetraspores large ; immersed in the lesser branchlets.

Habitat. Clamlough, near Glenarm, Ireland. Cushendall, ditto. On rocks, &c. in the sea,
and thrown up from deep water.

Dr. Harvey considers this almost too closely allied to P. oiigrescens. Its branching is more
loose, its internal tubes fewer, its colour paler, its branches more wavy, and its substance
softer. Yet he could be “ well contented to regard it as a deep-water form of that species.”
Nevertheless, figures of the typical forms of each are different. (See the figures.)

51

Tlscte IXVU.

0. Jev.itt Jitli .

"VixLoeTrt, IB.ro cfe

Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 123. POLYSIPHONIA FIBRILLOSA.

Colour. Brownish-red in deep water ; pale straw in shallow pools ; becoming purplish in drying.

Substance. Tender and gelatinous ; soon decomposing.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous^ ; solitary or tufted ; jointed ; very much
branched. Stem robust below ; becoming finer upwards ; simple, or once or twice
divided ; naked near the base ; then set throughout with short, slender, finely-
divided side-branchlets, whose tips are clothed with fibres. Branches rather robust,
wide-spread; of various lengths; the lowermost generally longest; sometimes
simple, but usually many times re-branched, each set more slender than the last (these
also, in luxurious specimens, set with short, slender branchlets) ; the last branchlets
hair-like ; their tips splitting into numerous cobweb-fine fibres {fihrilliferous). Joints
not visible in the stem nor lower part of the branches ; obvious above ; marked by
two or three upright lines (internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. Four.

Measurement. From 6 to 10 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered in broadly ovate, scarcely stalked cajisw/ds ;
external. 2. Tetraspores immersed in swollen, distorted branchlets ; large.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, stones, and algge between tide-marks. Often in
pools left by the falling tides. Frequent.

Fig. 124. POLYSIPHONIA VARIEGATA.

Colour. A dark purple-brown ; brighter when dry.

Substance. Rigid below ; very soft above.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments') much branched ; as thick as
hogs’ bristles below ; hair-like above. Branching forked {dichotomous) ; the lower
angles of branching {axils) very wide-spread. Branches somewhat zigzag, long,
much divided ; set with tufts of very fine, delicate, closely-forked branchlets. Joints
clearly visible throughout ; marked by three broad, upright lines (internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. Six ; sometimes, but rarely, seven.

Measurement. From 4 to 10 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1 . Clustered spores in broadly ovate, wide-mouthed, shortly-
stalked capsules; external. 2. Tetraspores immersed in swollen branchlets.

Habitat. Plymouth, and various places near it. On mud-covered rocks in bays and estuaries.

Also on Zostera, Chorda filum, floating timber, &c. Very local, and therefore rare in
Britain. Common at Venice and in North America.

Fig. 125. POLYSIPHONIA SIMULANS.

Colour, Reddish.

Substance. Stiff and brittle.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments) branched from the base ; bushy.

Stems irregularly set with spines which hold the plant together, so that it is difficult
to disentangle. Branches alternate, wide-spread, repeatedly but irregularly branched
like a feather {pinnate) ; the last set but one, long and simple ; set with short,
distant, spine-like branchlets. Joints visible throughout ; marked with many up-
right lines (internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. About twelve.

Measurement. From 2 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds, 1. Clustered spores in nearly globose or ovate capsules, with a
wide mouth ; external. 2. Tetraspores immersed in swollen branchlets.

Habitat. Jersey. Torquay. Orkney. On rocks and in tide-pools near low-water mark. Rare.

65

Fig. 126. POLYSIPHONTA FURCELLATA.

Colour. When recent, a bright brick-red ; turning umber-brown when dry.

Substance. At first firm, but becoming soft immediately.

Character of Frond. Very slender tufts of jointed threads {filaments) much entangled, wavy,
excessively branched. All the branching regularly and repeatedly, and, in the upper
part, very closely forked {dichotomous) ; angles of branching {axils) broad and
rounded ; branchlets upright, their points somewhat hooked in. Joints visible through-
out ; marked with several slender, upright lines (internal tubes) vdiich sometimes
cross each other.

Internal Tubes. About eight.

Measurement. Five or 6 inches long.

Fructification. Not found in Britain.

Hahitat. South shore of England and Ireland. Jersey. Found floating or by dredging. Very
rare.

Fig. 127. POLYSIPHONIA FASTIGIATA.

Colour. Dark-brown ; reddish in deep water ; becoming yellowish on exposed rocks left by the
tide ; drying quite black.

Substance. Eigid.

Character of Frond. Dense, globular tufts of jointed threads {filaments) excessively branched
from the base. Filaments as thick as hogs’ bristles, and of equal diameter throughout
the plant. All the main branches forked {dichotomous) ; their angles of branching
{axils) wide. Branchlets rather less regular ; being occasionally alternate. All the
tips of the same length as if they had been cut to one level (forming a circle when
laid out). Joints visible throughout ; marked with numerous upright lines (internal
tubes) ; a dark central spot in each.

Internal Tubes. Sixteen or eighteen.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in ovate-stalked capsules., with a narrow, pro-
truding mouth ; external. 2. Tetraspores., immersed in swollen, distorted branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Parasitic on Fucus nodosus, and Fucus vesicidosus ; but
especially the former. Very common.

Fig. 128. POLYSIPHONIA PARASITICA.

Colour. A clear lake-red ; becoming brownish in drying.

Substance. Eigid, but not harsh.

Character of Frond. Delicate, feather-like tufts of jointed threads {filaments)., very much
branched. Stems rather compressed ; simple. Branches alternate, generally short
below, longer above ; once or twice re-branched like a feather {pinnated) ; last
branchlets simple, awl-shaped, acute, upright, alternate, closely set. Joints visible
throughout ; marked with 'three or four lines (internal tubes) with transparent spaces
between.

Internal Tubes. About eight.

Measurement. From | inch to 1^ long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in large ovate, shortly-stalked capsules ;

external (very rare). 2. Tetraspores, immersed in swollen, much distorted branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Sometimes parasitic on the larger algae. Oftener in pools
near low-water mark ; growing on the pink incrustations formed by Corallinas and
Melobesias; where few other plants are to be seen.

56

Plate HVITT.

PoPpl^oixiaL flbnllosa; Gtgv.

ToPysdpPiania. siTiralaiiis , Hojy.

123.

Pcly&iplioiii.a faK^Jtigiata.^ Grey.

125.

127

174i

IPolysiplioiiia ^/ariepata^ Ag.

CoJYisiplioma furcellata^ liaiv.

128.-

Polyisrplionia paxasitLca^ Gr-ey.

0 .iBwitJ-. ]it>i ,

"Vjncerit Brookfi Ixd^i.

Plate XXIX.

Fig. 129. POLYSIPHONIA SUBULIFERA.

Colour. Purplish ; becoming darker in drying.

Substance. Stems elastic ; branchlets soft and tender.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments), much branched. Stems wavy ; as thick
^ as hogs’ bristles below ; becoming finer upwards ; once or twice divided. Branches

wide-spread ; wavy ; of unequal lengths ; irregularly re-hranched ; lesser branches
long, rod-like ; furnished with very short, scattered, simple, spine-like, almost hori-
zontal branchlets. (See figure of a magnified bit.) Joints visible throughout ;
marked with from four to six upright lines (internal tubes).

Internal Tubes. About thirteen.

Measurement. Four or 5 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered in ovate external : 2. Tetraspores

immersed in swollen branchlets.

Habitat. Torquay and Weymouth. Abundant in Eoundstone Bay, Ireland. Dredged in from
five to ten fathoms’ water. Very local, therefore rare.

This species hears a greater resemblance to young specimens of Rytiphlceafridiadosa than
to any other plant, hut is softer and more slender, and may always he distinguished by its
distinctly jointed stem and branches. Its peculiarly thorny habit is so unlike any other
Polysiphonia of the same size, that it can hardly be confounded with any. It approaches
nearest to the following (P. atro-rubescens), but the branches are much wider spread, and the
branchlets are simple, not clustered in tufts.

Fig. 130. POLYSIPHONIA ATRO-RUBESCENS.

Colour. Deep red or brownish when full grown ; becoming black in drying ; the lesser
branches of very young specimens bright red.

Substance. Eigid when full grown ; the branchlets soft when young.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments)', or covering the rocks in
wide patches ; more or less sparingly branched. Stems thicker than horse-hair,
simple or nearly so ; more or less furnished with long, upright, simple branches.
Branches sometimes re-branched ; furnished in greater or less abundance with very
short, awl or spindle-shaped, upright branchlets, scattered singly or in tufts. Joints
visible throughout ; marked with several lines (internal tubes) ; sometimes, but not
always, spirally curved. Eoot fibrous (not usual in Polysiphonias).

Internal Tubes About thirteen

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in nearly globose, wide-mouthed ;

external : 2. Tetraspores immersed in swollen branchlets.

The young state of this plant is wanting in the tufted branchlets, and the tops of the
branches are very soft and bright red, retaining the colour in drying. Such specimens are,
however, generally found with their roots, which, being fibrous, instead of the more common
disc, serve as a clue to the species. For one other Polysiphonia, see Plate XXX. Fig. 134.

I

67

Fig. 131. LAURENCIA PINNATIFIDA.

Colour. Properly a livid purple, or dull purplish red ; but varying from that to many shades
of green and yellow ; the deeper the water in which it grows, the finer the colour.

Substance. Thick ; elastic ; fleshy ; giving out a strong, disagreeable smell.

Character, of Frond. Compressed ; narrow ; tufted ; very formally branched ; all the divisions
as if imperfectly cut out of a flat surface {pinnatifid). Stems simple ; from one-twelfth
to one-sixth of an inch across ; often tapering to the base and widening upwards ;
but sometimes the reverse. Branches long, alternate, upright ; twice re-branched or
oftener ; each set one-third the length of the last ; the final ones short, obtuse,
simple or divided (lohed). Boot fibrous.

Measurement. From 1 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in broadly ovate, unstalked {sessile) capsules;

external ; on the corners of the smaller divisions. 2. Tetraspores immersed in the
branchlets.

Habitat. All round our coasts. On rocks from near high-water mark down to deep water.
Common.

Increasing in luxuriance, as well as deepening in colour, the lower it grows : miserably
stunted and discoloured on rocks often exposed. There are two named varieties (and many
variations) : (i. osmunda and y. tenuissima. In /3. osmunda the branches are short and many
times divided at the ends ; in y. tenuissima they are very thin, much branched and widely
spread. Among variations from the character represented in the figure may he named that
where the stem tapers at the base, and the frond widens so much upwards, that the cutting
out of the upper branches is rather indicated than accomplished. Or instead of the lowermost
branches on the stem being longest, they will sometimes be shortest, so that the plant becomes
fan-shaped above. But the character of imperfectly cut out branching prevails throughout.

Fig. 132. LAURENCIA OBTUSA.

Colour. Dull, semi-transparent red at first, quickly changing to a rosy pink, which is very
fleeting, and soon passes into the waxy yellow and white of decay.

Substance. Crisp when perfectly recent ; soon becoming soft, and decomposing.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical ; branched ; tufted. Stems as thick as a sparrow’s quill ;

undivided or somewhat forked. Branches long, irregularly set round the stem (some-
times three or four from one level) ; the lowermost generally longest ; gradually
shortening upwards ; twice or thrice re-branched ; each set diminishing greatly in
length. Last branchlets extremely short, mostly opposite or in threes ; almost hori-
zontally set ; narrowed at the base, widening upwards, blunt at top as if swollen.

Measurement. From 3 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. Clustered spores in ovate capsules ; external, on the tips of the
smaller branches. Tetraspores immersed in the ends of the final branchlets.

Whereas the frond of Laurencia pinnatifida is characterized by being so entirely at one
level that its branches look as if they had been cut out rather than grown, Laurencia obtusa
is so entirely the reverse, that a fresh-gathered specimen stands out in all directions, from
the fact that its branches issue at various points round the stem (fir-tree fashion). It is not
often the plant is picked up otherwise than the rosy pink usually described, for the process of
decay soon begins when it is once thrown ashore ; but those who have met with it abundantly
in its crisp condition when quite recent, are aware that the beautiful colour it assumes soon
after, is the first stage of a change. It is by no means a pretty hue until exposed for a short
time, or plunged in fresh water.

58

J?late xai:

O.JswiW-.ltthL.

’''SxLoerL-t IBrooks Trnp

Plate XXX.

Fig. 133. BONNEMAISONIA ASPARAGOIDES.

Colour. Brilliant rosy red ; rather darker from the west of Ireland.

Substance. Very soft and delicate.

Character of Frond. Thread-like (^filamentous)., but rather compressed ; delicately, and very
much branched. Stem undivided ; set on each side wdth long, alternate branches,
wdiich are either simple or re-branched. Stem and branches fringed throughout with
very slender, short, awl-shaped branchlets, regularly alternate. The whole frond at
one level (distichous).

Measurement. From 4 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Only one sort known. Clustered spores in ovate, shortly-stalked capsules,
which are always placed exactly opposite one of the fringing branchlets.

Habitat. The milder stations on our coast. West of Scotland, Isle of Man, Devonshire, &c.

Ireland generally. On rocks near low-water mark, and at a greater depth. Not
very uncommon.

A variety of this most graceful plant, is found at Wicldow and in Kingstown Harbour,
/S teres. It is thoroughly thread-, (filiform) throughout, (cylindrical, i. e. instead of
compressed;) and the fringing branchlets are very long. Bonnemaisonia evidently loves a
genial climate, becoming more and more luxuriant in proportion to the warmth of the sea it
inhabits. The slender fringing branchlets, regularly alternate, with a spore-capsule opposite
each, when in fruit; combined with the brilliant colour, distinguish this plant from every
other British species. And it is generally, if not always, in fruit when thrown ashore, which
happens sometimes, in great profusion, for a few weeks during the summer.

Fig. 134. POLYSIPHONIA BYSSOIDES.

Colour. A fine clear red when young ; browner when old, and after exposure to the air, or in
drying.

Substance. When young and luxuriant, soft ; all but the stems, which are gristly ; when old,
rigid.

Character of Frond. Thread-like (filamentous) ; tufted ; very much branched. Stem undi-
vided ; branched like a feather (pinnate). Branches simple, slender, the lowermost
longest ; gradually shorter upwards ; several times re-branched ; the lesser divisions
more or less densely clothed with tufts of once or twice forked, spreading, cobweb-like
branchlets, which give the frond a beautifully feathery appearance. Joints visible
throughout, though often difficult to observe from the crowded branchlets. Stem and
branches marked with three or four upright lines (internal tubes). Branchlets
single-tubed.

Internal Tubes. About eight.

Measurement. From 4 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Clustered spores in ovate, stalked capsules ; external ;
on the lesser branches.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On stones and shells, and algge near low-water mark, and in
deeper water. Common.

A stunted sort of variety with the tufts of branchlets stiff, crowded, and thorn-like (not
unlike the magnified branch of the variety denudata of Dasya coccinea, Fig. 135), and the
whole plant a dull brown, can scarcely be recognised when compared with luxurious feathery
specimens of this plant.

59

Fig. 135. DASYA COCCINEA.

Colour. A dull or fine crimson, becoming scarlet on exposure or in fresh water.

Substance. Elastic ; firm ; but turning soft and decomposing after a few hours in fresh-water.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; delicately, much branched. Stems robust and
rough with minute hair-like fibres ; generally undivided ; branched like a feather
{pinnate). Branches simple, alternate, the lowermost longest, gradually shorter
upwards ; twice re-branched ; the last branchlets many times forked. Stem and
branches opaque ; branchlets jointed.

Measurement. From 6 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds ; external. 1. Clustered spores in ovate, rather pointed, capsules ;
at the base of the branchlets : 2. Tetraspores in oblong, pointed, stichidia.

Habitat. Our coasts generally, on rocks, &c. near low-water mark. Common.

Var. jS. temdor is more slender in all its parts. Yar. y has naked branches, and the
hranchiets are minute, nearly simple, their points turning in all directions {squarrose). (See
figure of magnified branch.) For other Dasyas refer back to Plate XXV. Fig. 107 ; andfor-
Avard to Plate XXXI. Fig. 187 ; and Plate XXXIV. Fig. 152.

Fig. 136. CHRYSYMENIA CLAVELLOSA.

Colour. A dullish semi-transparent red when actually growing ; soon becoming a beautiful
brilliant pink.

Substajice. Gelatinous ; soft ; slippery ; adhering closely to paper.

Character of Frond. Bushy; thread-shaped {filiform)’., slender; much branched; tufted or
solitary ; tubular. Stems undivided ; gradually widening from the base to the
middle ; thence diminishing to the end ; alternately or irregularly branched. Branches
long, undivided, opposite or alternate ; once or twice re-branched ; all the stems
tapering to the base and top {apex) ; bearing one or more series of linear-lanceolate
branchlets, closely set. They, as well as the branches, usually set at one level
{distichous), but sometimes springing from all sides of the frond, making it a thick
bush.

Measurement. From 3 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of twm kinds. 1. Clustered in conical, stalkless ; 2. Tetraspores

immersed in the branchlets.

Habitat. Various stations on the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. On rocks, &c.

near low-water mark ; and on the stems of Laminaria, at a greater depth. Not
uncommon.

This plant is noAV called Chylocladia clavellosa, a name by Avhich it Avas knoAvn many years
ago. A short, very bushy variety, Avhich cannot be laid out Avithout a good deal of clipping
of croAvded branches, is to be found on the steep sides of the rocks not far from loAv-Avater
mark, on the north side of Filey Bridge. It never turns the rosy pink of the larger and more
usual plant ; is less frequently dmded, and has a tendency to bear its tetraapores in groups
(.sort), toAvards the middle and base of the branchlets. The usual {normal) form is very
al)undant, occasionally at Filey, but, like many other algae, it is Avhimsical in its times of
appearance. For another Chrysymenia, see Plate XXXI. Figs. 141, 142.

60

Placte ZZl

■vSncent Brooks Imp.

0 Jewjltlith..

Plate XXXI.

Fig. 137. DASYA OCELLATA.

Colour. A brownish or bright purple.

Substance. Eigid for so small a plant ; spongy.

Character of Frond. A delicate little bush ; tufted. Stems simple or nearly so; as thick as
hogs’ bristles ; opaque ; unjointed ; marked with veiny lines ; densely clothed all
round with short fringing branchlets which are specially crowded above, making all
the tips strikingly round and blunt. Branchlets slender, erect, several times forked ;
jointed throughout.

Measurement. One or 2 inches high.

Fructification. Only one kind found in England ; viz. tetraspores^ in long, slender, pointed
stichidia.

Habitad. South of England and Ireland. On mud-covered rocks near low-water mark. Bare.

Fig. 138. CHYLOCLADIA REFLEXA.

Colour. Purple or dull red.

Substance. Soft, membranaceous ; not distinctly gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Small; creeping; oddly bent and branched. Lower branches cylindrical,
slender, arched, tubular ; attaching themselves to the rock, by tiny branchlets,
tipped with discs. Secondary branches springing from the arched ones ; very irre-
gularly placed (sometimes three from one point), tapering at both ends ; contracted
at intervals as if drawn in ; the joints so formed about once and a half as long as
broad ; sometimes bearing a few scattered, curved branchlets.

Measurement. Two or 3 inches high.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in globose, unstalked {sessile) capsules;
external : 2. Tetraspores immersed in the smaller branches.

Habitat. South and west coasts of England ; Ireland, generally. On rocks near low-water mark.

Now Lomentaria reflexa. Dr. Harvey considers this a variety of G. Kaliformis.

Fig. 139. BOSTRYCHIA SCORPIOIDES.

Colour. Dull purple, becoming blackish in drying.

Substance. Elastic ; but tender.

Character of Frond. Entangled tufts of slender threads {filaments)., whose tips are more or less
tightly curled in (like those of a young fern) ; very much branched. Branches very
wide-spread ; wavy ; furnished with a second or third set, equally spreading ; the
uppermost with their tips turned in {involute). The whole frond set, at intervals,
with short, many-tirnes-divided branchlets ; almost horizontally spread.

Measurement. Four or 5 inches high.

Fructification. Only one kind observed in England; viz. Tetraspores in lanceolate ;

external ; borne either on the sides or ends of the branches. Very rarely found.

Habitat. Certain stations only on our coasts. Muddy sea-shores, near high-water mark ; at
the estuaries of rivers ; in salt-water marshes and ditches, adhering to the roots of
flowering plants ; said also to grow on submarine rocks. Very local ; therefore rare.

61

Fig. 140. LAURENCIA C^SPITOSA.

Colour. Dark livid-purple in deep water ; greenish-yellow when exposed to sunlight.

Substance. Thickish ; elastic ; fleshy feeling.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical or nearly so; as thick as a crow’s quill; nearly one width
throughout ; formally branched ; tufted. Stems simple ; generally naked below ;
much and stifliy branched above; forming a pyramidal outline. Branches erecting;
spreading ; the main ones often opposite ; the lesser, alternate ; quite cylindrical.
Branchlets often much crowded ; sometimes simple, sometimes much branched,
alternately ; always very erect ; slightly tapering to the base ; blunt and abruptly
cut off at top.

Measurement. From 2 to 8 inches high.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in broadly ovate, unstalked (sessile) capsules ;
external. 2. Tetraspores immersed in the branchlets like dots.

Habitat. Our coasts generally, within tide-marks. Common.

Fig. 141. CHRYSYMENIA ROSEA. Var. Obcadensis.

Colour. Bright rosy-red.

Substance. Delicately membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Flat; leaf-like ; narrow-oblong ; pointed ; tapering to a thin stem (some-
times abruptly) ; furnished on each side with exactly opposite, narrow-oblong, leaf-like
branchlets ; which now and then have the rudiments of a third set. One or many
from a root.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches high.

Fructification. Only one kind ascertained. Tetraspores collected into groups (sori), imbedded
in the surface of both leaves and leaflets.

Habitat. Skaill and Sanda Frith, Orkney. On rocks and Laminaria digitata in deep water.

Now Chylocladia rosea.

•Fig. 142. CHRYSYMENIA ROSEA.

The description above given applies equally to this plant, except that the “ narrow-oblong”
shape is narrower in Chrysymenia rosea vera than in the Orkney variety ; and in this respect it
closely resembles the American plants which Dr. Harvey found and named before the species
was discovered in this country. C. rosea has many more habitats than C. Orcadensis. Filey,
in crevices of rocks on the north side of the bridge, and on the stems of Laminaria digitata
washed ashore in the bay ; Firestone Bay, near Plymouth ; the break-water under the Hoe ;
and the shores of Mount Edgecombe, are among its stations ; by which it would appear that
the lovely little plant is not particular about the climate it inhabits. A drawing in the
Brodie Herbarium figures a plant of similar formation, except that the secondary leaflets are
very narrow and very much drawn out, and in one or two cases (if a professedly “ exact” copy
may be trusted), bluntish at the tips. But specimens of much the same, and quite as extrava-
gant peculiarities, were picked up at Filey in 1850, where the plant now figured was found ;
and have occurred elsewhere ; it is to be presumed, therefore, that, like many other algm, C. rosea
is subject to vagaries of growth ; and that Professor Arnott is right in believing the now lost
plant from which the drawing was made, to have been Chrysymenia rosea vera.

62

Pla^e .'rai

137.

Pasya ocellata ^ JTarv.

139

Postrycliia scorpioides Mant.

14)1.

Cljry-sixmsriia xosea , 'V'clt: Hdrv.

ChyloGiaclia reflexa^ Zenxuriv:

Xi aiiT'encia ceeBpitDsa.Xa.TTXOW-'.

14)3.

0 . Jewitt jti.Ui

Yiiicezat Itrooks Ixm,

Plate XXXII.

Fig. 143. LAURENCIA TENUISSIMA.

Colour. Pale purplish or pinky-red ; soon becoming yellow.

Substance. Very tender ; somewhat gelatinous, though when fresh, elastic.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; very slender ; cylindrical ; much branched ;

tufted. Main stem generally undivided ; bearing numerous, alternate, spreading,
wavy branches of unequal length ; some of the longest bearing a second series ; and
all set with numerous, very short, slender, bristle-like, simple branchlets, which taper
finely to each end.

Measurement. From 6 to 8 inches long ; ^ of an inch in diameter !

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in ovate, unstalked capsules; external
on the branchlets : 2. Tetraspores imbedded in the fringing branchlets.

Habitat. South of England and Ireland. Jersey. Isle of Wight. On rocks between tide-
marks ; generally in shalloAV pools about half- tide level. Very rare.

Slenderer than all the other Laurencias, and distinguishable from all by the fact of its
branchlets tapering finely at both extremities, though more esi)ecially at their base. The
figm’e does not give the bending delicacy of the real plant, but the magnified portion is good.
An old name has been given back to this species : Chondria tenuissima.

Fig. 144. LAURENCIA DASYPHYLLA.

Colour. Pale-red or pink ; sometimes tinged with brown ; fading to yellow or green.

Substance. Somewhat gelatinous ; soon decomposing.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; slender ; though not nearly so much so as
L. tenuissima; cylindrical ; much branched ; tufted. Main stems generally undivided ;
bearing opposite or alternate branches ; the lowermost longest, and frequently bearing
a second set ; all set tvith numerous short, club-shaped branchlets, tapering to the
base, but blunt at the tips {obtuse).

Measurement. From 4 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in ovate capsules; external on the lesser
branches ; 2. Tetraspores imbedded in the branchlets.

Habitat. Shores of England and Ireland. On stones and shells in pools near low-water mark,
generally where the surface is covered with sand or mud. Frequent.

The blunt tips of the branchlets in this species distinguish it from L. tenuissima. Both
are remarkable for being marked throughout, at short distances, with lines across {transverse
strice). These are visible under a good pocket lens in the younger parts of the frond; though
but faintly, generally. It is the internal structure showing through, which causes the appear
ance. This plant is now called Chondria dasyphylla.

Fig. 145. CHYLOCLADIA OYALIS.

Colour. Properly dark-red ; discolouring green and brown as it grows old. Stems darker
than the leaf-like branchlets.

Substance. Stems succulent, but firm and elastic ; branchlets tender.

Character of Frond. Slender, thread-shaped {filiform)^ solid stems ; bearing leaf-like, tubular
branchlets ; tufted. Stems naked below ; once or twice forked above. Branchlets
leaf-like ; more or less narrow-oval ; tapering at the base ; usually simple, but
occasionally contracted as if jointed; clustered, or scattered ; often densely crowded.

Measurement. From 2 to 10 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spoi^es in globose, unstalked (sessile) capsules;

with a wide transparent border ; external on the branchlets : 2. Tetraspores im-
bedded in the branchlets.

Habitat. Southern and western shores of England and Ireland. Western Isles of Scotland.
Within tide-marks. Local, therefore rare.

Dr. Harvey describes it as luxuriant on the west coast of Ireland in the months of April
and May, when its colour is good and its delicate branchlets in full perfection. But the plant
is short-lived. “ Two months later,” he says, “ its aspect is completely changed ; great mul-
titudes of the fronds have perished, and those that remain are faded in colour, with attenuated
and more compound ramuli. By the end of August the plant has almost entirely disappeared.”
Now Lomentaria ovalis, — Agardh’s name, not Dr. Harvey’s, who considers it a true
Chylocladia.

Fig. 146. CHYLOCLADIA KALIFORMIS.

Colour. A fugitive pink, or purplish-red ; soon changing to greenish-yellow.

Substance. Soft and somewhat gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical ; tubular ; constricted at intervals into long joints ; profusely
branched. Stems undivided, tapering to each extremity ; the contractions at
intervals of half an inch or more. Branches, springing from each joint-contraction ;
opposite, or set all round the stem (whorled) ; of the same construction as the
stem, only slenderer and more regularly contracted ; these contractions also furnished
with sets of lesser branches and branchlets, all more or less distinctly jointed, and
tapering at each end.

Measurement From 4 to even 18 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in globose, unstalked (sessile) capsules^
with a transparent border ; external on the young branches. 2. Tetraspores im-
bedded in the branchlets.

Habitat. Southern and western shores of England ; west of Scotland ; Ireland generally. On
rocks, &c. between tide-marks and in deeper water. Not uncommon.

Now Lomentaria kaliformis. Variable in luxuriance and general appearance, but always
retaining its cliaracteristic growth, more or less. For varieties see Plate XXXIV. Fig. 151 ;
and Fig. 153 for another Chylocladia.

64

Elate IX^IL

"li^nceiTt. JBxodks

0. litK.

Plate XXXIII.

Fig. 147. CHYLOCLADIA ARTICULATA.

Colour. A fine pinky red.

Substance. Soft, membranaceous ; somewhat gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Bushy; much branched ; tufted; tubular; strongly constricted through-
out at intervals, into longish, inflated joints. Main stems forked (dichotomous\ bearing
branches which issue from the constrictions on each side, or all round the stem
{whorled). These branches also forked, and bearing from their constrictions opposite
or whorled branchlets ; often very much crowded above.

Measurement. From 1 to 6, or occasionally 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in bluntly conical capsules; external:
2. Tetraspores imbedded in the joints of the branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. between tide-marks. Common.

For other Ghylocladias, see Plates XXXI, XXXII, and XXXIV.

Fig. 148. CORALLINA OFFICINALIS.

Colour. Purplish or lilac when recent ; varying to pinky, or brick-dust red ; fading to milk-
white.

Substance. Hard and stony, like coral ; but flexible at the joints ; exceedingly brittle, when dry.

Character of Frond. Bushy; tufted; much branched ; in thick clumsy joints. Stems simple,
bearing stiff, straight, upright, mostly opposite branches of sometimes very unequal
lengths. Branches once or twice re-branched. Branchlets exactly opposite, and of
regular lengths, giving a feathery outline to each division. Lower joints cylindrical,
as long as broad ; upper shorter, somewhat wedge-shaped but rounded, and wflth blunt
shoulders. Branchlets cylindrical, with blunt or knobbed tips.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches high, rising from a wide-spread, lilac-red crest.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in urn-shaped or oval
capsules ; external ; at the tips of the branches or scattered on the sides.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks between tide-marks, generally in rock-pools,
fringing and covering both sides and bottom.

Varying very much in the luxuriance and even character of its branching; most luxuriant
in deep water. The structure is that of a vegetable growth incrusted with lime.

65

K

Fig. 149. CORALLINA SQUAMATA.

Colour. Purplish or lilac when recent ; varying to pinky or brick-dust red, fading to green
or milk-white.

Suhstance. Hard and limy, like coral ; but flexible at the joints ; exceedingly brittle, when dry.

Character of Frond, Bushy ; tufted ; much branched in thick clumsy joints. Stems simple,
bearing stiff, straight, upright, mostly opposite branches of sometimes very unequal
lengths. Branches once or twice re-branched. Branchlets exactly opposite, and of
regular lengths, giving a feathery outline to each division. Lower joints cylindrical,
scarcely longer than their breadth ; upper, twice as long ; flatter, wider, and more
distinctly wedge-shaped than those of C. officinalis ; with sharp, prominent shoulders.
Branchlets very slender, with acute tips.

Measurement From 1 to 6 inches high ; rising from an expanded lilac-red crust.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in urn-shaped or oval
capsules ; external ; at the tips of the branches, or scattered on the sides.

Habitat. South coast of England and west of Ireland. On submarine rocks at the extremity
of low-water mark. Not common.

Closely resembling C. officinalis, but they may be distinguished by a careful observation of
the upper joints of the stem and branches ; which in C. sqnamata are “broad and flat, with
unusually sharp angles.”

Fig. 150. DELESSERIA ANGUSTISSIMA.

Colour. Dark-red.

Substance. Firm ; but membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; tufted ; excessively branched. Stems
cylindrical below, compressed above. Branching very irregular ; partly forked
{dichotomous) ; partly alternate. Branches at one level throughout {distichous) ; of
unequal lengths ; much divided above, and furnished with numerous forked branchlets.

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered sjoom in globose capsules; imbedded in the tips
of the branches, or in small side-branchlets. 2. Tetraspores in groups {sori) either
in the swollen tips or in narrow side-branchlets.

Habitat. North of Scotland and east of England. (Filey.) Parasitical on the stems of
Laminaria digitata.

Those who have had the opportunity of seeing much of this plant cannot fail to accept
Dr. Harvey’s judgment, that it is but an extremely narrow variety of Delesseria alata. At
Filey the most strikingly intermediate specimens are to be found.

66

Plate ISaiE

t . Jewitt JitK. TmceixL Brooks Imp

Plate XXXIV.

Fig. 151. CHYLOCLADIA KALIFOKMIS.

These are hut varieties of the plant represented in Plate XXXII. Fig. 146. The one to
the left with branches wide-spread, and mostly opposite, is /3. patens. The other clothed with
quadrifarious horizontal branchlets, is y. squarrosa. (See under Fig. 146.)

Fig. 152. DASYA AEBUSCULA.

Colour. Pale reddish-brown ; sometimes deep red.

Substance, Soft and tender.

Character of Frond. A very delicate little bush; tufted. Stems as thick as a fine hog’s
bristle ; much and irregularly branched ; sometimes forked {dichotomous)^ sometimes
furnished with wavy, more or less spreading, alternate branches, which are several
times re-branched, and all densely clothed with slender fringing branchlets. Branch-
lets short, forked, horizontally set, giving the stems a roundish bottle-brush ap-
* pearance ; crowded at the tips as in D. ocellata.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches high.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores- in ovate capsules^ which have a long
cylindrical mouth ; external, on the branchlets. 2. Tetraspores in pointed oblong
stichidia.

Habitat. South of England (Plymouthj &c.). Ireland and Scotland. Very fine at Bantry.
On rocks at the verge of low-water mark. Xot common.

" A more slender variety, with more regularly forked branching, is obtained by dredging.

Alike as this pretty little plant and Dasya ocellata are to each other in general look, they may
easily be distinguished on careful examination. The stems of D. ocellata are usually quite
simple, and in shape like a peacock’s feather ; or else slightly branched in the upper part ;
while those of D. arbuscula are profusely branched either in a forked manner, or with alternate
branches which are more than once re-branched. The fringing branchlets are common to
both species, but those of D. arbuscula are not above one- sixth of an inch in length.

Fig. 153. CHYLOCLADIA PAEVULA.

Colour. A fine but fugitive pinky-red.

Substance. Soft and somewhat gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Slender ; tubular ; constricted at intervals into somewhat inflated joints ;

much branched and entangled. Branches irregular ; alternate, or secund; of various
lengths ; with or without scattered branchlets, which taper slightly to the base.
Joint-contractions as long as broad. Boot a mass of fibres.

Measurement. Two or 3 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Masses of spores in conical capsules; external; seated
{sessile) on the branchlets. 2. Teti^aspores ; imbedded in the same.

Habitat. South of England. Not uncommon on the shores of Ireland and west of Scotland,

67

Now Champia paroula.

f

Fig. 154. JANIA RUBENS.

Colour. Lilac when recent ; changing to pinky or brick-dust red ; fading to green or milk-
white?

Substance. Hard and stony, like coral ; but flexible at the joints. Exceedingly brittle,
when dry.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of slender branches ; their tips trimmed to one level
(^ fastigiate). Branching forked (^dichotomous). Branches erect or spreading ; gradually
tapering upwards ; cylindrical ; jointed. Joints at the b^se very short ; the upper
ones gradually longer.

Measurement. From J to 1 or 2 inches high.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in urn-shaped capsules;

external, the last joint of a branchlet being transformed into one ; generally with a
very slender branchlet springing from each shoulder, like horns, or the feelers
(gafntennm) of a butterfly.

Habitat. Our coasts towards the south. Parasitieal on the smaller algse between tide-marks.
Common.

Fig. 155. JANIA CORNICULATA.

Colour. As in Jania rubens.

Substance. As in Jania rubens.

Character of Frond. As in Jania rubens with respeet to general appearance and branching,
but no further. In J. corniculata the joints of the principal branches are compressed
and wedge-shaped, tapering to the base ; the shoulders sharp and prominent, and
often prolonged into a pointed horn-like branchlet (not figured in the Plate). Last
branchlets eylindrical ; joints of the principal branches from two to three times as
long as broad ; of the last branehlets very short.

Measurement. One or 2 inches high.

Fructification. As in Jania rubens.

Habitat. Southern shores of England and Ireland. Isle of Wight ; Jersey, &c. Parasitic
on the lesser algie. Not uncommon.

Fig. 156. MELOBESIA CALCAREA.

Colour. When fresh, deep blood-red ; soon passing into brick-dust colour ; fading to milk-
white.

Substance. Hard, stony, and limy ; solid.

Character of Frond. Loose, irregular-shaped lumps, very much branched ; like an old stunted
tree in miniature. Main branches forked {dichotomous)^ two sometimes uniting in one
as they grow {anastomising). Branchlets standing out in all directions ; simple ;
forked ; or three-pronged.

Measurement. From 1 to 2| inches high.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in round, but rather
depressed capsules^ scattered about the frond.

Habitat. South of England and west of Scotland and Ireland. On shingly or sandy shores
in from five to fifteen fathoms’ water.

68

CKylocla-dia. parvula_ I ^ok.

Plate ixay

152.

P-asja arPuscTila^^^.

155.

Jama c or'mcxj acta

156.

MeloloeBi.a calcea’ea , EUL.ciSol.

0. JoA/^ittlitlx.

Vu.ncei'Lt Bi'ooks Irrcp

Plate XXXV.

Fig. 157. MELOBESIA POLYMOKPHA.

Colour. A dull purple ; fading to red, yellow, greenish, or ash-coloured.

Substance . Hard, stony, limy, solid.

Character of Frond. Irregular lumps, attached to rocks by a narrow base. Of various shapes
and sizes ; sometimes furrowed like the kernel of a walnut ; sometimes rising into
short, clumsy, imperfectly developed branches. When fresh from the sea, covered
with slime.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches high.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in minute, round, but rather
depressed capsules^ seated on {sessile)^ and scattered over, the frond ; numerous.

Habitat. South coasts of England, and west of Scotland and Ireland. On rocks, stones, and
shells between tide-marks. Common.

Fig. 158. MELOBESIA FASCICULATA.

Colour. A dark lurid* purple ; soon fading in the air.

Substance. Hard, limy, solid ; less stony than M. poly morpha.

Character of Frond. Loose irregular lumps ; roundish ; furrowed ; branched. Branches
thick, short, clumsy, with broad, blunt, forked ends, somewhat hollowed out.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches across ; about 2 high.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in round, somewhat
depressed capsules; seated on {sessile)^ and scattered over, the frond.

Habitat. Several places on our coasts. Chiefly south and west. Lying at the sandy bottom
of the sea in from four to five fathoms’ water.

Fig. 159. MELOBESIA AGAKICIFORMIS.

Colour. Pale flesh-colour when fresh ; fading to white.

Substance. Hard, limy, solid ; but thin and brittle.

Character of Frond. A loose globular mass, composed of thin, leafy, semicircular expansions
(like those of an old-fashioned cap-frill), twisted and curled into close folds ; as the
foliations spread, the central portion rots away, so that the mass is hollow.

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches. The lump sometimes as large as a man’s fist, or larger.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in conical capsules; sessile^
on the frond.

Habitat. Roundstone Bay, Connemara. Lying on the sandy bottom of quiet bays in from
two to three fathoms’ water. Very rare.

^ Sessile — unstalked — seated upon — as “every tub on its own bottom.” It is surely
needless to persist longer in translating so simple a word?

It is to be remarked that a spherical {i. e. globose, i. e. round-as-a-ball) capsule, when so
seated, sometimes becomes hemispherical; and this is the case with the globose capsules of
the Melohesias, which are also often depressed on the surface.

Fig. 160. MELOBESIA LICHENOIDES.

Colour. Pale-lilac, or rather mauve.

Substance. Hard ; stony ; solid ; but thin and extremely brittle.

Character of Frond. A lichen-like expansion, composed of thin, circular, leafy plates, one
above another ; attached to rocks by a central base. The foliations generally free at
the margins ; often overlapping each other {imbricated).

Measurement. From 1 to 5 inches across.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in large, conical, prominent
capsules ; sessile on the frond.

Habitat. Cornwall and west of Ireland. On rocks and in tide-pools near low- water. Not
uncommon.

Fig. 161. HILDENBRANTIA RUBRA.

Colour. Bright, or sometimes dull red.

Substance. Gristly-membranaceous.

Character of Frond. A thin, skin-like film, forming a circular or irregular red patch;
adhering by its under surface to the rock.

Measurement. Indefinite. From 1 to 6 inches, or thereabouts, in extent.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Tetraspores in round cavities, sunk in the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On smooth stones and pebbles between tide-marks. Common.

So thin that it looks merely like a red stain on the stone. When in fruit its surface is
pitted with small disc-like depressions, underneath which lie the spore-cavities (conceptacles).
The figure of the cavities gives more the appearance of raised capsules ; but concavities are
difficult to represent.

Fig. 162. HAPALIDIUM PHYLLACTIDIUM.

Colour. White.

Substance. Thin ; limy ; brittle.

Character of Frond. Minute dot-like patches, which, under the microscope, prove to be
composed of one or several thin fan-shaped, watery fronds.

Measurement. The dots from to ^ of an inch across.

Fructification. Unknown.

Habitat. Malahide, Dublin, and elsewhere. Parasitic on Chrysymenia clavellosa and other
small alg£e.

A verj'' remarkable little plant, and said to he common ; hut, if so, it wants looking for. It
was, until lately, known as Lithocystis Allmanni. (See Haiwey’s Manual of Br. Mar. Algce,
2d edition, p. Ill : 1849.) It is now (1862), by many, believed to he the young of a Melohesia.

70

Plate MIY

0, litli .

”V5xLoe3xt IBrooks Ixrip,

Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 163. MELOBESIA MEMBEANACEA.

Colour. Pale-lilac (mauve) ; becoming white.

Substance. So thin as to be almost membranaceous, although limy ; the colour of the sea-
weed on which it grows, seen through.

Character of Frond. Minute, dot-like ; parasitic ; circular at first ; several running together
by degrees (confluent), forming irregular patches on the plant on which it grows.

Measurement. From to of an inch in diameter ; patches J an inch or more in extent.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in round, hut somewhat
depressed capsules, with a hole at the top ; sessile on the frond ; usually one or two.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On the leaves of Zostera marina (the sea-ribbon), Phyllophora
rubens, Chondrus crispus, &c. Common.

The microscope shows the surface of this plant to be beautifully tesselated (something
like that of Hapalidium phyllactidiimi, which, as before stated, is now suspected to be only a
very young state of one of the Melobesia family). More or less all the Melobesias have the
same appearance.

Fig. 164. MELOBESIA FARINOSA.

Colour. Very pallid mawve; becoming white.

Substance. Thin, but thicker than M. membranacea, limy, the colour of the sea-weed on which
it grows, not seen through.

Character of Frond. Very like M. membranacea, only larger and thicker, and of more uncertain
outline ; forming irregular patches on the plant on which it grows.

Measurement. From J to an inch across.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in round prominent capsules,
with a hole at the top ; sessile on the frond ; usually two or three.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On various algge. Common.

Fig. 165. MELOBESIA VERRUCATA.

Colour. Very pallid mauve ; becoming white.

Substance. Thin ; limy ; but thicker than either of the preceding.

Character of Frond. An expanded crust ; uncertain in outline ; forming irregular patches on
the plant on which it grows.

Measurement. Patches from \ to an inch or more in extent.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in innumerable small, round,
pimply capsules, with a hole at the top ; seated (sessile) on the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally ; chiefly south and west. On Phyllophora rubens.

“ Looks like a still more advanced stage of M. membranacea." (Harvey.)

71

Fig. 166. MELOBESIA PUSTULATA.

Colour. Dull-purple, or green.

Substance. Thicldsh ; limy ; smooth.

Character of Frond. An expanded crust ; uncertain in outline ; oblong or divided ; forming
irregular patches on the plant on which it grows ; the largest form of the sort.

Measurement. The patches 1 or 3 inches in extent.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Clustered strings of spores in numerous large, rather
prominent, round, conical capsules^ with a hole at the top ; sessile on the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally ; chiefly south and west. On Phyllophora rubens and other algae.
Common.

Dr. Harvey has little doubt that the four last-described Melohesias are but differently
advanced developments of one species. Dr. Johnston went further still, considering them
all but imperfect developments of CoralUna officinalis ; whose base, it will be remembered,
is a thin, circular, limy patch of a purplish or pinky colour.

Fig. 167. STENOGRAMME INTERRUPTA.

Colour. Eose-red ; very clear and pinky.

Substance. Membranaceous ; more rigid below than above.

Character of Frond. Flat, fan-shaped or semicircular in general outline. Eising from a short
stalk ; deeply cut from the base into narrow slips {lacinice) ; or the lower portion
undivided, the upper slit. (See figure.) Lacinite repeatedly forked (^dichotomous)
slightly widening upwards ; their tips blunt. Eoot a disc.

Measurement. From 3 to 5 inches long ; and about the same in width across the whole frond.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores immersed in the frond in dark, narrow, nerve-
like lines ; running through the centre of each lacinia like a midrib. 2. Tetraspores
in dark groups (son) scattered on the surface. Very rare in Britain.

Habitat. Plymouth and Cork harbours, and a few stations on the south coast of England.

Washed ashore or dredged. Attached to stones in from five to ten fathoms’ water.
Very rare.

Fig. 168. GRACILARIA ERECTA.

Colour. Pale or full red.

Substance. Elastic ; rigid ; not adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Stiff, upright, tufted ; slightly branched. Stems cylindrical, slender ;

simple, or once or twice forked {dichotomous). No branchlets, or very rarely.
Fruiting in winter.

Measurement. One or 2 inches high.

Fructification, Of two kinds. 1. A mass of minute spores in globose capsules clustered
together ; external. 2. Tetraspor^es, contained in little pod-like branchlets at the
ends of the branches.

Habitat, South coast of England. The flat bottoms of shallow rock-pools, near low-water
mark. Also in from four to five fathoms’ water. Very rare.

When in perfect fructification this little plant is easily recognised,” says Dr. Harvey, “ the
clustered tubercles and lanceolate, pod-like tips being both very strikingly characteristic.”

72

Hate mvi.

0 . .Jemfctlitli,

"HnceiTt Ibrooks I'm

M^db e sia f scrino sa ; _C amour.

Melobesia ’v^mru.ceJjd^^JLainozcr

Melotesia piistalata ^ XarrwuT

St^ograrnzne iiitenTLpta, Mom.

Melobesia menilDTariacea^Xamoix'r.

165.

Plate XXXVII.

Fig. 169. DELESSERTA SANGUINEA.

Colour. Blood-red so soon after exposure that it is generally picked np that colour ; but when
perfectly fresh a clear transparent moroon. Becoming brilliant after an hour or two’s
pressure, and retaining its fine cactus-hue in the herbarium, quite unchanged by years.
The plate represents a plant which, having been picked up red, has faded, under
pressure, to pink.

Substance. Delicately membranaceous all but the stem and midribs, which are firmly elastic.

Character of Frond. Stem and branches bearing strongly midribbed, distinctly veined leaves.

Stem thick, solid, cylindrical ; simple or slightly branched ; darker than the leaves.
Leaves oblong, more or less pointed ; sometimes obtuse ; their margins curled, but
quite whole {entire). Midribs and side-veins prominent ; the former occasionally
furnished with leaflets. (See figure.) Fruiting in winter. Boot a disc.

Measurement. Leaves from 2 to 8 inches long ; from 1 to 6 wide. Frond varying from a few
inches to a foot in height.

Fructification. Of two kinds ; external. 1. A mass of spores in globose, stalked capsules ; borne
in winter on the skeleton midribs of the summer’s leaves from which the membrane

' has died away ; and which thus become the stems of the next year’s plant. 2.

Tetraspores in small, special, stalked leaflets, fringing the skeleton midribs.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks. Laminaria stems, and in pools, at or near low-
water mark, and deeper. Common.

This charming plant, of whose beauty the eye never wearies, is happily not rare. It
should he looked for in the early summer, before it is torn or disfigured by zoophytes.
The cruel necessities of science have caused it to change its name, and by no means
for the better. The old friend must be introduced to its admirers now. as “ Wokmskioldia
sangidnea.^’

Fig. 170. DELESSERTA SINUOSA.

Colour. A deep fine red ; purplish when dry. Much duller at all times than the preceding.

Substance. Delicately membranaceous, all but the stems and midribs, which are elastic and
firm, though slender.

Character of Frond, Stem and branches, bearing distinctly midribbed and veined leaves.

Stem slender, cylindrical, once or twice branched. Leaves oblong at first ; spreading
irregularly afterwards ; deeply and variously cut in {pinnatifid) ; often like an oak-
leaf ; sometimes more regularly, as in the figure. (See figure.) Margins toothed
or jagged. Midribs occasionally producing leaflets, as in D. sanguinea.

Measurement. From a few inches to a foot high. Leaves of every variety of size.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in globose capsules., imbedded in the midribs
of the leaves. 2. Tetraspores in minute leaflets fringing the margins and midribs.

Habitat. Our coasts generally, but preferring the north. On the stems of Lam. digitata, and
on various substances in deep water. Not uncommon.

A more variable plant in general appearance than the preceding. When old, and a set of
skeleton branches with a few stunted leaves upon them, it can hardly be recognised. A
broad -leaved specimen is a A'ery beautiful object.

Fig. 171. DELESSERIA ALATA.

Colour, A deep red.

Substance. Side-wings membranaceous ; midribs elastic and firm.

Character of Frond. Stems and branches winged with a delicate membrane on each side ;

nowhere furnished with distinct leaves. But in luxuriant specimens, the winged
membrane has side-veins, similar to those of a leaf. Stem compressed ; several
times forked {dichotomous') ; or excessively but irregularly branched. Margins whole
(entire). Tips often cleft, and overlapping.

Measurement, Frond from 3 to 8 inches high. Branches from to ^ of an inch wide.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in globose capsules^ imbedded in (but pro-
minent above) the midribs ; towards the extremity of the branchlets. 2. Tetraspores
imbedded either in minute leaflets springing from the midrib either at or near the
tips, or in the tips themselves. Leaflets springing from the midribs.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks ; the stems of Laminaria digitata, and other large
algas, and in from four to ten fathoms water. Common.

So different in the width of the winged membrane that the young student may easily be
led to suppose he has got hold of a different species in the different varieties. Sometimes
from the abundance of leaflets growing out of the midribs the whole upper part of the frond
is thick and bushy. Egfer back to Plate XXXIII. Fig. 1.50, for Delesseria anyustissima, which
is suspected to be only a narrow variety of D. alata.

Fig. 172. DELESSERIA HYPOGLOSSUM.

Colour. A fine pinky-red, soon given out in fresh-water.

Substance, Delicately membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Composed entirely of leaves growing from leaves ; the younger from the
midribs of the older, in several series ; so that the tout ensemble in full-grown speci-
mens is globose. Leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end ; margins whole
(entire?). Midribs distinct ; side-veins faintly marked ; transparent. Branchlets
springing from the midribs.

Measurement. Most variable. Leaves sometimes of an inch wide ; sometimes \ an inch.
Fronds from an inch to | a foot high.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in globose capsules., immersed in (but
prominent above) the midribs of the leaflets. 2. Tetraspores forming linear groups
on each side of the midrib.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks and algse. Not uncommon, though rare in Scotland.

At Cushendall, Co. Antrim, the frond grows from three to four feet long. But this is a
very unusual size. Even in the narrowest varieties, however, the character of the species is
preserved ; i. e. the growth of the leaves from the midribs of others ; a peculiarity the figure
does not make sufficiently clear, as the leaflets there have the appearance of springing from
the margins of the preceding set, which is not the case. D. hypoylossvm cannot be con-
founded with any other plant, with the exception of Delesseria ruscifoUa ; but D. hypoglossum
is of a brighter colour; thinner; and its leaves are longer and narrower in proportion, and
pointed instead of obtuse at the tips. For another Delesseria see Plate XL. Fig. 182, where
the characteristic growth of that species and the present is better given.

74

Plate mVII

I) eles s eria siimo s sl , Zainour.

I) ele B s er :.a. alatSL , Z avzcpJT.

D&Lesseria laypogloss-axii^-^^.

P eles s eri a s aT3.gu±n ea , X ainowr.

1G9.

0 Jewitt lith .

'Vm.cen.t IBrodks Imp

Plate XXXVIII.

Figs. 173 & 174. NITOPHYLLUM PUNCTATUM.

Colour^ Bright pink.

Substance, Delicately membranaceous.

Character of Frond. A thin, flat, ribless expansion ; unstalked {sessile) ; irregular in outline,
but always inclined to wedge-shape ; variously slit and divided. Bometimes nearly
simple, with a few forked {dichotomous) divisions {lacinice) above ; or fringing the
margins also. Sometimes narrow, and repeatedly forked from the base. (See Fig.
174 ; upper form.) Glossy when dried. Unmarked by veiny lines.

Measurement. From 4 to 12 inches long, and about as broad. At Cushendall, N. Ireland,
5 feet long by 3 wide I

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in small, globose, capsules; immersed in,
and thickly scattered over, the surface. 2. Tetraspores in large more or less oval
groups (son*), scattered, or confined to a central portion.

Habitat. Several stations on our coasts. West of Scotland. Finest in Ireland. Attached
to algae in pools at low-water mark, and in deeper water.

Dr. Harvey has here collected under one name several plants which have been accounted
species, but which he has satisfied himself agree in certain important distinctive characters.
Amateurs may he guided hy the bright, light, pink colour, extremely thin substance, glossiness
when dry, and entire absence of veiny lines, to a recognition of this plant under its many
forms.

Fig. 175. NITOPHYLLUM UILLIJE.

Colour. A fine rose-red, which turns to orange in fresh water.

Substance. Membranaceous and tender, but thickish. Mrs. Griffiths said, ‘‘ resembling soft
kid-leather.”

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless expansion ; rising from a short stalk ; of round but
irregular outline ; more or less deeply slit into oblong, broad, rounded divisions
{lacinim). Margins smooth and even ; or occasionally slightly waved. Obscure veins
rising from the base, and sometimes spreading faintly upwards. - - .

Measur^ement. From 4 to 8 inches long.

Fructificatioji. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in large globose capsules; immersed in, and
scattered over, the surface. 2. Tetraspores in extremely minute, dot-like groups
(soid), scattered over the upper part of the divisions (Jacinioe).

Habitat. South of England. On the shady sides of deep tidal-pools near low-water mark.
Bare.

Fig. 176. NITOPHYLLUM GMELINI.

Colour. Purplish-red.

Substance. Membranaceous ; but crisp and somewhat rigid when first gathered.

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless expansion, rising from a short stalk; of broadly fan-
shaped or round outline ; more or less deeply slit and divided. Divisions (facinioe)
broadly wedge-shaped, waved or curled. Margins smooth and even. Obscure veins
rising from the base and sometimes spreading faintly upwards.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches high, and as wide or wider. In Irish specimens 6 inches.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered in largish, globose ; scattered over

the surface. 2. Tetraspores in long, line -like groups (son) along the margins only.

Habitat. South of England. Plymouth, fine. Ireland. On rocks and large alg£e, near low-
water mark.

When fresh, always to he recognised by its crisp, rigid substance.

76

i’la'te XXlVJn.

0. Jcvattlith.

"VaxLceiTt IBiooks Imj

Plate XXXIX.

Fig. 177. NITOPHYLLUM LACERATUM.

Colour. Dull-purplish, or brownish-red.

Substance. Membranaceous. Extremely thin ; cracking when dry.

Character of Frond. A flat, rihless expansion ; unstalked {sessile) ; much slit and divided in
a forked manner (dichotomously) The divisions (lacinice) sometimes narrow, like
those of the narrow variety of N. punctatum (see Plate XXXYITI. Fig. 174, the
upper form) ; sometimes as broad , as those of N. (Plate XXXYIII. Fig.

176) ; generally obtuse ; margins either smooth and even or curled ; or fringed with
small leafy frondlets. Distinctly marked veins rising from the base and spreading
upwards.

Measurement. From 2 to 10 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered spores in globose scattered. 2. Tetra-

spores in oblong groups (son) disposed along the margin, or in the fringing leaflets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Near low-water mark. Common.

The only Nitophyllum which reflects prismatic colours in the water. A variety has all the
tips of the divisions turned in like hooks, and clings by them to the small alg£e near. For
other Nitophyllums see Plate XL. Figs. 181 and 185.

Fig. 178. PLOCAMIUM COCCINEUM.

Colour. Bright pink-red ; particularly after a short exposure.

Substance. Elastic, though thin ; not easily tearing. Giving out a pleasant scent in fresh
water.

Character of Frond. Flat, or nearly so ; very narrow ; tufted ; excessively branched. Main
stems irregularly divided ; thickly set with alternate, spreading branches, which are
furnished throughout with short-curved, pointed branchlets. Branchlets simple, or
furnished on their inner face with a smaller set of short-curved, pointed branchlets,
arranged four in succession ; these sometimes re-branchleted in a similar manner ; the
compound branchlets resembling little combs. All the frond at one level as if cut
out of paper.

Measurement. From 2 to 12 inches long.

Fmctification. Of two kinds ; external. 1. A mass of minute spores in globose capsules, un-
stalked ; borne on the edge of the upper branches. 2. Tetraspores in minute, simple,
or branched Stichidia ; on the branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and the larger algae, at low-water mark, or beyond.
Common and abundant.

77

Fig. 179, RHODYMENIA LACINIATA.

Colour. The finest crimson.

Substance. Thickish ; soft ; elastic though membranaceous.

Character of Frond. A flat ribless expansion ; rising from a short flat stem ; of more or less
fan-shaped outline ; deeply slit and divided in a forked manner {dichotomously).
Divisions {lacinice) wedge-shaped ; re-divided in the same way ; the tips obtuse ; often
torn. When in fructification the margins curled or fringed with minute leafy frond-
lets ; these occasionally found on the surface.

Measurement. From 3 to 10 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1 . A mass of minute spores in globose capsules^ immersed in
the fringing or surface leaflets. 2. Tetraspores forming cloudy spots on the surface ;
or along the margins, which are then smooth and entire.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and stones, &c. in the sea ; rarely within tide-marks.

Now Callophyllis laciniata.

Fig. 180. RHODYMENIA PALMETTA.

Colour. Rose-red ; darker when dry.

Substance. Membranaceous, except the stems, which are elastic.

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless, fan-shaped, but often repeatedly forked expansion, rising
from a longish, first cylindrical, then compressed stem, which is either simple or
divided ; widening gradually upwards. Tufted. Divisions Qacinm) narrow, with
rounded spaces between, and very smooth, flat margins. Root, a broad disc, some-
times accompanied by fibres.

Measurement. Stems from J inch to 2 inches long. Fronds 1 or 2 inches across.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of minute spores in globose prominent capsules j
seated on the edges of the margins, or scattered ; generally towards the tips of
the lacinice. 2. Tetraspores forming deep red groups (son) in the expanded tips.

Habitat. Our shores generally, but inclining southwards. On rocks, &c. near the verge of .
low-water mark, and lower. Not uncommon.

Varying greatly in general appearance ; but usually tolerably fan-shaped. Sometimes with
only a short stem , sometimes with almost none ; or sometimes merely forked into two narrow
leaves. (See figure.) Its pink-colour, crisp, yet delicate substance, and fructification, must
be looked to as guides.

78

Plate ZmX.

177,

P^itaplxjllTim laoeaeatmxL (9r6v.

179.

TltiodyraerLia lacimata^ (fr^erv.

Uliodymerma Palmetta^ Grev.

0 . Jcwialitla.

"\5iicent IBrooks Ixii23.

178

PloCaCmTiajn cocclTiiuxri ^ hyri^l).

IBO.

Plate XL.

Fig. 181. NITOPHYLLUM VERSICOLOR.

Colour. When fresh, rose-red ; turning to a beautiful golden orange in fresh water ; even
when wetted by a shower only.

Substance. Thick ; membranaceous ; soft ; all but the stems, which are firmly elastic.

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless expansion, spreading suddenly from the top of a somewhat
tuberous stem. General outline round. Slit into several deeply-cut, wedge-shaped
divisions. Divisions {lacinice) subdivided ; many times slit above ; their tips rounded,
and generally thickened with hard, wart-like lumps. Margins smooth ; or sometimes
fringed with minute hair-like frondlets. Unmarked by veiny lines. Boot unknown.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches high and across.

Fructification. Unknown.

Habitat. Ilfracombe. Youghal. Thrown ashore from deep water. Very rare.

Fig. 182. DELESSERIA RUSCIFOLIA.

Colour. A clear crimson, rather than pink.

Substance. Delicately membranaceous, but somewhat firmer than D. hypoglossum.

Character of Frond. Like that of D. hypoglossum, composed entirely of leaves growing from
leaves ; the younger from the midribs of the older. But in D. ruscifolia, the leaves
are oblong with obtuse tips ; and do not taper at the base.

Measurement. Seldom more than 2 inches high.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in globose capsules ; imbedded in, but
prominent upon, the midribs of the leaves. 2. Tetraspores in groups (son), forming
oblong lines on each side the midribs.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks near low-water mark ; or occasionally on algse.
Not common.

For other Delcsserias refer back to Plate XXXIII. Fig. 150, and Plate XXXVII.

Fig. 183. RHODYMENIA BIFIDA.

Colour. A delicate rose-red or pink ; sometimes dingy.

Substance. Delicately membranaceous ; generally transparent.

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless expansion, deeply and repeatedly divided from the base.

General outline round. Divisions {lacinice) ribbon-like or wedge-shaped ; many times
forked {dichotomous) ; their axils rounded. Margins sometimes smooth {entire) ; some-
times fringed with minute, leafy, or hair-like frondlets ; tips blunt or rounded.

Measurement. From 3 to 10 inches long. Width varying.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in globose capsules; external; seated
{sessile) on the margins ; or rarely over the surface of the upper divisions. 2.
Tetraspores forming cloudy spots in the upper divisions.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and algge at low-water mark, or beyond. Frequent.
Now Bhodophyllis hijida. The marginal capsules are a great clue to this plant.

79

Fig. 184. RHODYMENIA CRIST ATA.

Colour. A rose-red ; becoming scarlet in fresh water. ^ .

Substance. Membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Flat ; narrow 5 ribless ; repeatedly divided in a forked manner from the
base. General outline fan-sba]ied or round (the figure fails to give this). Divisions
widening upwards ; many times sub-divided ; lesser ones alternate, occasionally
jagged at the ends.

Measurement. British specimens rarely above an inch high.

Ffuctification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in little spherical dark-red capsules., half
the size of poppy-seed ; imbedded in the upper margins. 2. Tetraspores imbedded
in the thickened and darkened tips.

Habitat. Orkney and Shetland Islands. Frith of Forth. Berwick-upon-Tweed, and a few
more places in the north. Thrown ashore ; sometimes on the stems of Lam. digitata.
Very rare indeed.

Now Euthora cristatn. Six specimens were found at Berwick in 1853.

Fig. 185. NITOPHYLLUM BONNEMAISONIA.

Colour. Bright rose-red.

Substance. Delicately membranaceous. Very thin.

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless exjiansion, rising from a short stalk ; slit and deeply
divided. General outline fan-shaped or round. Divisions broadly wedge-shaped ;
about equal in length ; overlapping each other. Veins rising from the base, and
sjireading faintly upwards.

Measurement. From 2 to' 4 inches high, and about as broad.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Amass of sjmres in largish round capsules, scattered over
the surface. 2. Tetraspores in roundish groups {sori) ; scattered over the surface.

Habitat. Orkney, Bute, Ilfracombe, Torquay, Miltown, Malbay, &c. On the stems of Lam.
digitata. Rare.

Fig. 186. GRATELOUPIA FILTCINA.

Colour. Dull pinkish-purple ; discolouring green.

Substance. Membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Flat; narrow; tufted; wavily branched. Stems simple or once forked ;

tapering to each end ; naked at base ; above, set with long, ojiposite or alternate,
wide-spreading, wavy, flat branches. Branches either simple or clothed in the upper
part with branchlets ; all tapering to each end.

Measurement. British specimens seldom more than 2 inches high.

Fructification, Of two kinds. 1. Spores in minute globular capsules ; immersed in the sub-
stance of the branches. 2. Tetraspores imbedded in the branchlets.

Habitat. South of England, On submarine rocks at half-tide level ; frequently where a
small streamlet runs into the sea. Very rare.

Very like some forms of GeVuVnivi cornemn ; Imt much softer.

80

Plate IXIa.

OJewjtfclitxa .

■Vlxxccxi-t t-x-ooks Imp.

181.

llitopliylluTii -veTsicoloT^JIarv.

Hiodpmenia lificLa.; Grev.

llxt-opliylliiiri 'PoTin emaisoxd ^ Qre^/ .

184.

186

185.

Delesseria i:^a^cl511ajla.7?i^r.

GarateloTrpia fOicina^-lp

Hioiyineznia cilsta-ta^ Qrev.

Plate XLI,

Fig. 187. RHODYMENIA CILIATA.

Colour. A deepj full, more or less bright red ; becoming darker in drying.

Substance. Thick ; firm ; elastic ; quite crisp when fresh.

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless, leafy expansion ; rising from a very short stalk ; more or
less broadly lanceolate, or once forked. Margins toothed ; or fringed with small,
hair-like frondlets, some of which expand into leafy, lanceolate, or once-forked
formations like the first ; while in others, both on the margin and surface, the
capsular fruit is formed. Root fibrous. Fruiting in winter.

. Measurement. From 2 to 8 inches long ; width of leaves varying from l to 1 J inches !

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1 . A mass of spores in globose capsules, formed in the hair-
like frondlets. 2. Tetraspores forming cloud-like patches ; dispersed over the
surface.

Habitat. Our shores generally, except the extreme north-east. At Bridlington, but not at
Filey. On rocks, &c. near low-water mark, and beyond. Frequent.

Now Calliblepharis ciliata. The tips of the hair-like frondlets in which the capsules form
are turned aside by the swelling, and project sideways, like the hill of a bird. (See figure.)

Fig. 188. RHODYMENIA JUBATA.

Colour. A dull purplish, or pinkish-red.

Substance. Thick ; soft ; elastic ; limp.

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless, leafy expansion ; rising from a cylindrical stem ; narrow-
lanceolate ; tapering to the base ; branched w'ith leafy formations of the same
character ; or sometimes with thread-shaped, fibre-like tendrils which spi’ing both
from the surface and margins ; fringed (like R. ciliata) with lesser hair-like frondlets,
in which the fruit of both kinds is produced. Root fibrous. Fruiting in summer.

Measurement. From 1 to 8 inches long. Width varying almost incredibly.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in hemi -spherical capsides, seated (^sessile)
on the fringing frondlets 2., Tetraspores immersed in the same.

Habitat. South and west coasts. On the bottoms of tide-pools between tide-marks ; chiefly
near low-water mark or among the roots of L. digitata. Frequent.

So various in width and size that it is very difficult to describe. Sometimes “ filiform and
entangled,” and resembling Gigartina acicularis.

81

M

Figs. 189 & 190. RHODYMENIA PALMATA.

Colour, A dull purplish, or brownish-red.

SuhstaJice. When young, membranaceous ; afterwards leathery.

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless, broadly wedge-shaped expansion, much and irregularly
divided into numerous, jagged, branching divisions ; or else repeatedly branched in a
forked manner {dichotomously). Margins smooth (entire), or fringed with leaf-like
formations. Eoot a disc.

Measurement. From 2 to 20 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Tetraspores forming cloud-like patches ; dispersed over
the surface.

Habitat. Our coasts everywhere. On rocks and the stems of Lam. digitata^ &c. Very
common.

Fig. 189 represents the commonest form. In Fig. 190 we have, in the narrower specimen,
Var. /3 Sarniensis; in the broader, Var. y soholifera. And many intermediate varieties occur.
Dr. Harvey assures us, that once seen and tasted^ no one can fail to recognise R. palmata
again. It is the Dulse of the Scotch ; the Dillisk of the Irish ; and is eaten either raw or
cooked, in many places, by the country people. At Miltown Malbay (W. Ireland), and else-
where, they boil or stew it with a little dripping or butter, and pepper, into a savoury mess,
like stewed cabbage.

82

Tlate JLl.

iQ^0(3ymaaia palmata.^ Grey.

187.

ISkolymemcL cfliatcL, Grev.

188.

l^tiolyiTieTiia jilbata, Grev.

IQiolyiiieriia palmata^ yar

189.

190,

"VixLcerLt, JBrookis Tm^.

0 Jew±t±lii£li.

Plate XLII.

Fig. 191. SPH^ROCOCCUS COEONOPIFOLIUS.

Colour. A fine scarlet-red ; darker in the main stems»

Substance. Gristly ; the stems very strong ; horny when dry.

Character of Frond. Compressed ; narrow ; very mnch branched ; wide-spreading, forming a
rounded outline. Main stems thickened in the centre ; repeatedly divided, with a
mixture of forked {dichotomous) and alternate branching. Branches several times
re-branched in the same irregular way ; the margins of the upper ones generally
fringed with minute, short, stalk-like, horizontally-set frondlets, in some of which
the capsular fruit is formed. Last branchlets much and closely divided ; spreading ;
with acute tips.

Measurement. From 6 to 12 inches long, or more.

Fructification, Only one kind known. A mass of spores in globose capsules^ formed in the
fringing frondlets ; the swelling turning the tips aside as in Wiodymenia ciliata.

Habitat. Southern and western shores of Great Britain and Ireland. Niton Bay, Isle of
Wight, abundant. Isle of Man. Isle of Bute.

Fig. 192. GELIDIUM CARTILAGINEUM.

Colour. A fine dark-purple ; becoming scarlet, orange, yellow, and finally greenish on
exposure.

Substance. Gristly and strong ; horny when dry.

Character of Frond. Tufts of very long, narrow, even stems ; furnished with long, narrow,
regularly alternate branches ; these re-branched with a second series ; these again
with a third ; the series diminishing gradually in length ; all at one level, like the
plumes of a feather {pinnate) ; each branch lanceolate in general outline. Root
fibrous.

Measurement. From 12 to 18 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind known. A mass of spores in oval capsules^ imbedded in the
centre of the last branchlets, their tips protruding beyond.

Habitat. Found on the shore at Freshwater Bay ; also at Ryde, but not a native plant.

A native of the Cape of Good Hope, and probably only accidentally brought to our coasts.
For another Gelidmm see Plate XLIV. Fig. 199.

83

Fig. 193. GRACILARIA COMPRESSA.

Colour. A transparent dull red ; becoming brighter in fresh water.

Substance. Very tender and brittle ; succulent ; somewhat gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Tufts of cylindrical, or somewhat compressed stems, which are either
undivided and alternately branched from the base, or partly forked at first ; alternately
branched afterwards. Branches long, and mostly simple ; tapering to a fine point ;
occasionally furnished with branchlets.

Measurement. From 6 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in almost conical capsules ; external ;
sessile on the branches. 2. Tetraspores minute ; imbedded in the same.

Habitat. South of England. Cast ashore from deep water. Very rare.

Fig. 194. GIGARTINA MAMILLOSA.

Colour. A dark purple.

Substance. Gristly ; tough ; elastic.

Character of Frond. Tufts of, first cylindrical, then flat stems, becoming channelled or
grooved upwards, and widening into wedge-shaped, irregularly forked {dichotomous)
divisions, or branches. Divisions channelled ; more or less broadly wedge-shaped ;
often forked at the tips ; the angles acute ; their surface and margins dotted over
with minute, short, thick, stalked frondlets, in which the capsular fruit is formed.

Measurement. From 3 to 6 inches high. Width of the divisions varying greatly in different
specimens.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. A mass of spores in globose capsules ; formed on
the frondlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. near low-water mark. Common.

For other Gigartinas see Plate XLIII. Fig. 197 ; Plate XLIV. Fig. 201 ; and Plate L. Fig. 225.

84

Pla:te Hn.

Gic a. cila.ria compres sa^ Orev .

Glgartixia meirriiTlosa^ J.jly.

Sphijer 0 G 0 c cas c (aonopifoliiis ^ .

193.

194

191.

0 . JewittllitiL

"V^xLceiTt ZBxooks Tir^.

Plate XLIIL

Fig. 195. CYSTOCLONIUM PURPURASCENS.

Colour, A dull, purplish-red ; becoming redder in fresh water ; pinky towards the tips.

Substance. When fresh, thick ; fleshy ; semi-transparent and very brittle. When dry, be-
coming tough, and shrinking considerably.

Character of Frond. Thread-shaped {filiform)^ long? bushy, excessively branched. Stem
generally undivided ; bearing long alternate spreading branches tapering to each
end. Branches either simple or forked, bearing a second and third set of similar
character. Branchlets many times divided (almost in tufts), scattered both on stem
and branches ; with very acute tips. Boot fibrous.

Measurement. From 6 inches to 2 feet long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in globose capsules; formed in the branch-
lets ; swelling them out. 2. Tetraspores imbedded in the lesser branches.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, stones, and algas. Between tide-marks. Very
common.

Collectors will do well to accustom themselves to the new name of this plant, Cystoclonium
purpurascens, as Dr. Harvey has no hesitation in declaring that it was erroneously placed
among the Hypneas. The name Hypnea is accordingly dropped altogether.

Fig. 196. GRACILARIA MULTIPARTITA.

Colour. A dull purplish-red ; becoming redder in fresh water ; pinky towards the tips.

Substance. When fresh, thick ; fleshy ; semi-transparent and very brittle. When dry, be-
coming tough, and shrinking considerably.

Character of Frond. Flat ; narrow ; repeatedly but irregularly forked or divided, from, the
base ; at one level, as if cut out. Divisions Qacinice) narrow-wedge shape ; their tips
acute.

Measurement, From 4 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass oi spores in conical, very prominent capsules;

external ; sessile on the surface of the frond-divisions. 2. Tetraspores imbedded in
the same.

Habitat. South coast of England. On rocks, &c. in deep water. Very rare.

85

Fig. 197. GIGARTINA PISTILLATA.

Colour. A dull purple, becoming darker in drying.

Substance. Gristly when fresh ; horny when dry.

Character of Frond. Compressed, simple, narrow-wedge-shaped stems, spreading into branches
right and left above, in a repeatedly forked manner {dichotomously) ; forming a
broadly fan-shaped outline. Angles of branching {axils) wide and rounded 5 tips
acute. Branches naked, or clothed with short horizontal, simple or forked branch-
lets, on which the capsular fruit is borne. Fruiting in winter.

Measurement. From 3 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in large spherical capsules^ depressed in the
centre ; no darker than the frond ; external ; sessile on the branchlets, either singly
or in pairs. 2. Tetraspores in groups {sori) immersed in the branches ; distorting
them.

Habitat. Coast of Cornwall. Jersey. On rocks near low-water mark. Very rare.

For another Gigartina, see next Plate.

Fig. 198. GRACILARIA CONFERVOIDES.

Colour. A pale or deep red ; becoming paler in decay.

Substance. Rigid ; gristly ; not adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Long ; thread-shaped {filiform) ; solid ; irregularly (often very slightly)
branched. Branches long and simple, or here and there forked ; either naked, or
furnished with a few short branchlets. Branchlets tapering to each end.

Measurement. From 3 to 20 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in globose capsides; external ; sessile
on the branches ; abundant. 2. Tetraspores ; minute ; imbedded in the same.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks and stones in the sea near low-water mark. Not
uncommon.

Varying very much in length and the amount of branching. Var. j8. procerrima has its
branches “ very long, generally simple, and almost naked.” Var. y. alhida is compressed
instead of thread-shaped, and several times forked, with awl-shaped branchlets. Var.
genicidata is distorted and bent, as if broken, where the capsules occur.

86

IPlate JLIU.

G-igaTtina pistillata^ Lcmujur.

Gracilana coxifervoid.es^ Gr&.

0. Jemaltth. ,

“VincerL-t ZBxooks Ixop.

Plate XLIV.

Fig. 199. GELIDIUM CORNEUM.

Colour. Dull purplish-red, becoming pink and yellow on exposure, or in fresh water.

Substance. Between gristly and horny ; polished.

Character of Frond. Flat or thread-shaped {filiform)^ very narrow, stiff ; formally branched ;

the whole at one level, as if cut out. Stems one width throughout ; alternately
branched ; set with short, simple, wdde-spread branchlets. Branches tapering to
both ends ; re-branched once or twice, exactly in the same manner as the stems.
Branchlets mostly opposite, almost horizontally set, always tapering to the base ;
blunt at the tips, in which the capsular fruit is formed.

Measurement. From 1 to 8 inches high.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in oval capsules^ formed in the tips of the
branchlets. 2. Tetraspores immersed in the same.

Habitat, Our coasts generally, but shy of the north-east, except the slender, thread-like
variety, G. crinale. On rocks between tide-marks. Very common.

Fig. 200. GYMNOGONGRUS GRIFFITHSIJ5.

Colour. A dull purplish-red, fading to yellow on exposure.

Substance. Gristly when fresh ; horny when dry.

Character of Frond. Entangled tufts of slender, wiry threads ; repeatedly forked (dichotomous') ;

the tips of one length ; forming a round outline. Branches wavy ; of one thickness
throughout. Angles of branching (axils) wide and rounded. Divisions often much
crowded above.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches high.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Tetraspores forming oblong, wart-like swellings, which
by degrees surround the stem. (See figure.)

Habitat. Devonshire. Bantry Bay. Orkney. Isle of Man. On rocks near low-w^ater mark.
Not very common.

For another Gymnogongrus see Plate XLVI. Fig. 211.

Fig. 201. GIGARTINA TEEDII.

Colour. Purplish ; brighter in fresh water ; fading to purplish-pink.

Substance. , Membranaceous, but firm ; limp when fresh ; horny when dry.

Character of Frond. Flat ; narrow ; formally branched ; at one level, as if cut out (distichous).

Stems either simple or once forked ; set with long, horizontally spread branches,
tapering to each end, finely pointed ; once or twice re-branched in the same way.
Branchlets slender, tapering ; the ends often very much drawn out ; last set short,
thorn-like ; finely pointed ; horizontal.

Measurement. From 2 to 5 inches long.

Fructification. A mass of spores in globose capsules ; sessile on the last set of branchlets.

Tetraspores immersed in the same.

Habitat. Elberry Cove, Torbay.

87

Fig. 202. CHONDEUS CRISPUS.

Colour. Lurid purple in deep water, giving out rainbow-tints ; greenish or yellowish in shallow
pools near high-water mark ; fading to actual white.

Siihstance. Thickish and firmly elastic ; horny when dry.

Character of Frond. Flat; repeatedly forked (dichotomous)'., spreading from a stem which is
taper at base ; narrow-wedge shape upwards. Outline fan-shaped or round. Di-
visions wedge-shaped ; flat or curled ; sometimes very narrow ; sometimes very wide ;
often profuse and spreading; overlapping each other; angles of branching (axils),
rounded ; tips obtuse, and commonly forked. Margins sometimes fringed with
frondlets. Boot a disc.

Measurement. From 2 to 10 inches high.

Fructification. Of three kinds. 1. Masses of minute spores in prominent, oval capsules ; im-
mersed in the lesser frond-divisions. Bare. 2. Tetraspores in large oval groups
(sori), scattered all over the surface; often prominent to one side only. Common.
3. Prominent warts, composed of radiating threads ; imperfectly understood.

Habitat, All our rocky coasts. Finest in deep water. Very common.

So variable in appearance that no description will suit all the forms. This is the plant
sold as “ Carrigeen,” or Irish moss. When boiled down to a jelly it is good for coughs and
general weakness; excellent also for fattening cattle. It contains a large per-centage of
nitrogen.

Fig. 203. CHONDEUS NORVEGICUS.

Colour. A deep, dull blood-red ; or morone.

Substance. Firm and elastic ; thinner than in Chondrus crispus.

Character of Frond. Flat ; narrow ; repeatedly forked (dichotomous) ; spreading from a short
cylindrical stem. Outline fan-shaped or round. Divisions widening a little, but not
much, upwards ; angles of branching (axils) wide-spread ; tips rounded.

Measurement. From 2 to 3 inches high.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in tiny capsules, imbedded in the substance of
the frond, slightly prominent to both surfaces. 2. Tetraspores collected into round
groups (son) ; scattered on both surfaces, prominent.

Habitat. The warmer southern and western stations on our coasts. On rocks near low-water
mark. Fine at Mil town Malbay. Saltcoats ; Dr. Lansborough, Bather rare.

Now Gymnogongrus Norvegicus. Preferring warm to cold latitudes ; so that the name is
an unlucky one.

Fig. 204. CATENELLA OPUNTIA.

Colour. Dark, dull purple.

Substance. Membranaceous. Tender and soft ; more or less full of moisture.

Character of Frond. Densely tufted ; rising from creeping fibres ; semi-tubular ; constricted
at intervals, as if jointed ; resembling the Indian fig (Cactus Opuntia) in miniature ;
irregularly branched from the constrictions.

Measurement. From \ to an inch liigh.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Masses of spores in broadly-oval capsules, formed in one of
the lesser branchlets. 2. Tetraspores immersed in the same.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks near high-water mark. Common.

88

Hate ILTV

Greladlirrii coTTLeizm^Za77L<7w,r.

Gy mno gongTus Griffith sias^

201.

202

CliandTra.s Korv-e^aiis^da77iaar.

CateTiella Cjjuiitia, Qrev.
—

tixiceri-t itrooks

tnip. .

O.Jewitt lith.

Plate XLV.

Fig. 205. PHYLLOPHORA RUBENS.

Colour, A fine deep red.

Substance. Stiff ; rigid ; thongh membranaceous.

Character of Frond. Flat, leafy, narrow wedge-shaped ; forked or simple ; obscurely mid-
ribbed at base ; throwing out secondary shoots of the same formation from the upper
surface ; this second set throwing out a third in the same way ; and so on. The
surfaces obstinately crumpled ; often covered with parasites. Tufted.

Measurement. From 3 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Amass of spores in minute, roundish, wrinkled capsules;

scattered on the surface. 2. Tetraspores in warts ^ formed at the base of small,
leafy, scattered frondlets.

Habitat. Our rocky shores generally ; but preferring the warmer stations. Under shelter of
rocks near low-water mark. Frequent.

Very handsome when not infested by Melobesias and Zoophytes ; hut always a rather
unmanageable plant to lay out, and never adhering to paper.

Fig. 206. PHYLLOPHORA MEMBRANIFOLIA.

Colour. Purple, or purplish-red ; fading to green and yellow.

Substance. Stems gristly ; frondlets membranaceous, but rigidly so ; especially when old.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical, irregularly divided stems, bearing irregular branches, all of
which expand into flat, fan-like, or wedge-shaped frondlets, more or less divided and
forked. Margins sometimes smooth ; sometimes jagged with tiny leaflets ; especially
above. Tufted.

Measurement. From 3 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in egg-shaped capsules on short stalks,
fringing the stems. 2. Tetraspores collected into large, dark, heart-shaped groups
(son), in the lower half of the frondlets.

Habitat. Our rocky shores generally ; but preferring the warmer stations. On rocks between
tide-marks. Frequent.

89

Fig. 207. PHYLLOPHORA BRODI^I.

Colour. A bright, clear, pinky-red.

Substance. Delicately membranaceons, but rigid. Stems elastic.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical stems becoming flat and narrow wedge-shaped, or oblong,
upwards ; forked or simple ; throwing out frondlets from their upper margin.
Frondlets at first cylindrical ; soon expanding into oblong or wedge-shape ; simple
or forked, throwing out secondary frondlets from their tips. This second set
throwing out a third in the same way, and so on.

Measurement. From 1 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. A mass of spores in globose capsules^ sessile on the tips of
the frondlets. 2. Tetraspores formed in warts^ of nearly the same size as the
capsules., but stalked.

Habitat. Eastern coast of Scotland. Belfast Bay. On rocks in the sea. Bare.

For another Phyllophora, see Plate L. Fig. 228, to which the smaller form in the present
figure (207) refers. Phyllophora palmettoides is a subdivision of plants which were once classed
together under P. Brodiai ; and the dark sorus here figured is peculiar to P. palmettoides.

Fig. 208. FURCELLARIA FASTIGIATA.

Colour. Brownish-purple ; often nearly black when picked up, and becoming so on drying.

Substance. Solid ; strong ; opaque ; elastic, but fleshy.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical, smooth ; repeatedly forked, from a short taper stem ; thicker
above than below ; the forkings long and narrow, all the angles of branching {axils)
being acute. Boot a mass of fibres. Fruiting in winter.

Measurement. From 6 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Masses of spores (/aveZZtp) imbedded in the swollen upper
forkings. 2. Tetraspores deeply imbedded in the same.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks within tide-marks. Common.

When in fruit the upper divisions are swollen into a lanceolate pod-like form ; somewhat
flattened in shape.

90

Plate ILY.

205.

206.

PliylI(jpliOTa mibens; Graz.

Pli^loplioTcL TnempTaTiifolia^

207

Pl^llcrpliora Prodi^ ;Y.A^

Poircellazla fsL&ti^Bi.a^.XaniauT

208.

C. Jes/vittliLh.

"Vincerct Brooks Bnp

Plate XL VI.

Fig. 209. DUMONTIA FILIFORMIS.

Colour. Dull purple ; fading to green and yellow.

Suhstance. Gelatinous ; membranaceous ; tender ; very slippery to the touch.

Character of Frond. A simple stem, finely drawn out and tapering to each end (attenuated) ;

furnished with long, simple, alternate branches, attenuated in the same manner. Both
stem and branches cylindrical and tubular ; filled with a watery jelly.

Measurement. Stem sometimes from 8 to 18 inches long, with branches from 4 to 5. In other
specimens the stem is very short (from 2 to 3 inches) ; and the branches from 10 to
14. In others there is scarcely any stem at all. In others the whole plant is small
and thread-like (filamentous).

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Eonndish masses of spores (favellce) immersed in the sub-
stance of the frond. 2. Tetraspores imbedded beneath the same ; scattered over the
branches. Visible like dark dots through.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. at half- tide level. Common.

Fig. 210. NEMALEON MULTIFIDUM.

Colour. Dull purple, or purplish-brown.

Suhstance. Gelatinous ; solid ; very elastic ; firm.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical, about the thickness of a crow’s quill ; once or twice forked,
distantly ; or simple ; or irregularly, slightly branched. Axils rounded and clumsy.

Measurement. From 3 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Globular masses of spores attached to the filaments
which form the outer layer of the frond. Visible like dark dots through.

Habitat. Our coasts generally in the warmer stations. Common along the western shores of
Scotland and Ireland. On rocks and shells near low-water mark in exposed situations.
Not unfrequent.

91

Fig. 211. GYMNOGONGRUS PLICATUS.

Colour. Dark-purple ; fading to pinky and white.

Substance. Eemarkably horny and stiff.

Character of Frond. Like fine wire ; of one thickness throughout. Cylindrical ; slender ;

entangled ; often in large bundles ; very irregularly branched ; partly forked
{dichotomous), partly alternate or secund (two or three branches on one side in
succession) ; more or less furnished with short branchlets, horizontally set, and some-
times spreading in all directions. All the angles of branching {axils) rounded.

Measure7nent. From 4 to 10 inches long.

Fructification, Only one kind found ; and that imperfectly understood. Oblong warts em-
bracing the stem, composed of very slender, jointed radiating threads.

Habitat. Our rocky shores generally. On rocks between tide-marks, and at a greater depth.
Common.

Now Ahnfeldtia plicata. For another Gymnogongrus, see Plate XLIV. Fig. 200.

Fig. 212. POLYIDES ROTUNDUS.

Colour. Brownish-purple ; becoming much darker in drying.

Substance. Between gristly and fleshy ; solid ; elastic.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical ; of one thickness throughout (about that of whip-cord) ;

repeatedly forked {dichotomous) ; the tips cut to one level, forming a rounded outline ;
the last forkings short ; angles of division {axils) rounded. Tufted. Root a wide-
spread disc.

Measurement. From 4 to 6 inches high.

Fructficatio7i. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered groups of spores, nestling among threads, in large
oblong, but irregular, spongy warts, ’which are pink when fresh ; external ; embracing
the stems. 2. Tet7^aspo7^es deeply imbedded in swollen upper branchlets.

Habitat, Our coasts generally. On rocks and stones between tide-marks. Common.

Yery like Furcellaria fasiigiata. I>istingiiishal)le, however, by its disc root; and its spongy
parts of fructification when tliese are present. Otherwise by its 7'ouiided axils and the short-
ness of the last forkings.

92

Hate JLYL

tZinceiit, 13xociks Imj

Plate XL VII.

Fig. 213. KALLYMENIA DUBYI.

Colour. A dull red ; becoming pale and yellow when old.

Substance. Fleshy-membranaceous ; feeling like soft, wet kid-leather.

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless, leafy expansion, rising wedge-wise, from a very short,
compressed stem. Outline pear or wedge-shaped. At first quite simple ; after-
wards apt to be torn and divided ; probably by the waves. Margins sometimes
wavy. Foot a disc.

Measurement. From 6 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Found clusters of spores half-immersed in, and
scattered over, the frond.

Habitat. South of England, and west and south of Ireland ; Scilly. On rocks and stones
between tide-marks in land-locked bays. Not common.

Now Schizymenia Dubyi.

Fig. 214. IRID^A EDULIS.

Colour. A fine deep red ; becoming dark when dry.

Substance. Fleshy ; gristly ; almost leathery ; firmly elastic.

Character of Frond. A flat, ribless, leafy expansion, rising gradually from a short, taper
stem. Several from one root. Outline pear-shaped. Always quite simple, but
often torn by the waves, as well as eaten into holes by sea-worms. Margins smooth
and even. Foot a large, expanded disc.

Measurement. From 4 to 18 inches long ; from 2 to 8 wide.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Found clusters of spores half immersed in, and scattered
over, the frond. 2. Tetraspores in oblong groups {sori) also immersed and scattered.
Both showing like dark spots when the plant is held up to the light.

Habitat. Our coasts generally, near low-water mark, and beyond. Common,

Now Schizymenia edulis.

03

Fig. 215. KALLYMENIA RENIFORMIS.

Colour. A fine, deep crimson.

Substance. Fleshy-membranaceous. Soft and tliickish when fresh ; becoming thinner in
drying. Stems gristly.

Character of Frond. Eoundish or kidney-shaped (broader than long) expansions, suddenly
spreading from a very short, cylindrical, simple, or branched stem. Expansions very
irregular in shape and size ; either quite simple or bearing along their margin
frondlets of a similar character, and often bigger than the original one. Margins
smooth, except when torn ; rarely, waved. Root a disc.

Measurement. From 1 to even 14 inches in diameter.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Round clusters of spores half immersed in, and scattered
over the frond. 2. Tetraspores very minute ; imbedded in the same. , Fruiting in
winter.

Habitat. The warmer stations on our coasts. Isle of Wight ; Scilly Isles ; &c. The
Orkney Islands (probably owing to Gulf-stream influence). Kilkee. In deep shady
pools at extreme low-water mark. Rare.

The small form {K. microphylla of Agardh), exactly corresponding to the figure in English
botany, is frequently cast ashore in winter-time, in Niton Bay, Isle of Wight. In this variety,
the sturdy little stems generally give out several fronds ; and the spore-groups are very large
in proportion to the size of the plant. Two small lobes in the upper part of the present
figure represent this. The larger sort needs more G-ulf-stream warmth, than the Isle of Wight
can boast of. Specimens from Kilkee would make a dozen of the Niton winter variety.

9t

■Plate XL'VII.

Ka-ilyrrieiiia T-emformis^ JAi^.

Xallymeiiia PhPbji , Sarx'.

Prada-a edolis 3oij.

0. JewittlitlL.

tffnoeiit IBrodks lu-^.

Plate XL VIII.

Fig. 216. HALYMENIA LIGULATA.

Colour. In the three chief varieties, as follows ; dicliotoma, a clear pinky red ; ramentacea^
paler ; latifolia, dark red.

Substance. Membranaceous and gelatinous. Ramentacea^ very thin.

Character of Frond. So variable that the varieties are classed into three sorts, as follow :

1. Dichotoma; compressed, narrow; often, though irregularly forked; the divisions
of nearly equal width; tapering to both extremities. 2. Ramentacea ; compressed
or nearly cylindrical ; full of gelatine ; divided into three or four principal portions
{lobes) ; tapering to both ends. 3. Latifolia ; flat ; wedge-shaped ; either simple or
forked ; or cleft into finger-like portions {lobes). All three sorts have their margins
more or less fringed with frondlets ; latifolia least. Eoot a disc.

Measurement. Dichotoma from 6 to 8 inches long ; ramentacea from 12 to 14 long and from
J to an inch in width ; latifolia from 12 to 20 inches long, and from 2 to 4 wide in
the widest part.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Minute masses of spores^ immersed in, and scattered
profusely about the surface, as if it had been dusted with grains of Cayenne pepper.

Habitat. Southern shores of England. On rocks near low-water mark. Eare.

Variable as this plant is in growth, its “ pinky colour peculiarly soft substance, between
gelatinous and membranaceous, and the innumerable dots of fructification, are found in every
specimen and sufficiently mark the species.” Harvey.

Fig. 217. NEMALEON PURPUREUM.

Colour. A fine purple red which is given out in fresh water.

Substance. Tender and gelatinous ; slippery to the touch.

Character of Frond. Long, cylindrical ’ stems and branches. Stem as thick as a goose-quill ;

properly tapering to both ends, but the tip sometimes broken, and throwing out
several lesser shoots ; set with long, wide-spread, wavy, worm-like branches.
Branches simple or furnished with a second set, of much reduced size ; all tapering
when not broken. A few slender branchlets scattered irregularly over stem and
branches. Eoot a disc.

Measurement. From J a foot to 2J feet long.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Eoundish masses of spores sunk among the filaments
which form the outer layer of the frond.

Habitat. South of England and west of Ireland. In sandy places among Zostra, near low-
water mark. Eare.

Now Helminthocladia pnrp7(rea.

95

Fig. 218. NACCARIA WIGGII.

Colour, A delicate, bright rose-red.

Substance. Tender and gelatinous ; adhering closely to paper.

Character of Frond. Slender ; thread-shaped {filiform) ; much branched. Stem undivided or
once forked ; set with very long, wavy, horizontally-spread, alternate branches, all
tapering to the end. These re-branched with a second, finer set of similar character.
Both stem and branches clothed with very short slender branchlets, tapering at both
ends, which spring all round the stem. Root a disc.

Measurement. From 6 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Spores immersed in centre of the fringing branchlets,
which are then swollen (see figure of a magnified bit).

Habitat. Yarmouth and the southern shores of England. South and west of Ireland. Isle
of Man. West of Scotland. Thrown up from deep water. Very rare.

Fig. 219. GLOIOSIPHONIA CAPILLARIS.

Colour. Rose-red ; though scarcely when first gathered.

Substance. Exceedingly gelatinous ; loose and slippery-feeling.

Character of Frond. Long, cylindrical, tubular stems, profusely branched ; bushy ; tufted ;

each forming a more or less lanceolate, general outline. Stems undivided, delicately
tapering to both ends ; set with opposite, often quadrifarious (springing from four
points of the stem) branches ; which are bushily re-branched with repeatedly divided
branchlets. Branchlets very slender or thickened with fructification ; springing from
all round the stems. Root a disc ; throwing up several fronds.

Measurement. From 3 to 12 inches long.

Fmctification, Only one kind known. Round masses of bright-red spores immersed in the
(then) swollen branchlets.

Habitat. Our shores generally. Filey, Largs, &c. In tide-pools, near low-water mark.
Very rare generally. Common in Jersey.

Whimsical in its appearance and disappearance in different seasons, but there is a large,
transparent, not very deep pool, on the lowermost ledges of Filey Bridge, north, where it
may generally he gathered hy those who vdll wade in to reach it !

96

Plate ILYIU.

0, Jewittlith .

tSxicent BrodkB Imp.

Plate XLIX.

Fig. 220. DUDRESNAIA COCCINEA.

Colour. Eosy-red ; pinkish when young.

Substance. Very tender and gelatinous ; loose and slippery-feeling.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical stem and branches ; rather distantly, and very irregularly
divided (alternate, opposite, forked, or secund) ; each set gradually finer upwards.
Branchlets much divided ; young specimens, when seen through a lens, looking as
if beaded with rose-coloured dots owing to the structure {densely -tufted^ dichotomous
filaments^ whorling a colourless axis I)

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Dark red globules of spores attached to the filaments which
form the outer layer of the frond. 2. Tetraspores in transparent cells similarly
placed. Very rare.

Habitat. Southern shores of England and Ireland. On rocks near low-water mark ; or from
deep water. Very rare.

Fig. 221. DUDRESNAIA DIVARICATA.

Colour. Pale red.

Substance. Gelatinous ; very soft ; elastic.

Character of Frond. A cylindrical, thread-like {filamentous^ much-branched stem ; un-
divided ; set with long opposite or alternate, horizontally-spread branches. Branches
three or four times re-branched ; all the branches alternate ; horizontally spread.
Branchlets numerous ; horizontal ; obtuse.

Measurement, From 3 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Globules of spores attached to the filaments which
form the outer layer of the frond.

Habitat. The warmer stations on our coasts. On stones and the smaller algae near low-water
mark ; and deeper. Very rare.

Now Helminthora divaricata.

97

o

Fig. 222. PTILOTA SERICEA.

Colour. Usually a dull, brownish-red ; sometimes brighter. Brown when old.

Substance. Very soft and limp ; sometimes dense and almost spongy.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) but compressed; excessively branched in a
formal manner. Main stems irregularly divided ; rough below with minute branch-
let stumps. Branches re-branched ; with short, curved, exactly opposite, horizontally-
spread branchlets. These re-branchleted once or twice in the same way. Stem and
branches opaque. Branches jointed. (See figure of a magnified bit.)

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered globules of spores., surrounded with six or eight
minute, slender branchletems {ramelli), which fold over them {involucrated) ; stalked ;
formed at the end of the shortened branchlets. 2. Globules of tetraspores formed
in the tips of the same.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On perpendicular rocks between tide-marks. Barely on the
stems of Fucus serratus. Common.

Now Ptilota eleyans. This is the only Ptilota found on the south coast of England.

Fig. 223. PTILOTA PLUMOSA.

Colour. A fine dark red ; sometimes very clear and bright.

Substance. Gristly and firm.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous), but flat ; excessively branched in a formal
manner. Main stems irregularly divided ; smooth ; set with branches of irregular
lengths. Branches re-branched ; secondary set (and sometimes the primary) clothed
throughout with shortish, curved, wide-spread branchlets. These re-branchleted once
or twice in the same way. Stem branches and branchlets unjointed ; opaque.

Measurement. From 3 to 14 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clustered globules of spores, surrounded with six or eight
minute, slender branchletee^zs {ramelli), which fold over them ; stalked ; formed on the
end of the then shortened branchlets. 2. Globules of tetraspores formed in the tips
of the same.

Habitat. Northern and western coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. On the stems of Lam.
digitata. Frequent.

The first set of branchlets are often not re-branchleted quite close to their base, so that the
bare spaces look like a narrow white line between them and the stem. This is not the case
in P. sericea, so that it serves as a clue between the species.

98

lELate ILK.

0. Jesvittlit}! .

'\8xLceiii: 3xoolcs limp.

Plate L.

Fig. 224. PEYSSONELIA DUBYl.

Colour. Brownish -red.

Substance. Membranaceous.

Character of Frond. A thin, incrusting expansion, at first simple and circular ; afterwards
cut into divisions (lobes) ; attached to whatever it grows upon by the whole of its
under surface, which throws out woolly rootlets. Upper surface marked by rings of
lines {concentric zones).

Measurement. From 1 to 2 inches across.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Tetraspores hidden among radiating threads in wart-
like prominences.

Habitat. North of Ireland and west of Scotland. Probably in many places. On old shells,
stones, &c., on scallop-banks in from ten to fifteen feet water. Not uncommon.

Fig. 225. GIGARTINA ACICULARIS.

Colour. A dull, purple-red ; darker when dry.

Substance. Gristly.

Character o f Frond. Cylindrical ; wiry ; irregularly branched ; tufted ; of much the same
thickness throughout, all but the tips, which are remarkably pointed. Stems curved
or wavy ; simple or forked. Branches curved and re-curved ; wavy ; wide-spreading
in all directions ; once or twice re-branched. Branchlets short, distant ; either
alternate, opposite, or forked ; oftenest secund. Boot fibrous.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Clusters of spores in globose capsules ; sessile on the
branchlets ; often several together.

Habitat. South coast of England. Jersey. Belfast. On rocks near low-water mark. Bare.

For other Gigartinas refer back to Plate XLIV. Fig. 201 ; Plate XLIII. Fig. 197 ; and
Plate XLII. Fig. 194.

Fig. 226. GINANNIA FURCELLATA.

Colour. Sometimes a pale pinky, sometimes a dull red, becoming deeper in drying.

Substance. Membranaceous ; fleshy ; tender.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical ; the thickness of a goose-quill throughout ; repeatedly and
regularly forked {dichotomous) from a very short taper stem ; forming a circle when
spread. Occasional specimens, midribbed ; or sometimes constricted here and there
as if jointed. Tips obtuse ; broken ones sometimes throwing out fresh frondlets.
(See figure.) Boot a disc.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long. Diameter of branches varying greatly up to half an

inch.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Globular masses of spores^ immersed in the frond.
Showing through, when held up to the light

Habitat. Eastern and southern shores of England. Ireland, all round ; and very fine ; Scilly.
On rocks, &c. from low-water mark to eight or ten fathoms’ depth. Bare.

Now/Sdnam furcellata.

99

Fig. 227. CRUORIA PELLITA.

Colour. Blood-red.

Substance. Gelatinous ; leathery.

Character of Frond. Skin-like ; closely adhering ; forming smooth, glossy patches on the
surface of smooth rocks. Outline at first circular ; afterwards irregular.

Measurement. Indefinite, up to 2 inches in diameter.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Tetraspores immersed ; lying at the base of the
filaments of which the frond is composed.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On smooth exposed rocks and stones, between tide-marks.
Common.

Fig. 228. PHYLLOPHORA PALMETTOIDES. '

Colour. Rosy-pink.

Substance. Membranaceous ; the stems elastic.

Character of Frond. Flat ; ribless ; narrow-oblong or wedge-shaped ; leafy ; expanding from
a cylindrical, simple or branched stem. Leaves simple or once-forked ; the first
always wedge-shaped ; bearing leaflets from their surface or tips.

Measurement. From | an inch to 2 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Tetraspores forming large oval groups (sori) ; lying
across the frond near the tips ; immersed in the substance.

Habitat. South coast of England. On rocks near low-water mark. Rare.

For other Phyllophoras see Plate XLV.

Fig. 229. CROUANIA ATTENUATA.

Colour. Brownish or purplish-red, fading to a dusty pink.

Substance. Gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Slender ; thread-like {filamentous) ; jointed ; much branched. Main
divisions partly forked {dichotomous) ; branches alternate ; more or less re-branched ;
the joints clothed all round {whorled) with very short, delicate, many-times-divided
branchleteeTis {ramelli).

Measurement. One or 2 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed in England. Large oval tetraspores in transparent
cells ; seated on the whorled branchlets, either in pairs, or all round.

Habitat. South coast of England. Parasitical on the smaller algae. Very rare.

100

Plate L.

224.

225.

PigaTtinaadcPlaTis, Zoonour.

GinaaTiia forcelLata , Morvb.

•227.

Gaaoria pelPta , Zhes.

226.

GroTLania. atteimata, ZA^.

222.

tSacerct Brooks Imp.

Plate LI.

Fig. 230. MICROCLADIA GLANDULOSA.

Colour. A fine rose-red.

Substance. Membranaceous, tbougli firm.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous)., though compressed ; of nearly the same width
throughout ; tufted ; much branched from the base, in an alternate or irregularly forked
manner ; forming a roundish outline. Angles of branching {axils) wide-spread ; last
branchlets short ; tips either awl-shaped or split, in which case they resemble pincers.
Measurement. One or 2 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Masses of spores in roundish capsules ; surrounded by two
or three short branchletee/is {ramelli) ; sessile on the margin of the branches.
2. Tetraspores imbedded in the tips of the same.

Habitat. South and east coasts of England and Ireland. Hompton (N. of Hull). Bray.
Kingstown. Scilly.

Fig. 231. CERAMIUM DECURRENS.

Colour. A dull purplish-pink.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads (filaments) ; much branched. Filaments thicker
than hog’s bristles below, gradually finer upwards ; distinctly forked ; naked, or
furnished with a few scattered branchlets ; the tips hooked inwards.

Joints. Partially coloured ; a narrow transparent space in the centre of each (see figure), the
coloured portion melting gradually into the white.

Measurement. Prom 6 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Not observed.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and the smaller algse in tide-pools. Bare.

Fig. 232. CERAMIUM GRACILLIMUM.

Colour. A dark reddish-purple.

Substance. Very soft, tender, gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments) ; much branched. Filaments exces-
sively slender, more so than a human hair ; of nearly the same thickness throughout ;
regularly forked, or nearly so ; the branches set with minute many-times-divided
branchlets, spreading fan-wise ; the tips slightly hooked.

Joints. Colourless. Partition-lines {dissepiments)^ opaque, purple.

Measurement. From 2 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Minute spores in large, roundish capsules, sessile on
the branchlets, often two together. With several slender branchletee?2s, ray-like,
spreading below them ; their tips forked.

Habitat. South of England and west of Ireland. On Corallina ojficinalis, &c. between tide-
marks. Not common.

101

Fig. 233. CERAMIDM STEICTUM.

Colour. Dark, livid purple, in deep water, paler and yellower in sunny situations.

Substance. Membranaceous, but not very firmly adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments') ; branched. Filaments as fine as
human hair ; of nearly the same thickness throughout ; irregularly forked ; distantly
branched below ; more frequently and closely divided above ; all the divisions upright
and straight, with narrow sharp angles. The tips straight or slightly hooked
inwards.

Joints. Colourless. Partition-lines {dissepiments)^ opaque, purple.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in roundish capsules, sessile near the tips of
the branches ; surrounded by several short slender branchletee^zs {ramelli) {involucrated).
2. Tetraspores immersed in the partition-lines of the joints. Very prominent.

Habitat. South coast of England. South and west of Ireland. On corallines, &c. in tide-
pools near low-water mark. Not common.

Fig. 234. CERAMIUM NODOSUM.

Colour. A delicate red.

Substance. Eigid ; rather harsh to the touch when fresh. Imperfectly adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments), excessively divided. Filaments as
fine as human hair, or finer, of the same thickness throughout ; repeatedly and
regularly forked, the angles of branching {axils) very wide. The tips slightly hooked.

Joints. Colourless. Partition-lines {dissepiments), dark and swollen.

Measurement. From .3 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in globose capsules, sessile on the tips of short
special branchlets ; with one or two minute, slender branchlets below. 2. Tetraspores
two or three together, borne on the outer edge of short special branchlets.

Habitat. On sandy shores, often at the roots of Zostera. Generally distributed.

Fig. 235. CERAMIUM FASTIGIATUM.

Colour. Pinky purple.

Substance. Soft, and tender.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments) much branched. Filaments very
slender ; hair-like ; of nearly the same thickness throughout ; regularly, and re-
peatedly forked from the base. The lower angles of branching (axils) distant, the
upper very close ; all narrow. The tips cut to one level, forming a round outline ;
hooked inwards.

Joints. Lower ones colourless; upper coloured. Partition-lines {dissepiments) ; swollen,

purple.

Measurement. Four or 5 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Minute spores in small round capsules near the tips
of the branchlets, with three or four very slender branchletee?2S below.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks in tide-pools. Bare.

102

Sate ■ II.

230

l/Ecroclaclia glaTidulosa; Grev.

CexaTnimxi ^QomreriQ , lEltx..

231.

oi' v.

CeramTom gracSlziriairL, GrifF’.

Geraxaittm stTicamn, Sitx-.

234.

V > \ / V ,,

J -'--I. ') y \ V--^y

'A N^^ \ /'

• H/,

CeT aTDiunii zio do sum , CFriff.

CeraTaituii fccstlgia.tiam^ ila-n/.

235.

0. .Tewittlifli,

Viirjcerrt xteoaks imp.

Plate LII.

Fig. 236. CERAMIUM DESLOKGCHAMPSII.

Colour. Dark purple ; almost blackish to the naked eye ; on examination variegated with
white.

Substance. Kigid (for so delicate a plant).

Character of Frond. Tufts of distinctly jointed threads {filaments). Filaments nearly as
thick as hog’s bristles below ; becoming gradually finer upwards ; much branched in
an irregularly forked manner ; more or less furnished with very slender, simple or
forked branchlets. Tips fine ; straightish ; spreading.

Joints. In variegated bands. Colourless and transparent in the middle ; purplish and opaque
at and near the partition-lines {dissepiments).

Measurement. From 3 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds, but only one clearly made out. Tetraspores set round the joints ;

half-immersed ; very prominent. The other, dark, irregular-shaped lumps like
clusters of small capsules^ sessile on the stems and branches.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. between tide-marks. Not uncommon.

Fig. 237. CERAMIUM DIAPHANUM.

Colour. Pinkish-red in general hue ; but clearly variegated with white.

Substance. Eather soft.

Character of Frond. Tufts of distinctly jointed threads {filaments). Filaments the thickness
of a hog’s bristle below, becoming gradually finer upwards ; irregularly branched ;
partly forked, partly alternate ; re-branched in the same way, set at greater or less
intervals throughout with short or long, more or less forked branchlets, much more
slender than the branches from which they spring. Tips hooked inwards.

Joints. In variegated bands. Colourless and transparent in the middle, red, opaque, and
swollen at, and near, the partition-lines {dissepiments), coloured bands wide throughout.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in roundish capsules, with one or two short
branchletee?2S underneath ; sessile in the last forkings, or on the tips of side branchlets.
2. Tetraspores set round the joints.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On the smaller algae in tide-pools. Common.

Fig. 238. CERAMIUM FLABELLIGERUM.

Colour. Dull purple to the naked eye, on examination, of different shades.

Substance. Eigid.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments) spreading fan-wise above. Filaments
as thick as hog’s bristles ; irregularly branched ; partly forked ; partly alternate ;
much re-branched above ; set with forked branchlets. Tips pointed ; straight and
spreading ; or somewhat curved inwards.

Joints. In variegated bands, but when young filled with a purplish fluid which hinders their
detection. Afterwards colourless and transparent in the middle ; purple and opaque
near the partition- lines {dissepiments). These armed on one side with a solitary,
minute, coloured (when dry, white) thorn.

Measurement. From 2 to 3 inches high.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large irregular-shaped capsules, sessile on
the branchlets, with two or three short branchletee^zs underneath. 2. Tetraspores set
round the joints.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On the smaller algse, &c. between tide-marks.

103

Fig. 239. CERAMIUM ECHIONOTUM.

Colour. Dark red or purple when young and fresh, variegated with white when old or dry.

Substance, Kigid and harsh for so delicate a plant.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of distinctly jointed threads (^filaments). Filaments slender,
of nearly the same thickness throughout ; repeatedly and regularly forked, forming
roundish outlines ; frequently set with forked branchlets. Tips more or less hooked in.

Joints. In variegated bands. Colourless and transparent in the middle, reddish or purplish
at, and near, the partition-lines (dissepiments). These armed all round with a number
of slender, hair-like bristles, sticking out in all directions.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in double capsules ^ sessile on the sides of the
branchlets, surrounded by several curved branchletee/is. 2. Tetraspores set round the
joints.

Habitat. South coasts. On rocks, &c. between tide-marks. Not common.

Fig. 240. CERAMIUM ACANTHONOTUM.

Colour. Dark purple or red, variegated with white.

Substance. Kigid and harsh for so delicate a plant.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads (filaments). Filaments slender ; of nearly
the same thickness throughout ; repeatedly and regularly forked, forming roundish
outlines. Tips (and often the two or three last forkings) strongly hooked in.

Joints. In variegated bands. Colourless and transparent in the middle, purple and opaque
at, and near, the partition-lines (dissepiments) ; the coloured bands widest upwards.
Each of these armed on the outer side with a solitary, strong, coloured thorn (when
dry, white), curved upwards.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in roundish capsules with a solitary curved
branchleteeiz underneath. 2. Tetraspores set round tho joints.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. between tide-marks. Common,

Fig. 241. CERAMIUM CILIATUM.

Colour. Pale purple or red ; clearly variegated with white.

Substance. Kigid and harsh for so delicate a plant.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads (filaments). Filaments slender ; of nearly
the same thickness throughout ; repeatedly and regularly forked ; with or without
side branchlets. Tips (sometimes the two or three last forkings) strongly hooked in.

Joints. In variegated bands. Colourless and transparent in the middle, purplish-red at, and
near, the partition-lines (dissepiments). These armed all round with a line of strong
colourless thorns.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in roundish capsules with two or three
branchleteciis underneath. 2. Tetraspores set in the coloured bands of the joints with
a thorn between each.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. at low-water mark. Not uncommon.

10.4

Plate Lir.

QJ^vax-tlith,

"VixLcent "BrooTks Irap.

Plate LIIL

Fig. 242. CERAMIUM RUBRUM.

Colour. Sometimes clear red, sometimes darker ; brownish-yellow and white in decay ; on
examination, of different shades.

Substance. Firm when fresh ; soon turning flabby ; giving out a pleasant smell.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments). Filaments sometimes coarse, some-
times slender ; becoming finer upwards from the base ; much and irregularly branched
in a partly forked, partly alternate manner ; set throughout more or less with once-
forked, or many-times-divided, often secund branchlets. Tips hooked in.

Joints. Coloured throughout red, but in different shades. Darkest at, and near, the partition-
lines {dissepiments) j which are always slightly contracted, and in drying often shrink
considerably.

Measurement. From 2 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in globose capsules^ with two or three short,
curved branchleteews underneath ; mostly borne on the side-branchlets. 2. Tetra-
spores set round the joints.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. In pools from high to low-water mark, and beyond. Very
common.

No description can include all the varieties of this most variable plant, but whether dark
or pale, bright or dingy, it is coloured throughout, though in shades ; and as there is but one
other un-thorned British Ceramhim {C. hotryocarpum) in which this is the case, the detection
of delusive varieties is not so difficult as may be thought. From C. hoiryocarpimi it differs
entirely in its capsular fruit.

Fig. 243. CEEAMIUM BOTRYOCARPUM.

Colour. A dull purplish-red, fading to green and yellow ; on examination, of different shades.

Substance. Rigid.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments). Filaments crooked at the base ;

rather coarse ; becoming gradually finer upwards ; much and irregularly branched ;
in a sometimes forked, sometimes alternate manner ; closely set with numerous short,
simple, or once or twice divided branchlets. Tips straight.

Joints. Coloured throughout dull purplish-red, but in difierent shades. Darkest at, and near,
the partition-lines {dissepiments) ^ which are always slightly contracted, and in drying
shrink considerably.

Measw'ement. From 2 to 6 inches long.

Fructfication. Of two kinds, but only one thoroughly made out. Tetraspores set round the
joints. The other consists of minute dark fruit-warts heaped together in roundish
clusters ; sessile on the branchlets. Occasionally a true capsule, with two or three
branchletee?2S underneath, has been met with.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. between tide-marks. Common.

Besides the clumsy and unusual fruit, this plant is darker than C. ruhrim, and more
purple. Moreover, the tips of all the branchlets are straight, instead of hooked in.

P

106

Fig. 244. GRIFFITHSIA EQUISETIFOLIA.

Colour. Properly, a deep or dark rose-red ; often brownish.

Substance. Soft and spongy ; yet firm.

Character of Frond. Thick cylindrical stems and branches ; several times re-branched in a
loose irregular manner ; everywhere surrounded and densely clothed by rings {whorls)
of tiny, incurved, many-times forked, jointed branchleteews {ramelli)^ set at very short,
regular intervals. The branchletee^is about one-tenth of an inch long, and overlapping
each other. Branches and branchlets, all tapering greatly to both ends.

Measurement. From 3 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in clustered ^capsules, with a circle of special
curved branchfeteeTis folding over them ; borne on the tip of a shortened branch.
2. Tetraspores attached to the inside of another set of special curved branchleteens.

Habitat. Southern, S.-Eastern, and Western shores of England and Ireland. Frequent.
Bare in Scotland.

Now Halurus equisctifolms.

Fig. 245. SPYRIDIA FILAMENTOSA.

Colour. A dull red, fading to brownish.

Substance. Soft, but not gelatinous. Stems firmly elastic.

Character of Frond. Thread-shaped {filiform)'., tufted; much branched. Stems nearly
opaque ; with an obscure appearance of joints. Branches spreading, many times
compounded ; more or less beset, the younger ones especially, with very minute, hair-
like, simple or subdivided, jointed branchleteews.

Measurement. From 2 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in stalked, gelatinous, double capsules, with
three or four special branchletcc??s underneath. 2. External tetraspores, sessile on
the branchleteews.

Habitat. Southern shores of England. Blackgang, Isle of Wight, Holyhead. On rocks
near low-water mark.

More plentiful in the Channel Islands, and along the French coast, than on the shores of
England, where the specimens are of a brownish colour, and not finely grown.

106

Tlate Lin

O.Jesvitt.lith ,

'\fe:Lceii-t Brooks I-rcrp,

Plate LIV.

Fig. 246. GRIFFITHSIA SECUNDIFLORA.

Colour. A fine ricli crimson.

Substance. Gelatinous, but firm.

Character of Frond, Tufts of distinctly jointed threads {filaments). Filaments robust (de-
cidedly thicker than a hog’s bristle 1), very nearly the same thickness throughout ;
each stem simple at first, irregularly forked upwards ; the last divisions often close ;
spreading wedge-wise (see magnified bit), forming a circular outline. Angles of
branching {axils) very narrow. Branchlets very upright. Tips very blunt.

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches long.

Fructification., Has not yet been seen in Britain.

Habitat. Plymouth. On rocks at extreme low-water mark. Very rare.

The robust Items, strongly marked joints (quite obvious to the naked eye, especially when
dried), very narrow axils, upright branching, and remarkably blunt tips, distinguish this
from every other Griffithsia.

Fig. 247. GRIFFITHSIA SIMPLICIFILUM.

Colour. A fine pinky-red.

Substance. Soft and spongy, but firm.

Character of Frond. Thickish, cylindrical stems and branches, once or twice re-branched in a
loose, irregular manner ; surrounded and densely clothed by rings {whorls) of tiny,
straight, overlapping, jointed branchletee/is (ramelli), once forked near the base (see
magnified bit). Branches and branchlets tapering greatly to the tips ; the latter
often bare of branchleteews below, but generally clothed with them near the top.

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Not observed ; but no doubt like that of G. equisetifolium.

Habitat. Coasts of Norfolk and Wicklow. On rocks, &c. near low-water mark, and at a
greater depth. Very rare.

Now Halurus simplicijilum. Probably only a slender, drawn-out variety of G. equisetifolia.
The points of differentiation are, that it is less re-branched ; that the brancbletee/?s are
straighter and only once forked ; and that the whole plant is more slender, and perhaps of a
brighter colour. But intermediate specimens are constantly found. For other Griffithsias
see Plate LV.

107

Fig. 248. SEIIIOSPORA GRIFFITH SI AN A.

Colour. Beautifully rosy.

Suhstaiice. Delicately soft.

Character of Frond. Thread-like (^filamentous) ; jointed ; solitary, or tufted ; excessively
branched. Stem as thick as a hog’s bristle below ; becoming gradually finer
upwards; undivided (generally); furnished with alternate, slender, undivided,
longish, almost horizontally set branches. Branches becoming finer upwards ;
clothed throughout with short, soft, hair-like, many -times -forked branchlets ;
spreading to every side. Last divisions cobwebby.

Joints. Obscure in the stem and branches, which are opaque and veiny ; visible (when
examined through the microscope) in the branchlets.

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Tetraspores in bead-like cells strung together ; formed
in a few divisions of the last branchlets ; looking like ruby drops.

Habitat. A few places on the south and west coasts. On rocks, &c. in very deep water.
Very rare.

Dr. Harvey now includes this plant among the Callithamnions. It is the CalUthamnion
seirospermum of his “Nereis Boreali- Americana.” A much slenderer form with the so-called
seirosporian fruit has been found at Douglas. Possibly, therefore, this mode of fructification
is only what gardeners call a sport.

Fig. 249. WRANGELIA MULTIFIDA.

Colour. A fine, transparent rose-red ; soon fading.

Substance. Soft ; elastic.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous)] jointed; stem and branches. Stem the thick-
ness of a hog’s bristle, and undivided throughout ; furnished on each side with long,
simple, alternate, almost horizontally-set branches. These re-branched with another
series which arc occasionally forked or re-branched. Each joint of stem, branches,
and branchlets beset, either in opposite pairs or all round {whorled), by numerous,
short, slender, forked, jointed hmuchY^teens {ramelli) ] which are sometimes long,
simple, and hair-like ; sometimes short and many times divided.

Measurement. From 4 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Clusters of spores m globose, stalked ; enfolded by

special, slender branchleteews (ramelli). 2. Tetraspores minute, oval, external ; sessile
on the branchleteews.

Habitat. South of England. West of Ireland and Scotland. On the perpendicular sides of
rocks in pools near low-water mark, under the shade of other sea-weeds. Bare.

108

IPIaLte LIVT

O.Jewittlith. .

l/rn-CSn-t Urooks Iixip,

Gxiff itli si a. s eeamchf lor

'Wt angelia mnltriido. ^ J.A^. .

Griffitlrsla simpllcafidam. A^.

249

SoiTospoxa &rifft0n.siaxLa^_Hajv..

Plate LV.

Fig. 250. GRIFFITHSIA BARBATA.

Colour. A beantifulj clear, rose-red ; very soon given out in fresli water.

Substance. Soft ; gelatinous ; tender ; soon decomposing in the air, and after a few minutes’
immersion in fresh water.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments') ; forming a circle when spread out.

Filaments slender below ; becoming still more so above ; repeatedly forked ; each joint
slightly swollen upwards ; the last few furnished with long, opposite, or surrounding
{wliorled) hair-like, jointed branchletee?^s, on which the tetraspores are borne.

Measurement. From 2 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in globose, stalked capsules; enfolded by
special, slender branchletee/^s {ramelli). 2. Tetraspores^ globose, borne on the hair-
like, jointed branchletee?zs.

Habitat. The coasts of the British Channel. Jersey, &c. On the smaller algas in tide-pools.
Very rare.

Fig. 251. GRIFFITHSIA DEVONIENSIS.

Colour. A beautiful, clear, rose-red ; very soon given out in fresh water.

Substance. Soft ; gelatinous ; tender ; soon decomposing in the air, and after a few minutes’
immersion in fresh water.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments) ; forming a circle when spread
out. Filaments very slender throughout ; repeatedly forked ; the lower angles of
branching {axils) wdde-spread ; the upper narrow ; the lower branches often throwing
out root-like fibres which connect the filaments together below. Partition-lines
{dissepiments) contracted.

Measurement. From 2 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Tetraspores on the inner side of special branchletee?2S,
which surround the partition-lines {dissepiments) of the joints ; always below the last
forkings.

Habitat. South coasts of England. Muddy sea-shores in deep water. Bare.

Fig. 252. GRIFFITHSIA CORALLINA.

Colour. A beautiful, clear, rose-red ; which is very soon given out in fresh water ; fading
very quickly.

Substance. Soft ; gelatinous ; tender ; soon decomposing in the air, and after a few minutes’
immersion in fresh water.

Character of Frond. Tufts of strongly marked, jointed threads {filaments) ; forming a
circular outline when spread out. Filaments more robust even than those of
G. secundifiora ; repeatedly and nearly regularly forked ; the angles of branching
{axils) wide-spread ; divisions more distant below, very close above ; each joint
swollen upwards, pear-shaped ; contracted at the base.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in roundish capsules, enfolded by special, slender
branchlete6?is ; sessile on the sides of the branches. 2. Tetraspores on the inner side
of special branchleteews surrounding the partition-lines {dissepiments) of the joints.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks near low-water mark; generally in deep pools.
Not uncommon.

109

Fig. 253. GRIFFITHSIA SETACEA.

Colour. A bright transparent crimson ; which is given out very soon in fresh water.

Substance. Remarkably crisp and firm when fresh ; soon becoming flabby and soft on exposure.

Character of Frond. Tufts of distinctly marked, jointed threads {filaments), forming a more
or less rounded outline. Filaments as thick as hogs’ bristles ; very straight ;
irregularly forked ; angles of branching {axils) narrow ; lesser branches sometimes
opposite ; occasionally throwing out below a few root-lil?:e fibres, which connect the
filaments together.

Measurement. From 3 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. Minute spores in stalked, mostly double, capsules; surrounded
by enfolding branchletee/is. 2. Tetraspores crowded on the inner sides of special
enfolding branchletee/zs.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks, &c. between tide-marks under the shade of large
algas. Common.

Fig. 254. CALLITHAMNION PLUMULA.

Colour. A beautiful rose-red.

Substance. Delicately soft and tender.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments) very much branched. Stems un-
divided or somewhat forked ; furnished with alternate or irregular slender branches ;
the upper ones longest and most divided ; all the divisions and branches at one level
{distichous) ; every joint bearing a pair of short, horizontal, or back-curved, exactly
opposite branchlets, whose upper margin is clothed with a second set ; these some-
times with a third ; all regularly set like the teeth of small combs {pectinated).

Joints. Visible throughout (when examined through the microscope).

Measurement. From 2 to 5 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large, dark-red, double ; sessile

on the main branches. 2. Minute, globose tetraspores borne on the tips of the
then shortened branchleteews.

Habitat. Our coasts from Orkney to Devon, but in the warmer stations. Dublin, &c. On
rocks, &c. near low-water mark. Not uncommon.

Fig. 255. CALLITHAMNION CRUCIATUM.

Colour. A brownish-red ; soon fading to yellowish.

Substance. Soft and flaccid (limp).

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments) ; branched, but rather sparingly.

Stems irregularly divided into, or furnished with, a number of long, almost simple
branches, which are sometimes re-branched. Each joint throughout, clothed with
one or sometimes two pairs of slender, upright, sometimes simple, oftener re-
branched, branchleteews. These so crowded at the tips that they present a darkened
appearance, like the eye in a peacock’s tail.

Joints. Visible throughout (under the microscope).

Measurement. From 1 to 2 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Tetraspores, dark-red, sessile on the (then) shortened
branchletee?zs.

Habitat. South of England and south and west of Ireland. On mud-covered rocks near low-
water mark. Rare.

110

Tlate IV:

losaiaXa.^ A^.

Gaiiffitlisia- D evcmiensis^ Jfccrv.

2A2.

Ck-iffithsiaL coralliTicL^

254^

Calli-dLaTriTiioii -^hjcrr^AlQ^^ljrig'h.

.CaLllitliaTrxTiioTi OTacisXTjiii , Ag.

0. JeiN/i-tt, lim .

'^^xicent IBiodks Imp

Plate LVI.

Fig. 256. CALLITHAMNION BARBATUM.

Colour, A brownish or full red.

Substance. Membranaceous, and somewhat rigid.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads ; irregularly branched. Stems

rising from creeping fibres bearing opposite, or sometimes alternate, branches. These
long, and either simple or clothed for half their length (and irregularly here and
there) with minute, opposite, spine-like branchletee?is, which die down in winter.

Joints. Visible throughout* ; deeply coloured.

Measurement, From 1 to 2 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Narrow oval tetraspores, sessile on the lowermost
joints of the branchletee?25.

Habitat. Ilfracombe, Penzance, and Weymouth. On mud-covered rocks within tide-marks.
Very rare.

* “ When examined under the microscope," must always be understood in speaking of
these delicate plants.

Fig. 257. CALLITHAMNION BRODI^I.

Colour. A brownish-red.

Substance. Soft generally ; stem elastic.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; jointed ; tufted or single ; much branched.

Stems hogs’-bristly below, becoming finer above ; generally simple ; furnished
throughout with long, alternate, wide-spread branches, the lowermost longest. These
bearing a secondary set, one to each joint, which spring in succession from each side
of the stem {quadrifariously) ; the lowermost always longest ; so that each branch
has a spear-shaped outline. Secondary branches once or twice re-branched in the
same way. Last branchlets somewhat back-curved ; bearing towards their tips
a few secund branchleteews.

Joints. Obscure in the stems, which are somewhat opaque and veiny ; visible in the branches
and branchlets.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute sj9ores in large, roundish, solitary, or double capsules;
sessile on the branchlets. 2. Globose tetraspores^ sessile on the branchleteews.

Habitat. Our coasts gelierally. On algge near low-water mark. Eare.

Fig. 258. CALLITHAMNION BRACHIATUM.

Colour. Brownish-red ; becoming darker in drying.

Substance. Eigid for so delicate a plant.

Character of Frond. Thread-shaped (^Z7/orm) ; jointed ; tufted or single; much branched.

Stem the thickness of a hog’s bristle ; simple, or nearly so ; set with branches which
spring in succession from all sides {qiiadrifariously). Branches often re-branched
in the same way ; last set but one, slender, drawn out ; furnished with short,
alternate tufts of branchlets. Branchlets upright, awl-shaped ; not tapering to
the base, but gradually upwards to a fine point.

Joints. Obscure in the main stems, which are somewhat opaque and veiny ; visible in the last
branches and branchlets.

Measurement. From 1 to IJ inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Minute, oval tetraspores, sessile near the tips of the
branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Parasitic on the larger algas.

Probably only a slender variety of C. tetrayonum.

11

Fig. 259. CALLITHAMNION TETRICUM.

Colour. A dull piirplish-red or brown.

Substance. Rigid and harsh, but very fragile when once dried.

Character of Frond. Thread-shaped {filiform) ; jointed ; tufted or single ; much branched.

Stems short and shaggy ; dividing into several principal branches. Branches several
^ times re-branched ; ropy ; closely furnished throughout with straight, rigid, hair-

like branchlets ; some simple ; some clothed with short, regularly-set, alternate
branchletee?zs.

Joints. Obscure in the stems ; visible in all the branches.

Measurement. From 2 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large oval capsules, generally in pairs,
sessile near the tips of the branchletee?zs. 2. Minute, oval tetraspores, sessile on
little stalks which spring from the branchletee?2S.

Habitat. South of England. South and west of Ireland. On perpendicular sides of rocks,
between tide-marks. Frequent.

Fig. 260. CALLITHAMNION ROSEUM.

Colour. A fine purple-red when young ; when old, brownish ; becoming brighter in fresh water.

Substance. Very soft.

Character of Frond. Tufts of slender-jointed threads {filaments)', excessively and loosely
branched ; often entangled. Stems set throughout with long, wavy, spreading
branches, which are re-branched in a similar way. Secondary set furnished with
branchlets, beautifully and regularly plumed like a feather with branchleteens.

Joints. Visible throughout in young plants ; in older, the stems opaque and full of veins.

Measurement. From 3 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores m clustered capsules, sessile on the branchlets.
2. Oval tetraspores, sessile on the inner side of the branchletee/is.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks and the larger Fuci, near low- water mark. Also
in estuaries and muddy places. Not uncommon.

Fig. 261. CALLITHAMNION TRIPINNATUM.

Colour. A fine crimson.

Substance. Soft and delicate ; closely adhering to paper.

- Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments) ; much branched ; the whole plant
at one level. Stems furnished throughout with irregularly alternate branches.
Branches set throughout with regularly alternate branchlets, beautifully plumed like
feathers. Upper branchletee?25, longish ; lower, short, or altogether wanting ; one,
however, always rising at the base of each branchlet.

Joints. Visible throughout, even under a pocket lens.

Measurement. From 1 to 2 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Oval tetraspores, sessile on the branchletee/is.

Habitat. West of Ireland. On rocks at extreme low-water mark. Very rare.

The solitary branchletee?? rising from the angles of branching (axils) distinguishes this
plant from C. Borreri, which it otherwise much resembles.

7

Plate IVI

CallitliaiiTTiion iaT^Datom. , A^.

CallttliaxaTiioii 2n:odi3ei,i5xTv.

Callith.axnTiioi'i tripiimatxLxii^J._^.

"ViTicexL-t 3roQks Imp.

257.

258

CallitliaTnTiioxi. loxachiatozn ,3aDjL£m.

/

CallitliaTnTiioxL tjetric-am Ag.

260.

CallitlaamTilcJii Toseiim_, Lyngh.

261.

O. Jewitt li€h..

Plate LVII.

Fig. 262. CALLITHAMNION ARBUSCULA.

Colour. Dark clarety-red, or brown.

Substance. Stems gristly ; brancblets very soft.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; jointed ; single or tufted ; excessively
branched ; bushy. Stem thick at base ; often shaggy with fibres ; bare at first ; then
set with irregular, alternate branches. Branches twice or thrice re-branched with
shorter ones, which spring from all sides of the stem {quadrifarious) ; and are all
densely clothed with minute, overlapping branchlets, also quadrifarious. Branchlets
plumed with pointed, spreading or back-curved, simple or forked branchleteews,
springing from each joint.

Joints. Only visible in the branchlets and branchleteews.

Measurement, From 3 to 8 inches long.

Fructification, Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large roundish capsules; sessile, two or
three together on the branchlets. 2. Globose tetraspores, sessile on the inner side of
the last branchlets.

Habitat, Western shores of Scotland and Ireland, abundant. East coast of Scotland, rare.

Filey, plentiful on the north side of the bridge. On rocks and mussel-shells, &c.,
from half-tide level to low-water mark.

Not found on the same stations as C. spongiosum.

Fig. 263. CALLITHAMNION FLOCCOSUM.

Colour. A bright purplish-lake.

Substance, Very soft and flabby.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of hair-like, jointed threads {filaments) much branched at
intervals. Stems very slender ; irregularly divided into several principal branches,
which are again once or twice forked {dichotomous). Branches naked, or furnished
at rather remote intervals with short, many-times-divided (almost tufted), alternate,
lesser branches. Every joint of the whole plant bearing a pair of exactly opposite,
very short, very slender, pointed branchleteews.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement. From 1 to 5 inches long.

Fructification, Only one kind observed. Oval tetraspores borne on the branchletee?2S near
their base.

Habitat. North of Scotland (Orkney, Aberdeen, &c.). On rocks near low-water mark. Very
rare.

The fringing branchleteews of this plant form so distinct a character that it is impossible
to mistake it for any other species.

113

Q

Fig. 264. CALLITHAMNION TETRAGONUM.

Colour. A full or brownish-red, becoming darker in drying ; but occasionally, when young,
brighter ; turning orange in fresh water.

Substance. Rigid ; elastic.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; jointed ; single or tufted ; much branched ;

thicker than hogs’ bristles below ; becoming finer upwards. Set with branches which
spring in succession from all sides of the stem {quadrifarious) ; the lowermost longest ;
several times re-branched in a similar manner ; the last set but one densely clothed
with short, alternate, wide-spread tufts of branchleteews. Branchleteews incurved ;
tapering at base ; suddenly pointed at top ; springing from all sides.

Jomts. Obscure in the stems. Visible in all the branches.

Measurement. From 3 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large, oval, single or double capsules ;

borne on a (then) shortened branchleteew. 2. Tetraspores excessively minute ; sessile
near the tips of the same.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On the larger alg?e near low-water mark. Common.

Fig. 265. CALLITHAMNION SPONGIOSUM.

Colour. A dull reddish-brown ; quite without gloss.

Substance. Soft and flabby ; holding water like a sponge.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; jointed ; single or tufted ; much branched.

Stems shrubby ; branches long ; wavily curved ; spreading in every direction ; thickly
clothed (especially upwards), with one or more secondary, similar sets. These fur-
nished throughout with branchlets ; the branchlets crowded (especially upwards) with
repeatedly forked {dichotomous) branchleteews, which, springing from all sides, give
each division a rounded, bushy character. Angles of branching {axils) wide.

Joints. Obscure in the main stems, which are more or less opaque and veiny. Visible in all
the branches.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in roundish or divided {lobed) capsules;

sessile on the stems of the branchlets. 2. Tetraspores^ solitary ; oval ; sessile in the
angles of branching {axils).

Habitat. Our coasts generally, in the warmer stations. Isle of Man. Scilly Isles. West of
Ireland, &c. On perpendicular rocks near low-water mark ; and on other alg£e. Not
uncommon.

Not found in the same stations as C. arhuscula.

114

Tlate LYU

CalllttiaTiiTLion ax]Diiscri£la-_,-Z/y77^Z?.

Oallitlie-TriTLioTi tetraLgorru-Tn^-^.

O.Jewittlith..

l^Ticsnx 3xo6k>3 imp.

Plate LVIII.

Fig. 266. CALLITHAMNION TUENERI.

Colour. A fine rose-red.

Substance. Soft but firm.

Character of Frond. Dense round tufts of jointed threads {filaments) rising from creeping
fibres ; branched. Stems upright ; simple or slightly branched ; once or twice
plumed like a feather {pinnate).^ with short opposite branchlets (see magnified bit),
very regularly arranged ; the lowermost rather the longest, gradually diminishing
upwards.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement. From an inch to IJ long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in stalked, oval capsules^ borne on the
branchlets enfolded by branchleteews {involucrated). 2. Globose tetraspores^ either
stalked or sessile, clustered or solitary, on the inner sides of the branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Parasitic on several algse between tide-marks. Common.

Fig. 267. CALLITHAMNION PLUMA.

Colour. Crimson.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Dense, very short tufts of jointed threads {filaments) rising from creeping
fibres ; sparingly branched. Stems upright ; simple or slightly branched. Branches
naked below, the upper half plumed like a feather, with short or long, very upright,
close-set branchlets.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement. One-quarter to | an inch high.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Globose tetraspores, stalked or sessile ; clustered or
solitary ; often at the tips of the branchlets.

Habitat. The warm stations on our coasts. Jersey. Miltown Malbay. Bantry Bay, &c.
Parasitic on other algfe ; generally on the stems of Laminaria digitata. Bare.

Fig. 268. CALLITHAMNION HOOKERI.

Colour. A brownish or rosy-red ; the two tints often found on the same specimen.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; jointed ; single or tufted. Stem as thick as
a hog’s bristle ; closely furnished throughout with long, alternate, simple branches,
which again bear a second or third set ; sometimes springing from all sides of the
stem ; all set with very wide-spread branchlets, plumed like feathers ; these re-
branchleted with a second very short horizontal set.

Joints. Distinct only in the lesser branches and the branchlets.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large oval capsules; sessile here and there
on the branches. 2. Globose tetraspores ; sessile along the inner sides of the branch-
lets near the base ; either single or two or three together.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and algae between tide-marks. Not uncommon.

A rather woollj- variety of this variable plant was once considered a separate species ; C. lanosum.

115

Fig. 269. CALLFFHAMNION BYSSOIDEUM.

Colour. A beautiful rose-red.

Substance. Gelatinous ; exceedingly soft and delicate ; rather glossy when dry.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of excessively fine, jointed threads {filaments) very much
branched. Stems very slender, much divided from the base, either into several
principal branches, bearing a great number of lesser ones ; or wholly composed of
almost cobweb-like branches, inextricably entangled together. Branches forming a
lanceolate outline ; clothed with long, slender alternate branchlets, plumed like a
feather, with a second lesser set, and these with branchletee/is ; all alternate.

Joints. Distinct throughout.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large, oval, twice-or-thrice-divided capsules ;

near the ends of the branches. 2. Oval tetraspores ; mostly solitary ; sessile near the
base of the branchletee?2S.

Habitat. Our coasts in several places. Parasitic on other algas ; on Codium tomentosum
especially. Near low-water mark. Not uncommon.

Like C. roseum., but much more cobwebby.

Fig. 270. CALLITHAMNION POLYSPERMUM.

Colour. Dull rose-red, or purplish.

Sul) stance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Dense round tufts of slender, jointed threads ; loosely, very

much branched. Stems irregularly divided ; somewhat naked below ; furnished with
spreading branches above. Branches several times divided ; set with lesser branches ;
the larger ones bearing short, spine-like, alternate branchlets ; some quite simple,
others re-branchleted, forming feather-like plumes ; the plumes long and narrow ; the
upper ones occasionally more compound than those below. Branchlets spreading,
occasionally even turned back.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches in diameter.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large round capsules ; sessile on the branch-
lets. 2. Tetraspores set along the inner sides of the plumes of the branchlets ;
very abundant.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On algce between tide-marks. Common.

Fig. 271. CALLITHAMNION FASCICULATUM.

Colour. A fine purple-red.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Tufts of very slender, jointed threads {filaments) much and bushily
branched. Stems naked at the base, crowded above with long, wavy, very upright
branches ; their upper half closely plumed like a feather with branchlets. Lowermost
branchlets (or plumes) short and simple ; upper, long and spreading ; re-branchleted
once and again near the tips ; producing a blunt outline.

Joints. Obscure in the nearly-opaque main stems. Visible in the branches. Partition-lines
{dissepiments) contracted.

Measurement. Two or 3 inches long.

Fructification. Only one kind observed. Oval tetraspores at the base of the plumes of the
branchlets.

Habitat. Yarmouth, Mr. Borrer.

Surely only a “ sport” of C. Borreri,

116

I

I

I

Hate lYin

"Wtic ent. IBx o dks I'nip ■

0. Jewitt lifh. .

Plate LIX.

Fig. 272. CALLITHAMNION BORRERI.

Colour, A brilliant, deep, or pale rose-red, in different specimens ; giving out its colour in
fresh water.

Substance. Either rigid or very soft, in different specimens.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments) very much branched. Stems nearly
simple ; bare below, or set with only short branches ; above, furnished with long,
spreading, wavy ones ; their upper half clothed with branchlets beautifully plumed
like a feather, with straight, wide-spread, alternate branchletee?2S ; the lowermost
longest. Branchletee/is simple, or re-plumed near their tips : producing a round,
blunted outline.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute in double ; smz'Ze near the tips of the

branchlets. 2. Globose tetraspores; sessile on the inner sides of the branchleteews.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Douglas, Hompton, South coast, &c. On rocks near low-
water mark. Rather rare.

Fig. 273. CALLITHAMNION AFFINE.

Colour. Pink or red.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; jointed ; much branched ; bushy ; single or
tufted. Main stems furnished with very numerous, long, alternate branches,
which are re-branched. Secondary branches long, alternately plumed like a feather with
branchlets. Branchlets (or plumes) once plumed with branchletee77S, which are short
and upright below ; long and crowded upwards.

Joints. Obscure in the stems, which are opaque and veiny. Visible in the branchlets.

Measurement. Two or 3 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large, roundish capsules; generally two
together. Sessile on the stems of the branchlets. 2. Oval tetraspores ; generally
solitary ; sessile on the lowermost cell of the branchleteews.

Habitat, Bute. Once found by Dr. Greville.

Fig. 274. CALLITHAMNION GRACILLIMUM.

Colour. When quite recent, a deep red ; becoming rose-red in fresh water ; giving out its
colour if soaked too long.

Substance. Extremely soft and delicate.

Character of Frond. Tufts of extremely fine, jointed threads {filaments) ; profusely branched.

Stems dividing into numerous long, wavy, irregular main branches. Branches set
throughout their whole length with a second similar set ; these with compound
branchlets ; the upper ones beautifully plumed and re-plumed, with one, two, or
even three sets of gradually diminishing branchletee77S ; the lower shorter, less
regular, and less compound. The whole branching at one level as if cut out
{distichous). Outline of the principal branches broadly egg-shaped, of the upper
branchlets long, narrow, lanceolate, pointed, strongly resembling minute fern-leaves.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement, From 1 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in roundish double ; sessile on the

principal branches. 2. Minute oval tetraspores on the tips of the (then) shortened
branchleteews.

Habitat. South and West of England. (Torquay, Milford Haven, Falmouth, Plymouth.)
On mud-covered perpendicular rocks and piers near low-water mark. Rare.

117

Fig. 275. CALLITHAMNION THUYOIDEUM.

Colour. A fine rose-red.

Substance. Soft arid limp.

Character of Frond. Tufts (or single plants) of very fine, jointed threads {filaments) ; very
much branched. Stems exceedingly slender ; nearly simple below, set above with
alternate branches. These once or twice re-branched. The lesser ones, and some-
times all, clothed with branchlets, which are beautifully plumed and re-plumed with
one, two, or even three sets of gradually-diminishing branchletee/is. The whole
branching at one level, as if cut^ out. Outline of the plumed branches very narrow
oblong.

Joints, Visible throughout.

Measurement. One or 2 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large oval capsules; generally sessile on the
sides (not at the tips) of the branchlets ; very rare. 2. Globose tetraspores borne on
the tips of the (then) shortened branchletee77S.

Habitat. Our coasts occasionally. Yarmouth, Plymouth, &c. On rocks near low-water
mark. Bare.

Fig. 276. CALLITHAMNION COKYMBOSUM.

Colour. A pink or purplish-red.

Substance. Exceedingly soft, limp, and gelatinous ; having a fine gloss when dried.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous)] jointed; excessively branched. Stem hair-
like below ; cobweb-fine above (occasionally much more robust) ; closely set with
long, alternate branches. Branches partly divided in a forked manner ; partly
alternate ; re-branched in a similar way. The last series clothed with very com-
pound, alternate branchlets. Branchlets zigzag ; set at every joint with cobweb-fine,
repeatedly-forked branchletee77S, of nearly uniform length ; each tip, therefore, forming
a roundish outline, something like those of C. spongiosum ; but not so bushy.

Joints. Visible throughout ; even in the stems.

Measuremeiit. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large, double capsules ; sessile in the angles
of branching {axils). 2. Minute, round tetraspores, a single one sessile on one side of
the forked branchleteews, immediately below the point where they fork.

Habitat. South and West of England. West of Scotland. Isle of Man. Ireland generally.
On rocks, algae, and Zostera marina near low-water mark. Not uncommon.

Fig. 277. CALLITHAMNION FLOKIDULUM.

Colour. A purplish-pink.

Substance. Soft and almost spongy.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of fine, jointed threads {filaments), forming a roundish
cushion on the rocks. Filaments equally slender throughout ; once or twice forked ;
furnished with a few long, simple or forked, very upright branches ; the upper ones
sometimes clothed near the top with a few secund or alternate, upright branchlets
(the lowermost longest), on which the tetraspores are borne.

Joints. Visible throughout under the microscope, or even through a pocket lens, having a
peculiar shimmery appearance, from the silvery whiteness of the cell-membrane.

Measurement. About an inch high.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Minute, oval tetraspores, borne on very short, upright
branchlets (or stalks), ranged in a secund manner along the upper branches.

Habitat. West of Ireland. Orkney. Land’s End. Scilly. Isle of Man. On sand-covered
rocks near low-water mark. Not uncommon.

118

P'ia-te LIX.

Callitlia-TiiTiioTi coi

rrympic

CaXlitliaLTTiTiioii floridTikiTri^-X.^.

0 lith .

lAiTicent 'Brob'ks Itap.

Plate LX.

Fig. 278. CALLITHAMNION ROTHII.

Colour. Deep red or purple.

Substance. Soft and velvety.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of very short, fine, jointed threads {filaments) ; forming
velvety patches on rocks. Filaments very slender ; of one thickness throughout,
slightly forked, irregularly branched. Branches very upright, rod-like ; the upper
ones sometimes set with a few secund simple or branched branchlets, on some of
which the tetraspores are borne. Tips pointed.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement. From J to 1 inch high.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Small round tetraspores^ often clustered together, borne
on the (then) shortened end-branchlets.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Spreadingover the surface of rocks at half-tide level. Common.

Fig. 279. CALLITHAMNION MESOCAEPUM.

Colour. Purplish-red.

Substance. Soft, velvety.

Character of Frond. Tufts of minute, jointed threads forming a broad, shaggy,

purple crust on the rock. Filaments rising from creeping fibres, upright, simple or
sparingly branched. Branches alternate, very upright ; naked, or bearing a few little
upright, often secund branchlets, on some of which the tetraspores are borne.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement. One-fourth or ^ of an inch high.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Oval tetraspores borne on the (then) shortened branch-
lets ; often two on a branchlet.

Habitat. Appin.^ On rocks at low-water mark.

Fig. 280. CALLITHAMNION SPAESUM.

Colour. Purplish-red.

Substance. Soft, velvety.

Character of Frond. Very minute, scattered tufts of fine, jointed threads {filaments). ^ Fila-
ments nearly simple, upright, slightly branched upw^ards. Branches spreading ; of
unequal lengths, alternate or secund; the tips blunt.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement. Scarcely -Jg- of an inch high.

Fructification, Only one kind known. Bluntly oval tetraspores ; sessile generally in the angles
of branching {axils).

Habitat. Appin. Miltown Malbay. On old stems of Laminaria saccharina, and on Cladophora
rupestris.

Very little observed, owing to its minuteness ; but not uncommon.

119

Fig. 281. CALLITHAMNION DAVIESII.

Colour. Rose-red.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Very minute tufts of fine, jointed threads {filaments). Filaments very
much branched. Branches spreading ; curved ; of unequal lengths ; scattered ;
bearing little clusters of branchlets at their angles of branching (air27s) ; the rest of
the stems bare.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement. One-quarter of an inch, or thereabouts, high.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Minute, oval, stalked, tetraspores borne on the shortest
of the clustered branchlets ; single or clustered.

Habitat. Our coasts generally, but preferring warm stations. Parasitic on Ceramium rubrum
and other algae ; in pools between tide-marks. Not uncommon.

Fig. 282. CALLITHAMNION VIEGATULUM.

Colour. Rose-red.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Very minute tufts of fine, jointed threads {filaments). Filaments once or
twice divided ; very upright ; set with secund, rod-like branches ; bearing at each
joint a short, blunt, bud-like branchlet ; several on one side in succession.

Joints. Visible throughout.

Measurement. One-quarter of an inch, or thereabouts, high.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Minute, oval tetraspores borne on the bud-like branch-
lets, or in their place at the joints.

Habitat, Our coasts generally. On Ceramium rubrum and other algae, between tide-marks.
Not uncommon.

Fig. 283. CALLITHAMNION PEDICELLATUM.

Colour. A fine red ; easily given out in fresh water.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Longish tufts of jointed threads {filaments) much branched. Filaments
as thick as horse-hair, loosely and irregularly divided. Branches furnished with
short, alternate clusters of branchlets ; sometimes one to each join, talmost ; more or
less forked and spreading ; their tips very obtuse.

Joints. Visible throughout, and very pellucid.

Measurement. From 2 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Of two kinds. 1. Minute spores in large oval capsules., single or in pairs;

sessile on the stems. 2. Oval or pear-shaped, very dark tetraspores, or little colourless
stalks rising from the angles of branching {axils).

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks and wood-work near low-water mark. Frequent.

Now Gorynospora pcdicellata.

120

■Pla.te LX

Z80.

CaJlitXLa.m.Tiloii spaxs-um^ Holtv.

281.

-aJlitlieLTri'rLLca'i Pso/iesdi^ Zyn^l).

282.

283

CalXtPia-mTLicxL -virgaXixlTLTri^ ffarv.

CallltLiaTiiTiioii pedac^aXoiii^X^.

G. Jevatt-litii .

"VixicexL-t Brooks Imp

Plate LXI.

Fig. 284. CODIUM BUESA.

Colour. Dark green.

Substance. Stiffly and densely spongy.

Character of Frond. An irregularly round lump ; composed of interwoven threads {filaments)^
densely matted together ; hollow when old ; several, of different ages and sizes,
growing together in groups.

Measurement. From' 1 to 8 inches in diameter.

Fructification. Little egg-shaped sacs {sporangia)^ containing a dark-green substance, which
changes at maturity into seeds {zoospores ; so called from having at one period a
motion as if endowed with animal life) ; attached to the outer threads {filaments') of
which the frond is composed.

Habitat. South coast of England. Jersey. Cornwall. Torquay. Not uncommon at Brighton.
Very rare generally.

Fig. 285. CODIUM TOMENTOSUM.

Colour. Dark green.

Substance. Soft ; densely spongy.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical, or somewhat compressed, smooth stem and branches, often
thicker than a swan’s quill throughout ; more or less repeatedly but irregularly
forked ; sometimes beset with short side-branches.

Measurement. From 3 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Little egg-shaped sacs {sporangia)^ containing a dark-green substance, which
changes at maturity into minute seeds {zoospores; so called from having at one
period a motion as if endowed with animal life) ; attached to the outer threads
{filaments) of which the frond is composed.

Habitat. South and west coasts of Great Britain chiefly. Devonshire. Scilly. Miltown
Malhay, &c.

Some specimens of this plant are much oftener divided and re-hranched than others, and
form a circle when laid out. For other Codiims, see next Plate.

121 ^

Fig. 286. BRYOPSIS PLUMOSA.

Colour. A fine, deep, glossy green ; stems especially glistening when dried and partly emptied
of colouring matter.

Substance. Membranaceous, but firm ; slippery.

Character of Frond. Thread -shaped {filiform) ; uninterruptedly tubular throughout ; filled
with green colouring matter ; much branched. Stems sometimes undivided, and set
with numerous close branches ; sometimes irregularly forked. Branches naked below ;
above, closely plumed like a feather, with short, slender, nearly opposite branchlets ;
these sometimes re-branchleted with a smaller set (branchletee^zs) ; the lower branch-
lets longest ; upper, short ; producing a lanceolate outline of branch. The whole at
one level, or rarely otherwise.

Measurement. From 1 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores ; so called from having at one period a motion as if
endowed with animal life) ; formed in the colouring matter of the frond.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks near low-water mark. Not uncommon.

Dr. Harvey describes it as “ a plant whose branches resemble beautiful, glossy, bright-
green feathers.” It is well grown in Filey Bay on a flat ledge of rocks leading to “ The
Spittals,” only uncovered at very low tides. In an Aquarium it sometimes degenerates into
a very ugly, unplumose variety ; the B. Lamorovxii of some authors.

Fig. 287. BRYOPSIS HYPNOIDES.

Colour. A fine yellowish green ; stems especially glistening when dried and partly emptied
of colouring matter.

Substance. Membranaceous, but firm ; slippery.

Character of Frond. Thread-shaped (filiform) ; uninterruptedly tubular throughout ; filled
with green colouring matter very much branched. Stems undivided or irregularly
forked ; furnished with long, alternate, re-branched or irregularly-divided branches ;
the lesser ones set with long, slender branchlets ; more or less crowded with hranch-
\o,ieens towards their tips. Branchletee?7S springing from all sides.

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores ; so called from having at one period a motion as if
endowed with animal life) ; formed in the colouring matter of the frond.

Habitat. The warmer stations of our coasts. South of England. West of Ireland, &c. On
rocks and the large algae, especially Laminaria saccharma, at extreme low-water mark
and beyond. Bare generally.

A slenderer, lighter coloured, and more compoundly-brancbed plant than B.plrmosa ; but
intermediate specimens occur.

Vi

122

Plate LH.

284*

285.

GocLinTTi Pursa, A^.

Go dltLiTL O oxn onto s LL'rn . S tcwh.

O.Jewltt lith.

tixLcen-t Srodks imp.

Plate LXII.

Fig. 288. CODIUM ADHERENS.

Colour. Dark green.

Substance. Gelatinous ; densely spongy.

Character of Frond. A velvety crust, spreading over the surface of rocks in irregular patches.
Measurem.ent. Patches, 2 or more feet in extent.

Fructification. Not observed, hut no doubt the same as in other species of Codimn (refer under
Figs. 284 and 285).

Habitat. Torquay. Land’s End. Gorran Haven. Falmouth. Co. Antrim, &c. On rocks
near low- water mark. Very rare.

Fig. 289. CODIUM AMPHIBIUM.

Colour. A grassy green.

Substance. Soft ; densely spongy.

Character of Frond. Minute ; upright ; cylindrical ; round-topped ; rising in great numbers
from a spreading base of entangled threads {filaments) ; usually simple ; rarely
branched.

Measurement. From J of an inch to 1 inch high ; the patches spreading indefinitely.

Fructification. Not observed, but no doubt the same as in other species of Codium (refer under
Figs. 284 and 285).

Habitat. Roundstone, and at the head of Birtirbui Bay, Galway. On turf-banks at high-
water mark ; washed over by the tides, but exposed to rain and air at other times.

■ Fig. 290. VAUCHERIA MARINA.

Colour. Bright green ; becoming rather brownish when old ; somewhat glossy when dry.

Substance. Exceedingly soft and limp.

Character of Frond. Fine tufts of hair-like threads {filaments). Filaments not jointed ;

tubular throughout ; filled with green colouring matter {endochrome), which often
runs partially out ; irregularly branched ; occasionally forked. Branches few, long,
upright, blunt.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Small, stalked, pear-shaped sacs {sporangia)., containing a dark-green mass,
wLich changes at maturity into minute seeds {zoospores ; so called from having at one
period a motion as if endowed with animal life) ; borne on the branches.

Habitat. Torbay. Salcombe. Appin, &c. On algae and mud between tide-marks.

This little plant grows profusely, even to a troublesome extent, in aquariums, fruiting
regularly in the summer.

123

Fig. 291. VAUCHERIA SUBMARINA.

Colour. A bright green.

Substance. Exceedingly soft and limp.

Character of Frond. Fine tufts of hair-like threads {filaments'). Filaments not jointed ;

tubular throughout ; filled with green colouring matter, which often runs partially
out ; repeatedly forked {dichotomous).

Measurement. Two or 3 inches long.

Fructification. Small, egg-shaped, or lanceolate {sporangia).) containing a dark-green mass,
which changes at maturity into minute seeds {zoospores; so called from having at
one period a motion as if endowed with animal life).

Habitat. Weymouth. On the muddy sea-shore. Fare.

Fig. 292. VAUCHERIA VELUTINA.

Colour. A deeper green than the preceding.

Substance. Densely spongy.

Character of Frond. A mass of tough threads {filaments) ; forming a velvety carpeting on
mud. Filaments creeping ; not jointed ; tubular throughout ; filled with green
colouring matter {endochrome)) which often runs partially out ; sending up short,
upright, simple or forked branchlets, cut to one height, like the pile of clipped velvet.

Measurement. The mass of green coating indefinite. Branchlets J of an inch high.

Fructification. Small, stalked, globose sacs {sporangia)^ containing a dark-green mass, which,
at maturity, is transformed into minute seeds {zoospores ; so called from having at
one period a motion as if endowed with animal life).

Habitat. Appin. Miltown Malbay. And on most muddy sea-shores.

Fig. 293. CLADOPHORA BROWNII.

Colour. Black-green when growing, but when the water is pressed out, and the plant held to
the light, a beautiful yellow -green.

Substance. Very rigid ; spongy.

Character of Frond. Exceedingly dense, cushion-like tufts of jointed threads {filaments) rising
from a mass of creeping fibres. Filaments elastic ; upright ; furnished with a few
long, nearly simple, secund branches ; so matted together that it is difficult to
separate a single thread.

Joints. Four or five times longer than broad ; the lower ones thickened upwards.

Measurement. From J an inch to 1 inch high.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores ; so called from having at one period a motion as if
endowed with animal life) ; formed of the colouring matter in the joints ; and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Cornwall. North of Ireland. Wicklow. On rocks exposed to the dripping of fresh
water, and the occasional overflow of the sea.

A plant belonging as much to the land as the sea.

124

Plale LUL

0. J^ittHth,.

Yinceirt JBxooks Imp.

288.

289.

VaaLclieTaa Tnarina

,ljnjqlD.

292

Vanctie-Tia siidTriaTrria^-S’er?!:,

Ya\ioh-eria i7eh.i.tina^-4^.

I

293.

aTTxphibi-iim^ Moores.

Plate LXIII.

Fig. 294. CLADOPHOEA PELLUCIDA.

Colour. A fine, glossy, transparent green ; fading in the herbarium.

Sulstance. Eigid ; wiry ; adhering very imperfectly to paper.

Character of Frond. Thread-like (^filamentous) ; jointed ; solitary or slightly tufted ; distantly,
much branched. Stems as thick as a hog’s bristle ; undivided at first ; then forked
(^dichotomous), or three- (or even four-) armed (trichotomous) ; and, more or less, regu-
larly continuing this character throughout. Upper branches furnished with branch-
lets of the same three-armed growth ; or occasionally tufted. Branches re-branchleted.

Joints. From three-quarters of an inch to an inch long below ; shorter upwards ; branches
springing from all the partition -lines {dissepiments) ; filled with green colouring
matter {endochrome).

Measurement. From 4 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds (zoospores^; so called from having at one period a motion as if
endowed with animal life) ; formed of the colouring matter in the joints ; and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. In deep rock-pools near low-water mark. Not very common.

* This explanation of the word zoospores need not, surely, be continued longer.
C. pellucida is, from its extremely long joints and three-armed branching, a quite clearly
marked British species.

Fig. 295. CLADOPHOEA EECTANGULAEIS.

Colour. A full green ; fading in the herbarium.

Substance. Eigid ; bristling ; adhering very imperfectly to paper.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; jointed ; several growing near together and
entangled in intricate bundles ; distantly, much branched. Filaments as thick as
hogs’ bristles throughout ; set with long, wavy, wide-spread, exactly opposite
branches ; or, occasionally, irregularly divided. Branches rebranched in the same
way ; more or less furnished with very short, exactly opposite, horizontal branches,
which are sometimes simple ; sometimes re-branchleted with a second similar set.

Joints. Twice or thrice as long as broad throughout ; filled with green colouring matter
{endochrome).

Measurement. From 8 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints ; and
in due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Abundant in Eoundstone Bay. Arran. Torquay. Thrown ashore. Very rare
generally.

Another most clearly marked species ; but, unluckily, extremely rare. The tiny, exactly
opposite hranchlets, are found on no other British Cladophora.

125

Fig. 296. CLADOPHORA MACALLANA.

Colour. A rich grass-geeen ; fading in the herbarium.

Substance. Eigid ; bristling ; adhering yery imperfectly to paper.

Character of Frond. Thread-like (^filamentous) ; jointed ; several growing near together and
entangled in intricate bundles ; excessively branched. Filaments as thick as hogs’
bristles throughout ; irregularly set with long, very wavy, alternate or rarely oppo-
site branches. Branches re-branched in the same way ; more or less clothed with
short, back-curved, very wide-spread branchlets, w’hich are either simple, or set on
one side like a comb (^pectinated) with a second set. Tips obtuse.

Joints. Twice or thrice as long as broad throughout ; filled with rather dense-green colouring
matter (^endochrome).

Measurement. From 6 to 20 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds (^zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints ; and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. West of Ireland. Eoundstone Bay, &c. On the sandy bottom of the sea, in from
four to ten fathoms’ water. Obtained by dredging, or thrown ashore.

Like C. rectangularis in general appearance ; from which, however, its pectinated, instead
of opposite branchlets completely distinguish it.

Fig. 297. CLADOPHORA HUTCHINSI.^.

Colour. Bluish green, with changeable tints when fresh ; fading in the herbarium.

Substance. Eigid ; crisp ; bristling ; but more or less adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Loose tufts of jointed threads {filaments) very much branched. Filaments
as thick as hogs’ bristles throughout ; wavy ; several times irregularly divided and
branched. Branches distant ; spreading ; more or less furnished with short, slightly
curved branchlets having a few secund^ one-jointed branchleteews along their inner
face. Tips very obtuse.

Joints. About twice as long as broad throughout ; the partition-lines {dissepiments) contracted ;
filled with green colouring matter {endochrome).

Measurement. From 6 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Bantry Bay. Isle of Man, and a few stations on our coasts.

126

Plate LXril.

294.

Clad-oplioTa pellacida ^ Kutx.

295.

Cladoplaox-a xectangoleads ^ Griff.

Cladoplioxa Macallaata .^oay.

CladopKoxa HTildhlTisiae ^iferv,

297.

0. Jewittliiii,

'VirLoeaa-t Bxooks Brxp.

I

Plate LXIV.

Fig. 298. CLADOPHORA DIFFUSA.

Colour. A dark or full green.

Substance. Generally, rigid and bristling when fresh ; occasionally soft. Imperfectly adhering
to paper.

Character of Frond. Loose tufts of jointed threads (^filaments) ; much branched. Filaments
as thick as horse-hair ; very waving ; distantly set with long, irregularly sub-divided,
occasionally forked branches. Branches furnished towards the top with a few secund,
simple branchlets.

Joints. Three or four times longer than broad ; nearly uniform throughout ; filled with dark-
green colouring matter {endochrome) ; the partition-lines (dissepiments') contracted.

Measurement. From 6 to 10 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds (zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints ; and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks and stones between tide-marks. Not uncommon.

So closely allied to the preceding that it is sometimes impossible to pronounce to which
species a specimen should he referred. But those with thicker filaments, more numerous
branchlets, and obtuse tips, may be considered as G. Hutchinsice.

Fig. 299. CLADOPHORA RUPESTRIS.

Colour. A rich dark green ; finest in the deepest water 5 fading, after a time, in the herbarium.

Substance. Eigid ; imperfectly adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Thick tufts of jointed threads (filaments) very much branched. Fila-
ments slender, straight, bushy ; set with very upright, rod-like, crowded branches,
sometimes re-branched. Branches densely clothed with equally upright, opposite or
tufted, rod-like branchlets, which are again re-branchleted ; tips pointed. Angles of
branching (axils) so narrow that the branches lie almost close against the stems
whence they spring.

Joints. Three or four times longer than broad ; filled with dark-green colouring matter
(endochrome) ; in drying, the alternate ones often shrink considerably.

Measurement. From 3 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds (zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints ; and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks between tide-marks, and beyond. Very common.

This is another Cladophora with decided characters. No one can well mistake it for
another species, if the commonest attention he paid to the descriptions given of its growth.

127

Fig. 300. CLADOPHORA L^TEVIRENS.

Colour. A pale transparent yellow-green ; greyish and without gloss when dry.

Substance. Soft ; more or less adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments)^ very much branched ; bushy.

Filaments scarcely as thick as horse-hair ; closely set with numerous, straight, but
spreading, opposite, or irregularly-set branches, which are repeatedly re-branched.
Branches often crowded with re-branched branchlets ; the last set of which are
secund and spreading ; tips blunt.

Joints. Those of the principal branches long ; of the branchlets about twice as long as broad ;
filled with light-green colouring matter {endochrome').

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints ; and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. in tide-pools. Very common.

In habit of growth very like C. glomerata^ which is common in fresh -water streams, and
sometimes grows to a greater length than the marine plant. They are supposed by botanists
to he the same species under different circumstances of existence.

Fig. 301. CLADOPHORA FLEXUOSA.

Colour. A rather dull green ; often half-opaque.

Substance. Somewhat rigid and harsh to the touch, but more or less adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Loose tufts of jointed threads {filaments)^ very much branched. Fila-
ments very wavy, or angularly bent ; clothed more or less closely throughout, with
wavy branches of very unequal lengths, alternately or irregularly set. Branches
several times divided and re-branched ; the last divisions long, spreading, curved,
set with delicately slender branchlets, arranged secw?ic?-wise, like the teeth of a
comb, first on one side, then on the other, of the stems ; their tips very fine.

Joints. Those of the branches three or four times as long as broad ; those of the branchlets
twice ; filled with green colouring matter {endochrome).

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in

due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Yarmouth. Torquay. Ballycastle. Clontarf, &c. In rock-pools between tide-
marks, and in salt-water ditches near Yarmouth. Not uncommon.

In specimens from Clontarf the extreme slenderness of the secund branchlets forms quite
a mark of distinction.

128

Plate LXiy

0. Jev^dtt lith. .BrooT^s Imp

Plate LXV.

Fig. 302. CLADOPHOKA GRACILIS.

Colo2ir, Bright yellow-green.

Substance. Soft ; silky ; but adhering imperfectly to paper ; fading in the herbarium, but
retaining its gloss.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments)^ very much branched. Fila-
ments long, slender ; the main ones entangled together, into something of a general
stem, from wdiich spring very numerous, long, wavy, angularly-twisted branches,
plentifully clothed with branchlets ; which are much divided and branched ; almost
tufted ; the last set long, slender, secund^ in rows like the teeth of a comb.

Joints. From three to five times longer than broad, filled with light-green colouring matter
{endochrome).

Measurement. From 6 to 12 inches long.

Fmctification. Minute seeds {zoos'pores') formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On Zostera and the larger algse in from four to six fathoms’
water. Not uncommon.

More luxuriant, more glossy, and more branching than C. flexuosa. Less silky, less
slender, and less soft than C. Rudolphiana.

Fig. 303. CLADOPHORA BALLIANA.

Colour. Grass-green.

Substance. Soft and tender ; almost gelatinous, closely adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Fine tufts of jointed threads {filaments')^ very much branched. Filaments
extremely slender ; set with long, upright, irregularly alternate branches. Branches
excessively divided ; the last set upright, rod-like ; clothed with remarkably slender,
secundj one- or two-jointed branchlets. Tips pointed.

Joints. Those of the branches eight or ten times longer than broad ; of the branchlets six or
eight times ; filled with remarkably dense green colouring matter {endochrome).
Partition-lines {dissepiments) broad and transparent.

Measurement. From 6 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat, Clontarf. Miss Ball.

From the enormous length of the joints like no other British Cladoplwra but C. Rudol
phiana, from which a quite different character of branching separates it.

129

Fig. 304. CLADOPHOEA RUDOLPHIANA.

Colour. Bright yellow-green.

Substance. Extremely soft and silky ; almost gelatinous ; adhering closely to paper.

Character of Frond. Long tnfts of jointed threads (flametits), very much branched. Fila-
ments exceedingly slender, inextricably entangled. Branches three-forked (triclio-
tomous) or irregular ; repeatedly branched ; plentifully clothed with branchlets which
are much divided and branched, almost tufted ; the last set very long and finely
drawn out ; secund, or partly alternate. Tips very fine.

Joints. Those of the main filaments many times as long as broad, here and there swollen. Of
the branchlets from six to ten times. The colouring matter in them apt to take a
spiral form.

Measurement. From 6 to 20 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. A few stations on our coasts. In Eoundstone Bay plentiful. Connemara. Fal-
mouth. On algse and Zostera in from two to six fathoms’ water. Very local,
therefore rare.

Ecsembling C. gracilis in the great length of the branchlets, but much slenderer and
softer. In general appearance and the length of the joints like C. Balliana, but much more
profusely branched, and differently. Not unlike C.alhida either; but from this the great
length of the joints keeps it as clear as one Cladojjhora can be kept from another. But this is
a genus abounding in intermediate forms, and, at present, in doubtful distinctions ! Perhaps
le bon temps vicndra when these difl&culties will be cleared up.

Fig. 305. CLADOPHOEA EEFEACTA.

Colour. Bright green, sometimes yellowish.

Substance. Bather rigid ; bristling ; imperfectly adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Tufts of jointed threads {filaments), very much branched. Filaments
long ; slender ; the stems somewhat woven together and ropy. Secondary branches
■ free ; spreading on all sides and much divided ; densely clothed with short, spreading
or back-curved, opposite or alternate branchlets ; which are furnished on the inside
with a second set arranged like the teeth of a comb {pectinated).

Joints. Twice or thrice as long as broad throughout.

Measurement. Three or 4 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospoi^es) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. In rocky pools left by the tide. Not uncommon.

Nearly allied to C. alhida, but with coarser and far more rigid filaments ; also its last
branchlets shorter and more wide-spread (often strongly bent back) ; and the whole plant by
no means spongy.

180

Plate LXV.

302

Cl a dopli or a gracill s ^ Griff.

301.

3o:

CladopHora Palli aTia , ilxrv.

305.

Cladoph-ora

Cla idopliox a r efr acta^ Jfltz .

0, Jewiit-ttli. ,

'^Ticen.t Brooks Imp.

Plate LXVI.

Fig. 306. CLADOPHORA REPENS.

Colour. Dark green.

Substance. Rigid ; spongy.

Character of Frond. Short, dense, cushion-shaped, or globular tufts of jointed threads
{filaments). Filaments slender ; closely matted together ; rising from root-like
fibres ; slightly branched. Branches simple or forked ; upright or oddly bent ; bare,
or clothed with a few distant, secund branchlets.

Joints. From ten to twenty times their width ; cylindrical throughout ; i. e. not swollen
upwards like those of C. Brownii; filled with green colouring matter {endochrome).

Measurement. Tufts an inch or 2 in diameter. Filaments scarcely J an inch high.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Jersey. Once picked up there after a gale.

Fig. 307. CLADOPHORA NUDA.

Colour. Dark green ; or olive when dry.

Substance. Somewhat rigid.

Character of Frond. Loose tufts of jointed threads {filaments)., sparingly branched. Filaments
slender ; very straight ; here and there forked {dichotomous). Branches set with a
few scattered, very upright, rod-like, close-lying branchlets ; the angles of branching
{axils) being very narrow. Uppermost branchlets often opposite and long, so that
the tips of the branches appear three-forked (not expressed in the plate).

Joints., Six or eight times longer than broad ; filled with green colouring matter {endochrome).

Measurement. Two or 3 inches high.

Fructification. Minute seeds (zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat, Portstewart. On basalt rocks in the sea. Unknown elsewhere, and only once seen
there.

Fig. 308. CLADOPHORA LANOSA.

Colour. Yellow-green ; fading pale, and quite without gloss when dry.

Substance. Soft ; spongy.

Character of Frond. Short, dense, globular tufts of jointed threads {filaments) ; sparingly
branched, forming a circle when laid out. Filaments hair-like ; woolly ; matted
together ; throwing out fibres from the lower joints. Branches straight, rod-like,
alternate or rarely opposite ; set with a few alternate or secund branchlets. Angles
of branching {axils) very narrow.

Joints. The lower ones twice, the upper six times as long as broad ; filled with pale green
colouring matter {endochrome).

Measurement. An inch high.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our coasts generally, but prefers the north. Parasitic on various alga; ; often on
Polyides rotiindus ; occasionally on rocks. Common,

131

Fig. 309. CLADOPHORA UNCIALIS.

Colour. Yellowish -green ; but more grassy than the preceding, and not fading so pale when
dry ; the tips occasionally bright.

Substance. Soft and spongy.

Character of Frond. Short, dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments), sparingly branched.

Filaments hair-like ; woolly ; wavy ; the older ones inextricably matted together, but
in several thick subdivisions throwing out fibres. Branches irregular ; set with a
few distant, secund, long, spreading or incurved branchlets.

Joints. From two to four times longer than broad ; filled with green colouring matter
{endoclirome).

Measurement. An inch high.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks near low-water mark. Common.

Fig. 310. CLADOPHORA ARCTA.

Colour. A brilliant, glossy, grass-green when young ; olive and dull when old ; at a certain
age” olive and dull below ; glistening at the tips, which being in fact the youngest
shoots of the plant, change last.

Substance. Soft, and retaining water at all times ; coarse and very spongy when old.

Character of Frond. Broad, star-like tufts of jointed threads {filaments) rising from a wide
disc of matted fibres. Filaments as thick as horse-hair ; spreading in a circle ; much
branched. When young, clothed with straight, crowded, very upright, alternate or
opposite branches ; bearing branchlets of the same character, but often secund
branchlets. When old, matted into rope-like bundles below, by root-like fibres from
the joints ; the upper branchlets only free.

Joints. .Extremely variable in length ; the lower, however, generally only once or twice as
long as broad, the upper many times longer ; filled with green colouring matter
{endochrome).

Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches high.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks from half-tide level to low-water mark. Common.

Fig. 311. CLADOPHORA GLAUCESCENS.

Colour. A bright but scarcely grass-green ; varying, however, in different specimens.

Substance. Soft and rather silky ; having a speckled, shimmering look when dry, and seen
through a pocket lens.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments), excessively branched. Fila-
ments very wavy ; hair-like (but not so slender as those of C. refracta), furnished
with straight, erect, alternate branches, several times re-branched ; the lesser ones
closely set with very upright, long, finely drawn out, alternate or secund branchlets.

Joints. About three times as long as broad ; nearly uniform throughout ; filled with green
colouring matter {endochrome).

Measurement. Two or 3 inches long, generally ; but occasionally up to 6.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and stones between tide-marks. Common.

132

PUte L.XVI.

CladoplioTa lano sa. ^ Jiiitz .

Clad-opliora ancialis^ Harv.

CladoipliOTa Tepens^ J.Ag.

306.

CladopdioTa arcta.^ Mi±z.

308,

309.

0. Jewiti

"ViTLcerri:, Sx-ooks Ixrip

Plate LXVII.

Fig. 312. CLADOPHOEA MAGDALEN.^.

Colour. A dark, dingy green.

Substance, Somewhat rigid ; not adhering to paper in drying.

Character of Frond, Short, hair-like ; jointed threads {filaments) matted together ; entangled
among the bases of other algae. Filaments hent, straggling, almost distorted,
irregularly forked ; with very wide angles of branching (axils). Branches curved ;
wide-spread ; set with a few forked or secund branchlets, which are quite as thick as
the stems whence they spring.

Joints. Three or four times longer than hroad ; filled with very dense, dark-green colouring
matter (endoclirome) ; the partition-lines (dissepiments) very narrow ; not contracted.

Measurement. One inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds (zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Jersey. One specimen.

Fig. 313. CLADOPHOEA GATTY..®.

Colour. A dull, dirty olive-green.

Substance. Bather rigid ; not adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Short jointed threads (filaments) densely matted together in ropy tufts.

Filaments coarsely hair-like ; irregularly branched ; somewhat forked ; set with a
few simple, wide-spread branchlets. Angles of branching (axils) rounded.

Joints. About once and a half as long as broad ; very uniform throughout ; filled with dull
green or olive colouring matter (endoclirome). Partition-lines (dissepiments) very
narrow ; contracted.

Measurement. One inch long.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Uncertain between Hastings and Filey. One specimen.

Fig. 314. CLADOPHOEA FLAVESCENS.

Colour. Pale yellow ; glossy when dry.

Substance. Soft ; silky ; not adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Very slender jointed threads (filaments) growing in long, entangled tufts
in pools and ditches, where it rises at last to the surface, forming a floating fleece
intermixed with large air-bubbles. Filaments sparingly branched in a partly forked,
partly alternate manner. Branches long, upright, wide-spread ; set with scattered,
alternate, or secund branchlets.

Joints. Eight or nine times longer than broad ; filled with light yellow colouring matter
(endochrome)^ never very dense. Partition-lines (dissepiments) contracted.

Measurement. Indefinite.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. In pools and ditches of brackish or fresh water. In a fountain-pond in the Mont-
pelier Gardens, Harrowgate. Not uncommon.

133

Fig. 315. CLADOPHORA FRACTA.

Colour. A dullish green ; more or less light or dark.

Substance. Eigid ; not adhering to paper.

Character of Frond. Coarse jointed threads (filaments) growing in long entangled tuftsin
pools and ditches, where it rises at last to the surface, forming a floating fleece.
Filaments distantly branched ; the lesser branches somewhat forked, and spreading
with very wide angles of branching (axils). Branchlets few, alternate, or often
secund.

Joints. Very irregular in length. From three to six times as long as broad ; different
lengths intermixed ; filled with dense, full-green colouring matter, which, under the
microscope, is evidently formed into little grains (granides).

Measurement. Indefinite.

Fructification. As before, except that here and there, when well developed, the zoospores fill
the joints entirely, so that these become in fact a string of fruit-cells (sporangia).
This is usually observed about the middle of the frond.

Habitat. In pools and salt-water ditches as well as in inland lakes.

Fig. 316. RHIZOCLONIUM RIPARIUM.

Colour. Light, bright yellow-green (sometimes darker) ; fading very dull in the herbarium.

Substance. Soft and delicately woolly ; a peculiarity it retains in the herbarium.

Character of Frond. Long, slender, jointed threads {filaments)\fmg flat on the sides of rocks,
clothing them with a fine close fleece. Filaments entangled ; here and there
angularly bent, and sending out from the angles short, horizontal, thorn-like,
jointed fibres, which rarely lengthen into true branchlets containing colouring
matter (endochrome).

Joints. From two to four times longer than broad.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. As before, in the genus Cladophora.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. (Filey.) On broad faces of sandy’ rocks near high-water
mark. Not uncommon.

Fig. 317. CONFERVA ARENICOLA.

Colour. Pale yellow-green.

Substance. Soft ; delicate.

Character of Frond. Extremely fine, jointed threads {filaments) matted together ; creeping ;

forming a thin fleecy web on the ground. Filaments as slender as human hair
throughout ; crisped ; wavy ; unbranched.

Joints. Once and a half as long as broad, when old enough to be observed ; filled with green
colouring matter {endochrome)., which at last contracts into a dark mass in the centre,
leaving the rest of the cell pellucid. When young, the threads appear a uniform
colour throughout, varied only by a few scattered dots.

Measureme7it. Indefinite.

Fructification. As before in the genus Cladophora.

Habitat. On the sandy margins of pools in a salt-marsh periodically flooded.” Eev. M. J.
Berkeley.

134

Plaxe IXVII

312

Cladoph-OT-a Magdalense; iTaaiy.

Gladopliora Eco'v.

Cladoplioxa Haves cens^ ]Rit2.

Cladopliora fracta, JSltz.

il]aizocdoiaTia.TTi Ti-parbjooa^ Ifiltz

Conferva aTeriicola, Berk.

317.

316.

0 Jewittliiii.

'\5xiceTrt Brooks Imp.

Plate LXVIII.

Fig. 318. EHIZOCLONIUM CASPAEYI.

Colour. Light, bright yellow-green ; fading very dull in the herbarium.

Substance. Soft and delicately woolly ; a peculiarity it retains in the herbarium.

Character of Frond. Long, very slender, jointed threads {filaments') lying flat on the sides of
rocks, clothing them with a fine close fleece. Filaments entangled, curved, here and
there angularly bent ; and sending out from the angles short, horizontal, thorn-like,
jointed, colourless fibres, which sometimes lengthen into true branchlets, containing
colouring matter {endochrome).

Joints. From two to six times longer than broad.

Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Falmouth and Penzance.

It will be seen, by comparing the descriptions, tbat except in the greater slenderness of
the threads, and occasionally greater length of the joints, there is no difference between this
plant and R. riparium. And Dr. Harvey says that joints of different lengths are sometimes
found even on the same threads.

Fig. 319. CONFERVA TORTUOSA.

Colour, Pale, full, or dark green, in different specimens.

Substance. Eigid.

Character of Frond. Slender, closely-interwoven, jointed threads {filaments) ; forming a fleecy
web upon rocks or algse. Filaments about the thickness of horse-hair ; very much
and stiffly curled and twisted ; unbranched.

Joints. Twice or thrice longer than broad ; filled with green colouring matter {endochrome).
Measurement. The fleecy web from an inch to several feet in diameter.

Fructification. As before in Rhizoclonium (and Cladophora). See under Fig. 318.

Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks and algte at half-tide level. Very common.

Fig. 320. CONFERVA IMPLEXA.

Colour. Bright green.

Substance. Soft and delicate.

Character of Frond. Very slender, densely-interwoven, jointed threads ; forming a fleecy web
upon rocks ; or little tufts among the branches of other algse. Filaments as fine as
human hair (half the thickness of C. tortuosa) ; entangled, but not stiffly twisted ;
unbranched.

Joints. About as long as broad ; or a trifle longer.

Measurement. Indefinite, from half an inch to a foot.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and alg^ between tide-marks. Not uncommon.
l3o

Fig. 321. CONFEEVA ARENOSA.

Colour. Pale green.

Substance. Eigid and harsh for such very slender threads.

Character of Frond. Very slender, interwoven jointed threads {filaments), spreading in long,
thin, fleecy webs, several of which lie, one on the top of another, like folds of gauze,
and can be easily separated. Filaments finer than human hair, when young ; when
old, exceedingly rough, and apt to be swollen and lumpy {tubercular) here and there.

Joints. From three to five times longer than broad ; filled with green colouring matter
{endoclirome), which, when old, contracts into a variety of odd shapes.

Measurement, The fleecy webs a yard or more in extent. Filaments 5 or 6 inches long.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Appin. Bantry Bay. On the flat sandy shore, about half-tide level.

Fig. 322. CONFERVA LITTOEEA.

Colour. Dull green.

Substance. Eigid and brittle.

Character of Frond. Coarse, loosely-interwoven, jointed threads {filaments) forming extensive
bundles in salt-water ditches and on muddy sea-shores. Filaments as thick as hogs’
bristles ; variously curved ; unbranched.

Joints. Once and a half as long as broad ; here and there swollen in pairs and discoloured
(see Figure) ; filled with dense green colouring matter {endochrome) ; the minute
grains {granules) which compose it visible under a moderate magnifying power.

Measurement. Indefinite.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Salt-water ditches, estuaries, and muddy sea-shores ; between tide-marks. Not
uncommon.

Fig. 323. CONFERVA LINUM.

Colour. Light or deep glossy green, according to age. When very old, very dingy and dull.

Substance. Very rigid and brittle when fresh ; soon becoming flabby in the air.

Character of Frond. Long, very coarse, loosely-entangled jointed threads {filaments) spreading
in fleecy masses in salt-water ditches. Filaments twice as thick as hogs’ bristles (!) ;
very harsh ; very much curled ; unbranched.

Joints. As long as broad ; or narrower ; filled with green colouring matter {endochrome),
which often takes a rounded form (see figure of a magnified bit).

Measurement. Filaments many feet long. The fleecy mass spreading indefinitely.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Salt-water ditches near the coast. Very abundant in those by the north wall,
Dublin.

Often called by Agardh’s name, O. crassa. Dr. Harvey includes several supposed separate
species under the name C. linum. For other Confervas, see Plate LXX.

136

Plate LXV]]].

C. c^ervvitt lit]'! ,

C on £ er va ar eno s a ^ Canru

318.

llhizocloTiTaTn CaspaTyi^iferv.

C on £ er va t or tn o s a , JXLbw .

Conferva Imron^ Rottv.

320,

Conferva implexa, RUlw.

313.

323.

'^/^ricen.e Bxooks iTnp

Plate LXIX.

Fig. 824. CLADOPHORA ALBIDA.

Colour, Pale, or sometimes bright light green ; whitish, and generally without gloss, when dry.

Substance. Soft, silky, and very spongy ; retaining water and swelling with it ; soft to the
touch when dry.

Character of Frond. Fine tufts of jointed “threads {filaments') excessively branched. Fila-
ments slenderer than human hair ; crowded with long irregular branches, spreading
on all sides, and several times re-branched ; the upper branches straight ; spreading ;
often opposite. These set with straight, upright, short, opposite, or secund branch-
lets ; one issuing from each joint, and occasionally bearing a second set.

Joints. Four or five times longer than broad ; filled with light green colouring matter
{endochrome).

Measurement. From 2 to 6 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Southern shores of England and Ireland. On rocks and algse between tide-marks,
usually near low-water mark. Not uncommon.

This Cladophora approaches nearest to C. refracta in appearance; hut it is a much taller
plant when well grown. Moreover, it is distinctly spongy^ which C. refracta is not; audit has
a peculiarly soft woolly feeling when dry, which distinguishes it from all the genus but
C. lanosa.

Fig. 325. CLADOPHORA FALCATA.

Colour. A peculiarly rich, glossy green.

Substance. Eigid ; but adhering to paper in drying.

Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments), very much branched. Fila-
ments thicker than human hair ; nearly uniform throughout ; entangled at the base ;
irregularly divided ; much curved. Branches zigzag ; curved and twisted all ways ;
repeatedly forked. The last divisions crowded ; three or four springing together from
a stem. These all strongly arched in one direction, like a set of curled feathers ;
their inner faces clothed with branchlets ; some short and blunt ; some longer and
re-branchleted.

Joints, Three or four times longer than broad ; filled with dense green colouring matter
{endochrome).

Measurement, Three or 4 inches long.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Dingle Harbour, Kerry. Jersey. On the bottoms of clear rock-pools near low-
water mark. Not common.

137

T

Fig. 326.a CONFERVA ^REA.

Colour. A beautiful yellow-green ; fading in the herbarium to a dirty white.

Substance. Harsh and brittle ; but unable to support itself when removed from the water.
Character of Frond. Long, upright, unbranched, jointed threads {filaments)^ as thick as hogs’
bristles ; growing in tufts from a disc-like root.

Joints. About as long as broad, generally ; occasionally longer ; visible to the naked eye ;

filled with green colouring matter {endochrome)., which in drying runs close up to the
partitions (dissepiments) leaving the middle empty.

Measurement. From 3 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. As before in Cladophora.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On sand-covered rocks between tide-marks. Frequent.
Resembling C. Melagonium, but more tufted ; softer ; and not nearly so stiff.

Fig. 326.b CONFERVA MELAGONIUM.

Colour. Dark green.

Substance. Stiff ; wiry ; rigid.

Character of Frond. Long, upright, unbranched, jointed threads (^filaments), thicker than
hogs’ bristles ; a few (sometimes but one) growing together from a disc-like root.
Joints. Twice as long as broad, filled with dark green colouring matter (endochrome). Par-
tition-lines (^dissepiments) somewhat contracted ; very narrow.

Measurement. From 5 to 8 inches high.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks at low-water mark. Not common anywhere.

Springs occasionally in an aquarium.

Fig. 327. CONFERVA COLLABENS.

Colour. A splendid glossy, verdigris-green.

Substance. Soft ; gelatinous ; flabby ; slippery.

Character of Frond. A large tuft of long, straight, jointed threads (filaments)^ unbranched ;
growing from a piece of deal. Filaments of extraordinarily various thicknesses.

Joints, From once to once and a half as long as broad ; at first filled with a very dense green
colouring matter (endochrome)^ which afterwards contracts into a dark spot in the
centre.

Measurement. Three or 4 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds (^zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, collected
into a round central mass {sporidium)^ which in due time bursts out.

Habitat. Once found upon floating timber on the beach at Yarmouth.

Now Hormotrichum collabens.

Plate LUA

"ViTicerit.'BT'oolir.

O.Jevwtt. lith

Plate LXX.

Fig. 328. CONFERVA BANGIOIDES.

Colour. Dark and very glossy green.

Substance. Very gelatinous ; soft ; sticky.

Character of Frond. Long, dense tufts of close-clinging, slender, wavy, jointed threads {fila-
ments), unbranched. Filaments rather finer than horse-hair.

Joints. About twice as long as broad ; at first quite filled with light green colouring matter
{endochrome), which afterwards contracts into a dark green spot in the centre.

Measurement. From 3 to 6 inches long.

Fructification, Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, collected
into a round central mass {sporidium), which in due time bursts out.

Habitat. Breakwater, Plymouth. Torquay. Port Ballantoae, N. Ireland. On rocks, &c.
near low-water mark.

Now Hormotrichum bangioides. Like, but larger and longer than C. Young ana. Easily
known from most Confervas by its glossiness and soft gelatinous feel. From C. collabens
by its quite different colour. For other Confervas^ see Plate LXXII. It should be observed
that such Confervas (and Lynghyas) as have been removed to the genus Hormotrichum are
remarkable for their soft, gelatinous substance, the shortness of their joints, and the con-
traction of their endochrome, at maturity, into a central spot.

Fig. 329. ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS.

Colour. A full green ; but apt to fill with sand or dirt, and become discoloured. Fading to
yellow and white.

Substance. Membranaceous; thin.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical ; tubular ; unbranched ; inflated like a delicate green bag ;

widening upwards to a round broad end ; tapering to a mere thread at the base ; more
or less wrinkled and curled throughout; several rising from a minute root ; attached,
therefore, at first, but afterwards floating.

Measurement. Often 2 feet or more long, but sometimes not more than an inch. Of every
width between -jL of an inch and 3 inches.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the cells of which
the frond-membrane is composed ; and in due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. In brackish ditches also ; and occasionally in inland waters.
In a pond in the kitchen-garden at Bishop thorpe Palace, York. Very common.

Narrow forms resemble E. compressa, but there is an unfailing rule for knowing them
apart. E. compressa is always somewhat branched, however little. E. intestinalis is always
perfectly simple.

139

Fig. 330. ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA.

Colour. A pleasant, bright grass-green ; fading pale, yellow, and white.

Substance. Membranaceous ; thin.

Character of Frond. Cylindrical or somewhat compressed ; occasionally thread-like {filamentous') ;

tubular ; more or less branched. Branches alternate ; widening gradually upwards ;
blunt at the tips ; tapering to a mere thread at the base ; sometimes simple, some-
times re-branched again and again. Occasionally contracted at intervals as if tied in.
Tips blunt throughout.

Measurement. From J of an inch to 12 inches long. Of every width from a hairshreadth to
J of an inch.

Fructification. As in the preceding.

Habitat. On every coast everywhere. In brackish ditches also, and occasionally in inland
waters. In a large sheet — almost a lake — in Clomber Park. Very common.

Varying as this plant does in size, amount of branching, and hushiness, it may always be
recognised among other Enteromorphas by the blunt tips and tapering bases of its branches.
In one curious variety the stems are one-sixth of an inch wide, fringed all over with hair-hke
bran chi ets.

Fig. 331. ENTEROMORPHA LINKIANA.

Colour. A very pale green.

Substance. Membranaceous, but firm ; rigid when dry.

Character of Frond. Thread-like [filamentous) ; cylindrical ; tubular ; inflated ; rising with a
main stem, set with branches on every side. Branches long, slender, between erect
and spreading, tapering to the tips ; re-branched with a second similar set, only finer ;
these with a third, quite hair -like. Tips pointed throughout.

Measurement. From 6 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Appin ; once found.

The microscopic characters of this plant are very like those of E. claihrata^ E. erecta, and
E. ramosa. The branches are wider, however, than those of E. clathrata, and it has not the
thorny hranchlets of any of the three.

140

'v

0. Jcv/itC -Hiili .

’'v^nceixt Srooks

Plate LXXI.

Fig. 332. ENTEKOMORPHA ERECTA.

Colour. A pleasant, light grass -green.

Substance. Membranaceous ; thin ; soft.

Character of Frond. Thread-like (//amewtows) ; cylindrical; tubular; rising with a (generally)
undivided main stem, closely set with opposite or alternate undivided branches ; the
lowermost longest ; all tapering at the tips. Branches clothed throughout with short,
slender, almost hair-like, spreading branchlets, which give the plant a feathery
appearance. All the tips finely pointed.

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the cells of which
the frond- membrane is composed ; and in due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and in pools between tide-marks. Not uncommon.

The above description applies to the strictly characteristic specimens of the species ;
so-called typical forms, that is. But intermediate ones abound, which are neither exactly
E. erecta nor yet E. clathrata, ramulosa, or Linkiana, but combinations from them ; and
Dr. Harvey is of opinion that these four species are but one, under different circumstances
of growth. For the present, however, the variations take rank as typical characters ; and all
that a collector can do, is to place his intermediates in the set they come nearest to, on the
whole. He cannot go far wrong so long as he keeps those with pointed tips clear of those
■with blunt ones. In the Nereis Boreali- Americana, E. erecta and E. ramulosa are referred to
E, clathrata.

Fig. 333. ENTEKOMORPHA CLATHRATA.

Colour. A delicate grass -green.

Substance. Membranaceous ; thin ; soft.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; cylindrical ; tubular ; bushy ; rising with a
(generally) undivided main stem, closely set with branches on every side ; all taper-
ing to the tips ; occasionally interwoven and spreading in fleeces. Branches several
times re-branched ; everywhere thickly clothed with short, hair-like, wide-spread, or
back-curved branchlets. All the tips finely pointed.

Measurement. From 2 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks between tide-marks. Not uncommon.

Distinguishable from E. ramulosa by its greater slenderness, softness, and more profuse
branching.

141

Fig. 334. ENTEROMORPHA RAMULOSA.

Colour. A full grass-green.

Substance. Membranaceous, but harsb feeling ; the thorn-like branchlets bristling when the
plant is lifted from the water.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; rather compressed than cylindrical ; tubular ;

much branched, twisted, and interwoven ; when old, spreading in fleeces. Main stems
long, wavy ; set with branches on every side ; spreading all ways ; all tapering to
the tips. Branches re-branched; everywhere covered with very short, thorn -like,
horizontal branchlets. All the tips finely pointed.

Measurement. From 2 inches to a foot or two long.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks between tide-marks. Not uncommon.

Characteristic, really thorny specimens are very pretty, and easy to distinguish by their
bristling crispness and full green hue. Dr. Harvey describes it as spreading widely in fleecy
masses in its old age, and thus “ forming a comfortable cover for a variety of small Crustacea
and shell-flsh, who, no doubt, feel it quite their own.”

Fig. 335. ENTEROMORPHA HOPKIRKII.

Colour. A pleasant light green.

Substance. Membranaceous ; thin ; very soft.

Character of Frond. Long tufts of ultra-fine-hair-like (byssoid!) cylindrical, tubular threads
{filaments)^ excessively branched. Main divisions long, wavy, tapering to the tips.
Branehes upright ; opposite or alternate ; repeatedly divided ; springing from all
sides ; set profusely with minute cobwebby branchlets ; all the tips finely pointed.

Measurement. From 6 to 12 inches long.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Carrickfergus. Goodington. Torbay. Dredged in from four to ten fathoms’ water.
Rare.

As delicate as the most delicate of the Cladophoras. Under the microscope, remarkable
for the large size of the cells of which the frond is composed ; and that these are empty, all
but a minute grain of bright green colouring matter (endochrome) in the middle. As the
branchlets are formed of only one row of these cells, they appear to be jointed like those of a
Cladophora,

142

Plate LPXL

Brooks Ixa.'gp.

0, Jewitt .

Plate LXXII.

Fig. 336. CONFEEVA SUTORIA.

Colour. Dark green.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Thread-like (^filamentous) ; jointed ; forming floating and loosely en-
tangled fleeces in ditches and pools. Filaments almost the thickness of a hog’s
bristle, equal throughout ; very long, wavy, unbranched.

Joints. Once and a half as long as broad ; filled with green colouring matter (endochrome).

Measurement. Indefinite.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in
due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Wisbeach, &c. In ditches and pools subject to the influence of the tides ; some-
times found growing with C. Linum.

Like C. Linum^ but a much slenderer plant, with longer-proportioned joints.

Fig. 337. CONFERVA YOUNGANA.

Colour. Grass-green ; not glossy when dry; fading to a dull brownish-orange in the herbarium.

Substance. Soft, but firm. Father woolly to the touch when dry.

Character of Frond. Short (or sometimes long), dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments),
spreading over the surface of rocks and wood-work. Filaments as fine as human
hair ; straight, or nearly so ; clinging together ; unbranched.

Joints. Very variable in length. Generally once and a half as long as broad, but sometimes
twice as long, and sometimes only half ; at first, quite filled with dense, bright
green endochrome, which afterwards contracts into a dark spot in the centre.

Measurement. One or 2 inches high.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, collected
into a round central mass {sporidium), which in due time bursts out.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. Near Dunraven Castle. Filey, &c. Not uncommon.

Now Hormotrichum Younganum. See under Fig. 328.

Fig, 338. OCHLOCH./ETE HYSTRIX.

Colour. Pale green.

Substance. Harsh, for so infinitesimally a plant !

Character of Frond. A minute hairy patch formed of jointed threads {filaments), radiating
from a centre, and so forming a round dot. The filaments somewhat branched, and
usually sending up long, stiff, transparent, unjointed bristles from almost every joint.

Measurement. A homoeopathic globule !

Fructification. Unknown.

Habitat. In brackish water near the coast ; and sometimes in inland ditches, on stems of
grasses, leaves of mosses, &c. Very rare.

The plate is incorrect in representing the bristles as green, they are colourless and trans-
parent.

143

Fig. 339. ENTEROMORPHA CORNUCOPI^E.

Colour. Dark green below ; pale above.

Suhstance. Membranaceous ; tbin.

Character of Frond. Tubular, inflated, bag-like, widening suddenly upwards from a thread-
like base ; by degrees spreading at top like a funnel, and finally torn and open.

Measurement. About an inch high.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the cells of which
the frond-membrane is composed, and in due time bursting through them.

Habitat. On corallines in rocky pools left by the tide. Not “ generally observed.”

So very like a dwarf variety of E. intestincdis, that Dr. Harvey hesitates about it. The
species was constituted by a well-known algologist now dead, and for the present stands.

Fig. 340. ENTEROMORPHA PERCURSA.

Colour. Bright grass-green ; fading when dry.

Substance. Membranaceous ; soft.

Character of Frond. Entangled tufts of very slender (almost hair-like) threads {filaments)
spreading widely on oozy shores. Filaments nearly solid, but just tubular, so as to
keep up the character of an Enter omorpha ; rather more twisted than in E. Ralfsii;
simple and unbranched, or bearing (rarely) a few short, slender, spine-like branchlets.

Measurement. Several inches long. Two or more (but generally only two) cells forming its
almost hairsbreadth width. The cells small (compared with those of E. Ralfsii) ;
square ; the colouring matter {endochrome) nearly filling them, and being subdivided
into four infinitesimal portions.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. On muddy sea-shores above half-tide level.

These last two figures are misplaced on the plate.

Fig. 341. ENTEROMORPHA RALFSII.

Colour. Bright grass-green ; fading when dry.

Substance. Membranaceous ; soft.

Character of Frond. Entangled tufts of very slender (almost hair-like) threads {filaments)
spreading widely on oozy shores. Filaments nearly solid, but just tubular ; so as to
keep up the character of an Enteromorpha ; simple and unbranched, or bearing a few
short, slender, spine-like branchlets.

Measurement. Several inches long. From 2 to 4 cells forming its almost hairsbreadth
width ! The cells large (compared to those of E. percursa) ; oblong, transparent ;
each containing a central grain of bright green colouring matter {endochrome).

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. On muddy sea-shores above half-tide level. Mr. Kalfs.

The characters which separate this plant from E. percursa are microscopic^ in more senses
than one, as a comparison of the descriptions will show. In E. Balfsii the endochrome forms
a minute dot in the centre of a transparent cell ; in E. percursa it is a square mass, and nearly
as large as the cell itself. See Figs. 340 and 341.

Plate LXXII

^ncercf Brooks Ixcrp.

C onf ervoL satorls^^ B eric .

3P1,

lEiTit er omorplia corria copiee^ Hook.

337.

Enter omorpha Hed-fsii ^ Sq.7^^.

CoTiferv^a. Yoaxi^aTiSL^ IXlJiw.

34^0.

O.JewLlfJitii. .

Plate LXXIII.

Fig. 342. ULVA LATISSIMA.

Colour, A full, bright green ; darker from deep water ; fading pale ; sometimes turning brown
in drying.

Substance. Membranaceous ; but quite crisp when fresh.

Character of Frond. A ribless expansion of very irregular shape ; broad or oblong ; simple or
divided ; wavy or flat ; often plaited ; one or more growing together from one base.

Measurement. From 6 inches to 2 feet long ; from 3 to 12 inches wide.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the cells of which
the frond-membrane is composed ; and in due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. between tide-marks. Very common.

Called “green laver,” in contradistinction to \he purple laver {Porphyra laciniata). Some
authors call this species Phycoseris latissima ; thus separating it from the true Ulvas, which
have the frond-membrane composed of only one layer of little cells {cellules) ; whereas that of
Ulva latissima is composed of two. Dr. Harvey, however, retains both under the genus Ulva,
but points out the difference. This is only to be ascertained by dissection and examination
under a microscope; but as a membrane with two cells is naturally thicker than those with
but one, the firmer texture forms a distinguishing mark between this plant and the following.

Fig. 343. ULVA LACTUCA.

Colour. A pleasant light green, fading to yellowish ; sometimes darker when young.
Substance. Delicately membranaceous ; almost transparent ; somewhat gelatinous ; thin.

Character of Frond. When young, a puckered inflated bag ; afterwards bursting, and opening
out into a flat, ribless, wavy or torn, more or less rounded expansion.

Measurement. From 3 to 6 inches long, and as much wide.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. between tide-marks. Not so common as
U. latissima.

This is a true Ulva^ the frond- membrane being composed of only one layer of little cells
{cellules). ,

145

Fig, 344. ULVA LINZA.

Colour. A fine grass-green, fading in the herbarium.

Sulstance, Membranaceous ; soft and thin.

Character of Frond. A long, narrow, ribless, leaf-like expansion, with curled and wavy
margins ; either blunt or pointed at top, always tapering to the base.

Measurement. From 6 inches to 2 feet long ; from J inch to 2 inches wide.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. at half-tide level. Not uncommon.

The structure of the TJlva has another peculiarity. It is formed of two membranes (each
one cell thick) so closely laid together, that their existence as two can only he ascertained by
microscopic investigation.

Fig. 345. PORPHYRA LACINIATA.

Colour, Dull purple when growing ; occasionally greenish ; becoming bright and very glossy
when steeped in fresh water and afterwards laid out and dried.

Substance. Delicately membranaceous ; sometimes extremely thin ; sometimes thicker and
firmer.

Character of Frond. A flat, broad, ribless expansion ; sometimes irregularly divided, or torn ;

sometimes growing in an irregular circle from a centre root. One or more from one
base.

Measurement. From 4 to 8 inches or more across.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the cells (four
together) of which the frond-membrane is composed ; and in due time dropping out.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &c. within the range of the tide. Common.

This is the laver sold in jars in the shops, and is a great delicacy when stewed and eaten
hot with lemon-juice. But it should be served up like Hans Andersen’s white snails, in a
silver dish with a spirit-lamp underneath. It is called sloke, or slokaun, in Scotland and
Ireland, where it is often gathered for food under that or some other odd name. At Miltown
Malbay and Kilkee, it is called “ libberum.”

146

Plate IIXIII,

0. JewitX Irt'ri. .

vine e Jit .niictiks lx

TJlva lactuLcsL; Linru.

34^2.

Ulva 'hu’LQ^ yJjbvn..

P oT'-phyrs^ iacrai.arta , Ag.

Ulva lati s sima ^ Lbnjix.

343

344

345.

Plate LXXIV.

Fig. 346. PORPHYRA VULGARIS.

Colour. Bright purple ; almost rosy when dry ; very glossy.

Substance, Delicately membranaceous ; very thin.

Character of Frond. A flat, narrow, ribless, leafy expansion, with a pointed end. Quite
simple ; but the margins becoming more or less strongly waved and plaited as the
plant grows.

Measurement. From an inch to 1 or 2 feet long. Not more than 3 inches wide, and young
specimens mere threads.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the cells of which
the frond-membrane is composed (four in each cell) ; and in due time dropping out.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, &e. between tide-marks ; from high-water mark
downwards.

It is almost “past a perad venture” that this plant is but a different condition of the pre-
ceding one, Porphyra laciniata (see last Plate). The narrowest of the specimens in Fig. 346
are found in winter or early spring covering the rocks near high-water mark with their tiny,
purplish-pink, satiny fronds. Later in the season, the larger, frilled form abounds in the
same locality, as also lower on the shore, where it may he found mixed with the broad divided
fronds of P. laciniata. All are gathered indiscriminately for the table. P. vulgaris is rarely
so dull coloured and greenish as P. laciniata often is ; but, on the other hand, P. laciniata is
sometimes as bright as the other ever is. And intermediate instances both in form and colour
are met with. Dr. Harvey unites the species in his Nereis Boreali- Americana, under the
name laciniata.

Fig. 347. BANGIA FUSCO-PURPUREA.

Colour. Blackisb-purple ; occasionally greenish ; glossy.

Substance. Tenacious ; soft ; sticky.

Character of Frond. Tufts of hair-like threads {filaments) ; forming a close-clinging, dark
purple or greenish layer upon rocks. Filaments straight or slightly curled ;
undivided ; unbranched ; tubular ; containing rows of minute colour-cells radiating
from the centre.

Measurement. Filaments, several inches long ; their width variable ; narrow ones containing
only one colour-cell ; others from 2 up to 5 ; these forming (with the intervals) a
tesselated line across (see Figure for magnified appearance of this strictly microscopic
object).

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colour-cells in the filaments (one to
each cell) ; and in due time dropping out.

Habitat. Our coasts generally, and in fresh-water rivers and canals. On rocks, wood, &c.
near high-water mark. Not uncommon.

147

Fig. 348. BANGIA CILIAEIS.

Colour. A rosy pink.

Substance. Gelatinous ; but scarcely tangible !

Character of Frond. A scarcely perceptible fringe of delicately hair-like, jointed threads,
{filaments), parasitic on other algae. Filaments slightly tufted, or growing close
together ; straight ; compressed ; unbranched ; swollen here and there ; tubular ;
containing rows of minute colour-cells, set as if radiating from the centre (a micro-
scopic object).

Measurement. From to ^ of an inch long. From 2 to 3 colour-cells in width ; these
forming (with the intervals) a tesselated line across (see Figure).

Fructification. As in the preceding ; only with two zoospores to each cell.

Habitat. Appin. Filey, &c. On Zostera marina, and various small algae near low-water
mark. Not uncommon.

Fig. 349. BANGIA CERAMICOLA.

Colour. A purplish rose colour.

Substance. Gelatinous ; soft.

Character of Frond. A delicate fringe of fine, hair-like, jointed threads {filaments) parasitic
on other algae. Filaments tufted or growing close together ; unbranched ; their
joints once or twice as long as broad ; slightly contracted at the partition-lines
{dissepiments) ; marked with several slender, upright lines (internal colour-cells
showing through), which at maturity run together (a microscopic object).

Measurement. About an inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the line-like colour-cells in the joints ;

which cells then run together, and at last form a globular mass, that bursts through
the cell-wall, leaving the cell empty.

Habitat. Appin. Largs, &c. On the smaller algse in tide-pools.

Unlike other Bangias in structure. Moreover, much longer than B. ciliaris.

Fig. 350. BANGIA ELEGANS.

Colour. Rosy pink.

Substance. Soft, but scarcely tangible.

Character of Frond. A delicate fringe of fine, hair-like, jointed threads {filaments) parasitic
on other algae. Filaments tufted, or growing close together ; repeatedly forked ;
the angles of branching (axils) rounded and very wide ; tubular ; containing narrow,
cylindrical colour-cells, which at maturity run together (a microscopic object).

Measurement. From to \ of an inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colour-cells in the filaments; which
cells then run together into diamond-shaped masses, and at last drop out.

Habitat. Strangford Lough. Parasitic on the smaller algae. Very rare.

This plant also differs entirely in structure from true Bangias, and will probably one day
be removed to a separate genus.

143

Plate LUPT:

34-6.

P orpln.j r a vulgscri A(^ .

34 P

P)aTigia cer'aniicola^ Ckauv.

Bangia , fascoparpiirea^^/'il).

347.

O.JewitJtliiii,

"ViTLceTit Brooks Trra

Plate LXXV.

Fig. 351. RIVULARIA PLICATA.

Colour. Dark green.

Substance. Smooth ; fleshy ; slimy.

Character of Frond. Small, rounded, but irregular lumps ; several growing together in a mass ;

formed of closely-packed threads {filaments) radiating from a centre. At first solid ;
afterwards hollow and bursting.

Internal Filaments. Tubular ; containing very narrow, cylindrical colour-cells, which show
through, with division-lines ; not branched, but lying against each other as if they
were ; a globular cell at the bottom of each (a microscopic object).

Measurement. The patches indefinite ; each frond from tV to J an inch wide.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospo7^es) formed of the colour-cells in the filaments ; which cells
then separate from each other and drop out.

Habitat. Our coasts here and there. On rocks near high-w’ater mark. Not uncommon.

Duller, darker coloured, and smaller than B. nitida.

Fig. 352. RIVULARIA ATRA.

Colour. Glossy black.

Substance. Hard ; fleshy ; smooth.

Character of Frond. Very minute, bead- or drop-like lumps ; scattered, not massed together ;
formed of densely-packed threads {filaments) radiating outwards. Always solid.

Internal Filaments. Tubular ; containing cylindrical colour-cells of various lengths, which show
through, with division-lines ; not branched, but lying against each other as if they
were ; a globular cell at the bottom of each (a microscopic object).

Measurement. Scarcely ever as large as a sweet-pea seed ; generally smaller.

Fructification. As in the preceding.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks, stones, and alg?e between tide-marks. Not
uncommon.

Fig. 353. RIVULAKIA NITIDA.

Colour. A shining deep green ; sometimes verdigris when dry.

Substance. Leathery, but gelatinous ; slippery feeling.

Character of Frond. Irregularly round, more or less distorted balls ; several often rising
together from a lumpy patch ; formed of threads {filaments) radiating from a centre ;
the inner ones loosely, the outer closely packed. When young, compressed and filled
with gelatine ; when old, hollow and distended.

Internal Filaments. Tubular ; containing narrow cylindrical colour-cells, which show through,
with division-lines ; not branched, but lying against each other as if they were ; a
globular cell at the bottom of each (a microscopic object).

Measurement. From | inch to an inch across.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Southern shores of England. Isle of Man. South and west of Ireland. On rocks
at half-tide level. Plentiful where it occurs.

149

Fig. 354. SCHIZOSIPHON WAREENIZE.

Colour. Dark green.

Substance. Soft ; fleshy ; slimy.

Character of Frond. Roundish, irregularly-spreading lumps, running together, and forming a
glazy crust upon rocks ; formed of closely-packed threads {filaments) radiating from
a centre.

Internal Filaments. Tubular ; containing cylindrical colour-cells, which show through ; set
in wide transparent sheaths, composed of innumerable upright, hair-like, gelatinous
shreds ; so closely set as to look entire, all but the tips. A nearly globose cell at the
bottom of each (a microscopic object).

Measurement. The patches spreading indefinitely.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the coloured cells in the filaments ; which
cells then separate from each other and drop out.

Habitat. Coast of Devonshire. On rocks at high-water mark ; chiefly in places exposed to
the drip of fresh water.

Fig. 355. SCHIZOTHEIX CEESWELLII.

Colour. The tuft greenish-olive ; the threads which compose it, yellowish-green.

Substance. The tufts soft ; spongy ; the threads which compose it, rigid.

Character of Frond. Dense, cushion-like tufts, spreading on the surface of rocks in round or
oval patches ; composed of very slender threads {filaments) collected into branching
bundles. Filaments curved, interlaced, branched in a forked manner (a microscopic
object).

Measurement. The patches several inches across.

Fructification. Not ascertained.

Habitat. On sandstone rocks near high-water mark ; exposed to the drip of fresh water.

Fig. 356. CALOTHRIX CONFERVICOLA.

Colour. A fine, deep, metallic green ; reflecting prismatic colours under water.

Substance. Rigid for so tiny a plant.

Character of Frond. Minute, starry tufts of threads {filaments) only a few in each ; scattered
over the fronds of other algse, and often covering them altogether. Filaments tubular ;
containing very narrow, cylindrical colour-cells, which show through, with division-
lines.

Measurement. Never more than J inch high ; often less.

Fructification. As in Schizosiphon and Rivularia.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On small algae between tide-marks. Abundant in the
autumn.

This charming little parasite, instead of disfiguring the plant on which it grows, often
makes it a good deal handsomer than it was before. For instance, it is specially fond of the
pale, sickly-looking Ceramium rubrum, which grows in high-water pools, and this it adorns
with a fringe of dai’k green. Some unusual appearances are figured' in the outer magnified
form on the Plate. They are not understood.

150

Plate LHY

J. JiT.'rjxi

tS.Txcerxt ^n-oolrs Imj.

Plate LXXVI.

Fig. 357. CALOTHRIX PANNOSA.

Colour, Dark green.

Substance, Eigid ; wiry.

Character of Frond, Long, blunt, very miicb curled and twisted threads (/taewfg) densely
interwoven into compressed tufts, or a sort of honeycombed layer on rocks. Fila-
ments tubular ; containing narrow, cylindrical colour-cells, which show through,
with division-lines.

Measurement. The filaments J an inch long ; the larger spreading.

Fructification, Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colour-cells in the filaments ; which
cells then separate from each other and drop out.

Habitat, Eoundstone Bay. Kilkee. Sidmouth. On rocks or algae near high-water mark.
Barely observed.

For other Calothrixes, see Plate LXXVII.

Fig. 358. LYNGBYA MAJUSCULA.

Colour, Blackish-green.

Substance. Crisp ; rigid ; glutinous.

Character of Frond. Large tufts or bundles of long, very thick, curling, twisted threads
{filaments) issuing from interwoven layers of the same. Filaments not branched,
but lying together as if they were ; tubular ; containing very narrow, cylindrical, dull-
green colour-cells, which show through ; their division-lines obscure.

Measurement. Filaments 1 or 2 inches long ; the layers indefinitely spreading.

Fructification, As in Calothrix, &c.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On mud or sand-covered rocks at and below half-tide level ;
also thrown up after storms, Not uncommon.

By far the largest of British Lyngbyas, and like tufts of curling human hair, were it not
for the mermaidy colour.

151

Fig. 359. LYNGBYA FLACCA.

Colour. Bright green.

Substance. Very soft ; flabby.

Character of Frond. Short tufts of straight, or gently curved, jointed threads {filaments)^
parasitic on other alg£e ; simple, or bearing here and there a few root-like branchlets.
Filaments very slender ; finer than human hair.

Joints. Half as long as broad ; at first more or less filled with colouring matter (endochrome)
which afterwards contracts into a dark spot in the centre.

Measurement. From half an inch to an inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, collected
into a round central mass {sporidium)^ which in due time bursts out.

Habitat, Our coasts generally. (Filey.) On various algae and in tide-pools. Not uncommon.

Now Hormotrichum fiaccum. For other Lynghyas, see Plate LXXVIII. For the characters
of Hormotrichum^ refer under Fig. 328.

Fig. 360. HORMOSPOEA RAMOSA.

Colour. Pale green.

Substance. Gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Very slender, tubular threads {filaments) ; more or less branched ; con-
taining, when young, nearly cylindrical colour-cells ; when mature, distinctly oval
or spherical ones ; the colouring matter {endochrome) within radiating in lines
from a centre (a microscopic object).

Measurement, From J to J an inch high.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the coloured cells, which then become oval,
and finally drop out.

Habitat. Near Wareham, Dorsetshire, in a salt-water lake.

152

L-vn^ja. flacca., Jiar^j.

360,

Ilormospora aarrictsa-; Tfzw.

/

mate LZXYT

356

L yn^lD-y a tii ajas cala ^ Been/.

Calotlirm pannosa, Barv.

357.

"VixLccirxt 3TOoks Ixnjj.

0 . Jev'.itt liiTn .

Plate LXXVII.

Fig. 361. CALOTHRIX LUTEOLA.

Colour. Light green ; or (when the colour-cells have dropped out) pale horn-colour.

Substance. Very soft.

Character of Frond. Exceedingly slender threads (^filaments) scattered along the stems of the
lesser alg^5 forming a downy fringe. Filaments unbranched ; tubular ; some containing
very narrow, close-set, cylindrical colour-cells, which show through ; their division-lines
faintly marked ; some partially or entirely empty from these having dropped out.

Measw-'ement. One-tenth, or at most ^ of an inch high !

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colour-cells in the filaments ; which
cells then separate from each other and drop out.

Habitat. Appin ; but should be looked for elsewhere. On thread-shaped {filiform) algce in
tide-pools.

The word Calothrix is misspelt on this Plate.

Fig. 362. CALOTHRIX FASCICULATA.

Colour. Very dark, shining green.

Substance. Velvety ; very slippery to walk upon.

Character of Frond. Minute tufts of very straight, upright, finely-pointed threads {filaments) ;

forming a spreading velvety layer upon rocks. Filaments not branched ; but some-
times surrounded at top with a set of lesser ones lying close against them, branch-
like ; tubular ; containing very narrow, close-set, cylindrical colour-cells, which show
through ; their division-lines strongly marked.

Measurement. Filaments J or J of an inch high ; the velvety layer indefinite.

Fructification. As in the preceding.

Habitat. Miltown Malbay, and probably elsewhere. Spreading over the surface of rocks about
half-tide level.

Possibly only C. scopulorum, grown in deeper water. It is taller, straighter, darker, and
occasionally appears branched above, as described.

Fig. 363. CALOTHRIX SCOPULORUM.

Colour. A dull, dirty green.

Substance. Velvety ; very slippery to walk upon.

Character of Frond. Exceedingly minute, upright, wavy threads {filaments) ; often finely
tapering ; rising from a slimy base ; forming a spreading, velvety layer upon rocks.
Filaments unbranched; tubular; containing very narrow, close -set, cylindrical
colour-cells, which show through ; their division-lines indistinctly marked.

Measurement. One-fifth of an inch high.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks near high-water mark. Common.

153

X

Fig. 364. CALOTHRIX SEMIPLENA.

Colour. Verdigris-green.

Substance. Rigid.

Character of Frond. Tufts of very slender, wavy threads {filaments) ; densely interwoven into
compressed bundles. Filaments unbranched; tubular; containing narrow, cylindrical
colour-cells ; some of which are apt to run out, leaving empty transparent patches
in the tubes ; the rest showing through, with division-lines.

Measurement. One or 2 inches high.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. In rock-pools near high-water mark, growing on Corallina
officinalis and other small alga3.

Fig. 365. CALOTHRIX HYDNOIDES.

Colour. Dark olive-green (blackish under the microscope).

Substance. Rigid ; plush-like, not velvety.

Character of Frond. Slender, wavy, obtuse threads {filaments) ; some interwoven into a thin,
flat layer ; others rising up in close, stiff, sharp-pointed tufts ; forming thin patches.
Filaments not branched, but lying against each other as if they were ; especially
above, where three or four crowd together, cohering by their ends, and bristling out
in sharp points ; tubular ; containing narrow, cylindrical black-green colour-cells,
which show through, with division-lines.

Measurement. Filaments an inch high. Patches, an inch or two across, on the clayey shore.
Spreading for several feet on rocks.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Appin. On the clayey sea-shore near high-water mark.

Much more rigid and harsh-feeling than C. scopiilorum, and very like pieces of rough plush.
Known from C. pannosa by much shorter filaments, and the sharp tooth-like tops of the tuft-
divisions.

Fig. 366. CALOTHRIX C^SPITULA.

Colour. Blackish green.

Substance. Soft ; velvety.

Character of Frond. Close, very round, cushion-like tufts of densely-packed threads {filaments).

Filaments upright, wavy, blunt, often twisted into small bundles ; not branched, but
sometimes lying against each other as if they were ; tubular ; containing very narrow,
cylindrical colour-cells, which show through ; their division-lines very strongly
marked.

Measurement. Tufts from J to 1| inch in diameter.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Spanish Point at Miltowii Malbay, Co. Clare. In rock -pools near high-water mark.
Only once found inTreland.

Plate Limi

CalotliT’yx liydnoides^ Cocnru.

Calothiyx caespitu-la, Holw.

0 Jew-itt litk ,

Pincent Brooks Imp.

Plate LXXVIII.

Fig. 367. LYNGBYA FEREUGINEA.

Colour. A dull verdigris-green, changing to rust-colour, but resuming the green, when dry.

Substance. Soft ; woolly w^hen dry.

Character of Frond. Excessively slender threads {filaments) closely matted together ; form-
ing a layer at the bottom of mud-bottomed pools. Filaments bent in various curves,
but not twisted ; unbranched ; tubular ; containing narrow, cylindrical colour-cells,
which show through ; wuth tolerably clear division-lines.

Measurement. Filaments from J to 1 inch high ; the larger spreading for several inches.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colour-cells in the filaments ; which
cells then separate from each other, and at last drop out.

Habitat. Appin, and elsewhere. Filey, on the rocks leading to the bridge. In small
mud-bottomed pools near high-water mark. Not uncommon.

Fig. 368. LYNGBYA CARMICH^LII.

Colour. A bright grass-greeii.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Very long, wavy, strongly curled, jointed threads ; fixed at

base, but forming extensive, closely-entangled, fleecy layers ; floating freely under
water.

Joints. Very short ; scarcely half as long as broad ; filled with dense green colouring matter
{endochrome)j which afterwards contracts into a dark spot in the centre.

Measurement. Almost indefinite. On Fucus vesiculosus, upwards of 1 foot. On rocks, cover-
ing a space of 20 or 30 yards !

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, collected
into a round central mass {sporidium)^ which in due time bursts out.

Habitat. South and west coasts of England. West of Scotland. Ireland generally. On
rocks, algas, floating timber, &c. ; between tide-marks and beyond.

Now Hormotrichum Carmichcelii. See under Fig. 328.

Fig. 369. LYNGBYA SPECIOSA.

Colour. Bright yellow-green ; glossy when dry.

Substance. Soft ; gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Long ; thick ; first straight, then curled, jointed threads {filaments) ;

unbranched ; fixed at base, but forming extensive, closely-entangled, fleecy layers ;
floating freely under water.

Joints. Very short ; scarcely half as long as broad ; filled with bright green colouring matter
{endochrome)^ which afterwards contracts into a dark spot in the centre.

Measurement. Three or 4 inches long.

Fructification. As in L. Carmichaelii, but in L. speciosa the margins are often uneven, from
the gradual dropping out of the .eoosj?ore-masses {sporidia).

Habitat. Appin. Torquay. St. Michael’s Mount, &c. On rocks and algee between tide-
marks.

Now Hormotrichum speciosum. See under Fig. 328. The filaments are twice as robust
as those of L. Carmich(Blii, and it adheres much more closely to paper in drying.

155

Fig. 370. LYNGBYA CUTLERI^E.

Colour. A brilliant light grass-green.

Substance. Very soft and delicate.

Character of Frond. Excessively slender, gently waved, jointed threads {filaments) ; nn-
branched ; fixed at base, but forming fleecy layers ; floating freely under water.

Joints. About as long as broad ; filled with bright green colouring matter {endoclirome),
which afterwards contracts into a round spot in the centre.

Measurement. From J to 1 inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, collected
into a round central mass {sporidium), which in due time bursts out.

Habitat. In estuaries. Exmouth, Miss Cutler. But the plant should be looked for further.

Now Hormotrichum Cutlerice.

Fig. 371. MICROCOLEUS ANGUIFORMIS.

Colour. A dull, dark green.

Substance. Soft ; gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Dense layers of small, snake-like tubes, tapering at their ends, widening
upwards ; open at the tops ; forming patches on mud. Tubes filled (when fully
developed) with numbers of very minute, stiff, straight threads {filaments) ; whose tips
issue from the open tops, and may be observed (under a microscope) to wave back-
wards and forwards {oscillate).

Measurement. The patches about an inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colour-cells in the filaments'; which
cells then separate, and in due time drop out.

Habitat. Coast of Wales. West of Scotland. Pools of brackish water near the shore.

Fig. 372. OSCILLATORIA LITTORALIS.

Colour. The mass verdigris-green ; dried filaments deep green.

Substance. The mass slimy ; filaments elastic ; when dry, membranaceous ; scarcely adhering
to paper.

Character of Frond. A thin layer of slender, straight, or slightly-curved threads {filaments) ;

generally twisted into bundles. Filaments apt to break into needle-like fragments ;
unbranched ; tubular ; containing very narrow cylindrical colour-cells, which show
through ; their division-lines conspicuous, at intervals of about one-third the width
of the filament.

Measurement. Indefinite.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colour-cells in the filaments ; which cells
at last separate from each other and drop out.

Habitat. Appin. In pools along the muddy sea-shore, flooded by spring tides.

The filaments of this genus may he observed (under the microscope) waving to and fro
{oscillating) as if possessed of animal life. For this purpose a morsel should be placed in
a glass with a few drops of water. The reason of this curious fact is not known.

156

Plate LXmn.

Mitr ocole-u-s ar^gaif brmis^ iixri^

i

OficlllatoTia litLcralis^ Cocrtn^

t-p^oer.z Sxoo’ks Ti-np.

0. Jev/itjt lith.

Plate LXXIX.

Fig. 373. OSCILLATORIA SPIRALIS.

Colour. The layer greenish-black, or verdigris ; glossy ; dried filaments the same.

Substance. The layer sometimes leathery, sometimes membranaceous; scarcely gelatinous;
filaments rigid.

Character of Frond. A more or less thin layer of short, slender, jointed threads {filaments')^
stiJBfly curled and twisted ; turned in all directions ; densely interwoven. Filaments
apt to break into short fragments ; unbranched ; tubular ; containing narrow,
cylindrical colour-cells, which show through, with division-lines.

Measurement. The larger layers sometimes several feet in extent. Filaments about
an inch long !

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colour-cells in the filaments ; which
cells at last separate from each other and fall out.

Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks above and between tide-marks ; often left dry.

The waving to-and-fro (oscillating) movement of Oscillatoria filaments has been mentioned
under Tig. 372.

Fig. 374. SPIRULINA TENUISSIMA.

Colour. Rich metallic, or verdigris-green.

Substance. The layer very gelatinous ; slimy.

Character of Frond. A thin film of excessively slender, wavy, densely-twisted threads {filaments)^
lying nearly parallel. Filaments unbranched ; tubular ; containing bright green
colour-cells, which show through ; their division-lines close, and more or less distinct.
Measurement. The layer J of an inch or more across.

Fructification. As above, in Oscillatoria.

Habitat. On decaying algae, sticks, &c. in brackish pools near Menai Bridge. Pool near
Dolgelly. Aberdeen.

The filaments of Spirulina, like those of Oscillatoria and Microcoleus, have, when alive
and under water, the to-and-fro movement called oscillation, and in Spirulina the movement
is particularly vivid.

Fig. 375. OSCILLATORIA MGRO-VIRIDIS.

Colour. The layer a very dark olive-green, almost black ; dried filaments pale green.

Substance. The layer soft ; gelatinous ; filaments rigid.

Character of Frond. A thick layer of very slender threads {filaments), with distinctly curved,
blunt tips ; at first growing on mud, afterwards floating. Filaments apt to break
into needle-like fragments ; unbranched ; tubular ; containing pale green colour-cells,
which show through ; their division-lines inconspicuous ; set at intervals of about
half the width of the filament.

Measurement. Indefinite.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Shirehampton, Bristol. In a brackish ditch.

157

Fig. 376. OSCILLATORIA SUBULIFORMIS.

Colour. The layer looking blackish under water ; when taken out a beautiful deep blue-green ;
filaments bright green.

Substance. The layer soft ; gelatinous.

Character of Frond. A thinish layer of very slender threads {filaments)^ awl-shaped, with
pointed tips ; at first growing on mud, afterwards floating. Filaments apt to break
into needle-like fragments ; unbranched ; tubular ; containing bright green colour-
cells, which show through ; their division-lines inconspicuous ; set at intervals of
from half to three-fourths the width of the filament.

Measurement. Indefinite.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Shirehampton, Bristol. In a brackish ditch. Found with the preceding, 0. nigro-
viridis.

The oscillations of O. subuliformis are very vivid.

Fig. 377. OSCILLATORIA INSIGNIS.

Colour. The layer dark brown, almost black ; filaments brown.

Substance. Soft ; gelatinous.

Character of Frond. A thin layer of large brittle threads {filaments), slightly curved, with blunt
tips fringed with short, cobweb-like fibres. Filaments apt to break into needle-like
fragments ; unbranched ; tubular ; containing brown colour-cells, which show
through ; their division-lines conspicuous and very close.

Measurement. The layer indefinite ; filaments larger than those of any other marine Oscillatoria.

Fructification. As before.

Habitat. Shirehampton, near Bristol. In a brackish ditch. Found with the two preceding.

The fringed tips occur in other Oscillatorias, hut are more easily observed in this one, from
the much greater thickness of the filaments.

Fig. 378. MONORMIA INTRICATA.

Colour. At first olive-yellow ; gradually greenish ; when dry, deep verdigris-green.

Substance. Very gelatinous and soft.

Character of Frond. A small, roundish, floating mass ; formed of single threads {filaments),
densely curled and twisted ; immersed in loose, gelatinous, tube-like cylinders ;
several times branched. Filaments formed of globose cells, filled with colouring
matter {endochrome) ; strung together ; a larger cell, of different character, interrupt-
ing the uniformity here and there (a microscopic object).

Measurement. The little mass \ of an inch across.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the usual cells of
the filaments, and in due time bursting through them.

Habitat. Gravesend. In the ditches of the marsh to the south of the Frindsbury canal.
Very abundant.

Sometimes found with, and even inside, Enteromorpha intestinalis ; and in fresh water.

168

3?l6Lte LIXK

Oscallat-oriaL Tiigro-viridis.

Oscillatoria s-ulDTiliformis^ JTw.

377.

0scilla.toTl6L insignls^ Thw.

378.

0, Jswibt liQri..

d^Ticent. IBxco’ks

Plate LXXX.

Fig. 379. SPH^ROZYGA CARMICH^LII.

Colour. The filmy patches vivid green.

Substance. Gelatinous ; slimy.

Character of Frond. A thin film, consisting of minute, straight, brittle threads {filaments),
tapering to each end ; unbranched ; lying in a layer of jelly.

Filaments. Formed of bead-like colour-cells ; a larger, colourless one (called the connecting
cell), fringed with hairs, intermixed here and there. At maturity, some of the
colour- cells run together, forming larger ones (a microscopic object).

Measurement, Patches J, filaments of an inch long !

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed in the enlarged colour-cells, which are then
oblong, twice or thrice as long as broad, and brownish.

Habitat. Appin. Menai Bridge, &c. On decaying heaps of algae. Also in brackish water.

Fig. 380. SPH^ROZYGA THWAITESII.

Colour. Patches deep green ; almost black ; filaments pale green.

Substance. Very gelatinous ; slimy.

Character of Frond. Filmy patches, consisting of minute, curved, entangled threads {filaments) ;
unbranched ; lying together in a layer of jelly.

Filaments. Formed of bead-like colour-cells ; a larger, lighter-coloured one (called the
connecting cell), fringed with hairs, intermixed here and there (generally near the
ends). At maturity, some of the colour-cells run together, forming larger ones
(a microscopic object).

Measurement. Patches filaments of an inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed in the enlarged colour-cells, which are then
oval, once and a half as long as broad, and brown.

Habitat. Dolgelly. Shirehampton. On muddy sides of brackish water, or floating.

Fig. 381. SPERMOSIRA LITTOREA.

Colour^ Deep green.

Substance. Membranaceous ; scarcely gelatinous.

Character of Frond. A fleecy layer of robust, nearly straight threads {filaments) ; unbranched;

tubular ; filled with very narrow, closely-packed colour-cells ; a rather wider, pale
reddish one (called the connecting cell) intermixed here and there. At maturity,
some of the colour-cells run together, forming larger ones (a microscopic object).

Measurement. Fleecy layers J inch long ; filaments as fine as human hair.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed in the enlarged colour-cells, which are then
oval and brown.

Habitat. In muddy, brackish water.

Fig. 382. SPH^ROZYGA BROOMEI.

Colour. Deep green.

Substance. Gelatinous ; slimy.

Character of Frond. Filmy patches, consisting of minute straight threads {filaments) ; un-
hranched ; lying together in n layer of jelly.

Filaments. Formed of bead-like colour-cells, with here and there a larger, squarish, colourless
one (called the connecting cell) intermixed. At maturity, some of the colour-cells
run together, forming larger ones (a microscopic object).

Measurement. Patches J, filaments of an inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed in the enlarged colour-cells, which are then
oval, twice as long as wide, not much wider than the ordinary cells, and brown.

Habitat. In a brackish ditch at Shirehampton. On dead leaves.

Fig. 383. SPH^ROZYGA BERKELEYANA.

Colour, Vivid green.

Substance. Very gelatinous ; slimy.

Character of Frond. Filmy patches, consisting of minute curved threads {filaments) un-
branched ; lying together in a layer of jelly ; the younger ones often enclosed, several
together, in a distinct gelatinous sheath. (See Figure.)

Filaments. Formed of bead-like colour-cells, with here and there a larger, slightly-compressed,
colourless one intermixed. At maturity, some of the colour-cells run together, forming
larger ones (a microscopic object).

Measurement. Patches J, filaments perhaps of an inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the enlarged colour-cells, which are then
oblong, twice the width of the ordinary cells, and brown ; and lie, generally in pairs,
on each side a connecting cell.

Habitat. In a brackish ditch at Shirehampton. Amongst the filaments of Conferva fracta,
&c.

Fig. 384. SPERMOSIRA HARVEYANA.

Colour. Brilliant green.

Substance. Membranaceous ; scarcely gelatinous.

Character of Frond. A fleecy layer of slender, much curled and twisted threads {filaments) ;

unbranched ; tubular ; containing green colour-cells nearly as long as broad ; a longer,
squarish, pale reddish one (called a connecting cell) intermixed here and there. At
maturity, some of the colour-cells run together, forming larger ones (a microscopic
object).

Measurement. Fleecy layers J inch long ; filaments rather finer than human hair.

Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed in the enlarged colour-cells, which are then
exactly globose, almost twice the width of the common cells, and a fine chestnut
brown.

Habitat. Muddy, brackish ditches at Shirehampton. Found with Sphcerozyga Broomei.

160

Plate LXXX.

379

Sph^ro zy g a C armichaelii, Hocrv.

380.

SppL 08r 0 zygSL Tliwai tesiy Hcirv.

381.

SpePTtiog,lTa iLtorea^ BMz.

383,

384.

SpexrnoBira HB.rvayaTia, Tim.

SpliseTozyga Perkeleya-na , Tlrw.

. oewit-t oita.

"*tn-c ^^.'C 3a:'ook.s

APPENDIX OF NEW SPECIES

DISCOVERED SINCE THE PUBLICATION OP THE “PHYCOLOGIA

BRITANNICA.”

OLIVE GROUP.

Family II. SPOROCHNACE^.

DESMAEESTIA DEESNAII.

Colour. Pale fawn-brown, becoming a pleasant olive-green when dry.

Substance. Firmly membranaceous ; somewhat horny when fresh ; never becoming very soft.

Character of Frond. Flat, leaf-like, with an evident but thin midrib throughout, and side
veins ; margins slightly indented. When perfect, oppositely branched (if the phrase
be allowed) with leaf-like fronds of the same character : the whole plant consisting
of leafy formations, springing from each other.

Measurement. Specimen in Trinity College Herbarium (Dublin), 10 inches long by 2 wide.
But Mr. Sawers describes others as 18 inches long, breadth 3.

Fructification. Not ascertained.

Habitat. Moville Bay, Co. Donegal, 1853. Mr. Wm. Sawers.

By Agardh, and also by Dr. Harvey, this plant is considered as only an extravagantly
wide form of D. Ugiilata; but no one who has not seen intermediate specimens can easily
believe this. Yet, in the tapering to both ends of the so-called branches of the common
forms of D. ligalata, a tendency to leaf- like formation may be observed; the branchlets espe-
cially, resembling small libless leaves. On the other hand, the “ obscure midrib tow^ards the
base” of Z>. ligulata indicates an inclination to that formation also. Any one interested in
the subject will find the growth oi Desmarestia described in Dr. Harvey’s Nereis Boreali-
Americana, vol. i. p. 77.

Family V. CHOEDARIACE^.

LEATHESIA CRISPA.

Colour. Olive -brown.

Substance. Always firm and solid.

Character of Frond. More or less globose ; forming small tubers upon the fronds of other
algae. The internal threads which compose it, densely crowded. Tubers running
together in irregular patches as their growth proceeds.

Measurement. Tubers from to ^ of an inch in diameter ; patches an inch or more.

161 Y

APPENDIX.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) concealed in tlie substance of the frond.

Habitat. Cumbrae in the Clyde. Growing on Chondreas C7nspus. April, May, and June, 1853.
Mr. Eoger Kennedy.

General observers may always know this plant from Leathesia tuber if ormis (fig. 54) by its
decidedly solid substance. A touch ascertains this at once. And its tuher-\\ke character
sufficiently distinguishes it from L. Berkeleyi (fig. 5fi). The more advanced student, who
is disposed to make durch schnitts of the two tuberous forms, will observe that the threads
which compose the outer -coat {periphery) of L. tuberif ormis are short and straight; whereas
those of L. crispa are very distinctly curled, and are rather longer: nor are they as re-
gularly and roundly bead-like in the latter as in the former. Very little difference is
observable in the spores (which are borne among these outer-coat filaments at the base).
For scientific description and figure see Natural History Review, 1857, “ Proceedings of
Societies,” p. 201.

ELACHISTA GREVILLEI.

Colour, Olive, tending to brown.

Substance. Somewhat rigid.

Character of Frond. A small tuft (rising from a small tubercle) ; parasitic on Cladophora
impestris. Threads (filaments) slender ; simple ; tapering to the base ; scarcely to the
tips ; jointed.

Measurement. From J, inch to J long.

Fructification. Not ascertained.

Habitat. Largs : Dr. Greville, July 1852. Corrighills, Arran : Professor Walker Arnott,
the same year.

This little plant is described as “ simffiir in many respects to Elachista fucicoJa (fig. 61),
but smaller, with shorter joints and arising from a much smaller tubercle. Kemarkable too
for growing on one of the chlorosperm algae, whose fronds it often infests as densely as C.
fucicola does those of the Fuci.” For scientific description and figure see Natural History
, Review, 1857, “ Proceedings of Societies,” p. 201.

ELACHISTA HAYDENl.

Colour. Olive, tending to dark brown.

Substance. Soft.

Character of Frond. Minute tufts rising from a tubercle; parasitic on Asperococcus echinatus.

Threads very slender; curved; simple; not tapering to either end; jointed.

Measm^ement. About ^ an inch long.

Fructification. Minute seeds (spores) concealed in the substance of the tubercle.

Habitat. Filey Bridge. Parasitic on Chorda Lomentaria and Punctaria plantaginea. The
Rev. F. W. Hayden, 1862.

Those sufficiently interested in the Elachistas to examine them microscopically will be
glad to be told further that the tubercle, whence their tufts arise, is in all cases composed of
branching threads, so closely packed together as to form a compact mass. And among these
branching threads nestle the spores, which in E. Hay deni are at the lower end of the threads,
narrow oval in shape (narrow o5-oya^e, be. the reversed egg-shape — the small end upwards),
and have an abrupt cut-off appearance at top.

162

APPENDIX.

Family VI. ECTOCARPACE^.

ECTOCARPUS TESSELATUS.

This plant having been alluded to under fig. 95 as raised to the dignity of a species, it
is necessary to add here that Dr. Harvey does not allow its claims to any other position than
that of a varied form of E. grximdosus (fig. 95) ; a species very irregular in its habit of
growth. Sometimes it is alternately branched throughout, as appears to have been the case in
the plant from which the figure in English Botany was taken, or it is alternately branched in
the larger divisions, and exactly oppositely in the lesser ones, as figured in the Phycologia
Britannica; or the last branchlets are secund^ i.e. set along one side of the penultimate ones,
like the teeth of a comb. And this is the case with the pretty form E. tesselatus, first
discovered by the Eev. F. W. Hayden in rock crevices on the rugged surface of Filey Bridge,
at the further extremity. And as this secAind branchleting occurs on both alternately- and
oppositely-imwc/zec? specimens, it would seem that these varieties of habit are of little
importance.

The oppositely-branched is commonest on the south coast, and the alternate, or alternato-
opposite, in the north. But they are found conversely. Dr. Cocks furnished fine alternato-
secund to his Algarwn Fascicidi from Plymouth ; and opposito-secund^ with occasional double
pairs, was gathered off a buoy at Whitby this year (1862). Filey Bridge affords the three
varieties.

The peculiarities of E. tesselatus appear to be the secund branchlets ; a beautiful ^ree?^-olive
colour, and a richness and closeness of branching quite unknown in the larger forms, wliich
often become straggling and have long portions of their stems naked. In a collection it will
be well to call this plant Ectocaipus granulosus^ var. secundatus — a name bestowed upon one of
the secund forms by Lyngbye ; and as Agardh unites under E. gramdosus the oppositely-
branched Icetus^ the collector may, if he pleases, subdivide the three forms by separate titles.
The epithet tesselatus is equally applicable to all, for it was suggested by the tesselated
appearance of the fruit ; but this can only be observed under a very good microscope. The
Whitby specimens, before alluded to, were furnished, besides the usual fruit, with globular
bodies, having the appearance of spores inclosed in a hyaline cell. These were seated for tlie
most part on the stems, the tesselated fruit on the branchlets. It is admitted by all, that the
fructification of the Ectocarpi is very imperfectly understood ; the tesselated formations not
having the usual characters of spores.

RED GROUP.

Family VII. RHODOMELACEn:.

EYTIPHLAiA OXYACANTHA.

A most delicate and lovely form discovered by Miss Turner in Jersey, in 1855, and pro-
visionally called B. oxyacantha by Dr. Harvey. He is unwilling, however, to subdivide species
unnecessarily, and has satisfied himself that this attractive little plant is but a slender and
graceful variety of Bytiphlcea thuyoides (fig. 101). Its general appearance is much less stiff
and formal than that of the usual B. thuyoides, for the branchlets, instead of being short, and
rebranchleted with another set shorter still, are longer and simpler, being rarely rebranchleted
at all. It seems hard not to allow so* interesting a variety a special name, but almost as much
difference may be observed in the stiffer or slenderer forms of Polysiphoma parasitica as
between B. oxyacantha and the coarser B. thuyoides.

163

APPENDIX.

POLYSIPHONIA PCETIDISSIMA.

Specimens under this name having been distributed in Dr. Cocks’ Algarum Fasciculi,
it is necessary to mention that Dr. Harvey does not consider it specifically distinct from
P. jibrata (fig. 113). It is rather pnrpler in hue; hut whether this arises from anything
more than its growing on mud in a harbour, w^here the water cannot he so pure as on a more
open sea, seems doubtful. Its professed habitats are the landing-places on the shore of
Mount Edgcumbe, and Torpoint.

DASYA PUNICEA.

Colour. Bright rosy crimson ; fading to yellow and whitish.

Substance. Soft, and somewhat gelatinous ; soon decomposing in fresh water.

Character of Frond. Thread-like {filamentous) ; irregularly, much branched ; bushy ; the
principal branches widely spreading and hearing many short branchlets on each side.
Stems unjointed ; the older ones worn naked and smooth ; the younger, throughout
the plant, closely set with rings (luhorls) of very slender, delicate, soft, jointed
hranchle^ee?2s. These branchle^ee?2S, J of an inch long ; many times forked : tapering
to a point ; their joints from 4 to 6 times as long as broad.

Measurement. From 2 to 3 inches long, and as much in the spread of the branches.

Fructification. Of two kinds ; external. 1. Clustered spores, in broadly ovate capsules, with a
short protruding mouth (urceolate) ; seated {sessile) on the branchlets. 2. Tetra-
spores in lanceolate, pointed, pod-like receptacles {stichidia) ; on the branchle^ee?i5.

Habitat. Bognor, October, 1858, Mrs. Gray. Brighton, July and August, 1859, Mrs.
Merrifield.

This interesting addition to the list of British Seaweeds resembles Agardh’s Trieste
species, D. funicea, so closely, that Dr. Harvey believes it may be the same, although differing
in one particular character; viz. the length of the joints of the branchle^eens. Those of
Agardh’s plant being short; of the present form, long.

DASYA CATTLOVM ?

A form not yet described, from the fact that only one specimen, and that a barren one,
has as yet been found. This unique treasure was discovered fioating at very low water in
St. Auhin’s Bay, not far from Elizabeth Castle, Jersey, in August, 1858, by Miss Mary
Cattlow. Externally, it hears some likeness to an Australian species, D. Gunniana; but its
characters come nearest to those of the Mediterranean species, D. punicea, above described
as having been lately found on the British shores. Dr. Harvey considers D. Cattlovice more
robust, however, and its branchle^eews more generally distributed, and is inclined to think it
may prove a distinct species.

It is mentioned here in the hope that such an announcement may induce other collectors
to make diligent search for more specimens.

Family IX. WEANGELIACE^.

NACCAEIA HYPNOIDES.

Colour. Delicate rosy-red.

Substance. Very soft and gelatinous ; adhering closely to paper in drying.

164

APPENDIX.

Character of Frond. Slender; thread-shaped {filiform)'^ profusely branched; solitary or
tufted. Stems wide in proportion to the hranchlets ; once or twice forked ; set
with long, wavy, horizontally-spread, opposite or alternate branches, tapering gradu-
ally upwards, and several times rebranched. Branches clothed with very slender-
jointed hranchlets ; these furnished at every joint with rings {whorls) of minute,
bead-like branchleteens, once or twice forked, and forming a little frill round each
joint. Structure, an internal-jointed tube, covered by a streaked, fibrous membrane,
which, when fully developed, conceals it. The younger branches, or hranchlets,
therefore, where this coating is imperfectly grown, appear jointed, the older stems
not. A branchlet, with its bead-like branchleteens fringing the partition lines
{dissepiments) of every joint, is an exquisite microscopic object.

Measurement. Two or four inches long, and as much in the spread of the branches.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Tufts of naked spores formed in the middle part of the
hranchlets ; swells them out ; attached to the ivhorled branchleteens.

Habitat. S. Catherine’s Bay, Jersey : Miss Turner and Mr. Girdlestone. Exmouth : Mrs.
Gulson.

To outward observation this plant is much more slender and feathery than NaccariaWiggii
(fig. 218) ; but any doubt as to which is which is solved at once by the microscope. In
N. Wiggii the branchleteens are so slender and so gelatinous that they clothe the hranchlets
like a pile, and their position is difficult to discover. In N. hypnoides, although some of
them cling to the stems whence they spring, the extremities of most are quite free, and their
whorled position easily observed. Their more bead-hke character and larger size are an-
other mark of distinction. •*'

Family XIV. SQUAMAEIE^.

CBUOEIA PELLITA.

Colour. Dingy red.

Substance. Tough, but rather fleshy-feeling.

Character of Frond. A scab-like incrustation spreading on the surface of rocks; composed of
minute densely-packed, upright-jointed threads {filaments), set in gelatine. Filaments
robust at the base ; tapering upwards ; in tufted bundles below ; such of them as
elongate, spreading upwards in a repeatedly forked manner.

Measurement. The patches indefinite.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Oblong tetraspores (divided across into four) ; boine
on the threads of which the frond is composed; supplying the place of a branch in-
one of the lower forkings.

Habitat. Sound of Jura: Professor Walker Arnott. Cumbrae: Mr. Kennedy. Miltown Malbay :
Dr. Harvey. Probably in many other places. On rocks between tide-marks.

The Gruoria pellita of fig. 227 has been transferred to another genus, and is now
Fetrocelis cruenta. This change is owing to the position and character of the fruit, in
Petrocelis (which, like Gruoria, is an incrustation composed of jointed threads) the tetraspores
are formed in the (then) swollen centre cell of the threads themselves. In true Gruoria they
are home, as above described, on the threads of which the frond is composed: in fact, by
the transformation of a branch into fruit. Scientific accounts of the Gruorias, accompanied
by plates, were published in the Natural History Bevieiv, 1857, “Proceedings of Societies,

p. 201.

165

ArPENDIX.

CKUOEIA ADH^EENS.

Colour. 'Purplish, or discolouring olive.

Suhstance. Tough, but rather fleshy-feeling.

Character of Frond. A scab-like incrustation spreading on rocks and laminaria stems ; com-
posed of minute densely-packed, upright-jointed threads {filaments)^ set in gelatine.
Filaments tapering to both ends ; many of them quite simple ; a few once or twice
forked upwards.

Measurement. The patches indefinite.

Fructification. Only one kind thoroughly ascertained ; though a second sort, (?) of unusual
character, has been found. 1. Oblong Tetraspores (divided across into four), borne
on the threads of which the frond is composed ; supplying the place of a branch in
one of the lower forkings. 2. (?) A large pear-shaped, green., spore-like body,
enclosed in a large transparent gelatinous case {capsule), terminating some of the
threads.

Habitat. Kilruggan, opposite Gourock: Professor Walker Arnott. Aberdeen: Dr. Dickie.

Penzance: Mr. Ealfs. Kilkee, 1844, Cushendall, Co. Antrim, 1850: Dr. Harvey.
And probably in many other places. On rocks between tide-marks.

From the account of this plant, sent by Dr. Harvey to the Natural History Review, it
would seem that if not two species, two forms of Cruoria adhwrens O were furnished by
Dr. Arnott, from the same locality. The one with tetraspores, the other with the green
spore-like bodies mentioned above. Whether to consider this latter variety, which differed
little from the other, except in the smaller diameter and shorter joints of its threads, a
new species, under the name of C. Arnottii, or to regard its singular fruit as the true spores
of a Cruoria, Dr. Harvey doubted; nor can anything further he said in the matter than to
call the attention of collectors to the fact of hw much remains to be discovered about these
odd incrustations. They form red stains on rocks and stones, as if blood had been spilt
there, and can only he removed by a knife ; and, of course, can only he understood by exami-
nation under the microscope.

ACTINOCOCCUS HENNEDYI.

Colour. Deep red.

Substance. • Toughish, but beautifully gelatinous.

Character of Frond. Like a drop of blood ; indefinite in outline ; composed of minute closely-
packed, upright-jointed bead-like threads {filaments), set in gelatine. Filaments
tapering upwards ; bead-like ; sometimes simple, but frequently once or twice
branched.

Measurement. A homoeopathic globule ! but sometimes several together.

Fructification. Only one kind known. Large tetraspores, formed by degrees in nearly all the
joints of the threads, transforming them into “ necklace-like strings of deep red
beads.” Each tetraspore divided cross-wise {cruciate).

Habitat. On an old root of Laminaria digitata at Cumbr^e : Mr. Eoger Hennedy, 1852, On
a rock, near high-water mark : Professor Walker Arnott.

A beautiful microscopic object. For a scientific account and figure of this plant and
others, see Natural History Review for 1857, “ Proceedings of Societies,” p. 201.

Loudon : — Stranoewats and Warden, Printers, 28 Castle St, Leicester Sq.

166

I

' .'A'

.V“,v

i

}

* .V

/'

: 'P