THE RAY SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV. This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the BAY SOCIETY for the Year 1906. LONDON: MDCCCCVII. -, i- THE BEITISH TUNICATA AN UNFINISHED MONOGRAPH BY THE LATE JOSHUA ALDER AND THE LATE ALBANY HANCOCK, F.L.S. EDITED BY JOHN HOPKINSON, F.L.S., F.G.S., ETC. Secretary of the Ray Society VOLUME II WITH LIVES OF THE AUTHORS BY CANON A. M. NOEMAN, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S. AND THE LATE DENNIS EMBLETON, M.D. LONDON PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY 1907 PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON LONDON AND DORKING. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. PAGE LIFE OF JOSHUA ALDER. BY THE REV. CANON NOEMAN, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c. . . . xi LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK. BY DR. D. EMBLETON . . xvii ADDENDUM. BY CANON NORMAN ..... xxvii CLASS TUNICATA. ORDER 1. SACCOBRANCHIATA. TRIBE 1. SOLITARY. FAMILY 1. ASCIDIAD^E (continued). GENUS 2. CIONA . . . . .1 „ 3. CORELLA . . . . .18 FAMILY 2. MOLGULID.E . . . . .34 GENUS 4. MOLGULA . . . . .35 „ 5. EUGYRA . . . . .65 FAMILY 3. CYNTHIADJE . . . . .75 GENUS 6. CYNTHIA . . . . .75 7. STYELA '. . . .97 „ 8. STYELOPSIS .... 128 9. THYLACIUM . . . .135 „ 10. PELONAIA . . . . .139 FAMILY 4. CLAVELINID^; ..... 147 GENUS 11. CLAVELINA .... 148 „ 12. PEROPHORA .... 155 13. DIAZONA . . . . .159 INDEX OF SPECIES, ETC.. DESCRIBED . 163 39645 NOTE ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS. ALL the plates in this volume (except the frontispiece) are photographic reproductions of original drawings by the authors— Plates XXV, XXVIII, XXXII, and L, by collotype, and all the rest by the half-tone process. Plates XXI, XXA^L XXX, XXXIV, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XL, and XLIX are from drawings by Mr. Alder, and the figures are of the same size as drawn by him; the rest are from drawings by Mr. Hancock, and the figures are reduced in size, mostly to about one-half. The figures in the text, with the exceptions of figs. 25-27, 48, 49, and 82-84, are reproduced by the half-tone process from drawings by Mr. Hancock, and nearly all are reduced in size. The figures excepted are photographic reproductions of published figures, 25 and 27 being reduced in size from the originals. The Editor has arranged the figures and treated them in the same way as in Vol. I. He regrets that it has not been found possible to identify all Mr. Alder's figures, owing to the absence of descriptions of his completed plates. JOHN HOPKINSON. WEETWOOD, WATFORD, 30th November, 1906. LIST OF THE PLATES. PLATE Portrait of Mr. Albany Hancock, from a photo- graph taken by Sir Joseph W. Swan, F.R.S., and reproduced by his permission Frontispiece XXI. — Figs. 1—5. — dona intestinalis. Figs. 6-8. — C. pulchella. Fig. 9. — Gorella parallelogramma. XXII. — Figs. 1-8. — Ciona fascicularis. Fig. 9. — Gorella larvaeformis. Figs. 10, 11. — C. ovata. XXIII. — Molgula conchilega : details. XXIV.— Figs. 1-6.— Molgula complanata. Figs. 7-10.- M. oculata. XXV. — Fig. 1. — Molgula vah-ata. Figs. 2, 3. — M. sim- plex. Figs. 4-6. — M. siphonata. XXVI. — Figs. 1-4. — Molgula siplionata. Figs. 5-9.- M. citrina. Figs. 10—12. — Eugyra arenosa. XXVII.— Figs. 1, 2.— Molgula socialis. Figs. 3-5.— M. inconspicua. Figs. 6-8. — M. citrina. XXVIII.— Figs. 1, 2,— Molgula socialis. Figs. 3-5.— If. citrina. XXIX. — Figs. 1, 2. — Eugyra arenosa. Figs. 5-7. — E. globosa. XXX. — Figs. 1, 2. — Cynthia claudicans. Fig. 3. — C. squamulosa. Figs. 4, 5. — C. ovata. Figs. 6, 7. — C. morns. Figs. 8, 9. — C. tessellata. Fig. 10. — C. echinata. XXXI. — Figs. 1, 2. — Cynthia rosea. Figs. 3-5. — C. claudi- cans. Figs. 6-8. — C. squamidosa. XXXII. — Figs. 1, 2. — Cynthia squamulosa. Figs. 3-5.— C. ovata. Figs. 6, 7. — G. tessellata. Fig. 8. — C. echinata. XXXIII. — Fig. 1. — Cynthia ovata. Figs. 2-5. — C. morus. Figs. 6, 7.— C. tessellata. XXXIV. — Figs. 1-5. — Styela tuberosa. Fig-. 6. — 8. in- formis. Figs. 7, 8. — S. 'mamillaris. XXXV. — Fig. 1. — Styela tuberosa. Fig. 2. — S. mamillaris. viii LIST OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXVI.— Figs. 1-7. — Styela tuberosa. Figs. 8, 9.— 8. in- formis. XXXVII. — Figs. 1-4. — Styela coriacea. Fig. 5. — S.pomaria. Figs. 6, 7. — 8. sulcatula. Figs. 8, 9. — S. granu- lata. Figs. 10-12. — 8. variabilis. Fig. 13.— (?) 8. obscura. Fig. 14 — 8. comata. Fig. 15. -8. vestita. Figs. 16, 17. — 8. violacea. Fig. IS.— 8. fibrillata. XXXVIII.— Styela fibrillata. XXXIX.— Fig. 1.— A 8tyela (undescribed). Figs. 2, 3.- 8. coriacea. Fig. 4.—$. pom aria. Figs. 5, 6. -8. granulata. Fig. 7. — 8. humilis. Fig. 8. —8. comata. Fig. 9. — S. vestita. Figs. 10- 12. — 8. violacea. Figs. 13-16. — 8. depressa. Fig. 17.- — 8. •northumbrica. XL. — Accessories, etc., of Molgulasiphonata (figs. 1-3), II. citrina (fig. 4), Eugyra arenosa (fig. 5), Cynthia claudicans (fig. 6), C. squamulosa (fig. 7), C. morus (fig. 8), Styela fibrillata (fig. 9). XLI. — Figs. 1-3. — Styela mamillaris. Figs. 4, 5. — 8. coriacea. XLIL— Figs. 1-7.— Styela pom-aria. Figs. 8, 9.— 8. sulcatula. Figs. 10, 11. — S. granulata. XLIII. — Fig. 1. — Styela variabilis. Figs. 2, 3. — S. comata. Figs. 4, 5. — 8. vestita. XLIV.— Figs. 1-3.— Styela fibrillata. Figs. 4, 5.— 8. depressa. Fig. 6. — S. northumbrica. XLV. — Figs. 1, (?) 2. — Styelopsis glomerata. Figs. 3-5. -Thylacium Normani. XL VI. — Figs. 1-4. — Styelo2>sis grossularia. Fig. 5. — 8. glomerata. Figs. 6-8. — Thylacium aggre- gatum. Figs. 9-11. — T. Sylvani. Figs. 12- 14. — T. variolosum. Figs. 15, 16. — Pelonaia corrugata. XLVII. — Pelonaia corrugata : details. XLVII.L— The branchial tubercle in Molgula (figs. 1-3), Cynthia (figs. 4-8), Styela (figs. 9-17), Pelonaia (fig. 18). XLIX. — Figs. 1, 2. — Clavelina lepadiformis. Fig. 3. — C. corrugata. Figs. 4-6. — Diazona violacea. L. — Clavelina lepadiformis : details. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. PIGS. PAGE 25. — Tethyum fasciculatum Bohadsch . . 6 26. — T. sociabile Gunner .... 7 27. — Holothurium Iseve Vandelli . . .8 28. — dona intestinalis : mantle . . .13 29. — C. fascicularis : tentacular filaments . . 16 30. — Corella parallelogram-ma : part of branchial sac 20 31. — „ ,, biliary ducts . 22 32— » „ „ „ 23 33. — „ }) reproductive organs 24 34.— „ „ male vesicle . 25 35. — C. ovata : part of branchial sac . . 33 36. — Molgula concJiilega : part of branchial sac . 43 37. — M. complanata : part of branchial sac . . 46 38, 39. — M. valvata : test, two views . . .50 40. — If. simplex : part of branchial sac . . 52 41. — „ ,, tentacular filament . . 52 42. — M. siphonata : test . . . .54 43. — „ )} reproductive organs . . 56 44. — M. socialis : part of branchial sac . . 57 45. — M. inconspicua : pai-t of branchial sac . . 60 46. — M. citrina : reproductive organs . . 63 47. — ,, ,, testicles . . . .64 48, 49. — Eugyra arenosa : parts of branchial sac . 67 50. — Cynthia rosea : mantle . . . .77 51. — C. claudicans : liver . . . .80 52. — C. squamulosa : „ . . . .80 53. — „ )} tentacular filament . . 83 54. — C. ovata : mantle . . . .85 55.— „ „ liver 88 X ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. FIGS. PAGE 56. — C. morns : liver . . . . .88 57. — C. tesseUata : oral tentacles . . .91 58. — „ „ tentacular filament . . 91 59. — C. echinata : ,, ,, . .95 60. — Styela tuberosa : reproductive organs . . 101 61.— „ „ ovaries . . . 102 62. —8. informis : tentacular filaments and branchial tubercle . . . . .105 63. — 8. opalina : test. .... 109 64. — 8. pomaria : anal aperture . . .112 65. — 8. granulata : „ „ . . .112 66. — ,, „ digestive and reproductive organs 116 67. — 8. oljscura : tentacular filaments . .119 68. — „ „ digestive organs . . .119 69. — „ „ anal aperture . . . 119 70. — 8. comata : ovary . . . .121 71. — „ „ anal aperture . . .121 72.— 8. vestita „ „ . . .121 73. — „ „ test ..... 122 74. — ,, „ tentacular filaments . . . 123 75,76. — „ „ o vary , two views . . . 124 77. — 8. fibrillata : ovai'ies .... 126 78. — „ „ anal aperture . . . 126 79. — 8. northumbrica ., ,,..', 126 80. — „ ,, reproductive organs . . 127 81. — Pulonaia corrugata : part of branchial sac . 141 82.- „ „ test . . .147 83.— P. glnbra : test . . . . .147 84. — „ „ anatomy .... 147 85^ 86. — -Perophora Lister i : test, two views . .156 87.—AMolyula . . . . .162 LIFE OF JOSHUA ALDER. JOSHUA ALDEK was born at Easter Eve, 1792, in Dean Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where liis father was in business as a provision merchant. At an early age he was sent to a school which was kept by two ladies in that town; and later was educated under his relative, the Eev. Joseph Simpson, at Tanfield School, where he was taught the rudiments of classics and mathematics. " He appears to have been a lad of observation, vivacity, and humour. He was fond of sketching portraits and cari- catures on the kitchen walls with a burnt stick, and of holding- boyish dramatic performances with puppets, which he manu- factured chiefly himself, and for which he pronounced the speeches, and thus, amid family gatherings of old and young, many a pleasant and joyous evening was spent. In the prosecution of these juvenile amusements we may observe the early evidence of his genial disposition, and the germs of those powers of observation and delineation which gradually grew up and developed themselves into talents of no mean order." * At the age of fifteen Joshua Alder finally left school ; and within a year his father died (November, 1808) and he at once commenced to assist his widowed mother in the business. [t would not have been in accordance with his character if he had not done everything that he should have done in the matter of this business in the years which followed. But truly for business and money-making he had little taste : and in 1840, when 48 years of age, he retired into private life, and from that day living in quiet happiness with his devotedly attached sister, Miss Alder, he gave his time wholly to his favourite studies in Zoology. *From "Notice of the Life of the late Joshua Alder, Esq., by D. Embleton, M. D." (' Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham,' Vol. I, 1867, p. 324 ) I am indebted to this memoir for information respecting Mr. Alder's early life ; and passages which follow within inverted commas are from Dr. Embleton. Xll LIFE OF JOSHUA ALDEE, For it was at an early age that lie had acquired an ardent love of Natural History. After leaving- school he attended lectures, as a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle, on chemistry, electricity, and other branches of Physical Science. Moreover, the association with scientific men who became to him friends and companions shortly afterwards, could scarcely have failed to give a scientific bias to his mind. Among these associates were Thomas Bewick the famous wood-engraver, William Hutton the Palaeontolo- gist who made the famous 'Hutton Collection of -Carboni- ferous Plants/ and George Burnett, who was a good Mineralogist. It was not long before Alder began to take Natural History rambles in various directions around Newcastle in com- pany with Thomas Hancock, a brother of Albany; W. Robertson, Botanist ; and George Burnett, Mineralogist. In these excursions mineralogical and botanical specimens were collected. These short expeditions were soon extended in the summer months into longer pedestrian tours through the lake and mountain districts of Cumberland, Westmoreland, and the Scottish Lowlands. Now it was that there was added the collecting of land and freshwater shells to his earlier pursuits, and, finding great pleasure in hunting for them, he soon devoted himself exclusively to their study, which he subse- quently extended to the entire molluscan fauna of our islands. " About the year 1829 certain scientific men, among whom were Joshua Alder, William Hutton, Thomas, John, and Albany Hancock, Wrilliam Hewetson (Ornithologist and Lepidopterist), George Wailes (Entomologist and Stained Glass Manufacturer, an art which 1 believe he was the first to revive), and the Rev. George Abbs (general Naturalist), con- ceived the idea that it would be at once pleasurable, profitable, and advantageous in all ways if they should meet together frequently, for the purpose of conversation and discussion on the several branches of Natural History to the study of which they were devoting their time. To this end they instituted ' Wednesday Evening Meetings,' for such was the designation by which these friendly gatherings were known. They were held fortnightly at seven o'clock in the houses of the members in turn. All unnecessary expense was avoided, only a simple plain tea was given by the host, while two things were distinctly forbidden — discussion on political topics and the use of alcohol. Any discovery made by a member since the preceding meeting was communicated ; specimens of interest LIFE OF JOSHUA ALDER. Xlll were exhibited, and conversation was for the most part con- fined to scientific subjects; and the meeting broke up about midnight. Naturalists who resided in neighbouring places, or who were passing through Newcastle,, were frequently invited as guests ; and as such a guest I was, when a young- man, once present and enjoyed a delightful evening." A spirit of enthusiasm was naturally engendered by these meetings, as the members were continually acquiring know- ledge and a more extended range of interest from companion- ship with those who were pursuing different paths through the fields of Natural Science. It cannot be wondered, there- fore, that during the thirty following years in- which the ' Wednesday Evening Meetings' were held, and long after- wards, Newcastle was famous for that band of scientific citizens which was unequalled in any other provincial town. In 1829 Alder was one of the founders of the Natural History Society of Northumberland and Durham, and he took a keen and active interest in the formation of its valuable Museum and acted as one of its Honorary Curators. In 1831 there was published in the first volume of the ' Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumber- land and Durham' (Vol. I, pp. 26-41) Alder's first paper on Mollnsca, "A Catalogue of Land and Freshwater Testaceous Mollusca found in the vicinity of Newcastle-upon-Tyne," to which a Supplement was added six years later (Vol. II, pp. 337-342). A French translation of the former was pub- lished by Ferussac in his ' Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles, (Vol. XXVII, p. 195). This catalogue was the fullest local list of inland Mollusca which up to that time had been given. It contained 77 species, of which Helix pura, radiatula, and gramdata, Vertigo alpestris, Planorlils Ifevix, and Pisidium cinereum were described as new. Shortly after this time Alder turned his attention to the marine Mollusca, and his first paper in connection with these studies was published in 1841. His chief collecting-ground was the southern portion of the Northumberland coast, more especially Cullercoats, where the littoral zone was constantly explored, and satisfactory use made of the rejectamenta brought to shore in the boats of the long-line fishermen. In the summer months longer excursions were taken, when, always accompanied by Miss Alder, he visited each year some distant part of our shores. On the south-west coast he stayed at Torquay, Plymouth, Fowey, Falmouth, and Ilfracombe ; 011 * Norman, in President's Address, ' Report of Proceedings of the Museums Association,' Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1895, p. 3. XIV LIFE OF JOSHUA ALDEE, the west coast at Swansea, Tenby, and Beaumaris; on the Scotch coast his investigations were carried on at Arran, Rotliesay, Oban. and other localities ; and he also visited Dublin. He delighted in tine scenery, and in addition to the Natural History spolia which he brought home from these expeditions, he always had numerous sketches in pencil of views which impressed him by their beauty. " Thus it was that, by undivided attention for many years to the systematic observation and collection of the different animals in their natural resorts, and by careful study and arrangement of them at home, he was enabled slowly but surely to develop and mature his talents, and to amass the large museum of British shells and zoophytes which was his pride, and one of the foundations of his fame as a Naturalist." In 1842 the first publication on Nudibranchiate Mollusca under the joint names of Alder and Hancock appeared in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History'; and numerous papers followed in the same journal reporting fresh discoveries among these beautiful Mollusca. The ' Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollnsca ' w;is published by the Ray Society during the years 1845 to 1855. This very fine work at once raised its authors into the first rank of Naturalists."* In 1846 the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club was founded, and Joshua Alder was one of its original Committee, and in 1849 was elected its President. The first volume of the Club's ' Transactions ' contained his well-known " Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham." This catalogue embraced 394 species, but amongst them were 30 species of Tunicata, in the examination and description of which he was joined by Albany Hancock. After the completion of the Monograph on the Nudibran- chiate Mollusca, Alder began to publish his papers on Zoophytes, the most important of which is " A Catalogue of the Zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham '; ('Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club,' Vol. Ill, 1857) and its Supplement (Vol. V, 1863). Under the term Zoophyte at that time were included not only the Ccelenterata but also the Polyzoa, to both of which groups the author added many new species. An account has already been given, at the commencement of the first volume of this work, of Alder's researches with respect to the Tunicata. A full list of his publications, fifty- three in number, will be found by those who may wish to consult it, at the end of his Life by Dr. Embleton. : They left sufficient material for a Sxipplementary Part, which will shortly be published by the Ray Society. LIFE OF JOSHUA ALDER. XV " A great calamity, in which he had unfortunately many fellow-sufferers, befel him in 1857 in the failure of the North- umberland and Durham District Bank. By this he lost all his property, yet no one ever heard him complain ; no word of blame or anger escaped him. He knew how to keep an even mind in adversity, as he had done in prosperity ; and he was one of those few persons who have not had the extreme pain of being in adversity forsaken by their friends. A numerously and rapidly signed representation, containing the names of all our celebrities in science, and of troops of other friends, was made to the Government, who ultimately gave him from the Civil List a pension of £70 per annum." But material help came also from another quarter. Sir William (afterwards Lord) Armstrong consulted Alder's most intimate friends, and learnt that he had always purposed to bequeath his collections and library to the Newcastle Museum. Sir William then approached Alder through a friend with the intimation that he greatly desired to be allowed to purchase his collections and library in order that they might be placed in the Newcastle Museum after his death, and that he would be glad to secure this by the payment of an annuity during Alder's life. The annuity offered through the friend was a truly noble payment for the collection. It was a most kind act most delicately done. Alder carried on extensive correspondence with brother Naturalists, and his letters were always most beautifully written and replete with information and interest when his help was asked for. In the earlier part of his career copious communications passed between him and Dr. George Johnston, Edward Forbes, William Thompson of Belfast, Cocks of Falmouth, and Dr. J. E. Grey, and also with the two Goodsirs, Hanley, Baird, Yarrell, Fleming, and Dr. Carpenter ; also in later years with Allman, Busk, Hincks, Strethill Wright, Bowerbank, &c. Continental Naturalists who corresponded with him included Loveii, M. Sars, P. J. Van Beneden, H. Milne Edwards, Ferussac, Dupuy, Phillipi, and Veraiiy. He was always delighted to encourage and assist by any means in his power the less-informed Naturalists who sought his help. All work that he undertook evinced the greatest care and accuracy, while he possessed a most discriminating judg- ment in distinguishing species from varieties, so that perhaps no recent author has described so many species among marine Invertebrata with so few, if any, spurious species amongst them. It was my good fortune to be able to pay him frequent XVI LIFE OF JOSHUA ALDER. visits during the last nine years of his life, and he was deeply endeared to me, as indeed he was to all his intimate friends, by the beauty of his character. He was the thorough gentleman, courteous, honourable, and kind ; a most delightful com- panion ; so full of knowledge of his special subjects and of general information, yet so modest and humble withal ; always bright and cheerful ; a hasty or unkind word never escaped him with regard to another, for his was a truly bene volent mind. During the latter years of his life his hearing partially failed, and the likeness which forms the frontispiece to the first volume of this work is admirable, and shows him in the position with hand to the ear which he assumed in conversa- tion. It was taken by Sir Joseph W. Swan, F.R.S. " His health, which had always been delicate, became during the latter years of his life gradually more nud more infirm. He was afflicted with the painful consequences of prostatic disease, and within the last four or five years of his life had been on several occasions in imminent jeopardy ; but owing to his previous careful living, by which he had avoided, as much as possible, all sources of disease, and husbanded the resources of his constitution, to the skilful surgical treatment of Dr. Gibb, and to the devoted and untiring care of his sister, to whom he was tenderly attached, he survived to be cut off by an attack of pleurisy, retaining his mental faculties, and manifesting his love of Natural History, up to within a few hours of his decease. His long and painful trials were borne with singular Christian patience, meekness, and philosophy." So long as health permitted he had been a regular attendant and communicant at St. Nicholas Church, now the Cathedral of Newcastle. When seized with the attack of pleurisy, his sister at his request wrote to ask me to come and visit him ministerially. It was my privilege to do this and to administer to him the Holy Communion shortly before his death, which took place on the 21st of January, 1867, in the seventy- fifth year of his age. His sister, whose chief thought in life had been the loving care of her brother, was never well subsequent to his death, but lingered on until the 7th of June, 1881, when she died at 85 years of age. A. M. NORMAN. LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK.* JOSHCTA ALDER died in January, 1867, at the age of seventy- four years ; Albany Hancock in October, 1873, at the age of sixty-seven years. The linked names of Alder and Hancock, friends and fellow-workers for many years, will long be esteemed as those of good and true men, who, from a pui'e and unselfish love of science, have done much towards enlarging the boundaries of Natural History, and have shed a lustre on the town in which they were born and spent their lives. Both were self-taught men in their departments of scientific work, and have shown what talent and perseverance can effect without the aid of academic training. The same may be said in the case of many others of our distinguished men of the North of England. In a memoir of the lives of men distinguished in any walk of life, or who have left their mark on any department of science, it is always interesting to know their origin, who and what their parents were, under whose auspices they were brought up, and whether or not their talents were hereditary. Nothing is now known of the Hancock family before the time of Albany's grandfather, about the middle of the 18th century. His grandmother, whose maiden name was Baker, was, by the maternal side, a Henzell; a member of the family of that name, who, with the Tyzacks and Tytterys, brought to the Tyne and Wear, and also to Staffordshire, towards the end of the sixteenth century, the important art of glass- making. Thomas Hancock, Albany's grandfather, was a saddler and ironmonger, at the north end of Tyne Bridge, before the year 1771. He had two sons, John and Henry. John, the elder, and the father of Albany, was sent to school at Redrnire, in Yorkshire, under the Eev. T. Hislop, a clergyman of the Church of England. He showed much ability, and on leav- ing school joined his father in business. This he pursued * Extracted, by permission of the Council of the Natiiral History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, from the 'Nat. Hist. Trans, of Northumberland and Durham,' Vol. V, pp. 118-13-4 (1877), with a few omissions. II. b XVlll LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK. more from principle than from love of it, for he used to say, when leaving his young companions for the shop, that he " was going to his duty." When business was slack and the weather fine, he was in the habit of making, with two or three like-minded friends, trips on foot into various parts of these northern counties; spending the day in a delightful search after plants, insects, and shells, in the fields and woods, by the riversides, or on the rocky promontories and sandy beaches of the coast. John Hancock and his friends were contemporary with Bewick, but worked in the departments of Botany, Entomo- logy, and Coucliology. What they gathered John Hancock studied, named, and arranged, and in a few years he had amassed a considerable collection, in which shells predomi- nated. That he was in advance of his time as a devoted and successful student of Nature, this collection and his library demonstrate. The very best standard works of the day were his, and for a quiet provincial naturalist and tradesman, must have appeared extravagantly expensive. He also possessed one of the best microscopes of that day, and made much use of it, He died at the comparatively early age of forty-three, in September, 1812, leaving a widow and six children, the eldest being eight years of age. Mrs. Hancock carefully treasured up the collections and books of her husband until her sons were old enough to value them. It was a day of surpassing interest, one which had been eagerly looked forward to, and which would never be forgotten by her children, when the cabinet and bookcase were formally opened for their admiration and use. Albany, the third child and second son of John Hancock, was bo rii on Christmas Eve, 1806, in the family house at the Bridge End. Losing the paternal example and guidance at the early age of six, he was, with his brothers and sisters, brought up by a tender and excellent mother, who succeeded in fostering their tastes and keeping alive the memory of their father. Of the six children, Albany, John, and Mary afterwards embraced the study of different branches of Natural History and the Fine Arts, but the exigencies of business compelled Thomas to relinquish his inclination for Geology. Thus four of the family appear to have inherited more or less a bias towards their father's studies. Albany was sent early to the school of the Misses Prowitt, and afterwards to that of Mr. Henry Atkinson, both noted seminaries in Newcastle in those days. In the latter he remained about seven years. At the age of nineteen he was LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK. XIX indentured, and served as an articled clerk to Thomas Chater, Solicitor, of this town. At the end of his clerkship he studied at the office of Thomas Brown, Solicitor, in London, and was afterwards duly admitted as an Attorney. He returned to Newcastle in 1830, and the next year he took an office over the shop of his friend, Joshua Alder, in the Side. There he awaited practice for two years ; but, attracted by the superior charms of Natural History, he quitted the office and the legal profession together. He was one of the founders of the Natural History Society of Northumberland and Durham (the first part of whose 1 Transactions ' appeared in 1830), and an Honorary Curator of its Museum, to which, by his application and industry, he rendered essential assistance. Letters left by him, dated 1832, 1833, and 1834, from Dr. W. S. Hooker of Glasgow, and Dr. Johnston of Berwick- upon-Tweed, show that he and his brother John had formed a project for a work on British Birds, which, not having been sufficiently encouraged, was dropped, though John had already executed some of the drawings for the work. [Some of these, however, were subsequently published in his " Cata- logue of the Birds of Northumberland and Durham" (' Nat. Hist, Trans. Northumb. and Durham,' Vol. VI. 1874).] From about 1835 to 1840 Albany had been turning his attention to modelling in clay and in plaster, and had accom- plished a fair bust or two. He also designed and painted fish, flowers, and fruit, thus cultivating and improving the faculties and the tastes he was becoming more and more conscious of possessing, and preparing, without knowing it, for his future work. He delighted in beautiful and tasteful combinations of form and colour, and was a great admirer and good critic of Poetry and the Fine Arts generally. Up to the age of thirty the subject of this memoir seems to have had no fixed object in life. He had withdrawn entirely from business, and indee-1 the simplicity of his habits and of his whole life made business of little interest to him, and the purity of his tastes and aspirations rendered work which had gain only for its object utterly distasteful to him. Following the example of their father, Albany and his brothers Thomas and John, together with their friends, Joshua Alder, the Burnetts, William Huttoii (joint author with Professor Lindley of 'The Fossil Flora'), William Robertson, R. B. Bowman, and John Thonihill, botanists, and W. C. Hewitson (author of ' The Eggs of British Birds/ and of ' Exotic Butterflies '), examined afresh the whole of the surrounding district, making collections of all natural objects. XX LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK. These were the chief men who, with and after Bewick and his predecessors, gained for Newcastle its reputation for the successful prosecution of the study of Natural History. Albany was one of the principal promoters of the Newcastle Polytechnic Exhibitions of 1840 and 1848, which gave a strong impetus to the diffusion of general information and a love of science among the public of the town and district ; and for the acknowledged beauty of arrangement of these displays of art and science much was due to his taste and exertions. From 1842 to 1864, in association with his friend Joshua Alder, he was engaged in the study of Conchology, and in the discovery of various new genera and species of Nudi- branchiate Mollusca of the Northumberland Coast and other parts of the British Islands, and in the delineation and description of their external characters. Up to 1844 they had discovered and described two new genera and thirty-one new species (Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1844 [p. 24]), though in the time of Linnasus only six species were known. In these and similar pursuits his powers of minute and accurate observa- tion and correct description appear to have been successfully cultivated, and his talent for delineation by the pencil and brush fully exercised. In 1843 Alder and Hancock published, in the ' Annals of Natural History/ " Observations on the Development of the Nudibranchiate Mollusks, with Eemarks on their Structure." About the time of the publication of this paper a change occurred in the direction of Albany's thoughts and studies, which influenced the whole of his future scientific career, and, by determining for him a fixed line of investigation, conduced to make him so distinguished an anatomist in Malacology that his views were afterwards justly regarded as of the highest authority in this department of science, and the most difficult points were at times submitted for his decision. The cause of this change it may not be un- interesting to Naturalists to relate. He had become con- vinced that valuable for classification as are the -external characters and the habits of animals when carefully observed, it is absolutely necessary to investigate and understand their internal structure also, in order to form a correct idea of their physiology and of their proper arrange- ment according to their natural affinities. In 1843 appeared an elaborate paper by M. de Quatre- fages, afterwards a celebrated French Naturalist, in the ' Annales des Sciences Naturelles,' Vol. XIX, entitled " Memoire sur 1'Eolidine paradoxale." In order to estimate LIFE Oe ALBANY HANCOCK. XXI duly the value of the work detailed in this memoir, it became •/ necessary that the anatomy of the mollusk concerned should be investigated, and as I was at that time Lecturer on Ana- tomy and Physiology in the Newcastle School of Medicine, and was acquainted with Mr. Hancock's desires and difficul- ties, he requested me to join him in the investigation. A few observations had already been made by Messrs. Alder and Hancock, and the latter had, with his usual acumen, detected some errors in the description of M. de Quatrefages. (See "Remarks on the Grenus Eolidina, Quatrefages/' in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1844.) M. de Quatrefages had stated that Eolidina possessed a heart and arteries, but no veins ; that, therefore, the circu- lating apparatus was incomplete, the blood flowing to the heart through a series of open spaces in the areolar tissue of the body ; that the mouth had no teeth ; that the alimen- tary canal passing down the median line of the body ended in a dorsal anus, whilst there were given off on each side a symmetrical series of branches, equalling- in number the dorsal pupilhe, to each of which an offset was given, after which the branches ended in a narrow marginal canal running all round the body. M. Milne Edwards had, in 1842, declared the existence of a similar appearance in Calliopoea, and had named it "a gastro-vascular system," believing that the digestive system, by its complexity, replaced in that animal the venous parts of the circulating system, and also the organs of respiration. On dissecting in 1844 an Eolis, or Eolidina, taken at Cullercoats, we found that veins as well as arteries were present; that the mouth contained a spiny tongue ; that the alimentary canal ended on the right side of the body, and that there was no marginal canal with Avhich the branches from the stomach could communicate; that the branchial papillfe were the respiratory organs; that, therefore, the functions of digestion, circulation, and respiration, far from being' performed by one system only (a gastro-vascular), had each its own special organ. M. de Quatrefages, in 1844, communicated to the ' Annales des Sciences Natnrelles/ ser. 3, Vol. I, p. 129, another memoir, in which he attempted, on the strength of his own previous observations and those of Milne Edwards, to estab- lish a new order of Mollusks, to be called Gasteropoda Phle- benterata. In this memoir he stated that six genera of Mollusks possess a gastro-vascular system, and that, in fact, the three great functions of life — circulation, respiration, and diges- tion— are performed in them by one system only, thus degrad- XX11 LIFE OP ALBANY HANCOCK. ing these Mollusks to the level of the Acephalous Medusae; and he, moreover, attempted to lay down the vicious principle that the external characters of animals are altogether inde- pendent of, and are no key whatever to, their internal structure. The theory of Phlebenterism, as it was called, was soon attacked, and shown to be false, by a rising young naval surgeon, M. de Souleyet, in a paper presented to the Academie des Sciences in 1844; and Naturalists in England, Germany, and Italy were astonished at the novelty and bold- ness of M. de Quatrefages' assertions. So important was the discussion considered by the savants of Paris that special com- missions for the investigation of the new theory were appointed, by the Academie des Sciences in 1844, and by the Societe de Biologie in 1849. Both commissions having examined all producible evidence, including that from Newcastle, reported so diametrically against Phlebenterism, that the very name immediately after- wards disappeared from the language of science. It was the interest in Anatomy and Physiology inspired by the discussion of this theory that determined Albany Hancock to pursue his researches into internal anatomy, whilst, at the same time, he paid due attention to external characters; and, having once got into the right track of research, he never looked back, but pursued the path which led him to honour and distinction. We began with the regular study of Eulis in 1844, and in the following January the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History' published the first part of the anatomy of this mollusk, in 1848 the second and third, and in 1849 the last part. The investigation of Doris, another genus of Nudibranchs, was next undertaken : the results, embodied in a short sum- mary, were communicated to the Edinburgh meeting of the British Association in 1850, and afterwards a paper " On the Anatomy of Doris" was read for us, in 1851, by Professor E. Forbes, to the Eoyal Society, and printed in the ' Philosophical Transactions' for 1852. The above-mentioned papers on the anatomy of Eolis con- tained a more complete description of the organs, particularly those of the digestive, nervous, vascular, and reproductive systems, than had up to that time been given, and the degradation to which M. de Quatrefages had condemned those- elegant mollusks was shown to be imaginary. In the paper on Doris was announced the discovery of the existence in this, and in other closely allied mollusks, of the sympathetic or ganglionic system of nerves, and a nearly LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK. xxiii complete description,, with plates, of the extension of this system to all the viscera in Doris was given. Up to 1850 no sympathetic nervous system had been described in any animal below the Vertebrata, and it was, therefore, with peculiar pleasure and care that the ramifications of this system were traced out and laid down. Its presence in these creatures goes to show that the Mollusca are more closely related than the Articulata to the Vertebrata, and that, there- fore, the transition from the Mollusca to these last is not quite so abrupt as has been believed. During the period from 1845 to 1855 there appeared the justly celebrated ' Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca, with figures of the species,' by Joshua Alder and Albany Hancock. This work, published by the Ray Society, soon gained for its authors a more than European reputation. The descriptions of external characters and the classification were the joint work of Alder and Hancock; most of the drawings of the species and the whole of those of the anatomy were by Hancock alone. The beauty of the drawings and the delicacy of the colouring exhibited in this work it would be difficult to surpass, and the anatomical details are represented with a perfect fidelity to nature. Albany rapidly surmounted the difficulties attendant on the delicate dissection of microscopi- cally-minute parts, in which the breath, even, has to be held and regulated, and the hand educated in the execution of the smallest possible movements ; and he readily gained an extensive acquaintance with the principles and details of Comparative Anatomy. The Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club was instituted in tin- year 1846, and one of its foremost and best supporters was Albany H;incock. The second paper in its ' Transactions/ that " On the Existence of Limn or i a terebrans at the Mouth of the Tyne," was by him. He afterwards contributed papers " On the Boring Apparatus of the Carnivorous Gasteropods and of the Stone- and Wood-boring bivalves;'5 "On the Boring of the Mollusca, as Teredo, Xylopliuga, Pholas, etc., into Rocks, etc. ; " and " On the Excavating Po\\ ers of certain Sponges, as C lion a; with descriptions of several new species and an allied generic form." He continued his contributions to the ' Transactions ' up to the year of his decease. On more than one occasion, and after much solicitation, he modestly declined the honour of being elected President of the Club. After the completion of the Monograph of the Nudibran- chiata he worked alone on " The Organization of the Brachi- opoda/' and his essay with this title, in the 'Philosophical XXIV LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK. Transactions' for 1858, is a spendid proof of his talents as an enlightened Naturalist, a philosophical Anatomist, and an accomplished Artist. The Royal Society, in acknowledgment of their apprecia- tion of the high value of his works on the Mollusca, and of that on the Brachiopoda in particular, awarded him, in 1858, a Royal medal, an honour conferred on few. In the Address of the President of that year (the Right Hon. Lord Wrottesly) at the Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society, the following notice was taken of Albany Hancock's labours, on the presentation to him, through Prof. Huxley, of the Royal medal. After a commendatory notice of the papers on Eolis and Doris, the Monograph of the Nudibranchiata is characterized as " a work eminent alike for the beauty and fidelity of its illustrations and the value and completeness of its zoological and anatomical details.'"' And further, " Among the more important of Mr. Hancock's numerous independent contributions to science should be noticed a valuable paper on the ' Excavating Powers of cer- tain Sponges •' his discovery and accurate account of a new and curious genus of burrowing Cirriped.es, and several others ; in all of which is manifested a remarkable capacity for minute and accurate observation conjoined with great powers of generalization. But in none of Mr. Hancock's labours are these faculties so eminently displayed as in his more recent investigation of the organization of the Brachiopoda. In his elaborate monograph on this most difficult subject, and of which it may be truly said a more complete specimen of minute anatomy has not appeared since the days of Lyonet, a detailed account is given of the whole organization of the Brachiopoda founded upon the laborious dissection of numerous species ; several interesting points in their economy, first indicated by Prof. Huxley, are confirmed ; many addi- tional facts communicated ; and a new and clear light thrown upon the previously obscure subject of the physiological and systematic relations of the class in general." Praise like this, and from so high a scientific source, could not but be agreeable to our friend, and stamped him as a man of established fame. He was solicited to become a Fellow of the Royal Society, but declined the honour. During the progress of the above works his attention was attracted from time to time by various subjects of kindred character, and he made numerous contributions to scientific periodicals ; indeed, for thirty years, he scarcely ceased from work; each year bringing forth something of more or less solid LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK. XXV utility to his favourite sciences. He worked most perseveringly, taking little rest or relaxation and insufficient exercise ; his patience and zeal were indefatigable ; his observations were frequently repeated and tested ; whilst his dissections were of necessity performed with the subject under water and by the aid of a lens, and at times required the use of the higher powers of a valuable microscope presented to him by Lady Armstrong. The drawings from his dissections were executed with a delicacy and minute correctness which left nothing to be desired, and the descriptions were always plain and modest, but conscientiously exact, his sole aim being the representation of the truth as it is in Nature. His sight was excellent, his powers of observation and manipulation now perfected, his generalizations enlightened, and, his mind having risen to its full development, he succeeded in unravelling the intricacies of the organization of the objects of his researches in so clear a manner as to call forth the admiration of those who, either in this country or abroad, had been educated to the study, and had held the highest places in the ranks of the cultivators of natural science. During and after the year 1858 he produced numerous papers ; with Mr. Alder on the Nudibraiichiata, and also alone on the Cephalopoda, on the Freshwater Bryozoa, and on Hydra . In conjunction with Mr. Howse, in 1863, he classified and described, in the ' Transactions of the Zoological Society/ a collection of Indian Nudibranchs, sent by Walter Elliot, Esq. With Mr. Howse he contributed valuable papers 011 the Fossil Remains of the Marl-slate of Durham, and with Mr. Atthey various descriptions of the Fossil Fauna of the Northumber- land Coalfield. For these last additions to science the authors deserve high credit, and the thanks of all Paleontologists, for the lucid descriptions they have given of the remains of the ancient fishes and reptiles submitted to their investigation, and the satisfactory manner in which, with every modesty, they have cleared away a cloud of errors and hasty generalizations of previous writers, whereby the study of these interesting relics of a past Fauna had been rendered unnecessarily complicated and difficult. We now come, lastly, to notice the work on the Tunicata. Mr. Hancock had, up to the autumn of 1873, completed about two-thirds, and a portion of the remainder. Ill health over- took him, and he deeply regretted that he was compelled to abandon the valuable work which he so much loved, and which he had so greatly illustrated, when he was within two years of the time when he expected to be able to bring it to a conclusion. XXVI LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK. Slowly-increasing debility of frame, with dyspnoea and cough on exertion,, rendered application to his work too onerous to be continued; even thought on the objects of his study could not be long kept up. Change of air and rest at Sir W. Gr. Armstrong's hospitable seat at Cragside benefited him from time to time, but he declined more and more through the summer and autumn,, owing to dropsical symptoms supervening, and died tranquilly on the 24-th of October, 1873, deeply regretted by all who knew his worth. Albany Hancock kept up a correspondence with most of the leading Naturalists, as his numerous letters and presents of books and pamphlets testify ; with Darwin, Owen, Huxley, Hooker, Sharpey, Forbes, Phillips, Allman, Busk, and several other distinguished Naturalists of Great Britain ; with Cohen of Breslau ; Suess of Vienna ; Kelaart of Ceylon ; Agassiz of the United States; Lacaze-Duthiers of Paris; Loveii of Stockholm ; Bergh of Copenhagen ; and others of the Continent of Europe. He was not without special honours in his own counti-y or from abroad. He was elected, in 1845, a corresponding member of the Manchester Natural History Society, and in 1862 a Fellow of the Linnean Society. In 1858, as already stated, he was awarded a Royal medal of the Royal Society of London,' and declined tin- honour of the Fellowship. In 1865 he was elected a member of the Imperial and Royal Zoologico-Botanical Society of Vienna, and in 1869 a Correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia, U. S. A., and particularly of the Conchological Section of that Academy. He never betrayed the least vanity at being- thus distin- . »/ O gnished, but bore his honours meekly, and never alluded to his success ; indeed he rarely mentioned it or his honours to anyone, and his diplomas were carefully put away, so as not to attract attention ; but he failed not to experience within himself the natural gratification of finding that lie had not worked in vain to extend the boundaries of human knowledge, and that his labours were appreciated by those who alone were competent to estimate their value. Albany Hancock, gifted with a large ;md well-constituted brain, and trained, as few are, both as a lawyer and a close observer of Nature, was a person of philosophic mind ; quick and accurate in perception, careful in weighing evidence, correct in judgment, careful and powerful in generalizing, and, withal, modest and unassuming1. No one could be long in his genial company without feeling that he was in the presence of a superior person. He was fond of intellectual LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK. XXvii society, which elicited his powers of mind, and in which he bore his part without assumption of superiority. He was not averse to argument, in which he always displayed large views, and an evident desire to arrive at a correct estimation of the matter under discussion; and his opinion once formed was firmly adhered to and difficult to shake. His great general information, his thoughtfulness and sound judgment, were well known, and in many cases of doubt or difficulty his decision was appealed to, with much advantage by others as well as by the members of his own family. Naturally mild, grave, and contemplative, he was courteous, sensitive, and somewhat diffident. He was kind and sympathizing towards the oppressed, and instances are not wanting in which his warm sympathy for his friends in misfortune or domestic affliction acted as balm to the wounded heart. There was benevolence in his smile and in his tear, and his conduct was marked throughout by purity and uprightness. Children he loved, and was beloved by them, though he was never married. He could partake of their simple joys and sorrows, and he was always ready to impart information and to teach them to observe with attention the objects around them. His time was much occupied with his laborious researches and his study of authors on his favourite subjects, neverthe- less he kept himself abreast of the current knowledge of the day, not only in Natural History, but in general Anatomy and Physiology, in Archaeology, general Literature, and Politics, in all of which, and in the Fine Arts, he took especial pleasure. The modesty and diffidence of his sensitive nature pre- vented him from taking part in discussions at public meetings, even on scientific subjects ; and though he was solicited in 1850 to give a course of lectures on Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the Newcastle College of Medicine, he modestly declined to undertake the task as one unfitted to his frame of mind. DENNIS EMBLETON. ADDENDUM. Albany Hancock was a member of a talented family. He lived with a brother and two sisters, none of whom married. One of his sisters was a good painter in water-colours, while his brother John was preeminent as an Ornithologist, a Taxidermist, a Modeller, and a Landscape Gardener. The Newcastle Museum contains a very valuable collection of birds made and mounted by him most admirably in natural attitudes; while the wonderful rock-gardens of Lord Armstrong XXV111 LIFE OF ALBANY HANCOCK. at C rag-side, and those at Jesmond Dene, Newcastle, were quite triumphs as showing what landscape gardening ought to be. It was John Hancock who was instrumental in raising- through his many friends £39,000 with which to build that Museum which holds among other treasures his own col- lections, and which was opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales in July, 1884. John Hancock died on the llth of October, 1890, in his 83rd year. After the deaths of both Albany and John Hancock it was resolved that the Museum, which owed so much to the two brothers, should be named after them, and it is now known as the " Hancock Museum." A " Hancock Prize " has also been instituted by which a small sum of money is given each year to the writer of the best paper giving an account of a day's Natural Histoiy excursion. Those only are allowed to compete who have not previously written anything of importance for the press, and the prize has done much to stimulate a love of Natural History amongst young men and young women in the two northern counties of Northumberland and Durham. Alder and Hancock were Naturalists of a by-gone time. With only very moderate advantages as regards early educa- tion, they progressed greatly in knowledge by private study as years went by. An intense love of Nature absorbed them, and they realized that everything else must be sacrificed to allow them to find out Nature's secrets. They were not well off; with the little they had they were content; thought of marriage had to be given up, for Nature must be their spouse. Through the earlier part of the last century there were no University Science Schools, and few Professors of Natural History. Now a young man who has a taste for science can go through a thorough course of training in any branch of it he may desire, and after taking his degree may ultimately become a Professor. But this position is not without its dis- advantages ; the duties of the Professorial Chair take up so much time that little is left for special work. It is impossible to give anything like the years of study which Hancock devoted to the elucidation of the minute structure of some lower animals. On the other hand it is true that the modern physiologist can do much more in these days in a short time through the facilities which the use of chemical reagents and of the section-knife afford him. A. M. NORMAN. BRITISH TUNICATA. Family I. ASCIDIADJE (continued). G-enus 2. CIONA (Savigny) Fleming, 1828. [Ascidia (pars) LINN.EUS Syst. Nat. ed. 12, I, pt. 2 (1767), p. 1087.] Phallusise donas SAVIGNY Mem. Aniui. sans Vert. pt. 2 [1816], p. 169. dona FLEMING Brit. Anim. [1828], p. 468; [HANCOCK in Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) VI (1870), p. 364]. Body subcylindrical, gelatinous, very contractile, attached more or less by the right side. Apertures terminal or nearly so, and not far apart ; the branchial 8-lobed, the atrial* 6-lobed; with conspicuous ocelli. Test soft, smooth, and flaccid. Mantle with strong, longitudinal, muscular bands. Tentacular filaments numerous and slender, linear. Branchial sac elon- gated, [narrow,] not reaching to the bottom of the mantle ; the meshes rectilinear with papillae at the intersections. Oral filaments [replacing the lamina] numerous. Stomach, intestine, and reproductive organs extending below the branchial sac. The genus Ciona may be distinguished from Ascidia by the softness and great contractility of the test, and by the stomach and intestine being situated below the branchial cavity, in this respect approaching to the * The term " anal " used by the authors has in this volume been altered to " atrial" when it applies to the tube and its aperture by which the atrium communicates with the external medium. II. 1 Z BRITISH TUNICATA. relative position of these organs in Clavelina and the compound Ascidians. By this latter character dona seems to be related to Pelonaia, and also by the much elongated form of the branchial sac, and the position and proportions of the alimentary canal. It differs from both these genera [Clavelina and Pelonaia] by the oral lamina being replaced by a series of filaments. The test of Ciona is not only characterized by its softness and contractility, but also by the facility with which it separates into layers, and by the fewness and indefiniteness of the vascular ramifications in its sub- stance. The mantle is remarkable for the arrangement of the muscular fibres, which are nearly as numerous on the one side of it as 011 the other. They are accumu- lated into ten stout, widely-separated, longitudinal bundles, which, originating at the base of the mantle, five on each side, extend upwards and pass into the walls of the respiratory tubes ; three terminating in the inhalent, two in the exhalent tube. Delicate transverse fibres can also be traced the whole length of the mantle, particularly 011 the left side. The ocelli at the entrance of the respiratory tubes are very con- spicuous. The branchial sac is much elongated, and is com- posed of a simple rectangular reticulation of vessels ; the primary or transverse channels being large and regularly disposed, the secondary minute and longi- tudinal. The longitudinal bars are stout, and have at the intersections very large, curved, tubercular pro- cesses. The heart is also much modified. It lies in a fold of the lining membrane within what may be called the abdominal chamber, towards the dorsal margin, between the bottom of the branchial sac and the anterior or upper border of the stomach. It is in the form of a long tube, doubled upon itself, and is enclosed within a kind of pericardium, formed apparently by the lining (suspending) membrane. The looped or double portion CiONA. 3 extends transversely into the centre of the chamber, and the extremities diverge in the direction of the dorsal margin, one passing upwards to the branchial sac, the other downwards to the pyloric end of the stomach. The upper extremity, as in Ascidia, divides into three branches, two of which supply the dorsal margin of the branchial sac, one upwards, the other downwards, forming the great dorsal branchial channel; the third supplies the test. The lower extremity of the heart divides in the usual way into two branches which ramify over the respective sides of the stomach. The stem which goes to the left side gives off a branch, which, turning backwards and upwards, goes along with its fellow from the upper end of the heart to the test. Another branch advances in the direction of the oesophagus, and is apparently the equivalent of that which goes to the ventral margin of the branchial sac in Ascidia. Having thus far determined the circulatory organs, there can be little doubt that the blood-system is as complete in dona as it is in Ascidia, especially as traces of the visceral and pallial plexuses have been observed, and as the branchial suspenders are as largely developed as they are in that genus. The digestive organs, as has been already stated, lie below the branchial sac ; they are partially cut off from the rest of the body by a membrane. The oeso- phagus is considerably longer than it is in Ascidia, in this respect agreeing with Pelonaia and Glavelina. It is a rather wide tube, opening into the bottom of the branchial sac close to its ventral margin. From the oral orifice the oesophagus runs downwards, and then bending backwards joins the anterior end of a well- marked, globular, or ovate stomach, which lies across the bottom of the abdominal chamber. The intestine is a wide, even tube ; it leaves the opposite or dorsal extremity of the stomach, and, bending upwards, crosses a little above that organ towards the right side of the body to the opposite or ventral margin, up 4 BRITISH TUNICATA. which it stretches in contact with the branchial sac, and on reaching the atrium it opens into it. In its course the intestine forms two wide loops. The rectal portion is long and the anal orifice is large, and has the margin reflected and reticulated, as is the case in Pelonaia. The stomach and intestine have not a coating of vesicular matter like that observed in Asculia, but a rudimentary hepatic organ can be observed. The arrangement of the reproductive organs is rather peculiar. The ovary is a dense, elongated mass, lying against the right side of the stomach in the first loop of the intestine. It is infolded in a deli- cate transparent membrane which seems to be a dupli- cature of the lining membrane. This membrane also appears to be reflected over the alimentary tube and to fix it in its position like a peritoneum. The oviduct passes from the attenuated extremity of the ovary, proceeds towards the dorsal margin, runs upwards adherent to the intestine, and, ultimately becoming attached to the wall of the branchial sac, opens into the atrium a considerable way in advance of the anus. There is a small bulbous enlargement at the termina- tion of the tube. The male secreting vesicles are very minute ; they coat the lower portion of the intestine and the pyloric extremity of the stomach. The vas deferens is a delicate tube, which, passing between the stomach and the ovary, follows the oviduct to its termi- nation, and there opens like it into the cloaca. [Considerable difficulty has been experienced in work- ing out the synonymy of the three species of Giant i described in this volume, and the references given may not all be correct. Some of the earlier descrip- tions are too meagre and the illustrations too inaccurate to definitely assign them to any one species, and in some cases the species intended to be represented by an author can only be inferred from the synonymy or references quoted by him. The following, copied verbatim, is the synonymy CIONA. 5 given by the authors of this monograph for Ciona intestinaUs :--] Ascidia intestinaUs TAINTS. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. p. 1087; MULLER Zool. Dan. Prod. 225 ; Bosc Vers, I, p. 107 ; CUVIER Mem. des Moll., Ascid. 23, t. 4-7 ; LAMARCK Anim. s. Vert. 2nd ed. Ill, 533 ; MACG. Moll. Aberd. I, 31 [313] ; STARK Elem. Nat. Hist. II, 117; DALYELL Rare and Rein. Anim. Scot. II, 142, t. 34, f. 4 ; FOR, and HANL. Brit. Moll. 1,31 ; ALD. and HANG. Trans. Tynes. Club, I, 199. Ascidia corrugata MULLER Zool. Dan. II, 54, t. 79, f. 3, 4. Ascidia viridescens BRUG. Enc. Meth. (Vers), I, 141 [152], t. 64, f. 4-6. Phallusia intestinaUs SAVIGNY Mem. pt. 2, 169, t. 11, f. 1 ; THOMPSON Nat. Hist, Irel. IV, 361. Ciona intestinaUs FLEMING Brit. Anim. 468. [Linnaeus defines Ascidia intestinaUs as " Ascidia Isevis alba membranacea," a description which is perhaps more applicable to Ciona pulchella than to C. intestinaUs, and his references are : Bohads. mar. 132, t. 10, f. 4; Baster subsc. 2, p. 84, t. 10, f. 5 ?; Act. nidros. 3, p. 81, t. 3, f. 3, 4. Bohadsch's Tetlti/umfasciculatum (t. 10, f. 4) closely resembles Hancock's Ciona fascicular is. Copies of two of his figures reduced in size are given on p. 6 (fig. 25), the first being the one quoted by Linnaeus. Baster's species (t. 10, f. 5) is usually referred to the Ascidia ampulla of Bruguiere, and is most probably a Cynthia. "Act. nidros." refers to Gunner's paper on Tethyum sociabile. His figures (t. 3, ff. 3, 4) quoted by Linnaeus are reproduced on p. 7 (fig. 26). It is very doubtful whether they represent Ciona intestinaUs, and if they do not, this species as now understood is not that to which Linnseus gave the name intestinaUs, and most of the earlier references on p. 9 under the name Ascidia intestinaUs will fall. Miiller follows Linnaeus in his ' Prodromus,' but omits the species, at least by this name, from the ' Zoologia Danica.' D BRITISH TUNIC ATA. Bosc quotes Bohadsch only ; his species must there- fore be relegated to dona fascicularis or a near ally. The reference of Miiller's Ascidia corrugata to Ciona intestinalis is open to doubt. The other references are probably correct. The Ascidia viridescens of the ' Encyclopedic Methodique ' is the " Sacanimal " of Dicquemare (1777). The title of a work given in Dryander's ' Catalogue of the Banksian Library' (1796) led the Editor to'the interesting discovery that Ciona intestinalis had been Fig. Fig. 5. FIG. 25. — Tethyum fasciculat um Bohadsch. ('Anim. Marin.' pi. x, figs. 4 and 5.) In fig. 4, b represents the " peduncles " ; in fig. 5, a a, are young Tethyi ; b l>, " small foetuses." well described and figured between the dates of the 10th and 12th editions of the ' Systema Nature.' The title is " Vandelli, Dominicus. Epistola de Holo- thurio et Testudine coriacea. Patavii, 1761. 4°." Vandelli calls his holothurian " Holotlturiitm Ixve, diclio- Innitim, fuels marinis alligdtum" It is certainly the species now under consideration, as his figures, repro- duced on p. 8 on a reduced scale (fig. 27), clearly show. They appear to be the earliest representations of the anatomy of a Tunicate, and are remarkably accurate for the time at which he wrote. Following the custom CIONA. of that time lie called his essay a letter, and he addressed it to Linnaeus, but although the work was printed six years before the 12th edition of the ' Sy sterna ' appeared, it is not referred to in that edition, nor is it in Grmeliii's edition of 1791 ; indeed it appears to have been entirely overlooked by all subsequent writers with the exception of Dryander who correctly cata- logued the work. Linnaeus appears to have had a copy, for there is one in his library in the possession of the Linnean Society ; that in the Banksian Library is of course in the British Museum. | , • li,!!:!-' I FIG. 26. — Teihyum sociabile Gunner. ('Trondhj. Selsk. Schrift.' Ill, pi. iii, figs. 3 and 4.) In fig. 3 (test), a, threads (of attachment) ; b, c, nipples (worter). In fig. 4 (mantle), a, belly ; b, neck ; c, month ; d, e, nipples or worts on each side of mouth; /, anal tube (" K. fimbria. c. tuba minor. d. callosa prominentia. Fig. 2. a. tuba major. I. tuba minor. c. puncta rubra. d. puncta rubra. e. fasciculus fibraruni, avis vasiculorum. f. fibrse annulares. Fig. 3. a. interna sacci cavitas. Fig. 3. c. tuba. d. O3sophagus. e. intestina principium. 1. vascailum. Fig. 4, 5. a. intestini pars, qute e sacco exit. b. an ovarium ? c. glandula. d. vas album e. punctum rubrum. [/. tuba major, g. tuba minor.] I. vasculxuii. CIONA. 9 resembles Tethyum fasciculatum figured by Bohadsch in 1761; another, C. pnlcliella Alder, was figured by Blainville in 1827 as Ascidia intestinalis ; and the remaining species, Ciona canina (Mull.), is described in this monograph as an Ascidia (see Vol. I, p. 122).] 1. Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus) Fleming. (Plate I, figs. 1-5; and fig. 28 in text). [Holothurium leeve VANDELLI De Holothurio (1761), p. 5, pi. i.] [? Tetliijum socidbile GUNNER in Trondj. Selsk. Schrift. Ill (1765), pp.81, 99, pi. iii, ff. 3, 4, and (German transl.) Drouth. Gess. Schrift, III (1767), pp. 69, 85, pi. iii, ff. 3, 4.] Ascidia intestinalis LINNAEUS Syst. Nat. ed. 12 [I, pt. 2 (1767)], p. 1087 [? pars']; [P. MULLER Linne vollst. ' Natursyst. 1, 1 (1775), p. 85 (non fig.) ;] 0. F. MULLER Zool. Dan. Prodr. [1776], p. 225, no. 2733; [(?) ELLIS & SOLANDER Nat. Hist. Zooph. (1786), p. 49; BRUGUIERE Hist. Nat. Yers, I (3789), p. 154 (pars), inEncycl. Meth.; BORY DE ST. VINCENT Vers, etc. I (1791), p. 135, pi. Ixiv, ff. 4-6 (non 1-3, 7), in Tabl. Encycl. Meth.; GMELIN Linmei Syst. Nat. ed. 13,1, pt, 6 (1791), p. 3123 (pars) ;] CUVIER [Mem. Ascidies in Mem. du Mus. II (1815), p. 32, pi. ii, ff. 4-7 ;] Mem. Ascid. p. 23, pi. ii, ff. 4-7, in Mem. des Moll. [(1817) ; and Regiie Aiiim. II (1817), p. 498; DUVERNOY Ascid. in Diet, Sci. Nat. Ill (1816), p. 195 (pars) ; LAMARCK Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. ed. 1, III (1816), p. 126 (pars) • DELLE CHIAJE Mem. Anim. senza Vert. Ill (1828), pp. 186, 199 (pars) ;] STARK Elem. Nat. Hist. II [1828], p. 117; [BANG Hist. nat. Moll. (1829), p. 352 ; COLDSTREAM in Edinb. new Philos. Journ. IX (1830), p. 240; GRAVENHORST Pergestina (1831), p. 41; HOEVEN Handb. Dierk. II (1833), p. 33; JOHNSTON in Mao-. Nat. Hist. VI (1833), p. 242; FORBES & GOODSIR in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839 (1840), Sect. p. 80;] LAMARCK Hist, Nat. Anim. sans Vert, ed 2, III [1840], p. 533 (pars) ; [MiLNE EDWARDS Obs. Asc. comp. in Mem. Acad. Sci. List. France, XVIII (1841), p. 228; DE KAY Zool. New York, Moll. (1843), p. 259;] MACGILLIVRAY Moll. Anim. Aberdeen [1843], p. 313 ; ALDER & HANCOCK in Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, I [1848], p. 199; 10 BRITISH TUNICATA. • DALYELL Rare Anim. Scotl. II [1848], p. 142, pi. xxxiv, ff. 4, 5; FORBES & HANLEY Brit. Moll. I [1848], p. 31; [CocKs in Rep. R. Cornw. Polyt. Soc. for 1849 (1850), p. 73; JOHNSTON Iiitrod. Conch. (1850), p. 279; RUPERT JONES in Cyclop. Anat. IV, pt. 40 (1850), pp. 1201-1211 passim ; FORBES in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1850 (1851), p. 243; NORMAN in Zoologist, XV (1857), p. 5707; CHENU Eiicycl. Hist. Nat., Moll. etc. (1858), p. 246; DICKIE in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1857 (1858), p. Ill; SARS in Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 1858 (1859), p. 64; BRONN Thier-Reichs, III, 1 (1861), p. 121; ANSTED & LATHAM Channel Isl. (1862), p. 219; SCHULTZE in Zeits. f. wiss. Zool. XII, 2 (1862), p. 178 ; ALDER in Nat, Hist. Trans. Northumb. Durh. I (1865), p. 11; KOWALEVSKY in Mem. Acad. Imp. Petersb. (7) X, no. 15 (1866), pp. 3, 4, 11, pi. i-ii, ff. 1-27, and (abstr.) in Q. J. Micr. Sci. n.s. X (1870), p. 59 ; MclNTOSH in Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. VI (1866) p. 605; WAGNER in Bull. Acad. Imp. Petersb. X (1866), col. 402, fig. ; ALDER in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1866 (1867), p. 207 ; NORMAN in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1868 (1869), p. 302] . [?] Ascidia corrugata 0. F. MULLER [Zool. Dan. Prodr. (1776), p. 225, no. 2735; Zool. Dan. Descr. (1779), p. 118 ; Zool. Dan. Icon. II (1780), pi. Ixxix, ff. 3, 4; and] Zool. Danica, II (1788), p. 54, pi. Ixxix, ff. 3, 4; [BRUGUIERE Hist. Nat, Vers. I (1789), p. 156, in Encycl. Meth.; BORY DE ST. VINCENT Vers, etc. I (1791), p. 135, pi. Ixiii, ff. 7, 8, in Tabl. Encycl. Meth. ; GMELIN Linnasi Syst. Nat. ed. 13, 1, pt, 6 (1791), p. 3126 ; Bosc Hist. Nat. Vers, I (1802), p. 105; LAMARCK Hist. Anim. sans Vert, ed. 1, III (1816), p. 126, and ed. 2, III (1840), p. 533]. [Sacanimal DICQUEMARE in Obs. sur la Phys. (Journ. de Phys.), IX (1777), p. 137, pi. i, ff. 1-7.] Ascidia mridescens BRUGUIERE Hist. Nat. Vers, I [(1789), p. 152], in Eiicycl. Meth.; [Bosc Hist. Nat. Vers. 1 (1802), p. 106; FLEMING in Edinb. Encycl. II (1811), p. 544]. Pli.allusia intestinalis SAVIGNY [in Descr. Egypt., Hist. Nat, I (1809), pt, 2, p. 46, and] Mem. Anim. sans Vert. pt. 2 [1816], pp. 107, 1 15, 169 [pars'], pi. xi, f. 1 ; [FLEMING in Edinb. Encycl. XIV (1820), p. 631 ; RissoHist.Nat. Europ. merid. IV (1826), p. 275; GARNER in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. XVII (1835), p. 485; THOMPSON in Ann. Nat. Hist. (1) V (1844), p. 95; LEUNIS Syiiops. Naturreiche, I, Zool. (1844), p. 412; VAN BENEDEN Rech. Asc. simples, p. 20, in Mem. cour. Acad. Roy. Belg. XX (1846) ;] CIONA INTESTINALIS. 11 * THOMPSON Nat, Hist, Ireland, IV [1856], p. 361 ; [BEONN Thier-Reichs, III, 1 (1861), p. 154; GRUBE Mittheil. iiber St.Malo Meeres-fauna (1868), p. 7, and in Abh. Schles. Gesell. 1868-69 (1869), pp. 104, 125; LANGSWEEET in Ann. Soc. Malac. Belg. Ill (1868), Mem. p. 115; STEPA- NOFF in Bull. Acacl. Imp. Petersb. XIII (1869), col. 209]. [Ascidia virescens PENNANT Brit. Zool. ed. 5, IV (1812), p. 99 ; DESMAEEST & LESSDEUE in Journ. de Phys. LXXX (1815), p. 426, pi. i, f. 14.] [Ascidia sp. SCHALCK De Ascid. struct. (1814), with plate.] [Ciona Ascidia intestinalis FLEMING Philos. Zool. II (1822), p. 512.] Ciona intestinahs FLEMING Brit. Anim. [1828], p. 468; [GARNER in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. XVII (1835), pi. xxiv, f. 1; FLEMING Brit. Moll. (1837), p. 210, pi. xvi, f. 58; HANCOCK in Ann. Nat, Hist. (4) VI (1870), p. 364; KUPFFER in Arch. f. mikr. Anat, VI (1870), p. 116]. [Ascidia ocellata L. AGASSTZ in Proc. Amer. Assoc. II (1850), p. 159.] Body elongated, subcylindrical, flaccid, highly con- tractile, the upper parts retractile within the lower, greenish yellow (nearly white when young), attached more or less by the side or diagonally at the lower part. Apertures terminal, approximate, forming snort tubes, their margins bright yellow, with red ocelli (PI. XXI, fig. 4). Test soft, gelatinous, smooth, trans- parent, lax in texture and composed of distinct outer and inner layers. Mantle greenish yellow with strong longitudinal muscular bands which appear through the test. Tentacular filaments numerous, long, and slender. Branchial sac with broad, slightly-curved papillae at the intersections. Oral filaments long. Length three or four inches. Hob. — On stones, at the roots of Alga3, and within old bivalve shells, ranging from between tide-marks to deep water. Not uncommon on most parts of the British coast. [Especially abundant in the north (Forbes $• Hanletj}.~\ ENGLAND. — [Coast of Northumberland and Dogger Bank (Alder, 1865). Harbour, Grwyllyn-vase, Swan- 12 BEITISH TUNICATA. • pool, and Helforcl River, Falmouth, Cornwall (Cocks, 1849).] WALES. — [Anglesey (Pennant, 1812).] SCOTLAND. — [Aberdeen (Macgillivray, 1843). North Uist, Outer Hebrides (Mclntosh, 1866). "In Zetland seas " (Fleming, 1828). Orkney and Shetland (Forbes $• Goodsir, 1839). West Voe, Whalsey Skerries, Shetland, at low water (Norman, 1868).] IRELAND. — [Strangford Lough, Down (Thompson, 1840).] First record.— Fleming, 1828. [(?) Ellis & Solander, 1786. Pennant, 1812, as Ascidia virescens ; coll. 1 800.] Ciona intestinalis is remarkable for the softness and great contractility of its test (PL XXI, figs. 1-3) ; when contracted the upper part is capable of being withdrawn within the lower part like the finger of a glove, and the latter is much shortened and thrown into transverse wrinkles. Usually it is extensively attached by the side, the anterior extremity being more or less free, so as to admit of its invagination. The vascularity of the test is confined to the lower part ; the branches are not numerous and terminate in slightly enlarged, elliptical extremities. The mantle (fig. 28) is remarkable for the strength of the longitudinal muscular bands which pass into the tubes and reach to the bottom of the pallia! sac, where the component fibres are separated a little ; the transverse fibres are very delicate and seem to be chiefly confined to the left side. The branchial sac (PI. XXI, fig. 5), like the body, is considerably elongated; it does not reach to the bottom of the mantle, though it overlies a little the O left side of the first intestinal loop. The stomach is a well-defined, ovate sac, lying trans- versely in the visceral chamber, the wide or cesophageal extremity towards the ventral margin. The oesophagus is a broad tube of some length ; it turns immediately upwards from the stomach and opens into the bottom of the branchial sac at the ventral margin; the intestine CIONA INTESTINALIS. 13 is wider than the oesophagus and is of equal calibre throughout; and in passing from the dorsal to the ventral margin it forms a deep sigmoidal curve, or two open loops, and then, turning upwards it advances, adherent to the ventral margin of the branchial sac for some distance, to the atrium, where it opens through a wide orifice with a reflected, denticulated margin. The ovary lies suspended in a membrane Avithin the FIG. 28. — Mantle of dona intestinalis. Natural size. v.t. Blood-vessel leading to test. first intestinal loop and at the right side of the stomach ; it is an elongated clavate body with the thickened extremity curved ; and the attenuated end turned towards the ventral margin. The oviduct is given off from this tapering extremity, and, accom- panied by the vas deferens, it advances upwards by the left side of the intestine, opening into the upper portion of the atrium considerably in advance of the anal orifice ; the extremity is enlarged into a small bulb. The male cgeca are quite minute and are 14 BRITISH TUNICATA. spread over the lower portion of the intestine and stomach. C. intestinal is is not uncommon in Finmark and the whole of the Norwegian coast, on stony ground in the Coralline and Laminarian zones, also in Greenland and North America (Sara). 2. Ciona pulchella (Aider). (Plate T, figs. 6-8). [Ascidia intestinalis BLAINVILLE Man. Malac. et Conch. (1825), p. 583 (1827), pi. Ixxxii, f. 3; CUVIER Anim. Kingd. (transl. of ed. 2), III (1834), p. 114, and (1837), pi. xliii ter., f. 2; MACGILLIVEAY Conch. Text-hook (1845), p. 207, pi. xx, f. 7.] Asridia pulchella ALDER in Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XI [1863], p. 157 ; [(MS. sp.j in Aiisted's Channel Isl. (1862), p. 219] . 'Bod n elongated, cylindrical, reddish, pale yellow, or hyaline white, attached by a rounded base, and capable of great retraction. Apertures tubular, terminal ; the branchial much the longer, nearly one third the length of the body, and continuous in outline with it; the atrial about half as long as the branchial and a little narrower, projecting diagonally ; both orifices with bright crimson ocelli. A deep impressed line runs from between the terminal tubes to nearly the base of the body. Test (PL XXI, figs. 6 and 7) soft, smooth, hyaline, and transparent. Mantle (PL XXI, fig. 8) yellowish, passing to red above, or sometimes colour- less, with longitudinal muscular bands narrower than in G. intestinalis. Tentacular filaments [stout (Alder, 1. c.)]. Branchial sac with rather broad papillae. Length, an inch or a little more. Hab. — [Below low water-mark.] ENGLAND. — Salcombe Bay, Devon (Hincks). Fowey Harbour, Cornwall (Peach). CHANNEL ISLANDS. — Guernsey, dredged (Nor man}. First record. — Alder, 1863. This pretty species comes very near to Ciona infest i- CiONA PULCHELLA. 15 nalis, from which it differs in size and colour [being- much smaller and never tinged with green] ; but more especially in the [greater] length of the tubular orifices, which project considerably beyond the body when extended. Not having had an opportunity of seeing it in a living state, we are indebted to Mr. Peach for the drawing from which the accompanying figures are taken, and to Mr. Hincks for some of the details. 3. Ciona fascicularis Hancock. (Plate II, figs. 1-8 ; and fig. 29 in text.) [? Tetlnjum fasciculatnm BOHADSCH Anim. Marin. (1761), p. 132, pi. x, if. 4-6.] [? Ascidia intestinalis LINN^US Syst. Nat. ed. 12, I (1767), pt. 2, p. 1087 (pars) ; Bosc Hist. Nat, Vers, I (1802), p. 107 ; BARBUT Gen. Verm. (1783), p. 50, pi. v, f. 3.] Ciona fascicnlaris HANCOCK in Ann. Nat. Hist. [(4) VI (1870), p. 364]. Bod// much elongated, sub-cylindrical, flaccid, highly contractile, colourless, or tinged yellowish from the mantle and viscera appearing through it ; attached by the side of the base ; the lower extremity with numerous, rather long cylindrical papillge. Apertures tubular, short, yellowish, with red ocelli; the branchial terminal, the atrial at a short distance down the ventral margin. Test soft, smooth, gelatinous, perfectly hyaline. Mantle delicate, pale yellow, and extremely transparent, all the visceral organs being distinctly seen through it ; tubes short, cylindrical, and more highly coloured than the rest of the mantle. Branchial sac long, narrow, cylindrical, with rather long papillae, non-plicate. Oral filaments long, slender, numerous. Tentacular filaments numerous, long and slender, with short intermediate ones, set in a single row on a narrow scalloped fold or collar. Length from two to three inches ; breadth [nearly] half an inch. 16 BRITISH TUNIC ATA. IRELAND. — Kilkieraii Bay, Connemara, Gralwaj' (More). First record The body elongated and slightly to the duced and is tremity it is .—Hancock, 1870; coll. More, 1869. of this very distinct species is much almost cylindrical ; it tapers, however, branchial tube, which is not much pro- exactly terminal. At the inferior ex- a little enlarged or clavate. The test FIG. 29. — Tentacles of dona fascicularis. Highly magnified. (PI. XXII, fig. 1) is so perfectly transparent that the reticulations of the branchial sac are visible through it. The atrial tube is placed a short way down the ventral margin, and is only slightly produced. The lower enlarged extremity is rounded, and for a little way up is covered with numerous, rather long, cylindrical papillae ; the rest of the surface is perfectly smooth and is very soft throughout ; it is quite devoid of colour except at the apertures, which are slightly tinged with yellow, and the viscera impart a yellow hue, particularly to the lower part. The vascular ramifi- cations are confined to the inferior extremity, and penetrate the external papillae. The mantle (PI. XXII, figs. 2-4) is excessively delicate, very transparent, and tinged slightly with CIONA FASCICULARIS. 17 yellow, or nearly colourless. The longitudinal muscular hands are extremely delicate, so much so that it is difficult to trace them ; they extend, however, into the tubes and reach to the bottom of the pallia! sac, where the fibres are a little diffused. The branchial sac (PI. XXII, fig. 5) is extremely elongated and nearly cylindrical ; the primary vessels are very regularly disposed, the larger ones having three or four smaller between them. The oral filaments are long, slender above, and widened a little at the base; they correspond in number to the large primary vessels. The branchial tubercle is small and transversely oval. The tentacular filaments (PI. XXII, fig. 8, and fig. 29 in text) are arranged on a narrow undulated fold or collar ; they are long and slender with intermediate short ones ; in all about seventy. They are quite colourless. The alimentary tube is disposed much in the same manner as it is in C. intestinalis, only it is more de- cidedly pendant, as it were, from the branchial sac ; and the stomach, instead of being placed across the visceral chamber, hangs downwards ; the oesophagus, which is rather long and narrow, enters it above, and the intestine leaves it below ; it is well marked and is pretty-regularly oval. The intestine sinks to the bottom of the mantle, and then, turning upwards and backwards, forms a short open loop ; it crosses over on the right side of the stomach in a sigmoidal curve, and on reaching the ventral margin passes up by the side of the branchial *sac to the lower end of the atrium, terminating about one third up the body. The margin of the anal opening is lobed and reflected. The ovary is placed in the intestinal loop on the right of the stomach ; it is an elongated, somewhat clavate mass, with the oviduct passing from the attenuated extremity. The genital outlets are placed high up in the atrium, not much below the atrial tube and considerably in advance of the anal orifice ; two canals end in a compound nipple with a double outlet, or rather, in two minute nipples placed side by side. TI. 2 18 BRITISH TUNICATA. For specimens of tins very distinct and interesting species we are indebted to Mr. A. G-. More, who col- lected it in considerable abundance in Kilkieran Bay, (Jonnemara, in 1869. The specimens were for the most part united towards the base into dense clusters, the upper portions being quite free. The aggregation is produced by the agency of the papillae, which clothe the sides of the basal extremity of the test ; the attach- ment is consequently lateral. The common mass had apparently been fixed by the same means to some foreign bod}7. Genus 3. CORELLA Alder & Hancock, 1870. [Ascidia (pars) 0. F. MULLER Zool. Daiiica, II (1788), p. 11.] [Phallusia ML-RKAY in Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. IV (1859), p. 149.] Corella ALDER & HANCOCK in Aim. Nat. Hist. [(4) VI (1870), p. 362]. Body subquadrate, rounded, or ovate, coriaceous, very slightly contractile, rather compressed, attached mostly by the base. Apertures as in Ascidia, the bran- chial 8-lobed, the atrial 6-lobed, each with small ocelli. Test smooth and diaphanous. Mantle often brightly coloured. Tentacular filaments linear, unbranched. liraiK-ldal sac with the meshes regularly and beauti- O e/ fully convoluted, framed in squares formed by stout, secondary rectilinear vessels and the primary trans- verse vessels. Viscera sinistral, the stomach placed low, with the intestine bending backwards and down- wards on the left side, passing along the base of the mantle, and rising in front to the anal aperture. Ee- productive organs on both sides, the oviduct following the line of the intestine. The above genus was characterized when only a single species was known, namely the so-called Ascidia parallelogramma, which differs in so many important characters from the species with which it was associ- COBELLA. 19 ated that we deemed it right to make the change. Since then two other very interesting species have been discovered which agree in all essential characters with this type ; thus in a measure justifying the establishment of the genus, the members of which are all sinistral. The alimentary tube is very differently disposed from that of Ascll'm ; the heart occupies a different position, and the spiral arrangement of tlie secondary branchial vessels seems alone sufficient to distinguish the genus. As the internal organization is very similar in all the three species, we will confine the following description of it to that of G. parallelogramma, which we consider the type form. This animal is scarcely more remark- able for its internal organization than it is for the brilliant colouring of its mantle, and for the smoothness, transparency, and glossiness of its test, which is thin and only slightly, if at all, contractile, but possesses considerable elasticitv. tj The inner tunic or mantle is delicate, thin, and transparent, though usually highly coloured. It is deficiently supplied with muscular fibres, which are arranged, for the most part, near the margin in a radiating manner, the bundles being slender and far apart. This is the case with the right side ; the left is almost deprived of muscles, there being only a few scattered, delicate fibres at the base of the inhalant tube, placed longitudinally. The respiratory tubes themselves are sparingly supplied with a few feeble, delicate, circular and longitudinal fibres. The branchial sac (fig. 30) is comparatively short, and is sub-quadrate in form. It reaches to the bottom of the pallial chamber, the posterior extremity passing on the right of the digestive organs. The whole aerating surface presents a rather coarse rectangular reticulation, formed by the primary transverse vessels, and containing almost equally stout, longitudinal secon- dary vessels. The square meshes so formed are in transverse series, and are filled up with pretty-regular 20 BRITISH TTJNICATA. spirals composed of minute secondary vessels. Thus each spiral coil is set, as it were, in a square frame, and forms a slightly-conical eminence which projects a little into the branchial cavity. A few radiating vessels pass from the apex of each cone to the points where the transverse channels are intersected by the secon- dary rectilinear vessels. Thus there are usually four such radiating vessels to each coil. The longitudinal bars are rigid and cord-like ; they project considerably from the surface of the gill. The papillary membranes FIG. 30. — Part of the branchial sac of Corolla parallelogram/ma. Much enlarged. are ample, extending from bar to bar, and have the free margin considerably thickened, as is the case in Axcidia scalra. In Corella, as in Ascidia, there are no branchial papillse properly so-called ; but the thick- ened edge of the membrane projecting from the bars occasionally becomes assimilated to papillae. The oral lamina is replaced by a series of well- developed filamentous processes, wrhich are wide at the base and taper to fine points; they extend from the top of the branchial sac and terminate near its CORELLA. 21 bottom at the right side of the mouth. These, the oral papillae, agree in number with the transverse rows of spirals, or rather with the primary vessels which divide them. The branchial tubercle is large and very little complicated in its structure. It is in the form of a simple loop, with its right extremity projecting upwards considerably above the other, which is turned inwards. The endostyle reaches from one end of the sac to the other. Both the anterior and posterior cords in connexion with its extremities are well developed. The tentacular filaments at the base of the inhalant tube are numerous, long, delicate, and simple ; they are nearly of uniform size. The nervous ganglion is minute, and is of the usual elongated form. The nerves, which cannot be traced very far, go to supply the mantle or inner tunic and the respiratory tubes. The heart, unlike that of Ascidin, is stretched along the anterior border of the stomach, and lies within a pericardial chamber which is situated in the thickness of the mantle or inner tunic on the left side of the branchial sac. From the dorsal extremity of the organ a branch is given off which divides immediately into two branches, one of which passes upwards, the other downwards in connection with the endostyle, and both go to form the great dorsal, branchial sinus or channel. Another branch also leaves this extremity of the heart and becomes at once associated with a branch of equal size which seems to come from the right-hand side of the stomach. These two vessels thus associated pass into the test within which they ramify. From the ventral extremity of the heart a vessel is apparently given off to each side of the cardiac end of the stomach. Further than this the blood-system has not been traced, though there is no reason to suppose that it differs in any important respect from that of Ascidia. The digestive system is considerably modified. The mouth is large and circular, with a wide fleshy lip or 22 BRITISH TUXIC ATA. rim open in front. The oesophagus is distinctly marked; it is a rather short constricted tube stretching from the ventral or anterior extremity of the stomach, which is a large elliptical organ, somewhat laterally compressed, tying transversely near to the bottom of the pallia! cavity, to the left wall of which it is adhe- rent. The posterior extremity of the branchial sac overlies the right side of the stomach. The intestine at its origin is nearly as wide as the stomach ; it passes from the dorsal end of that organ, and, bending FIG. 31. — Biliary ducts in Corella parallelogramnm. x. about 30. (Kechicecl one-half from drawing made with 1 inch object-glass.) backwards and downwards, courses along the lower mar-gin of the stomach at the bottom of the pallial chamber ; it then passes up the ventral margin in a straight line adherent to the branchial sac until it reaches the cloaca situated at the base of the exhalant tube, where, contracting a little, it terminates. The anal orifice is bordered with a smooth, wide, reflected, lobed rim. The mucous membrane lining the stomach is thick and is thrown into strong, mostly longitudinal wrinkles, which are arranged with some degree of regularity. COR ELLA. On account of the transparency of the outer wall, these folds of the lining membrane are distinctly dis- played externally, and give quite an ornamental appearance to the organ. The mucous membrane of the oesophagus is also longitudinally folded ; that of the intestine is not so. The hepatic organ (figs. 81 and 32), like the rest of the digestive system, is also remarkably modified. The ultimate structure of the liver is composed of a minute network of anastomosing tubes spread over the FIG. 32. — Biliary ducts in Corella parallelogramma. x alxmt 60. (Eeduced one-half from drawing made with ^ inch object-glass.) outer surface of the intestine, the interstitial meshes being filled up with still more minute anastomosing and branched tubes forming as many systems, the ultimate (terminal) twigs of which end in blind sacs, occasionally a little enlarged and rounded, and some- times bifid. The main branches leading from the net- work exhibit a tendency to divide dichotomously, and unite to form two slender ducts which pass at once from the intestine to the left side and close to the posterior margin of the stomach, into which they 24 BRITISH TUN1CATA. pour the biliary secretion a little in advance of the pylorus. The reproductive organs (fig. 33) are spread over both sides of the digestive tube. The ovarv is a FIG. 33. — Reproductive organs in (V>/v//i/ jun-nUcJoiji-i'mma. Magnified. branched and tabulated organ, most profusely dis- tributed over the right side of the pyloric extremity of the stomach and the looped portion of the intestine ; a FIG. 34. — Male vesicle in Corella parallelogramma. More highly magnified. a. Tube leading to vas deferens. a few dendritic branches only are seen on the left side of these organs. The oviduct is a long, rather slender tube ; it passes through the loop formed by the doubling of the intestine, to the left side, and then, CORELLA. 25 running forward in contact with the lower margin of the stomach, it passes upwards attached to the left side of the intestine, and opens into the cloaca close by the anal tube. The male secreting vesicles (fig. 34) are much larger than usual and are spread over both sides of the stomach and intestine asso- ciated with the ovary. They are elongated, branched, and irregular in form ; showing a disposition to dicho- tomous division ; and are combined into dendritic clusters or systems from which extremely delicate tubes pass off that unite and go to form the vas defe- rens, which accompanies the oviduct in its course to the cloaca, where it opens close to the termination of that conduit. 1. Corella parallelogramma (O. F. Miiller) Hancock. (Plate XI, figs. 8 and 9 ; PL XXI, fig. 9 ; and figs. 30-34 in text.) Ascidia parallelogramma 0. F. MULLER Zool. Dan. Prodr. [1776], p. 226, no. 2737; [Zool. Dan. Icon. II (1780), pi. xlix, ff. 1-3; Zool. Dan. Descr. II (1784), p. 25; and] Zool. Danica, II [1788], p. 11, pi. xlix, tf. 1-3; [BRD- GUIERE Hist. Nat. Vers, I (1789), p. 153, in Encycl. Meth ; BOKY DE ST. VINCENT Vers, etc. I (1791), p. 135, pi. Ixiv, if. 8-10, in Tabl. Encycl. Meth ; GMELIN Linnaai Syst. Nat. ed. 13, I, pt. 6 (1791), p. 3125; Bosc Hist. Nat. Vers, I (1802), p. 107; TURTON Gen. Syst. Nat. IV (1802), p. 93; FLEMING in Edinb. Encycl. II (1811), p. 544; LAMARCK Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. ed. 1, III (1816), p. 124, and ed. 2, III (1840), p. 529; THOMPSON in Ann. Nat. Hist. (1) V (1840), p. 94;] FORBES & HANLEY Brit, Moll. I [1848], p. 34; [RUPERT JONES in Cyclop. Anat. IV, pt. 40 (1850), p. 1201 ; CARUS in Proc. Aslimol. Soc. II (1851), p. 266;] THOMPSON Nat. Hist. Ireland [IV (1856)], p. 360; NORMAN in Zoologist, [XV, (1857), p. 5708; DICKIE in Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1857 (1858), p. Ill; SARS in Forli. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 1858 (1859), p. 64; SCHULTZE in Arch. f. mikr. Anat. XII, 2 (1862), pp. 178, 183 ; ALDER in Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XI (1863), p. 157, pi. vii, ff. 1, 2; in Nat. Hist, Trans. Nortlmmb. Durli. I (1865), p. 11; and in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1866 (1867), 26 BRITISH TUNICATA. p. 208; NORMAN in Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868 (1869), p. 302]. Ascidia opalina MACGILLIVRAY Moll. Aiiim. Aberdeen [1843], p. 312. Ascidia virginea FORBES & HANLEY Brit. Moll. I [1848], p. 33, pi. C, f . 2 ; ALDER & HANCOCK in Trans. Tyneside Nat, Field Club, I [1848], p. 200; [COCKS in Rep. R. Cornw. Polyt. Soc. 1849 (1850), p. 73 ; RUPERT JONES in Cyclop. Anat. IV, pt. 40 (1850), p. 1201 ; CARUS in Proc. Aslimol. Soc. II (1851), p. 266; LANDSBOROUGH Treas. Deep (1847), p. 34, and Excurs. Arran (1852), p. 34;] GOSSE Tenby (1856), p. 63; [THOMPSON Nat. Hist. Ireland, IV (1856), p. 360 ;] NORMAN in Zoologist, XV [1857] , p. 5708 ; [MERRIFIELD Nat. Hist. Brighton (1860), p. 81 ; MURRAY in Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. IV (1860), p. 271; ANSTED & LATHAM Channel Isl. (1862), p. 219]. [Phnllusia virginea MURRAY in Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. IV (1859), p. 149.] Non Ascidia virginea 0. F. MULLER (1776). \_Corella parallelogramma HANCOCK in Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) VI (1870), p. 362,] Body ovate or subquadrate, compressed, adhering by its base. Apertures, branchial very little promi- nent, scarcely tubular, atrial situated a little to one side on a longish tube surpassing the branchial in height ; both with red ocelli. Test firm, hyaline, and perfectly transparent, showing the bright-coloured mantle through. Mantle thin, transparent, attached only at the tubes, more or less marked with crimson and opaque yellow. A circular belt of yellow is seen near the top of the branchial sac, and opaque yellow lines and spots (sometimes star-like) intermixed with crimson blotches, are dispersed over the sides. The dark intestine is seen proceeding from a fawn-coloured stomach on the left side, making a turn downwards at the base of the sac, and rising towards the anal aperture, accompanied by the white oviduct. On the right side there are a few strong radiating muscles near the margin of the mantle ; they are absent on the left, and the meshes of the branchial sac are also seen more distinctly through. Tentacular filaments CORELLA PARALLELOGBAMMA. 27 long and slender. Branchial she (fig. 30) with the secondary vessels arranged in spirals of five or six coils each ; papillary membranes ample, with the free border considerably thickened, but scarcely produced into tentacular points. Oral filaments numerous, rather stout and pointed. Height one to two inches ; breadth about one third less. Hab. — [Adhering to dead shells, Alga?, &c.,] at low water-mark and in deepish water. On most parts of our coasts, but apparently rare in the south. ENGLAND. — Coast of Durham and Northumberland (Alder; Hodge). [Dogger Bank (Alder). Brighton, Sussex (Merrifield, 1860). Grwyllyn-vase, Swanpool, Pennance, etc., Falmouth, Cornwall (Cocks, 1849). Scilly Isles (Cants, 1850).] Isle of Man (Forbes; Alder). WALES.- -Tenby, Pembroke, at low water-mark (Gosse). SCOTLAND. - - Aberdeen, abundant (Macgillivray). Firth of Clyde (Norman; Carpenter). Hebrides (Forbes fy Me Andrew). [Arran (Land sboro ugh, 1847).] Shetland (Forbes fy McAndrew); [10 miles east of Balta (Norman, 1868)]. IRELAND. — Strangford Lough, Down, and Bound- stone Bay, Connemara, Galway (Thompson). First record. — [Thompson, 1840.] This species is remarkable for its subquadrate form and the brilliancy of the pallial colouring ; and it differs likewise from the other species of the genus in many points of detail. After much investigation we have come to the con- clusion that the Ascidia virginea of British authors is only a brightly-coloured variety of Corella parallelo- gramina of Miiller, and that the true A. virginea of that author has yet to be discovered, at least on the British coast, if indeed it be at all known to modern 28 13KITISH TUNICATA. naturalists, In the figure of A. rirt/iiira given in the ' Zoologia Danica,' the intestine rises in a sigmoid curve half way up the side of the sac as is usual in the genus Aseidia ; but in the present species, and indeed in all the three members of the genus Corella, the intes- tine, after running along the base of the sac, ascends in a direct line to the anal aperture, the stomach being- placed 011 the left side. This is therefore a sinistral species, and its two congeners are the only other sinistral species which have occurred to us. The Phallusia turcica of Savigny is also a sinistral species, and has the same flexure of the intestine. GoreUa parallelogram ma is found 011 the Norwegian coast, but does not extend northwards bevoiid Lofoten, •/ where it is rare and of small size Sn 2. Corella larvseformis Hancock. (Plate XXII, fig. 8.) Corella larv&formis HANCOCK in Ann. Nat. Hist. [(4) VI (1870), p. 363]. Body irregularly rounded or subquadrate, com- pressed, adhering by the base. Apertures, branchial terminal, only slightly prominent, atrial at the upper part of the neural margin, a little removed from the branchial, at the extremity of a tube which is con- siderably longer than the entire body, and projects diagonally upwards; ocelli red. Test firm, smooth, shining, thin above, rather thick below, perfectly crystalline, exhibiting not only the colours of the mantle, but likewise much of the internal structure. Mantle delicate, adhering to the test, of a yellowish or reddish colour, with a few scattered, small red spots, and so transparent that it does not in the least obscure the view of the contained visceral organs. Branchial sac with large, spiral coils, the largest about five times coiled, in 12 or 1-4 transverse rows ; papillae replaced by the thickened border of the papillary membrane. CORELLA LARVJEFOEMIS. 29 Oral filaments minute, placed a little apart, not nume- rous. Taitin-iiliti- Jili merits numerous, not crowded, long, delicate, and colourless. Length from the base to the branchial aperture five- eighths of an inch, and to the atrial aperture an inch and a half. Hab. — Shallow water. IRELAND. — Roundstone Bay, Connemara, Galway (More). First record.— Hancock, 1870; coll. More, 1869. We have seen only two individuals of this very characteristic species; they were both obtained in the same locality, and were taken in shallow water (from 6 to 12 fathoms) by Mr. A. Gr. More in 1869. They differ somewhat in colour ; one having the mantle of a dull red, the other of a pale straw colour, and each having a few scattered spots of red. The body is much compressed and remarkably transparent, reveal- ing almost the entire organization through the external coverings. t But the most extraordinary feature is the enormous development of the atrial tube ; it is con- siderably longer than the whole length of the body, and is proportionately wide ; it is placed at the top of the ventral margin, only a short way removed from the branchial aperture, which is exactly terminal, and so little produced as to be scarcely tubular. From the peculiar development of the atrial tube, the form of this species has considerable resemblance to that of the usual tadpole larva, and suggests the adoption of the specific name. The mantle is firmly adherent to the test, so that it cannot be detached without laceration ; it is exceed- ingly delicate and but sparingly supplied with muscles. On the rio'ht-hand side there are a few scattered O radiating fibres, darker than the rest of the mantle, near the upper and dorsal margin ; there are likewise a few at the ventral margin ; and a few still more delicate fibres are seen at the upper border of the left- 30 BRITISH TUNICATA. hand side ; these and the sphincter belts of the tubes, together with a few short, longitudinal fibres near the orifices, complete the muscular apparatus of this organ. The branchial sac is short and subquadrate, with the spirals comparatively few and large, arranged with some little degree of irregularity in 1 2 or 14 transverse rows ; the larger spirals have about 5 or 6 coils, and they seem set in square areas, defined by the primary vessels and stout longitudinal secondary ones, in the same manner as in C. par allelogr ammo,. The oral filaments are minute and correspond in number and position with the primary vessels; there are consequently not more than 12 or 14 of them. The branchial tubercle is apparently tubular, much restricted in length, and with a trilobed orifice at the free extremity, the upper lobe being the longest. The alimentary canal is disposed much as it is in C. parallelogramma; the stomach is however a little more elongated ; the oesophagus is rather long and narrow, and opens by a widish mouth near to the bottom of the branchial sac at the ventral niargin ; the intestine turns downwards at the dorsal margin, and, advancing along the bottom of the mantle, turns up the ventral margin attached to the branchial sac, and terminates at the base of the excurrent tube not far from the top of the sac ; here it opens into the atrium by a wide orifice with the margin reflected and pectinated. The ovary is a tabulated or tubular organ, spread over the right-hand side of the stomach, passing round the margin, and appearing at the left-hand side ; the oviduct is wide, accompanies the intestine to its termination, and appears by the side of the anus. The male organ is spread over the posterior extremity of the left-hand side of the stomach and the intestinal loop ; it is composed of minute, slightly-branched caaca ; the vas deferens follows the oviduct to the atrium, and then, advancing a little beyond its termin- ation, becomes adherent to the branchial sac, and opens some short distance in front of the anus. COKELLA LARVJEFORMIS. 31 The heart lies along the upper margin of the stomach ; and the rest of the anatomy, so far as it could be determined, agrees with that of the type species. C. larvdeformis is distinguished at once from the con- generic species by the extraordinary elongation of the atrial tube, and from (.'. parallelogramma likewise by the comparative deficiency of colour, though much reliance cannot be placed on this character, as the specimens had been some time in spirit before they came into our possession. The fewness of the rows of branchial spirals, and the consequent comparative largeness of the spirals themselves, also distinguish this species. 3. Corella ovata Hancock. (Plate XXII, figs. 10 and 11 ; and fig. 35 in text.) Corella ovata HANCOCK in Ann. Nat. Hist, [(4) VI (1870), p. 363] . ovate, rather wide above, not much compressed, adhering by the side of the base, where there are a few root-like processes. Apertures very little pro- duced, almost sessile ; the branchial terminal, the atrial placed at a little distance down the ventral margin. Tt'st soft, smooth, delicate, and perfectly transparent, revealing the colours and structure of the enclosed mantle and viscera. Mantle thin, transparent, of a buff flesh-colour, sometimes with a few obscure reddish markings ; tubes very short, having the margins of the apertures of a pale flesh-colour; muscles few and delicate, of a reddish colour. Branclilal XKC with the spirals numerous and composed of only two or three coils ; papillary membranes well developed and having the free margin not much thickened, and scarcely t/ bearing at all the semblance of tentacular points. Tentiicnliii' filaments numerous, slender, not very long, set rather close together in a single line on a narrow 32 BRITISH TUNIC ATA. muscular band. Oral filament* numerous, well deve- loped, with the points attenuated. Length [sometimes] an inch and three quarters, but usually smaller. Hcib. — [Between tide-marks and] at low water. SCOTLAND. - Tobermorey, Mull, associated with Ascidia rubicunda and adhering to Plocamium cocci- neum (Norman). IRELAND. — Roundstone Bay, Comiemara, Galway, in clusters attached to the test of Ascidia Normani (More). First record. — Hancock, 1870 ; coll. Norman, 1866. The test of this species (PI. XXII, fig. 10) is so perfectly hyaline that when immersed in water it is difficult to observe its form ; and usually the shrivelled yellowish mantle suspended within by the attachment of the tubes is so conspicuous that it is hard to believe that it is surrounded by the outer tunic. This is the case with specimens preserved in spirit ; the brilliancy then, of this creature, may be increased in a living state, united as it is in clusters, and with the mantle fully expanded and imparting to the mass a delicate yellowish hue, intensified towards the base or visceral nucleus. When attached to Algas, as it appears fre- quently to be, the base is much contracted, and then the body is decidedly ovate or pyriform with the upper end rounded and inflated. But the specimens which are adherent to a flat surface have the lower or basal portion a little more spread, and in these the form is more definitely ovate. The vascularity of the test seems limited to the lower portion. The mantle (see PI. XXII, fig. 10) lies free within the test, being attached to it only at the tubes and towards the base where the vascular trunks enter it. It is delicate and transparent, and appears to be highly contractile ; the muscular fibres are, however, far from being robust ; they are most developed on the right-hand side, and, like those in the other two CORBLLA OVATA. 33 species, are disposed in a scattered radiating manner at the margins, but are confined to the upper portions; they partake of the colour of the mantle though they are a little darker. A few smaller radiating fibres are observed at the upper margin of the left-hand side. The branchial sac (fig. 35) extends nearly to the bottom of the mantle, overlapping the right-hand side of the visceral mass ; the spirals are remarkable for the fewness of their coils, there being usually two, rarely three, and they are stout and project boldly upwards ; the longitudinal bars are delicate and cord- like, with the suspended membrane deep; the papillary < FIG. 35. — Part of branchial sac of Corella ovata. Miich enlarged. membranes are well developed, and have the free border only slightly thickened, and not projected into tentacular points or papilla?. There are about 36 oral filaments (PL XXII, fig. 11) which occasionally vary a little in length ; they are wide at the base where the margins are sometimes a little undulated, and they rather suddenly attenuate upwards and are produced and pointed at the extremity. The branchial tubercle is a simple loop open in front above and pointed behind. The disposition of the alimentary canal differs in no respect from that of the type form ; the stomach is well marked and rounded, the oesophagus constricted and well produced ; the intestine bends downwards in the usual manner and passes along the bottom of the sac to the ventral margin, which it ascends almost to ir. 3 34 BRITISH TUNICATA. the top in a slightly curved line to the atrium, where it terminates in an anal orifice with a reflected and lobed margin. The ovary is a branched tubular organ, for the most part confined to the right side of the intestinal loop, through which a few of the branches pass and appear at the left-hand side ; a few of the terminal ramifica- tions also overlap the dorsal border of the stomach and reach the other side of it. The male casca, which are elongated, are for the greater part confined to the left-hand side of the looped portion of the intestine. This delicate species is not likely to be confounded with either of its two congeners, from both of which it differs in many particulars, and notably by the general form and by the character of the branchial spirals, which in C. ovata are not by any means so many times coiled as they are in both the other species, and the coils themselves are much stouter. In C. parallelogramma and ('. larvaeformis the spirals are from 5 to 7 times coiled, while in C. ovata, they are coiled only twice or thrice. Family 2. MOLGULULE. Animal generally free or only slightly attached. Test thin and membranous, often covered with sand or fragments of shells ; usually not at all or but very slightly attached to the mantle, except at the two apertures. Branchial aperture 6-lobed, at rial aperture 4-lobed ; ocelli inconspicuous or none. Tentacular filament* branched. Branchial sac generally with longitudinal folds, the meshes more or less perfectly convoluted, without papillae. MOLGULA. 35 Genus 4. MOLGULA Forbes, 1848. [Ascidia (pars) 0. F. MULLER Zool. Dan. I (1788), p. 42.] Molgula FORBES in Brit. Moll. I [1848], p. 36; ALDER & HANCOCK in Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, I [1848], p. 195; WOODWARD Man. Moll. [1856], p. 337; GOSSK Man. Marine Zool. II [1856], p. 35; H. & A. ADAMS Gen. Recent Moll. II [1858], p. 590; [ALDER in Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XI (1863), p. 158]. Bodi/ ovate or globose, generally covered with glan- dular fibrils by which the animal accumulates a coating of sand or shells and in some species attaches itself to other bodies. Test usually thin, fibrillous, and nearly colourless. Branchial aperture 6-lobed; at rial aperture 4-lobed. Tentacular filaments more or less pinnate or branched. Branchial sac with longitudinal folds, the meshes irregularly convoluted. Stomach and intestine O «/ lateral. Reproductive organs on both sides, those of the right side situated above the lower intestinal loop. The members of this genus are comparatively small and globular, with, usually, a coating- of sand or of fragments of shells or stone. They have rarely any flattened surface of attachment like that of Ascidia, and consequently they are usually assumed to be free. This, however, may to some extent be questioned. The surface of the test is supplied witli numerous hair-like processes or delicate branched fibrils. These adhere with considerable firmness to the more gritty matters mixed with the sand or fine mud in which these animals are undoubtedly to some extent buried. They thus become fixed in their position, and on re- moval bring along with them a coating of the attached particles. This would appear to be their usual habit. In. some instances, however, they become adherent, through the agency of their external fibrils, to the surface of hard bodies, such as the exuviae of mollusca, and cover the exposed portion of their test with the usual fragmentary matters. 36 BRITISH TUNICATA. The test of Mo~llr/ela coriacea is a very contractile species, and in its two states of extension and contraction might be taken for different animals. The close-set, minute tubercles of its surface distinguish it from most of its congeners. These are rounded and not shagreened or facetted as in S. granulata, and they can scarcely be seen without a magnifier. Young specimens conse- quently appear to be smooth, and are almost flat when contracted. Old individuals, however, become much more rugose. 7. Styela pomaria (Savigny). (PL XXXVII, fig. 5 ; PL XXXIX, fig. 4 ; PL XLII, figs. 1-7; PL XL VIII, fig. 10; and fig. 64 in text.) Cynthia pomaria SAYIGXY [in Descr. Egypt., Hist. Nat. 1 (1809), pt. 3, p. 39, and] Mem. Anim. sans Vert. pt. 2 [1816], p. 156,, pi. ii, f. 1, and pi. vii, f. 2; LAMARCK Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2 [1840], p. 531 ; [RUPERT JONES in Cyclop. Anat. IV, pt. 40 (1850), p. 1199 ; BRONX Thier-Reichs, III, 1 (1861), p. 104, etc., pi. xii, ff. 5, 6 ; GRUBE in Abh. Schles. vaterl.-Cultur, 1868-69 (1869), pp. 112, 125]. STYELA POMAEIA. Ill Body ovate or subconical, rather irregular, rugose, largely attached by the side or base. Apertures not far apart, rather prominent. Test brownish or yellowish, sub-opaque, strongly wrinkled longitudinally and less prominently in a transverse direction so as to give it a pustulose appearance ; the surface slightly roughened, but not hispid. Mantle opaque, bright crimson above, fading into orange or yellow beloAV. Tentacular fila- ments slender. Branchial sac with four folds on each side ; oral lamina smooth. Ovaries globose, red, dispersed over the inside of the mantle in imperfect longitudinal rows. Length from half to three quarters of an inch. Hab. — In shallowish water. WALES.- -Teiiby, Pembroke (Alder). IRELAND. — Portmagee, Kerry (Allmari). CHANNEL ISLANDS. — Guernsey (Hodge § Brady}. Gouliot Caves, Sark (Norman}. First record. — Alder & Hancock. The test of this species (PI. XXXVII, fig. 5) is hard, firm, and rather thick, with the inside silvery white. The mantle (PI. XXXIX, fig. 4) is thick, tough, and muscular, with the fibres inconspicuous on the surface; but, when the reproductive organs are removed, strong muscular fibres are seen to line the inside, arranged for 7 G the most part diagonally from the ventral line down- wards and backwards. The tentacular filaments are numerous and vary in size ; they are delicate, not long, and nearly linear. The folds of the branchial sac (PI. XLII, fig. 1) are moderately developed ; the primary vessels are numerous, not much apart, variable in size with usually minute ones interspersed, crossing the stomata; the secondary vessels are rather stout and short, and the stomata are rounded at the ends. The oral lamina is smooth, narrow, and widened a little below. The branchial tubercle (PI. XL VIII, fig. 10) is peculiar; it 112 BRITISH TUNICATA. is rounded and apparently open in the centre, with a bilobed lid ; but, as this appearance varies in different specimens, it is probably deceptive. The alimentary canal (PI. XLII, fig. 2) forms a sigmoidal curve extending- from the bottom of the pallial sac to the base of the excurrent orifice. The oesophagus is well developed and somewhat constricted ; the stomach (PI. XLII, fig. 2) is oval and well defined at both extremities, and the interior is lined with numerous deep, close-set, longitudinal laminae ; the intestine is rather wide and of pretty equal calibre throughout; the anus (fig. 64) is a little contracted FIG. 64. FlG- 65. d FIG. 64. — Anal aperture of Styela pomaria. Magnified. FIG. 65. — Anal aperture of Styela granulata. Magnified. with the rim narrow and broken up into a few obtuse irregular denticulations. The reproductive organs (PI. XLII, figs. 2-7) are numerous rounded nodules scattered without much regularity over both lobes of the mantle ; though there is occasionally the appearance of a longitudinal dis- position. This appearance is heightened, if not entirely occasioned, by olDserving these organs through the branchial sac, those underlying the branchial folds being obscured and thus producing the appearance of separation into rows (PL XLII, fig. 1). The male vesicles form a sort of cup around the base of each ovigerous sac (PI. XLII, figs. 3-7), composed of from four to seven segments, each segment being one of the vesicles; from the apices of the vesicles the minute thread-like ducts are seen to pass to the upper surface of the organ and go to unite at the base of a minute, extremely short, nipple -like, orifice, overlying the STYELA POMARIA. 113 almost equally short, projecting, comparatively-wide oviduct directed towards the ventral margin or atrial space. Thus there are as many oviducts and male out- lets as genital nodules. 8. Styela sulcatula (Alder). (PL XXXVII, fio-s. 6 and 7 ; PI. XLII, figs. 8 and 9 ; PL. XLVIII, fig. 11.) Cynthia sulcatula ALDER in Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XI [1863], 'p. 162. Body sub-cylindrical when extended, hemispherical when contracted, attached by a broad base. Apa-tii r^* terminal, on long tubes (about one-third the length of the body), approximating at the base, and nearly dis- appearing on contraction ; they are margined with a red line or entirely crimson. Test dark reddish- brown, rough with longitudinal and transverse furrows, giving the surface a beaded appearance. Mantle bright crimson or scarlet. Tentacular Ji laments linear. Branchial xac with four folds on each side. OranVx scarlet^ disposed in spherical masses over the inner surface of the mantle. Lenijtli from half to three-quarters of an inch. Hcib. — From a few fathoms to deep water, on Styela talerosa. and the roots of Lamiiun-'ni . EXGLAND. — Cullercoats, Northumb. (Alder). Seaham Harbour, Durham (Hodge). First recon/.— Alder [1803]. The longitudinal sulcations of the test of this species (PL XXXVII, figs. 6 and 7) are scarcely perceptible in spirit specimens ; but the upper portions are much contracted and consequently much wrinkled trans- versely ; the inside is silvery white. The mantle, which is opaque and fleshy, is firmly attached to the test. The tentacular filaments are about forty; they are short (varying in size), delicate, and nearly linear. n. 8 114 BRITISH TUNICATA. The branchial sac (PL XLII, fig. 8) is delicate and the folds are rather narrow; the primary vessels are stoutish, vary in size, and have an exceedingly delicate vessel between them, cutting the stomata in the centre; the secondary vessels are delicate and of moderate length ; the ends of the stomata are rounded ; the longitudinal rods are wide, there are one or two between the folds, and five or six upon them. The branchial tubercle (PL XLVIII, fig. 11) is rather peculiar in form ; it is rounded in front with a small opening in the centre which is overhung by a pointed process, probably indicating a rudimentary condition of the spirals. The oral lamina is narrow, but slightly deepens towards the mouth. The alimentary canal (PL XLII, fig. 9) forms a deep sigmoidal curve towards the inferior extremity of the body ; the oesophagus is well developed ; the stomach (PL XLII, fig. 9) is short and rounded, with the in- ternal laminae seen through the surface ; the walls of the first or looped portion of the intestine are thick ; but the tissue is more delicate, and the calibre diminishes a little towards the anus, which is not very wide, and has a narrow margin with a few minute denticulations. The biliary ducts are rather long, and the pyloric lobe which receives them is large and conical. The reproductive organs (PL XLII, fig. 9) are numerous, rather large, oval or rounded nodules ; the oviducts and male outlets are similarly arranged to those of the last species (S. pomaria) ; but the male vesicles do not appear to be confined to the sides and base ; the ova however were not much developed in the individual examined, and the relative positions of the two elements might consequently be somewhat modified. Numerous pallial nodules, large and very irregular in form, are interspersed amidst the repro- ductive organs. The approximate tubular apertures, regularly furrowed surface, and great contractility, distin- STYELA SULOATULA. 115 guish this species from the young of 8. tuberosa ; the character of the surface distinguishes it from S. coriacea and S. granulata, to which it is more nearly allied. In a contracted state the test becomes much corrugated, and the apertures then appear large and four-cleft. 9. Styela granulata (Alder). (PL XXXVII, figs. 8 and 9 ; PL XXXIX, figs. 5 and (3; PL XLI1, figs- 10 and 11 ; PL XLVIII, fig. 12; and figs. 65 and 66 in text.) Cynthia granulata ALDER [MS. sp. in Ansted's Channel Isl. (1862), p. 219, and] in Ann. Nat. Hist, (3) XI [1863], p. 163 ; [M. & (i. O. SARS Christianiafjord. Fauna, pt. 2 (1870), p. 103]. Body cylindrical when extended, nearly hemi- spherical when contracted, reddish, adhering at the base. Apertures terminal, approximated, slightly tubular, red with a darker red line round the margin. Test (PL XXXVII, figs. 8 and 9) tough, finely sha- greened or granulated, but appearing nearly smooth to the naked eye, yellowish or brownish red. Mantle (PL XXXIX, figs. 5 and 6) crimson above, passing to orange or yellow below. Tentacular filaments linear. Branchial sac (PL XLII, fig. 10) with four folds on each side. Length about half an inch. Hab. — Adhering to shells or to other Ascidians, in moderately deep water. ENGLAND. — Cullercoats, Northumb. (Alder). Sealiam Harbour (Hodge) and Whitburn (Alder), Durham. Lul worth Cove, Dorset (Jeffreys). Isle of Man (Alder). CHANNEL ISLANDS. — Guernsey (Alder). First record. — [Ansted, 1862 ; coll. Alder.] This Styela somewhat resembles the last (8. sulcata), and is occasionally associated with it on the test of 8. tuberosa. It may, however, be at once distinguished 116 BRITISH TUNIC ATA. by the shagreening of the test, which is best seen when the surface is dry; it then appears covered with minute shining facets. X. gmnuhtta may also be distinguished from 8. sulcata by its shorter tubes and smaller aper- tures. It appears to be pretty-widely distributed on the British coast. b.d. FIG. 66. — Digestive organs (on left) and reproductive organs (on right) of Styela granulata. Magnified, b.d. Biliary duct. 10. Styela humilis */>. nov. (PI. XXXIX, fig. 7 ; PI. XLVIII, fig. 13.) [Cynfltia Iti/mi/ix ALDER MS. sp. in Ansted's Channel Isl. (1862), p. 219.] Body elongate, conical, closely covered with fine sand and a few fragments of shells ; adhering by a small base. Apertures wide apart, the branchial pro- duced and terminal, the atrial conical, about three quarters down the body or not far from the base. Test rather thin, set with short hairs or membranous processes of the skin, to which the sand adheres. Tentacular filaments linear. Branchial *. nor. (PL XXXVII, figs. 10-12 ; PL XLIII, fig. 1 ; PL XL VIII, fig. 14.) Body variable in form, ovate, sub-orbicular, or sub- conical, and strongly wrinkled in opposite directions 118 BRITISH TUNICATA. so as to give the surface a tuberculated appearance ; largely attached by the side. Apertures approximated ; nearly terminal, generally margined with a line of crimson or orange. Test (PL XXXVII, figs. 10 and 11) rather thick, firm, yellowish white or brownish, covered with roundish tubercles, the inside bright crimson. Mantle (PL XXXVII, fig. 13) crimson above, fading to pale red or orange below. Tentacles long and slender; the branchial aperture above them crimson, and for some extent longitudinally plicated, the lobes forming an operculum below. Branchial sac white ; oral lamina smooth. Ovarie« (PL XLIII, fig. 1) orange- coloured, forming two diagonal rolls on each side, bordered by lobed or clavate spermaries. Length from half an inch to upwards of an inch. Nab. — In shallow water and under stones within tide-marks. CHANNEL ISLANDS. — Guernsey and Herm; not rare (Alder ; Brady $• Hodge; Norman). First record. — 'Alder & Hancock. This species varies much in form. Its usual appear- ance is something like a raspberry, but old specimens are sometimes found a good deal elongated and very rugose. It is largely attached, the margin of the test spreading a little in a thin crust on the stone or other substance to which it adheres. The reproductive organs are rather peculiar, the ovaries forming two cylindrical rolls, running dia- gonally on each side of the body, and at the sides of these are seen detached groups of obtusely -lobed or slightly-branched male organs. Styela variabilis has only as yet been found in the Channel Islands. . • | FIG. 67. — Tentacular filaments of Styela obscura. Magnified. STYELA OJBSCUEA. 1 19 12. Styela obscura sp. nov. (PI. XXXVII, fig. 13 (?) *; PL XL VIII, fig. 15; and figs. 67-09 in text.) Body sub-cylindrical or sub-conical, attached by the base, and coated with a thin but close envelope of fine sand. Apertures tubular and prominent, coated with sand the same as the body; the branchial terminal, rather broad, quadrate, and wide, margined with red ; the atrial about one third down, on a strong tube, rather narrower than the other, and rising upwards. Test (PI. XXXVII, fig. 13) nearly colourless, without filaments, the sand adhering closely to the surface. Reproductive onjtnis scattered over the inner surface of the mantle. Length about three-quarters of an inch. Hab.— ? CHANNEL ISLANDS. --Guernsey; dredged (Jeffreys Norman). First record. — Alder & Hancock ; coll. Jeffreys & Xormaii, 1805. FIG. 68. Plo> 69- o- \ b.d. FIG. 68. — Digestive organs of Styela obscura. Magnified. FIG. 69. — Anal aperture of the same. More highly magnified, b.d. Biliary duct. This species has some resemblance to Styela liumilis, but differs from it in the position of the atrial aperture, as well as in the filaments. From 8. comata it differs in the latter character, also in being attached, and in [* There may be some doubt as to this figure representing Styela obscura. It agrees with the description except in coloiir, perhaps diie to sand.] 120 BRITISH TUXIOATA. the tubes being coated with sand like the rest of the body, and very partially retractile. 13. Styela comata (Alder). (PI. XXXVII, fig. 14 ; PL XXXIX, fig. 8 ; PI. XLIII, figs. 2 and 3 ; PI. XLVIII, fig. 16 ; and figs. 70 and 71 in text.) Cynthia ampulla FORBES & HANLEY Brit. Moll. I [1848], p. 40 ; ALDER & HANCOCK in Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, I [1848], p. 197 ; [OWEN in Encycl. Brit. ed. 8, XV (1858), p. 331]. Non Ascidia ampulla BRUGUIERE [Hist. Nat. Vers, I (1789)] . Cynthia comata ALDER in Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XI [1863], p. 163, [and in Nat. Hist. Trans. Nortlmmb. Durh. I (1865), pp. 6, 11]. Bod ij unattached, oblong ovate, flask-shaped. Aper- tures terminal and approximated, forming elongated tubes of nearly equal length, generally prettily blotched and spotted with red, and retractile. Test (PI. XXXVII, fig. 14) very thin, soft, transparent, and nearly colour- less, set with long tufted hairs and covered with a thick coating of sand. Tentacular filaments linear, simple. Branchial sac (PI. XLIII, fig. 2) with four folds on each side. Ovaries (PL XLIII, fig. 3, and fig. 71 in text) extending over nearly all the internal surface of the mantle in small ovate or pyriform masses. Length a little above an inch. Hob. — Deep water. ENGLAND. — Cullercoats, Northumb. ; from the fishing boats, not uncommon (Alder). [Durham (Alder, 1865).] First record. — Forbes & Hanley, 1848 ; [cull. Alder]. Styela comata is remarkable for the thick coating of sand with which it is always invested, sometimes increasing it to double the natural size. Tliis arises from the great length of the glandular hairs, and is especially the case in old individuals, in which they are much branched and become thickened at the base, STYELA COM ATA. 121 giving the test a peculiar appearance when the sand is removed. This species was at first referred to the Ascidia ampulla of Bruguiere, the Ascidium of Baster; but a more attentive study of its characters, and a reference v.d. FIG. 70. — An ovary of Styela comata. Magnified, od. Oviduct, v.d. Vas deferens. to the original description and figures of Baster, induce us to consider it distinct. His Ascidium is described as thickly covered with minute hairs curved at the points, and as having the tubes granulated or shagreened, in neither of which characters does the present species FIG. 71. FIG. 1-2. FIG. 71. — Anal aperture of Styela comata. Magnified. FIG. 72. — Anal aperture of Styela vestita. Magnified. agree with it, nor does Baster's species appear to have been coated with sand. This and the following species belong to the G-lauJitln of Stimpson,* a genus divided from Cynthia, on account * ' Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.' [IV (1852), p. 230]. 122 BRITISH TUNICATA. of the individuals being unattached. As this character, however, is not borne out by any structural difference, and is also found in some species of other genera, we have not thought it desirable to consider it of generic value. 14. Styela vestita (Alder). (PL XXXVII, fig. 15 ; PI. XXXIX, fig. 9; PI. XLIII, figs. 4 and 5 ; PL XL VIII, fig. 17 ; and figs. 72-76 in text.) Cynthia vestita (Alder) STANGER in Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, IV [1860], p. 335; [ALDER in Nat. Hist, Trans. NorthumbfDurh. I (1865), pp. 6, 11]. Cynthia glacialis ALDER in Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XI [1863], p. 164. v | s. o— -.-- FIG. 73. — Test of Styela vestita, devoid of shell fragments, and with the apertures retracted. Four times natiiral size. Body orbicular or ovate, a little compressed, un- attached, and [almost] entirely covered with sand and fragments of shells. Apertures approximated and slightly tubular when expanded, inconspicuous when withdrawn, of a dull semitransparent white. Test (PL XXXVII, fig. 15, and fig. 73 in text) smooth, STYELA VESTITA. 123 whitish, soft and rather thin, a little wrinkled towards the apertures, with scattered hairs, and shelly frag- ments adhering partially to the skin. Mantle (PI. XXXIX, fig. 9) transparent and nearly colourless. Tentacular filaments (fig. 72) simple, linear. Branchial sac (PI. XLIII, fig. 4) with four folds on each side. Ovaries (PL XLIII, fig. 5) in parallel cylindrical masses, extending transversely, about four on each side. FIG. 74. — Tentaciilai- filaments of Styela vestita. Magnified. Diameter about half an inch. Hal. — Deep water. ENGLAND. — Craster, Northumb. ; from the fishing- boats (Staitt/er). Dredged on the coasts of North- umberland and Durham in the excursions of the local Dredo-ing Committee of the British Association [1862-64]." First record. — Stanger, 1860. Mr. Stanger, who first met with this species, an- nounced its discovery in the ' Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club,' under the above specific name which we had proposed for it. We afterwards thought it might be the same as a species found by Professor Sars on the Norwegian coast, and, in a paper in the ' Annals of Natural History,' we adopted his name of Cynthia glacialis. A more detailed description, however, since published by Professor Sars, shows that his species is quite distinct, and belongs to 124 BRITISH TUNICATA. our restricted genus Cynthia. We have therefore re- verted to our original name. The form and position of the reproductive organs is very peculiar in this Tunicate. The only other FIG. 75. od. • v.d. FIGS. 75 and 76. — Ovary of Styela vestita. Highly magnified. 75, front view ; 76, side view of another. species in which we have met with the same arrange- ment of these organs is the Glandula mollis of Stimpson, a free and sand-covered species found on the American coasts and apparently very near to this in most of its characters. STYELA VIOLACEA. 125 15. Styela violacea (Alder). (PL XXXVII, figs. 16 and 17; PL XXXIX, figs. 10-12.) Cynthia violacea ALDEE in Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XI [1863], p. 165, [and in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1866 (1867), p. 208]. Body very much depressed or nearly flat, transversely ovate or rounded in outline, and adhering by a broad expanded base. Test slightly hispid and completely covered with small grains of sand. Apertures on rather long and slender tubes of a violet colour, set very little apart, and nearly equally distant from both ends. Diameter a quarter of an inch. Hab. — Amongst rocks, on an old shell of Pecten maximus. WALES. — Anglesey, in Menai Straits (Mrs. Hughes). First record. — Alder [1863] ; coll. Mrs. Hughes. Although, from its minuteness and delicacy, the internal parts of this species could not be examined, there can be little doubt of its distinctness from any other described Sti/ela. The grains of sand adhere so closely that they can scarcely be removed without tearing the test, which is very thin. Two specimens were found. 16. Styela fibrillata sp. nov. (PL XXXVII, fig. 18; PL XXXVIII; PL XL, fig. 9; PL XL1V, figs. 1-3 ; and figs. 77 and 78 in text.) P>ody suborbicular or ovate, covered with long, slender, or tufted fibrils, occasionallv anastomosing. v O J and coated with fine sand, free or very slightly attached. Test (PL XXXVII, fig. 18; PL XXXVIII, fig. 1 ; PL XXXIX, figs. 13 and 14) rather tough, shining inside. Apertures not far apart. Man fir yellowish, inclining to orange, but probably more or 126 BRITISH TUXICATA. less red when fresh. Tentnml«r filnmfiiis long and slender. Branchial sac with stout transverse vessels and rather narrow folds. Reproductive organs scattered (?). v.d. od. 9 $ od. \ / FIG. 77. — Ovaries of Styela fibrillata. Highly magnified. Diameter half to three quarters of an inch. Hab.— ? ENGLAND. — Hastings, Sussex (Bowerbarik). IRELAND. - - Birterbuy Bay, Connemara, Galway (Brady). CHANNEL ISLANDS. — -Guernsey (Norman). First record. — Alder & Hancock. FIG. 78. FIG. 79. 2& FIG. 78. — Anal aperture of Styela fibrillata. Magnified. FIG. 79.— Anal aperture of Styela northumbrica. Magnified. 17. Styela depressa sp. nov. (PI. XXXIX, figs. 13-16 ; PL XLIV, figs. 4 and 5.) Bod// transversely ovate, rather depressed, attached by a broad base. Apertures approximated. Test (PI. XXXIX, figs. 13 and 14) hispid; the upper portion covered with sand; the lower or attached portion free from sand, thin and with a few scattered fibrils. Mantle [as represented by figs. 15 and 16 of STYELA DEPRESSA. 127 Plate XXXIX], Branchial sac (PL XLIV, fig. 4) with pretty-stout longitudinal folds, the transverse vessels slender; oral lamina smooth. Reproductive organs (PI. XLIV, fio\ 5) scattered. *s \ o / [Longest diameter about half an inch.] Hab.— ? CHANNEL ISLANDS. — Guernsey; dredged (Norman). First record. — Alder & Hancock ; coll. Norman. Two specimens were obtained ; one attached to the inside of an old shell of Pectunculus glycimerus, the other on the carapace of a crab (Main squinado). This species differs from the last principally in the depressed form, the larger surface of attachment, and the shorter fibrils. 18. Styela northumbrica sp. nov. PL XXXIX, fig. 17; PL XLIV, fig. 6; and figs. 79 and 80 in text.) FIG. 80. — Eeproductive organs of Styela northumbrica. Magnified. Body cylindrical, only slightly contractile, adhering by a narrow base, but with the test sometimes con- siderably extended in an encrusting form. Apertures terminal, approximated, red. Test (PL XXXIX, fig. 17) rather thick, firm, dull red or reddish-brown, covered 128 BRITISH TUNICATA. with small rounded tubercles, inside bright crimson. Mantle opaque, cream-coloured. Tentacular filaments long, slender, linear. The interior of the branchial aperture crimson, and for some distance longitudinally plicated, the lobes forming an operculum below. Branchial sac white, with four folds on each side. Ovaries (PI. XLIV, fig. (3 and fig. 81 in text) orange- coloured, forming a cluster on each side. Length half an inch. Hal). — Deep water, on Modiola vulgaris. ENGLAND. — Northumberland. First record. — Alder & Hancock. [Genus 8. STYELOPSIS Traustedt, 1882.] [Ascidia (pars) 0. F. MULLER Zool. Danica, I (1788), p. 14. Phallusia (pars) FLEMING Brit. Aiiim. (1828), p. 469. Cynthia (pars) FORBES & HANLEY Brit, Moll. I (1848), p. 39. Styelopsis TRAUSTEDT in Vid. Medcl. Kjobenh. (1882), p. 115.] [Body globular or cylindrical, attached at the base. Apertures terminal or nearly so, four-cleft. Test tough, usually wrinkled or rugose, rarely smooth. Mantle closely adherent to the test, more or less crimson in colour. Tentacular filaments simple. Branchial sac with a single strong fold near the ventral edge on the left- side, and a few rudimentary folds, one of which may sometimes be clearly seen ; and occasionally with one or two very indistinct folds on the right side. Ovaries on the left side only ; usually tubular, rarely globular. The authors recognized that Van Beneden's Asciilia, grossularia ought to form the type of a new genus which they neither named nor described, but for which a space is left in the transcript of their MS. They also referred to their proposed new genus, Alder's < '//iitJiin fjloiiifrata and two new species. Their opinion that these species should form a new genus must have been arrived at between the vears 1863 and 1867, the •/ J STYELOPSIS. 129 earlier that on which Alder published Gi/ntlwt the later that of his death. They do not give any reason for suggesting the removal of the species from Gt/nthia or Styela, merely leaving a blank space for a new generic name. It was not until 1882 that a similar view was first published, Traustedt in that year founding the genus Sti/elopsis for the single species Ascidia grossularia Van Ben., which in 1848 Forbes and Hanley had removed to the genus Gt/nthia. Its affinities are more \vith Sti/ela than with G until in, and Traustedt distin- guished it from Stijela by the presence of only one plait in the branchial sac, which he says is on the right side; the genital organs also only being deve- loped on the right side. His right side, it should be understood, is Alder and Hancock's left side. Traustedt' s definition of these genera, in ' Vidensk. Medd. Kjobenhaven,' 1882 (vol. dated 1883), p. 115, may be thus translated :— Styela. — Branchial sac with four folds on the left side (right, A. & H.) ; genital organs developed on both sides. Styelopsis. — Branchial sac with only one fold, on the right side (left, A.^& H.) ; genital organs only deve- loped on the right-side (left, A. & H.). The Editor has deemed a departure from his rule not to include any observation of later date than 1870 to be unavoidable with this erenus.l ~ j 1 . [Styelopsis] grossularia (Van Beneden) Traustedt. (Plate XLVI, figs. 1-4.) Ascidia rustica jun. 0. F. MULLEK Zool. Danica, I [1788] p. 14 (pars),p\. xv, ff. 1,2. [Ascidia rustica JAMESON in Mem. Wernerian Soc. I (1811), p. 556; PENNANT Brit. Zool. ed. 5, IV (1812), p. 100; (Anon.) Encycl. Perth, ed. 2 (1816), p. 597, pi. xiii, f. 9 ; THOMPSON in Ann. Nat. Hist. (1) V (1840), p. 94; (?) JOHNSTON Introd. Conch. (1850), p. 297.] n. 9 130 BRITISH TUNICATA. \_Phallusia rustic a FLEMING Brit. Anim. (1828), p. 469.] Ascidia grossularia VAN BENEDEN Rech. Ascidies simpl. [in Mem. Acad. Roy. Belg. XX (1847), p. 61, pi. iv, ff. 6-11 ; THOMPSON in Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) I (1848), p. 63; FORBES in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1850 (1851), p. 253 ; RYMER JONES Organiz. Anim. Kiugd. ed. 2 (1855), p. 494; ed. 3 (1861), p. 487; and ed. 4 (1871), p. 523; THOMPSON Nat. Hist. Ireland, IV (1856), p. 360]. Cynthia rustica FORBES & HANLEY Brit. Moll. I [1848], p. 39; ALDER & HANCOCK in Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, I [1848], p. 197; [LANDSBOROITGH Treas. Deep (1847), p. 49, and Excurs. Arran (1852), p. 49; NORMAN in Zoologist, XA7 (1857), p. 5708 ; DICKIE in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1857 (1858), p. 111]. Cynthia grossularia [FORBES & HANLEY Brit. Moll. I (1848), p. 40;' COCKS in Rep. R. Cornw. Polyt. Soc. 1849 (1850), p. 72; GOSSE Tenby (1856), p. 93; BRONN Thier-Reichs, III, 1 (1861), p. 161; ANSTED Channel Islands (1862), p. 219;] ALDER in Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XI [1863], p. 165; [in Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. Durli. I (1865), p. 11; and in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1866 (1867), p. 208 ; MC!NTOSH in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. (1866), p. 605; NORMAN in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1868 (1869), p. 303; M. & G. 0. SARS Christianiafjord. Fauna, pt. 2 (1870), p. 102]. [Styelopsis grossularia TRAUSTEDT in Vid. Medd. Kjobeiih. (1882), p. 115.] Body hemispherical, more or less rugose, rusty red, bright red, or yellowish drab, largely adherent and spreading at the base when single, more erect when in compact clusters. Apertures rather large, shortly tubular, bright red, set considerably apart on the upper surface. Test tough, thickish, and much wrinkled in old specimens, nearly smooth when young. Mantle crimson, yellowish at the base. Tentacular filaments large and stout. Branchiae, orange-coloured, with a single strong fold near the ventral line on the left side, occasionally a small accessory one on the same side, and one or two very indistinct folds on the right ; oral lamina broad and smooth. Ovaries large, cylin- drical, arranged in a longitudinal line [on the left side]. Diameter from a quarter to half an inch. STYELOPSIS GROSSULARIA. 131 Hab. — Between tide-marks and in shallow water, on the underside of stones ; on the roots and stems of Laminaria, and occasionally on the fronds of fuel ; common on oysters. [Adhering to the roots of Laminaria (Fncus) digitata (Jameson). Commonly in- vesting the larger marine plants, and on shells, stones, etc. (Thompson}. ~\ Common on all our coasts. First record. — Forbes and Hanley, 1848. [Jameson, as Ascidia rustica, 1811.] [Styelopsis] grossularia (PI. XL VI, figs. 1-4) is an extremely variable species, changing its appearance so much in different situations and under different cir- cumstances that we have sometimes been induced to think that more than one species might be included in it. When growing singly it is rather depressed, and the test spreads into a thin membrane around the base (PI. XL VI, figs. 3 and 4), but in sheltered situations, as under shelving rocks, the individuals accumulate in compact masses, so closely packed as to allow of growth only upwards, and adhering very firmly to each other at the sides (PI. XL VI, figs. 1 and 2). The young in such cases often attach themselves to the surface of the parent, so as at first sight to appear as if budding from it (PI. XL VI, fig. 1). In the more free state, likewise, the spreading bases of several individuals sometimes come into contact and unite, but on careful inspection the line of union can generally l)e detected. The test, viewed as a transparent object under a microscope, always shows transverse anas- tomosing corrugations, but it often appears smooth to the naked eye, especially in the young state. [Styelopsis] grossularia has been considered by English authors to be the Ascidia rustica of Linnaeus. Miiller appears to have been the first to mistake the young of that species ; the description " Junior liemi- spserica, mamillaris" in his ' Prodromus,' and the smaller figures parasitical on the larger form in 132 BRITISH TUNICATA. ' Zoologia Danica' [Plate xv, f. 3], being sufficiently characteristic of our animal. Continental authors, and I think rightly, have considered the larger (adult) form described by Miiller to be the true Ascidin ruatica. Having ascertained from specimens sent to me by the accomplished author, that Professor Van Beneden's Ascidia grossularia is identical with our British species, I do not hesitate to adopt his name. The Cynthia t/titfii of Stimpson appears also to be synonymous with this. The true Ascidia rustic a of Miiller has not hitherto been met with in this country. 2. [Styelopsis] sphserica sp. nov. Ascidia rusticajun. 0. F. MULLER Zool. Danica, I [1788], p. 14 (pars), pi. xv, ff. 1, 2. Body globose, finely corrugated transversely, attached to sea- weeds by a narrow base. Apertures nearly terminal, not far apart, small, smooth. Test semitransparent, with fine transverse corrugations, stronger and becoming somewhat puckered near the apertures. -Tentacular filaments linear. Branchial sac with a single distinct fold on the left side, and a very slight one on the right, both situated near the oral lamina, which is smooth ; the meshes longitudinal and much elongated. An ovary on the left side only, lying perpendicularly on the dorsal aspect. Diameter rather above half an inch. Hob.— ? IKE LAND. — Killery Bay, Gal way (Thompson}. First record. — Alder & Hancock ; coll. Forbes, Ball, & Thompson, 1840. A single specimen, apparently adult, with a young- one attached, is preserved in Mr. Thompson's col- lection, now in the Belfast Museum. It is labelled " Killery Bay, 1840," and was got during an excursion of Messrs. Forbes, Ball, and Thompson to that locality ; STYELOPSIS SPHA'IRICA. loo it was probably considered by them to be a variety of Ascidia rustica of Miiller. there appears, indeed, to be little doubt that it is identical with the second-sized figure under that name in Plate XV of the ' Zoologia Danica.' We believe, however, that the three sizes there figured by Miiller as different stages of the growth of his Ascidia rustica- are really three distinct species, and that the name must be retained for the largest or typical variety only. It thus becomes necessary to give a new appellation to the Ascidian now under consideration. 3. [Styelopsis] lineata sp. nov. Body globose, deep red, attached. Apertures large, nearly circular, placed a little apart on conical pro- tuberances of a paler colour than the body, lineated with longitudinal bands of a deeper colour, and within of an exquisite rose-red, a white line sometimes sur- rounding the rim. Apertures, branchial the larger and terminal, atrial a little to one side. T. — Deep water (?). SCOTLAND. — Wick, Caithness ; cast up after a storm (Peach). First record.— Alder, 1863. This interesting species differs from most of its con- geners in the smoothness of its test, and in the little prominence of its apertures, which are generally level with the surface when closed. We are indebted to Mr. Peach for the beautiful group from which the description is taken (PI. XLV, fig. 1; PL XLVI, fig. 5). It consists of a globular mass of individuals of all ages and sizes, piled upon each other so as to resemble a large fruit of the Riibus tribe. The ex- traneous substance to Avhich they are attached is so completely covered as not to be discernible, and the individuals themselves adhere so closelv that at first t/ sight they appear to form one compound animal. That this is not the case, however, may be seen by a more minute inspection, when the lines of junction between STYELOPSIS GLOMEEATA. 135 them can generally be detected, and, with a little care, an individual may be detached entire, showing 110 point of organic junction with the rest. The young fix themselves on all parts of the older ones and in the spaces between them, so that in process of time a globular group as here described is the result. Genus 9. THYLACIUM V. Carus, 1851. Thylacium VICTOR CARUS in Proc. Ashmol. Soc. II [1851], p. 266 ; [ALDER in Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XI (1863), p. 167] .* Body elongated, oval, sessile, attached. Test cori- aceous, opaque, adhering to the mantle. Apertures, both four-lobed. Branchial sac with fewer than eight folds, the meshes rectilinear. Tentacular filaments simple, linear. Stomach and intestine on the right side. Individuals associated by a creeping fibre on a common base. Propagation by gemmae as well as by ova (?). [The authors add : " The character to be revised," and they quote the original description of Dr. T. V. Carus, as follows :--] " Common base a broad fleshy structure supporting closely-set individuals; outer tunic coriaceous ; both orifices with four lobes ; abdomen as long as the thorax." Dr. T. Victor Carus established the genus Thylacium, which he formed for the reception of an Ascidian found by him in the Scilly Islands, and to which he also added the previously-known Ascidia aggregata of Hathke. The apparent organic connection of the individuals of this genus by a solid fleshy base has in- duced the learned author to include it in the family Clavelinida3, and to consider it to be propagated by gemmation as well as by ova. This may be the case, but the very close resemblance between the Thylacium Sylvani and some of the smaller gregarious Cynthise already described induces us to receive the opinion * For generic synonyms see iinder T. aggregatum and T. variolosum. 136 BRITISH TUNICATA. with caution. Through the kindness of Dr. Acland we have had the opportunity of seeing the original specimen now in the Oxford Museum. 1. Thylacium aggregation (Rathke) V. Cams. (Plate XL VI, figs. (3-8.) Asctdia ai/t. France, XVIII (1842)] , p. 50; FORBES & HANLEYBrit. Moll. I [1848], p. 26 ; ALDER & HANCOCK in Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, [I (1848), p. 202 ;] GOSSE Man. Marine Zool. II [1856], p. 34; H. & A. ADAMS Gen. Recent Moll. II [1858], p. 593. Animal elongated, erect, claviform, consisting of a distinct thorax and abdomen ; attached at the base, the individuals united into groups by tubular root-like prolongations. Apertures circular, terminal, without segments or ocelli. Test smooth, transparent, scarcely adhering to the body, except at the two apertures. Mantle membranous, transparent, the thorax usually marked with coloured or opaque white lines. Tenta- cular filaments linear. Branchial sac without folds, the meshes nearly rectilinear or elliptic oblong, occupying the upper or thoracic portion of the body, the peduncle or abdominal portion containing the stomach and reproductive organs. The organization of the Glavelinde has been given in a very complete manner by Milne Edwards, in his admirable memoir on the Compound Ascidians. He had the advantage of making his observations on the living organism, a valuable privilege which we have not enjoyed ; but as these animals retain much of their CLAVELINA. 149 transparency when preserved in spirit, and especially as C. lepadiformis is large enough for successful dis- section, considerable information may be acquired from specimens in this state. The test (PI. XLIX, fig. 1) is smooth, perfectly hyaline, thin, semi-cartilaginous, and elastic; it adheres to the mantle, but can be removed with ease. The mantle is diaphanous, very delicate, and mem- branous ; it is not very muscular, the fibres being only feebly developed. A few longitudinal, widely-separated fibres are observed in the thoracic portion ; but the longitudinal contractions would seem to be mainly dependent on two rather stout bundles of fibres which pass from the thorax to near the lower extremity of the abdomen, in the wall of which their extremities are inserted. In this form the thorax and abdomen are distinct. In the former the branchial sac is suspended ; in the latter the digestive and reproductive organs are lodged. The branchial sac (PI. L, fig. 1) nearly fills the thoracic portion, and extends the full length of the cavity, leaving on each side the atrial spaces, and the cloaca in front. The aerating surface is a simple, rect- angular network, in which the meshes are narrower and longer than usual (PL XLIX, fig. 2) ; they are formed by secondary vessels extending vertically between the large transverse or primary channels, of which there are fourteen or fifteen of about equal size, placed at regular intervals. The walls of those vessels give support to as many ribbon-like membranes, which reach from the endostyle to the oral filaments, and are arranged along the ventral margin occupying the place of the usual oral lamina. The free margins of those ribbon-like membranes project into the branchial cavity and appear to be bounded by a small vessel, the surface of which seems to be ciliated. These membranes are undoubtedly the homologues of the transverse mem- branes in connexion with the branchial papillae in 150 BRITISH TUNICATA. Ascidia ; but in Glavelina there are no longitudinal cords to interrupt their continuity. The anterior cord in connexion with the upper ex- tremity of the endostyle is well developed ; but the posterior cord has disappeared, for the lower end of the endostyle reaches the margin of the oral orifice, and thus the space it usually occupies is obliterated. The branchial tubercle is small and circular, but more respecting it could not be determined. The oral lamina, as above stated, is replaced in Clavelina by a longitudinal series of large filamentous processes, tapering to points, and with their bases widened transversely and united to the transverse branchial membrane ; there are as many processes as laminae, namely fourteen or fifteen. There are two circles of simple tentacular filaments a little within the entrance of the inhalant tube, one a short way above the other. In the upper circle the tentacles are small and more numerous than those of the lower circle, in which there are about six which are very superior in size to the others. The endostyle is largely developed, extending the whole length of the branchial sac, and being united below to the margin of the mouth. It is of an opaque yellow colour, is firm, and wider than usual, the margin of the groove being thrown more backwards. It is composed of three members, a broad central plate-like rod, and two narrow lateral rods, the free margins of which are delicate and membranous. The central rod exhibits a median line as if it were composed of two longitudinal elements . The heart lies at the left side of the intestinal loop ; and, according to Milne Edwards, is lodged within a delicate pericardium. It is tubular and is bent upon itself. The branchial suspenders are as well developed and as numerous as usual. The mouth is a large rounded orifice opening into the bottom of the branchial sac at an angle inclined backwards. From this point the oesophagus descends CLAVEL1NA. 151 in a straight line as a wide equal tube, retaining its diameter until it reaches the upper or cardiac end of the stomach, when it suddenly contracts and becomes united to that viscus. The stomach is rounded and somewhat elongated, and is considerably wider than the rest of the alimentary tube, hanging, as it were, from the oesophagus towards the ventral wall of the abdominal chamber. It is of a full yellow colour, with firm Avails which are divided externally into three or (/ four longitudinal facets by as many pale, ridge-like septse. The intestine leaves the lower end of the stomach, and, dropping downwards, is almost imme- diately constricted ; it then widens again, and on approaching the bottom of the chamber once more suddenly contracts, and then, as suddenly regaining- its former calibre, turns towards the dorsal margin, ascends on this side of the stomach, crosses on the right of the oesophagus, and terminates in the anal orifice within the base of the cloaca a little above the level of the mouth. The alimentary tube does not lie free in the abdo- minal chamber; but it is adherent to the wall appa- rently by a fold of the lining membrane, the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine being bound as it were in a peritoneal sac. In this genus there is only one hepatic duct ; it is a short, narrow tube, which passes from the intestine a little above the loop, and carries the biliary secretion into the dorsal side of the intestine immediately below the stomach. The branches of the duct ramify over the intestinal tube, dividing dichotomously, and ending in comparatively-large oval vesicles, which are scat- tered over the surface of the intestine from a little above the loop to a short way in advance of the level of the upper extremity of the stomach. The nervous system is not conspicuously developed. A small ganglion can be observed in the usual situation between the two respiratory tubes. The nerves have not been traced. 152 BRITISH TUNICATA. The genitalia are placed in the loop of the intestine near to the lower extremity of the abdominal cavity, the ovary appearing on the right of the alimentary tube, the testis being spread over both sides of it. The ovary is a rather conspicuous organ in the form of a bunch of grapes, in which the berries are of various sizes. The oviduct or central support, like the stem of the fruit, is seen in the midst of the ova; but how the eggs find their way to the atrium, where they appear to be incubated, is not known. The testis is a much-branched organ, the ramifica- tions are extremely fine, and, dividing dichotomously, terminate in numerous, elongated, fusiform vesicles which are united in pairs ; or in other words the ultimate twigs may be said to bifurcate, each branch being immediately enlarged so as to form an elongated ca3cal vesicle. The vas deferens originating in this organ is sufficiently conspicuous; passing up by the right side of the alimentary tube, it penetrates the lower wall of the cloaca, and terminates by the side of the anal outlet. 1. Clavelina lepadiformis (0. F. Miiller) Savigny. (Plate XLIX, figs. 1 and 2 ; PI. L.) AscliUa lepadiformis 0. F. MULLER Zool. Dan. Prodr. [1776], p. 226, no. '2738; [Zool. Dan. Icon. II (1780), pi. Ixxix, f. 5; Zool. Dan. Descr. II (1784), p. 119; and] Zool. Danica, II [1788], p. 54, pi. Ixxix, f. 5 ; BEUGUIEEE Hist. Nat. Vers [I (1789),] p. 151, in Encycl. Metli. ; [BoEY DE ST. VINCENT Yers, etc. (1791), p. 1H5, pi. clxiii, f. 10, in Tabl. Encycl. Meth. ; GMELIN Linna?i Syst. Nat. eel. 13, I, pt. 6 (1791), p. 3126; Bosc Hist. Nat, Vers (1802), p. "106; TUETON Gen. Syst. Nat. IV (1802), p. 95;] LAMAECK Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert [ed. 1, III (1816), p. 126, and] eel. 2, III [1840], p. 533; [STARK Elem. Nat. Hist. II (1828), p. 117; (?) SCHULTZE in Zeits. f. wiss. Zool. II, 2 (1862), p. 178]. Awidia gelatina EATHKE in Miiller's Zool. Danica, IV [1806], p. 26, pi. cxliii. (Non \_A*cidia, gelatinosa] LINNJEUS [Syst. Nat, ed. 12, I, pt. 2 (1767), p. 1087].) CLAVELINA LEPADIFORMIS. 153 Clavelina lepadiformis SAVIGNY [in Descr. Egypt., Hist. Nat. I (1809), pt. 2, p. 46 ; and] Mem. Anim. sans Vert. pt. 2 [1816], pp. 110, 174, (?) 237 ; FLEMING [in Edinb. Encyd. XIV, pt. 2 (1820), p. 631;] Brit. Anim. [1828], p. 468; [and Moll. Anim. (1837), p. 202, pi. xvi, f. 57; THOMPSON in Ann. Nat. Hist, (1) V (1840), p. 95 j] MILNE EDWARDS Obs. Ascidies Comp. [in Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. France, XVIII (1842),] p. 266, pi. i, f. 1, pi. ii, f. 1; [DESHAYES Moll, in Cnvier's Regne Anim. (1836-49), pi. cxxvii, ff. 2, 2a;] Forbes & HANLEY Brit. Moll. I [1848], p. 26., pi. E, if. la, Ib ; ALDER & HANCOCK in Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, I [1848], p. 202 ; [Cocxs in Rep. R, Cornw. Polyt. Soc. 1849 (1850), p. 73; RUPERT JONES in Cycl. Anat. IV, pt. 40 (1850), p. 1 196 ; CARUS in Proc. Ashmol. Soc. II (1851), p. 267 ;] GOSSE [Man. Marine Zool. II (1856), p. 34, f. 52, and] Tenby [1856], pp. 63, 162, pis. v, vi ; [HOEVEN Handb. Zool. II (1856), p. 706;] THOMPSON Nat. Hist. Ireland, IV [1856], p. 361; [WOODWARD Man. Moll. (1856), p. 339, pi. xxix, f. 6; HUXLEY in Carus' Icon. Zootom. I (1857), pi. xviii, ff. 17, 18; NORMAN in Zoolo- gist, XV (1857), p. 5707 ; H. & A. ADAMS Gen. Recent Moll. II (1858), pi. cxxxiii, f. 7 ; CHENU Encycl. Hist. Nat., Moll., etc. (1858), p. 246; DICKIE in Rep. Brit. Assoc. -for 1857 (1858), pp. 105, 111 ; BRONN Thier-Reichs, III, 1 (1861), p. 128, etc., pi. xii, ff. 11, 21; pi. xv, if. 22-29; ANSTED & LATHAM Channel Isl. (1862), p. 219; ALDER in Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. Durli. I (1865), p. 11, and in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1866 (1867), p. 208; NORMAN in Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868 (1869), p. 303]. Body elongate, hyaline, the thoracic portion enlarged and forming about a third (or sometimes nearly one half) of the whole animal ; marked with yellow or v opaque white lines ; two longitudinal, and two less conspicuous circular ones, circumscribing the branchial sac. Apertures not far apart, the branchial terminal and largest, the atrial slightly to one side, both with even rims, and occasionally margined with an opaque line. Test and mantle perfectly transparent and colour- less, showing the viscera through ; the stomach appear- ing as a bilobed orange mass with white lines, half way down the peduncle. Branchial sac with twelve or fourteen rows of elliptic oblong meshes. 154 BRITISH TUNICATA. Length from three-quarters of an inch to one inch. Generally associated in clusters united by a stoloni- ferous base. Hub. — On rocks, stones, etc., at and beyond low water-mark, on most parts of our coasts, more especi- ally in the south and w^est. ENGLAND. --[(?) English Coast (Savigny, 1816).] Whitley, Northumb. (Han-cock). Torbay and Salcombe, Devon (Hincks, and Alder) . [Gwyllyn-vase, Pennaiice, . etc., Falmouth (Cocks, 1849) ; and] Fowey Harbour (Peach) ; Cornwall. [Scilly Isles (Gams, 1850).] SCOTLAND. — Oban, Argyll ; Lamlash, Arran ; and Bute (Alder). [Kirkwall Bay, Orkney (Fleming, 1828). Lamlash Bay and Rothesay Bay (Norman, 1857).] Shetland (Jeffreys). [One mile east of Whalsey Light- house, Shetland, 1861 (Noiinan, 1868).] IRELAND. -- Strangford Lough, Down (Thompson, 1840). Connemara, Galway (Forbes, 1848). CHANNEL ISLANDS. — Guernsey and Herm (Alder). First record. — [(?) Savigny, 1816; coll. Leach; or Fleming, 1828.] 2. Clavelina producta Milne Edwards. Clavelina producta MILNE EDWARDS Obs. Ascidies comp. [in Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. France (1841), p. 278,] pi. i, f. 2, and pi. ii, f. 3 ; RUPERT JONES in Cyclop. Anat. IV, pt. 40 (1850), p. 1188, f. 768]. Body much elongated, slender, transparent ; the thorax short, and nearly as broad as long, without perceptible opaque lines. Branchial sac with only three rows of meshes. Abdominal portion of peduncle very long, four or five times the length of the thorax; the stomach appearing of a yellow colour near the base. Length three-quarters of an inch. H ab. — Rock pools (Gosse). WALES. — St. Catherine's Island, Tenby, Pembroke (Gosse). First record. — Gosse, 1856. CLAVE LINA CORRUGATA. 155 3. Clavelina corrugata sp. uoi\ (Plate XLIX, fig. 3.) Body cylindrical, slightly spelling in the thoracic portion, which forms about a third of the whole length. Thorax nearly as broad as long, the opaque lines of a pinkish colour, the dorsal one much curved. Test sub-diaphanous, colourless, strongly corrugated with irregular transverse wrinkles. Branchial sac with fourteen or fifteen rows of meshes. Peduncle rather thick. Length half to three-quarters of an inch. Halt. — Low water-mark, on stones (Alder). ENGLAND.- -Torbay (Alder), and Ilfracombe (HincJcs), Devon. First record. — Alder & Hancock. Genus 12. PEROPHGRA Wiegmann, 1835. [Ascidia LISTER in Phil. Trans. 1834, p. 378.] Perophora WIEGMANN Archiv f . Naturgesch. 1835 [I. p. 309J ; FORBES & HANLEY Brit. Moll. I [1848], p. 28; GOSSE Man. Marine Zool. II [1856], p. 35; WOODWARD Man. Moll. [1856], p. 341. Animal orbicular or sub-quadrate, compressed at the sides and united by a short peduncle to a creeping, tubular fibre, common to several individuals ; without opaque white or coloured lines. Test united to mantle. Thorax and abdomen not distinct, the intestine being- placed at the right side of the branchial sac. Aper- tures plain or indistinctly divided into four segments ; without ocelli. We have never had an opportunity of examining this interesting form in a living state ; but as in pre- served specimens its transparency is scarcely at all impaired, it is not difficult to investigate its internal organization by transmitted light, even in this state, with the exception of the circulatory apparatus, which 156 BRITISH TUNICATA. can only be determined, in so minute a creature, in living specimens. The blood- system, however, in the living Perophora, has been very carefully observed by Dr. Lister and ably described by that physiologist, in his excellent memoir published in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' where the author has given a full account of the circulation in this animal. The test is thin, elastic, smooth, and perfectly hyaline, and is united to the mantle throughout. The FIG. 85. FIG. 86. FIGS. 85 AND 86. — Perophora Listen. 85, right side; 86, left side. Twenty times natural size. latter is exceedingly delicate and transparent, with a few muscular fibres arranged longitudinally and diago- nally in a scattered manner ; they extend from the upper margin, in the region of the respiratory tubes 011 both sides of the mantle, to about half way down. The branchial sac is of a sub-quadrate form, and is almost co-extensive with the pallial chamber. The meshes are rectilinear ; there are only three transverse primary vessels, consequently only four rows of meshes or stigmata, which are proportionately large. The PEEOPHOEA. 157 external surface of the primary vessels exhibits a few dots, probably indicative of the branchial suspenders, and there is some appearance of transverse ribbon- like membranes, similar to those in Glavelina, project- ing: into the cavity of the or°'an, from these same O (/ O vessels. The endostyle is broad, with the ends obtuse. It extends some way above the upper margin of the bran- chial sac, and it reaches below to the bottom of this organ, the posterior end being a little bent forward or inward. The anterior cord is wider than usual. [Dr. Lister states that the heart is placed " near the bottom of the branchial sac on the left side (fig. 86), and consists of a transparent ventricle . . . running- forward and a little sloping downward in a channel hollowed to contain it."] The two vessels proceeding from the heart to the stoloniferous stem are easily observed in their course through the peduncle. They are seen as if originating in the great dorsal, branchial channel, though undoubtedly only one of them so originates. The digestive organs are placed for the most part on the right side (fig. 85) of the branchial sac, the oesophagus and much of the stomach, however, lie below it at the bottom of the pallial chamber. The mouth opens through the lower extremity of the branchial sac, close to the ventral margin. The oesophagus, which is a narrow tube of some length, dips downwards and backwards in an even curve to its union with the ventral end of the stomach. This latter viscus is an ovate bulb, lying transversely at the bottom of the pallial chamber, the narrow or dorsal extremity of which graduates into the intestine. The intestine is wide, and passes backwards as far as the endostyle, and then, arching upwards, shortly turns towards the ventral side, at this point being somewhat enlarged; dipping downwards and forwards it ascends a little to reach the cloaca, where it termi- nates in a rather wide anal orifice. The intestinal 158 BRITISH TUNICATA. tube therefore forms an open transverse loop, and that which may be termed the rectal portion assumes a regular sigmoidal curve. The liver is composed of numerous, large, oval vesicles, scattered over the rectal portion of the intes- tine. The minute twigs of the duct divide dicho- tomously, and terminate in the vesicles, the points of division being usually enlarged into ampullae. The twigs unite and go to form a slender, short duct, which passes from the intestine to the right side of the stomach at the pyloric extremity, where the hepatic fluid is mingled with the nutritive matters. The reproductive organs are situated within the loop of the intestine, but their structure has not been determined. The eggs, however, are apparently incu- bated in the atrium at the sides of the branchial sac, as we have seen the incipient tadpole larvae in this position. 1. Perophora Listeri [Forbes & Hanley].* (Figs. 85 & 86.) Ascidia LISTER in Phil. Trans. 1834, p. 378, pi. xi; [FLEMING Moll. Anim. (1837), p. 202, pi. xvii, f. 59]. Peroplwra WIEGMANN Archiv f. Xaturgescli. 1835 [I, p. 309] . Perophora Litteri FORBES & HANLEY Brit. Moll. I [1848], p. 28, pi. E, ff. 2a, 2b ; [Cocxs in Rep. R. Cornw. Polyt. Soc, 1849 (1850), p. 73; HUXLEY in Cams' Icon. Zootom. I (1851), pi. xviii, ff. 20, 21 ;] GOSSE Nat. Rambles Devon. Coast [1853], p. 241, pi. xv, if. 1, 2; [HOEVEN Handb. Zool. II (1856), p. 706; WOODWARD Man. Moll. (1856), p. 340, pi. xxvii, f. 7 ; H. & A. ADAMS Gen. Recent Moll. II (1858), pi. cxxxiii, f. 8; OWEN in Encycl. Brit, ed. 8, XV (1858), p. 332, f. 15 on p. 321 ; BRONN Thier-Reichs, III, 1 (1861), pi. xvi, ff. 8-15]. * Forbes & Hanley (loc. cit. infra} and subsequent writers refer this species to Wiegniann, but in his notice of Dr. Lister's paper he only gave the name Perophora to the genus. The authors of this monograph leave the authority for the specific name blank here, but give it as Wiegniann in their synonymy, apparently having suspected that he was not the author of it. PEEOPHORA LI STEEL 159 Bod)/ sub-orbicular, vitreous, transparent, white with orange and brown specks from the viscera showing through. Apertures large. Tentacular filaments short, uneven. Branchial sac with four rows of elliptical stigmata. Oral lamina with filaments. D Diameter not quite one-tenth of an inch. Hab. — Adhering to Confervas and sea-weeds. o ENGLAND. — Not uncommon on the South Coast. Brighton, Sussex, on Conferva \_Polysiphonia~\ elongata (Lister, 1834). Ilfracombe, Devon (Gosse ; Hiuclcs). [Grwyllynvase, Swanpool, etc., Falmouth, Cornwall, attached to the fronds of Fucus serratus, etc. (Cocks, 1849).] WALES. — Coast of Anglesey, adhering to sea-weed ; dredged, 1843 (Forbes Sf Me Andrew). IRELAND. — [En the Irish Sea (Forbes $* Hanlei/, 1848).] First record. — Lister, 1834 [; coll. 1833]. Genus 13. DIAZONA Savigny, 1809. Dlazona SAVIGNY [in Descr. Egypt., Hist. Nat. I (1809), pt. 2, p. 23, and] Mem. Anim. sans Vert. pt. 2 [1816], p. 174; WOODWARD Man. Moll. [1856], p. 342. Syntethys FORBES & GOODSIR in Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. XX (1851) [pt, 2, p. 307] ; FORBES & HANLE* Brit. Moll. IV [1853], p. 244; WOODWARD Man. Moll. [1856], p. 340 ; GOSSE Man. Marine Zool. II [1856], p. 34. [Diazoma LAMARCK Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. ed. 1, III (1816), p. 101.] General mass gelatinous, sub-globose, sessile, attached. Individuals much elongated, forming a single, irregular, or very indistinctly-concentric system ; their upper or thoracic portion free, the lower or abdominal enclosed in the general mass. Apertures terminal, and 6-lobed, the branchial the larger; without ocelli. Tentacular filaments linear. Branchial sac without folds, the intersections of the meshes papilla-ted. Ovaries in the intestinal loop. 160 BRITISH TUNICATA. 1. Diazona hebridica (Forbes & G-oodsir) Alder.* (Plate XLIX, figs 4-6.) [Diazona riolacea SAVIGNY in Descr. Egypt., Hist. Nat. I (1809), pt, 2, p. 23, and Mem. Anim. sans Vert. pt. 2 (1816), pp. 35, 61, 116, 175, pi. ii, f. 3, and pi. xii; FLEMING in Edinb. Encycl. XIV (1820), p. 631; Philos. Zool. II (1822), p. 512 ; and Moll. Anim. (1837), p. 21.1 ; BICHVVALD Zool. Spec. 1 (1829), p. 269; DESHAYES Moll. in Cuvier's Regne Anim. (1836-1849), pi. cxxxii, f. 1 ; LECNIS Synops. Naturreicli, I, Zool. (1844), p. 412; RUPERT JONES in Cyclop. Anat. IV, pt, 40 (1850), pp. 1191, 1197, f. 770; HOEYEN Handb. Zool. I (1856), p. 704; WOODWARD Man. Moll. (1856), p. 342, pi. xxiv, f. 13; OWEN in Encycl. Brit. ed. 8, XV (1858), p. 332; BRONN Thier-Reichs, III, 1 (1861), p. 117, pi. xii, f. 12, and pi. xiii, f. 13.] [Diazoma mediterranea LAMARCK Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. ed. 1, III (1816), p. 102; STARK Elem. Nat. Hist, II (1828), p. 120.] [Polyclinum diazona CUVIER Regne Anim. ed. 1, iv (1817), pi. xi, f. 6; ed. 2, III (1830), pi. xiv, f. 6; and (transl.), Anim. Kingd. Ill (1837), pi. x, f. 6.] [Diazona mediterranea Risso Hist. Nat. Europe merid. IV (1826), p. 277; DUJARDIN in Lamarck's Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert, ed. 2, III (1840), p. 499.] Syntethys hebridicus FORBES & GOODSIR in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. XX (1851) [pt. 2, p. 309, pi. ix. f. 4a] ; [FORBES in Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1850 (1851), 'p. 242;] FORBES & HANLET Brit. Moll. IV (1853), p. 244; [WOODWARD Man. Moll. (1856), p. 340; H. & A. ADAMS Gen. Recent Moll. II (1858), pi. cxxxii, ff. 9, 9aj. [Diazona helridica ALDER in Ansted's Channel Isl. (1862), p. 219 ; in Ann. Nat, Hist. (3) XI (1863), p. 169; and in Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1866 (1867), p. 208.] Common l>erosa (Macg.) . . 103 variabilis sp. nov. . . 117 vestita (Aid.) . . 122 violacea (Aid.) . . 125 Styelopsis Ti-aust. . . 128 glomerata (Aid.) . . 134 grossularia (Van Ben.) Trau st. . . 129, 130 lineata sp. nov. . . 133 sphaerica sp. nov. . . 132 Syntethys F. & G. . . 159 hebridicus F. & G. . 160 Tethyumfasciculatum Boliads. 15 / sociabile Guiin. . . 9 Thylacium V. Car us . . 135 ; i n u-regatnm (Ratlik.) V. Cants. . . 136 car. maculatum v. nov. . 136 Normani Aid. . . 137 Sylvaui T". Cants . . 137 rar!rr. s. " cut end of branchial sac/' r. d. " reproductive ducts." Both figures about twice natural size. 4. — A cluster of nodules composing the reproductive organs : much en- larged. 5.— A few of these nodules further en- larged, v. d. " branch of vas deferens." 6 and 7. Cynthia tesseUata Forbes. (p. 89) 6. — Mantle laid open, exposing branchial sac. mo. " mouth separated from the oesophagus." 7. — Branchial sac turned over, exposing digestive and repro- ductive organs, nod. " angular nodules." Both figures about twice natural size. PLATE XXXIH • . rw V 6 A re. • - ' 1 1 *' Plate 34 PLATE XXXIV. FIGS. 1-5. Styela tuberosa (Macg.). (p. 102) 1. — Test : natural size. 2. — Branchial aperture : twice natural size. 3. — Mantle : natural size. 4. — Branchial sac : twice natural size. 5. — A young individual : natural size. 6. Styela informis (Forbes), (p. 104) Test: natural size. 7 and 8. Styela mamillaris (Gaertn.). (p. 106) 7. — Test: natural size. 8.— Mantle : natural size. PLATE XXX IV. •: 6 4 8 A Plate 35 PLATE XXXV. FIG. 1. Styela tuberosa (Macg.). (p. 102) 2. Sti/ela mamillaris (Gaertn.). (p. 106) Each figure represents the test laid open, exposing the mantle, and showing, at the base, the blood-vessel leading from the mantle to the test; and each is one and a half natural size. PLATK XXXV. .*- ' O ',! V I :.. Plate 36 PLATE FIGS. 1-7. Styela tuberosa (Macg.). (p. 102) 1-3.— Test and mantle laid open, exposing (in fig. 1) branchial sac, (in fig. 2) branchial sac and reproductive organs, and (in fig. 3) digestive and reproductive organs, the branchial sac being removed. 4-7.— Reproductive organs, various views : magnified. 8 and 9. Styela informis (Forbes), (p. 104) 8. — Test and mantle removed, exposing branchial sac. 9. — Branchial sac removed, exposing digestive and reproductive organs. Both figures natural size. XVI. - I •- 4 , V5 Plate 37 PLATE XXXVII. FIGS. 1-4. Styela coriacea A. & H. (p. 109) 1. — A young individual, extended : natural size. 2. — An adult, extended : natural size. 3. — The same, contracted: natural size. 4.- — Tubercles of the test : slightly enlarged. 5. Styela pomaria (Sav.). (p. 110) Test: natural size. 6 and 7. Styela sulcatula (Alder). (p. 113) 6. — Tests, extended : natural size. 7. — Test, contracted : natural size. 8 and 9. Styela grnnulata (Alder). (p. 115) 8.— Three individuals; fully extended, partly extended, and contracted : natural size. 9. — Facets of the test : magnified. 10-12. Styela variabilis sp. nov. (p. 117) 10.— The usual form: natural size. 11. — A variety: natural size. 12. — Mantle : slightly enlarged. 13. (?) Styela obncura sp. nov. (p. 119) Test: natural size. 14. Styela comata (Alder), (p. 120) Test: natural size. 15. Styela veatita (Alder), (p. 122) Test, with the siphons extended : natural size. 16 and 17. Styela riolacea (Alder), (p. 125) 16.— Test, with the siphons retracted : two and a half times natural size. 17. — The same, with the siphons extended : two and a half times natural size. 16a represents the natural size. 18. Styela fibrillata sp. nov. (p. 125) Test of an ovate form : natural size. PL ATE XXX VI I. 5 10 iea \ 6 Plate 38 PLATE XXXVIII. Styela fibrillata sp. nov. (p. 125) FIG. 1 . Test of a sub-orbicular form : natural size. 2. Fibrils of the test, some with particles of sand attached magnified. 3. Fibrils of a different character : more highly magnified. XXVIII f A s •> . • • \ ..JS ,1 : - , Plate 39 PLATE XXXIX. Fios. 1. A Styela, undescribed. Mantle : six times natural size. 2 and 3. Styela coriacea A. & H. (p. 109) Views of mantle : twice natural size. 2. — Left side. 3. — Under side (?). 4. Styela pomaria (Sav.). (p. 110) Mantle, left side : three times natural size. 5 and 6. Styela granulata (Alder), (p. 115) Mantle: four times natural size. 5. — Rig-lit side. 6. — Leftside. 7. Styela humilis sp. nov. (p. 116) Test: one and a half natural size. 8. Styela comata (Alder), (p. 120) Mantle : one and a half natural size. 9. Styela vestita (Alder). (p. 125) Mantle: twice natural size. 10-12. Styelaviolacea (Alder), (p. 125) Views of mantle : four times natural size. 10. — As seen from above. 11. — Left side. 12. — As seen from below. 13-16. Styela depressa sp. nov. (p. 126) 13. — Test, as seen from above, with the siphons retracted : three times natural size. 14. — Portion of test, with the siphons extended : further enlarged. 15 and 16. — Views of mantle : five times natural size (15, right side ; 16, left side). 17. Styela northumbrica sp. nov. (p. 127) Test, invest- ing portion of shell of Modiola vulgaris : one and a half natural size. PLATE XXXIX A. In: at. ltt at. br. hi: 7 V. , 0 IVJ 9 13 16 Plate 40 PLATE XL. FIG. 1. Branchial tentacle of Molgula siphonata Alder, (p. 55) 2. Fibrils of the same species, one with a particle of sand attached, (p. 55) 3. Fibrils of another species of Molgula, possibly M. valvata sp. nov. (see p. 51) 4. Branchial tentacle of Molgula citrina A. & H. (p. 63) 5. Fibrils of Eugyra arenosa A. & H. (p. 70) 6. Branchial tentacle of Cynthia claudicans Sav. (p. 80) 7. Pinnate branchial tentacle of Cynthia squatmilosa Alder. (p. 83) (A bi-pinnate tentacle is represented by fig. 33 in the text.) 8. Oral lamina, consisting of tentacular processes ; and branchial tubercle ; of Cynthia morus Forbes, (p. 88) 9. Fibrils of Styela fibrillata sp. nov. (p. 125) The organs are described on the pages refeiTed to. The figures are magnified in various proportions. PLATE XL, % 6 Plate 41 PLATE XLI. FIGS. 1-3. Styela mamillaris (Graertn.). (p. 106) Test and mantle laid open : about twice natural size. 1.— Exposing1 outer surface of branchial sac. 2. — Branchial sac partly removed, exposing its inner surface, also anus, reproductive organs, etc. 3. — Branchial sac wholly removed, exposing digestive and reproductive organs. 4 and 5. Styela coriacea A. & H. (p. 109) Test and mantle laid open : about twice natural size. 4. — Exposing branchial sac. 5. — Branchial sac removed, ex- posing digestive and reproductive organs, v. h. " vessel from heart.' ' . ' • " 5NI . r Plate 42 PLATE XLIL FIGS. 1-7. Styela pomaria (Sav.). (p. HO) 1 and 2.— Test and mantle removed, exposing (in fig. 1) bran- chial sac, and (in fig. 2) digestive and repro- ductive organs, the branchial sac being re- moved : about twice natural size. 3-7. — Ovaries, various views : magnified. 8 and 9. Styela sulcatula (Alder), (p. 113) Test and mantle removed: about twice natural size. 8. — Exposing branchial sac. 9. — Branchial sac removed, ex- posing digestive and reproductive organs. b.l. biliary lobe. 10 and 11. Styela granulata (Alder), (p. 115) 10. — Test and mantle removed, exposing branchial sac : about three times natural size. 11. — Exposing digestive and reproductive organs, the branchial sac being removed. -LI1 • 3 h. 1 : d. d b.d. '4 h. Plate 43 PLATE XLIII. FIGS. 1. Styela variabilis sp. nov. (p. 117) Animal laid open, showing digestive and reproductive organs. 2 and 3. Styela comata (Alder). (p. 120) 2.— Test and mantle removed, exposing branchial sac, with reproductive organs showing through it. 3.— Branchial sac removed, exposing digestive and reproductive organs clearly. 4 and 5. St yela vestita (Alder), (p. 122) 4. — Test and mantle laid open, exposing branchial sac, with digestive and reproductive organs showing through it. 5.— Branchial sac removed, showing digestive and reproductive organs more clearly. All the figures about twice natural size. PLATE XL III 3 ' h. .d. 2 m • '/ J IV • Plate 44 PLATE XLIV. FIGS. 1-3. Styela fibrillata sp. nov. (p. 125) 1. — Test removed and mantle laid open, exposing outer surface of branchial sac. 2. — Branchial sac partly removed, showing its inner surface, and exposing digestive and reproductive organs. 3. — Branchial sac wholly removed, showing digestive and reproductive organs more clearly. About twice natural size. 4 and 5. Styela depressa sp. nov. (p. 126) 4. — Test and mantle laid open, exposing branchial sac. 5.- Branchial sac removed, exposing digestive and reproductive organs. About three times natural size. 6. Styela nortlinnibrica sp. nov. (p. 127) Test removed, mantle laid open, and branchial sac removed, ex- posing digestive and reproductive organs. About four times natural size. PLATE XL1V. 3 a. 6 Plate 45 PLATE XLV. FIGS. 1. Styelopsis glomerata (Alder). (p. 134) A cluster: natural size. 2. Probably the same species : (?) slightly enlarged.* 3-5. Thylaciwm Normani (Alder), (p. 138) 3. — A cluster : natural size. 4. — Part of the same : twice natural size. 5. — A single individual: four times natural size.t * Alder may have made this drawing from a cluster now in the Norman Collection in the British Museum, labelled " Cynthia glomerata (Aid.), Gouliot Caves, Sark," a locality not given for the species in the author's MS. On an older label is written " (? glomerata)." The cluster, Canon Norman states, was collected not earlier than 1854 nor later than 1865. It is now much broken up. t The specimen from which Alder made these drawings is in the same collection, and is still perfect. PLATF. XLV 4 5 Plate 46 PLATE XL VI. FIGS. 1-4. Styelopsis grossularia (Van Ben.) Traust. (p. 129) 1. — A group : natural size. 2. — A single indi- vidual from this group : twice natural size. 3. — An individual, probably a variety of this species, with a young one attached : three times natural size. 4. — The same : natural size. 5. Stt/elopsis glomerata (Alder), (p. 134) A cluster : natural size. 6-8. Thylacium aggreyatum (Kathke) V. Cams. (p. 136) 6. — A group : one-half natural size. 7.— A single individual : natural size. 8. — A group, probably a variety of this species, of the size and form of var. maculatum, but apparently not spotted : natural size. 9-11. Thylacium Sylvani V. Cams. (p. 137) 9.— A group of small ones. 10. — A group of rather larger ones. 11. — A single individual, much larger. All with young ones attached ; and natural size. 12-14. Thylacium variolosum (G-aertn.). (p. 138) 12. — A mass : twice natural size. 13. — Showing mode of growth on an Ascidian (?) : natural size. 14. — A larva : magnified. 15 and 16. Pelonaia corrugataFoYb. & Goods, (p. 145) 15.— Test : natural size. 16. — Part of branchial sac : magnified. LVI 3 , 7 Plate 47 PLATE XLVII. Pelonaia cormgata Forb. & Goods, (p. 146) FIGS. 1-3. Test and mantle laid open, exposing (in fig. 1) diges- tive and reproductive organs fully, the branchial sac being removed ; (in fig. 2) the inside of the branchial sac, the outer layer being laid open and partly removed, with the endostyle showing clearly in the centre, and the digestive and reproductive organs partially ; and (in fig. 3) the external sur- face of the branchial sac, the digestive and repro- ductive organs partially, and part of the surface of the test with fibrils : about three times natural size.* br. s. branchial sac. 4. The anterior end of fig. 2, showing apertures, tentacles, branchial tubercle (l>. t.) with nerve- ganglion (n.g.), oral lamina (o. /.), and endostyle : about six times natural size. 5. The anterior end of fig. I or 3, showing the aper- tures : about three times natural size. 6 and 7. Ovaries : about twelve times natural size. 6b is a continuation afc x of 6a. 7 shows the same part as 6b in a more advanced stage of development. * Figs. 1 and 3 terminate abruptly, without showing the apertures, owing to the original drawings coming to the edge of the paper on which they are drawn. (All Hancock's drawings are on half sheets of note-paper.) PLATE XLVII \d 6 -'•S . 1 $' v -^ v; s. hi. > .0.1 v.dL 4 7 br.s 3 ft. , Plate 48 PLATE XLYIII. The Branchial Tubercle. FIG. 1. Molgnla conchilega Miill. (p. 38) 2. M. socialis Alder, (p. 58) 3. M. citrlna A. & H. (p. 63) 4. Cynthia claudicans Sav. (p. 80) 5. C. squamulosa Alder, (p. 83) 6. C. morns Forbes, (p. 88) 7. C. tessellata Forbes, (p. 91) 8. C. echinata (Linn.) Alder, (p. 96) 9. Styela tuberosa (Macg.). (p. 99) 10. 8. pomaria (Sav.). (p. Ill) 11. S.sulcatula (Alder), (p. 114) 12. 8. granulata (Alder). 13. 8. humilis sp. nov. (p. 117) 14. 8. variabilis sp. nov. 15. 8. obscura sp. nov. 16. 8. comata (Alder). 17. 8. cestita (Alder). 18. Pelonaia corrugata Forb. & Goods, (p. 141) The tubercles are described on the pages referred to. The figures are magnified in various proportions. PLATE XLV1II . ,l 2 &* 6 4 1 2. J •10 13 •^ < Oh . 6 S Plate 49 PLATE XLIX. FIGS. 1 and 2. Clavelina lepadiformis (Mull.) Sav. (p. 152) 1. — A cluster : twice natural size. 2. — Part of bran chial sac : magnified. 3. Clavelina corrugata sp. nov. (p. 155) Two indi- viduals : twice natural size. 4-6. Diazona hebridica Forb. & Goods, (violacea Sav.). (p. 160) 4. — A "common mass : '' two-thirds natural size. 5. — A single individual : one and a quarter natural size. 6. — Part of branchial sac : magnified. PI. ATE XIJX - 5 o ,. 4 Plate 50 PLATE L. Clavelina lepadiformis (Miill.) Sav. (p. 152) FIGS. 1. Test, showing' through it the branchial sac in the thorax and the digestive and reproductive organs in the abdomen, x. " A free space between the mouth and viscera ; else, where the oesophagus,, stomach, and intestine appear to be adherent to the common envelope " (Hancock, remark written on drawing). A thickening of the mantle (Milne Edwards] . 2 and 3. Right and left sides of two specimens deprived of their test, with the branchial sac shrunk up. 4 and 5. Right side of two specimens with the mantle shrunk up within the test, and the branchial sac much shrunk up (probably from immersion in spirit). In fig-. 5 the upper h should be i (intestine), the lower li only indicating the heart. PLATE L . 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Chapman, Edward, M.A., F.L.S. ; Hill End, Mottram, Man- chester. Chapman, T. Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Betula, Reigate. Cheltenham Natural Science Society ; Cheltenham. Chester Society of Natural Science ; Grosvenor Museum, Chester. Chicago Public Library ; Chicago, III., U.S.A. Chicago University Library ; Chicago, III., U.S.A. Christiania, University of ; Christiania, Norway. Church, Sir VV. S., Bart., M.D. ; 130 Harley Street, W. Clark, J. A., L.D.S., F.E.S. ; 57 Weston Park, Crouch End, N. Cleland, John, M.D., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy, University of Glasgow ; 2 The University, Glasgow. Congress, Library of; Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Cornell University Library ; Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. Cornwall, Royal Institution of ; Truro. Cotton, John, M.R.C.S., F.E.S. ; Simonswood, Prescot Road, St. Helens. Crawford, W. C. ; 1 Lockerton Gardens, Colinton Road, Edinburgh. Crawshay, Lionel Routledge, M.A.(Oxon) ; Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth. Croft, R. Benyon, R.N. ; Fanhams Hall, Ware. Croydon Public Libraries ; Town Hall, Croydon. 6 LIST OF THE RAY SOCIETY. Dames, Felix L. ; 12 Landgrafenstrasse, Berlin, W. 62. Davies, A. Ellson, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.C.S.; Ticeedbank, West S civile Road, Edinburgh. Derby Free Library and Museum ; Wardwick, Derby. Detroit Public Library; Detroit, Mich., U.S.A. Devonshire, His Grace the Duke of, K.G., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Hon M.Inst.C.E. ; Devonshire House, Piccadilly, W., and Chatsivorth, Derbyshire. Dickinson, William; Warham Road, Croydon. Downing College ; Cambridge. Dublin, Royal, Society ; Leinster House, Dublin. East Kent Natural History Society ; Medical Hall, Canter- bury. Eastwood, John E., F.E.S. ; Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalmivg. Edinburgh Public Library ; Edinburgh. Edinburgh, Royal Society of; Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Library ; Edinburgh. Eliot, Sir Charles, LL.D., K.C.M.G., C.B., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. ; Endcliffe Holt, Endcliffe Crescent, Sheffield. Elphinstone, Sir Howard W., Bart., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.G.S. ; 2 Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, W.C., and Struan, Wimbledon Park, S.W. England, Royal College of Surgeons of ; Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S. ; Clover Hill, Halifax. FitzGerald, The Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., F.C.S. ; Barracane, Wellington College, s.o., Berks. Fletcher, W. H. B., M.A., F.E.S. ; Aldu-ick Manor, Bognor. Folkestone Free Public Library and Museum ; Folkestone. Foster, C. ; Thorpe, Norwich. France, Institut de ; Paris. Fraser, F. J. ; 19 Southampton Street, Bloomsbury, W.C. Freeman, Francis F., F.E.S.; Abbotsjield, Tavistock. Friedlander & Sohn; 11 Carlstrasse, Berlin, N.W. 6. Fulham Public Libraries (Central Library) ; 598 Fulham Road, S.W. Fuller, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., F.E.S.; The Lodge, Sydenham Hill, S.E. LIST OF THE BAY SOCIETY. 7 Gannett, Frank W. ; Dalegarth, Windermere. Gascoigne, Major French; Lotherton Hall, AberforJ, Leeds. Geological Society of London; Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. Gerold & Co. ; Vienna. Gibbs, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Hon. Sec. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc. ; Kitchener's Meads, St. Albans. Gibson, Miss ; Hill House, Saffron Walden. Giles, Harry M. ; Zoological Gardens, South Perth, Western Australia. Glasgow Natural History Society; 207 Bath Street, Glasgow. Glasgow, Royal Philosophical Society of; 137 West George Street, Glasgow. Glasgow University Library ; Glasgow. Godman, F. DuCane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S., TEEASDEER; 45 Pont Street, Belgrade Square, S.W., and South Lodge, Horsham. Gottingen University Library ; Gottingen, Germany. Great Britain, Pharmaceutical Society of; 17 Bloomsbury Square, W.C. Green, E. Ernest, F.E.S., Government Entomologist ; Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon. Grosvenor Public Library; Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.A. Guille-Alles Library ; Guernsey. Haileybury College ; Hertford. Halifax Public Library ; Belle View, Halifax. Hardy, Alfred Douglas, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.; Lands Department, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Harley, John, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.L.S. ; Beedings, Pulborough, R.S.O., Sussex. Harmer, Sidney F., Sc.D., F.R.S.; King's College, Cambridge. Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.M.S., F.C.S. ; Dela- mere, Grove Road, South Woodford. Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology ; Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Heidelberg University Library ; Heidelberg, Germany. Hertfordshire County Museum ; St. Albans. Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club ; Upton House, Watford. 8 LIST OF THE RAY SOCIETY. Hewitt, David Basil, F.R. C.S.I.; Oakleigh, Northivich. Hilton, James; 60 Montague Square, W. Hood, Donald W. C., M.D. ; 43 Green Street, Park Lane, W. Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, G.C.S.L, C.B., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S.; The Camp, Sunning dale, Ascot. Hope, G. P. ; Havering Grange, Romford. Hopkinson, John, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., F.R.Met.Soc., Assoc.Inst.C.E., SECRETARY; Weetwood, Watford. Huddersfield Naturalist and Photographic Society ; The Technical College, Huddersfield. Hull Public Libraries ; Hull. India, Geological Survey of; Calcutta. Ireland, National Library of ; Kildare Street, Dublin. Irish, Royal, Academy; 19 Dawson Street, Dublin. Jackson, B. Daydoii, F.L.S., General Secretary of the Linnean Society; 21, Cautleij Avenue, Clapham Common, S.W. John Crerer Library ; Chicago, III., U.S.A. Jones, Albert H., F.E.S. ; Shrublands, Eltham. Junk, W. ; 22 Rathenowerstrasse, Berlin, N.W. 5. Justen, Frederick, F.L.S. ; 37 Soho Square, W. Kenrick, G. H., F.E.S. ; Whetstone, Somerset Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Kiel University Library ; Kiel, Germany. Kilmaruock Public Library and Museum; Kilmarnock, N.B. King's Inn Library; Dublin. Knight, H. H. ; Bank House, Llandovery. Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S. ; 43 Head Street, Colchester. Lebour, Miss Marie V., B.Sc. ; Radcliffe House, Corbridge, R.S.O., Northumberland. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society; The Museum, Leeds. Leeds Public Free Libraries ; Leeds. Leeds University Library ; Leeds. Leicester Free Public Library ; Wellington Street, Leicester. Lemann, F. C., F.E.S. ; Black Friars House, Plymouth. LIST OF THE RAY SOCIETY. 9 Lethbridge, Ambrose Y., F.E.S. ; Nordrach-on-Dee, Banckory, R.S.O., Kinca rdineshire. Linnean Society of London; Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. Lister, Arthur, F.R.S., F.L.S. ; Sycamore House, Leytonstone, N.E., and High Cliff, Lyme Regis. Liverpool Athenaeum ; Liverpool. Liverpool Free Public Libraries ; Licerpool. Liverpool Microscopical Society; Royal Institution, Liverpool. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine ; Exchange Buildings, Liverpool. London Institution ; Finsbury Circus, E.G. London Library; 12 St. James's Square, S.W. Longstaff, G-. B., M.D. ; Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W. Los Angeles Public Librai-y ; California, U.S.A. Lyoii Uiiiversite Bibliotheque ; Lyons, France. Mclntosh, W. Carmichael, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.L.&E., F.L.S., Professor of Natural History, University of St. Andrews ; 2 Abbotsford Crescent, St. Andrews, N.B. McMillan, William Singer, F.L.S. ; Ardenholm, Maghvll, Liverpool. Magdalen College ; Oxford. Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society ; 36 George Street, Manchester. Manchester Microscopical Society ; 26 Grosvenor Road, Whalley Range, Manchester. Manchester Public Free Libraries; Manchester. Marlborough College Natural History Society; MarlborougJi. Massey, W. H. ; Twyford, E.S.O., Berks. Meiklejohn, J. W. S., M.D., F.L.S. ; 105 Holland Road, Kensington, W. Melbourne Public Library ; Melbourne, Australia. Mennell, H. T., F.L.S. ; 10 St. Dunstan's Buildings, Great Tower Street, E.G. Michael, Albert D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., F.R.H.S., YICE- PEESIDENT; The Warren, Studland, Warehatn. Middlesbrough Free Libraries; Middlesbrough. Mitchell Library; 21 Miller Street, Glasgow. Moore, H. ; 12 Whiston Grove, Rotherham. Morgan, Ralph ; 9 Clifton Hill, Exeter. 10 LIST OF THE BAY SOCIETY. Munich Royal Library ; Munich, Germany. Murray, James; Challenger Office, Villa Medusa, Boswell Road, Edinburgh; and Ardoch Nerston, East Kilbride, N.B. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle ; Paris. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Literary and Philosophical Society ; Westgate Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Natural History Society ; Museum, Barras Bridge, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Public Library; Neu:castle-upon-Tyne. New South Wales, Public Library of; Sydney, New South Wales. New South Wales, Royal Society of; Sydney, N.S.W. Newstead, Robert, A.L.S., F.E.S., Hon.F.R.H.S. ; School of Tropical Medicine, The Uni remit y, Liverpool. New York Botanical Garden; Bronx Park, New York City, N.Y., U.S.A. New York Public Library; New York, U.S.A. New York State Library; Albany, N.Y., U.S.A. Noble, Sir Andrew, K.C.B., F.R.S. ; Jesmond Dene House, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Norfolk and Norwich Library; Norwich. Norman, The Rev. A. Merle, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Hon. Canon of Durham, VICE-PRESIDENT ; The Red House, Berkhamsted. Norwich Free Library; Norwich. Nottingham Free Public Libraries; Nottingham. OKamura, Prof. K. ; 67 Tansu-machi, Azabu, Tokyo, Japan. Ontario Agricultural College ; Guelph, Canada. Otago, University of ; Dunedin, New Zealand. Owens College (Christie Library) ; Manchester. Paisley Philosophical Institution; 3 County Place, Paisley. Peabody Institute; Baltimore, Mart/land, U.S.A. Perthshire Society of Natural Science; Toy Street, Perth. Phene, J. S., LL.D., F.S.A. ; 5 Carlton Terrace, Oakley Street, S.W. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. LIST OF THE BAY SOCIETY. 1J Pickard-Cambridge, The Rev. 0., M.A., F.R.S. ; Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham. Plowman, T. ; Nystuen Lodge, Bycullah Park, Enfield. Plymouth Institution; Atheneeum, Plymouth. Porter, R. H. ; 7 Princes Street, Cavendish Square, W. Portsmouth Free Public Library ; Toivn Hall, Portsmouth. Poultoii, Edward B., M.A., Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.E.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, University of Oxford; Wykeham House, Oxford. Power, Henry/ M.B., F.R.C.S., F.L.S , F.Z.S. ; Bagdale Hall, Whitby. Preston Free Public Libraries and Museum; Preston. Pye-Smitli, P. H., M.D., B.A., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.; 48 Brook Street, Cavendish Square, W. Quaritch, Bernard; 15, Piccadilly, W. Queen's College ; Belfast. Queen's College ; Cork. Quekett Microscopical Club ; 20 Hanover Square, W. Radcliffe Library ; Museum, Oxford. Rashleigh, Evelyn William ; StoTteton, Salt ash, Cornwall. Ripon, The Most Hon. the Marquis of,K.G., K.C.S.I., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. ; 9 Chelsea Embankment, S.W., and Studley Royal, Ripon. Rotherham Naturalists' Society ; Rotherham. Royal Academy of Sciences ; Amsterdam. Royal Academy of Sciences ; Stockholm, Sweden. Royal College of Science; Dublin. Royal Institution of Great Britain ; Albemarle Street, W. Royal Microscopical Society ; 20 Hanover Square, W. Royal Society ; Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. St. Albans Public Library ; St. AJbans. St. Andrews University Library ; St. Andrews, N.B. St. Catharine's College ; Cambridge. Salford Free Museum and Libraries ; Peel Park, Salford, Manchester. Salisbury Microscopical Society ; 14 Wyndham Terrace, Salisbury. 12 LIST OP THE RAY SOCIETY. Scharff, R. F., Ph.D., B.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Tudor House, Dundrum, R.S.O., co. Dublin. Sears, R. S. Wilson ; 1 Lisson Grove, Marylebone, N.W. Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society ; Leopold Street, Sheffield. Schmidle, Prof. W., Seminar-Director; Meersburg-on-Bodensee, Baden, Germany. Schmidt, Max, Ph.D. ; Weg beim Tdger, Gross Borstel, bei Hamburg. Scottish, Royal, Museum ; Edinburgh. Sidney-Sussex College ; Cambridge. Sion College Library; Victoria Embankment, E.G. Soar, C. D. ; 37 Drybnrgh Road, Putney, S.W. Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society ; The Castle, Taunton. Southport Free Library ; Southport. Spicer, Henry, B.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.; 14 Aberdeen Park, Highbury, N. Sprague, T. B., M.A., LL.D. ; 29 Buckingham Terrace, Edinburgh. Stazione Zoologica ; Naples. Stechert, G. E. ; 2 Star Yard, Carey Street, W.C. Stoke Newington Public Libraries ; Church Street, N. Storey, J. E. ; 26 Grosvenor Road, Whalley Range, Manchester. Stubbins, J. ; Woodlands, Pool, Leeds. Sunderland Library and Literary Society ; Fawcett Street, Sunderland. Terry, Charles; Foxhill Grove, Bath. Toronto, University of ; Toronto, Canada. Torquay Natural History Society ; Museum, Babbacombe Road, Torquay. Town, Miss; 4 The Birklands, Babbacombe Road, Torquay. Trinity College ; Cambridge. Trinity College ; Dublin. Trondhjem, Royal Library of; Trondhjem, Norway. Tunstall, Wilmot, F.E.S. ; Caerleon, Greenlaw Drive, Paisley, N.B. University College, London ; Gower Street, W.C. Upsala University Library ; Upsala, Sweden. LIST OF THE BAY SOCIETY. 13 Victoria Institute ; Worcester. Walker, Alfred 0., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Ulcombe Place, Maidstone. Walsingham, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., VICE-PRESIDENT ; Merton Hall, Thetford. Warrington Municipal Museum ; Warrington. Warwickshire Natural History and Archaeological Society ; Cliff Hill, Warwick. Watzlaff, Emil ; 98 Sandy Lane, Chorlton-cum- Hardy, Man- chester, and 28 Deansgate Arcade. Weg, Max ; 1, Leplaystrass, Leipzig. Wesley, E. F., A.K.C.; 28 Essex Street, Strand, W.C. West Kent Natural History Society ; 42 Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E. Whittle, F. G. ; 3 Marine Avenue, Southend-on-Sea. Wickes, W. D., F.L.S. ; 20 Warrior Square, South end-on- Sea. Wood, J. H., M.B. ; Tarrington, Ledbury. Woodd-Smith, Miss B. M.; 17 Langland Gardens, Hampstead, N.W. Yale University Library ; New Haven, U.S.A. Yorkshire Philosophical Society; Museum, York. Zoological Society of London ; 3 Hanover Square, W. The Advocates' Library, Edinburgh ; the Bodleian Library, Oxford ; the British Museiim ; Cambridge University Library ; and Trinity College, Dublin, entered in the List, receive the Society's publications in accordance with the Copyright Act. GEOGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE SOCIETY. (Beyond the limits of the London Postal District.) GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ENGLAND. BERKSHIRE. Ascot — Hooker, Sir J. D. Wellington College — FitzG-erald, Newbury — Blackburne - Maze, Rev. H. P. W. P. Windsor — Bereiis, A. A. Twyford— Massey, W. H. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Slough — Beiitley, E. CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Cambridge — Downing College. Cambridge — Sidney- Sussex Col- Harmer, Dr. S. P. lege. - Philosophical Library. - Trinity College. St. Catherine's College. — University Library. CHESHIRE. Chester — Society of Natural Northivich — Hewitt, D. B. Science. CORNWALL. Saltash — Eashleigh, E. W. Truro — E. Inst. of Cornwall. DERBYSHIRE. Chatsworth — Devonshire, Duke Derby - - Free Library and of. Museum. DEVONSHIRE. Exeter — Brokenshire, F. E. Plymouth — Crawshay, L. E. Morgan, E. - Lemann, F. C. Lynmouth — Briggs, C. A. - Plymouth Institution. - Briggs, T. H. Tavistock— Freeman, F. F. Newton Abbot — Bourne, T. W. Torquay — Natural History So- ciety. DORSETSHIRE. Lyme Regis — Lister, A. Wareham — Pickard - Cambridge, Wareham — Michael, A. D. Eev. O. P. DURHAM. Sunderland — Library and Literary Society. GEOGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE SOCIETY. 15 ESSEX. Colchester — Laver, H. Southend — Wiekes, W. D. Romford — Hope, Gr. Stanford - le - Hope - - Burrows, Saffron Walden— Gibson, Miss. Rev. C. E. N. Southend — Whittle, F. GK Wood/ord — Harrison, A. GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Bristol — Museum. Cheltenham — Natural Science - Naturalists' Society. Society. - Public Library. HAMPSHIRE. Bournemouth — Carlyon, T. A. Portsmouth — Free Public Library. HEREFORDSHIRE. Ledbury — Wood, J. H. HERTFORDSHIRE. Berkhamsted - - Norman, Eev. Waltham Cross — Bowles, E. A. A. M. Ware— Croft, R. B. Hertford — Haileybury College. Watford — Hertfordshire Natural St. Albans — Gfibbs, A. E. History Society. - Herts County Museum. Hopkinson, J. - Public Library. KENT. Bromley — Naturalists' Society. Farnborough — Avebury, Lord. Canterbury — East Kent Natural Folkestone — Free Public Library History Society. and Museum. Eltham — Jones, A. H. Maid-stone — Walker, A. O. LANCASHIRE. B arrow-in- Furness — Public Lib- rary. Garstang — Brockholes, Mrs. F. J. Liverpool — Bootle Free Library. - Free Public Libraries. - Liverpool Athenaeum. Macmillan, W. S. - Microscopical Society. - Newstead, R. School of Tropical Medi- So- cine. Manchester — Chapman, E. Literary and Philoso- phical Society. Manchester — Microscopical ciety. •/ - Owens College. - Public Free Libraries. - Salford Free Museum and Libraries. - Storey, J. E. - Watzlaff, E. Preston — Free Public Libraries and Museum. St. Helens— Cotton, J. Southport — Free Library . Warrington - - Municipal seum. Mu- LEICESTERSHIRE. Leicester — Free Public Library. *• MIDDLESEX. Enfield — Plowman, T. 16 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE SOCIETY. NORFOLK. Norwich — Foster, C. Norwich — Free Library. — Norfolk and Norwich Thetford — Walsingham, Lord. Library. •/ NORTHUMBERLAND. Corbridge — Lebour, Miss M. V. Newcastle- upon -Tyne -- Noble, Newcastle - upon - Tyne - - Arm- Sir A. strong College. - Northumberland and - Literary and Philosophi- Durham Natural History So- cal Society. ciety. - Public Library. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Nottingham — Free Public Libraries. OXFORDSHIRE. Oxford — Bodleian Library. Oxford — Poulton, Prof. E. B. Magdalen College. — Eadcliffe Library. SOMERSETSHIRE. Taunton — Somersetshire Natural History Society. STAFFORDSHIRE. Stone — Bostock, E. D. SURREY. Croydon — Dickinson, W. Godalming — Eastwood, J. E. Public Libraries. Beigate — Chapman, Dr. T. A. SUSSEX. Bognor— Fletcher, W. H. B. Hastings— Butterfield, W. E. Brighton — Natural History So- Horsham — Grodman, Dr. F. D. ciety. Pulborough — Harley, Dr. J. Hastings — Bloomfield, Eev. E . N. WARWICKSHIRE. Birmingham - - Bethune - Baker, Birmingham — Kenrick, Gf. H. Gr. T. Warwick— Natural History So- - Free Libraries. ciety. WESTMORELAND. Windermere — Grannett, F. W. WILTSHIRE. Maryborough — College Natural Salisbury - - Microscopical So- History Society. ciety. WORCESTERSHIRE. Worcester — Victoria Institute. YORKSHIRE. Bradford — -Natural History and Halifax — Public Library. Microscopical Society. Huddersfield - - Naturalist and Halifax — Fielding, C. Photographic Society. GEOGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE SOCIETY. 17 YORKSHIRE — continued. HuU— Public Libraries. Sheffield— Brady, Dr. G. S. Leeds — G-ascoigne, Major F. - Eliot, Sir C. - Philosophical Society. - Literary and Philosophi- - Public Free Libraries. cal Society. - Stubbing, J. Tadcaster — Ash, Eev. C. D. - University Library. Wakefield — Binks, Mrs. I. Middlesbrough — Free Libraries. Whitby — Power, H. Ripon — Ripon, Marquis of. York — Yorkshire Philosophical Rotherham — Moore, H. Society. - Naturalists' Society. WALES. CARMARTHENSHIRE. Llandovery — Knight, H. H. GLAMORGANSHIRE. Cardiff — Free Libraries . MONTGOMERYSHIRE. Machynlleth — Campbell, F. M. SCOTLAND. ABERDEENSHIRE. Aberdeen — University Library. AYRSHIRE. KilmarnocJc — Public Library and Museum. EDINBURGHSHIRE. Edinburgh — Advocates' Library. Edinburgh — Royal Scottish Mu- - Crawford, W. C. seum. - Davies, Dr. A. E. - Royal Society. - Murray, J. - Sprague, Dr. T. B. - Public Library. - University Library. FIFESHIRE. St. Andrews — Mclntosh, Prof. St. Andrews — University Li- W. C. brary. HADDINGTONSHIRE. PrestonJeirk — Buchaii-Hepburn, Sir A. KlNCARDINESHIRE. Banchory — Lethbridge, A. Y. LANARKSHIRE. East Kilbride — Murray, J. Glasgow — Natural History Soc. Glasgow — Clelaiid, Prof. J. Royal Philosophical Soc. Mitchell Library. University Library. 18 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE SOCIETY. PERTHSHIRE. Perth — Perthshire Society of Natural Science. RENFREWSHIRE. Paisley — Philosophical Institu- Paisley — Tunstall, W. tion. IRELAND. ANTRIM. Belfast — Belfast Library. Belfast — Queen's College. CORK. Cork — Queen's College. DUBLIN. Dublin — King's Inn Library. Dublin — Royal Dublin Society. - National Library of Ire- - Royal Irish Academy. land. Trinity College. - Royal College of Science. Dundrum — Scharff, Dr. R. F. CHANNEL ISLANDS. Guernsey — Guille-Alles Library. BRITISH POSSESSIONS. AFRICA, SOUTH. CAPE COLONY. Grahamstown — Albany Museum . AUSTRALIA. NEW SOUTH WALES. Sydney — Australian Museum. Sydney — Royal Society of New Public Library of New South Wales. South Wales. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Adelaide — Public Library . VICTORIA. Melbourne — Hardy, A. D. Melbourne — Public Library. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. South Perth— Giles, H. M. CANADA. ONTARIO. Guelph — Ontario Agricultural Toronto — University. College. CEYLON. Peradeniya — Green, E. E. GEOGEAPHICAL LIST OF THE SOCIETY. 19 INDIA. Calcutta — G-eological Survey of India. NEW ZEALAND. Christchurch — Philosophical In- Dunedin — University of Otago. stitution of Canterbury. FOREIGN COUNTRIES. AMEEICA, UNITED STATES OF. CALIFORNIA. Los Angeles — -Public Library. COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OF. Washington — Library of Congress. ILLINOIS. Chicago — John Crerer Library. Chicago — University Library. — Public Library. MARYLAND. Baltimore — Peabody Institute . MASSACHUSETTS. Boston — Public Library. Cambridge — Harvard Museum of - Society of Natural His- Comparative Zoology, tory. MICHIGAN. Detroit — Public Library. NEW HAVEN. Yale — University Library . NEW YORK. Albany — NewYork State Library. Ithaca — Cornell University. Buffalo — Grosvenor Public Lib- New York — Botanical Garden . rary. - Public Library. PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia — Academy of Natural Sciences. AUSTEIA. Vienna — G-erold and Co. BELGIUM. Brussels — National Library. FKANCE. Lyons — Lyon Universite Biblio- Paris — Institut de France. theque. Museum d'Histoire Na- Paris — Bibliotheque Nationale. turelle. 20 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE SOCIETY. GERMANY. Baden— Schniidle, Prof. W. Frankfort— Baer & Co. Berlin — Dames, F. L. Gottingen — University Library. - Friedlander & Solin. Hamburg — Schmidt, Dr. M - Junk, W. Heidelberg — University Library. - Royal Library. Kiel — University Library. - RoyalZoologicalMuseum. Leipzig — Weg, M. Breslau — University Library. Munich — Royal Library. ITALY. Naples— Stazione Zoologica. JAPAN. Tokyo — OKamura, Prof. K. NETHERLANDS. Amsterdam — Royal Academy of Sciences. NORWAY. Bergen — Museums Bibliotek. Trondhjem — Royal Library. Ch ristiana — University. SWEDEN. Stockholm — Royal Academy of U-psala — University Library. Sciences. SWITZERLAND. Berne — Natural History Museum. LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS OP THE BAY SOCIETY, For the First Year, 1844. 1. Reports on the Progress of Zoology and Botany, 1841, 1842. viii + 496 + xx pp. 8vo. 1845. The State of Zoology in Europe, as regards the Vertebrata. By C. L. BONAPARTE. Transl. by H. E. STRICKLAND, pp. 1-44. The Progress of Zoology in 1842. Transl. from the German by W. B. MACDONALD. pp. 1-348. The Progress of Physiological Botany in 1841. By H. F. LINK. Transl. by EDWIN LANKESTER. pp. 1-104. Index, pp. i-xx. 2. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By JOSHUA ALDER and ALBANY HANCOCK. Part I. x + 20pp., 10 plates. Folio. 1845. 3. Memorials of JOHN RAY, consisting of his Life by Dr. DERHAM ; . . . with his Itineraries, etc. Edited by EDWIN LANKESTER. xii + 220 pp. 8vo. 1846. For the Second Year, 1845. 4. On the Alternation of Generations. By J. J. S. STEEN- STRUP. Transl. from the German version of C. H. LORENZEN by GEORGE BUSK, viii + 132 pp., 3 plates. 8vo. 1845. 5. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By JOSHUA ALDER and ALBANY HANCOCK. Part II. iv + 34 pp., 13 plates. Folio. 1846. 6. Reports and Papers on Botany, viii + 494 pp., 7 plates. 8vo. 1846. On the Morphology of the Coniferse. By J. J. ZUCCARINI. Transl. by GEORGE BUSK. pp. 1-54, 441-444, pis. i-v. Report on Botanical Geography, 1842. By A. GRISEBACH. Transl. by W. B. MACDONALD. pp. 55-212. Memoir on the Nuclei, Formation, and Growth of Vegetable Cells. By CARL NAGELI. Transl. by ARTHUR HUNFREY. pp. 213-292, 445- 459, pis. vi. vii. Report on Physiological Botany, 1842 and 1843. By H. F. LINK. Transl. by J. HUDSON.' pp. 293-440. Index pp. 461-494. 22 PUBLICATIONS OF THE BAY SOCIETY. For the third Year, 184G. 7. Outlines of the Geography of Plants. By F. J. F. MEYEN. Transl. by MARGARET JOHNSTON, x -f 422 pp., 1 plate. 8vo. 1846. 8. The Organization of Trilobites. By HERMANN BURMEISTEE. Edited by THOMAS BELL and EDWABD FORBES, xii + 136 pp., 6 plates. Folio. 1846. 9. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By JOSHUA ALDER and ALBANY HANCOCK. Part III. iv + 30 pp., 12 plates. Folio. 1847. For the Fourth Year, 1847. 10. Elements of Physiophilosophy. By LORENZ OKEN. From the German by ALFRED TULK. xx + 666 pp. 8vo. 1847. 11. Reports on Zoology for 1843, 1844. Transl. from the German by GEORGE BUSK, ALFRED TULK, and A. H. HALIDAY. viii + 596 pp. 8vo. 1847. Progress of Zoology in 1843. pp. 1-232. 1844. pp. 233-564. Index, pp. 565-596. 12. A Monograph of: the British Naked-eyed Medusa?. By EDWARD FORBES, viii -f 104 pp., 13 plates. Folio. 1848. For the Fifth Year, 1848. 13. Bibliographia Zoologiae et Geologiae. A General Cata- logue of all Books, Tracts, and Memoirs on Zoology and Geology. By Louis AGASSIZ. Edited by H. E. STRICKLAND. Yol. I. Periodicals, and A-B. xxvi + 506 pp. 8vo. 1848. 14. The Correspondence of JOHN RAY. Edited by EDWIN LANKESTER. xvi + 502 pp., 2 plates. 8vo. 1848. 15. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By JOSHUA ALDEK and ALBANY HANCOCK. Part IY. iv + 28 pp., 12 plates. Folio. 1848. For the Sixth Year, 1849. 16. Reports and Papers on Botany. Edited by ARTHUR HENFREY. viii + 514 pp., 3 plates. 8vo. 1849. On the Structure of the Palm-stem. By H. VON MOHL. pp. 1-92, 495, pi. i. On the Nuclei, Formation, and Growth of Vegetable Cells. By CARL NAGELI. Part II. pp. 93-158, 495-502, pis. ii, iii. On the Utricular Structures in the Contents of Cells. By CARL NAGELI. pp. 159-190. Report on Physiological Botany for 1844 and 1845. By H. T. LINK. pp. 191-314. PUBLICATIONS OF THE RAY SOCIETY. 23 Report on Geographical Botany for 1844. By A. GRISEBACH. pp. 315-414. Report on Geographical and Systematic Botany for 1845. By A. GRISEBACH. pp. 415-494. 17. The Natural History of the British Entomostraca. By VV. BAIRD. viii + 364 pp., 36 plates. 8vo. 1850. For the Seventh Year, 1850. 18. Bibliographia Zoologize et G-eologise. A General Cata- logue of all Books, Tracts, and Memoirs on Zoology and Geology. By Louis AGASSI z. Edited by H. E. STRICKLAND. Vol. 11. C-F. iv + 492 pp. 8vo. 1850. 19. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By JOSHUA ALDER and ALBANY HANCOCK. Part V. iv + 62 pp., 16 plates. Folio. 1851. For the Eighth Year, 1851. 20. The British Species of Angiocarpous Lichens, elucidated by their Sporidia. By the Eev. W. A. LEIGHTOF. vi + 102 pp., 30 plates. 8vo. 1851. 21. A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia. By CHARLES DARWIN. The Lepadidee, or Pedunculated Cirripedes. xii + 400 pp., 10 plates. 8vo. 1851. For the Ninth Year, 1852. 22. Bibliographia Zoologia? et Geologias. A General Cata- logue of all Books, Tracts, and Memoirs on Zoology and Geology. By Louis AGASSIZ. Edited by H. E. STRICKLAND. Vol. III. G-M. vi + 658 pp. Svo. 1852. 23. A Monograph of the British Nudibraiichiate Mollusca. By JOSHUA ALDER and ALBANY HANCOCK. Part VI. iv 4 62 pp., 12 plates. Folio. 1852. For the Tenth Year, 1853. 24. Botanical and Physiological Memoirs. Edited by ARTHUR HENFREY. xvi + 568 pp., 6 plates. 8vo. 1853. The Phenomenon of Rejuvenescence in Nature. By ALEXANDER BRAUN. pp. vii-xxvi, 1-342, pis. i-v. The Animal Nature of Diatomese. By G. MENIGHINI. pp. 343-514. The Natural History of Protococcus pluvialis. By FERDINAND COHN. pp. 515-564, pi. vi. 25. A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia. By CHARLES DARWIN. The Balanidas, the Verrucidee, etc. viii + 684 pp., 30 plates. 8vo. 1854. 24 PUBLICATIONS OF THE RAY SOCIETY. For the Eleventh Year. 1854. 26. Bibliographia Zoologige et Geologias. A General Cata- logue of all Books, Tracts, and Memoirs on Zoology and Geology. By Louis AGASSIZ. Edited by H. E. STRICKLAND. Vol. IV. N-Z. vi + 604 pp. 8vo. 1854. For the Twelfth Year, 1855. 27. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By JOSHUA ALDER and ALBANY HANCOCK. Part VII. vi -f 54 + 40 + xlvi pp., 9 plates. Folio. 1855. For the Thirteenth Year, 1856. 28. A Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa, including all the known species, both British and Foreign. By GEORGE JAMES ALLMAN. viii + 122 + 22 pp., 11 plates. Folio. 1856 [1857]. For the Fourteenth Year, 1857. 29. The Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain. By WILLIAM CRAWFORD WILLIAMSON. xx + 108 pp., 7 plates. Folio. 1858. For the Fifteenth Year, 1858. 30. The Oceanic Uydrozoa; a Description of the Calyco- phoridae and Physophoridse. . . . By THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY. x + 144 + 24 pp., 12 plates. Folio. 1859. For the Sixteenth Year, 1859. 31. A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By JOHN BLACKWALL. [Part I.] vi + 174 + 24 pp., 12 plates. Folio. 1861. For the Seventeenth Year, 1860. 32. Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. By WILLIAM B. CARPENTER, assisted by WILLIAM K. PARKER and T. RUPERT JONES, xxii + 320 + 44 pp., 22 plates. Folio. 1862. For the Eighteenth Year, 1861. 33. On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the Coniferte. By WILHELM HOFMEISTER. Transl. by FREDERICK CURREY. xviii + 506 pp., 65 plates. 8vo. 1862. PUBLICATIONS OF THE RAY SOCIETY. 25 For the Nineteenth Year, 1862. 34. A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland- By JOHN BLACKWALL. Part II. iv 4- 210 (175-384) + 34 pp., 17 plates. Folio. 1864. For the Twentieth Year, 1863. 35. The Reptiles of British India. By ALBERT C. L. CI. G-UNTHEE. xxviii + 452 pp.,, 26 plates. Folio. 1864. For the Twenty-first Year, 1864. 36. A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By J. S. BOWEKBANK. Vol. I. xx + 290 pp., 37 plates. 8vo. 1864. For the Twenty-second Year, 1865. 37. The British Hemiptera. Vol. I. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. By JOHN WILLIAM DOUGLAS and JOHN SCOTT, xii + 628 + 42 pp., 21 plates. 8vo. 1865. 38. A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By J. S. BOWERBANK. Vol. II. xx + 388 pp. 8vo. 1866. For the Twenty-third Year, 1866. 39. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of ROBERT BKOWN. [Edited by JOHN J. BENNETT.] Vol. I, containing I, Geo- graphico-botanical, and II, Structural and Physiological Memoirs, viii + 612pp. 8vo. 1866. 40. Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea. Edited by WILLIAM HENRY FLOWER, xii + 312 pp., 6 plates. Folio. 1866. I. On the Greenland Rig-ht-Whale. By D. F. ESCHRICHT and J. EEINHABDT. pp. 1-150, pis. i-vi. II. On the Species of the Genus Orca inhabiting the Northern Seas. By D. F. ESCHRICHT. pp. 151-188. III. Pseudorca crassidens, a Cetacean hitherto unknown in the Danish Fauna. By J. REINHARDT. pp. 189-218. IV. Synopsis of the Cretaceous Mammalia of Scandinavia (Norway and Sweden). By W. LILLJEBORG. pp. 219-310. 41. NITZSCH'S Pterylography, translated from the German. Edited by PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER. xii + 182 pp., 10 plates. Folio. 1867. For the Twenty-fourth Year, 1867. 42. A Monograph on the Structure and Development of the Shoulder-girdle and Sternum in the Vertebrata. By W. KITCHEN PARKER, xii + 240 + 60 pp., 30 plates. Folio. 1868. 26 PUBLICATIONS OF THE EAY SOCIETY. 43. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of ROBERT BROWN. [Edited by JOHN J. BENNETT.] Vol. II, containing III, Systematic Memoirs, and IV, Contributions to Systematic Works, viii + 780 pp. 8vo. 1868. For the Twenty-fifth Year, 1868. 44. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of ROBERT BROWN. [Edited by JOHN J. BENNETT.] Vol. III. Atlas of Plates, iv + 16 pp., 38 plates. Folio. 1868. 45. Vegetable Teratology, an Account of the Principal Devia- tions from the Usual Structure of Plants. By MAXWELL T. MASTERS. With numerous illustrations by E. M. WILLIAMS. xxxviii + 534 pages. 8vo. 1869. For the Tu-^ntij-sixth Year, 1869. 46. A Monograph of the Gymiioblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. By GEORGE JAMES ALLMAN. Part I, the Hydroida in General, xxii + 154 + 24 pp., 12 plates. Folio. 1871. For the Twenty-seventh Year, 1870. 47. A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. By GEORGE JAMES ALLMAN. Conclusion of Part I, and Part II, containing descriptions of the Genet a and Species of the Gymnoblastea. iv + 2 (xxiii, xxiv) + 296 (155-450) + 22 pp., 11 plates (xiii-xxiii). Folio. 1872. For the Twenty-eighth Year, 1871. 48. Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. By Sir JOHN LUBBOCK. x + 276 pp., 78 plates. 8vo. 1873. For the Twenty-ninth Year, 1872. 49. A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W. C. MclNTOSH. Part I. The Nemertians. xiv + 96 + 20 pp., 10 plates. Folio. 1873. For the Thirtieth Year, 1873. 50. A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W. C. MclNTOSH. Part I continued. The Nemertians. iv + 122 (97-214, 213 a-d) + 26 pp., 13 plates (xi-xxiii). Folio. 1874. For the Thirty-first Year, 1874. 51. A Monograph of the British Spongiadas. By J. S. BOWERBANK. Vol. III. xxviii + 368 pp., 92 plates. 8vo. 1874. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BAY SOCIETY. 27 For the Thirty-second Tear, 1875. 52. A Monograph of the British Aphides. By GEORGE BOWDLEK BUCKTON. Vol. I. x + 194 + 78 pp., 42 plates (A-C, i-xxxviii, iv bis). 8vo. 1876. For the Thirty-third Year, 1876. 53. A Monograph of the Free and Semi-parasitic Copepoda of the British Islands. By G. STEWARDSON BRADY. Vol. I. iv + 148 + 72 pp., 36 plates (1-33, K)A, 24A, 24e). 8vo. 1878. For the Thirty-fourth Year, 1877. 54. A Monograph of the British Aphides. By GEORGE BOWDLER BOCKTON. Vol. II. iv + 176 + 100 pp., 50 plates (xxxix-lxxxvi, li bis, Ixix bis). 8vo. 1879. For the Thirty-fifth Year, 1878. 55. A Monograph of the Free and Semi-parasitic Copepoda of the British Islands. By Gr. STEWARDSON BRADY. Vol. II. iv + 182 + 98 pp., 49 plates (34-82). 8vo. 1880. For the Thirty-sixth Year, 1879. 56. A Monograph of the Free and Semi-parasitic Copepoda of the British Islands. By Gr. STEWARDSON BRADY. Vol. III. iv + 84 + 22 pp., 11 plates (83-93). 8vo. 1880. 57. A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. By the late J. S. BOWERBANK. Vol. IV (Supplementary). Edited, with additions, by the Rev. A. M. NORMAN, xviii + 250 + 34 pp., 17 plates. 8vo. 1882. For the Thirty-seventh Year, 1880. 58. A Monograph of the British Aphides. By GEORGE BOWDLER BUCKTON. Vol. III. vi + 142 + 56 pp., 28 plates (Ixxxvii-cxiv). 8vo. 1881. For the Thirty-eighth Year, 1881. 59. A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenop- tera. By PETER CAMERON. Vol. I. viii + 340 + 42 pp., 21 plates. 8vo. 1882. For the Thirty-ninth Year, 1882. 60. A Monograph of the British Aphides. By GEORGE BOWDLER BDCKTON. Vol. IV. x + 228 + 62 pp., 27 plates (D-I, cxiv bis, cxv-cxxxiv). 8vo. 1883. 28 PUBLICATIONS OF THE RAY SOCIETY. Fur flie Fortieth Year, 1883. 61. British Oribatidse. Bv ALBERT D. MICHAEL. Vol. I. xii + 336 + 62 pp., 31 plates "(i-xxiv, A-Cf). 8vo. 1884. For the Forty-first Year, 1884. 62. A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymen- optera. By PETER CAMERON. Vol. II. vi + 234 + 54 pp., 27 plates. 8vo. 1885. For the Forty-second Year, 1885. 63. The Larvse of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late WILLIAM BUCKLER. Vol.1. (The Butterflies.) Edited by H. T. STAINTON. xvi + 202 + 34 pp., 17 plates. 8vo. 1886. For the Forty-third Year, 1886. 64. The Larva? of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late WILLIAM BUCKLER. Vol. II. (The Sphinges or Hawk- moths and part of the Bombyces.) Edited by H. T. STAINTON. xii + 172 + 36 pp., 18 plates (xviii-xxxv). 8vo. 1887. For the Forty-fourth Year, 1887. 65. British Oribatidae. By ALBERT D. MICHAEL. Vol. II. xii + 322 (337-658) + 62 pp., 31 plates (xxv-liv, xlviiA). 8vo. 1888. For the Forty-fifth Year, 1888. 66. The Larvas of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late WILLIAM BUCKLER. Vol. III. (The concluding por- tion of the Bombyces.) Edited by H. T. STAINTON. xvi + 80 + 36 pp., 18 plates (xxxvi-liii). 8vo. 1889. For the Forty-sixth Year, 1889. 67. A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymen- optera. By PETER CAMERON. Vol. III. vi + 274 + 34 pp., 17 plates. 8vo. 1890. For the Forty-seventh Year, 1890. 68. The Larvre of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late WILLIAM BUCKLER. Vol. IV. (The first portion of the Noctua?.) Edited by H. T. STAINTON. xii + 116 + 32 pp., 16 plates (liv-lxix). 8vo. 1891. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BAY SOCIETY. 29 Fur the Forty-eighth Year, 1891. 69. The Larva? of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late WILLIAM BUCKLER. Vol. V. (The second portion of the Noctua?.) Edited (in part) by the late H. T. STAINTON. xii + 90 + 34 pp., 17 plates (Ixx-lxxxvi). Svo. 1893. For the Forty-ninth Year, 1892. 70. A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymen- optera. By PETER CAMERON. Vol. IV. vi + 248 + 38 pp.. 19 plates. * Svo. 1893. For the Fiftieth Year, 1893. 71. The Larva? of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late WILLIAM BUCKLER. Vol. VI. (The third and con- cluding portion of the Noctuas.) Edited by GKO. T. PORRITT. xii + 142 + 38 pp., 19 plates (Ixxxvii-cv). Svo. 1895. For the Fifty-first Year, 1894. 72. The Larvas of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late WILLIAM BUCKLER. Vol. VII. (The first portion of the Geometras.) Edited by GEO. T. PORRITT. xvi + 176 + 44 pp., 22 plates (cvi-cxxvii). 8vo. 1897. For the Fifty-second Year, 1895. e/