BRITISH 'WILD -FLOWER ~ IN'lHEIR'NArUML'HAlJNTS V HO1WOOD THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES BRITISH WILD FLOWERS A BRITISH FLORA BRITISH WILD FLOWERS ;IN THEIR NATURAL HAUNTS ft ^Described by A. R. HORWOOD With Sixty-four ^Plates in Colour Representing 350 ^Different ^Plants From ^Drawings by J. N. FITCH and ^Many I/lustrations from Photographs VOLUME VI THE GRESHAM PUBLISHING COMPANY, LTD. 66 CHANDOS STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON 1919 %IQME CONTENTS VOLUME VI PAGE INTRODUCTION - ___-vii FLOWERS OF THE FIELDS AND MEADOWS 3 FLOWERS OF THE CORNFIELDS 16 FLOWERS OF THE SEA COAST 22 FLOWERS OF THE WOODS AND COPSES 42 FLOWERS OF THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES - 78 FLOWERS OF THE HILLS, DRY PLACES, ETC. ------ 88 FLOWERS OF THE LAKES, RIVERS, DITCHES, WET PLACES, ETC. - - 100 FLOWERS OF WASTE PLACES, ETC. - - - 120 FLOWERS OF THE BOGS AND MARSHES 138 FLOWERS OF THE HEATHS AND MOORS - 153 FLOWERS OF THE ROCKS AND WALLS, SANDY AND GRAVELLY PLACES - 168 APPENDIX: ADDENDA -.. _ 205 INDEX --_--__._____ 213 908805 INTRODUCTION In this volume are included the remaining" British species not described in Vols. II-V. They are also arranged in systematic order under each section based on broad ecological lines. To assist in the identification of plants in this and preceding volumes, a summary, first, of the natural orders and, secondly, of the genera is given in Vol. V. But, the work not being primarily intended to define the systematic characters of plants, reference to a work with analytical keys, such as Bentham and Hooker, may be made for that purpose. In the introduc- tion to this volume some remarks are appended upon : (a) The composition of the British flora. (6) Status of some Britannic plants. (6-) Some further notes on species and varieties. (d) Hybrids. (e) Identification of species. (/) Nomenclature. The composition of the British Flora, as at present understood, may be best gathered by a study of Mr. Druce's British Plant List, which is very compre- hensive, so that there is no danger of erring on the side of under-estimation. In this list are included 2958 flowering plants, excluding Gymnosperms and Cryptogams. Since it was published many more have since been added.1 Of native or well-established species there are some 1759. These, includ- ing some Gymnosperms and Cryptogams not embraced in that number, are made up as follows : Native species ... ... ... ... ... 1390 Sub-species ... ... ... ... ... ... 401 Species doubtfully native ... ... ... ... 89 788o Alien species now well established ... ... 144 Aliens more or less fugitive ... ... ... ... 940 1084 This includes 5 extinct species and 5 others doubtful. There are 1430 varieties and 259 hybrids, over and above 23 not included in these numbers. Of the aliens 751 are natives of Europe, 102 ,, ,, Asia, 23 ,, ,, Africa, 162 ,, ,, America, 6 ,, ,, Australasia, 30 are cultivated (in many cases natives of Asia and Africa). 1 See Adventive Flora of Tweedside and Mr. Druce's Alien Flora. viii INTRODUCTION As regards duration, there are 52 British trees, 210 shrubs (129 being Rubi or Brambles), 7 climbing shrubs, 1020 perennials (130 being Hieracia), 76 biennials, 350 annuals (25 being Characeae (Cryptogams) ). In this work all or most of the truly native plants are included, save varieties and forms ; also the better-established aliens, colonists, and denizens. The newer aliens and a few doubtful species are not described. In the London Catalogue of British Plants, Edition 10, 1908, the number of species enumerated is 1977, including some colonists, denizens, and aliens. Pro- fessor Henslow's Catalogue of British Plants, 1835, gave the number as 1381 species (native), 57 naturalized, 56 doubtful, or 1494; and the varieties as 1650 (native), 62 naturalized, and 58 doubtful. From these totals it may be gathered what advance has been made during the last half-century or more in the domain of British systematic botany. Between the totals given by Henslow and Druce there is a difference of some six hundred species, let alone varieties. Such increase may be due to several causes, of which the main are: (a) Division of aggregates into segregates. (b) More systematic exploration of the flora, county by county. (c) Annual introduction of plants from elsewhere. (d) Better knowledge of species and varieties. It is necessary to define the accepted terms used to differentiate between the status of different plants, and for this purpose no better definitions can be had than those proposed by Watson, the pioneer of British plant geography. Watson used six grades to distinguish plant-nativeness or other degrees of status, of which the first four are universally accepted. 1. NATIVE.1 — Apparently an aboriginal British species; there being little or no reason for supposing it to have been introduced by human agency. Examples: Corylus, Calluna, Bellis, Teesdalia. 2. DENIZEN. — At present maintaining its habitats, as if a native, without the aid of man, yet liable to some suspicion of having been originally introduced. Examples: Aconitum, Pceonia, Viola odorata, Impatiens noli-me-tangere. 3. COLONIST. — A weed of cultivated land or about houses, and seldom found except in places where the ground has been adapted for its production by the operations of man ; with some tendency, however, to appear also on shores, land- slips, &c. Examples: Adonis, Papaver, Agrostemma, Melilotus. 4. ALIEN (OR CASUAL). — Now more or less established, but either presumed or certainly known to have been originally introduced from other countries. Examples: Sempervivum, Mimulus, Hesperis, Camelina. 5. INCOGNITA.— Reported as British, but requiring confirmation as such. Some of these have been reported through mistakes of the species, as Ranunculus gramineus. Others may have been really seen in the character of temporary stragglers from gardens, as Gentiana acaulis. Others cannot now be found in the localities published for them, as Tussilago alpina and other species reported by or from Mr. George Don; though it is not improbable that some of these may yet be found again. A few may have existed for a time, and become extinct, as Echino- phora sptnosa. 6. HIBERNIAN (OR SARNIAN). — Native, or apparently so, in Ireland, or in the Channel Isles, though not found in Britain proper. It is obvious that, in so 1 Of endemic species (confined to the British Isles) it has hitherto been considered that only some 147 species can be regarded as such, mainly Rubi and Hieracia. INTRODUCTION ix peculiarly situated a group of islands as the British Isles, the flora must be very varied. The world trade of the British Isles brings to us many aliens, and the migration of birds, the lines of which lie across these areas, is responsible for the occurrence of many plants here that grow in far-distant regions ; and, similarly, the Gulf Stream and prevalent winds may be the deciding factors in other cases. As to the general character of the flora and the status of many species, and the occurrence of endemic species, Mr. Druce in his report of the floristic results of the International Phytogeographical Excursion, 1912, writes: "Whereas many leading British systematists have been extremely reluctant to acknowedge that the British Isles contained endemic species . . . yet, as one would expect, a more minute and critical study of plant forms . . . has led to well-marked differences being established between many of our island species and their homo- logues on the mainland of Europe". Referring to some remarks by Dr. Graebner, on the difference between British and Continental forms of Sedum acre (the British type is distinguished as Sedum Drucei], Mr. Druce adds: "This statement is borne out by one's own experience; one sees that the common species of Jersey have a different facies from those of our Midlands, while those of the north Scottish coast possess a distinct individuality from those of Devon and Kent. But it is only exceptionally that specific distinctions can be found. This range of variation, differing necessarily in degree, however, suggests that we may be unwise when working with critical forms to attempt to identify the microspecies of Geranium, Erodium, the Melanium Violas, and the critical species of Rosce, Euphrasice, Hieracia, and Taraxaci, with Continental names. In many cases I strongly suspect that the British plants are sufficiently distinct to warrant them being described and named. Indeed, as will be seen, two of our British plants, Erigeron alpinus and Melampyrum pratense, should bear, Dr. Ostenfeld suggests, other names. And, if evolution be a fact, we might be prepared to expect that these plants, living for so long under different climatal conditions and geographical position, should have evolved a facies of their own." The influence of man over the character of the present flora has been emphasized in previous volumes. His relation to the status of plants, as defined by Watson, has been ably defined by the Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock in Natural Habitats and Nativeness, where he writes: " In relation to man as a predominating factor in the botanical problem, all we have to set ourselves to disentangle is, ' what is permanent, and what is transitory?' The former is natural, the latter accidental, semi-alien, or alien. No other criterion appears to be possible. It has the advan- tage of being simple and practical. It may be difficult to say whether a given species is ' native, denizen, colonist, or casual ' under a certain environment, but it is easy enough to ascertain whether it is permanent or transitory. It is not difficult to demonstrate whether a plant is found in the majority of fitting situations, or whether it is peculiar to one locality, or at most a few, under suspicious circum- stances, under the same conditions of growth. "To help in this respect, and to escape from the difficulties and perplexities of the Watsonian system of terminology, I propose to class all species into various categories, as they stand in an intimate or more distant relation to man and his undertakings. Their position in a category or categories will at once settle their status. Samples only can be given here: Followers (i) of man, (2) of cultivation, (3) of commerce. Frequenters (i) of broken ground, (2) of waste ground, (3) of pasture, (4) of meadow, (5) of woodland, (6) of roadside hedges, (7) of field hedges, (8) of lakes, (9) of ditches, &c., are much more simply applied, even though the phrase lacks the sweet simplicity of the Watsonian word. Both should contain a x INTRODUCTION distinct idea, or set of circumstances; unfortunately, in practice, this is what Watson's words do not express." A further feature in the occurrence of plants of transitory type lies in the necessity of absence of competition which determines the floral cycle of a piece of ground. The last writer indeed says : " A very little observation, properly directed, will soon convince any unprejudiced mind, that freedom from competition is the chief influencing- cause of the appearance of annuals and biennials on freshly moved soils. It settles the question of the duration of their stay ; and everywhere, under natural and artificial conditions alike, freedom from competition is the most potent influence in the distribution of transitory species. "Man acts as a disturber of the floral cycles of nature, as a clearer and mover of the ground, as an interrupter of competition, as a finder of elbow-room for annuals, biennials, and the less powerful perennials. Directly or indirectly his influence is felt in many other ways as a modifying force. Some have hardly been fully appreciated yet. The one special manner in which every human being, by his actions or through his wants, influences plant life, is as an aider and abettor of the weaklings of our flora in their struggle for existence." Whilst most of the alien plants found in the British Isles colonize ground which differs from their natural habitat in their country of origin, some may establish themselves here in closely similar habitats. In Mr. S. T. Dunn's Alien Flora of Britain, the natural habitat of the species is given, but some of the plants included in this work may, as the Rev. E. S. Marshall points out (The Status of Some Britannic Plants), be regarded as native in this country. The latter rightly emphasizes the importance of correctly defining the width of meaning to be attached to the somewhat loose term "waste places", and considers that in this we should include village greens, rubbish heaps, unoccupied land near towns and villages, and sandy commons, sea-shores, &c. The actual geographical distribution in Europe of many species is complicated also by the existence of outliers. Of plants regarded as alien by Dunn, Mr. Marshall would exclude, among others: Aconitnm Napellus, possibly Pceonia corallina (though Mr. Druce thinks it is not native), Lepidium Smithii, Sisymbrium Sophia, Viola tricolor, Cerastium arvense, Malva rotundifolia (near the sea), Geranium pusillum, Medicago minima, Vicia lutea, Prunus insititia, Ribes Grossularia (in Yorkshire), Cotyledon Umbilicus, s£go- podtum Podagraria, Anthriscus vuigaris (on the coast), Sherardia arvensis, Artemisia Absinthium, Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Lactuca Scariola, Matricaria inodora (vars.), Sonchus arvensis (seashores), Hyoscyamus niger (in woods), Veronica arvensis, Ajuga Chamcepitys, A triplex patula (by slow streams), Chenopodium albiim (in marshes), Rzimex pulcher (on the coast), Parietaria officinalis (on rocks and cliffs), Galanthus nivalis (especially in the west), Apera interrupta. These are but a few of the plants whose nativeness has been questioned, that may be regarded as indigenous. It is important to remember that a plant may be native in one situation and casual in others. Thus it is necessary to make a careful rock-soil analysis of records of each species, and to determine where and when it is permanent, and when transitory. In considering the meaning of the terms species, varieties, &c., it is necessary to admit the influence, not only of the inherent tendency to vary, but also of such physiological factors as pollination (whether self-pollination or cross-pollination), and of factors such as soil or climate. Variation in some genera, even in the British Flora, is extremely marked, and whilst the normal number of species in a genus is four or five, there are some genera that include as many as 100 species (or sub-species or races). INTRODUCTION xi The whole problem centres around the interpretation of terms, and the value attached to each. But whatever value be attached, the underlying- causes remain. The multiplication of forms may in some cases, as in Willowherbs, Willows, &c. , be due to hybridization, in others to the normal causes of variation. When a species is not adapted to cross-pollination, but is self-pollinated, and produces a larger range of forms, they are not the result of natural selection, but rather, as De Vries explains in regard to such mutations, or species in the making, due to the production of mutants in the early history of the plant, differing in one or more characters from the type, and perpetuated by the addiction of the plant to self-pollination. By degrees the creation of small variations from the original will bring about great divergence between the parent stock and the latest mutants, until the extreme forms may rightly be considered distinct species, especially if the connecting forms have failed to survive. Much then depends, in our conception of species, upon the survival of intermediates, or the reverse. The existence of natural selection, indeed, largely hinges upon the occurrence of such a phenomenon as survival, or the reverse, or in other words of adaptations to meet special conditions. Different from continuous variations are those produced by a change in the environment. Such small continuous variations were emphasized by Darwin as being advantageous and in the struggle for existence liable to be selected, other plants which do not possess them not surviving. The extremes survive, hence the difficulty experienced in tracing the evolution of species owing to the disappearance of connecting forms. So far as the results of artificial selection go, in the cultivation of species, Jol annsen has not found that divergent forms arise; the usual result is the pro- duction of a pure line with a higher average weight of seed (the special character experimented with), and beyond this no great variation occurs. But there are other variations of kind rather than degree, and one obtains sports (as in the case of white flowers), discontinuous variations, or mutations. According to Darwin such sports or mutations are rare. His experience is in direct opposition to that of De Vries, who worked upon CEnothera, the parent plant of his mutants being, however, of doubtful nature. Whether mutations are frequent or not, species may arise suddenly. Owing to the influence of cross-pollination, indeed, it is natural that mutants should, once originated, be quickly altered, and their origin obscured, by the influence of crossing, which is, as a rule, the prevalent type of pollination. Mutations would also become crossed with typical forms, and rare mutants would be eliminated. Self-pollination would, on the contrary, help to perpetuate mutations, and the rarer, more extreme form of pollination, or cleistogamy, whereby outside influence of insect visitors is entirely excluded, would have the effect of establishing any mutations that could arise and in due course of producing plants entitled to rank as sub-species, or even new species. There is in general a tendency in plants to preserve specific identity, given uniform conditions of growth. The plant itself has a tendency to avoid variation as a rule, a fact reflected in the prepotency of pollen or the readiness with which one individual of a species is crossed with another of the same species, rather than with that of another species, or even genus. Also like individuals of the same species are more likely to be crossed than dissimilar individuals. This tendency is, however, discounted by the erratic conduct of the agents that effect cross-pollination, namely insects, though it has been shown by Lord Avebury that, as a rule, insects have a marked preference for visiting plants of the same species in their wanderings to and fro in search of pollen or honey. But, apart from colour and form of flower, xii INTRODUCTION insects are not, we must assume, to be credited with the power of discrimination between forms differing in other respects, where those features do not affect their search for the above items of food. The relative scarcity of impure crosses or hybrids shows how unerring is the instinct of insects. Hybrids, as distinct from species and varieties, are not the main links in the chain of evolution of species. They are exceptional illustrations of the influence of cross-pollination in the production of new forms. Incidentally they may be the origin of new species, but they illustrate the manner in which species or varieties may occur, since they are the results of the same process which brings about evolution of forms in one direction, by cross-pollination. Mutations, &c., produced in self-fertile plants are illustrations of a similar process of evolution brought about by other means, and due presumably to the inherent tendency to vary (where variation occurs), which is obscured somewhat in crossed plants by the influence of the different characters of the parents in a cross-pollinated plant, or, at any rate, the possibility of their difference, since distance may in such cases be responsible for variation in the two individuals crossed, whereas in self-pollination no such difference exists, and the plant is grown under similar conditions. At one time it was considered hybrids were rare, and generally sterile. A Frenchman, Naudin, disproved this, and found many hybrids capable of fertili- zation. It was reserved for the Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel, to explain and express arithmetically the principles of hybridity. He found the result of crossing two different forms was not the production of intermediates, but of plants with the characters of one of the parents. Wrinkled and smooth-seeded peas when crossed produced hybrids with round peas in the first generation, and he termed the round- pea type a dominant, whilst the other type was recessive. The hybrid, when pollinated with its own pollen, in the second or F2 generation, produced some plants with round, some with wrinkled peas, in the proportion of 3 to i; i.e. a quarter of the descendants of a generation revert back to the original with a recessive character. The actual result in the first generation may be of an inter- mediate type, and in the F2 generation some of both characters of the parents, and some intermediates, will occur. The resultant hybrid may appear to be inter- mediate, when really the result is a combination of two dominant characters giving the semblance only of an intermediate. These principles can be readily worked out where the parent plants do not present a complex of characters each of which is likely to influence the resulting hybrid. In such cases the elimination of each character separately is the only means of determining the nature of the parents in a first cross, and it becomes more difficult in a second or third cross. Amongst British wild plants some genera are more liable to hybridize than others. Exactly which are species and which are hybrids, indeed, is not certainly known. Willow hybrids are generally fertile, and have been universally accepted as such. Many so-called species of Mentha are sterile hybrids, and are largely reproduced by suckers. It is also not clear whether some genera do not include some hybrids that are usually sterile and others that are fertile. Formerly hybrid varieties were held to be fertile, hybrid species sterile, but this view needs some modification to-day. Amongst British genera hybrids occur, e.g. in Ranunculus, Papaver, Cardamine, Helianthemum, Viola, Silene, Lychnis, Hypericum, Medicago, Rubus, Geum, Rosa, Drosera, Epilobium, Galium, Erigeron, Senecio, Carduus, Hieracium, Vaccinium, Erica, Limonium, Primula, Gentiana, Pulmonaria, Verbascum, Linaria, Euphrasia, Mentha, Lamium, Polygomim, Rumex, Daphne, Betula, Ulmus, Quercus, Salix, INTRODUCTION xlii Popnhis, Orchis, Ophrys, Juncus, Potamogeton, Scirpus, Carex, Alopecurus, Poa, Festuca, Lolium, Agropyron. One of the greatest cruxes the beginner has to face in studying British plants is how to name his specimens. Identification, in a word, is a great bugbear to many a young student. As a matter of fact, a good deal of preliminary botanical work is required before identification should be attempted. Unfortunately this is hardly realized by nine out of ten whose ambition it is to acquire a knowledge of the British Flora. Consequently the accomplishment of this ideal spreads itself over a far longer period than if a solid basis of botanical knowledge had been gained beforehand. Probably very few British botanists have been able to acquire an intimate knowledge of the flora without a ten years' acquaintance with plants in the field — or otherwise. But this fact should not deter anyone. It seems to the author that the following plan of study is essential to a proper knowledge of British plants, though there is no royal road to success, and what applies in one case may not in another. In the first place, every aspiring systematic botanist should make himself master of a general knowledge of botany. For this purpose he can attend classes or receive help from a special tutor in the subject. Except in a science course, either at school or college, botany is not taught; and the grown-up person who would be a botanist, especially if resident in the country, is somewhat at a dis- advantage. For unaided study the only method is to obtain the best textbooks, and to follow out the work gradually, doing as much practical work as possible, and experimenting as often as the call arises. An elementary textbook may be chosen to begin with, such as Evans's Botany for Beginners. Botany is divided into: Morphology, the study of form and structure of organs (which includes anatomy, dealing with gross, and histology, dealing with minute structure). Physiology, dealing with the function of organs and their relation to form and structure; and especially with the activities of the plant, such as nutrition, move- ment, growth, and reproduction. Classification (taxonomy, systematic botany), or the study of the relationship of plants, their arrangement or order. Other branches are Ecology, the study of the habitat of the plant and its life- history; geographical economic botany, diseases of plants, &C.1 As a matter of fact, a special knowledge of morphology is required. Each set of main organs should be carefully studied as root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruit, and seeds, especially the last three. The terms applied to the different types of each should be learnt by means of actual examples or specimens where possible. The relation of one part to the other should be studied, also the order of development, mode of insertion, cohesion, &c. Floral structure is perhaps the most important, and with this study should be combined some knovvlege of the physiology of pollination and fertilization, and in the case of fruits and seeds of maturation, in order properly to understand the form of the flower, and the nature of the ovule and its structure, and development, as also that of the seed. For upon the character of flower, fruit, and seed the most important distinctions applied in classification, whether of orders, genera, or species, are based. Supplementary to the foregoing, but really part of their subject-matter, is the study of a glossary or the terminology used in botany for the description of parts, whether in general or as applied to special parts. No glossary should be learnt 1 For more advanced textbooks, see Bibliography. xlv INTRODUCTION or terminology acquired, however, without comparison between the terms em- ployed and the parts they define in actual specimens if it is possible to obtain them. When the mysteries of botanical terminology have been overcome, an attempt may then be made to describe plants on an approved plan. For this purpose the knowledge already acquired as to the parts of a plant will be of the greatest value. For a description must be framed upon a systematic plan, and the different parts should be described in the order of their development. The main heads should be: Habit, root, stem, leaves, inflorescence, bracts, flowers, calyx," corolla, andrcecium, gynaecium, ovules, followed by a floral formula and diagram. (See post.} The following is an example : — Habit. — Erect, perennial, herbaceous, rosette plant. Root. — Fibrous. Stem. — Aerial stem a scape, leafless. leaves.— Radical, in whorl, simple, inversely ovate to spoon-shaped, stalked, fleshy, blunt, midrib broad, no stipules. Inflorescence. — Indefinite, capitulum. Bracts. — In 1-2 series, herbaceous, green, blunt, tipped with black, in an in- volucre. Flower. — Incomplete, perfect; actinomorphic, tubular in disk florets; incomplete, imperfect, zygomorphic ; ligulate in ray florets. Calyx. — None. Corolla. — Tubular florets gamopetalous, 5-lobed, epigynous, yellow; ligulate florets, gamopetalous, 3-lobed, epigynous, ligule white. Andrcecium. — In disk florets only, syngenesious, 5, epipetalous, anther-cells simple. Gyncecium. — In ray and disk florets syncarpous, carpels 2, inferior, style 2-fid, arms linear blunt in ray florets, in disk florets short, thick, tipped with papillose cones, ovary i -celled. Fruit. — An achene, flattened, inversely ovate, i-seeded. Floral formula.— K.($ - o), C(5), A(5), G(¥). Floral diagram. — (Disk floret). Classification— Order Compositse Name— A?#z,s perennis (Common Daisy) Floral formulae are designed to show graphically or in abbreviated form the structure of the flower. For this purpose capital initial letters indicate the part of the flower, thus: K = calyx, C = corolla, A = andrcecium, G - gynaecium. Numerals indicate the number of parts, and oo means indefinite. If there are two whorls in any part the + sign is used. Union of parts is shown by ( ), and adhesion of parts by [ ]. Superior parts are shown by a line _ below the figure, and inferior by a line ~ above (see formula above). A floral diagram represents the same structure more graphically still. A flower aken, and the parts are outlined as if seen in transverse section to show their number and relation to each other. The bract is shown in its relative position INTRODUCTION xv subtending- the flower, as well as bracteoles, and also the axis upon which the flower is borne. A vertical section of the flower may also be drawn, in which the floral org-ans are sketched more or less naturally. Classification of a plant may follow the description. Such work is preliminary to a knowledge of the unit of classification, the species. Flowering plants, accord- ing to the Natural System, are called Phanerogams. This major division includes: Angiosperms — Ovules enclosed in an ovary. Gymnosperms — Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. The only native British Gymnosperms are Pine, Yew, Juniper. The Angiosperms include: Dicotyledons— 2 cotyledons, leaves net-veined, vascular bundles open. Floral organs in fives, fours, or twos. Monocotyledons — i cotyledon, parallel -veined leaves, vascular bundles closed, scattered. Floral organs in threes or multiples thereof. Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons are subdivided into several sub-classes, and the latter into about ninety natural orders or families (described in Vol. V). It is more difficult to acquire at once a knowledge of these on account of their number, but it should not be difficult even for the tyro to master empirically the characters of many of them without any actual acquaintance with the essential scientific characters of the order. Thus the order Ranunculaceae is not easily con- fused with many others (save perhaps Cistaceae or Rosaceae) owing- to its distinct petals (and sepals) and hypogynous stamens. In Rosaceae the calyx is gamo- sepalous, and the stamens perigynous or epigynous. The order Cruciferae, with 4 petals arranged in cruciform order, is fairly well marked, and has uniformly 4 long and 2 short stamens. The Umbelliferae have a characteristic umbellate inflorescence, 5 sepals, petals, and stamens, and an unmistakable fruit, a schizo- carp, of 2 mericarps. It is a good plan to master a few orders at a time, and then by a process of elimination the reference of a plant to its natural order becomes less difficult. More troublesome is the knowledge of g-enera, the next stag-e in the classifica- tion of plants. Of these the British Flora contains over 500, hence a proper knowledge of these must take time. For a description of these see the summary following that of the natural orders (Vol. V). The relationship of the various divisions and lower grades of classification of plants has already been defined in Vol. I, in the preliminary remarks prefacing- the analytical summary. In studying these different groups one must again emphasize the need for learning their meaning- with specimens always, where possible, beside them. When the species is being- studied, in a genus consisting of more than one species (as is usually the case), this becomes most difficult. One must then make use of a good flora (as to which see advice given below). In studying plants it is almost essential to dissect the specimens to be examined. This at once gives an insight into the structure and the composition of a flower, the part especially important in classification. For this purpose should be procured a knife for cutting sections through a structure. For laying- out or separating the parts of a flower, one or two teazers or needles mounted in a match or similar handle are required. A pair of fine-pointed scissors may be used for cutting- out fine structures where a knife would be too clumsy. In order, when the various xvi INTRODUCTION parts are dissected, to keep them flat when laid out on a sheet of paper, glass squares may be used as weights. To fasten the parts down when arranged as in a diagram, one may use gum, water, or other adhesive, or pins. Small structures may be studied by means of a hand-lens, and a microscope is necessary to examine pollen and small sections, the presence of very small hairs, glands, stomata, crystals, &c. For lifting very small objects a pin dipped in water or a pair of forceps may be used. Sketching materials may be employed to draw the flower before dissection, from one or more aspects, as well as after. Painting of the flower to show colour is to be encouraged. Sections, vertical and otherwise, of the flower should be drawn. For these purposes one needs a good Whatman drawing-block, or sketch-book, pencils (H., H.B., &c.), and a box of good water-colour paints. In endeavouring to progress at this stage in the identification of species, two plans may be adopted, one preliminary to the other. One may first proceed from the known to the unknown. Taking a number of field specimens, gathered fresh or herbarium material, of plants known by their English names, study them, write their description, after dissection, &c. Take a flora, in the index look up the English name, and turn to the page where the plant is described. There one will learn its Latin names, discover the natural order and other groupings. Some know- ledge is thus gained of the species, genus, natural order, sub-class, class, and one's own description may be compared with that of the flora. If desired, other works can be consulted in the same way, and as much learnt about the plant as possible. It should not after some practice thereafter be difficult to recognize other (unknown) plants of the same genus, order, &c., and to refer them to their proper groups. And indeed this naturally leads up to the next plan, and that is to collect or examine any fresh or dried specimen unknown to one, and by aid of the knowledge already gained to refer it to its genus, order, &c., and then to the species. If the first plan is carried out on systematic lines, by taking a common plant of each natural order (there are 90 odd British orders, and at least 300 or 400 well-known common plants, so there is plenty of scope for choice), then the reference to the natural order should not be difficult, assuming some knowledge already of orders, genera, &c., as advised previously. The whole plan of this work, apart from its ecological basis, is to help the beginner with this end in view. The large number of beginners who, foiled in their early attempts, give up systematic botany in despair may indeed provide ample reason for the production of this work, apart from its other, and, I trust, not less laudable objects, which have been followed out in re- sponse to a widespread demand. Having followed the two plans suggested for making progress in identification, the botanist, as he or she may now be termed, having gone through a preliminary botanical course, may take more definite steps to name species. A method largely in vogue is to run down the species by a process of elimination, by aid of the various analytical keys to orders, genera, and finally species, to be found in many floras which describe the whole, or most, of the British Flora. Bentham and Hooker's work for this purpose is invaluable, and another and more modern work is Babing- ton's Manual, where, however, the analytic key stops at genera, as do many others. For readily identifying species, Druce's edition of Hayward's Botanisfs Pocket-book is invaluable. The specific characters are brief and therefore easy to compare. The method of using a key is well explained in Bentham and Hooker's Handbook of the British Flora, and the student may be referred to it. Other larger works, to be used later, which have also analytical keys to genera, and sometimes to species, are INTRODUCTION xvil given in the Bibliography. Until the student is well advanced, Bentham and Hooker will however suffice. Finally, so far as identification goes, there remains the process of comparison with descriptions of species in any of the standard floras, such as the above, perhaps a more natural method than the arbitrary use of analytical keys, which are artificial. Though not to be recommended in the first resort, comparison with figures may be advised where descriptions, as too often happens, lack the power of expression of the meaning of differences or separate characters. Only an illustration or specimen can properly convey an idea of size, colour, relation of parts, habit, and form-structure as a -whole. For the same reason that illustrations are more helpful than descriptions, especially in the case of closely-allied species, comparison with herbarium specimens may be recommended. In each case comparison should follow, not precede or replace, an effort to identify a plant by means of descriptions or the use of a key. Not until the botanist has made some progress in the identification of plants, and has gained some confidence, will he, if wise, undertake definite survey work on any extensive scale. When, however, the time has come to study any particular area, say a county, it will be of interest to discover the distribution of the plants observed. For a single county the county flora will suffice to give the desired information, and any. plant found, which is not included in that work, or a supple- ment to it, will constitute a new county record (N.C.R.), and proud will be the botanist, in a well-worked area, if he or she can make any noteworthy additions to the list. If the flora is an old one this will not be so difficult for such critical genera as Rubus or Hieracium; for the older botanists only knew the aggregate species, and were unacquainted with the new segregates; and, as has been seen, since 1835 some 600 species have been added to the British plant list. If, moreover, the botanist elects to travel about and to botanize in a number of counties, it will be more difficult to discover if a plant is new to any particular district or not, without some knowledge of distribution generally. In Vol. I some general remarks have been given upon distribution, and a sum- mary and map of the botanical districts or vice-counties into which the country was divided by H. C. Watson. The latter was indeed the pioneer of plant geography in this country. His Topographical Botany is a summary of the flora of each county, and to this work, and his other works, everyone interested in this branch of botany must turn. The data given in Vol. II-V as to distribution are based upon this and other works quoted below. Watson's Topographical Botany, 3rd Edition, with the supplement compiled by Mr. Arthur Bennett, extends to 1903. Additions since that date are to be found in the Reports of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles, edited by Mr. G. C. Druce, or in the Journal of Botany; whilst if the flora of a county be a recent one, that work should include all recent additions up to the date of its publication. For Ireland, R. L. Praeger's Irish Topographical Botany should be consulted. Three useful papers on Irish distribution have been published by the Rev. E. S. Marshall, viz. Review of Irish Topographical Botany, On the Probable Status of some Irish Plants, Remarks on the Cybele Hibernica. Ed. 2. The distribution of Rubi in Great Britain is dealt with in a paper by the Rev. W. M. Rogers, 1902. Comital Census Numbers, by G. C. Druce, 1909, deals with the estimate of counties throughout the British Isles, where each species has been observed, as given in the Oxford Plant List. The London Catalogue of British Plants also cites the census numbers for each species. INTRODUCTION The distribution of plants in the British Isles is of interest from a broader point of view, viz. the European range of each species. According to their British range, Watson placed plants in groups, such as Germanic, Atlantic, &c., and these terms have been used to denote the general range of a species in relation to the Continent or their possible origin. There are divergent views as to the origin of the British Flora, as expounded by Dr. Clement Reid and Dr. Scharff (see Vol. I). The range of our native species should, however, be studied in relation to that of the range on the Continent. The countries in which British species are found on the Continent or elsewhere are cited by Hooker in his various works, in the Index Kewensis and Supplements, and Nyman's Sylloge ; and the various floras of each country give a more accurate idea of the range of each species. A compre- hensive work upon the geographical distribution of plants remains to be written. Perhaps the thorniest side of botany is that of nomenclature. Until a student is quite proficient, however, this side-branch of botany should be left severely alone. Even specialists in this department of botany differ widely in their choice of names and the mode of citing them. There does not exist a single textbook upon the subject at the present time, and the history and data of nomenclature are scattered through a vast number of separate works, periodicals, and papers, to which access is not always easily obtained. The amount of bibliographical work to be done in this branch of botany is enough to occupy the entire attention of a student, a fact which no doubt causes many an exponent of the subject to dogmatize where little or no practical acquaintance with the plant itself has been obtained. Hence it is not to be wondered at that the field botanist and the pure nomenclaturist are often at variance. Some principles affecting the nomenclature of plants have been given in Vol. I. At the present time specific names date from 1753, the date of Linnaeus's Species Plantarum, and the rules of nomenclature follow the Vienna Actes, or International Rules, adopted in 1905 (see Vol. I). In so far as British plants are concerned, the nomenclature used in the standard works, such as Hooker's Students' Flora, Babington's Manual, or F. N. Williams's Prodromus Flora Britannicce, may suffice for the ordinary student. The history of the standard names or their synonyms, and dates of adoption, are given in the last, and some of the older works. The current names are given in Druce's List of British Plants, the London Catalogue of British Plants, and Rendle and Britten's List of Seed Plants. Some useful papers upon nomenclature, touching the priority of names so far as a number of genera and species are concerned, have been written from time to time (e.g. Mr. G. E. Druce's papers On the Nomenclature of British Plants [1906-07]). Further information will be found in the Journal of Botany, which is, in fact, largely concerned with nomenclature, and in the Reports of the Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles and of the Watson Exchange Club. So far as classification goes, changes are less frequent. Names may change often, but the order of arrangement of plants is less frequently altered. For a good summary of this question in general, see Dr. A. B. Rendle's The Classification of Flowering Plants. Lindley's Vegetable Kingdom gives some details of the early classification. Sachs' History of Botany, Dr. J. R. Green's History of Botany, Mrs. Arber's British Herbals (Cambridge University Press), Dr. Oliver's work in the same series all give details of famous botanists and their work, with some notes on classification. The classification used on the Continent is that of Engler and Prantl, which is summarized in Dr. Carter's INTRODUCTION xix Genera of British Plants, and followed in the Cambridge British Flora (Vol. II only published) by Dr. Moss. (See also a review of this and works by other Continental botanists by the same writer as they affect the British Flora.) Warming's Systematic Botany is a general textbook of some value, with an appendix or summary of different systems by Dr. Ainsworth Davis. The system followed in this country so far is that of Bentham and Hooker in Genera Planlanim. In order to go into the question both of nomenclature and classification, upon which only hints can be given here without any discussion of either subject, the student must not confine his attention, however, only to British works, but must study foreign works, a selection of which only can be given. (Vide Bibliography.) The subject is so vast and diilicult that it can only be referred to in this work. Fuller bibliographies are given in the works cited. Though not up-to-date as far as authorities and information go, two small works that may be useful, as giving the meaning of scientific names and a certain number of synonyms for species, are Names and Synonyms of British, Plants by J. Egerton-Warburton, 1889, and Botanical Names for E)iglish Readers by R. H. Alcock, 1876. Indispensable is Index Kcvcnsis by B. D. Jackson, and Durand's Supplement. A handy pamphlet is Index Abcedarins by \V. P. Hiern. Also useful are Pritzel's /cones Plantarum, Xyman's Conspectus, and De Candolle's Prodromus, as well as Just's Botanischer /(ihrcsben'chf. In conclusion, it must ever be borne in mind that identification and correct naming, though the first essential steps towards the investigation of a plant, are nothing more. They constitute the indispensable means to a nobler end, namely, the inexhaustible study of the structure and activities of the organism, but can never be an end in themselves. BRITISH FLORA SUPPLEMENTARY TO VOLUMES II-V FLOWERS OF THE FIELDS AND MEADOWS [In this volume the remaining- British species, not described in greater detail in Vols. II-V, are arranged according- to their principal habitat. Some of the species might be included in more than one section, and, as the distribution of some is limited and the habitats are restricted, the choice of habitat in such cases is arbitrary. For convenience the large genera, such as Rubus, Rosa, Hieracium, Salix, and Carex, are very largely described under some one section in which a large number of the species would be rightly included. As far as possible all the British species are included, but in the case of the large number of "aliens" only the better-known ones are described. Recently defined segregates, as far as possible, are also dealt with.] ORDER RANUNCULACE^E Creeping Buttercup {Ranunculus repens, L.). — This common buttercup is found in Arctic Europe, parts of Asia, Africa, and has been introduced into America. It is found in every part of the British Isles, up to nearly 3000 ft. in Scotland. The usual habitat is wet meadows, and almost ever)' roadside ditch contains it, whilst moist open parts of woods also form a suitable spot for it. The habit is procumbent or trailing-. The stem is provided with creeping1 stoles or underground runners, from an erect main stalk, with fibrous roots. It is usually found in patches for this reason. The essential characters are the furrowed flower stalk, and the erect sepals. The receptacle is hairy. The lower part of the stem is often purple. It is about a foot high, and is a perennial, flowering1 in May till August. The pollination is like that of the Upright Meadow Buttercup (q.v. ). The seeds are dispersed like those of the latter. The soil is a loamy clay. The plant is poisonous, being bitter, causing blisters. Bulbous Crowfoot (Ranunculus bulbosus, L.). — The range of this buttercup is the same as that of the Creeping Buttercup. It occurs in all but six of the counties of the British Isles. In some meadows this form is the dominant butter- cup early in the year, studding1 the earth profusely with its golden cups. It is found indifferently in both meadows and pastures. The habit is of the rosette type. The stem is bulb-like at the base, the leaves are chiefly radical leaves, the stems erect. The flower-stalks are furrowed and smooth, the sepals turned back. It flowers in May, and is perennial. The plant is a foot high. The polli- nation and dispersal are as in the last, the anthers ripening first, the honey -glands being at the base of the petals. The plant is a sand-lover. ORDER CRUCIFER^ Jersey Mustard (Brassica adpressa, Boiss.). — This plant is found in the Channel Islands, in Jersey, Alderney, when native, but is a casual elsewhere, and is confined to Europe. It grows in sandy fields. The habit is branched or pyra- midal from below upwards. The stem bears few divided leaves, with the leaflets, larger at the extremity below, lance-shaped above. The chief distinction between this and others lies in the short beak of the pod with one seed, the pod being pressed close to the stem. It flowers in July and August, and is biennial. The seed-coat swells when wetted, helping to fix the seed in the ground when germinating. Pepperwort (Lepidium campestre, Br.). — This Crucifer is found in most parts of the British Isles, and is distributed generally in Europe, parts of Asia, Africa, being in America only an intro- duction. The habitat is dry soil of a gravelly character, fields, waste places, and roadsides. The habit is erect. The stem is single, branched above only, with leaves of an arrow shape. The style between the paired valves is not longer than the notch, the pouch scaly, with a broad wing. The plant is as much as i\ ft. high. Flowers may be found in June up to August. It requires a sandy or gravelly soil. The flowers are not attractive to insects, being diminutive. The pods open when ripe, letting the seeds fall close to the plant, which grows in clumps. Like other members of this group condiments are prepared from it. ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE^E Proliferous Pink (Dianthus prolifcr, L.).— This pretty plant is quite rare, being found, south of Perth, in only eight counties, and in the Channel BRITISH FLORA Islands. It occurs also elsewhere as a casual. The habitat is pasture-land of a sandy or gravelly nature. It has an erect habit, the stem being simple. The flowers are borne in a cluster, and the scales of the calyx are membrane-like and almost transparent. The flowers are small, rose-coloured, and open singly. The plant may be as much as 18 in. in height, but is usually less. From June onwards it may be found in flower up till October, but is at its best in July. It is an annual. The anthers ripen first, and the flowers are pollinated by butterflies. The seeds are dispersed by the wind, the capsule having the censer type of struc- ture, opening above. It is not sufficiently large to find a place in the garden. Maiden Pink (Dianthus deltoides, L.). — Much commoner than the last, this pink is found in half of the counties, being a purely European species, whereas the last is found in Asia and has been introduced into the United States. The habitat is similar, but it is often found on banks, usually on dry soil, and commonly on hilly pastures. The flowers are single, and the scales of the calyx equal the tube. The stem and leaves are downy and rough. The flower is rosy-white, and has no smell. The dark circle round the mouth of the corolla may serve as a honey-guide. The flowers bloom from June to September. The pollination and dispersal are as in the last. No use is made of this plant. It is about a foot high. The soil is a sandy loam. ORDER MALVACE/E Mountain Crane's Bill (Geranium pyrenaicum, Burm. fil.). — This plant may be found by the road- side, often near gardens, on railway banks, by river sides, in hedgerows, and in pastures and meadows, but it is not a common plant. The rootstock is spindle-shaped. The plant has no underground stems, and a straggling habit. The leaves are kidney-shaped, with 5-6 blunt divisions, divided into three nearly to the base, with hairy teeth. The deeply-notched purple petals are twice as long as the sepals, and the flower is ^ in. across. It is 1-3 ft. high. The flowers open in June and may be found onward till August. It is perennial (as another Latin name denotes). ORDER LEGUMINOSJE Meadow or Zigzag Clover (Trifolium medium, L.). — This plant is found in dry pastures, on rocky soils, meadows, and on banks of railways, streams, &c. As the name implies, the hairy stem is zigzag, the leaflets are oblong, blunt, with lance-shaped stipules or leaflike organs, and the leaf margins are fringed with hairs. The flower- heads are brighter red than in the Red Clover, larger, terminal, stalked. The calyx is quite smooth, with bristle-like teeth. The pods open lengthwise. It is from i ft. to 18 in. in height, and flowers from June to September, and is perennial. Strawberry-headed Clover (Trifolium fragi- ferum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is varied. It occurs by the roadside close to the macadam, on commons, and along sandy seashores, as well as in dry pastures and meadows, and in ditches and wet places. The habit is prostrate, with smooth creeping stems, with inversely egg-shaped leaflets, with small coarse teeth, triangular, oblong stipules or leaflike organs, with a long point. The flowers are numerous, rose-coloured, in dense heads, stalked, in the axils, and rounded. The involucre or whorl of leaflike organs is multifid, and equals the calyx, in which, after flowering, two lobes become enlarged and enclose the pod. The plant is 6 in. to i ft. or less in height, and flowers late, in July and August, being perennial. Lesser Yellow Trefoil (Trifolium dubium, Sibth. = T. minus, Sm., Relhan).— The habitat of this plant is pastures, roadsides, and dry places. The habit is prostrate or ascending. The stem is wiry, straggling, slender. The leaflets are blunt, narrow, inversely egg-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle one stalked. The stipules are egg- shaped, not as long as the leaf-stalks, the upper part with a long, narrow point. The flowers are small, pale yellow, turning brown, bent back at length, in a dense head of 4-20 on long, slender, axillary, straight stalks, the ultimate stalks short. The standard is narrow, folded, blunt, furrowed, covering the pod. The style is shorter than the pod. The calyx is bell-shaped, with triangular teeth, short, the lower longer, lance-shaped. The pod is inversely egg-shaped. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous annual. Milk Vetch (Astragalus glycyphyllos, L.).— The habitat of this plant is fields, on banks, hedges, and woods, and originally it was doubtless a woodland plant. The habit is prostrate, or zig- zag, and the stems are smooth, stout, with oblong, blunt leaflets, smooth above, hairy beneath, with egg-shaped to lance-shaped stipules or leaflike organs. The flowers are dingy yellow, in com- pact egg-shaped racemes, on peduncles or flower- stalks shorter than the leaves. The smooth, up- right linear pods (\\ in. long) are bent inwards. The calyx is bell-shaped, half as long as the corolla. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height. It flowers between June and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Great Hedge Lotus (Lotus uliginosus, Schkuhr). — The habitat of this plant is meadows and pas- tures, which are usually moist, and damp woods or marshy tracts. The plant is erect in habit or ascending, bearing underground shoots, or may be prostrate. The stems are smooth or hairy as a rule, with inversely egg-shaped leaflets. In bud the teeth of the calyx are spreading, in the common one erect. The flowers are large, golden yellow, and the heads 8-i2-flowered, the two upper teeth of the calyx spreading, in the common one (Lotus corniculatus) meeting. The standard has a linear claw or stalk. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. or more in height. It flowers in July and August, like other moisture-loving plants, rather late. The plant is perennial, herbaceous. FIELDS AND MEADOWS ORDER UMBELLIFER/E Caraway (Carum •verticillatum, Koch). — The habitat of this plant is meadows and fields or upland marshy places. The root is made up of several rootlets in a bundle. The habit is erect, the stems finely furrowed, branched, the leaves linear, narrow, with lobes each side of a common stalk, with stalkless leaflets, with hairlike seg- ments in whorls. The florets are white or pink, the general and partial involucres made up of many leaves. The fruit is egg-shaped, with prominent ridges. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is perennial and herbaceous. Great Earth Nut (Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch). — The habitat of this plant is chalky fields. The Great Earth Nut has an erect habit, with a much-branched stem arising from a large, black, solitary tuber, with triangular 3-pinnate leaves, the primary segments stalked, linear. The flowers are white, the outer florets larger, there being many bracts in the general and partial involucres. The fruit is oblong, with a short fleshy disk above the ovary, and the styles are bent back. It is 2 ft. in height, the flowers opening in June, July, and it is a herbaceous perennial. Earth Nut (Conopodium majus, Loret). — The habitat of this plant is fields and meadows, sandy and gravelly pastures, and woods. The Earth Nut has an erect habit, with a simple, slender, rounded, wavy stem, arising from a tuber about the size of a hazel nut. The radical leaves are on long stalks with triternate leaves. The few stem-leaves are deeply divided nearly to the base, with linear seg- ments. There are no bracts or bracteoles. The florets are white, and form a wide flowerhead; the fruit is oval, with a long fleshy disk on the ovary, and short erect styles. The fruit is narrowly egg- shaped, the ridges not marked, with several vittas or oil stripes. The plant is 2-3 ft., or usually 18 in. in height. It flowers in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Tuberous Meadow Dropwort (CEnanthe pim- pinelloides, L.). — The habitat of this plant is meadows, banks, and marshy places. The habit is erect, the stem nearly solid, furrowed, arising from tuberous root fibres (beyond the middle), with radical leaves bipinnate, the lower leaves with broad small segments, the upper linear and entire. There are 6-12 rays in the compound umbel, which is flat, with white florets, the partial umbels close, involucre with many linear leaves; the fruit, rounded above, is sub-cylindrical with an enlarged corky base. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, and is in flower from June to August, being a herbaceous perennial. Pepper Saxifrage (Silaiis flavescens, Bernh.). — The habitat of this plant is meadows, pastures, commons, and damp places. The habit is erect, the stems being angular, solid, grooved, leafless above, with principally radical leaves, once or thrice pinnate, with opposite, linear leaflets, en- tire, or divided into three lobes. The flowers are pale-green, small, the involucre of 1-2 segments, the partial involucre of many, the fruit oblong, nearly round, the carpels bluntly winged, and ridged. The height of Pepper Saxifrage is 1-3 ft. It flowers in July, up till September, and is a her- baceous perennial. Master Wort (Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch). — The habitat of this plant is moist meadows. The habit is erect, with round, hollow, stout, furrowed stems. The leaves are triangular, biternate, with 3 broad segments, divided into 3 lobes, 3 in. long. The leaflets are coarsely toothed, egg-shaped. The flowers are white, in large umbels with many rays. The fruit is oblong, with broad wings. There is no general involucre or whorl of leaflike organs, and no calyx teeth. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in July and August, being a her- baceous perennial. Bur Parsley (Caucalis daucoides, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is chalky fields, near limekilns, and it is introduced in ballast and cornfield weeds. The habit is erect, the stem being grooved, with angles, solid, and roughly hairy at the nodes. The leaves are twice pinnate, with lobes each side of a common stalk, the leaflets deeply divided, linear, with small segments. The flowers are pinkish-white, in terminal umbels, with 2-5 rays, and linear bracteoles or minute leaflike organs. The oblong fruit is 3-seeded, with long, smooth, hooked prickles in one row, borne on the secon- dary ridges. The plant is 6 in. to i^ ft. in height, flowering in July, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER RUBIACE^E Erect Bedstraw (Galium erectum, Huds.).— The habitat of this plant is pastures, downs, banks, waste places, railway banks. The habit is erect, or ascending, the stem being smooth or hairy, sparingly branched, with linear lance -shaped leaves, 6-8 in a whorl. The flowers are white, borne in a pyramidal panicle, with slender erect or ascending branches. The fruit is smooth. The plant is 1-4 ft. in height, and flowers from June to September, being a herbaceous perennial. ORDER VALERIANACE/E Cat's Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis, L. — mi- kanti, Syme). — This is a native plant found in wet meadows, marshes, and wet places. The habit is erect, and the plant is provided with suckers, not stoles, with solitary, furrowed, smooth stems, hairy below, foetid, with alternate leaves, with lobes each side of a common stalk, the leaf- lets in 6-10 pairs (in V. sambucifolia in 4-6 pairs), lance-shaped, toothed on one side. The radical leaves are borne on long stalks. The flowers are white, or flesh-coloured. The small fruit is egg- shaped. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER DIPSACE^E Purple Scabious (Scabiosa Columbaria, L.). — Dry pastures and banks are the habitat of Purple BRITISH FLORA Scabious. The habit is erect. The rootstock is woody and tufted. The stem is simple or branched above, hairy above, with hairs pointing down- wards. The radical leaves are on long stalks, narrow, blunt, scalloped, entire or lobed, with the uppermost lobe larger; the upper stem-leaves are divided nearly to the base, with linear segments. They are usually downy. The florets are 5-lobed, lilac, or lilac-blue, collected into a conspicuous head, the involucel notched, with 8 furrows, the outer corollas larger, irregular. The 4-5 bristles of the calyx do not fall. The fruit has a short beak, and is inversely egg-shaped or rounded. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering between July and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER COMPOSITE Sneezewort (Achillea Ptarmica, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is meadows, pastures, waste places, hedgerows, moist places, and thickets. The habit is erect, the stem rigid, ribbed, with few branches. The plant is smooth or downy. The leaves are shining, linear lance-shaped, with few small coarse teeth, stalkless, and distant. The flowerheads are few, in corymbs, with white florets, those of the disk greenish -white, tubular, bisexual, those of the ray white, 8-12. The fruit is smooth, shining, without pappus. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height. It flowers later than Milfoil, and has larger flower- heads. Sneezewort is a herbaceous perennial. St. James's Ragwort (Senecio Jacobcea, L.). — The habitat of this plant is pastures, roadsides, waste ground, sand dunes, &c. The habit is erect. The stem is tall, smooth, finely furrowed, rarely cottony, with numerous leaves. The radical leaves are lyrate, divided nearly to the base, with lobes larger towards the extremity, but the terminal one in this case smallest, toothed, the upper clasping, sessile or stalkless, the lower oblong, stalked. The flowerheads are in large corymbs, erect, with spreading rays, yellow, the fruit of the disk having pappus, that of the ray being smooth. The plant is 1-4 ft. in height, and flowers between June and September, being a herbaceous perennial. Carline Thistle (Carlina -vulgaris, L.).— The habitat of this plant is dry fields and pastures, and sandy heaths. The habit is erect. The stem is cottony, stout, branched, with corymbose heads, purplish or yellow. The radical leaves are lance- shaped, spreading, armed with spines, green above, cottony below. The stem-leaves are half-clasping, shorter, numerous. The flowers are purple, the heads many, the corollas all tubular. The outer involucral bracts are divided nearly to the base, and fringed with hairs; the inner are white and linear. The whole plant is spinous, the spines serving as an adaptation to dry-soil conditions and as a protection from cattle and creeping in- sects. The fruit is brown, silky, with hairs divided into two nearly to the base. The pappus is in i row, feathery, united into groups of 3 or 4 at the base. The plant is 6 in. to i£ ft., and flowers in July till October, being a biennial and her- baceous. Marsh Thistle (Cnicus palustris, Scop.).— The habitat of this plant is wet meadows, ditches, and moist woods. The habit is erect. The stem is solitary, soft, stout, slightly branched, with many wavy spines, winged. The leaves are spinous, lance-shaped, running down the stem, deeply di- vided to the base, the lobes 2-3-fid, the segments narrow-pointed, hairy both sides, cottony below. The heads are in terminal, small, leafy clusters, the florets dark-purple or white. The involucre is cottony, ovoid, crowded. The phyllaries are ovate to lance-shaped, closely pressed, the outer blunt- pointed, the inner narrow-pointed, purplish-green. The fruit is pale, narrow, smooth, with a dirty- white pappus. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering between July and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Brown Knapweed (Centaurea Jacea, L.). — This plant is an alien, or native perhaps, in meadows in Sussex. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped, the lower leaves broader, toothed. The flower- heads are purple, radiant. The involucre is not spinous. The appendages of the phyllaries are entire or rarely cut, erect, rounded. The outer phyllaries have appendages deeply divided nearly to the base, the inner are few, entire, the rest irregularly cut. There is no pappus. The plant is i- 1 | ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Hardheads (Centaurea Scabiosa, L.). — The habitat of this plant is dry pastures and waste places. The habit is erect, with grooved stems, with soft hair, with few branches. The leaves are deeply divided nearly to the base, with in- versely egg-shaped segments, which are entire or lobed. The flowerheads are large and purple, the flower-stalks smooth, with an outer row of sterile florets. The brown involucral bracts have fringed downy tips and margins. The grey, downy fruit has pappus of the same length. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height, flowering between July and Sep- tember, and is a herbaceous perennial. Saw-wort (Serratula tinctoria, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is fields and dry pastures and woods. The habit is erect. The stem is smooth, slender, rigid, grooved, with numerous leaves, and the heads are in corymbs. The leaves are lobed, with the distant lobes larger towards the extremity, divided nearly to the base, coarsely toothed. The oblong flowerheads are terminal corymbs, with purple flowers. There are scales between the florets. The fruit is grey, smooth, with many rows of dirty-white pappus. It is 2-3 ft. high. It flowers late, in August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Woolly-headed Thistle (Cnicus eriophoms, Roth). — The habitat of this plant is pastures, roadsides, waste dry places, often near the coast. The habit is erect. The tall stems are not winged, furrowed, hairy, much branched, above. The leaves are rough above, downy beneath, deeply divided nearly to the base, half-clasping the base, not running down the stem. The flowerheads are large, woolly, the woolly involucre rounded, the florets purple, the phyllaries lance-shaped, having FIELDS AND MEADOWS spines turned back. The fruit is smooth, with feathery pappus. The plant is 3-5 ft. in height, and flowers in July and August, being a her- baceous perennial. Ground Thistle (Cnicus acaulis, Willd.).— The habitat of this plant is dry pastures, usually cal- careous. The plant has the rosette habit, with radical leaves and a usually stemless flowerhead, which, however, sometimes elongates in moist spots. The leaves are usually stalkless, lance- shaped, smooth, and deeply divided nearly to the base, white beneath, with sharp spines, forming a protection against cattle, the upper surface hairy or smooth. The flowerhead is solitary, smooth, egg-shaped, the flowers purple or crimson. The fruit is smooth, brown, the pappus dirty-white. It is 8-18 in. in height (when producing stalked heads). It flowers from July to September. The Ground Thistle is a herbaceous perennial. Creeping Field Thistle (Cnicus a rvensis, Hoffm.). — The habitat of this plant is fields and waste places, roads, &c. The habit is erect, from a creeping root, and the stem is not winged, grooved and angular, cottony or smooth. The leaves are lance-shaped, oblong, nearly stalkless, with lobes deeply divided nearly to the base. The heads are corymbose, smooth, egg-shaped with a short flower-stalk, the phyllaries lance-shaped, closed, associated, the flowers purple or white. The fruit is smooth, shining, the pappus dirty-white. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, and is in flower between July and September. It is a herbaceous perennial, increased by the creeping rootstock. Tuberous Thistle (Cnicus titberosus, Roth).— The habitat of this plant is meadows, calcareous downs, cliffs, and woods. The rootstock consists of fibrous, spindle-shaped, fleshy tubers. Similar in habit to Meadow Thistle it has no stolons, the stem being erect, round, hairy, leafless above. The leaves are deeply divided nearly to the base, the lobes distant, the stem-leaves stalkless, fringed with hairs, lance-shaped, with coarse small teeth. The flowers are rose-purple, the involucre flat- tened below, egg-shaped, the bracts closely associ- ated, and smooth. The pappus is feathery. This plant is \-\yz ft. in height. It flowers in July up till September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Spotted Cat's Ear (Hypochceris maculata, L.). — The habitat of this plant is meadows, waste places, chalk and limestone hills, calcareous pas- tures, sea cliffs, &c. The plant has the rosette habit like the last. The flowering stem is simple or forked, smooth, with few leaves, which are frequently radical only, and spoon-shaped, oblong, toothed, spotted, rough, stalkless, with soft hairs. The flowers are deep yellow, in large heads, the involucre bristly on the back with curled hairs, with numerous slender bracts. The fruit is beaked, the pappus in one row, white, outer absent. The plant is 6 in. to i ft. high, and flowers between July and September, being a herbaceous perennial. Hairy-leaved Hawkbit (Leontodon nudicaule, Banks & Solander).— The habitat of this plant is dry, sandy places, gravelly pastures, fields, fen. The plant has the rosette habit. The aerial stem is a single-flowered scape of which there may be several. The leaves are radical and lance-shaped, roughly hairy, wavy, with the lobes bent back occasionally. The flowerheads are yellow, the heads having the involucre smooth, keeled, the edges fringed with hairs, and also down the middle. The fruit has pappus of outside fruits with scales, the inner feathery. The plant is 3-6 in. in height, and flowers in July and August, being a herbaceous perennial. Rough Hawkbit (Leontodon hispidutn, L.). — The habitat of this plant is meadows on dry soil, sandy pastures near the sea, mossy ground, way- sides, hills, inland. The habit is of the rosette type. The aerial stems are scapes. The leaves are radical, lance-shaped, oblong, roughly hairy, the hairs forked at the tip or stellate, with lobes turned back, the erect scapes single, hairy. The flowerheads are yellow, solitary, glandular at the tip, large, the involucres hairy. The fruit is slender, with brownish-white feathery pappus with an outer row of bristles. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering between June and September, being a herbaceous biennial or perennial. Autumnal Hawkbit (Leontodon autumnale, L.). — This is a native plant, being found in pastures and meadows, and waste places. The plant has the rosette habit. The scapes or aerial stems are forked above. The radical leaves are lance- shaped, toothed, smooth, tapering at the base. The flowerheads are yellow, large, few, with smooth involucre, or if hairy sparsely so. The fruit is slender, ribbed, with feathery pappus in one row. The plant is 3-24 in. in height. It is in flower from July to October, and is a herbaceous perennial. Goatsbeard (Tragopogon pratense, L.). — The habitat of this plant is meadows, pastures, waste places, waysides, railway banks, &c. The habit is erect, more or less grass-like. The stem is bluish-green, smooth, tall, with a milky juice, the leaves wavy, clasping, with swollen sheaths, linear, tapering to a long point, furrowed. The flower- heads are yellow, on thickened flower-stalks, the involucre equalling the florets, the florets enclosed by 8-10 bracts. The fruit is rough, with a long beak and pappus in many rows. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous biennial with a long yellow tap-root forked below. Rough Sow Thistle (Sonchus asper, Hill).— The habitat of this plant is fields and waste places, and cultivated ground. The habit is erect. It is a brittle, succulent plant, with hollow stems. The leaves are entire or divided to the base, wavy, crisped, with rounded auricles, bent down, and bent back. The flowerheads are yellow, the fruit ribbed lengthways, not wrinkled crossways. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in June to August, and is a succulent herbaceous annual. ORDER PRIMULACE^ Oxlip (Primula elafior, Schreb.). — The habitat of this plant is meadows, clayey woods and copses. BRITISH FLORA The plant has the rosette habit. The aerial stems are scapes. The leaves are radical, wrinkled, the leaf-stalks winged, the leaves eg-gr-shaped, nar- rowed below. The flowers are pale-yellow, in umbels on flower-stalks, the calyx tubular, softly hairy, with lance-shaped teeth, and the flowers are horizontal or drooping". The limb of the corolla is concave, broad, and flat, the tube is not crowned or narrow at the mouth, the throat open not folded. The capsule is oblong, linear, and longer than the calyx. The plant is 4-12 in. high, and flowers in April and May, being a herbaceous perennial. ORDER GENTIANACE^E Gentian (Gentiana germanica, Willd.). — The habitat of this plant is calcareous places. The habit is erect. The stem is ascending, much- branched, larger than the Autumnal Gentian (q.v.), with opposite leaves. The flowers are bluish-lilac, the tube of the corolla inversely conical, longer than the calyx, with unequal segments. The capsule is many-seeded. The plant is 2-12 in. in height, and flowers in August and September, being a herbaceous biennial. ORDER BORAGINACE^E Field Scorpion Grass (Myosotis arvensis, Hill). —The habitat of this plant is fields, hedge banks, woods, shady places, waste places, cultivated ground. The habit is erect. The stems are nu- merous, the lower leaves stalked, oblong, blunt, the upper acute. The flowers are blue, bell- shaped, the corolla usually hollow, the calyx is in 5 segments divided to the middle, with spreading hooked hairs. The limb of the corolla equals the tube. The style is very short. The spreading flower-stalks are longer than the calyx. The small nutlets are flattened at the sides, brown, bordered, keeled in front. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, flowering in June up to August, and is annual or biennial and herbaceous. Dwarf Forget-me-not (Myosotis collina, Hoffm.). — The habitat of this plant is fields, dry sandy places, banks, waste ground, walls. It has an erect habit, with stems branched from the base, slender or tufted with prostrate branches. The leaves are oblong, linear, blunt, or with a point. The flowers are bright-blue, with a short tube, the calyx of the fruit open, and swollen below. The style is half as long as the calyx. The hairs on the latter are hooked and spreading. The calyx is not so long as the flower-stalk. The plant is 3-12 in., usually 4-5, in height. It flowers between May and July. The plant is an annual. ORDER PLANTAGINACE.E Lamb's Tongue (Plantago media, L.).— The habitat of this plant is fields, roadsides, waste places, usually on dry soil. It is an erect plant, with the rosette habit. The aerial stems are scapes, the leaves radical, stalkless or nearly so, oblong, toothed, downy. The scape is round and downy. The flowers are green, the anthers are yellow, the filaments long, pink or purple. The spike is oblong, dense. The sepals are not keeled. The capsule is 2-seeded. The plant is 6-12 in. in height, and flowers between June and October, being a herbaceous perennial. Ribwort (Plantago lanceolata, L.) — The habitat of this plant is pastures, grassy places, and waste places, cornfields. The habit is erect, or of rosette type with erect leaves. The aerial stems are scapes, the leaves radical. The leaves are lance- shaped, narrowed at both ends, with 5 ribs. The flowers are green, the long scapes furrowed, the spike short. The capsule is 2-celled, with seeds hollow in front. The plant is 2-12 in. in height, flowering in May up till October. It is a her- baceous perennial. ORDER SCROPHULARIACE.S Thyme-leaved Speedwell ( Veronica serpyllifolia, L.). — The habitat of this plant is fields, moist waste places, and waysides. The habit is ascend- ing, the stem branched, downy, with glands, the leaves smooth, broadly egg-shaped, stalkless, scalloped, the lower rounded. The flowers are small, pale-blue or white, many, in a long spike, the flower-stalks short and erect, the styles as long as the capsules. The latter are inversely egg-shaped, not so long as broad, smooth, the seeds small and plano-convex. The plant is 3-10 in. in height, and flowers from May to August or later, being a herbaceous perennial. Common Speedwell (Veronica officinalis, L.). — The habitat of this plant is heathy places, heaths, moors, and hedgebanks and coppices in S.E. England. The habit is prostrate, with as- cending branches, the plant being hairy, the leaves shortly stalked, coarsely toothed, elliptic. The flowers are pale -blue, in erect racemes, axillary spikes with many flowers, stalkless or nearly so, the flowrer-stalks erect. The style is very long. The capsule is inversely heart-shaped and notched, blunt at the tip, and longer than the oblong, linear sepals. The plant is 2-18 in. in height, flowering between May and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Germander Speedwell (Veronica Chamadrys, L.). — The habitat of this plant is pastures, hedge- banks, copses, &c. The habit is ascending, with slender branches, the whole plant being hairy and downy on opposite sides of the stem (not all round as in V. monfana), the leaves nearly stalkless, egg-shaped to heart-shaped, deeply and coarsely toothed. The flowers are numerous, large, blue, in opposite racemes, with linear bracts less than the flower-stalks, with linear sepals. The capsule is inversely heart-shaped, deeply notched. The plant is 8-24 in. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Yellow Marsh Eyebright (Bartsia viscosa, L.). — The habitat of this plant is meadows and grassy ground. The habit is erect, the plant being a hemi- parasite on the roots of grasses, the stem round, simple, the whole plant clammy, the FIELDS AND MEADOWS leaves stalkless, opposite, rough, with prominent nerves below, egg-shaped or oblong lance-shaped, coarsely toothed. The flowers are yellow, glan- dular, in axils, distant, crowded above, the oblong capsule downy, not so long as the calyx, with numerous seeds, granulate. The plant is 4—18 in. high, flowering from June to October, and is a herbaceous annual. Great Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus major, Ehrh.). — The habitat of this plant is fields and cultivated ground. The habit is erect, the stem tall, with many branches, the leaves coarsely toothed, linear, lance-shaped. The flowers are yellow with violet spots, large, in a dense spike and numerous. The bracts are yellow with green points. The lobes of the upper lip of the corolla are oblong. The seeds have a broad wing. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, and flowers from June to August, being an annual, herbaceous plant, semi-parasitic on the roots of grasses. Perrier's Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus Perrieri, Chabert). — The habitat of this plant is pastures, cornfields. The plant is gregarious, with simple stem or with few branches, the stem-leaves shorter, simple, smooth above, rough below. The flowers are few, yellow. The calyx in fruit blackish-violet. The corolla-tube lengthens during flowering, and in the absence of insects self-pollination takes place. The seeds are adapted to dispersal by the wind. The plant is 9-18 in. in height, flower- ing in June and July, and is an annual hemi- parasite. Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus stenophyttus, Schur.). —The habitat of this plant is pastures. The habit is as in the Common Yellow Rattle, but the simple stem has many internodes, the leaves coarsely serrate, lance-shaped, narrow, the stem-leaves, with two or three leaves in the axils and inter- calary branches. Otherwise it resembles the Common Yellow Rattle, having yellow flowers, being 9-18 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is an annual hemi-parasite. Mountain Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus moniicola, Druce). — This is a native, and found on mountain pastures, grassy ground, by stony footpaths in the north. The plant resembles the last, but has a shorter stem, with very short and numerous lower internodes, the intercalary internodes elongate, with many branches. The stem-leaves are very narrow, linear, and often bent back. The flowers are treacly-brown. The plant is 2-6 in. in height, and flowers in July and August, being an annual hemi-parasite. ORDER OROBANCHACE^ Yarrow Broomrape (Orobanche arenaria, Borkh.). — This plant is parasitical upon Achillea Millefolium, which grows in fields and by the wayside. The stem is simple and leafless. The corolla is tubular, curved in front, the tube flat- tened at the back in the central part, the throat expanded, glandular on the outside, the lobes of the lip blunt, with edges bent back. The tubular calyx is glandular, downy, has 5 sepals, with awl-like teeth. The stigma is nearly 2-lobed, the style glandular. The smooth filaments have hairs below. The side bracts are awl-like, the inter- mediate ones lance-shaped, narrow above. The plant is 12-18 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is perennial, parasitic, never green, but brown. Knapweed Broomrape (Orobanche elatior, Sutton). — The habitat of this saprophytic parasite is that of the host -plants Centaurea Scabtosa, Knautia aruensis, Carduus lanceolatus, meadows and pastures, roadsides, and waste places. The stem is erect, yellow, the bracts not so long as the corolla, which is glandular outside, curved, tubular, flattened at the side above, the upper lip 2-lobed, toothed, the lobes bent inwards. It is at first rose-yellow, then pale or dull. The sepals are divided into two nearly to the base, glandular, hairy all over, as long as the tube. The stigma is 2-lobed, yellow, and the anthers white when dry. The anther -stalks are slender below, smooth above. The plant is 9-24 in. in height, flowering from June to August, and is perennial. Clove-scented 'Broomxa.pe(Orobanchecaryophyll- acea, Sm.). — The habitat of this plant is that of the host-plants Galium Mollugo, G. verum, and Rubus fruticosus. The habit is erect, the stem brown, the flower more or less bell-shaped, or tubular, curved on the back, the sepals divided into two nearly to the base, shorter than the tube, the 3 lobes of the lower lip nearly equal, wavy and toothed, the upper 2-lobed. The stamens are inserted above the base of the tube, which is hairy below, glandular above. The stigma is purple, with 2 lobes nearly separate. The plant is 6-12 in. in height, and flowers between May and July, being perennial. Common Broomrape (Orobanche minor, Sm.). — The habitat of this plant is that of the host-plants Clover and Crepis virens. The stem is erect, yel- lowish-brown or purple, slender, the corolla yel- lowish-white, with violet or black veins, the tube narrow in the middle, the sepals many-veined, the tube erect or curved downwards, the limb white or yellow, the lobes of the upper lip spreading, the lower toothed, nearly equal, wavy. The stigma is purple, bilobed, the lobes hardly connected, the anthers yellow when dry. The stamens are in- serted below the middle of the tube, smooth, with scattered hairs, below the style also smooth, with only a few hairs anteriorly. The plant is 6-24 in. high, flowering from June till August, and is annual. Purple Broomrape (Orobanche purpurea, Jacq.). — The habitat of this plant is grassy pastures, where the host-plants, Achillea Millefolium, &c. grow. The habit is erect, the stem blue-purple, tough, not swollen below, downy, like the scales, bracts, calyx, and corolla. There are 3 bracts. The calyx is bell-shaped, with 4 teeth or lobes, which are shorter than the tube, lance-shaped or triangular. The tube is curved, the lobes of the lips acute, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lobes pale- blue with darker veins. The stigma is white, hardly divided, the anther-stalks smooth. The middle of the tube is narrow. The capsule has 10 BRITISH FLORA the valves free above. The plant is 4-12 in. in heig-ht, and flowers in June and July, being- perennial. Picris Orobanche (Orobanche Picridis, F. Schulze).— This is a native plant, with a predi- lection for Picris hieracioides and Crepis as host- plants, being found in disused quarries and else- where. The habit is erect, the stem slender, hairy, glandular, the plant very pale. The corolla is erect or at right angles afterwards, the bracts white with purple veins, i -nerved. The sepals are entire, slightly curved at each end, the corolla nearly straight, and the upper lips of the corolla are not notched but have the tip bent in. The stigma is purple, the lobes touching, the stamens hairy below within, and inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. The anthers are pale-purple, brown, or yellow. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, flowers from June to August, and is perennial. Ivy Broomrape (Orobanche hederce, Duby). — This plant is parasitic on the Ivy, and found in the habitat of the latter in woods and fields, in hedgerows, &.c. The habit is erect, the stem pur- plish. The corolla is violet-brown, the sepals i-veined, the spike loose, the upper lip egg-shaped, entire, folded, notched, the corolla bent, the middle lobe of the lower lip longest, the lobes of the stigma partly attached, yellow, the anthers brown, paler when dry, the stamens inserted below the middle of the tube, smooth, with hairs below, the style with hairs above, purple -tinged. The plant is 6-24 in. in height, and is in flower between July and August, being a perennial. Yellow Broomrape (Orobanche Ritro, Gren. and Godr.).— This plant is found where Cat's Tail grows in pastures, &c. The habit is erect. The flowers are yellow, the corolla hairy and very glandular, like the whole of the plant, and downy. It is 4-9 in. in height, and flowers in June and July, being a perennial. ORDER LABIATE Basil Thyme (Calamintha Acinos, Clairv.). — The habitat of this plant is fields, banks, dry gravelly places, cornfields, limestone rocks. The habit is prostrate, then ascending, with branches downy, stems with turned-back hairs, slender, and bearing numerous leaves. The leaves are narrow at the base, with the margin rolled back, an adaptation to dry conditions, egg-shaped, toothed, with a long point. The flowers are bluish-purple, with white spots, in simple whorls, 5-6, with leaflike bracts, with bracteoles not so long- as the flower-stalk. The tube is closed with hairs, the calyx swollen below, 2 -lipped. The plant is short, 4-10 in. high, and is in bloom from June to September, being a herbaceous annual or biennial. Self heal (Prunella latiniata, L.).— The habitat of this plant is grassy places. The habit is similar to the common form, but spreading, prostrate below, and from this it differs in having the leaves deeply divided nearly to the base. The flowers are creamy-white, or in rare cases blue. The teeth of the calyx are fringed with hairs. The height is 2-9 in., and it is in flower in July and August, the plant being a herbaceous perennial. Meadow Clary(Salviapratens*s, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is dry fields and grassy places. The habit is erect, tall, with glandular hairs above, the stem square, with few leaves, wrinkled, the radical leaves egg-shaped, oblong, heart-shaped below, on long- stalks, blunt, scalloped, toothed, the upper stalkless, small, lance -shaped. The large flowers are purple, or bluish-violet, smooth inside, the corolla sticky, three times as long- as the calyx. The bracts are long-pointed, heart- shaped below. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height, being handsome, and flowers from June to August, being a herbaceous perennial, and is well worth a place in the garden. Downy Woundwort (Stachys germanica, L.). — The habitat of this plant is fields, roadsides, cal- careous places, woods, hedges, on dry soil. The habit is erect. The rootstock bears stolons, the stem is thick, branched, and covered with a felt of white down, or densely silky. The lower leaves are tufted, egg-shaped, oblong, heart-shaped, wrinkled, on long stalks, the upper stalkless, lance-shaped, scalloped, toothed. The flowers are in stout spikes, rose-purple, the corolla downy, the upper lip spotted, the flowers in interrupted whorls below, on short stalks. The calyx is softly hairy, the upper lip longest. The bracts equal the calyx. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height. Flowers are to be found in July and August. The plant is a herbaceous biennial. Germander (Teucrium Botrys, L.).— The habitat of this plant is stony fields and calcareous places. The habit is erect, the stem branched from below, and the leaves numerous, deeply divided nearly to the base, or 3-lobed, the lobes oblong or divided, or blunt, the veins prominent below. The flowers, in whorls in the axils, are rose-purple, the calyx swollen below, glandular, netted in fruit. The lower lip of the corolla is spotted red and white. The nutlets are pitted. The stem is 4-12 in. in height. July to September is the flowering season. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER ILLECEBRACE^E Knawel (Scleranthus perennis, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is dry fields and sandy fields. The habit is prostrate, the stem simple, or branched irregularly, bluish-green. The leaves are erect, all growing one way. The flowers are green and white, the segments of the calyx in fruit united below, blunt, rounded, with a broad membranous margin. The tube of the calyx is downy, and the bracts are short. The styles are not so long as the stamens. The plant is 2-8 in. in length. Flowers are found from June to September. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER POLYGONACE/E Bistort (Polygonum Bistorta, L.).— The habitat of this plant is moist meadows. It has a large FIELDS AND MEADOWS i r rhizome, twisted (hence Snakeweed). The habit is erect. The stem is simple, with egg-- shaped leaves, almost heart-shaped below, wavy, bluish- green below, the leaf-stalk winged. The flowers are in a dense terminal spike, the flowers white or pink, the fruit brown, polished. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and is in flower between June and September. It is a herbaceous perennial. Acute -leaved Dock (Rumex conglomeratus, Murr.). — The habitat of this plant is wet meadows or other places, waste places. The habit is erect, branched, spreading, the stem slender, with egg- shaped, lance-shaped leaves, heart-shaped below, which are not narrowed above the base. The flowers are in distant leafy whorls. The perianth segments or sepals are enlarged, and are oblong, entire, linear, nearly acute, or toothed at the base, and bear 2 oblong tubercles. The flower-stalks are jointed below the middle. The stem is tall, 1-3 ft. high. Flowers may be found from June to October, and the plant is a herbaceous perennial. Sorrel (Rumex Ace/osa, L.). — The usual habitat of this plant is meadows and pastures, or woods. The habit is erect. The stem is slender and simple. The lower leaves are arrow-shaped on long stalks, the lobes rounded not spreading, bluish -green below, the upper stalkless. There are brownish stipules, toothed, torn. The leaves are acid. The plants are dioecious, the males on one, females on another plant. The outer sepals are turned back in fruit, the inner rounded, with a membranous border, with small tubercles. The fruit is smooth and brown. The height is 1-2 ft. It is in flower from May to August, and is a her- baceous perennial. ORDER ORCHIDACE^E Green Winged Orchid (Orchis Morio, L.).— The habitat of this plant is pastures and meadows. The habit is erect. There are 2 root tubers, which are globose. The scape bears radical leaves at the base, which are lance-shaped. The leaves are unspotted, the upper erect. The bracts are coloured, i -nerved, the same size as the ovary. The flowers are purple and green-veined, the blunt sepals have green veins, and they form a hood with the petals. The lip is pale and purple-spotted. The spur is blunt and nearly straight. The lobes of the lip are broad and scalloped, the middle one longest. The height is 6-12 in. May and June are the flowering months. It is a herbaceous perennial, propagated by tubers. Irish Orchid (Habenaria intacla, Benth.). — The habitat of this plant is limestone pastures. The habit is the typical Orchid habit, the scape short. The leaves are oblong, numerous, spotted occa- sionally. The flowers are in a dense spike, pink, the lateral petals and sepals form a hood. The lip is 3-lobed and projects, the lobes linear, short, the middle one entire or lobed. The nearly round spur is short. The stigma has 2 ascending lobes, and there is a broad flat disk between them. The plant is 4-10 in. high. It flowers in June, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER Jersey Crocus (Romulea Columnce, S. & M.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy pastures or other places, dry sandy soil. The habit is that of other bulbous plants, the corm being sheathed, egg- shaped, as large as a pea. The radical leaves are linear, channelled above, slender, bent back, thread-like, flattened at the margin. The scape is solitary, i-flowered, somewhat drooping, with a spathe longer than the tube. The perianth is petaloid, regular, with 6 segments, which are spreading. The flowers are green outside, white inside, with purple stripes, with a yellow claw. The flower-stalk is curved in fruit. The stamens are epigynous on the throat of the tube, longer than the style, with free, hairy stalks. The linear stigma is divided into 2 lobes nearly to the base. The capsule is egg-shaped, and the seeds are nearly round, with a leathery coat. The plant is 4 in. high. It flowers in March, up till May, and is a herbaceous perennial, in danger of being not long hence entirely exterminated. Purple Crocus (Crocus vernus, All. = albiflorus, Kit.). — The habitat of this plant is fields and mea- dows. The plant is of the usual bulbous habit. The corm is broad and flattened, with net-like fibres in the tubular sheath, torn, and dirty-brown. The scape is enveloped in the latter. The leaves are formed with the flowers. The flowers are white or purple. The spathe is simple. The throat of the corolla has a fringe of hairs. The stigmas are orange, toothed, 3-lobed, the lobes wedge-shaped, erect, jagged. The anthers are pale bright yellow. The capsule is large, the seeds small and red. The plant is 3-6 in. in height, and flowers from March till May, being a herbaceous perennial geophyte. ORDER AMARYLLIDACE^E Spanish Daffodil (Narcissus major, Curt.). — The habitat of this plant is pastures, copses, orchards, &c., where no doubt it has been planted. It differs from the ordinary daffodil in being more robust, frequently with double flowers, with the perianth segments broader, the corona being lemon-yellow, with 6 rounded lobes. It is 12-18 in. in height, and is in flower from March till May. The Spanish Daffodil is a herbaceous perennial. Narcissus, Large Jonquil (Narcissus odorus, L.). — This species is a native of Europe, the Pyrenees, &c., and has been recorded from Cornwall, but is not a native plant, being an escape from cultiva- tion only. The leaves are semi-cylindrical, there being two on the spathe, and the three flowers are yellow, sweet-scented. The crown has 6 deep lobes of a deep yellow. Pale Twin-flowered Narcissus (Narcissus hi- florns, Curt.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy fields. The outer scales of the bulbs are mem- branous. The habit is grass-like or lily-like. The leaves are long, acutely keeled, linear, blunt, not bluish-green, the margins turned back. The scape is flattened, as long as the leaves, 2-edged. ! 1 BRITISH FLORA The perianth is broad, with white or pale yellow- coloured flowers, in pairs (hence the Latin specific name), the margin bent inwards. The tube is slender, sabre-shaped, the flower-stalk slender. The 6 perianth -segments are blunt and egg- shaped. The crown is pale yellow, scalloped, short, hollow, the margin pale then white. This Narcissus is i-i| ft. in height. It is in flower in April and May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Pheasant's Eye Narcissus (Narcissus poeticus, L.).— This plant is found in fields, or heathy open fields. The habit is similar to that of the Daffodil. The leaves are rather blunt, keeled, and linear. The scape bears one flower as a rule, and is flattened at the border, being 2-edged. The petals are broadly egg-shaped, white, with a yellow crown, which is hollow above, short, with a scalloped red border (hence the English name). The plant is from i ft. to 18 in. in height. The Pheasant's Eye blooms in May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Snowflake (Leucojum cesiivum, L.). — The Snow- flake is found in wet meadows and by stream sides, in osier beds. The habit is erect, the bulb i in. long. The leaves are produced at the same time as the flowers. They are keeled, blunt, rather bluish-green, and linear. The long scape is 2-edged, with a spathe with many white flowers, the tip green and entire. The flower in bud is erect, drooping when open, and is bell-shaped, the flowers in clusters of 2-6. The petals are egg- shaped, green at the tip. The style is thicker above. The fruit is conical. The seeds have no caruncle. The height is 2-2^ ft. Flowers may be gathered in May, and the Snowflake is a herbaceous per- ennial. ORDER LILIACE^E Grape Hyacinth (Mitscari racemosum, Lam. & D. C.). — The habitat of this plant is grassy places. The habit is lily -like, or that of a geophyte. At the base of the small bulb are small bulbils. The long linear leaves are bent back, channelled, half- round, limp, wavy, prostrate. The scape is short, round. The musk-scented, egg-shaped flowers are numerous, dark -blue, borne in a raceme, cylindrical, and the rachis after flowering be- comes thickened. The slender flower-stalks are long when the plant is in fruit, the upper flowers almost stalkless, barren, or imperfect. The cap- sule is notched. The plant is 4-10 in. in height. The flowers open in May and June, and the plant is a herbaceous, bulbous perennial. ORDER MELANTHACE^E Meadow Saffron (Colchicum autumnale, L.).— The habitat of this plant is meadows and woods. The plant has the lily habit, with tuberous root- stock. The leaves are vernal, the flowers autumnal, rarely vernal. The leaves are smooth and dark- green, lance-shaped, flat, erect, with close nerves. The sheath is long, large, and stout. The radical flowers are purple, the tube 2-6 in. long, and the ovary, buried in winter in the ground, rises up with the leaves in spring. The anthers are large, yellow, and there are 6 stamens (in Crocus 3). The capsule is i£ in. long, membranous, 3-grooved, shortly stalked, acute at both extremities. The brown seeds are small and numerous. The plant is 6-12 in. in height. The plant is in flower from August till October. It is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER CYPERACE^E Great Prickly Sedge (Carex muricata, L.). — The habitat of this plant is ditches, gravelly pastures, marshes, copses. The habit is tufted. The stems are slender, with short stolons, wiry, 3-angled, roughish at the extremity. The leaves are not so long as the stem, narrow, flat. The 4-6 spikelets are borne on a long oval spike or panicle, with or without a bract below, and are touching. The fruit is oval with a long point, veined, finely toothed at the top, with a broad, flat, long beak, divided into two nearly to the base. The nut is egg-shaped. The style is club-shaped below. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, and flowers from May to July, being a herbaceous perennial. Oval-headed Sedge (Carex leporina, L. = C. ovalis, Good.). — The habitat of this sedge is wet places, meadows, pastures, &c. The plant is stout, having the sedge habit. The rootstock is tufted, without stolons. The stems are 3-sided, smooth, or rough above. The leaves are narrow, not so long as the stem. There are about six spikelets, which are oval, contiguous, lobed, close, pale-brown, flattened, alternate. There are male spikelets below. There are no bracts, or, if so, they are awl-like. The glumes are acute, pale- brown, with a green midrib, white edges, with a membranous border. The fruit is erect, ovate, narrow, plano-convex, lobed, with membranous borders. The beak is divided into two nearly to the base. The nut is elliptic, oblong, with a short cylindrical beak, stalked, shining. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in June, and is a her- baceous perennial. Carex Paircei, Sch. — This sedge is regarded as only a variety of the last by Mr. G. C. Druce, though raised to specific rank by others. It is found in the S.W. of England and is very rare. It differs from the last in its narrower leaves, the spike being compact or occasionally interrupted below. The fruit is short and spreading and suddenly narrowed into a short beak. The square small nut is blunt. It is from 1—2 ft. in height. Flowers are found in May, June, and July. It is a herbaceous perennial. Glaucous Sedge (Carex glauca, Scop.).— The habitat of this plant is grassy places, usually damp, pastures, woods, rocks. The habit is sedge-like. The stem is tall and wiry, with narrow, bluish-green leaves, which are flat, erect, or bent back. There are several male spikelets, 2-3 stalked, fertile spikelets, the flowers crowded, drooping at length. The bracts are broad and not sheathing. The glumes are dark, short, acute, not as long as the stalkless, elliptical, blunt, rough, swollen fruit, with a round, entire, turned -back FIELDS AND MEADOWS beak. The nut is egg-shaped, triangular. The plant is 4-24 in. in height. It is in flower in May, June, and July, and is quite a conspicuous feature of some pastures, being a herbaceous perennial. Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea, L.). — The habitat of this sedge is wet meadows, marshy places, and marshes. The habit is similar to the last. The stems are curved, smooth, bluntly three- angled, erect, and bear leaves. The leaves are bluish-green, with rough edges, flat. The bracts have long sheaths. The spikelets are oblong, the oblong fertile ones inclined, loose, remote, the solitary terminal spike being entirely male. The fruit is egg-shaped, swollen, dotted, longer than the dark, egg-shaped glumes, which are blunt or acute, with a broad, green midrib and pale edges. The beak is short and round. The nut is 3-angled, dotted, brown, linear-elliptic. The plant is 9-24 in. in height. The flowers are open from June to August, and it is one of our most handsome sedges, known by its variegated glumes. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. Hairy-fruited Sedge (Carex tomentosa, L.). — Pastures, wet meadows, or water meadows as they are often called, constitute the usual habitat of this plant. The habit is typical of the Sedge group. The stem is erect, acutely 3-angled, rough above. The rootstock is creeping. The broad leaves are bluish -green below, smooth, curved, flat. There are no sheaths to the upper bracts, the lower being leaflike with a sheath, reddish at the base. The spikelets are nearly stalkless, the solitary male spikelets erect, the short female shortly-stalked, blunt, cylindrical. The glumes are small, acute. The fruit is densely downy, inversely egg-shaped, with a short beak, notched and narrowed below. The nut is 3-angled, pale, inversely egg-shaped. It is 9-18 in. high, and flowers in May, June, July. It is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER GRAMINE^E Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanfhum odora- tittn, L.). — This grass grows everywhere in pastures and meadows or in woods. The habit is typically grass-like, erect. The stem is smooth and shining, nearly simple below, rarely rough. The leaves are flat, hairy, the sheaths furrowed, downy, with a hairy mouth. The panicle is oblong, lance-shaped, interrupted at the base or close, downy or softly hairy, with short branches. The glumes are as long as the awns, which are not so long as the flowers. The spikelets are in groups, green, smooth, or hairy; the lowest glumes are egg-shaped, the upper lance-shaped, nearly awned, the next 2 awned, curved, with blunt tips. The flowering glumes are smooth. The smooth fruit is enclosed in the shining flowering glume and palea. The height is 6-18 in. June and July are the months when this grass scents the meadows. It is the foliage that is aromatic. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. Anthoxanthum puettii, Lee. & Lam. — The habi- tat of this species is pastures, fields, and waste places. The habit is the same as that of Sweet Vernal Grass, from which it differs in being slender, much-branched, bent at the nodes, with smooth sheaths in the loose panicle narrowed to the top, long slender awn, shorter glumes, the lower 1-2 unequal, rough, membranous, the lower half as long as the long-pointed upper glume, the awned glumes straight. It is 4-8 in. high, and flowers in Juneand July, being a herbaceous annual. Meadow Foxtail Grass (Alopecurus pratensis, L.). — The habitat of this grass is meadows, pas- tures, grassy places. The habit is erect, grass- like. The stem is smooth, the leaves are flat, rough along the border, the sheath smooth, en- larged above, the ligule blunt and large. The cylindrical, blunt, dense panicle is slender, the empty glumes hairy, with keel fringed with hairs, the glumes lance-shaped, with a long point, united below, hairy, the awn twice as long as the smooth flowering glume. The anthers are yellow. The styles are united. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height. It flowers before other grasses in April, up till June. It is a perennial, herbaceous plant, with but slightly-creeping stem. Cat's Tail or Timothy Grass (Phleum pratense, L. ). — This plant is found in pastures and by the wayside. The habit is erect, tufted. The stems are smooth and ascending, with short, flat leaves. The leaf-sheaths are parallel with the stem. The ligule is long. The panicle is long, cylindrical, blunt, green. The shortly-stalked spikelets are crowded. The glumes are blunt. The rigid, rough awns are half as long as (or less than) the glumes, which have a stout, hairy, green keel, with pale borders. The flowering glumes are membranous and 5-nerved. The anthers are ob- long, purple. There are 3 stamens, long styles, slender and feathery stigmas. The fruit is en- closed in the flowering glume, and flattened at the margin. It is 1-4 ft. in height, and the rough, blunt glumes and short awns distinguish it from Alopecurus pratensis, with which it is often con- fused. It is a herbaceous perennial, flowering later than the last in June and July. Fiorin Grass (Agrostis alba, L.).— The habitat of this plant is pastures and waste places, grassy places. The plant has the grass habit. The stem is more or less prostrate below, rooting, then erect, with long prostrate stolons. The leaves are flat, sometimes rough, with smooth rough sheaths. The ligule is long and acute. The panicle is branched or lobed, green or yellowish, compact after flowering, spreading in flower. The florets seldom have awns. The empty glumes are large and rigid, the flowering glumes are 5-nerved, and rarely awned. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. in height, flowering between July and September. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. Common Bent Grass (Agrostis -vulgaris, With.). — Meadows and marshy places are the habitat in which this plant is found. The habit is prostrate, then ascending, rooting at the nodes, with stoles. The stems are smooth, with smooth sheaths, the ligule blunt, and short. The panicle is long, spreading, narrowly egg-shaped, branched below. The empty glumes are egg-shaped, smooth, red BRITISH FLORA or purple and green, the flowering glumes are blunt, shorter, 3-nerved, three times as long as the 2-nerved palea. The awn is short or absent. There are 3 stamens, a short style, and a feathery stigma. The fruit is enclosed in the glume, and is round and smooth. It is \-\Yz ft. in height. It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Meadow Soft Grass (Holcus lanatus, L.).— The habitat of this grass is meadows, fields, copses, and waysides. The habit is erect. The root is fibrous. The plant is softly downy. The stems are tufted, ascending, with numerous leaves. The latter are flat, downy, with the upper sheaths swollen, and the knots softly hairy. The ligule is short. The panicle is pale-green or pink, the branches twice or thrice divided. The spikelets are oblong. The upper glume is blunt, rough, the empty glume acute, with strong nerves, and the awn is included in the glume, with a smooth or rough tip (not so long as in H. molhs). There is no awn in the lower florets. There are 3 stamens, and the stigmas are stalkless and feathery. The height is 1-2 ft. It is in flower from June to August. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. Yellow Oat Grass (Trisetum fla-vescens, Beauv.). — The habitat of this grass is dry pastures and fields. The habit is erect. The stem is smooth. The radical leaves are hairy, flat, with hairy sheaths. The ligule is blunt and fringed with hairs. The panicle is open, much-branched, half- whorled, spreading, hair-like, yellow. The spike- lets are numerous, with 3-4 florets, yellow, shining, glistening. There are 3 spreading awns (hence the generic name) in the flowering glumes, and the empty glumes are egg-shaped, with a long point. The outer palea has 2 terminal bristles. The rachis is hairy. The styles are distinct. The stigmas are feathery. The fruit is furrowed with a downy tip, and enclosed in the flowering glume and palea. It is \-\% ft. high. The flowers open in June and July, and give a yellow tinge to the meadows. It is a herbaceous perennial. Silver Oat Grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv.).— The habitat of this plant is fields, pas- tures, hedges, hedgerows, &c. The habit is erect. The root is fibrous and creeping. The stem is smooth, slender. The leaves are flat, rough, and so protected against cattle. The nodes are smooth or downy. The ligule is blunt. The simple panicle is loose, with the branches twice or thrice divided, rough, long, close above, nodding. There is a twisted bent awn in the lower flowering glume, the upper having none. The lower empty glume is less than the upper, which is acute, lance-shaped. The flowering glume is hairy below the middle. There are 3 stamens. The styles are short and distinct. The stigmas are feathery. The fruit is downy, enclosed in the flowering glume and palea. It is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Dog's Tail Grass (Gynosurus crisfahts, L.).— This plant is found in dry pastures and on banks. The habit is erect, tufted. The stem is round, smooth, leafless above. The leaves are thread- like, with a few hairs. The sheaths are smooth. The ligule is divided into two nearly to the base. The spike is linear, stiff, with a wavy rachis. The spikelets are stalkless, close, arranged all on one side of the rachis, flattened in one plane, and with a short awn. The empty glumes are abruptly pointed, the flowering glumes rough above, faintly 3-nerved. There are 3 stamens. The terminal styles are short, the stigmas feathery. The fruit adheres to the flowering glume and palea. It is 6-24 in. high. It is in flower from July to August. The plant is a perennial. Cock's Foot Grass (Dactylis glomerata, L.).— This plant is found in pastures, waste places, &c. The habit is erect, tufted, the root being tufted. The plant is rough, the leaves flat, broad, long, keeled, and flattened at the border. The sheath is rough, the ligule long. The panicle is rigid, with long, distant, spreading, distinct branches, green or violet, with few branches below, rough, horizontal in flower, in fruit ascending. The spike- lets are arranged all on one side, in egg-shaped clusters. The two empty glumes have a blunt point, and are membranous, the upper are 3- nerved, the flowering glumes are cartilaginous, and larger, 5-nerved. The awn is short and rough. There are 3 stamens. The stigmas are feathery, the styles terminal. The fruit is flattened on one side, grooved on the other, and enclosed in the glume. The Cock's Foot Grass is 1-4 ft. in height. It flowers from June to July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Quaking Grass (Briza media, L.). — The habitat of this plant is meadows, pastures, heaths, &c., usually on dry soil. The habit is prostrate, then erect, with single stems, slender, and smooth. The leaves are linear, with a long point, flat, smooth or rough. The sheaths are smooth, the upper ones inflated. The ligule is very short and blunt. The panicle is spreading, pyramidal, light, with long slender branches. The spikelets are egg-shaped, pendulous, green or purple, shining, of 5 florets. The glumes are not so long as the lowest florets, the flowering glumes blunt, over- lapping or sheathing. The lower palea is oval, cartilaginous. The stamens are 3. The styles are terminal and short, the stigmas feathery. The fruit is flattened, and enclosed in the glume. The plant is 6-12 in. in height, and flowers in June and July. It is a herbaceous perennial. Green Quaking Grass (Briza minor, L.).— The habitat of this plant is fields, dry sandy fields in the S.W., and cultivated ground. The habit is similar to that of the last. The stems are tufted, erect, and slender. The ligule is long and lance- shaped, acute. The panicle is similar to that of the last, but there are 7 florets in the spikelets, which are smaller, pale-green, and broader than long, or triangular. The glume is longer than the lowest florets. The lower palea is round or heart- shaped, cartilaginous, swollen along the back. The plant is 6-12 in. high, and flowers from June to August, being a herbaceous annual. Annual Meadow Grass (Poa annua, L.).— The habitat of this grass is fields, pastures, waste FIELDS AND MEADOWS places, &c. The habit is prostrate below, then ascending, and the stem is rooting- at the base, the root fibrous. The stems are flattened, the plant limp, bright -green, smooth, often bluish- green. The leaves are broad, blunt, wavy, linear, with the margin inrolled. The lig-ule is long and acute, the upper sheath longer than the leaf. The panicle is nearly pyramidal, with spikelets partly ranged all one way, green or purple, the branches spreading, twice divided, at an obtuse angle or horizontal, afterwards turned down. The spikelets are nearly stalkless, egg- shaped, with 5 florets. The lower palea is 5-nerved. The flowering glumes are smooth, the upper glumes broadest in the middle. There are 3 stamens. The 2 styles are short and terminal, the stigmas feathery. The fruit is j-angled, grooved, enclosed in the glume. The plant is 3-12 in. in height. It is in flower from April to September. The plant is a herbaceous annual, but perennial on the Pyrenees and in India. Smooth Meadow Grass (Poa pratensis, L.).— The habitat of this grass is meadows, pastures, banks, &c. The habit is prostrate, then erect. The rootstock is creeping, with stolons. The round stem is smooth. The linear leaves are flat, acute, with a hollow tip. The sheath exceeds the upper leaves. The ligule is blunt and prominent. The panicle is spreading, with branches 3-5 times divided and rough, after flowering closed or open. The spikelets are egg-shaped, with 3-4 webbed florets. The lower palea has 5 prominent veins, 3 hairy. The plant is 1-2 ft. high. It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Rough Meadow Grass (Poa trivialis, L.).— The habitat of this plant is meadows, moist and shady places, and damp woods. The habit is similar to that of the last, but there are no stolons. The stem is tufted, like the root, rough. The leaves are rough, and so are the sheaths, the upper longer than the leaf. The long ligule is acute. The panicle is erect, spreading, rough, and five times divided. The flowering glumes 3-5, webbed, the 5 nerves distinct, the spikelets egg-shaped. The plant is 1-2 ft. high. It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial, in other essentials resembling the last. Upright Brome Grass (Browns erec/us, Huds.). — The habitat of this plant is fields, waste places on dry soil, sandy and chalky soils. The habit is prostrate below, then erect, the rootstock stout, creeping, without stolons. The stem is rigid, smooth, bent below. The leaves are hairy, with inrolled margins, adapted to dry conditions, narrow, the radical leaves convolute, the upper broadest. The sheaths are hairy, with erect, scattered hairs. The ligule is short. The panicle is narrow, nearly erect, and simple, rigid, with 2-3 divided branches. The rachis is rough. The green or purple spike- lets are linear lance-shaped, with numerous florets, flattened, distant. The flowering glumes are hairy, twice as long as the awn. The lowest glumes exceed the upper by one-third, the lower palea being faintly y-veined. The style is lateral on the ovary, the anthers yellow. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height. It flowers from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Lop Grass (Bromus racemosus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is fields and waste places. The habit is erect. The stem is erect and rigid. The leaves are rigid, fringed with hairs, and otherwise, as the sheaths, smooth, or but slightly hairy. The panicle is long, simple, erect, narrow, with branches with 3-5 divisions. The egg- shaped spikelets are flattened, the flowering glumes overlapping in fruit, rough, broadest above the middle, the lower empty glume is half- way to the top of the fourth floret. The awn is slender, as long as the flowering glume. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height, flowering in June and July, being a herbaceous biennial. Brome Grass (Bromus commutatus, Schrad.). — The habitat of this plant is fields and waste places. The habit is erect. The leaves and sheaths are hairy. The plant is stouter than the last. The panicle is compound, drooping, the spikelets shorter, the margins of the falling flower- ing glumes rounded at the broadest part. The flower-stalks are as long as or longer than the spikelets. The latter are lance-shaped, oblong. The sides of the lower palea are uniformly rounded at the side. The top of the upper glume is half- way to the top of the fourth flower. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height. It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous biennial. Couch Grass, Tare (Agropyron repens, Beauv.). — The habitat of this grass is fields, waste places, cultivated fields, hedgerows, and ditches, &c. The rootstock is long and creeping. The stem is prostrate and then ascending, hollow, smooth. The leaves have inrolled margins at first, then flat, rough above, or hairy, ribbed. The sheaths are round, the ligules very short. The spike is long, close, the rachis not brittle, smooth or downy, rigid, erect or bent. The spikelets are rigid, with 5-7 florets, rough on the keel, the glumes blunt, 5-7 ribbed, the flowering glumes with long points or awned. There are 3 stamens. The ovary is hairy above. The feathery stigmas are nearly stalkless and feathery. The fruit is grooved and adheres to the palea as a rule. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, or more. It is in flower from June to August. It is a herbaceous perennial. Meadow Barley (Hordeum pratense, Huds.). — The habitat of this grass is damp or wet meadows, and it is frequent in some districts near the sea. The habit is erect and grass-like. The rootstock is creeping. The stem is slender, round, rough above. The leaves are narrow, flat, rolled in- wards at length, rough above, hairy below (the narrow sheaths are the same), and the ligule is very short. The spike is flattened, linear, yellow- green, erect. The lateral spikelets are flowerless or male, the central bisexual. All the glumes are bristle-like and rough, not fringed with hairs (as in the Common Wall Barley). The glumes in the lateral flowers are shorter. The awns are spreading. The two nearlv stalkless stigmas are feathery. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height. It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. FLOWERS OF THE CORNFIELDS [N.B. Some of the plants placed in the section on Waste Places, might be equally included here, and vice versa, but the choice is arbitrary, and those only that are more general in cornfields, or the most dominant types, are included here.] ORDER PAPAVERACE/E Poppy (Papaver Lecoqii, Lamotte). — The habi- tat of this plant is the sides of fields, chiefly on calcareous soil. The habit is erect. The plant differs from the smooth-headed Poppy in having the sap dark-yellow on exposure, the leaf lobes larger, the capsule club-shaped, oblong, broadest one-third below stigma, and the lobes of the stigmatic disk bent down. The flowers are large, the petals red, distinct, inversely egg-shaped, or wedge-shaped. Otherwise the plant resembles Papa-uer dtibium (q.v.). The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers in June and July, being an annual. Violet Horned Poppy (Roemeria hybrida, D.C.). — The habitat of this plant is chalky cornfields, on dry soil. The habit is erect. The stem is slightly hairy or hairless, with yellow juice. The leaves are divided to the base, once or twice, with lobes with a terminal bristle, rough, linear, nearly smooth. The flowers are violet-blue, with a black disk. The petals fall before midday. The sepals are hairy. The pod is cylindrical, rigid, sparingly hairy above, 3-valved, erect. The seeds are numerous, rough, deeply pitted. The plant is i ft. to 18 in. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER CRUCIFER/E Mithridate Mustard (Thiaspi arvensc, L.).— The habitat of this plant is cornfields, fields, and roadsides, cultivated ground. The habit is erect. The stem is simple, slender, the radical leaves stalked, the stem-leaves oblong, arrow-shaped, toothed, smooth, with rounded basal lobes. The flowers are white in a long raceme, the pods flat, on slender, spreading flower-stalks, large, rounded, notched, the valves having a broad wing, trie cells 5-6-seeded, the seeds rough and finely furrowed, dark, with small pinholes. The plant is i ft. in height. The flowers are in bloom from May to July, and the plant is a herbaceous annual. Wild Radish (Raphanus Raphanistrum, L.).— - The habitat of this plant is cornfields and culti- vated fields. The habit is erect, pyramidal. The root is slender. The stem is stout, erect or spread- ing, hairy. The leaves are simple, with coarse teeth, the lobes distinct, the terminal lobe largest. The flowers are white, with white petals with violet veins, or yellow with darker veins. The pod is moniliform or bead-like, the beak longer, with slender ribs, awl-shaped, flat. The pods open at the base above the first segment, which is barren and small. The plant is 1-2 ft. high. It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE^E Night - flowering Catchfly (Silene noctiflora, L.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy cornfields, gravelly fields, cultivated fields, on light soil. The habit is erect. The stem is rounded, glandular, simple or forked, the leaves below stalked, in- versely egg-shaped, the upper lance-shaped, acute. The flowers are in a panicle, open at night, are fragrant, creamy-white. The calyx is oblong, elliptic, clammy, veined with 10 ribs, glandular, the teeth long and awl-shaped. The flower-stalks are glandular also. The petals are crowned, divided into two nearly to the base, rolled up in the daytime. The capsule is egg- shaped and has no septa, being as the calyx. The plant is i—2 ft. in height, but frequently 6-8 in. It is in flower between July and September. It is a herbaceous annual. Corn Spurrey (Spergularia sativa, Boenn.). — This plant is a colonist, found in cornfields, culti- vated ground. The habit is erect. The stem is succulent, the leaves in whorls, longer than in the Common Spurrey, and the internodes are longer, the leaves grey-green, linear, fleshy, very clammy. There are 2 stipules below the leaves. The flowers are white, the seeds black, flattened, with a narrow wing, with minute, elevated points, not wart-like projections. The plant is 4-15 in. in height, and flowers from June to August, being a herbaceous annual. ORDER LEGUMINOSJE Lucerne (Medicago sativa, L.).— The habitat of this plant is cultivated ground, railway banks, hedges, and fields, hedgebanks and borders of fields, and it is frequently sown by farmers. The plant has an erect habit. The stem is erect, CORNFIELDS hollow, branched. The leaves are divided into three. The leaflets are inversely egg-shaped, oblong, toothed, notched above, with a short abrupt point. The flowers are yellow, blue, or purple, in a raceme of many flowers, the flower- stalks not so long as the calyx, the main stalk longer than the leaves. The pods are flattened in a loose spiral of 2-3 turns, downy, the hairs close. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height. It flowers from May to August, and is a herbaceous per- ennial. Crimson Clover (Trifblium incarnation, L.). — The habitat of this plant is cultivated fields, clover fields, &c. The plant has an erect habit, with slender stems, and is downy or softly hairy with spreading hairs, the leaves shortly stalked, the leaflets inversely egg-shaped or heart-shaped. The stipules are egg-shaped, blunt, and hairy. The flowers are in a long, cylindrical, later egg- shaped head, crimson, terminal, on stalks, the calyx teeth not so long as the corolla, lo-veined, and hairy, spreading in fruit, and the mouth is also hairy. The petals do not fall. The wing is longer than the keel, the latter springing back into position after it is depressed by insects, and the stamens are exposed. The stamens are dia- delphous. The filaments have s%vollen tips. The style is thread-like. The pod is stalkless, i -seeded. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous annual. Leafless Yellow Vetchling (Lathyrus Aphaca, L.). — The habitat of this plant is cornfields, waste places, gravel pits, and about hedges and road- sides. The habit is climbing, the stem weak. The leaves are tendrils, and the stipules, which are large, egg-shaped, spear-shaped, nerved, do the work of the leaves. The first and second leaves in the seedling are scale-like and 3-lobed, with awl-like points, the third and fourth com- pound, with one pair of leaflets and stipules, and an awl-like tendril. The fifth and later leaves are awl-like points and stipules. The point becomes a tendril above. The flowers are pale yellow, single, rarely on long stalks, erect. The lobes of the calyx are green, linear, about as long as the corolla. The pod is sickle- shaped, broad, nearly erect, beaked, netted, and the 6-8 seeds are smooth and flattened. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous perennial. Tuberous Pea (Lathyrus htberosits, L.).— This plant is a denizen, found in cornfields. The plant is of climbing or trailing habit. The rootstock is creeping, the rootlets tuberous. The stem is angled, not winged. The leaflets (one part) are inversely egg-shaped, with spreading nerves. The leaf-stalk and tendrils are stout, the stipules are large and half-arrowshaped. The flowers are borne on long flower-stalks, 2-5, crimson, in a raceme. The bracts are awl-like. The ultimate flower-stalks are longer than the calyx, the latter with teeth, triangular. The pod is smooth, netted, the seeds smooth and round. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height. It flowers from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. VOL. VI. ORDER UMBELLIFER^E Broad-leaved Parsley (Caucalis latifolia, L.).— The habitat of this plant is cornfields, waste places, chiefly on a chalky soil. The habit is erect. The stem is rough, simple, finely furrowed, round. The leaves have the lobes arranged each side of a common stalk, with leaflets divided nearly to the base, lance-shaped, coarsely toothed, the base running down the stem. The flowerheads are white or pink, in shortly-stalked umbels with 2-4 rays, the bracts membranous. The branches, bearing 5 fruits, with prickles in 2-3 rows, rough, are 5-seeded. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous annual. Spreading Hedge Parsley (Caucalis arvensis, Huds.).— The habitat of this plant is fields, hedgebanks, roadsides, waste places, and corn- fields. The habit is erect, the stem roughly hairy, much-branched, solid, with angles, bearing nume- rous leaves, once or twice pinnate, the leaflets loose, lance-shaped, cut or coarsely toothed. The flowers are white or pink, in terminal stalked umbels, with 2-8 rays, irregular. There is an involucre of one bract or none. The oblong fruit is rough, with spreading hooked prickles at the tips. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, and is in flower between July and September, being a her- baceous annual. ORDER RUBIACE/E Vaillant's Bedstraw (Gal turn Vaillantii, D.C.). —The habitat of this plant is fields. The habit is spreading, and the plant resembles G. spurium, but has stiffly hairy fruit, with hooked bristles, and small green flowers in a cyme, 3-9. The leaves are 6-8 in a whorl, linear, strap-shaped. The plant is lighter green than the Common Cleavers, and the fruit is pale. The stem is rough, and the leaves have turned-down prickles. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, and flowers in July, being a herbaceous annual. Cornfield Galium (Galium /ricorne, Stokes). — The habitat of this plant is cultivated fields, corn- fields, &c. The habit is similar to that of Cleavers, the stem prostrate, then ascending and spreading. The leaves are narrow at the tip, 6-8 in a whorl, linear, lance-shaped, rough, the prickles turned back at the margin, and the 3 small creamy- white flowers are in a cyme, on axillary flower- stalks, shorter than the leaves, the middle one only perfect. The fruit is granular, large, white, and the fruit-stalk is turned back eventually. The plant is 4-12 in. in height, and is in flower from June to October. It is a herbaceous annual. Cornfield Woodruff (Asperula arvensis, L.). — This plant is an alien or casual, found in cornfields and waste places. It resembles Field Madder, but has 6-10 leaves in a whorl, which are long, blunt, linear, lance-shaped. The terminal flowers are blue, in a cluster, with a fringe of long hairs around them. The fruit is smooth. The plant varies in height from 3-12 inches, and flowers 79 iS BRITISH FLORA in June, July, and August. It is a herbaceous annual. ORDER VALERIANACEJE Lamb's Lettuce ( Valerianella eriocarpa, Desv.). —The habitat of this plant is fields, banks, &c. The habit is erect, branched, with slender spread- ing- stems. The flowers are small, pale-lilac, in crowded cymes. The fruit is softly downy or smooth, egg-shaped, and is crowned with the large, toothed, nearly regular, truncate, net-veined calyx. The empty cells are distant and slender, and the fertile cell is not corky. The plant is 6 in. to i ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. Lamb's Lettuce {Valerianella carinata, Lois.). — This species may be found as a weed in corn- fields, on garden walls, where many similar weeds occur, and on hedgebanks. The plant is much- branched, and like the Common Lamb's Lettuce ( V. olitoria), except in the following respects. The radical leaves are spoon-shaped, those on the stem oblong. The flowers are pale-blue, in a dense cyme, forming a head. The bracts have a fringe of hairs. The fruit is flattened from front to back, boat-shaped, oblong, there being two large barren cells, and the fertile cell is not corky (as in V. olitoria], the cells being nearly equal. It is crowned with a nearly straight tooth. The barren and fertile cells are touching, with a deep furrow between. The plant is 2-8 in. in height. It flowers from April to June, and is a herbaceous annual. Corn Salad ( Valerianella rimosa, Bast. = Auri- cula, D.C.). — The habitat of this species is corn- fields and cultivated ground. The habit is as in the next, but it is more slender. The lower leaves are inversely egg-shaped, narrow below, the upper oblong. The bracts are fringed with hairs. The flowers are distant, in a loose cyme, repeatedly forking, pinkish-blue. The fruit is nearly round, swollen, with an erect, membranous, blunt tooth, the calyx forming a crown, the barren cells larger than the fertile, and swollen, with a narrow furrow in front, touching, the fertile cell not corky. The plant is 2-12 in. high. Flowers are to be found in July and August. The plant is herbaceous and annual. Corn Salad ( Valerianella dentata, Poll.).— This species is found in cornfields, cultivated ground, and on banks. The habit is similar to that of V. olitoria, branched, but slender. The flowers are flesh-coloured, borne in a loose, spreading cyme or corymb. The fruit is narrowly egg- shaped, flat, crowned with the small calyx, which is unequal, 4-toothed, and flat in front with a space, smooth, the fertile cells not corky, the empty cells smaller, and in a separate portion of the fruit wall produced at each end. The plant is from 2 in. to a foot high. It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER COMPOSITE Corn Chamomile (Anthemis arvensis, L.). The habitat of this plant is borders of cultivated fields, fields, and waste places. The habit is erect or prostrate below. The stem is much-branched, downy, finely furrowed. The leaf segments are downy, linear, meeting. The flowerheads are broad, the flower-stalk long, swollen above. The receptacle is conical. The disk has yellow florets, the ray florets white, with scales with a blunt point, and exceeding the disk florets, which are flat. The involucral bracts are blunt, with a membranous border, the inner ones torn. The achenes are smooth, ribbed, blunt. The plant is 6-24 in. high. It flowers from June to August, and is a herbaceous annual. Wild Chamomile (Matricaria Chamomitta, L.). — The habitat of this plant is cultivated and waste ground. The habit is similar to that of the last. The plant is strong-scented, unlike the latter. The branched stem is erect, and the whole plant is smooth. The leaves have twice -divided leaves, with lobes each side of a common stalk. The lobes are linear, narrow, simple or divided. The flowerheads are solitary or in a corymb, on long stalks. The receptacle is conical, lengthening, and hollow. The involucral bracts have no dark border, and are linear. The disk florets are yellow, the disk oblique, the ray florets whiter. The ligule is turned back in fruit. There are no scales be- tween the florets. The fruit is 5-ribbed, on one side, small and grey, the ribs white and slender. The plant is 12-18 in. in height, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. Bristly Hawk's-beard (Crepis setosa, Hall., fil.). — This plant is a casual in clover fields and on cul- tivated ground. The habit is erect. The stem is furrowed and angular, the whole plant erect. The lower leaves have the lobes turned back, arranged each side of the common stalk, toothed, the stem leaves arrow-shaped, strap-shaped, clasping, en- tire, or toothed below. The upper part of the flower-stalk and involucral bracts is covered with stiff bristles, slender, not thickened. The buds are erect. The inner slender, rigid, keeled bracts do not enclose the outer fruits. The outer are awl-like. The flowerheads are yellow, bell-shaped. The fruit is slender with a long beak. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers in July and August, being a herbaceous biennial. ORDER PRIMULACE;E Blue Pimpernel (Anagallis femina, Hill).— This plant is a. casual, and found on cultivated ground, being local. The habit is nearly erect, the leaves egg-shaped, stalkless. The petals are blue, and have no glandular hairs or rarely so, the corolla being as long as the calyx. The plant is 6-12 in. in height, and is in flower from June to November, being a herbaceous annual. ORDER CONVOLVULACE/E Small Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis, L.). — The habitat of this plant is cornfields, hedges, fields, waste places, and cultivated ground gener- ally. The plant is a trailing or climbing plant, CORNFIELDS revolving from right to left, against the sun, in about two hours. The stems are smooth or downy, numerous, branched, angular. The leaves are eg-g-shaped, arrow-shaped, entire, or wavy. The bracts are linear, small, and some way down the flower-stalk. The flowers are pink with white bands, plaited in bud, rolling in when they fade, two or more on a stalk. The flower-stalks are 4-angled, bent back in fruit. The sepals are un- equal. The stigma is slender. The capsule is 2-celled, round, with a point. The seeds are 3-angled, with small prickles. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. 6 in. in height, flowering in June till Sep- tember, and is a herbaceous perennial. Flax Dodder (Cuscuta epilinum, Weihe).— The habitat of this plant is flax fields, roadsides. The habit is festoon-like, the stem thread-like, pale- green. The flowers are white, clustered, the calyx is nearly as long as the corolla, which is inflated and rounded, and the segments are acute. The scales are closely pressed, the stamens do not pro- ject. The capsule is 2-celled and 2-seeded. The plant is 1-3 ft. long, and flowers in July and August, being an annual. ORDER SCROPHULARIACE/E Male Fluellin (Linaria spuria, Mill.). — The habitat of this plant is cornfields, ballast hills, the former sandy and chalky. The stem is trailing, downy, with short and long hairs, short-stalked. The leaves are egg-shaped, nearly rounded, downy. The flowers are yellow, large, the upper lip choco- late or purplish-brown. The spur is curved, at right angles to the tube. The flower-stalk is hairy. The fifth stamen is a small scale. The cap- sule is nearly round. The seeds are deeply pitted. The plant is 4-15 in. in height, and is in flower from July to October, being a herbaceous annual. Narrow - leaved Toadflax (Linaria Elatine, Mill.).— The habitat of this plant is cornfields. The habit is prostrate. The short hairy stem bears long, trailing branches, with shortly-stalked leaves, the lower egg-shaped, the upper arrow- shaped. The flowers are as in the last, but not so large. The flower-stalks are hair-like, curved above, longer than the leaves. The sepals are lance-shaped. The capsule is round, the seeds as in the last. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. long, and flowers from July to October, being a herbaceous annual. Small Toadflax (Linaria minor, Desf.). — The habitat of this plant is cornfields, fields, cultivated ground, railway ballast, sidings, &c. The plant is erect in habit. The stem is slender, branched, glandular, downy, clammy. The leaves are alter- nate, linear, lance-shaped, blunt, the radical leaves almost spoon-shaped. The flower-stalks are in the axils longer than the leaves. The flowers are single, the corolla about as long as the calyx, with linear, oblong sepals. The flowers are small, and dull-yellow. The capsule is swollen below, open- ing by pores, the seeds furrowed, oblong. The plant is 4-15 in. in height. It flowers in May up till October, and is a herbaceous annual. Green Field Speedwell ( Veronica agrestis, L.). — The habitat of this plant is cultivated ground, fields, and waste places, or the wayside. The habit is prostrate. ' The stem is downy, with slen- der branches, the leaves stalked, blunt, toothed, with regular, shallow teeth, heart-shaped, as long as the flower-stalks. The flowers in the axils and solitary, the lower petal white, are pale-blue. The sepals are fringed with hairs, oval, oblong, blunt, 3-nerved in fruit, unequal. The capsule is hairy, cells 2-lobed, 4-5-seeded, the hairs straight, glan- dular. The plant is 4-8 in. in length. It flowers between April and September, or later, and is a herbaceous annual. Buxbaum's Speedwell (Veronica Buxbaumii, Ten. = Tournefortii, Gmel.). — This plant is an alien, found on cultivated ground, in fields, and waste places, especially gardens. The habit is prostrate. The long, much-branched stems, with ascending tips, are hairy, and the leaves are stalked, shining, broadly egg-shaped to heart- shaped, with 5-6 rounded lobes, toothed and bent. The leaf-stalk is enlarged above. The flower- stalks are longer than the leaves. The flowers are solitary, in the axils, pale-blue, larger than in V. agrestis or V. polita. The sepals are lance- shaped, acute, in front. The capsule consists of 2 spreading lobes, flattened above, with a sharp keel, net-veined, downy, glandular, with 5-8 seeds, and are twice as broad as long. The plant is 6—12 in. in height, and flowers between April and October, or later, being a herbaceous annual. Purple Cow Wheat (Melampyrum arvense, L.). — The habitat of this plant is cornfields, cultivated ground, and dry banks. The habit is erect. The stem is branched, covered with short, stiff hairs, bluntly angled, stout, rather rough. The leaves are lance-shaped, linear, acute, with a rough edge, somewhat downy both sides, and entire. The bracts are purple, broadly lance-shaped, with long, slender, acute teeth, divided to the base. The segments are awl-shaped. The flowers are rose colour, with a yellow throat, and dark-pink, closed lips, the tube curved, in loose, conical spikes. The corolla is longer than the calyx, with long, slender teeth. The capsule is egg-shaped, not so long as the calyx, i-seeded. The plant is 9-24 in. in height, flowering from June to September, and is a herbaceous hemi-parasitic annual. ORDER LABIATE Corn Mint (Mentha arvcnsis, L.). — This plant is found in cornfields, cultivated fields, and waste places. The habit is erect. The stem is short, branched, with short hairs, dense, and turned back. The leaves are narrowed below, stalked, egg-shaped, oblong, lance-shaped, toothed, the upper similar and large. The flowers are lilac, in axillary, distant whorls, none at the top, the calyx bell-shaped, with triangular, short teeth, as broad as long. The throat of the calyx is naked. The corolla is lined with hairs and hairy outside. The bracteoles are acute, and not as long as the flowers. The nutlets are dry and smooth. The 20 plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers late, like the rest of the group, from August to October, and is a herbaceous perennial. Field Woundwort (Stachys arvensis, L.).— The habitat of this plant is cornfields, fields, and waste places. The habit is prostrate, or may be as- cending. The stem is weak, hairy at intervals, branched from the base, rooting below. The radi- cal leaves are shortly stalked, the upper leaves stalkless, egg-shaped, heart-shaped, blunt, scal- loped. The flowers are purple, in whorls of 4-6. The bracts are stalkless, acute. The flower - stalks are short. The small corolla is slightly longer than or equal to the calyx. The nutlets are covered with dots and warted. The plant is 6- 1 8 in. in height, and flowers from April to November, being a herbaceous annual. Red Hemp Nettle (Galeopsis Ladanum, L.). — This plant is found in cornfields, cultivated ground, and waste places. The habit is erect. The stem is softly downy, with hairs bent down, not thickened at the joints. Briquet says that the thickened nodes are differentiated to cause movements, such as geotropism and heliotropism, these swollen nodes being marked in Galeopsis Tetrahit (Vol. III). The leaves are egg-shaped, lance-shaped, toothed. The flowers are purple, the lower lip mottled, with the tube of the corolla equal to the calyx, in separate whorls. The nutlets are flattened, rounded. The plant is 10-12 in. in height, and flowers from July to October, being a herbaceous annual. Hemp Nettle (Galeopsis angustifolia, Ehrh.). — This plant grows in sandy and gravelly districts. It is distinguished from G. Ladanum by the nar- rower leaves united below, toothed at intervals, or nearly entire, the upper whorls close, the tube exceeding the corolla and the slightly notched upper lip of the corolla. It flowers in August and September, and is an annual. Downy Hemp Nettle (Galeopsis dubia, Leers). — The habitat of this plant is sandy cornfields and cultivated ground. The habit is similar to that of G. Ladanum, The stem is not thickened at the nodes, downy, glandular, with hairs turned back. The leaves are broad, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, toothed, downy both sides, soft. The flowers are pale-yellow, white or purple, the upper corolla lip deeply notched, the calyx glandular, downy, the teeth not longer than the tube. The whorls are dense. The bracteoles are small. The plant is from 10-12 in. in height. July and August are the months in which it is in flower. It is a her- baceous annual. Large-flowered Hemp Nettle (Galeopsis speci- osa, Mill.). — The habitat of this plant is cultivated ground. The habit is as in the Common Hemp Nettle. The stem is thickened at the nodes, with stiff hairs. The leaves are oblong, egg-shaped, with a long point, toothed. The flowers are large, yellow, and with a purple spot on the lower lip, the corolla large and broad, the tube longer than the bell -shaped calyx, the upper lip arched, as broad as long. The teeth of the calyx are not so long as the tube. The nutlets are convex above BRITISH FLORA and dark-brown, the inner angle rounded down- wards. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and is in flower in July and August, being a herbaceous annual. ORDER POLYGONACE^; Black Bindweed (Polygonum Convolvulus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is fields, waste places, and cultivated land. The habit is trailing or creeping, twining. The root is fibrous. The stem is angular, downy on the angles, the leaves heart- shaped, arrow-shaped, the leaf-stalk short, slender. The flower-stalks are bent back, jointed above the middle. The flowers are in a raceme, the perianth segments bluntly keeled, the sepals green, blunt, with white margins. The nut is 3-angled, opaque, finely furrowed. The plant is 1-4 ft. in height, and flowers in July up till Sep- tember, being a herbaceous annual. ORDER EUPHORBIACE^E Dwarf Spurge (Euphorbia exigua, L.). — The habitat of this plant is cornfields, fields, cultivated ground. The habit is erect, branched from the base. The stem secretes a milky juice, possibly a protection to the plant. The plant is smooth. The branches are erect and rigid, or prostrate. The leaves are broader above the base, or below the middle, linear, acute. The bracts are lance- shaped, toothed at the base. The flowerheads are forked, in rays of 3-5, the involucres small, nearly stalkless, the lobes rounded, with 2 horns. The small capsule has rough and warted angles, smooth. The seeds are pale -grey, 3-angled, keeled, wrinkled. The plant is 4-9 in. in height. It flowers from July to October, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER GRAMINACE.E Foxtail Grass (Alopecurus agrestis, L.). — The habitat of this plant is cornfields, fields, and road- sides. The habit is erect, prostrate below. The stem is rough. The leaves are flat, with rough edges, the sheaths smooth or rough, the ligule large and blunt. The wavy, slender panicle is purple, tapered (hence myosuroides\ with short branches, hairy. The spikelets are two. The empty glume is smooth, acute, united to the middle, with a fringe of hairs on the back. The flowering glume is slightly projecting. The awn is twice as long as the palea. The styles are com- bined. The fruit is enclosed in the palea. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers from May to October, being a herbaceous annual. Black Bent-gjass (Agrostis nigra, With.). — The habitat of this grass is cultivated fields or their borders. It has been regarded as a variety of A. vulgaris. The stem is erect, "the plant being taller and more robust than the latter. The ligule is long, prominent, obliquely blunt. The sheaths are rather rough. The panicle is rough, with rigid branches, which are erect to spreading, simple below. The glumes are nearly equal, toothed above. The anthers are pale when ripe, CORNFIELDS half as broad as long-. The plant is 1-3 ft. high. It is in flower in July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Wind Grass (Apera interrupta, Beauv.).— This species is perhaps a colonist, and the plant is found on sandy ground. The habit is similar to A. spica •uenti (q. v.). But the panicle is narrow, interrupted, and the anthers are oblong or oval. The branches of the panicle do not spread but divide from the base. The awn exceeds the palea three times. The plant is 6— 18 in. in height. It is in flower in June and July. It is a herbaceous annual. Oat (A-vena strigosa, Schreb.).— The habitat of this grass is cornfields. The habit is erect, the plant smaller and more slender than the Wild Oat. The leaves are sometimes hairy. The florets are ranged all on one side of the panicle, with few branches, and about 2 florets in each spikelet, drooping at length. The flower-stalks are smooth. The lower palea is smooth, the empty glumes 7-9 nerved, the flowering glumes divided nearly to the base, with long straight awns distinguishing it from the cultivated Oat. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height, and is in flower between June and July. It is a herbaceous annual. Brook Rye {Bromus secalinus, L.). — This plant is found in cornfields, cultivated fields, and by roadsides. The plant has an erect, grass-like habit. The stem is rigid, smooth, with broad, smooth leaves, the sheaths furrowed, and the ligule is short. The panicle is oblong, loose, drooping in fruit, compound, the rachis rough, wavy. The spikelets are flattened, egg-shaped, the flowering glumes spreading, 5-8, not over- lapping, round and rough, exceeding the awn, 7~9-nerved. The top of the upper glume is half- way between the base and top of the fourth floret. The empty glumes are rough, oblong. The plant is 1-4 ft. in height, and flowers between June and July, being a herbaceous annual. Rye Grass (Lolium remotum, Schrank). — This plant is a rare species, found in cultivated fields and waste places. The habit is erect. There are no barren shoots. The spike is slender, with 7-11 florets, longer than the glumes. The awn of the lower palea is less than the palea, or it may be awnless. It is swollen in fruit and car- tilaginous below, narrower than the upper. The plant is 6-18 in. in height. It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. FLOWERS OF THE SEA-COAST [The maritime species form a distinct formation, growing in a fringe or zone around the coast. A few, however, are found on high mountains, and at a distance from the sea, where the water is brackis and a few are general in their occurrence than inland.] Many waste-ground plants are ;h or saline, abundant on the sea-coast ORDER RANUNCULACE.E Thalictrum dunense, Dum. — The habitat of this plant is sandy shores and sand-hills or dunes (hence dunense). The plant is similar in habit to T. minus. The stem is leafless. The floral branches are horizontal or bent down. The panicle is broad and short, with spreading branches. Ranunculus baudotii, Godr.— The habitat of this plant is slightly brackish water, or near the sea. The habit is trailing or floating. The floating leaves are stalkless or stalked, the segments 3-4 lobed, wedge-shaped, the leaves kidney-shaped, broader than long-, or with linear, blunt segments. The submerged leaves are 3- forked, with rigid segments. The flower-stalks are long, thick, narrow above, longer than the leaves. The petals do not fall and do not touch, being 7-veined, the flowers white, starlike. The buds are globular, slightly flattened above. The stipules are parallel with the stem. The stamens (15-20) are not longer than the pistil. The stigma is tongue-shaped, the style is straight, persistent below, bent back above. The receptacle is long to conical, thicker than the flower-stalk. The carpels are numerous, half inversely eg-g-shaped, inflated above. In R. marinus there are no float- ing leaves. The plant flowers between May and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Wild Peony (Paeonia corallina, Retz.).— The habitat of this plant is sea cliffs. The Wild Peony has the shrub habit, but is herbaceous. The roots are fleshy, with knobs. The leaves are in threes, with the divisions also in threes. The leaflets are egg-shaped, bluish-green below.. The flowers are crimson. The anthers open inwards, and are yellow. The stamens spring- from a glandular disk. The calyx consists of 5 per- sistent sepals. The petals are 5 or more. The 2-5 follicles are downy, bent back from the base. The seeds are numerous and burst inwards. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, and flowers in May and June, being a herbaceous perennial. ORDER CRUCIFER/E Queen Stock (Matthiola incana, Br.). — The habitat of this plant is sea cliffs. The plant has the shrub habit. The stem is branched, erect, hoary. The leaves are entire or obscurely toothed, oblong- to lanceshaped. The flowers are purple to violet. The pods are cylindrical, glandless. The seeds are round, winged. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herba- ceous perennial. Seastock (Matthiola sinuata, Br.). — The habitat of this plant is shores and sea sand. The plant has a spreading- habit. The stem is herbaceous, woolly or downy, branched above. The radical leaves are stalked, linear, inversely egg-shaped or oblong, the lower leaves are wavy to toothed. The flowers are in a raceme, pale-lilac, fragrant at night. The pod is flattened at the border, prickly, glandular. The seeds are winged. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sea cliffs. The plant is prostrate in habit. The rootstock is fleshy, cylindrical, stout, branched, leafy above. The stem is stout, twisted, scarred, persistent. The leaves are hairless, with stomata, the upper sur- face protected by waxy secretions, bluish-green, wavy, lobed, the lower with the lobes larger up- wards, the upper stalkless, oblong, thick, fleshy, enlarged at the base, not auricled. The flowers are large, pale-yellow, in a long raceme before the flowers open. The calyx is erect, with closely- pressed sepals. The pods are spreading, flattened at the border, with a short awl-like beak, seedless, the valves keeled and nerved. The seeds are round. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering be- tween May and August, and is a herbaceous biennial or perennial. Isle of Man Cabbage (Brassica monensis, Huds.). — The habitat of this plant is seashores,, sandy western coasts. The habit is erect or pros- trate. The stem is simple, hairless, leafless. The rootstock is stout and woody. The leaves are chiefly radical, hairless, stalked, deeply divided nearly to the base, with oblong lobes, with unequal teeth; the upper leaves linear. The flowers are pale-yellow. The pods are spreading, with a thick beak, 1-3 seeded. The valves are 3-nerved. The seeds are dark, dotted with pin holes, round. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. high, SEA-COAST flowering between June and August, and is a herbaceous biennial. Brassica Cheiranthus, Vill.— The habitat of this plant is dry places. The plant has the same habit as the Isle of Man Cabbage. The stem is erect, leafy below, hairy below, branched. The leaves are hairy. In other respects the plant resembles B. monensis. It is 1-3 ft. high, flower- ing from June to August, and is a herbaceous biennial. Stalked Scurvy. Grass (Cochlearia danica, L.). — The habitat of this plant is the sea-coast, sandy and muddy shores. The plant has the loose rosette habit. The lower stem-leaves are stalked, with 3-5 lobes, the upper leaves with short stalks, clasp- ing, lobed. The radical leaves are triangular, heart-shaped, lobed, the stalks long, shortened farther from the root. The flowers are white, with small petals. The pods or silicules are egg- shaped, 2-celled, with 4-6 seeds in each cell. The seeds are flattened at the side. The style is short. The plant is 1-12 in. in height, and flowers between April and August, being a herbaceous biennial. Northern Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia groenlan- dica, L. — C. alpina, Wats.). — The habitat of this plant is mountains, seashores on the Scotch coast. The plant has more or less the rosette habit. The plant is small, tufted, fleshy. The radical leaves are numerous, fleshy, rounded to kidney-shaped, entire, stalkless. The upper stem -leaves are stalkless or shortly-stalked, elliptic, lance-shaped, or egg-shaped, spoon-shaped. The pod is more or less rounded, rhomboid to oblong. The stvle is short. The plant is 2-6 in. in height, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous biennial. Dittander (Lepidium latifolium, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is salt marshes where native, and where introduced, old castles, &c. The habit is erect. The stem is branched. The plant is hair- less, bluish -green. The rootstock is long, and the plant is stoloniferous. The radical leaves are long-stalked, oblong, coarsely-toothed. The stem- leaves are more or less stalkless, narrower, oval to lance-shaped, toothed or entire. The flowers are creamy-white, small, in short or compound, panicled, dense corymbs, with bracts. The pods are egg-shaped, downy, entire, on short stalks, the valves not winged. The style is very small. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height. It flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Sea Radish (Raphanus maritimus, Sm.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy, rocky shores, sea- coasts. The habit is as in Jointed Charlock, of which it may be regarded as the wild form, as the former is the wild form in turn of the cultivated R. sati-vus. The plant is more hairy. The root is thick. The radical leaves are interruptedly pinnate. The leaf-segments are numerous, close, overlapping, horizontal, or reversed, the alternate smaller. The flowers are smaller also, yellow, rarely white. The pod is jointed or moniliform with fewer joints, longer than the short beak, deeply constricted, the joints ribbed. The beak is slender, awl-like. The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flower- ing between June and August, and is a herbaceous biennial. ORDER FRANKENIACE^E Sea Heath (Frankenia Ice-vis, L.).— The habitat of this plant is salt marshes, ballast hills. The plant has the shrub habit. The stems are creep- ing, slightly downy, prostrate, wiry. The leaves are in whorls or clusters, wilh rolled-back mar- gins, adapted to dry conditions, linear-oblong, hairless (hence Ice-vis), or fringed with hairs at the base. The flowers are small, rose colour, terminal, or in the forks stalkless. The calyx is slightly hairy between the prominent angles, the sepals forming a tubular calyx with 4-5 sepals. The petals are 4-5, the claws long, the laminae spread- ing. The capsule is 3-sided, the seeds are small, and the embryo is straight, surrounded by albu- men. The plant is creeping. It flowers between June and September. The plant is a herbaceous or shrubby perennial. ORDER RESEDACE^E White Rocket (Reseda alba, L.).— This plant occurs by roadsides, in garden rubbish-heaps, and near the seashore, in waste, sandy places. The habit is erect. The stem is shrubby below. The leaves have the lobes each side of a common stalk, wavy, bluish-green, the lobes linear, acute, entire. The flowers are white, with 6 sepals, linear-lance- shaped, with 6 nearly equal petals, 3-fid, longer than the calyx, with a flower-stalk not so long as the latter. There are 4 stigmas, 12-14 stamens. The fruit is oblong, wrinkled. The seeds are rough, kidney-shaped. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous biennial. ORDER VIOLACE^E Viola curtisii, Forst. — The habitat of this violet is sandy shores and dunes. The habit is creeping. There is no rootstock. The stems are rough, angular, and the plant is branched, tufted, stolon- iferous. The lower part of the stipule is length- ened, separating the lateral lobes. The petals are not much longer than the sepals, spreading, blue, purple, or yellow. The capsule is 3-angled. The plant is 1-5 in. high, flowering between May and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE^E Seaside Mouse -ear (Cerastium tetrandrum, Curt.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy and waste places, usually near the sea, pastures, walls, &c. The habit is branched. The plant is clammy. The stems are cymose from the base. The leaves are egg-shaped, oblong, the radical leaves in- versely egg-shaped to lance-shaped, the stem- leaves broader upwards. The bracts are herba- ceous, broad, oval, acute, blunt-pointed, leaflike. The sepals are clammy, 4-5, lance-shaped, acute, the tips and margins narrowly membranous, glan- dular. The petals are notched, with branched BRITISH FLORA veins. The capsule is straight, slightly longer than the calyx. The fruit-stalks are 2-4 times as long as the capsule, erect at length. The plant is i-io in. high, flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous annual. Sea Pearlwort (Sagina maritima, Don.).— The habitat of this species is maritime places (hence maritima), sandy seashores. The habit is pros- trate or ascending. The plant is hairless. The central stem is long, forked, erect, with ascending branches, producing flowers, purple, brittle, slen- der, with long internodes. The leaves are fleshy, blunt, blunt-pointed, rounded at the back, linear. The sepals are blunt, concave, the tips bent in- ward, as long as the capsule, somewhat spreading at length, nearly erect in fruit. The flower-stalk is erect. The plant is 1-6 in. high, flowering be- tween July and September, and is a herbaceous annual. Jersey Sea Spurrey (Spergularia atheniensis, H. & S.). — The habitat of this plant is sea-coasts. The habit is as in the other species of British Sea Spurrey. The leaves are not fleshy, and there is no basal rosette of leaves. The stipules are broadly triangular, dull -yellow, white. The flowers are pink. The capsule is not longer than the sepals. The plant is from 3-5 in. in height, and is in flower in June and July, being a herba- ceous annual. Sea Spurrey (Spergularia salina, Presl.). — The habitat of this plant is sea-coasts. The habit is prostrate. The plant is more or less downy. The rootstock is scarcely woody, flattened, small, the branches stout. The leaves are long, fleshy, flat, half-cylindrical, long, and narrow-pointed. The bracts are short, entire, dark, triangular, egg- shaped, leaflike. The flower-stalks are shorter than the bracts. The petals are pink with a white base, not so long as the calyx. The stamens are less than 10. The capsule is longer than the calyx, and as long as the fruit-stalks. The seeds are round, with thickened border, or flattened at the border, or with a broad, membranous wing, pale- brown. The plant is 4-12 in. long, flowering from June to September, and is a herbaceous annual or biennial. Sea Spurrey (Spergularia media, Presl. = S. marginata, D.C.).— The habitat of this plant is maritime places, muddy salt-marshes. The habit is prostrate. The rootstock is scarcely woody, slender, the branches stout, flattened at the border. The leaves are long, half-round, fleshy, blunt, more or less acute, smooth. The bracts are en- tire, broadly triangular. The flowers are pale- pink with a white base, as long as the sepals. The flower-stalks are long. The capsule is large, twice as long as the calyx, not half as long as the fruit-stalk. The seeds are reddish, rounded, smooth, with thickened borders, and a broad, membranous wing. The plant is 4-15 in. in height, flowering between June and September, and is a herbaceous biennial or perennial. Sea Spurrey (Spergularia rupestris, Lobel = A /sine rupicola, Hiern = A. rupestris, Lobel = Lepigonum rupestre, Kindb.).— The habitat of this plant is rocky places near the sea. The plant is in habit like S. media (also maritime). It is glan- dular, downy. The rootstock is thick, woody. The stem is round in section. The leaves are tufted, short, flat or half -cylindrical, fleshy, pointed, downy. The stipules are broadly ovate, prolonged, more or less entire. The flowers are pale-pink, the petals are longer than the calyx. There are 10 stamens. The capsule is large — equal to, or longer than, the calyx, half to two-thirds shorter than the fruit-stalks. The seeds are flat- tened, pear-shaped, with a thick border. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering from May to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Four-leaved Allseed (Polycarpon tetraphyllum, L.). — The habitat of this species is S.W. coasts of S.W. England, and waste places in the Channel Islands where it is more common. The habit is prostrate. The lower leaves are 4 in a whorl (hence tetraphyllum), those on the branches oppo- site, inversely egg-shaped, and in young plants the leaves are often all opposite. The flowers are triandrous in crowded clusters, the petals notched. The capsules are numerous (hence Polycarpon). The plant is 2-8 in. high, flowering between May and July, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER MALVACEAE Guimauve or Marsh Mallow (A?/hcea officinalis, L.). — The habitat of this plant is marshes near the sea. The habit is erect. The plant is softly downy, velvety, the stem more or less simple. The leaves are soft both sides, velvety, entire, 3-5 lobed, broad, shortly - stalked, egg-shaped to heart- shaped, or nearly round, thick, toothed, scalloped. The involucre is 6-9 lobed, and is an epicalyx. The flower-stalks are axillary, with many flowers, not as long as the leaves. The flowers are rose- colour in a cyme. The sepals are egg-shaped. The carpels are downy. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in August and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Tree Mallow (Lavatera arborea, L.). — The habitat of this plant is maritime rocks. The habit is erect. The stem is stout and woody. The plant is softly downy. The leaves are velvety, plaited, 1-7 lobed, scalloped, nearly round, long- stalked, with broad, short lobes, the upper more entire. The flower-stalks are axillary, crowded, i-flowered, shorter than the leaf- stalks. The flowers are large, rose-colour, with dark veins, glossy. The involucre or epicalyx is 3-lobed, the lobes large, egg-shaped. There are 10 carpels, or more, in a ring on a common axis, from which they break off separately when ripe. The carpels are like brown or green caterpillars, and birds may disperse them. The plant is 3-8 ft. high, flowering between July and September, and is a herbaceous biennial. ORDER GERANIACE^E Bloody Crane's Bill (Geranium sanguirteum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is rocky, dry places, SEA-COAST sandy shores. The habit is prostrate, then ascend- ing-, the stem geniculate. The rootstock is stout and blunt. The plant is hairy, with scattered, spreading, horizontal hairs. The leaves are nearly round, 5-7 lobed, the lobes divided into 3 nearly to the base, narrow, linear to oblong-, lance-shaped, blunt or more or less acute. The leaves are vertical in sunlight. The stipules are egg-shaped, acute. The flowers are solitary, large, crimson or pink (hence sanguineum). The petals are long, in- versely heart-shaped, with bearded claws. The sepals are spreading, oblong, blunt, awned. The flower-stalks are long. The carpels are smooth, crowned with few bristles. The seeds are dotted, wrinkled. The anther-stalks are swollen below. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Sea Stork's Bill (Erodium maritimum, L'Her.). — The habitat of this plant is bare places near the coast, sandy and gravelly. The habit is prostrate. The stem is slightly hairy, the hairs soft and glandular. The leaves are simple, egg-shaped, oblong or heart-shaped, shortly-stalked, lobed, not cut deeply into segments, scalloped. The stipules are egg-shaped. The flowers are pale- pink, sometimes apetalous, or with very small petals, 1-2 on each stalk. The carpels are hairy, with a transverse straight, deep furrow below the deep semicircular pit near the apex. The anther- stalks are entire. The plant is 4-18 in. long, flowering between May and September, and is a herbaceous biennial or perennial. ORDER LEGUMINOS^E Annual Rest Harrow (Ononis redinata, L.) — Annual Rest Harrow is found in short turf near the coast, sandy places, sea cliffs. The habit is prostrate, or ascending. The plant is spread- ing, hairy, clammy, branched. The leaflets are inversely egg-shaped, wedge-shaped, acutely toothed at the tip. The stipules are large, half- egg-shaped. The flower-stalks are i-flowered, slender, jointed below the flower, shorter than the leaves, the flowers or pod bract less. The flowers are rose-colour in the axils. The corolla is as long as the calyx. The pod is glandular, hairy, as long as, or longer than, the calyx, cylindrical, oblong, bent back (hence reclinata). The seeds are 14-18, tuberculate. The plant is 1-6 in. high, flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous annual. Seaside Clover (Trifolium marititnum, Huds.= T. squamosuin, L.). — The habit.it of this plant is muddy salt marshes, stiff soil near the coast, ballast hills. The habit is prostrate, then ascend- ing, spreading. The stem is rigid, nearly erect, the plant downy. The leaflets are oblong, in- versely egg-shaped, blunt or acute, nearly entire. The stipules are broadly awl-like, linear, very long, spreading, herbaceous. The heads are egg-shaped to rounded, terminal, lengthening in fruit, shortly-stalked, with opposite leaves below. The calyx is strongly veined, the teeth awl-like, fringed with hairs at first, erect, not so long as the corolla, afterwards broad, leaflike, spreading, acute, herbaceous, the 4 upper shorter than the ribbed tube, the lower longest and 3-veined, the tube hairy above, inversely conical in fruit. The flowers are small, pale-red. The pod is 2-valved. The plant is 6-18 inches in height, flowering be- tween May and August, and is a herbaceous annual. Buried Clover (Trifolium sujffocatum, Linn.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy and gravelly places, and it is sublittoral, found on sandy sea- shores. The plant is prostrate in habit, smooth, with short, slender, spreading stems, buried in the sand in circular tufts (hence "buried"), with in- versely heart-shaped leaflets on long leaf-stalks, the leaf-like organs egg-shaped, with a long point. The flowers are white, small, with a standard (which does not fall) with a membranous border, the teeth of the calyx bent back and lance-shaped, longer than the corolla, membranous. The plant is 1-3 inches in length, and flowers in June and July, being annual. Upright Trefoil (Trifolium strictum, L.).— The habitat of this Trefoil is grassy places near the sea. The habit is erect or ascending. The stems are few, hairless, branched. The leaflets are toothed, with slender nerves, linear to lance- shaped, the upper oblong. The leafstalks are very short. The stipules are broadly egg-shaped, acute, toothed. The heads are terminal and axillary, broad, round, the flower-stalks short, rigid, longer than the leaves. The flowers are rose-purple, the corolla longer than the calyx. The calyx is stalkless, 13-veined, the tube bell- shaped, the teeth unequal, awl-like, spinose, spreading in fruit. The pods are obliquely rounded, flattened at the margin, beaked, the dorsal entire, thickened, projecting. The 1-2 seeds are egg- shaped, with a rather prominent radicle. The plant is 2-6 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. Slender Bird's Foot (Lotus angustissimus, L.). — The habitat of this species is dry banks near the sea. The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The stem is not wavy, and very hairy, dark-green, very slender. The leaflets and stipules are lance- shaped, acute, the former elliptic or blunt. The flowers are 1-2 on short flower-stalks, shorter than the leaves. The standard is broader than long, the claw linear, not so long as the wings, turning green. The fruit-stalk is twice as long. The calyx teeth are straight in bud, awl-like. The pods are 6 times as long as the calyx, linear. The seeds are rounded. The plant is 2-8 in. in height. Flowers may be found between June and August, and the plant is a herbaceous annual. Hairy Annual Lotus (Lotus hispidus, Desf.). — The habitat of this species is dry banks near the sea, sunny places, roadsides. The habit is pros- trate, then ascending. The plant is loosely or softly hairy. The stems are slender. The leaflets are inversely egg-shaped, lance-shaped, elliptic, acute. The stipules are half-heart-shaped. The flowers are 3-4 on each stalk, the latter longer 26 BRITISH FLORA than the leaves, and the calyx teeth are awl-like, straight in bud. The standard is inversely egg- shaped, the claw awl-like, longer than broad, longer than the wings, and does not turn green. The pods are rough, round, twice as long as the calyx. The seeds are more or less kidney-shaped. The plant is 2-12 inches long, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous annual. Smooth Vetch (Vicia leevigata, Sm.). — This vetch is allied to V. lutea. The plant is hair- less (hence leevigata). The flowers are blue or whitish. The calyx-teeth are unequal. The pods are smooth. Only a single specimen is known, that in Smith's herbarium. It is 6-15 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. Sea Pea (Lathyrus maritimus, Big.). — The habitat of this plant is sea shingle, pebbly sea- shores, on the E. coast, pebbly beaches. The habit is vetch-like. The stem is angular, not winged. The plant is hairless, bluish-green. The rootstock is black, long, and stout. The stem is creeping below, prostrate. The leaflets are in 3-5 pairs, oval, oblong, alternate, or more or less opposite, nerved, large, blunt. The leaf-stalks are sometimes curved back. The tendrils are short. The stipules are leaflike, large, heart-shaped to egg-shaped, half spear-shaped, stalkless. The flowers are variegated, purple, turning blue, on stout stalks, with 5-10 flowers, shorter than the leaves. The ultimate stalks are shorter than the calyx. The bracts are small. The pod is hair- less, swollen, bent back, straight. The 6-8 seeds are smooth, rounded, one-third surrounded by the hilum. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER ROSACE^E Ritbns dumnoniensis, Bab. — The habitat of this plant is sandy places among rocks by the coast. The stem is strong and stout, furrowed, with a few short, stiff hairs at first. The prickles are crowded, long, straight, and slender. The leaf- lets are large, dark-green above, felted below. The panicle is pyramidal, large, the partial rachis and long flower-stalks covered with fine acicles or needle-like points. The petals are large, roundish, milky-white. The contrasting colours, crowded long prickles, large panicle and white handsome flowers help to distinguish this species, and it is nearest to R. incurvatus and R. rhamnifolius. Scotch or Burnet Rose (Rosa spinosissima, L.). — The habitat of this plant is open places, especially near the sea, heaths, and sand dunes. The plant has the shrub habit, and is small, erect, bushy, much branched. The stem is erect, the branches compact and short. The prickles are many, crowded, unequal, passing into bristles and glandu- lar hairs, awl-like, nearly straight. The leaves are slightly or not glandular, the 7-9 leaflets are simple, toothed, simply or doubly, small, hairless above, broad. The flowers are small, white or pink, 3 or more, with long-pointed, simple sepals, the calyx-tube hairless, the limb simple, without glands. The styles are free. The fruit is nearly round, with no disk, hairless, erect, black. The plant is 6-24 inches high, flowering from May to July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rosa rubella, Sm.— The habitat of this plant is sands by the coast. It is a small spreading bush. The leaflets are simply or doubly toothed, elliptical to oval, rounded at the tip, hairless, without glands, rather acute. The leaf-stalks are long, densely glandular. The prickles are slender, straight, or acicles only. The flower- stalks are aciculate, hairy, glandular. The sepals are glandular on the back. The petals are cream-colour or reddish, the flowers i or 2. The styles are densely softly hairy. The fruit is egg-shaped, pitcher-shaped, tapered each end, hairy below, drooping when ripe, scarlet. The flowers and leaves are red- tinted. ORDER CRASSULACE^E White English Stonecrop (Sedum anglicum, Huds.).— The habitat of this species is rocks, and banks chiefly near the sea, sandy places. The plant has the cushion habit, forming matted tufts. The plant is smooth, bluish -green or reddish. The stems are prostrate, then ascending. The flowering stems are leafy, ascending. The leaves are crowded, mostly alternate, gibbous below, ovate, oblong, fleshy, spurred below. The flowers are crowded, few, white or pink, with red spots, in short, smooth, bifid scorpioid cymes. The sepals are short, blunt. The petals are lance-shaped, acute - pointed, keeled. The carpels are pink. The plant is 3-5 in. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER ONAGRACE^: Evening' Primrose (CEnothera odorata, Jacq.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy ground on the coasts of Somerset and Cornwall. The habit is erect. The stems are purplish, branched, with spreading hairs. The foliage is bright-green. The leaves are short-stalked, the lower nearly flat, with green or purple nerves, the radical leaves linear to lance-shaped, toothed, wavy, the stem- leaves egg-shaped to lance - shaped, narrowed. The flowers are large, bright-yellow, fragrant (hence odorata), becoming red. The petals are longer than the stamens. The capsule is long, cylindrical, club-shaped, downy. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. CEnothera Lamarckiana, Ser. — This species is a casual which occurs in waste places, and is well known from the interesting experiments made by De Vries upon the variations to which the plant is liable, which he calls mutations. It differs from CEn. biennis (Sect. XII, Vol. V) in having more pointed radical leaves. The style is longer than the stamens. The capsule is less hairy. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering between July and September, and is a herbaceous biennial. CEnothera ammophila, Focke. — This plant is a North American species which has been found on SEA-COAST 27 the Somerset coast, and has become naturalized on the Somerset coast. ORDER UMBELLIFER^E Slender Hare's Ear (Bupleurum tenuissimum, L.). — (The habitat of this plant is salt marshes, pastures near the sea, and waste places. The habit is more or less the grass habit. The stem is solid, wavy, ribbed, wiry, very slender, branched, erect or prostrate. The leaves are linear-lance-shaped, with a long, narrow point, 3-nerved, rigid, the lowest slightly swollen up- wards. The bracts are awl -like, unequal, 3-5, the bracteoles the same. The flowers are yellow and very small, in umbels or stalkless, in the axils or terminal, the partial umbels of 3-5, overtopping the involucre, in a raceme, or more or less spike- like along the branches. The fruit is broad, small, granulate between the 5 prominent ridges. There are no vittae. The plant is 6-12 in. in height, and flowers between July and September, being a herbaceous annual. Wild Celery (Apium graveolens, L.). — The habitat of this plant is wet places, marshes and ditches, especially near the sea. The plant is erect in habit, and has a strong scent. The root is spindle-shaped. The stem is smooth, erect, stout, grooved, branched, and leafy. The leaves are pinnate, with lobes each side of a common stalk, or trifoliate. The leaflets in the upper leaves are wedge-shaped, those of the radical leaves are stalked, round - lobed. The flowers are small, greenish-white, in stalkless or shortly-stalked ter- minal or lateral umbels, with no partial involucres, with one or two leaves, with leaflets in threes. The petals are hooded. The fruit is round. The styles are short, bent back, and spreading. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between June and August, and is a herbaceous biennial or perennial. Fennel (Fceniculum -vulgare, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sea cliffs, rocks, and walls. The habit is erect. The stems are branching, round below, finely furrowed, polished, filled with pith or nearly solid. The leaves are dark-green, much divided, 3-4-pinnate, shortly-stalked, with many slender, linear lobes, hair-like, limp, channelled, the upper long. The flowers are small, yellow, in large bluish-green, concave umbels, with many rays. The fruit is egg-shaped. The plant is 3-5 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Lovage (Ligusticum scoticum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is rocky coasts, sea cliffs in northern Britain, rocks on the northern sea-coast. The habit is the rosette habit. The rootstock is stout, branched. The stems are erect, little branched, nearly simple, hollow, round, grooved, herbaceous, tinged with red. The leaves are dull-green, mainly radical, twice ternate. The leaflets are egg- shaped, rhomboidal, or round to heart-shaped, toothed, opaque, large, lobed or cut, scalloped. The flowers are white or pink, nearly regular, in umbels with 8-12 rays. The involucres consist of 5-7 leaves, the bracts are few, and the bracteoles linear to awl-like. The calyx is 5-toothed. The fruit is brown, the ridges winged, the interstices with 3, the commissure with 6 stripes. The seed is free. The style is short, bent backwards. The plant is 9 in. to 3 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Hog's Fennel (Peucedanum officinale, L.).— The habitat of this plant is maritime marshes and cliffs, salt marshes. The habit is erect. The stems are rounded, solid, furrowed. The leaves are five times ternate, oblong. The leaflets are linear, limp, long and narrow, acute. The flowers are small, yellow, in a large umbel, on spreading, more or less opposite, branches, with many rays, spreading. The central flowers are imperfect. The involucre consists of 3 bracts which soon fall, and the bracteoles are short and thread-like. The ultimate flower-stalks are slender, longer than the fruit. The fruit has narrow wings, and the stripes of the commissures are superficial. The styles are stout, bent back. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER DIPSACE^E Sea Scabious (Scabiosa marilima, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy places. The habit is the rosette habit more or less. The leaves are deeply-divided nearly to the base. The flower- heads are purple. The involucel and its base are furrowed. The corolla is 5-cleft. The plant is 9-18 in, high, and flowers in July and August, being a herbaceous perennial. ORDER COMPOSITE Sea Aster (Aster Tripolium, L.).— The habitat of this plant is muddy salt-marshes. The plant is erect in habit. The root is spindle-shaped, with long fibres. The stem is hairless, leafy, corym- bose above, with few branches, stout. The leaves are spoon-shaped, linear-lanceshaped, or inversely egg-shaped, succulent or fleshy, smooth, scat- tered, faintly 3-nerved, slightly toothed, the upper linear. The flowerheads are in a corymb, large, the disk florets yellow, complete, the ray florets purple, female, 20-30. The disk florets are tubular below, bell-shaped above. The flower-stalk is slender. The involucre is overlapping, with blunt phyllaries and membranous, the inner longer, closely pressed, few, oblong. The fruit is hairy. The pappus is dirty-white. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in August and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Golden Samphire (Inula crithmoides, L.). — The habitat of this plant is maritime rocks, or salt- marshes, rocks, and muddy salt-marshes. The habit is erect. The plant is yellowish-green, hair- less. The stem is stout, leafy, slightly branched near the top, each ending in a solitary head. The leaves are linear, stalkless, blunt or with 3 points, fleshy, succulent, narrow below, entire or with 2-4 shallow lobes. The flowerheads are few, in simple corymbs on long stalks, with orange disk 28 BRITISH FLORA florets, complete, and female ray florets, in i row, yellow. The involucral bracts are linear-lance- shaped, taper-pointed. The ligule is short. The fruit is round in section, silky. The pappus has an outer series of short bristles or scales, and is rigid, unequal, dirty-white. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering- in July and August, and is a herba- ceous perennial. Sea Cottonweed (Diotis maritime, Cass. = D. candidissima, Desf.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy shores and sea shingle. The habit is pros- trate below, then ascending. The rootstock is woody, creeping. The stems are numerous, stout, branched above. The plant is adapted to dry conditions densely cottony (hence Cottonweed), and white (hence candidissima). The leaves are stalkless, thick, blunt, entire or toothed, oblong, scalloped, and persist. The flowerheads are yellow, small, in dense, terminal, clustered cor- ymbs. The involucre is cottony, the scales of the receptacle oblong, long-pointed, woolly at the tip. The fruit is smooth, hairless, 5-ribbed, curved. There is no pappus. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in August and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Matricaria maritima, L. — The habitat of this plant is sea-coasts. The rootstock is woody. The leaf-segments are short, fleshy, shining, and suc- culent. The stem is ascending. There are no barren shoots. The heads are fewer. The re- ceptacle is narrower. The spaces between the ribs of the fruits are narrower. The plant flowers between June and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Sea Wormwood (Artemisia maritima, L.). — The habitat of this plant is salt-marshes and ditches. The habit is erect, prostrate, or ascend- ing. The rootstock is woody, branched. The stem is branched, woolly. The leaves are white, woolly below, deeply divided nearly to the base, the segments linear, blunt, narrow, numerous, spreading. The flowerheads are drooping, few, crowded, oblong, in short panicle-like spikes, the florets reddish, all fertile, narrow. The receptacle is hairless. The phyllaries are oblong, the outer woolly, the inner membranous. The plant is 9-18 in. high, flowering in August and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Kamtchatka Worm wood (Artemisia StetZertana, Besser). — The habitat of this plant is seashores. The plant is densely white-felted. The leaves are deeply divided nearly to the base, with broad, blunt segments. The flowerheads are pale-yellow in simple or nearly simple racemes, the heads large, erect, rounded, bell-shaped. The stem- leaves and phyllaries are all densely white-felted. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Senecio spathulifolius, D.C. — The habitat of this plant is maritime rocks, sea cliffs, calcareous rocks, and the plant is rare. It has been re- garded as a variety of S. campestris. The plant is shaggy. The plant has the rosette habit. The stem is simple, and is tall and stout. The radical leaves are ovate to spoon-shaped, arachnoid (covered with a cottony down) above, woolly below. The stem - leaves are enlarged below, ovate to oblong, narrowed into broadly-winged stalks. The upper leaves have no stalks, and are linear or lance-shaped, clasping. The flower- heads are yellow, the involucre woolly. The fruit is stiffly hairy. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous biennial or perennial. Slender - flowered Thistle (Carduus pycno- cephalus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy places near the sea. The habit is erect. The stem is erect, branched, hoary, the leaves densely hoary or cottony beneath. The branches are long and slightly winged. The florets are purple in 1-3 large heads, with spreading phyllaries. The fruit is minutely pitted with several rows of pappus. It is 1-4 ft. in height, and flowers from June to August, being biennial. Jersey Knapweed (Centaurea paniculata, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy fields, shores, and slopes. The habit is erect, the stem being branched, forming a panicle above. The stems and branches are rigid, covered with a cottony down, slender, with acute angles. The lower leaves are divided nearly to the base, with linear segments. The heads are oblong with purple flowers. The pappus is not so long as the fruit, consisting of scaly bristles. The plant is i ft. in height, flowers in July, and is a herbaceous biennial. False Jersey Knapweed (Centaurea aspera, L.). — The habitat of this Knapweed is sandy places near the sea. The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The stem is slender, with slender branches, spreading, downy, the tips cottony. The leaves are stalkless, linear, entire. The flower-stalks are leafy, the flowerheads brownish red, the involucre rounded, the leathery bracts tipped with turned-back spreading spines, the heads solitary and terminal. The fruit is grey and downy, the pappus not so long as the fruit. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering from June to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. St. Barnabas Star Thistle (Centaurea solsti- tialis, L.).— The habitat of this thistle is fields, dry pastures, and other places near the sea. It is often introduced with Lucerne, Sainfoin, and usually found on cultivated land. The habit is erect, the rigid stems numerous, being branched, winged, cottony, the lower leaves with lobes larger towards the tip, the upper entire, the base running down the stem. The terminal solitary heads are borne on flower-stalks, the flowerheads yellow, with long, spreading upper bracts, the central involucral spines long and slender, needle- like. The fruit is white, with soft pappus as long as the fruit. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, and flowers between July and September, being a herbaceous annual. Hieracium subramosum, Lonrr. — The habitat of this species is maritime. It has not. been met with since 1876, when it was found at Pethy Cur by Syme. The stem is branched, tall, hairy, stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted above. The few, SEA-COAST 29 2-3, basal leaves form a false rosette, and are egg-- shaped to lance-shaped, elliptic, blunt, nearly entire, the inner lance-shaped, toothed. The 3-5 stem-leaves are nearly stalkless, acute, like the basal, sharply toothed, all narrowed below, bluish- green below, stiffly hairy on the midrib and margin. The panicle forms a kind of corymb, branched, with 1-2 lower ascending branches, with few flowers. The stalks bear bracteoles, and are stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glandular. The few heads are rounded to egg-shaped. The phyllaries are dark green, linear, narrow, lance- shaped, blunt, the inner rather acute, with a pale border, woolly-felted, hairy and glandular. The ligules are fringed with hairs. The styles are yellow turning brown. The plant is \-2\ ft. high, flowering in June, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER PLUMBAGINACE^E Jersey Thrift (Statice (Armeria) plantaginea, All.). — The habitat of this plant is dry sandy places, sandy banks. The plant has the rosette habit. The plant is hairless and is more rigid, stouter, and larger than Statice (Armeria) -vul- gar is. The leaves are linear-lance-shaped, nar- rowed into long points, the margins cartilaginous or membranous, wavy when dry, 3-5 veined. The scapes are rough, taller. The involucre is longer, less deeply cut, the outer bracts with a long, herba- ceous point, triangular or lance-shaped, abrupt, or inversely egg-shaped, with a broad, membran- ous margin, blunt. The calyx-teeth are long, bristle-like, awned. The flowers are darker, on shorter stalks. The plant is 4-20 in. high, flower- ing between June and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Remote - flowered Sea Lavender (Limonium (Statice) humilc, Mill. = S. rarijiora, Bab. non Drej. = S. Bahusiensis, Fr.).— The habitat of this plant is muddy salt-marshes. The plant has the rosette habit. The stem is somewhat angular, branched below, not forming a corymb above, panicled. The leaves are oblong to lance-shaped, stalked, blunt- pointed, i -ribbed, faintly -veined. The flowers are distant, purplish, in long spikes, erect or bent inwards. The spikelets are loose, or 1-3 flowered, arranged one side of the stalk, not overlapping. The calyx-segments are acute, finely-toothed. The outer bract is keeled on the back, pointed, the inner i-i^ as long as the inter- mediate. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Limonium (Statice) recuruum, C. E. Salmon = 5. Dodartii, Bab. Man., Ed. 5-8).— The habitat of this plant is rocky shores. The plant has the rosette habit. The stem is rigid, with thick branches, not barren, short, and often simple, usually not branched below. The leaves are in- versely egg-shaped to spoon-shaped, not pinnately veined (as they are in the next), narrowed into a broadly-winged stalk, 3-veined below. The flowers are purple, in nearly-erect, linear, thick spikes, the panicle branches short, often in pairs, spread- ing. The spikelets are 2-4-flowered, stout, crowded, spreading, overlapping, in 2 rows. The calyx-segments are without intermediate teeth, blunt, and entire. The inner bracts are inversely egg-shaped, very blunt, with white, or pinkish, margins. The anthers are linear. The plant is in flower in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Upright Sea Lavender (Limonium (Statice) binervosum, C. E. Salmon = 5. auriculafolia, Hook, non Vahl. = S. occidentals, Lloyd = 5. spathuiata, Hook, non Desf.). — The habitat of this plant is rocky shores. The plant has the rosette habit. The plant is hairless. The rootstock is short, stout, branched. The stem is branched from near the middle, the branches repeatedly forked, long, sometimes rough. The leaves are lance- shaped to spoon-shaped, acute, narrowed to a short stalk below, blunt, 3-nerved below. The branches of the panicle are all flowering, ascend- ing, the few lower often flowerless, the scapes slender, wavy, forked. The spikelets are 2-4- flowered, slender, overlapping, in 2 rows, erect or ascending, and the spikes are linear, nearly erect. The calyx-segments are blunt, entire, without intermediate teeth. The inner bracts are oval, with a broad, membranous edge, pink. The anthers are oval. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Limonium (Statice) bellidifolium, D. C. non Dum. = 5. retictilatum, Huds. = S. caspia, Willd. — The habitat is salt-marshes, and muddy sea- shores. The plant has the rosette habit. It is hairless, rough to granular, especially above. The scape is stout or slender, much branched near the base, erect, or prostrate when it forms a circle. The leaves are not persistent, 1-3 veined, small, inversely egg-shaped, lance-shaped, acute, or blunt-pointed. The leaf-stalk is as long as the blade. The branches are erect, spreading, branched, bent back, the lower barren, much divided, simple, and all flowering. The branch- lets are much divided. The scales are triangular to acute, the larger with long, narrow points, the lower leafy occasionally. The spikes are scorpioid, short, dense, or longer and loose. The spikelets are 2-3-flowered, in 2 rows, densely overlapping, close or distant. The outer bract is egg-shaped, blunt, membranous, faintly-veined below. The middle bract is irregularly oblong to inversely egg-shaped, divided or blunt, rounded, membranous, veined. The inner bract is long, egg-shaped, membranous, more than half as long as the outer bract. The bracteoles are oblong to inversely egg-shaped, membranous, rounded or blunt. The calyx is irregularly hairy below, sometimes hairless, the lobes triangular to acute, rounded, the veins not running beyond the base of the lobes, or rarely so far, white, finely toothed, with no intermediate teeth. The corolla is small, pale lilac. The plant is 1^-16 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Limonium (Statice) lychnidifolium, Cir. =var. b, corymbosum, Boiss. — The habitat of this plant is maritime rocks. The plant has the rosette habit. BRITISH FLORA The root-stock is stout and woody. The stem is stout, branched one-third to four-fifths of its length, tapering- upwards with barren branches occasion- ally. The leaves are inversely egg-shaped to spoon-shaped, shortly blunt-pointed, with broadly- winged stalks, are 5-9-veined, thick, leathery. The scales are large, egg-shaped to triangular. The inner bracts are roundish, twice as long as the outer, with a bright-red band and mem- branous border. The spikelets are 2-flowered, densely overlapping, in 2 rows. The spikes are thick, spreading or nearly horizontal. The calyx- segments are short, with blunt ribs, hairy. The anthers are oblong. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER GENTIANACE^: Cenfaurium {Erythrcea) latifolium, Sm. — The habitat of this plant is sands by the sea. The plant has the rosette habit. The stem is short, more or less simple, branched, 3-cleft at the top. The lowest leaves are more or less round. The upper leaves are egg-shaped, oblong, 5-y-nerved, blunt. The flowers are rose-colour, more or less in a head or cyme, or in terminal, forked, round, compact tufts, with short stalks. The tube of the corolla is as long as the calyx, the lobes lance- shaped. The flowers are half as large as in Centaurium umbellatum. The plant is 2-4 in. in height, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous annual. Centaurium vulgare, Raf. = C. littoralis, Fr. — The habitat of this plant is sandy seashores. The habit is as in the last. The stem is simple (i or more). The radical leaves are narrow, numerous, spoon-shaped, crowded, the upper oblong, linear, blunt, narrowed below. The flowers are rose- colour, stalkless, between the floral leaves, in dense cymes, or corymbose, usually 3-forked, with long branches. The corolla-tube equals the calyx, and the lobes are oval, oblong, blunt. The plant is 2-6 in. high, flowering between June and September, and is a herbaceous annual. Centaurium pulchellum, Druce (= C. ramosissi- mum, Pers.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy ground. The habit is as in the last. The stem is simple, with i flower, or much-branched with several, acutely square in section. The leaves are egg-shaped to oblong, the upper lance-shaped. The radical leaves are few. The flowers are with- out bracts, rose-colour, all stalked, terminal, and in the axils, in a loose cyme or forked panicle, with a flower in each fork. The corolla tube is longer than the calyx, the lobes elliptic to oblong, lance- shaped, blunt. The lateral flowers are distant from the floral leaves. The plant is 1-6 in. high, flowering from June to September, and is a herba- ceous annual. Small Yellow Gentian (Microcala filiformis, H. & L.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy bogs, damp sandy places. The plant has the rosette habit. The stem is slender, threadlike (hence fili- formis), forked, angled, simple or branched above, the branches more or less erect. The radical leaves are linear to lance-shaped, the stem-leaves awl-like, all stalkless. The flowers are solitary, yellow, with the parts in fours, the calyx bell- shaped, with broad, triangular, acute lobes, the corolla-lobes blunt, as long as the tube. The flower-stalks are stout and very long. The stigma is pin-headed. The capsule is round. The plant is 4-8 in. in height, flowering between July and October, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER BORAGINACE^; Blue Gromwell (Pneumaria (Mertensia) mari- tima, Don). — The habitat of this plant is northern seashores and sea shingle. The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The root-stock is fleshy, and the plant is stoloniferous. The stems are leafy, much- branched. The plant is hairless, bluish-green., The leaves are fleshy, egg-shaped, acute, rough, with hard dots, in 2 rows, the lower stalked, the upper stalkless, with prominent horny points (when dry), and are said to taste like oysters. The flowers are purplish-blue and pink, in forked cymes, with 2 opposite, leafy bracts below. The flower-stalks are short, curved back in fruit. The calyx in fruit is angular. The corolla is 5-lobed to the middle, with yellow folds or protuberances in the throat. The nutlets are flattened, large, fleshy, free, smooth, and form a pyramid, the membranous outer coat becoming inflated and papery, rounded on the back, and longer than the calyx. The seed-cavity is larger than the seeds. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering between May and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER SCROPHULARIACE^E Euphrasia scotica, Wettst. — This plant is dis- tinguished by its long and slender habit, the leaves being shorter and narrower with longer internodes and more compact flowers than in E. minima, to which Mr. Beeby reduced it as a variety, in which opinion Mr. F. N. Williams (Prodr., p 307) concurs. The stem is firm, simple, or branched at or below the middle. The leaves are rigid, nearly hairless, with few short hairs on the margin, ovate to oblong, with 6-8 teeth. The stem-leaves have blunt teeth. The spike is interrupted below. The lower bracts have blunt teeth. The upper bracts have a wedge-shaped base, and the teeth have a short awn, the lower ones being bent inwards. The flowers are white or violet and white. The calyx-teeth are broadly triangular, acute, and clothed with small bristles, like the veins. The corolla is small. The upper lip has notched lobes, the lower is the same length, longer than the tube. The capsule is oblong or narrow below, fringed and covered with hairs above. Euphrasia occidentalis, Wettst.— The habitat of this plant is maritime. The whole plant is downy. The stem is stout, ascending, branched below. The leaves are clothed with small stiff bristles and short glandular hairs. The stem-leaves are ovate, or more or less acute, with 6-10 acute teeth. SEA-COAST The spike is dense as a rule. The flowers are whitish. The bracts are broadly ovate, acute, with 8-14 acute teeth. The calyx has small stiff bristles, and glandular and lance-shaped, narrowly- pointed teeth. The corolla is small, the lobes of the upper lip entire or notched. The capsule is elliptic, notched, fringed with hairs. Kuphrasia foulaensis, Towns. — This plant is without hairs or slightly, softly downy. The stem is stout, simple, or but little branched. The leaves bear few hairs. The stem-leaves are few, distant, ovate, blunt, with 4-6 blunt teeth. The spike lengthens a little. The flowers are purple. The bracts are not so large as in the last, and rather distant, sometimes acute, with acute-pointed teeth. The calyx is devoid of hairs, or there may be a few bristles, and the teeth are triangular to lance- shaped. The corolla is small, with the lobes of the upper lip entire. The capsule is elliptic, long, notched, fringed with hairs, longer than the calyx- teeth. Euphrasia salisburgensis. — The habitat of this plant is limestone pavements and cliffs, walls, sand-dunes, or non-calcareous rocks. As a rule it appears to be a lowland plant, but ascends to 300 metres. The plant belongs to the group with narrow leaves, usually more than twice as long as broad. The stem is simple or branched below. The leaves are without hairs, or have few, very small, bristles. The stem-leaves are lance-shaped, 2-5 times as long as broad. They are very acute with 4-6 distant, long, spreading, awned teeth. The spike finally is much lengthened. The flowers are white or bluish-purple or violet. The bracts are ovate to lance-shaped, with 4-10 (usually 6) teeth, similar. The calyx is devoid of hairs, or has a few very small bristles, with triangular to lance-shaped teeth. The corolla is small, the lobes of the upper lip turned back, notched, or with a few small teeth. The capsule is wedge-shaped to long, blunt to notched, without hairs, or slightly hairy above. ORDER OROBANCHACE/E Broomrape (Orobanche amethystea, Th.).— This plant is a native species, parasitical on Daucus gummifer, in habitats near the sea, as a rule. The habit is like that of Common Broomrape, with which it was united as a sub-species. The corolla is purple or white, and much curved below, the upper part almost straight, extending forwards at first, bent down after flowering. The middle lobe of the lower lip is the largest, serving as an alighting- place for insects. The lobes of the stigma are partly attached, and it is purple, reddish-brown, or yellow. The sepals are entire, egg-shaped, then awl-like at the tip, many-veined. The plant is 6-24 in. in height, and flowers in June and July, being an annual. ORDER PLANTAGINACE^E Buckshorn Plantain (Plantago Corotiopus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is all the maritime coasts, dry and gravelly commons inland, gravelly barren spots near the sea, and it becomes more maritime northwards. The plant has the rosette habit. The plant is downy, with long hairs, but varies much in this respect and in size. The leaves are linear, deeply divided nearly to the base, or toothed, i -ribbed, and may be entire. The scape is round, hairy, ascending, equalling or exceeding the leaves. The spikes are slender, many-flowered, short or long, cylindrical. The bracts are awl-like, erect, the base egg-shaped, exceeding the sepals, which are blunt. The lateral sepals have a membranous wing fringed with hairs. The corolla -tube is downy or hairless. The stamens are pale-yellow. The seeds are pale-brown, with white extensions at each end, and mucilaginous, adhering to the soil when they fall. The plant is 1-8 in. high, flowering between June and August, and is a herb- aceous annual. ORDER ILLECEBRACE^E Whorled Knot Grass (Illecebrum •verticillatum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is wet sandy and boggy places. The habit is prostrate, then ascend- ing. The stem is slender, hairless, and the plant is branched from the root. The branches are ascending, covered with leaves and flowers in tufts. The leaves are round, variable, egg-shaped, spoon-shaped, oblong, hairless. The flowers are in whorls (hence verticillatum) in the axils, small, with a short stalk, not so long as the leaves. The plant is 2-8 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Strapwort (Corrigiola littoralis, L.). — The habit- at of this plant is sandy shores and dry places, damp sandy spots near the sea. The habit is prostrate or ascending. The stems are many, slender, leafy, amongst the flowers. The leaves are linear, lance-shaped, narrowed into an ob- scure stalk. The stipules are half arrow-shaped, oblong. The flowers are white, stalked, small, crowded, in small clusters, or terminal cymes. The petals and sepals are the same size. There are 3 stigmas, and the anthers are small. The plant is 3-9 in. in length, and flowers between July and September, being a herbaceous annual. Smooth Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra, L.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy soils and dry places. The habit is prostrate or subterranean. The stems are herbaceous, numerous, tufted, hairless or downy, clothed with bent-down hairs. The autumnal shoots are ascending, irregularly branched, with spreading, not overlapping leaves. The lateral branches resemble leafy spikes from the close clusters. The plant is pale yellowish- green. The root is woody. The leaves are ob- long, hairless, narrowed below. The flowerc are small, green, stalkless, in axillary spike -like clusters. The calyx is hairless or thinly hairy. The fruit is i -seeded. The plant is 4-6 in. long, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous annual, biennial, or perennial. Herniaria cilia/a, Bab. — This plant was re- garded as a variety of the last, than which it is 32 BRITISH FLORA much stouter, forming- larger tufts, with broader leaves, larger, whiter stipules. The habit is pros- trate. The plant is dark-green. The root is strong and woody, the stem spreading from the crown, but scarcely rooting until the autumn, when it is prostrate, with regular alternate branches, the leaves in two rows, overlapping. The stem is shrubby, with small bent-down hairs on the upper surface only. The leaves are round to egg- shaped, fringed with hairs (hence ciliatd). The flowers are in clusters of 1-3, in small distinct clusters, stalkless, in the axils of the lateral branches. The flowers are larger than in the last. The sepals are bristle-pointed. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous, diminu- tive, shrub-like perennial. Hairy Rupture Wort (Herniaria hirsuta, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy ground, waste places, cultivated ground. The habit is prostrate. The stem is herbaceous, clothed with straight, spreading hairs (hence hirsuta). The leaves are elliptic, oblong, hairy, narrow both ends, yellow- ish-grey. The calyx is hairy like a small bur. The plant is 4-6 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER CHENOPODIACE^ Goosefoot (Chenopodium botryoides, Sm.). — The habitat of this plant is muddy coasts or tidal rivers, moist sandy places near the sea, on the S.E. coast. The habit is erect or prostrate. The leaves are thick, fleshy, more or less triangular, slightly toothed. The plant when fresh is succulent, brittle, limp when dry. The flowers are in a dense, compound spike, leafless above. The seeds are vertical, small, smooth, shining, keeled at the edge. The pericarp is loose. The plant is 2-6 in. high, flowering in September, and is a herbaceous annual. Sea Beet (Beta maritima, L.).— The habitat of the plant is maritime places, muddy seashores. The habit is pyramidal. The root-stock is thick and fleshy, branched, tapered into a fleshy root. The stems are prostrate below, long, spreading in a circle, then ascending, numerous, branched, angular, striped, ascending at the apex. The leaves are fleshy, shining, the lower rhomboid, triangular to egg-shaped, the upper lance-shaped, narrowed into a broad leafstalk. The flowers are green, in long, clustered spikes, slender, simple, leafy, 2-3 -flowered, stalkless. The bracts are linear to lance-shaped, longer than the clusters. The perianth-segments have entire keels, the outer (sepals) bent inwards, blunt, with mem- branous margins. The stigmas are lance-shaped. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between June and October, and is a herbaceous perennial. Narrow-leaved Sea Orache (Atriplex littoralis, L.)- — The habitat of this plant is salt-marshes, brackish marshes, banks. The habit is erect. It closely resembles A. patula, but has narrower, usually entire leaves, not spear-shaped, or seldom rhombic. The plant is mealy. The stems are striped, with ascending branches. The leaves are narrow, entire or toothed, linear-oblong to lance- shaped. The upper leaves are very narrow. The flowers are in slender, terminal, clustered spikes. The fruiting perianth is rhomboidal, triangular, toothed, tubercled on the back. The seeds are nearly smooth, shining, all vertical. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering between July and Septem- ber, and is a herbaceous annual. Orache (Atriplex patula, L.).— The habitat of this plant is cultivated and waste ground, where it is common. It may be native on the seashores of Great Britain. The habit is erect or ascending. The plant is mealy, deep green. The stem is striped, with spreading branches. The lower leaves are opposite, rhombic, or spear-shaped with ascending, blunt teeth, from a wedge-shaped base, entire or coarsely toothed, acute. The flowers are in simple spikes usually leafy below, the bracts broad. The female perianth-segments are rhombic, triangular, toothed, tubercled, rarely hardened, mixed with the males, the axillary soli- tary. They are spear-shaped, blunt at the base or triangular. The seeds are, when large, dark brown, flattened, the smaller smooth, shining. The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is a herbaceous annual. Atriplex Babingtonii, Woods.— The habitat of this plant is sea-coasts. The plant has been re- garded as a subspecies of A. patula. The habit is as in the last. The plant is pale and very mealy. The stems are spreading, prostrate then ascend- ing, with spreading branches. The leaves are egg-shaped, usually opposite, triangular, or rhom- boid to egg-shaped, entire, wavy, the upper lance- shaped, 3-lobed below, toothed. The flowers are in distant, axillary and terminal, clusters, the spikes loose and leafy, few-flowered. The fruiting perianth is rhomboidal, acute, toothed, tubercled on the back, the sepals united belowat the hardened base, or to the middle. The seeds are minutely tuberculate, all vertical, large, pale. The plant is 6-36 in. high, flowering between July and Sep- tember, and is a herbaceous annual. Atriplex laciniata, L. — The habitat of this plant is sandy sea-coasts. The habit is prostrate then ascending. The plant is clothed with persistent, silvery scales. The stem is buff or reddish, not striped, angular, branched from the base, the branches spreading, stout or slender. The lower leaves are opposite, mealy below, entire or toothed, acute or blunt, rhombic to egg-shaped, wedge-shaped below, the upper the same or spear- shaped, shortly-stalked. The floral leaves are stalkless. The male flowers are in short, dense, naked spikes, the females in the axils, with a few males between. The fruiting perianths are united to the middle, broader than long, rhomboidal, 3- lobed, with blunt, lateral lobes ending in tubercles, 3-ribbed on the back, entire, toothed or lobed. The disk is prominently veined or wrinkled, rarely tubercled. The seeds are reddish-brown, large, much flattened at the border, rough, opaque. The plant is 6-36 in. in height, flowering between July and October, and is a herbaceous annual. Atriplex Calotheca, Fr. — It differs from A. has- SEA-COAST 33 fa fa, L., of which it has been regarded as a variety, only in having" a prostrate stem, more fleshy leaves, and sepals deeply cut, with slender teeth. It is 6-18 in. high. Sea Purslane (A triplex portulacoides, L.).— The habitat of this plant is muddy maritime cliffs and marshes, muddy salt - marshes. The habit is shrubby. The plant is mealy, covered with small, persistent, greyish-white scales. The rootstock is woody and branched. The stem is woody below, prostrate, wavy, the branches erect. The leaves are silvery white, usually opposite, with a rounded tip, spoon-shaped to lance-shaped, entire, narrow below, the upper narrower, linear. The flowers are in terminal, interrupted spikes or panicles, leafy below. The fruiting perianth is cupular, stalkless, wedge-shaped, inversely triangular to rounded below, with 3 unequal or equal lobes above, rough on the back, flattened at the border. The seed is rough, chestnut colour. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from August to October, and is a herbaceous perennial. Atriplex pedunculata, L. — The habitat of this plant is muddy shores, muddy maritime marshes, and salt-marshes. The habit is herbaceous. The plant is mealy. The stem is wavy, branched or simple, slender, round. The leaves are narrowly inversely egg - shaped, oblong, narrow below, entire, with a rounded tip, shortly- stalked, the upper narrower. The flowers are in terminal spikes, reduced to axillary clusters, more or less stalkless, one or two fruiting in each cluster, when the stalk lengthens and spreads. The fruiting perianths are long-stalked, bell-shaped, wedge- shaped, with 2 bent-back lobes, with 2 intermediate teeth, 2 lateral lobes. The plant is 3-8 in. high, flowering from August to October, and is a herba- ceous annual. Glasswort (Salicornia europcea, L. =S. procum- bens, Sm., seg. , 5. herbacea, L.). — The habitat of the plant is muddy seashores, salt-marshes, maritime and inland, it being abundant and often social. The habit is ascending to erect. The root is slender. The stems are herbaceous, leafless, the joints succulent, compressed, thickened upwards, notched, all the branches flowering, spindle- shaped. The plant is bright green. The inter- nodes are contracted above and below, the lower woody, slender, the upper fleshy. The flowering internodes are in short spikes. The flowering spikes are tapering, blunt, cylindrical, each spike has 8- 1 6 flowering segments. The flowers are nearly equal in size, 3, the centre one two-thirds the way up the segment, with I stamen as a rule, or with a secondary rudimentary one, and if there are two they ripen successively. The styles pro- ject. The fruiting perianth is narrowly winged at the top. The seed is egg-shaped or oblong, green, with curled hairs. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in August and September, and is a herb- aceous annual. Salicornia europoea, L. (forma stricta, Moss. = 5. stricfa, Dum.). — The habitat of this plant is erect. The stem is erect, much-branched, vigorous, the branches in clusters, the terminal spikes usu- VOL. VI. ally very long. The spikes are cylindrical, 2-3 in. long. The plant is always green in colour. The plant is a herbaceous annual. Salicornia ramosissima, Woods. — This plant is polymorphic in colour, size, and branching. The colour is apple-green or grass-green to dingy red and crimson. It is usually much-branched (hence ramosissima), even bushy, but less branched and branchless forms occur. It is 30 mm. in height. The vegetative segments are about 10 mm., rarely 20 mm. long. The terminal flowering spikes are not so long as in S. europeza, not more than 5-10 mm. long, acute, tapering, with 4-6 flowering seg- ments. The spikes are rather lance-shaped. The central flower is about twice as large as the lateral ones, reaching two-thirds the way up the segment. It has two stamens. The plant is a herbaceous annual. Salicornia pusilla, Woods. — The habitat of this plant is salt-marshes. The plant is very small (hence pusilla). The colour is grey-green, and the plant does not exceed 12 cm. in height. It is branched when full-grown, with curved, graceful branches, but it is sometimes less so, as in the type specimens. The vegetative segments are 6-io mm. long. The terminal flowering spikes are short (5-10 mm.), with few flowers (2-4), which are globular. The lateral flowers are only one- third as large as the central one, which reaches two-thirds up the segment. The seed has spirally- coiled hairs, which differ from those of other annual species in not being crozier-shaped. The plant is 2-6 in. high, and is a herbaceous annual. Salicornia intermedia, Woods. — The habitat of this plant is salt-marshes. The plant, which may be regarded as the type, differs from S. pusilla only in having much longer and redder spikes. The plant is a herbaceous annual. Salicornia appressa, Dum. — This plant is dingy- red to crimson in colour. It is a prostrate plant, triangular in outline, fan -shaped, the branches ascending at the tip. The stems are loose, pros- trate, then ascending, appressed to the mud (hence appressa). The main stem is 15 cm. or more long. The vegetative segments are 7-9 mm. long. The terminal flowering-spikes are short (10-22 mm.), tapering, and acute. The central flower is larger than the lateral ones, and reaches nearly to the top of the segment. The plant is a herbaceous annual. The height of the plant is 6-12 in. Salicornia gracillima, Moss. — This plant is green or red in colour. The habit is erect, rigid, more or less racemose. The stem is 12 cm. long. The branches are ascending, somewhat unequal, para- llel. The non-flowering segments are short (5-8 mm.), the spikes are larger and longer than in 5. pusilla (and the whole plant less fleshy), short, 6-12 mm., with 2-4 segments. There are 2 lateral flowers, usually smaller by half than the central flower, which extends half-way up the segment. The spikes contain cellules, which are spiral, spicular. The plant is a herbaceous annual. Salicornia disarticulata, Moss. — The habitat of this plant is the drier parts of salt marshes, where the plant grows among turf formed by Glyceria 80 34 BRITISH FLORA maritima. Anatomically the plant is allied to the last, but in its loosely-attached segments and single-flowered, cyme-like inflorescences it is dis- tinct from all other members of the sub-section Erectae. It is recognized by the easily-disarticu- lating (hence disarticulatd) segments and single flowers. The plant is yellowish-green, the tips of the branches reddish. The habit is erect, rigid, much-branched, the stem 15-16 cm. high. The segments are short, easily disarticulating at matu- rity (2-5 mm. long). The terminal spikes are short (2-6 mm. long), with 3-6 segments, the lateral spikes very short (1-3 mm.). The spikes contain cellules, which are spiral or spicular. The plant is a herbaceous annual. Salicornia smithiana, Moss. (— S. procumbens, Auct. p.p.).— This plant is green in colour to red at maturity. The habit is prostrate, then slightly ascending, procumbent (hence procitmbens). The stem is short, 15 cm., with few ascending branches. The non-flowering segments are short, 10 mm. The lower branches are longer than the upper, and are arranged crosswise. There are 2 lateral flowers, smaller by half than the central flower, extending half-way up the segment. There are no spiral or spicular cellules. The plant is a herbaceous annual. Salicornia dolicliostachya, Moss. — The habitat of this plant is shingle near high-water mark. The plant is green or yellowish-green. The habit is prostrate. The stem is limp, or more or less so, often much-branched, 5-8 cm. high. The seg- ments are short or long. The spikes are very long (hence dolicliostachya), 8-10 cm. long, with sometimes curved, short branches, especially at the base, with 15-30 segments. The lateral flowers are separated by the central one, and the species bridges over the perennial forms with the central flower separating the lateral ones, and the annual where they are not, but the central flower rests on the lateral ones. The species is recognized by the prostrate habit, much and irregularly branched. The plant flowers in mid-August, being the first to flower and fruit in the middle of September. The spikes also are very long, curved, branched. The plant is a herbaceous annual. Salicornia perennis, Mill., var. lignosa, Moss. — This plant is stiffer, not, or little, rooting, the stem thicker, shorter, more woody below (hence lignosa). The plant is a prostrate dwarf shrub, with a single stem, unilateral. The branches are prostrate, and have no adventitious roots. The 3 flowers in the cyme are subequal, the central reaching two-thirds the way up the segment. The seeds have shorter hairs than in S. perennis. The plant is a herba- ceous perennial. Salicornia perennis, Mill. = 5. radicans, Sm. = S. fruticosa, Auct.— The habitat of this plant is salt marshes and muddy seashores. The plant is often social, growing in matted clumps, and (when isolated) it is a metre across. It is a tufted, dwarf shrub, spreading by freely-rooting branches. The root-stock is woody, creeping, perennial, with herbaceous, round, barren, and flowering seg- ments. The colour is browner than in 5. herbacea. The joints are deeply notched, hardly thickened. The spikes are blunt, thick, oblong, nearly stalk- less. The central flower of the cyme is slightly larger than the lateral, which reach half-way up the segment. The seeds are nearly globular, with curved hairs, longer than in the foregoing species. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, flowering from August to October. It is a herbaceous perennial. Seablite (Su&da fruticosa, Forsk. = obtusifolia, Steud.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy, pebbly, or shingly coasts, where the plant is a factor in forming lateral banks and in protecting the coast. The plant has the shrub habit. The stem is erect, woody, with erect or ascending branches, hairless, and rather bluish-green. The leaves are crowded, fleshy, blunt, semi-cylindrical, dotted with white. The flowers are in the axils, solitary or 2-3, on short stalks. There are 3 styles. The seeds are vertical, black, smooth, shining. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers from July to September and October. The plant is a perennial shrub. Annual Seablite (Suceda maritima, Dum.). — The habitat of this plant is salt marshes and muddy seashores. The plant is erect or prostrate in habit. The stems are herbaceous, with many spreading branches, hairless, bluish - green, red in late autumn, branched from the base, the branches slender, straggly. The leaves are tapered below, more or less acute, semi-cylindrical. The flowers are rarely solitary, 3-5, shortly-stalked. There are only 2 styles. The seeds are horizontal, shin- ing, finely furrowed, brown or black, beaked. The plant is 3-18 in. high, flowering between July and October, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER POLYGONACE^ Polygonum Roberti, Lois. = P. Rail, Bab. — The habitat of this plant is sandy seashores. The habit is prostrate. The stem is long, straggling. The leaves are flat, elliptic to lance-shaped, bend- ing towards the stem. The ocreae, or tubular membranous stipules which surround the stem, are lance-shaped, acute, with a few distant, simple veins, and are at length torn. The anther-stalks are broader at the base. The nut is smooth, shin- ing, and longer than the perianth. The plant is 1-3 ft. long, flowering between July and September, and is a herbaceous annual. Sea Knot Grass (Polygonum maritimum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is shingle, seashores, sands of the coast. The habit is prostrate. The stem is woody below, stout, rigid, darker when dry, broader at the base, often buried. The leaves are elliptic to lance -shaped, the nerves netted below, thick, bluish -green below, leathery, the edges rolled back, convex above, spreading from the stem. The ocreae are lance - shaped, with branched veins at length torn, silvery-white, con- spicuous, membranous, large. The anther-stalks are broader below. The fruit is longer than the perianth. The nut is smooth, shining. The plant is 3-9 in. long, flowering in August and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Rumex rupestris, Le Gall.— The habitat of this SEA-COAST 35 plant is sea -coasts. The habit is erect. The radical leaves are oblong, not so broad as in K. conglomerates, strap-shaped, rounded, narrowed at both ends. The bracts are few, narrow. The panicle is tapering-, with close whorls, all, but the 2-3 lowest, leafless. The enlarged fruiting- seg- ments are large, with nearly parallel sides, very large tubercles, and narrow, egg-shaped to oblong, blunt. The nut is egg-shaped, acute. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between June and Sep- tember, and is a herbaceous perennial. Curled Dock (Rumex crispus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is roadsides, field borders, waste ground, and it is native on seashores, glades in woods, natural broken ground. The habit is erect, more or less of the rosette or pyramidal type. The stem is branched, sometimes reddish. The leaves are oblong, lance -shaped, acute, wavy, crisped, the base blunt, rounded, or acute. The flowers are in a panicle, with erect branches, leafv below, in crowded whorls, leafless. The flower- stalks are jointed below, twice as long as the fruit- ing perianth-segments, or shorter. The perianth- segments are oblong, ovate, heart-shaped, blunt, more or less entire, the upper ones having a broad, smooth tubercle. They are green or red, netted, the inner are entire or scalloped, the upper one principally tubercled. The nut is elliptic, brown. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER EUPHORBIACE^: Portland Spurge (Euphorbia portlandica, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy seashores. The habit is erect or ascending. The rootstock is cylindrical, woody, twisted. The plant is bluish - green, hairless. The stems are numerous, tufted, naked, scarred below, branched, leafy above. The leaves are inversely egg-shaped, lance-shaped, blunt, leathery, alternate, scattered, spreading, acute or blunt-pointed, entire. The bracts are triangular, or kidney - shaped to heart-shaped, broader than long, keeled, abrupt. The flower- heads are in umbels of 3-5 rays, forked, the invol- ucral lobes 4, moon -shaped, long- horned. The capsules are rough at the angles or on the backs of the valves, faintly keeled. The seeds are whitish, with brown pits, and netted, opaque, the cuticle brown, the caruncle large. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering between April and Sep- tember, and is a herbaceous perennial. Sea Spurge (Euphorbia Paralias, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy seashores. The habit is erect or ascending. The plant is bushy, reddish or bluish-green. The rootstock is woody, tough. The barren stems are numerous, naked, with tubercles below. The leaves are pale-green, thick, leathery, overlapping, entire, elliptic, oblong, lance-shaped, the radical linear to inversely egg- shaped, oblong, the upper egg-shaped. The bracts are broadly heart-shaped, broader than long. The flowering stem is about i ft. high. The flower- heads are in umbels of 5-8 forked rays, short, stout. The involucres are stalkless or stalked, with 3-4 short points. The capsules are leathery, wrinkled, lobed, with rough valves with a dorsal depression. The seeds are egg-shaped, dotted, whitish, with a very small caruncle. The plant is 9-18 in. in height, flowering between July and October, and is a herbaceous perennial. Purple Sea Spurge (Euphorbia Peplis, L.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy shores, loose sand, shingle. The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The plant is bluish-green or purplish. The stems are numerous, forked, dividing into two forks re- peatedly, spreading from the base. The leaves are opposite, half heart-shaped, with stipules (egg- shaped, divided into two nearly to the base) nearly entire, leathery, shortly stalked, blunt or notched, the base auricled on one side, blunt on the other, hairless. The flowerheads are solitary, the invo- lucres in the axils or forks, shortly stalked, with oblong glands. The capsule is keeled, with smooth, hairless valves. The seeds are white, and have no caruncle. The plant is 2-10 in. in height, flowering between July and September, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER LILIACE^E Asparagus (Asparagus officinaUs, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sea-cliffs. The habit is prostrate below. The rootstock is prostrate, the young shoots having triangular scales below. The stems are numerous, round in section, more or less erect, wavy, branched, spineless, the branches slender, the cladodes bristle-like, in groups, flexible. The flowers are drooping, in the axils, unisexual, yellowish-green, or dirty- white to yellow, with red veins, the males the larger. The stalk is as long as the flower, jointed in the middle. The berry is round, red, smooth, shining, 3-celled. The seeds are large, hard, black, smooth. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER JUNCACE/E Baltic Rush (Juncus balticus, Willd.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy wet seashores, inland lakes (Aberdeen). The habit is rush-like. The rootstock is far-creeping, not tufted. The stems are rigid, with continuous pith, few, pale green, hardly finely-furrowed. The leaves are wanting, or small points at the top of the sheathing scales. The flowers are few, in an erect panicle, slightly branched. The perianth is dark brown, with a pale midrib, the segments acute, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, as long as the capsule. The anthers are longer than their stalks. There are 3 stamens. The capsule is 3-angled, egg-shaped, blunt-pointed, elliptic. It is distinguished from J. glaucus by the far -creeping rootstock, hardly finely - furrowed stem, and continuous pith. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Juncus Gerardi, Lois. — The habitat of this plant is sea-coasts, salt marshes. The plant has the rush habit. It has been regarded as a subspecies BRITISH FLORA or variety of/, compressus, a more inland species. There are one or more leaves on the stem, which is creeping, 3-angled above, distant. The leaves are linear, channelled. The flowers are in a terminal, compound, rather cymose panicle, longer than the bracts. The perianth-segments are as long as the capsule, and are oval to oblong, blunt. The floral bracts are shining, brown. The anthers are long. The style is as long as the ovary. The capsule is blunt-pointed, and oval to oblong. The plant is 6-15 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Great Sea Rush (Juncus acutus, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is sandy seashores. The plant has the rush habit, forming circular tufts. The stems are erect, rigid, with a very sharp rigid point (hence acutus), round in section, hardly finely- furrowed, the flowerless ones numerous. The leaves are round in section, sharp-pointed, mostly reduced to long, shining sheaths. The flowers are in a dense, corymb-like panicle, very com- pound and close, large in fruit. The bracts are lance -shaped, awl-like, longer than the flowers. The perianth is brown, the 3 inner segments notched, with a broad membranous border, winged near the apex, the perianth-segments egg-shaped to lance-shaped, half as long as the broad, blunt, egg-shaped capsule, which is swollen, hardly 3- angled. The seeds are broadly egg-shaped. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER NAIADACE^; Sea Arrow Grass (Triglochin maritimum, L.). — The habitat of the plant is muddy salt marshes. The habit is tufted. The stems are thickened below. The leaves are radical, linear, fleshy, flattened at the tip. The scape is curved. The flowers are in a loose, simple, long raceme, and are greenish. The fruit is egg-shaped, oblong, not appressed to the scape. There are 6 stamens. The 6 carpels are grooved at the back. The plant is 10-12 in. high, flowering between May and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Tassel Pondweed (Ruppia maritima, ~L.=R. spiralis, Dum.).— The habitat of this species is salt water and brackish ditches, salt-marshes. The plant has the pondweed habit. The stem is slender, much-branched. The leaves are linear, narrow, opposite or alternate, the first leaf of each axillary shoot opposite a narrow, blunt, or notched cellular scale, arising from the base at the side next the axis. The flowers are in a spadix arising from the leaf-sheath. The leaf- sheaths are inflated. The flower-stalk is spirally coiled (as in Vallisnerid), long, short and straight in flower, when fruiting 5-6 in. The anther-cells are i£ times as long as broad. The nut is egg- shaped, green, beaked, obliquely erect, the stalk 1-2 in. The plant is floating. It flowers between July and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Ruppia rostellata, Koch.— The habitat of this plant is salt marshes. The plant has been re- garded as merely a subspecies of the last. The plant as a whole is very slender. The leaves are narrower, slender to linear. The sheaths are smooth, close, closely pressed to the stem. The fruiting-stalks are short, wavy, not spiral. The anther-cells are more or less round, rather square, as broad as long. The drupe is swollen below, obliquely ascending when young, the beak long (hence rostellata). The plant is floating. The flowering period is between June and August. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. Zannichellia pedunculata, Reichb. = Z. mari- tima, Nolte. — The habitat of this plant is brackish water. The habit is that of a pondweed. The leaves are opposite, threadlike. The achenes are 2-5, stalked (hence pedunculata), with strong prickles on the back. The style is as long as the achenes. The stigma is large, scalloped. The anther-stalks are up to £ in. long. The anthers are 2-celled. The plant is floating. Flowers are to be found between May and August. The plant is a herbaceous annual. Small Grasswrack (Zostera nana, Roth). — The habitat of this plant is muddy estuaries or salt water. The habit is ribbon-like or zosteroid (hence Zostera), like other grasswracks. The plant is small (hence nana). The leaves are slender, linear, i-3-veined. The flower-stalks are slender, pale in colour, half as broad and as long as the spathe. The spathe is swollen above the stalk, oblong to lance-shaped, with a short blade. The spadix is few-flowered, short, with 2-5 clasping bands, the margin having membranous appendages bent in- wards. The nuts are smooth, faintly furrowed, the seeds shining black when ripe. The plant is floating, flowering between April and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER CYPERACE.S Heleocharis uniglumis, Sch. — The habitat of this species is wet sandy places, especially near the sea. The plant has the sedge habit more or less. The rootstock is far-creeping. The stem is clothed with transversely blunt sheaths at the base. The lower glumes are brown, egg-shaped, almost surrounding the spikelet, somewhat acute, the edges narrow, pale. The nut is pear-shaped, blunt, flattened at the border, the edge rounded. The surface is finely furrowed, dotted. The nut is crowned with the style, which is conical below, and is not as long as the bristles. The plant is 6-8 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Cluster-headed Club Rush(ScirpusHoZoschcenus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy sea-coasts. The plant has the bulrush habit. The rootstock is creeping. The stems are tall, round in section, tufted, stout. The margins of the sheaths are united by netted fibres. The leaves are few, erect, channelled, awl-like, rigid, and occur on the upper sheaths, and are not so long as the stem, half round, with rough margins. The spikelets are very small, in dense, round clusters forming a cyme, the upper shortly stalked or stalkless, the branches half round and very stout. The lower SEA-COAST 37 bract is erect, oblong:, with a flat, open channel, the upper spreading or ascending-. The glumes are inversely egg-shaped, notched, with a blunt point, fringed with hairs, variegated brown and white. The fruit is nearly round, blunt-pointed, wrinkled. The anthers have a long point, and are entire or toothed. There are 3 stigmas. The plant is 3-4 ft. in height, flowering from August to October, and is a herbaceous perennial. Small Club Rush (Scirpus parvulus, R. and S. = S. nanus, Spreng.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy seashores, mud flats, and estuarine mud. The habit is as in the last. It is a small species (hence parvulus and nanus). The rootstock is creeping, long, with hair-like or slender stolons, with egg-shaped to awl-like tubers. The stems are numerous, grooved, transversely rounded, with one small sheath, very slender, closely pressed, leafless. The leaves are radical, slender, bristle- like, enlarged below, bent back, channelled. The spikelets are very small, few-flowered, pale, egg- shaped, oval. The glumes are egg-shaped, blunt, keeled, membranous, the lowest flowerless, not longer than the spikelet, the two outer longer. The bristles are 4-8, twice as long as the nut, barbed, the hairs bent downwards. The nut is pale, inversely egg-shaped to oblong, 3-angled, smooth, blunt-pointed. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous annual. Scirpus Taberncemontani, Gmel. = 5. glaucus, Sm. — The habitat of this plant is brackish ditches, usually near the sea, rivers, and ponds. The habit is as in the last. The plant is creeping below. The stems are round in section, bluish-green (hence g-faucus), with i or 2 long sheaths below. The plant has 2 floating leaves, as in 5. lacustris. The spikelets are in a terminal, compound panicle, smaller than the common type. The lower bract is short. The glumes are rough, notched, fringed, the anthers are not bearded, but the tips are smooth. There are 2 stigmas. The nut is flat- tened at the border, round, oblong, smooth. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between July and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Triangular Bulrush (Scirpus triquefer, L.).— The habitat of this plant is muddy tidal rivers. The plant has the bulrush habit. The stems are acutely 3-sided, with concave faces. There are 1-2 long sheaths below, the upper ending in a short, broad, 3-sided leaf, or usually leafless. The flowers are in a small, lateral, cyme-like panicle, with short, stout branches. The lower bract is long and rigid, like a continuation of the stem. The spikelets are small, stalked and stalkless, solitary or few, ovoid, long. The glumes are inversely ovate, notched, smooth, fringed, with rounded, blunt lobes. The nut is 3-angled, roundish to inversely ovate, plano-convex, shining, smooth. The anthers have a short, beardless point. There are 2 stigmas. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in July and August up to October, and is a herbaceous perennial. Brown Club Rush (Scirpus rufus, Schrad.). — This species is found in wet pastures or marshes, salt marshes, especially near the sea, on the north- ern and western coasts. The stems are slender, round, tufted. The rootstock is creeping. The leaves are short, channelled, smooth, half-round in section. The spikelets contain 2-4 flowers, and are chestnut - brown, few and short, not longer than the bract. The glumes are dark-brown and polished, the outer glume smooth, as long as the spikelet. There are 1-6 slender, deciduous, short, rough bristles, with spreading or ascending teeth. The fruit is brown, ovate, opaque, with a long beak. The plant is 3-12 in. high, flowering in July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Large-headed Sand Sedge (Carex incurva, Lightf.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy shores of the north, damp sea sand. The habit is grass- like, drooping. The stem is smooth, stout, bent down, nearly round, with spreading soboles. The leaves are channelled, as long as the stem, with the margins inrolled. The spikelets form a head, the male above. The glumes are blunt, egg- shaped, not so long as the perigynia, which are egg-shaped, swollen, spreading, the smooth beak split. The nut is inversely egg-shaped. The plant is 2-4 in. in height, and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous perennial. Carex divtsa, Huds. — The habitat of this sedge is marshes near the sea, brackish marshes, espe- cially on the southern and eastern coasts. The habit is grass-like. The stem is slender, rough at the top, the long, narrow leaves are wavy, and have the margin inrolled, an adaptation to dry conditions. The spikelets form a crowded head, and there is a bristle-like bract below, brown, with a membranous border. The fruit is egg-shaped, and as long as the egg-shaped acute membranous glumes, with a blunt point, plano-convex, veined. The beak is divided into two nearly to the base, and has the edges roughly and coarsely toothed. The nut is brown, rounded. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, and flowers in June and July. It is a herbaceous perennial. Carex salina, Wahl. = var. b. katfegensis, Fr. — The habitat of this species is the margins of tidal rivers. The plant has the sedge habit. The stem is 3-angled, tall. The leaves are narrow, yellow- green, with rough keel and margin. The sheaths are not webbed. The spikes are erect, the lower drooping. The male spikelets are 2-3, the fertile 3-4, on short stalks, sometimes male above. The glumes are brownish, egg-shaped, blunt or with a short point, the lower with an excurrent, rough midrib. The bracts are as long as the spikes, leaf- like. There are 2-3 stigmas. The fruit is egg- shaped, flattened, with many veins and a short beak. The nut is inversely egg-shaped, narrow above and below. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flower- ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous per- ennial. Distant-spiked Sedge (Carex distans, L.).— The habitat of this species is marshes, chiefly maritime, and wet meadows. The plant has the sedge habit. The rootstock is tufted and creeping. The stems are 3-angled, smooth or roughish above, leafy below the middle. The leaves are broad, bluish- green, often bent back, flat. The sheaths are long. BRITISH FLORA The bracts are leafy, sheathed. The fertile spike- lets are distant (hence distans), erect, cylindric to oblong-, the upper stalk included ; the lower bract is not so long- as the stem, the lower stalked. The male spikelets are long -stalked, slender, club- shaped to cylindrical. The glumes are egg-shaped, blunt, short-pointed, broad, rather acute, brown with a green midrib, the margins and tip white. The fruit is nearly erect, stalkless, opaque, green, egg-shaped, ascending, 3-angled, equally faintly ribbed, dotted, smooth, longer than the glumes, the beak broad, rough, slender, flat, short, and straight, blunt and pointed, the mouth mem- branous. The nut is broad, inversely egg-shaped, 3-sided, brown. The plant is 10-18 in. high, flowering in June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Spotted Sedge (Carex ptinctata, Gaud.). — The habitat of this plant is marshy places near the sea, wet places in the south of England and Ire- land. The plant has the sedge habit. The plant is slender. The stems are smooth and slender. The leaves are short, flat, somewhat bent back. The bracts are leafy, with sheaths. The fertile spikelets are erect, cylindrical, with somewhat projecting rough stalks, especially the lowest. The lowest are often distant, the upper close. The glumes are blunt or shortly crowned or pointed, the point rough, pale-red, with a broad green dorsal band, egg-shaped. The fruit is swollen, pale, shining, membranous, scarcely 3-angled, spreading, egg-shaped, transparently dotted (hence punctata), not ribbed, longer than the glumes, the beak short, linear, with 2 points. The nut is egg-shaped to rhomboidal, narrowed both ends, triangular, rough. The plant is i-ij ft. high, flowering in May, June, July, and is a her- baceous perennial. Long-bracted Sedge (Carex exiensa, Good.). — The habitat of this plant is marshes, chiefly near the sea, brackish or salt. The habit is sedge-like. The rootstock is tufted. The plant is slender. The stems are 3-angled, smooth, slender, curved, longer than the leaves as a rule. The leaves are bristle-like, rolled up lengthwise, usually below the middle, rigid, wavy, the margin inrolled, an adaptation to drought (in this case physiological). The bracts are leafy, narrow, very long, at length horizontal. The sheaths are short. The spikelets are 3-4, shortly stalked, the male are solitary, brown, slender. The fertile spikelets are short, distant, oblong, or 2 upper or all close, or the lower rather distant. The glumes are blunt- pointed, small, brown, with a green midrib, the edges of the same colour. The fruit is egg-shaped, 3-sided, inflated, ribbed, leathery, opaque, spread- ing, dotted, narrowed above to a straight, short, smooth beak, divided into two nearly to the base. The nut is oblong to elliptic, olive-brown. The plant is 4-18 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER GRAMINACE/E Spartina stricta, Roth. — The habitat of this plant is muddy salt marshes, creeks, mudflats, in south and east of England. The plant has the grass habit. It forms small tufts \ to i^ ft. high. The rootstock is long, branched, creeping, the rhizomes and stolons wiry. The stems are erect, rigid, and strict (hence stricta), stout, polished, culms with a succession of tight, firm, short sheaths, which (with the exception of the upper) soon throw off the blades. The leaves are jointed to the sheaths, broad, strict, erect, not so long as the spike, rolled lengthwise, smooth, bluish-green above, narrowed to the base, breaking from the sheath. The ligule is short, silky. The panicle is strict, of 2-3 spikelets, the point of the rachis of the spike awl-like, and scarcely projecting, angled, smooth, the point as long as or longer than the upper spikelet. The spikes are usually close, rigid, overtopping the leaves. The spikelets are yel- lowish-green, erect, 5^-7 in. long when flowering. The empty glumes are acute, the upper with 2 teeth and a stiff awn, silky, with a rough keel. The second glume is 3-nerved, the lateral nerves with membranous tips. The outer glume is hairy. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering between July and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Spartina alterniflora, Lois. — This species occurs on mud flats at Southampton Water, South Hants. The habit is the grass habit. The leaves are broadest at the base and continuous with the sheaths, and are equal to or longer than the spikes (6-8), the tip of the rachis wavy, exceeding the spikelets. The spikelets are numerous and loosely pressed together. The outer glume is hair- less. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering between July and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Dr. O. Stapf has recently described it as follows : "Forming large clumps or beds, 2-3 ft. high, rhizomes and stolons soft, culms with a succes- sion of up to 8 or 9 soft and very smooth sheaths, not throwing off the blades, which gradually decay, spikes usually 5-7, suberect, slender, and often slightly flexuous, overtopped by the long-drawn- out blades, spikelets glabrous to the naked eye, 6-7^ in. long, second glume delicately 5-6-nerved keeled to the very tip". Rice Grass or Sea Rice (Spartina Toivnshendi, Groves = S. alterniflora x stricta),— The habitat of this plant is mud flats, and it is rapidly spreading on the south coast, where it covers an area of 6000-8000 ac. It was first discovered by Messrs. H. and J. Groves in 1879 at Hythe, Southampton Water, but was there in 1870. The plant forms large clumps or beds 2-4 ft. high, with soft rhiz- omes and stolons. The culms have a succession of up to 10 or 12 somewhat soft sheaths, increasing in length upwards, the lowest throwing off the blades. The leaves are broadest at the base, shorter than in the other species, jointed to the sheaths, not so long as the spike. The spikes, 3-5 as a rule, are more or less erect, rigid, extend- ing above the leaves. The spikelets are 4-9, about 8£ lines long, rather spreading, softly downy, the rachis produced beyond the spikelets, wavy. The second glume is 3-6-nerved, with one or two stouter lateral nerves, the keel ending abruptly below the short, membranous tip. The outer glume is slightly SEA-COAST 39 downy. The plant is 13-4 ft. high, and flowers from July to September, being a herbaceous per- ennial. Alopecurus bulbosus, Gouan. — The habitat of this plant is salt marshes in the south. The plant has the grass habit. The stem is smooth, prostrate or ascending or erect, tuberous (hence bulbosus}, form- ing a circular tuft, geniculate or bent, the lower- most nodes forming egg-shaped, fleshy tubers. The plant is not bluish-green. The upper sheath is enlarged. The ligule is oblong. The panicle is slender, cylindrical, rather acute, long-pointed. The stalks are i-2-flowered. The empty glumes are acute, free, the keel fringed with short hairs, the flowering glume longer than the palea, the awn projecting half-way beyond the latter from its base. The palea is blunt, notched, with 2 small teeth in the middle. The plant is in flower in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Milium scabrum, Rich. =M. vernale, Bieb. — The habitat of this plant is grassy cliffs. The plant has the grass habit. The stem is rough (hence scabntm), as indeed is the whole plant. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped, short. The panicle is small, close. The palea is blunt. The bracts are few, short, wavy. The glumes are 3-veined. The plant is 1-4 in. in height, flowering in April and May, and is a herbaceous annual. Sandhill Cat's Tail (Phleitm arenarium, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy dunes, sands near the coast, sandy commons inland, being a sand-loving plant (hence arenarium). The plant has the grass habit. The stems are leafy, crowded, variable in height. The leaves are flat, broad, with enlarged upper leaf- sheaths, which are smooth. The ligule is long. The panicle is egg- shaped, cylindrical to oblong, narrow below, blunt, bluish-green, a common character amongst xerophytes. The spikelets are close. The empty glumes are lance-shaped, long-pointed, scarcely awned, the keel fringed with hairs above. The flowering glume is very small, hairy. The lower palea is notched, one-third as long as the glumes. The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. Mibora verna, Beauv. — The habitat of this plant is dry, sandy places and wet sands, especially near the sea. The habit is erect. The stems are numerous, slender, tufted. The leaves are short, erect, bristle-like, rough, blunt, with inrolled mar- gins, adapted to drought. The swollen sheaths are white. The ligule is short. The spikes are slender. The spikelets are stalkless, 5-10. The glume is longer than the 2-nerved palea, hairy, blunt, and torn. The empty glumes are longer than the flowering glumes, and there is no awn. There are 3 stamens, with short anthers, and the styles are long, the stigmas hairy. The fruit is flattened at the border, enclosed in the glume and palea. It is only 1-3 in. high. The flowers open in April and May. It is a herbaceous annual. Beard Grass (Polypogon monspeliensis, Des.). — The habitat of this plant is damp pastures, sandy places near the coast, salt marshes. The habit is erect, and it is a most handsome grass. The stems are stout, arising from a fibrous root, smooth. The large, broad leaves are flat and roughish, with smooth sheaths, and the ligule is blunt and large. The panicle is dense, oblong, egg-shaped, lobed, blunt, pale yellowish-green, soft, and silky. The glumes are rough, notched, blunt, hairy, linear, the awn longer by three times, and straight. The flowering glume is silvery, not as long as the empty glume. The stamens are 1-3, with small anthers. The short styles are free, the stigmas feathery. The fruit is enveloped in the glume and palea. The plant is 9-18 in. in height. It flowers late from July to August, and is a herbaceous annual. Perennial Beard Grass (Polypogon littoralis, Sm.). — This species is found in sandy places near the coast and in muddy salt marshes. The plant has the grass habit. It has been considered a hybrid between P. monspeliensis and Agrostis alba by Douval-Jouve. The root is creeping. The stem is erect or prostrate, slender below. The panicle is close, lobed, purplish. The glumes are linear to lance-shaped, faintly notched, acute, as long as the awns. The empty glumes are smoother than in the next, more acute, the awns not so long, the keel rough. The flowering glume is one-third shorter, awned. The awns project. The plant is 4-1 8 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Nit Grass (Gastridinm lendigerum, Gaud. = G. australe, Beauv.). — The habitat of this grass is damp places, especially near the sea, maritime sandy marshes, and cultivated ground (inland). The plant has the grass habit. The stems are tufted, erect or ascending, leafy, slender. The leaves are rough at the edge, short, flat. The sheaths are smooth. The ligule is oblong. The panicle is large, dense, spike-like, spindle-shaped to cylindrical, pale-green, and glistening. The branches are rough. The glumes are lance-shaped, with a long narrow point, swollen (hence Gastri- diuni), polished, shining below. The ultimate flower-stalks are swollen above. The empty glumes are erect, long-pointed, the keel faintly rough. The flowering glume is white, shining, with 4 teeth. The awn projects near the top, and is very slender, longer than the glumes. The plant is 12-18 in. high, flowering between June and Octo- ber. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. Baltic Marram Grass (Ammophila baltica, Link). — The habitat of this grass is sandy coasts on the east coast of England. The plant has the grass habit, like the commoner form. From the latter it is distinguished by the looser, less cylin- drical, long, interrupted panicle, the more lance- shaped, long-pointed glumes, more acute, like the palea. The nerves in the flowering glumes are less distinct. The glumes are twice as long as the hairs. It has been supposed to be a hybrid between the common form and Calamagrostis Epigeios. The panicle is not so silvery-white. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering between June and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Hare's Tail Grass (Lagurus ovatus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sandy shores. The plant 4o BRITISH FLORA has the grass habit. The stems are numerous, erect, or prostrate below, stout, downy, leafy at the base. The leaves are short, broad, flat, lance- shaped, downy. The sheaths are downy and in- flated. The ligule is short. The spikes are white, blunt, egg-shaped (hence ovatus), soft. The empty glumes are very slender. The awn is twice as long- as the nearly hairless flowering- glume. The plant is 3-12 in. in height, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. Grey Hair Grass (Wetngaertneria [Coryne- phorus} canescens, Bernh.).— The habitat of this grass is sea-coasts. At Salthouse, Norfolk, it forms a short turf on the landward side of the shingle banks. The plant has the grass habit, forming rigid, hard tufts. The stems are slender, bent below, hairless above, with short branches. The leaves are numerous, short, rigid, bristle-like, bluish-green, reddish below, the margins rolled inwards. The upper sheaths are long, rough. The ligule is lance-shaped. The panicle is narrow to oblong, silvery (hence canescens) or purplish, close, spreading in flower. The branches are short and thickened at the forks. The spikelets are narrow, pale -silver or purple, variegated. The empty glumes are narrow, long-pointed, with membranous tips. The flowering glumes are not so long, softly hairy below, the keel channelled. The awn is short or projecting, the lower part dark-yellow or purple below, straight and cylin- drical, twisted, bearded in the middle where it is bent, the upper part club-shaped, white, with a purple tinge. The anthers are purple. The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in July, and is a herba- ceous annual. Dog's Tooth Grass (Capriola Dactylon, Druce = Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy shores in south-western England. The plant has the grass habit, and to some extent mimics Panicum. The plant has a creeping root. The stem is stout, woody below, the barren shoots with spreading leaves, prostrate, with leafy, rather erect, short, smooth, flowering branches, the sheaths strongly furrowed. The leaves are awl- like, bluish-green, stiff, short, the margin inrolled, the tips blunt, with prominent nerves, downy below, in two rows on the barren shoots. The sheaths are pale, the mouth hairy. The spikes are slender, many-flowered, purple, and radiate in a cluster from a common centre, being 3-6, and finger-like. The rachis is convex, with a groove above. The spikelets are overlapping. The empty glumes are egg-shaped, acute. The keel is rough, fringed with hairs. The palea is smooth, fringed with hairs. The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Bulbous Meadow Grass (Poa buZbosa, L.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy maritime places in southern and eastern England. The plant has the grass habit. The plant is hairless, and rather rigid. The lower nodes are tuberous (hence bul- bosa), the tubers egg-shaped, with loose sheaths, the base of the stem tuberous and the offsets bulb- ous. The root is fibrous. The stem is smooth, round in section, soon withering, the tubers lying loose till autumn. The leaves are narrow, curved, keeled, with a white toothed border. The upper leaves are very short. The lower sheaths are short, the upper long and flattened at the border and below the middle of the stem, much longer than the leaf. The ligules are long and acute. The panicle is egg-shaped, flattened, erect, close, the branches 2-lobed, rough. The spikelets are green and purplish-brown, with 3-4 webbed florets, egg-shaped. The empty glumes are egg-shaped, acute, the keel rough. The flowering glumes are broad, acute, 3-6, downy at the border and on the acute keel, the nerves being indistinct. The plant is 6-8 in. high, flowering in April and May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Glyceria foucaudii, Hack. — This species has been regarded as a variety of G. maritima. It differs in the stem, which has a large central cavity. The leaves are flat. The spikelets and flowers are larger than in the type. Glyceria festuciformis, Heyn. — The habitat of this species is coasts. The stem is firm, erect, slightly arching at the top. The leaves are broader than in G. maritima, of which it has been regarded as a variety, but are not flat. The spikelets and flowers are larger than in the latter. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height. Slender Manna Grass (Glyceria distans, Wahl.). — The habitat of this species is sandy (chiefly maritime) places, seashores, and waste sandy places. The plant has the grass habit. There are rarely rooting stolons. The stem is prostrate below. The root is tufted. The stem is usually tall and slender. The leaves are flat, broad, with 8-10 prominent ridges above. The ligule is short and blunt. The panicle is long, spreading, branched, the branches 4-5-lobed, long, slender, bent down at length, or horizontal, the lowest in fours or fives. The spikelets are 3-5 -flowered, linear, the rachis half-round in section, flat one side. The lower palea is blunt, the midrib not reaching the tip, the edges not rolled inwards. The plant is 9-24 in. high, flowering between July and October, and is a herbaceous perennial. Borrer's Manna Grass (Glyceria Borreri, Bab.). — The habitat of this species is salt marshes on the eastern and southern coasts. The plant has the grass habit. The plant is bluish-green in colour. There are no stolons. The stems are densely tufted, stout. The leaves are flat, short. The sheaths are very long. The ligule is blunt, short. The panicle is short, contracted, strict, not or slightly lengthened in fruit, with a stout rachis, 2-3-branched, the branches solitary, at length erect to spreading, the lowest usually in fours, stiffly hairy. The spikelets are rather small, linear, 4-7-flowered, the rachis round in section. There are 3-6 flowering glumes. The lower palea has a rigid, hard point, formed by the tip of the dorsal vein, the edges not being rolled inwards. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering between June and September. It is a herbaceous perennial. Procumbent Manna Grass (Glyceria procum- bens, Dum.). — The habitat of this plant is muddy seashores and salt marshes. The plant has the SEA-COAST grass habit. The root is fibrous. The stems are prostrate, erect in water, rigid, short, stout, spread- ing. The leaves are flat, short, bluish-green, more or less acute, hairless. The sheaths are large, grooved, inflated. The ligules are short. The panicle is rigid, green, inversely lance-shaped, egg-shaped, compact, in two rows, the branches short and rigid, solitary or 2-3, stout, erect to spreading, smooth, more or less in two rows. The spikelets are but shortly stalked, crowded, linear- lance - shaped, 4-10 - flowered. The rachis is angular. The flowering glumes are 3-5, blunt, with a short point. The florets are large. The plant is 3-6 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. Secund Grass (Festuca zmiglumis, Sol. = /'". membranacea, L., non Kit.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy sea-coasts. The plant has the grass habit. The root is fibrous. The stem is erect, leafy throughout almost, bent below, slender, hairless. The leaves are bristle-like, short. The upper sheaths are large, inflated, the uppermost distant from the spike. The ligule is short and auricled. The panicle is erect, simple, one-sided, close, short, oblong, pale-green, shining. The rachis is smooth. The spikelets have awl-like awns, and are all turned one side, being in fruit wedge-shaped, and the flowers are keeled and flattened. The flower-stalks are short and stout. The rachilla is smooth. The lower empty glume is very small, with awl-like tips, the upper 3-nerved, membranous (hence membranacea). The flowering glumes are distant, very narrow, with prominent nerves, rounded below, flattened above, narrowed to the awl-like awn. The flowers are triandrous. The ovary is hairless. The glumes are very un- equal, often only one (hence uniglumis). The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. Desmazeria (Festuca) loliacea, Huds. = F. rott- bceUioides, Kunth. — The habitat of this plant is sandy shores. The plant has the grass habit. The root is fibrous. The stems are spreading, erect, or ascending, leafy, stout, slightly curved. The leaves are flat, rolled together lengthwise, small. The sheaths are smooth. The ligule is oblong. The spikes are strict, half-round, wavy, with smooth edges, a raceme-like panicle, simple, with alternate, solitary, linear- oblong spikelets in two rows, stalkless, erect, green. The flower- ing glumes are 8-12, blunt, with a short point, with faint nerves, bluntly keeled, smooth, the lateral nerves strongest. The upper glume reaches to the base of the fourth floret. The plant is 4-8 in. high, and flowers between May and July, being a herb- aceous annual. Festuca ambigua, Le Gall. — The habitat of this plant is sandy places, walls, and sandy shores. The plant has the grass habit. This plant has been regarded as a variety of F. ciliata = F. bar- bafa and as a subspecies of F. Myurus. The plant is slender, with the leaves with inrolled margins. The panicle is short and close, long, narrow, erect. The glumes are not hairy. The upper sheath nearly reaches the panicle. The upper empty glume is 3-6 times as long as the flowers. The flowers are round in section, rough. The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous annual. Jersey Brome Grass (Bromus maximus, Desf. = B. rig-ens, L.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy and dry places on the shore. The plant has the grass habit. The root is fibrous. The stems are round in section, downy. The leaves are broad, bright-green, flat, hairy. The sheaths are round, the hairs spreading or turned back. The ligule is short and blunt. The panicle is loose, erect, nodding at length, slightly branched. The branches are short, closely pressed, slightly divided after flowering, lengthening. The rachis is downy. The spikelets are downy, long, lance - shaped, stalked in fruit, long-awned, pale-green or purple. The rachilla is hairless. The empty glumes are membranous, narrowed, awned. The upper glumes are twice as long, nearly equalling the lowest flowering glume. The flowering glumes are thin, narrow, rough, narrowed to the awn, which is also rough. The nerves are indistinct. There are 2-3 stamens. The plant is 9-24 in. high, flowering in June, July, and August, and is a herbaceous annual. Sharp Couch Grass (Agropyron pungens, Roem. et Schult.). — The habitat of this plant is seashores and tidal rivers, maritime shores. The plant has the grass habit. The stems are erect, solid above, densely tufted. The plant is soboliferous. The leaves are rough, firm, pungent, with the margin rolled inwards, an adaptation to drought, ribbed, the ribs rough in one line. The spike is close, 5-i2-flowered. The spikelets are rough on the keel. The lower palea is acute. The glumes are keeled, acute, with 7-9 ribs reaching the tip, the rachis having broad internodes, and nearly or quite smooth, not brittle. The lower palea is awned. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Hardgrass (Lepturus filiformis, Trin.). — The habitat of this plant is gravelly and waste places near the sea. The plant has the grass habit. The plant is not hairy. The root is fibrous. The stems are bent, curved below, ascending, stout or slender (\\zncejiliformis). The leaves are leathery, short, rather rough, with inrolled margins. The sheaths are flattened, smooth, the upper inflated. The ligule is very short, auricled. The spike is slender (hence filiformis), awl-like, erect or pros- trate, straight, short. The rachis is ridged, grooved, concave. The green spikelets are spread- ing, or closely pressed to the rachis. The empty glumes are oblique, linear to oblong, acute. There is one green nerve in the flowering glume. The keels of the palea are not hairy. The two glumes are united below, and equal or exceed the flowers. The plant is 4-10 in. high, and is in flower be- tween July and September. It is a herbaceous annual. FLOWERS OF THE WOODS AND COPSES [N.B. The woodland plants preceded the vegetation ot the open country, e.g. meadows and cornfields, but they may be found lingering where woods have been cut down, in shaded places, or in the open. Scrub, also, is an intermediate stage, and therefore the plants enumerated here may be found in some cases not in actual woodlands to-day, in meadows, or in hedges, &c.] ORDER RANUNCULACE^E Meadow Rue (Thalictrum majus, Crantz). — The habitat of this plant is copses, wet rocky places, damp bushy and stony places. The habit is erect. The stem is branched, tall, with nu- merous large leaves below, solid, finely furrowed. The leaves are twice or thrice pinnate, with lobes each side of a common stalk, 3~5-lobed, and the stipules have the auricles bent back. The flowers are drooping-, in a panicle, with spread- ing branches. The flower-stalks have spreading branches. The carpels are elliptical. The anthers have a point at the tip. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, and flowers in July and August, It is a herba- ceous perennial. Yellow Wood Anemone (Anemone ranuncu- loides, L.). — The habitat of this plant is planta- tions, and the plant is rare. The habit is that of the Wood Anemone, with a horizontal root- stock. The leaves are 5-lobed. The scape bears an involucre of deeply-cut, ternate bracts. The flowers are yellow, drooping, solitary or two together. The 5-7 sepals are elliptic, externally downy. The carpels are downy, pointed, not feathery. The plant is 4-6 in. in height. It flowers in April and May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Blue Mountain Anemone (Anemone apennina, L.). — This species is an alien introduced from Italy, and scarcely naturalized, being found in plantations. The habit is similar to the last, the rounded rootstock tuberous. The leaves are thrice- ternate, stalked, and deeply cut. The involucre of bracts is similar to the leaves. The flowers are blue, solitary, erect. There are many (10-14) lance-shaped sepals. The carpels are not feathery, but pointed. The Blue Mountain Anemone is 4-6 in. in height. It flowers in April. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. Stinking Hellebore (Hetteborus foetidus, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, plantations, and thickets in S. and E. England. The habit is erect. The stems are leafless, smooth below and downy above, below scarred. The leaves are stalked, with lobes arising from a centre, and the lateral ones also lobed, bent back, the lower stalked, the upper leaves having large sheaths and becoming bracts above. The flowers are numerous, green, drooping, the sepals green, blunt, with purple margin. The petals are not as long as the stamens. The follicles are wrinkled and glandular, with an awl-like style. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, and flowers from March to May. It is an evergreen perennial. Winter Aconite (Eranthis hyemalis, Salisb.). — In the south of England this plant is naturalized in thickets, and occurs in ornamental plantations, parks, and old gardens. The plant has an erect habit, with a tuberous rhizome or underground stem. The radical leaves are rounded, on long stalks, the lobes 5-7, blunt, deeply cut, the lobes oblong, linear, arising from a common centre or palmate. The stem -leaves are in whorls, and form an involucre of stalkless bracts below the flowers, which are single and yellow, cup-shaped. There are 5-8 oblong sepals, which are petaloid, overlapping and falling. The small petals are clawed, and 2-lipped. There are numerous stamens, longer than the petals. The carpels are stalked, 5-6, the follicles being separate, with numerous egg-shaped seeds. The plant is 4-6 in. in height, flowering from January to April, and is a herba- ceous perennial. Monkshood (Aconitum Napettus, L.). -v-The habitat of this plant is shady places, near streams, banks of rivers and brooks. The habit is tufted. The black root of 2 knobs is spindle-shaped. The stem is erect, simple, slightly downy. The leaves are much divided, with deeply -cut seg- ments arising from a common centre, 3~5-lobed, the upper ones stalkless. The leaf-stalk is en- larged below. The flowers are purple, irregular, in a raceme. The petals small, 2—5, the two upper swollen above, forming spurs which are bent down, horizontal, on long curved stalks, the lip large. The sepals are large, coloured, the upper enclos- ing the rest and curved back, helmet -shaped. The erect flower-stalks are downy. The filaments are hairy, with blunt -pointed wings, enlarged below. The stamens are numerous, the anthers greenish-black. The carpels are spreading, the 42 WOODS AND COPSES 43 follicles (3-5) cylindrical, beaked, and many-seeded, the seeds black, triangular, wrinkled. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Baneberry (Act&a spicata^ L.). — The habitat of this species is woods, mountainous pastures, moun- tainous limestone tracts, calcareous woods, copses on limestone. The habit is erect. The stem is simple or branched. The radical leaves are on long stalks, 2-3 ternate, with lobes each side of a common stalk, the leaflets smooth, egg-shaped, 3-lobed, with a long point, coarsely toothed. The flowers are white, in a long simple raceme, the sepals petaloid, blunt, falling, the petals small, as long as the stamens. The flower-stalks are downy. The anther-stalks are swollen above. The berries are black, egg-shaped, many-seeded. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER BERBERIDACE^: Barren Wort (Epimedhim alpinum, L.).— This plant is found in plantations, rock -works, old castle gardens, and subalpine woods in which it has been planted. The habit is prostrate or erect. The stem produces rhizomes bearing stems and leaves. The stem-leaves are twice-ternate, the leaflets egg-shaped, heart-shaped, toothed. The flowers are red, in a short panicle, less than the leaves, as if growing from the leaf-stalk. The 4 sepals fall, and there are 4 petals. The 4 nec- taries are cup-shaped. There are 4 stamens. The capsule is a pod, with numerous seeds. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER FCMARIACE^E White Climbing Fumitory (Corydalis clavi- culata, D.C.). — The habitat of this plant is thickets, heaths, copses, banks, thatched roofs, stony places, trees, or damp and loose soil in shady places. It has a climbing habit, inter- mediate between a leaf- climber and a tendril- climber, the leaves ending in branched tendrils. The stem is slender and brittle. The leaves are bluish-green, with lobes each side of a common stalk, ternate, the leaflets entire, elliptic, 3-5- lobed, with small egg-shaped segments. The leaf-stalk bears tendrils. The bracts are oblong, with a blunt point, longer than the flower-stalks. The small flowers are white or cream-coloured, with a very short spur. The pods are linear, oblong, the seeds small, granulate, shining. The plant is a climber, flowering between June and September, and is either annual, biennial, or perennial. ORDER CRUCIFER^E Mountain Bitter Cress (Cardamine impatiens, L.) — The habitat of this plant is woods, shady copses, talus slopes, rocks, hilly districts, prefer- ably on limestone. The habit is as in the last, but the stem smooth, more leafy, and branched. The rootstock is spindle-shaped. The leaves have lobes each side of a common stalk, the leaflets stalked, lance-shaped, with narrow, sharp divi- sions, the lower egg-shaped, 3-lobed, the upper oblong, lance-shaped. The leaf-stalks have bent- back, arrow-shaped lobes at the base, fringed with hairs. The flowers are white (\ in.), in a panicle, the petals erect, linear, egg-shaped. The anthers are yellow, and the style is slender. The pods are shortly stalked and erect, with many seeds. The plant is 9-24 in. in height, flowering between June and September, and is annual or biennial, and herbaceous. Coral Root (Dentaria bulbifera, L.).— The habi- tat of this plant is woods, copses, and shady places. The thick rootstock is white, hence the English name, scaly, and creeping, the knobs tooth-like. The stem is erect, simple, leafless below. The lower leaves have lobes each side of a common stalk, the leaflets lance-shaped ; the upper simple, entire, alternate, with bulbils in the axils (hence the Latin specific name), the margin sometimes toothed, or fringed with hairs. The flowers are large, rose-colour or purple, lilac or white. The flower-stalk is slender. The pods are erect. Seed is rarely matured. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, and flowers in April and May, being a herbaceous perennial. ORDER VIOLACE^E Dog Violet (Viola sylvestris, Kit. = reichen- bachtana, Jord.). — The habitat of this plant is woods and shady places, hedgebanks, and thickets. The habit is diffuse, the stem short without a true sobole. The leaves are prolonged, heart-shaped, dark-green. The flowers are small, pale-violet, with a long spur flattened, slender, entire, darker than the petals, not furrowed. The petals are oblong, lilac, narrow, the lower with few parallel nearly simple veins not reaching the margin. The calyx segments are small, indistinct, and hardly produced in fruit. The anther spurs are lance- shaped, narrow. The flowering branches are in the axils, with a central rosette of leaves. The stigma is hooked with a horizontal beak. The fruit-stalks are erect. The plant is 2-6 in. in height. It is in flower between March and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Wood Violet ( Viola Riviniana, Reichb. = sylvalica, Fries). — The habitat of this plant is copses, woods, thickets, hedgebanks, and heaths. The habit is similar to that of the last. The stem is short, branched, smooth, with a very short rootstock below. The leaves form a rosette. They are heart-shaped, prolonged. The flowering stems are in the axils. The flowers are violet- blue, with broadly egg-shaped petals, handsome, large, the spur broad and short, pale, flattened, furrowed. The lower petal has many branched veins reaching the margin. The sepals are pro- duced at the base in fruit. The capsule is smooth, 3-angled. The plant is 2-6 in. in height, and flowers in April up till September, and is a herba- ceous perennial. 44 BRITISH FLORA ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE^E Wood Stitchwort (Stellaria nemorum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is damp woods, chiefly in the north. The habit is grass-like. The stem is erect or ascending, round, stout, downy above, shining, brittle. The lower leaves are rough above, long-stalked, heart-shaped, the upper stalkless, egg-shaped. The flowers are white, in a loose-panicled cyme on slender flower-stalks, the petals longer than the sepals, deeply cut, narrow. The sepals are blunt, lance-shaped, with membranous margins. There are 3 styles. The capsule is egg-shaped, as long as or longer than the sepals, the fruit- stalk spreading or turned back. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height. It flowers in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Stitchwort (Stellaria neglecta, Weihe, non Bab.). —The habitat of this plant is shady banks. The habit is erect. The plant resembles S. media, but has larger leaves, with longer stalks, the upper stalkless, the lower inversely heart-shaped. There are also 10 stamens. The seeds have prominently rounded wart-like knobs. The plant is 3-12 in. in height, or more, up to 18 in., and is in flower from April to July, being a herbaceous annual. ORDER HYPERICACE.E Tutsan (Hypericum Androscemum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is thickets. The habit is that of undershrubs in general, the stem being shrubby, erect, square, flattened at the margin. The leaves are large, stalkless, almost heart- shaped to egg-shaped, blunt, aromatic, glandular. The flowers are in terminal cymes, few, yellow, the petals oval, short, oblique, falling, the sepals broad, blunt, unequal, glandular, as long as the petals and stamens. The 3 styles are bent back, shorter than the capsule. The stamens are in 5 groups. The fruit is a black round berry, pulpy, blunt, imperfectly '3-celled. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in July and August. It is a perennial undershrub. Stinking St. John's Wort (Hypericum hircinum, L.). — This plant is established in some spots in the country in plantations, but it is not a native species. The habit is shrubby like that of the last, the stem being erect. The leaves are stalk- less, lance-shaped. The flowers are yellow, with lance-shaped, acute, falling sepals. The petals are not as long as the stamens. The 3 styles are nearly erect. The plant otherwise closely resembles H. elatum (q.v.). The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, and flowers from June to August. It is a perennial shrub. Tall Tutsan (Hypericum elatum, Ait.).— The Tall Tutsan is established in plantations, not being a native of this country, but found in Europe. The habit is that of Tutsan; it is, however, taller. The stems are 2-edged, much-branched. The leaves are heart-shaped to egg-shaped, or acute, longer. The flowers are large, yellow, on 2-winged stalks, in a few-flowered terminal cyme, the petals twice as long as the sepals, which are broad and unequal and do not fall, and nearly as large as in Tutsan. The petals are as long as the stamens, which are not as long as the nearly erect styles. The capsule is oval. The stem is 3-4 ft. in height, and flowers in June up till August or September, being a perennial shrub. Rose of Sharon (Hypericum calvcinum, L.).— This plant is established in plantations, bushy places, hedges, and thickets. The habit is shrub- like, creeping, the stem erect. The stem is nearly simple, square or flattened at the margin. It has creeping suckers, and grows and spreads freely, but rarely sets seed. The leaves are stalkless, oblong, blunt, leathery, with large scattered glands. The flowers are large, yellow, solitary (3-4 in. across). The outer sepals are rounded, half as long as the petals, which are unequal- sided, the former blunt, inversely egg-shaped. The stamens are in bundles of 5. The capsule is egg-shaped, 5-celled at the base. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, flowering from June to September. The Rose of Sharon is a perennial shrub. Hairy St. John's Wort (Hypericum hirsutum, L.). — This plant is found in woods, copses, thickets, hedgerows. The habit is erect. The stem is rounded, downy, nearly simple, the leaves hair}' below, egg-shaped, oblong, blunt, shortly stalked, with pellucid or nearly transparent glands (none on the margin), dotted. The flowers are pale- yellow, in the axils, or terminal in forked panicles, the sepals linear-oblong, nearly acute, fringed with shortly-stalked glands. The petals are twice as long as the sepals, and lance-shaped, acute, tipped with stalked glands. The styles fall. The stamens are in bundles of three. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height. It flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Mountain St. John's Wort (Hypericum mon- tanum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is thickets on calcareous soil, bushy limestone hills, copses, in gravelly and chalky soil. The habit is erect or ascending. The stems are smooth, round, rigid, slender, leafless above. The leaves are mem- branous, egg-shaped, oblong, blunt, stalkless, with pinholes and transparent glands, and black dots near the border, the upper heart-shaped, linear, downy below. The pale-yellow flowers are in dense terminal panicles, fragrant. The petals are without glands, twice as long as the sepals, elliptic, entire, the sepals lance-shaped, acute, with a fringe of shortly-stalked glands. The styles are half as long as the capsule, the stamens in 3 bundles. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, and flowers from June to August. It is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER MALVACEAE Hairy Mallow (Althcea hirsufa, L.).— This species is an alien, found in woods, fields, dry places, cornfields, and cultivated ground. The habit is prostrate or ascending. The stems are stiffly hairy, numerous, ascending, slender, the leaves stiffly hairy, heart-shaped, on long stalks, kidney-shaped, with 5 acute lobes, scalloped, the WOODS AND COPSES 45 upper 3- or 5-lobed, palmate. The flowers are pale-rose or white. The flower-stalks are in the axils, i-flowered, longer than the leaves. The sepals are lance-shaped and hairy. The carpels j are smooth. The carpels are i-seeded, in a whorl, indehiscent. The plant is 6-18 in. in height. It flowers from June to August. The plant is a herbaceous annual. ORDER TILIACE^E Linden (Tilia parvifolia, Ehrh. = ulmifolia, Scop. = cordata, Mill.). — The habitat of this tree is woods. It has the tree habit, with smooth bark, and drooping branches. The twigs, &c., are smooth, the leaves small, bluish-white, downy in ! the axils of the nerves below, egg-shaped, heart- shaped, with a long point, finely toothed, smooth below, leathery, thick, opaque above, little longer , than the leaf-stalks. The flowers are in cymes, ! with 5 sepals, and 5 petals, valvate in bud. The flowers are yellowish-green, and sweet-scented. The fruit is downy, round or ellipsoid, angular, ribbed, thin, brittle. The stigma lobes spread at length. The height is 50-60 ft. The flowers are met with in July and August. The tree is de- ciduous. Broad-leaved Lime (Tilia platypliyllos, Scop. = grandiflora, Ehrh.). — This species of lime is an alien and rare, found in old rocky woods. The twigs are downy. It has the tree habit. The leaves are large, downy below, with simple hairs, obliquely heart-shaped below, with woolly tufts in j the axils of the veins, thin, membranous, bright transparent green, longer than the leaf-stalks, j The flowers are in threes. The ripe fruit is in- j versely egg-shaped or round, with 3-5 prominent ribs, downy, the angles woody, downy. The tree is 70-90 ft. in height. It is in flower in June and July, and is a deciduous tree. ORDER GERANIACE^ Wood Geranium (Geranium sylvaticum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, in the north, moist meadows, mountain districts in North Britain. The habit is erect. The stem is branched above, erect, downy and glandular above, the radical leaves long-stalked, the stem- leaves stalkless, shield-shaped, with deep lobes, toothed and cut. The flowers are blue-purple, in a cyme, the petals notched, the sepals awned, the flower-stalks 2-i-flowered, erect, the anther-stalks thread-like, fringed with hairs. The fruit-stalk is erect, the seeds netted. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers from June to August, being a herbaceous perennial. Dusky Crane's Bill (Geranium phaum, L.). — This plant is found in plantations, thickets, woods, near parks and gardens. The habit is erect, the stems numerous, loosely hairy, and glan- dular above, the rootstock blunt. The leaves are rounded and 3-y-lobed, the lobes acute, toothed, cut, the radical leaves long-stalked, the stipules lance-shaped. The flowers are purplish-brown or black, rarely white, on 2-flowered flower-stalks, the petals wedge-shaped, bent back, rounded, wavy, longer than the sepals, oblong, shortly awned. The carpels are hairy below, transversely wrinkled above, the seeds smooth with pinholes, and ribbed. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers in May and June, being a herbaceous perennial, growing from a root with long fibres borne on a short, thick, underground stem. Long-stalked Crane's Bill (Geranium colum- bimim, L.). — The habitat of this plant is dry copses and pastures, calcareous places. The habit is prostrate. The stem is hairless or has turned-back hairs, much-branched, slender. The leaves are broad, on long stalks, with 5-7 lobes, narrow, irregular, divided nearly to the base. The stipules are ovate, lance-shaped. The flowers are rose-colour, with entire, inversely egg-shaped petals, notched, few, the claws fringed with hairs, on long slender flower-stalks, 2-flowered, longer than the leaves. The sepals are awned, spreading, as long as the petals, the calyx angular. The carpels have a few scattered hairs and are not wrinkled, smooth, keeled, the seeds pitted. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER RHAMNACE;E Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is hedges, thickets, woods, chiefly on chalk. The plant has the shrub habit. The plant is rigid, much-branched, with black bark. The branches are opposite and spinous. The leaves are grouped at the end of the shoots, egg-shaped, round, oval, coarsely toothed, the serratures curved, glandular, with spreading nerves, shortly-stalked. The thorns are terminal. The young leaves are downy below. The leaf- stalks are longer than the awl-like deciduous or falling stipules. The flowers are yellowish-green, solitary or grouped in the axils of the leaves on previous year's wood, the calyx of the male flower bell-shaped, of the female cupular, with acute sepals. The flowers have the parts in fours. The plant is dioecious, but each has rudimentary male or female flowers respectively. There are four forms: long-styled male, short-styled male, long- styled female, short-styled female. The styles are 4- or 2-5-lobed, four united half-way up. The flowers are sweet-scented. The drupe is rounded, black, with four stones, which are inversely egg- shaped, grooved on the back. The seeds are notched. The plant is 5-10 ft. high, flowering from May to July, and is a deciduous shrub. ORDER ACERACE^E Common Maple (Acer campestre, L.). — The habitat of this tree is thickets and hedgerows, woods and hedges. The habit is the tree habit. The trunk is often thick, with a straight bole, much-branched above, with rough, fissured, and corky bark. The leaves, downy when young, are 5-lobed, kidney-shaped or scalloped, the lobes 46 BRITISH FLORA blunt, the leaf-stalk slender. The flowers are green or yellow, in a cormyb, on short stalks. The petals are linear- oblong", hairy, and the sepals are similar, broader. The horizontal wing's of the fruit are linear -oblong-, curved, downy. The stamens are as long- as the corolla. The Common Maple is 10-30 ft. in height, flowering in May and June, and is a deciduous tree. Sycamore (Acer Pseudoplatanus, L.). — The habitat of this tree is plantations, hedges, even in the N. of Scotland. The Sycamore has the tree habit. The trunk is stout, with smooth, cracked bark, which falls off with age. The leaves, yellow at first, are 4-5-lobed, with unequal teeth, 5-angled, opposite, bluish-green below, the lobes scalloped or toothed. The flowers are in long pendulous racemes, with short flower-stalks. The stamens are twice as long as the corolla. The wings of the fruit, a scimitar-like samara, are spreading. The Sycamore grows from 40-60 ft. in height, and flowers in May and June. It is a deciduous tree. ORDER LEGUMINOS^ Bitter Vetch (Vicia Orobus, D. C.). — The habitat of this plant is northern rocky woods or western wooded rocky districts. The habit is erect or ascending, the stem downy, stout, with tendrils or petioles reduced to a short slender point or wanting. The leaves are stalkless, the leaflets are egg-shaped, oblong, linear, acute, hairy, in 7-10 pairs. The stipules are half-arrow- shaped, toothed below. The 6-20 flowers are white with a purple tinge, in loose racemes, ranged on one side. The flower-stalk is longer than the leaves. The calyx teeth exceed the tube, the upper two being triangular and longer than the flower-stalks. The pods are oblong, lance-shaped, acute below and above, smooth. The seeds are 3-5. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height. It flowers in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Pencilled Wood Vetch ( Vicia sylvatica, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, rocky woods, and cliffs, &c. The habit is trailing. The rootstock is creeping. The stem climbs by forked tendrils. The leaves are stalkless, the leaflets oblong, blunt, with a blunt point, smooth, mem- branous, in eight pairs. The stipules are moon- shaped, toothed below, the teeth bristle-like, spreading. The flowers are white with blue veins, in loose racemes, 6-18, ranged all one side. The flower-stalk exceeds the leaves, and the ultimate stalks are as long as the calyx tube, which is in- flated on the upper side. The calyx teeth are not so long as the tube, awl-shaped. The pods are oblong, lance-shaped, with a long point, each end curved, with 3-4 seeds. The height of the plant is 2-6 ft., and it flowers from June to August, being a herbaceous perennial. Wild Pea (Lathyrus sylvestris, L.).— The habi- tat of this species is woods, thickets, rocky thickets, and sea cliffs. The habit is climbing, the root- stock creeping. The stem is winged, the plant being smooth, bluish -green. The leaflets are large, broad, sword-shaped, with parallel veins, linear-lance-shaped. The stipules are half-arrow- shaped, sickle-like, with lance-shaped basal lobes. The leaf-stalk is sometimes also winged. The tendrils are slender and branched. The bracts are thread-like. The flowers are purple, in a raceme, 3-10, on long flower-stalks, the ultimate stalks longer than the calyx. The standard is rose- colour, the wings purple. The calyx teeth are awl-shaped, triangular. The smooth pods are stalkless, winged above, with 10-14 seeds half- enclosed by the hilum and flattened along the border, rough, with few distant wart-like knobs. The plant is 5-6 ft. in height, flowering from July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Common Bitter Vetch (Lathyrus macrorhizus, Wimm. = montanus, Bernh.). — The habitat of this vetch is woods and bushy places, thickets, copses. The stem is winged and simple, without tendrils. The leaves have lobes each side of a common stalk, the leaflets in 2-4 pairs, though green below, with nerves, oblong, elliptic, smooth, blunt. The stip- ules are half-arrow-shaped, toothed below. The 2-4 flowers are variegated red and blue, turning green or yellow when faded, on slender stalks, as long as, or longer than, the leaves, the ultimate stalks less than the calyx, with triangular teeth less than the tube. The pods are cylindrical, with round seeds, partly surrounded by the hile. The plant is 6-15 in. in height, and flowers from May to August, being a herbaceous perennial. ORDER ROSACES Bullace (Prunus insititia, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods and hedges. The habit is that of a shrub, in general like that of the Sloe, which it resembles (though it is taller), but the straight branches are not, or very slightly, spinous, the bark brown, the leaves oblong, inversely egg- shaped, larger and broader, with blunt teeth, downy below, the flowers appearing usually with the leaves with broader petals, the flower-stalk downy, the fruit a drupe, round, drooping, black or yellow. The height is 6-15 ft. It flowers in March onward till May, and is a deciduous shrub. Gean (Prunus Avium, L.). — The habitat of this tree is woods. The habit is the tree habit There are no suckers. The branches are rigid, short, stout, ascending. The leaves are drooping, limp, large, pale-green, oblong, inversely egg-shaped, downy below, long-stalked, the margin toothed. The leaf-buds have the outer scales bent back, the flower-buds are not leafy. The flowers are white, in nearly stalkless umbels, the petals divided into two nearly to the base, and stalked, the corolla open, and limp, the tube of the calyx nar- rowed above, the sepals entire. The fruit is heart- shaped, sweet or bitter, the juice staining black. The tree is 20-30 ft. high, flowering in May, and deciduous. Bird Cherry (Prunus Padus, L.).— The habitat of this tree is woods and hedges, especially in North Britain. The Bird Cherry has the tree WOODS AND COPSES 47 habit, with drooping1, clustered branches. The leaves are folded upon each other lengthwise in bud, elliptic, lance-shaped, smooth, finely doubly- toothed, unequally heart-shaped below, downy in the axils of the veins. The stipules are awl-like, linear, glandular, toothed.' The flowers are white, erect, then drooping, in long drooping racemes in the axils, or terminal, and appear after the leaves. The flower-stalks are erect in fruit. The fruit is round, or oblong-, egg-shaped, black, bitter. The nut or stone is wrinkled, rounded. The tree is 10-25 ft. in height. It is in flower in May and June, and deciduous. Willow-leaved Spiraea (Spircea salicifolia, L.). — This plant is an alien in this country and not indigenous, growing in plantations and hedges. It multiplies freely by stolons. The habit is shrub- like. The brandies are smooth, round, straight. The leaves are lance-shaped, oblong, unequally toothed, smooth. There are no stipules. The flowers are pink or flesh-coloured, in compound, erect, dense, terminal racemes, nearly cylindrical. The petals are not so long as the stamens, which project. The carpels are smooth, and contain many ovules. The plant is 3-5 ft. in height, and flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Raspberry (Rubus Idaus, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods and thickets. The habit is shrubbv. The stem produces numerous suckers, and is erect, with many prickles, round. The leaves have lobes each side of a common stalk, with 3-5 leaflets, stalkless, coarsely toothed, egg-shaped, with a long point, hoary-white below. The flowers are drooping. The petals are white, short. The red or amber drupes fall when ripe. The Rasp- berry is 4-6 ft. in height, and flowers from June to August, being a deciduous shrub. Rubus fissus, L. — This shrub is a native species found in sunny spots and wet places. The habit is shrub-like, erect or arched. The stem bears many slender awl-like scattered prickles, from an oblong, slightly-dilated base. The leaves are folded, hairy be'low. The basal leaflets are stalk- less. The stamens and style nearly equal each other. The fruiting calyx is erect to right-angled. The fruit is dark-red. 'The height is 1-2 ft. The plant flowers from June to August, and is a decid- uous shrub. Rubus nessensis, W. Hall = suberectits, And. — The habitat of this shrub is wet thickets, boggy woods, and heaths. The habit is shrub-like, the stem erect. The leaflets are pale-green, nearly smooth, flexible, flat, those at the base nearly stalkless, the upper ones narrow below. There are few, short prickles, conical, with a long base, at the angles, or absent. The pale stamens are longer than the style. The sepals are bent back. The fruit is dark-red. The plant is 3-6 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus sulcatus, Vest. — The habitat of this plant is wood borders. The habit is shrub-like, the stem suberect, the plant luxuriant. The stem is fur- rowed. The leaves are s-lobed. The leaflets are large, distant, the basal ones stalked, the terminal long-stalked, with a long- point, oval. The panicle is long-, loose, in a raceme, and handsome. The stamens at first exceed the style. The fruiting sepals are turned back. The fruit is remarkably long. Rubus plicatus, Wh. & N.— This Rubus is a native species, found in woods, heaths, and moors. The habit is shrubby. The stem is suberect. The leaflets are plaited, softly hairy below, coarsely toothed, the terminal leaflet egg-shaped, heart- shaped, with a short point, the basal one nearly stalkless. The lateral leaflets of the flowering- shoot are rhomboidal, egg-shaped, enlarged at the base. The panicle is rather short, more or less a raceme. The stamens and style are of about the same length. The fruiting sepals are more or less at right angles. The plant is 4 ft. in height, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus nitidus, Wh. & N.— The habitat of this plant is thickets, heaths, and stream sides. The habit is shrub-like. The stem is suberect, rooting. The leaves are shining- (like the calyx). The ma- ture leaves are flat, the leaflets bright-green, thinly hairy on the prominent nerves below, the terminal oval, oblong, acute, the basal shortly -stalked. The prickles are numerous, long, slender, crowded, straight, or hooked, especially on the panicle. The panicle bears many small cup-like flowers. The stamens are longer than the style. Rubus affinis, Wh. & N.— The habitat of this species is open woods, sandy commons, and heaths. The habit is shrub-like, the stem suberect or arched, not rooting, very tall. The prickles are long and narrow. The leaves are thick, over- lapping, wavy at the end, grey, silky below. The terminal leaflet is egg-shaped, cordate, with a long point, those of the flo%vering- shoot narrowed below. The panicle bears cymose branches, and is armed with long, slender prickles. The flowers are large and cup-like. The sepals are bent back. The plant is very tall, flowering in July and Aug-ust, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus cariensis, Genev. — This species is locally abundant in the west, especially in N. Devon. The habit is shrub-like, suberect, high-arching, the plant very dark purple. The leaves are very large, deeply cut, with an ash-coloured felt, or softly hairy below, the terminal one oblong, oval, with a long narrow point. The panicle is dense, compound, cylindrical, very strong. The sepals have an ash -coloured felt. The bracts and flower-stalks have occasionally a few, short- stalked g-lands. Rubus holerythros, Focke. — The habitat of this species is sandy commons and wood borders. The plant has the shrub habit, growing in clumps, arched, the stem lustrous, the leaves very large, greyish, softly hairy below. The leaflets are wide- spreading, with even, scalloped, bluntly-pointed teeth, soft and pale below at first. The panicle is a raceme above, with very showy flowers on long stalks. The petals are very large, and pink. The stamens, which are long:, and the style, are also 48 BRITISH FLORA pink. The sepals are greyish-olive. The fruit is bright-red, then glossy-black. Rubus latifolius, Bab. —The habitat of this species is open woods. The habit is shrub-like, the stem furrowed, very soon prostrate, slightly hairy. The leaves are dull-green, very large, thinly hairy. The leaflets are all broad, with com- pound, deeply-cut teeth, harsh to the touch below, the terminal leaflet heart-shaped, with a long point. The panicle is narrow, blunt, cylindrical, with a densely hairy rachis and conspicuous bracts. The sepals are grey with a yellow base. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus imbricatus, Hort— The habitat of this plant is wood borders and open commons. The habit is prostrate or arched, remarkably branched. The leaflets are convex, wrinkled, overlapping, the terminal leaflets roundish, egg-shaped, with an abrupt, long point, heart-shaped, the basal leaflets small. The panicle has distant, long, very strongly ascending lower branches, and several lobes. The top of the panicle and the flower- stalks are scarcely felted, the sepals uniformly grey and hairy. The ripe fruit is glossy-black. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus carpinifolius, Wh. & N.— The habitat of this plant is wood borders, hedges, heaths, open places in hilly districts. The habit is erect, arched. The leaves are plaited, with long teeth, soft be- neath, the terminal leaflets long, usually oval, with a long point. The panicle is narrow, pyramidal, or in a sort of raceme, with branches erect, or widespreading. The sepals are widely spreading in fruit. The petals are white. The panicle is very prickly and pale-coloured. The fruit is large. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus incurvatus, Bab. — The habitat of this plant is thickets, open woods, heaths, and hilly slopes. The habit is prostrate, arched. The leaf- lets are hollowed, lobed, toothed, with incurved wavy edges, greenish-white, soft, with felted down below, thick. The terminal leaflets are broadly egg-shaped, heart-shaped. The panicle is long, the top ultra-axillary, the branches short and widespreading. The flowers are pink, as also the stamens and style. There are no glands. The plant flowers in July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus Lindleianus, Lees.— The habitat of this species is wood borders and hedges. The habit is erect, and arching, the stem shining (hence nitidus, Bell Salter), glossy. The leaflets are inversely egg-shaped, wedge-shaped, wavy-edged, with irregular, shallow teeth, and narrow below. The panicle has a long, broad, cylindrical, blunt top, and long, nearly equal, widespreading branches, in a cyme. The rachis is hairy. The petals are white. The fruit and drupelets are small. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus argenteus, Wh. & N. ( = erythrinus, Genev.).— The habitat of this species is woods, hedges, and open sunny places. The habit is high -arching. The stem is dark-purple (hence erythrinus). The prickles have a wide base. The leaflets are leathery, with an ash -coloured felt below, the dark-purple of the stem extending fre- quently to the leaf-stalk and midrib, convex, inversely egg-shaped, with a blunt, long point, the terminal leaflets long-stalked, broadly egg-shaped. The panicle is loose, pyramidal, with a narrow, rounded top, and strongly - ascending lower branches. The fruit and drupelets are large. The panicle distinguishes it from the last, as well as the leaves, fruit, and colour of the stem, &c. Rubus durescens, W. R. Linton. — This plant is found in hedges by the roadside, and in woods. The habit is arching. The stem is purplish, with leathery leaflets, brownish-green, hairless on the upper surface, with a few short, stiff hairs on the prominent nerves below, the larger teeth wide- spreading. The leaflets are oblong, egg-shaped. The terminal leaflets are egg-shaped, heart- shaped. The panicle is broad, short, cylindrical, in a corymb, the branches widespreading, forming a cyme, the top broad but hardly blunt. In the panicle the plant resembles R. Lindleianus. The colour and leaves, &c., are as in R. erythrinus. Rubus rhamnifolius, Wh. & N. — The habitat of this species is wood borders, thickets, and hedges. The habit is arching. The leaflets are thick, flat, with ash-coloured or white felt below, and finely- pointed close and simple teeth, the terminal ones often not twice the length of the leaf-stalk, with a blunt point, and heart-shaped below. The terminal ones are very long-stalked, roundish, egg-shaped, heart-shaped. The basal ones are not overlapping. The panicle is rather close and cylindrical, the flowers cup-like, the petals roundish, white. The sepals are turned back. The stamens are erect and longer than the style. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous perennial. Rubus nemoralis, P. J. Muell. — The habitat of this plant is wood borders and hedges. The habit is arching. The leaflets are pale-green both sides, rather finely and evenly toothed, paler, and thinly hairy below. The panicle is very loose, ascending, leafy, at first pyramidal, then forming a corymb, with several simple floral leaves above, and very long lower strongly-ascending branches forming a raceme-like corymb. The petals are pink. This species is handsome, strong, long. The narrow base of the terminal leaflet is heart-shaped as age advances. The numerous floral leaves, the long lower branches of the panicle distinguish this species. Its nearest ally is R. rhamnifolius. Rubus pulcherrimus, Neum. — The habitat of this plant is wood borders, hedges, and commons. The habit is prostrate, arching, forming extensive patches as underwood in woodlands. The stem is rather hairy, dull-red or green. The prickles are widespreading or bent downwards. The leaves are 6-7-lobed. The leaflets are convex, leathery, dull grey-green, with a greenish ashy felt below, opaque above, the terminal leaflets 2^-3 times as long as the leaf-stalk. The panicle is long, with WOODS AND COPSES 49 narrow ultra-axillary top, with numerous stalked glands on the rachis, flower- stalk, and bracts. The petals are broad, small, and pink. Some forms have white petals and no glands. The distinctive features are the lobed leaves, narrow and many-flowered panicle, stalked glands, and pink petals. Rubus Lindebergii, P. J. Muell.— The habitat of this plant is thickets, open places, dry and stony. The habit is prostrate, arching, the stem tall. The prickles are stout, sickle-like, or hooked, especially on the panicle. The leaves are 5- lobed. The leaflets are pale greyish-green above, narrowed below, with even, nearly simple teeth, the terminal are narrow, inversely egg-shaped, about twice as long as the leaf-stalk. The panicle is narrow, without glands, wavy, with crowded, strong, sickle-like prickles, and short branches, with few flowers. The petals are white, large, inversely egg-shaped, with long claws. Rubus mercicus, Bagnall.— The habitat of this species is hedges. The habit is erect, arching. The prickles are rather unequal, bent back, and scattered. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, arising from a common centre with lateral lobes, the terminal leaflet broadly oval or roundish, with short, blunt, narrow point, and entire, or nearly entire, base, more than twice as long as the stalk. The panicle is loose, sometimes glandular, little narrowed to the top, forming a corymb. The rachis and flower-stalk are clothed with long, fine hair. The petals are white, becoming pink. The stem and rachis are dark-purple. Rubus villicaulis, Koehl. — The habitat of this plant is woods, wood borders, hedges, open stony places. The habit is high-arching. The stem is hairy (as the Latin specific name indicates). There are many long, straight prickles, wide- spreading, or bent back. The leaflets are egg- shaped or oval, with a narrow, long point, soft, with long silky white hairs below. The panicle is open, long, compound, with long, bent-down slender prickles, the branches forming a cyme, the rachis softly downy. The stamens are much longer than the styles. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. It is distinguished by the numerous long, straight prickles, shaggy rachis and flower-stalks, prickly, branched panicle, broad, oval leaflets, softly hairy below. Rubus Selmeri, Lindeb.— The habitat of this species is woods and sandy and gravelly commons. The habit is similar to the last. The stem and leaves are not so hairy. The prickles are sickle- like. The leaflets are concave, with wavy margin, smooth above, thinly hairy below, the terminal leaflets roundish, egg-shaped. The rachis is thinly hairy, with many strongly sickle-like or hooked prickles. The flowers are showy, star-like. The petals are bright-pink. The stamens are short, sometimes not longer than the style. In the young state the plant is like R. gratus, as when large-flowered. Rubus rhombifolius, Weihe.— The habitat of this plant is thickets and open commons. The habit VOL, VI is similar to the last, the stem dark-red. The prickles are broad-based, the leaflets rhomboid or egg-shaped, with a long, narrow point, green or white-felted below. The leaflets in mature leaves are distant, all narrow at both ends, with a long tip, with short hairs beneath. The panicle is pyramidal, with sickle-like prickles, with strongly bent-back white sepals, the petals, style, and long stamens all red. The lower panicle-branches are long and strongly ascending. The plant is inter- mediate between R. •villicaulis and R. Selmeri, distinguished by the thinner, narrower, acuminate, rhomboidal leaflets, with short hair beneath, pyra- midal panicle, bent-back sepals, and red flowers. Rubus gratus, Focke. — The habitat of this plant is arching, prostrate. The stem is furrowed. The prickles are rather short, with a broad base, spreading, or somewhat bent down. The leaves are large. The leaflets are at first softly downy, later bare below, broad, coarsely, irregularly doubly-toothed. The panicle is leafy, branched, few-flowered. The rachis is clothed with long hair. The flowers are very large, the petals pink or with a pink claw. The sepals are erect in fruit. The pollen-grains are large, equal, regular. The fruit is large and oblong. The plant is luxuriant. It is distinguished from R. Selmeri by the rounder, more wavy leaflets, strong sickle-like prickles, cylindrical panicle, turned-back fruiting sepals, and short stamens. Rubus leucandrus, Focke. — This is a local plant, found in thickets, hedges, and commons. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem is blunt- angled. The prickles are rather long, wide- spreading to some extent. The leaflets are softly hairy below, overlapping, hollow, the terminal leaflet egg-shaped, heart-shaped, with a long narrow point. The panicle bears no glands, is irregularly branched, with felted flower-stalks, and conspicuous flowers. The fruiting sepals are turned back. The flowers are showy with large petals, pure white like the stamens (hence leu- candrus). The fruit is large and oval. The plant is intermediate between R. affinis and R. gratus. Rubus ramosus, Briggs. — The habitat of this species is rocky, bushy places. The habit is straggly, erect, arched. There are few prickles. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, arising from a common centre with lateral leaflets. The leaflets are con- vex, leathery, shining above, coarsely and irregu- larly toothed, with close ashy or white felt under the hairs, the terminal leaflets oblong or slightly inversely egg-shaped, with a blunt point. The panicle is loose, with long branches, forming a corymb at the top. The rachis, flower-stalk, and sepals are ashy-white felted and thinly hairy. The sepals are loosely turned back. The fruit is small and poor. The plant is near R. Questicrii in the felted panicle and shape of leaflets only. It flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus thyrsoideus, Wimm. — The habitat of this species is thickets and hedges. The habit is striking, tall, erect, high-arching. The stem is strong, smooth, and rarely roots. The leaflets are flat or hollowed, nearly smooth above, with 81 5° BRITISH FLORA pale felt below, with deeply-cut, compound teeth, the terminal leaflet oval, or egg-shaped, with a long, narrow point. The panicle is long, the ultra- axillary part cylindrical above, weakly armed, the lower branches with sickle -like prickles. The calyx is hairy and felted. The flowers are showy, the fruit fine. The panicle and foliage are excep- tionally fine. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus Godroni, Lecoq. & Lamotte = argentatus, auct. The habitat of this species is wood borders, bushy places, and hedges. The habit is high- arching at first, then climbing, or bending low and rooting. The stem is pruinose below, hairy. The prickles on stem and panicle are long and rather unequal, straight or sickle-like. The leaf- lets are rather leathery, shining above, greenish, white-felted, with shining hairs below, 5-lobed, finger-shaped, or with lobes arising from a common centre with lateral leaflets, the terminal leaflet with rounded or nearly heart-shaped base. The panicle is loose, pyramidal, narrowed above. The rachis and flower-stalk are felted, with thick, soft hair. The flowers are showy, with long flower- stalk, bright-pink flowers, the sepals with yellowish- grey felt, and hairs loosely turned back. The pink stamens are much longer than the green styles. The plant flowers late. Rubus rusticanus, Merc. — This species is found in thickets and hedges, in open ground, at low altitude, and by the sea-coast, being especially common on the East coast. The habit is arching, prostrate, climbing, rooting. The stem is fur- rowed, pruinose, stellately downy. The prickles have a very wide base. The leaflets are leathery, oval, or inversely egg-shaped, convex, with close, white-felted down below, and the terminal leaflet is inversely egg-shaped, with a blunt point. The panicle is long, narrow, cylindrical. The rachis is furrowed, with strong, stout-based, hooked, and sickle-like prickles. The flower-stalks are also felted and hooked. The stamens are equal to or less than the style. The sepals in flower and fruit are turned back. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus pubescens, Weihe. — The habit of this Rubus is high-arching at first, then low and root- ing, the stem having a rather thick coat of short stellate down. The leaves are 5-lobed, finger- shaped, the leaflets with irregular shallow teeth, grey or greenish, white-felted below, oval or in- versely egg-shaped, with a long, narrow point, the terminal one with an entire base. The panicle is rather loose, long, felted, hairy, with widespread- ing few-flowered branches, and strong hooked or sickle-like prickles on the branches. The sepals have an upwardly-curved tip. The plant is inter- mediate between R. thyrsoideus and R. rusticanus. Rubus sylvaticus, Wh. & N.— This is an un- common species found in woods, thickets, by bushy river sides. The habit is arching, pros- trate, rarely climbing. The prickles are short, crowded near the base of the stem, awl-shaped. The leaves are 5-lobed. The leaflets are hairy both sides, the terminal one slightly inversely egg- shaped, or oval, with entire or notched base. The panicle is dense, long, with small, crowded, needle-like prickles, and softly hairy rachis and flower- stalk. It is not glandular. The fruiting sepals are loosely turned back. The carpels are hairy. The plant is like R. macrophyllus in the small prickles and hairy character, and also like R. •uillicaulis and R. Lindleianus, but less prickly and more softly downy than either. Rubus myricce, Focke = var. hesperius, Rogers. — The leaves of this species are broad, 5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common centre, and 2 lateral ones, with very compound finely-pointed teeth, the terminal leaflet roundish, egg-shaped, with a long narrow point. The panicle is more compound than in the type (not found in Britain), more prickly, with many sunk, nearly stalkless, glands on the rachis, the panicle being long, pyramidal, and compound. The fruiting sepals are widespreading. The plant is like R. svlva- ticus and R. hirtifolius. Rubus lentiginosus, Lees. — The habitat of this species is rough, rocky, and bushy ground. The habit is arching, prostrate. There are numerous prickles. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, with finely pointed, compound, deeply-cut teeth, thinly hairy only on the nerves beneath, the terminal one oblong or inversely egg-shaped, with rather narrow, notched base. The panicle is rigid above, blunt, forming a raceme, with 1-2 long-stalked flowers, widespreading branches, and nearly stalkless terminal flowers. The prickles are crowded on the rachis and flower - stalks; turned down or shortly hooked. The sepals are erect in fruit. The stamens and style are nearly of the same length. The fruit is oblong. The plant differs in habit from R. nitidus, approaching R. Colemanni and R. Questierii. The form of the panicle is very characteristic. Rubus macrophyllus, Wh. & N. — The habitat of this plant is woods and thickets, and it appears to thrive in the shade. The habit is arching, pros- trate, climbing, much-branched. The leaves are 5-lobed, finger-shaped, often very large. The leaf- lets are smooth above, softly hairy below, doubly and widely toothed, the terminal leaflet oval to heart-shaped, with a long narrow point. The panicle is loose, normally weak, with grey felt, and a hairy rachis, and flower-stalk, with weak, turned-down, or rather sickle-like prickles. The lower branches are very distant. The sepals are shaggy, with grey felt below, strongly bent back. The flowers are of medium size. The carpels are smooth. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus amphichloros, P. J. Muell. — The leaves of this species are 3~5-lobed, finely and evenly toothed. The terminal leaflet is roundish to oval. The panicle is long and loose. The sepals are loosely turned back. Dr. Focke regards it as distinct from R. amplificatus by the shape or rounded outline and fine toothing of the leaflets. Rubus Questierii, Lefv. & Muell.— The habitat of this species is woods and thickets in rough rocky ground. The leaves are 5-lobed, finger- WOODS AND COPSES 51 shaped, with 3 lobes radiating" from a centre, and lateral leaflets, the same colour each side. The leaflets are thinly hairy, and green each side, long and narrow, oval or inversely eg-g--shaped, with a long narrow point. The panicle is long, loose, narrow, with widespreading upper branches, over- topped by the very narrow, simple, floral leaves. The rachis and calyx are grey-felted. The flower- stalk and sepals, which are strongly bent back, have abundant white felt. The long narrow panicle and white-felted rachis, flower-stalk, and sepals, and green leaves help to distinguish it. The plant approaches R. amplificatus and R. Colemanni. Rubus Salteri, Bab. — The habitat of this species is woods, thickets, and open rough ground, and hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate, the stem furrowed, angular, and nearly smooth. The prickles are rather widespreading, and slender. The leaves are chiefly 5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiat- ing from a common centre, and 2 lateral lobes, with compound, deeply -cut teeth above. The leaflets are rather overlapping, nearly smooth above, with ashy felt below, and loose, or deeplv cut and lobed, or closer and shallow and finely pointed, the terminal one long-stalked, with a long point, and entire or heart-shaped below. The panicle is long, cylindrical above, with 1-3 flowers on long stalks, widely -spreading branches, and blunt top. The long-pointed sepals embrace the fruit. It flowers in July and August, and is a her- baceous shrub. The soil is siliceous, &c. The species approaches R. hirtifolius, but has a less hairy stem, more deeply cut leaflets, smooth, and ashy-felted, a less glandular rachis and flower- stalk. Rubus Colemanni, Babington. — The habitat of this species is thickets, hedges, and heaths. The habit is arching, the stem having many flattened prickles, and occasionally acicles and stalked glands, with a very long, broad base. The leaves are convex, 5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a centre, and 2 lateral. The leaflets are the same colour each side, green and hairy on the veins below. The leaf-stalks are very prickly, the ter- minal leaflet is broadly inversely egg-shaped, with a long narrow point, and heart-shaped. The panicle is long and pyramidal. The rachis and flower-stalk are very strongly armed with prickles, acicles, and stalked glands. The fruiting sepals are loosely turned back. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. The soil is siliceous, &c. The plant is close to R. affinis, Wh. & X., and R. infestus, Weihe. Rubus Sprcngelti, \Veihe.-The habitat of this species is woods, thickets, and heaths. The habit is arching, soon nearly prostrate, the stem having unequal bent-back prickles, and is roundish, hairy, often slightly glandular. The leaves are usually 3-lobed, the same colour each side. The leaflets are thin, coarsely and irregularly toothed. The panicle is short, loose, diffuse, with long widely- spreading branches, with few flowers, long slender flower-stalks, usually glandular. The rachis and flower-stalks are softly felted, with few or many sunken glands. The petals are bright-pink. The stamens are pink, not longer than the style, and not united below. The loosely-branched panicle, long flower-stalks, short stamens, and erect fruit- ing sepals are characteristic. It flowers in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus orthoclados, Ley. — The habitat of this plant is woodlands. The habit is very high arch- ing, or suberect. The stem has some nearly stalk- less glands. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common centre, 2 lateral, the same colour each side. The panicle is weak and glandular, in a raceme or corymb above. The stalked glands are longer than the hairs. The sepals are externally olive, with narrow white margin, the points embracing the fruit. The car- pels are hairy at the tip. The plant approaches the last and R. hesperius. Rubus hypoleucus, Lefv. & Muell. = micans, Gren. & Godr.— The habitat of this plant is bushy places and open stony ground. The habit is low- arching. The stem is clothed with dense felt, or close, short hair, and is slightly glandular. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common centre, and 2 lateral. The leaflets are greyish-green, opaque above, with ashy felt and soft hair below, with compound strongly and deeply cut toothing, with a long, narrow point. The panicle is loose, the branches long, nearly or quite widespreading, forming a corymb. The rachis is wavy. The sepals are strongly bent back. The whole plant is greyish. The chief characters are the grey tint, close-haired and felted sepals, deeply-cut leaflets, and wavy panicle rachis. Rubus hirtifolius, Muell. & Wirtg.— The habitat of this plant is bushy places, hilly districts, and it is locally abundant in West England and Wales. The stem is considerably hairy, rarely glandular or aciculate. The leaves are 5-lobed. The prickles on the panicle have a long base. The leaflets have shining, close hair, and 'are often much wrinkled above, hairy, with prominent ribs below. The terminal leaflet is variable, usually egg-shaped, with a narrow, long point. The panicle has a long, loose, ultra-axillary top. The rachis and flower- stalk are softly hairy. The petals are narrow, pink, soon falling. The flowers are very showy, white. The fruiting sepals are wide- spreading. The fruit is oblong. The soil is siliceous. It approaches R. macrophyUus and R. pyramidaHs, distinguished from the latter by the less velvety leaves, looser, broader, less leafy panicle, ascending fruiting sepals, and oblong fruit. Rubus iricus, Rogers. — The stem of this species is stout, with many widespreading, white hairs. The leaves are large, 5-lobed, with very long, narrow stipules, fringed with hairs. The leaflets are thick, leathery, with an ashy felt below when young, opaque and rough above, the ter- minal leaflet broadly egg-shaped, with a long, narrow point, with compound teeth. The panicle is blunt, stout, broad, very large, broadly cylin- drical, the ultra-axillary top forming a corymb, the branches stout, nearly widespreading, the BRITISH FLORA rachis, flower-stalk, and base of the sepals clothed with dense, yellowish-grey, soft hairs. The sepals have a long, narrow point, strongly bent back when the petals fall. The petals are large, bright- pink. The plant is very stout and hairy. It re- sembles most R. mollissimus. Rubus pyramidalis, Kalt.— The habitat of this species is wood borders, hedges, bushy and heathy places. The habit is nearly prostrate. The prickles are strong and short. The leaves are 5-lobed, finger-shaped. The leaflets are thick, soft, velvety beneath, convex, coarsely toothed. The panicle is long, truly pyramidal, with close, i-3-flowered, short, widespreading branches in the long, ultra-axillary part. The rachis is straight and rigid. The petals are oval. The fruiting sepals are turned back. It flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. The soil is sandy, siliceous, &c. It is intermediate between R. •villicaulis and R. leucostachys. Rubus leucostachys, Sm. — The habitat of this plant is wood borders, thickets, hedges, and rough banks. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem is woolly and hairy, densely felted. The prickles are long and nearly straight, very strong. The leaflets are broad, softly yellow and white-felted below, round, wavy at the edge, with nearly simple, even, shallow teeth, the terminal leaflet nearly round, with a blunt point. The panicle is long, cylindrical. There are few stalked glands. The petals are round. The stamens are only just longer than the style. The fruiting sepals are bent back. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus lasioclados, Focke. — The stem of this plant has a dense mat of felt and long hair. The leaves have also a white felt below, and irregular deeply-cut teeth. The terminal leaflet is oval or roundish. The panicle is broad, very prickly, strongly developed. The rachis and flower-stalk are densely hairy and felted, with crowded, slender, large-based, sickle-like, and bent-down prickles. The petals are white. The plant differs from R. rusticanus in the long hairs on the stem and rachis with straight prickles, more hairy leaves, prickly panicle, white petals, and wide- spreading fruiting sepals, resembling also R. leucostachys, being a cross between the two. Rubus criniger, Linton. — The habitat of this species is woods and bushy places. The stem is densely hairy and pruinose. The leaves are 5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common centre, 2 lateral. They are greyish-green. The leaflets are not overlapping, irregularly lobed, toothed, ashy-felted, with prominent ribs beneath. The terminal leaflet is egg-shaped, with a long, narrow point. The panicle is narrowed above, the top blunt, with long lower branches, like secondary panicles. The rachis and flower-stalk are covered with very unequal stalked glands and small acicles. The plant resembles R. Gelertii, R. Ley anus, R. Drejeri, and R. scaber. Rubus Lettii, Rogers.— The habitat of this plant, first found in Ireland (now in two vice- counties there), is woods. The habit is high- arching. The stem is stout, bluish-green, clothed with long, fine, shining hairs. The acicles are very unequally scattered, and stalked glands very rare or absent. The prickles are remarkably flattened and straight, long, slender. The leaves are greyish-green, the leaf-stalks long, with many unequal, partly gland-tipped organs. The panicle is cylindrical, the lowest branches moderately long and nearly erect. The rachis has very close, grey felt under the long hairs, with some of the long, slender prickles gland-tipped. The prickles are almost invariably straight and generally widely spreading. The sepals are bent back. The plant is remarkably grey. It resembles R. Questierii and R. micans or R. criniger, distinguished by the flattened slender prickles, inversely egg-shaped, terminal leaflet, more finely-pointed teeth, &c. Rubus adenanthus, Boul & Gill.— The prickles on the stem of this species are strong, with numer- ous pricklets and stalked glands. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common centre and 2 lateral, greyish-green, with ashy felt below, and compound deeply-cut teeth. The leaflets are ashy-felted and thinly hairy below, the terminal one broadly oval. The panicle is long, glandular, forming a more or less pyramidal corymb. The rachis and flower-stalk have crowded soft hair, which obscures the numerous unequal acicles and stalked glands. The sepals are long, widespreading, with sunken glands and long points ascending when the petals drop. The plant approaches R. micans in leaf characters and hairy stems, but is also like Radulan forms in other respects. Rubtis Borceanus, Genev. — The habitat of this species is bushy places and hedges. The stem is not felted. The pricklets are usually numerous, with a stout base. The leaves are 5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common centre and 2 laterals, and 3-lobed. The leaflets are wavy at the edge, with an ashy felt and hair below. The panicle is cylindrical throughout, the branches rigid and strongly ascending, weakly armed in the ultra-axillary part. The small petals and style are dark-red. The stamens are not so long as the style. The sepals rise when the petals fall. The stout-based pricklets are characteristic, also the unarmed panicle rachis and rigid ascending branches, with small deep-red flowers. Rubus cinerosus, Rogers. — The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, and open commons. The stem is very bluntly angled and round, with many very small pricklets, acicles, and bristles, the arma- ture on stem and panicle being variable. The leaflets have broad, shallow, even teeth, with close ashy -felt and rather few hairs below, the ter- minal leaflet roundish, inversely egg-shaped. The panicle is broadly cylindrical, with widespreading branches. The rachis and flower-stalk have an ashy felt, are densely softly hairy, and have many very slender more or less widespreading prickles. The stalked glands are crowded and sunken, with a few gland-tipped bristles. The plant approaches R. pulcherrimus, differing in armature, glands, &c., and shape of panicle. WOODS AND COPSES 53 Rubus mucronatus, Bloxam. — The habitat of this plant is bushy places, hedges, heaths, and banks. The habit is arching-, prostrate. The stem is nearly round. The prickles are very slender. The leaflets are thin, with simple, shallow teeth, rather thinly hairy below, the terminal rounded, inversely egg-shaped, with a short, abrupt, blunt point. The panicle is very loose below, forming a raceme above, with long, wide- spreading to erect flower-stalks, with rather few, very slender, turned-down prickles, and slender, unequal acicles, bristles, and stalked glands. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a decid- uous shrub. Rubus mucronatoides, Ley. — This Scottish plant is stouter than the last. The habit is low, arched. The stem is angled, with few hairs and acicles. The armature is stronger, and more unequal, both on the stem and rachis. The leaves are 3-5-lobed. The leaflets are large, with the ter- minal leaflet with a long narrow point, and partly lobed, coarsely toothed. The panicle is pyramidal, broad, straggling, and the rachis is wavy, with many unequal prickles. The large flowers are cup-shaped, the narrow petals rose colour, the stamens white, the sepals reflexed in flower and fruit. Rubus Gelertii, Frider. — The habitat of this species is woods. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem is stout. The prickles are long, nearly equal, confined to the angles. The leaflets are almost leathery, large, coarsely and irregularly toothed, the terminal one broadly oval, with a long narrow point and heart-shaped base. The panicle is strongly developed, very compound, with large broad leaves, with a round-topped, ultra-axil- lary part, with long, distant, strongly-ascending branches like the secondary panicle below. The rachis and flower-stalk have dense, grey felt, few or many acicles, and short-stalked glands. The sepals are reflexed in flower and fruit. The plant is intermediate between R. pulcherrimus and R. anglosaxonicus, but the leaflets are broader and not so parallel-sided as in the latter. Rubus anglosaxonicus, Gelert. — The habitat of this species is bushy places and hedges. The stem is smooth, shining as if varnished, with numerous, scattered pricklets. The prickles are strong. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common centre and 2 laterals. The leaflets are thick, leathery, coarsely and irregularly toothed, with a grey felt below, the terminal leaflet long, narrow, oval, with nearly parallel sides, a short point, and notched base. The panicle is narrow above, with strongly ascending i-3-flowered branches, the axillary leaves large. Ritbns melanoxylon, Muell. & Wirtg. — The habitat of this species is moist bushy places and heaths. The stem and panicle rachis have a blackish-bro%vn or dark-purple bloom. The arma- ture is partly strong but very variable, some prickles being stout-based. The leaflets have close, even teeth, the terminal one narrowed to a short point, evenly toothed. The panicle is long, nearly cy- lindrical. The rachis has very unequal acicles, bristles, and stalked glands, the largest prickles long, and strongly bent down. The plant re- sembles R. mucronatus, R. •uillicaulis, and R. rosaceus, Rubus infestus, Weihe.— The habitat of this plant is thickets and hedges. The habit is high- arching, then bent down. The stem has mixed prickles, bent down, sickle-like, and hooked. The pricklets, acicles, and stalked glands on the faces are unequal, the prickles on the angles strong, nearly equal, long-pointed, very stout-based, sickle- like, and bent down. The leaflets are pale, often felted below, sharply and unevenly toothed, the terminal one egg-shaped, with a long point, the basal one very shortly stalked. The rachis is very strongly armed, the prickles more hooked, the smaller arms more glandular. The sepals are greyish-olive, with a white margin, widespread- ing or erect in fruit. The plant recalls the Sub- erecti group. Rubus unctnatus, P. J. Muell.— This plant is only found in woods. The armature is slender, both prickles and pricklets, which are bent down. The leaflets are thin, usually softly hairy, with a grey felt below, the terminal one nearly wedge- shaped, inversely egg-shaped. The stalks and midribs have slender, sickle-like, and hooked prickles. The panicle is very hairy, narrow, and cylindrical. The rachis and flower -stalk are densely, softly hairy, with many nearly sunk stalked glands, and crowded acicular, sickle-like, hooked, and bent-down prickles. The sepals are narrow, and bent back. The plant resembles R. infestus. Rubus Borreri, Bell Salt.— The habitat of this plant is hedges and commons. The habit is nearly prostrate. The stem is long, yellowish-brown. The prickles are very crowded. The pricklets, acicles, and stalked glands are most numerous below, the two last small. The leaflets are opaque above, yellowish-green, paler below, soft, with prominent ribs, with compound, finely -pointed, deeply-incised teeth, the terminal leaflet inversely egg-shaped, with a long narrow blunt point. The panicle is strongly developed, with a broad, round top, forming a corymb, with many unequal, sunk, nearly stalkless glands, and yellowish prickles. The plant is quite distinct from R. Sprengelii, and nearest R. infestus, distinguished by the prostrate stem, nearly equal prickles, terminal leaflet, broad panicle, and yellow tint. Rubus Drejeri, G. Jensen. — The habitat of this plant is wood borders, thickets, and hedges. The stem is hairy, dull-brown. The leaves are 3-5- lobed, the same colour on both sides. The pricklets, acicles, and stalked glands are unequally scattered and of various lengths. The prickles are unequal. The leaflets are thin, with irregular, shallow teeth, shortly pointed, roundish, inversely egg-shaped, harsh beneath. The lateral leaflets of the 3-lobed leaves are enlarged. The panicle is long, narrow, loose. The rachis is wavy, with soft-haired felt. The prickles are various, chiefly bent down. The plant is allied to R. melanoxylon and R. podo- phyllus. 54 BRITISH FLORA Rubus radiila, Weihe.— The habitat of this plant is rough bushy places, hedges, &c. The habit is high-arching-, climbing, or prostrate. The stem is strong, angular. The prickles are rather few, very strong, all on the angles, about equal. The faces of the stem have a very short, nearly equal, mixed armature. The leaflets are finely, closely, greenish-felted below, not overlapping, the ter- minal leaflet broadly egg-shaped, with a long, narrow point. The panicle is showy, pyramidal, with strong prickles. The rachis has many, sunken, unequal, stalked glands, some small acicles, and strong, awl-shaped, rather straight prickles. The sepals are turned back. This species flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus echinatus, Lindl. — The habitat of this species is thickets and hedges. The stem is fur- rowed and hairy. The numerous prickles are long and nearly equal. The leaflets are thick, lobed, deeply cut, with very compound, sharp- pointed teeth, and velvety ashy-felted below when young, greenish-grey with close felt when older. The panicle is long, narrow, cylindrical, leafy nearly to the top. The sepals have long points and are very strongly bent back. The fruit is long. The furrowed stem (hairy), unequal prickles, deeply- cut leaflets, narrow cylindrical leafy panicle dis- tinguish the plant from R. radula ; the dense hair on stem and rachis, deeply cut, thick, leaflets, narrow, less -branched panicle, stouter flower- stalks, larger flowers, from R. rudis. Rubiis rudis, Wh. & N.— The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, and hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate, or climbing, furrowed above, and usually quite smooth, rough, with very short unequal-stalked glands and acicles. The prickles are numerous and short. The leaves are large, the leaflets when young with ashy and white felt below, coarsely and doubly toothed, the terminal leaflet roundish egg-shaped or oval, with a long, narrow point. The panicle is diffuse, broad, with crowded, often interlacing, many-flowered branches. The rachis and long, slender flower- stalk have very crowded stalkless glands. The leaflets are large and wedge-shaped. The flowers are rather small. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus oigocladus, Muell. & Lef. — The habitat of this plant is woods and thickets. The stem is bluntly angled, dark bluish-green, thinly hairy. The leaflets are pale green, thinly hairy below, the terminal one inversely egg-shaped, with a blunt point, narrowed to the notched base. The panicle is narrow, very loose, with nearly erect, racemose branches forming a corymb. The rachis and flower-stalk have a white felt and dense short hair, nearly hiding the crowded nearly stalkless glands. The sepals are strongly bent back when the petals fall. The fruit is rather long. Rubus regillus, Ley.— The habitat of this plant is woods and hedges. The habit is low-arching. The stem is bluntly angled, hairy, bluish-green, pale, very leafy, with numerous, short, unequal, bristles, and stalked glands rarely exceeding the hair. The leaves are mainly 3-s-lobed. The leaflets are large, the terminal one oblong, with a long blunt point. The panicle is long, narrow, forming a raceme above, with short branches of 2-4 long, stalked flowers below. The close felt and widespreading hairs obscure the numerous stalked glands and bristles. The sepals are bent back in flower and fruit. The plant resembles R. oigocladus or R. podophyllus, distinguished from the last by the yellowish-green colour, larger leaflets, blunt point, long, dense, widespreading hairs on the rachis, bent-back sepals. Rubus podophyllus, P. J. Muell.— The habitat of -this plant is bushy places in slate quarries, &c. The habit is nearly prostrate. The stem is bluntly angled, dark, usually nearly smooth. The prickles are unequally scattered. The leaflets are convex, green, with a few widespreading teeth. The terminal leaflet is bluntly and narrowly pointed, oval-oblong, with a rather short point. The panicle forms a raceme above. The rachis has close grey felt. The prickles are chiefly acicular, the acicles and stalked glands are weak and unequal. The plant resembles R. niucronatus and R. melanoxylon or R. ericetorum. Rubus Griffithianus, Rogers. — This species occurs chiefly in hilly places. The stem and the prickles, which are unequal, are dark-red with appressed and widespreading hairs. The prickles are large, unequal, almost confined to the angles. The leaflets have a white or ashy felt below, the terminal one roundish, inversely egg-shaped, with a long, narrow point. The panicle is rather narrow, loose, nearly cylindrical. The prickles, like those on the stem, are slender, widespreading. The upper leaves are conspicuously white or ashy- felted. The sepals have a pale velvety felt. It is characterized by the unequal, bright-red prickles on stem and panicle, rachis, the white felt on the rachis, sepals, and under surface of the leaflets. The plant resembles R. prceruptorum. Rubus pr&ruptorum, Boul. — The habitat of this species is hedges. It has an arching, prostrate stem, the prickles slightly swollen at the base, with unequal glands and acicles, the leaflets coarsely, unequally, and doubly toothed, softly hairy only on the veins below. The panicle is long, narrow, leafy, the rachis straight, prickles slender, bent down. The sepals are egg-shaped, aciculate, with long bristles. The plant flowers in July and August. Rubus melanodermis, Focke. — The habitat of this species is bushy places and heaths. The habit is prostrate. The stem is nearly smooth, blackish- purple (hence melanodermis), with a few inter- mediate prickles on the faces. The large prickles are strong. The leaflets are plaited, green, the terminal leaflet inversely egg-shaped, blunt, with a long, blunt, narrow point. The panicle is narrow, cylindrical, with short, strongly-ascending lower branches, forming a raceme, and the upper branches are very short. The sepals are bent back in flower and fruit. It differs from R. melanoxylon in being less glandular, and in leaf and panicle ; and from R. Bloxamii in the paler, more hairy stem, shorter prickles, more lobed leaflets, &c. WOODS AND COPSES 55 Rubus Babingtonii, Bell Salt.— The habitat of this plant is open woods, bushy places, and commons. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem has many widespreading, clustered, and single hairs. The stem is fuscous, and so are the unequal prickles. The large ones are numerous and fairly strong, with a slender yellow point. The leaflets are thick, softly hairy below. The terminal leaflet is rather broad, oblong, oval, with a fairly long, narrow, blunt point. The panicle is broad, usually very large, long, broadly cylindrical to blunt, with strong sickle-like prickles, and several simple leaves, the branches mostly equal, widespreading. The rachis and flower-stalk have a dense, soft felt. The sepals are clothed ex- ternally with long yellowish-grey hair, rising as the fruit forms. The stamens are only just longer than the style. The plant is characterized by the soft hair on the stem and rachis, the thick, broad, soft leaflets, long, cylindrical, blunt panicle, with widespreading branches. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus Lejeunei, Wh. and N. — The habitat of this plant is woods and hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate. The prickles on the angles of the stem are slender. The leaves are 3-4-lobed. The leaflets are bright green, thin, hairy below, the terminal one inversely egg-shaped, and rhomb- oidal. The panicle is loosely pyramidal, form- ing a corymb, with slender, unequal armature. The rachis and flower-stalk have scattered, un- equal, stalked glands, and a few gland-tipped bristles. The prickles are slender. The sepals are bent back, with close greenish-grey felt, and many protruding stalked glands and acicles. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubtis ericetorum, Lefv.— The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, and commons. This species is near the last, but is stronger armed and more glandular. The stem is strong and sharply angled, with stouter, longer prickles on the angles. The leaves are 5-lobed, the leaflets have a longer, narrow point, with grey felt below, and deeply cut teeth. The panicle is very long, pyramidal, form- ing a corymb, more prickly and glandular. The petals are narrow, white or pink. The rachis and flower-stalk are densely glandular and aciculate. The sepals have a soft cushion of grey felt hiding the purplish glands. The plant is distinguished from R. Babingtonii by the more unequal arma- ture, thinner, inversely egg-shaped, grey-felted leaves, and pyramidal, loose panicle, with bent- back, fruiting sepals, long stamens, and short loose hair on rachis and flower-stalk. Rubus cavatifolius, P. J. Muell.— The habitat of this plant is bushy places, hedges, and thickets. The stem is nearly smooth, and pale or reddish brown, like the unequal prickles. The leaflets are yellowish-green, the terminal one very broadly heart-shaped to egg-shaped, with a long narrow point. The panicle is nearly cylindrical, with slightly narrow, blunt top, the branches wide- spreading, with many narrow, simple leaves. The plant is recognized by the pale-yellowish, heart- shaped, egg-shaped terminal leaflet, with long point, and spreading branches. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus mutabilis, Genev. — The habitat of this plant is bushy places. The habit is arching, prostrate. The prickles are large and numerous, often sickle-like. The leaflets are very long and narrow, deeply cut, with close white or grey felt below, the terminal one narrowed both ends, with very long, narrow point, inversely egg-shaped, the basal leaflet stalked, not overlapping. The panicle is strongly developed, very large, nearly cylin- drical. The rachis and flower-stalks have crowded sunken glands, acicles, and long prickles. The sepals are bent back. The plant resembles R. echinatus and R. pallidus, Wh. and N. It flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Jfubits Bloxamii, Lees. — The habitat of this plant is woods, bushy places, and heaths. The habit is arching, soon prostrate, the stem bluish- green, hairy. The larger prickles are rather weak, small, widespreading, purplish-red. The terminal leaflet is broadly inversely egg-shaped, the leaflets convex, coarsely toothed, green, softly hairy both sides, wavy at the edge, the teeth lobed, deeply cut above. The panicle is long, leafy to the top, broadly pyramidal, round-topped, with long, ascending, distant lower branches. The rachis and flower-stalks are straight, stout, densely softly felted. The sepals are white-felted within, widespreading, and star-like when the petals fall. The carpels are very small. The species flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus fuscus, Wh. & N.— The habitat of this plant is woods and open places. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem is densely hairy. The prickles are rather short, scattered. The leaflets have compound, irregular, coarse teeth, and are softly hairy below, the terminal one rather broad, with a long point. The panicle is narrow, nearly cylindrical, with nearly equal few-flowered branches, with sunken stalked glands and acicles. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Ritbus pallidus, Wh. & N.— The habitat of this species is hilly woods, thickets, and hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate, the stem with prickles usually confined to the angles, with abundant, rather short, somewhat spreading hair. The leaflets are long and narrow, thin, often slightly felted, and soft beneath, coarsely and irregularly toothed, with a long narrow point. The panicle is loose, rather straggly, the upper leaves narrowly egg-shaped, with a long point or linear, the rachis wavy, the flower-stalk slender, the terminal one of the branches often longer than the lateral ones. The glands are stalked, black, and the acicles small. The sepals on the unripe fruit are turned back. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubns scaber, Wh. & N.— The habitat of this plant is open woods, bushy places, and damp hollows. The habit is arching, prostrate, the stem round, bluish-green, downy, the prickles small, strong, short, bent down, rough with small acicles, BRITISH FLORA with short-stalked glands and scale-like tubercles. The leaflets have fine teeth and a short point, and are wrinkled. The panicle is narrow, with short hair and short-stalked glands on the rachis and flower-stalks. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus thyrsiger, Bab.— The habitat of this plant is bushy places and hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem has abundant, somewhat spreading, partly closely - pressed hairs. The leaflets are irregularly and coarsely toothed, the terminal one obtusely angled, inversely egg- shaped, nearly wedge-shaped at the base, which is entire. The panicle is loose and long, forming more or less of a raceme, the upper part long with i-2-flowered branches, the flowers on long stalks, with acicular prickles. The flowers are very showy. The plant is like R. micans and R. oigocladus, with more unequal prickles, and dis- tinguished by the remarkably hairy stem and rachis, the long nearly naked panicle, numerous i-2-flowered, long-stalked branches, and handsome flowers. Rubus Lintoni, Focke.— The habitat of this plant is woods and heathy pastures. The habit is soon prostrate. The stem is nearly smooth. The prickles are rather few, very slender. The leaves are 3-lobed. The leaflets are shining, with close, fine-pointed teeth. The panicle is cylin- drical, forming a corymb-like raceme, the rachis wavy, with unequal, partly sunk, stalked glands, and very slender bent-down prickles. Rnbns longithyrsiger, Bab.— The habitat of this plant is woods, damp, hilly, and shady places. The habit is prostrate. The prickles are short. The leaves are usually 3-lobed. The leaflets are more or less equal, nearly uniform, with shallow, even teeth, the terminal one inversely egg-shaped, with a blunt point. The panicle is pyramidal, forming a raceme above, the flower-stalk and rachis rigid, purple, with dense, short-stalked glands, with grey felt, and short hairs. Rubus botryeros, Focke. — The habitat of this plant is sunny spots. The stem is bluish-green, with scattered, unequal, numerous prickles and acicles. The leaves are frequently 4~5-lobed. The leaflets are blunt, with a short point, narrowed at the base. The panicle is less rigid, usually more compound and interrupted than in the last, with larger flowers, less rigid flower-stalk, and hairy carpels. The plant resembles R, longithyrsiger and R. oigocladus. Rubus foliosus, Wh. & N.— The habitat of this plant is damp woods and bushy places. The habit is arching, prostrate, climbing, in thickets. The prickles are numerous, weak, and subequal. The leaves are mainly 3-lobed. The leaflets are nearly uniform, unequally toothed, paler and downy below, broadest near the middle, with an ashy felt below, the terminal broader near the middle, gradually narrow-pointed, narrowed to the entire or notched base. The panicle is long and narrow, with wavy rachis, with numerous short, few-flowered, tufted branches above, and several egg-shaped leaves with a long, narrow point. The upper leaves have a white felt below. The sepals are egg-shaped, narrow, aciculate, with bristles. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub, often covering the ground in a wood for long distances. Rubus rosaceus, Wh. & N. — The habitat of this plant is cleared spots in woods, and wood borders, woods, and hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate. The large prickles are nearly equal, chiefly on the angles, strong but rather short, the short ones slightly exceeding the nearly equal aciculi, setas, and hairs. The stem is round, downy or nearly smooth. The leaves are chiefly 3-lobed. The leaflets are broad, hairy on the nerves beneath, the lateral ones expanded. The terminal one is round. The panicle is broad and spreading, nearly pyramidal, blunt, very glan- dular and prickly. The petals are bright-pink, and the plant is a very handsome species. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a de- ciduous shrub. Rubus horridicaulis, P. J. Muell. (= R.saxicolus, P. J. Muell.).— The habitat of this species is woods and lanes. The stem is stout, blunt-angled, bluish-green, brown, smooth. The large prickles are unequal, scattered, sickle-like, or bent down. The leaves are 3-s-lobed, large, with uneven toothing, green, harsh below. The leaflets are equal, the terminal subrotund, with a blunt point. The panicle is broad, pyramidal, nearly cylin- drical, the rachis is very prickly, with mixed armature, the sepals are triangular, clasping the hairy fruit. The petals are pink or white. Rubus hostilis, Muell. & Wirtg.— The habitat of this species is woods, bushy, heathy ground. The habit is prostrate. The stem is bluntly angled. The leaves are 5-lobed. The leaflets are rather thin, narrow, with very long points, the terminal one with long, narrow point, with a narrow, entire, or notched base, with irregular partly- compound teeth. The panicle is short, forming a raceme or corymb above, loose, with all the branches ascending. The sepals are strongly turned back. The petals are small and narrow. The plant resembles R. echinatus in the strongly turned-back sepals, deeply-cut leaves, but differs iii the armature and thin, narrow, green leaflets. Rubus fuscoater, Weihe.— The habitat of this species is bushy places. The habit is nearly prostrate. The stem is stout and very hairy, dull purplish-brown. The prickles are very unequal, from a long, broad base. The leaves are moderate. The leaflets are thick, roundish, egg-shaped, with a fine point, with fine-pointed, compound, not deeply cut teeth, soft beneath, with grey-green felt and short hair. The armature is very strong. The petals are bright-red, the sepals in fruit erect or widespread ing. The plant is dark and shaggy, and intermediate between R. fyramidalis and R. Marshalli or R. hystrix. Rubus Koehleri, Wh. & N.— The habitat of this species is woods, thickets, bushy places, and hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem has crowded, unequal, scattered prickles, acicles, bristles, and stalked glands, even, the WOODS AND COPSES 57 longest bristles and acicles not unfrequently tipped with glands. The leaflets have uneven, rather coarse compound teeth, even above, hairy on the veins below, the basal leaflets not overlapping. The panicle is open, narrowed to the blunt top, rather loose. The rachis and flower-stalk have very crowded, widespreading, long, slender prickles, acicles, bristles, and stalked glands. The fruiting sepals are turned back. It flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus dasyphyllus, Rogers.— The habitat of this species is woods, bushy places, hedges, espe- cially in hilly districts. It differs from R. Koehleri in the densely hairy stem, with fewer intermediate prickles. The leaflets are thick, leathery, very softly hairy, and usually much paler beneath, the principal teeth, which are compound, being wide- spreading or bent back. The panicle is long, very narrow, and interrupted. The petals are pink. The sepals are turned back in fruit. Rubus plinthostylus, Genev.— The habitat of this Rubus is woods. It has armature of the sub- Koehlerian group, nearer to JR. mutabilis than R, Koehleri. The long leaflets are narrowed both ends, with a narrow, long point, and very pale beneath. The branches of the panicle bear many flowers, and the sepals are loosely turned back. The panicle is large, the fruit small. Rubus Marshalli, Focke & Rogers.— The habitat of this species is bushy places and heaths. The plant is hairy. The stem is densely clothed with stout-based pricklets and unequal acicles and stalked glands. The armature is dense, unequal, and widespreading. The leaves are small, 3-5- lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common centre, 2 lateral. The leaflets have thick, soft hair below. The panicle is very elongate, ultra- axillary, narrowed almost to a point at the top, with long lower branches, like secondary panicles. The sepals are somewhat widespreading when the fruit is young. The plant is intermediate be- tween R. Koehleri and R. fuscoater. Rubus viridis, Kalt. — The habitat of this species is woods and bushy places. The habit is pros- trate. The stem is armed with numerous, unequal, acicular bristles, stalked glands, and slender, bent- down, large-based prickles and pricklets. The leaflets are softly hairy, and nearly smooth be- neath, usually thin and brittle, with irregular, shallow teeth. The panicle has spreading, few- flowered, long-stalked branches, forming a raceme above. The stamens exceed the styles. The young carpels are downy. This species differs from R. pallidus in the more unequal armature, less compound panicle, and broader leaflets with less conspicuous, long points. Rubus durotrigum, R. P. Murray.— The habitat of this species is woods and bushy ground. The habit is prostrate or climbing. The stem is clothed with dense prickles, acicles, and bristles. The prickles are very crowded, slender, with a long base. The leaves are large. The leaflets are very broad, shining, slightly hairy on the veins beneath, the terminal leaflet roundish, egg-shaped, with a long, gradually-narrowed point, with deeply-cut or lobed teeth. The panicle is pyramidal. The stamens and style are nearly equal. The young carpels are thinly hairy. Rubus divexiramus, P. J. Muell. — The habitat of this species is woods and heaths. The stem is slender, round, bluish-green, dark -purple. The leaves are mostly 3-lobed, with lateral leaflets deeply lobed or enlarged. The leaflets are yel- lowish-green, with fine, close, compound teeth, with short hair below, the terminal one obtuse- angled, inversely egg-shaped. The panicle is rather broad, rounded, with ultra-axillary top. The stamens are longer than the style. The young carpels are rather downy. The plant resembles R. viridis, R. longithyrsiger, and R. infecundus. The chief characters are the terminal leaflet, dark purple stem and rachis, rather broad, rounded panicle, and erect, fruiting sepals. Rubus Bellardi,Wh. & N.— This species is found chiefly in moist woods. The habit is arching pros- trate. The stem is round, with acicular prickles conical from a large base. The leaves are 3-lobed. The leaflets are nearly equal, rather evenly and finely toothed, the terminal one oval, the lateral ones very similar, with very short, spreading stalk. The panicle is short, forming a raceme above, with long, thin flower-stalk with crowded, unequal, red- stalked glands and acicles. The stamens and style are nearly equal. The sepals embrace the young fruit. The young carpels are smooth. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a decidu- ous shrub. Rubtis serpens, Weihe. — The habitat of this spe- cies is hilly woods. The stem is green, with short prickles. The leaves are 3-5-lobed. The leaflets are unequal, irregularly toothed, the terminal one with a long narrow point. The panicle is narrow, forming a raceme, with racemose branches below. The stamens hardly exceed the style. The young carpels are smooth. The plant is in flower in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rubus hirtus, Waldst. & Kit.— The habitat of this species is hilly woods. The habit is prostrate from a low base, rarely climbing, the stem densely covered with stalked glands, glandular bristles, and acicles. The prickles are straight, bristle- like. The leaves are principally 3~5-lobed, rarely 4-5-lobed. The leaflets are broad, coarsely toothed, very hairy on the veins below. The rachis is violet or red-brown, with stalked glands, and many long, glandular bristles. The stamens exceed the style. The carpels are hairy. The plant is densely glandular and bristly. Rubus acutifrons, Ley. — The habitat of this species is woods and thickets. The prickles are rather stout, strongly bent down or hooked. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, the leaflets are opaque above, thinly hairy beneath, with fine lobed teeth, shining, the terminal one with a long narrow point. The panicle is very loose, and most of the flower-stalks are aggregated into a corymb, the ultra-axillary top forming a corymb. The stamens are much longer than the styles. The young carpels are hairy. The plant is intermediate between R. viri- dis and R. Lintoni, BRITISH FLORA Rubus tereticaulis, P. J. Muell.— The habitat of this species is woods and heathland. The stem is densely hairy, with crowded, spreading hairs and acicles. The prickles are slender. The terminal leaflet is inversely egg-shaped, rather narrow, with a long narrow point. The rachis is rather wavy, and the flower-stalk spreading, densely felted and hairy, with crowded, unequal, sunken, black, stalked glands, the longer stalked glands and gland-tipped bristles few or none. The stamens are nearly equal to the style. The carpels are smooth. This species is intermediate between R. foliosus and R. hirtus, var. rotundifolhis, differing in being more hairy than either and much smaller. Rubus ochrodermis, Ley. — The habitat of this plant is woods and rough open ground. The stem is stout, rich yellow-brown, or dark-brown in exposed places. The plant is very prickly and nearly smooth. The prickles are crowded, short, passing into minute tubercles. The leaves are chiefly 3-lobed. The leaflets are nearly equal, the terminal one roundish, inversely egg-shaped, with a short narrow point. The panicle is long. The flower-stalk is strongly ascending. The sepals are turned back in flower and fruit. The stamens are longer than the style. This plant recalls R. mu- cronatus in the leaves and panicle, differing in armature and stem. It is intermediate between it and JR. foliosus. Rubus velatus, Lefv.— The habitat of this plant is woods. The stem bears scattered silky hairs (hence the name velatus). The prickles have a stout base. The leaves are 3~5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common centre, and 2 lateral. The leaflets have short, shining hairs below, and fairly even, scalloped, toothed margin. The ter- minal leaflet is roundish, inversely egg-shaped, with an enlarged lower side. The panicle is long and cylindrical. The calyx is less deeply cleft than usual, with greenish, narrow sepals clasping the fruit. The stamens exceed the style. The carpels are downy. The plant is intermediate between the Bellardiani and Ccesii, distinguished by the long sepals completely embracing the small fruit. Rubus corylifolius, Gm. (sp. coll.).— The habitat of this plant is thickets, hedges, and commons. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem is roundish, with few or no stalked glands and acicles. The prickles are awl-like, nearly equal, irregularly scattered. The leaflets are fairly thick, with felt below, the terminal one with a fairly long stalk. The panicle is rather irregular, with few axillary branches, and white felted rachis. The flower-stalk and sepals are also felted. The ordi- nary stalked glands and acicles are few or absent. The fruiting sepals are turned back in fruit, egg- shaped, with a long narrow point, erect or turned back. The petals are round to egg-shaped. The plant flowers in June till August. It is a shrub. Rubus Balfourianus, Blox.— The habitat of this plant is thickets and hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem has many fine, silky hairs. The stalked glands are short, fairly numerous, unequally scattered. The leaflets are thin, hairy below, wrinkled above, large. The stipules are rather large. The panicle is spreading, loose, with a wavy rachis, with unequal, scattered, short, stalked glands, the branches few-flowered and straggling. The flowers are usually large, and so is the fruit. The sepals are narrow, erect in fruit, or widespreading. The stamens are short, or equal to the flesh-coloured style. The fruit is handsome, inversely egg-shaped. The plant flowers in July and August. The plant is a shrub. Rubus Bucknalli, J. W. White.— This species grows luxuriantly in open glades and on the out- skirts of aboriginal woodland, at an elevation of over 600 ft. on oolitic hills. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem is greyish, densely hairy, the silky hairs curved and wavy, with resinous exuda- tion in the young state. The prickles are nume- rous, scattered, nearly equal, straight, slender, bent down or widespreading. The leaves are made up of 5 leaflets. The leaflets are thick, dull- green, hairy both sides, toothed or lobed, broad, overlapping, heart-shaped below, the terminal one broadly heart-shaped, or egg-shaped, with a long narrow point. The leaf-stalks and midribs are armed with hooked prickles and stalkless minute glands. The stipules are linear, hairy, bristly. The panicle is long, narrow, leafy, with a close, blunt top, and distant, ascending, axillary branches, shorter than the leaves. The rachis and flower- stalks are armed with slender prickles, densely hairy, with scattered, stalked glands on upper part. The sepals are egg-shaped, narrow, glan- dular, bent back in fruit. The petals are broad and oval, touching, white. The anther-stalks are white, and exceed the green styles. This bramble is distinguished from R. Balfourianus by the angular, densely hairy and prickly stem, absence of acicles and stalked glands, the long, narrow, close-topped panicle, and white corolla. Dewberry (Rubus casius, L.).— The habitat of the Dewberry is thickets, hedges, damp places. The habit is prostrate. The stem is round, bluish- white. The prickles are weak, short, and awl- like. There are few or no stalked glands and acicles. The leaves are 3-lobed. The leaflets are thin, irregularly cut, and lobed. The stipules are usually very wide in the middle, tapering at both ends. The panicle is loose, with few flowers. The fruiting sepals are clasping, with long points. The drupelets are few, large, bluish-white, and acid. The plant is weak and slender. It flowers in June and July, and is a shrub. Stone Bramble (Rubus saxatilis, L.). — The habitat of the Stone Bramble is moist woods and rocky thickets, stony mountains. The stem is herbaceous, rooting at the tip, annual. There are few, weak, and scattered, or no prickles, but the plant is hairy, very slender. The leaf is made up of 3 leaflets. The barren stem is whip-like, the flowering stem short, erect, simple, or branched, with acicles, and egg-shaped stipules. The ter- minal shoots form a corymb, with few flowers. The flowers are small. The petals are lance- shaped, erect, white, equalling the sepals. The WOODS AND COPSES 59 stamens are longer than the styles. The flowering shoots are radical. The drupelets, 1-6, are large and deep -red. The plant flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Avens (Geum urbanum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is thickets, borders of copses, hedges, and hedgebanks. The habit is that of a rosette plant. The radical leaves are long-stalked, with lobes each side of a common stalk, the terminal leaflet large, rounded, scalloped, lobed, the lateral ones stalkless, oblong. The stem-leaves are made up of 3 leaflets, variable. The stipules are large, lobed, and cut. The flowers are small, erect, yellow. The petals are spreading, inversely egg- shaped, and the flower-stalk is slender. The achenes form a head which is not stalked, the upper joint of the awn being short and smooth. The achenes are roughly hairy and spreading. The receptacle is roughly hairy. It is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers from June to August, being a herb- aceous perennial. Water Avens (Geum ri-vale, L.). — The habitat of this plant is damp woods. The habit is that of a rosette plant. The lower part of the stem is clothed with bent-back hairs, and it is very downy above. The radical and stem-leaves are as in the last, with more numerous segments, the lateral larger. The stipules are egg-shaped, small, toothed. The flowers are drooping, purplish- brown, with darker veins, larger than the last, the petals are notched, broadly inversely egg- shaped or heart-shaped, the claw wedge-shaped. The purple calyx lobes are reddish-brown, downy, with a long, narrow point. In fruit it is erect, the lobes closely pressed. The stalk of the ovary is long. The lower joint of the style equals the long, hairy, upper joint, the point smooth. The achenes form a head which is stalked. The plant is i ft. or more in height. It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Geum intermedium, Ehrh. = rivale X urbanum. —The habitat of this cross is damp woods. The habit is the rosette habit. The leaves are as in the last two. The stipules are round, toothed. The flowers are erect or drooping, larger than in Geum urbanum. The flowers are paler and more yellow than in Water Avens. The purple calyx is intermediate, not turned back in fruit, but wide- spreading. The stalk of the ovary is short, or it is stalkless. The lower joint of the style is longer than the upper, which is hairy, with long, smooth point. It is 1-2 ft. high. The fruit is stalkless. The plant flowers in June and July, and is a herb- aceous perennial. Downy Rose (Rosa -villosa, L.). — The habitat of this rose is thickets and hedges. The habit is that of an erect shrub, with straight then arch- ing branches. It is a large bush. The prickles are uniform, slender, and nearly straight, and serve as a protection. The leaflets are acute, with usually doubly-toothed margin, with few or no glands, softly downy. The flowers are deep rose colour on short flower- stalks. The erect sepals, lance-shaped, convex at the back in fruit, are quite persistent, and densely glandular, slightly pinnate. They are unequal, due to their arrange- ment in the bud. The corolla is fringed with hairs and glandular. There is no disk. The fruit is round, densely prickly or naked, bright- red, ripe in August. Downy Rose is 3-6 ft., and flowers in June and July. It is a deciduous shrub. Downy Rose (Rosa omissa, Desegl.). — The habitat of this species is thickets. The mature thorns are straight, rarely or slightly curved. The stem is tall, prickly, nearly straight. The leaflets are egg-shaped, elliptic, with numerous glands, hairy. The sepals are persistent till the fruit is ripe, glandular, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, sub-erect in fruit, the flower-stalk short, variable in length, with large bracts. The plant is 3-6 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a decid- uous shrub. Rosa agrestis, Savi. - R. septum, Thuill.— The habitat of this plant is thickets, chalk downs, &c. The stem is sub-erect, with long, loose branches. The prickles are unequal, hooked, with a few aciculi and glandular hairs. The leaflets are small, narrowed both ends, very glandular below, hairless or hairy on the veins below, doubly- toothed. The flowers are 1-3, pink. The sepals are nearly persistent, closely pinnate. The flower- stalk is naked. The styles are hairy, downy. The early fruit is egg-shaped or nearly rounded, naked. The disk is moderate. The plant is 3-6 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a de- ciduous shrub. Evergreen Rose (Rosa sempervirens, L.). — This rose is commonly found in plantations and is an escape from cultivation. The plant is evergreen, shining, the branches are long, prostrate, the leaflets on the flowering branches are only 5. The sepals are shining, glandular on the back. The column of the styles is hairy. The plant is 3-4 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is an evergreen shrub. Pyrus latifolia, Syme. — The habitat of this plant is copses and borders of forests, hilly woods. This and other species were formerly considered sub- species of Pyrus Aria (see Volume III, Section V). The habit is the tree habit, as in the latter. The leaves of the flowering shoots are elliptical, with 5-9 lateral veins on each side, less prominent below, egg-shaped, acute or oblong, lobed, the lobes often acute, triangular, deepest near the middle, toothed, with a long narrow point. The under side of the leaves is grey-felted, and floccu- lent with tufts of wool. The white flowers are in a corymb. The fruit is red or darkish -brown. The plant is considered a hybrid between P. Aria and P. torminalis. It is a tall tree, flowering in May and June, and is deciduous. Pyrus intermedia, Ehrh. — The habitat of this plant is woods. The plant has the tree habit, and the leaves are oblong, doubly -toothed near the tip, deeply divided nearly to the base below, the lobes oblong, lance -shaped, toothed, the lobes more united toward the extremity of the leaf, which is only deeply doubly- toothed, hence the name intermedia. The under side is white and downy. The white flowers are in a corymb. The anthers 6o BRITISH FLORA are pink, the stamens long-. The fruit is scarlet. The plant is tall, flowering: in May and June, and is a deciduous tree. Pyrus scandica, E. & H., non Aschers.— This species is only found in two vice-counties. Mr. Druce in his Oxford list unites P. scandica, As- chers, with P. intermedia, Ehrh. The late Rev. A. Ley regards the Arran plant with broader leaves and larger fruit, from the west of England, as distinct from the Arran plant (P. scandica, Syme, Sorbus scandica, Fries) and P. scandica, Aschers. This name is retained in the last roth edition (1908) of the London Catalogue. The P. scandica, E. & H., Mr. Druce places as a variety of P. intermedia, Ehrh. It differs from the latter as defined by Mr. Druce in the leaves being less narrowed, almost rounded at the base, deeply lobed, with numerous sharp teeth, and 6-8 pairs of leaves. The fruit is large. Pyrus semipinnata, Roth. — This plant is found in seven vice-counties, but is as a whole doubtful. The plant resembles P. fennica, Bab. = P. pinna- tifida, Ehrh., having oblong, lance-shaped leaves, bluntly lobed, pinnate below. The habitat is shrubberies. Pyrus cordata, Desv. = Briggsii, Syme. — The habitat of this plant is woods and hedges. The plant has the tree habit. The leaves are heart- shaped, egg-shaped, with a round base, nearly hairless. The flowers are white. The fruit is very small, pear-shaped or rounded. The plant is 10-22 ft. in height, and flowers from April to June, being a small deciduous tree. Wild Pear (Pyrus communis, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, and hedges. It has the tree habit. The branches bear spines, and are pendulous. The leaves are in groups on the last year's wood. They are alternate, elliptic, oblong, egg-shaped, toothed, sometimes inversely egg-shaped, and narrowed to an acute point, downy below, and lobed when young, then smooth. The leaf-stalk is slender. The flowers are white, in a simple cyme or corymb, the style is distinct, the ovary woolly, the fruit long, pear-shaped, the base inversely conical. The plant is 20-40 ft. in height, flowering from April to May, and is a deciduous shrub or small tree. Wild Service (Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, hedges, in the south especially. The Wild Service has the tree habit. The branches and young leaves are downy below. The leaves are egg-shaped, heart-shaped, oblong, 6-io-lobed, smooth, the lobes triangular, toothed, the lower lobes larger and spreading, with a long narrow point. The numerous flowers in compound corymbose cymes are white. There are two car- pels. The fruit is oval, pear-shaped or nearly round, and greenish-brown, 2-celled, spotted or dotted, acid. The plant is a small tree, 10-30 ft., flowering in April and May, and is a deciduous tree, attaining a large girth when full-grown. Medlar (Pyrus germanica, Hook., fil.).— The habitat of this plant is thickets and hedges. The Medlar has the tree habit. The stem is much- branched, bearing spines when wild. The leaves are lance -shaped, simple, entire, downy below, inversely egg-shaped or oblong, rarely simply or doubly toothed. The flowers are white, on short flower-stalks, solitary. The calyx is downy, the persistent lobes having enlarged, leafy tips. There are 5 styles. The fruit is rounded, large, with a bony endocarp, 5-celled, the cells seeded, with a large flattened area at the top. The plant is a fairly tall tree, flowering in May and June, and is deciduous. ORDER RIBESIACE^E Gooseberry (Ribes Grossularia, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is copses. The habit is of the bush or shrub type. The plant is spreading, the stem and branches prickly, with 1-3 thorns at the base of the branches. The leaves are plaited in the bud. They are rounded, 3~5-lobed, the margin cut, scalloped, smooth or hairy, grouped on short, lateral branches. The flowers are green, drooping, the flower-stalk short, downy, 3 -flowered, having 2 bracts below. The calyx is bell-shaped, with turned-back, purplish sepals, which are inversely egg-shaped, and round petals, erect, and small. The fruit in the wild form is smooth, stiffly hairy in the cultivated one. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height, and flowers in April and May, being a deciduous shrub. Alpine Currant (Ribes alpinum, L.). — The habi- tat of the plant is woods in the N.E. The branches do not bear spines. The leaves are smooth or with a few hairs, with 3 acute, deeply-toothed lobes, shining below, egg-shaped, the leaf-stalk slender. The plant is dioecious. The flowers are in erect, glandular, hairy racemes, the larger male flowers in a dense raceme, 20-30 flowers, the female short, 8-10, the flowers yellow, the female greener. The bracts are linear, and longer than the flower-stalks, lance-shaped. The petals are shorter than the sepals, the calyx smooth, and the limb flat. The berry is round, scarlet, insipid. The styles are short and cleft. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height, flowering in April and May, and is a deciduous shrub. Red Currant (Ribes rubrum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, brushwood, stream sides, &c. The habit is the bush or shrub habit. The leaves are 3~5-angled, blunt, smooth, the leaf-base heart-shaped, the lobes triangular, scalloped, the leaf-stalk downy or bristly. The flowers are in smooth, glandular racemes, droop- ing in fruit, with egg-shaped bracts less than the flower-stalks. The calyx is smooth, with a flat limb. The greenish-yellow flowers are numerous. The petals are small. The fruit is red and acid. The plant is 3-5 ft. in height, flowering in April and May, and is a deciduous shrub. Black Currant (Ribes nigrum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, damp swampy places. The habit is the shrub habit. The stem is not spinous. The leaves are odorous, glan- dular, dotted below, angled, 5-7-lobed, the lobes acute, triangular, toothed. The leaf-stalk is slender, downy. The flowers are yellowish-green, in droop- WOODS AND COPSES 61 ing racemes, loose, woolly, without glands, a separate flower-stalk for each, the bracts awl-like, not so long. The calyx is downy, bell-shaped, glandular. The petals are small. The berry is large, round, black. The plant is 3-5 ft. in height, flowering in April and May, and is a deciduous shrub. ORDER CRASSULACE/E Orpine (Sedum Fabaria, Koch = purpureum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is copses, stony hedgebanks, and thickets. The habit is the rosette habit. The fleshy leaves check transpiration, and the succulent tissue is adapted to drought. The leaves are wedge-shaped at the base, and the stalks are very short. The leaves are toothed, oblong, lance-shaped. The plant is more slender than S. Tclephium (see Volume V, Section XII). The flowers are purple, in a dense corymb, the petals are spreading. The carpels are not furrowed. The plant is 6-24 in. in height. It flowers in August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER ONAGRACE^E Rose Willow Herb (Epilobium roseum, Schreb.). — The habitat of the plant is copses, wet or moist places, brook sides. The habit is erect. The stem is much -branched, brittle, with autumnal stolons, with loosely rosulate leaves in a rosette. The stem is smooth when young, with woolly hairs later, and small, spreading, jointed hairs above. The stems are square-stalked, with 2-4 raised lines, and the wings give strength and conduct moisture. The leaves are long-stalked, alternate, egg-shaped, oblong, narrow above and below, smooth, toothed. The veins are prominent, The buds are nodding, with a narrow, long point. The flowers are numerous, rose-coloured. The calyx has lance-shaped sepals with a long, narrow point. The capsule is downy. The stigma is entire or slightly lobed. The seeds are inversely egg-shaped, oblong, the base rounded. The plant is 9-24 in. high, and flowers in July and August, being a herbaceous perennial. Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade (Circcea al- pina, L.). — The habitat of the plant is woods and thickets in hilly districts, shady places. The habit is erect. The plant is smaller and less hairy than the common Enchanter's Nightshade. The plant is usually hairless. The leaves are opposite, shining, deeply toothed, heart-shaped, with a long, narrow point, the margin wavy, toothed. The leaf-stalks are longer and winged, flat, the wings membranous. The bracteoles are bristle-like. The flowers are pinkish-white. The petals are divided nearly to the base, shorter than the mem- branous sepals, with oblong lobes, narrow below, the calyx hairless. The fruit soon falls. The ovary is i-celled. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER UMBELLIFER/E Astrantia (Astrantia ma for, L.). — The habitat of the plant is woods in hilly districts. The habit is the rosette habit. The radical leaves are 5-7- divided, palmate, the lobes egg-shaped, lance- shaped, toothed, the teeth bristle-pointed. The leaf-stalk is long. The flowers are pinkish-white. The involucre equals the umbel, and is silvery or straw-coloured, the bracts egg-shaped, lance- shaped, netted, white below, dark-green, tinged with pink, toothed. The flower-stalks are thread- like. The calyx teeth are longer than the petals and egg-shaped, lance-shaped, narrowed to an acute point. The fruit is egg-shaped, the car- pels flattened, ribbed, furrowed. The styles are spreading. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous perennial. Bladder Seed (Danaa (Physospernntni) cornubi- ense, Burnat).— The habitat of this plant is thickets, oak coppices. The habit is the rosette habit. The stem is smooth, erect, round, furrowed, with panicled branches, the radical leaves on long stalks, flat, 2-3 ternate, the segments wedge- shaped, deeply divided into narrow lobes, long- stalked. The stem -leaves are in threes, lance- shaped, entire. The flowers are white. The umbels are on long stalks with rays of 10-20, nearly erect, furrowed, terminal, and axillary. The fruit is bladdery, in pairs. The carpels are not so broad as long, furrowed, the seeds loose. The plant is 1-3 ft. high. It flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Milk Parsley (Selhium Carvifolia, L.).— The habitat of this plant is moist copses and marshes. The plant has the pyramidal habit like Daucus Carota. The stem is angular, furrowed, with winged ridges, nearly smooth. The leaves are thrice pinnate. The leaflets are egg-shaped, the lower deeply divided to the base, the segments lance-shaped, linear, with a blunt point, toothed, or entire, with thickened margins. The leaf- stalk is long and slender. The flowers are white in flat-topped umbels, of 10-20 rough rays, the few bracts awl-like, the partial bracts or bracte- oles numerous. The styles are slender and bent back. The fruit has the lateral ridges winged and spreading. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height. It is in flower in July and August, and is a herb- aceous perennial. ORDER CAPRIFOLIACE^: Guelder Rose ( Viburnum Opulus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is wet woods, copses, thickets, and hedges. The habit is the tree or shrub habit. The branches are square when young, slender. The buds are scaly. The leaves are delicate, smooth above, downy below, protected by the lower leaves in bud, which are leathery and folded up in bud, so that they are lobed, with linear glandular stipules at the base. The leaf-stalks bear honey-secreting hollows, attractive to wasps, which prevent the leaves being eaten by larvae. The plant has a peculiar odour in the evening. The leaves are 3-5 lobed, with a long narrow point, the lobes toothed, unequal. The flowers are white in a large rounded cyme with linear bracts, 62 BRITISH FLORA the inner small, fertile, the outer larger neuter, forming- a ray. The corolla is wheel-shaped, i.e. the outer flowers, inner bell-shaped, creamy white. The berries are scarlet, rarely (Leicestershire, Derbyshire) orange. The seeds are keeled, flat- tened. The plant is 6-8 ft. in height, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous tree or shrub. Perfoliate Honeysuckle (Lonicera Caprifolium, L.).— The habitat of the plant is woods, copses, borders of woods, hedges in woods, lanes, and in open fields. The habit is climbing or twining, The upper leaves are oblong, united below round the stem, forming a cup in which water collects, serving to prevent insects from climbing up. They are bluish -green below, the lower are stalked, smooth both sides, and distinct, broadly egg- shaped, oblong. The bracts are leafy, large, con- nected; the flower-heads terminal, stalkless, with a gaping corolla, the tube long. The flowers are white or purple, whorled. The calyx-limb is short, and persists. The style is smooth. The berries are round and scarlet. The pericarp and placenta are fleshy. The plant is a climber, flowering in May and June, and is a deciduous shrub. Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera Xylosteum, L.). — The habitat of the plant is copses. The habit is climbing. The plant is downy. The stem is erect, or nearly so. The leaves are stalked, egg-shaped or inversely so, downy. The flowers are axillary, in pairs, short, pale yellow, on 2 flower-stalks, which are downy, as long as the flowers, shorter than the leaves. The limb of the calyx falls at length. There are 2 linear, downy bracts, and minute bracteoles. The ovaries are connected at the base. The anther-stalks are downy. The berries are small, scarlet or crimson. The plant is a climber, flowering in May and June, and is a deciduous shrub. Linnaea (Linncea borealis, L.).— The habitat of this plant is fir forests and plantations, and heathy woods. The habit is trailing or creeping. The plant is without hairs, except the inflorescence, which is glandular. The stems are slender, thread- like. The leaves are opposite, in distant pairs, broadly egg-shaped, blunt, scalloped, stalked, dark-green above, paler below, leathery. The flowers are pink, sweet-scented, on erect, thread- like, 2-flowered flower-stalks, with 2 bracts above, and are drooping, purple within. The flower- stalks arise from short lateral branches, with 2-4 leaves. The fruit, which is rare, is small, black when ripe. The plant is a trailer, 3-8 in. long, flowering in July, and is an evergreen shrub. ORDER RUBIACE/E Madder (Rubia pereg-n'na, L.).— The habitat of this species is copses and rocks, chiefly near the sea, stony places in S. and W. England. The habit is erect or spreading. The plant is smooth, shin- ing, except for the recurved prickles on the stem angles, midrib, and leaf margins. The old stem is round, the shoots square, spreading. The leaves are in whorls of 4-6, elliptic, oblong, lance-shaped, smooth above, nerveless, the margin and keel having turned-back bristles, rigid, and evergreen. The flowers are in axillary or terminal, panicled cymes, longer than the leaves, greenish-yellow. The lobes of the 5-cleft, wheel-shaped corolla are spreading, oval, narrowed to a fine point. The stamens are short, the 2 styles united below, the stigmas pinheaded. The fruit is black, small, rounded. Madder is 1-2 ft. high. The flowers appear from June to August. The plant is a herb- aceous perennial. Asperula taurina, L. — This plant is an alien found in shrubberies. The habit is erect. The leaves are 4 in a whorl, elliptic, with a long, narrow point, 3-veined. The flowers are pinkish-white in a corymb, the tube of the corolla very long, the fruit rather rough. The plant is 6-28 in. in height, and flowers in May and June, being a herbaceous perennial. ORDER COMPOSITE. Elecampane (Inula Helenium, L.).— The habitat of the plant is copses, and meadows, or moist pastures. In Scotland it is found naturalized about old houses and castles. There is a large, succulent rootstock. The habit is erect. The stem is tall, stout, branched above, round, fur- rowed, solid, with many large leaves which are smooth above, velvety below. The radical leaves are long-stalked, oblong, lance-shaped. The stem-leaves are stalkless, toothed, heart-shaped or egg-shaped, auricled, acute. The flowerheads are large, the flower-stalk long, stout, and naked, terminal, solitary, or few. The florets are bright yellow, the ray florets ligulate. The ligules are long and slender. The bracts are leafy, the inner inversely egg-shaped, the outer broadly egg- shaped, turned back, velvety. The smooth fruit is 4-angled, the pappus pale red. Elecampane grows to a height of 3-4 ft., and flowers in July and August. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. Wood Cudweed (Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L.). — The habitat of the plant is woods, copses, alpine places, pastures, and heaths. The plant has a woody rootstock. The habit is erect. The stem is simple, the leaves are woolly below, linear, lance-shaped, or inversely egg-shaped, acute, the stem-leaves narrower, acute, i-nerved. The leaf- stalk is not half-clasping. The flowerheads are cylindrical in a long, leafy raceme or spike, or axil- lary or terminal. The florets are dark brown, the involucral bracts unequal, yellow or reddish brown, blunt, the outer ones cottony. The fruit is downy, the pappus white or brown. The wood cudweed is 3-24 in. in height, flowering from July up till September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Leopard's Bane (DoronicumPardalianches, L.). — The habitat of the plant is plantations, damp, hilly woods, and pastures. The rootstock is creep- ing and bears stolons. The habit is erect, solitary, the stem hollow, hairy or smooth, glandular above. The radical leaves are stalked, egg-shaped to heart- shaped, rounded at the tip. The lower stem-leaves clasp the stalk, the upper are stalkless and clasp- ing. The leaves are hairy, with fine teeth, soft, blunt, those above acute. The 3-5 flowerheads WOODS AND COPSES are numerous, large, the florets yellow (both disk and ray). The earlier heads are shorter than the later ones. The flovverheads are on long stalks. The involucral bracts are long, awl-like, lance- shaped, glandular. The receptacle is downy. The fruit is oblong, black, ribbed, that of the ray florets smooth, with no pappus, that of the disk florets hairy \vith white pappus. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height, flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Plaintain-leaved Leopard's Bane (Doronicum plantagineum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is plantations, where it is naturalized, and damp places. The habit is as in the last, but it is smooth and slender. The crown of the root is woolly. The radical leaves are long-stalked, egg- shaped, narrower, narrowed into the leaf-stalk, the stem-leaves stalkless, clasping with a winged stalk, the upper oblong, tapered to a long point, and toothed, 3-5 ribbed. The flowerhead is soli- tary, or, when one or more, the lateral are not longer than the central ones. The bracts are awl- like. The fruit of the ray is smooth. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height, and flowers from May to July, being a herbaceous perennial. Burdock (Arctium nemorosum, auct. angl. —A. Neiabouldii, Williams). — The habitat of the plant is woods. The leaves are convolute, heart-shaped, oblong to ovate, on hollow stalks, angular, r/early flat above. The flowerheads are purple, racemose, hardly stalked, round, ovate, contracted at the mouth in fruit, slightly webbed, in threes, close, at the end of branches, when young ovate, pro- longed, not umbilicate. The phyllaries are as- cending, and equal or exceed the florets, being awl- like, the inner row lance-shaped, shorter. The upper part of the florets is more or less cylindri- cal, as long as the lower part. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in August, and is a biennial. Scabious-leaved Hawkweed (Crepis hiera- ctotdes, Waldst. & Kit. = H. mollis, Aschers).— The habitat of this plant is woods in the north, moun- tain woods, and shady places. The habit is the rosette habit. The plant is erect, the stem purple below, slender, hairy or smooth. The lower leaves are oblong, spoon-shaped, narrowed into a foot-stalk, the upper stalkless, half-clasping, linear, oblong. The flowerheads are few, the florets yellow, in a corymb, the flower-stalk glandular, hairy. The involucral bracts are tipped with glands, lance-shaped, narrow, the involucre nearly cylindrical, the outer bracts close, short, as long as the pappus. The fruit is smooth, striate, with many ribs, narrowed above and below, as long as the White silky pappus. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Marsh Havrksbeard (Crepis patudosa, Moench). — The habitat of this plant is moist mountain meadows, moist grassy ground, shady places, woods, and copses. The habit is erect, the stem being smooth, unbranched, angular, with many leaves, the radical ones egg-shaped, oblong, tapered, lance-shaped, the stem-leaves oval, large, heart-shaped, clasping, the leaf-stalks slender. The flowers are yellow, the involucral bracts glandular, with black hairs. The fruit is cylin- drical, not beaked, the pappus stiff, brittle, dirty white or brown, xo-ribbed. The plant is 2 ft. in height and is in flower between July and Septem- ber, being a herbaceous perennial. Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods, pastures, waste places, where it is naturalized, railway banks, copses, in the N. of England and Scotland. The habit is the semi-rosette habit. The root- stock is creeping, with short or no stolons. The stem is leafy, slightly hairy, bristly, and woolly above. The leaves are green, egg-shaped, lance- shaped, hairy both sides, not cottony below. The flowerheads form a corymb. The florets are orange. The involucral bracts are blunt, the ligules orange. The styles are brown. The plant is 9-15 inches in height, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Hieracium pinnatifidum, Lonnr. — The habitat of this plant is woods. The stem is tall, wavy, purplish, stiffly hairy below and above, downy above. The radical leaves are 3-4, the outer soon fading, oval, toothed or nearly entire, the inner oval to oblong, lance-shaped, the innermost acute, shortly toothed. The stem-leaves are distant, the lower large, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, long- pointed, deeply divided nearly to the base, toothed below, with irregular lobes, stiffly hairy, stellately downy. The panicle is simple, the lower branches distant, the upper close, longer than the acladium. The flower-stalks are woolly-felted, hairy, glandu- lar. The involucre is slender, rounded below. The phyllaries are linear to lance-shaped, the inner with a green border, with long, naked, points, woolly-felted at the base, glandular, sparsely hairy. The styles are yellowish or dingy. Hieracium tridentatum, Fr., pro parte. — The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks and borders of woods. The stem is purplish, stiffly hairy, woolly- felted, nearly smooth above. The lowest leaves form a rosette or are close, and the outer are oblong, lance-shaped, acute, toothed. The lower stem -leaves are shortly stalked, lance-shaped, toothed, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy below, fringed with hairs on the border. The panicle is a com- pound corymb, the branches racemose, slender, erect to spreading, the upper close to spreading. The flower-stalks are arching, stiffly hairy, gland- ular. The heads are small, dark green, egg-shaped below. The phyllaries are dark green, linear, triangular to lance-shaped, the inner narrow, pale- tipped, woolly-felted, senescent, glandular, hairy. The styles are yellow to brown. The plant is \-2\ ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Savoy Hawkweed {Hieracium boreale, L.). — The habitat of this plant is copses, hedgebanks, banks, and heaths. The plant has the erect habit. The stem is very hairy, often reddish, downy above, leafy. The leaves are broad at the base, egg-shaped, lance -shaped, toothed, the lower stalked, the upper broader, stalkless, scarcely BRITISH FLORA clasping, falsely 3-veined, the lower narrowed below, hardly stalked. The heads form a corymb or panicle, leafy. The flower-stalks are cottony, the involucre egg- shaped below, dark, nearly smooth, with close, broad, blunt bracts. The lig-ules are smooth. The style is blackish livid. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height, and flowers in August and September, being a herbaceous per- ennial. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed (Hieracium umbel- latum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is thickets, &c., dry rocky places, and heaths. The plant has the erect habit. The stem is wiry, with long, loose hairs below, short, without radical leaves. The leaves are stalkless, numerous, smooth, or hairy below, linear-oblong, lance-shaped, the base narrowed, toothed, uniform, the teeth dis- tant, netted, stellately downy below. The heads form an umbel or corymb. The florets are yellow, the top of the slender, rigid flower-stalk cottony. The involucral bracts are dark green, smooth, with bent-back points, blunt. The ligules are smooth. The styles are yellow. This plant is 1-4 ft. high. It flowers in July up till September, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER CAMPANULACE^E Spiked Rampion (Phyteuma spicatum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods and thickets. The habit is erect. The stem is smooth and ribbed. The lower leaves are heart-shaped to egg-shaped or oblong, toothed, stalked, the stem- leaves spreading and bent back, stalkless, linear, lance-shaped. The bracts are linear. The flowers are in an oblong, terminal, solitary head, longer in fruit, with yellow flowers. The styles are long, and there are 2 stigmas. The capsule is 2-celled, opening by longitudinal valves below the middle. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in May, June, and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Spreading Bell-flower (Campanula patula, L.). — The habitat of this plant is copses, thickets, and hedges. The habit is erect or rosette-like. The stem is rough, downy, slender, angled, the radical leaves inversely egg-shaped, oblong, stalked, scal- loped, the stem-leaves linear, lance-shaped, wavy. The flowers are in an erect, loose, open panicle or corymb, branched, spreading, blue, rarely white, funnel-shaped, open, on long stalks. The corolla is 5-lobed to the middle, the lobes spreading. The calyx-tube is inversely conical, the segments toothed, awl-like, varying in width. The capsule is erect, inversely conical, the valves close under the lobes of the calyx. The height of the plant is 1-3 ft. It flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Peach-leaved Bell-flower (Campanula persici- folia, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, plantations, and downs. The plant has the rosette habit. The rootstock is branched, creeping, with stolons. The stem is round, smooth, and bears few flowers. The radical leaves are stalked, in- versely egg-shaped, the stem -leaves stalkless, linear, lance-shaped, blunt, toothed, long and narrow, leathery, with obscure nerves. The flowers are blue or white, few, in a raceme, large, solitary. The calyx-segments are entire, triangular, lance-shaped. The open corolla is as long as broad, the tube hemispherical, the lobes erect, short. The flower-stalk is stout, with 2 bracts at the base. The capsule is erect, egg-shaped, the pores large. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flower- ing in July, and is a herbaceous perennial or bi- ennial. Great Bell-flower (Campanula latifolia, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, copses, thickets, and bushy places. The habit is erect. The root- stock is stout and woody. The stem is stout, simple, leafy, slightly angular, furrowed, downy. The radical leaves are long-stalked, stiffly hairy, downy below, egg-shaped, heart-shaped below, the stem-leaves stalkless, bluntly toothed, oblong, egg-shaped. The flowers are large, blue or white, numerous, erect or partly drooping, in a raceme, with many large bracts or leaves. The stalks are i-flowered. The lobes of the corolla are narrow and long-pointed, smooth, hairy within. The tube of the calyx is broad, short, 5-ribbed, lance-shaped, finely toothed, smooth, with a long, narrow point. The capsule is short, erect, stalked, with basal pores. The plant is 3-4 ft. high, and flowers in July and August, being a herbaceous perennial. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower (Campanula Tra- chelium, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods, copses, on dry soil, thickets and hedges, especially in the south. The plant has the pyramidal habit. The stout rootstock is short. The stem is usually simple, leafy, with stiff, reversed hairs, tall, angu- lar. The leaves are all stalked, coarsely toothed, rough, with short hairs. The radical leaves are long-stalked, heart-shaped, the upper shortly- stalked, narrowed from the base, acute, egg- shaped, with a long, narrow point. The flowers are blue, 2-3, on each short stalk, in a raceme or panicle, the flowers single or numerous, erect or partly drooping, the uppermost flowers opening first. The corolla is large, truly bell-shaped, the lobes acute. The lobes of the calyx are entire, stiffly hairy, erect, triangular, lance-shaped. The capsule is drooping, with basal pores. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering from July to Sept- ember, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER ERICACEAE Strawberry Tree (Arbutus Unedo, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods. The plant has the shrub habit. The stem is small, with rough bark, rounded, much branched. The small branches and leaf-stalks are hairy and glandular. The leaves are leathery, smooth, linear, lance-shaped, toothed. The flowers are numerous, nodding, in a terminal, loose, smooth panicle, on short stalks, cream-coloured. The sepals are short and rounded. The berry is orange scarlet, tubercled, nearly round. The plant is 8-10 ft. in height, flowering in September and October, and is an evergreen shrub. Intermediate Winter Green (Pyrola media, Sw.). WOODS AND COPSES — The liabitat of this plant is woods, and heaths in the north. The plant has the rosette habit. The rootstock is creeping. The stem is short, rather woody, and the leaves are numerous, rounded or oval, scalloped, with large bracts. The flowers are milky-white with a pinky tinge, numerous, not much expanded, in a raceme, the lobes of the calyx egg-shaped, acute. The stamens are bent in- wards, not so long as the straight or slightly bent style, with a ring at the base of the stigma which has 5 small, blunt, erect lobes. The style projects slightly, and is somewhat longer than the ovary. The capsule is 5-valved, with minute seeds. The plant is 8-12 in. in height, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Round-leaved Wintergreen (Pyrola rotund if olia, L.). — The habitat of the plant is mountain woods, moist woods, and copses, damp bushy places, and reedy marshes, heaths, &c. The habit is as in the last. The stem bears larger spreading bracts. The leaves are numerous, round, entire, slightly scalloped, inversely egg-shaped. The leaf-stalks are long' and slender. The flowers are in a long raceme, white, numerous, expanded. The seg- ments of the calyx are lance-shaped, acute. The stamens are shorter than the style, turned up, ascending or erect. There is a ring below the stigma on the style which is bent down, and curved up at the end, longer than the corolla. The lobes of the stigma are erect and small. The plant is 8-12 in. in height, and flowers in July and August, being a herbaceous perennial. Mountain Wintergreen (Pyrola secnnda, L.).— The habitat of this plant is mountain woods, rocky woods, mossy alpine woods, and heaths. The habit is as in the last or more prostrate, the stem straggling with ascending branches. The leaves are numerous, egg-shaped, acute, toothed, form- ing a rosette, or alternate, thin, netted, on short stalks. The scape is slender with 1-5 bracts. The flowers are arranged all on one side of a raceme, with linear bracteoles, drooping or horizontal, nearly closed, greenish-white, with hollowed, oval- oblong petals, the sepals blunt, notched, rounded, triangular. The stamens are in-bent, not so long as or equal to the style, which is long and straight, ascending. The stigma is broad and lobed, with- out a ring, and the style lengthens in fruit, and projects. The capsule is drooping. The plant is 2-6 in. high, and flowers in July and August, being a herbaceous perennial. Snowdrop Wintergreen (Moncses -uniflora, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods chiefly in the X. & \V. Highlands of Scotland. The habit is as in the last. The stem is leafy. The leaves are few, rounded, toothed, or spoon-shaped, wavy, alternate, membranous, shortly-stalked. The scape bears one bract at the top. The flowers are large, open, solitary, drooping, then erect, terminal, white. The petals are nearly flat, spreading. The sepals are fringed with hairs, blunt and broad. The stamens are shorter than the corolla, closely pressed to the petals. The stalks of the anthers are curved. There is no ring round the long style. The long stigmas are persistent, large. The cap- VOL. VI. sule is erect. The plant is 1-3 in. in height. It flowers from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER MONOTROPACE^ Yellow Bird's Nest (Monotropa Hypopitys, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods, near roots of fir and beech, and the plant is a saprophyte. The plant feeds on decaying vegetable matter. The stem with fleshy roots is scaly, with bracts above, and is creamy -white, turning black, succulent, unbranched above, forming a terminal raceme or cluster, which is drooping, then erect. The flowers are yellow, hairy, numerous, on short stalks, erect in fruit. The sepals are irregular in position. The anther -stalks are bent inwards, the alternate longer. The upper flowers are in 5 or 6 parts, with 10 stamens, those below in 4 parts, with 18 stamens. The style is short. The fruit is egg- shaped or round, and erect. The plant is 3-12 in. in height, and flowers from June to August, being perennial. ORDER PRIMULACE^E Sowbread {Cyclamen hcderafolium, Ait.). — The habitat of this species is hedgebanks, copses, woods, and plantations. The habit is like that of a bulbous plant. The root is a flattened tuber, turnip-shaped, fibrous. The autumnal leaves ap- pear after the plant has flowered, and are heart- shaped, 5-9-angular, toothed, dark green, blotched with white, wavy, marginal blotches, purple below. The flowers are pink, with a red base, borne on scapes. The sepals are egg-shaped with a long, narrow point, toothed. The throat of the corolla is 5-angled. The stalk is rolled up spirally when the flower is in fruit. The capsule is 5-valved. The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in August and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Chickweed Wintergreen (Trientalis europcea, L.). — The habitat of this plant is sub-alpine woods, and woods in N. Britain. The habit is erect. The roctstock is creeping. The stem is slender, wiry, with the leaves at the top. The leaves are lance- shaped, inversely egg-shaped, rigid, shining, blunt or acute, shortly-stalked. The flowers are white with a yellow ring on slender stalks. The sepals are linear, awl-like, the petals egg-shaped, acute, and as the sepals in whorls of 7-9. The capsule is large, the size of a pea, the valves soon falling. The seeds are 6 -sided, flattened, shield -shape. The plant is 2-8 in. in height. It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER OLEACE^: Privet (Ligtistrum vulgare, L.). — The habitat of this shrub is woods, thickets, especially in the south. The plant has the shrub habit. The plant is nearly an evergreen, with smooth slender branches, and bark. The leaves are shortly- stalked, oblong, lance-shaped, entire, acute, op- posite. The flowers are in terminal panicles, dense and compound, white, The berries are 66 BRITISH FLORA round, purplish black or yellow. There are 4 ovules, 1-2 seeds. The plant is 4-15 ft. high, flowering- in June and July, and is a semi-ever- green shrub. ORDER APOCYNACE^E Great Periwinkle ( Vinca major, L.).— The habi- tat of this plant is copses and hedges. The habit is that of a trailer. The stem is slightly ascend- ing, then prostrate, and does not root again. The leaves are egg-shaped, heart-shaped at the base, acute, fringed with hairs. The flowers are bluish- purple, the corolla salver-shaped in flower. The calyx-segments are long, awl-like, fringed with hairs, and equal to the corolla. The flowering stems root at the tip, and are not tough. The plant is 3-6 ft. long, flowering in April, May, and June, and is a herbaceous or ligneous perennial or undershrub. ORDER POLEMONIACE^; Jacob's Ladder (Polemonium coeruleum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is copses, streams, bushy hilly places. The plant has the rosette habit more or less. There is a short, creeping rootstock. There are no hairs on the stems, or the plant may be downy and glandular above, hollow, angular, leafy, simple. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, with 6-12 pairs of nearly stalkless leaflets, with a short-winged stalk. The leaflets are entire, ovate, oblong to lance -shaped, acute or blunt, The flowers are numerous, drooping, blue or white, in a downy glandular panicle. The calyx is bell- shaped, with oblong, acute lobes. The lobes of the corolla are spreading, more or less acute. The capsule is erect and included in the calyx. The seeds are angular, flattened at the border, with a winged, rough testa. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb- aceous perennial. ORDER BORAGINACEJE Tuberous-rooted Comfrey (Symphytum tuberos- um, L.). — The habitat of this plant is copses in wet places, shady places, damp woods, and river banks. The habit is erect, the stem being slender, glandular, hairy, leafy, nearly simple, scarcely winged, the rootstock tuberous. The leaves hardly run down the stem, the radical leaves being long-stalked, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, the stem- leaves lance-shaped. The flowers are yellowish- white, small. The anthers are twice as long as the stalks. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers from May to July, being a herbaceous perennial. Purple Cromwell (Lithospermum purpureo- cceruleum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is copses and thickets. The habit is prostrate. The barren shoots are creeping, the flowering stems rigid, erect, simple or branched, the branches rough. The leaves are lance-shaped, narrow, nearly stalkless, acute, roughly hairy, the hairs above closely pressed, bulbous. The flowers are bright blue, large, few, in terminal cymes, the corolla longer than the calyx, with large, leafy bracts. There are no scales in the throat of the corolla, but five downy folds. The nutlets are smooth, shining, polished, white, round. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous perennial. Spotted Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis, L.). — The habitat of this plant is plantations, woods, copses, thickets, and it is frequent in cottage gardens. The habit is the rosette habit. The leaves are spotted, blotched with pale green, egg- shaped, lance-shaped, heart-shaped, long-stalked, the upper stalkless, oblong. The flowers are in a terminal, forked cyme, pale purple, then pink. The throat of the corolla is usually smooth. The plant is 1 2- 1 8 in. high, flowering from April to June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Narrow-leaved Lungwort {Pulmonaria angusti- folia, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods in the South of England. The habit is erect. The rootstock is short and stout. The stem is hairy, brittle. The radical leaves are stalked, spotted, pale green, lance-shaped, narrow, the stem- leaves stalkless, smaller, oblong, acute, half-clasp- ing. The flowers are pink, then blue, in a short cyme, bent inwards, with leafy bracts. The flower-stalks are slender. The lobes of the calyx are lance-shaped, enlarged in fruit. The corolla is hairy inside. The nutlets are black and smooth. The plant is 6-15 in. in height, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Green-leaved Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum montanum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods, copses, shady situations, and waste places. The habit is erect. The stem is rough with short, straight, spreading hairs with a bulbous base. The plant is more slender and green than the common form. The leaves are thin, semi-trans- parent, slightly hairy or smooth, shining above, acute, rough below, the lower leaves oblong, long- stalked, and the stem-leaves are stalkless, nar- rowed below, half-clasping. The flowers are red then blue. The sepals are linear, long in fruit. The nutlets are not thickened on the margin, and the marginal spines are the longest. It is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous biennial. ORDER SCROPHULARIACE.E Knotted Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa, L.).— The habitat of this plant is thickets, plantations, shady places, moist hedges, and waste places. The habit is erect. The stem is four-angled, without wings, smooth below, simple. The root- stock is tuberous, nodose. The leaves are egg- shaped, heart-shaped to triangular, acutely and doubly toothed, the lower teeth large, with s'trong nerves, shortly-stalked. The flowers are small, green or reddish-brown, in loose cymes, with a scale or staminode under the upper lip, notched, wedge-shaped. The sepals have a narrow mem- branous margin, and are egg-shaped, roundish. WOODS AND COPSES The tube is pale greenish-purple. The bracts are linear, acute, leafy below, the slender erect flower- stalks glandular below. The capsule is broadly egg-shaped, with a narrow point. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Downy Figwort (Scrophularia Scorodonia, L.). — The habitat of this plant is shaded places, moist situations, and way-sides in the S. and E. of Eng- land. The habit is as in the last. The stem is downy or hairy, glandular, simple, blunt, 4-angled. The rootstock is creeping. The leaves are downy both sides, scalloped, toothed, wrinkled, egg- shaped, triangular, the leaf -stalk not winged. The flowers are dull purple in long loose panicles, corymbose, on slender flower-stalks. The corolla has the upper lip divided. The staminode is round, entire. The membranous margin of the downy sepals is broad. The bracts are leaflike. The capsule is egg-shaped or nearly round, with a long, narrow point. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height, flowering from June till August. It is a herbaceous perennial. Sylvan Speedwell (Veronica montana, L.). — The habitat of this plant is moist woods and thickets. The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The stem is branched, spreading, downy all round. The leaves are stalked, broadly egg-shaped, in- versely heart-shaped, toothed. The flowers are pale blue, few, in loose, short racemes, alternate, with broad, lanre- shaped (acute) sepals. The capsule is large, rounded, flat, longer than the calyx, smooth, the margin rather scalloped, fringed with hairs. The plant is 6-20 in. in length, flower- ing from May till July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Alpine Cow-wheat (Melampyrum sylvaticutn, L.). — The habitat of this plant is alpine or sub- alpine woods. The habit is erect and branched above. The leaves are smooth or finely downy, linear, lance-shaped, entire. The flowers are very small, deep yellow, nearly erect, axillary, arranged on one side of the stalk, or in distant pairs. The corolla is twice as long as the calyx, the lip not closed, the lower bent down, and the tube curved, the flowers unsymmetrical. The bracts are linear, lance-shaped, entire. The calyx-teeth are spread- ing. The capsule is not bent down. The plant is 6-24 in. in height. It flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous annual. Crested Cow-wheat (Melampyriim cristatum, L.). — The habitat of this species is woods, copses, thickets, and fields in the E. counties. The habit is as in the last. The stem is erect, rigid, blunt, 4-angled, downy above. The leaves are narrow, linear, lance-shaped, acute, spreading, entire, with netted veins below. The flowers are yellow, with purple tips, in dense, oblong, 4-sided, overlapping spikes. The bracts are overlapping, finely fringed, pink, rose or purple, heart-shaped, the margins enclosing the calyx, folded, with a long point, bent back. The tube is bent, longer than the calyx, with closed lips. The sepals are acute and unequal, short, the upper longer, awl-shaped. The capsule is longer than the calyx. The plant is 8-24 in. in height, and flowers from July to October, being a herbaceoushemi-parasitic annual. ORDER OROBANCHACE^; Toothwort (Lathrcea Squamarta, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods and thickets, or damp shady places, where it is parasitical on the roots of hazel, &c. The habit is erect, that of a parasite. Both the branched rhizome and scapes bear scales, those on the rhizome thick and fleshy, and folded back on themselves. The leaves have undulating chambers, with glands of two kinds, the one club-shaped, 2-celled, stalked, in the other the cells are like a flat dome. The cells bear fila- ments which entangle and capture animals that enter the chambers, digesting their juices. The rootlets are attached to the roots of the host by tubercles. The plant is flesh-coloured or bluish, with purple streaks. The scapes are stout. The flowers are dull purple or white in bent -down racemes, one-sided, the flowers nearly stalkless. The bracts are entire, egg-shaped, lance-shaped. The calyx is 2-lipped. The lower lip of the arched corolla is divided into three, the upper entire or divided nearly to the base into two lobes. The anthers are united and covered with hairs. The style projects, and is bent down or straight, and the stigma is purple. The capsule is egg-shaped. The plant is~ 4-10 in. high, flowering in April and May, and is perennial. ORDER LABIATE Bastard Balm (Melittis MeHssophyllum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods and copses in the south. The habit is erect, more or less pyra- midal. The stem is simple or branched. The leaves are oblong, egg-shaped, heart-shaped, toothed, scalloped, with the scent of Woodruff, stalked or stalkless, the nerves hairy below. The bracts are leaflike. The flowers are creamy- white, with white margin and pink or purple spots or variegated. The corolla-tube is nearly straight, with an oblique mouth and spreading lips. The upper lip of the calyx with 2-3 teeth is open, with short, broad sepals. The nutlets are smooth or netted. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Alpine Woundwort (Stachys alpina, L.).— This plant is found in woods at medium altitudes. The habit is erect. The stem is hairy, glandular above. The leaves are oblong, egg-shaped, heart-shaped below, toothed, the lower ones are scalloped, long-stalked. The leaves on the flower- ing stems are large, stalkless, mostly toothed. The bracts are linear, lance-shaped, as long as the calyx. The flowers are purple, with white spots, in distant axillary whorls. The corolla much exceeds the calyx, which is hairy extern- ally, the teeth of the latter being broadly and narrowly pointed. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. 68 BRITISH FLORA ORDER ARISTOLOCHIACE/E Asarabacca (Asarum europaeum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods (in Yorks), shady places, banks, under hedges. The habit is rosette- like. The rootstock is creeping and fleshy. The stem and branches are short. Two leaves and two large scales are developed annually. The leaves are radical, dark-green, on long stalks, evergreen, kidney-shaped, blunt, shining. The scapes are axillary, short, and downy. The flowers are bell- shaped, drooping, lurid purple, or greenish-brown, solitary, the stalk short and bent back. The peri- anth lobes are bent inwards, egg-shaped. The anther-stalks are awl-like, the alternate ones longer. The styles are bent back, the stigma projecting. The fruit is round, leathery, with wrinkled, boat-shaped seeds. The plant is 4-6 in. high, flowering from May to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER THYMELEACE^ Mezereon (Daphne Mezereum, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is woods and copses. Mezereon has the shrub habit. The branches are few and erect. The leaves are deciduous, inversely egg- shaped or spoon-shaped, lance-shaped, narrow below, acute, membranous, stalked, and appear after the flowers. The flowers are usually in threes, stalkless (or nearly so), lateral in the axils of the previous year's leaves, purple, pink, rarely white. The tube is hairy, as long as the lobes, which are egg-shaped, acute. The fruit — a berry — is bright red, egg-shaped. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in March, and is a deciduous shrub. ORDER LORANTHACE^: Mistletoe (Viscum album, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woodlands, where it is parasitic on trees — Hawthorn, Apple, Poplar, rarely on Oak. It is a parasite, with the shrub habit. The branches are smooth, yellowish-green, rounded, dividing into two regularly, knotted. The yellow-green colour is supposed to be due to the plant being nourished by the descending sap, which is partly elaborated, and green leaves are thus dispensed with. But the leaves undoubtedly manufacture carbohydrates in winter in the ordinary way, and the root is fixed in the host so that it receives both the ascending and the descending sap. The plant thus estab- lishes a symbiotic relationship. The leaves are broader in the male plant, opposite or in whorls inversely egg-shaped or lance-shaped, blunt. The flowers are green, the males in threes, the females in fives, in axillary clusters, stalkless. The berries are rounded, clammy, white, transparent, i -seeded, crowned with the calyx. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering from February to May, and is an evergreen shrub. ORDER EUPHORBIACE/E Spurge (Euphorbia stricta, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods. The habit is erect, spurge-like. The stem is much branched. The leaves are oblong, lance-shaped, scattered, clasping. The " flowers " or flowerheads are greenish-yellow in a moderate umbel, with a small involucre with oval lobes, 3-5, with 3-5 divided and forked rays. The general and partial bracts are clasping, the re- maining bracts heart-shaped. The stamens are usually 2 in each involucre. The capsule is small, with conical warts. The seeds are small, smooth, shining, oblong, reddish -brown. The plant is 12-36 in. in height, flowering from July to Septem- ber, and is a herbaceous annual. Irish Spurge (Euphorbia hiberna, L.). — The habitat of this Spurge is copses and hedges, shady places. The plant is downy. There are several leafy more or less simple stems. The leaves are elliptic, ovate, lance-shaped, oblong, the upper ones heart-shaped, entire, stalkless, blunt or notched at the tip, thin, broad, downy below. The flowerheads are in an umbel of 5 rays, twice forked. The bracts are broad, the upper ones rounded at the base. The lobes or glands of the involucre are kidney-shaped. The capsule is nearly round, furrowed, warted, the warts cylindrical, the valves not keeled, smooth. The seeds are smooth, broad, pale brown, inversely ovate, shining. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Euphorbia dulcis, L. — This species occurs in plantations. The habit is erect. The leaves are long, lance-shaped, narrowed to the base, inversely ovate, blunt. The bracts are similar. The flower- heads are in umbels of 5 long rays, divided into 2 nearly to the base. The partial bracts are tri- angular to ovate, blunt at the base. The invo- lucral glands are purple and rounded. The cap- sule has few prominent tubercles, when young downy. The plant is 9-18 in. long, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Hairy Spurge (Euphorbia pilosa, L.). — The habitat of this species is shaded places. The habit is as in the last. The plant is hairy or downy. The stem is tall, branched at the top, with numerous leaves. The leaves are hairy, ob- long, lance-shaped, with fine teeth, blunt. The bracts are yellow, oblong, blunt, egg-shaped or elliptic. The flowerheads are greenish-yellow, in an umbel of 4-6 rays, divided into 3, then 2, nearly to the base. The involucre is smooth or hairy, with oblong glands, with oval lobes. The capsule is smooth or hairy, warted, the seeds in- 1 versely egg-shaped, smooth. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height, and flowers in May and June, being a herbaceous perennial. Leafy Wood Spurge (Euphorbia Esula, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, fields, stream- sides. The habit is creeping. The stem is erect, slender, leafless below, simple, the lateral branches in the axils not bearing flowerheads. The leaves are oblong, lance-shaped, with small teeth, stalk- less, blunt or acute, thin, i -nerved. The bracts are kidney-shaped, heart-shaped, blunt, with a point. The flowerheads are greenish-yellow in an umbel with 10-20 rays, which are forked at the top, and slender. The involucres are long- WOODS AND COPSES 69 stalked, small, the lobes with 2 points. The cap- sules are granulate, the seeds smooth, brown, rounded. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June till August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Cypress Spurge {Euphorbia Cyparissias, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods and plantations and grassy places, railway banks, brick pits, &c. The habit is that of the last. The plant is bluish- white. The rootstock is creeping and stolon- iferous. The leaves are more numerous, narrow, linear, entire on the barren shoots, bristle-like, close, turning red. The bracts are blunt, heart- shaped, united below, rounded. The flowerheads are bright yellow, in an umbel of many forked rays. The involucre has lobes with 2 horns. The capsule bears tubercles, and contains many white, smooth, rounded seeds. The plant is 9-15 in. in height. It flowers in June and July. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. Caper Spurge (Euphorbia Lathyris, L.). — The habitat of this plant is stony and rocky woods, and copses and cultivated ground. The habit is erect. The stem is purplish, thick, short, bearing leaves the first year, flowering the next. The leaves are numerous, opposite, in alternate pairs, linear-oblong, the upper heart-shaped, smooth, bluish-white, stalkless, spreading, i-nerved, blunt, the apex rounded, with a short point. The bracts are heart-shaped below. The flowerheads are yellow, large, in umbels with 3-4 forked rays, which are unequal. The involucre is large, stalk- less, the glands moon-shaped, with 2 nearly erect, blunt points. The capsule is smooth, with a dorsal line. The seeds are rigid, wrinkled. The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a biennial or perennial. ORDER AMENTACE^E Silver Birch (Betula alba, L.). — The habitat of this plant is woods and heaths. The Birch has the tree habit. The bark is silvery white, flaky. The branches are erect, or drooping. The leaves are smooth, rhomboid, triangular, toothed, leathery, resinous, blunt below. The leaf-stalks are slender. The young shoots have resinous tubercles. The stipules are egg-shaped, , lance- shaped. The male catkins are pendulous, with i sepal. The female catkins are in a solitary spike, not so long, and nearly erect. The scales of the fruit are winged, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed to the middle, the lateral lobes bent back, spreading. The fruit is inversely egg-shaped, rounded, with a notched wing, in threes. The Birch is 20-80 ft. in height. It flowers in April and May, and is a deciduous tree. Birch (Betula fomen/osa, Reich.). — This plant differs in habit, being bushy, with rhomboid, egg- shaped leaves, the lateral lobes of the fruiting bracts being erect. The young shoots are downy. The leaves are smooth, flat above, with raised veins beneath. The stipules are egg-shaped, blunt, twice as broad as long, the sides turned down. The buds are egg-shaped. The twigs are often pendulous. It is 6-15 ft. in height, flowering in May and June, and is a deciduous tree or shrub. Hazel (Corylus Avellana, L.).— The habitat of this shrub is woods, copses, and hedges. The Hazel has the tree or bush habit. The trunk may have a girth of 3 ft. It has the young twigs usually glandular, roughly hairy or downy. The branches are tufted, the bark rich brown, smooth, warted. The leaves are rounded, in two rows, with an unequal base, heart-shaped, with a narrow point, downy below, toothed, with blunt points. The stipules are blunt, oblong. The male catkins are long, drooping, in a raceme, the female flowers in egg-shaped buds nearly stalkless. The fruit is woody, clustered, the involucre bell-shaped, spreading, or palmate, a cupule. The Hazel grows to a height of 6-20 ft. or rarely 30 ft. It flowers in March, and is a deciduous shrub. Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus, L.). — The habitat of this tree is woods in central and southern England, damp clayey woods, and hedges. The Hornbeam has the tree habit. It is a small tree, with a trunk, flattened, frequently of 10 ft. girth. The bark is smooth and ashen-grey. The leaves are more or less in two rows, shortly stalked, egg- shaped, elliptical, plaited in the bud, with double, deep, and sharp teeth, hairy below. The male catkins are pendulous, the bracts acute, egg- shaped, lance-shaped. The female catkins are pendulous in fruit, cylindrical, with an entire or toothed bracteole. The female bracts are 3-lobed, the middle one largest, the lobes lance-shaped. The fruit is green with 7-11 ribs. The Horn- beam is 70 ft. in height when full grown. It flowers in May. It is a deciduous tree. Sweet Chestnut {Castanea saliva, Mill.).' — In this country it is a very doubtful native, having been cultivated since Caesar's time, and found in parks and plantations. The Sweet Chestnut has the tree habit. The trunk is usually twisted, and deeply, spirally furrowed. The leaves are oblong, lance-shaped, toothed, smooth both sides, with narrow, long, blant points. The barren catkins are long and cylindrical. The perianth is made up of 6 segments. There are 8-20 stamens. The fertile flowers are 3 in a 4-lobed prickly involucre. There are 6 stigmas. The nut is i-celled with 1-3 seeds. The Sweet Chestnut is 60-90 ft. in height, flowering in April and May. It is a deciduous tree. ORDER SALICACE/E White Poplar (Popuhis alba, L.).— The habitat of this tree is moist woods, river banks, &c. The White Poplar has the tree habit. The bark is grey and smooth. The branches are spreading. The buds are cottony. There are many suckers. The leaves are triangular, egg-shaped, 5-lobed, and toothed. The leaves are smooth at length, downy in bud, roundish, heart-shaped, wavy, white and cottony below. The leaf-stalk is long, slender, flattened. The catkins are cylindrical, the males hairy, longer. There are 6-10 stamens, and the anthers are purple. The stigmas (2-4) yo BRITISH FLORA are linear, yellow, cross-like. The capsules are egg-shaped, narrow. The tree is 60-100 ft. high, flowering- in March and April, and is a deciduous tree. Sallow (Salix Caprea, L.).— The habitat of this willow is woods, copses, hedges, stream-sides, &c. The habit is that of a small tree or shrub. The stem is grey. The leaves are egg-shaped, elliptic, lance-shaped, acute, with a long point, scalloped, reticulate, cottony below, flat, wavy at the border, deep-green, whitish above. The twigs and buds are downy. The stipules are small, narrow, rather kidney-shaped or moon-shaped. The catkins are short, silky, with bracts, blunt and thick, stalkless, the female longer, the male oblong. The female catkins nod at length. The scales are hairy. The style is short. The capsule is silky. The stalk is slender. The Sallow is 10-30 ft. high, flowering before all others in April and Majr. Eared Sallow (Salix aiirita, L.).— The habitat of this species is woods, moist copses, heaths, &c. The habit is as in the last, with straggling branches with reddish twigs. The leaves are wrinkled when young,, reddish, scalloped, crisped, stalked, downy, netted below, the point hooked, edges bent down. The buds are smooth. The stipules are large, kidney-shaped, the catkins stalked. The catkins appear before the leaves, are shorter than in the last, the male egg-shaped, the female cylindrical. The stigma is usually entire. The style is short. The scales are persistent. The capsule is cottony, narrower, awl - like, lance- shaped. The Eared Sallow is 2-4 ft. in height, flowering in April and May, and is a deciduous shrub. Grey Sallow (Salix cinerea, L.).— The habitat of this species is woods and wet places. The plant has the tree or shrub habit. The buds and twigs are cottony. The leaves are elliptic to oblong, lance-shaped, inversely egg-shaped, acute, toothed, the borders wavy, downy above, bluish-white or ashy (hence cinerea) below. The stipules are large, half heart-shaped. The male catkins are not so stout as in the Sallow, and open later. The anthers are pale yellow, the anther-stalks hairy at the base, the stigmas simple or divided into two nearly to the base. The capsule is lance-shaped and awl-like. The plant is 10-20 ft. high, flower- ing from March to April, and is a deciduous shrub or tree. ORDER ORCHIDACE^ Bird's Nest Orchis (Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich. ). — The habitat of this species is dark woods, especially beech woods, but it grows also on ha/el, like Toothwort. It is a saprophyte, with the habit of a parasitical plant. The root is formed of a mass of thick fibres (hence Bird's Nest). There is a succulent rhizome. The stem is leafless, thick, sheathing, brown, hairless, scales taking the place of leaves. The numerous flowers form a dense cylindrical spike, and are pale brown. The lip is linear-oblong, bent down, the 2 lobes spread- ing. The sepals and petals are hooded. The lip has a hollowed-out base. The anther is hinged to the column, which is slender and free, 2-celled. The 2 pollinia are powdery, the glands united below. The stigma stands out. The rostellum is tongue-shaped. The plant is 6-18 inches high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Lesser Twayblade (List era cordata, R. Br.). — The habitat of this species is mountain woods and moors, turfy moors, and it is frequent in Scotland. The habit is erect. The stem is short, slender, hairless, angled, delicate, brownish-green. The leaves are membranous, heart-shaped to egg- shaped, acute, stalkless, opposite, paired. The flowers are few, small, in a loose raceme, the sepals and petals olive-brown, blunt, the tip dirty yellow-green, with 4 lobes, 2 basal, 2 terminal, linear. The column has no crest. The plant is 3-6 in. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Creeping Goodyera (Peramium (Goodyerd) repens, Br.). — The habitat of this plant is pine and fir woods. The plant has a prostrate then ascending orchid habit. The root is creeping (hence repens), slender, matted. The whole plant is covered with glands. The stem is slender, and with the spike glandular, downy. The leaves are stalked, egg-shaped, netted, downy below, acute, dark green. The spike is slender with linear, awl- like, lance-shaped, closely pressed bracts, longer than the ovary. The flowers are spiral, small, creamy-white. The sepals, petals, and the lip are egg-shaped, lance-shaped. The plant is 4-10 in. in height. It flowers from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Epipogium Gmelini, Rich. — The habitat of this plant is shady woods, amongst decaying leaves. The plant is a leafless saprophyte, brownish. The rhizome consists of short, thick, fleshy, branched fibres. The stem is pale yellowish- brown, sheathed, swollen above the base, with 1-2 closely-pressed bracts. The flowers are 2-6, pale yellow, shortly stalked, in a raceme. The sepals and petals are lance-shaped, acute, pale yellow, nearly equal, with inrolled margins, the middle lobe of the lip egg-shaped, furrowed, white, with 4 rows of purple tubercles. The lip is bent back, the lateral lobes are small. The spur is blunt, very thick, and short. The ovary is broad and short. The column is short, swollen above the stigma to take the base of the anther. The anther is terminal and falls. The 2 pollinia are stalked, the glands united at the base. The stigma is prominent, horseshoe-shaped. There is no rostellum. The plant is 4-8 in. The plant flowers in August and September, and is a herba- ceous perennial. Broad-leaved Helleborine (Helleborine latifolia, Sw.). — The habitat of this orchid is woods, moun- tain woods, &c. The habit is erect. The stem is erect. The stem is downy above, solitary. The leaves are many-veined, rounded, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, oblong, longer than the internodes, the upper ones egg-shaped, oblong. The sheaths are close below. The bracts exceed the flowers, WOODS AND COPSES the lower being- leaflike, narrow. The flowers are pendulous, numerous, in a raceme, nearly all on one side of the stalk, green, the lip purple, with white or yellow margins. The sepals are broadly egg-- shaped, the petals white, egg-shaped to lance- shaped. The lip may be as long as or shorter than the lance-shaped sepals. The labellum is round to heart-shaped with a bent-down point, broader than long, scalloped. The terminal lobes have thickened ridges on the disk. The flower-stalk is shorter than the ovary. The basal hunches are smooth. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flower- ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Helleborine atroviridis, W. R. Linton. — This species is found in Derbyshire and elsewhere, and closely resembles the last, from which it is dis- tinguished by the labellum having 2 side hunches and i median, linear hunch. Helleborine violacea, Bor. =H.purpurata, Druce. — The habitat of this species is woods. The habit is like that of H. latifolia. The plant grows in clusters. The stem and leaves are purple-tinted. The lower leaves are 3-4 by \\-2 in., egg-shaped, lance-shaped, the upper narrowed, passing into slender bracts, and the latter are longer than the oblong, downy ovaries. The flowers are violet- purple. The sepals are oblong to lance-shaped, more pointed than in H. latifolia. The tip of the lip is as broad as long, and sub-triangular, less than the sepals and petals. The hunches are plaited, scalloped. The stalks are shorter than the downy ovary. The label is longer than broad, entire, with a narrow point. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Large White "Ke[\&\)or\n&(Cephalanthera pattens, Rich. = C. Damasonium, Druce). — The habitat of this species is woods and copses. The habit is erect, the stem tufted. The leaves are oval to oblong, lance-shaped, the upper narrower, the bracts longer than the hairless ovary. The flowers are creamy-white, distant, nearly erect. The sepals and petals are egg-shaped to oblong, blunt. The terminal lobe of the lip is rounded, erect, yellow. The lip has raised, longitudinal lines. The plant is 9-18 in. in height, and flowers in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Narrow-leaved Helleborine (Cephalanthera ensi- foh'a, Rich. = C. longifolia, Fritsch).— The habitat of this plant is hilly woods and copses. The habit is erect, the stem nearly solitary, slender. The leaves are egg-shaped, lance-shaped, not so long as in the last species. The bracts are not so long as the hairless ovary, the upper minute. The flowers are white, and narrower. The sepals, especially the outer, are more acute. The lip has several raised white lines and a yellow spot in front, and is blunt. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Red Helleborine (Cephalanthera rubra, Rich.). — The habitat of this plant is woods and copses. The habit is erect. The stem is slender, red- tinted. The leaves are lance-shaped, acute, and the bracts are longer than the glandular, downy ovary. The flowers are open, few or many, purple or rose colour. The lip is white, with a purple border as long as the petals, with many wavy, longitudinal lines, the terminal lobe egg- shaped, lance -shaped. The sepals and petals have a long, narrow point. The point is 6-18 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb- aceous perennial. True Military Orchis (Orchis militaris, L.).— The habitat of this plant is chalky hills and woods. The habit is erect. The tubers are egg-shaped. The leaves are large, 3-5 in., oblong, blunt, con- cave, without spots. The bracts are short, i- nerved. The flowers are bright or pale purple, in an oblong dense spike. The sepals and petals have a narrow point. The petals are pale purple or white. The lip is pale, with raised rough points, 3-lobed, the lobes oblong, crimson, with purple dots. The basal lobes are narrow, the lateral lobes linear, the middle broader, suddenly widened, 2 - lobed, with an intermediate tooth, entire at the tip, broad. The helmet, formed by the hooded sepals which include the petals, is rose-coloured. The spur is about half as long as the ovary, bent down, blunt. The plant is i-i£ ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herb- aceous perennial. Monkey Orchis (Orchis Simia, Lam.). —The habitat of this plant is chalky hills, woods on cal- careous soil. The plant is not so large as the last, more slender. The bracts are minute. The lip is long, narrow, i -veined, with an intermediate bristle -like tooth. The lobes are equal in size and resemble in form the legs, arms, and tail of a monkey (hence Simici), and are rose-purple, linear, long, entire. The middle lobes are very narrow. The sepals are acute, meeting to form an egg-shaped hood. The helmet is rose-colour outside, paler within. The spur is half as long as the ovary. The plant is 6-12 in. high, and flowers in May, being a herbaceous perennial. Lizard Orchis (Orchis hircina, Crantz).— The habitat of this plant is copses, bushy chalk hills, and grassy places. The habit is erect, the stem tall. The tubers are egg-shaped. The leaves are mostly radical, oblong, blunt. The bracts exceed the flowers. The flowers are large, purplish- white, loose, in a long spike, with a hircine, goat- like (hence hircind), fetid scent. The sepals and petals form a green hood, the lateral sepals con- niving. The lip is 3-lobed, white, with purple spots below, spiral in bud, the lateral lobes wavy, narrow, the middle broad, green, twisted. The spur is short and conical. The pollen-glands are united. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Orchis cruenta, Muell. — This rare species is found in Cumberland and Westmorland. It is closely allied to O. latifolia^ but differs in having the leaves broadest in the middle, short, blunt. The plant is 7—12 in. in height, and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous perennial. Man Orchis (Aceras anthropophora, R.Br.). — The habitat of this plant is copses, pastures, dry chalky places. The habit is erect. The root-knobs BRITISH FLORA or tubers are egg-shaped. The leaves are oblong to lance-shaped, the lower blunt, the upper acute. The bracts are small. The perianth is green. The flowers are greenish-yellow, in a long, dense spike. The sepals are egg-shaped, acute, meeting to- gether, with a purple border, and include the linear, lance -shaped, blunt petals. The lip is 3-lobed, perpendicular, yellow, with red borders, narrow, with 2 lateral and 2 terminal lobes, equal and linear, thread-like, the middle one divided into two nearly to the base, with an intermediate tooth. The plant is 8-16 in. high, flowering in June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Spider Orchid (Ophrys aranifera, Huds. = O. sphegodes, Mill.). — The habitat of this plant is copses, downs, chalky places. The habit is as in the last. The flowers are few, purplish-brown. The petals are green, hairless, short, linear, ob- long, the sepals yellow, green inside. The lip is deep, dull brown, hairy, swollen, broad, convex, 4-lobed, with no intermediate appendage in the notch, and has hairless, pale markings resemb- ling a Greek letter in the centre, the edges shortly-lobed, and not (or very slightly) turned down. The middle lobe is large, entire, or notched. The anther is acute, the beak not hooked. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering in April and May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Fly Orchid (Ophrys muscifera, Huds.).— The habitat of this orchid is woods, copses, downs, damp chalky thickets, and pastures. The habit is as in the last. The stem is slender. The leaves are few, linear to oblong. The flowers are dis- tant, bluish-purple. The petals are very narrow, linear, thread-like, reddish -brown. The sepals are yellowish-green. The lip is narrow, oblong, dark purple, 3-lobed, with a broad, nearly square, pale-blue spot in the centre, edged with yellow, the middle lobe long, and divided into two nearly to the base, the lateral lobes turned back. The anther is short and blunt, not beaked. The plant is 6-15 inches high, flowering from May to July. It is a herbaceous perennial. Butterfly Orchid (Habenaria bt/otia, Br.).— The habitat of this orchid is wet meadows, woods, heaths. The habit is erect. The stem is tall, and, as the second Latin name denotes, there are only 2 leaves, which are large and oval, blunt. The bracts are small and lance-shaped, as are the upper leaves. The flowers are white, in a slender close spike, small, with an entire linear lip, the petals blunt, meeting together, the spur linear, twice as long as the ovary, the anther cells parallel, and the caudicle short, the gland oblong or oval. The stigma is blunt, with a notch and pointed lobes. The flowers are sweet-scented. The plant is 9-18 in. high. It is in flower from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Large Butterfly Orchid (Habenaria chlor- antha, Bab.=H. virescens, Zollik.).— The habitat of this orchid is moist woods and thickets. The habit is erect. The plant is tall and stout. The 2 leaves are opposite, large, oval. The flowers are creamy-white, large, arranged in a loose or dense spike. The petals are blunt, uniting. The lateral sepals are broad, spreading. The spur is long, stout, bent down, club-shaped, twice as long as the ovary. The lip is entire, linear. The anther-cells are distant, usually spreading, twice as distant at the base as at the top. The central line between is a prominent ridge in front, a groove behind. The stalk of the pollinia or caudicle is longer, attached by a short drumlike stalk to the rounded gland. The stigma is broad, pointed in the middle. The anther is blunt. The plant is 6-20 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium Calceolus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is dense northern woods, chalky woods, or limestone woods. The habit is as in other orchid types. The stem is leafy below or above, downy. The leaves are 3-4, large, ob- long, egg-shaped, pointed, ribbed. The bracts are leaflike. The flowers are solitary or 2, large, yellowish-brown. The upper sepal is erect, egg- shaped, lance-shaped, pointed, the lateral nar- rower, united below, under the lip. The lip is entire, long, inversely egg-shaped, pale yellow, with darker, netted veins, with a round, upturned end, not so long as the sepals, depressed, swollen. There are 2 fertile anthers, distinguishing it from other British orchids. The middle lobe of the column is egg-shaped, blunt, bent down. The plant is i2-i8in. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER IRIDACE^E Foetid Iris (Iris fostidissima, L.).— The habitat of this orchid is copses and dry hedgebanks. The habit is typically flag-like. The rootstock is stout and creeping. The stem is flattened at the mar- gin, angled. The leaves are green, foetid when bruised, limp. The scape is leafy. The flowers are blue or purple, livid. The stalks are not longer than the ovary. The spathes are long- pointed. The sepals are petaloid, lance-shaped to inversely egg-shaped, purple, or yellow. The petals and stigmas are yellow, spoon-shaped. The perianth is beardless, the segments bent back. The berries are rounded, orange-red, with a fleshy testa, the capsule club-shaped. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Gladiolus (Gladiolus ittyricus, Ker.).— The habi- tat of this species is open woods, amongst bracken, in the New Forest. The habit is similar to that of the last. The corm is about the size of a nut, egg-shaped, pointed, with bulbils below, with nearly parallel fibres, netted above, with long, narrow openings. The leaves are sword-shaped, bluish-green, slender. The sheaths are 2-edged. The scape is leafy. The spathes are lance-shaped, nearly equal. The flowers are in a spike, arranged all one side of the stalk, 4-8, red, changing to blue. The perianth is bent over, bell-shaped, the 3 upper segments spoon-shaped, the 3 lower in- versely egg-shaped, paler, with purple veins. The tube is nearly 3 times the length of the ovary. The basal petal is acute, longer than the blunt WOODS AND COPSES 73 lower lateral petal, the edges of the upper not covered by the 2 others. The stigmas are spoon- shaped, narrow below, widening upwards, and fringed. The anther-stalks are longer than the anthers. The capsule is leathery, club-shaped, oval, notched, the 3 angles rounded. The seeds are winged. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in July, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER AMARYLLIDACE^E Daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus, L.).— The Daffodil is a native species, and is found in woods, copses, and pastures. The habit is erect. The bulb has membranous outer scales. The 2-3 leaves are linear, with a blunt keel, nearly flat, rather bluish-green, blunt. The flowers are soli- tary, yellow, bell-shaped. The scape is 2-edged. The tube and acute perianth-segments are nearly equal, long. The crown is bell-shaped, the mar- gin 6-lobed, crisped, scalloped. The spathe sur- rounds the flower-stalk, which is short. The cap- sule is conical. The plant is 6-12 in. in height, the leaves never more than a foot long. The Daffodil flowers from March to May. It is a herb- aceous perennial. Daffodil (Narcissus incotnparabilis, Mill.). — Like the last this plant, which is a native of Europe, is not indigenous in this country, but occurs in the south in many spots, as at Little Park, Margam, and in shrubberies, parks, and gardens. The habit and other characters are like those of N. ob- vaUaris, but it has an erect crown half as long as the perianth, which in the Tenby plant is all yellow, the segments twice as long as the tube, and the crown 6-lobed. Spring Snowflake (Leucofum vernum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is copses. The habit is lily- like. The plant is bulbous. The flowers and leaves are vernal (hence •vermini). The leaves are nearly in 2 rows. The scape bears 1-2 flowers, not markedly winged. The spathe is divided into two nearly to the base. The flowers are drooping, greenish -white. The style is thickened above. The ovary is rounded. The seeds are caruncled. The plant is 6-12 in., flowering in March and April, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus, L.). — The habitat of this shrub is copses and thickets. The plant has the shrub habit. The stems are tufted, branched, rigid, erect, stout, angled. The young shoots are scaly. The flattened branches or clad- odes are twisted below, and take the place of leaves, the leaves being small scales, the cladodes in their axils. The cladodes are spiny, egg-shaped, narrowed, acute, tough, woody, rigid. The flowers are borne in the centre of the cladodes, and are white and solitary, on the upper, which is the apparent lower surface. The short flower-stalk is parallel with the surface. The male flowers are borne on the narrower cladodes. There are usually 1-2 flowers, with a flat membranous border, i-veined, awl-like bract. The fruit is a berry, scarlet, i-celled. The seeds are rounded. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in March and April. It is an evergreen shrub, perennial. Whorled Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum verti- cillatum, All.). — The habitat of this plant is woods, wooded banks, and glens. The habit is erect, from a prostrate rhizome, with an arching, graceful scape. The stem is angled, erect, tall. The leaves are in whorls of 3-5 (hence •verticillatum), stalkless, limp, the margins and veins below fringed with hairs, and linear to lance-shaped. The flowers are greenish-white. The perianth is narrowed in the middle, greenish. The flower- stalks bear 1-5 flowers. The anther-stalks are papillose. The fruit is a berry, red when ripe. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Common Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum multi- florum, All.). — The habitat of this plant is woods. The habit is as in the last. The stem is rounded, leafless below, arching. The leaves are alternate, arranged one side of the stalk, oblong to egg- shaped, half-clasping, hairless, shortly stalked, acute or blunt. The perianth is greenish-white, narrowed in the middle. The stalks bear 2-5 flowers. The anther -stalks are downy. The berries are bluish. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in May, June, July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Small Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum sigillum, Lej.). — The habitat of this plant is woods and lime- stone cliffs. The habit is as in the last. The stem is angled and arched. The leaves are altern- ate, elliptic, lance -shaped, or oblong to egg- shaped, arranged one side of the stalk, half-clasp- ing, leathery. The flowers are solitary, large. The perianth is cylindrical, greenish-white, the lobes broad. The anther-stalks are without hairs. Rarely the flower -stalks bear 3 flowers. The berry is bluish-black. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Mayflower ( Uni folium bifolium, Druce = Maian- themum Convaltaria, Roth.). — The habitat of this plant is woods. The habit is lily-like. The plant is downy or smooth. The stem is erect, wavy. The rootstock is thread-like, creeping. The radi- cal leaves are heart-shaped, acute, 2-lobed below, with many nerves, long-stalked. The 2-3 stem- leaves are short-stalked, the upper stalkless. The flowers are fragrant, small, yellow, sulphur colour, in a terminal, spiked raceme, nearly erect. The stalks are slender and solitary. The bracts are minute. The 4 segments of the perianth are turned back. The fruit is a round berry, white, dotted, with a blunt point. The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in May (hence Mayflower), and is a herbaceous perennial. Bath Star-of- Bethlehem (Ornithogalum pyre- naicum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods and copses. The habit is lily-like. The bulb is egg-shaped. The aerial stem is a tall, stout scape. The leaves wither before the stalk appears, and are vernal, hollow above, bluish -green, linear. 74 BRITISH FLORA The bracts are awl-like. The flowers are numer- ous, in a long", narrow, spiked raceme. The flower-stalks are spreading- at first, then erect. The perianth -segments are narrow to oblong, variable in length, green, the margins white in- side. The anther-stalks are swollen below to the middle, long-pointed. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Drooping Star -of -Bethlehem (Ornithogalum nutans, L.).— The habitat of this plant is copses, shrubberies, orchards, fields, and waste places. The leaves are linear, lance-shaped, broad, bluish- green, with a white stripe, grooved. The scape is as long as the leaves. The bracts are long and slender. The flowers are white, few, drooping (hence mitans), in a loose raceme. The flower- stalks are curved, shorter than the bracts. The perianth is broad, with lance-shaped segments, green externally. The anther-stalks are broadly swollen upwards, 3-lobed, flat, membranous, the lateral points acute, the middle short, bearing- the anther. The capsule is pendulous, egg-shaped, green, and fleshy. The plant is 9-12 in. high, flowering in April and May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Purple Martagon Lily (Lilium Martagon, L.). —-The habitat of this plant is woods and copses. The habit is lily-like. The stem is downy, rough, rounded. The leaves are stalked, inversely egg- shaped to lance-shaped, in whorls of 6-8, the upper linear, acute. The flowers are in an erect raceme, drooping, sweet-scented at night. The bracts are green, linear to lance-shaped. The perianth-seg- ments are flesh-coloured to purple, bent back, ob- long, with dark, raised papillae. The honey-gland has thick, raised borders. The plant is i-i£ ft. high, flowering from June to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Pyrenean Lily {Lilium pyrenaicum, Gouan). — The habitat of this lily is hedgebanks. The habit is as in the last. The leaves are scattered, linear, lance-shaped. The flowers are yellow, with black dots below, nodding. The perianth is turned back, and the segments linear lance-shaped, yellow. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem (Gagea lutea, Ker.). — The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, pastures. The habit is lily-like. The stem is angular, not as long as the leaf. The bulb is solitary, small, egg-shaped or nearly round, with basal bulbils. The radical leaf is linear lance- shaped, ribbed, flat. The scape is short. There are 1-3 bracts, 2 opposite, i exceeding the flowers. The sheath is slender. The flowers are yellow, in an umbel. The perianth-segments are linear- oblong, blunt, thin, yellow-green at the back. The flower opens only in the middle of the day. The capsule is membranous, the seeds numerous. The plant is 6-10 in. high, flowering in March till May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Herb Paris (Paris quadri folia, L.).— The habi- tat of this plant is damp woods. The habit is erect. The rootstock is white, creeping. The stem is round, leafy above, with a sheath below. The leaves are egg-shaped to oblong, or inversely egg-shaped, 4 as a rule when the flowers are in 4's, or more when the segments are more, 3-5- nerved. The flowers are solitary, stalked, erect. The sepals are lance-shaped, green, with a long point, as long as the yellow awl-like petals. The connective is produced. The fruit is a black berry, which bursts irregularly. The seeds are black. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in May, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER JUNCACE^E Hairy Wood Rush (Luzula -vernalis, D.C. = Juncoides pilosum, Morong.). — The habitat of this rush is woods, thickets, and shady places. The habit is the usual rush type. The rootstock is short and tufted, with slender stolons. The stems are slender, numerous. The leaves are as long as the stem, broad, lance-shaped, soft, sparsely hairy. The bracteoles are short and broad. The flowers are in a loose cyme, with few, turned- down, hair-like branches in fruit. The flowers are more or less solitary, chestnut-brown, paired. The perianth-segments have a long, narrow point, shorter than the capsule, which is broad, egg- shaped, blunt-pointed. The crests of the seeds are curved, terminal. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Forster's Wood Rush (Luzula forsteri, Sm.).— The habitat of this species is thickets, woods, and shaded places. The habit is as in the last. It is more slender than the last. The leaves are linear, hairy. The flower-stalk is i-flowered, erect in flower and fruit, the flowers in a panicle with few branches. The stamens are as long as the style, the anther-stalks as long as the anthers. The capsule is acute, 3-angled, not narrowed below. The seeds have a short, terminal, straight, blunt crest. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in March to June, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER CYPERACE^: Grassy Sedge (Carex remota, L.).— The habitat of this sedge is copses and damp places. The habit is sedge-like. The stem is slender, inclined, 3-angled. The leaves are channelled, narrow, as long as the stems, flat. The bracts are long, leaf- like. The spike has a rough rachis, and the spikelets are all simple, the upper crowded, ob- long, the lower remote (hence remota). The fruit is egg-shaped, lance-shaped, longer than the glumes, narrow to egg-shaped, pale, finely fur- rowed. The beak is broad, with toothed margins. The midrib of the glume does not reach the point. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Elongate Sedge (Carex elongata, L.). — The habitat of this sedge is wet copses and marshes. The habit is sedge -like. The plant is slender, with a tufted rootstock and many stems, 3-angled, rough, graceful, leafy. The leaves are longer WOODS AND COPSES 75 than the stems, limp, flat. The bracts are short or none. The spike is slender. The spikelets are numerous, the upper close, oblong, erect or spread- ing-, those below loose, not distant. The glumes are egg-shaped, dark-brown, with green keel with white edges. The fruit is pale, stalkless, ribbed, spreading-, longer than the glumes, blunt, with a long- point. The beak is nearly entire, with rough edges. The nut is linear to oblong-. The style does not fall. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering- from June to August, and is a herba- ceous perennial. Pale Sedge (Carex pallescens, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, shady places, marshy copses, and meadows. The habit is sedge-like. The stem is slender, leafy, 3-ang-led, rough above, wiry. The leaves are erect, softly sparsely hairy, flat, green. The spikes are blunt, pale-green. The small spikelet is erect, yellowish-red, the female rather nodding, close, 2-3, oblong, egg- shaped, shortly-stalked. The glumes are blunt- pointed, few, pale-brown, with white borders and a green midrib. The fruit is hairless, egg-shaped, oblong, blunt, convex both sides, veined. There is no beak. The nut is inversely egg-shaped, linear to elliptic, 3-angled. The plant is 9-18 in. in height, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Great Pendulous Sedge (Carex pendula, Huds.). — The habitat of this plant is damp woods. The habit is sedge-like. The stem is tall and leafy, 3-angled or rounded, smooth or rough. The leaves are broad, pale-green, flat. The bracts are leaf- like, sheathed below, nearly as long as the flower- stalks. The fertile spike is long, drooping (hence pendula), nearly stalkless, curved, blunt, cylin- drical, dense, the stalks enclosed by the bracts, the upper with male flowers above. The male are inclined, sometimes with male and female flowers, or female below only. The glumes are spreading, blunt, or divided nearly to the base, pale-brown, with a hairy awn, green midrib, pale ragged border. The fruit is hairless, swollen, overlap- ping, with a short, notched, 3-angled beak. The nut is short, broad, pale. The plant is 3-6 ft. high, flowering in May, and is a herbaceous per- ennial. Fingered Sedge (Carex digit 'a fa, L.). — The habitat of this species is copses on limestone. The habit is sedge-like. The stems are smooth, slender, erect or curved, sheathed below, bluntly 3-angled. The radical leaves are bent back, with a rolled-back margin, flat, soft, linear. The bracts are blunt, the lower awl-like, membranous, brown, green-tipped. The fertile spikelets are 2-3, with 6-8 flowers, loose, distant, erect, linear. The males are solitary. The fruit is inversely egg- shaped, hairy, 3-angled, narrow below, as long as the glume, with a short, straight, nearly entire beak. The nut is stalked, brown, 3-angled, with a short beak. The plant is 6-10 in. high, flower- ing in April and May, and is a herbaceous per- ennial. Hammer Sedge (Carex hirta, L.).— The habitat of this plant is damp copses, wet places, grassy places. The habit is sedge -like. The stem is slender, hairless, leafy, shining, 3-angled. The leaves are long, flat, hairy, with split sheaths, rarely hairless. The sheaths are long. The lower bracts are sheaths. The male spikes are close, 2-3, pale, glistening. The fertile spikes are dis- tant, green, cylindrical, oblong, stalked. The glumes are small, broad, with membranous margin and a green midrib, the awn rigid, rough, spread- ing. The fruit is tawny, egg-shaped to oblong, narrowed into a short beak, deeply divided nearly to the base. There are 3 stigmas. The nut is inversely egg-shaped. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Tall Wood Sedge (Carex Icevigata, Sm. = C. helodes, Link.).— The habitat of this plant is wet thickets and copses, and marshes. The habit is sedge-like. The stem is tall, smooth. The leaves are broad, short, dotted beneath. The bracts are sheathing, auricled opposite the blade. The male spikelets are 3-angled, 2, with blunt, short- pointed glumes. The fertile spikelets are droop- ing, cylindrical, distant, with exserted stalks. The glumes are acute, purple, with a pale dorsal, longitudinal band. The fruit is green, egg-shaped, narrowed, finely furrowed. The beak is slender, long, with rough edges. The ligule is long. The nut is stalked, 3-angled, pale, dotted, narrowed below, rather pear-shaped. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Few-seeded Sedge (Carex depauperata, Good. = C. ventricosa, Curt.). — The habitat of this species is dry woods. The habit is sedge-like. The stem is slender, smooth, leafy, 3-angled. The leaves are long and flat. The bracts are flat, rough, leaflike, the sheaths long. The spikelets are erect, short, distant, 3-4-flowered, the males with a blunt, pale glume, very slender, with many flowers. The fertile spikes are erect, distant, 3-4-flowered, on exserted stalks. The fruit is large, rounded, with a long slender beak, divided into 2 nearly to the base, with rough edges, ribbed. The nut is elliptic, 3-angled, the angles blunt. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Common Wood Sedge (Carex sylvatica, Huds.). — The habitat of this species is damp woods. The habit is sedge-like. The plant is slender, with a 3-sided, smooth stem, rough at the top. The leaves are flat, membranous, bright-green, nar- row. The bracts are leaflike with long sheaths, not half as long as the flower-stalks. The male spikelets are pale. The female are thread-like, branched below, the stalk half projecting. The glumes are loose or scattered, acute, egg-shaped, green, keeled. The fruit is elliptic, nearly stalk- less, obscurely veined, with a long, slender, smooth beak, which is divided into 2 nearly to the base. The nut is broad, 3-sided. The plant is 2 ft. in height, flowering in May and June, and is a herb- aceous perennial. Loose Sedge (Carex strigosa, Huds.). — The habitat of this plant is woods, groves, thickets, BRITISH FLORA copses. The habit is sedge-like, the stem smooth, leafy, 3-angled. The leaves are flat, broad, pale- green, limp, the sheaths auricled opposite the blade. The bracts are leafy, shorter than the stems, the sheaths long. The male spikelets are pale and slender. The fertile spikelets are slender, drooping, distant, long, loose, many-flowered, with exserted stalks. The fruit is oblong, lance-shaped, veined, narrowed each end, with a blunt mouth, the beak obscure. The nut is elliptic. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER GRAMINACE^E Millet Grass (Milhim ejfitsum, L.).— The habi- tat of this grass is damp, shady woods. The habit is grass-like. The stem is stoloniferous below, tall, tufted, erect, shining. The leaves are lance-shaped, linear to oblong, broad, flat, thin, acute, rough above, pale-green, scented. The sheath is smooth. The ligule is long, blunt, torn. The panicle is branched, spreading, loose, and slender, bent down in fruit, vertical in flower, the whorls distant, few-flowered. The pales are acute. The empty glume is elliptic to egg-shaped, blunt, with rough, transparent edges, and the flowering glume is smooth, white, polished. The fruit is rounded, included in the glume and palea. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Rough Drooping Brome Grass (Bromtcs asper, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, hedgebanks. The plant has the grass habit. The stem is tall and smooth. The leaves are broad, flat, with hairy sheaths, with downwardly- directed hairs, long, the lower broadest. The ligule is short. The panicle is drooping, downy, with flowers arranged all one side. The lower branches are 2-6-divided, loose, thread-like, with a rough rachis. The spikelets are narrow, bluish- green. The empty glumes are long-pointed, hairy or not. The flowering glumes are 5-8, twice as long as the awn, spreading in flower, erect in fruit, hairy, the tip 2-toothed. The plant is 4-5 ft. high, flowering in July, and is a herb- aceous perennial. Common Wood Reed (Calamctgrostis epigeios, Roth.). — The habitat of this plant is damp woods, and damp shady places. The habit is grass-like. The stem is simple, stout, the leaves rough above, bluish-green below, the point slender. The ligule is acute and torn. The panicle is purplish-brown, open, erect, with nearly erect branches, close, lobed. The spikelets are crowded, arranged one side of the stalk. The empty glumes are narrow. The hairs are longer than the pales, the awn straight. The plant is 3-5 ft. high, flowering in June and July, aud is a herbaceous perennial. Small Wood Reed (Calamagrostis lanceolata, Roth.).— The habitat of this plant is damp woods, copses, hedges, marshes, and wet places. The habit is as in the last. The stem is erect, smooth, slender. The leaves are narrower and smoother than in the last. The ligule is shorter. The panicle is erect, loose, purplish, the branches spreading, with a drooping apex. The spikelets are spreading. The empty glumes are lance- shaped, broader. The awn is not so long, small, terminal. The hairs are longer than the flower- ing glume. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flower- ing from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Soft Grass (Holcus mottis, L.).— The habitat of this plant is dry woods, thickets, heathy places, sandy waste places, open places on a light soil. The plant has the grass habit. The root is creep- ing. The plant is more slender than H. lanatus. The stem is smooth or slightly hairy, softly hairy at the nodes. The leaves are rough, the sheaths hairless. The lower flower has no awn. The upper glume is acute, the awn rough, kneed, longer than the glumes. The glumes are rough, long-pointed. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in June till August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Mountain Melic Grass {Melica nutans, L.). — The habitat of this plant is calcareous woods. The habit is the grass habit. The plant is stoloni- ferous. The stems are thread-like, drooping, 3-sided, rough above, with scaly sheaths. The leaves are flat, slender, sparsely hairy, rough on the keel and margin. There is no ligule or a short one. The panicle is drooping, or a one- sided, simple raceme, the rachis wavy. The spikelets are drooping, egg-shaped, 6-TO, and 2-flowered, the 2 upper flowers complete. The empty glumes are purple, oblong, the flowering glumes greenish, keeled, purple, hairless. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Sylvan Melic Grass (Melica uniflora, Retz.). — The habitat of this plant is shady and rocky places. The habit is as in the last. The leaves and spikelets are few, erect, the perfect flowers similar. The panicle is loose, branched, slightly drooping, the rachis thread-like. The ligule is long,. from the auricles of the sheath. The stalks are hairlike, roughish, 2-flowered. The glume equals the palea. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Sylvan Poa (Poa nemoratis, L.).— The habitat of this plant is woods, copses, and shady places. The habit is the grass habit. The root is some- what creeping. The stem is smooth, like the sheaths, which are furrowed, the upper not longer than the leaf, green or bluish-green, very slender, rounded or slightly flattened. The leaves are linear, narrow, limp, the upper horizontal. The ligule is short and blunt. The panicle is slender, drooping, with branches 2~5-divided, roughish. The spikelets are egg-shaped to lance-shaped, the 3-4 flowers webbed, yellowish-green. The empty glumes equal the 1-5 flowering glumes with a downy keel and margin. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb- aceous perennial. Poa chaixii, Vill.— The habitat of this plant is woods and plantations in deep shade. The plant has the grass habit. The stem is 2-edged, with a WOODS AND COPSES 77 creeping- rhizome. The plant is tufted. The leaves are hooded, broad, the edges and midribs roug-h as well as the sheaths, the upper sheath not longer than its leaf. The ligule is blunt and very short. The panicle is branched. The spikelets are oval, with 3-5 acute, not webbed florets, the lower pale with 5 hairless veins. The plant is 2-5 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Great Brome Grass (Festuca gigantea, Vill.). — The habitat of this plant is woods and shady places, moist thickets, damp woods, hedgebanks. The plant has the grass habit. The root is fibrous. The stem is smooth, round, nodding. The leaves are very long, broad, flat, rough both sides, except near the base below, linear, lance- shaped, limp, bright-green, finely furrowed. The sheaths are smooth. The ligule is unequal, auriclud. The panicle is open, drooping, branched. The spikelets are linear, egg-shaped, pale-green, and bear 3-8 florets, roughish, and the awn is slender, wavy, twice as long as the flowering glume. The empty glumes are lance-shaped, the flowering glumes divided into 2 nearly to the base. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Various -leaved Fescue (Fesfuca heterophylla, Lam.). — The habitat of this plant is woods and plantations. The stem is tall. The plant is not stoloniferous. The radical leaves are long, bristle- like, densely tufted. The stem-leaves are flat. The panicle is long, loose. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herba- ceous perennial. Great Wood Brome Grass (Festuca sylvatica, Vill.). — The habitat of this plant is woods in hilly and mountainous districts. The habit is the grass habit. The root is fibrous, the stolons sheathed. The stem is stiffly erect, smooth, rounded, sheathed below, the sheaths tufted, acute, broad, smooth, overlapping, the lower loose. The leaves are broad, green, with a rough edge. The ligules of the upper sheaths are long. The panicle is spreading, open, nodding, branched, erect, with branches one side of the stalk. The rachis is long, slender, rough. The 3-5 flowering glumes are acute, rough, without an awn. The top of the ovary is hairv. The spikelets are egg-shaped, flat, pale yellow-green, the empty glumes linear to awl-like. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Sylvan False Brome Grass (Brachypodium sylvaticum, R. and S.).— The habitat of this plant is copses, woods, hedges, and hedgerows. The plant has the grass habit. The root is fibrous. The stems are erect, very slender, rounded, in- clined, leafy, solitary or 2-3 from the same root. The leaves are broad, flat, hairy, bright-green, linear-lance-shaped, limp, fringed with hairs. The sheaths are hairy, round. The ligule is short, blunt, torn, or notched. The spike is drooping, with a flattened rachis, smooth and slender. The spikelets are rounded, alternate, in two rows, linear, appressed, hairy or smooth, green. The empty glumes are 3-5 -nerved, the flowering glumes 8-10, linear -oblong, the tip long and narrow, awned, the awn as long- as the glume, those of the upper flowers longer than the hairy palea. The plant is 1-3 ft. High, flowering in June, July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Dog's Wheat Grass (Agropyron caninum, Beauv.). — The habitat of this grass is woods, shady places, hedges, banks, and waste places. The plant has the grass habit. The root is fibrous. The stems are bright-green, erect, slender. The leaves are flat, rough both sides, ribbed, slender on the upper surface. The spike is slender, wavy, close, nodding. The spikelets are slender, green, 2-5-flowered, with 3-5 ribs, with a short stalk, downy or smooth. The 2 empty glumes are rough, shortly awned, the awn long1 and rough, 3-nerved, firm, the flowering glumes linear-lance- shaped, 5-nerved at the tip, the awn rough, longer or shorter than the palea. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in June till August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Wood "Ba.r\ey(Hordcumsylvaticum, Huds. =Ely- nnis europceus, L.). — The habitat of this species is woods, thickets, copses. The plant has the grass habit. The plant is bright-green. The stems are rigid, erect, smooth. The leaves are broad, flat, thin, rough. The sheaths are hairy, with bent- back hairs. The ligule is very short. The spike is nearly rounded, rough, rigid, erect, green. The spikelets are erect, nearly stalkless, sometimes with a second flower. The glumes are awl-like, rough, not fringed with hairs. The lateral flowers are perfect, the middle male. The flowering glumes are linear to oblong, rough, shorter than the awn, which is straight and wavy, nerved. The empty glumes are long-awned, awl-like, rough. The fruit is narrow. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. FLOWERS OF THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES [As in the case of cornfields, hills, waste places, walls, Sic., the plants that are included here may be found in some other habitats occasionally, since the roadside and the hedge are of modern origin. But the latter are pre-eminently the stations for a number of plants that are especially fond of a hedge-bottom or a bank, and they afford a place of refuge for such species from the attacks of cattle. The shade-lovers also that have sur- vived the cutting down or disappearance of the woods and forests are able to nourish in the hedge.] ORDER CRUCIFER.« Barbarea arena/a, Reichb.— The habitat of this plant is roadsides, banks of ditches, cultivated ground. The habit is the rosette habit, the plant having- radical leaves and an erect stem. The plant is yellowish-green. The leaves are much as in the i common Yellow Rocket. The flowers are larger, the petals last longer, are more than twice as long as the sepals, and are in a long looser raceme. The pods are long, spreading (the raceme being arched when young), and are 5-8 times as long as the stalks. The styles are longer. The seeds are smaller, darker, more than twice as long as broad. The plant is similar in height, flowering, and dura- tion to B. -cultraris. American Cress (Barbarea prcecox, Br.). — The habitat of this plant is roadsides, cultivated ground, and waste places, and it is a garden • escape. The plant has the rosette habit. Hooker considered it a cultivated form of B. vulgaris, to ( which it is closelv allied. The lower leaves are divided nearly to the base, with narrow lobes, or lyrate, larger upwards, the upper pair of lobes as long as the nearly heart-shaped terminal lobe. The upper leaves are divided nearly to the base, the lobes entire, linear, oblong. The flowers are ' yellow, medium-sized, in a close raceme, the petals ' 3 times as long as the sepals, the flower-stalks j short and stout. The style is short. The pods are j spreading, long, distant, not much broader than ! the flower-stalks, jointed, with a short, thick point. The seeds are longer than broad by one-quarter, twice as broad and ellipsoid as in B. vulgaris. The plant is 9 inches to 2 ft. high, flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous biennial. Bury Hedge Mustard (Sisymbrium polycera- tium, L.).— The habitat of this plant is roadside paths. The habit is prostrate or erect, and branched. The stem is hairless, leafy. The leaves, with lobes turned back, divided nearly to the base, hairless, or only with a large terminal lobe, are tri- angular and toothed. The flowers are in short, leafy racemes, small, yellow. The style is short, thick, the stigma blunt. The pods are 1-3, in the | axils of leafy bracts, awl-like, spreading, broad I 78 below, stalkless, or shortly stalked, the stalks short and thick. The valves of the pods are 3-nerved, convex, beaded, blunt. The plant is 18 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous annual. * ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE^E Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is roadsides, hedges, riverbanks, fields, banks of streams on the borders of Wales, &c., in which last case it ma}' be indigenous. The habit is erect. The rootstock is white, fleshy, stoloniferous. The stem is stout, leafy, straight, ascending. The plant is hairless, bluish-green. The leaves are oblong, lance-shaped, 3-ribbed, the upper sheathing, united below. The flowers are in a cyme or panicled corymb, large, pale- pink or white. The petals are inversely heart- shaped, with a long narrow claw, crowned, notched, the calyx cylindrical, not angled. The capsule is egg-shaped. The seeds are kidney-shaped. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in August and Sep- tember, and is a herbaceous perennial. Bladder Campion (Silene Cucuba/us, Wib. = 5. injiata, Sm., and S. latifolia, Mill.).— The habitat of this species is roadsides, fields, and waste places. The habit is erect. The plant is branched, bluish-green except in the axils, where rain col- lects and is probably absorbed, smooth as a rule. The stem is erect, with no barren prostrate stems. The leaves are hairless, egg-shaped or inversely so, oblong, or elliptic to lance-shaped. The bracts have a membranous border. The flowers are white, terminal, panicled, the branches unequal, numerous, drooping, the petals deeply cleft, rarely crowned, with narrow lobes, the calyx inflated (hence inflatd), netted, the mouth narrower than the base. The capsule is rounded, conical above. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Three-nerved Sandwort (Arenariatrinervis, L.). — The habitat of this species is hedgebanks, moist copses, woods, damp shady places. The habit is prostrate. The stem is limp, weak, branched, with spreading- hairs. The leaves are stalked, ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 79 egg-shaped, acute, 3- or rarely 5-nerved (hence trineruis in the first case), fringed with hairs, like the stalks, the upper staikless. The flowers are small, in the axils, solitary, or in a cyme, long- stalked, the stalks slender and spreading at length, white. The petals are inversely egg-shaped, lance-shaped. The sepals are 3-ribbed, the lateral veins faint, the intermediate rib strongest, rough, lance-shaped, longer than the petals. There are 10 stamens, or the plant may rarely be pentandrous. The capsule is nearly round, included in the calyx, the seeds smooth, with an arillus. The plant is 6-12 in. long, flowering in May and June, or as late as November, and is an annual. ORDER GERAXIACE.-E Small Crane's Bill (Geranium pusillum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is waysides, hedge- banks, cultivated ground, and waste places. The habit is prostrate, then erect, or with a semi-rosette habit. The stem is spreading, downy, the down soft and short. The leaves are as in G. molle, but deeply lobed, kidney-shaped, with 5-7 lobes radiating from a common centre, divided into three. The flowers are numerous, small, pale-rose, not longer than the calyx, the stalks in the axils shorter than the leaves, bent down in front. The petals are notched, the claw fringed with hairs. The sepals are blunt, pointed, or acute. The perfect stamens are often only 5. The style is pale flesh- colour. The carpels persist, and are keeled, not wrinkled, with closely pressed hairs. The seeds are smooth. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from June to September, and is a herbaceous annual. Jagged-leaved Geranium (Geranium dissectum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is hedges, waste places, and cultivated ground. The habit is pros- trate, then ascending. The stem is branched, hairy, and rather glandular. The leaves are much-divided nearly to the base, with 5-7 linear segments, deeply irregularly lobed, longer than the short flower-stalks. The footstalks are short. The stipules are egg-shaped, with a long, narrow point. The flowers are axillary, small, shortly- stalked, bluish-purple or bright-red, the petals notched, short, inversely egg-shaped, the claw fringed with hairs, about as long as the sepals, which have a long awn. The carpels are not wrinkled, smooth, even, or with erect hairs. The seeds are pitted. The plant is 6-1 8 in. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herb- aceous annual. Shining Crane's Bill (Geranium lucidum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is hedgerows, hedge- banks, rocky places, and old walls. The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The plant is brittle and succulent. The stem is hairless, shining (hence lucidnm), spreading, tinged with red. The upper branches have two lines of hairs. The leaves are rounded, kidney -shaped, 5-lobed, the segments scalloped, bent, blunt-pointed. The leaf-stalk is long, but less than the flower-stalk. The stipules are egg-shaped, acute. The flowers are rose- ! colour. The calyx is wrinkled, pyramidal. The claw of the inversely egg-shaped, entire petal is I without hairs, long, nearly equal to the calyx, I which has long-awned sepals, shorter than the ! petals. The carpels are wrinkled, keeled, netted, separating from the axis, hairless, glandular, or hairy above. The seeds are smooth. ORDER LEGUMINOS.* Smooth Tare (I' tan tetrasperma, Moench).— The habitat of this plant is hedgerows, bushy places, hedges, meadows, cornfields, and woods. The habit is climbing. The stems are thread-like. The leaflets are in 3-6 pairs, blunt, narrow, linear to oblong, with a short point. The stipules are half arrow-shaped, the lower divided into two nearly to the base. The tendrils are once- or twice-forked. The stalks bear 1-2 flowers, which are as long as the leaves, pale -blue, the standard with blue streaks, notched. The calyx-teeth are long, tri- angular, unequal, shorter than the tube, the two upper spreading. The ultimate flower-stalks are short and curved. The pods are shortly-stalked, 4-seeded, smooth, linear to oblong, the hile oblong. The seeds are 3-5, rounded, dull-brown, roughish. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to August. It is a herbaceous annual. Slender Tare ( Vicia gracilis, Lois.).— The habi- tat of this plant is hedges, fields, in the south, and waste places, and the plant is rare. The habit is as in the last. The leaflets are in 3-4 pairs, linear, long, narrow, with a long narrow point, acute. The stipules are half arrow-shaped. The flowers are twice as large as in the last, the stalks bearing 1-4 flowers, and longer than the leaves, pale-biue, with a notched standard. The calyx- teeth are unequal, shorter than the tube, the 2 upper shortest, meeting together, long, triangular. The pods are 5-8- seeded, hairless, longer than in the last, linear, the upper entire, rather bent down at the end. The seeds are rounded, dark-brown and yellow, half as large as in the last, and the hile half as long, round to oval. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous annual. Common or Hairy Vetch ( Vicia Jiirsu/a, Gray). — The habitat of this plant is hedges, cornfields, waste places. The habit is as in the last. The plant is, however, hairv (hence /itrsii/a). The leaflets are not so large, in 6-8 pairs, linear, lance-shaped, blunt, with a short point. The stipules are 4-lobed. The stalks bear 1-6 flowers, and are as long as the leaves, the ultimate ones straight, the flowers smaller, pale-blue, the stand- ard not notched. The calyx-teeth are equal, as long as their tube, the 2 upper meeting, awl-hke. The pods are 2-seeded, hairy, rarely smooth, staikless, shorter, oblong, blunt, the upper entire, nearly straight, and prominent at the end. The seeds are round, flattened at the border, red with dark spots, smooth. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering between June and August, and is a herbaceous annual. Common Hedge Vetch (I'icta sepium, L.).— 8o BRITISH FLORA The habitat of this plant is hedges, woods, and copses. The habit is climbing or trailing, the lower part of the stem weak and thin. The leaves are hairy, the leaflets egg-shaped, lance-shaped, blunt, in 4-8 pairs, smaller upwards on the leaf- stalk, membranous. The stipules are half arrow- shaped, entire or divided. The flowers are in a raceme, nearly stalkless, axillary, purplish, 2-6- flowered, the stalks shorter than the calyx-teeth. The calyx-teeth are unequal, shorter than their tube, the 2 upper curved upwards, hairy. The upper part of the style is hairless, or nearly so, bearded. The pod is stalked, hairless, erect, linear to oblong, beaked, black, 6-io-seeded. The seeds have the hile linear, extending two-thirds round the seed. The plant is 6 in. to 3 ft. high, flowering from May to August, or as late as November, and is a herbaceous perennial. Common Vetch (Vicia sativa, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is hedges, roadsides, waysides, where it is an escape from cultivation. The habit is as in the last, climbing or trailing. The stem is stout. The leaflets are in 5-7 pairs, variable, elliptic, inversely heart-shaped, or egg- shaped to oblong, blunt or notched, the lower shorter and broader, the upper narrow, linear, blunt, short-pointed. The stipules are half spear- shaped, entire. The flowers are axillary, solitary, or usually paired, nearly stalkless, pale -purple, the standard smooth. The calyx-teeth are equal, lance-shaped to awl-like, as long as their tube. The pods are mostly parallel to the stem, stalk- less, 2-3 in., linear, 4-io-seeded, rather hairy or silky. The seeds are rounded, slightly flattened at the border. The hile is linear, extending \ round the seed. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous annual. Bithynian Bush Vetch (Vicia btthynica, L.). — The habitat of this species is bushy places on a gravelly soil, and waste places. The habit is trailing or climbing. The stems are numerous from the root, hairless except above, wavy. The leaves are long. The tendrils are long, branched. The leaflets are in 1-2 pairs above, linear, lance- shaped, blunt, short-pointed, acute. The stipules are large, toothed, half arrow-shaped. The flowers are pale-purple with paler wings. The calyx-teeth are slender, longer than their tube, unequal, lance-shaped, awl-like. The calyx is swollen below. The stalks are i-3-flowered, less than the leaves, the ultimate ones as long as the calyx. The pod is shortly stalked, netted, hairy, linear-oblong, rough, large, beaked, 4-6-seeded. The seeds are large, round, speckled, dark- brown, with an oval hile. The style is hairy all over above. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flower- ing from May to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Grass-leaved Vetchling (Lathyrus Nissolia, L.). — The habitat of this species is grassy bushy places, banks. The plant has the grass habit. The stems are ascending, very slender. There are no leaves or tendrils, but grass-like leaf-stalks which are leaflike, or phyllodes, which serve as leaves. They are long, flat, entire, fine-pointed, with many parallel nerves. The stipules are minute, awl-like. The flowers are erect, crimson or purple, the stalks i-2-flowered, long, slender. The teeth of the calyx are lance-shaped, the lower longest. The pods are slender, cylindrical, flat- tened at the border, hairless. The seeds are granulate, round, with a small, oval hile. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous annual or perennial. ORDER ROSACES Wild Plum (Prunus domestica, L.).— The habi- tat of this species is hedges. The plant has the tree or bush habit. Suckers are produced, but the plant when cultivated is usually grafted. The branches are straight, spineless, downy, the bark brown. The leaves are egg-shaped, elliptic, downy on the ribs below. The flower-stalks are hairless. The fruit, a drupe, is oblong, round to egg-shaped, yellow, or purple, or black. The plant is 6-20 ft. high, flowering in April and May, and is a decid- uous tree. Rubus castrensis, Wolley-Dod.— The habitat of this plant is field and roadside hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem is olive-green. The prickles are numerous, wide-spreading or bent down, fairly strong. The leaves have lobes radiat- ing from a common centre, with lateral lobes, over- lapping, olive-green. The leaflets are coarsely, doubly, or irregularly toothed. The terminal leaflet is nearly round, broadly inversely egg- shaped, oval, .with long, blunt, and narrow point, heart-shaped. The panicle is long, cylindrical to pyramidal, loose, the branches wide-spreading, with 1-4 flowers forming a corymb. The sepals are wide-spreading or loosely turned back through- out. The petals are quite white. Rubus dumetorum, Wh. & N.— The habitat of this plant is hedges, waste ground, &c. The stem and panicle rachis are armed with many unequal, straight prickles, acicles, and gland-tipped organs. The leaflets are usually thick. The stipules are usually narrow. The panicle is long, regular, compound, the rachis hairy, strongly armed like the stem. The petals are large, round, hardly clawed. The fruit is partly imperfect, composed of few large drupelets, and the fruiting sepals are erect or partly spreading. The plant flowers in July and August. It is a deciduous shrub. Silverweed (Potentilla anserina, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is waysides, roadsides, damp pastures, and the coast, &c. The habit is prost- rate. The plant is stoloniferous, silky. The rootstock is slender, branched. The leaves are green above, interruptedly pinnate, with stolons from the axils, silky below. The leaflets are numerous, oblong, deeply toothed, the teeth tipped with silky hairs, or divided nearly to the base^ alternate, close, stalkless, inversely egg-shaped, oblong, blunt. The stipules enclose the buds, and are hooded. The flowers are large, solitary, yel- low, on axillary, solitary, slender stalks. The bracteoles are toothed. The achenes are smooth. ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 81 The plant is 3-12 in. long, flowering: from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Rosa involuta, Sm. — The habitat of this rose is hedges, banks, bushy places. The plant has the shrub habit. It is intermediate between R. •villosa and R. spinosissima, nearer the former. The plant is small, erect or arching, with short, sometimes arching branches. The prickles are unequal, crowded, straight, or hardly curved, passing gradually into bristles. The leaflets are doubly toothed, downy, glandular sometimes below, or smooth, open. The leaf-stalk and stip- ules are densely glandular and fringed with hairs. The flowers are 1-3, white or pink. The sepals are persistent, leaflike, simple or pinnate, gland- ular at the back. The flower-stalk is densely bristly. The fruit is erect, nearly round, with no disk, red, but is not often produced, and ripens late. The plant is 1-5 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Irish Rose (Rosa hibernica, Tempi.)— The habi- tat of this rose is hedges and bushy places. The habit is shrub-like, compact, erect. The plant is small, with short branches, which sometimes arch. The prickles are stout, few, scattered, passing into bristles, unequal, the larger curved. The leaflets have simple teeth, hairless or downy below, without glands, bluish-green above, the nerves below and midrib above with few hairs. The leaf- stalk is downy. The stipules are naked on the back, with a fringe of glands on the auricles or lobes. The flowers are pale-pink, up to 12, the stalks naked like the calyx-tube. The sepals are leafy, more or less persistent in fruit, naked on the back. The fruit is erect, nearly rounded, naked, with a small disk, blood-red, pitcher-like, with a narrow mouth, ripening in October. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers in June and July, being a deciduous shrub. Rosa snberecta, Lev. — This species occurs in 23 vice-counties, chiefly in North England and Scot- land. The leaflets are glandular, nearly hairless or grey-downy, the bracts vinous-red. The leaf- stalk has biternate prickles. The fruiting sepals are narrowly egg-shaped, lance-shaped, or pin- nate, nearly erect, the stalks and fruit densely bristly. Otherwise it resembles R. mollissima, Willd. ( = R. tomentosa, Sm.), of which it was re- garded as a variety. Rosa andrzeiovii, Steven. — The principal prickles of this species are large, sickle-like. The leaflets are broadly elliptical, glandular. The sepals are erect to spreading. The flower-stalks are hair}', glandular. The fruit is globular. The plant is in other respects like R. tomentosa, Sm., of which it was regarded as a variety. Rosa iincinata, Ley. — The thorns of this rose are uncinate, hooked, and stout. The leaflets are hairy both sides, and glandular. The flower- stalks are bristly. The fruit is pear-shaped. The plant is allied to R. tomentosa, Sm., of which it was regarded as a variety. Rosa scabriuscula, Sm. — The prickles of this species are straight, awl-like. The leaflets are variable in shape, nearly hairless above, hairy VOL. VI. principally and only thinly so on the veins below, rough to the touch, and sparingly glandular, or without glands, greener below, large, oblong. The sepals are turned back or rising. The fruit is egg-shaped, oblong, aciculate. The style is hairless. The plant is allied to R. tomentosa, Sm., of which it has been regarded as a variety. Downy-leaved Rose (Rosa tomentosa, Sm., pro parte = J?. moHissima, Willd.).— The habitat of this species is hedges and thickets. The stem is erect. The branches are arching, long, 6-10 ft., the prickles uniform, straight, slightly curved, slender. The leaflets are elliptic, or rather inversely egg- shaped, doubly-toothed, downy, especially below. The flowers are 1-3, white or pink, on long stalks. The sepals are pinnate, not quite persistent, falling as soon as the fruit changes colour, spreading. The fruit does not soon ripen, being bright-red in September, and is oblong, with a distinct but small disk, pitcher-shaped with a narrow mouth. The plant is 3-8 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rosa farinosa, Bechst. — This species has the leaflets densely grey -downy, glandular below, with compound teeth. The flower-stalk is short and naked. The fruit is naked. The styles are woolly. The plant has been regarded as a variety of R. mollissima, \Villd., but Major Wolley- Dod does not consider the plant typical in Britain at any rate. Rosa cinerascens, Dum. — This rose is a bush, 4-5 ft. high, with branches with bluish-green powder. The prickles are straight, swollen below. The leaflets are hairy both sides, simply toothed, egg-shaped, acute, the leaf-stalks glandless, grey- downy (hence cinerascens), softly hairy, without prickles. The flowers are few, rose colour, the stalks glandular, hairy. The sepals are spread- ing, persistent till the fruit is ripe. The fruit is red, nearly globular, egg-shaped, aciculate or smooth. The styles are hairy. Rosa mspidatoides, Cre"pin. — The prickles of this rose are sickle-like. The leaflets are broadly oval, hairy, glandular below. The flowers are rose colour. The sepals are nearly simple. The fruit is nearly rounded, aciculate, as are the flower-stalks, and small. The styles are densely hairy or woolly. This species is allied to R. viol- lissima, Willd., of which it has been regarded as a variety. Rosa obovata, Ley. — The prickles of this species are strongly curved, slender. The leaflets are in- versely egg-shaped, thinly hairy, glandless below, with very sharp double teeth. The flower-stalk is short, naked. Sweet Briar (Rosa eglanteria, L. = R. rubiginosa, L.}. — The habitat of this plant is hedges, thickets, bushy places. The plant is a small, suberect bush, with erect or arching, compact branches, with many prickles, stout at the base, scattered, the largest hooked, the smaller unequal, awl-like, straight, with glandular hairs and bristles. The leaflets are doubly toothed, densely glandular below, hairless or thinly hairy below, sweet- scented, downy below. The sepals are glandular, 83 82 BRITISH FLORA pinnate, somewhat persistent. The flowers are 1-3, rose colour. The flower-stalks are hairy, and the styles also hairy. The fruit is nearly round, egg-shaped, or oblong, pear-shaped at first, with a very small disk, and ripe in October. The plant is 3-6 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Sweet Briar (Rosa micrantha, Sm.). — The habi- tat of this species is hedges and thickets. The stem is suberect, with long, loose, arched branches. The foliage is scarcely scented. The leaflets are rounded below, small, pointed, hairless above, densely glandular below, doubly toothed, hairy in the veins below. The prickles are uniform. The flowers are few, pale, the sepals falling, densely glandular, with a leafy point and 1-2 leaflets. The flower-stalk is usually hairy. The styles are hair- less. The fruit is pitcher-shaped to egg-shaped, scarlet, rounded below, with a disk, ripe in Sep- tember and October. The plant is 3-6 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rosa Borreri, Woods. — The habitat of this rose is heaths and hedges. In this species, placed by Mr. Druce under R. ob/usi/blia, Desv. ( = /omen- tella, Lem.), the leaflets are flat, hairless above, hairy beneath, with obscure glands, larger than in the latter. The leaflets are double-toothed. The bracts are densely fringed with glands, the backs naked. The styles are thinly hairy. The prickles are stout and much hooked. The sepals are naked. The flowers are numerous. The flower- stalk is short, bristly, naked, slightly glandular. The calyx-tube is egg-shaped, naked, the sepals at length spreading or turned back, falling when the fruit ripens. Rosa dumetorum, Thuill. — The habitat of this species is hedges. The leaflets are green, the terminal one large, with simple teeth, soft, grey- green, thinly hairy both sides, downy below, at least on the midrib. The flowers are pink, rather deep. The flower-stalk is naked, as the leaf-stalk. The styles are softly, not very, hairy. The fruit is nearly round, large, egg-shaped. The plant is 3-6 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rosa g-lauca, Vill. — The habitat of this species is hedges, thickets, chiefly in hilly northern dis- tricts. The plant forms a compact bush. The rootstock is erect, arched. The leaflets are hair- less or hairy, often bluish-green, egg-shaped, simply or doubly coarsely toothed, simple. The prickles are slender, equal hooked. The leaf-stalk is hairless. The flowers are rose-pink. The sepals are ascending after flowering or erect. The flower- stalk is naked, short, nearly hidden by the large bracts. The bracts, stipules, and branches turn red. The styles are woolly, free. The fruit is egg-shaped, pitcher-like, with a narrow mouth, or roundish, ripening in September. The disk is narrow. The plant is 3-8 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rosa ccesia, Sm.=coriifolia, Dr. — The habitat of this plant is hedges, thickets, &c., chiefly in hilly or northern districts. The leaflets are hairy both sides, softly hairy below, or doubly toothed, grey-green. The flower-stalk is glandular. The stipules and bracts are downy on the back. The fruit is nearly round. The plant is 3-8 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Rosa stylosa, Desv. — The habitat of this species is hedges, chiefly in the south of England. The plant is a tall bush, rarely low, with an erect to arching stem. The root-shoots are erect, arched. The leaflets are usually simply toothed, hairy below, oblong, acute, rounded below. The leaf- stalks are glandular and bristly, like the flower- stalks. The prickles are equal hooked. The flowers are 3-6, pale-pink or white. The sepals are bent back, falling, pinnate, with a tapered point. The styles are hairless, and protrude and fall short of the stamens. The disk is very pro- minent. The fruit is egg-shaped. The plant is 4-12 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. Trailing Rose (Rosa arvensis, Huds.). — The habitat of this species is hedges, thickets, and woods. The habit is trailing. The plant is a large bush, with long, arching branches or root- shoots, purple, bluish-green. The prickles are sometimes very large, unequal, those on the ! ramuli awl -like, stout, strongly hooked. The ! leaflets are glandless, hairless, or slightly downy, bluish-green below, simply toothed, nearly flat. ! The flowers are 4-6, white, with a yellow throat. l The sepals are naked on the back, short, broad, bent back, falling, simply pinnate, with a short | point. The calyx is purple. The flower-stalk is glandular. The style is in a round head, united into an exserted column, hairless, as long as the stamens. The fruit is nearly round, small, with a convex, thickened disk, ripening late. The plant is 2-6 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and is a deciduous shrub. The French Rose (Rosa gallica, L.). — This rose [ is a bushy shrub. The prickles are unequal. The j stipules are narrow. The leaflets are 5-7, leathery, ' rigid, elliptic. The flowerbud is egg-shaped to round. The flowers are red, crimson, or white, single or double under cultivation. The sepals are spreading during flowering. The fruit is red, nearly round, very leathery. The calyx and flower-stalk are more or less hairy with glandular hairs, and sticky. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height. It flowers in June and July, and is a deciduous shrub. The fruit ripens in August. Cinnamon Rose (Rosa cinnamomea, L. = R. blanda, Aiton).— This rose is an alien species, intro- duced. The stem has deep-red bark, slender, hori- zontal, or bent-back prickles, unequal, numerous, awl-like. The stipules are oblong, pointed, fringed with glands. The leaflets are oblong, simple, toothed, greyish -green, downy, without glands. The flowers are purplish-red, with broad, hollow petals. The flower-stalks are smooth. The fruit is deep-red, egg-shaped or rounded. The plant is 4-5 ft. high, flowering in May onward, and is a deciduous shrub. Dickson's Rose (Rosa Dicksoni, Lindl.).— The ROADSIDES AND HEDGES stem of this rose is erect, with spreading wavy branches, dark -red tinged with grey. The prickles are scattered. The leaflets are oval, 5-7, grey both sides, with spreading hairs, doubly toothed. The flowers are deep-pink, the petals not as long as the calyx. The flower-stalks are bristly, enlarged above. The fruit is egg-shaped. The plant flowers in June. Hawthorn (Cra tcegus monogyna, Jacq. — C, Oxy- acantha, L.). — The habitat of this plant is hedges, thickets, and forests. The plant has the tree or bush habit. The plant is spinous. It differs from Cratcegus Oxyacanthoides, already described, in the more deeply lobed, entire leaves, the lobes lance-shaped, narrow, and long-pointed, with narrower segments. The veins of the lower lobes curve outwards. The flowers are in a corymb. The calyx and flower-stalk are downy. The flowers and fruit are not so large, and appear later. There is i style, rarely 2, bent. The fruit is nearly round. The plant flowers in May and June, and is a deciduous tree or shrub. ORDER ONAG RACEME Broad Smooth-leaved Willow Herb (Epiloblum mon/amtm, L.). — The habitat is shady banks, walls, cottage roofs, dry places, woods, &c. The habit is the rosette habit. The rosettes are stalk- less, oblong, fleshy, and the stolons may be sub- terranean and autumnal. The root is blunt. The stem is erect, hairless, or downy, slender. The leaves are stalked or in whorls of 3, the edges and veins downy, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, oblong, the base rounded, toothed, opposite, hairless. The buds are nodding, egg-shaped. The flowers are pale-purple. The sepals are lance-shaped. The lobes of the stigma are 4, short, not rolled back. The capsule is finely downy. The plant is 6-24 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Lanceolate Willow Herb (Epilobiitm lanceola- tiun, Sebast. et Maur.). — The habitat of this plant is roadsides, dry stony places, garden walls, &c. The habit is as in the last. The root is blunt. The stolons are autumnal, the leaves in loose rosettes, spreading. The stem is obscurely angled, round, erect, branched, downy, the hairs short, bent back. The leaves are oblong, lance-shaped, opposite below, toothed, alternate, stalked, nar- rowed to the base, the lower pairs limp, drooping. The buds are inclined, egg-shaped. The leaf-stalk ends in obscure lines running down the stem. The flowers are numerous, pale-rose. The sepals are broadly linear, with a long narrow point. The stigma lobes are 4, short, and spreading. The capsule is finely downy. The seeds are tubercled, inversely egg-shaped to oblong, nearly acute below. The plant is 9-24 in. high, flowering from July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER UMBELLIFER^E Corn Parsley (Ca rum segetum, Benth. and Hook. fil.). — The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, waste places, damp calcareous fields, and near the sea. The plant has the rosette habit, with radical leaves. The stem is smooth, erect, branched, rounded, nearly leafless above, finely furrowed, solid. The lower leaves have lobes each side of a common stalk, and are oblong, the leaflets nearly stalkless, egg-shaped, lobed, scalloped, coarsely toothed. The upper leaves are entire or divided into three. The flowers are whitish, in a drooping umbel, small, and irregular, the rays unequal. The bracts and bracteoles are linear or awl-like. The general involucre consists of 1-2 bracts. The fruit is egg-shaped. The styles are short and erect. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to September, and is a herbaceous perennial, annual, or biennial. Hedge Honewort (Sison Ainomum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, moist places, damp places on a calcareous soil. The plant is similar to the last in habit, &c., but the radical leaves are larger and more coarsely toothed. The root is spindle-shaped. The stem is erect, branched, panicled, slender, leafy, solid. The radical leaves have lobes each side of a common stalk, the upper are divided into narrow lobes, and the leaflets are oblong, toothed, cut. The flowers are small, white, in compound, irregular, terminal or axillary umbels, with few, slender, unequal rays. The bracts and bracteoles are 2-4, short, awl-like. The petals are inversely heart-shaped, with a deep notch, the point long, hooded. The styles are short, bent back. The lobes of the disk are thick, depressed. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering late in August, and is a herb- aceous biennial. Great Burnet Saxifrage (Pimpinella magna, L.). — The habitat of this plant is bushy waste places, shady hills, and woods. The habit is erect. The stem is angular, leafy, finely furrowed. The leaves all have lobes each side of a common stalk, the leaflets egg-shaped, toothed, cut, the terminal one 3-lobed, the lateral 3-lobed, broad, membranous, those of the radical leaves egg-shaped, nearly heart-shaped, of the stem-leaves narrower. The radical leaflets are stalked. The flowers are white, in a broad umbel, the outer flowers complete, the inner male. The styles are longer than the ovary, or as long as the fruit, which is oval. The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Wild Chervil (Charophyllum tentulum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is fields, banks, road- sides, hedges, and waste places. The habit is erect, the stem being swollen below each node, spotted with purple, stiffly hairy, branched, grooved, solid, round and rough below, the hairs above bent downwards. The leaflets are egg- shaped, entire, the leaves triangular, bipinnate. The flowerheads are wide, with small, white florets. The short, spreading styles equal the fleshy disk on the top of the ovary. The fruit is egg-shaped, flattened upwards. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between April and July (I have found it in flower as late as November), and is a herbaceous perennial or biennial. 84 BRITISH FLORA Beaked Parsley (Anthriscus vulgaris, Bernh. = Anthriscus scandix, Beck.).— The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, roadsides, sunny places on dry soil. The habit is erect. The stem is branched, hairless, leafy, hollow, swollen below the nodes. The leaves are thrice pinnate, the leaflets are egg- shaped, divided nearly to the base, the segments are short, blunt, slightly hairy. The flowers are small, in lateral, stalked umbels, the rays unequal. There are no bracts, short, oblong bracteoles. The partial involucre consists of a few leaflets fringed with hairs. The fruit is egg-shaped, hairy, with hooked bristles, the beak short, smooth. The ultimate flower-stalks have a ring of hairs. The styles are short. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous biennial. Wild Chervil (A nthriscus sylvestris, Hoffm.).— The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, hedges, and banks, woods, and shaded places. The habit is erect. The stem is branched, hairy below, smooth above, stout, erect, hollow, furrowed, leafy, swollen below the nodes. The leaves are twice to thrice pinnate, the leaflets are divided nearly to the base. The bracteoles are oblong, lance-shaped, fringed with hairs, green, spread- ing or turned back, pink. The flowers are white, in terminal stalked umbels, drooping at first, with a partial involucre of several leaflets, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, fringed with hairs. The petals are oblong, inversely egg-shaped, hardly notched, hooded. The fruit is smooth, shining, narrowed to the tip. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering from April to June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Great Hartwort (Tordylium maximum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, waste places. The plant is of erect habit. The plant is hairy with short hairs turned back on the stem, which is slender, erect, hollow, grooved. The leaves are pinnate. The leaflets are in 1-3 pairs, deeply divided nearly to the base, oblong-lance- shaped, cut, toothed, the leaf-stalk sheathed. The bracts and bracteoles are short and stiff, 6-8. The flowers are stalkless, pink, in a small, crowded umbel, with 6-8 rays, stout, short, hairy. The partial involucres are linear, shorter than the umbel. The outermost petals are radiant, with 2 equal lobes. The fruit is hairy, the margin scal- loped, hairless, thickened, oblong. The styles are short, stiff, and erect. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to July, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER RUBIACE,E Ladies' Bedstraw (Galium verum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is sandy banks, shores, pas- tures, down's, dry sandy places, &c. The habit is erect or ascending. The stem is branched, rather woody, 4-angled, sometimes downy. The leaves are 8, in a whorl, linear, awl-like, with the margins rolled back, rough above, bluntly pointed, bent back, channelled above, downy below. The flowers are golden -yellow, in numerous small, dense, compound panicles, nearly terminal or axillary, in a sort of spike. The petals are blunt, with a short point. The fruit-stalks are spread- ing. The fruit is small, black, smooth. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Crosswort (Galium Cruciata, Scop.). — The habi- tat of this plant is hedges, roadsides, and copses. The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The root- stock is creeping. The stem is simple above, slender, branched below. The leaves are 4, in a whorl (hence Cruciata and Crosswort), hairy both sides, elliptic to oblong, egg-shaped, 3-nerved. The flowers are in axillary cymes, with bracts, the flowers terminal, complete, few, on short stalks, the outer male, 8, in a corymb, not so long as the leaves. The fruit is rounded, with the stalk bent back. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Great White Bedstraw (Galitim Mollugo, L.).— The habitat of this plant is hedges and copses. The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The stem is branched, 4-angled, thickened at the nodes, limp, hairless or hairy. The leaves are 6-8, in a whorl, inversely egg-shaped, lance-shaped, ob- long, with a blunt point, the margins rough, with erect or forwardly-directed prickles, slightly trans- lucent, veined, hardly separate below, the leaves on the main stem horizontal or bent down. The flowers are small, white, numerous, in horizontal or bent-down cymes, the branches of the panicle broad and spreading. The petals are slightly hooded. The fruit -stalks are spreading. The fruit is black, shagreened, hairless. The styles are nearly free. The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flower- ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous per- ennial. ORDER DIPSACE^E Shepherd's Rod (Dipsacus pilosus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is moist hedges, banks, and shady places. The habit is erect. The stem is slender, rough, branched, leafy, and the ribs have short, soft, hair-pointed prickles. The leaves are stalked, with a pair of basal leaflets, the radical hairy, scalloped, the stem-leaves oblong, scalloped, toothed. The white florets form a hairy, rounded head, drooping in bud, longer than the involucre, the numerous linear, pointed, hairy bracts bent down. The scales of the receptacle are inversely egg-shaped, hooked, blunt - pointed. The invo- lucel, calyx-tube, and corolla are white, and very hairy. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in August and September, and is a herbaceous per- ennial or biennial. ORDER COMPOSITE Feverfew (Chrysanthemum Parthenium, L.). — The habitat of this plant is hedges, hedgebanks, and waste places. The habit is erect. The plant is strong-scented. The stem is downy, branched above, furrowed, panicled. The leaves are stalked, pinnate, light-green, with egg-shaped, blunt, cut lobes, deeply divided nearly to the base. The flowerheads are numerous, corymbose. The disk is yellow, the ray white or absent. The receptacle ROADSIDES AND HEDGES is hemispherical. The phyllaries are blunt, linear. The lig-ules are short and broad. The bracts have a membranous border, broad, ribbed, down}'. The fruit is crowned with a short, jagged membrane, the disk cup-shaped. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is a herb- aceous perennial. Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris, L.).— The habi- tat of this plant is hedges, hedgebanks, waste places. The habit is erect, pyramidal. The plant is strong-scented. The stem is reddish, angled, grooved, branched, leafy. The leaves are broad, woolly, white below, dark -green above, deeply divided nearly to the base, the lobes broad, lance- shaped, long and narrow-pointed, cut and toothed, acute, the margins bent back. The leaf-stalk is auricled. The flowerheads are few, reddish, or yellowish-brown, or creamy-white, crowded, in short, erect panicles, egg-shaped, leafy, simple. The receptacle is hairless. The corollas of the ray florets are cylindrical, slender. The phyllaries are woolly. The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is a herbaceous per- ennial. Welted Thistle (Cardims crispus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, waysides, dry banks, and waste places. The habit is erect. The stem is winged, the wings narrowed, wavy, cottony or downy above, the branches ascending. The leaves run down the stem below, are fringed with spines which serve as a protection, lance- shaped, cottony below or hairless, deeply divided nearly to the base, the lobes divided into 3 nearly to the base, toothed. The flowerheads are round, clustered, small, erect, the florets purple or white. The flower-stalks are leafy. The involucre is webbed, egg-shaped, the phyllaries linear, awl- like, erect or ascending, slender, not contracted above the base. The fruit is pale, shining, fur- rowed. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous biennial or annual. Hawkweed Oxtongue (Picris hieracioides, L.). — The habitat of this plant is dry banks, hedge- banks, dry sunny places, waste places on a stiff soil. The habit is erect. The plant is hairy with short, stiff, straight, curly or hooked hairs. The stem has irregularly spreading branches, and is stout and rough. The leaves are linear-lance- shaped, wavy, toothed, narrow, the lower stalked, the upper clasping. The flowerheads form a corymb, and are solitary, terminal, on the stem and branches. The flower-stalks bear bracts. The florets are yellow. The outer phyllaries are narrow, loose, oblong, smooth at the border, with a bristly keel, and the involucre more or less bell- shaped. The fruit is not beaked, the pappus whitish. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between July and September. It is a herbaceous biennial. Oxtongue (Picris echioides, L.). — The habitat of this species is hedges, pathways, hedgebanks, ditches, borders of fields, and waste places on a stiff soil. The habit is as in the last. The stem is erect, branched, stout, hairy, the bristles 3-fid, rigid, hooked, and tuberculate at the base. The radical leaves are stalked, wavy, toothed, the upper heart-shaped, clasping, oblong, lance-shaped. The flowerheads are large, the florets yellow. The flower-stalks are stout, stiff, enlarged, spread- ing, naked. The involucre is hemispherical, bristly. The outer bracts are leaflike, heart- shaped, the inner long, narrow- pointed. The ligules are short. The fruit is shortly, narrowly beaked, reddish-brown, angular. The pappus is snowy-white. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between June and October, and is a herbaceous annual. Hieracium surrejamim, F. J. Hanb. — The habitat of this species is sandy hedgebanks. The stem is usually simple, finely furrowed, reddish, hairy below, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy above. The earlier radi- cal leaves are not persistent, oblong to elliptic, the later broad to egg-shaped, blunt, narrowed below, toothed, the inner egg-shaped to lance-shaped, blunt, wedge-shaped below, purplish, stiffly hairy below and on the border. The stem-leaves are 2-5, the lower stalked, egg-shaped, oblong to lance-shaped, the upper blunt, narrowed to the nearly stalkless base, toothed. The panicle has 1-2, erect, spread- ing, 2-3-flowered branches in a corymb, the upper arching, exceeding the acladium. The 3-7 heads are broad, egg-shaped. The flower-stalks are woolly-felted, hairy, glandular. The phyllaries are dark, the outer linear, acute, the inner broader, lance-shaped to oblong, narrow above, blunt, with a pale border, woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. The ligules are hairless. The styles are yellow. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in June, and is a herbaceous perennial. Acrid Lettuce (Lactuca virosa, L.). — The habi- tat of this plant is hedgebanks, dry banks, and waste places. The habit is erect. The stem is leafy, branched above, panicled, rough. The plant is bluish-green, full of milky acrid juice, which serves to protect it. The leaves are spread- ing, the radical leaves inversely egg-shaped, oblong, toothed, wavy, stalked, with black spots, the stem-leaves clasping, with auricles, pointing downwards, hardly narrowed below. The flower- heads are pale-yellow, scattered, with few, green, red-tipped, acute, heart-shaped bracts, rarely with the lobes pointing backwards. The panicle branches are long-spreading. The flower-stalks are slender and bear bracts. The involucre is narrow, conical. The fruits are black, beaked, the beak as long as the fruit, with a cellular wing, and ribbed faces. The pappus is white, slender. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous biennial. ORDER BORAGINACE^E Gromwell (Lithospermum officinale, L.). — The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, woods, thickets, copses, dry and stony places. The habit is erect. The rootstock is woody, stout, whitish. The stems are tall, numerous, branched, rough, the hairs tuberculate at the base, leafy. The leaves are rough, green above, paler below, 86 BRITISH FLORA downy above, half-clasping, narrow to lance- shaped, acute, veined, roughly hairy, the bristles closely pressed and bulbous above. The nearly stalkless flowers are greenish, yellowish-white, in a small cyme, the throat of the corolla having small scales. The bracts are longer than the calyx, which is as long as the corolla. The 1-2 nutlets are white, hard, stony, smooth, shining, narrowed above. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is a herb- aceous perennial. ORDER SCROPHULARIACE^E Cornish Moneywort (Sibthorpia europ&a, L.). — The habitat of this plant is damp, shady places, and banks in the S. and S.W. The habit is trail- ing, prostrate. The stem is creeping, thread-like, slender, the hairs limp and jointed. The leaves are alternate, round to kidney-shaped, 7-9-lobed, the lobes broad, rounded, notched, long-stalked, scalloped. The flowers are small, pink, solitary, in the axils, on short stalks. The calyx and co- rolla are 5-lobed, the sepals lance-shaped, 2 of the petals yellowish. There are 4 stamens. The cap- sule is very small. The plant is 6-12 in. long, flowering from June to September, and is a herb- aceous perennial. ORDER LABIATE Black Horehound (Battota nigra, L.). —The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, roadsides, and waste places. The habit is erect. The plant is coarsely hairy, hoary or woolly-felted, dull-green, foetid, with a pungent odour. The stem is stout, branched, with bent-back hairs. The upper leaves are egg-shaped, stalked, the lower heart-shaped, scalloped, lobed. The bracts are leaflike, linear, awl-like. The bracteoles are small. The flowers are pale reddish-purple, 3-6, stalkless, in many- whorled, stalked cymes. The calyx is funnel- shaped, the teeth broadly egg-shaped, short, spreading or bent back, with a long, narrow point, enlarged in fruit. The tube is cylindrical, ribbed, the limb is short, expanded, with 5 teeth, nerved, spiny. The upper lip of the corolla is hairy inside and out. The middle lobe of the inner lip is in- versely heart-shaped. The nutlets are bluntly 3- angled, brown, smooth, shining. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to October, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER POLYGONACE^: Climbing Bush Knotweed (Polvgonum dume- lorum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is hedges, thickets in the S. The habit is climbing, twining. The stem is wiry, furrowed, round or angled. The leaves are heart-shaped, arrow-shaped. The outer perianth - segments are broadly winged. The flower-stalks are hair-like, slender, jointed below the middle. The nut is small, smooth, highly polished. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering between July and September, and is a herbaceous annual. Rumex acutus, L.( = J?. pra.tensis, Mert. et Koch). — -The habitat of this species is roadsides, marshy places. It is similar in habit to R. obtus-ifolius, with narrower leaves. The stem is tinged with red. The radical leaves are linear, oblong to lance-shaped, wavy, heart-shaped below, acute. The panicle is leafy below, the whorls close, not crowded. The inner fruiting sepals or perianth- segments are unequal, heart-shaped, triangular, shortly toothed below, with a small, entire, tri- angular point, the upper tubercled, the tubercle egg-shaped or lance-shaped. The anthers are white before they open. The nutlets are numerous, elliptic. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Blood Dock (Rumex sanguineus, L.). — The habitat of this species is roadsides, hedges, wooded places, waste places. The habit is as in the last. The stem is slender, ascending, simple or little branched. The leaves are egg-shaped, lance- shaped, the lower heart-shaped, fiddle-shaped, a little wavy, with red nerves. The leaf-stalk is black, short. The panicle is leafy below, loose, with distant, many-flowered whorls. The flower- stalks equal the perianth-segments, and are jointed below. The inner fruiting sepals are oblong, blunt, with a round base, entire, one, the outer, larger, with a large bright-red, smooth, nearly round tubercle, broadest above the middle. The nut is brown, drooping, egg-shaped to elliptic, shining. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between July and October, and is a herbaceous perennial. Monk's Rhubarb (Rumex alpintis, L.).— The habitat of this plant is roadsides, near cottages. The habit is as in the last. The rootstock is stout. The plant is downy, with cellular hairs. The stem is stout. The leaves are broadly egg-shaped or rounded to heart-shaped, blunt, with wavy borders, the upper egg-shaped. The leaf-stalk is long, stout, channelled. The panicle is leafy below, with numerous, erect branches, the whorls crowded, numerous. The inner fruiting sepals are triangular to egg-shaped, net-veined, membranous, entire or toothed, with no tubercles. The flower- stalks are twice as long, jointed below the middle. The nut is elliptic, grey. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in July, and is a herbaceous perennial or biennial. ORDER URTICACE/E Hop (Hiimulus Lupulus, L.).— The habitat of this plant is hedges and copses. The habit is twin- ing, climbing, and the plant is rough. The root- stock is stout, branched. The stem is tall, almost prickly, tough. The branchlets are hairless. The leaves are stalked, heart-shaped, opposite, smooth above, rough below, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acutely toothed, egg-shaped, toothed, the uppermost egg- shaped. The male flowers are loosely panicled, the female on curved flower-stalks, in fruit yellow, egg-shaped, globular, with egg-shaped scales, the scales rounded, glandular, resinous, like the fruit and bracteoles. The fruit is dry, with pendulous seeds. The plant is climbing, revolving to the ROADSIDES AND HEDGES right, a revolution taking 2 hours. It is 4-12 ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER SALICACE^E Black Poplar (Populus nigra, L.). — The so-called ! Populus nigra has recently been found to have been generally confounded with the Canadian Black Poplar, which is extensively planted in this country (Popnlus monilifera). The latter has the leaves broadly triangular, and greyish-green. The trunk is much smoother, the branches curve up- wards. The leaf-buds are sticky. The catkins are loose. In the true P. nigra the leaves are tri- angular with a long point, smooth below, and yellowish-green. The young buds are sticky. The branches spread horizontally. The trunk has rough bosses. The style is 2-lobed at the apex. ; The catkins are loose. The habitat is hedgerows. The tree grows to a height of 60-90 ft., and flowers in April and May. ORDER LILIACE/E Field Garlic (Allium oleraceum, L.).— The habi- tat of this plant is borders of fields and waysides. • The habit is as in the last. The stem is leafy below. The leaves are almost flat, channelled, keeled below, the ribs rough, fleshy, thick, and solid. The scape is cylindrical half-way up, sheathed by the leaves, and slender. There are 2 spathes, unequal, with a slender beak. The um- belled head is loose, with bulbils, the flower-stalk wavy, spreading. The perianth is bell-shaped, with blunt segments, pale-brown or greenish-pink. The stamens are as long as the perianth, or shorter, or included. The anther-stalks are awl- shaped, united below for a short distance. The Field Garlic is io-i8in. in height. It flowers late in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Garlic {Allium carinatum, L. ).— The habitat ot this plant is banks, &c. The habit is of the usual garlic type, lily-like or grass-like. The stem is leafy below, the leaves furrowed with 3-5 furrows below, linear, flat above, sheathing the scape, which is cylindrical to the middle, erect. The scape is umbelled, bearing few, if any, bulbils, and there are 2 spathes, with unequal long beaks. The perianth -segments are blunt, the flowers rose- coloured. The stamens project, being twice as long as the perianth -segments when ripe. The plant is 6-15 in. in height. It flowers in July and August. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. Narrow-leaved Ramsons (Allium triquetrum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks and meadows. The habit is lilv-like. The bulb is egg-shaped, small. The stem is 3-sided. The leaves are radical, linear, flat, sharply keeled, bent back, or the margin rolled back, angularly folded, acute. The scape is 3-sided. The spathe is 2- valved, lance-shaped. The head is loose-flowered. The perianth is bell-shaped. The segments with a green midrib are linear-oblong, the stalks curved, the tip club-shaped. The flowers are drooping, white, arranged one side of the stalk, without bulbils. The stamens are short, half as long as the perianth, free, and included, the anther- stalks slender. The stigmas are distinct, thread- like. The plant is6-i8 in. high, flowering in April till June, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER ARACE^E Arum (Arum ilalicum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is banks in the south-east of England. The habit is like that of Cuckoo-pint. It is larger and stouter than the latter. The leaves are yellow, veined, dark-green, more triangular, with spreading lobes, blunt, appear before the winter, and are all radical. The leaf-stalk is longer than the limb. The spathe, swollen below, nearly flat, broad above, falls over as soon as it expands, closing the opening like a flap, and is three times the length of the spadix, which is club-shaped and yellow. The pistillodes or functionless pistils are long above and below the stamens. The berries are longer and the seeds larger than in the Cuckoo-pint. The plant evolves greater heat than the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere, the spathe being at 40°- 44° C. when the atmosphere is 15° C. The plant is 6-12 in. high, and flowers in May and June, being a herbaceous perennial. ORDER GRAMINACE^E Meadow Brome Grass (Bromus mollis, L.). — The habitat of this plant is roadsides, fields, and waste places, &c. The plant has the grass habit. The plant is softly downy (hence mollis). The stems are rounded. The leaves are broad, soft, with rough edges. The sheaths are round, softly hairy. The ligule is short. The flowers are in an erect or nodding, rigid, egg-shaped panicle, close, branched, nearly simple. The spikelets are flattened at the border, egg-shaped, oblong, with conical tips, downy. The empty glumes are egg-shaped, acute, with strong nerves. The florets are closely overlapping as long as the straight awn. The flowering glumes are 6-10, downy, falling, broadly and bluntly angled above the middle, opaque. The top of the upper glume is half-way to the top of the sixth floret. The anthers are three times as long as broad. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from May to August, and is a herbaceous annual. FLOWERS OF THE HILLS, DRY PLACES, ETC. [The plants included in this section are usually montane species, but altitude is not the only factor, and the relative moisture is equally important. The species here included are chiefly those that occur on dry hills, where the soil is fairly deep, and the Alpine species which require less soil and moister conditions are included in the last section, which comprises plants more allied to species that grow on rocks or on walls, &c.] ORDER RANUNCULACE^E Meadow Rue (Thalictrum minus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is dry and rocky places. The plant has the erect habit, and is inversely pyra- midal. The stem is solid, smooth or finely fur- rowed, sheathed below, rigid, zigzag, furrowed when dry, leafless, branched. The leaves are tri- angular, 3-4 times pinnate, 3-cleft, bluish-green, the leaflets roundish, acutely or bluntly lobed. The stipules are parallel with the leaf-stalk, with spreading or bent-back auricles. The branches are angular, ascending. The flowers are droop- ing, greenish-yellow, in a loose, branched panicle, with 4 yellow-green sepals. The anthers are apiculate. The achenes are fusiform, stalkless, elliptic to oblong, straight or swollen below, 8-10- ribbed, more or less flattened at the border. The plant is 3 in. to 2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Pasque Flower (Anemone Pidsatilla, L.). — The habitat of this species is chalk downs, limestone pastures, &c. The habit is erect. The plant is silky. The rootstock is stout and woody. The leaves mature after flowering, and are 3 times divided nearly to the base, with linear seg- ments. The involucral leaves are silky, stalkless, divided nearly to the base, with long, linear seg- ments. The flowers are solitary, bell-shaped, drooping in bud, erect later, dull -purple, silky outside. The sepals are 6, erect, silky, petaloid. The flower-stalk lengthens after flowering. The outer stamens are yellow, reduced to glands, and may be reduced petals, the imperfect ones con- taining honey. The achenes have long, feathery tails. The plant is 5-8 in. high, flowering in April and May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Crowfoot (Ranunculus cheerophyllus, L. = R. flabellatus, Desf.). — The habitat of this species is hedgebanks and dry banks. The habit is erect. The root consists of short, egg-shaped knobs and fibres. The stoles are slender with small scales which give rise to a new plant. The stem is generally simple, slender, swollen below, silky, hairy, with tuberous offsets. The leaves are hairy, 3-foliolate. The radical leaves are 3-lobed, with 3-7 divisions. The stem-leaves are 1-2, with linear segments. The flowers are bright-yellow. The receptacle is smooth, oblong. The calyx is hairy, spreading. The flower-stalks are furrowed. The achenes form a head, and are hairy, flattened at the border, acute, dotted, oblong, cylindric, numerous, rounded, with an acute beak, rough, small. The plant is 4-12 in. high. It flowers in May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Small-flowered Crowfoot (Ranunculus parviflo- rus, L.). — The habitat of this plant is fields, banks, roadsides, cornfields, and dry banks. The habit is prostrate. The root is fibrous. The stems and branches are slender, spreading. The leaves are rounded or kidney-shaped, 3-5-lobed, the lobes toothed, the upper leaves oblong, entire, or 3-lobed, with entire, deeply-cut lobes, the lowest entire. The flower-stalks are lateral, opposite a leaf or in the forks, furrowed. The flowers are yellow, with 3-5 small, narrow, oblong petals, the gland with a small scale. The calyx is erect at first, afterwards turned back. The receptacle is hair- less. The achenes are small, rounded, with hooked tubercles. The styles are nearly straight, and short. The plant is 3-12 in. long, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER CRUCIFER^E Wall Cress (Arabis hirsuta, Br.).— The habitat of this plant is dry banks, rocks, walls, dry places generally. The habit is the rosette habit. The stems are hairy (hence hirsuta), with hairs closely pressed, the hairs simple, spreading, leafy, slender, numerous. The radical leaves are more or less narrowed below, shortly-stalked, toothed, the stem-leaves stalkless, or half-clasping, blunt, with spreading auricles, or heart-shaped below. The flowers are small, white, the petals spreading. The pods are erect, narrow, slender, straight, closely pressed. The style is short. The seeds are distant, with a narrow wing. The plant is 9-18 in. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous biennial. Alpine Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia alpina, Wats. = C. grcenlandica, Sm.). — The habitat of this plant is mountains. The plant was formerly regarded as a sub-species of C. officinalis. It has more HILLS, DRY PLACES, ETC. 89 or less the rosette habit. It is a more slender plant, with smaller leaves. The radical leaves are broadly heart-shaped, blunt, entire or rather ob- scurely lobed, the upper stem-leaves triangular, clasping, 3-lobed, or broadly egg- shaped, with 4-6 teeth. The pods are rhomboid to oblong, narrowed both ends, inversely egg-shaped. The style is short. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flower- ing from June to August, and is a perennial or biennial. Cochlearia micacea, E.S.M. — The habitat of this species is high Scottish mountains. The plant is regarded as a variety of the last. It differs in being a small, prostrate plant. The leaves are small. The pod is narrower, 1^-3 times as long as broad. The plant is 2-4 in. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous bien- nial. Teesdale's Cress ( Teesdalia nudicaulis, Br.). — The habitat of this species is sandy and gravelly places. The plant has the rosette habit. The stems are numerous, or solitary, slender, ascend- ing, with one or two small leaves. The leaves are radical, numerous, flat, divided nearly to the base, the lobes larger upwards, or rounded, spoon- shaped, entire. The flowers are white, in a corymb, then a raceme, the 2 outer petals twice as long as the rest, unequal. The stamens bear scales. The style is very short. The pods are notched, winged, on short, slender, spreading stalks. The plant is 5-12 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. ORDER RESEDACE^K Wild Mignonette (Reseda lutea, L.). — The habitat of this species is chalky and sandy fields, limestone tracts, waste places. The habit is erect. The stem is smooth, branched, ribbed. The leaves are divided nearly to the base, 2-3- lobed, the lobes few, distant, blunt, linear. The flowers are in a dense raceme, conical, pale-yellow. The sepals and petals are unequal. The 5 sepals are linear, the upper smaller. The 6 petals are unequal. The 3 upper petals have wing-like lobes, the claw is 2-lobed, the limb 3-lobed, the lateral 2-lobed with i wing, the lower nearly entire, pro- tecting the honey. There are 3 stigmas. The capsule is oblong, wrinkled, 3-toothed. The seeds are black, smooth, shining, inversely egg-shaped. The plant is 2 ft. high, flowering from June to August. The plant is a herbaceous biennial. ORDER CISTACE/E White Rock Rose (Helianthemum polifolium, Mill.). — The habitat of this species is stony places, slopes near the base of hills. The habit is trail- ing, prostrate, shrubby. The stem is branched, prostrate, hoary, downy both sides, with stipules. The leaves have bent or rolled-back margins, and are opposite, with stipules, egg-shaped to oblong, linear. The flowers are white, in racemes, with bracts on the stalks. The sepals are downy, the inner blunt. The style is bent below, longer than the ovary. The plant is 8-10 in. high, flowering from May to July, and is a perennial under- shrub. Spotted Rock Rose (Helianthemum guttatum, Mill.). — The habitat of this plant is stony, heathy places. The habit is erect. The stem is hoary or downy, simple or forked, and branched from the base, without bracts. The leaves are oblong to lance-shaped, linear, the lower leaves are opposite, the upper alternate, with stipules. The flowers are yellow, with deep-red or chocolate spots below (hence guttatum). The petals are wedge-shaped. The fruit-stalks are spreading, without bracts. The stigma is nearly stalkless. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering between May and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Hoary Rock Rose (Hclianthem-um canuNt, Baumg. = H. marifolium, Mill.).— The habitat of this species is dry banks, rocks, limestone rocks. The habit is prostrate, shrubby. The stem is woody, much-branched, hoary (hence canurn), with stipules. The leaves are hoary both sides, or hairy above, egg-shaped, oblong, stalked, flat, opposite. The flower-stalks bear bracts. The flowers are few, small, yellow, in terminal racemes with bracts. The style is twisted below, bent back at the tip, bent in, longer than the stigma. The anthers are notched both ends. The plant is 6-8 in. long, flowering from May to July, and is a perennial shrub. ORDER YIOLACE/E Viola calcarea, Greg. — The habitat of this violet is calcareous ground. The plant was formerly regarded as a variety of Viola hirta. It is small, glabrous, without stolons. The rootstock is branched, thick, woody. The leaves are small, egg-shaped, oblong, heart-shaped. The flower- stalks are longer than the leaves. The flowers are very small, violet or mauve, the throat the same. The petals are narrow, the 4 upper forming a St. Andrew's cross, the sepals oblong to egg-shaped. The spur is very short, straight, conical. The capsule is small, roundish, depressed. It is a her- baceous perennial plant, flowering in April and May. Sand Violet (Viola arenaria, D.C. = rupestris, Schmidt). — The habitat of this species is elevated calcareous pastures. The habit is tufted. The rootstock is thick, woodv, brown, clothed with bases of earlier leaves. The stipules below are small and narrow, nearly entire, the upper ones longer, broader, hairy. The leaves are short- stalked, rounded, kidney-shaped, broadly heart- shaped, with a short point, thick, dotted, nearly entire. The flowers are large, blue, the anterior petal long, narrow, notched, with a blunt point. The spur is short, thick, furrowed. The sepals are hardly acute. The bracts are slender, entire, or above the curvature of the flower-stalk. The anther-spurs are very slender, sickle-like, as long as the anther, which has a blunt scale. The cap- sule is downy. The plant is 1-3 in. high, flowering in May, and is a herbaceous perennial. Viola lutea, Huds. — The habitat of this species 9° BRITISH FLORA is mountain pastures, hilly districts. The plant has been regarded as a sub-species of V. tricolor, L. The habit is ascending-. The stem is branched and thread-like underground. The rootstock is slender, branched, the branches slender, with short stems and underground runners. The leaves are scalloped, toothed, the lower egg-shaped or lance-shaped. The stipules are lobed, linear, 3 lateral one side, i on the other, the middle one entire and larger, divided nearly to the base, the lobes radiating from a centre. The flowers are all yellow (hence lutea), the petals spreading, longer than the sepals. The capsule is round. The plant is 4-9 in. high, flowering from June till August, and is a perennial at high elevations or annual. ORDER POLYGALACE^E Polygala oxyptera, Reichb.— The habitat of this species is limestone and chalky soils, sandy shores. The habit is prostrate. The branches are wavy, the leaves linear, the inner sepals wedge-shaped below, shorter and narrower than the capsule. The flower-stalks are hairless, with smaller flowers, usually blue. The plant is 1-6 in. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous per- ennial. Poly^ala austriaca,Cra.niz. — The habitat of this species is chalk downs. It differs from P. amara, L., in the colour of the flowers, which are very small, dull-blue or bluish-white. The capsule is rounded below, narrowed to the base, and the leaves are less fleshy. The plant is 1-3 in. high, flowering in June, July, and is a perennial. Chalk Milkwort (Polygala calcarea, E. Schulz). — The habitat of this species is dry soil and rocks, chalk hills. The habit is the rosette habit. The stem is weak, prostrate or ascending, nearly naked below, branched, the many branches rooting and proliferous, spreading in an umbel-like manner from the root. The radical leaves are in an irregular rosette, large, egg-shaped, blunt, those of flowering stems short, smaller, lance-shaped, elliptic. The stem-leaves are oblong. The flowers are blue. The calyx-wings are oblong or in- versely egg-shaped, larger than the fruit, the veins branched, the lateral looping, with a branch above the middle of the central vein. The capsule is oblong, inversely heart-shaped. The lobes of the aril are unequal, the lateral half as long as the seed. The plant is 1-6 in. long, flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE^E (See also p. 99) Deptford Pink (Dianthus Armeria, L.).— The habitat of this plant is fields, dry banks, sandy and gravelly places, waste places, clayey pastures, cloverfields, roadsides, woods, hedgebanks. The habit is erect. The stems are downy, few, rigid, branched. The leaves are linear, opposite, united below, downy, the lower blunt, the upper acute. The bracts are lance-shaped, downy, as long as the calyx, with awl-like tips. The flowers are red with dark dots, or rose with white dots, close grouped, in loose cymes. The calyx-tube is cylin- drical with many nerves, the calyx-scales lance- shaped, awl-like, downy. The petals are narrow, distant, toothed. The capsule is 4-valved above. The seeds are nearly flat one side, hollowed out, with a longitudinal keel. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb- aceous annual. Silene gallica, L.— The habitat of this plant is gravelly places. The plant is erect or much- branched. The plant is hairy and clammy. The lower leaves are spoon-shaped. The flowers are white or pink, in leafy racemes, the petals large, and scales small, entire, or divided into two nearly to the base. The calyx is membranous, with bristle-like teeth, and green, downy ribs. The capsule is egg-shaped on a bent-down flower- stalk, and is incompletely divided internally. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to October, and is a herbaceous perennial. Nottingham Catchfly (Silene nn/ans, L.).— The habitat of this plant is dry places, limestone, chalky places, rocky places, walls. The habit is as in the last. The plant is downy. The root- stock is woody and branched. The stem is erect, clammy above, hairy. The radical leaves are spoon-shaped, oblong to lance-shaped, stalked, tufted. The stem -leaves are linear to lance- shaped, stalkless. The flowers are white or pink, in (hence mttans] drooping cymes. The branches are opposite, 3-flowered. The calyx is clammy, tubular, swollen in the middle, long, the teeth acute, membranous, with purple veins. The petals are divided into two nearly to the base, crowned, with linear, spreading lobes, narrow, hooded. The capsule is erect, exceeding and rupturing the calyx, longer than the carpophore. The scales are blunt. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Least Mouse Ear (Cerastium pumilum, Curt. =glutinosum, Fr.). — The habitat of this species is dry banks, calcareous places. The plant is small and sticky, has an erect stem, branched above the middle. The radical leaves are spoon- shaped, with long, linear stalks, the upper oblong. The flowers are in terminal, forked cymes, the petals notched, with branched veins. The sepals are lance-shaped, acute, with the borders and tips membranous. The upper bracts have a narrow, membranous border. The fruit- stalk is short, curved at the top, bent down from the base, at length erect. The capsule is curved upwards, longer than the calyx. The plant is 1-4 in. high, flowering in April and May, and is a herbaceous annual. Five-stamened Mouse Ear (Cerastium semi- decandrum, L.).- — -The habitat of this plant is dry places, sandy, calcareous places, walls and banks. The habit is erect or prostrate. The plant is downy or clammy, or hairless, branched from the base. The leaves are broadly egg-shaped or oval, the lower with long, linear tufts. The bracts in the upper half have a membranous border. The flowers are white, in cymes, few or many. The petals are slightly notched, with simple veins, HILLS, DRY PLACES, ETC. shorter than the sepals. The 5 sepals are bent down between flowering- and fruiting:, and are glandular, acute, with broad, membranous mar- gins. The stamens are 4-5, or 10. The capsule projects and is slightly curved, then erect. The fruit-stalk is longer than the calyx. The plant is 1-8 in. high, flowering from April to June, and is a herbaceous annual. Dense-headed Mouse Ear (Cerastium glotnera- tum, 'rhuill — C. viscosutn, L.). — The habitat of this species is dry places, fields, and banks. The habit is erect as in the last, or branched, but the plant is larger and the leaves oval-shaped, pale-green. The bracts are not membranous, hairy. The flowers are in close, tufted cymes, more or less forming a head at first, longer than the stalks. The petals are divided into two nearly to the base, not so long as the sepals. They are acute, lance- shaped, the margin narrowly membranous, hairy, with few glands. The capsule is twice as long as the sepals, bent, cylindrical, the stalks as long as the calyx. The plant is 3-10 in. high, flowering between April and September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Sandwort (Arenaria -verna, L.). — The habitat of this species is dry rocks, pastures, banks, rocky places in mountainous districts. The habit is the rosette or cushion habit. The stems are tufted. The rootstock is woody. The plant is bright- green, glandular, with few hairs. The leaves are appressed, awl-like, linear, crowded, 3-nerved, acute, with a sharp point. The flowers are few, white, on slender, rigid branches. The bracts are acute, with membranous margins. The flower-stalks are slender, glandular. The sepals are ovate, lance-shaped, acute, 3-veined, with membranous margin. The petals are round, in- versely ovate, narrow below, longer than the calyx. The capsule exceeds the sepals. The plant is 1-4 in. high, flowering: from June to September, and is a herbaceous perennial. Lloyd's Sandwort (Arenaria serpyllifolia, L.). — Lloyd's Sandwort is found in dry places and on wall-tops. The habit is prostrate, or more or less erect. The stem is much-branched, rigid, downy, greyish-green, the hairs bent back. The leaves are ovate, long-pointed, more or less stalkless, 1-3 nerved, fringed with hairs. The flowers are numerous, white, in cymes from forks of the stem or axils of the leaves, with leaflike bracts. The sepals have 3-5 hairy ribs, with narrow margins, and are longer than the petals, ovate, lance- shaped, acute. The petals are ovate, narrowed below. The fruit-stalks are erect or spreading, straight, longer than the capsule. The capsule is pitcher-like, ovoid, brittle when ripe. The seeds are rough, shining, without an aril. The plant is 2-12 in. high, flowering from May to August, and is a herbaceous annual. Cyphel (Arenaria cherlieri, Benth. = A. sedotdes, L.). — The habitat of this plant is summits of lofty Scotch mountains. The habit is the cushion habit. The plant is tufted, with many compact stems, with a long tap-root, short, moss-like. The leaves are numerous, linear, awl-like, fringed with fine hairs, overlapping, 3-angled, blunt, grooved above. The flowers are solitary, often apetalous, stalk- less, or shortly -stalked. The sepals are blunt, 3-nerved, with membranous borders. In the male flowers the petals are awl-like. The capsule is egg-shaped, not so long as the sepals. The plant [-2 in., forming cushions 6 in. to i ft. in dia- meter, and flowers from June to August, being a herbaceous perennial. ORDER LINAGES Perennial Flax (Linum perenne, L.). — The habitat of this plant is chalky and limestone soils. The habit is grasslike. The stems are erect, numerous, wiry, slender, smooth. The leaves are alternate, narrow, lance-shaped, linear, acute. The flowers are bright -blue, few, in racemose cymes. The sepals are inversely egg-shaped, ob- scurely 5-veined, hairless, the inner 3 very blunt, entire. The petals are large, distinct. The fruit- stalks are erect. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flower- ing' in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. Branching Flax (Linum angustifoliuni, Huds.). — The habitat of this plant is dry sandy and chalky places in the south. The habit is as in the last. The stems are numerous, loose, with few, irregular, spreading branches. The leaves are narrow (hence angiistifoliuin), alternate, linear to lance-shaped, fewer and smaller than in L. perenne. The flowers are pale-lilac or blue, few, arranged in a cyme. The sepals are elliptic, pointed, fringed with hairs, the outer egg-shaped, with a long, narrow point, the inner 3-nerved, fringed with hairs. The capsule is downy within. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. ORDER LEGUMINOS/E Rest Harrow (Ononisrepens, L. = O. arvensis, L.). — The habitat of this plant is dry pastures, barren, sandy places, sandy shores. The habit is shrubby, prostrate, then ascending (hence repens). The stem is hairy all round, spineless, clammy, with soft hairs, with stolons, rooting at the base. The leaflets are broad, oblong, the lateral sometimes wanting. The flowers are rose colour, axillary, solitary, stalked. The wings equal the keel, the standard being rather longer. The pods are egg- shaped, erect, not so long as the calyx, the seeds tubercled. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to September, and is a herbaceous or shrubby perennial. Subterranean Trefoil (Trifolium subterraneum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is dry gravelly and sandy pastures. The habit is prostrate. The stems are numerous, hairy. The leaflets are hairy, broadly, inversely heart-shaped. The stipules are egg-shaped, pointed. The flowers are white, longer than the calyx, 2-5 in a head. The stalks are erect at first, curved after flowering, and the plant buries the fruit in the ground (hence subter- raneum}. The calyx is hairless, with threadlike teeth, equal, as long as the tube, inflated in fruit, 92 BRITISH FLORA then split lengthwise. The abortive calyces are numerous, slender, with 5 rigid points. The pod is rounded, flattened at the margin. The seeds are shining. The plant is 2-18 in. long, flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous annual. Cream-coloured Clover (Trifolium ochroleucon, Huds.).— The habitat of this plant is dry gravelly soils, dry pastures, waysides, in the eastern coun- ties, clover fields, ballast hills. The habit is erect or ascending. The plant is softly downy. The lower leaves are long-stalked, the leaflets inversely egg-shaped, elliptic, oblong, the tip entire or notched, the lower notched, or heart-shaped. The stipules are lance-shaped, awl-like, parallel with the stem to the middle. The flowers are cream colour, brown when old, in round, then egg-shaped, solitary, terminal stalked heads. The calyx is downy, lo-veined, half as long as the corolla, the teeth spiny, spreading, bent back in fruit, the stalks short, opposite a pair of leaves. The lower tooth of the calyx is longer than the tube, the others two-thirds shorter. The pod is ribbed. The top falls away when ripe. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial. Boccone's Clover {Trifolium Bocconei, Savi). — The habitat of this plant is dry places on short turf. The habit is erect. The plant is downy. The leaves are short- stalked. The leaflets are hairless, inversely egg-shaped, the lower roundish, the veins equal, straight at the border. The sti- pules are oblong, with an awl-like point. The flowers are small, pale yellow or white, in axillary and terminal, oblong, egg-shaped, cylindric, stalk- less, paired heads. The teeth of the calyx are erect, as long as the corolla, hairless, spinose, lance- shaped, awl -like, the calyx with a ring in the throat, lo-veined, with one strong prominent vein. The pod is enclosed in the calyx. The seeds are oval, brownish-yellow, with a prominent radicle. The plant is 2-4 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual. Soft Knotted Clover (Trifolium striatum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is dry pastures, dry sandy fields. The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The stem is softly hairy or silky, spreading. The leaflets are silky, inversely heart-shaped or egg- shaped, entire, stalked, the veins equal and straight at the border. The stipules have reddish veins, and are egg-shaped, membranous, the free portion broadly triangular, the tip bent back. The flowers are small, rose colour, in egg-shaped or oblong, stalkless, terminal, paired, and solitary, axillary heads, broadest below. The tube of the calyx is egg-shaped, swollen in fruit (the teeth not rigid or bent back), ribbed, with a narrow mouth. The calyx-teeth are not so long as the corolla, unequal, short, spiny, triangular to awl-like, i-nerved, spreading in fruit. The seeds are oval, brownish- yellow, and the radicle is not prominent. The plant is 2-12 in. long, and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous annual. Rough Clover (Trifolium scabrum, L.). — The habitat of this plant is dry sandy places, stony pastures, or dry fields. The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The stems are downy, rigid, zigzag, the leaves being borne on short stalks, the leaflets rigid, inversely egg-shaped. The flowers are white, or pinkish-white, borne in terminal or axillary heads, which are egg-shaped, stalkless, the teeth of the calyx being lance-shaped, with i strong prominent vein. When in fruit the calyx is cylindrical, the teeth bent back, stiff, and un- equal. It is 4-10 in. long, and flowers in May up till July, being an annual and herbaceous. Round-headed Clover (Trifolium glomeratuni, L.). — The habitat of this Clover is gravelly places, commons, sandy pastures, ballast hills. It is a prostrate plant, ascending at the extremities, with smooth, slender, spreading stems. The leaflets are inversely heart-shaped, the egg-shaped stipules or leaflike organs having long points. The flowers are rose-coloured, borne in stalkless heads, which are rounded, terminal, or in the axils. The calyx is stalkless, the acute teeth being lo-veined and egg-shaped. The plant is 6 in. to i ft. in length, and flowers in June, being a herbaceous annual. Narrow-leaved Bird's Foo